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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CHRONOLOGY, 

y Y 
HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 



B. B. WOODWARD, B.A., 

LATE LIBRARIAN TO THE QUEEN, 



WILLIAM L. R. GATES, 

EDITOR OP THE 'DICTIONARY OP GENERAL BIOGRAPHY. 



LONDON: 
LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. 

MDCCC^XXII. 

All Rights reserved. 



•*» 



.^A 



JOHN CHILDS AND SON, PRINTERS 



PREFACE. 



This work has been prepared as a full and trustworthy Book of Reference 
on Chronology, both for students and for general readers. 

It contains the dates of the events which mark the rise, progress, decline, 
and fall of states, and the changes in the fortunes of nations. Alliances, wars, 
battles, sieges, and treaties of peace, geographical discoveries, the settlement of 
colonies and their subsequent story, with all occurrences of general historic 
interest, are recorded in it. It further includes the dates of discoveries in every 
department of Science, and of inventions and improvements, mechanical, 
social, domestic, and economical.. In addition to these, and forming a pro- 
minent feature of the work, are notices of eminent men, with the leading 
incidents of their lives, and the principal works, literary, scientific, and 
artistic, by which they have obtained distinction. This portion of the work 
will, it is hoped, be found to meet the want long felt of a copious and accurate 
Biographical Date-book. 

Matters of purely local concern are not within its scope. Details of every 
kind, beyond what are needful to identify occurrences, persons, &c, are 
excluded by its necessary limits. Nor does it treat of Mathematical or 
Technical Chronology. 

The general arrangement adopted is alphabetical, as the best for a work 
intended solely for reference. 

As far as possible, the encumbrance of articles extending over several pages 
has been avoided ; and the information given, instead of being massed, is broken 
up and distributed under as many particular titles as seemed available. Under 
the names of the great states will be found merely outlines of their history, 
with lists of their kings, &c. ; particular events being inserted under their 
familiar titles. Reference is thus facilitated and useless repetitions avoided. 
ijut under the names of states of small historical importance, all the events 
connected with them are placed, and, when it seemed desirable, classified. 



PEEFACE. 



Separate articles are devoted to rulers of the greater states, but to those of 
the smaller only when required by their personal or historical renown. And in 
the latter case such affairs of their states as are inseparably connected with their 
names are inserted under them. It has not been thought necessary, as a rule, 
to treat separately those, whether rulers or others, whose memory is preserved 
only by their association with important events, or with men of abiding fame. 
And all care has been taken to prevent the intrusion of a crowd of unillustrious 
names. With very few exceptions indeed, and those justifiable on public 
rather than on personal grounds, living characters are not included. 

Our own country has of course received attention proportioned to its interest 
for English readers : and modern times have necessarily furnished materials 
for the larger number of articles, but not to the abridgement of the space due to 
the events of ancient ages and other lands. 

In all cases the exactest date which could be ascertained has been given : 
and wherever it appeared for any reason desirable, the original or national dates 
have been added. Where different dates have been assigned to the same 
occurrence by scholars of reputation, a case of very frequent occurrence, as many 
as would assist the inquiries of the student have been inserted. 

Mythical names and stories are either omitted or expressly indicated as such : 
and where probability only can be asserted of any date a note of interrogation 
is added. In some instances, vexing enough, the dates of important works in 
literature and art, even of admitted masterpieces, remain unascertained, and 
therefore the works themselves can find no record in a Date-book. 

It is only after much consideration (and rather by way of concession to the 
probable expectation of those who do not like to miss what is usual than from 
private conviction) that the dates assigned to the events of early Biblical 
history by Archbishop Ussher have been introduced. Side by side with them 
are placed, where possible, dates assigned by other investigators, and all are 
referred to their proper authors at the foot of the articles. The same plan has 
been followed wherever it seemed desirable, in order to furnish the student 
with the means of comparing and estimating the value of contradictory dates, 
or of discovering the grounds on which they have been adopted. The names 
of authorities cited in such cases may serve to indicate the general trustworthi- 
ness of the particulars which are not thus certified. 

No list of authorities is given. It would be almost impossible, and if possible 
absurd, and would seem pretentious. Such a list, unaccompanied by complete 
references of all dates to the authorities severally responsible for them, is 
absolutely useless for the purpose of authentication. 

The now familiar and still perplexing question as to the spelling of Greek 
names in English has been met by a compromise. Kevolutionary changes are 
not desirable in a dictionary ; and as the whole subject is still under discus- 
sion, and competent scholars differ among themselves respecting it, almost the 
only deviations from the customary Latin forms here allowed are the introduc- 
tion of a ' k ' for a ' c ' where the k-sound and not the sibilant is wanted ; and 



PREFACE. 



of ' o ' for ' u ' in such terminations as ' laus ' to indicate that they are dissyl- 
labic. Familiar names will therefore he found in their usual form and place, 
followed by the same in the Greek form : or if, as in some few cases, their 
place is changed, this is indicated by a cross reference. Thus the least possible 
inconvenience will be occasioned. 

In addition to the typographical devices for facilitating the use of this 
book, it may be mentioned that where a name is common to place and person, 
the notices of place precede those of person : that names of sovereigns 
precede other personal names : that among these a strictly alphabetical 
order is adhered to, except in some cases of noble families, where the 
order of succession to the title seemed more convenient : that Councils, 
Treaties, Conferences, &c, bearing the names of the towns in which they were 
held, are mentioned after the incidents of general history : that lists of the 
works, &c, of eminent men follow the incidents of their lives : and that where 
a numerous series of connected events is contained in a few years, those of 
each year have been arranged in separate paragraphs, headed by their general 
date. This plan, however, has not been employed except where it is absolutely 
required. 

For a work of such extent and comprehensiveness a life-time would not 
suffice for collecting all the materials at first-hand. Much therefore, indeed 
most of it, is inevitably second-hand : but some portions, and those of great 
importance, are not. 

It is painful, even humiliating, to feel that after all the care and toil and 
painstaking of years, the work, like all work of human brains and hands, will 
be more or less disfigured by error and defective by omission. But in the 
present case it may be reasonably hoped that through the repeated careful 
examination and revision of every part of the book, in conjunction with dili- 
gent comparison of the numerous authorities, both errors and omissions are 
reduced, even in this first edition, within narrower bounds than usual. 

The advantage of Mr Woodward's counsels and cooperation being unfortun- 
ately lost by his sudden death in October, 1869, the manuscript has passed 
through the hands of the Eev. G-. "W. Cox, M.A., author of the Mythology of the 
Aryan Nations, and editor of Brandos Dictionary of Science, Literature, and 
Art, whose valuable suggestions, contributing to the perfecting of the work, are 
gratefully acknowledged. 

The printing having occupied a year and a half, an Appendix has been 
added for the purpose of bringing down the information as closely as possible to 
the time of publication. And the opportunity has been taken of inserting in 
the Appendix some notices which had been accidentally omitted in the body 
of the work. 



As surviving author I may perhaps be permitted to close this prefatory state- 
ment with a personal word or two. It is now about twenty years since this 
Encyclopaedia of Chronology was projected and commenced by my friend, the 



PREFACE. 



late Mr B. B. Woodward : and it is exactly twelve years since he invited me 
to give him my assistance in it. After his appointment to the post of Libra- 
rian in Ordinary to Her Majesty, a larger share of the work was assigned to me. 
And since his death the task of completing it and giving it to the world 
devolved on me alone. While therefore I cannot but count it a matter for 
self-gratulation that I have lived to bring to a close a work of so vast a 
compass and involving so much laborious research, cherishing at the same time 
the hope that it is a solid service rendered to the world, the legitimate happi- 
ness of achievement is not unmingled with regretful sense of loss. And to me 
this book, the product of our joint labours, will stand henceforth as a monu- 
ment of a friendship which for more than twenty years was rich beyond what 
is common in all that constitutes and makes friendship precious. 

William L. E. Cates. 
London, May 4, 1872. 



HISTORICAL CHRONOLOGY, 



AAEAU— ABBAS. 



AARATJ, — enters Swiss confederacy, 1333 — 
captured by Bern, 14 15— partly burnt by the 
Austrians, 1444 — accepts the Beformation, 1528 
— Directory of Helvetic Republic established 
there, 12 Apr. 1798.— 'Peace of, concludes war 
of Toggenburg, 3, 9, and 11 Aug. 17 12. 

Aare, Diederick (Dirk) van der, Bp 
Utrecht, — elected, 11 97 — defeats and cap- 
tures the Count of Holland at Heusden, 4 Sep. 
1202 — tf. at Deventer, 5 Dec. 1212. 

Aargau, (Argovia,) — taken from Austria by 
Swiss confederates, 14 15 — ceded by Duke 
Frederic, 1418 — independent, 1798 — erected 
into a distinct Canton, 1803— constitution re- 
modelled, 1 8 14 and 1830 — insurrection against 
the new constitution, 10-12 Jan. 1841 — monas- 
teries suppressed, 1841. 

Aaron, [BCJ — b. in Egypt, winter 157 i, a 
1708, 13 1730° — consecrated to the priesthood, 
end of May 1490 a — tf. at Mt Hor, (5 mo. 1,) 
18 Aug. 1452/ 1585. b 

a Ussher. b Clinton. c Hales. 

Aarschot, Philip von Croy, Duke of, — 
Knight of Golden Fleece, 1555 or 1556— re- 
presents Philip II. at diet of Frankfort, 1563 — 
principal of Council of State, 1576 — Governor 
of Flanders, 1577 — imprisoned at Ghent by 
Orangists, 1577 — deputed from Bruges to Im- 
perial Diet, 1588 — tf. at Venice, 11 Dec. 1595. 

Aarssens, Francis Van, diplomatist, — b. at 
the Hague, 1572— resident at Court of France, 
1598 — ambassador, 1609 — to Venice, 1609- 
1615, 1619 — to England, 1626 — to France, 
1627 — to Englaud to negotiate a marriage 
between the Prince of Orauge and a daughter 
of Charles I., 1640 — "Jj. 164 1. 

Aartgens, (Arthus Claessoon,) painter, — b. 
at Leyden, 1498— tf. 1564. 

Aartsen, Peter, (Lange Pier,) painter, — b. at 
Amsterdam, 1507 or 15 19 — tf. 1573. 

Abae, [B C] — temple burnt by Xerxes, 480 — 
Phocians defeated by Boeotians near ; temple 
burnt, 346 — [A Dj— rebuilt by Hadrian, about 
125. 

Abano, Pietro di, (Petrus de Apono,) phy- 
sician, — b. at Abano, 1246 or 1250 — Prof, of 
Medicine at Padua, 1303-4 — accused of magic 
before the Inquisition, 1306 — removes to Tre- 
viso, 1314 — accused again, 1315— tf. 1315. 



Abarbanel, (Abrabanel,) Isaac, Rabbinical 
commentator, — b. at Lisbon, 1437 — in service 
of Ferdinand of Spain, 1484-1492— at Naples. 
1493 — at Monopoli in Apulia, 1496- 1502 — at 
Venice, 1503 — tr. there, 1508. 

Abaris, Hyperborean priest, (mythic) [B C] — - 
visits Greece, between 620-500^ 57i-o, b about 
550,0 before 1184^ (01. 3,) 768,6 (01. 21,) 695^ 
(01. 62,) 508/ (01. 72, 2,) 490.S a Grote. 

b Eusebius, Petavius, Lobeck. c Pindar. 

d Biog. Univ. e Bentley, Du Fresnoy. 

f Iamblichus. S Dodwell. 

Abasgi, — converted to Christianity, after 
526. 

Abate, Niccolo dell', painter, — b. at Modena, 
15 1 2 — at Bologna, about 1546-1552 — goes to 
France with Primaticcio, 1552 — tf. at Paris, 

1571. 

Abattoirs, — established in Paris, 1810-1818. 

Abauzit, Firmin, critic, theologian, — b. at 
TJzes, 11 Nov. 1679 — seized by the Catholics, 
1685 — sent to Geneva, 1689 — travels in Ger- 
many, &c, 1698 — supernumerary Librarian to 
Academy at Geneva, 1723— tf. at Geneva, 20 
Mar. 1767. 

Abbadie, Jacques, theologian, — b. at Nay, 
1657, or 1658 — goes to England, 1688 — 
preacher at the Savoy, 1690 — tf. 25 Sep. or 6 
Nov. 1727 — Traite de la Verite de la Religion 
Chretienne, 1684. 

Abbas I., the Great, Shah of Persia, — b. 
1557 — proclaimed by nobles, in opposition to 
his father, Mohammed Mirza, 1582— dethrones 
his father, and is crowned at Herat, 15 85,* 
(994, a. h.) i586, b 5 Dec. 1587 c — defeats 
Turks in Ghilan, acquires the province, and 
makes peace, 1590 — abdicates the throne to 
Yussuf, puts him to death, and reascends, (1000, 
a. h.) 1591-2 — defeats Usbeks near Herat, and 
recovers Khorassan, 1597 — sends Sir A. Shirley 
as ambassador to Europe, 1599— renews war 
with Turkey, 1602 — defeats Turks at Bassorah, 
24 Aug. 1605— defeats Turks and Tatars of 
Kaptchak, at Shibli, near Sultanieh, and con- 
cludes peace with Turkey, 1618, i6nc_puts 
his eldest son to death, about 1620, about 
i6oo b — in conjunction with English, drives 
Portuguese out of Ormuz, 22 Apr. 1622— de- 
feats invasion of Turks, and recovers Bagdad, 



ABBASIDES— ABD-EL-KAHMAN. 



(19 Guimadhi II. 1031, a. h.) i May 1622 b — 
if. (24 Guimadhi II. 1037, or end of Babia II. 
1038, a. h.) 1627^ Dec. i628, b 27 or 28 Jan. 
i628. c 

a U. K. S. Biog. Diet. b Art de Verifier les 
Dates. c Biog. Univ. 

Abbasides, (Caliphs of Bagdad,) — commence 
hostilities against Ommiades in Khorassan, 746 
— Abul-Abbas Abdallah ben Mohammed 
{Al Saffah) defeats Mervan II. near the Zab 
and becomes Caliph, (6 Begeb 132, a. h.) 18 
Feb. 75o, a Jan. b or 10 Feb. c 750 — his brother 
Al Manstxb, succeeds, (13 Dhu'l hajjah 136, 
a. h.) 8 or 9 Jun. 754, a 753 b — his son Moham- 
med Mahadi (Modhi) succeeds, (6 Dhu'l haj- 
jah 158, a. h.) 6 or 7 Oct. 775, a 774 b — his son 
Mtjsa al Hadi succeeds, (23 Moharram 168, 
a. h.) 15 Aug. 784^ 785 c — his brother Karun 
al Rashid succeeds, (14 Babia I. 170, a. h.) 13 
Sep. 786 — contests between his sons Amin and 
Mamitn, on his death, (3 Guimadhi II. 193, 
a. h.) 24 Mar. 8o9, a 808 b — Amin slain, Ha- 
muli succeeds, (25 Moharram 198, a. h.) 25 
Sep. 813 — his brother Motassem succeeds, (19 
Pegeb 218, a. h.) 10 Aug. 833 — his son 
Vathek Bill ah succeeds, (18 Babia I. 227, 
A. h.) 5 Jan. 842 — his brother Motawakkel 
succeeds, (24 Dhu'l hajjah 232, a. h.) 10 or 11 
Aug. 847, a 846 * — slain by his son Montaser, 
■who succeeds, (4 Schoual 247, a. h.) ii Dec. 
861 — his cousin Mostain Billah succeeds, 
(25 Babia I. 248, a. h.) 29 May 862— de- 
posed by Turkish Guard, his cousin Motaz 
succeeds, (3 Moharram 252, a. h.) 24 Jan. 866 
— forced to abdicate by the Guard, Mohtadi 
Billah succeeds, (2 Begeb 255, a. h.) 16 
Jun. 869, a 868 b —assassinated by the Guard, 
his cousin Motamed succeeds, (18 Begeb 256, 
a. h.) 21 Jun. 870^ 869 b — his nephew Mo- 
tadhed succeeds, (19 Begeb 279, a. h.) 15 
Oct. 892 — his son Moktafi succeeds, (22 
Eabia I. 289, a. h.) 6 Mar. 902— his son Mok- 
tader succeeds, (13 Dhu'l kadah 295, a. h.) 
13 or 14 Aug. 9o8, a 907° — deposed, (296, a. 
h.) 9o8, a and (317, a. h.) 929 a — dies, his 
brother Kahir succeeds, (320, a. h.) 932— 
blinded and deposed, his nephew Badhi 
succeeds, (322, a. h.) 934— creates Mohammed 
ben Bayek, Emir al Onira, (324, a. h.) 935-6 
— Mottaki, 940 — Mostakfi, 943, or 944 — 
Mothi Lillah, 946 — Tayi, 973, or 974 — 
Kader, 991 — Ivaiem Bamrillah, 103 1 — 
mok.tapi, io74, or io75 — mostader, io94 — 

MOSTARSHED, IIl8 BaSHID, 1 1 34 — Moiv- 

TAFI II., 1 1 35, Or II36— MOSTANJED, Il6o 

Mostadhi, 1 1 70— Nasir, 1179, or 1180 — Da- 

HER, 1225 — MOSTANSER, 1226 — MoSTASEM, 

1243— Bagdad taken by Hulakou, Mostasem 
put to death, and the "Caliphate overthrown, 
(14 Saphar 656, a. h.) 20 Feb. 1258, ac 1257. b 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b English Cy- 

clopcedia. c Gibbon, and others. [Moham- 
medan Empire.] 

Abbeokuta, — the king of Dahomey defeated 
by tli .15 Mar. 1864. 

Abbsys. Monasteries.] 

Abbon, Alitor or Flecry,— b. near Orleans, 
about 945— invited to England, 985^ before 



960 b — Abbot of Fleury, 970 — sent to Borne by 
llobert the Wise, of France, 986 and 996 — 
killed, 13 Nov. 1004. 

a Ersch and Gruber. b Cave. 

Abbon, (Abbo Cernuus,) — tr. 923 — De Bello 
Darisiacce Urbis, after 887. 

Abbot, Charles. [Colchester, Lord.] 

, George, Abp Canterbury, — b. at 

Guildford, 29 Oct. 1562 — enters Balliol Coll. 
Oxford, 1578— ord. 1583— B. D. 1593— D. D. ; 
Master of Univ. Coll. 1597 — Dean of "Win- 
chester, 1599— chaplain to Earl of Dunbar, 1608 
— Dean of Gloucester, 1609— Bp Lichfield and 
Coventry, Dec. 1609 — Bp London, Feb. 16 10 
— Abp. Canterbury, Apr. 16 10— accidentally 
kills keeper at Harringworth Park, 24 Jul. 
1622 — suspended, 1627 — recalled to parlia- 
ment, Mar. 1628 — ft. at Guildford, 4 Aug. 
1633. 

Abbot, Lemuel Francis, portrait painter, — 
b. in Leicestershire, about 1760 (?) — 5j. 1803. 

Abbott, Charles. [Tenterden, Lord.] 

Abbt, Thomas,— b. at Ulm, 25 Nov. 1738 
— Prof, extraord. of Philosophy, at Frankfort on 
Oder, 1760 — Prof, of Mathematics at Binteln, 
176 1 — b\ at Biickeburg, 3 Nov. 1766. 

Abdallatif, (Muwassik-ed-din Abu Moham- 
med Abdollatif Ibn Yussuf) physician, %e. — b. 
at Bagdad, (557, a. h.) Feb. or Mar. 1162 — 
Prof, of Medicine at Mosul, 11 89 — at Damas- 
cus, 1 192 — goes to Cairo, 11 93 — at Damascus, 
1207 — at Aleppo, 1227 — if. at Bagdad, (12 Mo- 
harram 629, a. h.) 8 Nov. 1 23 1 — writes Kis- 
tory of Egypt, 1203. 

AMas, Bp Susa, — demolishes the Fire- 
temple, and is put to death by Tezdejerd, 414. 

Abd-el-Kader, Bey of Mascara, — b. near 
Mascara, early in 1807 — takes the lead in op- 
posing the French in Algeria, 1833 — recog- 
nized as Bey of Algeria, W. of the Shelif, by 
French governor, D'Erlon, 1834 — renews the 
war, 1835 — treaty with Gen. Bugeaud, 1837 — 
renews the war, 1839 — surrenders to Due d'Au- 
male, 22 Dec. 1847 — released by Louis Napo- 
leon, 16 Oct. 1852 — arrives at Broussa, 17 
Jan. 1853 — visits Paris, Jul., and London, Aug. 
1865. 

Abd-el-Mumen, (Abu Mohammed,) Almo- 
hade Prince, — b. at Tajura, (495, a. h.) 
1101-2 — associated with Mohammed Ibn Ab- 
dallah in the government, (Bamadhan 515, a. 
h.) Nov. or Dec. 1121 — made Imam by Mo- 
hammed, defeats Almoravides at Morocco, (523, 
a. h.) 1 1 29 — succeeds Mohammed as chief of 
the Almohades, (Moharram 524, a. h.) Dec. 
1 1 29 — takes Morocco, kills Ibrahim Abu Is- 
hak, the last Almoravide sovereign, (541, a. h.) 
1 146 — acquires all Mohammedan Spain, (543, 
a. h.) 1 149 — proclaims the Aljihed (sacred war) 
against Christian Spain, (557, a. h.) 1162 — U. 
at Sallee,' (8, 10, or 20, Guimadhi II. 558, a. h.) 
14, 16, or 26 May 1 163. 

Abd-el-Rahman Ibn Abdallah el-Ghajiki, 
— Governor in Spain, (102, a. h.) summer 721 
— recalled to Damascus, 722 — reappointed, 
(110, or 111, a. h.) 729-30— defeats and kills 
Othman, or Manuza, the revolted Governor of 
Catalonia, (112, a. h.) 730— invades Franca, 



ABD-EL-RAHMAN— ABERCROMBY. 



spring 732— defeated and killed near Tours, by- 
Charles Martel, (Ramadhan 114, a. h.) 7 Oct. 

73 2 - 

Abd-el-Rahman I. {Ibn Moawiyah,) King 
of Cordova, — b. at Damascus, (110, or 113, 
A. h.) 728-9, or 731-2 — defends Cordova for 
Abdelmelic, 741 — escapes from massacre of 
Ommiades at Damascus, (132, a. h.) 750 — 
lands in Spain, (10 Rabia I. 138, a. h.) 23 Aug. 
755 — proclaimed Emir of the West, 15 Mar. 
756 — besieges Cordova, 13 May, 736 — de- 
feats Yussuf-el-Fehri at the Guadalquivir, 
15 or 20 May 756— defeats and kills him 
at Lorca, (142, a. h.) 759 — invasion of Ali 
ben Mogueith, Emir of Cairwan, defeated, 
and himself killed, (146, a. h.) 763 — invasion 
of Abdelgafir, Wali of Mequinez, defeated, and 
himself killed at the Xenil, (156, a. h.) 773 — 
invasion of Charlemagne, defeated at Ronces- 
valles, 778— if. (22 or 24 Rabia II. 172, a. h.) 
787,* 29 or 30 Sep. 788. b 

a Dunham, and others. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Abd-el-Bahman III., {Al Nasir Leclin 
Allah,) Caliph op Cordova, — b. 891 — suc- 
ceeds his grandfather Abdallah, (5 Rabia I. 
300, a. h.) 20 Oct. 912 — defeats Caliph of 
Toledo, at Cuenca, (301, a. h.) 913— invasion 
of Ordono II. of Leon, 918 — defeats Ordoiio, 
and Sancho Garcia of Navarre, at Val de Jun- 
quera, 921 — defeated by Ramiro II. of Leon, 
near Simancas, (1 Schoual 327, a. h.) 22 Jul. a 
5 Aug. 93 9 b — proclaims the Aljihed, 951 — if. (3 
Ramadhan 350, a. h.) 15 or 16 Oct. 961. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Ersch and 

Gruber. 

Abdera, [B C] — Clazomenians attempt to 
found a colony there, under Timesias, 656, 1 
65 i b — colonized by Teians, 54 i a — free, 479 — 
subjugated to Athens by Thrasybulus, 408' 1 — at- 
tacked by the Triballi, and aided by Chabrias, 
376-5 ab — sacked by Hortensius, 170. 

a Smith's Diet. b Grote. 

Abdu-1-Medjid, Sultan of Turkey, — b. 23 
Apr. 1823/ (14 Shaban 1237, a. h.) 6 May 
1 822 b — succeeds his father Mahmoud II., 1 Jul. 
^39— publishes the Hattisberif of Gulhane, 3 
Nov. 1839— invasion of Ibrahim Pasha pre- 
vented by treaty of London, 15 Jul. 1840— sub- 
mission of Mehemet Ali, 27 Nov. 1840— 
revolts in Syria, Albania, &c, suppressed by 
Omar Pasha, 1840— establishes Council of Edu- 
cation, 1846— refuses to surrender Hungarian 
refugees to Austria and Russia, 1849— Russia 
claims protectorate of Christians in Turkey, 
early in 1 853, and occupies Moldavia and Waila- 
chia — the Porte declares war against Russia, 5 
Oct. 1853— Turkish fleet destroyed at Sinope, 
30 Nov. 1853 — Danube crossed, by Russians, 
England and France declare war against Russia, 
Mar. 1854 [Crimean War]— if. 25 Jun. 1861. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Conv. Lex. 

Abeille, Gaspard, {Abbe,) poet, — b. at Riez, 
1648 — his first tragedy, Argelie, acted, 1673 — 
Member of the Academy, 1704— if. at Paris, 
22 May 17 18. 

Abel, Gaspard, — b. at Hindenburg, 14 Jul. 
1676— if. at Westdorf, 10 Jan. i^S^—Historia 
Monarchiarum Orbis Antiqui, 17 15. 



Abel, CarlFriedrich, musician, — b. at Cothen, 
17 19, or i726 a — comes to England, 1758 — mu- 
sician to the king, 1759 — if. at London, 22 Jun. 
1787. a Ersch and Gruber. 

Abel, Dr Clark, traveller, — b. at Bungay, 5 
Sep. 1788 — accompanies Lord Amherst to China, 
1816-17 — to India, 1823 — if. at Cawnpore, 24 
Nov. 1826 — Journey in Interior of China, 1818. 

Abel, Hiels Henrik, mathematician, — b. at 
Frindoe, 25 Aug. 1802 — enters University of 
Christiania, 1821 — travels in Europe, 1825-7 
—if. at Frolands-Vare, 6 Apr. 1829. 

Abelard, Peter, {Abailard, Pierre,) — b. at 
Palet, 1079 — teaches at Melun, 1102 — returns to 
Paris, and opens his school for rhetoric, philo- 
sophy, and theology, 11 13— Canon of Paris; 
becomes acquainted with Heloise, 1 1 15 ? — 
reopens his school at Maisoncelle, 1120 11 — de- 
nounced to Council of Soissons, 11 22 — founds 
Oratory of the Paraclet, 11 22 — reopens his 
school at Paris, about 1 1 36 a — appeals to Coun- 
cil of Sens, 2 Jun. 1 140 — condemned by In- 
nocent II., 16 Jul. 1 140 — if. at Priory of St 
Marcel, 21 Apr. 1142. — [Heloise,] — their bo- 
dies removed to grand church of the Abbey 
of the Paraclet, 1497 — to chapel of the Trinity, 
1630 — to St Leger's chapel, Nogent, 1792 — 
to gardens of Musee Francais, Paris, 1800 — 
to another part of the gardens, 18 15 — to Pere 
La Chaise, 6 Nov. 18 17. a Remu3at. 

Abelin, Jean Philippe, {Jean Louis Gott- 
fried, or Gothofredus,) — iJ. 1646 — Description 
du Royaume de Suede, 1632 — Chronique Histo- 
rique, 1633 — Description des hides Orientates, 

1635. 

Aben-bitar, {Al-beithar ; Abdallah-bcn-Ah- 
med,) botanist, and veterinary physician, — if. at 
Damascus, 1248. 

Aben-Esra, {Abraham-ben-Meir-ben -Esra,) 
Rabbinical commentator,— h. at Toledo, about 
1 1 19— at Mantua, 11 45 — at Rhodes, 1 156— in 
England, 1159 — at Rome, 1167 — if. at Rhodes, 
about 1 174 — Commentaries written, 1140-1167. 

Abencerrages, {Beni Serrqj,) — feud between 
them and the Zegris begins, about 1474. 
[Granada.] 

Abansburg", — Napoleon drives back Arch- 
duke Louis by combats near, 20 Apr. 1809. 

Abercrornbie, John, physician, philosopher, — 
b. at Aberdeen, 11 Nov. 178 1 — M. D. Edin- 
burgh, 4 Jun. 1803 — Oxford, 1834 — Lord 
Rector of Marischal Coll. Aberdeen, 1835 — if. 
at Edinburgh, 14 Nov. 1844 — Researches on 
Diseases of Brain, §c. ; and of Stomach, §c, 
1828 — Inquiry concerning Intellectual Poivers, 
1830 — Philosophy of Moral Feelings, 1833. 

Abercrornbie, John, gardener, — b. near Edin- 
burgh, 1726 — if. at London, 1806 — Every 
Man his own Gardener, 1767. 

Abercromby, Sir Pi,alph, — b. at Tillibodie, 
Oct. 1734 — enters the army, Mar. 1756 serves 
as lieut.-g-en. in Flanders, 1793-5 — commander- 
in-chief in "W. Indies, 1795-97 — K. B. 1797 — 
serves in Holland, 27 Aug. to 30 Nov. 1799 — 
lands at Aboukir, to take command in Egypt, 
8 Mar. 1801 — mortally wounded at battle of 
Alexandria, 21 Mar. 1801 — if. 28 Mar. 
1801. 



ABEKDEEX— ABU OBEIDAH 



Aberdeen, George Hamilton Gordon, Pari 
of, Prime Minister of England, — b. at Edin- 
burgh, 28 Jan. 1784 — succeeds to the title, 
1802— M. A. Cambridge, 1804— chosen one of 
the representative peers of Scotland, 1806 — 
ambassador to Vienna, 18 13 — signs treaty of 
Paris, 1 Jun. 18 14 — Viscount Gordon, 18 14 — 
Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Jan. 
1828 to Nov. 1830— Secretary of State for the 
Colonies, Nov. 18 34 to Apr. 1835— for Foreign 
Affairs, Sep. 1841 to Jul. 1846— First Lord of 
the Treasury, Dec. 1852 — resigns, 30 Jan. 1855 
— tf. at London, 14 Dec. i860. 

Aberdeen, Universities of,— King's Coll. 
founded by W. Elphinstone, Bp Aberdeen, 
1494 — University instituted by James IV., 
about 1500 — Marischal Coll. founded by 
George Keith, E. Marischal, 1593 or 1594 — 
Union of the two by Act, 21 & 22 Vic. c. 83, 
22 Apr. 1858. 

Abernethy, John, surgeon, — b. at London, 
1765 — Assistant Surgeon at Bartholomew's 
Hospital, 1787 — Principal Surgeon, 1815 — tf. 
at Enfield, 20 Apr. 1831. 

Abernethy, John, theologian, — h. at Cole- 
raine, 19 Oct. 1680— tf. Dec. 1740. 

Aberration of Light,— first observed by 
Bradley, Dec. 1725— discovered by him, 1727. 

Abhorrers, — a political party in England, 
winter 167 9- 1680. 

Abilene, Abila, [B C] — Ptolemy of Chalcis 
succeeded by his son, Lysanias, about 40 a — 
Lysanias deprived of the Tetrarchate ; given to 
Cleopatra by Antony, 36 — taken from Zeno- 
dorus ; given to Herod the Great by Augustus, 
31 a — southern part annexed to Philip's Te- 
trarchates, 4, or [AD] 3 a -34? — northern part 
held by Lysanias, about 30 — given to Agrippa 
I. by Caligula, 37 — a Eoman province, 44 — 
granted to Agrippa II. by Claudius, 53 b — 
Abila taken by Placidus ; annexed to Syria, 
69, or 70. a a Smith's Dictionary. b Clinton. 

Abisbal, Count of. [O'Donnell, Joseph 
Henry.] 

Abjuration-oath, — proposed butnot enacted, 
1690— enforced by Act, 13 Wm. III. c. 6, 1701 
— altered, on accession of Anne, 1702 — on union 
with Scotland, 1706 — on accession of George 
I., 1 7 14— on death of Old Pretender, 6 Geo. 
III., 1766— abolished by Act, 21 & 22 Vic. c. 
48, 23 Jul. 1858. 

Ablancourt, Nicolas Perrot d\ translator 
of classics, — b. at Chfilons-sur-Marne, 5 Apr. 
1606 — Member of French Academy, 1637 — tf. 
17 Nov. 1664. 

Ablavius, Pr^efectus Urbi,— consul with 
Bassus, 331 — put to death by Constantius, 337. 

Abo,- — Academy instituted there by Gustavus 
Adolphus, 1628 — made a University' by Queen 
Christina, 1640 — taken by Buxhow'den, 2 Mar. 
1808 — Conference and Treaty of, between Ber- 
nadotte and Alexander of Bussia, 28 Aug. 18 12 
— Peace of, effected by mediation of England 
between Sweden and Russia, 17, 18 Aug. 1743 
— University transferred to Helsingfors, 1827. 

Aboville, Augustin Gabriel, Count d', — 
b. 20 Mar. 1773 — enters the army, 1789 — 
Officer of Legion of Honour, 1804— Baron, 



1 8 12 — Chevalier of St Louis, 18 14 — succeeds 
to his father's title, 18 17 — tf. 15 Aug. 1820. 

Aboukir, — Nelson defeats Brueys in the bay, 
1 Aug. 1798 — Napoleon defeats Turks near, 
25 Jul. 1799 — Abercromby effects the landing 
of English near, 8 Mar. 1 801— castle surren- 
ders, 20 Mar. 1 80 1. 

Abraham, [BC] — b. at Ur, spring 1996,* 
2i3o, b 2153,° — accompanies Terah from Ur to 
Haran, [the First Call,) autumn 1922^ 2093° — 
called out of Haran, [the Second Call,) 4 May 
1 92 1, a 2055, b 207 8, c — retires to Egypt, autumn 
i92i, a 2077 c — defeats confederated kings, and 
is blessed by Melchizedek, spring 1912/ 2070° 
— receives the covenant of circumcision, spring 
1897, a 2031 b — Isaac born, spring 1896^ 2030^ 
205 3 c — sends Hagar and Ishmael away, 1892a 
— offers up Isaac, 187 i, a 2028 c — purchases cave 
of Machpelah, winter 1859 s — &• spring i82i, a 
l 955, h I978. c a TJssher. b Clinton. c Hales. 

Abraham, era of, commences, [B C] — 1 Oct. 
2016. 

Abraham Echellensis, linguist, — tf. 1664. 

Abrams, Nicholas, classical commentator, — 
b. 1589— tf. 1655. 

Abrantes, Treaty of — between Spain and 
Portugal, signed, 6 Jun. 1801 — ratified, 29 
Sep. 1801. 

Abrantes, Duke of [Junot] 

Abrantes, Duchess of, {Laure Permon,) — 
b. at Montpellier, 6 ]S T ov. 1784 — tf. 7 Jun. 
1838 — Memoir es, 1831, &c. 

Absalom, [B C] — rebellion and death of, 
1023, a 1036. b a TJssher. b Hales. 

Absalon, {Axel,) Abp Ll t nd, — b. in Ice- 
land, 1 1 28 — Minister of TValdemar I. of Den- 
mark, 1 157 — Bp of Boskild, 1158 — fortifies 
Copenhagen, 1168 — Abp, 1178 — tf. 1202. 

Absentees, Irish, — ordered to return to their 
estates by W. De Windsor, viceroy in Ireland, 
1374-5 — tax imposed by Irish Parliament on 
the salaries, pensions, &c, of those in his Ma- 
jesty's service, 1 Feb. 17 15 — not levied after 

1.753- 

Abshoven, Theodor van, painter, — b. 1648 
— tf. 1665, 1690. a a Ealkema. 

Absimarus. [Tiberius.] 

Abu-Bekr, Caliph,— b. at Mecca, 571 — 
joins Mohammed, 614 — accompanies him in 
his Hejira, 622 — chosen to succeed him, (11, 
a. h.) 8 or 9 Jun. 632— tf. at Medina, (22 
Guimadhi II., or I. 13, a. h.) 23 Aug. or 24 
Jul. 634. 

Abu Hanifah Ibn Thabet, [Al JSfooman,) 
Mohammedan sectary, — b. at Kufa, (80, A. h.) 
699 — poisoned in prison by Abdalla II., (150, 
a. h.) 767. 

Abu Maaschar, [Albumazar,) astronomer, 
— b. at Balkh, (190, a. h.) 805— tf. at Wasit, 
(272, a. h.) 885. 

Abu Navas, poet,— b. at Bassorah, (127, 
a. h.) 744-5— tf. at Bagdad, 811, or 814. 

Abu Obeidah, — b. 581 — joins Mohammed, 
614 — appointed by Abu-Bekr to command in 
Syria, but immediately removed, (12, a. h.) 
633 — reappointed by Omar, (13, a. h.) 634— tf. 
(18, a. h.) 639. [Aleppo, Antioch, Baalbec, 
Jerusalem, &c] 



ABU OBEIDAH— ACACITIS. 



Abu Obeidah, fabulist,— a". (210, a. h.) 825. 

Abu Shameh, historian, — b. 1299. 

Abu Sofian, Prince of Mecca, — attempts 
the destruction of Mohammed, 622 — defeated 
by Mohammed in battle of Beder, 623 — defeats 
Mohammed at Mount Ohud, 624.* — submits to 
Mohammed, and professes Islamism, 629. a 
a Ockley. 

Abu Teman Habyb ben Aws, poet, — b. at 
Tasim, (190, a. h.) 805-6— ft. at Mosul, (231, 
a. h.) 845. 

Abu Thaleb Khan, Mirza, traveller and 
poet,—h. set Lucknow, 175 1 — visits Europe, 
1 7 99- 1 802— tf. at Calcutta, 18 10. 

Abul Cassem, (Abulcasis,) Schalaf Ben 
Abbas, physician, — iy. at Cordova, about (500, 

A. H.) II06-7, a II22. b 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Abul Dem, Ibrahim ben Abdallah, historian, 
— b\ 1244. 

Abul Faraj, Mi, poet, — b. at Ispahan, 897 — 
tf. at Bagdad, 967. 

Abul Faraj, (Abulpharagius, Barhebrceus, 
JIar Gregorius,) Bp Aleppo, historian and 
physician, — b. at Malatia, 1226 — goes to An- 
tioch, 1243 — Bp about 1246 — Primate of 
Jacobite Christians in the East, 1266— tf. near 
sources of Euphrates, 1286. 

Abul Fazl, historian, — enters service of Em- 
peror Akbar, 1574 a — assassinated by contriv- 
ance of Selim, i6o2, b 1604.° 

a Elphinstone. b Engl. Cyc. c Biog. Univ. 

Abul Feda Ismael ben Ali, Emadeddin, 
Prince op Hamah, &c, geographer and his- 
torian,— b. at Damascus, Nov. or Dec. 1273 — 
serves under his father, about 12 85- 1292 — 31a- 
lek of Hamah, &c, by Sultan Nasir, (18 Gui- 
madhi I. 710, a. h.) 12 Oct. 1310 — tf. 26 Oct. 

1331. 

Abul Ghasi Behadur, Khan of Khiva, 
historian, — b. at Orgimje, 1606 — Khan, 1644-5 
— tf. 1663-4. 

Abul Hassan Khan, Mirza, diplomatic tra- 
veller, — b- at Shiraz, about 1774 — ambassador 
from Persia to England, 1808-10 — to Bussia, 
1815-6 — to Austria and France, 1819 — minister 
of foreign affairs to the Shah, 1820 — tf. at Te- 
heran, about 1828. 

Abundantius, consul with Theodosius, (1146 
a. xt. c.) 393. 

Abushehr, (Bus hire,) — English factory at, 
soon after 176 1. 

Abydos, [B C] — colonized from Miletus, 
about 715 — ■ burnt by Darius, after his Scy- 
thian expedition, 513, or 508 — taken by Dau- 
rises, 498= — by Athens, about 470 — revolts 
from Athens, about Mar. 41 1 a — Thrasybulus, 
Thrasyllus, and Alcibiades defeat Mindarus, 
Dorieus, and Pharnabazus, near, about Oct. 
41 1 a — Dercyllidas attacked by Pharnabazus 
and Conon in, 394 a — Iphicrates besieges Nico- 
lochus in, 388 — taken by Philip V, of Mace- 
donia, spring 200 b — declared free by Borne, 
196.° a Grote. b Zumpt. c Smith's Diet. 

Abydos, in Egypt, Tablet of, [B C] — sculp- 
tured in the reign of Bameses the Great, after 
J 355 n — [AD] — discovered by Bankes, 18 18. 
a Wilkinson. 



Abyssinia, — converted to Christianity by 
Frumentius, about 330 — acquires part of Ye- 
men, 522 — in alliance with Justinian, 531 — 
Nonnosus ambassador to, 533 — the church be- 
comes Monophysite, 550-600 — loses Yemen, 
592, a after 622 — reigning dynasty overthrown 
by Sague, a Jewess, 925 — Iquon Amlac re- 
covers the whole empire, about 1255, or 1268 — ■ 
Zarah Jacob sends ambassadors to Council of 
Florence, 1455 — Pedro Covilhao, in search of 
Prester John, settles here, about 1490 — Hele- 
na sends embassy to Portugal, 15 10 — David 
sends embassy to Portugal, 15 14 — Francisco 
Alvarez and others visit his court, 1520-1526 
— David sends embassy to the Pope, 152 1 — • 
Bermudez (a Boman priest) made Abuna, 1535 
— Claudius applies to John III. of Portugal, 
for artists, <fcc, 1545— is killed in battle, 1559 
■ — Lupus, the last priest of the missions 
from Borne, dies, 1597 — Paez, the Jesuit, 
preaches here, 1603 b — religious civil war; 
Seltan Segued (Susneius) decides controversy 
in accordance with Bomish views, 1 620-1 — 
Alfonso Mendez sent by Gregory XV., 19 Dec. 
1622 — Jerome Lobo arrives from Goa, 1624 — ■ 
is made Patriarch by Susneius, 1625 — Sus- 
neius swears obedience to Borne, 11 Feb. 1626 
— religious liberty established, 163 1 — Facili- 
das succeeds his father Susneius, Sep. 1632 — ■ 
Mendez and the Jesuits expelled, 1632,01-1634 — ■ 
Bomanism finally suppressed, 1638 — Poncet in- 
vited from Cairo, 1698 — king of Shoa makes 
himself independent, about 1700 — visited by 
Bruce, 1769-177 1 — by Salt, 1805, 1810 — ■ 
British consulate established at Massowah, 1847 
—treaty with England concluded, Nov. 1 849 — 
united under Theodore as emperor, Feb. 1855 
— death of Consul PloAvden, Feb. i860 — im- 
prisonment of Consul Cameron and the Euro- 
pean missionaries, by Theodore, Nov. 1863 — 
mission of Mr Bassam to, Aug. 1864 — mission 
of Dr Beke, Nov. 1865 — battle of Axoum, Jul. 
1866. [Abyssinian War. Theodore. Ethiopia.] 
a Russell. b Eanke. 

Abyssinia, Mundane era of commences, 
[BCj 29 Aug. 5493. 

Abyssinian Version, Modern, (Amharic,) of 
the Bible, by Asselin de Cherville, published, 
1830-40. 

Abyssinian War, (1867-68) — [Abyssinia] — 
mission oi Mr Flad, 1866 — ultimatum of Brit- 
ish Government sent to Theodore, Jun. 1867 — 
expedition under Sir B. Napier (first detach- 
ment) despatched from Aden, 28 Sep. — camp 
formed at Zulla, Oct. — exploring expedition 
under Col. Merewether, Oct. — Sir B. Napier 
joins the army at Senate, Jan. 1868 — alliance 
of Gobhazye offered and declined, Mar. — Ba- 
shilo Pass reached, 9 Apr. — Col. Phayre defeats 
Theodore near Magdala, ia Apr. — the prison- 
ers sent by Theodore to the camp, with propos- 
als for armistice, 11 Apr. — bombardment and 
capture of Magdala, 13 Apr. — the town burnt, 

17 Apr. — return of the expedition commenced, 

18 Apr. 

Acacius, Bp Berrhoba, — b. 321— Bp, 378— 
holds Synod at Berrhcea, 432—0". 437, a 431-2. b 
a Smith's Diet. b Biog. Univ. 



ACACIUS— ACH^AN LEAGUE. 



Acacius, {the One-eyed,) Bp Czesarea, — 
succeeds Eusebius, 340 — condemned by Synod 
of Seleuceia, 359 — ft. 366. 

Acacius, Bp Constantinople, — succeeds 
Gennadius, 47 1 — anathematized by Felix II., 
484 — ft. 488 — bis name expunged from the 
diptychs, 519. 

Academy. [Arcesilaus, Carneades, &c] 

Acadia, {Nova Scotia,) — discovered by John 
Cabot, 1497 — coast explored by Verrazani, 1524 
— granted by Henry IV. of France to De Monts, 
1603 — taken possession of, named, and settled 
by De Monts, 1604-5 — granted by James I. to 
Sir TV. Alexander, and named by him Nova 
Scotia, 162 1 — transferred to the 'Hundred 
Associates,' but occupied by Alexander and 
Kirk, 1627 — restored to France by treaty of 
St Germain's, 1632 — collisions between French 
Governor and New Plymouth begin, 1635 — 
seized by Sedgewick at command of Cromwell, 
1654 — restored to France by treaty of Breda, 
1667 — occupied by Phipps, May and Jun. 
1690 — recovered by Yillebon, Nov. 1691 — ex- 
pedition of Church against, Jun. 1704 — of 
March, summer 1707 — conquered by Nicholson, 
Jul. 17 10 — ceded to Great Britain by treaty of 
Utrecht, 17 13 — disputes between Great Britain 
and France respecting boundaries, commence 
1749 — French settlers expatriated, Sep. 1755. 
[Canada, New Brunswick, &c] 

Acanthus, [BC] — founded, 654, or 653 — 
subject ally of Athens, about 470 — admits Bra- 
sidas and joins Sparta, Sep. 424 s1 — refuses to 
join Olynthian Confederacy, and applies to 
Sparta for aid, about 383 a — taken by Sulpicius 
Galba, 200. a Grote. 

Acapulco, in Mexico, — nearly destroyed by 
earthquake, 4 Dec. 1852 — bombarded by the 
French and abandoned by Mexicans, beginning 
of Jan. 1863. 

Acarnania, Acarnani, {Carlelia,) [BC] — 
Pericles attacks (Eniadse in vain, 454 s — allies 
of Athens in Peloponnesian War, summer 432 a 
— Athenians reduce towns on the coast, 43 1 a — 
joint attack of Ambraciots, Epeirots, and Spar- 
tans, repulsed before Stratus, 429 — Demos- 
thenes, the Athenian general, saves Naupactus, 
defeats Eurylochus and the Ambraciots at Olpse, 
makes peace between Ambracia and Acarnania, 
426— invaded by Agesilaus, summer 39o, a 391 b 
— submits to Sparta, winter 389^ 390 b — Athe- 
nians oppose Philip in, (01. 109, 2,) 343 — in- 
vade iEtolia at instance of Polysperchon, and 
are repulsed, 321 — persuaded by Cassander to 
concentrate their population in three cities, 
314 — partitioned by iEtolians and Alexander 
of Epeirus, about 270° — iEtolians attempt to 
wrest part from Olympias ; embassy to Eome, 
239 c — iEtolians invade and besiege Medeon ; 
relieved by Agron of Illyria, 231? — allies 
of Philip and Achaean League ; invade iEto- 
lia, 220, 219^ — invaded by iEtolians ; the Oath, 
(01. 142, 2,) 2ir, c 210 d — again invaded, 208 
— ravage Attica, to avenge the death of their 
compatriots in temple of Dcmeter, (01. 145, 1,) 
2oo e — share Philip's defeat at Cynoscephahe, 
and submit to Flamininus, 197 — join Antiochus 
the Great, spring 1 9 1 b — a wilderness in Strabo's 



time, 29. [Albania, Arta, Epeirus.] a Grote. 

b Clinton. c Thirlwall. c Zumpt. d Keightley. 

Acca of York, Bp Hexham, — succeeds Wil- 
frid, 709 — expelled from Bpc, 732 — rj. 20 Oct. 
740, 737- a a Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. 

Accents, Greek, [B C] — introduced by Aris- 
tophanes of Byzantium, about 264. 

Acciajuoli, Donate, 2 y hiloso2jher, $•<?., — ft. at 
Florence, 1428 — Gonfalonier of Florence, 1473 
— ti. at Milan, 28 Aug. 1478. 

Acciajuoli, Nerio, {Reinier,) Duke of 
Athens, — lord of Vostitza, 1 364 — of Corinth, 
1365, or 1366 — defeats Catalans and acquires 
Athens, Thebes, &c, 1386 — D. of Athens, by 
Ladislas of Naples, early in 1394 — Is. 1394.* 
a Finlay. 

Acciajuoli, Niccolo, statesman, — ft. at Flo- 
rence, 1 3 10 — acquires possessions in Achaia, 
1334 — resides in the Morea, 1338-41 — chief 
adviser to Joanna of Naples, 1345 — Count of 
Amain, and Malta, after 1349— Lord and Go- 
vernor of Corinth, 1358 — Is. at Naples, 1365,* 
1366. 1 - 

a Finlay. b TJ. K. S. Biog. Diet. 

Acciajuoli, Zanobio, bibliographer, §c, — ft. 
at Florence, 146 1 — enters Dominican order, 
1494 — Librarian at Vatican, 15 18 — ts. at Borne, 
27 Jul. 15 1 9. 

Accius, {Attins,) L., tragic poet, [B C]— ft. 
(584, a. u. c.) 170 — ij. about 90? — Terms, 
(651, a. u. c.) 103. 

Accolti, Benedetto, jurist, §c, — ft. at Arezzo, 
1415 — secretary to Florentine republic, 1459 — ■ 
ft. 1466. 

Accolti, Bernardo, (X' Unico Aretino,) — ft. 
before 1466 — ft. after 1534.* a Sismondi. 

Accord, The. [Edinburgh, Treaty of.] 

Accursius, {Accorso, Francisco,) jurist, — ft. at 
Florence, 11 82— if. at Bologna, 1260. 

Acephali, Monophysite sect, — separate from 
Alexandrian Patriarchate after assent of Peter 
Mongus to Henoticon, 482 — reconciled by 
Mark I., between 799-8 19.* a Gibbon. 

Acerrae, in Campania, [B C] — receives civitas 
sine suffragio by Lex Papiria, (422, a. it. c.) 
332 — destroyed by Hannibal, 216 a — rebuilt, 
2io a — Papius besieges, and is defeated by L. 
Csesar near, 90. a Smith's Diet. 

Acerrae, in Gallia Cisalpina, [B C] — taken 
by C. Cornelius Scipio Calvus, (532, a. u. c.) 
222. 

Acestor, tragic poet, [BC] — ft. about 422- 
414. 

Acestorides, [BC] — archon at Athens, (01. 
69, 1,) 504— another (?) (01. 76, 3,) 474. 

Achaean League, [B C] — revived by confed- 
eracy of Dyme, Patree, Tritsea, and Pharse, 
against Antigonus, (01. 124, 4,) 280 — iEgium 
and other Achaean towns join it, 275 — constitu- 
tion revised; Marcus of Ceryneia first sole 
Strategus, 255 — Aratus delivers Sicyon, which 
joins it, (01. 132, 1,) spring 251 — Aratus 
plunders Locris, &c. ; Boeotian allies defeated 
at Chseroneia, abandon it, (01. 133, 3,) 245,* 
246 b — Alexander of Corinth joins it, Antigonus 
seizes Corinth, 244 — Aratus delivers Corinth, 
which joins it, (01. 134, 2,) 243— Megara, Trce- 
zen, and Epidaurus join it; Ptolemy Philadel- 



ACHiEAN WAR— ACHAIA. 



plius an ally, 243 — league with Sparta ; Ara- 
tus defeats invasion of JEtolians, 241 b — alliance 
with .ZEtolians, by Aratus and Pantaleon, 239 
— accession of Argos, 236 d — Aratus; Mega- 
lopolis, under Lydiades, joins it, 234 d — Lydia- 
des, 233 — Aratus, 232 — delivers Athens, which 
joins it, 232,° 229 — Lydiades, 231— Aratus, 
230 — Lydiades ; Illyrians defeat fleet sent to 
protect Corcyra ; Hermione, iEgina, Phlius, and 
Aristomachus of Argos, join it, 229 — Aratus ; b 
Roman embassy announces defeat of Teuta of 
Illyria,228 — Aristomachus, 227 b — Cleomenic 
War, 227, b 225, d or 224,° to 222-1 — Aratus, 

226 — HYPERBATES, 225, b 224 — TlMOXENUS, 

223 d — Aratus, [Strategus ylutocrator,) 222, 
223 b — Timoxenus, 221 — iEtolians ravage A- 
chaia and Messenia, (01. 139,4,) early in220 abc 
— invites aid of Philip of Macedonia, 220 — 
Aratus defeated by JEtolians at Caphyae, be- 
fore midsummer 220 — Messenia joins it ; con- 
gress at Corinth; decree against iEtolians, 
(01. 140, 1,) after midsummer 220 — Social 
War, late in 220 to summer 217 — Aratus, 
[the younger,) 219 — Eperatus, 218 — Aratus, 
217 — election of Strategus made earlier by 6 
months, (01. 140, 4,) 217-6 f — Timoxenus, 216 
— Aratus and Philip in Messenia, about trou- 
bles there, 215 — Aratus poisoned by Philip, 
(01. 141, 4,) 213— iEtolians and Machanidas 
invade Elis, 2io b — Cycliadas, 209, 208 a — 
Philopcemen, 208 cd — Philip aids against Ma- 
chanidas and iEtolians, summer 208 a — Philo- 
pcemen reforms the army, 207, 15 208° — Nicias, 
207 — Philopcemen defeats and kills Machanidas 
at Mantineia, (01. 143, 3,) 206,° 207 b — Phi- 
lopcemen, 206 b — Lysippus, 202 — Philo- 
pcemen defends Messenia against Nabis, (01. 
144, 3,) 20i, b 202 a — Nabis attacks Megalopo- 
lis ; Cycliadas, 200 — Philip attempts to con- 
ciliate it, winter 199-8 b — Roman embassy 
attends the Synod ; alliance with T. Quinctius 
Flamininus ; Megalopolis, Dyme, &c, abandon 
it, summer 198 — alliance with Attalus and the 
Rhodians against Philip ; Megara rejoins it, 
198 — Arist^enus (Aristcenetus) with Nicos- 
tratus (?) 198-7 — Corinth given up by Philip 
after defeat at Cynoscephalae, 197 — Congress at 
Corinth respecting Argos and Nabis, held by 
Flamininus, 195 — Argos, liberated by Flamini- 
nus, rejoins it ; Nabis compelled to make peace, 
195 — Arist^nus, 195 — Philopcemen defeats 
Nabis ; Sparta joins it, 192 — declares war 
against Antiochus and the iEtolians, 192 — Phi- 
lopcemen frustrates schemes of Flamininus and 
Diophanes at Sparta, 191 — comprises the en- 
tire Peloponnesus, 191 — Philopcemen sum- 
mons deputies to Argos, 189 — disputes with 
Sparta, (01. 147, 4,) winter 189-8 — Sparta 
abandons it; embassy to Rome at command 
of Fulvius, before May i88 a — alliance renewed 
with Ptolemy Epiphanes ; Philopoemen takes 
and dismantles Sparta, which rejoins it, 188 — 
embassies to Rome and Egypt, before May 187 a 
— Arist^enus, 185 — Lycortas, 184 — Messenia 
revolts, (01. 149, 2,) 183— Philopcemen killed 
by Messenians ; Messenia subdued by Lycor- 
tas, early in i82 a — renewed contentions re- 
specting Spartan exiles, 1 8 1 c — embassy of Cal- 



ibrates to Rome, i8o b — Hyperbates, 180-179 
— Callicrates restores the Spartan and Messe- 
nian exiles, by command of Roman senate, 177° 
— Xenarchus, 174 — Perseus of Macedonia en- 
deavours to renew alliance ; Roman ambassa- 
dors encourage it in refusing, 173-2 — Ar- 
chon, 172 — Lycortas, 170 — Archon, 169 — 
Hyperbates (?) 168 — by contrivance of Cal- 
licrates, more than 1000 Achaean leaders 
sent to Rome, (01. 153, 2,) 167 — supremacy of 
Callicrates, i67-i5o e — embassies to Rome re- 
specting the exiles, 164, 155, 154 — return of 
the survivors, (603, A. u. c.) 151 — difficulties 
with Athens arise about Oropus, through Me- 
nalcidas, 150 — Di^us, I49, a i48 b — Damo- 
critus, 148° — congress at Corinth; Roman 
ambassadors command the relinquishment of 
Corinth, Argos, Sparta, Orchomenus, and He- 
racleia; ambassadors insulted; war declared 
against Sparta, 147 , bc 149,8 148 e — Critolaus 
breaks up meeting at Tegea, autumn 147 — goes 
through the states, winter 147 -6 — Achaean War ; 
Dleus ; the League dissolved, 146. [JEtolia.] 

a Clinton. b Thirlwall. c Zumpt. d Smith's 
Dictionary. e Heeren. f Schorn. 3 Niebuhr. 

Achaean War, [B cj — Roman ambassadors at 
Corinth enjoin dismemberment of Achaean 
League, and are insulted, 147, or 149 — Cri- 
tolaus besieges Heracleia, spring 146 — defeated 
by Metellus at Scarphea, kills himself, (01. 
158, 2,) 146 — Diaeus defeated by Mummius at 
Leucopetra ; Corinth destroyed ; Greece erected 
into a Roman province, [Achaia,] (01. 158, 3,) 
about Sep. i46. a a Clinton. 

Achaemenes, [BC] — made Governor of 
Egypt by Xerxes, 484 — defeated and killed by 
Inarus, 46o, a 462. b 

a Clinton, Smith's Dictionary. b Zumpt. 

Achaeus, [BC] — accompanies Seleucus Ce- 
raunus against Attalus ; secures throne for 
Antiochus the Great, late in 223 — appointed to 
command of Asia within Taurus, 223 — revolts 
and assumes title of King, 219° — Antiochus 
advances against him, and besieges in Sardis, 
summer 216 a — taken at Sardis and put to 
death, 2i4, a 2i5. b 

a Clinton. b Zumpt. c Biog. Univ. 

Achaeus, tragic poet, [B C] — u. 484 — contends 
with Sophocles and Euripides, 447. 

Achaia, [B C] — mythic conquest by Ti- 
samenus, on the return of the Heracleids, 11 04 
— a democratic confederacy of 12 or more 
towns, at commencement of historic period, 
about 700 — made a subject-ally of Athens by 
Tolmides (?) 455, a 454 b — relinquished by the 
30 years' truce, spring 445 — ally of Sparta in 
Peloponnesian War, 431 — Alcibiades acquires 
alliance of Patrae for Athens, 41 9 u — Sparta re- 
models government of towns, summer 417 — • 
Helice destroyed by an earthquake ; synods 
held afterwards at iEgium, 373-2— relinquishes 
alliance with Sparta, after battle of Leuctra, 
37 1 — invaded by Epaminondas, and acquired as 
ally of Thebes, but immediately returns to 
Spartan alliance, (01. 103, 2,) 367^ 366 ?— 
subjugated by Philip of Macedonia, after battle 
of Chaeroneia, 337 — reduced by Antipater, after 
rebellion of Peloponnesus, 331, 330 b — Deme- 



ACHAIA— ACRE. 



trius, Cassander, and Antigonus Gonatas, garri- 
son some towns; tyrants seize others, 318-287 
— Dynie and Pafee revolt from Macedonia, 281 
— Achaean League revived, 280-146 — Pompey 
plants colony of pirates at Dyme, 67 — Au- 
gustus colonizes Patrse, and makes a free city, 
after 31. a Grote. b Smith's Diet. c Clinton. 

Achaia, Roman Province, [BC] — consti- 
tuted by Mummius and commissioners, 146-5, or 
by Julius C?esar, 46-5 a — a senatorial province by 
Augustus, 27 — [AD] — an imperial province by 
Tiberius, 16, a 15 b — restored to senate by Clau- 
dius, 41 — abolished by Nero, 67 — reconstituted 
as a province by Vespasian, 73-4 — finally abol- 
ished by Justinian, about 550. 

a Smith's Dictionary. b Weise. 

Achaia, (Morea,) Principality, — establish- 
ed by "William de Champlitte, 1205 — Geof- 
frey Tillehardouin" acquires it, 12 10 — 
Geoffrey II., his son, succeeds, 121 8 — seizes 
the property of the church, and is excommuni- 
cated, 1219-22 — William, his brother, suc- 
ceeds, 1246 — reduces the entire Peloponnesus, 
1248 — captured by John Palaeologus at battle 
of Pelagonia, (Achrida,) 1260 — released; cedes 
Misithra, and other fortresses, to Michael VIII., 
1263 — pressed by Byzantine forces, makes 
alliance with Charles of Anjou, king of JSTaples, 
who becomes Suzerain, 1267 — Isabella, his 
daughter, succeeds, 1277 — married to Florenz 
of Hainault, 129 1-7 — Suzerainty transferred 
to Philip of Tarentum, 1294 — married to Philip 
of Savoy, 1 301— leaves Greece, 1304 — Ma- 
tilda of Hainault, her daughter, succeeds, 
131 1 — married to Louis of Burgundy, 1313-16 
— war with Fernand of Majorca, 1315-16 — 
forcibly married to John of Gravina, and im- 
prisoned, 1 3 17 — Philip of Tarentum, as lord- 
paramount, 1324 — Robert, titular emperor of 
Romania, 1332 — Mary de Bourbon, his 
widow, succeeds, 1364 — dies at Naples, 1387 — 
after much anarchy, divided amongst several 
barons, 1404 — extinguished, by surrender of 
Centurione at Chalandritza, to Thomas Palaeo- 
logus, 1430. a a Finlay. 

Achaintre, Nicolas Louis, philologist, — ft. at 
Paris, 19 Nov. 177 1 — serves in the army, 1793- 
5— tf. 1836. 

Achard, Franz Karl, chemist, — ft. at Berlin, 
28 Apr. 1753 — Director of Class of Physical 
Science at Acad, of Sciences, Berlin, 1782 — 
proposes, and perfects the process of, the ex- 
traction of beet-root sugar, 1799-18 12 — ft. at 
Kunern, 20 Apr, 1821. 

Acharius, Erik, botanist, — ft. at Gene, 18 
Oct. 1757— M. D., 1782— Prof, of Botany at 
Lund, 1 801 — ft. at Wadstena, 13 Aug. 18 19. 

t Acheen, (Atjih, Achi,) in Sumatra, — first 
visited by Portuguese, 1509— Dutch factory at, 
1596-1600 — English factory at, 1602 — French 
factory at, 1621 — almost destroyed by an earth- 
quake, 1820. 

Achen, (Ach,) Hans Van, painter, — ft. at 
Cologne, 1552 — ft. at Prague, 1615. 

Achenwail, Gottfried, historian, §c, — ft. at 
Elbing, 20 Oct. 17 19 — Prof, of Philosophy at 
Got'ingen, 1748 — ft. 1 May 1772. 

Achery, horn Jean Luc d', ecclesiastical 



writer, §c, — ft. at St Quentin, 1609 — joins 
Benedictines of St Maur, Oct. 1632 — fr. at 
Paris, 29 Apr. 1685. 

Achillas, [B C] — guardian to Ptolemy Aule- 
tes, 80 — with L. Ssptimius, kills Pompey, 48 — 
put to death by Ganymedes, 47. 

Achilles Tatius, rhetorician, — fl. about 500. 

Achilleus, L. Elpidius, — revolts and assumes 
title of Emperor in Egypt, 287, a 292 d — de- 
feated and put to death by Diocletian, 297, b 
296. ac a Smith's Dictionary. 

b Clinton. c Zumpt. d jSouy. Biog. Gen. 

Achillini, Alessandro, scholastic philosopher, 
— ft. at Bologna, 29 Oct. 1463 — Prof, of Medi- 
cine and Philosophy, Bologna, 1485- 1506, 
1509-12 — n". 2 Aug. 15 1 2. 

Achmet-Giedik, Grand Vizier, — ft. in Alba- 
nia, about 1430 — subjugates the Crimea, 1474-5 
— attacks Italy; captures Otranto, 28 Jul. 1480 
— strangled by order of Bayazid II., after 1482. 

Achromatic Lens, — invented by Chester 
More, 1729-30 — applied to the telescope, 1733 
— by Dollond, 1759. 

Acidalius, Valens, critic and philologist,— 
ft. at Witstock, 1567 — ft. at Neisse, 25 May 1595. 

Acilian Laws, [BC] — (1) about planting 

Colonies on the coast, by C. Acilius, trib. pleb., 

197 a — (2) concerning Extortions, by M. Acilius 

Glabrio, trib. pleb., ioi. b [Calpurnian Laws.] 

a Fischer. b Smith's Dictionary. 

Acindynus, Gregorius, theologian, — assists 
at council of Constantinople against Hesychasts, 
1 341 — accused by patriarch of Constantinople, 
1 341 — excommunicated oy council of Constan- 
tinople, 1347. 

Ackermann, Conrad Ernst, comedian,—^. 
at Schwerin, 17 10 — director of Hamburg 
theatre, 1765 — Xf. at Hamburg, 177 1. 

Accemetoe, (Studites,) monastic order, — found- 
ed by Alexander, under auspices of Gennadius 
of Constantinople, about 465. 

Acominatus. [Nicetas.] 

Acontius, Jacobus, (Aconzio, Giacomo,) 
philosopher, §c, — ft. at Trent, 7 Sep. 1492 — 
tf. at London, 11 May 1566 — l>e Strata- 
gematibus Satance, 1565. 

Acosta, Josef d', — ft. at Medina del Campo, 
about 1539 — missionary and provincial in S. 
America, 1571-88 — tf. at Salamanca, 15 Feb. 
1600 — Historia Natural y Moral de las In- 
dias, 1590. 

Acosta, Joam d',— ft. in Bengal, 1775— 
publishes at Calcutta, a Projet d' Assurances 
Commer dales, 1807 — editor of Calcutta Maga- 
zine, 1 8 12 — of Calcutta Times, 18 16 — ft. 1820. 

Acrae, in Sicily, [BC] — founded by Syra- 
cusans, 664, a 663, *> (01. 23, 1,) 688 <— ceded 
to Hiero of Syracuse by Rome, 263. 
a Clinton, Grote. b Smith's Diet. c Muller. 

Acre, St Jean d', (Accho, Achshaph, Ace, 
Ptolemais, §c.,) [B C] — dismantled by Ptolemy 
Soter, 312 — occupied by Alexander Balas, (01. 
156, 4, 160, s. e.) 152 — besieged by Alexander 
Jannaeus, 104, a 99 b — seized by Ptolemy La- 
th vrus, 103 — surrenders to Cleopatra, 102 — 
taken from Selene (Cleopatra) by Tigranes, 
70 — taken by the Romans, 63 — Herod builds a 
mole, about 2c— [AD]— taken by Amru, 638— 



ACEEL— ADAM. 



9 



by Baldwin I. of Jerusalem, mo — by Saladii), 
u8 7 — besieged by Bicbard Cceur-de-Lion, Jul. 
n8 9 — -taken, 12 Jun. 1191 — taken possession 
of by Roger de San Severino, for Charles I. of 
Sicily, 7 Jun. 1278— taken by Khalil ben 
Kelaoun, (Malek al Ascbraf,) sultan of Egypt, 
18 May 1 29 1 — by the Turks, under Selim I., 
I5 ! 7 — Faccardin, prince of the Druses, at- 
tempts its restoration, after 1600 — taken by 
Daher, an Arab Sheik, 1749— fortified by 
Djezzar Pasha, 1775 — successfully defended 
by Djezzar Pasha and Sir Sidney Smith, 
against Bonaparte, 16 Mar. to 20 May 1799 — 
taken by Ibrahim Pasha, 27 May 1832— bom- 
barded and taken by the British and Austrian 
fleets, 3 and 4 Nov. 1840 — given up to the 
Turks, 1 841. a Jahn. b Du Fresnoy. 

Acrel, Olof, surgeon, $c, — b. near Stock- 
holm, 26 Nov. 17 1 7 — travels in France and 
Germany, 1 741 -5— surgeon in French army in 
Germany, 1744— Prof, of Surgery, Stockholm, 
1752 — tt. at Stockholm, 1807. 

Acropolis at Athens, [B C]— seized by Cylon, 
62o, a 6i2 b — by Peisistratus, 560° — Cleomenes 
besieged in, 510 — besieged by Xerxes, 480 — S. 
■wall built by Cimon, 466 — Propylcea and other 
buildings erected by Pericles, 437-1,° 445.-37— 
Aristion besieged in ; taken by Curio, spring 86 
— [AD] — besieged by Leo Sguros, 1205 — lofty 
tower built by Antonio, Duke of Athens, about 
1400 d — Franco Acciajuoli besieged in, by Mo- 
hammed II., 1456 e — Propylcea almost destroyed 
by explosion of gunpowder, 1656 — bombarded 
by Morosini and Coningsmark, 26-28 Sep. 1687 
— blockaded by Greeks, Nov. 1821 to 22 Jun. 
2d by Bedschid Pasha, 17 Aug. 



1826 to 5 Jun. 1827 — excavations m, com- 
menced by a private society, 1833 — continued 
by Grote, 1834 — Propylcea cleared and restored, 

1834-7. 
' a Clinton. D Corsini, Zumpt.Muller, Thirl wall. 



Grote. 



d Leake. 



Finlay. 



Acropolita, Georgius, (Logotheta,) Byzantine 
historian, §c, — b. at Constantinople, 1220 — 
introduced at court, at Nicaea, 1236 — commands 
Nicsean army, 1255 — taken prisoner, but re- 
leased, 1260 — commences diplomacy, 1261 — 
conducts negotiations for union of the Churches, 
1273-81 — tf. Dec. 1282. 

ActaDiurna. [B C] — first published regularly, 
Julius Csesar, Cos. 59 — [AD] — publication 
finally discontinued, 328. 

Actiac Games, [BC] — instituted by Au- 
gustus at Bome, 30. 

Actiac War, [BC] — Triumvirate renewed 
for 5 years, winter 37 -6 a — Antony sends back 
Octavia, when he goes to the East, 36 — forbids 
her to join him with the reinforcements she 
had raised, 35 b — rupture between Octavian and 
Antony, 33 b — war declared against Cleopatra, 
32 a — Antony divorces Octavia, 32 b — Agrippa 
attacks Methone, spring 3 1 a — Octavian defeats 
Antony and Cleopatra at Actium, 2 Sep. 31 — 
Octavian returns to Italy, and thence by Asia 
and Syria to Egypt, beginning of 30 a — gains 
Antony's fleet, (Kal. Sextil.) 1 Aug. 30 — death 
of Antony and of Cleopatra ; Alexandria taken 
Aug. 30. a Fischer. b Smith's Diet 



ins piuu 
ath. 
en,^ Ac 



Actium, [B C] — Augustus defeats Antony at, 
(4Non. Sep. 723, a. u. c.) 2 Sep. 31. Era of 
commences in Egypt, 29 or 30 Aug. 31 — at 
Bome, 1 Jan. 30 — in Syria, 2 Sep. 3i. a 
a Ideler. 
Acton, Sir Joseph, — b. at Besanc,on, 1 Oct. 
1737 — serves in Tuscan fleet against Algiers, 
1774 — minister to Ferdinand I. of Naples, 1784- 
1803 — accompanies Ferdinand in Mack's ex- 
pedition against the French, 1798 — tf. in Sicily, 
1808. [Nelson, Lord.] 

Acton Burnel, Statute of, — passed, 12 Oct. 
1283. 

Acts of the Apostles, — -written, 63, a 65, b 66. c 
a Michaelis, Rosenmiiller, Lardner, Davidson. 
b Bloomfield. c Others. 

Acts of the Saints (Acta Sanctorum) . [Bol- 
landists.] 

Actuarius, Joannes, physician, — fl. between 
i25o-i3oo, a before 1200, 13 before noo, c after 
I300. d a Smith's Dictionary, Ersch and 

Gruber. b Sene Moreau. c Wolfgang Justus. 
d Lamhecius. 

Acuna, Antonio Osorio de, Bp Zamora,— b. 
1459 — Bp, 1507 — joins insurrection against 
Charles V., 1520 — imprisoned, 152 1 — brief for 
his execution granted by Clement VII., 27 Mar. 
1523 — executed, 1526. 

Acuna, Christoval de, — b. at Burgos, 1597 — 
enters order of Jesuits, 1612 — sets out with 
Texeira on his voyage down the Amazon, 16 
Feb. 1639 — in Spain, 1640 — ti. at Lima, about 
1680 — Nuevo discubrimiento del gran rio de las 
Amazonas, 1641. 

Acuna, Hernando de, poet, §c, — serves in 
expedition of Charles Y. against Tunis, 1535— 
tf. at Granada, 1580. 

Acunha. [Cunha.] 

Acusilaus, logographer, [B C] — fl. before 
500? 

Acyndinus, consul with Valerius Proculus, 
(1093 a. u. c.) 340. 

Adalberon, (Azelin,) Bp Laon, poet, — Bp 
about 977 — tf. 25 Feb. or 19 Jul. 1030. 

Adalbert, Abp Bremen and Hamburg, — 
Abp., 1043 — legate to Northern kingdoms for 
Leo IX., 1050 — Begent, during minority of 
Emperor Henry IV., 1062-5 — dismissed from 
court by Anno, Abp Cologne, 1066 — recalled, 
1069 — o". at Goslar, 17 Mar. 1072. 

Adalbert, St, Abp Magdeburg, — preaches 
to the Sclavonians, 961 — Abp, 968 — tf. 981-2. 

Adalbert, St, Abp Prague, — b. 939— Bp, 
983 — at Monte Cassino and Bome, 988-93 — 
preaches in Bohemia, &c. ; and visits court of 
Otto III. at Mentz, 996 — martyred in Prussia, 
23 Apr. 997. 

Adalgis, (Edclgis,) King of Lombards, 
— associated with his father Didier, (Beside- 
riits,) 759 — marries Gisele, sister of Charle- 
magne, 770-1 — takes refuge at Constantinople 
on overthrow of kingdom, early in Jun. 774 — 
attempts to recover his throne, 7 75 — Patrician, 
by Leo IV., Apr. 776— invades Calabria from 
Sicily, and is totally defeated, 788 — tf. 789.* 
a Ersch and Gruber. 

Adam, [BC] — created, 28 Oct. 4004^ 41 38,^ 
541 i, c middle of Mar. 5426 d — birth of Seth, 



ADAM— ADDISON. 



summer 3874, a 5181° — ft. summer 3074.* 

a Ussier. b Clinton. c Hales. d Jackson. 

Adam of Bremen. [Adamus Magister.] 

Adam of St Victor, hymnologist, — ft. at the 
monastery of St Victor, Paris, 1172 or 1192. 

Adam, Ir Alexander, — b. near Forres, 24 
Juu. 1741 — Hector of High School, Edinburgh, 
8 Jun. 1768— L. L. D. Edinburgh, 1780— ft. 
18 Dec. 1809— Principles of Latin and Eng- 
lish Grammar, 1772 — Roman Antiquities, 1791 
— Dictionary of Classical Biography, 1800 — 
Latin Dictionary, 1805. 

Adam, James, architect, — ft. 20 Oct. 1794. 

Adam, Lambert Sigisbert, sculptor, — b. at 
Nancy, 10 Feb. 1700 — Member of the Acad- 
emy, 25 May 1737 — Prof, of Sculpture, 1744 
■ — ft. 13 May 1759 — Recueil de Sculptures An- 
tiques Grecques et Bomaines, 1754. 

Adam, Melchior, — b. at Grotkau, Silesia, 
after 1550 — goes to Heidelberg, 1598— Con- 
rector of college there, 1606 — ft. 1622 — Vitce 
Germanorum Bhilosophorum, §c, 1615-20. 

Adam, Nicolas, litterateur, — b. at Paris, 
1716 — ft. 1792. 

Adam, Nicolas Sebastien, sculptor, — b. at 
Nancy, 22 Mar. 1705 — at Eome, 1726-34 — ft. 
27 Mar. 1778. 

Adam, Robert, architect, — b. at Kirkaldy, 
1728 — in Italy, 1754-62 — architect to George 
III., 1763-4^ 1768— M. P. for Kinross, 1768 
— ft. 3 Mar. 1792 — Architectural Designs, 
1773-8. m 

Adami, Tobias, jurisconsult, %c, — b. at 
Werdau, 30 Aug. 158 1 — travels in Greece, &c, 
161 1 — ft. at Weimar, 29 Nov. 1643 — Brodro- 
mus Bhilosophice Instaurandce, 1629. 

Adamites. [Beghards.] 

Adamnan, St, Abbot or Iona, — b. in Ire- 
land, 624 — Abbot, 679 — adopts Roman com- 
putation of Easter, 687 — ambassador to King 
Alfred, 701 — ft. 23 Sep. or Oct. 703, or 704. 

Adams, John, President of United States, 
■ — b. at Braintree, Ms., (19 Oct. o. s.) 30 Oct. 
1735 — M. A. Cambridge, U. S., 1758 — admitted 
a Barrister, 17 61 — defends the soldiers charged 
with the ' Boston Massacre,' Apr. 1770 — 
enters legislature of the colony, May 1770 — 
Representative of Massachusetts, in first Con- 
tinental Congress, 5 Sep. 1774 — proposes and 
supports the Declaration of Independence, 6 
May and 4 Jul. 1776 — Chairman of Board of 
War, 13 Jim. 1776 to 20 Nov. 1777 — Com- 
missioner to the coiut of France, Feb. to autumn 
1778 — Member of Constituent Convention of 
Massachusetts, 1779 — leaves U. S. for France, 
on embassy to Great Britain, 17 Nov. 1779 — 
ambassador to Holland, 27 Sep. 1780 — joint 
commissioner to Paris, to treat of peace with 
Great Britain, 1782-3 — first ambassador from 
the States to Great Britain, 2 Jun. 1785 to Oct. 
1787 — returns, 17 Jun. 1788 — Vice-President, 
1789 to 1793 — President, 1797 to 1801 — in the 
State-convention, Ms., for revising constitution, 
1820 — ft. 4 Jul. 1826 — Defence of Constitution 
of United States, 1787. 

Adams, John, ' Patriarch of Bilcairn's 
Island,' — b. about 1764 — lands on Pitcairn's 
I. after mutiny of the Bounty, 23 Jan. 1790 



— manages affairs of the island alone, 1801 — 
ft. 5 May 1829. 

Adams, John Quincy, President op United 
States, — b. at Quincy, Ms., 11 Jul. 1767 — 
accompanies his father to Europe, 1778,' 1779 
to 1785— B. A. Cambridge, U. S., Jul. 1787— 
ambassador at the Hague, May 1794 — at Ber- 
lin, autumn 1797 — returns, 1801 — Senator for 
Massachusetts, 1803 — Prof, of Rhetoric, Cam- 
bridge, U. S., 12 Jun. 1806 to Jul. 1809 — am- 
bassador at St Petersburg, autumn 1809 — at 
Ghent, 24 Jun. 18 14 — at London, 25 May 18 15 
— returns to U. S., 6 Aug. 18 17 — Secretary 
of State, Sep. 18 17 — President, (by House of 
Representatives,) 1825-9 — Representative in 
Congress from Massachusetts, Dec. 1831 to 
Feb. 1848— ft. at Washington, 23 Feb. 1848. 

Adams, Robert, architect, engraver, — b. at 
London, 1550 — ft. 159 1 — Engravings of De- 
struction of Spanish Armada, 1589. 

Adams, Samuel, — b. at Boston, U. S., 27 
Sep. 1722 — M. A. Harvard, 1743 — drafts the 
first protest against Grenville's scheme, May 
1764 — member of General Court of Massachu- 
setts, 30 Dec. 1767 — Delegate from Ms. to 
Congress, 1774 — Member of Constituent Con- 
vention of Massachusetts, 1779 — Lieut.-Go- 
vernor of the State, 1789 — Governor, 1794-7 — 
ft. at Boston, 2 Oct. 1803. 

Adamson, (Constyne,) Patrick, Abp St An- 
drew's,—^ at Perth, 15 Mai\ 1536,* 1543 b — 
licensed to preach, 1560 — at Paris as a private 
tutor, 1566-70 — becomes a minister, 1573 — ■ 
Abp, Oct. 1576 — his persecutions begin, Apr. 
1577 — excommunicated by Synod of Fife, at 
St Andrew's, Apr. 1586 — officiates afc Earl of 
Huntley's marriage, 1588 — signs recantations of 
Prelacy, 18 Apr., 12 May, and 10 Jun. 1591 — 
ft. at St Andrew's, 19 Feb. 1592. 

a Rees' Encyc. b Encyc. Metropol. 

Adamus Magister, {Adam of Bremen,) eccle- 
siastical historian, §c, — comes -to Bremen, 
1067 — Canon there, 1070 — ft. 1076.* 
a Conversations-Lexikon. 

Adamus Muremuthensis, chronicler, — fl. 
1311-38^ a TJ. K. S. Eiog. Diet. 

Adanson, Michel, botanist, — b. at Aix, 7 
Apr. 1727 — sets out for Senegal, 20 Dec. 1748 
— returns, 18 Feb. 1754 — Member of Academy, 
1759 — his garden ravaged by the mob, 1790 — 
pensioned, 1795 — ft. at Paris, 3 Aug. 1806 — 
Voyage au Senegal, 1757 — Les Families des 
Blantes, 1763. 

Adda, the, — Suwarrow and Melas defeat 
Moreau at, 25-7 Apr. 1799. [Agnadello, 
Cassano.] 

Addington, Henry. [Sidmouth, Lord.] 

Addison, Joseph, — b . at Milston, 1 May 1 67 2 — 
enters Queen's Coll. Oxford, 1687 — pensioned 
by William III., 1695 — travels in France and 
Italy, 1 699- 1 7 02 — receives various official ap- 
pointments, 1704-10 — Secretary to Lords of 
the Regency, Aug. 17 14 — one of the Lords of 
Trade, 17 15 — marries Countess Dowager of 
Warwick, 2 Aug. 17 16 — Secretary of State, 16 
Apr. 17 17 — finally quits office, 14 Mar. 17 18 — 
ft. at Holland House, 17 Jun. 17 19 — Tatler, 
12 Apr. 1709 to 2 Jan. 17 11 — Spectator, 1 



ADDITIONEL— ADLERBERTH. 



Mar. 17 1 1 to 6 Dec. 17 12, 18 Jun. to 20 Dec. 
17 14 — Guardian, 12 Mar. to 1 Oct. 17 13 — 
Freeholder, 23 Dec. 17 15 to 29 Jun. 17 16 — 
Cato, 17 13. 

Additionel, Acte,— published, 25 Apr., and 
accepted at Champ de Mai, 31 May, or 1 Jun. 
1815. 

Adeiraantos, [BC] — archon at Athens, (01. 
75. 3) 477. 

Adelaide, Capital of S. Australia, founded, 
1836— incorporated, 1842 — Port, declared free, 
1845. 

Adelaide Louisa Teresa Caroline Amelia, 
Queen Consort of England, — b. at Meinin- 
gen, 13 Aug. 1792 — married to William, Duke of 
Clarence, 11 Jul. 18 18— death of William IV., 
20 Jun. 1837 — rj. at Bentley Priory, Stanmore, 
2 Dec. 1849. 

Adelaide. [Adelheid.] 

Adelantados Mayores,— appointed in pro- 
vinces of Spain, instead of Counts and Governors, 
by Fernaudo III. of Castile and Leon, about 1 2 30. 
* Adelard, St, (Adalhard,) Abbot of Corbie, 
— b. about 755 — enters monastery of Corbie, 
772— Abbot, 777— Minister of Pepin, 796— 
Ambassador to Eome respecting differences be- 
tween Pepin and Leo III., 809 — tutor to Pe- 
pin's son, 810 — retires to Abbey of Herce, by 
command of Louis le Debonnaire, 814 — returns 
to Corbie, 821 — founds New Corbie, 822-3 — &. 
2 Jan. 826. 

Adelard of Bath,— translates Euclid from 
Arabic into Latin, between 1 075-1 130. 

Adelbold, {Athelbald, Albald, Adalberon, 
§c.,) Bp Utrecht, — famous for his learning, 
about 995 — Chancellor to Henry II. of Ger- 
manv, 1002 — Bp after 2 May 1009° — defeated 
by Thierry, Count of Friesland, 1 1 and 29 Jul. 
1018 — consecrates cathedral of Utrecht, 26 
Jun. 1023 — fj. 27 Nov. 1027. a Mir£eus. 

Adelaar, Cort, (Curtius, Conrad,) Sivertsen, 
- — b. at Brevig, 16 Dec. 1622 — serves under 
Van Tromp, 1639 — enters Venetian service, 
1642 — admiral of Venetian fleet, defeats Turks, 
1648, 1649, 165 1 — ravages Candia, 1653 — de- 
feats Turkish fleet at the Dardanelles, 16 May 
1654 — Knt of St Mark, 1658 — marries and 
returns to Denmark, 1662-3 — admiral of Danish 
fleet, ennobled by Frederick III., 1663 — goes to 
the coast of Coromandel, 1667 — ft. at Copen- 
hagen, 5 Nov. 1675. 

Adelheid, (Adelaide,) St, — b. 931 — married 
to Lothaire, king of Italy, 947 — Lothaire 
poisoned, Nov. 950 — invites Otto I. of Ger- 
many into Italy, against Berenger, 950 — im- 
prisoned by Berenger, escapes, invites Otto 
again, and marries him, 951-2 — death of Otto, 
7 May 973 — Regent during minority of Otto 
III., with Theophania, 983 — ft. at Seltz, 16 
Dec. 999. 

Adelphius, Flavius, consul with Flavius 
Marcianus, Aug. (1204, a. tj. c.) 451. 

Adelung, Johann Christoph, philologist,— b. 
at Spantekow, 8 Aug. 1732 — Prof, in Gymna- 
sium, Erfurt, 1759 — at Leipsic, 1761 — Princi- 
pal Librarian in Electoral Library. Dresden, 
1787 — tf. at Dresden, 10 Sep. 1806 — Deutsche 
Sprachlehre , 1 7 81 — Vmstandliches Lehrgebiiude 



der Deutschen Sprache, 1782 — Mithridatcs, 
(vol. i.) 1806. 

Ademar, (Aymcr de Chabanois,) chronicler, 
— b. 988 — rj. on a voyage to Palestine, 1030. 

Aden, (Arabia Felix, Attance,) [BC] — de- 
stroyed by the Romans, under JElius Gallus, 
24 ? a — or [A D] after the voyage of Hippalus, 
50 b — the emporium of the trade between Asia 
and Europe again, about 1000 — bombarded by 
Albuquerque, 151 3 — taken by the Ottomans, 
under Khair Eddin Barbarossa, 1539 — Otto- 
mans expelled by the Imam of Yemen, 1630 — ■ 
independent under a native Sheikh, 1730 — 
ceded to Great Britain, and occupied by troops 
of the East India Company, 20 Jan. 1839. 
a Smith's Diet. b M'Culloch's Diet. 

Adet, Pierre Auguste, chemist, statesman, — - 
b. at Paris, 1763 — -ambassador to United States, 
Jun. 1795 to Nov. 1796— in the Tribunate, 
after 10 Nov. 1799 — Prefect of Nievre, Mar. 
1803 — member of the Senate, 2 May 1809 — in 
the Chamber of Deputies, 18 14 — rj. about 
1832 — Logons Ftementaires de Chimie, 1804. 

Adherbal, [B Cj — expelled from his share of 
Numidia by Jugurtha, 1 1 8 — restored by Rome, 
117 — killed by Jugurtha, at Cirta, 112. 

Adiabene, [BCJ — independent of the Se- 
leukidae, about 88 a — ally of Tigranesl. against 
Lucullus, 69 — [AD] — Izates succeeds his 
father Monobaztjs, and mediates between Ar- 
tabanus III. and his subjects, about 41a — at- 
tacked unsuccessfully by Vologeses, 55 — Mono- 
baztjs II. succeeds his brother Izates ; attacked 
by Tigranes V., 63b — with Vologeses, besieges 
Tigranocerta ; negotiates truce between Parthia 
and Rome, 64 — Mebarsapes, 98 a — ally of 
Chosroes, dethroned by Trajan, 115 — Avidius 
Cassius reduces the country, 165° — Severus re- 
duces and imposes tribute, 195 — people con- 
verted to Christianity, about 250^ a Art de 
Verifier les Dates. b Smith's Diet. c Zumpt. 

Adiaphoristic Controversy, — commences 
after promulgation of the Interim, 15 May 
1548. [Concord, Formula of ; Flacius ; Me- 
lanchthon ; Synergist Controversy ; &c] 

Adige, the, — Scherer repulses Kray at, 26 
Mar. — and is defeated by him in turn, 30 Mar. 
1799 — Brune crosses, in face of Bellegarde, r 
Jan. 1 801 — operations of Moncey and Mac- 
donald against Laudon, &c, on, 2-7 Jan. i8or. 

Adipocire, — discovered and named by Four- 
croy, 1786. 

Adis, in Africa, [B C] — taken by Regulus, 
who defeats Carthaginians near it, 255. 

Adjutators, (not Agitators,)— delegates from 
the privates of the Parliamentary army, present 
their letter to the generals, 28 Apr. 1647 — 
meet, by authority of Fairfax, at Bury St Ed- 
munds, 29 May 1647 — meet the officers in Put- 
ney church, 18 Sep., Oct., and Nov. 1647 — 
meetings renewed at St Albans, Oct. 1648. 

Adler, Jacob Georg Christiern, orientalist, 
$c, — b. at Amis, Sleswick, Dec. 1755 — Prof, 
of Syriacat Copenhagen, 1783 — Prof, of Theo- 
logy, 1788— rj. 1.805. 

Adlerberth, Gudmund Goran, litterateur, §c, 
— b. at Jonkoping, 21 May 175 1 — Secretary to 
Gustavus III., 1778 — accompanies him to 



ADLERSPARRE— ADRIAXOPLE. 



Rome, 1783 — Counsellor of State, 1809-13 — 
if. at Upsala, 7 Oct. 18 18. 

Adlersparre, Georg, Count of, litterateur, §c> 
■ — b. at Jamtland, 1760 — enters the army, 1775 
— quits it on death of Gustavus III., 1792 
— commands a division, 1808 — joins conspiracy 
against Gustavus IV., 1809 — retires from pub- 
lic service, 18 11 — tried for the publication of 
documents pour servir for History of Sweden, 
1831 — tf. in Werniland, 23 Sep. 1837. 

Admiral, — title introduced in Sicily and 
Genoa, before 1200 — in France, 1284 — first 
mentioned in England, 1294. 

Admiral, Lord" High, — first appointed, 1405 
— office first put in commission, 20 Xov. 1632 
■ — held by Duke of York, Jun. 1660 to 22 May 
1684 — by Charles II. and James II., till the 
Revolution, 1688 — by Prince George of Den- 
mark, Mar. 1702 to Xov. 1708 — by Earl of Pem- 
broke, to Xov. 1709 — by Duke of Clarence, May 
1827 to Sep. 1828. 

Admiralty Courts, — erected, probably, by 
Edward III., about 1350 — limited by Richard 
II., 1389-92 — regulated bv Acts, 7 and 8 Geo. 
IV. c. 28, 21 Jun. 1827—9 Geo. IV. c. 31, 27 
Jun. 1828—4 Wm. IY. c. 36, 25 Jul. 1834— 
and 3 and 4 Yic. cc. 65, 66, 7 Aug. 1840. 

Admiralty Inlet, — discovered by Vancouver, 
4 Jun. 1792. 

Admiralty Island, — explored by Vancouver, 
1792 — ceded to Russia, 1825. 

Admiralty Islands, — discovered by the 
Dutch, 1 6 16. 

Admiralty Office, — instituted by Henry 
VIII., 15 12 — -business regulated by Act, 2 
"Wm. IY. c. 40, 1 Jun. 1832. 

Adolphus Frederick, Kixg of Sweden, — b. 
14 May 17 10 — Duke of Holstein-Eutin, 1726 — 
Bp Lubeck, 1727 • — administrator of duchy of 
Holstein-Gottorp, 1739 — elected to the throne 
of Sweden, 23 Jun. 1743 — marries Ulrica, 
sister of Frederick the Great, 17 Jul. 1774 — 
gives up his Bpc to his brother Frederick Au- 
gustus, 1750 — succeeds Frederick, 6 Apr. 1751 
— war declared against Prussia, 14 Mar. 1757 
— acquires part of Prussian Pomerania, Sep. 
1757 — takes Pennemunde, Aug. 1758 — loses it 
again, Apr. 1759 — gains advantages in Pome- 
rania, 16 Sep. 1759, 27 Jan. 1760 — [Seven 
Years' War. j — Peace of Hamburg, 22 May 
1762 — 'Caps' in power; attempts to recover 
the lost ascendancy of the crown, 1762 — press 
declared free, 1766 — ' Hats' in power; threatens 
to abdicate, 1768 — 'Caps' regain power, 1769 
— tJ. 12 Feb. 177 1. 

Adolphus, John, historian, — b. at London, 
1764 or 1765 — called to the bar, 20 Xov. 1807 
—ft. at London, 19 Jul. 1845 — History of Eng- 
land, from Accession of Geo. III. to Peace of 
1783, 1802 — History of France, from 1790 to 
Peace of 1SQ2, 1803. 

Adolphus of Nassau, Emperor of the 
Romans, — b. between 1250 and 1255 — elected 
at Diet of Frankfort, 1 or 10 May, and crowned 
at Aix-la-Chapelle, 1 Jul. 1292 — purchases 
Landgraviat of Thuringia of Albert the De- 
generate, 1293 — deposed by Diet of Mentz, 
23 Jun. 1298 — defeated and killed by Albert 



I. at Golheim, or Spires, 2 Jul. 1298. 

Adon, St, Abp Yiexxe, historian, — fe. 799, 
or 800 — Abp, 860— ft. 16 Dec. 875. 

Adoptionists, (Adoptiani,) — sect originated 
about 783 — condemned by Council of Frank- 
fort, 794 — and by Council of Rome, under Leo 
III., 799. 

Adorni and Fregosi, — contests between, at 
Genoa, from about 1360 to 1528. [Doria, An- 
drea ; Genoa.] 

Adranum, (PTadranum,) in Sicily, [B C] — 
founded by Dionysius the Elder, 400 — taken 
by Timoleon, 344 s — and by the Romans, after 
264. a Grote. 

Adrets, Francois de Beaumont, Baron des, 
■ — b. at castle of La Frette, near Grenoble, 
1503 — .at the battle of Pavia, 1525 — and under 
Lautrec, in Italy, 1527 — captured bv Spaniards 
at Monte Calvo, 1558 — heads the Protestants 
of Dauphine, 1562 — vindicates himself at Paris, 
before Charles IX., 157 1 — ft. 2 Feb. 1586-7. 

Adrevaldus of Fleury, ecclesiastical writer, 
— fj. about 818— *f. 878. 

Adria, in Picenum, (PTadria, Atria, Atri,) 
[B C] — Roman colony established at, 289 — ter- 
ritory ravaged by Hannibal, 217— contributes 
men and money to Rome, 209. 

Adria near Venice, (Hadria,) [B C] — trade 
destroyed by the Gauls, about 397 — a place of 
no importance, about 25 — [ADj — taken and 
destroyed by the Venetians, 1482. 

Adrian, 'Roman Emperor [Hadrianus], 

Adrian IV., (JSlcholas BreaJcspere,) Pope, 
— b. at Langley, near St Albans, before 1100 — 
Cardinal Bp of Albano ; Legate from Euge- 
nius III. to Norway and Denmark, 1146 — 
elected to succeed Anastasius IV., 3 Dec. 1 154 — 
lays Rome under an Interdict, and procures 
the execution of Arnold of Brescia, 11 55 — 
forces "William I. of Sicily to make peace, 
1 156 — quarrels with Frederick II., 1157 — &• a * 
Anagni, 30 Aug. a or 1 Sep. b 1159. 

a Nicolas. b Art de Verifier les Dates, &c. 

Adrian VI., (Adrian Florent Boyens,) Pope, 
— b. at Utrecht, 1459 — preceptor to Charles 
(afterwards) Y., 15 12 — Bp of Tortosa, 15 15 — 
co-regent with Cardinal Ximenes, 15 16 — 
Viceroy of Spain, 15 17 — Cardinal, 1 Jul. 15 17 
— elected to succeed Leo X. 2 a or 9 b Jan. 1522 
— installed, 1 Sep. a or 31 Aug. 1522 — if. 24* 
or i4 b Sep. 1523. 

a Nicolas. b Art de Verifier les Dates, &c. 

Adrian!, Giovanni Battista, historian, — b. 
at Florence, 151 i a or 15 13 — tr. 1578-9. 
a Ersch and Gruber. 

Adrianople, (Uscudama, Oresta, Hadrianopo- 
lis, Edreneh,) [B Cj — taken by M. Lucullus, 
7 3 — [A D] — restored and renamed by Hadrian, 
about 125 — Constantine defeats Licinius near, 
3 Jul. 323 — Fritigern defeats and kills Yalens 
near, 9 Aug. 378 — Crum, king of Bulgarians, 
defeats Michael I. near, 22 Jun. 813 — Bardas 
Scleras defeats Russians, Bulgarians, Petch- 
enegans, and others, near, 972 — allotted to 
Venice, and besieged by Boniface of Thessalo- 
nica, 1204 — rebels against Baldwin, who be- 
sieges it, but is defeated and taken by Joannes 
of Bulgaria, 15 Apr. 1205 — taken by Theodore, 



ADRIANUS— -EGIXA. 



i3 



Despot of Epirus, 1224 — taken by Amurath 
I., 1 36 1 — residence of Ottoman Sultans, till 
1453 — taken by Eussians, 20 Aug. 1829 — re- 
stored to the Porte, 14 Sep. 1829. — Peace of, 
between Russia and Turkey, 14 Sep. 1829. 

Adrianus, (Sad nan us,) rhetorician, — b. at 
Tyre, about 113 — studies under Herodes Atti- 
cus, 131 — teaches philosophy at Athens, 176 — 
Secretary to Conunodus, 192 — tf. at Rome, 
193.* a Clinton. 

Aduatici, [BC] — establish themselves in 
Belgic Gaul, after 102 — defeated and destroyed 
by Caesar, 57. 

Adult Schools, — commenced by Rev. T. 
Charles, at Bala, Merionethshire, 181 1. 

Advent Sundays, — observance instituted at 
Council of Tours, 567. 

Adventure Bay, — discovered by Capt. Fur- 
neaux, 1773 — visited and named by Capt. Cook, 
1777. 

Adventurers, Merchant, (Brotherhood of St 
Thomas a Becket,) — established by John, Duke of 
Brabant, 1296 — so entitled by patent of Henry 
YIL, 1505— incorporated by Queen Elizabeth, 
1564. 

Adventus, consul with M. Opilius Severus 
Macrinus, (971, a. it. c.) 218. 

Advertisements, Duty on, — first imposed by 
Act, 10 Anne, c. 18, 17 11 — reduced to uniform 
charge of 3s. 6d. by Act, 00 Geo. III. c. 185, 
1 1 Jul. 1 8 15 — reduced to Is. 6d. by Act, 3 and 
4 ¥m. IV. c. 23, 28 Jun. 1833 — payment of, 
regulated by Act, 6 and 7 "Win. IV. c. 76, 13 
Aug. 1836 — repealed by Act, 16 and 17 Vic. c. 
63, 4 Aug. 1853. 

Advocate, Lord, in Scotland, — office estab- 
lished, soon after 1500. 

Advocates' College, — incorporated by Royal 
Charter, 1768. 

Advocates' Library, at Edinburgh, — estab- 
lished, 1684-5 — partly destroyed by fire, 1700 
— privileged to receive a copy of every new 
book, 17 10. 

Advocates, (Avocats,) Order of, in France, — 
suppressed, 11 Sep. 1790 — partly reorganized 
by Directory, 1795 — partly by Napoleon, Dec. 
18x0 — -reinstated and regulated anew, 18 14-5. 

iEantides, one of the tragic Pleias, [B CJ — 
fl. 259, a or about 300. a Clinton. 

JEcse, in Apulia, [B C] — joins the Cartha- 
ginians, 216 — recovered by Fabius Maximus, 
214. 

JEculanum, (JEclanum, Quintodecimum,) 
near Beneventum, [B C] — sacked by Sulla, 89 — 
restored, soon after 88 — [AD] — raised to a 
Colony, about 100 a — destroyed by Constans II., 
662. a Smith's Diet. 

iEiesius, eclectic philosopher, — b. about 277 
— succeeds Iamblichus, about 329 — If. late in 
355. a a Clinton. 

JEdiles, [B C]— office instituted, (260,a.u.c.) 
494 — Curule, first appointed, (387, a. it. c.) 
367 a — number increased to 6, by Julius Csesar, 
45 — duties diminished by Augustus, after 31. 
a Fischer, Zumpt. 

JEdui, (Hedui), [BC] — harassed by the Allo- 
brogians, Arvernians, and others ; who are de- 
feated by Cn. Domitius and Q. Fabius Maxi- 



mus, 1 22- 1 — declared ' friends and brothers of 
Roman people,' (633, a. tj. c.) 121 — made in- 
dependent of the Sequanians, by Csesar, 58 — ■ 
join the revolt in Gaul against Rome, and are 
subdued by Caesar, 52 — [Gallic War.] — [AD] 
— C. Silius suppresses the insurrection of Sa- 
crovir, 21 — Claudius grants to their Senators the 
jus honorum petendorum at Rome, 48 — tribute 
remitted by Constantine, 311. 

iEgse, in Cilicia, [B C] — Era of, commences, 
(266, s. e.) autiunn, 47. 

JEgates, islands near Sicily •, [B C] — Q. Lu- 
tatius Catulus defeats Hanno off the, (6 Id. 
Mart. 513, a. tj. c.) 10 Mar. 242. 

iEgeira, in Achaia, [B C] — taken by JEto- 
lians, but recovered, 220. 

iEgidius, Count of Soissons, — Master- 
general in Gaul, under Majorian, 457 — de- 
feats Visigoths, 459 — elected King by the 
Franks, on the banishment of Childeric, 461 — • 
defeats Theodoric near Aurelianum, 463 — tr. 
464. a a Zumpt. 

iEgidius, Johannes, of St Albans, astrono- 
mer, — fl. about 1224. 

iEgina, (Eghina,) [B C] — said to be subject to 
Pheidon of Argos, about 748 — establishes a trad- 
ing station at iSaucratis, in Egypt, between 570 
and 526, a 563 b — ravages Attica, at the request 
of Thebes, 5o6, a 505 b — period of maritime 
supremacy, about 5oo, c (1531, abr. e.) 486-5 
to 48o d — submits to Darius, 492, a 49i, d 493 13 
— accused of Medism by Athens, Cleomenes of 
Sparta seizes hostages and gives in charge to 
Athens, 492, 491 — at war with Athens, who 
refuses to give up hostages, 488-7 to 481^491- 
81 d — Mcodromus vainly attempts to effect a 
democratic revolution, about 485 — takes part 
against Persia at Salamis, 480 — renews war 
with Athens, as ally of Corinth, 459/1 460 f — 
defeated by Athens in a great naval battle, 
459-8, a 460° — town blockaded by Athens, 458- 
5 a — capitulates, and is disarmed and made tri- . 
butary, 455, a 456 c d — complains to Sparta ofr 
its subjection, 432— -Sparta demands the restor-, 
ation of its autonomy ; Athens expels its in- 
habitants, (who are settled by Sparta at Thyrea,), 
and colonizes the island, summer 431/ 1 cd 430 •«' 
— settlers at Thyrea slain by Nikias, 425, a 424 s 
— survivors restored by Lysander, 404 — com- 
pelled to resume hostilities against Athens by 
Eteonicus, the Spartan harmost; blockaded, 
and relieved by Teleutias; Gorgopas defeats 
Eunomus, and is defeated and slain by Cha- 
brias, 388 — joins Achsean League, 229b — taken 
by Sulpicius Galba, and given to iEtolians, 210 
— and sold to Attains of Pergamus, 209b — al- 
lotted to his son by Roman Senate, (?) 196 b — 
made independent of Athens by Augustus, 21 — 
[AD] — acquired by Venice, about 12 15 — town 
taken and burnt by Turks, 1536 — Athenians 
seek refuge in, when Turks retake the city, 
1688 — taken by the Turks from Venice, 17 14 
— seat of the Greek government, 1828-9. 

a Grote. b xhirlwall. c Smith's Diet. 

d Clinton. e M Ciller. f Zumpt. 

iEgina, sculptures at, — discovered by Cock- 
erell, Foster, and others, May 181 1- 12 — pur- 
chased by the King of Bavaria, 18 15. 



iEGINA— ^QUI. 



iEgina, asteroid, — discovered by Stephan, 4 
Nov. 1866. 

iEgineta, Paulus. [Paulus iEgineta.] 

-Eginetan Standard of weights and money, 
[BC] — introduced into Greece by Periander of 
Corinth, 625-585. 

JEgium, [B C]— chief city of Achaia, after 373 
-2 — joins Achaean League, 275 — formal meet- 
ings continue to be held at, after 146. [Vostitza.] 

iEgospotami, [BC] — aerolite falls at, (01. 
78, 2,) 468 a — Lysander defeats Conon at, (01. 
93, 4,) Sep. a or autumn b 405, (Poseideon, 01. 
93, 3, or 4,) Dec. 406 or 405.° 

a Grote. b Clinton. c Dodwell and Corsini. 

.Egyptus. [Egypt.] 

iSlfric, (Alfric, Elj tic,) Abbas Grammaticus, 
— b. before 950^ 964 or 965 b — Bp of Wilton, 
989 or 990,* 994-5 c — Abp of Canterbury, 994- 
5 a — Abbot of Peterborough, 1005 — Abp of 
York, 1023 d — tf. 16 Nov. ioo6, a io5i. d 

a U. K. S. Biog. Diet. b Rose's Biog. Diet. 
c Wright. d Stubbs. 

iElia Capitolina [Jerusalem] — founded by 
Hadrian, 1 3 1 K — destroyed by Barchochebas, 1 34 
■ — restored by Hadrian, 135. a Clinton. 

.Slian and Funan Law, [B C] — empowers 
magistrates to prevent or dissolve comitia, 
auspices being unpropitious, (598, a. u. c.) 
156. a a Pighius. 

.Elian Sentian Law, — regulates the manu- 
mission of slaves, (757, a. u. c.) 3. 

iEiianus, Claudius, {the Sophist,) natural 
historian, — fl. about 222, a about 250. b 
a Clinton. b Others. 

iEiianus, [Relianus,] Pomponius, — with Cn. 
Salvius Amandus, assumes the purple in Gaul, 
285 — revolt suppressed by Maximian, 286. a 
u Clinton. 

iEiianus Tacticus, write* on military tactics, 
— G. about 97, a 98-1 38. b 

a Clinton. b Ersch and Gruber. 

iEiianus, — consul with Crispiuus, (940, a. v. 
c.) 187. 

iEiianus, Cn. Papirius, — consul with M. 
Eggins Marullus, (937, a. u. c.) 184. 

iEiianus, L. Eoscius,— consul with L. Marias 
Maximus, (976, a. u. c.) 223. 

Aelloscope,— invented by Clum, early in 1867. 

JSlnoth, — dedicates his Kistoria S. Canuti 
to Nicholas, King of Denmark, no9. a 
a Bartholinus. 

Aelst, Evert van, painter, — ft. at Delft, 1602 
— It. 1658. 

Aelst, Willem van, painter, — h. at Delft, 
1620 — settles at Amsterdam, 1656 — rj. 1679. 

iEmilian Laws, [BC] — (1) shortening the 
Censors' term of olfice, by Dictator, Mamercus 
JEmilius, (320, a. u. c.) 434-3. (2) sumptuary, 
relating to the kind and quantity of food at en- 
tertainments, by M. JEmilius Scaurus, (639, a. 
u. c.) 115,8 or by M. iEmilius Lepidus, (676, 
a. u. c.) 78. b 

a Fischer. b Smith's Diet., Ersch and Gruber. 

iEmilianus, {JEmilius,) M. or C. Julius, 
Empekob, op Rome, — 6. in Mauritania, about 
206 — Governor of i'annonia, and Moesia ; de- 
feats barbarians, and is bailed Emperor by his 
army, May 253 — acknowledged by Senate, after 
assassination of Galba, Feb. 254," May 238 b — 



tf., or is slain by his soldiers, May 254,* Aug. 
253. '» a Clinton. b Gibbon. 

iEmilianus, Tib. Cest. Alexander, one of the 
Thirty Tyrants, — proclaimed in Egypt, 262 a — ■ 
defeated and taken by Theodotus, and strangled 
by Gallienus, after 263. b 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Clinton. 

iEmilianus, Fulvius, — consul with Nummius 
Albinus, (959, a. u. c.) 206. 

iEmilianus, — consul with Peregrinus, (997, 
a. v. c.) 244 — with Aquilinus, (1002, a. u. c.) 
249 — with Bassus, (1012, a. u. c.) 259 — with M. 
Claudius Tacitus, (1029, a. u. c.) Aug. 276. 

iEneas Gazasus, Platonic philosopher, — fi. 
soou after 484. 

iEneas Sylvius Piccolomini. [Pius II.] 

iEnesidemus, of Gnossus, sceptical philoso- 
pher, [B C] — fl. between 80-50. 

iEnus, in Thrace, [BC] — subject ally of 
Athens, about 415 — in possession of Ptolemy 
Philopator, after 222 — of Philip V. of Mace- 
donia, after 220 — of Antiochus the Great, 192 
— declared free by Eome, after i88. a 
a Smith's Diet. 

iEolian Harp, — said to have been invented by 
Kircher, about 1649 — reinvented in England, 
before 1750. 

iEolic Migration, {mythic,) [BC] — under 
Penthilus, ii24, a io68, b 1103,° 844^ 

a Eratosthenes. b Callimachus. c Petavius. 
d Newton. 

iEpinus, {Koch,) Franz Maria XTlrich Theo- 
dor, electrician, §c., — h. at Rostock, 13 Dec. 
1724 — Prof, of Nat. Philosophy, at St Peters- 
burg, 1757 — if. at Dorpat, Aug. 1802 — Ten- 
tamen Theories Elect, et Magnet., 1759. 

iEpinus, {Koch,) Johann, theologian, — b. at 
Brandenburg, 1499 — rj. at Hamburg, 13 May 

1553- 

iEqui, [B C] — at war with Eome, before 509 
— invade Latin territory and are defeated by 
Dictator, M.' Valerius Yolusus, 494— in alli- 
ance with Volscians seize many Latin cities, 
489 — with them make war on Rome, 486, 485, 
481, 471— defeated at Antium with Volscians, 
by Romans and Latins, 468 — overrun Latium 
with them, encountered by Romans at Mt Al- 
gidus, (289, a. v. c.) 465^ 463 b — Sp. Furius 
defeated by them, blockaded in his camp, but 
delivered by Latins and Hernicans, 464— ravage 
the Roman lands, 463 — Veturius Geminus tri- 
umphs for victory over them and Volscians, 
(292, a. u. c.) 462— defeated again, makepeace 
with Rome ; Quintus Fabius triumphs, (JNon. 
Mai. 295, a. u. c.) between 2 and 7 May 459 
— with Sabines, blockade L. Minucius, who is 
delivered by Dictator, L. Quinctius Cincinna- 
tus, at Mt Algidus, {legendary ?) — Cincinnatus 
triumphs, (Id. Sep. 296, a. u. c.) 13 Sep. 458° 
— renew the war, 455 — L. Valerius Poplioola 
triumphs for victory over, (Id. Sextil. 305, a. 
u. c.) 13 Aug. 449 c — invade Roman and Latin 
territory, and are routed at Corbio, 446 ;i — with 
Volscians, defeated at Mt Algidus by A. Postu- 
mius Tubertus, (13 Kal. Quinct. 323, a. u. c.) 
19 Jun. 43i, ac 428 b — truce for 8 years with 
Rome, 430 — truce for 3 years, 425 — war renew- 
ed , Dictator, Servili us Priscus,defeats them in Mt 
Algidus, takes Lavici,4i 8, ac 4i5 b — recover Bola, 



JERARIUM-J3T0LIA. 



15 



which had heen taken by Rome, 4i5, a 414° — 
take Roman colony, Vitellia, 393 a — checked by 
Dictator, M. Furius Camillus, who triumphs, 
389 — war unsuccessfully against Rome, 386-5 b 
— subjugated by P. Sempronius, 304 — rebellion 
of, suppressed by Dictator, C. Junius Bubulcus, 
302 — admitted to Roman citizenship, soon after 

302. b 

a Zumpt. b Smith's Diet. c Fischer. 

iErarium at Rome, [B C] — no Quaestors being 
elected, -ZEdiles take charge of, 49 a — Preefects, 
45 a — Fiscus separated from, after 31 — in- 
trusted to two Praetors, by Augustus, 28 — care of, 
regulated, 23 — [AD] — restored to keeping of 
Quaestors, by Claudius, 44 b — committed to 
Prsefects, chosen from Praetorians,, by Nero, 56 b 
—merged in Fiscus, after 190. 

a Smith's Diet. b Zumpt. 

JErarium militare, — established by Au- 
gustus, 6. 

Aerius, founder of sect of Aerians, — fl. about 
360. 

Aeronautical Society, — established in Lon- 
don, Jan. 1866. 

iEsehines, orator, [B C] — li. in Attica, about 
389 — in battle of Mantineia, 362 — begins to 
speak in public, about 352 — distinguished at 
battle of Tamynae, Feb. or Mar. 349, e 350 — 
ambassador to Arcadia, spring 347 , e 348 — with 
nine others, to Philip, about Dec. 347-6 a e — 
Pylagoras to Amphictyonic meeting at Pylse, 
346 — and to the meeting at Delphi, (Anthes- 
terion, 01. 110, 1,) Feb. 339," e 340 b — institutes 
action against Ctesiphon, (6 Elaphebolion, 01. 
110, 3,) Mar. 337, a (01. 110, 2,) 338,= (01. 
110, 4,) 336 d — defeated at trial, withdraws 
into Asia, (before Pythia, 01. 112, 3,) about 
Aug. 33o a — teaches elocution at Rhodes, 324 
- — tf. at Samos, 3 14 — Adversus Timarchum, 345 
— Be falsa Legatione, Aug. or Sep. 343 — Ad- 
versus Ctcsiphontem, about Aug. 330. [De- 
mosthenes. Philippus II. of Macedonia.] 

a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. * Corsini. 

d Dindorf. e Grote. 

-ZEschines, Socratic philosopher, [B C] — fi. 
about 365-56. 

iEschines of Neapolis, Peripatetic philoso- 
pher, [BCj — with Charmadas and Cleitoma- 
chus, eminent in the Academy, about (643, a. 
r. c.) in. 

JEschylus, tragic poet, [B C] — b. at Eleusis, 
525— first exhibits, (01. 70,) 499 b — in battle of 
Marathon, 490 — gains his first prize, (01. 73, 
4,) 484 — in battles of Artemisium and Salamis, 
480 — and of Plateea, 479 — visits Hieron of 
Syracuse, about 47 1 a — defeated by Sophocles, 
at Bionysia majora, retires to Syracuse, (Ela- 
phebolion, 01. 77, 4,) after Mar. 468 b — ex- 
hibits in Athens once more, (01. 80, 2,) 458 — 
retires to Sicily again, 458 or 457 — tf. at Gela, 
(01. 81, 1,) 456— Persce, (01. 76, 4,) 472— 
Attncece, 472-1= — Septem c. Thebas, between 
472-62^ 47 1 c — Supplices, (01. 79, 4,) 461 ? ; > — 
the Oresteia, (01. 80, 2,) 458. 

a Muller. b Clinton. c Smith's Diet. 

JEsculapius, [B C] — worship of, introduced at 
Rome, (463, a. u. c.) 291^ 293. b 

a Zumpt. b Smith's Diet. 

JEsernia, {Iserniu,) in Italy, [BCj — comes 



into the possession of Rome, 295 — Colonia 
Latina planted there, (491, a. u. c.) 263,* 264 b 
— assists Rome, 209 — surrenders to Vettius 
Scato, in Social War, 90 — head quarters of 
Italian allies, 89 — colonized by Julius Caesar, 
about 45 — by Augustus, between 30 and [A D] 
14 — and by Nero, before 67. 

JEsimedes, [B C] — archon at Athens, (01. 9. 
3,) 742. a % •> a Clinton. 

ttsoipus, fabulist, [B C] — b. about (01. 40) 620 
—put to death at Delphi ? about (01. 54) 564?* 
a Clinton. 

iEsopus, Claudius, {Clodius,) actor at Pome, 
[BCJ— 0. about 84— tf. after SS^ 
a Smith's Diet. 

^Esthetics, Science of, — first treated of by 
Baumgarten, about 1750. [Baumgarten, Alex- 
ander Gottlieb.] - 

JEther, — first employed to produce anaes- 
thesia, by Drs Jackson and Merton, 1845. 

JEthiopia. [Ethiopia.] 

JEthrioscope, — invented by Leslie, 18 18. 

Aetius, — b. in Mcesia, before 400 — given as 
hostage to Alaric, 408 — deserts usurper John, 
and invites Huns into the empire, 42 3-4 a — joins 
Placidia, 425 b — in Gaul, autumn 425 b — ■ 
treacherously provokes Boniface in Africa to 
revolt, 427 b — in Gaul, 428 b — Magister mili- 
tum, 429 b — defeats Goths near Arelate; puts 
Felix to death, 430 b — in Gaul again, 431 b — 
Consul with Valerius ; defeated by Boniface, 
(who dies,) withdraws into Pannonia, 432 b — 
Patrician, and General of armies of W. Em- 
pire, 433 b — defeats Burgundians, 435-6 b — and 
Goths, and raises siege of Narbo, 437 b — Con- 
sul II. with Sigisvultus, 437 — Peace with 
Goths, 439 b — still in Gaul, 440 b — Consul III. 
with Q. Aurelius Symmachus ; his aid implored 
by Britons, 446 b — relieves Orleans, besieged 
by Huns, 14 Jun. 451° — and defeats Attila at 
Chulons, 20 Sep. 451° — Consul IV. with Stu- 
dius ; murdered by Valentinian, 454. 

a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. c Art de 

Verifier les Dates. 

Aetius of Amidenus, physician, — ft. about 
500., 

Aetius of Antioch, {the Atheist,) — studies 
under Paulinus II., Bp Antioch, 331 — Dea- 
con at Antioch, 350-3 — under George of Cap- 
padocia, 355 — deposed and banished to Am- 
blada, in Pisidia, 359 — recalled by Julian the 
Apostate, 362" — fc. at Constantinople, 366 or 
367. a Clinton. 

iEtna. [Etna.] 

iEtna, (Inessa,) in Sicily, [BC] — occupied 
and renamed by people of Catana, driven out 
by Ducetius and Syracusans, 46 1 a — reduced by 
Ducetius, 451 b — Laches attempts to take, from 
Syracusans, 426 a — taken and garrisoned by 
Dionysius, 4oi, b 403 a — taken by Timoleon, 
339- a a Smith's Diet. b Grote. 

iEtolia, iEtoli, JEtolian Confederacy, [B C] 
— join with Dorians in mythic Return of He- 
racleids, 11 04? — defeat Demosthenes aiiEgi- 
tium, and attack Naupactus without success, 
426 — with Philip of Macedon's consent 
wrest Naupactus from Achaeans ; their first 
combined action, about 343 a — forms secret 
alliance with Antipater, 325 a — -joins Greek 



i6 



AFER— AFGHAN DYNASTY. 



confederates in Lamian War, till Sep. or Oct. 
323 s — invaded by Antipater and Craterus, 
winter 322-1 b - — forms alliance with Perdiccas; 
invades Thessaly, and defeats Polycles ; repels 
attack of Acarnanians, 321° — espouses cause of 
Antigonus, 314 — with JEakides of Epeirus, 
routed and harassed by Cassander's general, 
Philip, 313 — contracts alliance with Demetrius 
Poliorketes, spring 303, b 304 a — attacked by 
Demetrius, between autumn 303 and spring 
302 s — sends succours to Athens against Cas- 
sander, 298 — ally of Pyrrhus of Epeirus, 294 
—prevents Demetrius from celebrating the 
Pythia at Delphi^ by occupying the passes 
from Athens, (01. 122, 3,) autumn 290 — 
ravaged by Demetrius, spring 289 — Pyrrhus 
drives the Macedonians out of, 286 — invasion 
of Areus, king of Sparta, defeated, 28i, a 280° 
—under Eurydamus successfully resists the 
Gauls, 279-8 — ally of Alexander of Epeirus; 
Acarnania partitioned, 270 — invades Pelopon- 
nesus, defeated by Aratus, 241 — Pantaleon 
concludes treaty with Achseans; seizes the 
Epeirot portion of Acarnania, 239 ac — invades 
Laconia, after 237-6, 13 after 24i, a before 241 d 
— joined by Tegea, Mantineia, and Orchome- 
nus, about 235 — receives embassy from Rome, 
about defeat of Illyrians, 228 — prosecutes war 
in Thessaly ; cedes Tegea, Mantineia, and Or- 
chomenus to Sparta, 227 a — in alliance with 
Sparta (?) in Cleomenic War, 225,° or 224, e 
to 222-1- — Ariston, autumn 221 b — Agelaus 
negotiates alliance with Scerdilaidas of lllyria, 
221 or 22o c — Phigaleia under its protection, 
22i-o a — Dorimachus and Scopas ravage Mes- 
senia and Achaia, defeat Aratus at Caphyse, 
spring 220 ab — alliance ^th. Sparta; Kynajtha 
sacked ; war declared a^ mst it by Congress at 
Corinth, after midsummer 220 a — Social War, 
late in 220 to summer 217 — Scopas, autumn 
22o b — Dorimachus, 2i9 b — Agetas, 21 8 b — 
Agelaos, 217 b — Scopas; M.Valerius Leevi- 
nus persuades to enter into treaty with Eome ; 
inroads into Acarnania, (543, a. u. c.) autumn 
211 — carries on the war against Philip and the 
Achseans, by aid of Lsevinus and Sulpicius 
Galba, 21 0-209 ab — Pyrrhias, with Attalus 
of Pergamus, Strategi, autumn 209 ab — de- 
feated by Philip at Lamia; and by Achseans 
and Macedonians near Elis, late in 209 a — aided 
by Machanidas of Sparta, Attalus, and Romans, 
continues the war with Philip and Achseans, 
208-7 — Oreus and Chalcis taken, 207 b - — At- 
talus and Romans withdraw their aid, 207,° 
208 a — Philip invades and ravages ; and makes 
peace with, 206,° 205 a — excluded from treaty 
between Rome and Philip, 205— legislation of 
Dorimachus and Scopas, 204° — joins Romans 
against Philip in Macedonian War, and in- 
vades Thessaly, 200 — Damocritus, autumn 
200 b — Phgeneas, 1 98 b — dissensions with Ro- 
mans begin after victory of Cynoscephala?, 197 
— Alexamenus, 197 ac — Thoas, 195 ac — in- 
vites Antiochus, Philip, and Nabis to com- 
mence a new war against Rome, summer 194 
' — Damocritus, 193 — Roman embassy to 
counteract its schemes ; invites Antiochus to 
liberate Greece ; seizes Demetrias, and con- 



trives the death of Nabis of Sparta, 192 — 
[Antiochus the Great, War with,] — Phge- 
neas, autumn 192 b — invaded by M.'Acilius 
Glabrio; Heracleia taken, 191 — Flamininus 
grants truce for an embassy to Rome, 191 -o — 
obtains truce from Scipio Nasica, and de- 
spatches a second embassy to Rome ; hostilities 
resumed, 190 — Nicander, autumn 190 b — 
third embassy; humiliating peace granted by 
Senate, 189— embassies from Rome to counter- 
act the influence of Perseus, 173 and 172 — - 
[Perseus, War with,] — Pantaleon, 173c — ■ 
Lyciscus, i72 b — Deinarchus, i7o a — 550 of 
patriot party put to death by Lyciscus, Tisip- 
pus, and Basbius; others sent to Rome as 
prisoners, 167 — uncultivated and deserted, 
about 30 — [AD] — forms part of province of 
Achaia, about 120. [Acarnania. Achaean 
League. Albania. Arta. Epeirus.] 
a Thirlwall. b Clinton. c Smith's Diet. 
d Lucas, Droysen, and others. e Zumpt. 

Afer, Domitius, orator, [BC] — 6. at Ne- 
mausus, 15 — [AD]- — Praetor, 25 — accuses 
Claudia Pulchra, 26 — accused by Caligula in 
the Senate ; a Consul suffectus? 39 — Curator 
aquarum, 49—0". at Rome, 59, a 60. b 

a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. 

Affirmation, — allowed to members of So- 
ciety of Friends, and others, instead of Oath, 
by Act, 7 and 8 Wm. III. c. 34, 1696 — regu- 
lated and extended by subsequent Acts, 8 Geo. 
I. c. 6, 1721 ; 22 Geo. II. c. 46, 1749; 9 Geo. 
IV. c. 32, 27 Jun. 1828; 1 Vic. c. 5, 23 Dec. 
1837 ; 1 and 2 Vic. c. 77, 10 Aug. 1838— 
declared sufficient to entitle a Member of Par- 
liament to take his seat, 14 Feb. 1833 — con- 
firmed by Act, 3 and 4 Wm. IV. c. 49, 28 Aug. 
1833— allowed in Scotland, by Acts, 18 and 19 
Vic. c. 25, 25 May 1855 ; 26 and 27 Vic. c. 85, 
28 Jul. 1863, and 28 Vic. c. 9, 7 Apr. 1865 ; 
by jurors in lieu of oath, allowed by Act, 31 
and 32 Vic. c. 39, 25 Jun. 1868. 

Affo, Ireneo, historian, philologist, §c, — n. 
at Busseto, i74i, a or 1742 b — Librarian to Duke 
of Parma, 1778 — tf. at Busseto, May 1797,* 
about i8o5 b — Dizionario Precettivo, 1777— 
Istoria di Guastalla, 1785 — Istoria di Parma, 

J793- 

a U. K. S. Biog. Diet. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Affre, Denis Auguste, Abp Paris,— -b. at 
St Rome (Tarn), 27 Sep. 1793 — Abp, 6 
Aug. 1840 — killed, behind barricade in Fau- 
bourg St Antoine, 27 Jun. 1848. 

Afghan [Patau, Turkish,) Dynasty at Del- 
hi, — Mohammed Ghori overthrows the Ghaz- 
nevide kingdom, (582, a. h.) u86, a u84 b — 
Kutb-u-din governor of India for Mohammed, 
UK— SLAVE KINGS OF DELHI? [First 
Gauriau Dynasty?) — Kutb-u-din king, after 
assassination of Mohammed Ghori (602, a. h.) 
1206 — defeats Eldoz of Ghazni, 1207 — acquires 
Bengal and Bahar, and is succeeded by his son, 
Aram, 12 10 — dethroned by his brother-in-law, 
Shams-u-dinALTA-M.su, 121 1— he defeats Eldoz 
of Ghazni, 12 15 — attacks Sinde, 12 17 — con- 
quers Sinde, 1225 — defeats Bakhtiar Khilji, of 
Behar, 1225 — reduces all Hindustan, 1226-32 — 
his son Rukn-u-din (Feroze) succeeds, (20 Scha- 



AFGHANISTAN. 



n 



ban, 633, a. h.) Apr. 1236,* 1 235 b— deposed 
by his sister Bezia Begum, (634, a. h.) 1236 
— defeated by her Tatar mercenaries, and pnt 
to death; Moizz-u-din Behram, her brother, 
succeeds, (637, a. h.) 1239 — deposed and put 
to death; his nephew, Ala-u-din Masaud, 
succeeds, (639, a. h.) 1241 — irruptions of the 
Moguls, 1244 — deposed and killed; his uncle, 
Nasir-u-din Mahmud, succeeds, (644, a. h.) 
1246 — reduces revolted Kajahs, 1250 — insur- 
rection of Iniad-u-din, 1255-7 — invasion of 
Moguls, 1253, and 1257-8 b — Bulbun {Balm) 
succeeds, (664, a. h.) Feb. i266, a 1265 b — re- 
volt of Togral, governor of Bengal, suppressed, 
1279 — Prince Mohammed defeats Moguls 
under Teimur Khan, and is slain, i283 b — his 
grandson, Kei Kobad, succeeds, (685, a. h.) 
i286, a 1285 b — dethroned and put to death, 
(687, a. h.) 1288,* 1289b— HOUSE OF 
KHILJI, 3 - {Second Ganrian Dynasty," ) Jelal- 
u-din {Feroze) succeeds, 1288 — defeats Mo- 
guls in the Panjab, 1292 — revolt of Malwa 
suppressed, 1293 — the Deckan invaded, 1294 
— • assassinated by his nephew, Ala-u-din, 
who succeeds, (17 Eamadhan 695, a. h.) 19 
Jul. 1295 — conquers Guzerat, 1297 — defeats 
Moguls at Delhi, 1298 — irruptions of Moguls, 
1303-5 — Mahratta country subdued, 1306 — 
the Carnatic conquered, 13 10-12 — poisoned (?) 
by Caf ur ; his infant son Omar succeeds under 
regency of Cafur, (6 Schoual 716, a. h.) 19 
Dec. 1 3 16 — Cafur assassinated; Omar de- 
posed; Mobarik, eldest brother, succeeds, (7 
Moharram 717, a. h.) 22 Mar. 13 17 — revolt 
of Guzerat suppressed; Malabar conquered, 
1 3 18 — assassinated by Khusru Khan, and 
family extirpated, (Pabia I. 721, a. h.) 24 
Mar. 1 32 1 — Khusru dethroned and put to 
death byGhazi KhanToghlak, (30 Pegeb 721, 
a. h.) 22 Aug. 1 321— HOUSE OF TOGH- 
LAK, — Gheias-u-din {Ghdzi Khan) Toghlah 
succeeds, 1321 — Telingana conquered, 1323 — 
accidentally killed ; his son Mohammed {Juna) 
succeeds, (Pabia I. 725, a. h.) Feb. 1325 — in- 
vades China, about 1330 — revolt in Malwa 
suppressed, (739) 1338 — Bengal and coast of 
Coromandel lost, about 1340 — Hindu, kingdoms 
of Carnata and Telingana restored, 1344 — ■ 
the Deckan lost, 1347 — his nephew, Firtjz-u- 
din, succeeds, (21 Moharram 752, a. h.) 20 
Mar. 1 35 1 — invests his son Nasir-u-din {Mo- 
hammed) with chief power, 1385-6 — his grand- 
son, Gheias-u-din II., succeeds, (3 Pamadhan 
790, a. h.) 23 Oct. 1388 — deposed and 
murdered; his cousin Abubekr succeeds, 
(Saphar 791, a. h.) Feb. 1389 — contests with 
his uncle Nasir-u-din {Mohammed), who 
succeeds, (Dhu'l hajjah 792 to Pamadhan 793, 
a. h.) Nov. 1389 to Aug. 1390 — his son 
Humayun succeeds, 1394 — his brother Mah- 
mud succeeds, 1394 — invasion of Timur (Ta- 
merlane), (800-1, a. h.) 1398 to Mar. 1399^ 
1396.7 b — Ecbal seizes Delhi, 1400 — Mah- 
mud restored, 1405 — succeeded by Doulat 
Khan Lodi, 141 2, a 1413 b — expelled bv Khizr 
Khan, (817, a. h.) 1414— GOVERNMENT 
OF THE SEIADS—Knizu Khan, as deputy 
for Timur, 1414 — Mobarik, 1421 — Mo- 



hammed, 1435 — Ala-u-din, 1444 — abdicates 
in favour of Behlol Lodi, 1450— HOUSE OF 
LODI* {Afghan Dynasty, c ) — Behlol Lodi, 
(854, a. h.) 1450 — Juanpur conquered, 1452- 
78 — his son, Secander, succeeds, (894, a. h.) 
1488 — his son, Ibrahim, succeeds, 15 17 — in- 
vasion of Baber, 1524 — Ibrahim defeated and 
killed, 21 Apr. 1526^ 1525b — Delhi and Agra 
occupied, and the dynasty finally overthrown, 
(932, a. h.) 10 May 1526. 

a Elphinstone. b Mill> c Wilson. 

Afghanistan, Afghans, {Abdallis or Du- 
ranis, and Ghiljeis^) — first mentioned as in- 
habitants of the mountains of Ghor and Soli- 
man, before 700 — occasionally, and in part, 
subject to rulers of Cabul, Candahar, Ghazni, 
Persia, &c, to Gengis Khan, Timur {Tamer- 
lane), Baber, &c, but generally independent, 
before 1 600 a — Abdallis become tributary to 
Persia, for protection against the Uzbeks, soon 
after 1600 a — revolt of the Ghiljeis under Mir 
Weis, Candahar taken, 1708 — Mir "Weis suc- 
ceeded by his brother Abdallah, 17 15 — Ab- 
dallis and Ghiljeis, in alliance, take Herat and 
overrun Khorassan, 17 16 — Abdallah assassin- 
ated, and succeeded by his nephew Mahmud, 
1 7 1 7 — Mahmud invades Persia, and gains 
victory of Gulnabad, 1720 — Abdallis besiege 
Meshed, 1722 a — takes Ispahan, and becomes 
Shah of Persia, 21 Oct. 1722^ b (14 Saphar 
1134, a. h.) 23 Nov. 1721° — his nephew Ash- 
ref succeeds, Apr. 1724 s — Nadir Culi {Shah) 
recovers the kingdom from Ghiljeis, and dis- 
possesses Abdallis of Khorassan, 1728-9 — ■ 
Ashref murdered, Jan, i729, a (Guimadhi II. 
1142, a. h.) Jan. 1730° — Abdallis revolt; and 
are subdued and conciliated by Nadir, 173 i a — - 
Ghiljeis defeated and o' .filiated by Nadir, 1738 a 
— Ahmed Khan, with the Abdallis, retreats to 
Candahar, after the assassination of Nadir 
Shah, and founds the Durani Dynasty, Oct. 
1747 — reduces the Ghiljeis, and acquires all 
Afghanistan, 1 748-9 a — invades India, and sub- 
dues the Panjab, 1748 and 175 i a — takes 
Meshed, 1749 — takes Nishapur, 1750 — ac- 
quires Cashmir, 1752 — invades India again; 
takes Delhi, 1 756-7 a — Mahrattas wrest the 
Panjab from him, i758 a — invades India, and 
defeats Mahrattas, Sep. i759 a — totally defeats 
them again at Panipat (Guimadhi II. 1174, 
a. h.) 6-7 Jan. 1 76 i a — in India, 1762-3 a — 
defeats the Sikhs, 1767 — takes Meshed, 1768-9 
— his son Timur Shah succeeds, beginning of 
Jun. 1773 — takes Moultan from the Sikhs, 
1 78 1 — makes war upon the Uzbeks, summer 
1788 and 1 7 8 9 a — his son Shah Zeman suc- 
ceeds, 20 May 1793— his brother Mahmud re- 
volts, is defeated at the Helmund, and flies to 
Persia, 1794 — invades India, 1795 and 1797 — 
Aga Mohammed of Persia invades Khorassan, 
1796 and 1798-9 — Shah Zeman takes Herat 
from his brother Mahmud, Sep. 1797 — re- 
duces the Sikhs, and makes Eunjeet Singh 
governor, Oct. Nov. 1798 — conspiracy in 
favour of Shuja-ul-Mulk defeated ; Futteh 
Khan estranged, 1799-1800 — Shah Zeman de- 
posed and blinded by Mahmud, who succeeds, 
1800 — defeats Shuja near Cabul, 10 Sep. 

2 



AFGHAN WAE— AFEICA. 



1 80 1 * — Ghiljeis revolt, and are defeated, 1801- 
2 — Mahmud deposed and imprisoned by his 
half-brother Shah Shuja (til-Mulk), who 
succeeds him, 1802 — Mahmud escapes, and 
joins Futteh Khan, 1808 — defeats Kyser near 
Peshawur, 3 Mar. 1808 — embassy of Mr 
Elphinstone to Cabul, Mar. 1809 — Shah 
Shuja expelled, takes refuge with Eunjeet 
.Singh; Mahmud restored, by influence of 
Futteh Khan, 29 Jun. 1809 — conquests of 
Persia, the Sikhs, &c, begin, 18 10 — Mahmud 
re-conquers Cashmir, 1 8 1 1 — Futteh Khan 
relieves Herat, 18 15 — assassinated by Mahmud 
and his son, 18 16 — kingdom broken up ; pre- 
tenders and usurpers at Cabul, Herat, Canda- 
har, Peshawur, &c, 1817-24 — Shah Shuja 
makes his first unsuccessful attempt to recover 
Afghanistan, 18 18-19 — se ^ s ou ^ u P on n ^ s 
second attempt, Jan. 1833 — which is defeated 
by Dost Mohammed, 29 Jan. 1834 — Shah 
Shuja restored by the British army, enters 
Cabul, 7 Aug. 1839 — Dost Mohammed re- 
covers the throne, 1843 — on his death, civil 
war ; Shere Ali recognized as Ameer ^y 
British government, 1863 — Apztjl Khan estab- 
lishes himself at Cabul, 21 May 1866 — recog- 
nized by British government, Feb. 1867 — 
troops of Shere Ali defeated, and their general 
Fyz Mohammed Khan killed, 21 Sep. 1867 
— Azim Khan succeeds, Oct. 1867 — Azim de- 
feated by son of Shere Ali, 1 Apr. 1868 — 
Shere Ali recovers Cabul, 14 Aug. 1868 — sub- 
sidized by British, Mar. 1869. [Afghan War; 
Ariana; Bactria; Eusofzeis; Rohillas; Sou- 
sheilias, &c] a Elphinstone. b Fraser. 
c Art tie Verifier les Dates. 

Afghan War, — diplomatic contest between 
France and Eussia, and subsequent agreement, 
in Persia, after 1805 s1 — Persians recover their 
eastern possessions from Afghans, after i8io b — 
besiege Herat unsuccessfully, 18 15 — partition 
of kingdom of Afghanistan amongst members 
of family of Futteh Khan, about 1824 — Shah 
Shuja unsuccessfully attempts to recover his 
throne, by the aid of Eunjeet Singh, 1833-4 — 
Dost Mohammed of Cabul invites the friend- 
ship of Britain, by letter to Gov.-gen. of India, 
31 May 1836 — Persia lays claim to Afghan- 
istan ; and Mohammed Shah advances against 
Herat, 1836° — diplomatic contest between 
Great Britain and Eussia, in Persia, respecting 
Afghanistan, 1837-9 — mission of Sir A. Burnes 
to Cabul, Sep. 1837 to Apr. 1838. 

1838 — Dost Mohammed joins Persia, and is 
defeated by Shah Kamran of Herat, 23 Jun. c 
— treaty of Lahore between Great Britain, Eun- 
jeet Singh, and Shah Shuja, 26 Jun. — War pro- 
claimed at Simla, against Dost Mohammed, by 
Lord Auckland, Gov.-gen. of India, 1 Oct. 

1839 — Candahar occupied by Sir John 
Keane, 25 Apr. 3 — Shah Shuja crowned, 8 May c 
— Ghazni taken, 2 Jul., a 23 Jul. a — Jellalabad 
taken, and Akbar Khan defeated by Col. Wade, 
30 Jul. — Sir John Keane enters Cabul ; Dost 
Mohammed flics to Bokhara; Shah Shuja re- 
stored, 7 Aug. 

1840 — Insurrection of the Ghiljeis begins, 
May c — Dost Mohammed escapes from Bok- 



hara, and advances against Cabul, Aug. c — de- 
feated at Kamurd by Col. Dennie, 18 Sep. — ■ 
and near Purwan, by Gen. Sale ; gives himself 
up to Sir W. M'Naghten, at Cabul, 2 and 3 
Nov. a 

1 841 — Gen. Sale advances against the in- 
surgent Ghiljeis, through Khoord Cabul pass, 
to Jellalabad, Oct. Nov. — attack on the 
British in Cabul, Sir A. Burnes and others 
killed, 2 Nov.— Brigadier Shelton takes com- 
mand of the British, 9 Nov. — Akber Khan 
heads the insurgents, 22 Nov. — unsuccessful 
attempts upon Beymaroo, 22 and 23 Nov. c — 
negotiations commenced, 11 Dec. c — the Bala 
Hissar evacuated, 13 and 14 Dec. — Sir W. 
M'Naghten assassinated by Akber Khan, 23 
Dec. — agreement to evacuate Cabul concluded, 
26 Dec. a 

1842 — Eetreat from Cabul commenced, 6 
Jan. — the ladies and hostages given up to 
Akber Khan, 9 Jan. c — the army destroyed in 
Khoord Cabul pass, by 13 Jan. a — Sale be- 
sieged in Jellalabad by Akber Khan, from 1 8 
Jan. a — Lord Ellenborough assumes Gov.- 
generalship of India, 30 Jan. — Col. Palmer 
evacuates Ghazni, 6 Mar. — attack upon Can- 
dahar in absence of Gen. Nott, defeated, 10 
Mar. — Gen. Sale defeats Akber Khan before 
Jellalabad, 7 Apr. c — Gen. Pollock forces the 
Khyber pass, and reaches Jellalabad, 16 Apr. 
— Gen. England relieves Gen. Nott, in Canda- 
har, 9 May — Shah Shuja assassinated; Futteh 
Jung, his son, succeeds, 23 Mar. — takes refuge 
with Gen. Pollock, Jul.— Ghazni taken by 
Nott, 6 Sep. — Pollock forces the passes of 
Jugdulluk and Khoord Cabul, 6-14 Sep. — ■ 
enters Cabul ; Futteh Jung takes possession of 
the throne, 16 Sep.— the prisoners taken at 
the massacre in Khoord Cabul pass ransomed, 
and arrive at the British camp, 21 Sep. — Lord 
Ellenborough proclaims the conclusion of the 
war, at Simla, 1 Oct. — Cabul dismantled and 
evacuated, 12 Oct. — Dost Mohammed and 
other Afghans released, 25 Oct. — Jellalabad 
dismantled and evacuated, 27 -Oct. — the army 
reaches Ferozepore, 1 8 Nov. a Kaye, Eyre, &c. 
b Elphinstone. e Murray. 

Afranius, L., comic poet, [BC] — fl. after 100. 

Afranius, L., [B C] — serves under Pompey in 
wars against Sertorius and Mithridates, 77-66 
— Consul, with Metellus Celer, (694 a. tj. c.) 60 
— Procons. in Cisalpine Gaul ; triumphs, 59 — 
with Petreius governs Spain for Pompey, 55 — 
opposes Caesar there, and submits, (4 Non. Sextil. 
705,) 9 Jun., or 2 Aug. a 49 — joins Pompey at 
Dyrrachium, Sep. 49 — after defeat at Pharsalia, 
joins Cato and Scipio, 48 — flees from Thapsus ; 
taken and put to death, 46. a Fischer. 

Africa, [B C] — circumnavigated by com- 
mand of Pharaoh-Necho, about 6oo, a 610-594 
— western coast explored by Hanno, about 
480 — [AD] — by Portuguese, after 1415 — 
almost the whole coast explored by Portu- 
guese, before 1506 — first crossed from East to 
West by Livingstone, 1 855— crossed by Speke 
and Grant, 1860-62. a Grote. 

Africa, Dkecese op Eoman Empire. 
[Africa, propria. Numi&ia, &c] 



AFRICA— AGAEDE. 



19 



Africa, Exarchate, {Byzacium, Maure- 
tania, Numidia, Sardinia, Tripolitana, Zeu- 
gis,) — Theodosius II. projects recovery of 
Africa from Vandals, 441— unsuccessful ex- 
pedition of Basiliscus, sent by Leo, 468 — Zeno 
makes peace with. Genseric, 475 s - — African 
War ; kingdom of Vandals overthrown by 
Belisarius; Exarchate established, 533-4 — 
Solomon; revolt of Moors, summer 534 — 
mutiny of the soldiers, headed by Stotzas ; 
Solomon escapes to Sicily, (Easter) 23 Mar. 
536 — Belisarius goes over; Germanus sent 
against the mutineers, 536, 534 b — mutiny sup- 
pressed; Germanus recalled; Joannes left in 
Africa; Solomon resumes office, summer 539* 
— Moors pacificated, 540 a— revolt of Moors, 
headed by Stotzas ; Solomon defeated and 
slain; his nephew Sergius succeeds, 543 — 
Joannes and Stotzas kill each other in single 
combat, 544- — Sergius recalled; Akeobindus 
succeeds, and is slain ; revolt of Gontharis, 
545-6 a — Gontharis slain, 545-6 a — Koutzines 
slain by Joannes ; Marcianus sent to pacify 
the country, Dec. 562 or Jan. 563 s — Moors 
possess almost all but cities on coast, about 
6oo c — Heraclitjs joins conspiracy against 
Phocas, 608 — sends his son, who is made em- 
peror, 610 — -Tripoiitana invaded by Chosroes, 
616 — Tingitana subjugated by Sisebert, king 
of Visigoths, 617 — Gregory seizes 'tyranny,' 
646 b — defeated and killed at Sufetula by 
Abdallah, 647 — conquered by Akbah; Kair- 
wan built, 665-89 — Zuheir defeated and 
killed ; Hassan sent to complete the conquest, 
692 — Joannes patricius regains Carthage, 
which Hassan retakes and destroys, 698 — 
finally subjugated by Musa, and joined to Mo- 
hammedan Empire, 709 — Christianity ex- 
tinct, about (132, a. h.) 749 — and finally 
abolished, 1 149. d a Clinton. 

b Smith's Diet. c Sismondi. d Gibbon. 

Africa, propria, Soman Province, {Car- 
thago, Zeugitana,) [B C] — constituted by Scipio 
Africanus, 146 — retained for Pompey by Attius 
Varus, after defeat and death of Curio, 49 — 
won by Caesar in African War, 46 — assigned 
to Octavian, on formation of the Triumvirate, 
but held by Cornificius for the Senate, 43 — 
recovered by T. Sextius, 42 — assigned to Le- 
pidus, 41 — reverts to Octavian, 36 — a procon- 
sular province by Augustus, 27 — [ AD J — di- 
vided from New Africa [Numidia] and 
reorganized by Caligula, 37 s — elevation of the 
Gordians, Feb. to Mar. 238 b — revolt of Sa- 
binianus against Gordian III. suppressed, 240 
—divisions, &c. of provinces re-arranged, 297 ? 
■ — Alexander proclaimed emperor ; defeated 
and slain by Rufus Volusianus, 308-1 i b — 
revolt of Firmus, suppressed by Theodosius, 
372-4 b — assigned to Honorius at partition of 
the Empire, 395 — revolt of Gildo ; suppressed 
by Mascezel, 397 -8 b — Heraclian revolts, and 
is slain, 413a — revolt of Boniface, 427 b — con- 
quered by the Vandals, 429-39 b — attempt of 
Majorian to recover, defeated by destruction of 
his fleet, 4oo. b 

a Zumpt. b Clinton. 

African Association, — formed, 1788 — 



merged in Boyal Geographical Society, 1831. 
[Ledyard, Park, &c] 

African Company, — former corporations 
organized or revised, 1588, 1618, 1631, 1662, 
1672, 1695 — the last expires, 1750 — new cor- 
poration chartered by Act, 23 Geo. II. c. 31, 
1754 — charter recalled, possessions annexed to 
Sierra Leone, by Act, 1 and 2 Geo. IV. c. 28, 
18.21. 

African Institution, — established, Apr. 
1807. 

African War, [BC] — (1) Cn. Pompey de- 
feats Ahenobarbus and Hiarbas, restores Nu- 
midia to Hiempsal, and triumphs, (673, a. it. c.) 
81. (2) Caesar lands at Hadrumetum, (3 Kal. 
Jan. 707, a. tj. c.) ii Oct. 47 a — defeats 
Scipio at Thapsus, (prid. ISTon. Apr. 708, 
a. u. c.) 6 Feb. 46 s — leaves Africa, (15 Kal. 
Quintil. 708, a. tj. c.) 13 Jim. 46. a [AD] — 
(3) against Tacfarinas, 17-24. 13 (4) Belisarius 
sets out from Constantinople, midsummer 533 
— lands in Africa, Sep. 533— Carthage taken, 
15 Sep. 533 — country subdued, middle of Dec. 
533 b — Gelimer surrenders, spring 534° — re- 
turn and triumph of Belisarius, autumn 534.* 
a Fischer. b Clinton. c Gibbon. 

Africanus, — consul with C. Julius Verus 
Maximums, Aug. (989, a. tj. c.) 236. 

Africanus, T. Sextius,— consul with Nerva 
Trajanus, Aug. (865, a. u. c.) 112. 

Africanus. [Scipio.] 

Africanus, Sextus Csecilius, jurist, — tX. 
about 140-160. 

Africanus, Sextus Julius, chronologist, — 
ambassador to Elagabalus, 218 — rebuilds his 
native town, Emmaus, 222 a — ft, about 232. 
a Clinton. 

Afzel, (Afzcliits,) Adam, botanist, — b. at 
Larf, 8 Oct. 1750 — Demonstrator of Botany at 
Upsala, 1785 — at Sierra Leone, 1792 — Prof, of 
Materia Medica at Upsala, 1812 — if. 26 Jan. 

l8 37- 

Agapse, {Love-feasts,) — observance enjoined 
by Council of Gangra, about 340 — forbidden 
to be held in churches, by Council of Laodicea, 
about 366 — and by Council of Carthage, 397 — 
prohibited by Gallic Churches, at Councils of 
Orleans, 533, and 541 — canon of Council of 
Laodicea against, confirmed by penalty of ex- 
communication, at Council of Constantinople, 
in Tmdlo, 692 — and by Council of Aix-la- 
Chapelle, 816 — last mentioned about 1250. 

Agapetus, Diaconus, theologian, — composes 
his Scheda Regia, between Apr. and Jul. 527. a 
a Clinton. 

Agapetus, St, Bp Rome,— Bp, 2 Jun., a 3 
Jun., b 4 May 535 — sent by Theodatus to 
Constantinople, Feb. 536 — ft. there, 21 Apr. a 
22 Apr. 1 ' ° 536. a Clinton. b Art de 

Verifiei les Dates. c IT. K. S. Bio-. Diet. 

Agapetus, — consul with Fl. Anastasius, 
(1270, a. u. c.) 517. 

Agapius, Neoplatonic philosopher, — S. about 

5 11 - 

Agarde, Arthur, antiquary, —h. at Foston, 
about 1540 — Deputy Chamberlain to Court of 
Exchequer, 1570 — U. at London, 21 Aug. 
1615. 



AGATHARCHIDES— AGIS. 



Agatharchides, (Agatharchus,) geographer, 
6[C., [_BC] — reader to Hcracleides Lembus, 
about 14S — guardian or tutor to Ptolemy Soter 
II., 1 17 a — de Mart Rubra, published about 
ii3, a (649-50, a. v. c.) ioj;. b 

a Clinton. b Dodwell. 

Agatharchus of Coregra, [BCj — Olympic 
victor, (01. Gl,) 536. 

Agatharchus of Samoa, painter, [B C] — fl. 
about 4 1 6-5. a ;l Smith's Diet. 

Agathemerus, geographer, — S. after 20o, a 
about 25o. b 

8 Clinton, Smith's Diet. b Engl. Cycl. 

Agatbias Scholasticus, Byzantine historian, 
— b. at Myrina, 536-7 — writes bis extant books 
after Mar. 579 a — tf. Aug. 582. a a Clinton. 

Agathocles, [B Cj — Archon Fponymus of 
s (01. 105, 4,) 357. 

Agathocles, (son of Lysimachus), [BC] — 
defeated and captured by Getse, 292 — defeated 
by Demetrius Poliorketes, 287 — imprisoned by 
his father, and murdered by Ptolemy Keraunus, 
284. 

Agathocles, Tyrant of Syracuse, and 
King of Sicily, [BCJ — b. at Thermae, about 
36i-o a — serves iu Italy against the Bruttians, 
about 320 b — becomes a freebooter in Italy and 
Sicily, and is exiled, 319° — recalled, and again 
exiled, be returns and makes himself Tyrant of 
Syracuse, (01. 115, 4,) 317 d — gradually ac- 
quires the Hegemony of Sicily, 317-310 — de- 
feated by Hamilcar at the Himera, Jun. or 
Jul. 3io, td 311° — lands in Africa 6 days after 
a solar eclipse (15 Aug.), (01. 117, 3,) 21 Aug. 
310 — suffers reverses in Africa, 308-7 b — re- 
- his position, and returns to Sicily, (01. 
118, 2,) end of 307 , d 306 b — returns to Africa, 
and escapes again to Sicily, 305 b — defeats 
Democrates at Torgium, and regains supreme 
power in Sicily, 301 b — makes war in Italy, 
and takes Crotona, 299 a — poisoned by Mseno,(?) 
tf. (01. 122, 4,) 289. a Zumpt. b Grote. 
t: Art de Verifier les Dates. d Clinton. 

Agathon, Deacon and Librarian at Con- 
ople, — Notary to 6th General Council 
of Constantinople, 680-1 — writes on the Mo- 
nothelitism of Eardanes, 712. 

Agathon, traffic port, [B C] — b. at Athens 
about 447 :i — first gains prize, [Leneea, 01. 
90, 1,) Feb. 416 >> — visits Archelaus of Mace- 
. 407 — Tr. about (01. 94, 4,) 4oo. a 

■ smith's Diet., Mailer, Ritschl. b Clinton. 

Agde {A an t ltd) in (jell in Narbonensis, — 

Coneil. Agatheme) held at, (3 Id. 

Sep. 1 ... 1. 644, Hisp. E.) II Sep. 

Verifier les Dates. 

Ageladas of Arffos, y, [BC] — b. 

- |X3, a 475. b 

:i Thiersch. '' ot her authori 

Agesilau3 II., King of Sparta, [bc] — b. 

445-0 sucei 'Is his half-brother Agis 

II., 399," 39S 1 ' crosses from Aulis to Ephe- 

3 months' truce with Tissaphernes, spring 

396 winters al 396-5 — defeat 

ihern< a al £ i j 395 commands 

and land ; into Phrygia and 

., autumn 395— winters at Das- 



cylium, 395-4 — surprises camp of Pharnabazus, 
and leaves bis Satrapy, early in 394 — re- 
called; passes Hellespont, about midsummer 
394 — at entrance into Bceotia, (solar eclipse,) 
14 Aug. 394 — defeats allies at Coroneia, Aug. 
394 — wounded, and removed to Delphi, Aug. 
or Sep. 394, (Fythia, 01. 96, 3,) spring 393° 
— invades Argolis ; Teleutias co-operates with 
him against Corinth, 39i, a 393 b — invades 
Corinth again, and leads home survivors of 
Iphicrates' mora, Apr. or May 390^ (Isthmia, 
01. 96, 4,) summer 392 b — invades Acarnania, 
39o, a 391 b — receives submission of Acarnania 
before setting out on second expedition, 389^ 
390 b — besieges and takes Pblius, 380-79 — in- 
vades Bceotia, summer 378, and spring or 
summer 377— incapacitated by severe illness, 
376-2 — excludes Thebes from treaty of peace, 
in Congress at Sparta, (01. 102, 1,) Jun. 371 
— invades Arcadia, late in 370 — defends Sparta 
against Epaminondas, (01. 102, 3,) winter 370- 
69 — goes to coast of Asia, 366 a — defends 
Sparta against attempt of Epaminondas to 
surprise it, (Sciropbor. 01. 104, 2,) Jun. 362— 
conducts expedition in support of Tachos, to 
Egypt, about Jim. 362 — joins Xectanabis, 361 
— ft. in Egypt, end of 361. 

a Grote. b Clinton. c Corsini. 

Agesipolis I., King of Sparta, [BCj — 
succeeds his father Pausanias, (01. 96, 3,) 394 
— invades Argolis, 389-8^ 390 b — besieges Man- 
tineia, destroys it, and distributes people into 5 
villages, (01. 98, 3, 4,) spring to autumn 385 
— takes command in Olynthian War, (01. 99, 
4,) spring 380—0*. at Apbytis, (01. 100, 1,) 
midsummer 380. a Grote. b Clinton. 

Agesipolis III., King of Sparta, [BC] — 
succeeds Cleomenes III., and is soon after- 
wards deposed by bis colleague, Lycurgus, 219 
— with Spartan exiles, joins Flamininus 
against Nabis, 195 — killed by pirates, on an 
embassy to Rome with exiles, about 183. 

Aghrim, in Ireland, — William III. and 
Gen. Ginkell defeat James II. and St Ruth 
near, 12 Jul. 1691. 

Agias of Troezen, (Hegias, Augias,) cyclical 
poet, [B C] — II. about 740. 

Agier, Pierre Jean, magistrate and jurist, 
theologian, — b. at Paris, 28 Dec. 1748 — deputy 
in National Assembly, 1789 — President of Re- 
volutionary Tribunal, 1795 — tf. 22 Sep. 1823 
— Traitd, sur le Mariage, 1800 — Les Fsaumcs 
trad, en Fr., 1809 — Les Frophetes trad, en Fr., 
1820-2 — Commentaires sur V Apocalypse, 1823. 

Agilolfingers, F)ucal House of. [Eavaria.] 

Agincourt, (Azincour,) — Henry Y. defeats 
D'AIbret, Constable of Prance, near, 25 Oct. 
1415- 

Agincourt, Jean Baptiste Louis George 
Seroux d', historian, numismatist, — b. atBeau- 
vais, 5 Apr. 1730 — tf. at Rome, 24 Sep. 18 14 
oire de V Art, 1810-23 — Fccueil defrag- 
ment de Sculpture Antique, 18 14. 

Agio de Soldanis, Pietro Francesco, gram- 
marian, — b. at Gozo, about 171c — "&, about 
1760 — Bella Lingua prima, 1750. 

Agis of Elis, [BC]— Olympic victor, (01. 
52,) 572. 



AGIS II.— AGRARIAN LAWS. 



Agis II., King or Sparta, [BC] — succeeds 
his lather Archidanras II., late in 427 s — ex- 
pedition against Attica stopped at Isthmus by 
earthquakes, summer 426 — ravages Attica for 
15 days, Apr. 425 — expedition against Argos 
stopped at Leuctra by unfavourable sacrifices, 
419 — invades Argolis ; grants armistice, and is 
severely censured, summer 418 — defeats Athe- 
nians, Argeians. and allies, near Mantineia, 
autumn 418 — ravages Argclis* destroys Losg 
Walls, takes Hysiae, end of Sep. 417 — ravages 
Attica, and fortifies Dekeleia, Mar. to Jun. 
41 3 b — carries on Dekeleian War, 413-404 — 
quarrels with Alkibiades, 412 — invades Elis, 
402 and 401, 15 401 and 4oo a — rj. 399 r bc ™8. a 



397- 



Clinton. b Grote. c Thirhvall. d Kriiger. 



Agis III., King of Sparta, [BC] — suc- 
ceeds his father Archidamus III., (Metageit. 
01. 110, 9,) Aug. 33S a — carries on intrigues 
with Persian Satraps against Alexander, 333 — ■ 
defeated and killed by Antipater, at Megal- 
opolis, (01. 112, 2,) about Oct. 331. a a Clinton. 

Agis IV., King op Sparta, [B C] — succeeds 
his father Eudamidas II., 244 — attempts re- 
storation of Lycurgean institutions, 243 — de- 
feated by Aratus at Mantineia, after Jul. 243 
— joins Aratus against JEtolia, about 241 — put 
to death by Leonidas and the Ephors, about 



24<v 241. ' 



Clinton. 



Thirlwall, Zumpt. 



Aglabites, {Caliphs of Kairwan,) — Ibra- 
Hm-itm-el- Aglab invested with the govern- 
ment by Harun-al-Rashid, about (184, a. h.) 
800 a — makes himself independent, and founds 
dynasty of Aglabites, 802, 8oo b — his son, (or 
brother,) Abtj 'l Abbas, succeeds, 81 i b — Ms 
brother, Ziadet Allah, succeeds, 8i5 b — 
attacks Sicily, Jim. 827° — his brother, Abtj 
Akkal, succeeds, 837 b — his son, Abdul 
Abbas, succeeds, 840 b — attacks Italy, 842° — 
ravages the suburbs of Rome, 846° — prevented 
from taking Rome by emperor Louis II. , 849^ 
850° — loses most of his Italian possessions, 
871° — his brother, Abtj Ishak Ibrahim, 
{Ibrahim ben Ahmed?*) succeeds, 874 13 — takes 
Syracuse, 878° — revolt of Algiers, Tunis, &c, 
878 — Abd-tjl-Abbas II. murdered by his son, 
Abu Modhar Ziadet Allah, who succeeds 
him, 906 — Abu Abdallah, emir of Sicily, de- 
feats him ; Obeid Allah el Mehdi, overthrows 
the dynasty, (Ramadhan 296, a. H. a ) May or 
Jim. 909. a Noel des Vergers. b Cardonne. 
c Finlay. d Gibbon. 

Aglaia, asteroid, — discovered by Luther, 15 
Sep. 1857. 

Agnadello, {Aignadel,) — Louis XII. de- 
feats Petigliano and D'Alviano near, (battle of 
Ghiaradadda,) 14 May 1509 — Due de Yen- 
dome defeats Prince Eugene near, (battle of 
Cassano,) 16 Aug. 1705. 

Agnesi, Maria Gaetana de, mathematician, 
philosopher, and linguist, — b. at Milan, 16 Mar. 
17 18 — lectures on Mathematics and IS" at. 
Philosophy, at Bologna, 1750 — if. 9 Jan. a or 4 
Aug. b 1799 — Instituzione Analitiche, 1748. 
a Biog. Univ., U. K. S. Biog. Diet. 
b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Agnoetae, {Themistians,) — Monophysite 
sect, originated by Themistius, deacon at Alex- 



andria, about 535 — controversy respecting, be- 
comes violent, between 550 and 560 — sect 
expires, before 700. 

Agnolo, Baccio d', \architect, §c. — b. at 
Florence, 1460-1 — tf. 1543. 

Agnon of Peparelhus, [B C] — Olympic 
victor, (01. 53,) 568. 

Agobard, St, Abp of Lyon, — b. in Spain, 
779 — coadjutor to Abp Leidrade, 813-4 — 
succeeds him, 816 — deposed by Council of 
Thionville, Feb. 835 — reinstated, 837 — ts, at 
SaintongG, 6 Jun. 840. 

Agoracritus of iSamos, sculptor, [B c] — ft. 
about (01. 85-88,) 440-25. 

Agostini, Giovanni degli, litterateur, — rj. 
at Venice, 10 Dec. 1701 — Librarian to Con- 
vent della Yigna, 1730 — ft. 1755. 

Agostino, {Augustin ; Carnerio,) printer, 
— 9. at Ferrara, about 1475. 

Agostino, {August mo ; Veneziano,) en- 
graver, — b. at Venice, 1490 — ft. at Rome, 

i53 6 - 

Agra, (Alcberabad, Bedulghur,) — made the 
seat of empire by Secander Lodi, 1504 — de- 
stroyed by an earthquake, 1505 — taken by 
Baber, 10 May 1526 a — seized by Ibrahim 
Sur, who is driven out by Secander Sur, 1554 
— taken by Humayun, Jul. 1555 s — besieged 
and taken by Hemu, late in 1555 s — taken by 
Akber, end of 1556 a — enlarged by Akber, and 
made seat of empire, 1566 — Jesuit college 
founded there, i62i b — seat of empire removed 
to Delhi, by Shah Jehan, 1647 — the Taj 
Mahal built by him, about 1650 — taken by 
Aurangzib, i658 a — Farokhsir defeats Je- 
handar near, (15 Dhu'l hajjah 1124, a. h.) i 
Jan. i7i3 a — Mahrattas repulsed by Sadat 
Khan near, 1736 11 — besieged by Ahmed Shah 
of Afghanistan, spring 1757 — taken by Mahaji 
Sindia, Mar. 1785 — besieged and taken by 
Lord Lake, 10-17 Oct. 1803 — ceded to Great 
Britain, 29 Dec. 1803 — college erected at, by 
British government, 1829. — Government of. 
founded by Act, 3 and 4 Wm. IV. c. 85, 28 
Aug. 1833 — constitution proclaimed, 10 Jul. 
1834.° a Elpbinstone. b Ranke. c Wilson. 

Agraei, people of W. Greece, [BC] — under 
a king, Salynthitjs; allies of Ambrakiots, 
426 — forced by Demosthenes into alliance 
with Athens, 424 — subject to iEtolia, before 
300. 

Agrarian Laws at Home, [BC] — of Ser- 
vius Tullius, {mythic,) between 578 and 535 ? — 
first historical one, of Sp. Cassius, Cos., (268, 
a. tj. c.) 486 — one proposed by M. Mamius, 
trib. plebis, (344, a. tj. c.) 410 — of C. Licinius 
Stolo, [Licinian Laws,] 367 — of C. Flaminius, 
trib. plebis, (522, a. tj. c.) 232 s — of Tib. 
Sempronius Gracchus, (621, a. tj. c.) 133 — 
suspended by Senate, 129 — revived by Caius 
Gracchus, trib. plebis, (631, a. tj. c.) 123 — 
partly repealed, 121 — of Sp. Thorius, trib. 
plebis, (647, a. tj. c.) 107/ 1 ui b — of L. 
Marcius Philippus, trib. plebis, (650, A. tj. c.) 
102 ? c io4 d — of L. Appuleius Saturninus, trib. 
plebis, (654, a. tj. c.) 100 — of M. Livius Drusus, 
trib. plebis ; declared null by Senate, (663, 
a. tj. c.) 91 — of L. Cornelius Sulla, Dictator, 



AGPIA— AGRIPPA. 



(673, a. r. c.) 8 1 — one proposed by Q- 
ins Pull us, trib. plehis ; but prevented 
from passing by Cicero, (end of Dec. 690, and 
1 Jan. 091, a. v. c.) beginning of Mar. and 
14 Mar. 63 a — one proposed by L. Flavins, 
trib. plebix, (694, a. u. c.) 60 — reproduced 
and passed by C. Julius Ciosar, Cos., 59 — of 
M. Antonius, Cos., (710, a. u. c.) 44 — Octavian 
bestows lands in Italy upon his soldiers, 41 a — 
[ADj — of Caligula, Emperor, {Lex Mamilia,) 
37 ? b — of Nerva, Emperor, 97. a Fischer. 
h Hudorif. c Tigliius. d Smith's Dint., Zurapt. 
Agria, in Hungary, — besieged by Mo- 
hammed II., capitulates, (1 Eabia I. 1005, 

a. h., 13 Oct. o. s.) 23 Oct. 1596 — Archduke 
Maximilian defeated, 26 Oct. 1596. 

Agricola, Cn. Julius, — b. at Forum Julii, 
(Id. Jul.) 15 Jul. 37 a — serves under Suetonius 
Paulinos, in Britain, 60 — Quaestor, in Asia, 63 
■ — Inspector of temples, under Galba; declares 
foi Vespasian, 69 — commands in Britain, 70 — 
Patrieius; governs Aquitania, 74-6 — Consul, 
77 b — governor of Britain, midsummer 78 — re- 
duces the Ordovices and island of Mona, 78 — ■ 
p. netrates to the Tans, 80 — establishes chain 
of forts between the Clyde and the Forth, 81 
— expedition by sea, 82 — advances against 
Caledonians, 83 — defeats Galgacus in the 
Grampians ; sails round North Britain, dis- 
covering and reducing the Orkneys, 84° — re- 
called by Domitian, winter 84 — tf. (10 Kal. 
Sep.) 23' Aug. 93. a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. 
c Monumcnta Ilistorica Britannica. 

Agricola, — Consul with Eustathius, (1174, 
A. v. c.) 421. 

Agricola, L. Virius, — Consul with Sex. 
Caliiis Clemcntinus, (983, a. u. c.) 230. 

Agricola, (Zandmann,) George, mineral- 
ogist, — b. at Glockau, 24 Mar. 1494 — ft. at 
Chemnitz, 2r Nov. 1555. JJe He Metallicu, 
1546 — De Lapide Philosophicd, 153 1. 

Agricola, {Schnitter,) Johann, (Istebius,) — 

b, at Eisleben, 20 Apr. 1492 — aids Luther in 
defence of Augsburg Confession, 1530 — goes 
to Berlin, 1540 — ti. there, 22 Sep. 1566. 

Agricola, Rodolphus, (Euysmann, Hole/,) 
poet, philosopher, $c., — u. at Baffel near Gr5- 
ningen, end of Aug. 1443 — studies under Theo- 
dore Gaza, at Ferrara, 1476 — Syndic of Gro- 
ningen, 1478 — Prof, of Philosophy at Heidel- 
b . 1482— tr. there, 28 Oct. 1485. 

Agricultural College, Royal, at Cirences- 
ter, chartered, 27 Mar. 1845 — lectures corn- 
el, 14 Sep. 1845 — Coll. opened, middle o'i 
Apr. 1846. 

Agricultural Gangs, — Report of Children's 
Employment Commission on, spring 1867 — 
regulated by Act, 30 and 31 Vie. c. 130, 20 
1867. 

Agricultural Society, (Improvers of Agri- 
nt Scotland,) established, 1723. 

Agricultural Society, Royal, — established, 
27 Jun. 1818 — incorporated by charter, 26 

M;ir. 1S40. 
Agriculture, Board of, — incorporated, 1793 

Ived, 1816. 
Agrigentum, (Acragas,) [BC; — founded by 
Dona and Py stilus from Gela, (ul. 49, 3,) 



<82, acd (01. 43, 4,) 605 b — Phalaris makes 
himself tyrant, (1446, Abr. E., 01. 52, 3,) 
570," (1452, Abr. E., 01. 53, 4,) S 6 5 ce{ ~ 
perishes in a popular insurrection, 555, a (01. 
57, 3,) 55o, e 549, cf 548 s — Alcamenes and 
Alcander administer its affairs, 534, h (01. 57, 
3,) 550-49 b — Theron obtains the tyranny, 
about 488 — annexes Himera to his dominions, 
about 48 1 a or 48 2 d — in alliance with Gelon of 
Syracuse, defeats Hamilcar at Himera, 480 — 
his son Thrasydjeus succeeds, (01. 77, 1,) 
end of 472, or beginning of 471 c — defeated by 
Hieron of Syracuse, and expelled, about 471-0 
— Gelonian dynasty of Syracuse overthrown; 
democracy restored, 465^ 47 3 b — attacked by 
Duketius, and, with Syracusans, defeated by 
him, 451 a — with Syracuse defeats him, 450 s — ■ 
defeated at the Himera by Syracuse, 446 a — 
besieged by Hannibal and Hiniilco, from (01. 
93, 2) May, a Mar. or Apr. c 406— evacuated ; 
and sacked by Carthaginians, (01. 93, 3,) 
about 21 Dec., a Nov. or Dec. c 406 — destroyed 
by them, spring 405 — partly repeopled, before 
400 — revolts from Dionysius, 393 a — freed 
from subjection to Carthage, 383 d — colonized 
from Velia, by Timoleon, after 339 — com- 
pelled to acknowledge the Hegemony of Sy- 
racuse under Agathocles, 3i4 d — rises against 
Syracuse ; but is again forced to submit, 309- 
6 d — Phintias makes himself king, about 289- 
79 d — under the power of Sosistratus of Sy- 
racuse ; taken by Carthaginians ; recovered by 
Pyrrhus, 278-6 — occupied by Carthaginians as 
a military station, 264-3 — besieged by Con- 
suls, L. Postumius Megellus and Q,. Mauritius 
Yitulus, (492, a. v. c.) from Jun. 262° — • 
surrenders and is enslaved, Dec. 262°— retaken 
and destroyed by Carthalo, 255 d — taken by 
Himilco, 214 — betrayed by the Nuniidians to 
Consul, M. Valerius Leevinus, (544, a. tj. c.) 
late in 210° — repeopled by Preetor, C. Mamilius 
Vitulus, 208 d — municipal rights and privileges 
determined by Consul, P. Cornelius Scipio, 
(Africanus,) [Cornelian Laws,] (549, a. it. c .) 
205 — [AD] — taken by Saracens, 827— insur- 
rection against Saracen governor, 28 Apr. 937 
— taken by Chalil, 20 Nov. 937 — taken by 
Robert Guiscard, (the younger,) 1086. [Gir- 
genti.] a Grote. b Miiller. c Clinton. 

d Smith's Diet. e Zumpt. f Bentley. 
S Art de Verifier les Dates. h Heeren. 

Agrippa, Castor, historian, — fl. about 135. 

Agrippa, Dec. Haterius, — Trib. pleb., 15 — ■ 
Preetor, 17 — -Consul with C. Sulpicius Galba, 
(775, a. u. c.) 22. 

_ Agrippa, ( Von Nettesheim,) Heinrich Corne- 
lius, physician, theologian, &;c. — rj. at Cologne, 
14 Sep. i486 — Prof, of Theology at Dole, 
1509-10 — of Rhetoric at Pavia, 15 12 — at 
Turin, 15 15 — physician to Louise de Savoie, 
1524 — invited by Henry VIII., the chancellor 
of Charles V., Marguerite d'Autriche, and an 
Italian prince, 1529 — imprisoned at Brussels, 
1530 — at Lyon, 1535 — tf. at Grenoble or 

Lvon > 1535- 

Agrippa, Herodes, I., King of Judjea, &c, 
[BCJ— b. about io a — [AD] — at Pome, about 
5 b -23 a — iLYiile of Tiberias, about 30 — im- 



AGEIPPA— AGYBIUM. 



23 



prisoned by Tiberius at Eome, about 35 — re- 
leased by Caligula, and made Tetrarch of 
Abilene, Trachonitis, &c, with title of King, 
spring 37 c — Galilee added to bis dominions, 
39 c — intercedes for Jews with Caligula at 
Borne, 40 c — Judsea and Samaria added to his 
dominions by Claudius, spring 41° — beheads 
James the apostle, and imprisons Peter, spring 
44 b — U. at Csesarea, summer 44.° 
a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Smith's Diet. c Clinton. 

Agrippa, Herodes, II., King of Chalcis, 
&c. — ft. between 27 and 30 — intercedes for 
Jews at Eome, with Claudius, 45 s1 — succeeds 
his uncle Herod, as king of Chalcis, end of 48 a 
— transferred, Avith title of King, to Te- 
trarchate of Abilene, Trachonitis, &c, Feb. 
53 a — dominions increased by JSero, $$ h — 
hears defence of the Apostle Paul, 60 b — aids 
Titus against Jerusalem ; is invested with 
Prsetorship at Eome, and kingdom of Itursea, 
7o bc — fj. ioo. b 

a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. c Zumpt. 

Agrippa, Iff. Asinius, — Consul with Cossus 
Cornelius Lentulus, (778, a. xr. c.) 25 — if. end 
of 26. 

Agrippa, M. Vipsanius, [BC] — ft. 63 — 
accompanies Octavian to Eome, 44 — Praetor ; 
commands in Perusinian "War, 41-0 — Pro- 
praetor in Gaul; crosses the Ehine, 38, a 37 b — 
Consul, with L. Caninius Gallus, (717, a. it. c.) 
37 — defeats Sextus Pompey at Mylse, middle 
of Aug. 36 a — and at Naulochus, (3 iSTon.) 3 
Sep. 36 a — honoured by gift of a naval crown, 
36° — serves in Illyria, 35-4 — JEdile, (721, 
a. it. c.) 33 — commands fleet in Actiac "War, 
32-0 — Consul II. and Censor, with Augustus ; 
marries Marcella, (726, a. it. c.) 28 — Consul 
III. with Augustus, (727, a. it. c.) 27 — serves 
in Cantabrian War, 25 b — builds Pantheon; 
celebrates Marcellus' marriage in absence of 
Augustus, (729, a. it. c.) 25 a — Proconsul to 
Syria, reaches Mytilene, before summer 23 a — 
returns to Eome ; marries Julia, former part 
of 21 a — in Gaul, i9 b — completes subjugation 
of Cantabrians, beginning of 19 s — returns to 
Eome, Apr. or May, 19 a — receives the Tri- 
bunician power, with Augustus, for 5 years, 
(736, a. it. c.) 18 — visits the Eastern pro- 
vinces; Bosporus, Syria, (737, a. it. c.) sum- 
mer 17 a — winters in Ionia, 1 7-1 6 a — completes 
arrangement of affairs of Bosporus, i4 a — re- 
turns to Eome ; is re-invested with Tri- 
bunician power, with Augustus, for 5 years, 
(741, a. it. c.) late in 133 — restores tranquillity 
in Pannonia, winter 13-12 — 3y. in Campania, 
latter part of Mar. i2. a a Fischer. 

b Smith's Diet. c Clinton. 

Agrippa, Menenius Lanatus. [Lanatus.] 

Agrippa Postumus, M., [BC] — ft. after 
Mar. 12 — [AD] — adopted by Augustus, (5 
Kal. Jul. 757, a. it. c.) 27 Jun. 4 a — banished 
to Surrentum, and afterwards to island of 
Planasia, 7 b — murdered in prison, 14. 

a Clinton, Fischer. b Fischer, Zumpt. 

Agrippa, Furius Medullinus Fusus, [BC] 
— Consul with F. Quinctius Capitolinus Bar- 
batus, (308, a. it. c.) 446. 

Agrippina, [BC] — ft. before 12 a — [AD] — 



married to Ctesar Germanicus, about 5 — brings 
his ashes to Eome, early in 20 b — banished to 
island of Pandataria, by Tiberius, 30 — ft. (15 
Kal. Nov.) 18 Oct. 33. b 

a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. 

Agrippina,— ft. about 15 — married to Cn. 
Domitius Ahenobarbus, 28 — recalled from 
banishment in island of Pontia, 41 — married 
to Crispus Passienus, 43 — to emperor Clau- 
dius, 49 — poisons Claudius, 54 — put to death 
by order of her son, emperor Nero, (Quiji- 
quatrus,) about 20 Mar. 59, a 60. b 

a Clinton. , b Smith's Diet. 

Agrippinus, Bp of Cahthage, — holds council 
at Carthage, 200. a [Carthage, Council of.] 
a Smith's Diet. 

Aguadir, (Guerguessem, Sta Cruz,) in 
Morocco, — taken by the Portuguese, about 1470 
— fortified by Manuel of Portugal, 1503 — re- 
covered by the Moors, 1536 — dismantled, and 
people and trade removed to Mogadore, 1773. 

Aguesseau, Henri Francois d', Chancellor 
of Prance, — ft. at Limoges, 27 Nov. 1668 — 
Advocate at the Chatelet, 1690 — Advocate 
General, 1691 — Procureur General, 1700 — 
Chancellor, 17 17 — dismissed and exiled, 28 
Jan. 17 1 8— restored, Jun. 1720 — exiled again 
and deposed by Cardinal Dubois, 1722 — re- 
called by means of Cardinal Fleury, 1727 — 
reinstated in office, 1737 — retires, 1750 — fc. at 
Paris, 9 Feb. 175 1. 

Aguilar, D'. [Gonzalo, Hernandez y 
Aguilar.] 

Aguillon, (Aiguillon,) Francois d', the- 
ologian, mathematician, — ft. at Brussels, 1566 — 
enters Society of Jesus, 1586 — if. 1617. Op- 
ticorum, libri sex, 161 3. 

Aguirra, Josef Saenz de, ecclesiastical 
writer, — ft. at Logrogno, 24 Mar. 1630 — • 
raised to the Cardinalate, by Innocent XI., 
1686— if. at Eome, 19 Aug. 1*699. 

Agustin, (Agostin,) Miguel, Prior of St 
John of Perpignan, agricultural writer, — ft. at 
Bailolas, 1560 — if. about 1630. Llibre dels 
secrets de Agricultural, 1626. 

Agustino, (Augustin,) Antonio, jurisconsult, 
numismatist, — ft. at Saragossa, 25 Mar. 15 17 
— goes to Italy, 1535 — legate to England from 
Julius III., 1555 — to Netherlands, Oct. 1555 
— returns to Eome, Jan. 1556 — Bp of Alifa, 
1556 — Bp of Lerida, 1558 — assists at Council of 
Trent, 1563 — Bp of Tarragona, 1574— if. 1586. 
Emcndationes Juris Civilis, 1544 — Antiquae 
Collectiones Decretalium, 157 1 — Juris Pontifcii 
veteris Epitome, 1587 — Bialogos de las Me- 
dullas, 1587. 

Agyleo, (Agylceus,) Enrico, jurist, §c. — ft. 
at Bois-le-Duc, 1533 — Counsellor of Supreme 
Tribunal, 27 Aug. 1586 — if. Apr. 1595. 

Agylla, in Italy, [B C] — at war with Alalia ; 
the Phocsean captives stoned to death about 
535 — temple of Leucothea plundered by Di- 
onysius of Syracuse, 384. [Caere.] 

Agyrium, in Sicily, {San Filippo d' Argiro,) 
[B C] — Agyris, ally of Dionysius of Syracuse, 
404-392 — Mago repulsed by Dionysius, near, 
391 » — Apolloniades forced to abdicate by 
Timoleon; people proclaimed citizens of Sy- 



*4 



AGYRRHIUS— AHMEDXAGAR. 



racuse, 339 — under the power of Phintias of 
mtum, before 279— in alliance with Hie- 
ron of Syracuse, receives half territory of Ame- 
Belum, 2*69. a Grote. 

Agyrrhius, of Athens, [BC] — obtains the 
restoration of the Theorieon, 395-4 — succeeds 
Thrasyhulus at Aspendus, (01. 97, 3,) begin- 
ning of 389.* a Clinton. 

Ahala, C. Servilius Structus, [BC]— (1) 
Consul with L. JEmilius Mamercus, (276, 
a. u. c.) 478. (2) Consul with L. Papirius 
Mugillanus, (327, a. v. c.) 427. (3) Consular 
Tribune, 408, 407, and 402 — Mag. equit. to P. 
Cornelius Rutilus Cossus, 408. 

Ahala, Q. Servilius, [BC]— (1) Consul 
with L. Genucius Aveutinensis, (389, a. u. c.) 
365 — Consul II with the same colleague, 
(392, a. v. c ) 362 — Dictator; defeats Gauls 
at Colline Gate, 360 — Interrex for Comitia, 
355. (2) Mag. equit. to M. Fabius Ambus- 
tus, 351 — Consul with C. Marcius Rutilus, 
(412, a. u. C.) 342. a a Smith's Diet., Fischer. 

Ahexiobarbus, Cn. Domitius, [BC] — (1) 
Plebeian JEdile, 196* — Prcetor, 194 — Consul 
with L. Quinctius Flamininus, (562, a. tj. c.) 
192 b — Legatus to L. Scipio (Asiaticus) in war 
with Antiochus, 190. (2) Pontifex, 172 — com- 
missioner to Macedonia, 169 — again, with 
JEmilius Paulas, autumn 167 — Consul with P. 
iius Lcntulus, on abdication rf Scipio 
Nasica and Marcius Figulus, (592, a. u. c.) 
162. (3) Consul with C. Fannius Strabo, 
(632, a. u. c.) 122 — defeats Allobrogians and 
Arvernians iu Vindalium, summer 121 b — 
triumphs, (635, 636, a. u. c.) n8 b — Censor 
with L. Csecilius Metellus Dalmaticus, 115. 
(4) Trib. pith.; Domitian Law passed, 104,^ 
io3 c — Pontifex max., 102 c — Cb«s?^withC.Cas- 
sius Longinus, (658, a. u. c.) 96 — Censor with 
Licinius Crassus, 92. (5) Taken prisoner at 
Corfinium, 49 — pardoned by Caesar, 46 — ■ 
follows Brutus into Macedonia after Caesar's 
death, 44 — defeats Domitius Calvinus off 
Brundusium, Nov. or Dec. 42 — reconciled to 
Antony, and set over Bithynia, 40 — accom- 
panies Antony against Parthians, 36 — Consul 
with C. Sosius, (722, a. u. c.) ; escapes from 
1 to Antony, 32 — deserts to Octavianus, 

and ti. end of Aug. 31. (6) [AD] — Marries 
Agrippina, 28 — Consul with Furius Camillus 
BcribonianuB, (785, a. u. c.) 32 — tr. 40. a 

il Smith's Diet. b Fischer. c Clinton. 

Ahenobarbus, L. Domitius, [BC] — (1) 

Prator in Sicily, y()! :i — Consul with C. Coe- 

lius Caldus, (660, a. u. c.) 94 — put to death 

by L. Junius Brutus Damasippus, 82. (2) 

One of the witnesses against Verres, 70 — 

Curule JEdile, 61 — falsely accused of con- 

Bpiracy against Pompey, 59 — Prater, 58— ud- 

candidate tor Consulship, 55 — 

with App. Claudius Pulcher, (700, 

A - '"• ( '•) 54 -Qu&sitor at trial of Milo, 4 Apr. 

52 a — onsuccessfu] candidate for Augurship, 50 

— defends Corfinium againsi Caesar, and sur- 

■ d in battle of Pharsalia, 9 

;.S. ('.',) Affianced to Antony's daughter, 

lia, winter 37-6 -JEdile, 22 — Consul with 

r. C irni lias Scipio, (738, a. v. a) 16— [ad] 



— commands in war against Germans ; crosses 
the Elbe, i, b about 12 a — tf. 25. 

a Smith's Diet. b Orellius. 

Ahmed (Achmet) III., Ottoman Emperor, 
— fc. (3 Eamadhan 1084, a. h.) 12 Dec. 1673 a 
— succeeds his brother Mustapha II. , deposed 
by Janissaries, (10 Eabia II. 1115, a. h.) 23 
Aug. i703 b — Charles XII. of Sweden takes 
refuge in Turkey, and provokes him to war 
with Russia, 1709 — Peter the Great capitu- 
lates on the Pruth, and accepts the Peace of 
Falczy, 24 Jul. 17 11 — war with the Vene- 
tians, who lose the Morea, &c, 17 15 — his 
army defeated by Prince Eugene at Peter- 
"Waradin, 5 Aug. 17 16 — and near Belgrade, 
16 Aug. 17 17 — Peace of Passarowitz, 21 Jul. 
17 18 — concludes treaty with Russia, and com- 
mences war with Persia, 1723 — ended by 
Peace of Bagdad, (Rabia I. 1140, a. h.) Oct. 
1727° — Persian war renewed, 1730 — revolt at 
Constantinople ; abdicates in favour of his 
nephew, Mahmud L, (15-18 Rabia I. 1143, 
a. h.) 28 Sep. to 1 Oct. i730 cl — ft. in prison, 
(Moharram 1152, a. h.) Apr. i739, d 23 Jun. 
1736.° a Nouv. Biog. Gen, b Ersch and Gruber. 
c Art de Verifier les Dates. d TJ. K. S. Biog. Diet. 

Ahmed ben Hosein ben Kosdi al Rowmi, 
Abul, poet, §c., — raises a revolt and takes 
Mertola, (12 Saphar 539, a. h.) 14 Aug. 1144 
— appointed Wali of Algarve by Abd-el-mu- 
men, (Rabia II. 540, a. h.) Oct. 1145 — taken 
and imprisoned at Beja by Mohammed ben 
Said; rescued by Ben Samail, Feb. Mar. 1146 
— conducts reinforcements to the Almohades 
besieging Algeciras, Jun. 1146^ 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Ahmed Ibn Hanbal, (Abu Abdullah Asch 
Sheibani, Al Merwazi,) founder of 4th sect of 
the Sonnites, — h. in Khorassan, or at Bagdad, 
(Rabia I. 164, a. h.) Nov. 780 — tf. at Bagdad, 
(Rabia I. 241, a. h.) Jun. or Jul. 855. 

Ahmed Ibn Toulun, Founder of Toulun- 
ides in Egypt, — h. at Samara, or Bagdad, (23 
Ramadhan 220, a. h.) 20 Sep. 835 a — Governor 
of Egypt for Abbaside Caliph, makes himself 
independent, 868, b 873-4,° (265, a. h.) 878-9 d 
— conquers Syria, about 882 — tt. at Antioch, 
(D'hul-Kadah 270, a. h.) May 884. a 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Gibbon. c TJ. K. S. 
Biog. Diet. d Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Ahmedabad, — founded by Ahmed Shah of 
Guzerat, about 1425 — English factory estab- 
lished there, by permission of Jehangir, n 
Jan. 161 2 — taken by Gen. Goddard, 15 Feb. 
1780 — ceded to the Mahrattas, 17 May 1782 
— ravaged by the plague, 1 8 1 2 — ceded to the 
British, 6 Nov. 18 17 — partially destroyed by 
an earthquake, 16 Jun. 18 19. [Beder, Gu- 
zerat.] 

Ahmednagar, (A/tmednuggur,) — built by 
Ahmed Shah of Guzerat, about 1430" — king- 
dom established by Ahmed, son of Nizam-ul- 
Mvrlk Behri, who revolts from the Deccan, 
(896, a. h.) 1490^ about 1489 b — is forced by 
Mahmud of Guzerat to raise the siege of 
Doulatabad, 1499 — Burhan succeeds, 1508 — 
besieged by kings of Guzerat, Candesh, and 
Berar, does homage to Bahadur Shah of Gu- 



AIDAjST— AITON. 



2 5 



zerat, before 1530 — besieged by Earn Eaja of 
Bijayanagar, submits to hiin, (937, a. h.) 
1530 s — professes tbe Shfa religion, 1537 a — 
succeeded, by Husen, 1553— in alliance with 
the other Mohammedan kingdoms of the 
Deccan, overthrows the monarchy of Bijay- 
anagar, at battle of Talicota, (20 Guimadhi II. 
972, a. h.) 25 Jan. 1565,* i564 d — Murtezza 
succeeds, (972, a. h.) former part of 1565 — an- 
nexes kingdom of Berar, 1572 — Umniad an- 
nexed, i574 c — Akber supports Burhan against 
Murtezza, 1586 — Murtezza murdered by his son, 
Miran Husen succeeds, (996, a. h.) middle of 
1588 — Miran Husen assassinated, Ismael suc- 
ceeds, (997, a. h.) end of 1588 — Burhan II. 
succeeds, 1590* — makes war on Bijapur, 1592 a 
■ — Ibrahim succeeds, and is killed in battle, 
Ahmed II. succeeds, 1594 s — Bahadur II. 
succeeds, under regency of his mother, Chand 
Sultana or Bibi, autumn 1595 — invaded by 
Morad and Mirza Khan ; Chand Sultana de- 
fends Ahmednagar, (Eabia II. 1004, a. h.) 
about Nov. i595 a — secures peace by giving up 
Berar, (Eegeb 1004, a. h.) about Feb. 1596 a 
— Mohammed Khan, the Peshwa, plots against 
Chand Sultana; war renewed; alliance with 
Bijapur and Golconda ; indecisive battle at the 
Godavery, Dec. 1596 or Jan. 1597 a — Akber 
goes in person against the allies, 1598-9 a — 
Chand Sultana assassinated; the city taken; 
Behadur made prisoner, (Saphar 1009, a. h.) 
about Jul. i6oo, a 1598° — Malik Amber, 
minister to Murtezza II., founds a new 
capital, recovers Ahmednagar, and defeats 
Mirza Khan, before i6io a — defeats the arm- 
ies sent against him from Guzerat, Candesh, 
and Berar, 161 2 a — Shah Jehan reduces Malik 
Amber to submission, (Eabia I. to Schoual 
1026, a. h.) Mar. to Sep. 1617— Malik 
Amber revolts, and is defeated by Shah Jehan, 
.summer 1621 — Shah Jehan rebels and join^ 
Malik Amber, 1624-5 — death of Malik Amber, 
1626-7 — Khan Jehan joins Mortezza; they 
are defeated by Azim Khan, near Doulatabad, 
late in 1629 — Mohammed Adil Shah joins 
Mortezza, who is assassinated by Fatteh Khan, 
1631 — Fatteh Khan, besieged in Doulatabad, 
submits to Shah Jehan ; his infant king is im- 
prisoned, Feb. 1633 — Shahji Bosla attempts to 
set up another king, 1634 — submits to Shah 
Jehan ; the Nizam Shahi kingdom finally ex- 
tinguished, 1637^ (1046, a. h.) 1636,° 1634 13 
■ — Aurangzib retreats to the city, 1706— taken 
by Gen. Wellesley, 8-12 Aug. 1803 — surren- 
dered by Sindiah to East India Company, 29 
Dec. 1803 — ceded to the British, 13 Jun. 1817. 
[Aurangabad.J a Elphinstone. 

b Hamilton. c Mill. d Other authorities. 

Aidan, St, Bp of Lindisparne, — missionary 
in Northumbria from Iona, at request of 
Oswald, about 635— tf. 31 Aug. 651. 

Aigle, asteroid, — discovered by Coggla, 17 
Feb. 1868. 

Aiguille Verte, — ascent of, by Whimper, 
Jul. 1864. 

Aiguillon, Armand Vignerod Buplessis 
Richelieu, Due d', — ft. 1720 — serves in Italy, 
1742 — commands in Bretagne, 1756-63 — 



decret of Parlemcnt of Paris against, 4 Jul. 
1770 — quashed by the king, Sep. 1770 — 
Minister of Foreign Affairs and War, with 
Abbe Terray and Maupeou, 177 1-4 — exiled, 
1775 — tf. in Bretagne, before 1789. 

Aikin, John, m. d., miscellaneous writer, — < 
ft. at Kibworth-Harcourt, 15 Jan. 1747 — 
M. D. at Leyden, 1780— settles in London, 
1792 — relinquishes his profession, 1798 — tf. at 
Stoke Newington, 7 Dec. 1822. Evenings at 
Home, 1795- — General Biography, 17 99-1 8 15 
— Calendar of Nature, 1784 — Annals of 
Reign of George III., 1813, 1820. 

Aikin, Lucy, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at 
Warrington, 17 81 — tf. at Hampstead, 29 Jan. 
1864. Memoirs of the Court of Queen Eliza' 
beth, 18 19— Memoirs of Addison, 1843. 

Aikman, Wm, painter, — ft. at Cairney, 24 
Oct. 1682 — tf. at London, 7 Jun. 1731. 

Ailly, Pierre d', (Petrus de Alliaco ; 
Aquila Gallice, Malleus Hcereticorum,) theo- 
logian, — ft. at Compiegne, 1350 — Chancellor 
of Univ. of Paris, 1389 — Bpof Puy, 1395 — Bp 
of Cambray, 1 396 — Cardinal, 141 1 — tf. at Avig- 
non, 8 Aug. 141 9, a 1425. b Imago Mundi, 
141 o. a Ersch and Gruber. b Tennemann. 

Ailred, St, (Paired, Ethelredus, Aluredus,) 
Abbot of Eevesby (Rivaulx) — ft. 11 09 a — tf. 
12 Jan. n66. b a U. K. S. Biog. Diet. b Pits. 

Aimeriek, Mateo, classical scholar, — ft. at 
Bordil, 17 15 — tf. at Ferrara, 1799. 

Aimoin, (Haimo,) Abbot op Fleury, his- 
torian, — enters Benedictine order, 970 — tf. 
1008. 

Aimon, (Raymond, Haijmo,) Bp of Hal- 
berstadt, theologian and historian, — Bp, 841 
— assists at Synod of Mayence against Gotts- 
chalk, 848— tf. 26 Mar. 853. 

Ainaly-Cavak, Treaty o/,— by which the 
Ottoman Porte abandons the Crimea and 
Kuban to Eussia, signed, (26 Dec. 1783, 0. s.) 8 
Jan. 1784. 

Ainsworth, Henry, Hebraist and theologian, 
— takes refuge in Holland, 1593 — withdraws 
from Johnson's church at Amsterdam, 16 Nov. 
1610 — tf. 1622-3/ I ^39- b Annotations on the 
Five Books of Moses, 1627. 

a U. K. S. Biog. Diet. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Ainsworth, Robert, grammarian, %c, — ft. 
at Eccles, 1660 — tf. at London, 4 Apr. 1743. 
Thesaurus Una. Latins Compendiarius, 17 14- 
36. 

Ain-Tab, (Antiocheia ad Taurum ?) — • 
taken by the Greeks, (241, a. h.) 855-6 a — by 
Nicephorus, (351, a. h.) 962 s — by Timur 
Beg, 1400 — Turks defeated by natives at, 
1780. a Ersch and Gruber. 

Aire, in France, — with its magazines, cap- 
tured by Sir Eowland Hill, 2 Mar. 18 14. 

Air-gun, — said to have been invented by 
Marin of Lisieux, 1602. 

Airolo, in Italy, — Suwarrow defeats Gudin 
near, 23 Sep. 1799. 

Air-pump, invented by Otto von Guericke, 
1654 — improved by Boyle, 1657. [Grave- 
sande, Hawksbee, Smeaton, &c] 

Alton, Wm, botanist, — ft. near Hamilton, 
1731 — forms the Eoyal Botanical Garden at 



26 



AITZEMA— AKBER. 



Kew, 1759 — tJ. at Kew, 1793. Hortus 
K w nsis, 1789. 

Aitzeina, Leon van, — historian, &;c, — b. at 
Doccum, 19 ><"ov. 1600 — tr. at the Hague, 23 
Feb. 1669. Historie oft Yerhaal van Saciken 
ran Stent m Oorlogh, 1*621-69; 1657-71. 
Aiz, in Provence, {Aqua Sextice Salluvio- 
r B C] — colony established by C. Sextius 
Cal vinus, 122 — Marias defeats Cimbrians and 
Teutons near, 102 — neAV colony, {Julia Aquen- 
sis,) established by Julius Csesar, after 50— 
olony, {Julia Augusta,) by Augustus, 
1 5 — [A D J — neighbourhood ravaged 
by Visigoths, 430 — taken and dismantled 
by the Saracens, 729 — walls rebuilt, 796 — 
ice of the Counts of Provence, 1100- 
148 1 — declares itself a republic, about 12 15 
■ — municipal constitution accorded to it by 
Charles II. of Provence, 1290 — its privi- 
leges continued by Joanna of Naples, 1365 
— occupied by the emperor Charles V., 1536. 
wnt of, established by edict of Louis 
XII., Jul. 1501 and 26 Jim. 1502 — sup- 
pressed by Louis XY., 22 Feb. 177 1. TJni- 
1 of, founded by Louis II. of Provence 
and Pope Alexander V., 1409. 

Aix, Isle d', — seized by the English, but 
abandoned, 1757. 

Aix-la-Ghapelle, (Aquisgranum, Aachen,) 
—founded by Severus Granius, about 125 — 
residence of Thierri, son of Clovis, king of 
Mctz, about 514 — of Charlemagne, about 768 
• — cathedral commenced by him, 773 — ravaged 
by Normans, 851 and 882— taken by Dumou- 
riez, 2 Dec. 1792 — Coburg defeats the French 
near, 15 Jan. 1793— taken by the French, 23 
Sep. 1794 — occupied by the allies, Feb. 1814. 
Congresses of ; — respecting succession of Maria 
- '. &c, Mar. to Oct. 1748 — respecting 
affairs of Europe, after Restoration of Bour- 
bons, 14 Feb. to 20 Nov. 18 1 8. Convention 
of respecting the Evacuation of France by the 
. signed by Plenipotentiaries, 9 Oct. 18 18 
— ratified by France, 13 Oct. 18 18— protocol 
and declaration finally signed, 15 Nov. 18 18. 
Council of on the Procession of the Holy 
Spirit, Nov. 809. Peace of between Louis 
X! V. and Carlos II. respecting Spanish Ne- 
therlands, 2 May 1668. Treaty of, between 
1 II., Loins XV., Maria Theresa, Fer- 
dinand VI., Charles Emmanuel III., and the 
ioa and the United Provinces, 
fcing affairs of Europe, signed by Eng- 
1 United Provinces, 18 Oct. — 
iiii, 20 Oct. — by Austria, 23 Oct.— by 
. — by Genoa, 28 Oct. — by 
in, 7 Nov. — ratifications exchanged, 
1748. 
Aiznaden, (Ajnadin,) — Khaled defeats \Ter- 
d;in in plains of , (:;o Guimadhi I. 12, a. h.) 
12 Au-. 1 13 Jul. 1 -- 633. 

1 Clinton. b Oeklcy, Gibbon. 

Ajmir, in Hindfutan t — first mentioned, 

about 40V'— Manik Bai (the 8th prince) 

r . - .- Visal conquers Delhi, ic>5o a 

1: Pbttwi Raja vanquished, and 

ni overthrown, by Shahab-u-din Ghori, 

II91-3— Xutb-u-din besieged in, by llajas of 



Guzerat and Nagor, about 1200 — recovered 
by the Rajputs, about 1350* — acquired by 
Akber, 1558-9 a — occupied by Ajit Sing, and 
Rajput army, 1721 — independent, after 1748 
■ — oppressed by Mahaji Sindiah, about 1780 — 
annexed to British empire, 18 17 — ceded to 
Dowlut Rao Sindiah, 1818. s ElpMnstone. 

Akakia, (Sans Malice?) Martin, physician, 
— b. at Chalons-sur-Marne, before 150c — 
M. D., 1524 — Lecteur Itoyal to College of 
France, 1530— deputy from Univ. of Paris to 
Council of Trent, 1545 — tf. 155 1. De C. 
Galeni curancU rations, 1538 — C. Galeni _P. ars 
meclica, quce et ars parva, 1543. 

Akakia, Martin, (the younger,) surgeon,— 
b. at Chalons-sur-Marne, about 1539 — ^- ^., 
1572 — Regius Prof. Surgery at Royal Coll. of 
Paris, 1574— ft. 1588, 

Akbeh ben Nan, Emir of Africa, — ap- 
pointed by Caliph Moawiyah to succeed Ben 
Hadij ; overruns all Africa, and founds Kair- 
wan, (50, a. h.) 670 — killed in an insurrec- 
tion of the Moors, 682, 

Akber, Jellaladin Mohammed, Mogul 
Emperor, — b. at Amercote, 14 Oct. 1542 a — 
succeeds his father Huniayun under the Re- 
gency of Behram Khan, (963, a. h.) Jan. 
1556,* 14-5 Feb. 1556,* 1555 c— Candahar 
lost to Persia, and Cabul to Mirza Soliman of 
Badakhshan, about 1556 — Delhi and Agra re- 
covered, 1556-7 a — Secander Sur defeated, re- 
tires to Bengal, about 1557 a — Ajmir acquired, 
1558-9 a — and Gwalior, 1559 s — territory ex- 
tended to Lucknow and Juanpur, 1559 s1 — 
takes government into his own hands, (28 
Guimadhi II. 967, a. h.) Mar. 1560 ab — 
Behram submits and is pardoned, (Moharram 
968, a. h.) Sep. 1560* — rebellion of Shir 
Shah II. suppressed by Khan Zeman, 1560 — 
Baz Bahadur revolts in Malwa; expelled by 
Adam Khan, who rebels and is reduced, 
(Shaban 968, a. h.) May 1561a — Baz Baha- 
dur subdued, (969, a. h.) 1561a — Akber drives 
Abdullah Khan out of Malwa, (970, a. h.) 
1562 — revolt of the Uzbek officers, Khan 
Zeman, and Asof Khan, 1563-4 — Prince 
Hakim invades the Punjab, and is driven out, 
Nov. 1566 s1 — revolt of tne Mirzas suppressed, 
1566 — Chitor taken, (Shaban 975, a. h.) Mar. 
1568 s — Usbek revolt suppressed, about 1570-1 
— conquest of Guzerat, (Guimadhi I. 980 to 2 
Saphar 981, a. h.) Sep. 1572-4, Jun. 1573 s — ' 
Bengal invaded, and, with Behar, re-annexed, 
I 575 - 6— mutiny in Bengal and Behar, 1577- 
80 — revolt of the Afghans, 1578-92 — Akber 
proclaims his renunciation of Islam, 1579 — 
Mirza Hakim revolts, and is reduced, (Mo- 
harram 989, a. h.) Feb. 158 1 — insurrection in 
Guzerat, 158 1 — Mirza Khan drives Mozaffer 
out of continental Guzerat, (Moharram 992, 
a. h.) Jan. 1584 — Akber begins to take part 
in the contests in the Deckan, 1586 — conquers 
Casbmir, 1587 — and Sind, 159 1-2 — Bengal 
completely subjugated, about 1592 b — conquest 
of Guzerat completed, 1593 — Candahar re- 
covered, 1594 — expeditions against Ahmedna- 
gar, and tbe Deckan, commenced, about Nov. 
I 595 — the Deckan made tributary, 1599 — 



AKENSIDE— ALAN1. 



27 



Ahmednagar taken, about Jul. 1600 — revolt of 
Akber's eldest son, Selim, [Jehangir,] (Ska- 
ban 1009, a. h.) about Nov. 1600 — Candesh 
annext, (late in 1009, A. h.) spring i6oi a — 
quarrels and revolts continue in Akber's 
family, 1603-4 — tf. at Agra, (1014, A. h.) 13 
Oct. 1605.* 
a Elphinstone. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Mill. 

Akenside, Mark, poet, physician, — h. at 
Newcasiie-on-Tyne, 9 Nov. 17 21 — M. D. of 
Leyden, 174.4 — practises in London, 1748 — U, 
at London, 23 Jim. 1770. Pleasures of Ima- 
gination, 1744 — Oratio Harveiana, 1760. 

Akerblad, John David, philologist, — b. in 
Sweden, 1760 — tf. at Eome, 8 Feb. 1819. 

Akerniann, Treaty of, — between Russia and 
Turkey, placing Moldavia, Valachia, and 
Servia, under protection of Russia, (4 Sep.) 26 
Oct. 1826. 

Akhalzik, (AMska,) in Georgia, — Paskie- 
wicz defeats the Turks at, 24 Aug. 1828. 

Akhshidites, Dynasty of, in Egypt, — Abu 
Bekr Mohammed ibn Tughg, declares himself 
independent, 936^ (323, a. h.) 934-5 b — con- 
firmed by Caliph Radhi, 936 b — defeats the 
Emir al Omra, at El Arych, 939-40 b — suc- 
ceeded by his son, Abu 'l Kasem, Mohammed, 
(Abu Hur,) under regency of Kafiir, 948, a 
(Dhu '1 hajjah 334, a. h.) 946 b — Kafdr de- 
feats Seif-ed-doulah, at Ramla, autumn 946 b 
, — defeats the Nubians at Assouan, 956 b — his 
brother, Abu 'l Hassan, Ali, succeeds, 962,=! 
(Dhu '1 Kadah 349, a. h.) Jan. 961b — 
Kafur (el Akhshicli) succeeds, 967^ (Mohar- 
ram 355, a. h.) Jan. 966b — Ahmed, Abu '1 
Fowaris, (son of Ali,) succeeds, 969^ (Gui- 
madhi I., 357, a. h.) Apr. 968 b — dynasty 
overthrown by the Fatimite general, Goher, 
970,* (362, a. h.) 972^ ( 9 _20 Schoual 358, 
a. h.) 20 Aug. to 6 Sep. 969.C 

a Wilkinson. b Marcel. c Art de 

Verifier les Dates. 

Aldbah ben Joseph, Rabbi, — declares for 
Barchochebas, 132 — taken by Roman soldiers 
and burnt alive, about 135. 

Akimov, Ivan Akimovich, painter, — b. 
1754 — tf. at St Petersburg, 15 May 18 14. 

Akova, in Korea, — taken by the Turks, 
I39i. a a Finlay. 

Alabama, United States, — separated from 
Mississippi Territory, and erected into a 
territorial government, by Act of Congress, 3 
Mar. 18 17 — Act for formation of constitution 
and admission to Union, 2 Mar. 1 8 1 9 — Con- 
vention for forming constitution meets at 
Huntsville, 5 Jul. 1 8 1 9 — Constitution adopted, 
2 Aug. 1 8 19 — formally admitted to Union, 14 
Dec. 18 19 — secedes, 11 Jan. 1861 — one of 
the Confederate States, 4 Feb. 1861 — [Con- 
federate States] — readmitted to representation 
in Congress, by bill passed, 11 Jun. 1868. 

Alabama, Confederate corvette, — built at 
Liverpool, sails before 29 Jul. 1862 — govern- 
ment orders to prevent her sailing, sent, 29 
Jul. — 18 Federal vessels fitted out for capture 
of, close of 1862— sunk by the Kearsage, off 
Cherbourg, 19 Jun. 1864. 

Alabama Claims, — diplomatic discussion of, 



between United States and Great Britain, 
begins, summer 1865— convention for settle- 
ment of, signed at London, 10 Nov. 1868 — • 
rejected by U. S. Senate, before 30 Nov. — ■ 
second convention, signed, 14 Jan. 1869— re- 
jected by Senate, 13 Apr. 1869. 

Alabaster, William, Hebraist, §c, — n. at 
Hadleigh, about 1567 — 5?. beginning of Apr. 
1640. Eoxana, acted at Cambridge, about 
1630, published 1632 a — Lexicon Tentaglottum, 
1637. a Hallam.' 

Alacoque, Marguerite, (3Iarie,) enthusiast, 
— -b. at Lauthecour, 22 Jul. 1647 — takes the 
veil at Convent of the Yisitation, Paray-le- 
Monial, 6 Nov. 1672 — ft. 17 Oct. 1690. 

Akesa Arehonidea, (Halesa,) in Sicily, 
[B Cj— founded by Carthaginians, (01. 93, 4,) 
405-4 — or by Herbitans, under Archonides, 
(01. 94, 2,) 403-2 a — submits to Rome, re- 
taining its original government, 263 — legis- 
lation of C. Claudius Pulcher, 95 b — become 
an ordinary municipal town, by 30. 

a Smith's Diet. b Fischer. 

Alalia, (Aleria,) in Corsica, [BC]— founded 
by Phocseans, 564,* 561b — Phocceans retire to, 
on destruction of Phocsea, 544, a 541 b — aban- 
doned by them, about 539,° 536 b — taken by 
L. Scipio, 259 — receives a Roman colony, 
under Sulla, 80. 

a Clinton. b Heeren. c Smith's Diet. 

Alamanni. [Alenianni.] 

Alamanni, (Alenianni,) Luigi, poet, — ft. at 
Florence, 18 Apr., a 28 Oct. b 1495 — conspires 
against Cardinal Giulio de' Medici, and flies to 
Venice, beginning of 1522 — returns to Florence 
after the expulsion of the Medici, after 17 
May 1527 — accompanies Andrea Doria, to 
fetch Charles V. to Italy, Aug. 1529 — exiled 
at the restoration of the Medici, retires to 
France, Sep. 1530 — ambassador from Francis 
I. to Charles V., end of 1544— tr. at Amboise, 
28 Oct., a 18 Apr.b 1556. Enchiridion Gram- 
tnatices, 15 16 — Opere Toscane, 1532-3 — La 
Coltivazione, 1546 — Gironeil Cortese, 1548 — La 
Avar chide, 1570. a Biog. Univ. b Zedler. 

Aland, Archipelago of, in the Baltic, — 
annexed to the government of Finland, 1634 
— Peter the Great defeats the Swedish fleet 
near, 27 Jul. 17 14 — negotiations between 
Russia and Sweden carried on at, May 17 18 — 
taken by Buxhowden, Apr. 1808 — recovered, 
May. 1808 — retaken by Barclay de Tolly, 
Mar. 1809— ceded to Russia by treaty of 
Fredericsham, 17 Sep. 1809. 

Aland, Sir John Fortescue, jurisconsult, — 
b. at London, 7 Mar. 1670 — called to the bar, 
1690 — Solicitor-General, 16 Dec. 1715 — 
Baron of the Exchequer, 24 Jan. 17 17 — 
Justice of King's Bench, 15 May 17 18 — 
Justice of Common Pleas, 6 Dec. 1728 — re- 
signs, 1746 — 3j. 19 Dec. 1746. 

Alani, (Albani, Massagetce, Scythce,) [B C] — 
oc mpy Albania, near the Caspian, about 65 a — 
[AD] — ravage Parthia, Media, and Armenia, 
about 75 a — with the Bastarnpe and Roxalani, 
harass the country south of the Danube, after 
n8 a — occupy country between the Don and 
the Volga ; overrun Armenia, and threaten 



ALAXUS— A'LAWY-KHAX. 



Cappadocia, 1 33-7 a — defeat Gordian III. near 
.Philippopolis, 242 b — amongst the captives led 
in triumph by Aurelian, 274°— cross the fron- 
tier to invade Persia, hut ravage Armenia, 
Pontus, Cappadocia, &c, 275 — driven beyond 
the Phasis again, by Tacitus, Mar. 276 — sub- 
jugated by the Huns, join them in attacking 
the Goths, 375, a 376 cd — join the Goths under 
ern, who defeat and kill Yalcns near 
Adrianople, 9 Aug. 378 — defeated by Theo- 
dosins, and driven out of Thrace, 17 Nov. 
37 9 c — permitted to settle in Pannonia, about 
400 c — join Padagaisus in his unsuccessful in- 
of Italy, 405° — with the Vandals and 
Suevi, enter Gaul, 31 May 406,° 31 Dec. 4o6, e 
407 h — under Ataces, with Vandals and 
Suevi, enter Spain, invited by Gerontius, 28 
• 13 Oct. 409° — settle in Lusitania and 
). (449, e. h.) 41 1 d — with Alemannians, 
Bnrgundians, and Franks, join Jovinus, in 
. 41 1 c — reduced by Wallia, king of the 
Goths, and their king Ataces slain, 4i8 ac — 
receive Lusitania and New Carthage on par- 
tition of Gunderic's kingdom, 428 s — ac- 
company Genseric [Genseric] in the invasion 
of Africa, May 429 — those near the Black 
inverted to Christianity, about 430? — 
colonies planted in Gaul by Aetins, about 4s° e 
— under Saxgibax, assist Aetius against 
Auila, 451 a — subjugated by Thorismond, 451- 
2 C — infest Caul, about 461° — serve as mer- 
cenaries in Majorian's army, 461 — defeated by 
Ricimer, and Beorgor their king slain, at 
. 4 Feb. 464c — join the confederates 
Odoacer, who ravage Italy, 476 cd — enu- 
merated amongst the subjects of Huneric, in 
Edict of 19 or 20 May 483°— those of the 
sian isthmus known to the Empire, 
under Justinian, 527-66 — in alliance with the 
dans, under Sakoes, 572-3 a — invade 
t, and are defeated by Leo Isauricus, 
713— occupy Albania {Allan) again under 
their own kings ; reduced by Basil II., 991 h — 
by Cengis-Khan, 1221 — their name 
completely destroyed by Batu-Khan, 1237. 
: > Smith's Lift. b English Cyc. c Clinton. 

d Zumpt, e Gibbon. f Menzel. S Murdock. 
h Finlay. 
Alanus, Flandrensis, (Alain de Sgssel,) 
Bpof AuxERBE, — 6. in Flanders, after 1100 — 
- ander St Bernard, 1128 — Abbot of La 
Eivonr, 1140 — Bp, 1151-2 — retires to Clair- 
vaux, 1167a — ft. n8i-2, a after 1185. 
a Rose's Biog. Diet. 
Alanus de [ab) Insulis, (Alain de Vlsle, 
Altissiodorensis, Magnus, The Universal 
.) scholastic philosopher, — ft. at Lille? 
iii4 :i Canon of Benevento, about 1145 — 
Sicily, u69 h — enters convent at Can- 
■. 1174 — attends the Illrd Lateran 
'. 1179 Prior of Canterbury, 1 1 79 b — 
Al»lx)t of Tewkesbury, u86 b — retires to 
I ax, about 1195 — ij. i202, a 1201,'' 1203.° 
, Gen. b Hose's Biog. Diet. 
r I'i nncmann. 

Alarcon, in Spam,— Yacub ben Ynssef 

. -tile, near, autumn 
"95- 



Alarcon, Antonio Suarez de, historian, — ft. 
about 1636— tf. about 1663. Comentarios de 
los heehos del Seizor Alarcon, 1665. 

Alarcon y Mendoza, Juan Ruiz de, dra- 
matic writer, — ft. in Tasco, Mexico, before 
izzz — in Europe, 1622. Comedias, 1628, 

i 6 34- 

Alard, Francois, theologian, — ft. at Brus- 
sels, after 150c/? — goes to Antwerp, 1567 — jf, 
at Yvilster, Eolstein, 10 Jul. 1578. 

Alaric, Kixg of Visigoths, — elected, 382,* 
398 b — aids Theodosius against Eugenius, 394 
— invades Greece, 395 a — takes Athens, 396 a — 
attacked by Stilicho, escapes into Epirus, 
396, a 397 b — appointed Prefect of E. Illyricum 
by Arcadius, 398 b — invades Italy, 400 a — at- 
tacked by Stilicho, late in 402 — defeated by 
Stilicho, (Easter, c ) 29 Mar. 403 a — driven out 
of Italy, summer 403 s — made Prefect of W. 
Illyricum by Eonorius, 404 — invades Italy 
again, besieges Pome, Aug. to Dec. 4o8, a Oct. 
408 to Mar. 409 d — besieges Pome again, and 
nominates Attains emperor, 409 — restores the 
empire to Honorius, 410 b — sacks Pome, 24 or 
26 Aug. 4io a — evacuates the city, 29 or 31 
Aug. 41 o a — if. at Consentia, late in 410. 

a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. c Tillemont. 
d Gibbon. 

Alaric II., Kixg oe Visigoths,— succeeds 
his father Euric, 484-5 — defeated and killed 
by Clovis at Yoglade, near Poitiers, 507. 

Alaricianurn, Breviarium, — abridgment of 
the Theodosian Code, published by Alaric II., 
506. 

Alasco, (a lasco.) John, theologian, — ft. in 
Poland, 1499 a — abjures Catholicism, after 
1525 — preaches at Embden, 1540 — invited to 
England, 1548 — leaves England on accession 
of Mary, 1553 — returns to Poland, 1556 — ft, 
13 Jan. i56o. b Defensio vcrce doctr, de Christi 
Incamat., 1545 — Forma lot. Eccles. ministerii 
Eduardi VI. in peregrin, ecclcsia, 1550 — 
Catechismus, 155 1 — Confessio, 1552. 

a U. K. S. Biog. Diet. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Alaska. [Russian America.] 

Alatheus, (Odothceus,) — guardian of Yi- 
theric, (\Vunther,) king of the Ostrogoths, 
376 — with Fritigern defeats and kills Yalens 
near Adrianople, 9 Aug. 378 — defeated and 
slain by Theodosius near the Danube, au- 
tumn 386. 

Alava, in Spain, — Code of laws and privi- 
leges of, (fueros,) formed by order of Henry 
IX. of Castile, and approved by assembly at 
Pivabellosa, 1467. 

Alava, Miguel Ricardo de, General, — ft. at 
Yittoria, 177 1 — joins the Afrancesados, 1807 — 
joins the army of Independence, about 181 1 — 
ambassador to the Netherlands, 1 815- 19 — 
President of Cortez, May 1822 — ambassador to 
London, 1834— to Paris, 1835 — retires to 
France, Aug. 1837 — tf. at Bareges, 1843. 

A'lawy-Khan, Mirza Mohammed Hashem, 
(Nabob Moatemid el Malouk Segd,) physician, 
— ft. at Shiraz, (Ramadhan 1080, a. h.) Jan. 
i669 a — enters service of Aurangzib, (1110, 
a. h.) 1699-1700 — in the service of Nadir 
Shah, 1739 — sets out on pilgrimage to Mecca, 



ALBA— ALBANY. 



2 9 



(16 Gumiadhi II. 1154, a. h.) 19 Aug. 1741— 
tf. at Delhi, (29 Eedgeb 1162, a. h.) 16 Jul. 
1749. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Alba, Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, Duke 
of — b. 1508— serves at the capture of Font- 
arabia, 1524. — at the battle of Pavia, 24 Feb. 
1525 — under Charles V. in Hungary, Sep. 
Oct. 1532 — at siege of Tunis, 1535 — at siege 
of Marseilles, autumn 1536 — on expedition 
against Algiers, 1541 — besieged in Perpignan 
by the Dauphin, Aug. Sep. 1542 — distin- 
guishes himself at battle of Miihlberg, 24 Apr. 
1547 — commands for Charles Y. at siege of Metz, 
19 Oct. to 26 Dec. 1552 — commands in Italy 
against Paul IY. and the French, 1558-9 — 
governor of the Netherlands, 22 Aug. 1567 to 
18 Dec. 1573 — banished to castle of Uzeda, 
1573 — overruns Portugal, Jun. 1580 — tr. 12 
Jan. (1582, o. s.) 1583. 

Alba Fucensis, [BC] — a colony from Home, 
(451, a. u. c.) 303 a — sends assistance to 
Borne, 211 — with eleven other colonies refuses 
service to Borne, (545, a. it. c.) 209 — punished 
in consequence, (548, a. it. c.) 204. a Fischer. 

Alba Longa, {mythic,) [BC] — built about 
1151 s — destroyed, before 640. a Zumpt. 

Alba de Tormes, in Spain, — Kellermann de- 
feats the Duke del Parque at, 25 Nov. 1 809 — 
castle of, held by Mamiont, 18-30 Jim. 1812 — 
abandoned by Spaniards, and occupied by 
French, 22 Jul. 18 12 — Hamilton repulses 
Soult at, 10 Nov. 1 81 2. 

Albani, Alessandro, Cardinal, virtuoso, — 
b. at Urbino, 15 Oct. 1692 — Cardinal, 17 21 — 
tS. n Dec. 1779. 

Albani, {Albano,) Francesco, painter, — b. 
at Bologna, 17 Mar. 1578 — tr. 4 Oct. 1660. 

Albani, Giovanni Francesco, Cardinal, — b. 
at Urbino, 26 Feb. 1720a — Cardinal, 1747 — ■ 
his villa pillaged by the French, 1798 — jr at 
Eome, Sep. 1809,* a tj. K. S. Biog. Diet. 

Albani, Giuseppe, Cardinal, — b. at Eome, 
13 Sep. 1750 s - — joins the Austrian party 
against France, 1793 — goes to Yienna, 1796 — 
Cardinal, 23 Feb. i8oi a — returns to Eome, 
1 8 14 — Secretary of State to Pius YIIL, 1829 
— Xf, at Pesaro, 3 Dec. 1834. 

a Conversations-Lexicon. 

Albania, {Alania, Aghovankh, Schirvan, 
Daghestan, S$c.,) in Asia, Albani, [BCj — 
embassy from the king to Alexander the Great 
at Babylon? 324-3 a — Orodes {Orceses) forms 
alliance with Tigranes, defeated by Pompey, 
and the country overrun, 65 — his son and suc- 
cessor, Zoberes, defeated by Canidius Crassus, 
36 b — [AD] — under the protection of Eome, 
about 23 — assists in expelling Artabanus III. 
(Arsaces XIX.) from Armenia, 36 c — Pharas- 
manes ravages Armenia, Media, and Cappa- 
docia, and makes himself king of Edessa, 
after 117 s — visits Eome, at the summons of 
Antoninus Pius, after i38 a — joins Sapor II. of 
Persia in invasion of Mesopotamia, 359 d — Bo- 
manus defeats Persians under Bahrain there, 
589 s — Heraciius winters there, 623~4 e — sub- 
jugated finally by Justinian II., before 711.* 
[Alani, Iberia.] a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

b Fischer. c Zumpt. d Gibbon. e Clinton. 



Albania, {Skiperi,) in Europe, Albanians, 
{Skipetars, Arnauts,) — Albanopolis and Al- 
banians mentioned by Ptolemy, about 150— 
found in army of Nicephorus Yasilakes, io79 a 
— first appear in the Morea, as mercenaries of 
Manuel Cantacuzenus, about i349 a — acquire 
possession of the northern part of Epirus, 
after 1 350 a — immigrate into the Morea in 
great numbers, under direction of the em- 
perors, before 1400 to 1450 — spread over 
Epirus, Acarnania, and parts of Macedonia 
and Thessaly, as tributaries of the Ottoman 
emperors, after 1400 — Murad II. takes pos- 
session of the country at the death of Joannes 
Castriota, 1432 — Scanderbeg throws off the 
Ottoman yoke, and successfully resists Murad 
II. and Mohammed II., 1443-67 — colonies 
planted in the islands of the Archipelago, 
about 1450 — insurrections of, in the Morea, 
against Mohammed II., suppressed, 1454-9 a — 
Joannes Castriota II. succeeds his father; 
under the protection of Yenice, Feb. 1467 — 
expelled by Mohammed, migrates to Calabria ; 
the country subjugated, 1477-8 — Moham- 
medism prevails in, about 1650 — Ali Pacha of 
Joannina appointed Roumily -Valicy, 1803 — 
overrun by the Ottomans under Ismael Pacho 
Bey, 1820 — revolt of, suppressed by Eedschid 
Pacha, 1 8 30- 1 — insiu'rection commenced, Jan. 
1854. [Bulgaria, DyrracMum, Epirus, II- 
lyricum, Montenegro.] a Finlay. 

Albanian Translation of the New Testament, 
— made by Dr Evangelos Mexicos, 1820 — 
published by Ionian Bible Society, 1827. 

Alban Lake, in Italy, [B C] — {mythic,) — 
prodigy at, during siege of Yeii, and embassy 
to Delphi respecting it, (356, a. tj. c.) 398 — 
drained by a tunnel, about 397-87. 

Alban Mount, {Monte Cavo,) in Italy, [B C] 
— triumph of C. Papirius Maso there, for 
victories in Corsica, (3 Non. Mart. 523, a. it. c.) 
5 Mar. 23i, a 21 Apr. 23o b — of M. Claudius 
Marcellus, for the taking of Syracuse, (543, 
a. v. c.) autumn 211 — of Q. Minucius Eufus, 
for victories in Liguria, (557, a. y. c.) 197 — 
of C. Cicereius, for a victory in Corsica, (Kal. 
Oct. 582, a. u. c.) 1 Oct/ (29 May b ) 172— 
temple to Juno Moneta there, dedicated by C. 
Cicereius, 168 °— [AD] — ruins of temple of 
Jupiter Latialis removed, 1783.° a Fischer. 
b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Smith's Diet. 

Albans, St, ( Verulamium,) — EichardDukeof 
York defeats and takes Henry YI. near, 22 
May 1455 — Queen Margaret defeats Earl of 
Warwick near, {Shrove Tuesday,) 17 Feb. 
146 1. 

Albany, Alexander, Duke of— imprisoned 
by his brother, James III. ; escapes to France, 
148 1, 1478 a — accompanies Edward IY. in his 
invasion of Scotland, Aug. 1482, 147 9 a — 
Lieut. -general of the kingdom, 1482 b — flies to 
England ; defeated at Lochmaben, with Earl of 
Douglas, 1483 — killed in a tournament, in 
France, by Duke of Orleans, 1483. a Scott. 
b Pict. Hist. Eng. 

Albany, John Stuart, Duke of— summoned 
front France, as regent during the minority of 
James Y, 15 15 — goes to France, 15 16— re- 



3° 



ALBANY— ALBERONI. 



turns to Scotland, and assumes the govern- 
ment-, 3 Dec. 15 2 1— attempts to invade Eng- 
land, Sep. 1522^ 24 Sep. to Nov. 1523 — 
returns to France, Oct. 1522— comes to Scot- 
land again ; vainly attempts to besiege Wark ; 
retires finally to 'France, spring 1523 b — ac- 
companies Francis I. to Italy, and returns 
alter battle of Pavia, spring 1525 — tf. 1536. 
a Scott. b Pict. Hist. Eng. 

Albany, Louise Maximilienne, {Marie 
Caroline, lleloise,) de Stolberg, Countess of , — 
b. at Mons, 27 Sep. 1753 — married to Charles 
James Edward Stuart, {the Young Pretender}) 
1772 — retires to a convent, 1780 — goes to 
Florence at his death ; secretly married to Al- 
fieri, 1788— Alfieri dies, 1803— tf. at Florence, 
29 Jan. 1824. 

Albany, in New York, TT. S. — Fort Orange 
built by the Dutch, 161 2-14 — town (Beaver 
Wyelc, Williamstadt) founded, 1623 — taken 
by English, and called Albany, 1664 — Con- 
vention from the Seven Colonies, respecting 
French encroachments, assembles at, Jun. 
1754 — made the seat of government for New 
York, 1797. 

Albany, Robert, (Earl of Fife,) DuJce of, — 
b. about 1340" — Eegent of Scotland, under 
Robert II., 1385 s — challenges Henry IV., on 
his invasion of Scotland, Aug. 1400 — con- 
trives death of David, Duke of Rothsay, i4oi, b 
1405 a — right to the Regency admitted, at 
death of Robert III., 1406 — negotiates truce 
with Henry IV., 1412 — conducts "the Foul 
Raid" against England, 1417— tf. 1419. 
a Pict. Hist. Eng. b Scott. 

Albategnius, (Albatenius,) Mohammed Ton 
Djafar lbn Senan Abu Abdullah, Al Bateni, 
astronomer, — b. at Baton, about 850 — begins his 
observations at Rakkah, about (264, a. h.) 
877-8 — continues them till 918 — tf. (317, 
a. 11.) 929. 

Albemarle, Arnold Joost van Eeppel, Fori 
of, — b. in Gueldres, 1669 — comes to England 
with William III., 1688— created Earl of Al- 
io, 10 Feb. 1696 a — bums French maga- 
zines at Arras, 1705 — defeated and taken 
prisoner at Denain, 24 Jul. 17 12 — tr. 17 18. 
a Pict. Hist. Eng. 

Albemarle, George Monk, DuJce of, — ft. at 
Petheridge, 6 Dec. 1608 — enters the army, 
and serves in Spain, 1626 — in the expeditions 
against Rhe and Oleron, Jun. 1627 ■ — in 
I Landers, 1628 — as Lieut.-colonel, under Lord 
Newport, against the Scots, May 1640 — 
t the rebels in Ireland, 1641 to Jul. 
1643 — arrested on suspicion of being a Par- 
tttarian; released and made a General- 
major, 1643— taken prisoner by Fairfax at 
Nantwich, and sent to the Tower, 15 Jan. 1644 
— released, and serves in Ireland; relieves 
Londonderry, Sep. 1647 — under Cromwell in 
f and, Jun. 1650— at Dunbar, 3 Sep. 1650 
the surrender of Edinburgh 
. 19 Dec. 1650 — Iieut.-general of Ord- 
nance, \\)\\ 1651 — loft in command in Scot- 
land, . 1 . 1 •.-. ■- rms Dun- 
. 1651 commands under Blake, 
: Van Tromp, in victory oil' Poi 



18-21 Feb. 1653 — Admiral-in-chief, defeats 
and kills Van Tromp, off the coast of Holland, 
29 Jul. 1653 — returns to his command in 
Scotland, May 1654 — suppresses Glencairn's 
Rebellion in the Highlands, summer 1654 — ■ 
takes possession of Berwick, before 29 Oct. 
1659 — marches towards England, Nov. 1659. 

1660 — Advances to York, beginning of Jan. 
— reaches London, 4 Feb. — dismantles gates of 
London, 9 Feb. — takes part with the city 
against the Parliament, 1 1 Feb. — restores the 
secluded members, 20 Feb. — appointed Lord 
General of all the forces, 21 Feb. — and 
General at sea, with Montague, 2 Mar. — be- 
gins to negotiate with Charles at Brussels, 
Apr. — communicates the king's letters to Par- 
liament, 1 May — receives Charles II. at Dover; 
made K. G., 25 May — Captain-general, and 
Master of the Horse, 1 Jun. — Duke of Al- 
bemarle, &c, 7 Jul. 

Commands the fleet against the Dutch, Apr. 
1666 — defeats De Ruyter and Tromp, 1 and 2 
Jun. 1666— a commissioner of the Treasury, 1 
Jun. 1667 — tf. 3 Jan. 1670. 

Alberelli, Giacorno, painter, — tf. about 
1650. 

Albergati-Capacelli, Francesco, Marquis 
of, dramatic writer, — b. at Bologna, 29 Apr. 
1728 — self-exiled from Italy, 1785-98 — tf. 
16 Mar. 1804. II Frigionere crowned, 1774 — 

11 Fregiudizio del f also onore, 1784 — Col- 
lected Comedies, published, 1784. 

Albergati, Piccolo, St, Cardinal, — b. at 
Bologna, 1375 — Cardinal, 1426 — presides, with 
Card. Cesarini, at 17th session of Council of 
Basel, 26 Apr. 1434 — transfers the Council to 
Ferrara, by Bull of Eugenius IV., at 26th 
session, 26 Jul. 1437 — tf. at Siena, 9 May 
1443— canonized by Benedict XIV., 1745. 

Alberic, (Albert,) of Aix, historian of first 
Crusade, — b. about 1060 — tf. at Aix, about 
H20. a a Biog. Univ. 

Alberic, Marquis of Camerino, — revolts 
against Hugh, king of Italy; imprisons his 
mother, Marozia, and becomes Governor of 
Home, 932 — makes peace with Hugh, but does 
not allow him to enter Rome, 936—0". 954. 

Alberic, of Monte Cassino, theologian, — 
Cardinal, about 1050 — opposes Berengarius of 
Tours, 1059 — tf. after 1083. 

Alberic des Trois Fontaines, chronicler, — 
{J. about 1 24 1. 

Alberoni, Giulio, Cardinal, statesman, — 
b. at Fiorenzuola (?) near Placentia, 31 May 
1664a — accompanies the Duke of Vendome 
to Paris, 1706 — into Spain, 171 1 — consular 
agent for Duke of Parma, in Spain, 17 13 — 
Prime Minister of Philip V., 17 15 — Cardinal, 

12 Jul. 17 17 — schemes thwarted by the Quad- 
ruple Alliance, Jul. 17 18 — dismissed from 
his office, and banished from Spain, 5 Dec. 
17 19 — at Rome, 13 Mar. 172 1 — candidate for 
the pontificate, at death of Innocent XIII., 
Alar. 1724 — legate to Romagna from Clement 
XII., 1734 — takes possession of San Marino, 
for the Holy See, Oct. 1739 — transferred to 
Bologna by Benedict XIV., late in 1740 — re- 
tires to Placentia, 1743— tf. at Rome, 16 a or 



ALBERT. 



3i 



26 b Jun. 1752. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

b Ersch and Gruber. 
Albert (Albrecht) I., Duke of Austria, 
Emperor op the Romans and King of 
Germany, — b. 1248 — marries Elizabeth, 
daughter of Meinhard, Duke of Carinthia, 
1276a — iuvested at Diet of Augsburg with 
duchy of Austria, &c, 27 Dec. 1282b — ac- 
quires full possession of his duchy, 1286 b — 
invades Hungary, 1289— suppresses revolt at 
Vienna, on the death of Emp. Rudolph, 1291 b 
— contests the election for the empire with 
Adolphus of Nassau, 1292— loses an eye, by 
poison, at Vienna, beginning of Nov. i295 b — 
elected emperor in the place of Adolphus, de- 
throned by Diet of Mentz, 23 Jun. 1298 — 
defeats and kills Adolphus at Golheim, 2 Jul. 
1298 — crowned, 24 Aug. 1298 — attempts to 
acquire Holland, on death of first Count, John 
I., after Nov. 1299 a— ravages tne Palatinate, 
i3oi a — makes his son, Rudolph, king of Bo- 
hemia, 1 Apr. 1306 a — who dies, 4 Jul. 1307 b 
■ — assassinated by his nephew, John of Austria, 
1 May 1308. 

a Coxe. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Albert II., (the Wise, the Lame,) Duke 
of Austria, — b. 1298 — with Otto, {the 
Joyous, the Hardy,) his brother, succeeds his 
father Frederick, 13 Jan. 1330— obtains Car- 
inthia, at death of Duke Henry, 1335-6 — 
Otto dies, 16 Feb. 1339a — confirmed in his 
duchies by the emperor Charles IV., 28 May 
1348 a — makes war upon the Swiss, Sep. 1351 
■ — agrees to a peace negotiated by the Mar- 
grave of Brandenburg, autumn 1352 — renews 
hostilities, 18 Jul. 1354— concludes the peace 
of Thorberg 1 , 1358 b — if. at Vienna, 16 Aug., c 
20 Jul. a 1358. a Art de Verifier les Dates. 
b Planta. c Coxe. 

Albert V., (the Grave, the Magnanimous,) 
Duke of Austria; II., Emperor of the 
Romans and King of Germany, — b. 10 
Aug. i397, a i394 b — succeeds his father Al- 
bert IV., under guardianship of his cousins, 
William, Leopold IV., and Ernest, 4 a or 
14 Sep. 1404,° 27 Aug. 1402 13 to 3 Jun., a 
May b 141 1 — recognized as sole duke, 6 Jun. 
141 1 b — marries Elizabeth, daughter of the 
emperor Sigismund, 142 i, a 1422 b — assists 
Sigismund in the Hussite Wars, 1430- i c — 
elected king of Hungary, at death of Sigis- 
mund, 19 Dec. 1437 — crowned, 1 Jan. 1438 — 
elected emperor, 18 or 20 Mar. 1438 b — elected 
king of Bohemia, 6 May 1438 — crowned em- 
peror, 30 May 1438'° — crowned at Prague, 29 
Jun. 1438a — presides at Diet of Niirnberg, 
25 Jul. 1438 — advances against Amurath II., 
1438— tf. at Langendorff, or Niesmiel, 27 Oct. 
1439. a Biog. Univ. and Nouv. Biog. Gen. 
b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Coxe. 

Albert VI., (the Prodigal,) Archduke of 
Austria, — with his brother, Frederick III., 
succeeds his father Ernest, in Carinthia, &c, 
1424 — at war with his brother, 1440- i a — put 
under the ban of the empire, by Diet of Ratis- 
ton, 1443 b — commands in the war against the 
Swiss, i443-7 a — founds academy of Friburg, 
in commemoration of his reconciliation with 



Frederick, i45o b — knighted by the emperor at 
Rome, 19 Mar. 1452 a— created Archduke of 
Austria, by his brother, 1453° — makes war 
against the emperor again, 1457 — besieges 
Vienna, which is relieved by George Podiebrad, 
1463— ft. at Vienna, 3 Dec. 1463. a Coxe# 
b Biog. Univ. c Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Albert, Archduke of Austria, Cardinal 
and Abp of Toledo, — b. 1559 b — Viceroy of 
Portugal for Philip II., 1583 — Abp, Card., 
1594° — arrives at Brussels, as Governor of 
Netherlands, (29 Jan. o. s.) 11 Feb. 1596 — 
carries on the war against France, 1596-8 — 
Peace of Vervins, 2 May 1598 — continued as 
Governor by the Infanta, Clara Isabella Eu- 
genia; made sovereign of the Netherlands, 6 
May 1598a — renounces his ecclesiastical pro- 
fession, and marries the Infanta, 18 Apr. 1599 
— returns to the Netherlands, and recommences 
the war with the Protestants, Sep. 1599 — de- 
feated by Prince Maurice at Nieuport, 2 Jul. 
1600 — besieges Ostend, 5 Jul. 1601 to 19 Sep. 
1604a — concludes treaty with Holland for 12 
years, 9 Apr. 1609 — if. 13 Jul. 162 1A 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. 
c Dunham. d Du Fresnoy. 

Albert I., (the Bear,) Margrave and 
Elector of Brandenburg, — ft. uo6 a — Mar- 
quis of Lusatia, ii2i b — Margr. Brandenburg, 
1 1 34 — attacks and subdues the Wends, 1 136-7 
— made Duke of Saxony, by Emperor Conrad, 
and loses the title again, 11 38 — resumes it, 
Oct. 1 1 39— concludes peace with Henry (the 
Lion) of Saxony, (Pentecost,) 7 Jun. ii42 b — 
makes a crusade against the Wends, 1 148-9 — ■ 
appointed an Elector, by Conrad, at extinction 
of House of Staden, 1150 a — sets out on a cru- 
sade to Palestine, Feb. ii58-9 b — at war with 
Henry of Saxony, 1 164-8 b — relinquishes the 
government of his states to his son Otto, 
about n69 b — tf. 18 Nov. ii7o, b 28 Nov. 
Il68. a a Biog. Univ. 

b Art de Verifier les Dates ; Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Albert III., (Achilles, Ulysses, the Fox,) 
Margrave and Elector of Brandenburg, 
— b. 24 Nov. 1414 — succeeds his brother 
Frederick II., 1470 a— commands the Imperial 
armies against the Dukes of Bavaria and Bur- 
gundy, 1 47 1 — concludes treaty respecting 
Duchy of Stettin, with Duke of Pomerania, 3 
Jun. 1472 a — abdicates his government in 
favour of his son John, 25 Jun. 147 6 a — ft, 11 
Mar. i486. a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Albert of Brandenburg and Culmbaeh, 
(Alcibiades, the Warlike, the Wild,) — b. at 
Anspach, 28 Mar. 1522 a — leaves the Schmal- 
kaldic League, and joins Charles V., after Diet 
of Ratisbon, 1546 — taken prisoner by the 
Elector of Saxony at Rocitz, early in 1547 — 
liberated after battle of Muhlberg, 24 Apr. 
1547— joins Maurice, and negotiates an alliance 
with France for him, 1552— wages a partisan 
war in Germany against Charles ; takes Licht- 
enau, 19 May 1552a — routs the Duke of 
Aumale, and joins Charles, before Metz, 4 Nov. 
1552 b — condemned by the Imperial Chamber, 
early in 1553— defeated by Maurice and the 
league formed against him, at Sievershausen, 



ALBERT— ALBERTITS MAGNUS. 



q Jul. 1553— defeated again by Henry of 
Brunswick, 12 Sep. 1553— laid under the ban 
of the Empire, and defeated at Schweinfurt, 2 
Jun. i554 ;i — deprived of his states, takes 
refuge 111 France, 1554— returns to Germany 
to defend his cause ; tr. at Pforzheim, 8 Jan. 
i55S, a 12 Jan. i557- b a Biog. Univ. 

b Robertson. 

Albert of Brandenburg, G. M. of Teu- 
tonic Order, Duke of Prussia, — b. 17 May 
1490 "'—elected Grand Master, after Frederick 
of Saxony, 151 i, b 1510° — at war with Sigis- 
mund of' Poland, 28 Dec. 15 19-21 — swears 
fidelity to Empire at Diet of Niirnberg, 1524 
— does homage to Sigismund for Duchy of 
Prussia, renouncing elective Grand Mastership 
of the Order, 8 or 9 Apr. 1525 — publicly pro- 
fesses Lutheranism, 1525 — marries Anne Do- 
rothea of Denmark, 1527 — put under the ban 
of the Empire, 1532 — ft. Mar. 1568. a 

a Biog. Univ. b Art cle Verifier les Dates. 
c Rose's Biog. Diet. 

Albert, Prince, Francis Albert Augustus 
Charles Emanuel, Prince of Saxe-Coburg- 
Gotha, Prince Consort in England, — h. at 
Rosenau Castle, near Coburg, 26 Aug. 18 19 — 
visits Courts of Berlin, Vienna, and Dresden, 
travels in Hungary, 1835 — visits Courts of 
London and Paris, 1836 — studies at Brussels, 
1836 — at Univ. of Bonn, 1837 — visits Switzer- 
land and North Italy, 1837 — makes a 2nd 
tour in Italy, 1838-39- — K. G., 23 Jan. 1840 — 
marries Queen Victoria, at London, 10 Feb. 
1840 — Chancellor of Cambridge University, 
1847 — Chain tan of Council of the Great Ex- 
hibition, 1850-1 — Field-Marshal, 1857 — ft. 
at Windsor Castle, 14 Dec. 1861. 

Albert, Keinrich, I gric poet and musician, — 

6. at Lobenstein, 28 Jim. 1604 — organist at 

Iral of Konigsberg, 1631 — tf. there, 6 

Oct. i668, a i65i. b a Ersch and Gruber, 

Nouv. Biog. Gen. b U. K. S. Biog. Diet. 

Albert, Jean Baptiste, general,— b. 177 1 — 
enters the army, 1790 — aide-de-camp to Au- 
a, 1795— colonel, 1802 — in campaigns of 
Austerlitz and Jena, 1805-6— General of Bri- 
gade iu campaigns of Eylau and Wagram, 
1807-9 — Gen. of Division, at Bcresina, 1812 — 
distinguished in campaigns of 1813-14 — 
premier aide-de-camp to Duke of Orleans, 
1 8 14 — commands a division in Alsace for 
Napoleon, 1815—13. 1822. a a Biog. Univ. 

Albert of Saxony, {the Degenerate,) Duke 

OF MEISSEN AM) TlIIRINOIA, — SUCCCcds his 

father Henry, 1288 — defeated and made 
prisoner by bis sou Frederick, but soon re- 
el, 1290— sells his duchy to the Emperor 
Adolphus, 1294 — retires to Erfurt, 1306 — 
b\ 1314,8 or I3i5- b 

;i Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. 

Albert Casimir Ignatius Peter Francis, 

Di ke o] Saxe-Teschen,- b. at Moritzburg, 

i! Jul. i738« — marries archduchess Maria 

c< ivea principality of Teschen 

. Apr. 1 766 b -joint governor 

• : - v. i,ii the archdfuohess, 1781- 

to Vienna at outbreak of re- 

bellion at Brabant, Jul. 1787 «■■ — restores Im- 



d — besieges 
I7Q2 — de- 



pcrial authority there., 2 Dec. 1791 
Lille in vain, 29 Sep. to 7 Oct. e 179 
feated by Dumouriez at Jemappes, 6 Nov. 
1792 — If. at Vienna, 10 Feb. i822. a 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Art de Verifier les 

Dates. c Coxe. d U. K. S. Biog. Diet. e Alison. 

Albert, Abbot op Stade, chronicler, — 
elected, 1232 s — goes to Borne, 1236 b — leaves 
Benedictines and joins Franciscans, 1240 a — if. 

I26o. b 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b U. K. S. Biog. Diet. 

Albert, King oe Sweden, II. Duke op 
Mecklenburg, — elected king, on deposition 
of Magnus II., 30 Nov. i363 a — defeats Mag- 
nus and takes him prisoner at Enkoping, 1365 
— makes peace with Denmark, 1366 13 — in 
alliance with Hanseatic League, Holstein, &c, 
makes war on Denmark and Norway, 1367 s — ■ 
recovers part of Scania ; defeated by Haco, re- 
leases Magnus, 137 1 b — acquires Duchy of 
Mecklenburg, with his brothers, Henry and 
Magnus, i379 b — prosecutes his attempts 
against Scania, 1380 — alienates the Swedish 
nobility and clergy, 1385-6 — who treat with 
Margaret of Norway, 22 Mar., 20 May 1388 — ■ 
defeated by Margaret's army, and taken 
prisoner, at Falkophrg, (St. Matthew's dag,) 21 
Sep. 1389 a — released from Lindholm castle, 
on condition of paying a considerable ransom, 
17 Jun. 1395 — Erick crowned king, at the 
Union of Calmar, 17 Jun. 1397 13 — renounces 
crown of Sweden, by treaty at Flensburg, 25 
Nov. 1404^ 1405 a — ft. i4i4, b 141 2. a 

a Geijer. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Albert Kyanza, lake, in Africa, — reached 
by Baker, Feb. 1864. 

Albertet, mathematician and poet, — fi. about 
1275-90. 

Alberti, Benedetto, political leader, — excites 
the Revolution of the Ciompi at Florence, 22 
Jul. 1378 — his party defeated, 1382 — banished, 
1387— tf. at Rhodes, 1388. 

Alberti, Cherubino, painter, — b. at San 
Sepolcro, 1552 — b\ at Rome, 16 15. 

Alberti, Durante, painter, — b. at San Se- 
polcro, 1538 — ft. at Rome, 161 3. 

Alberti, Giovanni, painter, — b. at San Se- 
polcro, 1558 — ft. at Rome, 1601. 

Alberti, Leon Battista, architect, mathe- 
matician, litterateur, painter, and sculptor, — b. 
at Florence, 1 Genoa, b 18 Feb. 1404^ 1398,° 
1400 d — b\ at Rome, 147 2, e 1484J 

a Conv. Lex., Biog. Univ., Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

b Nouv. Biog. Gen., Serassi. c Conv. Lex. 

d Bocchi. e Tiraboschi. f Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Albertinelli, Mariotto, Biaggio di Bindi, 
painter, — b. at Florence, 1470 or 1475 — ij. 
about 1520. 

Albertus Magnus, (de Bollstddt, de Colonia, 
Grotus, Ratisbonensis, Teutonicus,) theologian, 
philosopher, $c., — b. at Lauingen, ii93' 1 — 
enters Dominican order, 1222" — teaches at 
Paris, and obtains degree of Magister, 1245-8 
— president of Dominican school at Cologne, 
end of 1248 13 — accompanies Emperor William 
to Utrecht, 1249 — named Provincial of his 
order, 1254 — defends the privileges of his 
order at Rome, by command of Alexander IV., 



ALBERUS— ALBIGENSES. 



3.3 



1255 — resigns the dignity of Provincial, 1259 
— Bp Batisbon, 1260-3 — retires to Cologne, 
1263 — assists at the Council General of Lyon? 
1274 — tf. at Cologne, 14 Nov. i28o. a 
a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b U. K. S. Biog. Diet. 

Alberus, {Alber,) Erasmus, theologian, — 
studies under Luther at Wittenberg, 15 21 — 
translates the Liber Conformitatum of Bartho- 
lomew Albizzi, under title Der Barfiisser 
M'mche Enlenspiegel unci Alkoran, 1542 — lj, 
at Neubrandenburg, 5 May 1553. 

Albi, in France, {Albiga, Alba Augusta, 
Civitas Albiensium,) Albigeois, — ravaged by 
Saracens, 730 — acquired by Pepin, and go- 
verned by viscounts, 765— possessed by the 
Counts of Toulouse and Rouergue, jointly, 
918 or 919 a — allotted to the Counts of Tou- 
louse solely, 975 a — held by viscounts of Car- 
cassonne and Beziers, 1083* — seized by Simon 
de Montfort, Aug. 1209* — assigned to Louis 
VIII., 1226 s — comes finally into possession of 
kings of France, 1 249 — taken by De Themines 
from the Huguenots, 1624. Council of, for 
final extirpation of Albigensian heresy, (Lent,) 
Feb., Mar. 1255.* [Albigenses.] 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. 
Albigenses, {Albigeois,) Crusades against, 
— Raymond V. of Toulouse requests assistance 
of Chapter of Citeaux against them, Sep. ii77 a 
— Alexander III. sends the Card, of St Chry- 
sogenus, and other prelates, to his aid, about 
1 178 — sanctions crusades against Albigenses, 
at Illrd General Lateran Council, Mar. ii79 b 
— Council of Verona, against heretics, Aug. to 
Nov. 1184a — Guy and Begnier, of Citeaux, 
sent by Innocent III., 1198 — Begnier appoint- 
ed legate ; Peter of Castelnau associated in the 
mission, 11 99 — Diego d' Azebez and St 
Dominic establish themselves in Provence, 
1204 — the legates extort from Raymond VI. 
an oath to expel heretics from Toulouse, 1205 
— Raymond is excommunicated, spring 1207 — 
Innocent attempts to excite a crusade against 
Albigenses, late in 1207 — Castelnau assassin- 
ated near the Rhone, 15 Jan. 1208 — Innocent 
proclaims the crusade, 1208. 

1209 — The war begins, spring — Raymond 
appears before Council of Valence ; and does 
penance before the Council of St Gilles, 18 
Jun. — -joins the crusade, 22 Jun. — Chasseneuil 
capitulates, inhabitants massacred, Jul. — Be- 
ziers taken by assault, people massacred, 22 
Jul. — Viscount Raymond-Roger besieged in 
Carcassonne, 1 Aug. — Carcassonne taken, the 
viscount made prisoner, 15 Aug. — Simon de 
Montfort receives his lordships, Aug. — Coun- 
cil of Avignon, beginning of Sep. — Raymond 
of Toulouse excommunicated, and attacked by 
De Montfort, goes to Rome, 20 Sep. — Ray- 
mond Roger dies in prison, 10 Nov. — general 
revolt against De Montfort, end of Nov. 

12 10 — Raymond of Toulouse at Rome, end 
of Jan. — De Montfort begins his second cam- 
paign, spring — Minerva castle taken, 22 Jul. — 
Raymond of Toulouse excommunicated by 
Council of St Gilles, end of Sep. — castle of 
Thermes taken by De Montfort, 23 Nov. 
121 1 — Alliance of Raymond of Toulouse, 



and of De Montfort, with Pedro II. of Aragon, 
early in — Council of Narbonne, negotiations 
with Raymond against the heretics, beginning 
of Jan. — Council of Aries excommunicates 
him, middle of Feb. — De Montfort opens his 
third campaign, 10 Mar. — Raymond forms 
alliances with Counts of Foix, Comminges, and 
others, Apr. — castle of Lavaur taken by De 
Montfort, 3 May — De Montfort makes war 
upon Raymond, May — Toulouse besieged, 
middle of Jun. — De Montfort defeated by 
Raymond-Roger, Count of Foix, before Tou- 
louse, 27 Jun. — the siege raised, 29 Jun. — • 
Raymond recovers many of his castles, Aug. — 
and besieges De Montfort in Castelnaudari, 
Sep., Oct. — De Montfort defeats the Count of 
Foix near Castelnaudari, Oct. 

1 21 2 — Secular clergy of Languedoc changed, 
early in — La Penne surrenders to De Mont- 
fort, 25 Jul. — Boissac surrenders, 8 Sep. — 
Council of Pamiers, held by De Montfort, for 
the re-establishment of religion, end of Nov. 

12 1 3 — Council of Lavaur rejects application 
of Pedro of Aragon for reconciliation of Count 
of Toulouse, middle of Jan.- — Innocent III. 
reproves the crusaders, latter part of Jan. — 
revokes concessions to Pedro of Aragon, and 
confirms proceedings of crusaders, 21 May — 
Pedro goes to assist Raymond, and is defeated 
and killed before Muret, 12 Sep. 

1 2 14 — Peter of Benevento, Papal legate, 
pretends to reconcile Raymond and his allies to 
the Church, 1 8 Apr. — campaign in Querci and 
Agenois, summer. 

1 2 15 — Council of Montpellier makes Simon 
de Montfort prince and monarch of all the 
conquests of the crusaders, 8 Jan. — Prince 
Louis marches with a new army of crusaders 
into Languedoc, after Apr. — Fourth Gen. 
Council of Lateran gives Toulouse, &c, to De 
Montfort, determines the Catholic Faith, and 
terminates the crusade, 11 to 30 Nov. 

1 2 16 — De Montfort receives homage of 
Toulouse, 7 Mar. — invested by Philip Au- 
gustus with the fiefs conquered by the cru- 
saders, 5 Sep. — Toulouse sacked by De Mont- 
fort and its bishop, autumn. 

1217 — Montgrenier taken by De Montfort, 
{Easter eve,) 25 Mar. — Raymond of Toulouse 
re-enters his capital, 13 Sep. — De Montfort 
besieges Toulouse, end of Sep. 

12 1 8 — De Montfort killed before Toulouse, 
25 Jun. — "William IV. of Orange cruelly put 
to death at Avignon, Jun. — siege of Toulouse 
raised, 25 Jul. — Raymond the Younger renews 
his efforts to recover his father's losses, autumn 
— Honorius III. supports Amauri de Montfort, 
and authorizes a new crusade, end of. 

1 2 19 — Prince Louis and Amauri take Mar- 
mande, spring — Raymond the Younger and 
his allies defeat the crusaders at Basiege, 
spring — siege of Toulouse begun, 16 Jun. — 
raised, 1 Aug. 

1220 — Further conquests by the son of 
Raymond VI. of Toulouse, spring and summer 
— Amauri de Montfort lays siege to Castel- 
naudari, beginning of Jul. 

1 22 1 — Military Order of the Holy Faith of 
3 



3 + 



ALBINI— ALBINUS. 



Jesus Christ instituted; a new crusade pro- 
jected, early in — siege of Castelnaudari aban- 
doned, beginning of Mar.— further conquests 
of Raymond the Younger, summer and autumn 
— Albigensian exiles return to Toulouse, au- 
tumn. 

1222— Raymond VI. of Toulouse dies, Aug. 

1223— Count of Foix dies, Mar. or Apr- 
Counts of Toulouse and Foix attack De 
Montfort, spring — Council summoned to Sens 
and transferred to Paris, respecting the Al- 
bigenses, 6 Jul. — Philip Augustus dies, 14 
Jul. — Carcassonne besieged by the Counts of 
Toulouse and Foix, autumn. 

1224 — De Montfort concludes a convention 
with the counts, and leaves Languedoc, 14 and 
15 Jan. — conditionally cedes all the crusaders' 
conquests to Louis VIII., Feb. — Louis at- 
tempts to obtain the sanction of Honorius III. 
to another crusade, Mar., Apr. — Raymond 
VII. of Toulouse endeavours to effect his re- 
conciliation with the church, beginning of 
Jun.— Council of Montpellier rejects his ad- 
vances, 21 Aug. — Raymond renews his en- 
deavours, 25 Aug. 

1225 — Honorius III. proposes a new crusade 
to Louis VIII., beginning of— Bull against 
Raymond, (15 Kal. Mart.) 15 Feb.— Council 
of Paris, respecting the affairs of Albigeois, 15 
May — Arnold of Citeaux, Abp of Narbonne, 
dies, 29 Sep. — Council of Bourges hears the 
demands of Raymond and De Montfort to 
Toulouse ; the legate attempts to organize 
another crusade, 30 Nov. 

1226 — Council (or parlement) of Paris ex- 
communicates Raymond, and assigns his do- 
mains to Louis VIII., 28 Jan. — Louis and all 
his barons take the cross against him, 30 Jan. 
— Parlement at Paris to arrange the crusade, 29 
Mar. — barons and cities of Toulousain volun- 
tarily submit to Louis, at Lyon, 28 May — 
Nismes surrenders, 5 Jun. — Louis begins the 
siege of Avignon, 10 Jun. — Carcassonne and 
Albi surrender, 16 Jun. — Avignon capitulates, 
12 Sep. — Louis VIII. dies, 8 Nov. 

1227 — Condemnation of Avignon, begin- 
ning of Jan. — Council of Narbonne against 
heretics, &c, (Lent,) between end of Feb. and 
beginning of Apr. 

1228 — War recommenced, early in — Tou- 
louse besieged, end of Jun. — allies of Raymond 
begin to submit, Nov. — Raymond commences 
negotiations, 10 Dec. 

1229 — Preparatory councils at Sens and 
Senlis, early in — council commenced at Meaux, 
Mar. — transferred to Paris, receives submission 
of Raymond, 12 Apr. — Raymond knighted by 
Louis IX., 3 Jun. — Count of Foix submits, 16 
Jun. — Council of Toulouse establishes the In- 
quisition in Languedoc, Nov. 

1232 — Raymond joins with Bp of Toulouse 
in the persecution of the Albigenses. 

1233 — Gregory IX. intrusts the exercise of 
the Inquisition to the Dominican order solely, 
Apr. conference between Raymond and Louis 
IX. ;it Mi ilnn, initumn. 

1234- Articles agreed on at Melun pub- 
lished at Toulouse, 18 Feb. — Council of Be- 



ziers promotes the persecution, 2 Apr. 

1235 — Council of Narbonne increases the 
power of the Inquisitors; Toulouse expels 
them, 5 Nov. — Raymond and the city excom- 
municated, 10 Nov. 

Raymond absolved, end of 1236 or 1238 — • 
operations of the Inquisition in Languedoc 
suspended, 1237-41 — war between the Counts 
of Toulouse and Provence begins, Jan. 1240 — > 
Raymond of Toulouse submits to Louis IX. at 
Montargis, 14 Mar. 1241 — makes peace with 
the Count of Provence, Apr. 1241 — forms a 
league for the purpose of shaking off the yoke 
of France, Apr. 1242 — Castle of Avignonet 
surprised by Albigenses, 28 May 1242 — Ray- 
mond conquers the domains he had ceded to 
the king, Jun., Jul. 1242 — excommunicated, 
with all his allies, by Abp of Narbonne, 2 1 Jul, 
1242 — signs treaty with king of England, at 
Bordeaux, 28 Aug. 1242 — submits to Louis 
IX., 20 Oct. 1242 — Treaty of Paris renewed, 
22 Dec. 1242 — Raymond does homage to 
Louis IX. at Lorris, Jan. 1243 — Council of 
Beziers receives protest of Raymond against 
the excommunication of two Inquisitors, 18 
Apr. 1 243 — Raymond is absolved by Innocent 
IV., summer 1243 — Council of Beziers re- 
gulates proceedings against the heretics, 19 
Apr. 1246 — Count of Carcassonne submits to 
the church, and gives up his domains to Louis 
IX., at Beziers, 7 Apr. 1247 — at Paris, Oct. 
1247 — Raymond VII. dies; his domains in- 
herited by his son-in-law, Alfonse, son of 
Louis VIIL, 27 Sep. 1249. [Cathari, Pa- 
terini, &C.] a Vaissete, Sismondi, Art de 

Verifier les Dates. b Mosheim. 

Albini, Alessandro, painter, — h. at Bologna, 
about 1568 — tr. 1646. 

Albini, Franz Joseph, Freiherr von, poli- 
tique, — b. at St Goar, 1748 — at Vienna, 1769- 
70 — assessor to the Chamber of Justice, 1774 
— private secretary to Imperial Chancery, 
1787 — chancellor at Mayence, 1790 — master- 
general of Ordnance, 1799 — tr. at Dieburg, 8 
Jan. 1 8 16. 

Albinius, M., (LJ) [BC] — Consular tri- 
bune, 379. 

Albinovanus, C. Pedo, poet, — fl. about 15. 

Albinus, — (1) Consul with Maximus, (980, 
a. u. c.) 227 — a second time, (?) with Maxi- 
mus Dexter, (1016, a. it. c.) 263. (2) Con- 
sul with Amantius, (1098, a. it. c.) 345. (3) 
Consul with Theodosius Augustus XVIII. , 
(1197, a. u. c.) 444. 

Albinus, A. Postumius, [BC] — (1) Con- 
sular tribune, (357, a. it. c.) 397. (2) (Re- 
gillensis Albus,) Consular tribune, (373, A. u. c.) 
381 — Censor with C. Sulpicius Peticus, (388, 
a. u. c.) 366 — U. 365. (3) Consul with C. 
Lutatius Catulus, (512, a. u. c.) 17 Jun. 242* 
— Censor with C. Atilius Bulbus, holds the 
40th Lustrum, (520, a. it. c.) autumn 234.* 
(4) Cur, JEdile, 187 b — Praetor, 185 — Consul 
with C. Calpurnius Piso (and Q,. Fulvius 
Flaccus), (574, a. u. c.) 22 Dec. 181 a — com- 
mands against the Ligurians, 180 — Censor 
with Q. Fulvius Flaccus, (580, a. u. c.) 174 — ■ 
holds the 51st Lustrum, 173 c — ambassador to 



ALBINUS— ALBOIN. 



35 



Northern Greece, 173 b — ambassador to Crete, 
17 1 b — commissioner to Macedonia with 
JEmilius Paulus, early in 167. (5) Prcetor, 
155 b — ambassador concerning peace between 
Attalus and Prusias, 155-4,° 153 b — Consul 
with L. Licinius Lucullus, (603, a. v. c.) 28 
Jan. 151 a — Legate to L. Mummius Achaicus, 
146. (6) Defeated by Jugurtha, and his army 
sent under the yoke, no. (7) Consul with M. 
Antonius, (655, a. u. c.) 20 Oct. ioo, a 99/* 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Smith's Diet. 

c Clinton. d Fischer. 

Albinus, (Weiss, von Weissenldw,) Bern- 
hard Siegfried, anatomist, — b. at Frankfort 
on Oder, 24 Feb. 1697 s — M. D. at Leyden, 
17 19 — Prof. Anatomy and Surgery, 17 21 — of 
Therapeutics, 1745 — ft. at Leyden, 9 Sep. 
I770. a De ossibus corporis humani, 1726 — 
Historia musculorum hominis, 1734 — De ar- 
teriis et venis, 1737 — Annotationes anatomicce, 
1754-68. a Conversations-Lexikon. 

Albinus, Ceionius Rufius, — Consul with 
Julius Constantius, (1088, a. u. c.) 335. 

Albinus, Decimus Clodius Ceionius Septi- 
mius, (Postumius,) Governor of Britain, 
— b. (7 Kal. Dec.) 25 Nov. about 150 — serves 
under Marcus Aurelius, 175 — defeats the 
Frisians in Gaul, 191 s — made Gov. of Britain 
by Commodus, 192 b — declared Ccesar by Se- 
verus, autumn 193° — Consul, a second time, 
with Severus, (947, a. v. c.) 194 — rupture with 
Severus, late in 196 b — defeated and slain by Se- 
verus at Lyon, (11 Kal. Mart.) 19 Feb. 197. 
a Zumpt. b Hardy. c Clinton. 

Albinus, L. Postumius, [BC] — (1) (Re- 
gillensis,) Consular tribune, (365, A. u. c.) 389 
and (373, a. u. c.) 381. (2) Consul with Sp. 
CarvUius Maximus, (520, a. v. c.) 26 Jun. 
234 a — with Cn. Fulvius Centumalus, (525, 
a. u. c.) 27 May 229 s — commands in Illyrian 
war, 229-8° — Prcetor, 216 — Consul elect, (the 
third time, with Ti. Sempronius Gracchus,) 
entirely defeated and slain in the wood Litana, 
in Cisalpine Gaul, before May 215.** (3) 
Praetor, conducts war in Spain, 1 80-79 b — 
triumphs for his Lusitanian victories, 178 — 
Consul with M. Popillius Lsenas, (581, a. it. c.) 
26 Nov. i74 a — engaged in Campania, de- 
termining the public lands, summer 173 — am- 
bassador to Africa, to obtain troops for war 
with Perseus, 17 i b — serves under iEmilius 
Paulus, in Macedonia, 168. (4) Curule JEdile, 
161 — Consul with Q,. Opimius, (600, a. v. c.) 
18 Apr. 154 — ft. May 154. a Art de Verifier 
les Dates. b Smith's Diet. c Clinton. 

Albinus, M. Nummius, — Consul with Ful- 
vius iEmilianus, (959, a. u. c.) 206. 

Albinus, Sp. Postumius, [BC] — (1) (Pe- 
gillensis,) Consular tribune, (360, A. u. c.) 
394, a (361, a. u. c.) 27 Jul. 393 b — commands 
against the iEquians, 394-3 — Censor with C. 
Sulpicius Camerinus; ft. (374, a. u. c.) 380. 
(2) (Claudinus,) Consul with T. Veturius Cal- 
vinus, (420, a. u. c.) 12 Jul. 334 b — Cen- 
sor with Q. Publilius Philo, (422, a. u. c.) 332 
— Mag equit. to M. Claudius Marcellus, Dic- 
tator, (427, a. u. c.) 327 — Consul again, with 
T. Veturius Calvinus, (433, a. u. c.) 7 Mar. 



321 — defeated by Samnites, army sent under 
the yoke, at the Caudine Forks, 321. (3) 
Prcetor peregrinus, 189° — Consul with Q. 
Marcius Philippus, (568, a. u. c.) 15 Dec. 
187 b — ft. 179.° (4) (Paullalus,) Prcetor in 
Sicily, 183° — Consul with C. Mucius Scaevola, 
(580, a. u. c.) 6 Dec. iy5. b (5) (Magnus,) 
Consul with L. Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, 
(606, a. u. c.) 28 Dec. i4g. b (6) Consul 
with M. Minucius Eufus, (644, a. u. c.) 25 
Sep. in b — commands unsuccessfully against 
Jugurtha, and is condemned by the Mamilian 
Law, HO. a Fischer. b Art de Verifier les 

Dates. c Smith's Diet. 

Albinus, — Consul with Maximus, (980, 

A. U. C.) 227. 

Albinus, — Consul with Praesens, (999, 
a. v. c.) 246 — with Dexter, (1016, a. u. c.) 
263. 

Albinus, — Consul with Amantius, (1098, 
A. u. c.) 345. 

Albinus, — Consul withFl. Theodosius Aug., 
(1197, A. 17. c.) 444. 

Albinus, — Consul with Eusebius, (1246, 
a. u. c.) 493. 

Albinus, Rufius, — Consul with Flavius Julius 
Constantius, (1088, a. u. c.) 335. 

Albiruni, Mohammed Ibn Ahmed Abu Rihan, 
geographer, astronomer, §c, — b. at Birun, (360, 
a. h.) 970-1 — ft. (430, a. h.) 1038-9. 

Albizzi, — feuds of, with the Ricci, begin to 
harass Florence, 1353^ a Machiavelli. 

Albizzi, (Bartholomceus Albicius Pisanus,) 

theological writer, — enters the Franciscan 

order, 1343 — ft. at Pisa, 10 Dec. 1401. Liber 

Conformitatam S. Francisci emu Christo, i385. a 

a Ersch and Gruber. 

Albizzi, (Albizj,) Maso degli, (Tommaso,) 
— b. at Florence, 1347 — chief of theBepublic, 
1382 — Gonfalonier of Justice, 1393-4 — ambas- 
sador to Joan II. of Naples, 1414— ft. 1417. 

Albizzi, Piero degli, — a leader of the 
Guelfs in Florence, 1356 — in conjunction 
with Beuchi, takes the lead in the state ; de- 
prived of his offices, 1371 — overthrown by the 
sedition of the Ciompi, 1378 — put to death by 
the Ghibelline party, i382. a a Machiavelli. 

Albizzi, Rinaldo degli, — aspires to take the 
lead in Florence, 1423 a — commissary in the 
war with Lucca, 1429 — accused of misconduct 
in the war, 143 1 — summons Cosmo de' Medici, 
and imprisons him, 7 Sep. 1433 b — Cosmo 
banished, 3 Oct. 1433 s — summoned before the 
Signoria, and banished, Sep. 1434 — ft. at An- 
cona, 1452. a Machiavelli. b Sismor.cli. 

Alboin, King of Lombards, — succeeds his 
father Audoin, 543 "—defeats the Gepidae, sum- 
mer or autumn, 550 a — forms an alliance with 
the Avars, 566 a — defeats and kills Cuninmnd; 
the Gepidae are incorporated with the Lom- 
bards, 567," 566° — leaves Pannonia for Italy, 
on invitation of Narses, (morrow of Eat -er % ) 
2 Apr. 568 — takes Milan, (3 Non. Sep. Indict. 
III.) 3, a 4 b Sep. 569— Ticinum sum ers, 
close of 57 1 a — Pavia taken, after siege if 3 
years, 572 b — assassinated at Verona, by his 
queen, Bosamond, 28 Jun. 57 3. b 
a Clinton. b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Gibbon. 



ALBON— ALCAVALA. 



Albon. Jacques d\ [Saint Andre.] 

Alboresi, Giacomo, painter,— &. at Bologna, 
1632— tr. 1677. 

Albomoz, Gil Alvarez Carillo d\ Card., 
Abp of Toledo, — h. at Cuenca, soon after 1300 
— Abp, and Almoner to Alfonso XI., after 
I3 24 — saves Alfonso's life, at battle of 
Tarifa, 30 Oct. 1340 — conducts tbe siege of 
Algesiras, 1 343 — driven from Spain by Pedro 
tbe Cruel ; made Cardinal by Clement VI. at 
Avignon, 1350 — Legate for reconquest of tbe 
States of tbe Cburch, 1353— -preaches crusade 
against such as refused submission, 1356 — re- 
called to Avignon, Apr. 1357 — tt. at Yiterbo, 
24 Aug. 1367. 

Albrechts-berger, Johann Georg, musician, 
— b. at Kloster-Xeuberg, 3 Feb. 1746 s — 
organist at court of Vienna, 1772 — Kapell- 
meister, 1792— tf. tbere, 7 May b or Mar. a 1809. 
Grundliehe Anweisung zur Composition, 1790. 
B Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Conversations-Lexikon. 

Albret, Jeanne d', Queen of Navarre, — 
6. 1528 s — married to V\ T illiam, Duke of Cleves, 
13 Jul. 1541 — marriage annulled, after 7 Sep. 
1543 — married to Antoine de Bourbon, Duke of 
Vendome, 20 Oct. 1548 — succeeds ber fatber 
Henri II., 25 May 1555 — embraces tbe Be- 
formed Beligion, 1556 — reigns alone, after tbe 
death of De Bourbon, 17 Nov. 1562 — cited to 
Borne, by Pius IV., 29 Sep. 1563a— establishes 
the Beformed Beligion in her kingdom, by 
Edict, Jul. 1567 — joins Conde at La Bochelle, 
Sep. 1568 — joins the court at Blois, May 1572 
— ft. (poisoned?) at Paris, 9 or 10 Jun. 157 2. a 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Albret, Henry d\ [Henry II. Xing of 
Kavarre.^ 

Albuega, in Italy, — Suchet retires before 
Melas to, 2 May 1800. 

Albuera, in Spain, — Marshal Beresford de- 
feats Sonltnear, 16 May 18 11. 

Albufera da Valencia, — Suchet defeats Blake 
and the Spaniards near, 26 Dec. 181 1. 

Albumazar. [Abu Maaschar.] 

Albuquerque (Alboquerque) Alfonso, the 
Great, Viceroy of the Indies, — b. at Al- 
bandra, 1453 — takes part in the expeditions for 
discovery and conquest in Africa, 1482 — loses 
his brother in an engagement with the Moors 
at Arzila, about 1495 — sets out on his first 
voyage to India, beginning of Apr. 1503 — re- 
turns to Portugal, 16 Jul. 1504 — sets out on 
hi- second voyage, 1506 — unsuccessfully at- 
tempts the conquest of Ormuz, 25 Sep. 1507 
— imprisoned by Almeida ; succeeds him in the 
anient of the Indies, 1509 — attacks Cali- 
cut, 2 Jan. 151c Goa, 17,* or 25b 
I . 15 10— evacuates it, 15 Aug. 1510 — 
the place by storm, 25 Nov. 15 10 — 
apital of Malacca, 11 Aug. 1511a — re- 
turns to Goa, 13 Sep. 1512 — sets out against 
and the Red Sea, 7 Feb. 1513 — loses 
al tin: conrt of Lisbon, 15 14 — summons 
Onnu2 to surrender, and gains the place, 26 
ou1 again for Goa, 8 Nov. 
j 5 1 5 It. off Goa, 16 Dec. 15 15. 

Biog Gen. b Murray. 

L Kiscb and G ruber. 



Albuquerque, Alfonso, Duke or, — serves 
under the Duke Del Infantado, 1808 — de- 
feated by Sebastiani at Ciudad Beal, 27 Mar. 
1809 — succeeds Cuesta, Aug. 1809 — enters 
Cadiz, 3 Feb. 18 10 — ambassador from the 
Junta to England; o". 18 Feb. 18 11. 

Albus Regillensis, A. Postumius, [BC] 
— (1) Consul with T. Verginius Tricostus Cse- 
liomontanus, (258, a. tj. c.) 6 Oct. 496 a — 
Dictator ; defeats the Latins at Lake Begil- 
lus, and triumphs, 495, a 496, b c (256, a. tj. c.) 
498. d (2) Consul with Sp. Furius Medullinus 
Fusus, (290, a. u. c.) 3 Oct. 464.* 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Fischer. 

c Zumpt. d Smith's Diet. 

Albus Regillensis, M. Postumius, [BC] — 
Consular tribune, (328, a. u. c.) 30 Nov. 426 s — 
Censor with M. Furius Camillus, (351, a. tj. c.) 
4<o3, b 402. a 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Fischer. 

Albus Regillensis, Sp. Postumius, [B C] — 
(1) Consul with Q. Servilius Priscus Structus, 
(288, a. u. c.) 1 Oct. 466 s — dedicates temple 
of Dius Fidius, (Non. Jun.) 5 Jun. 465 a — 
Decemvir, (303, a. tj. c.) 3 Jun. 45i. a (2) 
Consular tribune, (322, a. u. c.) 24 Nov. 432 a 
— Legatus in war with Volscians and JEquians, 
430. b a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Smith's Diet. 

Albutius, (Albucius,) T., Epicurean philo- 
sopher, [BC] — studies at Athens, about 125 — ■ 
accuses Q. Mucius Scaevola of repetundm, 120 
— Frcetor in Sardinia, 105 — condemned for 
maladministration of the province ; returns to 
studies at Athens, io3. a a Smith's Diet. 

Alcacebas, Treaty of, — between Isabella of 
Castile and Alfonso Y. of Portugal, 24 Sep. 
1479. 

Alcaeus, (AUcaios,) [B C] — Archon at Athens, 
(01. 89, 3,) 422. 

Alcaeus, comic poet, [B C] — brings out his 
Pasiphae, Feb. or Mar. 388. a a Clinton. 

Alcaeus, of Messene, epigrammatist, [B C] 
— fl. about 2i9~i96. a a Smith's Diet. 

Alcaeus, of Mytilene, lyric pcet, [B C] — 
flies at the battle of Sigeium, (01. 43, 3,) 606 
— exiled from Lesbos, travels in Egypt, 589. a 
a Clinton. 

Alcala de Henares, (Complutum,) in Spain, 
— Cortes of, held by Alfonso XL of Castile 
and Leon ; ordinance enacting part of the 
Siete Partidas, i348. a University of, found- 
ed by Card. Ximenes, 15 10 — College of St 
Ildefonso, founded by Ximenes, 1499 — com- 
pleted by Bodrigo Gil, 1533. a Hallam. 

Alc&menes, (Alkamenes,) sculptor, [BC] — ft. 
(01. 84-95,) 444-400. a a Smith's Diet. 

Alcaniz, in Spain, — Suchet defeated by 
Blake and the Spaniards at, 23 May 1809. 

Alcantara, (La Caballcria de,) Order of 
Knighthood, — instituted by Don Suarez and 
Don Gomez, about 1 156 — takes name of San 
Julian del Pereyro, ii76 a — confirmed by Pope 
Alexander III., 1177 — intrusted with defence 
of Alcantara, assumes that name, I2i7, a i2i3 b 
— Juan de Zuniga resigns Grand Mastership 
to Ferdinand, 1494-5 — knights permitted to 
marry, 1540. a Ersch and Gruber. b Engl. Cyc. 

Alcavala, — tax upon sales, imposed by Al- 



ALCAZAR-QUIVIE— ALCUDIA. 



37 



fonso XI. of Castile and Leon, before 1350. 

Alcazar-quivir, (Alcazar Seguer,) — Muley 
Moluc of Morocco defeats and kills Sebastian 
of Portugal at, 4 Aug. 1578. 

Alcedo, Antonio d', — publishes bis Dicci- 
onario Geographico-kistorico de las Indias 
Occidentales, America, 1786-9. 

Alcetas, (Alketas,) [B C] — commands under 
Alexander the Great, in India, 327 — joins the 
party of bis brother, Perdiccas, 324 — murders 
Cyane, 322 — engaged with Eumenes, in Asia 
Minor, against Craterus, 321 — with Attalus, de- 
feated by Antigonus in Pisidia ; retreats to Ter- 
messus, and kills himself, 320.* a Smith's Diet. 

Alchemy, books of, in Egypt, burnt by edict 
of Diocletian, 297 a — [Multipliers.] a Gibbon. 

Alciati, (Alciat,) Andrea, jurist, poet, — 6. 
at Alzato, 8, ab or 16 c May 1492 — Doctor of 
Law, 15 1 4 — Prof, at Avignon, 1518* to 1522 
— at Milan, 1524 — atEourges, 1528 to 1532 — 
at Pavia, 1532 to 1537 — removes to Bologna, 
1537 — returns to Pavia, 1541 — returns from 
Perrara to Pavia, 1547 — tf. at Pavia, 12 Jan. a 
or 14 Feb. b 1550. Emblemata, 1522. 

a Nout. Biog. Gen. b U. K. S. Biog. Diet. 
c Tiraboschi. 

Alciati, Grian Paolo, of Milan, polemical 
theologian, — exiled from Geneva, summer 
1558 s — goes to Poland, summer 1563 a — re- 
tires to Prussia, 1566. a Dyer. 

Alcibiades, (Alkibiades,) [B C] — f>. at Athens, 
about 452-o, a 45o-49, b 449-8,° 455-2 d — rescued 
by Socrates at siege of Potidaea, 432,3 d (01. 87, 
3,) winter 430-29° — mentioned in the Dae- 
taleis of Aristophanes, 427 bc — protects Soc- 
rates at battle of Delium, end of 424 — carries 
a decree for doubling the tribute of the allies, 
before 420 b — becomes a party leader, about 
Mar. 42.0 a — effects alliance with Argos, Mis, 
and Mantineia, May 420 a — gains three prizes 
in chariot-race at Olympia, (01. 90,) be- 
ginning of Jul. 420, a (01. 89,) 424 bd — con- 
ducts an expedition into interior of Pelopon- 
nesus, summer 419 — carries off oligarchical 
leaders from Argos, spring 416 a — recommends 
the expedition into Sicily, Apr. 415 a — Mutila- 
tion of the Hermaa, about end of May 415 a — 
appointed with Mkias and Lamachus to com- 
mand the Sicilian expedition; sets out, mid- 
summer 415 — recalled; escapes to Sparta, and 
is condemned to death at Athens, in his ab- 
sence, (01. 91, 2,) after midsummer 415° — 
despatched to Asia by Sparta, intrigues with 
Persian Satraps and Ionian cities against 
Athens, spring 412 a — at the battle of Mile- 
tus, Sep. 41 2 a — his death being determined by 
the Ephors, escapes to Tissaphernes ; in- 
trigues against Sparta, and with Athenian 
commanders at Samos, autumn 412 and winter 
41 2- 1 1 a — chosen a general by the armament at 
Samos, 411 — defeats Mindarus at Cynossema, 
Aug. 41 1 — returns to Samos, near the middle 
of Sep. 41 1 a — defeats Mindarus at Abydos, 
about Oct. 41 1 a — seized by Tissaphernes and 
sent to Sardis, late in Nov. 41 i a — escapes, 
early in 410 a — defeats and kills Mindarus at 
Cyzicus, about Apr., a before midsummer 410 
—takes possession of Chrysopolis, and levies 



tolls at the Bosphorus, for Athens, summer 
410 — defeats cavalry of Pharnabazus near 
Abydos, winter 409 d — takes Chalcedon, Se- 
lymbria, and Byzantium, before winter 408 a — 
returns to Athens, and is received with en- 
thusiasm, (25 Thargel. ; Plynteria, 01. 93, 1,) 
about end of May 407 s — sets out for Samos 
again, after (20 Boedrom. ; Hysteria, 01. 93, 
2,) Sep. or Oct. 407 a — deposed, at the com- 
plaint of the Cumseans, after the defeat of 
Antiochus at Notium ; and superseded by 
Conon, Dec. 407 or Jan. 406 a — takes refuge in 
Satrapy of Pharnabazus, after battle of iEgos- 
potami,405-4 a — assassinated by order of Phar- 
nabazus, at requisition of Lysander and Cy- 
rus, between Apr. and Dec. 404.° » Grote. 

b Smith's Diet. c Clinton. d Thirlwall. 

Alcidamas, {AUcidamas,) rhetorician, [B C] 
— resides at Athens, between 432 and 41 i. a 
a Smith's Diet. 

Alcidas, (AlMdas,) [BC] — commands the 
Spartan fleet sent to relieve Mytilene ; returns, 
pursued by Paches, Apr. 427,3- 428 b — attacks 
Mcostratus at Corcyra and returns, 427 — with 
Leon and Damagon, conducts colony to Hera- 
cleia, nearThermopylae, autumn 427,3 426. b 
a Grote. b Smith's Diet. 

Alcimus, (AlJcimos,) rhetorician, [BC] — ft. 
about 300. a a Smith's Diet. 

Alcimus {Avitus) Alethius, rhetorician, — 
ft. about 355. a a Clinton. 

Alcimus Avitus Viennensis. [Avitus.] 

Alciphron, {Alldphron,) sophist, $c, — {(. 
before 200. a a Smith's Diet. 

Alcmason, (Alfanaion,) anatomist and natural 
philosopher, [B C] — fl. about 500. a a Smith's Diet. 

Alcmseon, [B C] — Archon at Athens, (1262-3, 
Abr. E.) 755-3, a 7 6 4-53- b 

a Clinton. b Other authorities. 

Alcmssonidae, of Athens, [BC] — order the 
followers of Cylon to be put to death, 620,* 
6i2 bd — expelled from Athens, 596-5° — return 
and expel Peisistratus, 554, a 559, c 558 d — 
again expelled, 548, a 540 d — aid in rebuilding 
temple of Apollo at Delphi, 548a to 5i2 e — 
finally restored by means of Sparta, 510. 
a Clinton. b Corsini. c Smith's Diet. 

d Zumpt. e Grote. 

Alcman, lyric poet, [BC] — ft. 67i-3i, a about 
(01. 42,) 612-09.3 a Clinton. b Muller. 

Alcmena, asteroid, — discovered by Tempel, 
27 Nov. 1864. 

Alcock, (Allcol;) John, theologian, — b. at 
Beverley, before 1440 — L.L. D., Cambridge, 
1 46 1 — dean of Chap el Eoyal at Westminster, and 
Master of the Polls, 29 Apr. 1462 — ambassa- 
dor to Castile, 1470 — Bp of Rochester, 17 Mar. 
147 1 — Keeper of Great Seal, 20 Sep. 1473 — 
translated by Bull to See of Worcester, 1477 — ■ 
Lord Keeper again, 6 Mar. i486— translated 
by Bull to See of Ely, 6 Oct. i486— founds 
School at Hull, i486— founds Jesus Coll. Cam- 
bridge, 1496 — if. at Wisbeach, 1 Oct. 1500. 
Spousage of a Virgin to Christ, i486. 

Alcudia, Manuel de Godoy, Duke of, Prince 
or the Peace, — t). at Badajoz, 12 May 1767,* 
1764 13 — enters the Body Guards, 1787 — made 
an officer in the corps, Jan. 1790 — Adjutant- 



3* 



ALCU1N— ALEDRAN, 



general of the corps ; Major ; Grand Cross of 
Order of Charles III., 1791 — Lieutenant-gen- 
eral; Marquis of Alcudia; Order of Golden 
Fleece, 1792 — Grandee of First Class, 21 Apr. 
i792, b 1795 s — Councillor of State, 11 Jul. 
1792 b — First Secretary of State, to succeed 
Aranda, 15 Nov. 1792 13 — Captain-general, 22 
May 1793 — general discontent in consequence 
of his administration, autumn 1794 — Treaty of 
Peace with France signed at Basel, (4 Ther- 
midor, An III.) 22 Jul. 1795 — Prince of the 
Peace, 5 Sep. 1795 — signs treaty of alliance 
with France at St Ildefonso, 19 Aug. 1796— 
denounced to the Inquisition, as suspect of 
Atheism, 1796-7 — marries Maria Theresa de 
Bourbon, 2 Oct. 1797 — Grand Major-domo of 
the Palace, Jan. 1798 — resigns offices of Prime 
Minister and Sergeant Major of Body Guards, 
27 Mar. 1798 — Grand Admiral of Spain, Mar. 
1799 — commands against Portugal ; enters the 
Alemtejo, 20 May 1801 — signs treaty between 
Spain and Portugal, at Badajoz, (17 Prairial, 
An IX.) 6 Jun. 1801 — effects treaty between 
France and Portugal, at Madrid, (7 Vin- 
demiaire, An X.) 29 Sep. 1801 b — General- 
issimo of Spanish forces by land and sea, 1 
Oct. i8o4 a — issues a proclamation in opposi- 
tion to Napoleon, 5 Oct. 1806 — promised the 
principality of Algarves, by Napoleon, 29 Oct. 
1807 — procures the disgrace of the Prince 
of Asturias, Nov. 1807 — discovers Napoleon's 
designs upon Spain, Feb., Mar. 1808 — advises 
the surrender of the fortresses on the frontier, 
to Napoleon, 3 Mar. i8o8 c — counsels the flight 
of the king from Madrid, 15 Mar. 1808 — over- 
thrown by a popular tumult, 17, 18 Mar. 1808 
— sent to Bayonne by Murat, 20 Apr. 1808 — 
signs the Deed of Abdication of Charles IV., 5 
May 1808 — removed to Valencay, with the 
king and queen, summer i8o8 c — ft. at Paris, 
23 Nov. 1828.* a Conversations-Lexikon. 

b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Alison. 

Alcuin, {Alchwin, FlaccusAlbinusAlcuinus,) 
poet, philosopher, theologian, §c, — ft. at York, 
about 735 — Master of Cloister-school at York, 
766-80 — sent to Rome by Abp Eanbald, 
781 — goes to court of Charlemagne, 782 — in 
England, 790-92 — sent to Charlemagne by 
Offa of Mercia, 793 — procures convocation of 
Council of Frankfort-on-the-Maine, beginning 
of summer 794 — retires to Abbey of St Martin 
at Tours, 796* — opposes Felix of Urgel, at 
Aix-la-Chapelle, 799 — tf. 19 May 804.* 
* Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Alcyonius, Petrus, (I'ietro Alcionio,) littera- 
teur, — ft. at Venice, 1487 a — corrector of the 
press to Aldus Manutius, about 15 17 — Prof, of 
Greek at Florence, 1522 s — follows Clement 
VII. (Ginlio de' Medici) to Rome, Dec. 1523 
— a", at Rome, after 5 May 1527. Medices 
legatus, 1522. a Rose's Biog. Diet. 

Aldcgonde, St, Baron of. [Marnix, Phi- 
lippe de.] 

Aldegrever, {Aldegrcrff, Albert Altegraf, 

Albert '7' Westphalia,) Heinrich, painter and 

■r,—b. at Zoust, 1502 — a", about 1562^ 

, 55^« b a Nouv. Biog. Gen., Ersch and Gruber. 

b Kose's Biog. Diet. 



Aldenhoven, in Belgium, — Clairfait defeats 
Miranda at, 1 Mar. 1793. 

Alderney, (Aurinia, Aurigny.) [Guern- 
sey.] 

Aldershott, in Hampshire, — camp formed, 
1854-55- 

Aldhelm, (Adelmus,) St, Bp of Sherborne, 
theologian, §c, — ft. in Wiltshire, about 630,* 
639^ 655-6° — Abbot of Malmesbury, 675,^ 
666 e — Bp, 705 — tr. at "Westbury, 20 or 25 a 
May 709. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Dunham. 

c TJ. K. S. Biog. Diet. d Petrie. c Flor. Wigorn. 

Aldine Academy, — founded by Aldus Ma- 
nutius, about 1500 — dispersed, 1506. 

Aldobrandini, Silvestro, jurist, — ft. at 
Florence, 23 Nov. 1499 a — banished from 
Florence, 1530^ i53i b — ft", at Rome, 6 Jan. 
1558. a Ersch and Grubei. b Eanke. 

Aldrich, Henry, theologian, poet, musician, 
%c, — ft. at Westminster, 1647 — Canon of 
Christchurch, 168 1 — Dean of Christchurch, 17 
Jun. 1689 — Rector of Wem, 1702 — ft. at 
Oxford, 14 Dec. 17 10. Artis Logicce Eudi- 
menta, 1691 — Pleasant Musical Companion, 
1726. 

Aldrovandi, (Aldrovandus,) TJlisses, natur- 
alist, — ft. at Bologna, 11 Sep. 1522 a — ap- 
prenticed in Brescia, 1534-5 — returns to 
Bologna, 1549 — M. D., 1553 — Prof, of Natural 
History, Bologna, 1560 — forms Botanical 
Garden there, 1568— tr. 10 Nov. i6o7. a Or' 
nithologia, $<?., 1599-1606. 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen., TJ. K. S. Biog. Diet. 

Aldrovandini, Tommaso, painter, — ft. at 
Bologna, 1653 — ft. at Bologna, i736. a 
a Nouv. Biog. Gen., &e. 

Aldus Manutius. [Manuzio.] 

Ale, Alehouses. [Beer, &c.] 

Aleandro, Girolamo, {Jerome Aleander, the 
Elder,) Cardinal, — ft. at Motta, 13 Feb. 
1480— goes to Venice, 1501 — Rector of Uni- 
versity of Paris; naturalized in France, by 
Louis' XII., 1508 — Chancellor to Everard de 
la Marck, Prince-Bishop of Liege, 15 15— 
enters service of Leo X., middle of 1517 s — ■ 
Librarian of the Vatican, 15 19 — Nuncio in 
Germany to coronation of Charles V., and to 
oppose Luther, autumn 1520 — attends Diet of 
Worms, spring 152 1 — Abp of Brindisi and 
Oria, winter 1523-4 — Nuncio to Francis I. ; 
taken prisoner at battle of Pavia, 24 Feb. 
1525 — his mansion, &c, burnt when the 
Colonnas became masters of Rome, Sep. 1526 
— Nuncio to Diet of Spires ; meets Charles V. 
at Brussels, 11 Sep. 153 1 — attends Diet of 
Ratisbon, Mar. 1532 b — Card, of St Chry- 
sogonus, by Paul III. ; resigns office of Li- 
brarian, 1538 — Legate to Council summoned 
to Vicenza, 20 Mar. 1538 b — to Germany again, 
autumn 1538 b — recalled, autumn 1539 b — o\ at 
Rome, 31 Jan. 1542. a Roscoe. b Pallavicini. 

Aleandro, Girolamo, {the Younger,) juris- 
consult, litterateur, §c, — ft. at Motta, 29 Jul. 
1574 — o\ at Rome, 9 Mar. 1629. Caii Instit. 
Fragmcnta, c. Commentar., 1600 — Explicatio 
Antiq. Tabuloe marmorece, 16 16. 

Aledran, Governor of Septimania, — ap- 
pointed by Charles the Bald, 846 a — defeated 



ALEMAN-ALEMBERT. 



39 



and imprisoned by William II., Count of Tou- 
louse, loses Barcelona and Ampurias, 848 — 
those cities, and part of his fief, restored to 
him, 850— killed at capture of Barcelona by 
Abdulkerim ? before Sep. 852. b 

a Dunham. b Art de Verifier le3 Dates. 

Aleman, Mateo, romance-writer, — b. before 
1550 — Intendant of Finance to Philip II. of 
Spain, about 1580 — in Mexico, 1605. La 
Vida y hechos del Picaro Guzman de Alfarache, 
(Atalaya de la vida humana,) 1599 — Ortograjia 
Castellana, 1608. 

Alemanni, Alemannia, {Alamanni, Alle- 
manni, Allemagne, Agri J)ecumates,) — invaded 
by Caracalla, who treacherously massacres 
their chiefs, spring 2i4, a or 213 — invade 
Gaul, and are attacked by Alexander Severus, 
winter 2 34-5 a — invaded by Maximin, 236,* 
235 b — ravage the frontiers of the Empire, 
after 238° — begin to cross the Ehine, about 
250 d — overrun Gaul, with the Franks, about 
2 55-6 a — defeated near Milan, 259 b — driven 
out of Gaul by Postumus, about 260° — pene- 
trate into Spain, before 268 d — defeated by 
Claudius near Lake Benacus, 268 a — cross the 
Po, 27 0-5 d — repulse Aurelian near Milan, 
late in 27 o a — defeated by him, at Placentia, 
on the Metaurus, and near the Ticinus, 27 1 a — 
with the Juthungi, defeated by Aurelian on 
the Danube, 27i, a Sep. 27o e — with Suevi, 
&c, led in triumph by Aurelian, 274 s — de- 
feated and driven to their original seat by 
Probus, 277-8 — recommence their ravages, 
283 c — attacked by Maximian, 286-7 — at war 
with the Burgundiones, and other neigh- 
bouring nations, about 290 e — defeated by 
Constantius Chlorus near Langres, about 
3oo, a 298, bf — and Yindonissa? 301 — their 
chief, Crocus, {Erich ?) serves Constan- 
tius in Britain, and Constantine after his 
father's death, 306 e — invade Gaul, but are 
driven out by Constantine, 310 — allies of 
Constantius in his war with Magnentius 
and Decentius; Chnodomarius (Gundomar) 
defeats Decentius and ravages Gaul, 35 1-3 e 
— Constantius makes peace with their chiefs, 
Gundomadus and Vadomarius, at Augusta 
Rauracorum, 354 a — campaign of Constantius 
in Rhaetia, against, 355 a — first campaign 
of Julian against, defeats them near Bro- 
comagus, 356 ab — second campaign, Chno- 
domarius defeated and taken near Argentora- 
tum, Aug. 357 — third and fourth campaigns ; 
Surmar and Hortaire defeated ; peace made 
at Mayence, 358, 359 e — fifth campaign, Va- 
domarius defeated, and taken, 360 a b — ravage 
Gaul and Bhtetia, 365^ Jan. 366 e — defeated 
by Jovinus near Scarpona, at the Moselle, and 
in the Catalaunian plains, Jun. 366 a — Bando 
plunders Moguntiacum, (Epiph. or Easter,) 6 
Jan. or 20 Apr. 368 a — defeated at Solicinium 
by Valentinian, summer 368 — he fortifies the 
Rhine, 369— harass Yalentinian ; are attacked 
by the Burgundiones at his instance ; and de- 
feated by Theodosius, in Rhaetia, 37o a — Vado- 
marius commands Roman army against the 
Persians, 371 a — invaded by Valentinian, who 
tries to capture Macriantjs, autumn 37 i a — 



ravaged by Valentinian, autumn 374 a — Lentien- 
ses cross the Rhine, Feb. 378, ae 377 b — defeated 
at Argentaria^by Gratian, and Priarius killed, 
about May 378, ae 377 b — opposed in Gaul by 
Gratian, 379 a — submit to Maximus, about 
385s — auxiliaries seize the passes in the Noric 
Alps, 393 b — invade Italy under Alaric, 400 — 
ravage and occupy eastern portion of Helvetia ; 
permitted to settle round Lake Lemanus ; oc- 
cupy Alsace and Lorraine, between 400 and 
450 — join Jovinus in his revolt, and attack 
Gaul, Sep. 41 i a — subjugated by Childeric, 
47 1 k — protected by Theodoric the Great, in 
Italy, about 493 h — invade the Franks, and are 
overthrown by Clovis at Tolbiac, autumn 496 
— ceded to the Franks by Witiges, 536° — serve 
under him in Italy, 536-9 — Justinian assumes 
the title Alamannicus, for victories gained 
over them, before 539 — serve under Theude- 
bert in Italy, summer 539 — with the Franks, 
under Leutharis and Butilinus, assist the Goths 
in Italy, Aug. 553, a 555' — ravage Italy to the 
Straits of Messina, and are routed by Narses 
at the Vulturnus, 554 ae — defeat the Saxons 
after their return from Italy, about 573 — 
Uncileno murders Protadius, the favourite of 
Brunehilda, 605 h — invade and ravage Bur- 
gundy, 611 h — their laws confirmed by Chlo- 
thaire II., before 615 — under Chrodebert, 
serve in Dagobert's war against the Venedi, 
631 h — Leuthaire aids Grimoald in making 
himself Mayor of the Palace, 642 h — recover 
their independence, in consequence of Pepin's 
victory at Testry, 687 — Godfrid succeeded 
by Wilichaire; attacked by Pepin, 709 h — 
again, 7 1 2 h — defeated by Carloman and Pepin, 
742 k — Theodebald, with Odilon of Bavaria, 
defeated by Carloman and Pepin, 743 h — Theo- 
debald dispossessed by Pepin, and reinstated, 
745-6 — Lanfrid, with the Bavarians, de- 
feated by Griphon, 748-9— serve under Charle- 
magne, in his first campaign against the Avars, 
791 — included in the kingdom bestowed by 
Louis le Debonnaire upon his infant son, 
Charles the Bald, middle of Aug. 829 k — allot- 
ted to Louis the German, 843 — inherited by 
his son, Charles the Fat, as king of Suabia, 28 
Aug. 876 — history lost in that of Suabia, be- 
fore 1000 — name finally lost at separation of 
Suabia from Helvetia, and grant of first- 
named duchy to Frederick of Hohenstaufen, by 
Emperor Henry IV., Oct. 1080. a Clinton. 

b Zumpt. c Engl. Cyc. d Niebulir. e Gibbon. 
f Smith's Diet. 8 Rees' Cyc. h Sismondi. 

1 Du Fresnoy. k Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Alembert, Jean Le Rond d', mathematician, 
§e., — exposed in Paris, 16 or 17 Nov. 17 17 — 
studies at the College des Quatre Nations, 
1730 — admitted to the Academie des Sciences, 
1 741 — produces his solution of the Problem of 
Three Bodies, 1747 — receives a pension from 
Frederick II. of Prussia, 1754 — member of the 
Academie Franchise, end of 1754— pensioned 
by Louis XV., 1756 — visits Frederick of 
Prussia, 1763 — Perpetual Secretary to the 
Academy, 1772 — U. at Paris, 29 Oct. 1783. 
Traite de Dynamique, 1743 — Traite des Flu- 
ides, 1744 — Becherches sur la Precession des 



4-0 



ALEN— ALESSANDRIA. 



Equinoxes, 1749 — llccherches sur differ ents 
points die Systeme du Monde, 1754-6 — Ele- 
ments de F/iilosop/tie, 1759 — Opuscules Mathe- 
matiques, 1761-80. 

Alen, (Olcn,) Jan van, painter, — ft. at Am- 
sterdam, 1 65 1 — tf. there, 1698. 

Alencon, in France, — ceded to Normans by 
Charles'the Simple, 911— bestowed on Gnil- 
laume de Belesnie by Richard II. of Nor- 
mandy, io25 a — besieged by Robert I. of 
Normandy, 1027-8 — taken by Geoffrey Martel, 
Count of Anjou ; but retaken by William II. 
of Normandy, and restored to Yves de Belesme, 
1052^ about 1054^ 1048°— besieged and taken 
by Eoulque of Anjou, end of 11 18 to May 
1 1 19 — given up to Henry I of England, Jun. 
1 1 19 a — taken by Henry II. of England, 11 35 
— besieged by John of England, and relieved 
by Philip Augustus, 1203 a — ceded to Philip 
by Aimeri of Chatelleraud and Alixe, heiress 
of Robert IV. of Alencon, Jan. 1221 a — raised 
to a duchy by Charles VI., 1 Jan. 1415 — 
taken by the English, 141 7 — retaken by the 
Erench, 142 1 — taken again by the English, 
1428 — recovered again, 1440 — taken again by 
the English, 1444 — finally retaken, i449, a 
1450 b — ceded to the Queen Dowager, Catha- 
rine de' Medici, by Charles IX., 1559° — given 
to his brother Francis, by Charles IX., 1566 a 
— re-united to the Domaine at his death, 1584 
■ — taken by the Ligueurs, 1589 — taken by 
Hemy IV., 1590. a Art de Verifier les Dates. 
b Conv.-Lex. c Engl. Cye. 

Alencon, Francois, Due d\ [Anjou.] 

Aleni, Tommaso, {II Fadino,) painter, — ft. 
at Cremona, 1500 — 7S. 1560. 

Alenio, Giulio, Propagandist missionary, — 
6. at Brescia, 1582-3 — enters Society of Je- 
suits, 1600 — goes to Macao, 1610 — if. Aug. 
1649. 

Aleppo, in Syria, (Relbon, Chalybon, Be- 
rcea, llaleb-cl-Shabha,) [BC] — name changed 
to Beroza by Seleucus Nicator, about 300 — 
[A D] — rises in importance in consequence 
of decline of Palmyra, before 100 — tribute 
demanded by Chosroes, 540 a — occupied by 
Cho-roes II., summer 61 i a — captured by 
Abu Obeidah, (17, a. h.) 638— capital of the 
Hamadanite Sultans, 892a — taken by Nice- 
phorua Phocas, 962 b — a second time, 968 b — 
sacked and made tributary by Zimisces, 974 — 
attacked by the Eatimites, 991c — taken by 
Basil II., 995 b — recovered by Fatimites, 996 
— taken by Daher, Fatimite Caliph, about 
1025— tributary to Romanus III., 1030 — be- 
sieged by Toutousch, (471, a. h.) 1078c — be- 
sieged by Soliman of Iconium, and relieved by 
'Join ousel), who is prevented by Malek Shah 
from taking possession of it, (478, a. h.) 
1085/1086 1 ' taken byMalekShah,(467,A.H.) 
1074' 1 — at bis death, falls into possession of 
Ak-Sankar, (485, a. h.) 1092'' — conquered by 
T01 Tors- h [Tausch) ; first 8ELJUK 8UL- 
'/'./. V, (487, a. h.) 1094° — his son, Redouan, 
ds liiiu, (488, a. 11.) 1095c— his son, 
Alp Abslan, succeeds, (.308, a. h.) 1 1 14*-- — 
■•■ Shah, son of Redouan, succeeds, 
(5l> I, a. h.) 1115° — El-Ghazi, king of Mar- 



din, chosen Sultan by the people, (511, a. h.) 
1 1 1 7 c — with Toghteghin, Sultan of Damascus, 
defeats Baldwin of Jerusalem, and Eoger of 
Antioch, (13 Rabia I. 513, a. h.) 24 Jun. 
1119° — defeated by Baldwin, (17 Guimadhi I. 
514, a. h.) 14 Aug. ii2o c — Soliman, his 
nephew, succeeds, (515, a. h.) ii2i c — Balak 
succeeds, (517, a. h.) ii23 c — defeated and 
killed by Jocelyn of Edessa ; Timour-tasch, 
son of El-Ghazi, succeeds, (Rabia I. 518, a. h.) 
Apr. or May 1124° — besieged by Baldwin II. 
of Jerusalem ; the people make Ak-Sankar- 
Bourski, of Mosul, Sultan, (519, a. h.) 1125 c 
— assassinated; his son, Masoud, succeeds, 
(521, a. h.) 1127° — taken by Emad-Eddin 
Zenghi, of Mosul, n 27 — who makes it an 
atabek of his kingdom, (522, a. h.) 1128° — 
his son, Noureddin-MAHMOUD, succeeds, (540, 
a. h.) 1145° — Damascus united with Aleppo, 
1 159 — Malek-el-Saleh Ismae'l, his son, 
succeeds, (568, a. h.) summer 1173° — Da- 
mascus taken by Saladin, 117 3 — Masoud, of 
Mosul, succeeds, after (25 Eegeb 577, a. h.) 

4 Dec. ii8i c — Emad-Eddest Zenghi II., his 
brother, disposesses him, (13 Moharram 578, 
a. h.) 19 May 1182° — attacked by Saladin, 
ceded to him, (middle of Saphar 579, a. h.) 

5 Jun. 1183° — his son, Gaiatheddin-Ghazi, 
obtains possession of Aleppo, (589, a. h.) 
1193° — his son, Malek-el-Aziz Gaiathed- 
dent, succeeds, after (20 Guimadhi I. 613, a. h.) 
14 Sep. 1216° — his son, Malek-el-Nasir- 
Yussuf, succeeds, after (Eabia II. 634, a. h.) 
Dec. 1236° — acquires Damascus, 1250 — Aleppo 
taken, people massacred, by Mongols under 
Hulaku Khan ; Nasir taken and put to death ; 
end of the Seljuk Sultans, (658, a. h.) 1260 — 
recovered by Bibars I. of Egypt, 1261 — revolt 
of the Emir Ilbogha, (791, a. h.) 1389° — 
taken and sacked by Timur Beg, 11 Nov. 1400, a 
i4oi d — returns to the power of the Sultans of 
Egypt, 1402 d — Kansu of Egypt defeated and 
killed by Selim I. near ; Aleppo taken, (922, 
a. h.) 24 Aug. 1516,° I5i7 d — the Pacha at- 
tempts to make himself independent, before 
18 18 — persecution of the Roman Catholics 
begins, 22 Jun. 18 18 — besieged by Kourshid 
Ahmed Pacha, 18 18-19 e — partly destroyed by 
an earthquake, 13, 16 Aug. 1822 — occupied by 
Ibrahim Pacha, Jul. 1832 — massacre of Chris- 
tians at, 16 Oct. 1850. a Gibbon. 

b Finlay. c Art* de Yerifier les Dates. 

d Erscb and Gruber. e Engl. Cyc 

Ales, {Alesse, Alesius,) Alexander, theolo- 
gian,— -fj. at Edinburgh, 23 Apr. 1500 — cited 
to Holyrood House for heresy, flies to the Con- 
tinent, 153 1 — disputes with Stokesly, Bp of 
London, 1537 — Prof, of Theology, Frankfort- 
on-the-Oder, 1540 — goes to Leipsic, 1543 — o\ 
there, 17 Mar. 1565. I)e necessitate et merito 
bonorum operum, 1560. 

Alesio, [da Leece,) Matteo Perez de, 
painter and engraver, — fl. at Seville, about 
1585 — "0. at Pome, 1600. 

Alessandri, Alessandro, {Alexander ab Alex- 
andra,) jurisconsult, — b. at Naples, 146 1 — ft. 
at Rome, 2 Oct. 1523. Dies Geniales, 1522. 

Alessandria, {Alexandria,) in Italy, — built 



ALESSI— ALEXANDEK. 



4i 



by the Lombard League, and named after 
Alexander III., 1168— besieged by Frederick 
Barbarossa, and named Delia Paglia, late in 
1 174 — relieved by army of the League; 
siege raised, (Easter-day,) 13 Apr. 1175 — 
called Cesarea, and given to Boniface II., 
Marquis of Montferrat, 4 Dec. ii93 a — at war 
with Boniface III. of Montferrat, 125 1-2 — 
besieged by William V. of Montferrat, and 
taken, about 1275 — citizens revolt and im- 
prison him, late in 12903 — subject to Matteo 
Visconti the Great, of Milan, about 1300 — 
acquired by Luchino Visconti, 1347 — belongs 
to Filippo Maria, Count of Pavia, about 1400 
— acquired by Francesco Sforza, about 1440 — 
defended by Conrad Sforza against William 
of Montferrat, 1452 s1 — finally ceded to Savoy, 
by Peace of Utrecht, n Apr. 17 13 — given up 
to Bonaparte, 27 Apr. 1796 — seized by Jou- 
bert, 8 Dec. 1798 — Suwarrow repulses Moreau 
near, 1 1 May 1799 — besieged by Schwiekowski, 
under Suwarrow, May 1799 — Moreau defeats 
Bellegarde near, 16 Jun. 1799 — citadel taken 
by Bellegarde, 21 Jul. 1799 — surrendered to 
Bonaparte, by Armistice of 15 Jun. 1800 — 
fortified by Bonaparte, 1803-5 — restored to 
Sardinia by Treaty of Paris, 30 May 18 14— 
citadel occupied by Austrians, 24 Apr. to 20 
Jun. 1849. a Art cle Verifier les Dates. 

Alessi, G-aleazzo, architect, — ft. at Perugia, 
1500— tf. 1572. 

Aleuadse, of Thessaly, [BC] — most powerful 
family at Larissa, before 600 — form alliance 
with Xerxes against Greece, 48 1 — bribe Leoty- 
chides of Sparta, who is sent to chastise them, 
478-7,* 470 b — defeated by Lycophron of 
Pherae, 404° — at war with Lycophron again, 
under Medius of Larissa? about 395 — invite 
the assistance of Alexander II. of Macedonia, 
against Pherae ; Alexander takes Larissa and 
.Crannon, 369 — assisted by Thebes, 369, 368, 
366, and 363 a — assisted by Philip II. of Ma- 
cedonia, against Pherre, 353-2 a — lose all their 
power by Philip's division of the country, 344. 
[Scopadae.] a Grote. b Muller, Clinton. 

c Smith's Diet. 

Aleutian Islands, — discovered by Behring, 
1741 — surveyed by Krenitzin and Levashef, 
1768-9 — visited by Captain Cook, 1778 — sur- 
veyed by Captains Billing and Sarytchef, 17 81- 
98 — commercial establishments for fur trade 
formed, 1785— visited by Captain Lisiansky, 
1803-4. 

Alexander iEgseus, Peripatetic philosopher, 
— fl. before 50. 

Alexander, Era of, (JEra Philippi, or Bi- 
cornis,) [B C]— commences (1 Thoth, 425, n. e.) 
12 Nov. 324. 

Alexander, ffitolus, poet (one of the Pleias ?) 
and grammarian, [BC] — fl. at Alexandria, 
about 27o, a about 250. 13 

a Clinton. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Alexander Aphrodisiensis, commentator on 
Aristotle, — fl. about 200. 

Alexander Balas, (Bala, Ballas,) King op 
Syria, [BC] — recognized by Eome, beginning 
of 152" — occupies Ptolemais, (160, s. e.) 
spring 152 s1 — defeated by Demetrius Soter, 152 



— defeats and kills Demetrius, and seizes the 
throne, (01. 157, 3 ; 162, s. e.) Aug. 150 a — 
defeated by Ptolemy Philometor at the GEno- 
paras, and murdered, (01. 158, 3 ; 167, s. e.) 
Nov. 146. a a Clinton. 

Alexander Cornelius, (Polyhistor,) historian, 
[BC]— b. about 143 s — comes to Borne, 83. a 
a Clinton. 

Alexander of Damascus, Peripatetic phi- 
losopher, — £(. about 160-80. 

Alexander I., King of Epeirus, [BC] — ■ 
made king by Philip of Macedonia, after Ar- 
ymbas, 342 — marries Cleopatra, daughter of 
Philip, 336 — aids Tarentum against Lucanians 
and Bruttians, 332 — defeated and killed by 
Lucanians, &c, near Pandosia, 326, a 328, bc 
autumn 331.° 

' a Smith's Diet. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

c Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Alexander II., King op Epeirus, [BC]— 
succeeds his father Pyrrhus, 272 — dispossesses 
Antigonus Gonatas of Macedonia, about 270 — 
driven from Epeirus by Demetrius ; recovers 
his throne by aid of the iEtolians, about 266-5 
— tf. 242. 

Alexander Isius, [B C] — opposes Philip III. 
of Macedonia at Mceea, 198 — ambassador to 
Borne from JEtolian League, 198 — opposes 
Philip before Flamininus, 197 — opposes Athens 
at congress at Corinth, 195 — ambassador to 
Borne; captured by Epeirots, and released, 189. 

Alexander Jannaeus, King of Jud^a, [B C] 
— succeeds Aristobulus L, io5, a io4, b 106 c — 
defeated at the Jordan by Ptolemy Lathyrus, 
104,° ioi d — assisted by Cleopatra, 102 b — takes 
and destroys Gaza, 96, 15 98° — renders Arabs and 
Moabites tributary, 93 b — defeated by Obodas, 
92 bc — driven to the mountains by revolt of the 
Pharisees, 88 — defeats them, 86, b 87°— tf. at 
siege of Bagaba, 78, 13 79.° a Clinton. 
b Smith's Diet. c Art cle Verifier les Dates. 

Alexander Jaroslawitz Nevskoj, St, Grand 
Duke of Wladimir, — b. at Wladimir, 1219 — 
Prince of Novgorod on his father's resignation, 
1239— defeats the Swedes, Teutonic Knights, 
and Esthonian and Livonian Knights of the 
Sword, near the Neva, and is called Nevskoj, 
15 Jul. 1240 — drives them out of Pleskow, 
1 241 — defeats them at Lake Peipus, 5 Apr. 
1 242 — opposed by his brother Andrew, at death 
of his father Jaroslaw, 1247— Grand Duke of 
Wladimir by Batu Khan, 1 251— visits the 
Khan of Kaptchak, 1252, 1256, and 1262— tf. 
at Gorodetz, 14 Nov. 1263,* i264. b Order of 
Knighthood, of St Alexander, instituted by 
Peter the Great, 1703. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. 
b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Alexander of Judcea, [BC] taken prisoner 
with his father, Aristobulus II., at Jerusalem, 
by Pompey, but escapes, 63 — heads revolt in 
Judsea; defeated near Jerusalem by Antony, 
5 7 —revolts again, and is defeated at Mount 
Tabor by Gabinius, s^ — revolts a third time, 
and is subdued by Cassius, 53— beheaded by Q. 
Metellus Scipio at Antioch, 49. 

Alexander Lyncestes, (LynJcestes,) [BC]— 
assists in the murder of Philip of Macedonia, 



4 2 



ALEXANDER. 



Persia, 334 — put to death by Alexander the 
Great, autumn 330. 

Alexander III., (the Great,) King of Mace- 
donia, [B C] — b. at Pella, (Lous ; 6 Hecatomb. 
01. 106, 1,) Jul. a (Boedrom.) Sep. b autumn c 
356 — at battle of Chaeroneia, Aug. 338 — suc- 
ceeds his father Philip II., (Hecatomb. 01. Ill, 
1,) about Jul. 336 — appointed general at Con- 
gress of Corinth ; subdues the Triballians and 
lllvrians, (01. Ill, 1,) spring 335 — destroys 
Thebes, {Mysteria; Boedrom. 01. Ill, 2,) Oct. 
335 a — celebrates the Qlympia, and crosses the 
Hellespont, (01. Ill, 2,) spring 334* — defeats 
the Persians at the Granicus, (Thargel.) May 
334 1 ' — subdues Caria, before winter 334 a — 
and Lycia, winter 334~3 a — reaches Gordium, 
spring 333, a winter 334-3° — at Tarsus, about 
midsummer 333— defeats Dareius at Issus, 
(Maemact. 01. Ill, 4,) Nov. 333 s — begins the 
siege of Tyre, midwinter 333-2 a — takes it, 
(Hecatomb. 01. 112, 1,) Jul. 332 s — takes 
Gaza, (Isthmia,) Sep. 332 b — enters Egypt; 
founds Alexandreia ; visits the temple of Am- 
nion, autumn and winter 322 — leaves Memphis, 
spring 33 1 3 — reaches Thapsacus, (Hecatomb. 
01. 112, 2,) Jul. 331 a — defeats Dareius at 
Arbela, (or Gaugamela,) (Pyanepsion, 26 Boed- 
rom. ; 11 days after lunar eclipse of 20 Sep.) 
1 Oct. 331 a — at Babylon, Nov. 331 — winters 
at Persepolis, 331-30 — pursues Dareius to 
Pai-thia, spring 330 — Dareius murdered by 
Bessus, Jul. 330* — Alexander subdues Hyr- 
cania, Parthia, Areia, &c. ; Parmenion and 
Philotas put to death, (01. 112, 3,) autumn 
330 — crosses the Paropamisus to Bactra, winter 
330-29 a — passes the Oxus to Maracanda, 
founds Alexandreia on the Jaxartes, spring 
329 l — crosses the Tanais against the Scythi- 
ans, summer 329a — puts Bessus to death, end 
of 329 — winters at Bactra; kills Cleitus, 329- 
8 a — crosses the Oxus again; campaign in 
Sogdiana, (01. 112, 4, and 113, 1,) 328 a — 
winters at Xautaca, 328-7 — captures and 
marries Roxana, early in 327,* 328 bd — cam- 
paign in Bactria, spring 327,° 328 b — puts 
Callisthenes and other conspirators to death, 
(01. 113, 1,) 327, c 328 b — marches towards the 
Indus, summer 327 ad — winters between the 
Cophen and tbe Indus, 327-6 a — crosses the 
Indus at Taxila, Mar. 326 d — defeats Porus ; 
founds Bucephala and Nicaca, (Munych. 01. 
113, 2,) Apr. May 326^ late spring 327 b c — 
mutiny of army at the Hyphasis, and conse- 
quent return, (01. 113, 2,) "midsummer 326 a — 
founds Alexandreia on the Accsines, mid- 
summer, 11 or early autumn 326, 327 b — descends 
the Indus; founds Pattala, (01. 113, 3,) 
autumn 326 to summer 325,* Nov. 327 to Jul. 
326 '"- — haves Pattala, [Nearchus,] about 
Aug. 325,* Sep. 326 b «s — reaches Pura, Oct. 
325,* Nov. 326^ — reaches Persepolis, winter 
325, 1 326 bc « — reaches Susa, Feb. 324,* begin- 
ning of 325 bc e— -marries Barsine; proceeds to 
Eebatana, autumn 324, a late in 325^ — winter 
campaign against the Cossacans, 324-3,* 325-4° 
■ — reaches Babylon, spring 323,* 324° — ti. 
there, (28 Dsesius, 6 Thargel. 01. 114, 1,) 
Jan.," 11 or 13 Jun., f 13 Jun^8 28 Jun., e 19 



May, h 22 May,^ 21 Apr., k 18 Apr. 1 323; 19 
Jul., m 24 or 30 May, n 21 Apr. 324. 

a Clinton. b Zumpt. c Smith's Diet. 

d Thirlwall. e Smith. f Ideler. S Greswell. 
h Dodwell. * Usher. k Heeren. * Calvisius. 
m Petavius. n Champollion-Figeac. ° Ersch and 
Gruber. P Du Fresnoy. 

Alexander IV., (JEgus,) King of Mace- 
donia, [BC] — b. and associated with Arrhi- 
daeus on the throne, autumn 323 a — under 
guardianship of Perdiccas, 323-1 a — taken by 
his mother into Epeirus, 319 — restored to Mace- 
donia by .ZEacides, 317 a — imprisoned with his 
mother by Cassander, at Amphipolis, 316,° 
315° — assassinated by Cassander, 411,° 310.° 

a Smith's Diet. b Thirlwall. c Zumpt. 

Alexander V., {JEgus,) King op Mace- 
donia, [B C] — contends with his brother Anti 
pater for the throne, after the death of Philip 
IV., 298-6 — assassinated by Demetrius Poli- 
orcetes, Dec. 294. 

Alexander the Paphlagonian, magician, — 
famous during the pestilence, 167 — sent for to 
Pome by M. Aurelius, 174. 

Alexander Peloplaton, rhetorician, — am- 
bassador from Seleuceia to Antoninus, about 
160 — Greek secretary to M. Aurelius, 170,* 
I74. b a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. 

Alexander of Pherce, [BC] — murders Po- 
lyphron (or Polydorus) and becomes tyrant, 
(01. 102, 4,) autumn 369 — attacked by Alex- 
ander of Macedonia and Pelopidas of Thebes, 
369,* early in 368 b — second expedition of Pe- 
lopidas, summer 368 — imprisons Pelopidas, 
early in 366,* summer 368 b — releases him, 
366, a 367 b — defeated at Cynoscephalee by Pe- 
lopidas, who is killed, summer 363^ Jun. 364 b 
— made a dependent ally of Thebes, 363,* 
autumn 364 b — plunders and enslaves Tenos; 
defeats the Athenian fleet and plunders the 
Piraeus, (01. 104, 3,) Sep. 362° — assassinated, 
about midsummer 359,° 357. 13 

a Grote. b Smith's Diet. c Clinton. 

Alexander I., Bp of Rome, — succeeds Evar- 
istus, about 109 — tr. 3 May 119. 

Alexander II., (Anselmo de Bagio,) Pope, 
— succeeds Nicholas II., 30 Sep. 1061 — Cada- 
lous set up in opposition to him by Empress 
Agnes, Oct. — governed by Cardinal Hilde- 
brand: tf. 21 Apr. 1073. 

Alexander III., Pope, {Rolando Ranuci,) — 
elected to succeed Adrian IV., 7 Sep. n 59 — ■ 
driven out of Rome by adherents of Victor 
IV. ; consecrated at Nymphsea, 20 Sep. 1159 
— persecuted by the Emperor Frederick I., re- 
tires to France, 11 Apr. 1162 — Pascal III. 
succeeds Victor, 20 or 22 Apr. 11 64 — Alex- 
ander returns to Eome, 24 Nov. n 65 — excom- 
municates the emperor at the Lateran Council, 
and escapes from Borne, spring 1 167 — Calixtus 
III. succeeds Pascal, 20 Sep. 1168 — Alex- 
ander returns, 1169 — excommunicates mur- 
derers of Becket, 1 17 1— goes to Venice, to treat 
with the emperor, 24 Mar. 117 7 — returns to 
Borne, middle of Mar. 1178 — Calixtus re- 
nounces his schism, 29 Aug. 1178 — Innocent 
III. elected in his place, 29 Sep. 1178 — Alex- 
ander takes and imprisons him, 11 80 — holds 



ALEXANDER. 



43 



Illrd General Council of Lateran, 5, 14, and 
19 Mar. 1 179 — o\ near Borne, 30 Aug. n 81. 

Alexander IV., (Pinaldo,) Pope, — succeeds 
Innocent IV., 12 Dec. 1254 — opposes designs 
of Manfred : asks assistance of Henry III. of 
England, and offers him the kingdom of Sicily 
for his son Edmund, Nov. 1255 — favours the 
mendicant orders, by bull of 22 Dec. 1254 — 
establishes inquisitors in France, 1255 — driven 
from Rome, retires to Viterbo, May 1257 — )J. 
at Viterbo, 25 May 1261. 

Alexander V., (Pietro Philargi,) Pope, — b. 
about 1329 — Cardinal, 1405 — succeeds Gregory 
XII., 26 Jun. 1409 — U.at Bologna, 3 May 1410. 

Alexander VI., Pope, {Roderigo Lenzuoli, 
Borgia,) — t). at Valencia, 1430- 1 — Abp of Valen- 
cia, 1455 — Cardinal, 12 Sep. 1456 — elected to 
succeed Innocent VIII., n Aug. 1492 — forms a 
league with Venice and the Duke of Milan, 1 
Apr. 1493 — attempts to form a league against 
Charles VIII. of France, autumn 1494 — con- 
cludes treaty with Charles, 16 Jan. 1495 — 
forms alliance with Maximilian, Ferdinand, 
Venice, and Milan, against Charles, 31 Mar. 
1495 — conquers the Romagna, 1501 — poison- 
ed? (10 Aug. o. s.) 18 Aug. 1503. 

Alexander I., Paulowitz, Emperor of 
Russia, — b. at St Petersburg, (13 Dec. o. s.) 23 
Dec. 1777 — marries Louisa Augusta, Princess 
of Baden, (Elizabeth Alexiewna,) 9 Oct. 1793 
— proclaimed Czarowitz by his father, Paul, 
on his accession, 18 Nov. 1796 — succeeds his 
father, 24 Mar. 1 801— concludes treaty with 
Great Britain, 17 Jun. 1801 — interview with 
king of Prussia at Memel, ro Jun. 1802 — joins 
Great Britain, Austria, and Sweden, against 
France, 11 Apr., 9 and 31 Aug. 1805 — visits 
Berlin, and concludes secret treaty with Fred- 
erick William III. of Prussia, against France, 3 
Nov. 1805 — allies defeated at Austerlitz, 2 
Dec. 1805. 

1806 — Refuses to ratify D'Oubril's treaty 
with France, 25 Aug. — renews his alliance 
with Prussia, 18 Sep. — commences war with 
Turkey, 23 Nov. — evacuates Warsaw, 28 Nov. 
— the passage of the Ukra forced at Czarnowo 
by Napoleon, 23 Dec. — checks Napoleon at 
Pultusk, 26 Dec. 

1807 — Defeated at Eylau, 8 Feb. — joins 
the army at Bartenstein, 28 Mar. — concludes 
Treaty of Bartenstein with Prussia, 25 Apr. 
— defeated at Friedland, 14 Jun. — meets Na- 
poleon at Tilsit, 26 Jun. — concludes Treaty of 
Tilsit, 7 Jul. — declares war against Sweden, 6 
Oct., and 6 Feb. 1808 — declares war against 
Great Britain, 26 Oct., 8 Nov. 

1808 — Incorporates Finland with Russia, 28 
Mar., 19 Nov. — his fleet captured at Lisbon 
by the British, 25 Sep. — meets Napoleon at 
Erfurth, 27 Sep. to 14 Oct. 

War upon the Danube begun, 16 Mar. 1809 
— annexes Moldavia and Wallachia to Rus- 
sia, 2 1 Jan. 1 8 1 o — becomes jealous of the power 
of Napoleon, autumn 18 10 — relaxes his en- 
forcement of the Continental System, 31 Dec. 
1810. 

1812 — Concludes Treaty with Sweden, 24 
Mar., 5 and 8 Apr. — Ultimatum of Napoleon 



offered to him, 24 Apr. — reaches Wilna, 29 
Apr. — Treaty of Bucharest with Turkey, 
signed, 28 May — Napoleon crosses the Niemen, 
24 Jun. — Alexander at Moscow, Jul. — Treaty 
of (Erebro with Great Britain, signed, 6 Jul. 
— Treaty of Weliky Luky with Spain, signed, 
20 Jul. — Alexander reaches St Petersburg, 15 
Aug. — meets Bernadotte of Sweden at Abo, 
and concludes treaty with him, 28 Aug. — Mos- 
cow taken by the French, burnt, and evacu- 
ated, 14 Sep. to 19 Oct. — Alexander joins his 
army at Wilna, 22 Dec. 

1 81 3. — Publishes declaration to the Princes, 
(10 Feb. o. s.) 22 Feb. — concludes alliance 
with Prussia at Kalisch, 28 Feb., 1 and 8 Mar., 
4and 7 Apr. — meets Frederick William of Prus- 
sia at Breslau, 14 Mar. — [War of Liberation,] 
— enters Dresden, 24 Apr. — Convention with 
Prussia and Great Britain signed, 28 Apr. — - 
at battle of Liitzen, 2 May — Grand Alliance 
with Great Britain and Prussia, signed at 
Reichenbach, 14 and 15 Jun. — Alexander 
arrives at Prague, 19 Aug. — at battles of 
Dresden, 26 and 27 Aug. — and Leipsic, 16, 
18, and 19 Oct. 

1 8 14— Meets the Royalist leaders at Tro yes, 
11 Feb. — opposes the armistice of Lusigny, 
24 Feb. — treaty of alliance with Great Bri- 
tain, Austria, and Prussia, signed at Chau- 
mont, 1 Mar. — Treaty of Stockholm signed, 
3 Mar. — Alexander present at battles of Arcis- 
sur-Aube, 20 and 21 Mar. — and Fere-Cham- 
penoise, 25 Mar. — enters Paris with the king 
of Prussia, 3 1 Mar. — present at the grand re- 
view of the allied troops at Paris, 20 May — • 
Treaty of Paris signed, 30 May — Alexander 
with the Allied Sovereigns visits England, 6 
to 27 Jun. — returns to St Petersburg, 27 Jul. 
— attends Congress of Vienna, 25 Sep. 

1 8 15 — Signs declaration against Napoleon, 
1 3 Mar. — concludes alliance with Great Bri- 
tain, Austria, and Prussia, at Vienna, 25 Mar. 
- — assumes title of King of Poland, 9 Jun.— 
enters Paris a second time, 1 1 Jul. — great re- 
view on plains of Vertus, 10 Sep. — concludes 
the Holy Alliance with Austria and Prussia, 
26 Sep. — second Treaty of Paris signed, 20 
Nov. — returns to St Petersburg, 13 Dec. 

Visits Moscow, end of Aug. 18 16 — at Con- 
gress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 28 Sep. 18 18 — visits 
Paris, 28 Oct. 18 18 — visits Brussels, 17 Nov. 
18 18 — at Congress of Troppau, Oct. 1820 — at 
Congress of Laybach, Jan. 1821 — at Congress 
of Verona, Oct. 1822 — visits the Kirghises, 
1824 — goes to the Crimea, Nov. 1825 — arrives 
at Taganrog, (17 Nov. o. s.) 29 Nov. 1825 — 
a. there, (19 Nov. o. s.) 1 Dec. 1825. 

Alexander II., King of Scotland,— b. 
24 Aug. 1 1 98 — succeeds his lather, William 
the Lion, 4 Dec. 12 14 — joins the barons and 
Prince Louis of France against John of Eng- 
land, 1 2 15 — concludes treaty with Henry III., 
12 17 — marries Joan, sister of Henry, 25 Jun. 
1 22 1 — Joan dies, j. Mar. 1238 — Alexander 
marries Mary, daughter of Ingelram de Couci, 
15 May 1239 — prepares to invade England ; 
concludes peace at Newcastle, Aug. 1244 — ft. 
on island of Kerreray, 8 Jul. 1249. 



44- 



ALEXANDER— ALEXANDREIA. 



Alexander III., King of Scotland, — 6. 
at Roxburgh, 4 Sep. 1241 — succeeds his father, 
Alexander II., 8 Jul. 1249 — marries Margaret, 
daughter of Henry III. of England, 25 Dec. 
1 25 1 — visits Loudon with his queen, 1260-1 — 
assists Henry against his barons, 1263 — repels 
invasion of Ilaco of Norway, r Oct. 1263 — 
acquires the Hebrides and Isle of Man from 
Magnus of Norway, 1265 — Margaret dies, 
1275 — his daughter" Margaret married to Eric 
of Norway, 1282 — marries Yolande, daughter of 
Robert, Count of Dreux, 15 Apr. 1285 — tf. at 
Xing'horn, in consequeuce of a fall, 16 Mar. 1286. 

Alexander, St, Patriarch of Alexandria, 
—succeeds Achillas, 313^ 3i2 b — tf. 16 Apr., c 
Jan. a 326, end of 325^ a Clinton. 

b Smith's Diet. c Pagi. d Cave. 

Alexander, St, Bp of Jerusalem, — Bp of 
Flaviopolis in Cappadocia ; imprisoned iu the 
persecution of Severus, 204 a — released, 21 i a 
— coadjutor of Narcissus at Jerusalem, 212 — 
succeeds him, 2i4 b — tf. in prison at Caesarea, 
250, 13 25 1. a a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. 

Alexander Severus, (Alexianus Bassianus,) 
M. Aurelius, Emperor of Rome, — fj. at Arce, 
1 Oct. 2o8, a 205 b — accompanies Elagabalus to 
Rome, 219 — adopted by Elagabalus, and de- 
clared Ca?sar, &c„ 221 — made Emperor after 
the murder of Elagabalus, 31 Jan., a n Mar. b 
222 — leaves Rome to take command in the 
East, 230^ 231 b — Artaxerxes defeated at the 
Euphrates, 232 — Alexander triumphs at Rome, 
autumn 233 b — leaves Rome to conduct the 
German war, close of 234*— slain, with his 
mother Mamsea, by the soldiers, at Moguntia- 
cum in Germany, or at Sicila in Britain, 8 
Feb., a 19 Mar. c 235. 

a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. e Gibbon. 

Alexander, one of the Thirty Tyrants, — 
governor of Africa under Maxentius ; pro- 
claimed Emperor by the troops there, 308,* 
3 1 1 b — taken and put to death by Ruf us Volu- 
sianns, 3 1 i. a a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. 

Alexander of Trallcs, physician, — fl. about 

54°. 

Alexander of Yille Dieu, (de Villa Dei,) 
grammarian, — composes his Doctrinale, 1209^ 
about i24o. b 

:i Xmiv, Biog, Gen. b Rose's Biog. Diet. 

Alexander, William. [Stirling, Lord.] 

Alexander Zebina,(Z'/Z'/»^.v,)KiNG of Syria, 
[BC J — set up by .Ptolemy Physcon, (184, s. e.) 
129-8* — -defeats Demetrius near Damascus, 
early in 125,'' 126^ — is defeated by Antiochus 
Grypus, midsummer 125 — put to death by An- 
tiochus, (01. 164, 2; 190, s. e.) Nov. i23, a 
122, b I24.' 1 a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. 

c Ileercn. d Du Fresnoy. 

Alexandra, asteroid, — discovered by Gold- 
Bchmidt, 10 Sep. 1858. 

Alexandra, the, screw steamer, seizure of, 
at Liverpool, by the government, as a Con- 
federate v< ssel, ^ Apr. *i 863 — trial of the case, 
and decision of Court of Exchequer in favour 
of owners, Jun. 1863 — appeal of the Crown dis- 
missed, 8 Feb. 1864 — dismissed by House of 
Lords, and vessel restored to her owners, Apr. 
JS64. 



Alexandre, Noel, theologian, — fj. at Rouen, 
19 Jan. 1639 — excommunicated by Innocent 
XL and his works condemned, 13 Jul. 1684 — 
Provincial of the Dominicans, 1706 — exiled to 
Chatelleraut, 1709 — deprived of his pension, 
1723 — tf. at Paris, 21 Aug. 1724. Historic/, 
Ecclesiastica, 1676-86 — Theologia Moralis, 

I703- 

Alexandreia, or Alexandria, {Iskandcrieh, 
El-skanderieh,) [B C] — founded on the site of 
Rhacotis, by Alexander the Great, late in 322 
— completed, about 250 — Antiochus Epiphanes 
besieges, but desists at command of the Roman 
people, 171 — revolts against Ptolemy Physcon, 
130 — bequeathed to Rome by Ptolemy Alex- 
ander, 80 — involved in the revolutions of Rome, 
55 — taken by Julius Caesar, [Alexandrian 
War,] (6 Kal. Apr. 707, a. it. c.) 14 Jan. 47 a 
— occupied by Augustus, 29 Aug. 30- — declared 
an Imperial city by him, late in 30 — [A D] — 
municipality restored by Severus, i96 b — youths 
of military age massacred by Caracalla, 215,° 
211 — sedition and civil war for some years, 
after 260 d — Bruchehamxeaxlj rebuilt by Gallie- 
nus, 260-68 b — revolt of Firmus suppressed by 
Aurelian, 273° — besieged and taken by Diocle- 
tian; revolt of Achilleus suppressed, 297,° 
296 d — visited by destructive earthquake and 
inundation, (12 Kal. Aug. 2382, Abr. E. ; VIII. 
Indict.) 21 Jul. 365 — pagan idolatry sup- 
pressed; the Serapeion destroyed, close of 390° 
— taken by Chosroes of Persia, 616 — besieged 
by Amrou, ISTov. 639 — taken by Amrou, (2 Mo- 
harram 20, a. h.) 22 Dec. 640,° 641 e — re- 
covered by the Romans, and again taken, 641 
— retaken by Manuel, and recovered by Am- 
rou, 646 b — pillaged by Andalusian adventurers, 
823 d — walls, &c. repaired, (574-82, Diocl. E.) 
about 86o, f 875s — taken by Abassah, general 
to Obeidallah, but soon abandoned, (300, a. h.) 
912-13 — taken by the Moghrebins, 924 and 
928s — importance declines after the building 
of Cairo, 969 — taken from the Negroes who 
had occupied it, by Nasir-ed-doulah, (459, a. h.) 
1066-7 — opens its gates to the Emir Shirakoh, 
1 165 or 1 1 67 — surrendered by Saladin to 
Amaury of Jerusalem, summer 11 67 — besieged 
j by William II., king of Sicily ; siege raised by 
J Saladin, 1 175 — walls repaired by Sultan Bibars, 
about 1270 — stormed by Peter of Cyprus and 
others; occupied, 10-13 Oct. 1365 e — attacked 
by John II. of Cyprus, 142 3 a — declines yet 
further after discovery of the route round the 
Cape of Good Hope, 1497 — taken by Bona- 
parte, 2 Jul. 1798 — fortified by him, Aug. 1798 
— Abercromby defeats Menou near, 21 Mar. 
1 80 1 — surrendered by Menou to Hutchinson, 
31 Aug. 1801 — capitulates to Mackenzie, 2) 
Mar. 1807 — evacuated, 23 Sep. 1807 — present 
walls in part built, 18 11 — rises in importance 
in consequence of the opening of the Overland 
Route for the Indian mails, after 1 845 — visited 
by the Sultan, Abdul Aziz, 8 Apr. 1863. 
[Ptolemseus.] Canal of, or of Mahnmdieh, — 
re-constructed by Ahmed Ibn Toulun, about 
(260, a. h.) 873-4 — repaired by Sultan Bibars, 
about 1270 — and by Sinan Pacha, 1570 — nearly 
dry, 1777 — re-constructed by Mohammed Ah, 



ALEXANDREIA— ALEXIS. 



45 



and called by name of the Sultan, 18 19, 24 Jan. 
1820. Councils of — two held against Origen, 
under Demetrius, 231 — two held by St Alex- 
ander, against Arius, 321 — held by Osius, 
against Arius, 324 — by St Athanasius, for de- 
claration of faith in opposition to the Arians, 
362 — held at demand of Jovian, for the same 
purpose, Jul. or Aug. 363 — by Theophilus, 
against the Origenists, 399— two held by Ti- 
motheus JElurus, against the Council of Chal- 
cedon, about 457 and 477 — by Cyrus, in favour 
of Monothelitism, May or Jun. 633. Mundane 
Era of, [B C] — commences, 29 Aug. 5502 — 
[A D]— invented by Julius Africanus, about 232 
■ — conformed to Mundane Era of Antioch, 285. 
[Seleucidae, Era of.] Pharos of [BC] com- 
pleted, 283 — [AD] — repaired by Ahmed Ibn 
Toulun, 874 — and by Sultan Bibars, about 
1270 — totally destroyed, before 1600. 

a Fischer. b Smith's Diet. c Clinton. 

d Gibbon. e Art de Verifier les Dates. 

f Marcel. S Kees' Cyc. 

Alexandreia, in Ariana. [Herat.] 
Alexandreia ad Issum, or Alexandretta. 
[Scanderoon.] 

Alexandria, in Virginia, U. S. — surrenders 
to Gordon, 29 Aug. 18 14. 

Alexandrian Codex of the Septuagint Ver- 
sion, — written, before 500 — in the Library of 
the Patriarchs of Constantinople, about 1098 
— taken by Cyrillus Lucaris, Patriarch of 
Alexandria, to Constantinople, 162 1 — pre- 
sented by him to Charles I. of England, and 
placed in Royal Library, 1628 — removed to 
British Museum, 1753. 

Alexandrian Library, [BC] — founded by 
Ptolemy Soter, 284 — partly destroyed at siege 
of Alexandria by Julius Csesar, 48-7 — Library 
of kings of Pergamus given by Antony to Cleo- 
patra, and added to it, between 40 and 30 — 
[A D] — dispersed at destruction of Serapeion, 
by Theophilus, 390 — finally dispersed or de- 
stroyed by Amrou ? 640 — story of its destruc- 
tion by Amrou first circulated by Abdallatif, 
about 1230. 

Alexandrian School of Philosophy, [BC] — 
fl. about 300 to 30.* The Second School, — fl. 
about 30 to [AD] 640 a — revived under the 
patronage of the Abbasides, about 820. Ca- 
techetical School established, about 1 8o, b about 
60? a Conv.-Lex. b Robertson. 

Alexandrian (Alexandrine) War, [BC] — 
Csesar pursues Pompey into Egypt, after de- 
feating him at Pharsalia, (Oct. 706, a. u. c.) 
Aug. 48 a — Ptolemy the elder killed, Dec. 48 b 
— Caesar places Cleopatra and her younger 
brother on the throne, and pacificates the 
country, (end of Mar'. 707, a. u. c.) middle of 
Jan. 47. a a Fischer. b Clinton. 

Alexians, (Brethren and Sisters of Alexias, 
Cellites, Lollhards, Matemans,) — rise at An- 
twerp, soon after 1300 — admitted amongst the 
Religious Orders by Sixtus IV., 1472 — pri- 
vileges extended by Julius II., 1506. 
Alexias, [B C] — Archon at Athens, 405. 
Alexis, comic poet, [BC] — b. about 394 a — 
0. 364 to 306 b — Tj. after 28 8. a Meropis, An- 
culion, Olympiodorus, Parasitus, (01. 104 ?), 



364-60 ? b — Agonis, after 345 ? b — Adelph i, 
Stratiotes, soon after 343 b — Hippos, 3i6, b be- 
tween 307 and 302° — Pyraunus, after 312 ? b — ■ 
Pharmacopola, PLypobolimceus, 306. b 

a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. 

c Petitus, Corsini, Larcher. 
Alexis (Alexius) I., Comnenus, (Bamba- 
corax,) Byzantine Emperor, — b. at Con- 
stantinople, 1048 — present at battle of Ma- 
lazkerd, or Manzikert, 26 Aug. 107 1 — ■ 
commands against Oursel, and takes him 
prisoner, io74 a — joins Mcephorus Botoniates, 
1077 — defeats Bryennius at Calavrya, and 
receives title of Sebastos from Mcephorus III., 
1078 — rebels, and takes Constantinople; de- 
poses Nicephorus, and is crowned emperor, 
(Good Friday, Indict. IV. ; 6589, Cp. E.) i 
and 2 Apr. 108 1 — makes peace with Soliman, 
Sultan of Iconium, autumn 1081 — defeated at 
Dyrrachium by Robert Guiscard, 18 Oct. 108 1 
— defeated by Bohemond near Arta, spring 
1083 — again defeated, later in 1083 — defeats 
Bohemond near Larissa, spring 1084 — Dyr- 
rachium recovered by the aid of Venice ; 
Normans driven out of Epeirus, autumn 1085 
—defeated by the Patzinaks, at Dorostylon, 
1088 a — Patzinaks routed at Levounion, with 
the help of the Komans, 29 Apr. i09i a — ■ 
Tzachas assumes title of Emperor at Smyrna, 
and makes war on Alexis, io92 a — Alexis 
solicits assistance from the western powers, 
against the Seljuks, 1092 — and at Council of 
Placentia, beginning of Mar. 1095 — exacts 
homage from the leaders of the First Crusade, 
Dec. 1096 to May 1097 — recovers many of his 
possessions in Asia, by means of the Crusaders, 
summer 1097 — makes war upon Bohemond of 
Antioch, 11 03 — concludes peace with him, 
Sep. 1 108 — at war with Tancred, regent of 
Antioch, 1111-12 — makes peace with Malek, 
(Saisan,) Sultan of Iconium, 11 12 — concludes 
another treaty with him, m6 a — ft. 15 Aug. 
II 18. a Finlay. 

Alexis III., Angelus, Comnenus, Byzantine 
Emperor, — takes refuge at court of Saladin, 
after 1183 — returns to Constantinople, 11 85-6 
— deposes his brother, Isaac II., and seizes the 
throne ; 8 Apr. 11 95 — purchases peace of 
Frederick Barbarossa, 11 95 — of Sultan Moed- 
din, of Angora, 1197 — concludes commercial 
treaty with Venice, 11 98 — provokes hostility 
of Kaikhosrou I. of Iconium, 11 98 — besieges 
the rebel, Chryses, in Prosakon; concludes 
treaty with him, 11 99 — purchases peace of 
Rokneddin, 1200 — puts down rebellion of Ivan 
in Thrace by treachery, 1200 — besieged in 
Constantinople by Crusaders, under Dandolo, 
23 Jun. to 17 Jul. 1203 — abandons the city, 
and flies to Italy, 18 Jul. 1203 — Isaac II. , 
and his son, Alexis IV., placed on the throne, 
18 Jul. and 1 Aug. 1203 — Isaac dies ; Nicolas 
Canabus elected, between 25 and 28 Jan., a 
after 8 Feb. i204 b — Canabus dethroned; 
Alexis IV. strangled by Alexis V., (Lucas, 
Murzuphlus,) 5 Feb., a 8 Feb., b 28 Jan. c 1204 
— Alexis III. returns to Greece, early in 1204° 
— Constantinople stormed by the Crusaders ; 
Alexis V. escapes, 12-13 Apr. 1204 — Theodore 



46 



ALEXIS— ALFONSO. 



lascaris elected emperor, flies to Asia, 13-14 
Apr. 1204— Alexis V. blinded by his father-in- 
law, Alexis III.; taken by the Crusaders, 
and thrown from the top of the Theodosian 
Column, 1204— Alexis III. taken prisoner at 
Corinth, by Boniface, Marquis of Montferrat, 
and sent to Lombardy, 1205 — escapes, and 
takes refuge with Kaikbosrou, of Iconium, 
after 1205, i2io cd — taken by Theodore Las- 
caris, and confined in a monastery till his 
death, 12 io. c a Finlay. b Gibbon. 

c Smith's Diet. d Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Alexis {Alexei) Michailowitz, Czar of 
Russia,— fj. at Moscow, (10 Mar. 1629, a o. s.) 
20 Mar. i63o b — succeeds his father, Michail 
Romanoff, 12-13 Jul. 1645 — insurrection at 
Moscow, Alexis saves the life of his guardian, 
Morosoff, 1648 — defeated by John Casimir in 
election for the throne of Poland, 1648 — de- 
clares war against Poland, after taking the 
Cossacks under his protection, 6 Jun. 1654 — 
treaty of Nienitz, or Wilna, with John Casi- 
mir; Alexis gains Smolensko, &c, Nov. 1656 
— makes war upon Charles Gustavus of 
Sweden, summer 1657 — makes war upon Po- 
land again, i658 b — armistice with Sweden, 23 
Apr. 1658 — Treaty of Cardis with Sweden, 21 
Jun. 1 66 1 — Truce of Andrussoff, for 13 years, 
with Poland, 30 Jan. 1667 — revolt of the Cos- 
Backs, 1668 — headed by Stenko Rasin, 1669 — 
who is given up to Alexis and put to death ; 
revolt suppressed, 1670-1 — Alexis, appre- 
hensive of war with Sultan Mahomet IV., 
attempts to form a league against him, 1672 — 
fc. (29 Jan. 1676, o. s.) 8 Feb. b 1677. 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Art de Verifier les 

Dates. 

Alexis Petrowitz, Czarowitz of Russia, 
— 1>. at Moscow, 28 Feb. 1690,3 1695 b — 
marries Charlotte of Brunswick-Wollenbuttel, 
15 Oct. 17 1 1 — leaves Russia secretly, spring 
17 16 — returns to Moscow, is arrested, and re- 
nounces his right of succession, 15 Feb. 17 18 
—tried for treason and condemned to death, 
(24 Jun. o. s.) 5 Jul. 17 1 8 — ft. (executed?) in 
prison, 6 or 7 Jul. 17 18. 

a Rose's Biog. Diet. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Alfani, Domenico, di Paris, painter, — ft. at 
Perugia, 1483 a — tJ. after 1553^ about 1540^ 
a Bryant. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Alfani, Orazio, di Paris, painter, — ft. at 
Perugia, about 15 10 — ft. 1583. 

Alfarabius, [Abu Kasr Mohammed Ibn 
Tare/tan Al Farabi,) mathematician, astro- 
nomer, §c., — visits Fgypt, about (330, a. h.) 
941-2 — o\ at Damascus, (339, a. h.) 950. 

Alfaro y Gomez, Juan de, painter, — fj. at 
Cordova, 1640 — U. 1680. 

Alfergani, [Alfrayanus Logista, Ahmed Ibn 
Kethir A I Fergham, Hasib,) astronomer, — fl, 
about (218, a. h.) 833— tr. (215, a a. h.) 830. 
1 Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Alfieri, Vittorio, Count, tragic poet, §c, — 
b. at Asti, 17 Jan. 1749 — commences his 
travels on death of his guardian, 1765 — re- 
turn-; to Turin, 16 Jun. 1775"— begins dra- 
matic writing ; Cleopatra acted, 16 Jun. 1775a 
—introduced to the Countess of Albany, 1777 



— accompanies her to France, 1785 — marries 
her privately, 1788 — returns to Italy, autumn 
1792 — "0. at Florence, 8 Oct. 1803. Saul, 



Nouv. Biog. Gen. 



Biog. Univ. 



Alfonso, [Affonso, Alonso, Alphonso, Ade- 
fonsus, Ildefonso,) I., [El Batallador,) King 
of Aragon, VII. of Castile and Leon, IX. 
of Navarre, — succeeds his brother, Pedro I., 
28 Sep. no4 a — marries Urraca, heiress of 
Alfonso VI. of Castile and Leon ; and shares 
his throne, calling himself Emperor of the 
Spains, about Jul. 11 09 a — repudiates her, and 
defeats her adherents at Campo de Espina, 26 
Oct. 1 1 1 1 a — besieges Saragossa vainly, Jan. to 
after Aug. 11143 — separated from Urraca by 
Council of Palencia, 25 Oct. 11 14 — besieges 
and takes Saragossa, May to Dec. 11183-— 
defeats the Almoravides at Daroca, 18 Dec. 
m8, a ii20 b — establishes his court at Sara- 
gossa, 1 1 19 — conducts expedition against 
Granada, in aid of the Mozarabes, Jul. 1 1 25 c 
— loses all his possessions in Castile, at death 
of Urraca, middle of Mar. 11 26 — renounces 
his pretensions to crown of Castile and title 
of Emperor, 1127-29 — defeats the Almora- 
vides in Valencia, ii28 d — makes war upon 
the Count of Guienne and Poitiers ; reduces 
Bordeaux, 1 1 30 d — takes Bayonne, 1131° — 
bequeaths his kingdoms to the Orders of the 
Temple and St John of Jerusalem, 11 31 and 
1 1 33 — takes Mequinenza from the Almora- 
vides, 1 1 33 — defeated by them at Fraga, 17 
Jul. 1 1 34 — U. 7 Sep. 1134.* 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

b Hose's Biog. Diet. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

d Dunham. 

Alfonso II., [Raymundo,) King of Ara- 
gon, — fj. 1 15 2 — succeeds his father, Raymond 
Berenger V., as Count of Barcelona; his 
mother, Petronilla, resigning the crown to 
him, 1 163 — recovers possession of Provence, 
after the death of his cousin, Raymond Be- 
renger II., from Raymond V. of Toulouse, 
1 1 67 — succeeds Gerard in the County of 
Roussillon, middle of Jul. 1172* — recalled 
from expedition against the Almohades, by in- 
vasion of Sancho VI. of Navarre, 1172 — 
meets Henry II. of England, at Montf er- 
rand, and is reconciled with Raymond of 
Toulouse, middle of Feb. 11733 — meets Ray- 
mond of Toulouse in Island of Guernica, and 
concludes treaty with him, 18 Apr. 11763 — 
assists Alfonso IX. of Castile against Cuenza ; 
is released from doing homage to him, ii77 b 
— exacts submission from Mce, Jun. 11773 — 
recommences hostilities against Raymond of 
Toulouse, 1 179 — takes Melgueil and massa- 
cres the inhabitants, spring 1181 — submits his 
quarrel with Count of Toulouse to arbitration, 
Feb. 1 1 85 — makes war upon Boniface of 
Castellana, 11893 — reduces William of For- 
calquier to submission, Jul. 11933 — U. at Per- 
pignan, (1234, Hisp. E.) 25 Apr. 1196. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Alfonso III., King of Aragon, — b. 1265 
— conducts expedition against Don Jayme, and 
reduces Majorca and lviza, 1285 — succeeds 
his father, Pedro III., 10 Nov. 1285 — returns 



ALFONSO. 



47 



to Spain, and is crowned at Saragossa, (Easter,) 

14 Apr. 1286 — Don Jayme invades his terri- 
tories, Jun. 1286 and 1289 a — recovers Mi- 
norca from the Almohades, 1286-7 — concedes 
the Privilege of Union, 1287 — restores Charles 
II. of Anjou to liberty, 29 Aug. 1288 — allows 
Alfonso de la Cerda to be proclaimed king of 
Castile ; war with Sanch'o IV. in consequence, 
Sep. 1288 — excommunicated by Nicholas IV., 
1289 — -concludes Treaty of Tarascon with 
Philip the Fair, Charles of Valois, &c. ; and 
restores Majorca to his uncle, Feb. i29i a — tj, 
at Barcelona, 18 Jun. 1291. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. 
Alfonso IV., (the Courteous,) King of Ara- 
gon, — b. Feb. 1299 — defeats Pisans off Cag- 
liari, who consent to hold Sardinia as a fief 
tinder him, 1323 — succeeds his father, Jayme 
II., 31 Oct. 1327 — crowned at Saragossa, 
(Pentecost,) 22 May 1328 — makes war upon 
the Genoese, whose fleets ravaged the coasts, 
*33i, a 1330 b — Pope John XXI. (or XXII.) 
vainly attempts to mediate between him and 
the Genoese, 1333 — marries, as second wife, 
Leonora of Castile, 6 Feb. 1329 — revolt of 
Don Pedro, his eldest son, 1330 — U. at Barce- 
lona, 24 Jan. 1336.* 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Dunham, 

Alfonso (the Magnanimous, the Wise) V., 
King of Aragon, I. of Sicily, I. of Naples, 
— ft. 1385 — marries Mary of Castile, 29 Jun. 
1415 — succeeds his father Ferdinand the Just, 
2 Apr. 141 6 — visits Sicily on his way against 
Sardinia and Corsica, 12 Feb. 1420 a — adopted 
as successor by Joanna II. of Naples, 24 Sep. 
1420 a — arrives at Naples, to carry on the 
war against Louis of Anjou, beginning of 
Oct. 142 1 a — loses the confidence of Joanna, 
after his success, 1422 — imprisons the senes- 
chal, Caraccioli, May 1423 — takes Naples by 
storm; his adoption revoked, 21 Jun. 1423 s — 
leaves Naples, 2 Oct. 1423 — makes a descent 
on Marseilles, 4 Nov. 1423 — joins Florence, 
Venice, &c, against Milan, 27 Jan. 1426 b — 
acknowledges Pope Martin V., after 29 Jul. 
1429 — returns to Sicily, 143 1 — attacks Tro- 
pea ; takes Island of Gerboa, 1432 — Louis dies, 

15 Nov. 1435 — Joanna dies, 2 Feb. 1435 — 
Alfonso blockades Gaeta, and is defeated and 
made prisoner by the Genoese, at Island of 
Ponza, 5 Aug. 1435 — released by Filippo Maria 
Visconti, of Milan, Aug. or Sep. 1435 — returns 
to Gaeta, and vainly attacks Naples, after 2 
Feb. 1436 — Rene of Anjou arrives at Naples, 
19 May 1438 a — Alfonso besieges Naples in 
vain, 1438 — loses Castelnuovo, 24 Aug. 1439 
— Eugenius IV. refuses him the investiture of 
Naples, and assists Rene ; but concludes peace 
with Alfonso, end of 1441 — Alfonso takes 
Naples, 1-2 Jun. 1442 — reduces almost the 
whole kingdom, before end of 1442 — concludes 
treaty with Eugenius, 14 Jun. 1443 a — con- 
firmed by Bull, 6 Jul. 1443 a — war with Genoa 
continues, 1450-8— joins Venice, &c, against 
Milan, Apr. 1452— joins Venice, Milan, and 
Florence, against the Turks, 17 Jul. 1455 — tt. 
at Naples, 28 a or 27 b Jun. 1458. 

* Art de Verifier les Dates. b Sismondi. 



Alfonso I., (the Catholic,) King of the 
Asturias, (Leon,) — 6. 693 a — marries daugh- 
ter of Pelayo, 7133 — chosen to succeed Favila, 
739 — first insurrection against the Moors, 740 b 
— drives them out of almost all Galicia, (legend- 
ary,) 742 b — gains Astorga, 743 b — acquires 
Leon, &c, (legendary,) 744 b — expels the Moors 
entirely from Galicia, Leon, and Castile, (legend- 
ary,) 746-7 b — tf. 757. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. 
b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Alfonso (Anfus, Alanfus,) II., (the Chaste,) 
King of the Asturias, (Leon, Oviedo,) — suc- 
ceeds Bermudo L, 14 Sep. 791 — offers the 
succession of his kingdom to Charlemagne, 
798 — dethroned and confined in a monastery, 
but soon restored, 802 b — treaty with the Mos- 
lems, (190, a. h.) 806 a — defeated by Obeidal- 
lah, (209,) 824 a — defeats Mohammed near 
Lugo, about 830 — abdicates the throne, 833 b 
— 1J. 842. a Conde. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Alfonso III., (the Great,) King of the 
Asturias, (Leon,) — ft. 848 — succeeds his father, 
Ordofio I., 866—driven from his throne by 
Fruela of Galicia, takes refuge in Alava, but 
soon restored, 867-8 — wars successfully against 
the Moors, from 870 — totally defeats the 
Toledans, at the Orbedo, 874 s1 — concludes 
peace with Mohammed I. of Cordova, summer 
881, 874,3 883° — suppresses revolt of Ano, 
885 c — and Witiza, 894° — routs Ahmed (Abu 
7 Casim,) at Zamora, (288, a. h.) 901 — leads 
expedition against Toledo, 904 — suppresses 
revolt of his son Garcia, 907 a — releases Garcia, 
and abdicates in his favour, Dec. 910 a — leads 
expedition against the Moors, 912 — If. at Za- 
mora, 20 Dec. 9i2, a end of 910.° 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Conde. 

c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Alfonso I., ( the Brave,) King of Castile, 
VI. of Leon, — h. 1030 — succeeds his father, 
Ferdinand I., in Leon, 27 Dec. 1065 s — attacked 
and defeated at Pisuerga, by his brother, 
Sancho II. of Castile, 19 Jul. io67, a 1068 b — 
defeats Sancho ; and is defeated and taken 
prisoner by him at Valpellage, 14 Jul. 1070,* 
107 1 b — escapes and takes refuge with Alma- 
niun of Toledo, 1071 — returns to Zamora, re- 
covers Leon, acquires Castile, after5 Oct. I072, 8 - 
1073 13 — deprives his brother, Garcia, of Galicia, 
1073 — marries Agnes of Aquitaine, 1074 — 'as- 
sists Almamun of Toledo against Mohammed of 
Cordova, 1074° — wages war successfully against 
Yahia ben Ismail of Toledo, 1078-82° — ac- 
quires part of Navarre, io8i b — lays siege to 
Toledo, 1083 — takes it, 25 May 1085 — makes 
himself master of Coria, 1086 — recalled from 
siege of Saragossa, by invasion of Almoravides ; 
defeated by Yussef ben Taschfin, and Ben Abad 
of Seville, near Zalaca, (13 Bedgeb 479, a. h.) 
23 Oct. io86,c (10 Eamadhan 480,) 9 Dec. 
1087 a — substitutes the Boman for the Moz- 
arabic Liturgy, 1090 — reduces Santarem, Lis- 
bon, and Cintra, 1093° — confers the govern- 
ment of his Lusitanian conquests on Henry of 
Besan^on, 1095° — marches against the Almora- 
vides, 1098 — his army defeated, and his son, 
Sancho, slain, by Ali ben Yussef, near Ucles, 
(510,) 29 May no8 a — ft. at Toledo, 29 or 



4^ 



ALFOXSO. 



30 Juil. 1 1 09. a a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Dunham. 

Alfonso {Baymundo, Petrus Raimundus, the 
Emperor,) II., King of Castile, VII. {VIII.) 
of Leon, — b. 1 105-6 — proclaimed king of 
Galicia, by his mother Urraca, n 12 — asso- 
ciated in the government with her, 11 22 — suc- 
ceeds her, 8 or 10 Mar. 1126° — recovers the 
places which had been held by Alfonso I. of 
Aragon, 11 27-9 — marries Berengaria of Bar- 
celona, 1 1 28 — assists Eamii-o II. of Aragon, 
and Garcia-Baniiro IV. of Xavarre, against 
the Moors; takes Saragossa, late in 1134 s — 
crowned at Leon Emperor of Spain, {Pentecost,) 
26 May H35 a — at war with Alfonso-Hen- 
riquez of Portugal, and Garcia-Bamiro of 
Navarre, 1 136-7 — invades Xavarre, and be- 
sieges Pampeluna; defeated by Garcia in a 
sortie, 24 Apr. ii4o a — concludes armistice 
with Garcia, May 1140 — prepares for war with 
Xavarre again, 11 43 — in alliance with Yahia 
ben Ghania, resists the advance of the Almo- 
hades, and takes Baeza, Calatrava, Almeria, 
&C., 1 146-8 — invades Andalusia and besieges 
Cordova, 1150 — defeats (?) Cid Yussef at Jaen, 
1 157 — tf. at Fremeda, 21 Aug. 1157. 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Alfonso (the Xoble, the Good) III., {VIII. 
or IX.,) King of Castile, — fr. 11 Nov. 1155 
— succeeds his father, Sancho III., in Castile, 

31 Aug. 1 15 8 — marries Eleanor, daughter of 
Henry II. of England, 1170 — defeats the 
Moors, and acquires Cuenza, 1177 — attacked 
by Ferdinand of Leon, 117 7 — makes peace 
with him, 1178 — defeated by the Almohades at 
Sorillo, 1 185 — assisted by Alfonso IX. of Leon, 
invades and ravages Andalusia, end of 11 89 — 
menaces Algesiras, and defies Yacub ben Yussef, 
who proclaims Aljihed, 11 94 — defeated and 
wounded by Yacub, at Alarcos, (9 Schaban 591, 
a. h.) 18-19 Jul* IJ 95 a — besieged in Toledo, 
by Yacub, 1 1 96 — makes war upon Alfonso of 
Leon ; till reconciled by the nobles and pre- 
lates, 1 196-7 — reduces several places in Por- 
tugal, 1 1 99 — wrests Alava, Biscaya, and Gui- 
puscoa, from Xavarre, 1200 — with Pedro II. 
of Aragon, and Sancho VII. of Xavarre, de- 
feats Mohammed al Xasir, at Las Xavas de 
Tolosa, (15 Saphar 609,) 17 Jul. I2i2 a — ft. at 
Garci Muiios, 5-6 Aug. 12 14. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. 
Alfonso {El Sabio, the Wise or learned, the 
Astrologer,) X., (IX., IV.,) King of Castile 
and Leon, — h. 1221 a — recognized as heir by 
the Cortes at Burgos, 1223 — serves against the 
Moors, i243 b — at the taking of Seville, 23 
Xov. 1248 — marries Yolande of Aragon, 1249 
■ — succeeds his father, Ferdinand III., 30 May 
1252 — concludes treaty with Alfonso III. of 
Portugal, 1253 or i254 a — becomes a candidate 
for Imperial grown, 1256 — chosen Emperor by 
part of the Electors, 21 Mar. 1257 — subjugates 
tin- Moors in Algarve, 1257 — his brother Henry 
revolts, and is defeated, 1259,° i255 d — Moors 
of Murcia revolt, (G59, a. h.) 1261 — Moham- 
med ben Al Ah mar, of Granada, revolts and 
defeats Alfonso at Alcala ben Said, (660,) 
1 262 J — Alfonso defeats Mohammed and the 



Murcians at Alcala Beal, 1263 c — applies to 
Pope Urban IV. for the investiture of the 
Empire, 1263 — concludes treaty of Alcala with 
Mohammed, (66-i,) 1266 — revolt at Lara 
and Valencia, i27o b — rebels retire to court of 
Mohammed, 1272 — pardoned by Alfonso, 1274 15 
— appeals to Pope Gregory X., at Council of 
Lyon, respecting the investiture, summer 1274 
— meets Gregory at Beaucaire, beginning of 
1275 a — his army defeated near Ecija, by Yacub 
III. of Morocco, (15 Babia I. 674,) 8 Sep. 
1275 a — the Infante, Don Ferdinand, dies, 
1275 — Cortes at Segovia declares Don Sancho 
heir; Yolande retires into Aragon, 1276 — de- 
feated by Yacub, near Seville, (12 Babia I. 
676,) 13 Aug. 1277 e — makes peace with 
the Moorish sovereigns, (end of Bamadhan 
676,) Feb. i278 e — Yolande returns to her 
husband, 1278 — Alfonso lays siege to Algesi- 
ras, 1278 — meeting at Bordeaux respecting 
the succession, 1 Mar. to 1 Jun. 1279 — siege 
of Algesiras raised, (12 Babia I. 678,) 23 
Jul. 1279 — meeting respecting the succession 
at Dax, 1280 — Alfonso defeated by Mohammed 
of Granada, 1280 and 1281 — Don Sancho re- 
bels against him, and makes alliance with 
Mohammed, 1282 — disinherits Sancho at 
Seville, 8 Xov. 1282 a — Alfonso, in alliance 
with Yacub of Morocco, makes war upon him, 
1283 — confirms his disinheritance, 20 Apr. 
and 22 Jun. 1283 s1 — receives submission of 
Sancho, and annuls his disinheritance, 23 Mar. 
1284 a — ft. 4 Apr. 1284.3 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Dunham, 

Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Spanish. Chroniclers. 

d Moorish Authorities. e Dombay. 

Alfonso XI., (the Avenger,) King of Cas- 
tile and Leon, — ft. 13 10 — succeeds his father, 
Ferdinand IV., 17 Sep. 1312 — the Infantes, 
Don Pedro and Don Juan, with Maria, his 
grandmother, appointed regents, 13 14 — the 
Infantes defeated and killed near Granada, by 
Ismael I., 26 Jun. 13 19 — Maria dies, 1 Jun. 
1322 — declares his intention to govern alone, 
at Cortes of Valladolid, 1324 — assassinates 
Juan el Tuerto, 1325 — his general, Don Manuel, 
defeats Mohammed IV. near Cordova, begin- 
ning of Xov. i328 a — loses Gibraltar to the 
Moors, 1329 13 — defeats Mohammed near Teba, 
^^33^ — m alliance with Alfonso IV. of Por- 
tugal, defeats Yussef, of Granada, and Abu '1 
Hassan Ali, of Morocco, at the Salado, 29-30 
Oct. 1340 — lays siege to Algesiras, 3 Aug. 
1342 s — takes it, 26 Mar. 1344* — lays siege 
to Gibraltar, spring 1349 — tf. there, 26 Mar. 
1 350. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Dunham. 

Alfonso, Infante of Castile, — fc. 13 Xov. 
i453 a — proclaimed King of Castile by Abp of 
Toledo, at the plain of Avila, instead of Henry 
IV., 5 Jun. 1465 — engages Henry in the inde- 
cisive battle of Olmedo, 21 Aug. 1467 b — takes 
Segovia, and captures the Queen, 27 Aug. 1467 
— U. at Cardenosa, 5 Jul. 1468. a Biog. Univ. 
b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Alfonso di Este I., Duke of Ferrara 
and Modena, — fc. 21 Jul. 1476=^ — marries 
Anne, sister of Gian Galeazzo Sforza, 149 1 — 
marries Lucrezia Borgia, 19 Dec. 1501& — 



ALFONSO. 



49 



visits Spain, France, and England, 1504 — 
succeeds his father, Hercules I., 26 Jan. 1505 b 
— joins the League of Cambray, and is created 
Gonfalonier of the Church, 19 Apr. 1509 — 
destroys the Venetian fleet upon the Po, 22 
Dec. 1509 c — excommunicated by Julius II., 
9 Aug. 15 10 — contributes to the victory of the 
French at Eavenna, [Easter,) 11 Apr. 15 12 — 
visits Pome, is imprisoned by Julius, but 
escapes by aid of Fabrizio Colonna, summer 
15 1 2 — assists at the entry of Leo X. into the 
Lateran, and is reinstated by him, 11 Apr. 
15 1 3 — Leo attempts to seize Ferrara, end of 
15 1 9 — joins the French against Leo, autumn 
152 1 — attacked by him, excommunicated, and 
Ferrara placed under an interdict, late in 152 1 
— censures removed by Adrian VI., 1522 — re- 
covers Reggio, 29 Sep. 1523 — recovers Mo- 
dena, 5-6 Jun. 1527 — joins the league for the 
deliverance of Clement VII., 15 Nov. 1527 a — 
attacked by Clement VII., 1528 — agrees to 
submit his dispute with the See to the Em- 
peror, 21 Mar. 1530 — confirmed in his posses- 
sions by Charles V., by sentence given at 
Cologne, 21 Dec. i53o a — and published, 21 
Apr. 1531 — tr. 31 Oct. 1534. a Art de Verifier 
les Dates. b Eoscoe. c Biog. Univ. 

Alfonso IX., King or Leon, — succeeds his 
father, Ferdinand II., 21 Jan. 11 88— knighted 
by Alfonso III. of Castile ; accompanies him 
against the Moors, 11 88-9 — marries his cousin 
Theresa of Portugal, 1190 — his marriage pro- 
nounced null by Celestine III., and by a 
council convened at Salamanca, 1191,* ii92 b 
— excommunicated, and Leon and Portugal 
laid under an Interdict, ii93 a — consents to a 
separation, ii95 a — at war with Alfonso III. 
of Castile, 11 96-7 a — marries Berengaria of 
Castile, 11 97 — excommunicated by Innocent 
III., and Leon laid under an Interdict, i202 b 
— consents to a separation, 1204 — at war with 
Alfonso III. of Castile ; peace mediated by 
Innocent, 1210 — violates the peace, and ac- 
quires some disputed possessions from Castile, 
I2i2 a — takes Alcantara from the Moors, by 
help of Alfonso III. of Castile, I2i4, b 1216° — 
invades Castile, Sep. 12 17 — in alliance with 
his son, Ferdinand III. of Castile, makes war 
upon Mohammed Ibn Hud, 1225 s — defeats 
Ibn Hud near Merida, 1230^ 1231° — ft, at 
Villanueva de Sarria, 23 Sep. 1230. 

a Dunham. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 
c Moorish Chroniclers. 

Alfonso II., King of Naples, — h. 1448 — 
when Duke of Calabria, assists Eoberto Mala- 
testa of Rimini ; defeats the army of Paul II., 
23 Aug. 1469 a — routs the Florentine army at 
Poggibonzi, 7 Sep. 1479 b — tyrannizes over 
Sienna, spring 1480 — drives Achmet Giedik 
out of Otranto, 10 Aug. 148 i b — ravages the 
country round Rome ; defeated by Roberto of 
Rimini, Aug. 1482°— murders the rebellious 
nobles in the palace, 13 Aug. i486 d — succeeds 
his father, Ferdinand I., 25 Jan. 1494 — 
crowned, 8 May 1494 — abdicates, 23 Jan. 1495 
— goes into Sicily, 30 Jan. 1495—11. at Maz- 
zara, 19 Nov. i495- d a Biog. Univ. b Sismondi. 

c Machiavelli. d Art de Verifier les Dates. 



Alfonso de Palencia, [Alphonsus Palentinus,) 
historian, §c, — h. at Palencia, 1423 — ft. about 
1495. Chronica del Rey Don Enrique IV., 
1490. 

Alfonso, Pedro, {Petrus Alphonsus, Rabbi 
Moses Sephardi,) theologian and physician, — b. 
at Huesca, 1062 — embraces Christianity, 1106 
— if. about 1 140. 

Alfonso I., (Eenriquez,) King of Portu- 
gal, — h. at Guimaraens, i094, abc iuo d — 
succeeds his father, Henry of Burgundy, as 
Count of Portugal, under guardianship of his 
mother, Theresa of Castile, 11 12 — defeats his 
mother near the fortress of Guimaraens, and 
assumes the government, 11 28— defeats Al- 
fonso Raymundo of Castile, and makes himself 
independent, ii37 d — defeats five Moorish 
kings at Campo Ourique, (Cabeza de Reies,) 
and is proclaimed king, 25 Jul. 11 39 — receives 
sanction of the Cortes, at Lamego, 11 39 or 
1 143 a — defeated by the Almoravides, H44 a 
— takes Santarem, ii45, a 1 146 d — takes Lisbon 
by assistance of fleet of William Longsword 
and English crusaders, 25 Oct. ii47, ad ii4-8 b 
— reduces Alcazar do Sal, ii58 d — takes Cesim- 
bra, Beja, and Evora, 1165 — takes Badajoz 
from Ferdinand II. of Leon, and is taken 
prisoner by him, 11 67 — defeats Moors at Ab- 
rantes, (572, a. h.) 1 176-7 — encounters Yussef 
abu Yacub at Santarem, kills him, and is de- 
feated there? (Rabia II. 580,) Jul., Aug. 
1184a— tr. 6 Dec. n85. a 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 
c Biog. Univ. d Dunham. 

Alfonso II., (0 Gordo, the Fat,) King of 
Portugal, — h. 23 or 25 Apr. 1185a — suc- 
ceeds his father, Sancho I., 121 1 or 121 2 a — 
defeated by Alfonso IX. of Leon, renounces 
his pretensions to his sister's heritages, i2i2 b 
— defeats the Moors at Alcazar do Sal, end of 
Sep. i2i7 c — gains other victories over them, 
1 220- 1 b — excommunicated by Honorius III., 
and his kingdom laid under an Interdict ; cen- 
sures removed, between 1220 and 1223° — tf. 
25 Mar. 1223. a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Dunham. 

Alfonso III., King of Portugal, — ft. 5 
May 1 2 10 — called from France to be regent of 
Portugal, 1245 — succeeds his brother, Sancho 
II., 1248 — drives the Moors out of the Al- 
garves, i25i a — disputes with Alfonso X. of 
Castile, terminated by mediation of Innocent 
IV., 1253 or i254 b — repudiates Mathilde de 
Dammartin of Boulogne-sur-Mer, and marries 
Beatrix de Guzman, 1254 — excommunicated 
by Innocent IV., and Portugal laid under an 
Interdict, 1257 — censures removed, and mar- 
riage legitimated by Urban IV., after Ma- 
thilde' s death, 1262 — receives the kingdom of 
Algarve from Alfonso of Castile, 1267 b — ft. 16 
Feb. or 20 Mar. 1279. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. 
b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Alfonso IV., {the Brave, the Proud,) King 
of Portugal, — d. at Coimbra, 8 Feb. 1290 
or 1291* — revolts against his father, Dinis, 
i320 a — makes himself master of Coimbra, 
and other places ; encounters his father near 
Leyria, in an indecisive battle, 132 1-2 — his 
4 



50 



ALFONSO— ALGAE. 



mother, Isabel, or Elizabeth, composes the 
dispute, i322 a — contest renewed, 1323 — 
arrangement again effected by his mother, 
1324 — succeeds his father, 7 Jan. 1325 — 
makes war upon Alfonso XL of Castile, in be- 
half of his daughter, i336 b — in alliance with 
him, takes part in the battle of Salado, 30 
Oct. 1340 — defeats the Moors at sea, i342, a 
1341° — murders the Doha Ifies de Castro, 
J 355 — ld s son Don Pedro revolts in conse- 
quence; but is reconciled by the Abp of 
Braga, 1356— rj. 12 May 1357. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Moorish Chroniclers. 

Alfonso V., {the African,) King of Por- 
tugal, — ft, 1432 — succeeds his father, Duarte, 
under regency of his mother, 9 Sep. 1438 — re- 
gency taken from her by Cortes, and given to 
his uncle, Don Pedro, 1439 — assumes the 
government, and marries Don Pedro's daughter 
Isabel, 1446 a or 1448 b — declares Don Pedro a 
rebel ; defeats and slays him at the Alfarro- 
beira, 20 May 1449 c — punishes Don Pedro's 
accusers, 1450 — takes Alcazar- Seguer, 18 Oct. 
i457, a 145 8 d — vanquished near Ceuta, i464 a 
— takes Arzila, Tangier, &c, 24 Aug. 147 1 — 
affiances himself to Juana, reputed daughter of 
JJcnry IV. of Castile, and is proclaimed King 
of Castile, 1474 or 1475 — defeated at Toro by 
Ferdinand V. of Castile, 1 Mar. 1476 — seeks 
' assistance of Louis XL at Tours ; detained by 
Louis, Sep. 1476 — secretly quits his court, 24 
Sep. 147 7 c — arrives in Portugal, 15 Nov. 
1477 c — renounces his pretensions to Castile, 
by peace of Alcacebas, 24 Sep. 1479° — rj. at 
Cintra, 28 Aug. 148 1. a Dunham. 

b Ferreras. c Art de Verifier les Dates. 

d Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Alfonso VI., King of Portugal, — ft. 21 
Aug. 1643° — succeeds his father, Joam IV., 
under guardianship of his mother, 6 Nov. 
1656 — takes government from her and intrusts 
it to the Count of Castel Melhor, Jun. i662 b 
— marries Mary of Savoy, 1663 — his abdication 
required by the mob, through the intrigues of 
his brother, Don Pedro, Oct. 1667— deserted 
by his queen ; compelled to abdicate in favour 
of his brother ; and banished to the Island of 
Terceira, 23 Sep., a 24 Sep., c 21-2 Nov. b 1667 
— proceedings of Don Pedro sanctioned by the 
Cortes, Jan. 1668— -treaty of peace concluded 
witli Spain, at Lisbon; the independence of 
Portugal acknowledged, 13 Feb. 1668 s — Mary 
of Savoy obtains the dissolution of her mar- 
riage with Alfonso, 24 Mar. 1668— and marries 
Don Pedro, 2 Apr. 1668 — Alfonso brought to 
Cintra, 1675— rj. there, 12 Sep. 1683. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Dunham. 

c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Alfonso de Zamora, Hebraist, — embraces 
Christianity, 1492 — assists in preparation of 
Complutensian Polyglot; his Vocabularium, 
Interpretatio nominum V. et Is. Test., and 
Introductions artis Grammat. llcbraiccc, pub- 
lished with it, 1517— ft. about 1531. 

Alford, in Scotland, — Montrose defeats 
Baillie at, 2 Jul. 1645. 

Alford, Henry, Bean of Canterbury, biblical 



critic, $c, — ft. at London, 18 10 — enters Trin. 
Coll., Cambridge, about 1829 — B. A., 1832 — 
ordained priest, 1834 — fellow of his college, 
1834 — M. A., 1835 — Hulsean Lecturer, 1841-2 
— Examiner in Logic and Moral Philosophy, 
Univ. of London, 1841-57 — Dean of Canter- 
bury, 1857 — D.D., Cambridge, 1857 — 3y. at 
Canterbury, 12 Jan. 187 1. Poems, 1831 — 
School of the Heart, $c, 1835 — Chapters on the 
Poets of Greece, 1841 — Edition of Greek Tes- 
tament, 1 841 -6 1 — Edition of New Testament 
for English Readers, §c, 1863-69 — Edition of 
Donne's Worlcs, 1839 — Letters from Abroad, 
1865 — The Queen' s English, 1864. 

Alford, Michael, {Flood, Griffyth,) ecclesias- 
tical writer, — ft. at London, i582, a 1587 b — 
enters Society of Jesuits, 1607 — tf. at St Omer, 
156 1 -2. a Biog. Univ. b Bees' Cyc. 

Alfred, {JElfred, the Atheling,) — sent with 
his mother and brother to his uncle Eichard of 
Normandy, 1013 — decoyed into England, and 
murdered at Ely, io36, a 1042. b 
a Anglo-Sax. Chron. b Henry of Huntingdon. 

Alfred of Beverley, {Aluredus Beverlacen- 
sis,) chronicler, — ft. about 11 30. 

Alfred, {JElfred, Aluredus, the Great,) King 
of England, — ft. at "Wantage, 849 s — sent by 
his father, Ethelwulf, to Eome ; anointed by 
Leo IV., 853 — accompanies his father to Eome, 
855 — returns to England, 856 — invested with 
a subordinate kingdom after accession of his 
brother, Ethelred, 866 a — marries Alswitha, 
868 — assists Burhred of Mercia against • the 
Danes, 868 — defeats the Danes at Ashendown, 
early in 871 — succeeds Ethelred in Wessex, 
(after Easter,) after 15 Apr. 87 i a — defeats the 
Danes at Wilton, early in summer 87 1 b — after 
nine pitched battles in one year, makes peace 
with "the army," late in 871 b — defeats the 
Danes at sea, 875 — makes peace with them at 
Wareham, 876 — and at Exeter, before harvest 
877 b — dispossessed of his kingdom by the 
Danes, after 6 Jan. 878 b — constructs a strong- 
hold at Athelney, (after Easter,) after 23 Mar. 
878 — musters an army at Egbert's Stone, near 
Selwood Forest, between 5 and 12 May 878 — 
defeats the Danes at Ethandun, between 6 and 
13 May 878 — is godfather to king Guthrum, 
at Aller, Jun. 878 — defeats the Danes at sea, 
882 — sends assistance to Christians in India, 
883 b — defeats the Danes at Eochester, 884, b 
885 a — rebuilds and fortifies London, 886 b — 
Danes of Northumbria and East Anglia swear 
fealty to him, 893 — campaigns against Hasting 1 , 
893 to 897 — tf. (6 nights before All-Hallow - 
mass; h 7 Kal. Nov. Indict. IV. C ) 26 Oct. 901. 
a Asser. b Anglo-Sax. Chron. 

c Florence of Worcester. 

Algar, {JElfgar,) Earl of Mercia, &c, — 
receives earldom of E. Angiia, on Harold's 
banishment, 1051 — removed on Harold's re- 
turn, 1052 — restored at Godwin's death, Apr. 
or May 1053 — banished by the Witenagemot 
at London, (7 nights before Mid-Lent,) 20 
Mar. io55 a — assisted by the Irish, and by 
Griffith of N. Wales, ravages Herefordshire, 
and is reinstated in his possessions, end of Oct. 
1055 — succeeds his father, Leofric, in earldom 



ALGARDI— ALGIERS. 



5* 



ofMercia, (2 Kal. Oct.) 30 Sep. 1057 a — ban- 
ished again, but soon restored, by aid of Grif- 
fith, 1058— tf. 1059. a Anglo-Sax. Chron. 

Algardi, Alessandro, sculptor and archi- 
tect, — b. at Bologna, 1598^ 1593^ i6o2, c 
1588 d — goes to Bonie, 1625 — tf. there, 1654. 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen., Ersch and Gruber, Bees' 

Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Encyc. Brit. 

d Other writers. 

Algarotti, Francesco, Count, miscellaneous 
writer, — fo. at Venice, n Dec. 17 12 — created a 
Count of Prussia, by Frederick the Great, 1740 
— tf. at Pisa, 3 Mar., a 23 b or 24° May 1764. 
Newtonianismo per le Donne, 1737. 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Encye. Brit. 

e Rees' Cyc. 

Algarve, {Al-Garb,) in Portugal, — ravaged 
by the Normans (229-30, a. h.) autumn 844* 
the Wall, Shahpoor, makes himself independ- 
ent of Hixam II., and founds KINGDOM 
OF AL-GARB, {Badajoz,) after 1008— his 
children set aside by their guardian, Abdallah 
ben Al-Aftas, {Al Mansur,) who commences 
dynasty of the Aftasides, before 1031 — Abu- 
bekr Mohammed {Al Modhafar) negotiates 
treaty between kings of Seville and Cordova, 
(443,) 105 1 a — Yahia, {Al Mansur,) his son, 
succeeds, (460,) 1068 — his brother, Abu Mo- 
hammed Omar Al Motawakkel, {Al Allah,) 
succeeds, (474-5,) 108 1-2 — writes, in the name 
of the Mussulman kings of Spain, to beg aid 
from Yussef ben Taschfin of Morocco, (478,) 
1085 — takes part in the battle of Zalaca, (12 
Bedgeb, 479,) 23 Oct. 1086 a — invaded by the 
Almoravides, (486,) 1093 — Mohammed and his 
family murdered by Zeir ben Abu-bekr, and 
the dynasty and kingdom overthrown, (7 Sa- 
phar 487,) 26 Feb. 10943 — revolt of Abu '1 
Casim ben Kosai; Ben Omar {Aziz Billah) 
governor of Al-Garb, autumn 1144 s1 — Ben 
Omar made wali of Al-Garb by Abd-el-Mu- 
men, (Babia II. 540,) Oct. 1145"— allotted to 
Abu Yacub Yussef, by Abd-el-Mumen, (549,) 
1 154 — the Aljihed proclaimed there, 1161 — 
subjugated by Sancho I. of Portugal, who 
assumes the title of King of Algarve, Sep. 
1 1 89 — recovered by the Almohades, 11 91 — 
Sancho II. of Portugal takes many places in 
it, about 1230 — revolt there suppressed by Al- 
fonso X. of Castile, Alfonso III. of Portugal, 
and Mohammed I. of Granada, 1252-4 — 
sovereignty ceded to Alfonso III. of Portugal, 
by Alfonso of Castile, 1254 — wholly ceded to 
Portugal, 1267 — increased by additions from 
Andalusia, about 1300 — African conquests 
{Algarve beyond the sea,) added to it, 147 1 to 
1578 — with Alemtejo, raised by Bonaparte to 
a principality for Godoy, [Alcudia,] 1807 — re- 
volts against the French, 11 Jim. 1808. 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Algazzali, {Algazel,) Mohammed Ibn Mo- 
hammed Attusi Abu Ahmed, {Hainid,) philoso- 
pher, theologian, §c, — b. at Tus, (450-1, A. H.) 
1058-9,* io72 b — if. at Bagdad, (505,) iin, a 
H27. b a U. K. S. Biog. Diet., Encyc. 

Brit., Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Tennemann. 

Algeria. [Algiers.] 

Algesiras, {Al-Jezira al-Khadra,) in Spain, 



— fort constructed by Tarik, on landing there, 
(5 Bedgeb 92, a. h.) 28 Apr. 711 a — Casim, 
son of Yussef el Fehir, the last Emir of Spain, 
besieged there by Abdelrahman I. of Cordova, 
(142,) 760 a — pillaged by the Normans, (246,) 
860-1 a — Soliman and the Africans defeat Mo- 
hammed II. of Cordova, near, (400,) ioio a — 
constitutes, with Malaga, an independent sove- 
reignty, under dynasty of the Hamadites, 1015 
to io9i a — taken by Mohammed II. of Seville, 
(472,) 1079— ceded by Yussef ben Taschfin, to 
Mohammed, of Seville, autumn (479,) 1086 — 
besieged and taken by the Almohades, (Dhu 
'1 hajjah 540 to Moharram 541,) May to Jul. 
1146* — taken from them by Ibn Hud, (628,) 
2231 a — allotted by Abd-el-Mumen to his son, 
Abu SaidOthman, 1154 — Alfonso III. of Cas- 
tile encamps before, about 1194 — ceded by Mo- 
hammed II. of Granada, to Yacub III. {Ibn 
Yussef) of Morocco, (673,) before midsummer 
1275 — peace between Alfonso X. of Castile 
and the Moors concluded here, (end of Ba^ 
madhan 676,) Feb. 1278* — besieged by Al- 
fonso, (677,) 1278 — siege raised, (12 Babia I. 
67-8,) 23 Jul. 1279 a — sold by Yacub of Mo- 
rocco to Mohammed of Granada again, (697,) 
1298 s1 — besieged by Ferdinand IV. of Castile, 
(Saphar to Schaban 708,) Jul. 1308 to Feb. 
1309 a — ceded by Al Nasir of Granada to Sulei- 
man of Morocco, Aug. 1 309 — taken by the 
Africans, May 1329 a — retaken by Mohammed 
IV., 1330 — Alfonso XI. of Castile defeated 
near, by Mohammed of Granada, 1333 — be- 
sieged by Alfonso, from 3 Aug. 1 342 — sur- 
rendered, 25-6 Mar. 1344 — taken and burnt by 
Mohammed V. of Granada, (772,) 1370 — made 
the arsenal for preparations for siege of Gib- 
raltar, early in 1782 — Sausmarez defeated by 
Admiral Linois, in the bay, 6 Jul. 1801 — 
Sausmarez defeats the French and Spanish 
fleets there, 12 Jul. 1801. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. 
Algiers, Algeria, {Alger, Al-Magreb, Al- 
Jezira, al-Ghazieh, or Beni Mazighanan,) in 
Africa, — city built by Yussef ibn Zeiri, about 
935 a — under the Zeirides, till ii48 b — the Al- 
mohades dispossessed by the Merinides, about 
1269° — falls under power of the Scherifs of 
Hasan, before 1300 — invaded by Cardinal 
Ximenes; Marsa-el-Kebir taken, Aug. i504 b 
— invaded by him again, with Don Pedro Na- 
varro; Oran taken, summer 1509° — Navarro 
takes Bujeiah, 8 Jan. 1510° — Selim Eutemi 
attempts to defend the city against Navarro ; all 
the country made tributary, 15 10 — assistance 
of Horush: Barbarossa invited, who assassin- 
ates Eutemi, and makes himself master of the 
country, 15 16 — Horush killed near Oran, his 
brother Khair-ed-din succeeds him, 15 18 — 
Khair-ed-din submits to the Ottoman sultan, 
and is appointed Pasha, 15 19 — constructs the 
mole, 1530 — recalled, and Hassan Aga ap- 
pointed, 1533 — invaded by Charles V., whose 
armament is ruined by storms, 21 Oct. to end 
of Nov. 1 541 — Telemsen, or Tremesen, united 
to Algiers, 1560 — trade with France commences, 
156 1 d — first voyage of Corsairs into the At- 
lantic, 1585 — Bey elected by the Deivan, about 



5- 



ALGIERS— ALHAMBRA. 



1600 — unsuccessful invasion of John Andrew 
Doria, 1601 — obtains command of the entrance 
to the Mediterranean, about 1616 — expedition 
of Beaulieu against; a fort built to protect 
trade of France, 16 17 — unsuccessful expedition 
of Sir Robert Mansel, 1620 — proposes alliance 
to Holland, against Spain, 1625 — becomes an 
independent state, about 1628 — sends cruisers 
into the Atlantic, about 1650 — attacked by the 
French, i652 d — defeated by the Venetians, 
under Capello, about 1653 — engages to respect 
the English flag, at the demand of Adm. Blake, 
10 Mar. 1655 — Duke de Beaufort attempts to 
put a stop to its piracy, 1663-5 d — concludes a 
truce with Thomas Allen, 1668 — breaks it, 
1669 — defeated by Dutch under Adm. Gent; 
and English, 1670 — bombarded by Admirals 
Du Quesne and Tourville, during war with 
France, 21, 26 Aug. to 5 Sep. i682 d — bom- 
barded again, 26 to 28 Jun. and 21 Jul. to 18 
Aug- 1683 d — makes alliance with Charles II. 
of England, 1683 — concludes peace with 
France, 1684 — treaty with Great Britain re- 
newed, 1686 — bombarded by Tourville and 
D'Estrees, 1687-8 — treaty with Britain re- 
newed, 1690 — makes concessions to France, 
1694 — makes war upon Tunis, about 1700 — 
repressed by Britain, after 1704 — retakes Oran 
from Spain, 1708 — Ibrahim assassinated; Baba 
Ali chosen Bey ; a new form of government 
adopted, 17 10— suffers severely from an earth- 
quake, 17 17 — a massacre for five days, 1732 — 
mission of Commodore Keppel to arrange 
differences with, 1748 — attacked by France, 
17 6 1 — defeated by Count of Montemar, 1762 
— bombarded by Danish fleet, 1770 — unsuc- 
cessfully attacked by General O'Reilly, 1775 — 
attacked by Spain, 1783-4 — peace concluded 
with Spain, 1786 — negotiations with United 
States, 1792 — treaty concluded, 5 Sep. 1795 — 
declares war against France, by order of the 
Porte, Mar. 1799 — treaty concluded with 
France, 27 Dec. 1801 — declares war against 
France, 16 Jan. 1803 — treaty with Britain for 
occupation of certain places, 1806 — at war with 
Tunis, Mar. to Jul. 1807 — the war renewed, 
Jul. 1 808 — Ahmed Pacha, being unsuccessful, 
murdered by the soldiery, Ali appointed, 7 Nov. 
1808 — war declared against France, early in 
1809 — again, 29 May 18 10 — concludes treaty 
with Portugal, 14 Jul. 181 3 — Act for protec- 
tion of commerce against Algiers, passed by 
Congress of United States, 2 Mar. 18 15 — De- 
catur defeats and kills Rais Hammida, off Capo 
de <iata, 17 Jun. 18 15 — treaty with United 
States dictated by Decatur in the Bay, 28-30 
Jun. 1 8 15 — makes peace with Sardinia and 
Naples, 7 May 18 16— bombarded by Lord Ex- 
mouth, 26 Aug. 1 8 16 — treaty with Great Brit- 
ain and the Netherlands concluded, 27 Aug. 
1 8 16— coerced by American squadron, 8 Jan. 
1H17 revolution; Omar Pacha made Dey, 8 
Sep. 1 H 1 7 Omar assassinated; Hadji Ali 
made D< y, S Sep. 18 17— revolts of the soldiery, 
end of 1 817— ravaged by the plague, 1817-18 
—makes peace with Tunis, 13 Mar. 1818 — 
election 01 1 1 ossein Pacha confirmed by the 
Porte, jo Apr. 181 8— blockaded by Sir Harry 



Neale, complies with demands of Great Britain, 
24 Jul. 1824- — French expedition lands, 14 
Jun. 1830 — defeated by General Bourmont, 19 
Jun. 1830 — the city capitulates, 4-5 Jul. 1830 
— Gen. Clausel takes Medeyah, Sep. Oct. 1830 
— Berthezene evacuates Medeyah, Jun. Jul. 
1 83 1 — Savary commander-in-chief, end of 183 1 
to beginning of 1833 — colonization from France 
commenced, 1833— Abd-el-Kader assumes the 
command against the French, May 1833 — 
Bujeiah taken, 2 Oct. 1833 — Gen. Count 
D'Erlon appointed governor-general, Aug. 
1834 — • Clausel succeeds him, late in 1835 — 
Mascara burnt, 9 Dec. 1835 — Tremesen taken, 
Jan. 1836 — Bugeaud defeats Abd-el-Kader on 
the Sikkak, summer 1836 — Constantina be- 
sieged by Clausel and the Duke de Neinours, 21 
Nov. 1836 — Bugeaud concludes treaty with 
Abd-el-Kader, 30 May 1837 — Constantina 
taken, 13 Oct. 1837 — subjugation of the coun- 
try carried on, 1838-9— Abd-el-Kader resumes 
hostilities, Oct. 1839 — Bugeaud appointed 
governor-general, Dec. 1 840 — Mascara taken, 
spring 1 841 — Abd-el-Kader defeated at Sikkak 
Sekkef, 1 842 — Duke d' Aumale takes the com- 
mand, Nov. 1842 — Razzias commenced by the 
French ; Abd-el-Kader driven out of Algeria 
into Morocco, 1 843 — excites the emperor of 
Morocco to make war on the French, 1 844 — 
peace between the French and Morocco ; Abd- 
el-Kader driven out of Morocco, 6 Sep. 1 844 — 
a tribe of Moors suffocated in the cave of 
Dahra by Gen. Pelissier, 20 Jun. 1845 — Abd- 
el-Kader renews his attacks, 16 Sep. 1845 — 
massacre of French prisoners, 27 Apr. 1846 — 
Algeria placed under municipal government ; 
Duke d' Aumale governor-general, 11 Sep. 1847 
— Abd-el-Kader surrenders, 27 Dec. 1847 — the 
Kabyles submit, summer 1 85 1 — Laghouat 
taken by Gen. Pelissier, 4 Dec. 1852 — Artesian 
wells sunk by the French in, 1856 — constitu- 
tion with representative assembly granted, 1863 
— insurrection against the French begins, Apr. 
1864 — is suppressed, Jan. 1865 — visited by the 
Emperor Napoleon III., May 1865 — insurrec- 
tion breaks out again, Oct. 1865 — suppressed, 
Mar. 1866 — great earthquake at Blidah, &c, 
2 Jan. 1867 — -famine, Dec. 1867 — declared in 
state of siege, Aug. 1870. [Mauritania.] 

a Eng. Cyc. b Murray. c Pees' Cyc. 

d Univers Pittoresque. 

Alhama, in Spain, — taken after a long siege 
by Abd-el-Rahman III., (end of 310, or begin- 
ning of 311, a. h.) Apr. 923 a — taken by Mo- 
hammed Ibn al-Ahmar, i233 a — taken by 
Rodrigo Ponce de Leon, 28 Feb. 1482 b — vainly 
besieged by Abu '1 Hasan Ali of Granada, 5 to 
29 Mar., Apr. to 14 May b 1482 — surrendered 
to Ferdinand of Aragon, 14 May 1482. b 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Prescott. 

Alhambra, the, (Kalat al-hamra, or Alca- 
ceba al-Omra ?) at Granada, Spain, — first 
building erected by Habus al Makeseu of Gra- 
nada? after 1019 — attacked by Ben Hud? 
(540, a. h.) end of 11 45 — built (rebuilt?) by 
Mohammed Ibn al-Ahmar of Granada, 1248' 1 
— augmented and improved by his son {Abu 
Abdallah) Mohammed II., (670,) 1277-8 b — 



ALHAZEN— ALI PACHA. 



53 



— completed by Mohammed III., before 1309, 
about 1314 s — Al Nasir besieged there, early 
in 1 3 14 — enlarged and beautified by Yussef I. , 
before 1348 — Ismaelll. besieged there by Abu 
Said, Jul. 1 360 — Mohammed VIII. (Al-Saghir) 
besieged in it, 1429,° 1430 a — taken by Abu '1 
Hasan Ali, end of 1483 — taken by Mohammed 
XL, 1487 — surrendered to Ferdinand of Ara- 
gon by Abu Abdallah, (4 Rabia I. 897), 2 
Jan. 1492 — part of it destroyed, and palace 
of Charles V. begun, 1526 — building left un- 
finished, 1633 — occupied by the French under 
G-en. Sebastiani, 27 Jan. 18 10 — partially de- 
stroyed by the French, 17 Sep. 18 12. 
a Owen Jones. b Dunham. 

c Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Alhazen, (Abu Ali al-Hasan Ibn Alhasan,) 
matiumatician, — tj. at Cairo, (430, a. h.) 
1038-9. 

Ali Ben Rodhoan, ben All ben Giafar, al- 
Misri, (JIaly Eodvan,Rodaham, Roboam,) phy- 
sician, — tf. at Cairo, (453 or 460, a. h.) 1061 
or 1067-8. 

Ali Bey, (Domingo Badia y Leblich, or Cas- 
tillo,) traveller, — b. in Biscay, Apr. 1766 — 
goes to Tangier, Jun. 1803 — at Mecca, early 
in 1807 — Intendant of Segovia; Prefect of 
Cordova, 1809 — goes to France, 18 13 — tj. at 
Aleppo, 30 Aug. i8i8. a Voyages d' Ali Bey, 
1 8 14. a Nouv. Biog. Univ. 

Ali Bey, (ElKebir,) Pacha of Egypt,— 6. 
in Abasia, about 1728 — sold into Egypt; is a 
Mameluke in the service of Ibrahim, (Kehaya,) 
about 1742 — manumitted by his master, about 
1746 — obtains title of Kashef, 1748 — made 
a Bey, through influence of Ibrahim, 1754 s1 — 
forced to retire to Lower Egypt, and deposed 
from his offices, byKhalil Bey, 1762 a — defeats 
and kills Khalil and takes refuge in Syria, 
but soon returns to Egypt, 1763 — takes refuge 
in Yemen, 1765 — becomes master of Egypt, 
1766 — enters Cairo in triumph, 22 Oct. 1767 b 
— declares himself independent of the Porte, 
1768 a — joined by Sheik Daher, of Acre, who 
defeats the Pacha of Damascus near Lake 
Tiberias, 1769a — acquires Lower Egypt and 
Yemen ; the new Sherif of Mecca invests him 
with the titles of Sultan, King of Egypt, 177 1 a 
— sends an army under Mohammed Bey against 
Syria, 177 i a — his troops, with those of Sheik 
Daher, take Damascus, 6 Jun. 177 i b — Mo- 
hammed Bey revolts, and marches against him, 
Apr. 1772 — takes refuge in Acre, (9 Moharram 
1186, a. h.) 12 Apr. 1772a — takes Jaffa, and 
is invited to return to Egypt, 3 Feb. 1773 a — 
defeats the troops of Mohammed Bey near 
Salehiyeh, n Apr. 1773 s — defeated and made 
prisoner by Murad Bey, 13 Apr. 177 3 a — 
assassinated by Mohammed Bey, about 16 Apr. 
1773. a Marcel. b Rose's Biog. Diet. 

Ali Ibn Abu Taleb, (Asad Allah, Shir-i- 
Khoda,) Caliph, — b. at Mecca, 598, about 
602 a — professes his faith in Islam, 609 — be- 
comes Vizier to Mohammed, 6i4 b — marries 
Fatima, Mohammed's daughter, 6i9 b — sur- 
named "Lion of God" by Mohammed, at cap- 
ture of Khaibar, 627 — superseded by Abu Bekr, 
as Caliph, 632 — reduces Yemen, 646 — succeeds 



Othman as Caliph, (35, a. h.) 655-6, 15 Jun. 
656 c — defeats Ayesha, Telha, and Zobeir, near 
Bassorah, (Battle of the Camel, or Kharibah, 
(10 Guimadhi L 36,) 4 Nov., d Dec.<= 656 — 
at war with Moawiyah, (37,) 657 b — submits 
his cause to arbitration, and is deceived, 
(40,) 66o d — stabbed in the mosque at Cufa 
(17 Ramadhan 40,) 23 d Jan. 661— tf. (19, 
20, or 21 Ramadhan 40,) 25, 26, or 27 Jan. 
661. b a Nouv. Biog. Univ. 

b Ockley. c U. K. S. Biog. Diet. 

d Art de Verifier les Dates. 
Ali Ibn el Abbas, (Ala-eddin al-Medj'ousi, 
Haly Abbas,) physician, — tf. (384, a. h.) 

994-5- 

Ali Ibn Younis, {Abu 'I Hasan,) astrono- 
mer, — ft. at Cairo, (399, a. h.) 1008. 

Ali Komourdji, Grand Vizier of Turkey, 
— favourite of Achmet II., before 1695 — - 
Grand Vizier under Achmet III., 17 14 — com- 
pletes the conquest of the Morea, Jul. 17 15 — ■ 
defeated by Prince Eugene, at Peterwaradein, 
5 Aug. 1716 — tf. 7 Aug. 1716. 

Ali Pacha of Joannina, (Arslan,) Vizier op 
Epirtis, — b. at Tepelini, about i744, a before 
i75o b — marries daughter of Pacha of Delvino, 
about 1768 — procures the capital punishment 
of his father-in-law, 1770— makes himself mas- 
ter of Tepelini, about 1775 — executes the fir- 
man of death against Selim, Pacha of Delvino, 
before 1780 — appointed Pacha of Trikala, and 
Derwend Pacha of Roumily, 1783° — begins to 
attack the pachalik of Joannina, with Paleo- 
poulo of Etolia, 1786° — commands under Yus- 
sef Pacha, against Austria and Russia, 1787 — 
commences intrigues with Russia, 1788 — seizes 
the pachalik of Joannina, and is confirmed in 
it by the Sultan, end of 1788° — extends his 
dominion over Epirus, Acarnania,. Etolia, &c, 
1788-93 — first attacks the Suliots, spring 
1790°- — marches against Suli, and is routed, 
Jul. 1792 — massacres the Christians of the 
Kimara mountains, 16 Apr. 1797 — enters into 
correspondence with Napoleon, summer 1797 — 
Napoleon incites him to revolt, summer 1798 — 
attacks the French ; takes Butrinto and Pre- 
vesa, Oct. 1798 — made a pacha of three tails, 
or vizier „ 1799 — renews his attacks upon the 
Suliots, 1802 — massacres them after their sur- 
render, 12 Dec. 1803 — appointed Roumily - 
Valisy, 1804— extends- his power over the whole 
of Greece, except Boeotia and Attica, i8o6 c — 
banishes Ismael Pacho Bey, 1807 — promotes 
the conclusion of peace between Turkey and 
Great Britain, 1809 — seizes the pachalik of 
Berat, 1 809 — his power restricted by the Sultan, 
1 8 10 — takes Argyro -Castro andGardiki, 181 1- 
i2 d — in disgrace with the Porte, 1812-13° — 
fails in his designs upon Parga, 1 8 14 — his 
palace at Tepelini destroyed by fire, 181 8 — 
acquires Parga, Apr. 18 19 — attempts to pro- 
cure the murder of Ismael Pacho Bey r at Con- 
stantinople, Feb. 1 820 — proscribed by the 
Porte, and attacked by the European Pachas, 
early in 1820 — invokes the aid of the Greek 
Hetairists, May 1820— destroys Joannina,, Aug. 
1820— deserted by his sons,, Sep. 1820 — be- 
sieged in the fortresses at Joannina, Sep. 1820 



54 



ALIBEET— ALIENS. 



— Greek insurrection breaks out, Mar. 1821 — 

surrenders to Kurschid Pacha, Feb. 1822 — put 

to death by order of the Sultan, 5 Feb. 1822. 

a Biog. Univ. b U. K. S. Biog. Diet. 

c Davenport. d Eng. Cyc. 

Alibert, Baron Jean Louis, physician, — fc. 
at Yillefranche, 12 May 1766 — Physician to 
Louis XVIIL, 1815 — "&. at Paris, 4 Nov. 1837. 
Physiologic des Passions, 1825 — Precis sur les 
Eaux Minerales, 1826 — Elements Se Thera- 
psutique, 1826 — Maladies de la Pea u, 1834. 

Aliberti, Gian Carlo, painter, — b. at Asti, 
1680 — tf. about 1740. 

Alibrandi, Girolamo, painter, — fi. 1470— 
studies under Da Yinci, 1497 — tf. at Messina, 

1524. 

Alicante, {Lucent urn,) in Spain, — taken by 
Ben Omar, (471, a. h.) 1078-9 — taken posses- 
sion of by Abdallah ibn Mardenish, 114.5^— 
submits to Ferdinand III. of Castile, about 
1 240 — Abu Ismail Zeian, ex-king of Valencia, 
defeats the wali of Lorca near, (26 Ramadhan 
640,) 19 Mar. 1243 a — taken by J ay me I. 
of Aragon and Alfonso X. of Castile, 1264 — 
besieged by the Moors, 1331 — taken by Pedro 
the Cruel, of Castile, 1357 b — bombarded by 
D'Estrees, 22 to 28 Aug. 1691° — stormed by 
the English fleet, 8 Jul. 1706° — castle sur- 
rendered to Charles III., 6 Sep. 1706 K — surren- 
ders to Philip V., Dec. 1708 c — castle surren- 
dered and is dismantled, Apr. 1709° — bombard- 
ment attempted by Suchet, 29 Jan. 18 12 — 
Maitland lands here, 11 Aug. 1812 — citadel 
surrendered to General Clinton, 22 iSov. 18 12 
— Sir John Murray lands here, 27 Feb. 18 13. 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Dunham. c Zedler. 

Alienation, — permitted by Statute, 18 Edw. 
I., 1289-90 — to tenants of the crown, by Act, 

I Edw. III. c. 12, 1327-8. [Fines, &c] Alien- 
ation of benefices, prohibited by Council of 
Latcran, 1123. 

Aliens, — Alien merchants permitted to trade 
in this realm, by Magna Charta, 19 Jun. 
1216; and Act, 9 Edw. III. st. 1, c. 1, 1335 
— charter confirmed, by Acts, 27 Edw. III. 
st. 2, c. 26, 1353; and 2 Pic. II. st. 1, c. 1, 
1378-9 — distress against, for debt, (Stat. West- 
rain. 1,) 3 Edw. I. c. 23, 1274-5 — liability for 
each other's debts defined, by Act, 27 Edw. 
III. st. 2, c. 17, 1353— juries, where aliens 
are parties, to be part or wholly of their de- 
scription, 27 Edw. III. st. 2, c. 8, 1353; 28 
Edw. III. c. 13, 1354 — inquest de raedietate 
lingua, 28 Edw. III. c. 13, \ 2, 1354 — aliens' 
duties, payable only for goods sold, by Act, 
28 Edw. III. c. 13, 1354 — regulated by Acts, 

II Ken. IV. c. 7, 1409-10 ; and 11 Henry VII. 
c. 14, 1495-6 — Aliens permitted to sell at fairs, 
if not kept in towns, by Act, 2 Pic. II. st. 1, 
c. 1, 1378-9 — may not enjoy benefices, by Acts, 
3 Eic. II. c. 3, 1379-80"; 7 Pic. II. c. 12, 
1383-4; and 1 Hen. V. c. 7, 141 3- 14 — their 
privileges regulated and restricted, by Acts, 5 
Hen. IV. c. 7 and 9, 1403-4; 6 Hen. IV. c. 4, 
1404-5; 18 Hen. VI. c. 4, 1439-40; and 4 
Edw. IV. c. 6, 1464-5— rated to the taxes, by 
Act, 9 Hen. IV. c. 7, 1407-8— not to export 



gold or silver, by Acts, 27 Hen. VI. c. 3, 1448- 
9; and 3 Hen. VII. c. 8, 1487-8 — prohibited 
from taking apprentices and journeymen to 
handicrafts, by Acts, 1 Eic. III. c. 9, 1483-4 ; 
1 Hen. VII. c. 10, 1485-6 ; 14 and 15 Hen. 
VIII. c. 2, \ 1, 1522-3 ; and 21 Hen. VIII. c. 
16, § 3, 1529-30 — prohibited from exercising 
handicrafts, by Act, 1 Eic. III. c. 12, 1483-4 
— to swear allegiance to the king, by Act, 21 
Hen. VIII. c. 16, \ 1, 1529-30 — if housekeep- 
ers, to bear charges as subjects, by Acts, 21 
Hen. VIII. c. 16, § 1, 1529-30; and 32 Hen. 
VIII. c. 16, § 1, 1540-1 — restricted in the 
number of their servants, by Act, 21 Hen. VIII. 
c. 16, § 1, 1529-30 — denizens to pay aliens' 
duties, by Act, 22 Hen. VIII. c. 8, 1530- 1— 
aliens to observe the laws of the realm, by Act, 

32 Hen. VIII. c. 16, \ 2, 1 540-1— to give se- 
curity for obedience ; and if unlicensed, to de- 
part the realm, by Act, 4 and 5 Phil, and Mar. 
c. 6, \ 2, 1557-8 — to take the sacrament when 
naturalized, by Act, 7 Jac. I.e. 2, 1609-10 — 
this declared unnecessary, by Act, 6 Geo. IV. 
c. 67, 1825 — brought under bankrupt laws, by 
Act, 21 Jac. I. c. 19, § 14, 1623-4 — freedom 
and good treatment secured to, by various 
Acts, down to 12 Car. II. c. 4, 1660-1 — not to 
be merchants or factors in the plantations, by 
Act, 12 Car. II. c. 18, § 2, 1 660-1 —invited 
to settle here and to follow certain trades, 
with privileges of natural subjects, by Act, 15 
Car. II. c. 15, 1663-4 — repealed by Act, 12 
and 13 ¥m. III.c.2, 1700-1 — though natural- 
ized, declared incapable of offices of trust, by 
Acts, 12 and 13 Wm. III. c. 2, 12 Jun. 1701*; 
13 Geo. II. c. 7, 1739-40; 20 Geo. II. c. 44, 
1746-7; and 22 Geo. II. c. 45, 1748-9 — 
natives of Scotland considered aliens, till settle- 
ment of the succession of the crown, by Act, 3 
and 4 Ann. c. 6, § 4, 1705 — regulations con- 
cerning, determined by Acts, 33 Geo. III. c. 4, 
4 Jan. 1793; and 34 Geo. III. c. 43, 67, &c, 
1794 — places of residence restricted by Order 
of Council, 2 Feb. 1793 — regulations continued 
in force by various Acts, 1795, 1798, 1800, 
1802, 1803, 1813, 1 8 14, 18 16 — enforced by 
proclamation, 31 Aug. 1803 — amended by Acts, 
58 Geo. III. c. 96, 1818; 1 Geo. IV. c. 105, 
1 820-1; 3 Geo. IV. c. 97, 1822-3; and 5 Geo. 
IV. c. 37, 1824-5 — naturalization of, prevented 
by Acts, 58 Geo. III. c. 97, 1817-18; 59 Geo. 
III. c. 8, 1818-19; 1 Geo. IV. c. 8, 1820-1 ; 
and 3 Geo. IV. c. 15, 1822-3 — registration of, 
by Act, 7 Geo. IV. c. 54, 1826-7 — repealed by 
Act, 6 and 7 "Wm. IV. c. 11, 19 May 1836 — 
prohibited from holding property in British 
shipping, by Act, 3 and 4 Wm. IV. c. 54 and 
55, 28 Aug. 1833 — excluded from privileges of 
burgesses, by Municipal Corporations' Act, 5 
and 6 "Wm. IV. c. 76, § 4, 9 Sep. 1835 — pre- 
vious laws respecting, repealed or amended, by 
Act, 7 and 8 Vic. c. 66, 6 Aug. 1844 — removal 
of them authorized, by Act, 11 Vic. c. 20, 9 
Jun. 1848 — law relating to, amended by Act, 

33 and 34 Vic. c. 14, 1870. [Naturalization.] 
Aliens, Laws affecting-, at Pome, [BCj — 

Junian Law, banishing them from Pome, 



ALIGHIERI— ALLAN. 



55 



(628, a. u. C.) 126 — extended by C. Fannius 
Strabo, Cos., to Latins and Italiots, i22 a — and 
by Papian Law to all not dwelling in Italy, 
(689,) 65^ a smith's Diet. b Fischer. 

Alighieri. [Dante.] 

Aiighur, {(Joel,) in Hindustan, — M. Perron 
defeated near, 29 Aug. 1803 — taken by Lord 
Lake, 4 Sep. 1803 — bombarded and taken by 
British, 18 17. 

Alignan, Benoit d', theologian, §c, — b. at 
Alignan du Vent, about 1190 — Bp of Mar- 
seilles, 1229 — accompanies Thibault of Na- 
varre to Syria, 1239 — returns, 1242 — assists at 
Council General of 'Lyon, 1245 a — and at Coun- 
cil of Valence, 1248 13 — joins the "Brothers of 
the Blessed Mary, Mother of Christ," 1252 15 — 
visits the Holy Land again, 1 260-3 a — preaches 
a new crusade in his diocese, by command of 
Pope Alexander IV., 1264 — enters Order of 
Friars Minor, i266 b — is. i268. b Tract at us 
Fidei, about 1254. 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. 

Aligre, Etienne d', jurisconsult, — b. at 
Chartres, 1550 — Chancellor of France, 1624-6 
■ — Xf. at La Riviere, au Perche, n Dec. 1635. 

Alimentus, L. Cincius, jurist and annalist, 
— [BC] — fl. between 218 and 190 — Prcetor, 
(544, a. u. c.) 2io a — Proprietor, in Sicily, 
(545,) 209^ a Vossius. 

Alipore, Hindustan, Agricultural Show (the 
first in India) opens at, 18 Jan. 1864. 

Alison, Archibald, theologian and cesthetical 
writer, — b. at Edinburgh, 13 Nov. 1757 — 
curate of Brancepeth, 1778 — prebendary of 
Sarum, 1798 — senior incumbent of St Paul's 
Cowgate, Edinburgh, May 1800 — retires, 1834 
— ts. at Edinburgh, 17 May 1839. Essay on 
Taste, 1784. 

Alison, Sir Archibald, Bart., historian, — b. 
at Kenley, Shropshire, 29 Dec. 1792 — called 
to the Scottish bar, 18 14 — visits France, 18 14 
— deputy advocate for Scotland, 1822-30 — 
sheriff of Lanarkshire, 1828 — Hector of the 
Marischal College, 1845 — Rector of Glasgow 
Univ., 1 85 1— Bart., 1852— D. C.L.Oxford, 1 853 
— tS. at Glasgow, 23 May 1867. Criminal Law 
of Scotland, 1833 — History of Europe (1789 — 
1815), 1833-42; and (1815-52), 1853-59 — 
Principles of Population, 1840 — Life of Marl- 
borough, 1848 — Lives of Lord Castlereagh and 
Sir C, Stewart, 1861 — Essays, 1850. 

Aliwal, in Hindustan, — Sir' Harry Smith 
defeats Sirdar Runjoor Singh Majeethea at, 
28 Jan. 1846. 

Alizarine, vegetable colouring matter, ob- 
tained from madder by Robiquet and Colin, 
1831. 

Aljubarota, in Portugal, — Joam L, of Por- 
tugal, defeats Juan I., of Castile, at, 14 Aug. 

1385. 

Alkali Works, regulation of, by Act, 26 and 
27 Vic. c. 124, 28 Jul. 1863 — made perpetual 
by 31 and 32 Vic. c. 36, 25 Jun. 1868. 

Alkendi, Abu Yussuf ibn Lshak ibn Assabah 
al-Kindi, (Alchindius, Alchidus, Alfidius,) 
physician and philosopher, — fl. at Bagdad, about 
1 145 or 1000. 



Alkmaar, in the Netherlands, — besieged in 
vain by the Duke of Alba, 1573— the Duke of 
York repulsed by Brune and Vandamme near, 
19 Sep. 1799 — surrenders to the British, 2 
Oct. 1799 — indecisive action near, 6 Oct. 1799 
— convention, for the evacuation of Holland by 
the allies, concluded at, 17, 18 Oct. 1799. 

Alkmaar, Heinrik von, poet, — fl. about 
1470. [Reineke de Vos.] 

All Martyrs, Festival of, — observed in 
Eastern Church, before 400 — appointed to be 
kept on May 13, by Boniface IV., 607, a 6io, b 
6u.° 

a Hampson. b Schlegel. c Riddle. 

All Saints, [All Hallows, La Toussaint,) 
Festival of, — substituted for All Martyrs, and 
appointed on Nov. 1, by Gregory IV., 830,* 

834, b 8 3 5- c 

a Riddle. b Schlegel. c Hampson. 

All Saints, (Saintes,) in West Lndies, — dis- 
covered by Columbus, 4 Nov. 1495 — settled by 
the French, about 1640. 

All Souls, Commemoration of, {Omnium Fi- 
delium or Animarum Commemoratio, Animce, 
Les Morts,) on Nov. 2, — instituted by Odilon, 
Abbot of Clugny, 99 8, a before uoo b — observed 
on the Monday after the third Sunday in Octo- 
ber, at Milan, until 1582.° a Mosheim, Riddle. 
b Rees' Cyc. c Art de Verifier les Dates. 

All Souls College, Oxford, — founded by 
Henry Chichele, Abp of Canterbury, 1437 — 
completed, 1444. 

All the Talents, Administration of, — or-' 
ganized by Lord Grenville, 5 Feb. 1806 — • 
altered after the death of Charles James Fox, 
13 Sep. 1806 — dismissed, 23 Mar. 1807. 

Allahabad, {Prajag, Pratishthana, Palim- 
bothra ?) in Hindustan, — territory invaded by 
Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni, 1022 and 10233 — 
forms part of kingdom of Juanpur, 1394- 147 6 a 
— town enlarged and fortified by the Emperor 
Akber, between 1559 and 1605 — its governor 
rebels against Mohammed Shah, 1720 — Saf- 
der Jang, the vizir, obtains the province, 1753 
— seized by the Nabob of Oude, 1759 — taken 
by Sir Robert Fletcher, May 1765 — assigned, 
with other territories, to Shah Alum, the Mo- 
gul Emperor, by Clive, 12 Aug. 1765 — deliver- 
ed to the British by the Mogul Emperor, end 
of Dec. 1772 — sold to the Nabob of Oude, Sep. 
1773 — part of the province ceded to the East 
India Company, 21 May 1775 — another por- 
tion ceded to the Company, 14 Nov. 1801 — the 
remainder ceded, 23 Nov. 1805. [Benares, 
Bundelcund, &c] a Elphinstone. 

Allainval, Leonor Jean Christine Soulas, 
d', dramatic and miscellaneous writer, — b. at 
Chartres, about 1700 — begins to write dra- 
mas, 1725 — ts. at Paris, 2 May 1755 — L' Ecole 
des Bourgeois, 1728. 

Allamand, Jean Nicolas Sebastien, natural 
philosopher, $c, — b. at Lausanne, 17 13 — Prof, 
of Philosophy at Franeker, 1747 — at Leyden, 
1749 — 1j. there, 2 Mar. 1787. 

Allan, David, painter, — b. at Alloa, 13 Feb. 
1744 — sent to study at Rome by Lord Cath- 
cart, 1764 — at London, 1777 — master of Aca- 



5« 



ALLAN— ALLEY. 



demy of the Board of Trustees for Manufactures 
at Edinburgh, 1786 — tf. at Edinburgh, 6 Aug. 
1796. 

Allan, Sir William, painter— b. at Edin- 
burgh, 1782 — travels in Russia, 1804-14 — 
A. R. A., 1826 — visits Spain, 1834 — R. A., 
1835 — President of Scottish Academy, 1838 — 
visits St Petersburg, 1841 — knighted, 1842 — if. 
22 Feb. 1850.* a Encyc. Brit. 

Allard, Jean Francois, military com- 
mander, — ft. at St Tropez, 9 Mar. 1785 — 
enters the army, 1803 — aide-de-camp to Ma- 
rechal Brune, 18 15 — quits the service and goes 
to Lahore, 1822 — visits France, 1836 — re- 
turns to the service of Runjeet Singh, 1837 — ft. 
at Peshawur, 23 Jan. 1839. 

Allatius, (Allacci, or Allazzi,) Leo, biblio- 
grapher, theologian, §c, — ft. at Chios, (Scio,) 
1586 — at Rome, 1600 — employed by Pope 
Gregory XY. to bring; the library from Hei- 
delberg, 1622 — Librarian at the Yatican, 1661 
— tf. at Rome, 19 Jan. 1669. Be Patrid Ho- 
meri, 1640 — Be Libris eccles. Grcecorum, 1645 
— Be Ecclesice Occident, et orient, perpet. con- 
sensione, 1648 — Grceciw orthodoxce scriptores, 
1652, 1657 — Bramaturgia, 1755 — Po'eti Anti- 
chi raccolti de Cod. 31S. della Bibliotheca Vati- 
cana e Barber ina, 1661. 

Allectus, Emperor op Britain, — murders 
Carausius, and seizes the throne, 293,* 294 b — 
.defeated by Asclepiodotus, and slain, 296. 
a Clinton. b Hardy. 

Allegiance, Oath of, — imposed by Act, 1 
Eliz. c. 1, 1558-9 — employed for the discovery 
of Popish Recusants, by Act, 3 Jac. I. c. 4, 
1605-6 — changed, by Acts, 1 Wm. and Mar. c. 
1 and c. 8, 1689 — and by Act, 1 Ann. st. 1, c. 
22, 1702-3 — form altered, by Act, 1 Geo. I. st. 
2, c. 13, 17 14-15 — Quakers exempted from 
taking, by Act, 8 Geo. I. c. 6, 1 721-2 — modi- 
fied, by Act, 1 Yic. c. 24, 11 Jun. 1838. 
[Parliamentary Oaths, Oath of Supremacy, 
&c] 

Allegri. [Correggio.] 

Allegri, Gregorio, musical composer, — ft. at 
Rome, about i58o, a 1590 15 — singer in the 
pope's chapel, 6 Dec. 1629 — tf. 18 Feb. 1650,* 
1652, 15 16 Feb. 1640.C a Encyc. Brit. 

b Ersch and Gruber. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Allegrini, Francesco, painter, — ft. at Gub- 
bio, 1587 — tf. at Rome, 1663. 

Allein, Richard, theologian, — ft. at Dichet, 
161 1 — enters Oxford Univ. 1627 — Rector of 
Batcomb, Mar. 1641 — assistant to Parliament- 
ary Commission for ejecting scandalous minis- 
ters, 1654 — ejected for Nonconformity, 24 Aug. 
1662 — removes to Frome-Selwood to escape 
the "Five-mile Act," 1665 — tf. 22 Dec. 1681. 
Findieia Pietatis, 1665 — Heaven Opened, 1665 
— The World Conquered, 1668 — Godly Fear, 
T674 — A Companion for Prayer, 1680. 

Alleine, Joseph, theologian, — ft. at Devizes, 
1633 curate at Taunton, 1655 — ejected for 
Nonconformity, 24 Aug. 1662 — imprisoned for 
preaching, 26 May 1663, and 10 Jul. 1665— ft. 
S<>\. 1668. Explanation of the Assembly's 
Shorter Cateehimi, 1656— A Call to Archippus, 
1664 — Alarm to the Unconverted, 1672. 



Alleluiatica, Victoria, — legendary victory 
of St Germanus over the Picts and Saxons at 
Mold, (Paste?;) 30 Mar. 430. 

Allen, Ethan, soldier of American Revolu- 
tion, — joins the " Green Mountain Boys," 1770 
— captures Ticonderoga, 9, 10 May 1775 — 
captured in attack on Montreal, 24 Sep. 1775 
— exchanged, 6 May 1778 — ft. at Colchester, 
Yt, U. S., 13 Feb. 1789. 

Allen, John, physician, miscellaneous writer, 
— ft. near Edinburgh, Jan. 1770 — M. D. Edin- 
burgh, 179 1 — private secretary to Lord Hol- 
land, about 1 801 — warden of Dulwich College, 
181 1 — Master, 1820 — rj. there, 3 Apr. 1843. 
Pllustrations of Hume's Essay on Liberty and 
Necessity, 1795 — Inquiry into Pise and Growth 
of Royal Prerogative in England, 1830. 

Allen, Thomas, mathematician, — ft. at TJt- 
toxeter, 21 Dec. 1542 — scholar at Oxford, 
156 1— Fellow of Trin. Coll., 1565— M. A., 
1567 — retires to Gloucester Hall, 1580 — 3j. 
there, 30 Sep. 1632^ a Wood. 

Allen, William, chemist, philanthropist, — 
ft. at London, 1770 — Lecturer on Chemistry 
and Experimental Philosophy at Guy's Hos- 
pital, 1804-27 — F. R. S., 1807 — establishes 
schools at Lindfield, 1825 — 3j. there, 30 Dec. 
1843. 

Allen, (Align, Alain, Alan,) William, 
Cardinal, — ft. at Rossall, 1532 — Principal of 
St Mary's Hall, Oxford, 1556— Canon of York, 
1558 — takes refuge at Louvain, end of 1558 — 
goes to Mechlin, 1565 — to Rome, 1567 — flies 
from England a second time, 1568 — B. D. 
Douay, 31 Jan. 1570 — Royal Professor there, 
1570 — D. D., 16 Jul. 157 1 — goes to Rome, 
1575 and 1580 — Cardinal of St Martin's, 7 
Aug. 1587 — Abp of Mechlin, 1589 — fr. at Rome, 
6 Oct. 1594. True, sincere, and moderate Be- 
fence of Christian Catholics, 1563 — Apology 
for the Institution of two Coll. Rome and 
Rheims, 158 1 — Befence of the Bull excommuni- 
cating Elizabeth, 1586 — Admonition to the 
Nobles and People of England and Ireland, 
1588. 

Allenius, Sex. Papinius, — Consul with Q. 
Plautius, (789, a. u. c.) 36. 

Allent, Pierre Alexandre Joseph, miscel- 
laneous writer, — ft. at St. Omer, 9 Aug. 1772 — 
cannoneer at siege of Lille, 1792 — Major, 18 n 
— Member of Council of Defence at Paris, 18 14 
— Under Secretary of War, 18 17 -19 — Presi- 
dent of Council of State, 1 8 1 9 — Peer of France, 
1832 — tf. 3 or 6 Jul. 1837. Sur V influence 
morale et politique dela Peinture, 1797-8 — His- 
toire du corps Imperial du Genie, 1805 — Precis 
de V Histoire des Arts Militaires en France, 
1808. 

Allestree, (Allestry,) Richard, theologian, 
— ft. at Uppington, Mar. 1619 — B. A. Oxford, 
24 Oct. 1640 — enters the king's army, under 
Sir John Biron, 1641 — M. A., 2 Jun. 1643 — 
expelled from Oxford, by the Parliament, Jul. 
1648 — Canon of Christchurch, 1660 — D. D., 
3 Oct. 1660 — Regius Prof, of Divinity, Sep. 
1663-79 — Provost of Eton, 1665 — tf. at London, 
28 Jan. 1681. 

Alley, William, Bp of Exeter,— enters 



ALLEYS— ALMANACS. 



57 



Cambridge Univ. 1538 — takes refuge in the 
north, of England, 1553 — Bp of Exeter, 1560 
— D. D. Oxford, 1561 — 7S. 1570 or 157 1, 
157 6. a a Fuller. 

Alleyn, Edward, dramatic writer, $c, — ft. 
at London, 1 Sep. 1556 — part proprietor with 
Henslowe of the Eose, on Bankside, 1592 — 
with him, builds the Fortune, in Cripplegate, 
1600 — rebuilds the Paris Bear-garden, 1606 — 
purchases the Manor of Dulwich, 1606 — builds 
Dulwich College, 1613-16,* 1614-17^ — re- 
ceives Letters Patent for his Foundation, 21 
Jan. 16 19 — 7S. 25 Nov. 1626. 

a U. K. S. Biog. Diet. b Encyc. Brit. 
Allia, {Alia,) the, in Italy, — [BC] — Eo- 
mans defeated by the Gauls under Brennus at, 
(15 Kal. Sext., or postr. Id. Quinctil., 364, 
a. u. c.) 16 Jul. 390 — T. Q,uinctius Cincin- 
natus, Dictator, defeats Prsenestines and allies 
at, (374,) 380, 377^ a Smith's Diet. 

Allifae, (Alife,) in Italy, [B C] — taken from 
the Samnites by Eome, (428, a. u. c.) 326 — 
retaken by C. Marcius Eutilus, Cos., (444,) 
310 — Samnites defeated by Proconsul Q. Fa- 
bius Maximus, (447,) 307 — colony established 
there, about 40 — [AD] — adorned with new 
buildings, about 125. 

Allioni, Carlo, physician and botanist, — fj. 
at Turin, 1725 — 7s. there, 1804. Flora Pede- 
montana, 1785. 

Allix, Pierre, theologian, — fj. at Alencjon, 
i64i, a 163 1 b — take refuge in England, at re- 
vocation of Edict of Nantes, 1685 — 7s. at Lon- 
don, 3 Mar. b 21 Feb. c 1717. Dissertation on 
the first rise of the Trisagium or Doxology, 
1674 — Reflections upon the Books of Holy 
Scripture, 1688. 

a U. K. S. Biog. Diet., Encyc. Brit. 
b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Bees' Cyc. 

Allobroges, [BC] — oppose Hannibal's pas- 
sage of the Alps, and afterwards join him, 
218 — defeated by Cn. Domitius, Proconsul, at 
Vindalium, (6*3, a. u. c.) 121 — with the Ar- 
vernians, defeated, by Q. Fabius Maximus, Cos., 
at the Isara; and subjugated, (6 Id. August 
633,) 8 Aug. 121 — their ambassadors at Eome, 
invited to join Catiline's conspiracy, betray it, 
(3 Non. Decemb. 691,) 5 Feb. 62, a 63 b — 
rebel, and are defeated by C. Pomptinus, Free- 
tor, near Solonium, 61 — attacked by the Hel- 
vetians, at their migration, and defended by 
Csesar, 58— attacked by Vercingetorix, 52 — 
[AD] — spoken of, 69. 

a Fischer. b Smith's Diet. 

Allori, Alessandro, {Bronzino,) painter, — ft. 
at Florence, 1535 — ft. 1607. 

Allori, Cristofano, painter, — fj. at Florence, 
1577 — tS. 1621, 1619. a a Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Allston, Washington, painter, — ft. at New- 
berry, S. C, U. S., 1779 — enters Harvard 
Coll., 1796 — at the Eoyal Academy, London, 
1 80 1 — visits France and Italy, 1804 — returns 
to America, 1 809 — visits England, France, and 
Italy again, 1811-18 — A. E. A., 1819 — If. at 
Cambridge, U. S., 9 Jul. 1843. Sylphs of the 
Seasons, 1813 — Monaldi, 1842. 

Allut, Jean, (Flie Marion, i' Fclaireur,) 
religious enthusiast, — takes refuge in the Ce- 



vennes, at the revocation of Edict of Nantes, 
1685 — surrenders with his band of Camisards 
to Marshal Villars, and is conducted to Ge- 
neva, 9 Oct. 1704 — conducted to Geneva 
again, by the Duke of Berwick, Jan. 1705 — - 
takes refuge in London, 1706 — fined and pil- 
loried there, for pretending to prophesy, 2 Dec. 
1707 — ft. after 17 14. 

Alma, the, in the Crimea, — Lord Eaglan 
and Marshal St Arnaud defeat Prince Men- 
zikoff, 20 Sep. 1854. 

Almagest, the, (MeydXr), or fity'iarr}, 2vv- 
ra^iQ Trjg ' Aarpovofiiag, Syntaxis,) of Ptolemy, 
— written about 150 — translated by command 
of the Caliph Al Mamun, 827 — retranslated 
by Gerard of Cremona, under patronage of Em- 
peror Frederick II., before 1250 — Epitome of, 
by Purbach and Eegiomontanus, printed 1496 
— first Greek edition published by Simon 
Grynaeus, at Basel, 1538. [Ptolemeeus, Clau- 
dius.] 

Almagro, Diego de, Governor of Chili, 
Conquistador, — ft. at Aldea del Eey, 1475 s1 — 
joins Pizarro and Hernando de Luque, at 
Panama, to make conquests in Terra Firma, 
1525 — made governor of the fort of Tumbez 
by Charles V., 26 Jul. 1529b — made adelantado, 
I 53° b — makes a convention with Don Pedro 
d' Alvarado, i534 b — adelantado of Nueva 
Toledo, 1535— solemnly reconciled to Pizarro, 
12 Jun. 15 35 b — undertakes the conquest of 
Chili, 1536 b — makes war upon Pizarro, 1537 b 
— takes Cuzco, and imprisons Pizarro's bro- 
thers; defeats Alonzo de Alvarado at the 
bridge of Abangay, 12 Jul. 1537 b — defeated 
and taken by Pizarro in the valley of Salinas, 
6, b or 26° Apr. 1538 — found guilty of high 
treason, strangled, and beheaded, Jun. or Jul. 
1538. 

a Herrera. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 
Almain, Jacques, theologian, — fj. at Sens, 
after 1450 — Prof, at the College of Navarre, 
i5o8, a i5i2 b — tr. 151^. De Autoritate £e- 
clesice, 15 12. 

a Bees' Cyc. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Almamun. [Mamun.] 
Almanacs, — first published by Solomon 
Jarchi, in and after ii5o a — by Peter de Dacia, 
about i3oo b — by Walter de Elvendene, 1327 b 
— by John Somers, i38o b — by Nicholas de 
Lynna, i386 b — by Purbach, 1450-61 a — first 
printed by Gutenberg, at Mentz, 1457° — by 
Eegiomontanus, at Nuremberg, 1472-3 or 
1474-5 d — D y Zainer, at Ulm, i478 d — by 
Eichard Pynson, in England, (Sheapeheard's 
Kalender,) 1497 b — by Stbffler, in Venice,i499. d 
Monopoly of Printing, granted, to the Station- 
ers' Company and the two English Universities, 
by James L, 1605 ? — injunction obtained by 
the Stationers' Company against Thomas Car- 
nan, declared illegal, 29 May 1775 — bill to 
legalize, rejected by Parliament, 1779. Stamp 
Duty on, imposed and regulated by Acts, 9 
Ann. c. 23, 1710-11 ; 10 Ann. c. 19, 1711-12 ; 
16 Geo. II. c. 26, 1742-3; 30 Geo. II. c. 19, 
1756-7 ; 21 Geo. III. c. 56, 1780-1 ; 37 Geo. 
III. c. 90, 1796-7 — repealed by Act, 4 and 5 



s* 



ALMANSUR— ALMOHADES. 



Wm, IV. c. 57, 13 Aug. 1834. a Engl. Cyc. 

b British Almanac. c Ilallaiu. d De Morgan. 

Almansur. [Mansur.] 

Almanza, in Spain, — the Duke of Berwick 
defeats the Earl of Galway and Marquis de 
los Minas at, (14 Apr. 0. s.) 25 Apr. 1707. 

Almarez, in Spain, — Spaniards defeated by 
Marshal Lefebvre at, 24 Dec. 1808 — the bridge 
destroyed by Cuesta, 16 Mar. 1809 — strongly 
fortified by 'Marshal Marmout, Jul. Aug. 181 1 
— fortifications stormed by Gen. Hill, 19 May 
1812. 

Almeida, in Portugal, — taken from the 
Moors by Payo Guterrez, after 1200 — taken 
by Marquis de'Soria, 25 Aug. 1762 — restored to 
Portugal, by peace of Paris, 10 Feb. 1763 — 
seized by Marshal Junot, Dec. 1807 — surren- 
dered to General Beresford, Oct. 1808 — be- 
sieged by General Massena, 15 Aug. 18 10 — • 
surrendered by General Cox to General Loison, 
27 Aug. 1 810 — invested by Lord Wellington, 
7 Apr. 1 8 1 1 — evacuated by General Brennier, 
and the fortifications destroyed, 10 May 1811 
— re-fortified by Lord Wellington, Sep. 1811, 
Apr. 1 812. 

Almeida, Antonio d', surgeon, — b. at Al- 
meida, about 1761 — studies in England, under 
John Hunter, 17 91 — arrested and sent to the 
Azores, 1810 — ft. 1822. Tratado completo de 
Medieina opcratoria, 1801 — Obras cirurgicas, 
1813-14- 

Almeida, {Almeyda,) Francisco de, Vice- 
boy of the Indies, — b. at Lisbon, after 1450 
— serves against the Moors under Ferdinand 
of Aragon, about 1485 — appointed Viceroy by 
Emmanuel of Portugal ; sets out from Belem 
for the Indies, 25 Mar. 1506 — appears before 
Quiloa, 22 Jul. 1506 — reaches India, beginning 
of Oct. 1506 — his ships discover Madagascar, 
early in 1507 — his son, Lourenco, takes posses- 
sion of the Maldives and Ceylon, 1507 — sub- 
dues Malabar, and Sofala, and the E. coast of 
Africa, 1507-8 — his son killed at Dabul, 
1508 — imprisons Albuquerque, his suc- 
cessor, and takes and destroys Dabul, 13 Dec. 
1508 — destroys the combined fleet of Kansu al- 
Ghori, sultan of Egypt, and Mahmud Shah 
Begarra, of Guzerat, under Melek Aiaz, at Diu, 
end of 1508, or early in 1509 — Albuquerque 
being released by Fernando de Coutinho, Al- 
meida surrenders the government, and leaves 
Cochin, 19 Nov. 1509 — sails for Europe, 1 
Dec. 1509 — killed by the natives at Saldanha 
Bay, 1 Mar. 15 10. 

Almeida, Theodore, natural philosopher, — 
b. at Lisbon, 1722 — takes refuge in France, 
'7.S9-77 — &• at Lisbon, 1803. Recreugao 
Filosofica, 1 75 1. 

Almeloveen, Theodor Janssen van, phy- 
sician, #c. — b. at Mydrecht, 24 Jul. 1657 — 
M. D. Utrecht, 23 Jan. 168 1 — Prof, of His- 
tory and Geography at Harderwyk, 1697 — of 
Medicine, 1702 — a", at Amsterdam, or Har- 
derwyk, 28 Jul. 17 12. Be Vitis Stephanorum, 
1683 — Onomasticon rerum inventarum, §c., 
1684 — Fasti Roman. Consul., 1705. 

Almenara, in Spain, — Earl of Stanhope and 



Count Stahremberg defeat the Marquis de 
Bay at, 27 Jul. 17 10. 

Almeria, {Abdera,) in Spain, — joins Abd-el- 
Bahman I. when he lands in Spain, autumn 
755 — made a port and naval station by him, 
773 — Haitian al-Saclabi, Emir of Almeria, re- 
fuses submission to Mohammed al Mehdi and 
Suleiman of Cordova, (399, 400, a. h.) 1009- 
10 — his Emirate made irrevocable and heredi- 
tary by Hixam II. of Cordova, 1010 — appointed 
hagib by Hixam, 1013 — assisted by Ali Ibn 
Hamud, of Ceuta, rebels against Suleiman, 
(405-6,) 1015-16 — ordered to his govern- 
ment by Ali, he rebels, 1016 — proclaims Ab- 
del-Bahman IV., (408,) 1017 — Almeria taken 
by Ali, Hairan slain, (408,) 1017-18 — • Zo- 
haib, al-Saclabi {Al-Ameri) takes Almeria 
and Murcia, and makes himself an independ- 
ent sovereign, (408,) ioi8, a (423,) 1031 13 — 
bequeathed to Abd el Aziz of Valencia ; Abu 
'l Ah was Maan appointed Emir, who makes 
himself independent, and founds dynasty of 
Samadahides, {Tagibides,) (432 or 443,) 1041 
or 1051* — his son, Abu Yahia Mohammed 
Moezz-eddaulah, succeeds him, (443 or 444,) 
1 05 1 or io52 a — engaged in the siege of Al- 
bit, 1086-8— besieged by Yussef Ibn Tasch- 
fyn, 1 09 1 — Moezz-eddaulah succeeded by his 
son, Obeid-allah, (4 Babia II. 484,) 26 May 
1 09 1 — withdraws to Africa; fall of the Sama- 
dahide dynasty ; Almeria taken by the Almora- 
vides, (Schaban or Bamadhan 484,) Sep. or 
Oct. 1091^ (487,) 1094 b — taken by Alfonso 
Baimond of Castile, and his allies, 17 Oct. a or 
Nov. 1 147, (end of 542,) Apr. or May 1148° 
— blockaded by the Almohades, (546J) 1151 
— taken, (552,) 1157 — besieged in vain by 
Jayme II. of Aragon, (Saphar 708 to end of 
Schaban 709,) summer 1308 to end of Jan. 
i3io a — opens its gates to Mohammed el A'isar, 
1429 — surrendered to Ferdinand V. of Aragon, 
by Abdallah el Zagal, Dec. 1490. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

b Encyc. Mod. c Moorish Chroniclers. 

Almohades, {Al Moahedun,) Dynasty of, in 
Al-Magreb {Africa) and Spain, — Mohammed 
Ibn Abdallah and Abd-el-Mumen preach against 
the Almoravides in Sus, (Africa,) 11 16-17 a — • 
Mohammed is saluted Mehedi by his followers, 
(15 Bamadhan 515, a. h.) 27 Nov. 1121 — 
defeats the troops of Ali Ibn Yussef, (515-6,) 
1 12 1-3 a — fortifies Tinmal, 11 23 — sheikh Abu 
Mohammed el Baschir defeats Ali, besieges 
Marocco, and is defeated and killed by Ali, 
(519,) ii25 a — Abd-el-Mumen ma.de Imam, de- 
feats the Almoravides near Marocco, (end of 
523,) Dec. 11293 — Mohammed Ibn Abdallah 
dies, Abd-el-Mumen {Abu Mohammed) suc- 
ceeds him, (3 Moharram 524,) 17 Dec. 1129,3 
ii3o b — Abd-el-Mumen extends his power to 
Salee, Fez, and Teza, (527,) ii33 a — defeated 
by Tashfyn Ibn Ali, near Tremesen ; defeats 
him, (537-8,) 1 142-4 — besieges and takes Oran, 
(Moharram 540,) Jul. 1145* — invited into 
Spain by Ahmed Ibn Hosai, whom he no- 
minates Wali of Al-Garb, (Babia II. 540,) 
Oct. 1 145 c — sends Abu Ami-am to subju- 



ALMOX— ALMOEAVIDES. 



59 



gate the Amoravide possessions in Spain, 
(Dhu '1 Kadah or Dhu '1 hajjah 540,) May 
or Jun. 1146c — takes Marocco, the last 
possession of the Almoravides in Africa, (end 
of Schoual 541,) beginning of Apr. ii47 ab 
— his power established in Spain, by the de- 
feat and death of Yahia Ibn Ghania, near 
Granada, (10 or 21 Schaban 543,) 24 Dec. 
1 148 or 4 Jan. 1149° — reduces the whole of 
Northern Africa, 1149 — invited by the An- 
dalusians to protect them against Alfonso Eai- 
mond of Castile, (1 Moharram 545) 20 Apr. 
1151° — obtains Granada, after the death of 
Ali Ibn Ghania, (551,) 1156° — proclaims the 
Aljihed against Spain, (556,) ii6i, c (557,) 
1 162 a — dies at Salee; his son, Yussef Abu 
Yakub, succeeds as Emir, (8, 10, or 20 Gui- 
madhi II. 558,) 14, 16, or 26 May 1163° — re- 
cognized as Emir Al-Mumenin, 1166 ? — enters 
Spain, (566,) late in 1170c — obtains possession 
of Valencia, and becomes sole sovereign of Mo- 
hammedan Spain, (early in 567,) late in 1171° 
— invades Castile, 1173 — invades Catalonia, 
1 1 74 — returns to Africa, (571,) 1 175-6 — re- 
turns to Spain, and invades Portugal, (7 Eabia 

I. 580,) 18 Jun. 1184° — dies of wounds received 
before Santarem, (12 or 28 Eabia I. 580,) 23 
Jul. or 8 Aug. 1184° — Abu Yussef Yakub, 
{Al-Mansur,) his son, succeeds, (2 Guimadhi 

II. 580,) 10 Sep. 1184° — defeats an Almora- 
vide invasion and revolt in Africa, n 87 -8 — 
lands in Spain, invades and ravages Portugal, 
returns to Africa, spring and summer 11 89 — 
lands in Spain again, (20 Eedgeb 591,) 30 
Jun. 1195° — defeats Alfonso VIII. of Castile 
on the plains of Alarcos, (9 Schaban 591,) 
19 Jul. 1195° — invades Castile, and penetrates 
to Salamanca, (592-3,) 1196° — returns to 
Marocco, dies, and is succeeded by his son, 
Mohammed Abu Abdalla, (Al-Nasir Ledin 
Allah,) (21 Eabia I.e or 22 Eedgeb,* 595,) 
22 Jan. c or 19 May a 1199 — finally conquers 
the Almoravide party in Africa, (604,) 1208° 
— proclaims the Ghazieh, (605,) 1209° — lands 
in Spain, (25 Dhu'l Kadah 607,) 10 May 121 1 
• — invades Castile, Jul. 1211 — defeated by Al- 
fonso IX. of Castile, Pedro II . of Aragon, and 
the Crusaders, at Las Navas de Tolosa, (15 
Saphar 609,) 17 Jul. 1212° — dies in Africa, 
his son Yussef Abu Yakub II. (Al-Muntasir,) 
succeeds, (10 Schaban 610,) 25 Dec. 1213,° 
I2i4 b — his grand-uncle, (or uncle,) Abu Mo- 
hammed Abdel-Wahed, {Abu Melik,) suc- 
ceeds, in Africa, (13 Dhu '1 hajjah 620,) 7 
Jan. 1224° — Abu Mohammed Abdallah, 
(Al-Adel,) his nephew, revolts in Murcia, (13 
Saphar 621,) 6 Mar. 1224c— Abd-el-Wahed 
deposed, and strangled, (21 Schaban and 5 
Eamadhan 621,) 8 and 21 Sep. 1224° — Ab- 
dallah withdraws to Marocco, his brother 
Abu Ali Edris (Al-Mamun) proclaims him- 
self king in Spain, (2 Schoual 624,) 15 Sep. 
1227,° (622,) 1225 a — Abdallah deposed and 
strangled, 4 Oct. 1227 c — Yahia Abu Zaka- 
bieh (Abu Suleiman, Ibn An Nasir, Al-Mo- 
tassem) proclaimed in Africa, end of 1227 — 
Abu Abdalla Mohammed Ibn Hud (Motawa- 
Jcel Ala- Allah) proclaimed king in the Alpuj ar- 



ras, (end of Eedgeb 625,) Jul. 1228° — seizes 
Murcia, (1 Eamadhan 625,) 4 Aug. 1228° — 
and Granada, 1229c — defeats Al-Mamun near 
Tarifa, (6 Eamadhan 626,) 29 Jul. 1229c— Al- 
Mamun, assisted by Ferdinand III. of Castile, 
enters Africa, defeats Yahia, and recovers Al- 
Magreb, end of i229 bc — Abu Abdalla Mo- 
hammed Ibn Yussef (Ibn Nasir, Ibn Al- 
Ahmar,) proclaimed king in Spain, 1232° — • 
Al-Mamun dies in Africa, his son, Abu Mo- 
hammed Abd-el-Wahed (Al-Eashid), suc- 
ceeds, (29 Dhu'l hajjah 629,) 16 Oct. 1232c 
— Ibn Hud assassinated, (27 Guimadhi I. 
633,) 7 Feb. 1236c— Mohammed Ibn Al-Ah- 
mar founds the kingdom of Granada, (end of 
Eamadhan 635,) May 1238 c — Abu 'l Hassan 
Ali (Assayd) succeeds Abd-el-Wahed, in 
Africa, (640,) 1 242 b — Abu Hafs Omar (Al- 
Mortadi) succeeds him, (646,) 1248 b — Alfonso 
X. of Castile, and Mohammed I. of Granada, 
finally expel the Almohades from Spain, (655,) 
1257 c — Abu Dabus Edbis succeeds Al Mor- 
tadi, (665,) i266 b — Abu Yussef Yakub finally 
overthrows the Almohades in Africa, and founds 
the dynasty of Merinides, (end of 667,) autumn 
1269. b 

a Dunham. b U. K. S. Biog. Diet. 

1 Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Almon, John, political tvriter, — 0. at Liver- 
pool, about 1738 — at sea, 1756-9 — engaged to 
write for the 'Gazetteer,' 1760 — prosecuted 
for selling 'The London Museum,' 1770 — re- 
tires to JJoxmoor, 1783 — tf. there, 12 Dec. 1805. 

Almonacid, in Spain, — General Sebastiani 
defeats Venegas at, 11 Aug. 1809. 

Almonde, Philip Van, naval commander, — 
n. at Briel, 1646 — goes to sea, 1661 — com- 
mands the 'Dordrecht' in engagement of 11 to 
14 Jun. 1666 — distinguishes himself in Sole- 
bay fight, 7 Jun. 1672 — brings home the fleet 
after De Euyter's death, 1676 — accompanies 
William III. to England, 1688 — commands 
the vanguard at battle of La Hogue, 29 May 
1692 — engages in the expedition against France 
and Spain, under Admiral Eooke, Oct. , 1702 — 
ft. at Haawijk, 6 Jan. 17 11. 

Almorah, in Hindustan, — plundered by the 
Afghans, 1744 — taken by the Ghorkas, 1790 — ■ 
taken by Col. Nicolls, 25 Apr. 18 15 — dis- 
mantled, 1820. Convention of, giving up Ku- 
maon to the Eritish, signed, 27 Apr. 18 15. 

Almoravides, (Al-Morabethun, Murabitins,) 
Mohammedan Sectaries, and Dynasty in Al- 
Magreb (Africa) and Spain, — originated by 
Yahia Ibn Ibrahim and Abdallah Ibn Yasim, 
in the deserts behind the Atlas Mountains, 
before 1050 — Abdallah appoints Abu Bekr 
Ibn Omar, Emir of Lamtuna, (450,) 1058 a — 
Yussef Ibn Tashfin usurps the Emirate, and 
compels Abu Bekr to abdicate, (465-6,) 
1 07 2 a — Almoravide power established in Al- 
Magreb, 1073 — Yussef, invited by Mohammed 
of Seville, to aid him against Alfonso VI. , of 
Castile, lands at Algesiras, (Eabia II. 479,) 
Aug. 1086 b — defeats Alfonso in the plains of 
Zalaca, (12, 13 Eedgeb 479,) 23 Oct. 1086— 
invited again by Mohammed, he lands at Al- 
gesiras a second time, and proclaims the AljU 



(o 



ALXAGER— ALPHONSE. 



hed, (Rabia I. 481,) May or Jun. 1088— comes 
on a third expedition to Spain, acquires Mur- 
cia, Granada, Jaen, &c., and returns to Africa, 
1090^ 109 i, a — his generals take Seville, making 
Mohammed prisoner, (19 or 22 Redgeb 484,) 
6 or 9 Sep. 1091 b — and Valencia, (485,) 1092 b 
— overthrow the kingdom of Badajos, early in 
1094 — and kingdom of Valencia, (Redgeb 495,) 
Apr. or May no2 b — Yussef for the fourth 
time visits Spain, and causes his son to he ac- 
knowledged as his successor, (Dim '1 hajjah 
496,) Sep. no3 b — returns to Marocco, n 05 — 
dies ; Ali Ibn Yussef, his son, succeeds, 
(3, a or end b of Moharram 500, 498, c ) 3, d or 
end b of Sep. 1106, 1104,° — defeat of Alfonso 
VI. of Castile, at Ucles, 29 May no8 b — Ali 
undertakes a Ghazieh against Castile, autumn 
1 1 09 — war continued inoto 111 9 — victory of 
Alfonso I. of Aragon, at Cutanda, (19 Eabia I. 
or 24 Eabia II. 514,) 18 Jim. or 23 Jul. 

1 1 20 b — revolt of Cordova, 1 1 2 1 — the Al- 
mohades make head against Ali, in Africa, 

1 1 2 1 -5 — invasion of Granada by Alfonso, 1 1 25- 
6 — Tashfyn Ibn Ah governor of Spain, 1126- 
38 — conquests of the Almohades, 1126-32 — 
defeat and death of Alfonso, before Fraga, 17 
Jul. 1 1 34 — victory of Alfonso of Portugal, at 
Campo Ouriques, 25 Jul. n 39 — Ali dies, 
succeeded by Tashfyn, his son, (Eedgeb 
537,) Feb. 1143 — revolt of Abu '1 Casim 
Ahmed Ibn Hosein Ibn Hosai, Al-Bumi, in 
Algarve, 1144- — Abu Giafar Hamdain (Al- 
Mostanser) proclaimed king at Cordova, (5 
Eamadhan 539,) 1 Mar. ii45 b — Valencia, 
Murcia, <fcc. revolt, spring 1145 — Tashfyn, be- 
sieged by the Almohades in Oran, perishes 
in attempting to escape to Spain, (27 Eamad- 
han 539,) 23 Mar. ii45 b — Ibrahim Abu 
Ishak, his son, proclaimed in Marocco, sum- 
mer 1 145 — anarchy in Mohammedan Spain, 
1 145-9 — th e Almohades enter Spain, and 
gradually acquire the supremacy, 1 146-9 — 
Ibrahim taken in Marocco by Abd-el-Mumen, 
and put to death, (end of Schoual 541,) be- 
ginning of Apr. ii47 ac — Almoravides driven 
out of Spain, take refuge in Balearic Isles, 
Il 55- 6 — subdued in Africa and the Balearic 
Isles by Mohammed Abu Abdallah, and finally 
suppressed, 1208. a Dunham. b Art de 
Verifier les Dates. c U. K. S. Biog. Diet. 

Alnager, (Auhwger,) — office originated, 
1 197 — appointments made by royal letters 
patent, 1322— first mentioned in Statutes, 
1328— abolished by Act, 11 and 12 Win. III. 
c. 20, 1699-1700.* a Rees » Cyc 

Alnwick, in Northumberland, — besieged bv 
Malcolm III. of Scotland ; who is defeated and 
killed there by Eobert de Mowbray, Earl of 
Northumberland, 13 Nov. 1093.— William the 
Lion, of Scotland, defeated and taken there, by 
Ranulph de Glanville, 13 Jul. 1 174— taken by 
Robert Bruce, early in 1328 — fortified, 141 1 — 
eastle restored by Algernon, 4th Duke of 
Northumberland, 1857-58. 

Alogi, {Alogiani,) Antitrinitarian Sectaries, 
— fl. 200 to 1 j oo. ;i [ Beryllians, Theodotians.] 
:i Riddle, Conv. -Lex. 

Alombrades, Religious Sectaries of Spain, — 



first mentioned, 1575 — re-appear, and are sup- 
pressed by the Inquisition, i623. a a Riddle. 

Alompra, (Aloung B'houra,) Birmese 
Sovereign, — ft. 171 i a — revolts against the 
King of Pegu, 1752 — gains possession of Ava, 
autumn i753 b — founds Eangoon, 1755 — Jj. 
near Martaban, 15 May 1760. a 

a U. K. S. Biog. Diet. b Engl. Cyc. 

Alonso. [Alfonso.] 

Alopa, Lorenzo de, (Laurentius Francisci 
de,) printer, — fl. 1484 to 1500. 

Alopaeus, David, diplomatist, — b. at Wi- 
borg, 1769 — ambassador to Sweden, arrested 
by Gustavus IY., 3 Mar. 1808 — sent to Bussia, 
25 Jun. 1808 — negotiates the Peace of Fred- 
eriksham, with Sweden, 17 Sep. 1809 — am- 
bassador to Wurtemberg, 181 1 — charged with 
the administration of Lorraine, by the Allied 
Sovereigns, 14 Jul. 18 15 — tr. at Berlin, 13 
Jun. 1831. 

Alopseus, Maximilian, diplomatist, — b. at 
Wiborg, 21 Jan. 1748 — ambassador to Berlin, 
1791, 1802, 1806 — tr. at Frankfort on the 
Main, 16 May 1822. 

Alost, (Aelsl,) in Belgium, — taken by the 
Spanish mutineers, 1576 — plundered by Duke 
of Anjou, 1582 — taken by Turenne, and dis- 
mantled, 1667 — abandoned to the Allies, May 
1706. 

Aloysius of Padua, architect, — employed by 
Theodoric the Great to restore the public 
buildings and aqueducts of Borne, between 500 
and 525. 

Alp Arslan, Mohammed Ben Baoud, [Laz 
Ed-din Abu Shuja,) Seljuk Stjltan, — b. 
(421, a. h.) 1029 — succeeds his father, Daoud, 
in Khorassan, (Bedgeb 451,) Sep. Oct. io59 a 
— succeeds his uncle, Togrul Beg, in Iran, 
(23 Eamadhan 455,) 20 Sep. io63 b — con- 
quers Armenia and Georgia, 1063-4° — pro- 
secutes his conquests in Transoxiana, 1065 d — ■ 
extends his incursions into Cilicia and Cap- 
padocia, 1067 — defeats and captures the Em- 
peror Bomanus IV. at Manzikert, 26 Aug. 
1071° — leads an expedition against Turkestan; 
assassinated near Caryr, (30 Babia I. 465,) 
15 Dec. I072. a a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Art de 
Verifier les Dates. c Finlay. d Nat. Cyc. 

Alpaca (Baco) Wool. [Llama.] 

Alphabet. [Epicharnms, Eucleides, &c] 

Alphege, (Aelfheah, Alfeagus, Elphege, God- 
win,) Abf oe Canterbury, — Bp of Win- 
chester, (14 Kal. Nov.) 19 Oct. 984 a — conducts 
Anlaf the Dane to Ethelred at Andover, to be 
baptized, 994 — Abp, (16 Kal. Dec.) 16 Nov. 
1006 b — captured by the Danes, Sep. ion a — 
martyred, (13 Kal. Mai.) 19 Apr. ioi2. a 
a Anglo-Sax. Chroii. b Wharton. 

Alphesi, (Isaac Berabbi Jacob, Al-Fez,) 
Rabbi,- — b. in Fez, 1013 s — 'writes the Siphra, 
or Little Talmud, at Cordova, about 1090 — ft. 
at Lucena, 1103. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Alphonse de France, {the Lion,) Count oe 
Poitiers and Toulouse, — b. 11 Nov. 1220 — 
marries Jeanne, heiress of Baymond VII. of 
Toulouse, 1237 a — knighted, 24 Jul. 1241 — 
made Count of Poitiers by his brother, St 
Louis, 1 241 — shares the Begency with Queen 



ALPHONSINE— ALSACE. 



Blanche, summer 1248 — conducts reinforce- 
ments to the Crusaders, at Damietta, autumn 
1249 — succeeds Eaymond, his father-in-law, 
27 Sep. 1249 s — taken prisoner at the defeat at 
Mansurah, 5 Apr. 1250 — released, 6 May 1250 
■ — returns to France, and takes possession of 
Toulouse, 23 May i25i a — embarks in St 
Louis' second Crusade, end of May i27o a — ft. 
at Corneto, 21 Aug. 1271.* 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Alphonsine (Alonsine) Tables,— completed 
under the patronage of Alfonso X. of Castile, 
1252. 

Alphonso. [Alfonso.] 

Alpine Club, founded in London, 1858. 

Alpini, (Alpinus,) Prospero, physician, bot- 
anist, — b. at Marostica, 23 Nov. 1553 — M. D., 
Padua, 28 Aug. 1578 — visits Egypt, 12 Sep. 
1580 to beginning of Jul. 158 1 — returns to 
Yenice, and becomes physician to the fleet of 
Andrea Doria, 1586 — Prof, of Botany, at Pa- 
dua, 1593 — tf. there, 5 Feb. i6i7. a De Me- 
dieina ALgyptiorum, 161 1 — De Plantis Ex- 
oticis, 1627. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Alpuj arras, (Alpuxarras, Albuscharat.) 
[Granada, &c] 

Alquier, Charles Jean Marie, Baron, di- 
plomatist, — b. at Talmont, 13 Oct. 1752 — de- 
puted by Eochelle to the States -General, 1789 
— Conventionalist, 1792 — commissioner for or- 
ganizing a new government in Holland, 1795 
— member of the Council of Ancients, 1795 — 
consul-general and resident minister at Algiers, 
1798 — minister plenipotentiary to Elector of 
Bavaria, 1799— ambassador to Spain, 1799- 
180 1 — signs treaty of peace with Florence, 28 
Mar. 1 80 1 — plenipotentiary and ambassador at 
Naples, 1 801 -5 — ambassador at Eome, 1805-6 
— envoy extraordinary at Stockholm, 18 10-12 
— ambassador to Denmark, 18 14 — banished, 
1 8 16 — recalled, 14 Jan. 18 18 — tf. at Paris, 4 
Feb. 1826. 

Alresford, — Sir "William Waller defeats the 
Earl of Brentford and Lord Hop ton, (battle 
of Cheriton,) near, 29 Mar. 1644. 

Alsace, {Elsass, Elisatia, Alsatia,) — the 
name first used by Fredegarius, about 630-40 
— Beneficiary Duchy of, with that of Suabia, 
held by Gundon, about 650 a — by Boniface, 
656 — obtained by Adalric (Athic,) about 662 
— Adelbert succeeds him, 690 — his son, Luit- 
frid, succeeds, about 722 — the ducal dignity 
abolished by Pepin, 768 — assigned to Lothaire, 
at the division of the Empire of Louis le De- 
bonnaire, at Worms, 30 May 839 13 — acquired 
by Louis of Germany, after the victory of Fon- 
tenai, 25 Jun. 841 — reverts to Lothaire, at the 
new division of the Empire, at Verdun, Aug. 
843 — at his death, with the rest of Lorraine, 
passes to his son, Lothaire, 22 Sep. 855a — who 
revives the ducal dignity in favour of his son 
Hugtjes, 867 — at the death of Lothaire, 
Charles the Bold seizes Lorraine, Aug. Sep. 
869 — Alsace assigned to Louis of Germany, at 
the meeting by the Meuse, 8 Aug. 87 o b — at 
his death falls to the share of his son, Charles 
the Fat, Aug. 875 — Hugues rebels, is taken by 
Charles, blinded, and forced to assume the 



monastic habit,. 885 — Lorraine bestowed by 
Arnulf of Germany on his natural son Zventi- 
bolde, at Worms, Jun. 895 — Alsace revolts at 
Arnulf s death, early in 900 — -Zventibolde de- 
feated and killed near the Meuse, 13 Aug. 900 a 
— 'Charles the Simple deprived of Alsace by 
Conrad I. of Germany, end of 911 — Charles 
recovers it, middle of 913 a — Burchard I. ob- 
tains duchy of Suabia, 916 — Henry the Fowler 
disputes the possession of Lorraine with Charles, 
early in 919 — Charles enters Alsace, 920 — Al- 
sace recovered by Henry of Germany, and re- 
united to Suabia, 925 — Hermann I. obtains 
the duchies after Burchard's death, 2 May 926 
— Ludolf, his son-in-law, and son of Otho L, 
succeeds him, after 10 Dec. 949 — revolts 
against his father, 953 — and is deprived of his 
duchies; Burchard II. succeeds him, 954 — 
succeeded by Otto L, son of Ludolf, 973 — 
Conrad I. succeeds him, 982 — Hermann II., 
his nephew, succeeds, after 19 Aug. 997 — his 
son, Hermann III., succeeds, after 4 May 
1004 — Ernest I., son of Leopold of Austria, 
succeeds, after 28 Jul. 1012 — his son, Ernest 
II., succeeds, after 31 May 1015 — conspires 
against his grandfather Conrad II. of Germany, 
1024 and 1027 — imprisoned, 1028 — released, 
1030 — put to the ban of the Empire, and slain 
in single combat, 18 Aug. 1030 — Hermann 
IV., his brother, receives the duchy of Suabia ; 
Conrad II. that of Alsace, 1030 — Henry L, 
son of Conrad II. of Germany, succeeds both, 
1039 — becomes Emperor, and Otto II. suc- 
ceeds him, after 4 Jun. 1045 — Otto III. suc- 
ceeds, after 7 Sep. 1047 — Bodolf succeeds, 
after 28 Sep. 1057 — elected Emperor in opposi- 
tion to Henry IV. at Forcheim, 15 Mar. 1077 
— crowned at Mentz, 26-7 Mar. 1077 a — in- 
decisive battle of Melrichstadt, 7 Aug. 1078 — 
defeats Henry at Fladenheim, 27 Jan. 1080 — 
confirmed by Gregory VII., 7 Mar. 1080 — de- 
feated by Henry, and slain, at Wolksheim, 15 
Oct. 1080 — Duchy made Hereditary ; Fred- 
erick I. of Hohenstaufen, receives it, 1080 — his 
son, Frederick II., succeeds, before Jul. 1105 
— defeated by Gebehard, Bp of Strasburg, 
near Gugenheim, 1131 — confirmed in his pos- 
sessions by Lothaire II., 11 35 — his son, Fred- 
erick III., [Frederick Barbarossa,] succeeds 
him, beginning of 1 147 — his cousin, Frederick 
IV., succeeds, on his coronation as Emperor, 9 
Mar. 1 1 52 — accompanies the Emperor in his 
Italian expeditions, and dies at Borne, 19 Aug. 
1 167 — Frederick V., son of the Emperor, suc- 
ceeds, 8 Jun. 1 1 69 — the Counts of Sundgau 
take the title of Landgraves of Upper Alsace, 
(Hagueneau,) 11 86 — Frederick accompanies his 
father on his Crusade, 23 Apr. 11 89 — dies 
near Acre, 20 Jan. 1191 — Conrad III., his 
brother, succeeds him, 11 91 — the Counts of 
Nordgau take the title of Landgraves of Lower 
Alsace, 1 192— Philip of Tuscany, brother of 
Conrad III., succeeds, 1196 — elected Emperor, 
[Philip of Suabia,] 6 Mar. 11 98 — his nephew, 
Frederick VI., succeeds, after 23 Jun. 1208 — ■ 
elected Emperor, [Frederick II.] 13 Dec. 12 10 
— his son, Henry II., succeeds, before Apr. 
1 2 19— incited by Pope Gregory IX. to revolt 



62 



ALSEN— ALTDORF. 



against his father, 1227 — revolts a second 
time, and is deposed, his brother, Conrad IV., 
succeeds, Aug. 1235— elected King of the Ro- 
mans, Jan. 1237 — deposed by the Diet of 
Frankfort, at the command of Innocent IV., 
by "William of Holland, 1 254— dies at Foggia ; 
his son, Conrad V., {Conradin,) succeeds, 21 
May 1254 — Richard of England refuses him 
the investiture, 1262 — executed at Naples; 
end of the Duchies of Alsace, Franconia, and 
Suabia, Avhich become provinces of the Em- 
pire, 29 Oct. 1268 — the Bps of Strasburg 
hold the Landgraviate of Lower Alsace, after 
1365 — Frederick II., Landgrave of Upper 
Alsace, excommunicated by the Council of 
Constance, and attacked by the Emperor Sigis- 
mund, 1 41 5 — Upper Alsace ravaged by Louis, 
Dauphin of France, Aug. 1444 — Sigismund, 
Landgrave of Upper Alsace, makes war upon 
the Swiss, who ravage the country, 1468 — hy- 
pothecates Alsace to Charles the Bold of Bur- 
gundy, 21 Mar. 1469 — Sigismund regains the 
government, 9 May 1474 — Alsace passes into 
the possession of Austria, by the marriage of 
Maximilian, Sigismund's heir, with Maria of 
Burgundy, 20 Aug. 1477 — invaded by Henry 
II. of France, summer 1552 — ravaged by the 
troops of Charles II. of Lorraine, and of 
Ernest Frederick of Baden, 1592-3 — occupied 
by Count..Mansfeldt, early in the Thirty Years' 
War, 1 62 1 — overrun by Gustavus Adolphus, 
early in 1632— ceded to France, 1 Nov. 1634 
—ceded by Louis XIII. to Bernard of Wei- 
mar, and reconquered by him, 1636-8 — occu- 
pied by Guebriant, 1639 — ceded to France, by 
Peace of Westphalia, 1648 — cession con- 
firmed by Peace of the Pyrenees, 1659 — 
treaties fulfilled, 3 Dec. 1663" — ten Imperial 
Cities seized by Louis XIV., i665, c 1673 d — 
Turenne abandons, and then recovers, Alsace, 
Dec. 1674, Jan. 1675 — Conde drives Mon- 
tecuculi out of Alsace, Aug. Sep. 1675 — Duke de 
Saxe compelled to capitulate, autumn 1677 — 
Peace of Nimeguen, 5 Feb. 1679— Louis XIV. 
seizes other districts in Alsace, 1680— Truce of 
Ratisbon, 26 Aug. 1684 — further annexations 
in Alsace, 1685— Marshal de Lorges gains ad- 
vantages there, 1692— Peace of Ryswick con- 
firms the possession of Alsace to France, 30 
Oct. 1697 — attacked by Prince Charles of 
Lorraine, 1743 — invaded by him, spring 1744 
— treatment of people by French government, 
a pretext for Avar to Austria and Prussia, 1790 
— the remaining portions of Alsace seized by 
General Custine, Sep. Oct. 1792 e — invaded by 
the Allies, but afterwards evacuated, Oct. Dec. 
1793 — the whole district obtained, by treaties 
of Basel, Campo Formio, Luneville, &c, 1795, 
1797, 1 801, 1 8 15— invaded by Germans, Aug. 
1870 — ceded to Germany, by treaty of 26 Feb. 
1 87 1. [Alemanni, Burgundians, and other 
German Tribes.'] 

a Avt de Verifier les Dates. 

h Sismondi. L ' Menzel. d Coxe. e Alison. 

Alsen, Ide of— taken by the Prussians, 26 
Jun. 1864. 

Alsenz, in Germany, — Clairfait repulses 
Piohegru at, 8 Dec. 1795. 



Alsium, in Italy, — [B CJ — occupied by a 
Roman colony, (507, A. it. c.) 247,* 245. b 
a Fischer. b Smith's Diet. 

Alsop, Anthony, theologian, poet, — ft. about 
1660— M. A. Oxford., 23 Mar. 1696— B. D., 12 
Dec. 1706 — tf. 10 Jun. 1727. a Fabularum JEso- 
picarum Delectus, 1698. a IT. K. S. Biog. Diet. 

Alsop,Vincent, theologian, — ejected for Non- 
conformity, from Wilbee, 24 Aug. 1662 — be- 
comes minister to Presbyterian congregation in 
Westminster, 1676 — ft. 8 May 1703. Anti- 
sozzo, 1675 — Melius Inquirendum, 1679 — The 
Mischief of Impositions, 1680. 

Alsoufi, astronomer, — ft. at Rey, (14 Mo- 
harram 291, a. h.) 7 Dec. 903 — it. (13 Mo- 
harram 376) 25 May 986. • 

Alsted, (Alstedius, Sedulitas,) Johann Hein- 
rich, theologian historian, $c, — ft. at Bailers- 
bach, 1588 — Prof. Extraord. of Philosophy at 
Herborn, 1610 — Prof. Ordinary of Philosophy 
and Theology there, 16 15 — at Weissenberg, 
1629 — if. there, 8 Nov. 1638. Theatrum Scho- 
lasticism, 1 6 10 — Encyclopaedia, 16 10 — lexicon 
Theologicum, 1612 — Theologia Naturalis, 1615, 
1622 — Thesaurus Chronologic, 1624. 

Alston, Charles, physician, botanist, — ft. at 
Eddlewood, 1683 — studies at Leyden, 17 16— 
Prof, of Botany and Materia Medica, at Edin- 
burgh, 1720 — h. there, 22 Nov. 1760. Tiro- 
cinium Botanicum Edinburgense, 1753. 

Alstromer, Jonas, merchant, — ft. at Aling- 
sas, 7 Jan. 1665 — resides in London, 1696 — 
establishes manufactures there, 1723 — Knt of 
the Order of the North Star, 1748 — receives 
letters of Nobility from Adolphus Frederick of 
Sweden, 1755 — tr. 2 Jun. 1761. 

Alt Ranstadt, Peace of, — Stanislas Le- 
czinski elected King of Poland, 12 Jul. 1704 — 
victory of the Swedes at Frauenstadt, 1 3 Feb. 
1706 — treaty between Charles XII. of Sweden 
and Frederick Augustus of Poland, signed, 24 
Sep. 1706 — published, 26 Nov. 1706 — Charles 
defeated at Pultawa, 8 Jul. 1709— Frederick 
Augustus disavows the Treaty, enters Poland, 
end of Aug. 1709 — and is recognized by the 
Senate as its legitimate sovereign, 2 Oct. 1709. 
Convention of, between Charles XII. of Sweden 
and the Emperor Joseph I., concerning re- 
ligion, 22 Aug. 1707. 

Altai Mountains, explored by Bernhard 
von Cotta, 1868. 

Altamura, in Naples — stormed by Cardinal 
Rufib, May 1799. 

Altars in Churches, — begin to be made of 
stone, soon after 300° — consecrated separately 
from the churches, about 506 a — of stone, de- 
clared to be the only proper ones at Council of 
Albon, Dec. 517 a — all to be of stone, enjoined 
by Council of Paris, 1509 b — become very 
numerous, before i200 b — exchanged in Pro- 
testant churches for Communion Tables, 1550° 
— in England declared illegal by Court of 
Arches, 3 1 Jan. 1 845 — again, by Privy Coun- 
cil, 21 Mar. 1857. 

a Bingham. b Bees' Cyc. e Mosbeim. 

Altdorf, (Altorf) in Germany, University of , 
— founded, 1579 — renewed by Emperor Fred- 
erick II., 1622. 



ALTDORF— ALVARADO. 



63 



Altdorf, {Altorff,) in Switzerland, — the 
peasants defeated here by Soult, 5 May 1799 — 
Lecourbe drives Simbschen out of, 14 Aug. 
1799 — Suwarroff retreats from, 28 Sep. 1799. 

Altdorfer, (Altorfer,) Albrecht, painter and 
engraver, — b. at Altdorf, 1488 — U. at Regens- 
burg, 1538. 

Alten, Karl August, military commander, 
— b. 20 Oct. 1764 — serves under Wellington 
in the Peninsular "War, and at Waterloo, 1 8 1 1 
to 18 15 — tf. 20 Apr. 1840. 

Altenberg, in Germany, — Lefebvre Des- 
nouettes defeats Thielmann at, 24 Sep. 18 13 — 
Platoff drives Lefebvre Desnouettes from, 28 
Sep. 18 13. [Pleissen, Saxe- Altenberg.] 

Altenberg, in Hungary, Congress of, — to 
negotiate peace between France and Austria, 
12-28 Sep. 1809. [Vienna, Peace of.] 

Altenheim, in Germany, — Montecuculi de- 
feats the Count de Lorges, and kills the Mar- 
quis de Vaubrun, at, 29 Jul. 1675. 

Altenkirchen, in Germany, — Kleber defeats 
the Archduke Charles near, 5 Jun. 1796 — the 
Archduke defeats Jourdan and kills General 
Marceau at, 19 Sep. 1796. 

Alter, (Altes,) Franz Karl, philologist, 
critic, — b. at Engelsburg, 27 Jan. 1749 — 
enters order of Jesuits, 21 Oct. 1766 — Keeper 
of Imperial Library at Vienna, 1801 — ts. 
there, 29 Mar. 1804. Novum Testamentum 
Greece, 1 786-7 — Homeri Bias, 1 7 89-90 — Chron- 
icon G. Phrantzes, 1796. 

Althamer, Andreas, (Paldo Sphyra, An- 
dreas Brentius,) theologian, — b. at Brentz, 
1498 — attends the Colloquy at Berne, 1527-8 
■ — tf. at Anspach, about 1540. Conciliationes 
Zocorum Scripture, 1535. 

Althorp, Viscount. [Spencer, Earl.'] 

Althusen, {Althusuis,) Johann, jurisconsult, 
• — b. at Embden, 1556, 1557 a — Prof, of Law 
at Herborn, 1590 — tf. at Bremen, 1617, 1638^ 
Politica methodice expressa, 1603. 
a Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Altilio, (Altilius,) Gabriello, Bp of Poli- 
castro, poet, — b. at Mantua, or in the Ba- 
silicata, i44o a — rj. at Naples, about i5oi, a 
I484. b a U. K. S. Biog. Diet. b Ughelli. 

Alting, Heinrich, theologian, — b. at Emb- 
den, 17 Feb. 1583 — accompanies the Elector 
Palatine to England, 1608 — Prof. Locoricm 
communium, at Heidelberg, 161 3 — escapes to 
Embden, at the capture of Heidelberg by 
Tilly, 1622-3 — P r °f- 0I> Theology at Gronin- 
gen, 1627 — endeavours to return to Heidel- 
berg, 1634 — tj. at Groningen, 25 Aug. 1644. 
Theologia Historica, 1646. 

Alting, Jakob, theologian, — b. at Heidel- 
berg, 27 Sep. 16 1 8 — visits England, 1640 — ■ 
Prof, of Oriental Languages at Groningen, 
1643 — Doctor and Prof, of Theology, 1667 — 
if. 20 Aug. 1679. 

Altmark, in Prussia, Truce of, — concluded 
for six years, between Gustavus Adolphus of 
Sweden and Sigismund of Poland, (i6, a o. s.) 
26 b Sep. 1629 — prolonged for twenty-six years, 
by treaty of Stumsdorf, between Christina of 
Sweden and Ladislas of Poland, (2, a o. s.) i2 b 
Sep. 1635. a Geijer. b Heeren. 



Alton, — Prince Edward defeats Adam de 
Gurdon near, 1266 — Sir William Waller de- 
feats and kills Colonel Bowles at, Dec. 1643. 

Altona, (Altenau,) in Holstein, — obtains 
rights of a city, 1664 — burnt by Steinbock, 
8-10 Jan. 17 1 3— taken possession of by Chris- 
tian VII. of Denmark, 9 Sep. 1806 — gar- 
risoned by Austrian and Prussian troops, 4 
Feb. 1 85 1 — occupied by Federal troops and 
evacuated by the Danes, 24 Nov. 1863 — 
evacuated by the Austrians, entered by Prus- 
sians, 12 Jun. 1866. Convention of, between 
Charles XL of Sweden and Christian Albert 
of Holstein-Gottorp, 20 Jun. 1689. [Ham- 
burg.] 

Altorf. [Altdorf.] 

Altura, in Spain, — Amor defeated by the 
Caiiists at, 25 Jun. 1838. 

Alum, — manufactured at Rocca, or Edessa, 
in Syria, about 1300 — manufacture introduced 
into Italy, i46o-5 a — into Germany, i545~5o a 
— into England, about i6oo a — Dr Turner's 
process patented, 15 Jul. 1843. 

a Beckmann ; Encyc. Brit. 

Aluminium, — proved to be a metal by Davy, 
1808-9 — first obtained as a pure metal by 
Wohler, 1827 — procured by a superior process 
and demonstrated to be of economical utility, 
by Deville, summer 1854. 

Aluminium Bronze, — discovered by Dr 
Percy, 1862. 

Alunno, Niccolo, painter, — fl. at Foligno, 
1458 — if. after 1500. 

Aluredus, [Aired, Alfred}) of Beverley, chron- 
icler, — tf. about 1 1 30. 

Alva. [Alba.] 

Alvarado, Alfonso de, Captain- general 
of Peru— b. at Burgos, about 1500 — accom- 
panies Pizarro in his expedition against Peru, 
1533 — sent against the Chiachapoyas, 1536 — 
recalled to Lima, 1537 — taken prisoner by 
Diego de Almagro, 12 Jul. 1537 — escapes, and 
takes part in the battle of Salinas, 6 Apr. 1538 
— commands part of the royalists at the victory 
at Chupas, 16 Sep. 1542 — attaches himself to 
President Gasca, autumn 1546 — appointed Cor- 
regidor, 155 1 — revolt of Hernandez Giron, 
1553-4 — repulsed and wounded, near Chu- 
quinga, summer 1554 — If. at Lima, 1554. 

Alvarado, Pedro de, Captain-general of 
Guatemala, — b. at Badajos, about 1495 — 
commands under Montejo, in the expedition 
from Cuba, against Yucatan, spring 15 18 — ■ 
sent back for reinforcements, summer 15 18 — 
commands under Cortez, in his expedition 
against Mexico, Jan. 15 19 — left by Cortez in 
command in Mexico, massacres the nobles at a 
festival, May 1520 — commands the rear-guard 
in the nocturnal retreat, 1 Jul. 1520 — com- 
mander of the camp of Tlacopan, May 152 1 — ■ 
sent against the tribes living on the Pacific 
sea-board, 1523 — enters Guatemala as con- 
queror, 25 Apr. 1524 — visits Spain, and is 
appointed Adelantado by Charles V., 1525— 
returns to Mexico, Oct. 1528 — assumes his 
government, 1529 — attempts the conquest of 
Quito, 1534 — revisits Spain, 1537-40 — tf. in 
Guatemala, I54i. a a Art de Verifier. les Dates. 



(A 



ALVAREZ— AMADEUS. 



Alvarez, Bernardin de, religieux, — b. at 
Seville, 15 14— goes to Mexico, 1529 — founds 
the hospitals of the Order of St Hippolytus, in 
Mexico, 1567 — ft. 12 Aug. 1584. 

Alvarez, Emmanuel, grammatical writer, — 
fc. at Madeira, 4 Jun. 1526— rj. at Evora, 30 
Dec. 1583, 11 1582. b De Institutions Gramma- 
tical 1572. 

a Zedler. b U. K. S. Biog. Diet. 

Alvarez, Francisco, traveller, — h. at Co^ 
imbra, after 1460— accompanies the embassy 
to David of Abyssinia, 15 15 — returns to Por- 
tugal, 1527 — goes to Rome, Jan. 1533 — tf. at 
Lisbon, after 1540. Verdadeira Informacam 
do Freste Joao das Indicts, 1540. [Galvao 
Duarte.] 

Alvarez, Goncalo, theologian, §c, — ft. at 
Villa viciosa, about 1525— enters Society of 
Jesus, 1 Jan. 1549 — appointed Visitor of the 
Indies, 1568 — perishes by shipwreck, 2 Jul. 

!573- 

Alvarez, Jose, sculptor, — fj. at Priego, 1768 
— studies at Paris and Rome, 1799 — principal 
sculptor to Ferdinand VII. of Spain, 1825— ft. 
at Madrid, 1827. 

Alvarez, Manuel, sculptor, — fi. at Sala- 
manca, 1727^ — &. 1797. 

Alvarez, Martin, military commander, — fi. 
in Andalusia, about 17 14 — serves in Italy, 
1733 — Field Marshal, 1762 — commands at the 
blockade of Gibraltar, 1779-82 — Count de Co- 
loniera, 1782— commands the army of Navarre 
and Guipuscoa, Jul. 1794 — takes the oath of 
allegiance to Joseph Napoleon, 19 Jul. 1808 — 
retires, 1814 — ft. 1819. 

Alvarez de Castro, Mariano, military com- 
mander, — b. at Osma, about 1775 — defends 
Gerona against St Cyr and Augereau, 5 May 
to 12 Dec. 1809 — imprisoned by Augereau at 
Figuieras ; ft. there, 23 Dec. 1809, a i8io. b 
a Conv.-Lex. (Fr.) b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Alvarez de Oriente, Fernao de, poet, — com- 
mands under the Viceroy of the Indies, An- 
tonio de Noronha, in his expedition to succour 
Damao, Dec. 1572 — ts. about 1595. Lusitania 
Transformada, 1595. 

Alvarez de Paz, Diego, theologian, — ft. at 
Toledo, about 1560 ■ — enters the Society of 
Jesus, about 1580 — Provincial of the Order in 
Peru; fr. at Potosi, 17 Jan. 1620. De vita 
spirituali, 1608. 

Alvensleben, PhilippKarl, Count, statesman 
and diplomatist, — h. at Hanover, 16 Dec. 
1745 a — ambassador from Frederick II. to 
Saxony, 29 Sep. 1775 — from Frederick William 
II., to Paris, 3 Nov. 1787 — ambassador extra- 
ordinary to Holland, Jan. 1788 — to London, 
end of 1788 — recalled, Minister of Foreign 
Affairs, 1790 — Minister of War, 1 May 1791 — 
Knt of the Black Eagle, i798 a — Count, 1801 
— U. at Berlin, 21 Oct. 1802. 

a Ersck and Gruber. 

Alviano, Bartolommeo d', military com- 
mander, b. about 1455 — defeats the Duke of 
Gandia at Bracciano, 1497 — defeats the Duke 
of Brunswick atCadore; reduces Istria and 
Friuli, spring 1508 — defeated and taken pri- 
soner by Louis XII. at Agnadello, 14 May 



1509— released by the Treaty of Blois, after 14 
Mar. 15 1 3 — takes Cremona, Bergamo, and 
Brescia, spring and summer 15 13 — defeated by 
Colonna and Duvalos at Motta, 7 Oct. 15 13 — 
contributes to the victory of Francis I. at 
Marignano, 14 Sep. 1515 — rj. 7 Oct. 1515. 

Alvinczy, {Alvinzi,) Joseph, Baron D', 
military commander, — ft. at Vincz, 1735 s — 
enters the army, 1750 — distinguishes himself 
during the . Seven Years' War, at Torgau, 
Schweidnitz, and Tbplitz, 1756-63 — becomes 
Major- General during the War of the Bava- 
rian Succession, 1778-9— serves under Lau- 
don against the Turks ; fails to take Belgrade ; 
Lieutenant Field- Marshal, 1789 — commands 
in Belgium, fails to take Liege, 1790 — General 
of Division in the Netherlands against France, 
1792 — shares the victory of Neerwinden, 18 
Mar. 1793 — and the defeat of Hondschoote, 8 
Sep. 1793 — receives the Grand Cross of Maria 
Theresa, at Charleroi, 16 May 1 7 94 b — defends 
Landrecy, summer 1794 — Member of the Aulic 
Council at Vienna, i795 b — takes command of 
the army of Italy, end of Oct. 1796 — defeated 
at Areola, 15-17 Nov. 1796 — and at Rivoli, 14 
Jan. 1797 — recalled, made commander-in-chief 
in Hungary, 1797-8 — Field-Marshal General, 
7 Sep. 1808 — ft. at Ofen, a or Buda, c 25, a or 
27 c Nov. 1 810. a U. K. S. Biog. Diet. 

b Conv.-Lex. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Alwar, (Alvar, Alur.) [Machery, Mewat.] 

Alxinger, Johann Baptist von, poet, — ft. at 
Vienna, 24 Jan. 1755 — secretary to the Court 
Theatre, 1793 — if. 1 May 1797. Doolin von 
Mentz, 1787 — Bliomberis, 179 1. 

Alypius of Antioch, architect, §c. — Vicarius 
of Britain, 360 a — employed by the Emperor 
Julian, in his attempt to rebuild the Temple at 
Jerusalem, 363 — with his son, accused of prac- 
tising magic, and banished, 371. 

a Monumenta Historica Britannica. 

Alzarchel, {Abu Ishak Ibn Yahia Zarchelli,) 
astronomer, — fl. at Toledo, about 1072-3.* 
a Greswell. 

Amadei, Carlo Antonio, physician and bo- 
tanist, — h. at Bologna, after 1650 — ft. 1720. 

Amadesi, Giuseppe Ludovico, canonist, — 
fc. at Leghorn, 28 Aug. 1701 — Keeper of 
the archiepiscopal archives at Ravenna, 1754 
— U. at Rome, 8 Feb. 1775. 

Amadeus III. {II.) Count of Savoy,— 
succeeds his father, Humbert II., as Count of 
Maurienne, 19 Oct. no8, a uo3 b — accom- 
panies the Emperor Henry V. into Italy, and 
is created Count of Savoy, nn, a iuo b — ac- 
companies Louis VII. on his Crusade, 1 147 — 
fc. at Nicosia, 1 Apr. 1148. 

a Art de Verifier les I)ates. b Biog. Univ. 

Amadeus IV. {III.) Count of Savoy, — fj. 
at Montmelian, 1 1 97 — succeeds his father, 
Thomas, 20 Jan. 1233 — concludes a peace with 
his brother Aymon, at Chillon, Jul. 1234 — 
subdues the rebellion at Turin, Nov. 1235 — 
made Vicar of the Empire in Lombardy and 
Piedmont, by Frederick II., 1241 — ft. at Mont- 
melian, 24 Jun. 1253. 

Amadeus V. {IF. the Great,) Count of 
Savoy, — h. at Bourget, 4 Sep. 1249 — succeeds 



AMADEUS— AMALGAMATION. 



65 



his uncle Philip I., end of 1285 — attempts to 
reconcile Gui de Dampierre, Count of Flanders, 
to Philip the Fair, 1300 — reinvested and 
created a Prince of the Empire hy Henry VII. 
at Asti, end of 13 10 — Vicar-general of the Em- 
pire, 131 1 — concludes a peace with Jean II. Dau- 
phin of Viennois, 3, 10 Jun. 13 14 — leads an 
expedition to the relief of Ehodes, 13 15 — goes 
to Avignon, to persuade John XXII. to pro- 
claim a crusade; tf. there, 16 Oct. 1323. 

Amadeus VI. (the Green Count,) Count of 
Savoy, — b.atChambery, 4 Jan. 1334— succeeds 
his father, Aimon, 24 Jun. 1343 — his guardians 
conclude a treaty with Philip, Duke of Orleans, 
who claimed Savoy, Feb. 1346 — seizes some 
places in Piedmont, belonging to Joanna I, 
' of Naples ; and defeats Lucchino Visconti of 
Milan, Jul. 1347 — takes the surname of the 
Green Count, at a tournament, 1348 — at war 
with France, 1353 — totally defeats Hugh of 
Geneva, at Abres, 1354 — concludes a treaty 
with John II. at Paris, 5 Jan. 1356 a — de- 
prives Robert, Prince of Achaia, of Piedmont, 
1 359 b — makes a league with Rodolfe de Loupy, 
governor of Dauphiny, against the ' Great 
Company,' [Companies of Adventure,] 13 
May 1362 a — acquires the Marquisate of Sa- 
luzzo, i363 b — goes to the assistance of John 
VI. (Palceologus,) takes Gallipoli from the 
Turks, and defeats the Bulgarians near Varna, 
1 366-7 a — joins in the league between Gregory 
XI. and Charles IV., against the Visconti of 
Milan, 1372 — receives Piedmont from Louis of 
Anjou, and assists him to obtain possession of 
Naples, 1382 — tr. near San Stephano, 2 Mar. 
1383. a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

b U. K. S. Biog. Diet. 

Amadeus VIII. (the Pacific,) Duke of 
Savoy, (Felix V. Antipope,) — b. at Chambery, 
4 Sep. 1383 — succeeds his father, Amadeus VII., 
1 Nov. 1 391 — acquires the Genevois, of Odo, 
Sieur de Villars, 5 Aug. 1401 — Savoy erected 
into a Duchy, by the Emperor Sigismund, 19 
Feb. 141 7 a — Amadeus finally acquires Pied- 
mont, at the death of Louis of Savoy, 1 1 Dec. 
14183 — acquires Nice, &c. from Yolande of 
Aragon, by treaty, 5 Oct. 1419 a — leagues 
with Venice and Florence against Filippo 
Maria, of Milan, 11 Jul. 1426 a — retires to the 
Priory of Eipaille, 8 Nov. 1434 a — mediates the 
peace of Arras, 1435 — abdicates in favour of 
his son Louis, 6 Jan. 1439 — elected Pope, in 
the place of Eugenius IV. deposed, by the 
Council of Basel, 5 Nov. 1439 a — accepts the 
dignity, 17 Nov. i439 b — crowned, as Felix 
V., at Basel, 24 Jul. 1440a — renounces his 
claims to the pontificate, 9 a or7 b Apr. 1449 — 
tf. at Geneva, 7 Jan. 145 1. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. ° Nicolas. 

Amaduzzi, (Amadutius,) Giovanni Cris- 
toforo, philologist, §c, — b. at Savignano, about 
1720 — Prof, of Greek at Rome, 1769 — ft. there, 
21 Jan. 1792. Leges, etc. Imperatorum Theo- 
dosii junioris et Valentiani III., 1767 — Anec- 
dota Litter aria, 1773-4 — Alphabetum Brama- 
num, 1776 — Vetera Monumenta, 1779. 

Amalarius, Symphosius, ecclesiastical writer, 
— suffragan-bishop of Metz, about 8 1 o — deputed 



by the Council of Paris, to communicate to the 
Court its decision respecting the worship of 
images, 825 — sent by Louis le Debonnaire to 
Gregory IV., 827 — visits Pome again, 831 — 
accused before the Council of Thionville, 835 
— and of Quierci, 837 — ft. 837^ 
a U. K. S. Biog. Diet. 

Amalasuentha, (Amalaswinth, Amalasunta, 
Amalasontha,) Queen of the Ostrogoths, — 
b. about 498 a — married to Eutharic, 515 — who 
dies, 524-5 — Regent during minority of her 
son, Athalaric, at the death of her father Theo- 
doric the Great, 30 Aug. 526 b — becomes Re- 
gent sole at her son's death, spring, b 2 Oct. c 
534 — marries Theodahadus, and makes him 
King, 3 Oct. 534 c — assassinated by his orders, 
at Lake Bolsena, summer 5 34, bd 30 Apr. 535. ce 
a Encyc. Brit. b Clinton. c Art de Verifier les Dates. 
d Smith's Diet., IT. K. S. Biog. Diet. e Gibbon. 

Amalekites, [BC] — oppose the Israelites in 
the Wilderness of Sinai, and are routed at 
Rephidim, (2 mo.) Jun. 1491 s — defeat the 
Israelites at Kadesh Barnea, Sep. 1490 a — con- 
federate with the Moabites against them, 1343 a 
— with the Midianites, 1252a — defeated by 
Saul, King of Israel ; Agag, King of the Am- 
alekites, put to death by the prophet Samuel, 
before 1063 a — harassed by David, spring 1056* 
— burn Ziklag, and are pursued and routed by 
David, 1055 a — extirpated by the Simeonites, 
about 7 15. a [Judges, &c.] _ a TJssher. 

Amalfi, (Amalphi, Amalphia,) in Italy, — ■ 
founded, about 350 ? — comes into notice, about 
600— flourishes under the Princes of Beneven- 
tum, after 800 — assists in the defence of Italy 
against the Saracen corsairs, 8 1 3 — surprised and 
plundered, and the inhabitants carried to Sa- 
lerno, by Sico, or Sicard, of Beneventum, about 
830 or 835 — becomes independent, under the 
suzerainty of the Emperor of the East, 839-40 
— assists, with its fleet, against the Saracens, 
845-6^850 — joins with Naples in an unsuc- 
cessful attack upon Capua, 7 May 860 a — . 
makes peace with the Saracens, and joins in 
their advance against Rome, 875 a — exchanges 
its government by annually elected Consuls, 
for one by Doges chosen for life, 897 b — part of 
its walls and harbour destroyed by a storm, 
1013 — subdued by Gaimar IV. of Salerno, 
1038a — invites Robert Guiscard to attack Sa- 
lerno, 1077a — recognizes Roger II. of Sicily, 
as Duke of Apulia and Calabria, 1127a — taken 
and pillaged by the Pisans, summer n 35 — 
passes under the dominion of Naples, about 
1280 — walls, &c, partially destroyed by a 
storm, 1 343 — republican forms of internal go- 
vernment abolished, 1350 — its lordship ali- 
enated to feudal proprietors, about 1400.° 
[Malta, Knights of; Mariners' Compass.] 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

b Encyc. Moderne. c Bees' Cyc. 

Amalgamation, in Metallurgy, — process 

known to Pliny, about 75 — re-discovered^ by 

Bartolomeo de Medina, 1557 a — brought into 

use in Peru, by Pero Fernandez de Velasco, 

157 1 b — improved by Alvaro Alonso Barba, 

1640 — further improved by Von Born, 1700.* 

a Encyc. Brit. b Beckmann. 

5 



6G 



AMALIA— AMATO. 



Amalia, Anne, Duchess of S axe-Wei- 
mar, — b. at "Wolfenbiittel, 24 Oct. 1739 — 
married to Ernst August Konstantin, of Saxe- 
"Weimar, 1756 — who dies, leaving her Regent 
for their son, Karl August, 28 May 1758 to 
3 Sep. 1775 — travels in Italy, 1788-98 — tf. 10 
Apr. 1807. 

Amalric, (Arnaud, Arnold of Citeaux,) ec- 
clesiastic, §c. — Abbot of Grandselve, before 
1200 — of Citeaux, 1201 — Legate in southern 
France for Innocent III., 1204 — leader of the 
crusade against the Albigenses, midsummer, 
1209 — Abp of Narbonne, 12 Mar. 1212 — 
consecrated, 2 May 1212 — commands with dis- 
tinction at the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, 
16 Jul. 12 1 2 — presides at the Council of 
Lavaur, middle of Jan. 12 13 — disputes the 
claim of Simon de Montfort to the Duchy of 
Narbonne ; assumes the title, and excommuni- 
cates him, beginning of 12 16 or 12 15 — pro- 
motes the settlement of the contest with the 
Count of Toulouse, 1224 — ft. 25 or 29 Sep. 1225. 

Amalteo, Cornelio, physician, poet, — b. at 
Oderzo, 1530 — Secretary to republic of Ragusa, 
1559 — goes to assist Paul Manutius at Rome, 
156 1 — tf. there, 1603. Proteus, 1572. 

Amalteo, Giambattista, poet, — b. at Oder- 
zo, 1525 — accompanies the Venetian ambassa- 
dor to England, 1554 — Secretary to republic 
of Ragusa, 1556 — attends the Council of Trent, 
as secretary to Pius IV., spring 156 1 — at Mi- 
lan, with Cardinal Carlo Borromeo, 1567 — tf. 
at Rome, 1573. 

Amalteo, Girolamo, physician, poet, — b. at 
Oderzo, 1506 — lives at Serravalle, 1536-58 — 
tf. at Oderzo, 24 Oct. 1574. 

Amalteo, Paolo, poet, §c. — b. at Pordenone, 
1460 — assassinated at Vienna, 15 17. 

Amalteo, Pomponio, painter, — b. at San 
Yito, about 1505 — tf. about 1588. 

Amama, Sixtinus, theologian, — b. in Fries- 
land, after 1550 — teaches Hebrew at Oxford, 
16 1 3 — Prof, of Hebrew at Franeker, 1620 — tf. 
there, Dec. 1629. Censura Vulgatce Lat. Edit. 
Pentateuchi, 1620 — Bybelsche Conferentie, 1623 
— Antibarbarus Biblicus, 1628. 

Aman, (Haman,) Johann, architect, — b. at 
St Blasien, 1765 — commences his profession, 
179 1 — a". 1834. 

Amandus, .Eneas Salvius. [Bagaudse.] 

Amandus, St, {Apostle of the Netherlands,) 
Bp of Maestricht, — b. near Lake Grand 
Lieu, about 594^ 589 b — leads an ascetic life 
at Bourges, 612-27 a — © oes to Rome, 627 a — 
missionary, 628 a — Bp of Tongres, 628-30= — 
banished, 634-5* — Bp of Maestricht, 646-9,* 
649-52 b — goes to Rome, 650* — to the Nether- 
lands, 667* — tf. 684, a c 675.° a u# K# s> Biog 
Diet. b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Nouv. Biog. 
Gen. 

Amanthon, Claude Nicolas, publicist, — ft. 
at Villers-les-Ports, 20 Jan. 1760 — tf. 28 Sep. 
1835- 

Amantius, — Consul with Albinus, (1098 
a. u. c.) 345. 

Amar, J. P. Andre, Jacobin politician, — b. 
at Grenoble, 1750— elected to the Convention, 
1792— Secretary, 8 Aug. 1793— Member of 



the Committee of General Safety, 14 Sep. 
1793 — presents the Report against Brissot and 
the Girondins, 3 Oct. 1793 — President of the 
Convention, 4 Apr. 1794 — denounced by Le- 
cointre, as a partisan of Robespierre, (11 Fruc- 
tidor, An II.,) 29 Aug. 1794 — defends Collot 
d' Herbois and his companions, and is arrested 
and imprisoned, 2 Apr. 1795 — released by the 
amnesty of (4 Brumaire, AnlV.) 26 Oct. 1795 — 
implicated in Babceuf's conspiracy, tried, and 
imprisoned, 20 Aug. 1796 — forbidden to reside 
in Paris, by law of 22 Floreal, before 1800 — 
returns to Paris, and tf. 18 16. 

Amar-Duvivier, Jean Auguste, miscellaneous 
writer, — b. at Paris, 1765 — at Lyons, 1793- 
1802 — under-librarian of the Mazarine Library, 
1804 — chief librarian, 1809 — tf. 25 Jan. 1837. 

Amara-Sinha, (Bewa A?nara,) poet, gram- 
marian, — [BC] — fl. about 50,* or [AD] 472. b 
[Vikramaditya.] a Wilson, u. K. s. Biog, 

Diet., and others. b Colebrooke. 

Amarante in Portugal, 1809 — occupied by 
General Silviera, 30 Mar. — Loison dislodges 
him and seizes the bridge, 2 May — Beresford 
recaptures it, 12 May. 

Amaranth, Order of Knighthood, — insti- 
tuted by Christina of Sweden, 1653. 

Amarapura , ( TJmmerapoora,) in Birmah, — 
founded by Mindaraji Prahu, 1783 — entirely 
destroyed by fire, Mar. 18 10 — seat of govern- 
ment removed to Ava, 1819 — partly destroyed 
by an earthquake, 1839. 

Amaseo, (Amasceus,) Romolo, classical scho- 
lar, — b. at Venice, 24 Jun. 1489 — goes to 
Bologna, 1509 — Prof, of Literce PLumaniores at 
Padua, 15 19 — at Bologna, 1524 — pronounces 
the oration at Bologna before Clement VII. 
and the Emperor Charles V., 1 Jan. 1530 — 
goes to Rome, end of 1543 — Secretary of Breves 
to Julius III., 1550 — a", at Rome, 1552. 

Amasis, (Amosis, Ames,) King of Egypt, — 
[B C] — b. at Siuph, about 600 — revolts against 
Apries, defeats him, and takes his throne, 569,* 
57°> b 57 V 566 d — becomes tributary to Cyrus, 
about 535 — ts. beginning of 525^ middle of 
525, e 526. f a Clinton. b Grote, Smith' 

Diet. e Williamson. d Sharpe. e Greswell. 
f Kenrick. 

Amastris, (Amastreion, Amastro, Amassera, 
Amasra,) in Asia Minor, — [B C] — founded by 
Amastris, wife of Dionysius of Heracleia, by 
union of Sesamus, Cytorus, Cromna, and Teion, 
about 300 — given by Eumenes to Ariobarzanes, 
about 280 — -[AD] — improved by Pliny the 
Younger, about 104 — receives Alexius I. of 
Trebizond, 1204a — taken by Theodore Lasca- 
ris, 1214a — becomes the principal station of 
the Genoese in Asia Minor, 1300-50 — taken 
by Mohammed II., 146 i. a a Finlay. 

Amati, Andrea, Antonio, Hieronimo, and 
Mcolo, makers of violins, — fl. at Cremona, 
1550 to 1692. 

Amato, Giovanni Antonio d', (II Yecchio,) 
painter, — b. at Naples, 1475 — tf. 1555. 

Amato, Giovanni Antonio d', (II Giovane,) 
painter, — b. at Naples, 1535 — tf. 1598. 

Amato, Giuseppe, Propagandist missionary, 
natural historian,— b. at Naples, about 1757— 



AMATO— AMBEACIA. 



6 7 



sent to India beyond the Ganges, 1783-4 — a". 
at Moumiha, beginning of Apr. 1832. 

Amato, Joao Roderiguez, {Joannes Rodericus 
Amatus, Lusitanus, Castelli Albi,) physician, 
anatomist, — b. at Castelbianco, 15 11 — teaches 
at Ancona,i549 — removes to Pesaro, 1555 — to 
Saloniki, 1559 — if. there, 1568. Curationum 
Medicinalium centuries septem, 1557, I 5^^* 

Amatrice, Cola Filotesio dell', painter, — fl. 
at Ascoli, 15 14 to 1535. 

Amauri de Chartres, {Amalricus de Bena,) 
philosopher, theologian, — teaches a species of 
Pantheism at Paris, about 1200 — ft. 1204-5. 
His treatise, Fhysion, condemned by Innocent 
III., 1204 — his doctrines condemned by the 
Council of Paris, Oct. i2io, a 1209 b — his fol- 
lowers also condemned, and burnt, 21 Oct. 20 
Dec. 12 10 — new condemnation pronounced by 
the Lateran IV. Council-General, Nov. 12 15. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Riddle and 

others. 

Amazons, (Amazonas, Maranon, Maranhao, 
Orellana,) the, in S. America, — its embouchure 
discovered by Pinzon, Jan. 1500 — navigated 
from the interior to its mouth by Orellana, 3 1 
Dec. 1540 to 26 Aug. 1541 — explored by Con- 
damine, 5 Jul. to 19 Sep. 1743 — by Spix and 
Martius, 18 17 — by Wallace, 1847-50 — by Bates, 
1 847 -5 8 — navigation declared free to all nations, 
7 Sep. 1867 — region explored by Orton, 1867. 

Ambassadors, Foreign, — and their servants, 
protected from process for debt, by Act, 7 Ann. 
c. 12, 1708. 

Amber, (Ambheer, Umeer.) [Jeipur.] 

Amberg, in Bavaria, — occupied by the Im- 
perialists, and besieged by Maximilian Em- 
manuel of Bavaria, summer 1703 — plundered 
by Herbeville, 30 Nov. 1703 — Archduke 
Charles defeats Jourdan at Teming, near, 22-4 
Aug. 1796. 

Amberger, Christoph, painter, — b. at Nurn- 
berg, about 1490 a — ij. at Augsburg, after 
1568. b a U. K. S. Biog. Diet. b Conv.-Lex. 

Ambiani, of Gaul, — [B C] — subdued by Cae- 
sar, 57 — join in the revolt of Vercingetorix, 52. 

Ambibulus, L. Eggius, — Consul with M. 
Annius Verus III., (879 a. it. c.) 126. 

Ambiorix, — [B C] — with Cativolcus, revolts 
from Caesar, and is defeated by him, winter, 
54-3 — driven across the Bhine by Caesar, 51. 

Ambitus. [Canvassing; Calpurnian, and 
other LawsJ\ 

Amboise, in France, — Conspiracy of, (Tu- 
multe d',) — 1560 — La Eenaudie secretly as- 
sembles the Protestant leaders at Nantes, 1 Feb. 
—the Court removed to the Castle of Amboise, 
late in Feb. — prosecutions for heresy pro- 
fessedly suppressed by Edict,. 4 Mar. — Conde 
and the Protestants assemble i;here, 16-7 Mar. 
— Guise proclaims himself Lieutenant-general 
of the kingdom ; an amnesty offered by Edict 
to subordinate conspirators on submission ; La 
Eenaudie defeated and killed near Chateau 
Eenard, 18 Mar. — La Mothe unsuccessfully 
attacks Amboise, 19 Mar. — the prisoners exe- 
cuted, 20, 22 Mar. Treaty of, concluding the 
first Religious War, 1563 — signed by Charles 
IX., 12 Mar. — promulgated, 19 Mar. 



Amboise, Francois d', litterateur, — b. at 
Paris, 1550 — Councillor of State, 1604 — ft. 
1620. 

Amboise, Georges d', (le Fere du peuple,) 
Cardinal, statesman, — b. at Chaumont-sur- 
Loire, 1460 — Bp of Montauban, 1484 — im- 
prisoned with Philip de Comines and others, 
Mar. i486 3 — released and exiled to his diocese, 
Aug. 1488 — restored to favour, 1492 — Abp of 
Narbonne, 1492 — Abp of Eouen, and Lieuten- 
ant-general of Normandy, 1493 — accompanies 
the Duke of Orleans on the expedition into 
Italy, Nov. 1494— shares his disgrace, 1496 — 
becomes chief adviser to Louis XII., Apr. 
1498 — Cardinal, and Legate a latere, by Alex- 
ander VI., early in 1499 — If. at Lyons, 25 Mar. 
15 10. a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Amboyna, one of the Moluccas, — first visited 
by Albuquerque's ships, 151 i a — converted to 
Mohammedism, 15 15 — visited by Francis 
Xavier, 1546 — taken possession of by Portugal, 
i564, b 1580° — captured by the Dutch, 1607-7*- 
the British East India Company establish a 
settlement at Cambello, 161 2 — and are com- 
pelled to leave the island, Jun. 16 14 — trade 
with the Moluccas opened to the British by 
treaty, Jul. 1619 — the British establishment 
destroyed, and several Englishmen tortured 
and executed, [the Massacre of Amboyna,) 17 
Feb. 1623 — satisfaction for this outrage ob- 
tained by treaty between Cromwell and the 
United Provinces, 30 Aug. 1654 — captured by 
Admiral Baimer, 16 Feb. 1796— restored by 
the treaty of Amiens, 1802 — captured by the 
British, 17 Feb. 18 10 — restored by peace of 
Paris, 1814. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Bees' Cyc. c Encyc. Brit. 

Ambracia, (Amprakia, Arta,) — [BC]— co- 
lonized by Corinth, under Gorgus, (Torgus, Tol- 
gus,) about 635^ about (01. 30) 66o b — Gor- 
gus makes himself Tyrant, about (01. 38) 
628° — Periander, about 61 2 a — the tyranny 
overthrown, after 585 a — joins in resisting 
Xerxes, 480 — assists Corinth against Corcyra, 
spring 432 a — takes Argos (Amphilochicum) ; 
Phormion retakes it and restores it to the Am- 
philochians and Acarnanians, summer 43 2 d — 
attacks it again, and ravages its territory, 
about Sep. 430 d — with Epeirots, defeated by 
the Acarnanians at Stratus, 429 — under Eury- 
lochus attacks Argos again, and is defeated at 
Olpae and Idomene by Demosthenes ; concludes 
peace with the Acarnanians, autumn 42 6— aids 
Syracuse in resisting Athens, 414 — attacked 
by Philip of Macedonia, after (01. 109, 1) 
344-3 ? d — submits to him, late in 338 or early 
in 337— ceded toPyrrhus of Epirus, by Alex- 
ander V. of Macedonia, 295 e — subject to the 
JEtolian League, 239 — attacked by Philip V. 
of Macedonia, 219— besieged by M. Fulvius 
Nobilior ; surrenders to him, 1 89 — its inhabit- 
ants removed to Nicopolis, by. Augustus, after 
31 — [AD] — partially recovers its importance, 
between 700 and 800 — conquered by Samuel of 
Bulgaria, about 980 — becomes known by the 
name of Arta, before 1100. 

a Clinton. b Ersch and Gruber. c M filler. 
d Grote. e Thirlvrall. 



OS 



AMBBOGI— AMELOT. 



Ambrogi, Domenico degl', (Menichino del 
BriziOj) painter, — fl. about 1653 — ft. after 
l678. a a Eiicvc. Brit. 

Ambrogio, (Ambrose,) Teseo, orientalist, — 
fj. at Pavia, 1469 — attends the Lateran Coun- 
cil at Rome, May 15 12 — his collection dispersed 
at the pillage of Pavia by the French, 19 Sep. 
1528 — ft. 1539-40. Introductio in Ling . Chald., 
Syr,, §c, 1539. 

Ambrones, — [B C] — with the Teutones, de- 
feated by C. Marius, near Aquas Sextiee, (652, 
a. v. c.) 102. 

Ambrose ; Ambrosian Chant, or Hymns, 
Liturgy, Rite, or Office. [Ambrosius, St] 

Ambrosian Library at Milan, — founded by 
Cardinal Federigo Borromeo, 1602 — opened to 
the public, 1609 — plundered by Napoleon Bo- 
naparte, 1796 — the plunder restored, 1816. 

Ambrosius, of Alexandria. [Origenes.] 

Ambrosius, (Andrew Sertis KamensJcoi,) 
Abp of Moscow, — fc. at JNejnei, 1708 — Bp 
of Pereiaslavl, 1753 — Abp, 1761 — removes a 
miracle-working image of the Virgin, (Iver- 
skaia Bojemater,) and is killed by the populace, 
16 Sep. 1771. 

Ambrosius Aurelianus, — signally defeats 
the Saxons, 437.* a Monurn. Histor. Brit. 

Ambrosius, (Autpert, Ausbert,) theologian, 
— elected Abbot of St Yincentio on the Vol- 
turno, about 76o, a 776 — ft. 19 Jul. 778. b 
a Soame. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Ambrosius, the Camaldulensian, theologian, 
§c. — b. at Portici, 1378 — enters the Camaldu- 
lensian Order, about 1400 — General of the 
Order, 143 1 — attends the Councils of Basel, Fer- 
rara, and Florence, by order of Eugenius IV., 
1431, 1438, and 1439 — ft- at Florence, 1439. 

Ambrosius, St, Abp op Milan, — b. at 
Treves, 34o, a 333 b — Consular Praefect of 
Liguria and JEmilia, about 37 o d — elected Bp 
of Milan, (7 Id. Dec. 2390, Abr. E.) 7 Dee. 
374 c — takes refuge in Illyricum, from an in- 
vasion of barbarians, 377 d — successfully op- 
poses the Arianizing efforts of Justina, 380 to 
386, d (Haste?',) i3, d or 3 to 10 Apr. 385 s — pre- 
sides at the Council of Aquileia, Sep. 381 — 
ambassador from Justina to Maximus, 383 and 
387 d — opposes the petition of Symmachus for 
the restoration of the Altar of Victory, 384*= — 
refuses to go into exile, 386*? — excommunicates 
Theodosius,on account of the Massacre of Thes- 
salonica, Apr. to Christmas, 390° — retires 
from Milan at the appointment of Eugenius by 
Arbogastes, May 392 to about 1 Aug. 394 s — 
ft. (Easter or Easter eve,) 5° or 4 f Apr. 397. 
Valentiniano contra Symmachum epist., 384 c — 
Theodosio Tmp. epist., 388° — Be Morte Valen- 
tiniani, 392° — • Eugenio Imp. epist., 393° — 
I)e Morte Theodosii, 395.° 

a Lardner, U. K. S. Biog. Diet., Smith's Diet., &c. 

b Cave, and others. c Clinton. d Smith's Diet. 

e Gibbon. f Robertson. 

Ambrysus, (Ambrosseus, Amphrysus, Dhis- 
tomo,) in Greece, — [B C] — fortified by Athenians 
and Thebans against Philip of Macedonia, 
winter 339-8*— taken by T. Quinctius Flami- 
nimiS 198. b a Grote. b Smith's Diet. 

Ambustu3, C. Fabius,— [B Cj— Cos. with C. 



Plautius Proculus, (396, a. u. c.) 4 Mar. 358.* 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Ambustus, K. Fabius, — [BC] — Quaestor, 
with three plebeian colleagues, for the first time, 
409 a — Trib. milit. (350, b 3ol-2, c a. tj. c.) 404, 13 
6 Dec. 403 ;c (353, b 354-5, c ) 401, 15 9 Oct. 
400 ; c (359, b 360-l, c ) 395, b 7 Aug. 395;° and 
(364, b 365-6, c ) 390^ 17 Jun. 389.^ 

a Smith's Diet. b Fischer. 

c Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Ambustus, M. Fabius,— [BC] — (1) Tontif. 
max. 390^ (2) Trib. milit. (373, b 374-5, c a. 
u. c.) 38i, b 21 Sep. 380;° and (385, bc ) 25 
Mar. 369° — Censor, with L. Furius Medulli- 
nus, (391,) 36 3 . b (3) Consul ynSb C. Psetelius 
Libo, (394,) 1 Mar. 360° — conducts the war 
against the Hernicans, and celebrates an ova- 
tion, (Non. Sep. 394,) 5 Sep. 360 b — Cos. II. 
with M. Popillius Lsenas, (398,) 6 Mar. 356 c — 
carries on the war against the Faliscans and 
Tarquinians, 356 — Cos. III. with T. Quinctius 
Pennus Capitolinus, (400,) 17 Apr. 354° — - 
commands against the Tiburtines ; and tri- 
umphs, (3 Non. Jun. 400,) 3 Jun. 354 b — Dic- 
tator for holding the Comitice, (403,) 351 — ft. 
after 325« a a Smith's Diet. b Fischer. 

c Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Ambustus, N. Fabius, — [B C] — Trib. milit. 
(348, a 349-50, b a. u. c.) 4o6, a 4 Dec. 405 ; b 
and (364, a 36o-6, b ) 390/ 1 17 Jun. 389A 

a Fischer. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Ambustus, Q. Fabius,— [B Cj— (1) Trib. 
milit. (364, a 365-6, b a. it. c.) 390,* 17 Jun. 
389« b (2) Dictator for holding the Comitice ; 
but resigns because elected informally, (433,) 
321. a Fischer. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Ameilhon, Hubert Pascal, historian, &;c. — 
fj. at Paris, 5 Aug. 1730 — Librarian to the 
city of Paris, 1760 — Member of the Academy, 
1766 — Member of the Commission of Monu- 
ments, 1793 — Librarian to the Arsenal, 1797 — 
ft. at Paris, 23 Nov. 181 1. BZistoire du Com- 
merce, $c. des Egyptiens, sous les JPtolemees, 
1766 — completes Le Beau's BZistoire du JBas 
Empire, 17 8 1-6. 

Ameinias, — [BC] — archon at Athens, (01. 
89, 2,) 423. 

Ameinocles of Corinth, — [B C] — builds tri- 
remes at Samos, (01. 18, 4,) 705-4. a 
a Clinton, Miiller, &c. 

Ameipsias, comic poet, — [B C] — gains the 
second prize with his Connus, (Elaphebol. 01. 
89, 1,) Mar. 423 a — the first (in opposition to 
Aristophanes' Jives) with his Comasta, (Elaphe- 
bol. 01. 91, 2,) Mar. 414.* a Clinton. 

Amelesagoras, (2Ielesagoras,) of Chalcedon, 
historian, — [BC] — fl. before 500. a a Clinton. 

Amelius, (Amerius, Gentilianus,) Neoplatonic 
philosopher, comes to Borne, 246 a — goes to 
Apamea, 269. a a Clinton. 

Amelot de la Houssaye, (Kussccus,) Abra- 
ham Nicolas, philologist, historian, §c. — h. at 
Orleans, Feb. 1634 — secretary of Embassy, at. 
Venice, 1669 — imprisoned in the Bastille by 
Louis XIV., after 1677 — ft. at Paris, 8 Dec. 
1706. BZistorie du Gouvernement de Venise, 
1676 — Histoire du Concile de Trente, de Era 
I'aolo Sarpi, traduite par le Sieur de la 



AMELOTTE— AMERICAN WAR. 



% 



Jossecal, 1683 — Discours preliminaire sur les 
Traites, §c, 1692. 

Amelotte, Denys, translator of the New 
Testament, — ft. at Saintes, 1606 — joins the 
Congregation of the Oratory, before 1650 — 
publishes his translation, 1666-7-8 — rj. at Paris, 
7 Oct. 1678. 

Amer Khan, Pinpakri Chief, — serves un- 
der Holkar in the Mahratta War, 1804-5— 
expedition against Berar frustrated by Lord 
Minto, Jan. Oct. 1809 — defeated at Jabra 
Ghaut by Sadik Ali, 17 Nov. 1809— plunders 
the Rajput country, and compels the Rajah of 
Jeipur to become tributary, 1812 — besieges 
Jeipur, 1 8 16 — compelled to sign a treaty, 
making him dependent on the British, 5 Nov. 
1817. [Pindarri War.] 

Amerbach, Basile, jurisconsult, — ft. at Basel, 
1534 — Prof, of the Code at Basel, 156 1-2— fc. 
25 Apr. 1591. 

Amerbach, Boniface J bhann, jurisconsult, — 
ft. at Basel, 1495 — Prof, of Civil Law there, 
1525 — Rector of the University, 1526 — if. 1562. 

Amerbach, Johann, printer, — ft. about 1450 
— establishes himself as a printer at Basel, 
148 1 — if. there, 1528^ 1515^ 

a Ersch and Gruber. b U. K. S. Biog. Diet. 

Amercote, (Omerkote,) in Hindustan, — cap- 
tured by the Ameers of Sind, 18 13 — surrenders 
to Sir Charles Napier, 5 Apr. 1843. 

America, — granted to Ferdinand and Isa- 
bella of Spain, by Bull of Alexander VI., 3 
May 1493 — Alexander establishes a 'line of 
demarcation ' between the trans-oceanic posses- 
sions of Spain and Portugal, by Bulls, 4 May 
and 25 Sep. 1493 — the boundary line altered 
by a Capitulacion between Ferdinand and Isa- 
bella and John II. of Portugal, 7 Jun. 1494 — 
mainland discovered by the Cabots, 1497 — 
the name first proposed by Martinus Hylacomy- 
lus, ( Waldsee-muller,) 1507 — begins to be em- 
ployed in maps, 1520 — established, before 
J 559- a [Columbus, Vespucci.] a Humboldt. 

American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 
— incorporated by the legislature of Massachu- 
setts, 1780. 

American Academy of Fine Arts, — founded 
at New York, 1808. 

American Antiquarian Society, — incorpor- 
ated by the legislature of Massachusetts, 18 12. 

American Anti-Slavery Society, — formed, 
1833. 

American Association for the Advance- 
ment of Science, — projected at Boston, 1847 
—holds its first Meeting at Philadelphia, Sep. 
1848. 

American Bible Society, — founded at New 
York, May 18 16. 

American Board of Commissioners for 
Foreign Missions, — instituted, 1 8 1 o — incor- 
porated by the legislature of Massachusetts, 
1 8 1 2 — amalgamated with the New York United 
Missionary Society, 1826. 

American Colonization Society, — founded 
at Washington, Dec. 18 16. [Liberia.] 

American Company of Russia, — projected 
for carrying on the fur trade with the north- 
weot coast of America, 1785 — incorporated, 1799. 



American Philosophical Society, — origin- 
ated by Franklin, 1743 — extended, 1769 — in- 
corporated by legislature of Pennsylvania, 15 
Mar. 1780. 

American Temperance Society, — formed at 
Boston, Feb. 1826. 

American Tract Society, — instituted at Bos- 
ton, 1 8 14 — merged in another Society, formed 
at New York, 1825. 

American War, First, or Revolutionary, 
{War of Independence^) — Sir William Keith, 
ex-governor of Pennsylvania, suggests the 
taxation of N. American Colonies, spring 1 7 34 — ■ 
scheme for taxing them proposed by the Board 
of Trade, summer 1754 — Peace of Paris, 10 
Feb. 1763. 

1764 — Grenville commences the taxation of 
the Colonies, and proposes a resolution respect- 
ing the charging of Stamp Duties in them, 10 
Mar. — the Sugar Act passed, 5 Apr. — the Colo- 
nies protest against Grenville' s scheme, May 
to Dec. 

1765 — The Stamp Act receives the royal 
assent, 22 Mar. — Patrick Henry carries re- 
solutions against the taxation of the Colonies, 
in the Assembly of Virginia, May — the Marquis 
of Rockingham's Administration, 13 Jul. — 
riots at Boston, 15 to 27 Aug. — a Congress of 
Committees from nine of the Colonies meets at 
New York, 7 Oct. —operation of the Stamp 
Act rendered impossible, 1 Nov. — an Associa- 
tion between the ' Sons of Liberty ' of New 
York and Connecticut concluded, 25 Dec. 

1766 — The Stamp Act repealed; and a bill 
for securing the dependency of the Colonies on 
the British Crown receives the royal assent, 19 
Mar. — Act to punish mutiny and desertion in 
American Colonies receives the royal assent, 
30 Apr. — universal rejoicings in America, May 
— Indemnity secured for the use of unstamped 
paper, 6 Jun. — Administration of the Earl of 
Chatham, 30 Jul. 

1767 — The garrison of Boston increased, 
Jun. — Duties imposed on paper, glass, painters' 
colours, and teas, imported into the Colonies, 
{Revenue Act,) 29 Jun. — conduct of the go- 
vernment devolves on the Duke of Grafton, Jul. 
— Act for restraining the Assembly of New York 
receives the royal assent, 2 Jul. — a Non-im- 
portation agreement signed at Boston, 28 Oct. 

1768 — The Earl of Hillsborough, first 
' Secretary of State for the American Colo- 
nies,' 6 Jan. — the Assembly of Massachusetts 
votes a petition to the king, 20 Jan. — addresses 
a circular letter to the Assemblies of the other 
Colonies, inviting cooperation in resisting the 
new taxes, 11 Feb. — Acts enforcing the former 
Mutiny and Desertion Act, and the Revenue 
Act, receive the royal assent, 8 Mar. — John 
Hancock's sloop, 'Liberty,' seized, 10 Jun. — 
the Revenue Commissioners at Boston forced 
to take refuge in the Castle, 13 Jun. — the 
Assembly of Massachusetts, refusing to rescind 
its resolution, is dissolved, 1 Jul. — merchants 
of Boston sign a Non-importation agreement, 
which is imitated by those of other commercial 
towns, Aug. — convention at Boston to concert 
measures for obtaining redress of grievances, 



AMERICAN WAR. 



22 Sep. — Gen. Gage arrives at Boston with two 
regiments from Halifax, 26 Sep.— Earl of Chat- 
ham resigns, 12 Oct.— the Assembly of Georgia 
dissolved, 24 Dec. 

I7 6 9 — Address presented by both Houses of 
Parliament supporting the measures of the 
Ministry against the Colonies, 13 Feb.— Peti- 
tion from New York refused by the House of 
Commons, 14 Mar. — Virginia resolutions 
adopted; the Assembly dissolved, 16 May— 
Non-importation agreement signed throughout 
the Colonies, after May — Assembly of Massa- 
chusetts adjourned to Cambridge, 13 Jun. — 
other Assemblies dissolved, after Jun. — Lord 
Hillsborough's circular letter to the governors 
of the Colonies, Jul.— party designations of 
Whiff and Tory adopted, by the disaffected and 
the loyalists, autumn. 

1770 — Lord North's Administration, 28 Jan. 
— 'the Boston Massacre,' 5 Mar. — Lord North's 
bill for repealing all but the tea duties intro- 
duced, 5 Mar. — American ladies agree to dis- 
use tea, till the duty_ is repealed, 31 Mar. — 
Lord North's bill receives the royal assent, 12 
Apr. — the state of the Colonies considered in 
the House of Commons, on the motion of Gov. 
Pownall, 8 May. 

I77I — The ' Regulators ' of North Carolina 
defeated at Almansee by Governor Tryon, 16 
May. 

1772 — Act granting a drawback on teas ex- 
ported to the Colonies receives the royal assent, 
3 Jun. — the Gaspee burnt, 10 Jun. — Lord 
Hillsborough succeeded by the Earl of Dart- 
mouth, as American Secretary of State, 14 Aug. 
— the Committee of Correspondence organized 
at Boston, 2 Nov. 

1773 — Virginia appoints a Committee of Cor- 
respondence, Mar. — compromise between the 
Ministry and the East India Company ; new 
Act respecting drawback on teas exported to 
America receives the royal assent, 10 May — 
Hutchinson's Letters, sent to America by 
Franklin, laid before the Assembly of Massa- 
chusetts ; which petitions for the governor's 
removal, 9 Jun. — protest of Philadelphia 
against parliamentary taxation, 2 Oct. — pro- 
test of Boston, 5 Nov. — meetings at Boston, 17 
Nov. — the tea-ships boarded in Boston har- 
bour and the cargoes thrown into the sea, 16 
Dec. 

1774— Franklin examined before the Privy 
Council, respecting the Massachusetts petition, 
29 Jan. — dismissed from the Post Office, 30 
Jan. — the Boston Port Bill receives the royal 
assent, 28 Mar. — Gen. Gage appointed governor 
of Massachusetts, 2 Apr. — arrives at Boston, 
13 May— meeting at Boston about the Port 
Bill, proposes a non-intercourse resolution on 
the part of all the Colonies, 15 May— two 
bills against Massachusetts receive the royal 
'. 20 May — a Continental Congress sug- 
1, 20, 25 May— the Bill for quartering 
troops in America receives the royal assent, 2 
Jun. —the General Court of Massachusetts 
finally closed, 17 Jun.— the Quebec Bill be- 
comes law, 22 Jun. — the first Continental Con- 
gress assembled at Philadelphia, 5 Sep. to 26 



Oct. — an Address to the king voted by the 
Congress, 1 Oct. — presented, 22 Dec. 

1775 — Lord Chatham moves an Address to 
the king, 20 Jan. — his bill thrown out, 1 Feb. 
— Address declaring the existence of a rebellion 
in Massachusetts, presented by Parliament to 
the king, 9 Feb. — Lord North's conciliatory 
motion, 13 Feb. — rejected, 20 Feb. — Burke's 
conciliatory propositions rejected, 22 Mar. — 
Bill restraining the trade of New England re- 
ceives the royal assent, 30 Mar. — Petitions and 
Remonstrances of the City of London in favour 
of the Colonies, 10 Apr. and n Oct. — Bill re- 
straining the trade of certain colonies south of 
New England becomes law, 13 Apr. — Gen. 
Gage destroys the military stores at Concord ; 
the battle of Lexington, 19 Apr. — authority of 
Gov. Gage renounced by Massachusetts, 5 May 
— Ticonderoga and Crown Point taken by the 
Provincials, 10 May — Congress assembles at 
Philadelphia again, 10 May to 31 Jul Gen- 
erals Howe, Burgoyne, and Clinton arrive at 
Boston, 25 May — Congress authorizes the crea- 
tion of an army, makes George Washington 
commander-iu-chief, issues bills of credit, and 
adopts the style of the ' Twelve United Colo- 
nies,' 26 May to 15 Jun. — Gen. Gage's pro- 
clamation, 1 2 Jun. — battle of Bunker Hill, 1 7 
Jun. — Washington takes command against the 
British in Boston, 2 Jul. — Congress agrees to 
a Manifesto, 6 Jul. — the ' Six Nations ' se- 
cured as allies by the British, end of Jul. — 
Georgia having joined the confederacy, the 
style is changed to ' The Thirteen United 
Colonies,' 5 Sep. — Canada invaded by Gen. 
Schuyler, 10 Sep. — Falmouth (U. S.) burnt, 
18 Oct. — Lord George Germaine American 
Secretary of State, 10 Nov. — Gen. Mont- 
gomery takes Montreal, 12 Nov. — Burke's 
conciliatory bill thrown out, 16 Nov. — pri- 
vateering authorized by Congress, 25 Nov. — 
Congress resolves to fit out a fleet, 13 Dec. — 
Bill prohibiting trade and intercourse with the 
rebellious Colonies receives the royal assent, 23 
Dec. — Montgomery killed in an attempt to 
take Quebec, 31 Dec. 

1776 — Norfolk, in Virginia, burnt, 1 Jan. 
— treaties for the hire of mercenary troops 
from Hesse Cassel and Brunswick, laid before 
the House of Lords, 16 Feb. — Washington 
seizes Dorchester Heights, 4 Mar. — Gen. 
Howe evacuates Boston, and Washington takes 
possession of the town, 17 Mar.— the Corpora- 
tion of London addresses the king in favour of 
peace, 22 Mar. — Washington arrives at New 
York, 14 Apr. — Carleton raises the blockade 
of Quebec, 5, 6 May — Congress recommends 
the adoption of a new form of government by 
the Colonies, 15 May — ' Declaration of 
Rights ' agreed on and published by the Con- 
vention of Williamsburg, i$ and 27 May — 
Lee of Virginia moves in Congress that the 
Colonies be declared free and independent, 7 
Jun. — Canada evacuated by the Americans, 18 
Jun. — Sir Peter Parker attacks Charleston, 28 
Jun. — The Declaration of Independence 
signed ; the style altered to ' the United 
States,' 4 Jul. — Lord Howe endeavours to 



AMERICAN WAR. 



7i 



open negotiations with Washington, 13 Jul. — 
the Cherokees make war on S. Carolina, and 
are reduced, 15 Jul. to 11 Oct. — Thomas 
Paine' s ' Common Sense ' published, summer — 
British army lands at Long Island, 22 Aug. — 
battle of Brooklyn, or Flatbush, 27 Aug.— 
American army retreats from Long Island, 30 
Aug. — New York evacuated by Washington, 
and taken possession of by the British, 15 Sep. 
— Deane, Franklin, and Jefferson, (in whose 
place Arthur Lee goes,) appointed commis- 
sioners to the court of France, 26 Sep. — a loan 
of £o,000,000 invited by Congress, 3 Oct.— 
Arnold's fleet on Lake Champlain burnt, 13 
Oct.— battle of White Plains, 28 Oct.— Fort 
Washington taken by the British, 16 Nov. — 
Washington retreats beyond the Delaware, 28 
Nov. — Clinton takes possession of Rhode 
Island, 8 Dec.^-Congress adjourns, 12 Dec. — 
battle of Trenton, 26 Dec. — Congress reassem- 
bles at Baltimore, and invests Washington 
with new powers, 27 Dec. 

1777 — Battle of Princeton, 3 Jan. — Con- 
gress endeavours by law to keep up the value 
of the paper money, 14 Jan. — letters of marque 
issued against the Americans, Feb. — battle of 

Danbury, 23 Apr Meigs' expedition to Long 

Island, 23 May — Lord Chatham unsuccess- 
fully moves for an address to the king to 
terminate the war, 30 May — the national flag, 
the stars and stripes, adopted by Congress, 14 
Jun. — La Fayette arrives in America, about 15 
Jun. — American privateers frequent the western 
coasts of British Isles, summer — Burgoyne re- 
covers Ticonderoga, 6 Jul. — Skenesborough 
taken, 7 Jul. — battle of Bennington, 16 Aug. 
— battle of Brandywine, n Sep.— Burgoyne 
encamps at Saratoga, 14 Sep. — battles near 
Stillwater, 19 Sep. and 7 Oct. — Howe crosses 
the Schuylkill, 23 Sep. — Howe takes Phila- 
delphia, Congress removes to Lancaster, 27 
Sep. — battle of Germantown, 4 Oct. — Bur- 
goyne surrenders to Gates at Saratoga, 16 Oct. 
— cabals against Washington, autumn— battle of 
Bed Bank, 22 Oct. — the 'Articles of Con- 
federation' adopted by Congress, 15 Nov. — 
Congress resolves to refuse all proposals of 
peace inconsistent with independence, 22 Nov. 

1778 — France acknowledges the independ- 
ence of America, 16 Jan. — signs treaty of 
friendship and commerce with the United 
States, 30 Jan. — signs a defensive alliance 
with them, 6 Feb. — Lord North's conciliatory 
bills receive the royal assent, 1 1 Mar. — Cor- 
poration of London addresses the king in favour 
of conciliation, 13 Mar. — French ambassador 
leaves London, 20 Mar. — the American depu- 
ties presented to Louis XVL, 21 Mar. — Lord 
Chatham makes his final appeal against the 
policy of the ministry regarding America, 7 
Apr. — commissioners appointed to devise means 
of peace with the Americans, 13 Apr. — Con- 
gress rejects the propositions of the British 
commissioners, 17 Jan. — Philadelphia evacu- 
ated by the British, Congress returns, 18 Jun. 
— battle at Monmouth Court House, 28 Jun. 
— D'Estaing's fleet arrives on the American 
coast, 29 Jun. — France publishes her declara- 



tion of war against Britain, 10 Jul. — ' Massacre 
of Wyoming 1 ,' Jul. — Charles III. of Spain 
offers to mediate between France and Great 
Britain, autumn — a minister plenipotentiary 
from France received by Congress, 6 Aug. — • 
siege of Newport, (U. S.) 10 to 31 Aug. — Con- 
gress appoints Franklin minister plenipoten- 
tiary for the United States in France, 14 Sep. 
— manifesto published by the British com- 
missioners, 3 Oct. — D'Estaing sails for the 
West Indies, 1 Nov. — Savannah taken by the 
British, 28 Dec. 

1779 — Successes of the British in Georgia, 
Jan. Feb. and Mar. — Prevost advances against 
Charleston, Apr. — summons the town, 12 May 
— Gen. Matthews ravages the banks of the 
Chesapeake, May — Verplanck's Point and 
Stony Point taken by Clinton, 30 May— British 
post established at Penobscot, Jun. — Spain de- 
clares war against Britain, 16 Jun. — engage- 
ment at Stone Ferry, 20 Jun. — Try on plunders 
New Haven and other places in Connecticut, 
4 to 12 Jul. — Gen. Wayne recovers Stony 
Point, but abandons it to the British, 15, 16 
Jul. — Sullivan's expedition against the Indi- 
ans, Jul. Aug. — unsuccessful attempt to dis- 
lodge the British at Penobscot, 25 Jul. to 13 
Aug. — British post at Paulus Hook surprised, 
18 Aug. — Paul Jones captures the Sercqiis and 
Countess of Scarborough, 24 Sep. — Savannah 
unsuccessfully besieged and assaulted by the 
French and Americans, 4 to 9 Oct. 

1780 — Clinton's expedition arrives at Sa- 
vannah, Jan. — advances against Charleston, 
Feb. — the Armed Neutrality, 26 Feb. — La 
Fayette returns to Boston, Apr. — Charleston 
surrenders to Sir H. Clinton, 12, 13 May — ■ 
Knyphausen ravages New Jersey, Jun. — Gen. 
Sumter carries on a partisan warfare against 
the British in the South, after Jun. — Rocham- 
beau arrives at Newport, 10 Jul. — battle of 
Camden, 16 Aug. — negotiations between the 
United States and Holland, Sep. — conference 
between Washington and Rochambeau at Hart- 
ford, 21 Sep. — Henry Laurens captured on his 
voyage to Holland, Sep. — Major Andre hanged 
as a spy, 2 Oct. — Laurens confined in the 
Tower, 6 Oct. — action at King's Mountain, 7 
Oct. — Great Britain declares war against Hol- 
land, 20 Dec. 

178 1 — Washington's army mutinies, 1 Jan. 
— Arnold burns Richmond, 4 Jan. — battle of 
the Cowpens, 17 Jan. — Catharine II. of Russia 
offers to mediate between the contending parties, 
Jan. — Greene driven out of North Carolina, 
14 Feb. — battle of Guilford, 15 Mar. — French 
fleet repulsed by the British off the capes of 
the Chesapeake, 16 Mar. — battle of Hobkirk's 
Hill, 25 Apr. — incursions of Phillips into Vir- 
ginia, May — Greene vainly besieges Ninety- 
six, 22 May to 18 Jun. — Tarleton's dash at 
Charlottesville, 4 Jun. — Fox's motion to ter- 
minate the contest negatived, 1 2 Jun. — negotia- 
tions for peace attempted, summer — almost all 
South Carolina recovered by Greene, before 
Jul. — mediation and negotiations fail, Aug. — 
Cornwallis collects his army at Yorktown, 1 
Aug. — Americans and French concentrated 



7* 



AMERICAN WAR. 



against him; arrival of De Grasse's fleet, 3 
Aug. — manoeuvres of De Grasse's and Graves' 
fleets off the Chesapeake, 5 to 10 Sep. — battle 
of Eutaw, 8 Sep. — Xew London burnt, 7 Sep. 
— Yorktown invested, 30 Sep. — siege begins, 9 
and 10 Oct. — capitulates, 17, 19 Oct. — Laurens 
released, 31 Dec. 

1782— The city of London petitions Parlia- 
ment for the discontinuance of hostilities, 15 
Feb. — Conway's motions to address the king in 
favour of reconciliation -with America, lost, 22 
Feb. — his motion against prosecuting the war, 
carried, 27 Feb. — his third motion against the 
war, carried, 4 Mar. — Lord 'North, resigns, 20 
Mar.— Lord Rockingham's Administration, 30 
Mar. — Holland acknowledges the independence 
of the United States, 19 Apr. — Sir Guy Carleton 
supersedes Clinton in the command, May — 
Franklin, Adams, Jay, and Laurens, appointed 
by Congress commissioners to negotiate a peace, 
summer — the British repulsed near Savannah, 
2 1 May and 24 Jun. — Franklin reopens nego- 
tiations, Jim. — Lord Shelburne's Administra- 
tion, 10 Jul. — the British evacuate Savannah, 
1 1 to 24 Jul. — the last action in the war, near 
Combahee Ferry, 27 Aug. — Act authorizing 
negotiations with the Americans, passed, Aug. 
— Treaty between the United States and Hol- 
land, 8 Oct. — provisional articles of peace 
between the United States and Great Britain 
signed, 30 Xov. — Charleston evacuated, 14 Dec. 
1783 — Agreement entered into for the cessa- 
tion of hostilities, 20 Jan. — cessation of hostil- 
ities proclaimed in London, 17 Feb. — theXew- 
burgh Addresses, 10 to 15 Mar. — the Coalition 
Ministry, 5 Apr. — Congress proclaims the cess- 
ation of arms, 1 1 Apr. — battle of the Blue 
Licks, 18 Aug. — preliminary articles of peace 
with Holland signed at Paris, 2 Sep. — Peace 
of Versailles, 3 Sep. — peace proclaimed in 
London, 15 Sep. — proclamation of Congress 
disbanding the army, 18 Oct. — Xew York eva- 
cuated, 25 Xov. — Long Island and Staten 
Island given up, 4 Dec. — Washington relin- 
quishes his command, 25 Dec. — treaty with 
Holland, 20 Mar. 1784. 

American War, Second, {War o/1812,) — 
the United States minister at London complains 
of the impressment of American seamen by 
British cruisers, before 1801 — negotiations on 
this subject discontinued by the American 
minister, 1804 — American carrying trade inter- 
rupted by the British and French cruisers, 
1805. 

1806 — Xon-importation Act passed by Con- 
- of U. S., 26 Mar. — the captain of an 
American coasting vessel killed, in the Ameri- 
can waters, by shot from H. M. S. Leander, 
which is prohibited from remaining on the 
coast, 25 Apr. — coast of Europe from Brest to 
Elbe, blockaded by Order in Council, 16 
Mai —order of blockade partially suspended, 
27 Sep. — the Berlin Decree, 21 Nov. — opera- 
tion of the Xon-importation Act suspended by 
1 'luring negotiations, 19 Dec. — treaty 

beta and Great Britain signed at 

1 by American ministers, 21 Dec. 
1807— Treaty signed by British ministers, 3 



Jan. — Order in Council prohibiting to neutrals 
the coasting trade between hostile ports, 7 
Jan. — operation of Xon-importation Act sus- 
pended by proclamation, after 3 Mar. — ratifica- 
tion of the treaty refused by President Jeffer- 
son, 18 Mar. — the affair of the Chesapeake 
and H. M. S. Leopard, 22 Jun. — proclamation 
of President Jefferson forbidding British war- 
ships to enter ports or seas of U. S., 2 Jul. — 
British seamen recalled by royal proclamation, 
1 7 Oct. — Canning refuses to renew the nego- 
tiations, 22 Oct. — the ' Berlin Decree ' enforced 
against American commerce, 10 Xov. — Orders 
in Council prohibiting the trade of neutrals 
with France and her allies, 1 1 Xov. — the Mi- 
lan Decree, 17 Dec. — Jefferson's 'Embargo 
Act ' passed, 22 Dec. 

1808 — Acts supplementary to it passed, 8 
Jan., 12 Mar., and 25 Apr. — Rose's negoti- 
ations closed, 18 Mai\ — American Xon-import- 
ation Act goes into effect, Jun. — Canning re- 
jects the proposals of the American government, 
23 Sep. 
Erskine, Dec. 

1809 — 'Enforcing Act' passes Congress, 9 
Jan. — the Embargo Act repealed, 3 Feb., 1 
Mar. — Xon-intercourse Act passes Congress, 27 
Feb. — Madison inaugurated President of U. S., 
4 Mar. — Orders in Council modified, 12 Apr. 
— public negotiations with Erskine at Wash- 
ington, 17 to 19 Apr. — President Madison's 
Message recommending the withdrawal of the 
Xon-intercourse Act, 23 May — Erskine's ar- 
rangement disavowed by the British govern- 
ment, 24 May — new Xon-importation Act 
passes Congress, Jun. — Xon-importation Act 
put in force by proclamation of President Madi- 
son, 9 Aug. — Jackson conducts negotiations at 
Washington, 7 Oct. to 13 Xov. 

18 10 — Pinkney renews negotiations at Lon- 
don, Jan. — the restrictive system suspended by 
Act of Congress, 1 May — pretended repeal of 
the French decrees as far as America was con- 
cerned, 5 Aug. — Proclamation of President 
Madison announcing this repeal, and renewing 
intercourse with France, 2 Xov. — commercial 
intercourse with Great Britain prohibited by 
proclamation, 1 o Xov. 

18 1 1 — Xon-importation Act goes into effect 
against Britain, 2 Feb. — Eppes' bill passed, 
3 Mar. — Pinkney leaves England, May — the 
affair of H. M. S. Little Belt and U. S. frigate, 
President, 16 May — the Twelfth Congress as- 
sembles, 4 Xov. — the reparation for the Chesa- 
peake affair accepted by the American govern- 
ment, 12 Xov. — Message recommending pre- 
parations for apprehended hostilities sent to 
Congress, 29 Xov. 

18 1 2 — Congress votes the increase of the 
U. S. army, and other preparations for war, 12, 
14 Jan., 6 Feb., 10, 28 Mar., 12 Apr., 27 Jim. 
— the disclosure of the John Henry affair to 
Congress, 9 Mar. — the French Decrees de- 
clared to be the settled policy of the Empire, 
10 Mar. — embargo laid on vessels in U. S. har- 
bours, 4 Apr. — the declaration of war made 
the condition of Madison's re-election to the 
Presidency, May — Madison's war Message sent 



AMERICAN WAR. 



73 



to Congress, i Juii. — the United States declare 
war against Great Britain, 1 8 Jim.— the Balti- 
more riots and massacre, 20, 22 Jun., 27 Jul. 
— the Orders in Council revoked as far as they 
related to U. S., 23 Jun. — General Hull in- 
vades Canada, 12 Jul. — the U. S. frigate Con- 
stitution, chased hy the British squadron, 
escapes, 29 Jul. to 1 Aug. — General Hull 
returns to Detroit, and surrenders to General 
Proctor, 15 Aug. — H. M. S. Guerriere cap- 
tured hy the Constitution, 19 Aug. — provisional 
armistices agreed to, Aug. to Oct. — General 
Jacob Brown successfully defends Ogdensburg, 
4 Oct. — Letters of marque issued by the Brit- 
ish government, 12 Oct. — General Sheaffe de- 
feats Van Rensellaerat Queenstown, 13 Oct. — 
H. M. sloop Frolic captured by IT. S. brig Wasp, 
and recaptured with it, by the Poictiers, 13 
Oct. — General Harrison fails to recover De- 
troit, 14 Oct. — General Dearborn unsuccess- 
fully invades Canada, 19 Oct. to 22 Nov. — 
H. M. S. Macedonian captured by the United 
States, 25 Oct. — General Smythe fails in invad- 
ing the province, 29 Nov. to 1 Dec. — H. M. 
S. Java captured by the Constitution, 29 Dec. 
1 81 3 — Manifesto of the British government 
issued, 9 Jan. — General "Winchester's attempt 
to recover Detroit frustrated by his defeat at 
the Raisin, 22 Jan. — M'Donnell takes Og- 
densburg, 22 Jan. — H. M. sloop Peacock sunk 
by the 17. S. brig Hornet, 24 Feb. — the me- 
diation of Russia proposed, Mar. — British 
vessels harass the coasts of the Delaware and 
the Chesapeake, Apr. May— General Proctor 
defeats Harrison and. Clay at Miami Fords, 26 
Apr. and 5 May — York (Upper Canada) cap- 
tured by Chauncey, 27 Apr. — Fort George re- 
duced by Chauncey and Dearborn; British 
posts on Niagara river evacuated, 27 May — 
coasts of the middle and southern States to the 
-Mississippi, blockaded, 27 May— Prevost re- 
pulsed at Sackett's Harbour by General Brown, 
29 May — H. M. S. Shannon captures the 
Chesapeake, 1 Jun.— General Vincent sur- 
prises and defeats General Winder at Stony 
Creek, 6 Jun. — Col. Bishop's success at Black- 
rock, n Jun. — Decatur's squadron blockaded 
in New London, 11 Jun. — Kerr captures Col. 
Boerstler at Beaverdams, 23 Jun. — village of 
Hampton sacked, 25 Jun. — coast warfare 
carried on along the coasts of the Potomac and 
the Chesapeake, Jul. — Prevost blockades Fort 
George, Jul. — the legislature of Massachusetts 
remonstrates against the war, 15 Jul. — fruit- 
less invasion of Ohio by General Proctor, 21 
Jul. to 2 Aug. — H. M. sloop Pelican captures 
the U. S. sloop Argus, 13 Aug. — Captain 
Barclay defeated on Lake Erie by Perry, 10 
Sep. — General Hampton's unsuccessful cam- 
paign, 19 Sep. to 1 Nov. — Canada invaded by 
Harrison and Perry; Detroit abandoned by 
Proctor, 27 Sep. — Proctor defeated by Harrison 
at Moravian Town, 5 Oct. — General Wilkin- 
son invades Canada; checked at Chrysler's 
Farm, 1 1 Nov. — Wilkinson returns, 1 3 Nov. — 
severities inflicted by both belligerents on pri- 
soners of war, Nov. Dec. — Fort Niagara 
carried by a surprise, 19 Dec. — Blackrock and 1 



Buffalo burnt by the British, 30 Dec. — Decatur 
accuses the New Englanders of communicating 
his movements to the British blockading 
squadron, Dec. 

1 8 14 — Offer of the British government to 
treat of peace at London, 6 Jan. — American 
commissioners to negotiate a peace, sent to 
Europe, Feb. — H. M. S. Phoebe and. Cherub 
capture Porter's two Pssexes, 28 Mar. — Pre- 
sident Madison recommends the abandonment 
of the Non-importation system, 3 1 Mar. — Admi- 
ral Cochrane invites the slaves of the Southern 
States to join the British, 2 Apr. — H. M, S. 
Orpheus takes the U. S. sloop Frolic, 21 Apr. 
— New England included in the blockade of 
the American coast, 25 Apr. — H. M. sloop 
Epervier captured by the U. S. sloop Peacock, 
27 Apr.— American commissioners authorized 
to omit the subject of impressment in their 
negotiations, 27 Jim. — H. M. sloop Reindeer 
destroyed by IT. S. sloop Wasp, 27 Jun. — 
counter-proclamation of the President, re- 
garding the blockade, 29 Jun. — General Brown 
invades Canada, 2 Jul. — takes Fort Erie, 3 
Jul. — defeats General Riall at Chippeway, 5 
Jul. — defeated there by Riall, 25 Jul. — retires 
•to Fort Erie, 28 Jul. — negotiations commenced 
at Ghent, Aug. — Colonel Nichols lands at 
Pensacola, 4 Aug. — Eastport taken by Sir 
Thomas Hardy, 9 Aug. — Stonington bom- 
barded, 1 1 Aug. — Fort Erie vainly attacked by 
General Drummond, 15 Aug.. — Admiral Coch- 
rane and General Ross enter the Chesapeake, 
and pass up the Patuxent to Benedict, 20 Aug. 
— Ross defeats General Winder at Bladens- 
burg", and captures Washington, 24 Aug. — 
evacuates the city, 25 Aug. — Alexandria capi- 
tulates to Cochrane, 29 Aug. — operations 
against the coasts of Penobscot Bay, 1 to 9 
Sep. — H. M. sloop Avon destroyed by U. S. 
sloop Wasp, 1 Sep. — British forces withdrawn 
from the Chesapeake, 9 Sep. — Prevost's un- 
successful attack upon Plattsburg, 11 Sep. — 
General Ross defeats the Americans near Bal- 
timore, 12 Sep. — after an unsuccessful attack 
upon the city, the forces reembark, 13 Sep. — 
fruitless attack upon Fort Bowyer, 15 Sep. — 
Brown's sortie from Fort Erie, 17 Sep. — Con- 
gress meets, 19 Sep. — General Drummond 
raises the siege of Fort Erie, 21 Sep. — Mon- 
roe's 'conscription' scheme debated by Con- 
gress, Oct. to Dec. — the American navy driven 
from the open sea and from the lakes, 15 Oct. 
— the Hartford Convention proposed, 17 Oct. 
— Fort Erie evacuated by General Izard, 5 
Nov. — the British expedition enters the Mis- 
sissippi, 8 Dec. — the landing of the troops 
commenced, 15 Dec. — the Convention meets 
at Hartford, 15 Dec. — General Jackson attacks 
the invaders, 23 Dec. — the Peace of Ghent 
signed, 24 Dec. — the British repulsed from the 
American works before New Orleans, 28 Dec. 
1815 — A second attack upon the American 
works at New Orleans repulsed, 1 Jan. — the 
Hartford Convention adjourns sine die, 4 Jan. 
— General Jackson defeats and kills Sir Edward 
Pakenham, at New Orleans, 8 Jan. — re- 
embarkation of the British forces at the mouth 



AMERIGO VESPUCCI— AMISTTS. 



of the Mississippi, 27 Jan.— the treaty of Ghent 
ratified by the United States, 17 Feb.— II. M. 
sloops Cyane and Levant captured by TJ. S. 
frigate Constitution, 20 Feb. — the British with- 
draw from the coast of Georgia, 21 Feb. — 
H. M. S. Penguin captured by U. S. brig 
Hornet, 23 Mar. — H. E. I. C. vessel Nautilus 
compelled to strike to U. S. brig Peacock, 30 Jun. 

Amerigo Vespucci. [Vespucci.] 

Amersfoort, in the Netherlands, — taken by 
Archduke Maximilian, 1483 — by Louis XIV., 
1672 — by Pichegru, early in 1795. 

Ames, Fisher, political leader and orator, — 
b. at Dedham, (Massachusetts, U. S.) 9 Apr. 
1758 — commences practice as a lawyer, 178 1 — 
elected to the Massachusetts Convention for 
ratifying the Constitution, 1788 — member of 
the House of Representatives, 1789 to 1797 — 
tf. 4 Jul. 1808. 

Ames, Joseph, antiquary, — b. at Great Tar- 
mouth, 23 Jan. 1689 — F. R. S., 1736 — Secre- 
tary to the Society of Antiquaries, 1741 — tf. at 
London, 7 Oct. 1759. Typographical Antiqui- 
ties, 1749 — Parentalia, 1750. 

Ames, William, theologian, — h. in Nor- 
folk, 1576 — takes refuge in Holland, and 
settles at the Hague, 16 10 — Prof, of Theology 
atFraneker, 1621 to 1632 — tf. at Rotterdam, 
14 Nov. 1633. Puritanismus Anglicanus, 1610 
— Medulla Theologian, 1623 — De Conscientice, 
et ejus jure, 1630. 

Amharic Translation of the Holy Scriptures, 
— made by Abu Rumi, 1830, 1842. 

Amherst, in India beyond the Ganges, — 
founded, 7 May 1826. 

Amherst, Jeffrey, Lord, — fj. at River- 
head, 29 Jan. 17 17 — enters the army, 1731 — 
serves under Ligonier and the Duke of Cumber- 
land, 1 741 — Colonel of the 18th Foot, 1756 — 
Major-general, 1758 — serves against France 
in the Inter-colonial War in N. America, 16 
Mar. 1758 — Colonel of the 60th, and com- 
mander-in-chief in America, 30 Sep. 1758 — 
completes the conquest of Canada, 8 Sep. 1760 
— K. B., 1761 — Governor of Virginia, 1763 — 
dismissed from the army, but restored, 1768 — 
Governor of Guernsey, 1770 — Lieut. -general 
of Ordnance, Oct. 1772 — Baron Amherst of 
Holmesdale, May 1776 — Commander-in-chief, 
1778 to 1782 — Baron Amherst of Montreal, 
1788 — reappointed commander-in-chief, 22 
Jan. 1793 to 10 Feb. 1795 — tf. at Sevenoaks, 3 
Aug. 1797. 

Amherst, William Pitt, Earl, — fj. Jan. 
1773 — succeeds his uncle as Baron Amherst, 
1 797 — sets out from England as ambassador to 
China, 8 Feb. 1816 — shipwrecked off Banca, 
17 Feb. 1 8 17 — lands in England, on his return, 
16 Jul. 18 17 — Governor-general of India, 
arrives at Calcutta, 1 Aug. 1823 — Earl Am- 
. and Viscount Holmesdale, 1826 — re- 
called, Feb. 1828— tf. 13 Mar. 1857. 

Amherstburg, in Canada, — dismantled by 
General Proctor, 26 Sep. 1813 — destroyed by 
al Harrison, 2 Oct. 1813. 

Amhurst, Nicholas, litterateur, — b. at 
Harden, about 1706 — expelled from Oxford, 
J 1111. 1 7 16— joins in the authorship of 'the 
QrafUman} 1729 or 1730 — prosecuted for 



satirizing an Act of Parliament for licensing 
plays, May 1738 — tf. at Twickenham, 27 Apr. 
1742. Terra Filius, 1 7 2 1 . 

Amida, in Mesopotamia,— fortified by Con- 
stantius, about 350— besieged and taken by 
Sapor of Persia, 27 Jul. to 7 Oct. 359 a — the 
Xisibenes take refuge there after its cession by 
Jovian to Sapor, Aug. 363 b — besieged and 
taken by Cabades of Persia, winter 502 to be- 
ginning of 503 a — recovered, beginning of 505 a 

— restored and strengthened by Justinian, 
about 530 — taken by Chosroes, 606 b — occupied 
by Heraclius, middle of Mar. 625 a — reduced 
by the Mussulmans, about 640 — army of Zi- 
misces routed near, 97 3 a — taken by Zimisces, 
974, [Diarbekr.] 

a Clinton. b Gibbon. e Finlay. 

Amidano, Pomponio, painter, — fl. at Parma, 
about 1595. 

Amiens, (Amoianum, Samaroiriva,) — [B C] 

— Csesar winters there, 54-3 — [AD] — said 
to have been seized by Chlodion, chief of 
the Salian Franks, about 445 — besieged by 
Philip Augustus, who forces Philip of Alsace 
to cede to him the Countships of Amiens and 
Vermandois, n 84 — pledged by Charles VII. to 
Philip the Good of Burgundy, by the Treaty of 
Arras, 21 Sep. 1435 — redeemed by Louis XL, 
1463 — ceded by the Treaty of St Maur to 
Charles, Count of Charolais, 29 Oct. 1465 — 
recovered by Louis, after the death of Charles 
the Rash, of Burgundy, 4 Jan. 1477 — joins 
the League, after 1576 — submits to Henry 
IV., 1594 — taken by Archduke Albert of Aus- 
tria, 12 Mar. 1597 — recovered by Henry IV., 
15 Sep. 1597. Treaty of, between Great Bri- 
tain, and France, Spain, and Holland, — pre- 
liminaries signed at London, 1 Oct. 1801 — 
signed (4 Germinal, An X.) 25 Mar. 1802 — 
ratified by Napoleon Bonaparte, the first Con- 
sul, 17 Apr. 1802 — peace proclaimed in Eng- 
land, 29 Apr. 1802 — with department of the 
Somme, declared in state of siege, 21. Oct. 
1870 — Gen. Manteuffel defeats French before, 
25-27 Nov. 1870 — occupied by Germans, 28 
Nov. [Pont-Noyelles.] 

Amigoni, Jacopo, (Amiconi, Giacomo,) 
painter, — b. at Venice, 1675 — in England, 
1729 — returns to Venice, 1739 — goes to Spain, 
1747 — tf. at Madrid, 1752^ 1758^ 

a TJ. K. S. Biog.. Diet., Erscb and Gmber. 
b Huber and Host. 

Amigoni, Ottavio, painter, — b. at Brescia, 
1605 — tf. there, 1661. 

Amintinus Gallus,P. Volumnius, — [B C] — 
consul with Ser. Sulpicius Camerinus, (293, 
a. u. c.) 461. 

Amiot, (Amyot,) Joseph, Propagandist mis- 
sionary, — b. at Toulon, 17 18 — arrives at Ma- 
cao, 1750 — summoned by the Emperor to Pe- 
kin, 22 Aug. 1 75 1 — tf. there, 1792. Diction- 
naire Tatar -mantchou Francaise, 1789. 

Amis des Noirs, Societe des, — the first Anti- 
slavery society, instituted at Paris, by Brissot 
de Warville, Feb. 1788. 

Amisia, or Amisius, {the Ems,) in Germany, 
— [BC] — Nero Claudius Drusus defeats the 
Bructeri in a naval engagement on it, 12. 

Amisus, in Asia Minor, — [BC] — founded 



AMLING—AMOKIAN WAR. 



75 



by the Phocoeans, (or by the Milesians, or by a 
king of Cappadocia,) 563 a — settled by Atheno- 
cles and some Athenians, and called Peircseus, 
after 470 — becomes a commercial town under 
the kings of Pontus, after 300— enlarged and 
made. the occasional residence of Mithridates 
Eupator, about 100 — besieged by Lucullus, 
(winter of 681-2, a. it. c.) 73-2 b — taken by 
him, (683,) 71 b — taken by Pharnaces; but 
restored to freedom by Julius Csesar, after 
his victory over Pharnaces at Zeleia, sum- 
mer 47 b — Antony sets up a kingdom there, 
36 ? — Augustus deposes Straton, and restores 
its liberty, after 31 — [AD] — Sabbas, the By- 
zantine governor, makes himself independent 
of Constantinople, about 1200° — aided by the 
Turks of Samsun, against Alexius I. of Tre- 
bizond, who is defeated near Amisus by Ghei- 
aseddin of Iconium, 1204° — voluntarily ac- 
knowledges Theodore Lascaris, of Nic?ea, 1 206 c 
— Amisus becomes a dependency of Genoa, 
before 1300 — falls into the power of the 
Turks, about 1450. a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. 
c Finlay. 

Amling, Karl Gustav von, engraver,— : ft. at 
Niirnberg, 1651 — 7S. at Doppelmayr, end of 
1701.* a Ersch and Grubev, U. K. S. Biog. Diet. 

Amlwch, in Wales, — copper-mines discover- 
ed there, 2 Mar. 1768. 

Ammanati, (Ammanato,) Bartolomeo, archi- 
tect, sculptor, — ft. at Florence, 15 11 — builds 
the Ponte delta Trinita over the Arno, after 

1557— tf. 15 86 or J59 2 - 

Ammanati, (Ammanata,) Laura Battiferri, 
poet, — 7S. 1589. Opere Toscane, 1560. 

Ammann, Johann, physician, botanist, — 
ft. at SchafFhausen, 1707 — at London, 1730 — 
— F. R. S., 17 3 1 — Prof, of Botany and Natu- 
ral History at St Petersburg, 1733 — 7S. there, 
1 74 1. Stirpium rariorum Ruthenicorum Icones 
et Bescriptiones, 1739. 

Ammann, Johann Conrad, physician, — ft. 
at SchafFhausen, 1669 — M. D. at Basel, 1687 — 
practises at Amsterdam, 1690 — 7S. at Warmond, 
about i73o. a Surdus loquens, 1692, 1702, 
and 1728. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Ammann, Jost, (Joclocus, Justits,) painter, 
engraver, — ft. at Zurich, 1535 — establishes 
himself at Niirnberg, 157 3 a — 7}. there, 1591. 
a Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Ammann, Paul, physician, botanist, — ft. 
at Breslau, 30 Aug. 1634 — M. D. at Leipsic, 
Oct. 1662^ — Prof, of Botany there, 1674 — and 
of Physiology, 1682 — 7s. 4 Feb. 1691. 

AmmianusMarcellinus. [Marcellinus, Am- 
mianus.] 

Ammirato, Scipione, (II Vecchio,) publicist, 
§c. — ft. at Lecce, 27 Sep. 153 1 — goes to Flor- 
ence, 1569 — Canon there, 1595 — tf. there, 30 
Jan. i6oi, a 1603. b Istorie Florentine, 1600. 
a U. K. S. Biog. Diet., Nouv. Biog. Gen. 
b Zedler. 

Amnion, in libya, [B C] temple of Zeus 
(Jupiter) visited by Alexander the Great, 331. 

Ammon, Christoph Friedrich von, theolo- 
gian, — ft. at Baireuth, 16 Jan. 1766 — Prof, of 
Philosophy at Erlangen, 1789 — of Theology, 
1792 — goes to Gottingen, 1794 — returns to Er- 
1 u gen, 1804 — to Dresden, 1813 — ft. 21 May 



1 820. Fortbildung des Christenthums als Welt- 
religion, 1833-6. 

Ammonas, (Amoun, Amnion,) ascetic, — ft. 
in Egypt, 285 a — 7S. about 320. a Du Fresnoy. 

Ammonia, (Alkaline air,) — first obtained by 
Dr Priestley, about 1770. 

Ammonio, (Ammouius,) Andrea, poet, $c. — ■ 
ft. at Lucca, 1477 — secretary to Henry VIII. 
of England, 15 13 — 7s. at London, 15 17. 

Ammonites, — [B Cj — Ammon, the grandson 
of Lot, bom about 1896 a — the Ammonites 
assist Eglon, king of Moab, against the Israel- 
ites, i343 a — harass the Israelites again, 1206 a 
— are defeated by Jephthah, in Gilead, 1 187 a — 
Nahash besieging Jabesh-Gilead, is defeated 
by Saul, king of Israel, 1095 a — Hantin suc- 
ceeds his father Nahash, and insults the am- 
bassadors sent by David, 1038 a — at war with 
the Israelites, defeated by David and his gen- 
eral, Joab, 1037-5 a — Pabbah taken by David, 
the Ammonites subjugated, 1033 — assist the 
Moabites against the kingdom of Judah, and 
are defeated, 896-5 a — tributary to Uzziah and 
Jotham, about 800 to 740 — occupy the de- 
populated towns in the region beyond Jordan, 
after 741 — assist Nebuchadnezzar against Jeru- 
salem, 606 b — subjugated by Nebuchadnezzar, 
about 582 — oppose the rebuilding of Jerusa- 
lem, 454 s — subjugated by Judas Maccabeus, 
i64 a — [AD] — existing as a numerous and dis- 
tinct tribe, about 150 — merged in the general 
appellation Arabs, soon after 200.° [Babboth.] 
a Ussher. b Clinton. c Smith's Diet. 

Ammonius, of Alexandria, grammarian, — 
[BC] — succeeds Aristarchus, as head of his 
school, after 156. a a Clinton. 

Ammonius, of Alexandria, (Grammaticus, — 
removes to Constantinople about 389^ a Clinton. 

Ammonius, of Alexandria, son of Hermeas, 
commentator on Plato, %c. — fl. about 500 to 
53°- a a Clinton. 

Ammonius, of Lamprce, Peripatetic philoso- 
pher, — fi. at Delphi, about 66. a a Clinton. 

Ammonius Lithotomus, surgeon, — [BC] — 
fl. at Alexandria, about 283 to 247 ? a 
a Smith's Diet. 

Ammonius, the Monk, — accompanies Atha- 
nasius to Eome, 339-41 — retires into Palestine, 
373 — at the convent on Mount Sinai, 37 7. a 
a Smith's Diet. 

Ammonius Saccas, eclectic philosopher, — fl. 
at Alexandria, and founds the Latin Platonic 
School there, 190 to 244^ a Clinton. 

Amontons, Guillaume, natural philosopher, 
§c. — ft. at Paris, 31 Aug. 1663 — Member of 
the Academie des Sciences, 1699 — 7S. 11 Oct. 
1705. Remarques et experiences physiques, 1695. 

Amoretti, Carlo, mineralogist, — ft. at Oneg- 
lia, 13 May 1741 — enters the Augustine order, 
1757 — Prof, of Canon Law at Parma, 1772 — ■ 
Librarian in the Ambrosian Library, Milan, 
1797 — 7s. there, 24 Mar. 18 16. Viaggio da 
Milano, 1794. 

Amorian Dynasty of the Byzantine Empire. 
[Michael II. the Stammerer ; Michael III. 
the Sot ; Theophilus.] 

Amorian War, — the Emperor Theophilus 
sacks Zapetra, (Sosopetra,) 837 — is defeated by 
the Caliph Motassem atDasymon, summer 838 



AMORITES— AMPHIPOLIS. 



— Motassem lays siege to Amoriiun, end of Jul. 
838— takes and sacks it, 23 Sep. 838— the 
Caliph Vathek puts to death forty-two of the 
Amorian prisoners, 6 Mar. 845 — and exchanges 
others, Sep. 845. 

Amorites, — L B C]— assist Abraham against 
Chedorlaomer, 1912a — their kings, Sraosr of 
Eeshbon, and Og of Bashan, defeated, and 
their country occupied hy the Israelites, spring 
1451" — their kings from 'the hill country' 
defeated and killed hy Joshua at Makkedah, 
autumn i45i a — with their allies, defeated hy 
Joshua near Lake Merom, i45o a — at peace 
with the Israelites, about 1095 a — tributary to 
Solomon, about 1000 — spoken of as still in 
existence, about 150. a Ussher. 

Amorium, (Rergan Kaleh,) in Asia Minor, 
— besieged by Moslemah ; the siege raised by 
Leo the Isaurian, who is saluted Emperor, 
early in 717 — besieged and sacked by the 
Caliph Motassem, end of Jul. to 23 Sep. 838. 
[Amorian War.] 

Amos, prophet, — [BC] — fl. between 808 and 
783^ between 823 and 758. 13 

a Clinton. b Newcome. 

Amour, Guillaume de St, philosopher, the- 
ologian, — h. at St Amour, about 1200 — takes 
part in the controversies between the University 
of Paris and the Dominicans, 1228 and 1250 — 
joins in the authorship of the work Be Pericu- 
lis Xuvissimorum Temporum, 1256 — excom- 
municated, deprived, and banished from Paris 
by bull of Alexander IV., before 1260 — per- 
mitted to return by Clement IV., 1265 — ft. 13 
Sep. 1272. 

Amoy, in China, — taken by Tywan, and 
liberty of trading there given to Europeans for 
three years, 1675 — taken by the Tatars, and 
the trade opened again, 168 1 — liberty of trad- 
ing withdrawn, 1 7 34 — captured by the British, 
26 Aug. 1 841 — trade opened to the British by 
the treaty of Nankin, 29 Aug. 1842 — to foreign- 
ers, 3 Oct. 1843 — taken by Taepings, 29 May 
1853 — retaken by Imperialists, n Nov. 

1853- 

Ampelius, Lucius, — his Liber Memoriahs, 
written about 217-8* — first published by Sal- 
masius, 161 i. a a Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Ampere, Andre Marie, electrician, fe. — ft. 
at Lyons, 20 Jan. 1775 — Prof, of Physics and 
Chemistry at the Central School of Bourg, 
Dec. 1 80 1 — of Mathematics in the Lyceum of 
Lyons, 1803 — Eepeliteur (V Analyse in l'Ecole 
Polytechnique at Paris, Xov. 1805 — Inspector- 
gnu nil of the University, 1808 — Prof, of 
Analysis, 1 809 — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 
1809 — Member of Institute, 18 14 — Prof, of 
Experimental Philosophy in the College of 
Prance, 1 8 14 — carries on his experiments in 
electro-magnetism, Sep. to Dec. 1820 — tf. at 
illes, 10 Jim. 1836. Considerations sur 
In Thiorie Maihkmatique du Jen, 1802 — Ob- 
-DynamiqUes, 1822 — Thiorie 
des Phknometm Electro- Dynamiqites, 1824-6 — 
8ur la Philo8ophie des Sciences, 1834. 

Ampere, Jean Jacques, historian andlittera- 
os, 1800— Prof, at College of 
Prance, 1833— admitted to Academy of In- 
scriptions, 184a— Tisita Egypt and Nubia, 1S44 



— admitted to French Academy, 1847 — fc. 
Mar. 1864. De la Litterature Trangaise dans 
ses Rapports avec les Litteratures etrangeres au 
Jloyen Age, 1841. — Histoire Romaine a Rome, 
1856-61 — Litterature et Voyages, 1833 — 
L' Empire Romain d Rome, 1867. 

Amphictyones, (the Amphictyonic Council 
or League,) — [B C] — mythic institution of the 
League, between 1124 and no4, a or 1068 and 
i048, b 1007,° 1522 d — the First Sacred or 
Cirrhaean War, 595 to 586, e 590 to 58o f — 
Pythian Games instituted, 586 e — the Am- 
phictyons contract for the rebuilding of the 
Delphian temple with the Alcmseonids, 548, e — 
fine Ephialtes, the traitor at Thermopylae, 480 e 
— punish the Dolopians for piracy, 469 s — fine 
Sparta for the treacherous capture of the Cad- 
meia of Thebes, after 37 1 f — fine the Phocians 
for tilling the Sacred lands, 357/ 356 s — the 
Ten-years Sacred War, 357-6 to midsummer 
346 f — the Phocians expelled from the League, 
and Philip of Macedonia admitted instead, 346 
— Philip appointed President of the Pythian 
Festival, 346 f — the third Sacred or Amphissian 
War, Feb. to Aug. 338^ spring 339 to Aug. 
338 f — Nicopolis admitted, at the desire of 
Augustus, after 30 — [AD] — mentioned by 
Pausanias as still in existence, about 150. 
a Eratosthenes. b Callimachus. c Newton. 
d Chron. Par. e Clinton. f Grote. S Zumpt. 

Amphilochia, Amphilochi, in Greece, — [B C] 
— allies of the Acarnanians, about 425 — sub- 
jugated by the iEtolians, after 323. [Argos 
in Amphilochia.'] 

Amphilochius, St, Bp of Icoxium, — Bp, 
37 3-4, a 370 b — holds a council at Iconium, 37 8, c 
376 s — presides at the Synod of Side, 383 d — 
present at a Synod held at Constantinople, 29 
Sep. 394 — tf. 23 Nov. 394 ? 

a Smith's Diet. b Soame. 

c Art de Verifier les Dates. d Clinton. 

Amphipolis, {Ennea Hodoi, Ropolia, Keok- 
horio, or Jeni Keui,) — [B C]— Aristagoras of 
Miletus endeavours to plant a colony here, 
[Myrcinus,] and is cut off by the Edonians, 
497 a — Sophanes and Leagrus of Athens make 
a similar attempt, with the same result, (01. 78, 
4,) 465-4 a — Athenians under Agnon succeed 
in founding Amphipolis, 437 a — surrendered to 
Brasidas, Nov. or Dec. 424 b — Cleon attempts 
to recover it, and is defeated and slain, autumn 
422 b — ceded to Athens by treaty with Sparta, 
but refuses to surrender, after Mar., b 10 Apr. a 
421 — Amyntas II. of Macedonia recognizes the 
claims of Athens to it, 37 1 b — Symbicus and 
his army destroyed, about 370 — Protomachus 
fails in an attempt to recover it, about 368-5 b 
— Artaxerxes Mnem'on acknowledges the Athe- 
nian claim, 366 b ^-Alcimachus delivers himself 
up to the Thracians, 364 a — Amphipolis, assist- 
ed by Olynthus, repulses Timotheus, 364-3^ 
364,° 36o, acd — Callisthenes succeeds Timotheus 
in the command; Amphipolis gives itself up 
to Perdiccas III. of Macedonia, Callisthenes is 
repulsed, 362 b — declared free by Philip II., 
about midsummer 359 a — taken by Philip, after 
midsummer 358,* 356 d — declared free by Bome, 
i68. c [Eion.] a Clinton. b Grote. 

c Smith's Diet. d Zumpt. 



AMPHIS— AMYCLJ2US. 



77 



Amphis, comic poet, — [B C] — fl. about (01. 
Ill) 336-2. a a Clinton, Smith's Diet. 

Amphissa, (Salona,) in Greece ; Amphissian 
{Sacred) War, — [B C] — Cirrha rebuilt by the 
Locrians of Amphissa, before 340 — denounced 
by iEschines at the Amphictyonic meeting 1 , 
Feb. or Mar. 339 s1 — Cottyphus appointed com- 
mander, at an extraordinary Amphictyonic 
meeting, to punish Amphissa, summer 339 — 
Philip II. of Macedonia invited to undertake 
the command of the war, Sep. 339,* Feb. 338 b 
— Philip seizes Elateia, Oct. or Nov. 339,* 
(Scirophorion,) Jun. 338 b — Athens secures the 
alliance of Thebes ; Philip invites assistance 
from the Peloponnesians, late in 339^ sum- 
mer 338 b — Philip repulsed by the Athenians 
in two actions, late in 339 and winter 3 39-8, a 
summer 338 a — Demosthenes crowned at 
Athens, (Bionysia,) Mar. 338, a {Panathencea,) 
Jul. 338° — Amphissa taken and destroyed, 
summer 338 — Athenians and Thebans defeated 
at Chaeroneia, (tend of the war,) Aug. 338 — 
attacked by the JEtolians under Alexander, 
32 1 d — rebuilt before 279 — surrenders to L. 
Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus, 190 — [AD] — a 
flourishing city, about 150. a Grote. 

b Clinton. c Boeckh. d Thirlwall. 

Amphitheatre, — [ BC ] — the first built at 
Rome by C. Scribonius Curio, 53 — so desig- 
nated by C. Julius Caesar, 46 — first built of 
stone by Statilius Taurus, 30. [Colosseum.] 

Amphitrite, asteroid, discovered by Marth, 
1 Mar. 1864. 

Ampian Law, — [B C] — to allow Pompey to 
wear the symbols of triumph at the Circensian 
games, &c, by T. Ampius and T. Labienus, 
tribb.pleb., (691, a. u. c.) 63, a 64.1* 

a Fischer. b Smith's Diet. 

Ampurias, (Emporice,) in Spain, — [BC] — 
a colony from Massilia, about 545 — Roman 
colonists planted there by Julius Caesar, 45 — 
[AD] — its prosperity declines, after 700. 
COUNTS OF AMPURIAS ANB FERA- 
LABA, — Irmingarius conquers the Saracens 
in Majorca, 813 — Gaucelin (Gancelm) put to 
death by Lothaire of France, 834 — Suniaire 
I. replaced by Alamo, 843 — Suniaire II. 
die^, after 884 — Pencion (Bencion) holds the 
Countship, about 909 — Gauzbert succeeds, 
about 922 — his son Gaufred (Guifred) suc- 
ceeds, after 935 — Hugues I., his son, succeeds, 
after Mar. 991 — Pons I. succeeds his father, 
about 1040 — Hugues II., his son, succeeds, 
before Aug. 1079 — his son, Pons-Hugues L, 
succeeds to the Countship of Ampurias alone, 
before 11 28 — Hugues III. succeeds his father, 
1 160 — Pons-Hugues II. ,his son, succeeds, after 
24 Apr. 1230 — succeeded by his son, Hugues 
IV., end of 1267 — Pons-Hugues III , his son, 
succeeds, about 1277 — Malgaulin succeeds, 
before 13 14 — given by Jay me II. of Aragon, as 
an appanage, to his son Don Pedro, i32i. a 

a Art de Verifier les Dates, Encyc. Moderne. 

Amram, — [BC] — fc. before 1628, 1630* — birth 
of Moses, 157 1, b 1705°— tf. before i49i, b i497- a 
a Du Fresnoy. b Ussher. c Clinton. 

Amritsir, (Umritstr, Ramdaspur,) in Hin- 
dustan, — the Amritsir, or sacred tank, con- 
structed by the Gooroo-Ramdas, before 1581 — 



taken by Colonel M'Shery, 1848. 

Amrou (Amru) Ben el 'Ass, — fc. about 600 
— commands in Palestine, 637°— captures Cae- 
sarea, (17, a. h.) middle or end of Jul. 638 a — 
invades Egypt, 6 Jun. 639, a 638 b — besieges 
and takes Alexandria, Nov. 639 to (2 Mohar- 
ram 20,) 22 Dec. 640 a — captures Tripoli, 
643-4 — recovers Alexandria, and is recalled by 
Othman, 646 — revolts against Ali, and joins 
Moawiyah, 656 — appointed governor of Egypt 
by Moawiyah, 659— tf. (42,) 662-3,° ( 43 ,) 
663. d a Clinton. b Gibbon. 

c Nouv. Biog. Gen. d U. K. S. Biog. Diet. 

Amsdorf, Nicolaus von, theologian, — ft. at 
Zschepa, 3 Dec. 1483 — Prof, of Theology at 
Wittenberg, 15 n — minister and superintend- 
ent at Magdeburg, 1524 — Bp of Naumberg, 20 
Jan. 1542 — displaced, after 24 Apr. 1547 — su- 
perintendent and ecclesiastical counsellor at 
Erfurt, 1552 — tj. at Eisenach, 14 May 1565. 
Ein Kurzer Auszug aus der Chronica NancZeri, 

1534. 

Anistel, Cornelius Ploos van, engraver,— ft. 
at Amsterdam, 1732a — tf. after 1782. a Bryan. 

Amsterdam, (Amsteldam,Amstelredamme,) in 
the Netherlands, — in existence as a fishing vil- 
lage, between 11 00 and 1200 — exempted from 
certain tolls by Floris V. Count of Holland, 
1275 — walled, 1482 — sacked and made subject 
to the Counts of Holland, 1296 — receives new 
privileges from Count William IV., 1342 — un- 
successfully attacked by Charles of Egmond, 
Count of Guelders, 23 Dec. 15 12 — by the Ana- 
baptists, 1525 and 1535— joins the patriots; 
besieged for ten months, and capitulates to the 
Hollanders, 1578 — rises into commercial im- 
portance with the Union of the Seven Pro- 
vinces, [United Provinces,] 1579— the Earl of 
Leicester attempts to gain possession of, by 
treachery; plundered by William Prince of 
Orange, 1587 — its prosperity increased by the 
closing of the Scheldt, [Treaty of Westphalia,] 
after 1648 — unsuccessful attempt of the Stadt- 
holder William Frederick to seize, autumn 1650 
— surrenders to the Duke of Brunswick, 1787 — 
the Stadtholder, William V., having left for 
England, General Daendels is admitted, 18 Jan. 
1795 — insurrection against the French authori- 
ties, who are deposed, and the House of Orange 
declared sovereign, 15 Nov. 18 13 — the Cossacks 
enter, 23 Nov. 18 13. 

Amsterdam Island, in Indian Ocean, — dis- 
covered by Van Vlaming, 1696. 

Amulus, (Amolon, Amularius,) theologian, 
— Bp of Lyons, 16 Jan. 841— tf. 31 Mar. 852.* 
a Bouquet. 

Amur, the, in Chinese Tartary, — first known 
to the Russians, 1639— descent of, byKhabaroff, 
1 65 1 — their settlements on it abandoned by 
treaty with China, 1689 — ceded wholly to 
China by treaty, 1727— navigation of it re- 
sumed by Russia, 1847 — Russian exploring ex- 
pedition sent, 1 850 — two trading ports founded, 
185 1 — treaties respecting navigation andbound- 
ary, between Russians and Chinese, concluded, 
May and Jun. 1858 and 14 Nov. i860. 

Amurath. [Murad.] 

Amyclaeus, sculptor, — [B C]— fl. at Corinth, 
about 480. 



7^ 



AMYNANDER— ANASTASIUS. 



Amynander, Keng of the Athamanians, 

— [BC]— mediates between Philip V. of Mace- 
donia and the JEtolians, 208 — in alliance with 
Rome, 200-199— ravages Thessaly, 198 — re- 
volts from Rome to Antiochus the Great of 
Syria, 192 — driven from his kingdom by Philip, 
1 91— recovers it, 190 — concludes peace with 
Rome, early in 189. 

AmyntasIL, King of Macedonia, — [B C]— 
endeavours to dispossess Perdiccas II. of Mace- 
donia, 42 9 a — assassinates Pausanias, and suc- 
ceeds him, (Amyntas III. ?) (01. 96, 3,) begin- 
ning of 393 b — expelled by the Illyrians, 393° 
— recovers his kingdom, (01. 96, 4,) 392 b — ex- 
pelled again, and again restored, (01. 99, 2,) 
383b— sends envoys to Sparta against Olynthus, 
[Olynthian War,] 383 a — in alliance with 
Athens, 373° — dependent upon Jason of Thes- 
saly, 37 1 c — his envoy at Athens, Sep. or Oct. 
37 i e — tr. (01. 102, 3,) beginning of 369^ 370 
or 369.° 

a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. c Grote. 

Amyot, Jacques, litterateur, — ft. at Melun, 
30 Oct. 15 1 3 — removes to Bourges, 1537 — made 
Abbe of Bellozane by Francis I., 1546 — am- 
bassador to the Council of Trent from Henry 
II., 30 Aug. to 2 Sep. 155 1 — tutor to sons of 
Henry II., 1558 — Grand Almoner of France, 
1560 — Bp of Auxerre, 1570 — Master of the Or- 
der of the Holy Ghost, 1578 — tf. at Auxerre, 6 
Feb. 1593. BZistoires de Diodore Sicilien, trad., 
1554 — Vies des homines ittustres de Rlutarque, 
trad., 1565. 

Amyraut, (Amyraldus,) Moise, theologian, — 
fc. at Bourgueil, Sep. 1596 — deputy to the Synod 
at Charenton, 163 1 — ft. Jul. 1664. Traite des 
Religions, 163 1 — Be V elevation de la Foi, §c, 
1641 — Morale Chretienne, 1652. 

Amyrtaeus, (the Saite,) King of Egypt, — 
[B C] — with Inarus, revolts against the Per- 
sians, 460 a — holds the marshes of the Delta 
against them, 455 a — aided by the Athenian fleet, 
449 a — recovers the whole of Egypt, 414a — rj. 
408. a a Clinton. 

Anabaptists,— first appear, 152 1 — become 
numerous and conspicuous in Germany, Switz- 
erland, the Netherlands, &c, by 1524 — the re- 
volt of the peasantry [Peasants' War] sup- 
pressed by their defeat at Frankenhausen, 15 
May 1525 — laws enacted against them in Sax- 
ony, 1525 — menaced with capital punishment 
in Zurich, 1525— Charles V. publishes Imperial 
decrees against, 1527 and 1529 — insurrection 
at Munster suppressed, 24 Jun. 1535 — gradu- 
ally merged in other sects, after 1600. 

Anacaona, queen of Xiragua, in St Domingo, 
Bcizod and put to death by Orando, about 1506. 

Anacharsis, the Scythian, — [BC] — visits 
Athens, (01. 47, 1,) 592. a a Clinton. 

Anacletus. [Peter de Leon.] 

Anacreon, lyric poet, — [3C] — fj. in Tcos, 
about 563 a — begins to be distinguished, (01. 
55,) about 559 b — removes to Abdera, about 540 a 
— at the court of Polycrates of Samos, 531 b — 
goes to Athens about 525, 13 about 522 s — re- 
turns toTeos, about 514 — ft. about 478.* 
a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. 

Anactorium, in Acarnania, — [BC] — colo- 



nized by Corinth and Corcyra, before 625 
— treacherously seized by Corinth, 432 a — be- 
sieged and taken by Athenians and Acarnanians, 
summer 425 b — its inhabitants transferred by 
Augustus to Mcopolis, after 31. 

a Smith's Diet. b Grote. 

Anaesthesia. [Chloroform, Ether, &c] 
Anagnia, (Anagni,) in Italy, — [BC] — joins 
the Samnites against Borne, and is besieged by 
Q,. Marcius Tremulus ; capitulates and receives 
the civitas sine suffragio, (448, a. u. c.) 306. 
[Hernici.] — [AD] — Council of, Alexander III. 
excommunicates the Emperor Frederick Bar- 
barossa, 24 Mar. 1160. 
Anagnostes, Johannes, historian, — fl. about 

1433. 

Anam, (Annam, Cochin China, Zing, Tchen- 
tching,) in Asia, — [B C] — conquered and co- 
lonized by China, 240 or 234 — [AD] — recovers 
its independence in part, 263 — its complete 
subjugation attempted by China, 1280 — in- 
vaded and conquered by China, internal trou- 
bles in Tonkin assisting, 1406— abandoned by 
China, Tonkin being retained, 1428 — con- 
quered by Tonkin, 147 1 — revolution in Ton- 
kin, 1540-3 — throws off the yoke of Tonkin, 
1553 — its rulers assume the regal style, 1570 a 
— the nominal king gains the supremacy, 1 748 
— Gia Long, the legitimate and titular king, 
recovers the throne, i8oi. a 

a Dubois de Jancigny, 

Anan, (Ananus,) Ben David, Rabbi, — re- 
stores and defends the Karaite doctrines, about 
750-60. 

Ananius, iambic poet, — [B C] — fl. about 

54°- 

Anapa, (Anapolis,) in Cir cassia, — fort 
erected by the Turks, 1784 — attempt of the 
Bussians to capture it, defeated, 1790 — besieged 
and taken by General Gondovitch, 179 1 — re- 
stored at the peace of Yassi, 1792 — taken by 
the Bussians again, and restored at the armis- 
tice of Sloboja, 1807 — taken again, 1809 — re- 
stored at the peace of Bucharest, 1812 — be- 
sieged and taken by Prince Menzikoff and 
Admiral Greig, 23 Jun. 1828 — ceded to Bussia 
by the treaty of Adrianople, 1829 — evacuated 
by the Bussians, 6 Jun. 1855. 

Anastasius I., Flavius, (Bicorus, Silen- 
tiarius,) Byzantine Emperor, — ft. at Epidam* 
nus or Dyrrachium, about 430 — excommuni- 
cated by Euphemius, Bp of Constantinople, 
490 a — proclaimed successor to Zeno, and 
crowned, 11 Apr. 491 — Isaurian War, 492 to 
498 b — Anastasius Cbs.withFl. Bufus, (Rujinus,) 
492 — confirms the Henoticon, and banishes 
Euphemius, 496 — Cos. II. alone, 497 — sedition 
at Constantinople during the games, appeased, 
501 — Persian War, 502 to 505 — another 
sedition in the circus at Constantinople ap- 
peased ; the Anastasian Wall, from the Euxine 
to the Propontis, built ; Anastasius Cos. III. 
with Venantius, 507 — revolt of Vitalianus, 
514-5 — tf. 9 Jul. 518.° 

a U. K. S. Biog. Diet. b Gibbon. c Clinton. 

Anastasius II., (Artemius,) Byzantine 
Emperor, — proclaimed on the deposition of 
Philippieus, 4 Jun. 713 — mutiny of the fleet 



ANASTASIUS— ANCILLON. 



79 



at Rhodes; Theodosius proclaimed by the 
army; Anastasius besieged in Nicsea, 715 — 
abdicates and retires to a convent, Jan. 7 16 — 
conspires with the aid of the Bulgarians against 
Leo III., and is put to death, 721.* 
a Smith's Diet. 

Anastasius the Librarian, — fl. at Kome, 
about 869. 

Anastasius, St, (Astric,) Apostle of Hun- 
gary, — ft. 954 — accompanies St Adalbert, 996 
-*- obtains the sanction of Pope Silvester II, to 
the ecclesiastical organization of Hungary, and 
the title oiKing for Duke Stephen, 1000 — tf. 
10 Sep. 1044. 

Anastatic Printing", invented by Baldermus, 
about 1 841. 

Anatolius of Berytus, jurist, — invited to 
Constantinople, about 53o a — perishes there, 
in the earthquake, Dec. 557. 

a U. K. S. Biog. Diet. 

Anatolius {Vindanius,Azutrion) of Berytus, 
jurist, — Vicarius of Asia, Nov. 339* — Praeto- 
rian praefect, May 346, and 1 Apr. 349 s — 
prof, of Illyricum, 359 a — tf. 360.* 
a Clinton. 

Anatolius, Consul with. FL Placidius Valen- 
tinianus, Aug. (1193, a. u. c.) 440. 

Anatolius, Bp of Laodicea, — b. at Alex- 
andria, about 230 a — besieged in the Bruckeium 
of Alexandria, 262 b — Bp, 27o, b after 273° — tf. 
about 282. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

b Smith's Diet. c Clinton. 

Anatomy Act, — 2 and 3 Wm, IV. c. 75, 
passed, 1 Aug. 1832. [Dissection.] 

Anaxagoras, philosopher, — [B C] — b. at 
Clazoniense, (01. 70, 1,) 500 a — begins to teach 
at Athens, 48o, a (01. 81, 1,) 456 b — withdraws 
from Athens, 45 o a — cited for impiety and 
Medism, (' after his second visit to Athens,' a ) 
withdraws to Lampsacus, 432, a (01. 87, 2,) 
431 b — tf. there, (01. 88, 1,) 428. 

a Clinton. b Muller. 

Anaxandrides, comic poet, — [BC] — begins 
to exhibit, 376 s — exhibits at the Olympia at 
Dium, 347- b 

a Smith's Diet., U. K. S. Biog. Diet. b Clinton. 

Anaxarchus, {Anaxarehos, Eudcemonicus,) 
Eleatic philosopher, — [BC] — accompanies 
Alexander the Great in Asia, 340-39 — killed 
by Nicocreon of Cyprus ? after 323. 

Anaxibius, {Anaxibios,) Spartan admiral, — 
[B C] — on service at Byzantium, intrigues with 
Pharnabazus against the Cyreian Creeks, and 
is superseded by Polus, 400 — supersedes Dercyl- 
lidas at the Hellespont, 389 s1 — defeated and 
killed near Abydus by Iphicrates, 388, b 389^ 
a Grote. b Smith's Diet. 

Anaxicrates, — [BC] — archon at Athens, 
(01. 118, 2) 307 and (01. 125, 2) 279. 

Anaxilas, {Anaxilaos,) comic poet, — [B C] — 
fi. at Athens, about 343.* a Clinton. 

Anaxilas, {Anaxilaos,) Tyrant op Ehe- 
gium, — [B C] — in power, soon after 500 a — dis- 
possesses Scythes and the Samians of Zancle, 
which he names Messene, 494-3 ab — procures 
the assistance of the Carthaginians for Terillus 
of Himera against Theron, 480 cd — tf. 476^ d 
a Grote. b Muller. c Smith's Diet. d Clinton. 



Anaxilaos, Pythagorean philosopher, phy- 
sician, — [BC] — accused of practising magic, 
and banished from Eome by Augustus, 28. 

Anaximander, historian, — [B C] — fl. at 
Miletus, about 410. 

Anaximander of Miletus, Ionic philosopher, 
— [BC]— b. 610— tf. soon after (01. 58, 2) 
547. a a Clinton. 

Anaximenes of Lampsacus, rhetorician, 
historian, — [B C] — fl. about 365. 

Anaximenes of Miletus, Ionic philosopher, 
— [B CJ— £(. 548 to 484^ a Clinton. 

Anaxippus, (Anaxippos,) comic poet, — [BC] 
— ft. at Athens, about 303. 

Anazarba, {Anazarbus, Ccesarea ad Anazar- 
bum, Anawasy, Ain Zarba,) in Asia Miner, 
Era of, — [BCJ — commences, (735, a. u. c.) 19 
Council of, [AD] 435, a 433. b 

a Pagi. b Baluze. 

Ancarano. [Teramo.] 

Ancarano, (Ancharano,) Pietro de, jurist, — 
b. at Ancarano, about i35o a — teacher of civil 
law at Padua, 1385 — goes to Ferrara, i393 b — 
goes from Venice to Bologna, i396 b — at Coun- 
cil of Pisa, 1409 — tf, at Bologna, 141 7. 

a U. K. S. Biog. Diet. b Ersch and Gruher. 

Ancenis, in France, — the castle there built 
by Aremberg, wife of Guerech, Count of 
Nantes, 982 — besieged by Geoffroy Grisego- 
nelle of Anjou, 987 — taken by Henry II. of 
England, and possessed by the Dukes of Bre- 
tagne, about 1 180 — taken by Louis IX., 1230 — 
by Louis XL, 1468 and 1472 — taken and 
destroyed by La Tremouille, 1488 — restored 
under the League, about 1580 — dismantled 
again, 1599 — Westermann defeats the Yen- 
deans near, 18 Dec. 1793. Treaty of, restores 
peace between Louis XL and Francis II. Duke 
of Bretagne, 10 Sep. 1468. 

Ancheres, Daniel d', {Jean de Schelandre,) 
poet, — b. at Soumazennes, 1586 — in England, 
1609 to 1625 — tf. about 1650^ Les Funestes 
Amours de Belcar et de Mtliune, 1608 — La 
Stuartidc, 161 1 — Tyr et Sidon, 1628. 
a Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Anchieta, Jose de, Apostle of Brazil, lin- 
guist, — b. at Laguna, 1533 — enters the Society 
of Jesus, 1550 — goes to Brazil, 1553 — Provin- 
cial, 1578 — tf. at Peritibia, {Rerigtiba,) 9 
Jun. 1597. Arte de Grammatica da Lingoa 
{Tupi), 1595. 

Anchoritism. [Monasticism.] 

Ancillon, Charles, litterateur, — b. at Metz, 
28 Jul. 1659 — accompanies his father, David 
Ancillon, to Berlin, 1685 — ambassador to 
Switzerland, 1695-9 — tf. at Berlin, 5 Jul. 
17 15. L 'irrevocability de V Edit de Nantes, 
1688 — Melanges Critiques de Litterature, 1698. 

Ancillon, David, theologian, publicist, — b. 
at Metz, 17 Mar. 16 17 — at Geneva, 1633 — 
minister at Meaux, 1641 — at Metz, 1653 — - 
retires to Hanau, 1685 — tf. at Berlin, 3 Sep. 
1692. Apologie de Luther, §c., 1666. 

Ancillon, Johann Peter Friedrich, his- 
torian, theologian, $c. — b. at Berlin, 30 Apr. 
1766 — Prof, of History in the Military Aca- 
demy, Berlin, 1782 — minister of the French 
Church there, 1790 — travels in France and 



AXCILLOX— AXDEIRO, 



Switzerland, 1793— begins his political life, 
Aug. 1 8 10 — accompanies the Crown-prince of 
Prussia to Paris, 18 14 — Minister of Instruc- 
tion at Berlin, 1819 — head of a department 
in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1825 — 
Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1831 — tf. at Ber- 
lin, 19 Apr. 1837.* Tableau des Revolutions 
du Systeme Politique de V Europe, 1806. 
a Xouv. Biog. Gen., Conv.-Lex. 

Ancillon, Joseph, lawyer, — fi. at Metz, 
1626 — accompanies his family to Prussia, 
16S5 — tf. at Berlin, Xov. 17 19. 

Ancona, (An con,) in Italy, — [B C] — found- 
ed or enlarged by exiles from Syracuse, about 
385 a — comes under the power of Borne, 268 ? 
— used as a naval station against the Illpians 
and Istrians, i78 b — receives colonists from 
Borne, before 120 — occupied by Julius Cresar, 
(Jan. 705, a. tj. c.) Xov. or Dec. 50° — made a 
colony ? about 44 — [A D] — its harbour formed 
by Trajan, after 100 — unsuccessfully besieged 
by Totilas, King of the Ostrogoths, 551 — 
taken by Ariulf, Duke of Spoleto, 592 d — the 
Pentapolis taken by Liutprand, King of the 
Lombards, and recovered by the Exarch Euty- 
chius, 728-9 — Liutprand conquers the Exar- 
chate, r Ravenna,] 752 — Ancona ceded to the 
Pope by Didier, King of the Lombards, 756 
■ — sacked, by the Saracens, 839 d — the March 
of Guarnerius, or Ancona, granted to the Mar- 
quises of Tuscany, before 1000 — bequeathed 
by the Countess Matilda to Borne, n 15 — An- 
cona vainly besieged by Frederick Barbarossa, 
joins the League of Lombardy, spring 1167 — 
besieged by Abp Christian with a German 
army, and the Venetian fleet, Apr. n 74 — 
siege raised by Aldruda Countess of Bertinoro, 
end of autumn 1174 — the March of Ancona 
recovered by Innocent III., after 11 98 — be- 
stowed upon Azzo d' Este, 1209 — Bernardino 
Barba makes himself master of Ancona, and 
delivers it up to Clement VII., 1532— the port 
declared free, 1732 — taken by General Victor, 
9 Feb. 1797 — the French garrison procure the 
proclamation of ' the Anconite Republic,' late 
in 1798— besieged by Russians, Turks, and 
Austrians, it surrenders to General Frolich, 1 
to 13 Xov. 1799 — surrendered to the French 
by the Armistice of Treviso, 16 and 20 Jan. 
1 80 1— given up to the Pope, 1802— seized by 
the French, Oct. 1805 — annexed by Xapoleon 
to the kingdom of Italy, Apr. 1807, Feb. 
1808 — capitulates to the allies, 16 Feb. 1814 — 
restored to the Pope by the Treaty of Vienna, 
1 8 15— occupied by the French, 22-3 Feb. 
1832 — evacuated, autumn 1838 — bombarded 
by Austrians, 28 May 1849 — ty Sardinians 
under Persano, and taken, 29 Sep. i860. 

a Grote. b Smith's Diet. c Fischer. 

d Bees' Cyc. 

Ancre, Pierre de 1'. [Lancre.] 

Ancre, Concino Concini, Marshal and Mar- 
0MM (f, — accompanies Maria de' Medici into 
France, 1600 — rises to power in regency of 
Maria, 16 10- 14 — governor of Normandy, 161 1 
—nobles rebel against, 16 12— marshal, Feb. 
16 1 3— unpopular, 1614-15— peace of StMenc- 
hould, 1 6 14— his hotel plundered by mob, 1 



Sep. 16 1 6 — assassinated by Vitry, 24 Apr. 
1 6 17 — his wife Leonora (Galagai) imprisoned 
in the Bastille, 29 Apr. 1617 — her trial begins, 
3 May — executed, 8 Jul. 1617. 

Ancruin Muir, in Scotland, (Penielheugh)-^- 
the Earl of Arran defeats Sir R. Eyre and Sir 
Brian Latoun at, 17 Feb. 1545. 

Ancus Martins, (mythic,) Ken t g of Rome, 
— [B C]— reigned, (114 to 137, a. tj. c.) 640 
to 617.* a Fischer. 

Ancyra, (Angora, Enguri, Sebaste Tectosa- 
gum, §c.) in Asia Minor, — [B C] — becomes the 
capital of the tribe of Tectosages, about (01. 
125, 3) 278-7 — Antiochus Hierax defeats Se- 
leucus Callinicus, near, about 243-2 — Cn. 
Manlius defeats the Tectosages near, (565, a. 
tt. c.) autumn 189 — the capital of the Province 
of Galatia, 25 — [AD] — occupied by Aurelian, 
272 — visited by the Emperor Julian, spring 
362 — taken by the Persians, 620, a 621 b — -by 
the Saracens, 7 17 or 78 1 ? — taken and destroyed 
by Harun al Rashid, 804 — taken by Suleiman, 
the Seljuk Emir, 1085 — recovered by Ray- 
mond of Toulouse, summer 1101— retaken by 
the Seljuks, n 39 — taken by Murad I. and. 
made the capital of the Ottoman Empire, (762, 
a. h.) 1 360- 1 — besieged by Timur, who de- 
feats and captures Bayezid on the plains of 
Tschibukabad, near it, "(29 Dhu'l Kadah 804,) 
30 Jun. c 28 Jul. d 20 Jul. e 1402, 16 Jun. i4oi f 
— recovered by Mohammed I., 1415. Coun- 
cils of, — (1) to impose penances on the lapsed, 
&c, about 314. (2) by the Semi-arians, 358, 
or 359. Monument of, — (Monumentum, or 
Marmor, Ancyranum,) — erected, after the 
death of Augustus, 14— discovered by Busbec- 
quius, 1553 — by Wrantz, bishop of Agria, 1554. 
a Clinton. b Ersch and Gruher. 
c Art de Verifier les Dates. d Gihbon. 

e Finlay. f Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Andalusia. [Cordova, Granada, Jaen, Mur- 
cia, Seville, &c] 

Andaman Islands, in Bay of Bengal, — a 
settlement attempted by the British, 1791 — 
abandoned, 1796 — visited subsequently, 1814, 
Apr. 1824, and Nov. 1825 — penal settlement 
formed, 1858. 

Andechs, (Mont Saint,) in Germany, Counts 
pf, — Berchthold the first Count, about 1010 
—Arnold, his brother, succeeds, before 1073* 
— Arnold II. succeeds his father, about iobio 
— his son, Berchthold II., succeeds, about 
1 1 20 — Poppo, his son, succeeds, 1160 — 
Berchthold III., his brother, Marquis of 
Istria and Duke of Dalmatia, is followed by 
his son, Berchthold IV., n 88 — Otto (the 
Great) succeeds his father, 1204 — created Duke 
of Dalmatia and of Merania [Tyrol] by Philip 
of Suabia, 1208 — succeeded by his son Otto 
II., 1234 — acquires Halle, in the Tyrol, 1247 
— the line expires with him, Jun. i248. b 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Encyc. Mod. 

Andeiro, Joam Fernando, Regent of Por- 
tugal, — exiled to England, as secret ambassa- 
dor to the Duke of Lancaster, from Ferdinand 
I. of Portugal, 1375^ 1380 — shares the regency 
with Queen Eleanor, at Ferdinand's death, Oct. 
1383 — assassinated by the nobles, 6 Dec. 1383. 



ANDELOT— AND ORE A. 



Si 



Andelot, in France, — treaty between Gon- 
tran of Orleans and Childebert II. of Austrasia, 
signed at, 28 Nov. 587. a a Sismondi. 

Anderida, (Andredes-ceaster,) Roman city, 
in Sussex, Pevensey, last fortress of Littus 
Saxonicum, besieged and taken by Ella and 
Cissa, 491 — landing of William the Conqueror 
at, 1066. 

Anderloni, Pietro, engraver,— fc. at Santa 
Eufemia, 12 Oct. 1784 — succeeds his master 
Longhi, as superintendent of the school of en- 
gravers at Milan, 183 1 — ft. 13 Oct. 1849. 

Andernach, (Antunnacum,) in Prussia, — 
Louis the Younger (of Saxony) defeats Charles 
the Bald near, (battle of Meyenfels,) 8 Oct. 
876 s — besieged by Hermann, Duke of Suabia, 
and others ; Dukes Eberhard and Gislebert, 
attempting to relieve it, are defeated and killed, 
939 — burnt by Philip of Suabia, 1198 — Her- 
mann of Hesse, Elector of Cologne, composes 
the contests between the burghers and the Abps 
of Cologne, by reducing it from the rank of an 
Imperial city, 1496 — taken by Baudissin, sum- 
mer 1632 — retaken, 1633 — burnt by the Dau- 
phin of Erance, Nov. 1688 — surrendered to 
Hesse Cassel, 17 Oct. i702. b 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Encyc. Mod. 

Andersen, Lars, [Laurentius Andrece,) Re- 
former, — h. 1480 a — embraces the Reformation, 
after 1520 — chancellor to Gustavus Vasa, 1523 
— translates New Testament into Swedish, 
1526 — condemned to death for misprision of 
treason, but reprieved, 1540 — ft. at Strenguas, 
1552. a Gezelius. 

Anderson, Adam, statistical writer, — ft. 
1692? — clerk in the South Sea House, 1725 
■ — ft. at London, 10 Jan. 1765. Historical 
and Chronological Deduction of Trade and Com- 
merce, 1762. 

Anderson, Alexander, mathematician, — ft. 
at Aberdeen, 1582? — ft. at Paris, after 16 19. 
SupplementuniApollonii redivivi, 16 12 — Exer- 
citationum Mathematicarum Decas Prima, 1619. 

Anderson, Sir Edmund, lawyer, — Jj. at 
Broughton, or Flixborough, about 1540^ about 
153 1, b — Serjeant at law, 1577 — Queen's Ser- 
jeant at law, 1579 — Justice of Assize, autumn 
1581 13 — Chief Justice of court of Common 
Pleas, May 158 2 b — commissioner for the trial 
of Mary Queen of Scotland, 1586 — and of 
Secretary Davidson, 1587 — ft. 1 Aug. 1605. 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b TJ. K. S. Biog. Diet. 

Anderson, James, archaeologist, — b. 5 Aug. 
1662— M. A. Edinburgh, 27 May 1680— W. S., 
6 Jun. 1 69 1 — Postmaster-general for Scotland, 
17 15-6 — ft. at London, 3 Apr. 1728. Collec- 
tions relating to the History of Mary Queen of 
Scotland, 1724-8 — Select us Diplomatum et Nu- 
mismatum Scot ice Thesaurus, edited by Ruddi- 
man, 1739. 

Anderson, James, economist and agricultural 
writer, — ft. at Hermiston, 1739 — settles at 
Monkshill, 1763 — L. L. D. Aberdeen, 1780 — ■ 
removes to Edinburgh, 1783 — to Isleworth, 
1797 — ft. 15 Oct. 1808. Essays of Agricola, 
1777 — The Bee, 1790 to 1794 — Recreations in 
Agriculture, Natural History, §c, Apr. 1799 
to Mar. 1802. 



Anderson, Johann, jurisconsult, §c. — ft. at 
Hamburg, 14 Mar. 1674 — studies at Halle, 
1695 — Doctor utriusque juris, Leyden, 1697 — • 
Syndic of Hamburg, 19 Nov. 1708 — ambassa- 
dor to Denmark, Aug. 17 11 — at Congress of 
Utrecht, 17 13 — negotiates a treaty of commerce 
between Hamburg and France, 17 15 — Burgo- 
master, 5 Feb. 1723 — senior Burgomaster, 
1732 — ft. 3 May 1743. Nachrichten von Gron- 
land, $c, 1746. 

Anderson, John, natural philosopher, §c. — 
b. at Roseneath, 1726 — Prof, of Oriental Lan- 
guages at Glasgow, 1756 — of Natural Philoso- 
phy, 1760 — ft. 13 Jan. 1796. Institutes of 
Physics, 1786. 

Anderson, Robert, litterateur, — b. at Carn- 
wath, 7 Jan. 1750 — gives up the practice of 
medicine and goes to Edinburgh, 1784 — ft. 
there, 20 Feb. 1830, Edition of the British 
Poets, 1790 to 1807 — Life of Tobias Smollett, 
M. D. 1803. 

Anderson, Robert, poet, $c„ — ft. at Carlisle, 
1 Feb. 1770 — ft. 27 Sep. 1833. Lucy Gray, 
sung at Yauxhall, 1794 — Betty Brown, 1801 — 
Ballads in the Cumberland Dialect, 1805 — Essay 
on the Character and Manners of the Peasantry 
of Cumberland, 1820. 

Andersonian Institution, Glasgow, — • 
founded by Professor John Anderson, 1795. 

Anderton, James, {John Brereley,) polemical 
writer, — fl. after 1600. Protestant's Apology 
for the Roman Catholic Church, 1609 — Explana- 
tion of the Liturgy of the Mass, 1620 — Religion 
of St Augustine, 1620. 

Andlau, {Audio, Andelo,) Hermann Peter 
von, historian and canonist, — Senior of the 
Faculty of Jurisconsults, 1475.* De Ccesarea 
Monarchia, about 1460. 

a Ersch and Gruber. 

Andocides, (Andokides,) orator, — [B C] — ft. 
at Athens, 467 a — with Glaucon commands the 
ships sent to aid the Corcyrseans, spring 432, a 
436 b — imprisoned on the mutilation of the 
Hermae, plays the informer, and is banished, late 
summer 415 — carries supplies to Samos; returns 
to Athens ; imprisoned ; escapes to Evagoras at 
Cyprus, and is imprisoned, spring 41 1 — escapes, 
and returns again to Athens ; De Reditu ; re- 
fused permission to remain, retires to Elis, 
41 1 b — visits Syracuse, about 406 — returns to 
Athens, early in 403,* 404° — takes a share in 
the conduct of affairs, 402 s — accused by Callias 
of profaning the mysteries of Eleusis, defends 
himself by his oration De Mystcriis, 400° — 
ambassador to Sparta respecting peace, after 
the destruction of the long walls at Corinth, 
summer 3Qi, c 394 b — delivers his oration De 
Pace, and is banished again, autumn or winter 
39i,ac 393 b — £. m exile, about 39i. d Contra 
Alcibiadem ? 415 ? b 
a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. c Grote. d Smith. 

Andorra, Republic of, — Charlemagne, 
assisted by it against the Moors, grants it 
autonomy under his suzerainty, about 790 — 
Louis le Debonnaire grants the suzerainty in 
part to Sisebertus, Bp of Urgel, 819 — suze- 
rainty shared with Roger Bernard III. Count 
of Foix, by decree, 8 Sep. 1278 — resumed by 

6 



8: 



ANDRA— ANDREW. 



Henri IV. before 1610 — municipal privileges 
relinquished as feudal, 1792-3 — restored and 
established by Xapoleon I., 27 Mar. 1806 — 
continued by "Louis XVIII., 1820. 

Andra, (Baxinapatha,) a kingdom of Hin- 
dustan, — at its greatest extent, about 200 ? a — 
Kakati, one of the Ganapali Rajahs, the first 
authentic sovereign, before noo b — Gheias u 
din Toghlak, of Delhi, captures Warangol, 
(Varangul,) and conquers Telingana, (723, 

a. h.) 1 323 b — tributary to Orissa, before 1500 15 
— ultimately merged in kingdom of Golconda, 
about 1520. 13 a Spruner. b Elphinstone. 

Andrada, (Andrade,) Alfonso de, theologian, 
— b. at Toledo, 1590 — tf. at Madrid, 1658. El 
Buen Soldado Catolico, \d\i — El Estudiante 
perfecto, 1 643 — Vida del Cardenal Balthasar di 
Moscoso y Sandoval, 1658. 

Andrada, Antonio de, Propagandist mis- 
sionary, — ft. at Villa de Oleiros, about 1580 — 
enters Society of Jesus, 1596 — arrives at Goa, 
1601 — tf. there, 20 Aug. 1633. Novo discobri- 
mento do Grdo Catayo, 1626. 

Andrada, Diego Peyva (Bidacus, or Jacques 
Payva, Andradius,) de, theologian, — fj. at 
Coimbra, 1528 — sent to the Council of Trent 
by Sebastian of Portugal, 1562-3 — tf. 1 Dec. 
1575. Befensio Tridentince Fidei, 1578. 

Andrada, Fernao Perez de, maritime ad- 
venturer, — accompanies Almeida to the East 
Indies, 1505 — stationed at Malacca, after Aug. 
15 1 1 — returns to Portugal, 15 15 — arrives at 
Canton directly from Europe, 15 17. 

Andrada, Francisco, poet, historian, — com- 
poses his chronicle of Don Juan III. of Portu- 
gal, at the command of Philip III., about 1 610. 
primeiro Cerco de Bin, 1589. 

Andrada, Jacinto Freire &e,poet, biographer, 
$c— b. at Beja, 1597— B. Can. L., 18 May 1618 
— goes to Lisbon, 1640— tf. there, 13 May 1657. 
Vida de Bon Joao de Castro, 1 65 1 . 

Andrada, Miguel Leitam de, historian, — 
fc. at Villa do Pedrogao, 1555 — wounded and 
made prisoner at the battle of Alcazarquivir, 4 
Aug. 1578 — tf. at Lisbon, after 1629. Miscel- 
lanea, 1629. 

Andrada Caminha. [Caminha.] 

Andrada e Silva, Jose Bonifacio de, na- 
turalist, politician, fc. — b. at Villa de Santos, 
Brazil, 13 Jun. 1765 — goes to Europe, 1783 — 
travels there, Jun. 1790 to 1801 — Secretary of 
the Academy of Sciences at Lisbon, 18 12 — -re- 
turns to Brazil, 18 19 — Vice-president of the 
Provincial Junta, 24 Dec. 1821 — Minister 
of the Interior and of Foreign Affairs, 16 
Jan. 1822 to 17 Jul. 1823 —banished to 
France, 13 Nov. 1823 — returns to Brazil, 1829 
— appointed Regent and Guardian to Don 
Pedro s children after his abdication, 6 Apr. 
1 83 1— retires, end of 1834— ft . 6 Apr. 1838. 

Andragathius, — assassinates the Emperor 
Gratian near Lyons, 25 Aug. 383 — drowned, 
Aug. 3 8 8. a a Clinton. 

Andre, Christian Karl, schoolmaster, §c. — 

b. at Bttdburghausen, 20 Mar. 1763 — conducts 

ttool al Sihnepfenthal, 1787 — commences 
the publication of the ReieJtscmzeiger, 1797 — 
Director of the Protestant School at Brann, 



1798 — commences his Hesperus and Oecono- 
mische Neuigkeiten, 1809 — edits the National 
Kalender, 18 11 to 1822 — removes to Stuttgart, 
and edits the Almanack National pour les Etats 
de la Confederation Germanique, 1822 — tf. 
there, 19 Jul. 1831. 

Andre, Jean, painter, — b. at Paris, 1662 — 
If. 1753. a a Pilkington, Ersch and Gruber. 

Andre, John, Major, — b. at London, 1749 — 
enters the army, Jan. 177 1 — taken prisoner at 
the capture of St John's, 1775 — Major and 
Adjutant-general, 1780 — sets out on his mis- 
sion, 20 Sep. 1780 — seized in the American 
lines, 23 Sep. 1780 — hung as a spy, 2 Oct. 1780 — 
his remains brought to England and interred in 
Westminster Abbey, 1821. [Arnold, Benedict.] 

Andre, Yves Marie, philosopher, theologian, 
— b. at Chateaulin, 22 May 1675 — Prof, of 
Mathematics at Caen, 1726 — tf. there, 26 Feb. 
1764. Essai sur le Beau, 1741. 

Andrea del Castagno. [Castagno.] 

Andrea, Giovanni, (Rabbi Boctorum, $c.) 
canonist, — b. at Rifredo, about 1272 — Prof, of 
Canon Law at Bologna, 1302 — at Padua, 1307 
— returns to Bologna, 1 309 — ambassador to the 
Papal court at Avignon, 1326 and 1331 — to 
Padua and Venice, 1337 — tf. at Bologna, 7 
Jul. 1348^ 17 Jul. 1347. b 

a Ersch and Gruber. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Andrea, (Bossi, or Bussi,) Giovanni, Bp op 
Aleria, Latin scholar, — b. at Vigevana, 1-417 
— edits various Latin classics at Borne, 1468- 
1474 — tf. about 1480. 

Andrea, Girolamo d', Cardinal, — b. at 
Naples, 1 2 Apr. 181 2 — faithful to Pius IX. on 
flight to Gaeta, 1 848— commissary extraord. 
on reestablishment of Papal authority, 1849 
— Cardinal, 15 Mar. 1852 — Prefect of Congre- 
gation of the Index, 1852 ? — quarrels with 
Jesuits and resigns, 1861 — removes to Naples 
without leave, Jun. 1864 — deprived of See of 
Sabina and abbey of Subiaco, 12 Jun. 1866 — ■ 
deprived of dignity of Cardinal, unless he re- 
turn to Borne in three months, 29 Sep. 1867 — ■ 
returns to Borne, before end of 1867 — obtains 
leave to remove to Sorrento, May 1868 — in- 
terview with Pius IX., 13 May — tf. suddenly, 
at Rome, 14 May 1868. 

Andrea du Pisa, (Pisano,) sculptor, archi- 
tect, — b. at Pisa, 1270 — tf. at Florence, 1345. 

Andrea del Sarto. [Vannucchi.] 

Andreae, Abraham, Abp of Upsala, theolo- 
gian, — Rector of Univ. of Stockholm ; opposes 
the Romanizing tendencies of John III., and 
escapes to Hamburg, 1580- 1 — elected Abp 
during his absence, 1593 — deprived and im- 
prisoned in Gripsholm castle, 15 99 — tf. there, 
1607. Scriptum contra Liturgiam, 1579 — 
Forum Adiaphorum, 1587. 

Andreae, (Andresson,) Gudnmnd, philolo- 
gist, §c. — b. at Biard, in Iceland, about 1630 
— tf. at Copenhagen, 1654. Edda Seemundi, 
1683 — Lexicon Lslandicum, 1683. 

Andreae, [Andreas,) Jakob, (Schmidlein, 
Fabricius,) theologian, — b. at Weiblingen, 25 
Mar. 1528 — minister of Stuttgart, 1546— D. D. 
and minister of Gopping, 1553 — Prof, of Theo- 
logy at Frankfort on the Main, 1562 a — Chan- 



ANDREW— ANDREW. 



S3 



cellorof Univ. of Tubingen, 1562 s1 — establishes 
a church at Hagenau, 1565— assists in drawing 
up the Formula Concordise, 1576 — if. at Tu- 
bingen, 7 Jan. 1590. a Ersch and Gruber. 

Andreae, Johann Gerhard Reinhard, drug- 
gist, naturalist, — ft. at Hanover, 17 Dec. 1724 
— studies at Berlin, 1744— at Frankfort, 1746 
— visits England, 1747 — succeeds his father in 
his business, 1751 — travels in Switzerland, 
1763 — if. 1 May 1793. Brief e aus der Schweiz, 
1776— Dissertation sur un Grand Nombre des 
Terres qui forment le Sol des poss. Allemandes 
d. s. Maj. Britannique, $•<?., 1789. 

Andreae, Johann Valentin, theologian, — ft. 
at Herrenberg, 17 Aug. 1586 — Deacon at 
Vaihingen, 16 14-5 — Superintendent at Kalev, 
1620 — court-chaplain at Stuttgart, 1639 — Bp 
of Bebenhausen and Adelberg, 1654 — if. at 
Stuttgart, 27 Jun. 1654. Rosa Jtorescens, 
161 7 — Civis Christ ianus, 16 19 — Mythologia 
Christiana, 1619 — Reipublicce Christ ianopoli- 
tance descriptio, 1619. [Rosicrucians.] 

Andreani, Andrea, painter and wood en- 
graver, — ft. at Mantua, 1540— -if. at Rome, 
1623. 

Andreas, Antonius, (Doctor Dulcijiuus,) of 
Tauste, scholastic philosopher, — fl. about 1308 
— if. 1320. 

Andreas, physician, — [BC] — murdered 
whilst in the service of Ptolemy Philopator, by 
Theodotus the iEtolian, 217. 

Andreas, Bp of (Lesarea, (Cappadocia,) 
theologian, — fl. about 500 ? a 840. b 

a Care. b Oudin. 

Andreas, Abp of Crain, (Carinthia,)—sent 
to Rome by the Emperor Frederick III. ; de- 
monstrates the necessity of ' reformation,' and 
is imprisoned, 1482 — demands a council-gen- 
eral, and is excommunicated, 148 3— imprisoned, 
and put to death secretly, 1484. 

Andreas, (Ria-osolymitanus,) Abp of Crete, 
theologian, — fl. 635-680,* 840-850. b 

a Cave. b Oudin. 

Andreas, Johann, (Magister Ratisbonnen- 
sis,) chronicler,— fl. after 1410. 

Andreas, Johann, musician, composer, — ft. 
at Offenbach, 28 Mar. 1741 — directs the great 
theatre at Berlin, 1775-6— if. at Offenbach, 18 
Jun. 1799. 

Andreas, Johann Antonius, musician, com- 
poser, ft. at Offenbach, 6 Oct. 1775 — if. about 
1845. 

Andreas Lonciumel, {Lontumel, de Losimer, 
or Longjumeau,) missionary, — goes to Constan- 
tinople for the Holy Crown of Thorns, pur- 
chased by St Louis (IX.) of France, 1238 — 
with St Louis at Cyprus, end of 1248 — sets 
out for Tatary, 25 Jan. 1249 — returns to 
Acre, 1258. 

Andreas, (Lucuas,) Jewish fanatic, — heads 
the revolt in Egypt and Cyrene, 115. 

Andreas, Abp of Lund, poet, $c. — chancel- 
lor to Canute VI. of Denmark, after 11 82 — 
imprisoned in Burgundy as he returns from 
Rome, where he had complained to Celestine 
III. against the repudiation of Ingeburga by 
Philip Augustus, 11 96 — Abp; confirmed by 
Innocent III., 1201 — accompanies "Waldemar 



II. on a crusade against the Livonians, 1204 — 
if. 24 Jun. 1228. a 

Andreas, of Staffelstein, chronicler, §c. — if. 
at Bamberg, 1502. 

Andreas, Sylvius, chronicler, — fl. in France, 
before 1200. 

Andreas, Tobias, philosopher, historian, — ft. 
at Braunfels, 19 Aug. 1604 — settles at Gro- 
ningen, 1628 — Prof, of History and Greek 
there, 1634— tf. 17 Oct. 1676. JKethodi Car- 
tesians Assertio, 1653. 

Andreas, Tobias, physician, %c. — ft. at Bre- 
men, n Aug. 1633 — teaches at Frankfort on 
the Oder, 1674 — Prof, of Philosophy at Fra- 
neker, 11 Jan. 1681 — if. there, 5 Jan. 1685. 

Andreas Valerius, (Desselius, Taxander,) 
bibliographer, — ft. at Desschel, 27 Nov. 1588 
— Prof, of Hebrew at Louvain, 16 12 — Doctor, 
162 1 — Prof, of Royal and Imperial Constitu- 
tions, 1628 — Librarian, 1636 — if. there, 1656. 
Bibliotheca Belgica, 1623, 1643. 

Andredes-ceaster. [Anderida.] 

Andredes-lea, (Andreds-wold, Weald of Sus- 
sex,) — Ellaandhis sons defeat the Britons there, 
477 — occupied by Hasting and the Danish 
army, 893. 

Andreini, Giambattista, dramatist, poet, — 
ft. at Florence, 1578 — if. at Paris, about 1650. 
L'Adamo, 16 13. 

Andrelinus, (Andrelini,) Publius Faustus, 
poet, — ft. at Forli, about 146 1 — goes to Rome, 
1483 — at Mantua, 1484— settles at Paris, 
1488 — Prof, of Belles Lettres at Univ. there, 
1489 — if. 25 Feb. a or 1 Mar. b 15 18. 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Andreossi, Antoine Francois, Count d', 
military commander, — ft. at Castelnaudari, 6 
Mar. 1 76 1 — Lieut, of Artillery, 1782 — taken 
prisoner by the Russians in Holland, 1787 — ■ 
serves under Bonaparte in Italy, 1796 — in 
Egypt, 1798 — returns with him, and assists at 
'the 18th Brumaire,' 9 Nov. 1799 — ambassa- 
dor to England, 17 Nov. 1802 — governor of 
Yienna, Jul. 1809 — ambassador to the Porte; 
recalled by Louis XVIII. , 14 Aug. 18 14 — 
joins Bonaparte's cause again, 20 Mar. 18 15 — 
commissioner to the allied powers, Jul. 18 15 — 
if. at Montauban, 10 Sep. 1828. Campagne 
sur le Mein, §c, 1802 — Voyage d V Embouchure 
de la mer Noire, 1 8 1 8 — Mem. sur les Depressions 
de la Surface du Globe, 1826. 

Andreozzi, Ga'etano, musical composer, — ft. 
at Naples, 1763 — "Jj. Dec. 1826. 

Andres, Juan, scholar, — ft. at Planes, 15 
Feb. 1740— withdraws to Italy, 1766 — returns 
to Spain, 18 14 — if. at Rome, 13 Jan. 18 17. 
Saggio delta Filosofa del Galileo, 1776 — DelV 
Origine, Frogresso, e Stato attuale d'ogni Let- 
ter atm-a, 1782. 

Andres de Ustarroz, Juan Francisco, his- 
torian, — ft. at Saragossa, 1606 — Chronicler of 
the kingdom, 9 Jan. 1647 — if. at Madrid, 18 
Aug. 1647. Segunda parte de los Annates 
de la Corona y Regno de Aragon, 1663 — Fro- 
gresos de la BZistoria en el Regno de Aragon, 
1680. 

Andrew. [Andre, Andrea, Andreae, An- 
dreas, Andres.] 

6 * 



84 



ANDEEW— ANDRONICUS. 



Andrew II., {Andreas Hierosolumitanm,) 
King of Hungary, — attempts to dethrone 
his brother Emeric, between 1196 and 1203 — 
succeeds his nephew, Ladislas IL, May 1205 — 
his wife assassinated by Bancus, {Bancbanus,) 
12 1 2 or 1 213 — leads out the Fifth {Sixth) 
Crusade, 12 17 — returns to his kingdom, 12 18 
—signs the Golden Bull, the basis of the liber- 
ties of Hungary, 1222 — confirms it, and ex- 
empts the nation from the payment of taxes, 
1234 — tf. 7 Mar. 1235. 

Andrew {Andreasso) of Hungary, King or 
Naples, — ft. 1326 — marries Joanna (I.) of 
Naples, 26 Sep. 1333 — receives the title of 
Duke of Calabria alone, at the accession of his 
wife, Jan. 1343 — assassinated at Aversa, 18 
Sep. 1345. 

Andrew, St, Apostle, — {legendary,) mar- 
tyred at Patrae ? 30 Nov.? 69 or 95 ? Order 
of Knighthood, — (I.) In Russia, instituted by 
Peter the Great, (30 Aug. 0. s.) 10 Sep. 1698. 
(2.) In Scotland, [Thistle, the, Order of] 

Andrew Yurewitz, {of Suzdal,) Grand- 
duke of Vladimir, or Muscovy, — ft. at Suz- 
dal, 1 1 10 — withdraws from the struggle for 
the kingdom of Kiew, at the death of his 
father Yuri Dolgoruki, {Igor,) 1157 — com- 
pletes the city of Moscow, 11 60 — reduces the 
Bulgarians on the Volga, 11 66 — repulsed be- 
fore Novgorod, 1 1 68 — his son Mstislav takes 
and pillages Kiew, n 69 — and reduces Novgo- 
rod, 1 1 70 — Andrew makes Vladimir the seat of 
his government, about 11 70 — assassinated by 
the revolted princes, 29 Jan. 1174,* H70. b 
a Biog. TJnir. Nouv. Biog. Gen. 
b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Andrews, Henry, astronomer, — ft. 1743 — ft. 
at Royston, 26 Jan. 1820. 

Andrews, James Pettit, historian, — ft. at 
Newbury, 1737 — tf. at London, 6 Aug. 1797. 
History of Great Britain, 1794. 

Andrews, Lancelot, Bp of Winchester, 
theologian, — ft. at London, 1565 — Bp of Chi- 
chester, 1605 — Bp of Ely, 1609 — Bp of "Win- 
chester, 16 1 8— tr. at London, 25 Sep. 1626. 
Tortura Torti, 1609. 

Andrews, St, in Scotland — Castle of, taken 
by Edward III., 1336 — recovered, 1337 — sur- 
prised by Norman Leslie, and Cardinal Beaton 
murdered, 29 May 1546 — surrendered to Earl 
of Arran and Leon Strozzi, and demolished, 
30 Jul. 1547. [John Knox.] Cathedral of, 
demolished by the Reformers, ir Jun. 1559 — 
new Cathedral commenced, Aug. 1867. Uni- 
versity of, — lectures commenced, 141 o — charter 
granted by Henry Wardlaw, Bp of St Andrews, 
27 Feb. 141 1 — sanctioned by bull of Benedict 
XII., 25 Aug. 141 3 — chartered by James L, 3 
Mar. 1432 — St Salvator's College founded by 
James Kennedy, Bp of St Andrews, about 
1455 — St Leonard's College founded by Prior 
John Hepburn, 15 12 — the Pedagogy of Ward- 
law enlarged by Abp Beaton, and called St 
Mary's or New College. 1538 — his designs 
carried out by Abp Biamilton, 1553 — re- 
modelled by George Buchanan, 1579 — St Sal- 
vator's and St Leonard's Colleges united, 1747 
— Madras College founded by Dr Bell, 1836. 



Andrieux, Francois Guillaume Jean Stanis- 
las, poet, dramatist, and litterateur, — ft. at 
Strasburg, 6 May 1759 — qualifies as an advo- 
cate, 178 1 — appointed judge in the Court of 
Cassation by the decree of (14 Nivose, An 
III.) 3 Jan. 1795 — Vice-president of the civil 
section, 1797 — continued in his office by law 
of (29 Fructidor, An V.) 15 Sep. 1797 — mem- 
ber of Council of Five Hundred, Apr. 1798 — 
member of the Tribunat, after (18 Brumaire, 
An VIII.) 9 Nov. 1799 — President, (Fructi- 
dor, An VIII.) Aug. 1800 — eliminated with 
Benjamin Constant and others, (An X.) Sep. 
1802 — Prof, of Grammar and Literature in 
L'Ecole Polytechnique, 1804 — Prof, of French 
Literature in College of France, 1814* — de- 
prived of his chair in L'Ecole Polytechnique, 
Mar. 1 816 — Member of the Academy, 18 16 — 
permanent Secretary to the Academy, 1829 — 
tf. at Paris, 10 May 1833. Les Ltourdis, 1787 
— Helvetius, 1802 — Le Tresor, 1804 — Le Vieux 
Fat, 1 8 10 — La Philosophic des Belles Lettres, 
1828 — Lucius Junius Brutus, 1830. 

Andriseus, {Philippus VI., Pseudo-Philip- 
pus,) pretended King of Macedonia, — [B C] 
— sent by Demetrius Soter, of Syria, to Kome, 
152 — escapes to Macedonia, and assumes the 
crown, as son of Perseus, 149 — defeats and 
kills the Praetor P. Juventius Thalna in Thes- 
saly; and is defeated by Q. Caecilius Metellus 
in Macedonia and Thrace, and taken, (606 a. ' 
u. c.) 148— put to death by order of the Senate, 
147. 

Androcleidae, the , of Messenia, — [B C ] — 
banished from Messenia, take refuge with 
Sparta, (01. 9, 1,) 744 a — restored by Sparta, 
at the end of the First Messenian War, re- 
ceive the district of Hyamia, (01. 14, 1,) 724* 
— fall in the Second Messenian War, about 
680. a Miiller. 

Androcles, orator and popular leader, — 
[BC] — exerts himself to secure the banish- 
ment of Alcibiades, after the mutilation of 
the Hermae, 415 — put to death by the Four 
Hundred, 411. 

Androkydes, painter, — [B C] — fl. at Cyzicus, 
400 to 377. 

Andromachus, {the Elder,) physician, — 
Archiater to the Emperor Nero, 54 to 68. 

Andronicus, poet, — 61. at Hermopolis ? about 

359- 
Andronicus I. [Michael VII. Parapmaces.] 
Andronicus I. Comnenus, Byzantine Em- 
peror — ft. about 1 1 12 — made prisoner by the 
Seljuks, ii4i-2, a spring ii43 b — defeated by 
Thoros in Cilicia, 1145 and ii52 c — governor 
of Branisova, 1152° — imprisoned on suspicion 
of treason by the Emperor Manuel, 1152 to 
n6o, c n63 ab — escapes to Jaroslav of Galicia; 
and is pardoned by the Emperor after the re- 
covery of Zeugmin, {Semlin,) n68 a — serves 
in Cilicia again, and escapes to Amauri of 
Jerusalem, and Nureddin of Damascus, before 
summer 117 3 — forgiven by Manuel, resides at 
CEnoe, {QJnaion,) autumn 1180 — invited to 
administer the Empire as Regent for Alexis 
II. , Apr. 1 i82, d summer 1183° — crowns Alexis, 
16 May n82 d — associated with him in the 



ANDRONICUS CYRRHESTES— ANFOSSI. 



85 



Empire, Sep. 11 83, 1184° — puts him to death, 
Oct. 1 1 8 3 a d — invasion and successes of William 
II. of Sicily, summer 11 85 — put to death in 
an insurrection, 12 Sep. 11 85. 

a Smith's Diet. b Gibbon. c Finlay. 

d Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Andronicus Cyrrhestes, architect or astrono- 
mer, — [B Cj — erects the Horologium at Athens, 
about ioo, a or I50. b a Muller. b Leake. 

Andronicus, Livius, tragic poet, — [B C] — 
first exhibits his dramas, (514, a. u. c.) 240 — 
5j. after 207, a after 214, 15 221.° a Fischer. 
b Smith's Diet. c Other authorities. 

Andronicus II. Palaeologus, the Elder, By- 
zantine Emperor, — ft. about 1258 a or 1260 13 
• — associated in the Empire with his father 
Michael VIII., 8 Nov. 1273 a — succeeds him, 

11 Dec. i282 a — the union of the two churches 
dissolved, 1283 — imprisons his brother Con- 
stantine in an iron cage, 1290 — associates his 
son Michael with him, 21 May 1294° — Othman 
attacks and defeats Michael atBapheeon, 1301° 
— Andronicus engages Roger de Flor and the 
Catalan Grand Company against the Ottomans, 
end of 1303 — Roger assassinated at Adrianople, 
4 Apr. 1 307 c — Michael defeated by the Cata- 
lans at Apros, 1 307 — the Catalans enter the 
service of Walter de Brienne, Duke of Athens, 
1 3 10 — Andronicus excommunicated by Clement 
V., 1307 — Michael dies, 12 Oct. 1320 — revolt 
of Andronicus the Younger, (Palm Sunday,) 

12 Apr. 1321° — Orkhan takes Brusa, 1326 — 
Andronicus the Elder abdicates, and enters the 
monastery of Drama, Thessaly, as brother An- 
tonius, 24 May 1328 — if. 13 Feb. 1332. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates, 
b Smith's Diet. e Finlay. 

Andronicus III. Palaeologus, the Younger, 
Byzantine Emperor, — b. 1295 or 1296 — re- 
volts and commences a civil war against his 
grandfather, Andronicus the Elder, 12 Apr. 
i32i a — associated with him in the Empire, 2 
Feb. 1325 — renews the civil war, 1327 s1 — 
takes Constantinople, 23 May 1 328 — Andronicus 
the Elder abdicates in his favour, 24 May 1328 
■ — defeated by Orkhan at Pelekanon, 1329 — 
regains Chios, 1329 — loses Nicsea, i330, a 1333 13 
— conducts expeditions against Epeirus, 1334, 
2337, and 1339 s — l° ses Nicomedia, 1338 — 
sends ambassadors to Benedict XII. to treat of 
the renewal of the union of the churches, 1339 13 
— tS. 15 Jun. 1 341. a Finlay. 

b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Andronicus of Rhodes, Peripatetic philoso- 
pher, — [B C] — fl. about 58. a a Clinton. 

Andros, (Andro,) in the Egean, — [BC] — 
colonized by Ionians, (mythic,) 1044 or 988 — 
subject ally of Xerxes against Greece, 480 — un- 
successfully besieged by Themistocles, autumn 
480 — -joins the confederacy under the command 
of Athens, after 477 — revolts to Sparta, be- 
sieged by Alkibiades without success, and by 
Conon, Sep. Oct. to Dec. 407 a — by Phanos- 
thenes also, Jan. 406 a — subjugated to Macedo- 
nia by Amphoterus, 333 — subject to Antigonus, 
314 — taken by Ptolemy Soter, 308, 287 — 
given by the Romans to Attalus of Pergamus, 
200 — reverts to them with the rest of the king- 



dom of Pergamus, 133 — [AD] — the corsairs 
driven out by Marino Dandolo, 1207 — Saktouri 
with the Hydriot fleet defeats the Capitan 
Pacha, Jun. 1825. [Cyclades, Naxos.] 
a Grote. 

Andros, Sir Edmund, Governor of New 
York and New England, — ft. 6 Dec. 1637-^ 
Gov, of New York for the Duke of York, Oct. 
1674 — demands the territory of Connecticut, 
Jul. 1675 — recalled to answer the complaints 
of the proprietors of the Jerseys against him, 
1680 — Gov. of New England; arrives at Bos- 
ton, 20 Dec. 1686 — dissolves the government of 
Rhode Island, Jan. 1687 — assumes the govern- 
ment of Connecticut, Oct. 1687 — drives away 
the Indians from the Penobscot River, 1688 — 
imprisoned in an insurrection against him in 
Boston, 18 Apr. 1689 — Gov. of Virginia, Oct. 
1692 to 1698 — ft. 24 Feb. 17 13. 

Androsthenes, sculptor, — [B C] — completes 
the statuary in the temple of Apollo at Delphi, 
about 440 or 420. 

Androtion, orator, — [B C] — begins to take 
part in public affairs, 385 a — Demosthenes com- 
poses his Androtionea, 355. a a Clinton. 

Androuet du Cerceau, Jacques, architect, — 
commences the Pont Neuf at Paris, 30 May 
1578 — continues the Louvre, 1596 — -exiled on 
account of his attachment to the Reformed Re- 
ligion, soon after 1596. 

Andrussow, in Russia, — Truce of, between 
Alexis Michailowitz of Russia and John II. of 
Poland, for 15 years, Poland ceding part of the 
Cossacks on the Dnieper to Russia, with Kiew 
Smolensk, &c. , 30 Jan. 1667. 

Andry, Nicolas, physician, §c. — ft. at Lyons, 
1658 — M. D., Rheims, 1697 — Prof, at the 
College of France, 1701 — Dean of the Faculty 
of Medicine, 1724 — Is. 13 May 1742. De la 
Generation des Vers dans le Corps de V Homme, 
1700, 1702 — Cle'on a Eudoxe, 1738 — Orthopedie, 
1741. 

Andujar, in Spain, — taken by the insurgent 
peasantry, and a French detachment massacred, 
Jun. 1808 — Ordonnance of, published by the 
Duke of Angouleme, 8 Aug. 1823. 

Aneau, (Anneau, Annul us,) Barthelemi, 
poet, — h. at Bourges, after 1500 — Prof, of 
Rhetoric at Lyons, 1526— Principal of the Col- 
lege de la Trinite, 1558 — killed in a tumult, 
5 Jun. i56i. a Lyon marchant, 1542 — Picta 
poesis, 1552 — Alector, 1560. a Biog. Univ. 

Anel, Dominique, surgeon, — ft. at Toulouse, 
about 1679 — ft. at Genoa, about 1730. Nou- 
velle methode de guerir des Fistules lacrymales, 

17 1 3-4- 

Anelli, Angelo, poet, — fi. atDesenzano, 1761 
— U. 3 Apr. 1820. 

Anemograph, patented by Howlett, 1866. 

Anemometer, — attempted by Dr Croune, 
1667 — first invented by Wolf, 1708. 

Aneroid Barometer, — the principle of the 
' vacuum vase,' invented by Conte, Apr. May 
1798 — the barometer invented by Yidi, and 
patented in England, 1844. 

Aneurin, poet,— ft. in Bernicia, about 550. 

Anfossi, Pasquale, musical composer, — ft. at 
Naples, 1729 s — Director of the Italian Opera 



S5 



ANGE DE SAINT JOSEPH— ANGLESEY. 



House, at London, 1783 — returns to Italy, 
1787 — tf. at Rome, 1795. a a Conv.-Lex. 

Ange de Saint Joseph, {Joseph labrosse,) 
Carmelite missionary, — b. at Toulouse, 1636 — 
at Ispahan, 5 Nov. 1664— tf. 29 Dec. 1697. 
Pharmacopeia Persica, 168 1 — Gazophylaciam 
lingua Persarum, 1684. 

Angeli, Buonaventura, historian, — ft. at 
Ferrara, after 1500 — tr. 1576. Jstoria della 
Cittu di Parma, 1591. 

Angeli, Filippo, (// Napolitano,) painter, 

— b. at Rome, before 1600 — invited to the 

court- of Cosmo II. of Tuscany, 16 12 — tf. 

there, a or at Ronie, b 1645,* i64o, b i66o. c 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Bryan. 

c Other authorities. 

Angelici, Order of Knighthood, — instituted 
by the Emperor Isaac II., {Angelas Com- 
nenus,) 1191. 

Angelici, {Angelites,) Monophysite sectaries, 
— first appear, 494. a a Encyc. Metrop. 

Angelina, asteroid, discovered by Tempel, 6 
Mar. 1 86 1. 

Angelio, {degli Angeli, Bargoeus,) Pietro, 
poet, §c. — b. at Barga, 15 17 — returns from 
Asia Minor to Nice, in the Turkish fleet, 1543 
— Prof, of Latin and Greek at Reggio, 1546 — 
of Literature at Pisa, 1549 — invited to Rome 
by Cardinal Ferdinand de' Medici, 1575 — Con- 
sul of the Academy at Florence, after 1587 — 
tf. at Pisa, 29 Feb. 1596. Poemata omnia, 
1585 — Opere Toscane, 1589. 

Angelis, Girolamo de, Propagandist mission- 
ary, — b. at Castro Giovanni, 1567 — enters the 
Society of Jesus, 1585— shipwrecked on the 
coast of Brazil, 1597 — begins his labours in 
Japan, 1602 — continues them in secret after 
the banishment of the Jesuits, 16 14— detected 
and burnt, 4 Dec. 1623. 

Angelo, Jacopo de, Greek scholar, — b. at 
Scarperia, after 1350 — studies under Chrysolo- 
ras and Cydonius at Venice, about 1395 — Apos- 
tolical Secretary under Pope John XXII., 
1410. 

Angelolatry, — forbidden by the Council of 
Laodicea, about 366 — enjoined by the Il.nd 
Council of Nice, Sep. Oct. 787. 

Angeloni, Francesco, litterateur, — b. at 
Terni, before 1575 — ft. at Rome, 29 Nov. 
1652. Histoire metallique des Empcreurs 
Romains, 1641 — Storia di Terni, 1646. 

Angels, — first coined in France by Philip of 
Valois, 1340 — introduced into England by 
Edward IV., 1465 — value raised by Henry 
VIII., 1540 — increased to ten shillings, (6 
Edw. VI.) 1552 — not coined after 1640. 

Angelus, — a prayer instituted by Pope John 
XXII. 1326 — ordered to be repeated every day 
at noon, by Louis XL, 1472. 

Angelus, Christophorus, Greek Scholar, — b. 
in the Morea, after 1550 — teaches Greek at 
Oxford, 16 10— tf. 1 Feb. 1638. Enchiridion 
de Imtitutis Grcecorum, 16 15. 

Angelus, Silesius, {Johann Scheffler,) poet, 
— b. at Breslau or Gliitz, 1624— joins the 
Roman Catholic Church, 1653 — tf. 1677. Che- 
rtd>ini.sr/ies Wanderbuch, 1674. 

Angely, {Anger y, Angeriacum,) St Jean d', 



in France,-— surrenders after a siege to Duke of 
Anjou, 23 Dec. 1569— taken by the Protestants, 
spring 1574 — besieged by Louis XIII. ; taken 
and dismantled, 3 to 23 Jun. 1621. 

Angely, Lud wig, dramatic poet, — b. at Ber- 
lin, 1788 — actor and manager of the Royal 
Theatre there, 1828 — retires from the stage, 
1830— tf. 16 Nov. 1835^ a Conv.-Lex. 

Angermann, {Angermannus,) Abraham, 
Abp or Upsala, — opposes the efforts of John 
of Sweden to restore Romanism, 1576 — sent 
to consult the theologians of Wittenberg, 
&c, about a liturgy, 1587 — Abp, 1593 — con- 
ducts a general visitation for the purpose of 
extirpating Romanism, 1596. [Upsala, Sy- 
nod of.] 

Angers, {Juliomagus, Civitas Andecavorum, 
Andegavia,) mErance, — included in the Armor - 
ican Confederacy against Rome, 409 — taken by 
Odoacer, {Adovacer,) a Saxon chieftain, late in 
464a b — taken by Childeric I., end of 464* — - 
taken again by Odoacer, 47 1 a — recovered by 
Childeric, 471 — acquired, with the rest of 
Anjou, by Clovis, 486 — sacked and burnt by 
the Northmen, under Hasting, 845 and 857 b 
— Hasting establishes himself there, 860 b - — pil- 
laged by Louis {le JBegue), 862 — recovered by 
Charles the Bald and Salomon of Bretagne, 872 = 
— Geoffroy I. of Anjou defeats the sonsof Conan 
of Bretagne near, 980 a — taken possession of 
by Arthur of Bretagne, 11 99 — taken by John 
of England, 1199 — fortified by John, about 
1200 — dismantled by Louis VIII. ; but forti- 
fied again by St Louis (IX.), 1232 — unsuccess- 
fully attacked by Earl of Somerset, Apr. 1444 
— its castle seized by the Huguenots, autumn, 
1585 — occupied by Cathelineau, 15 Jun. 1793 
— Danican repulses the Vendean Royalists at, 
3 Dec. 1793. University of , — founded by Louis 
II. of Anjou, 1398.* a Art de Verifier les Dates. 
b Eng. Cyc. c Sismondi. 

Anghiari, in Italy, — Micheletto Attendulo 
and the Florentines defeat Niccolo Piccinino 
near, 1439. 

Anghiera, Pietro Martire d', {Petrus Martyr 
Anglerius,) historian, $c. — b. at Arona, 1455 
— enters the service of Card. Asconio Sforza 
Visconti, 1477 — goes to Spain, and enters the 
service of Ferdinand and Isabella, 1487 — sent 
by Ferdinand to the Sultan of Egypt, 150 1-2 
— Apostolical Protonotary, 1505 — tf. at Gra- 
nada, 1526. Be Insidis nuper Inventis, 152 1 
— De Rebus Ocean icis, 1536. 

Angilbert, {Engelbert, Englevert,) St, pcet, 
§c. — officer of the palace to Pepin, king of 
Italy, after 781 — retires to the monastery of 
St Riquier, in Ponthieu, 790 — Abbot, 796 — 
assists at the coronation of Charlemagne at 
Rome, 800 — tf. 18 Feb. 814. 

Anglesey, {Anglesea, Engleseie,Mona, M6n,) 
— first invaded by Suetonius Paullinus, 61 — 
reduced by Julius Agricola, 78- — the Gael ex- 
pelled from it by Einion Urdd, son of Cunedda, 
about 450 ? — reduced and colonized by Edwin 
of Northumbria, between 616 and 633 — posses- 
sion of it contested by Hywel Vychan and 
Cynan Tindaethwy, 813-6* — Egbert (?) defeats 
the Britons at Llanvaes, and plants colonies of 



ANGLESEY— ANGOULEME. 



8? 



Saxons in Anglesey, 817 a — frequently ravaged 
by the Danes, between 853 and 963 a — sub- 
jugated by Maccus, {Mactus,) son of Harald, 
' Lord of the Isles,' 97 1 a — Maccus does hom- 
age to Edgar of England at Chester for Angle- 
sey, 973 — devastated by Godfrey, son of Harald, 
980 and 989 — subjugated by Meredydd ab 
Owain, 987 — devastated by the Danes, {Ascen- 
sion Thursday,) 10 May 994 s1 — devastated by 
the fleet of Ethelred of England, 1000 — reduced 
by Gruffydd ab Cynan, io73 a — joins in the in- 
surrection against the Normans, 1094 — sub- 
jugated by the Normans, who are driven out 
by Magnus, son of Olaf, ' Lord of the Isles,' 
1098 — unsuccessfully attacked by Henry II. , 
1 155 — devastated by the Irish forces of Henry 
III., Jul. 1245 — reduced by the fleet of the 
Cinque Ports, summer 1277 — granted by Ed- 
ward I. as a fief to Llywelyn ab Gruffydd, 
autumn 1277 — reduced by the Cinque Port fleet 
again, autumn 1282 — erected into a county 
by the Statutes of Rhuddlan, 7 Mar. 1283— 
reduced finally, after the revolt of Madog ab 
Morgan, Dec. 1294 — and incorporated with 
England by Act, 27 Hen. VIII. c 26, 1535-6. 
[Beaumaris, Ghvynedd, Wales.] 
a Aimales Cambria?. 

Anglesey, Arthur Annesley, Earl op, — 
fc. at Dublin, 10 Jul. 1641 — espouses the cause 
of Charles I., 1642 — enters the Long Parlia- 
ment as a ' Recruiter,' and is sent to Ulster, 
1645 — takes the part of the King, and becomes 
Secretary of the Navy, 1647 — Earl of Angle- 
sey, 20 Apr. 1 66 1 — Lord Privy Seal, 1673 — 
deprived of his offices, 1682 — ft. Apr. 1686. 

Anglesey, Henry William Paget, {Earl of 
Xlxbridge,) Marquis of — f). 17 May 1768 — 
raises the 80th regiment, (Staffordshire Volun- 
teers,) and joins the Duke of York in Flanders, 
1794 — defeats a body of French cavalry at 
Sahagun, 21 Dec. 1808 — again, at Majorga, 
26 Dec. 1808 — distinguishes himself at the 
battle of Corurla, 16 Jan. 1809 — commands 
under Lord Chatham at Walcheren, Jul. to 
Nov. 1809— succeeds as Earl, 13 Mar, 1812 — 
repulses French cavalry at Gemappe,. 17 Jun.. 
1 8 15 — severely wounded at "Waterloo, 18 Jun. 
1815 — Marquis, 23 Jun. 1815 — G, C. B., 1815 
— K. G., 1 81 8 — General, 18 19 — Lord-Lieu- 
tenant of Ireland, 1 Mar. 1828 to 1829, — 
again, Dec. 1830 to 1834 — Master-general of 
the Ordnance, Jul. 1846 to Feb. 1852 — Field- 
marshal, 1846 — tf. 29 Apr. 1854. 

Angli, Angles, {Angel Cyn, Angili,) — 
first mentioned by Tacitus, about 90 — conducted 
by Ida, establish themselves in Bernicia, be- 
fore 547 a — subjugate Deira, under Ella, 559-60 
— acquire the eastern coast of Britain, [East 
Anglia,] about 597 a — occupy Mercia, 585. 
[Northumbria, Saxons.] a Paigrave. 

Anglo-Saxon {English) Kings of England, 
— Ella of Sussex, (1st Bretwalda,) King of 
England south of the Humber, about 491 to 
514 — Ceawlin of Wessex, (2nd Bretwalda,) 
about 584 to 592 — Ethelbert of Kent, (3rd 
Bretwalda,) about597 to 24Feb. 616— Redwald 
of East Anglia, (4th Bretwalda,) 616 — Edwin 
of Northumbria, (5th Bretwalda,) King of all | 



England except Kent, about 620 to 12 Oct. 
633 — his nephew, Oswald of Northumbria, 
(6th Bretivalda,) succeeds about 635 to 5 Aug. 
642 — his brother, Oswy of Northumbria, (7th 
Bretwalda,) succeeds, 651 to 15 Feb. 670— 
Ethelbald of Mercia, King of England south 
of the Humber, 731 — and of Northumberland, 
737 *° 757 — Offa of Mercia, King of all 
England, 778 to 29 Jul. 794 — Egbert of 
Wessex, (8th Bretwalda ?) 827 to 837 — his 
son Ethelwulf of Wessex succeeds, Feb. 837 
— his son Ethelbald of Wessex succeeds, 
after 13 Jan. 858 — his brother Ethelbert of 
Wessex succeeds, 860 — his brother Ethelred 
of Wessex succeeds> 866 — his brother Alfred 
{the Great, 9th Bretwalda ?) succeeds, after 15 
Apr. 871 — his son Edward {the Elder, first 
sovereign of all England ?) succeeds, after 26 
Oct. 901 — his son Athelstan first actual 
sovereign of all England, early in 924 — his 
brother Edmund {the Elder) succeeds, after 27 
Oct. 941 — his brother Edred succeeds, after 
26 May 946 — his nephew Edwy succeeds, after 
23 Nov. 955 — his brother Edgar {the Pacific, 
10th Bretwalda ?) succeeds, after 1 Oct. 958 — ■ 
his son Edward {the Martyr) succeeds, after 8 
Jul. 975 — his brother Ethelred {the Unready) 
succeeds,, after 18 Mar. 978— driven out of 
England by Sweyn of Denmark, who takes the 
kingdom, autumn 1013 — Ethelred recalled, 
Mar. or Apr. 1014 — his son Edmund {Iron- 
sides) succeeds, after 23 Apr. 1016 — divides 
the realm with Canute {the Great), son of 
Sweyn, autumn 1016 — Canute becomes sole 
monarch, 1017 — his son Harold {Harefoot) 
succeeds, about 23 Nov. 1035 — his brother 
Hardicanute succeeds, 1 8 Jun. 1 040 — Edward 
{the Confessor), son of Ethelred, succeeds, after 
8 Jun. 1042 — Harold, son of Earl Godwin, 
succeeds, 6 Jan. 1066 — defeated and killed by 
Duke William of Normandy, at Hastings ; 
end of the Anglo-Saxon Monarchy, 14 Oct. 
1066. 

Anglo-Saxons, (Angles, Jutes, Saxons, &c.,) 
Conversion of the. [Augustine, Edwin, Ethel- 
bert, Paulinus, &c] 

Angola, {Ngola, Abonda, Ambonda, Dongo,) 
in Africa, — discovered by Diego Cam, 1484 
—settled by the Portuguese, after 1500 — build- 
ing of San Paolo de Loanda begun, 1578— 
taken by the Dutch, 1640— recovered by the 
Portuguese, 1648^ a Eng. Cyc. 

Angora. [Ancyra.] 

Angouleme, Angoumois, (Iculisma,Ecolisma, 
Engolisma,) in France, — first mentioned by 
Ausonius, about 350 — granted by Constantius 
to the Visigoths, under Wallia, 418 — taken 
possession of by Clovis, 508 — assigned to Gon- 
tran of Burgundy, by the treaty of Andelot, 28 
Nov. 587 — first Count of L' Angoumois created 
by Louis le Debonnaire, 839 — attacked by the 
Normans, the city burnt, 863 — rebuilt, about 
870 — ravages of the Normans continued till 
about 900 — passes with the rest of Aquitaine 
into the possession of the kings of England, ! 
[Henry II.,] 115a —revolt of Count Aimar 
suppressed by Richard of England ; Angou- 
leme taken by storm, 11 94 — passes to the house 



ANGOULEME— ANGUS. 



of the Count de la Marche, 12 18 — taken pos- 
session of by Philip the Fair of France, with 
the rest of Guienne, 1 292 — joined to the Royal 
Domain by Philip the Fair, end of 1303 — 
sovereignty of L'Angoumois ceded by John II, 
of France to Edward III. of England, by 
Treaty of Bretigni, 8 May 1360 — finally taken 
from the kings of England, and made an apan- 
age of the French princes, by Charles V. of 
France, 1369-70 — erected into a duchy by 
Francis I., Feb. (1515, o. s.) 1516— -Angou- 
leme taken by the Protestants, 1562 and 1568. 
Angouleme, Charles de Valois, Duke of, — 
ft. 28 Apr. 1578 — Grand Prior of the Order of 
Malta in France, 1589 — Count d' Auvergne, 
&c, 1589 — serves under Henry IV. at Arques, 
1589 — and Ivry, 1590 — quits the Order and 
marries Charlotte de Montmorenci, 6 May 
1591 — at Fontaine Francaise, 1595— engaged 
in Biron's conspiracy, 1595 — imprisoned for it, 
15 Jim. 1602 — imprisoned for complicity in 
Verneuil's conspiracy, 9 Nov. 1604 — con- 
demned to be beheaded, 1 Feb. 1605 — de- 
prived of the countship of Auvergne, &c, 
1606 — released by Louis XIII., 1616 — created 
Duke of Angouleme, 1619 — ambassador to the 
Emperor Ferdinand II., 1620 — commands at 
the siege of La Rochelle, 10 Aug. to 22 Oct. 
1628 — serves in Languedoc, 1629 — in Ger- 
many and Flanders, [Thirty Years' War,] 1635 
to 1648 — o\ at Paris, 24 Sep. 1650. 

Angouleme, Marie Therese Charlotte, Ma- 
dame the Duchess of,— ft. at Versailles, 19 
Dec. 1778 — shares the imprisonment of her 
family, [Louis XVI.,] 10 Aug. 1792 — given 
up to Austria, in exchange for Camus, Beurnon- 
ville, and others, (6 Nivose, An IV.,) 27 Dec. 
1795 — married to her cousin, Louis Antoine 
d' Artois, Duke of Angouleme, 10 Jun. 1799 — 
accompanies Louis XVIII. from Mittau, 22 
Jan. 1 80 1 — returns to Mittau, Apr. 1805 — 
goes with Louis to England, Oct. 1807 — re- 
turns to Paris, 4 May 18 14 — quits Bordeaux, 
at Napoleon's return from Elba, 1 Apr. 18 15 — 
arrives at Paris again, 27 Jul. 1815 — with- 
draws from France again, with Charles X. 
and her husband, to England, 23 Aug. 1830 — 
removes to Vienna, 6 Oct. 1830 — to Prague, 25 
Oct. 1830— rj. 19 Oct. 1851. 

Angouleme, Louis Antoine d' Artois, Duke 
of, Dauphin of France, — ft. 6 Aug. 1775. 

1 8 14 — Joins the English army, and issues 
the proclamation of St Jean de Luz, n Feb. 
— enters Bordeaux, 12 Mar. — Admiral of 
France, 18 May— joins Louis XVIII. at Paris, 
27 May. 

1 8 15 — Leaves Bordeaux to organize an op- 
position to Napoleon in the south of France, 
9-10 Mar. — surrenders by convention to Gene- 
ral Gilly, at Pont St Esprit, 8-9 Apr. — embarks 
at Cette for Spain, 16 Apr. — arrives at Mar- 
seilles from Madrid, 8 Jul. — enters Toulouse, 

23 Jul. — Arrives at Paris, 7 Aug. 

1823 — Enters Spain, in command of the 
French army, to enforce the arrangements of 
the Congress of Laybach, 6 Apr. — at Madrid, 

24 May — issues the Ordonnance of Andujar, 8 
Aug. — takes Cadiz, and restores Ferdinand 



VII. to liberty, 1 Oct. — takes leave of the 
'army, 22 Nov. 

Takes the title of Dauphin, 16 Sep. 1824— 
signs his abdication of the throne of France, 
with Charles X., 2 Aug. 1830— rj. at Goritz, 3 
Jan. 1844. [Angouleme, Duchess of,'] 

Angrias, the, Maratta pirates, — Conaji An- 
gria occupies Gheria and Severndroog, in the 
Concan, about 1670 — persuaded by Balaji to 
leave the side of Samba and acknowledge Sako 
Raja, i7i7 a — unsuccessfully attacked by the 
English and Portuguese, 1 7 1 9 a — by the English 
again, 1722-3 b — by the Dutch, 1724a — Baji 
Rao interposes in a contest between the brothers, 
one of whom gains their forts in the Ghats, about 
17343- — procures from them forbearance towards 
the Abyssinians of Jinjera, 1736 a — the Portu- 
guese make war upon, and lose Salsette, Bas- 
sein, &c, 1737-9* — the contest between the 
brothers terminated by the Peshwa, by the 
help of the English fleet, i74o a — attack and 
capture a Dutch squadron, Feb. 1754° — evacu- 
ate Severndroog and Bancot when attacked 
by Commodore James, Mar. 1755 — Gheria, 
attacked by Admiral Watson and Colonel Clive, 
is surrendered, Angria taken prisoner, and his 
piratical state overthrown, n-13 Feb. 1756. 
a Elphinstone. b Ersch and Gruber. c Murray. 

Angriani, (Aygriani, de Aygonnis,) Michel, 
theologian, — ft. at Bologna, about 1330 — Ge- 
neral of the Order of Carmelites, 1379 — **• r ^ 
Nov. 1400. 

Angrivarii, {Angrarii, Angarii ?) of Ger- 
many, — join in the Cheruscan league against 
Rome, and are reduced by Stertinius, 16 — join 
the Chamavi in attacking and dispossessing 
the Bructeri, about ioo. a [Cherusci, German- 
icus Csssar.] a Smith's Diet. 

Anguier, Francois, sculptor, — ft. at Eu, 
1604 — U. at Paris, 8 Aug. 1669. 

Anguier, Michel, sculptor, — ft. at Eu, 161 2 
— if. 11 Jul. 1686. 

Anguilla, in the West Lidies, — discovered 
and settled by the English, 1650 to 1666 — 
unsuccessfully invaded by the French, 1745. 

Anguillara, Aloysio, physician, botanist, 
— ft. at Anguillara, after 1500 — Simplicista to 
the Republic of Venice, and Director of the 
Botanic Garden at Padua, 1540 to 156 1 — if. at 
Ferrara, Oct. 1570. 

Anguillara, Giovanni Andrea &elV,poet, — ■ 
ft. at Sutri, about 15 17 — If. at Torre di Nona, 
after Apr. 1564. Edipo, 1556 — Metamorphoses 
of Ovid translated, 1554, 156 1. 

Anguisciola, [Angussola, Agnosciola,) Sofo- 
nisba, painter, — ft. at Cremona, 1535,* about 
1533,'° 1530° — Is. at Genoa, 1626. a Nouv. 

Biog. Gen. b Vasari. c Other authorities. 

Angus, Archibald Douglas, (JBcll-thc-Cat,) 
Earl of, — crosses the borders and burns Bam- 
borough, 1480 — organizes a conspiracy against 
James III. of Scotland, 1481— heads the nobles 
in putting the Earl of Mar to death at Lauder, 
('bells the cat,') midsummer 148 1 — negotiates 
a secret treaty with Edward IV. of England, 
for the Duke of Albany, early in 1482— de- 
prived of his offices, end of 1482 — joins Lord 
Gray in a new conspiracy, end of 1487 — with- 



ANGUS— ANHALT-KOTHEN. 



draws into England, and enters into a treason- 
able engagement with Henry VII. ; imprisoned 
in his castle of Tantallon, but released on 
exchanging Liddesdale for Bothwell, 1492 — 
appointed general for the invasion of England, 
in the room of the Earl of Arran, summer 15 13 
—leaves the army before the battle of Flod- 
den, 5 Sep. 15 13— withdraws into a monastery, 
early in 15 14. 

Angus, Archibald Douglas, Earl of— mar- 
ries Margaret, Queen of Scotland, summer 
15 14 — indulges in treasonable practices, 15 15 
— and flies with the Queen to England, 15 15 
— deserts her, and is reconciled to the Duke of 
Albany, 15 16— one of the council of regency, 
Jim. 15 17 — endeavours to obtain the sole re- 
gency, 15 1 9, and spring 1520 — declared guilty 
of treason, and sentenced to forfeiture, goes to 
France, beginning of 1522— attacks Edinburgh, 
23 Nov. 1524 — joins Abp Beaton, and obtains 
the regency of the kingdom ; divorced by Mar- 
garet, beginning of 1525 — defeats the Earl of 
Lennox at Melrose, 25 Jul. 1526 — James V. 
escapes from his control, Jul. 1528 — attainted 
by the parliament, 2 Sep. 1528— besieged in 
Tantallon castle, flies to England, 1528— re- 
turns to Scotland after the death of James V., 
13 Dec. 1542— heads the English party in 
Scotland, Sep. 1543 — renounces the cause of 
the English, 1544 — shares in the victory at 
Ancrum Muir, 17 Feb. 1545— and in the de- 
feat at Pinkie, 10 Sep. 1547 — opposes the 
Regent, Mary of Guise, 1557 — o\ about 1560. 

Anhalt, in Germany, — castle built by Esico 
IV. of Ballenstadt, between 900 and 950 — 
Otto the Eich marries Elika of Saxony, and 
exchanges the Countship of Ballenstadt for 
that of Aschersleben, {Ascania,) 1076 a — Albert 
the Bear, his son, expels his father, 1140" — 
his son, Bernhard, receives the Countship of 
Anhalt, 1169b — refuses to compete for the 
Empire, 1198 — dies, i2i2 b — Henry, {the 
Elder, the Fat,) his son, made Count, about 
121 8 b — territory divided into the Countships 
of Ascania, Bernberg, andZerbst, at Henry's 
death, 1252 — Bernhard II. of Bernberg re- 
ceives the investiture of the whole of Anhalt, 
1315b — Joachim Ernst (of Anhalt-Zerbst- 
Dessau) reunites the principality, after 23 
Mar. 1566 b — his sod, Johann Georg, suc- 
ceeds to the whole, 6 Dec. 1586 — obtains im- 
perial commission for the recovery of Ascania, 
1589 — establishes the Reformed religion, 1596 a 
— agrees to divide the principality with his bro- 
thers, 1603 a — the division executed, 1606 — 
family pact concerning inheritance, &c, 22 
Jun. 1665 — [Anhalt-Bernberg, Anhalt-Des- 
sau, &c.] — the principalities united under 
Leopold, of Anhalt-Dessau, 19 Aug. 1863 — 
military forces of, incorporated with Prussian, 
by treaty of 24 Feb. 1864 — Legislative As- 
sembly deprived of its functions, May 1864 — 
incorporated with N. German Confederation, 
1866. a Encyc. Moderne. 

b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Anhalt-Bernberg, Duchy or, — allotted to 
Christiern I., son of Joachim Ernst, (of 
Anhalt,) 1606 — defeated at the battle of Prague, 



8 Nov. 1620— put to the ban of the Empire, by 
Ferdinand II., 162 1 — his son Christiern Ii. 
{the Younger) succeeds, [Thirty Years' War,] 
20 Apr. 1630 — succeeded by Victor Amadeus, 
his son, 22 Sep. 1656 — introduces the right of 
primogeniture, 1660 — establishes Calvinism in 
his principality, 1678 — his son, Karl Fried- 
rich, succeeds, 12 Feb. 17 18 — succeeded by 
his son, Victor Friedrich, 21 Apr. 172 1 — 
his son, Friedrich Albrecht, succeeds, 18 
May 1765 — his son, Alexis Friedrich 
Christiern, succeeds, 9 Apr. 1796 — receives a 
share of Anhalt-Zerbst, 1798— abolishes the 
'rack,' 19 Feb. 1802 — raised to the dignity of 
Duke, 13 Sep. 1806 — joins the Confederation 
of the Rhine, 18 Apr. 1807 — joins the Zoll- 
verein, 22 Jul. 1826 — his son, Alexander 
Karl, succeeds, 24 Mar. 1834. 

Anhalt - Bernberg - Schaumberg - Hoym, 
Principality of, — Lebrecht, son of Victor 
Amadeus, (of Anhalt-Bernberg,) 12 Feb. 17 18 
— his son, Victor Amadeus Adolf, succeeds, 
17 May 1727 — Karl Ludwig, his son, suc- 
ceeds, 1772 — Victor Karl Friedrich suc- 
ceeds his father, 20 Aug. 1806 — dies, and the 
apanage reverts to Anhalt-Bernberg, 22 Apr. 
1812. 

Anhalt-Bessau, Duchy of, — retained by 
Johann Georg (of Anhalt) at the division of 
the territories, 1606 — his son, Johann Kasimir, 
succeeds, 13 May 16 18 — p'uts himself under the 
protection of Gustavus Adolphus, 163 1 — ac- 
quires Worlitz at the death of Georg Aribert, 
1643— succeeded by Johann Georg II., his 
son, 15 Dec. 1660 — Leopold, {der Alte Ees- 
sauer,) ft. 3 Jul. 1676 — succeeds his father, 17 
Aug. 1693 — enters the service of the Emperor 
Leopold I., 1688 — in the army of Brandenburg, 
1693— makes his first campaign on the Rhine, 
1699— serves in Italy, at Cassano, Turin, the 
Adda, &c, [War of the Spanish Succession,] 
1705-6 — in the Netherlands, 17 10-2 — in Pome- 
rania, against Charles XII. ; Field Marshal of 
Prussia, 17 15 — introduces the right of primo- 
geniture, 1727 — commands in Silesia, 1742 — 
gains the battle of Kesseldorff, 15 Dec. 1745 
— his son, Leopold Maximilian, h. 25 Sep. 
1700 — Field Marshal at the battle of Caaslau, 
17 May 1742 — succeeds, 9 Apr. 1747 — suc- 
ceeded by his son, Leopold Friedrich Franz, 
16 Dec. 175 1 — attains his majority, 20 Oct. 
1758 — receives a portion of Anhalt-Zerbst, 
after the death of Friedrich August, 1798 — 
joins the Confederation of the Rhine, and takes 
the title of Duke, 18 Apr. 1807 — engages in 
the War of Liberation, 1813— joins the Ger- 
manic Confederation, 8 Jun. 18 15 — his grand- 
son, Leopold Friedrich, succeeds, 9 Aug. 
1 8 17 — a new constitution proclaimed, 29 Oct. 
1848 — abrogated, 21 Jul. 1851. [Zerbst- 
Dessau.] 

Anhalt-Kothen, Duchy of, — allotted to 
Ludwig, son of Joachim Ernst, (of Anhalt,) 
1606 — founds the Order of the Palm, {Fnwht- 
bringende Palmorden,) 16 17 — made governor 
of Magdeburg and Halberstadt by Gustavus 
Adolphus, 1 63 1 — his son, Wilhelm Ludwig, 
succeeds, 7 Jan. 1650 — ft. without heirs, 13 Apr. 



9 o 



AXHALT-PLESS— ANJOTJ. 



1665 — Lebrecht, Prince of Anhalt-Plbtzkau, 
inherits title and estates by the family pact, 22 
Jun. 1665 — his brother, Immanuel, succeeds to 
the united principality, 7 Nov. 1669 — ft. 8 Nov. 
1670 — Immanuel Lebrecht, his son, succeeds 
at his birth, 20 May 1671 — attains his majority, 
22 May 1692 — establishes the right of primo- 
geniture, 1702— his son, Leopold, succeeds, 30 
May 1704 — his brother, August Ludwig, suc- 
ceeds, 19 Not. 1728 — Kakl Georg Lebrecht, 
his son, succeeds, 6 Aug. 1755 — succeeded by his 
son, August Christian Friedrich, 17 Oct. 
1789 — receives a portion of Anhalt-Zerbst, 
1798 — raised to the dignity of Duke, 1807 — 
introduces the code, judicial system, &c, of 
France, 28 Dec. 18 10 — Lubwig, his nephew, 
succeeds, 5 May 18 12 — attains his majority, 9 
Aug. 1 8 17 — Friedrich Ferdinand, of An- 
halt-Pless, succeeds, 16 Dec. 1818 — embraces 
Ptomanism, 1824-5 — his brother, Heinrich, 
succeeds, 23 Aug. 1830 — tf., and the Principal- 
ity is incorporated with Anhalt-Dessau, 23 
Nov. 1847. [Kothen, Zerbst-Dessau.] 

Anhalt-Pless, Principality of, — Fried- 
rich Erdmann, (Armand,) son of August 
Ludwig, (of Anhalt-Ebthen,) 6 Aug. 1755 — 
his son, Friedrich Ferdinand, succeeds, 
12 Dec. 1797 — becomes Prince of Anhalt- 
Kbthen, 16 Dec. 181 8 — cedes Pless to his 
brother Heinrich, 18 19. 

Anhalt-Plbtzkau, Principality of, — al- 
lotted to August, son of Joachim Ernst, (of 
Anhalt,) 1606 — his son, Lebrecht, succeeds, 
22 Aug. 1653— succeeds to the Principality of 
Anhalt-Kbthen, 22 Jun. 1665 — tr. 7 Nov. 
1669. 

Anhalt-Zerbst, Principality of, — allotted 
to PiOdolf, son of Joachim Ernst, (of Anhalt,) 
1606 — Johann, his son, succeeds, 20 Aug. 
1622 — succeeded by his son, Karl AYilhelm, 
14 Jul. 1667 — receives title of Most Serene, 
from the Emperor Joseph, 1708 — his son, 
Johann August, succeeds, 13 ]S T ov. 17 18 — 
succeeded by his son, Christian August, 7 
Nov. 1742 — Friedrich August, his son, -suc- 
ceeds, 16 Mar. 1747 — attains his majority, Jul. 
I 15 l — o"., and his Principality is divided be- 
tween Anhalt-Bernberg, Anhalt-Dessau, and 
Anhalt-Kbthen, 3 Mar. 1793. [Zerbst- 
Dessau.] 

Anholt, island in the Cattegat, — occupied by 
the English, and unsuccessfully attacked by 
the Danes, 27 Mar. 181 1. 

Ani, (Anni, Anion, AniJcaga,) in Armenia, 
— built, before 600— made the residence of 
the kings of Armenia, before 800 — ceded by 
Joannes Sembat to Basil II., 1022— surren- 
dered to Constantino IX. by Gaghik, 1045 — 
taken and plundered by Alp Arslan, 1064 — de- 
stroyed by an earthquake, 1 3 1 9. [Armenia.] 

Anianus, (Annianus,) chronographer, — fl. 
about 385-410. 

Anianus, jurisconsult, — as referendarhts to 
Alaric II. issues the copies of the Lex Romana 
V\8%gothorum (Breviarium Aniani,) from 
Adnris, 2 Feb. 506. [Alaricianum Brevia- 
rium.] 

Anich, Peter, topographer, — b. at Ober- 



Perfuss, 22 Feb. 1723 — ft. 1 Sep. 1766. 

Anicius Probus, consul with Fl. Arcadius, 
Aug. (1159, a. u. c.) 406. 

Aniello, Tommaso, (Masaniello,) — ft. at 
Amalfi, 1622 — Heads the revolt against the 
Duke d'Arcos, at Naples, 7 Jul. 1647 — nego- 
tiates a treaty with the Viceroy, for the aboli- 
tion of the taxes on provisions, &c, 10 Jul. — 
assassinated, 16 Jul. 

Aniline, {crystalline, hyanol, benzidam,) dis- 
covered by Unverdorben, 1 826 — violet, patented 
by Perkins, 26 Aug. 1856 — red, produced by 
Ltofmann, 1858 — industrial application of red, 
1859. 

Animal Magnetism. [Mesmerism.] 

Animuccia, Giovanni, musical composer, — 
n. at Florence, about 1500 — if. at Rome, 1569,3 
157 1, b or 1575.° a Zedler. b Biog. Univ. 

e Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Anisio, Giovanni, {Janus Anysius,) poet, — ■ 
fj. at Naples, about 1472— )j. about 1540. 
Protogenos, 1536. 

Anisson, Jean, printer, &c. — prints Du 
Cange's Glossarium ad Script, med.et inf. Grce- 
citatis, at Lyons, 1688 — invited to Paris by 
Louvois, and made director of the Imprimerie 
Roy ale, 1690— resigns the office in favour of 
Claude Eigaud, 1707 — commissioner at London, 
respecting the Treaty of Commerce between 
France and England, 17 13 — tf. at Paris, Nov. 
1721. 

Anisson - Duperron, Etienne Alexandre 
Jacques, printer, — b. at Paris, 1748 — succeeds 
his father in the direction of the Imprimerie 
Roy ale, 1788 — retires from the office, after 10 
Aug. 1792 — arrested, (Germinal, An II.) Mar. 
Apr. 1794 — condemned and guillotined, (6 
Floreal, An IL) 25 Apr. 1794. 

Anjar, in Hindustan, — besieged by the Eng- 
lish, and surrendered to them by Hassan Meya, 
16 Jan. 1 81 6 — transferred to the Eajah of 
Cutch, 1 8 19 — attacked by the insurgents, early 
in 1825. 

Anjou, {Pag us Andegavejisis,Adicavensis, or 
Andensis,Andegavia,) in France; Counts (Con- 
suls) of Anjou, — [BC] — subjugated by Julius 
Caesar, 57 — revolt with the Veneti, and are 
again subdued, 56— join Vercingetorix, and 
submit again, 52 — [AD] — join the revolt of 
Julius Sacrovir, which is suppressed by C. 
Silius, 21 — belongs to the Armorican Confeder- 
acy, about 300 — "Wallia, King of the Yisigoths, 
acquires the southern part, 419 — Adovacer, 
(Odoacer,) a Saxon chief, invited byEgidius to 
defend it against the Franks [Angers,] 463-4 a 
— acquired by Clovis, 486 — given to Ingelger, 
the first Count, (Consul,) by Charles the Paid, 
870— succeeded, by his son, Foulques L, (le 
Roux,) 888 — his son, Foulques IL, (le Ron,) 
succeeds, 938 — GeoffroiL, (Grisegonelle,) his 
son, succeeds, 958 — assists Lothaire of France 
against Otto IL, King of Germany, 97 8- -de- 
feats and kills the four sons of Conan I. of 
Bretagne, at Angers, 980 — defeats Guillaume 
II. of Poitiers, at Les Eoches, 983 — succeeded 
by his son, Foulques III., (Nerra, le Ierosoly- 
mitain,) 21 Jul. 987 a — defeats Eudes I. of 
Blois, at Amboise, about 990 — besieges Mantes, 



ANJOU. 



and defeats and kills Conan I. of Bretagne, 
there, 27 Jun. 992 — visits the Holy Land as a 
penance for murdering Hugues of Beauvais, 
between 1000 and 1005 a — defeats EudesII. of 
Blois in the plain of Pontlevoi, 6 Jul. 1016 — 
revisits the Holy Land, 1028-9, 1035, and 
1040 a — tj. 21 Jun. 1040 — Geoffroi II., (Mar- 
tel,) b. 14 Oct. 1006 — repels the invasion of 
Eudes of Poitiers, and kills him, near Mauze, 
10 Mar. 1039 — succeeds his father, 1040 — be- 
sieges Tour, and defeats and captures Thibaut 
III. of Blois, at St Martin de Bello, 21 Aug. 
1044 a — recommences war with him, 1057 — tf. 
at Angers, hisnepheAvs, Geoffroi IV. (leBarbu) 
and Foulques IV., (le Rechin,) succeed, 14 
Nov. 1060 — defeat Guillaume VIII. of Aqui- 
taine, at Chef-Boutonne, 20 Mar. 1061 a — feud 
between the brothers, Foulques makes Geof- 
froi prisoner by treachery, 5 Apr. 1067 a — 
Geoffroi released, besieges Brissac, and is again 
taken prisoner, 1068 — Foulques cedes the Gat- 
inais to Philippe I. of France, 1069 — in alliance 
with Hoel of Bretagne, at war with William 
the Conqueror, 1078 — at war with Guillaume 
VIII. of Aquitaine, 1079 — ms w ^ e Bertrade 
carried off by Philippe I. of France, 1092 — 
releases his brother Geoffroi, who soon after- 
wards dies, spring 1096 — associates his son, 
Geoffroi IV., (Martel,) with him in his 
government, 1098 — deposes him, but is com- 
pelled to reinstate him, 1 103-4 — assists Henry 
I. of England against his brother Eobert of 
Normandy, 1 105-6 — Geoffroi killed by the 
insurgent barons at the castle of Cande, 18 
May 1 106 — Foulques V., (le Jeune,) ft. 1092 
— receives the investiture from Philippe I., 26 
Sep. 1 106 — succeeds his father, 14 Apr. 1109 
— does homage to Henry I. of England for 
Maine, spring 1 1 1 3 — assists Louis VI. of France 
against Henry, 1 1 1 8— visits the Holy Land, 26 
May 1 1 20 to 4 Sep. 1121 — assists Louis VI. 
against the Emperor Henry V., in Champagne, 
Aug. 1 1 24 — and against Guillaume VI. of Au- 
vergne, 11 26 — Geoffroi V., (le Bel, Plantage- 
net,)h. 24 Aug. 1 113 — marries Matilda, daughter 
of Henry I, of England, widow of the Emperor 
Henry v., (Pentecost,) 22 May 1127a — succeeds 
his father, who goes to the Holy Land again, 
and becomes King of Jerusalem, 11 29 — repu- 
diates Matilda, who retires to Rouen, Jul. 
1 1 29 — receives her again, 11 30 — suppresses in- 
surrection of his brother Helie, after 11 30 — 
attempts the acquisition of Normandy, Dec. 
1 1 35, and Sep. 11 36 — suppresses insurrection 
of Eobert de Sable, beginning of 11 36, and 
1 1 45 — acquires Normandy, Jan. 1144 — finally 
subjugates it, by the help of Louis VII. of 
France, 1149 — takes Girard de Bellai prisoner, 
1 150 — and is excommunicated; Louis makes 
war upon him, 1150-1 — gives Girard up to 
Louis at Paris, end of Aug. 1151 — his son 
Henry [Henry II. of England] succeeds, 7 
Sep. 1 15 1 — succeeded by his son, Richard I., 
6 Jul. 1 1 89 — his nephew, Arthur of Bretagne, 
claims the Countship, 6 Apr. 11 99 — confirmed 
in possession of it by treaty with his uncle 
John, 1200— made prisoner by his uncle, and 
put to death, 3 Apr, 1203 — Philippe II, of 



France confiscates the lands held by John of 
his crown, and takes possession of Anjou, 1205 
— granted by St Louis to his brother, Charles 
of Provence, [Charles I. of Naples,] 27 May 
1246 — Charles II. of Provence [Charles II. 
of Naples,'] succeeds his father, 7 Jan. 1285* 
— cedes the Countship to his son-in-law, 
Charles III. of Valois, 16 Aug. 1290 — Philippe 
IV. erects it into a Comte-pairie, Sep. 1297 — . 
the barons unsuccessfully dispute the imposi- 
tion of an aid, when Charles is about to give 
his eldest daughter in marriage, 1301 — Charles 
if. 16 Nov. 1325 — John, son of Philippe VI. 
of France, invested, 17 Feb. 1332 a — reunites 
the domain to the crown, [John II.,] 22 Aug. 
1350— grants it in apanage to his son, Louis I. 
1356 — erects it into a BxwM-pairie, end of 
Oct. 1360 — Louis II. (of Naples) succeeds his 
father, 20 Sep. 1384 — the country ravaged 
by the English, summer 141 2 — Louis III. (of 
Naples,) succeeds his father, 29 Apr. 141 7 — 
battle of Bauge, 142 1 — Rene of Provence suc- 
ceeds his brother, 15 Nov. 1434 — the country 
ravaged by the Earl of Somerset, spring 1444 
— Henry VI. of England marries Margaret of 
Anjou, and cedes his claims to the duchy, Nov. 
1444 — Louis XL of France seizes the duchy, 
1480 — finally united to the Royal Domain, 
1484. [Touraine, &c, La Vendee.] 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. 
Anjou, Francois, (Hercule,) de France, Due 
d', (Bug d' Alengon, §c.,) Duke of Brabant, 
&c. — n. i8, a 11 b Mar. 1554 — Due d' Alenqon, 
8 Feb. 1566— proposed as a husband for Queen 
Elizabeth of England, 22 Aug. 1572 — again 
proposed, spring 1573 — obtains Elizabeth's per- 
mission to visit England, which is afterwards 
withdrawn, spring 1573 — sent to the siege of 
La Rochelle, before Jun. 1573 — takes the lead 
amongst the Mecontents, (Politiques,) summer 
1573 — kept under close surveillance by his 
mother, [Catharine de' Medici,] on account 
of the Huguenots' attempt to carry him off 
from the court at St Germain's, (Mardigras,) 
10 Mar. to 5 Sep. 1574 — treacherously betrays 
the plot against his brother Henry III. Jan. 
1575 — escapes from the Court and joins the 
Confederates, [Religious Wars,] 15 or 16 
Sep. 1575 — negotiates a truce with his mother 
at the castle of Champigni, middle of Nov. 
1575 — puts himself at the head of the Hugue- 
nots, at Moulins, Mar. 1576 — obtains the 
Peace of Valery, (Paix de Monsieur,) 10 May 
1576 — made Due d' Anjou, &c, 1 Oct. 1576 
— commands against the Huguenots; takes 
La Charite sur Loire, Apr. or May 1577 — ■ 
and Issoire, May or Jun. 1577 — escapes from 
the Court again, 14 Feb. 1578 — passes to 
Hainault, and makes a treaty with the con- 
federates, Aug. 1578 — takes Binche, 6 Sep. 
1578 — returns to France, late in 1578 — sends 
Simier to negotiate a marriage treaty with 
Elizabeth, 1579 — makes his peace with the 
Court, May 1579 — visits England in disguise, 
to prosecute his suit to Elizabeth, Jul. 1579 — 
accepts offer of the sovereignty of the Nether- 
lands, at Plessis les Tours, [William of Orange,] 
Aug. 1580 — signs the treaty, 29 Sep. 1580 — ■ 



9 2 



ANJOU— ANNAT. 



promotes the Peace of Fleix, Nov. 1580 — goes 
to the Netherlands, early in 158 1 — raises the 
siege of Cambrai, by the Duke of Parma, 18 
Aug. 158 1 — visits England again, 1 Nov. 1581 
— the affair of the ring, 22 Nov. 15 81 — leaves 
London, 3 Feb. 1582 — inaugurated Duke of 
Brabant, at Antwerp, 19 Feb. 1582 — and 
Count of Flanders, at Ghent, 15 Jul. 1582 — 
fails in an attempt to seize Antwerp and other 
places, 17 Jan. 1583 — renounces sovereignty 
of the Netherlands, 28 Jun. 1583 — rj. at Cha- 
teau Thierri, 13 Jun. 1584. a Art de Verifier 
les Dates. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Anjou, Kings of England of the Line of. 
[Plantagenet.] 

Anjou, Kings of Naples {and Sicily, or 
the Two Sicilies,) of the Line of, — Charles 
I., Count of Anjou and Provence, crowned 
King of Sicily, 6 Jan. 1266 — defeats and kills 
•Manfred at Benevento, and acquires the sove- 
reignty, 26 Feb. 1266 — succeeded, in Naples 
alone, by his son Charles II. (il Zoppo, 
Brince of Salerno,) 7 Jan. 1285 — his son, 
Elbert, (il Savio,) succeeds, 5-6 May 1309 
—{LINE OF AXJOU AND EUXGARY,) 
JoannaI. (Giovanna,) [Andrew of Ftungary,] 
succeeds her father, 19 or 14 Jan. i343 a — 
Charles III. of Durazzo, (il Piccolo, della 
Face,) acquires the crown, 16 Jul. 1381 — his 
son, Ladislas, (Lancelot,) succeeds, 8 Feb. 
1387 — his sister, Joanna II. (Giovannetta,) 
[James of Bourbcn,] succeeds, 6 Aug. 1414 — 
tS. 2 Feb. 1435. a L^ ee the names °f the sove- 
reigns, John of Anjou, Louis I., II., and III. 
of Anjou, and Sene of Anjou.] 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Anjou, Kings of Spain of the Line of. 
[Bourbon.]^ 

Ankarstrom, (Anclcarstrdm,) Johann Jakob, 
regicide, — ft. 176 1 — resigns his ensigncyin the 
body-guard of Gustavus IY. of Sweden, 1783 
• — returns to Stockholm, and assassinates the 
King, 15-6 Mar. 1792 — executed, 29 Apr. 
1792. 

Anklam, (Anclam, Tauglin,) in Prussia, — 
founded, n 88 — fortified by Bazislan III. of 
Pomerania, 1 1 9 1 — burnt, in various petty 
wars, 1376, 1474, and 1524 — occupied by the 
Imperialists, [Thirty Years' War, J 1627 — by 
Gustavus Adolphus, 163 1 — by the Imperialists, 
1637 — by the Imperialists and Georg VTilhelni 
of Brandenburg, 1639 — given to Friedrich 
"SVilhelm I. of Brandenburg, 1659 — plundered 
by him, 1676 — phmdered'by the Eunian troops, 
1713 — the Swedes expelled, 1715 — ceded to 
Friedrich "Wilhelm II. of Prussia, by the 
peace of Stockholm, 1 Feb. 1720 — entirely 
dismantled, 1762. 

Anlaf, (Anclaf Onlaf, the Fane,) King of 
Ireland, — invades England, and is defeated 
by Athelstane, at Brunanburgh, 937, a 938. b 

a Anglo-Sax. Chron. b Florence of Worcester. 

Anlaf, (Oulaf,) of Ireland, — chosen King of 
Northumbria, 941 — storms Tamworth ; is de- 
feated by Edmund at Leicester; and after- 
wards baptized, 943. a [Northumberland, 
Kings of] a Anglo-Sax. Chron. 

Anlaf, (Vnlaf) a Banish chief— ravages 



the eastern and southern parts of England; 
but departs on payment of tribute, late in 
994.* [Sweyn.] a Anglo-Sax. Chron. 

Anna Comnena, Byzantine historian, §c. — 
fc. at Constantinople, 1 Dec. 1083 — married to 
Nicephorus Bryennius, [the Younger?) after 
1096 a — conspires against her brother, John 
Comnenus, after 15 Aug. n 18 — Nicephorus 
dies, 1 1 37 — tf. 1 148. [Alexis I.] a Gibhon. 

Anna Ivanovna, Czarina of Kussia, 
Duchess of Courland, — f). (8 Feb. 7201, 
A. M. Byz.) 29 Jan. 1694, 1693 s — married to 
Frederick William, Duke of Courland, 13 Nov. 
17 10 — who dies, 21 Jan. 17 n — chosen to suc- 
ceed her cousin Peter IL, after 29 Jan. 1730 
— makes herself absolute, and remodels the 
council, 25 Feb. 1730 — signs the Treaty of 
Biatscha with Persia, 21 Jan. 1732 — interferes 
in the affairs of Poland, in favour of Frederick 
Augustus II., Feb. 1733 to Jun. 1734 — sur- 
renders the Persian possessions of Bussia, and 
concludes a treaty with the Shah, 1735 — assists 
the Emperor Charles VI., 1735 — at war with 
Turkey in the Crimea, [Azov,] 1736 — -joined 
by the Emperor Charles VI. [Oczakow,] 
1737 — [Choczim, Yassi, Feace o/Belgrade,]— 
concludes peace with Turkey, 18 Sep. 1739— 
proclaims peace at St Petersburg, 26 Feb. 
1740 — rj. 28 Oct. 1740. [ Biren, John Ernst.] 

a Art de Verifier les Dates, Conv.-Lex., Nouv. 
Biog. Gen. 

Annah, (Anah, Anatho,) in Asiatic Turkey, 
— burnt by the \Vahabites, 1807. 

Annales Maximi, (Fontificum commentarii?) 
oi Borne, — [BC] — commenced (mythic,) 713* 
— the earlier portion of the series destroyed 
when Borne was burnt by the Gauls, 390 b — 
continued till the Pontificate of P. Mucius 
ScEevola, 130 to 120. 

a Greswell. ^ Niebuhr. 

Annamaboe, (Annamaboo,) in Gold Coast 
Colony, — the Fantees and British defeated and 
the town burnt by the Ashantees, 16 Jun. 1 807. 

Annan, in Scotland, — Annandale ravaged by 
Sir Bobert Clifford, end of 1297 — by the Cum- 
berland borderers, 1379 — Annan destroyed by 
Lord Y/Tiarton, about 10 Sep. 1547. 

Annapoiis, (Fort Boyal,) in Nova Scotia, — 
settled by De Monts, 1604 — reduced by Ar- 
gall, 1 6 14 — by Alexander and Kirk, 1627 — 
surrenders to Sir William Phipps, dismantled, 
20 May 1690 — successfully defended by Suber- 
case, 1707 — besieged and taken by General 
Nicholson, 24 Sep. to 2 Oct. 17 10 — ceded to 
Great Britain by Treaty of Utrecht, and called 
Annapolis, 17 13 — unsuccessfully besieged by 
Quesnel, 1744 — seat of government of the 
colony removed to Halifax, 1750. [Acadia.] 

Annapolis, (Brovidence, Severn,) in Mary- 
land, JJ. S. — made a port-town, 1694 — and the 
seat of government for the colony, 1699 — the 
Continental Congress meets here, 1783-4 — 
committees from five States meet here, and pro- 
pose a Convention at Philadelphia, Sep. 1786. 

Annat, (Anats, Canard,) Francois, theo- 
logian, — fj. at Bodez, or Bovergne, 5 Feb. 
1590 — enters the Society of Jesus, 1607 — 
confessor to Louis XIV., 1654— ft. at Paris, 14 



ANNATES— ANNE. 



93 



Jun. 1670. La Bonne Foi des Jansenistes, 
1656 — Collected Latin works, 1666. 

Annates, {Annates, Brimitice, First-fruits,) 
— established by the time of Alexander IV., 
1260 — extended to all appointments by Clement 
V. before 13 14— imposed on benefices vacant 
for three years, by John XXII., 13 16 — ex- 
tended to all benefices by Boniface IX., 1392 
or 1399 — complained of at Council of Pisa, 
1409* — branded as a corruptela simoniaca by 
Council of Basel, (Sess. XXI.) 9 Jun. 1435 a 
—doubled by Alexander VI., about 1500 — 
apparently prohibited by Council of Trent 
(Sess. XXIV. Decree on Eeformation, c. 14), 
11 Nov. 1563. In England, claimed, before 
1087 — first levied in the reign of John, about 
1213— levied by Pope Nicholas V., 1292 — by 
Clement V., 1305-6 — by John XXII., 1316 — 
conditionally abolished by Act of Parliament 
and Letters Patent, 1522-3 — made payable to 
the King instead of the Pope, by Acts, 25 
Hen. VIII. c. 3, &c, 1533-4, &c. [First- 
fruits, Queen Anne's Bounty, Tenths.] In 
France, prohibited by ordinances of Charles 
VI., 1385, 1406, i4i8 b — protested against at 
Council of Constance, 1417 s — prohibited by 
ordinance of Charles VII., 1432 b — by the 
Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, 1438 b — by 
ordinance of Louis XL, 1463-4*- — by the 
Etats Generaux at Tours, 1493 — revived, 155 1 
— prohibited by Charles IX., 156 i b — finally 
abolished, 11 Aug. and 21 Sep. 1789. In 
Germany, complained of, but confirmed, at 
Council of Constance (Sess. XLIII.), 21 Mar. 
1418* — remitted by Eugenius IV., before 
1447 a — reimposed by the Concordat of Vienna, 
1448 a — ostensibly devoted to the maintenance 
of the war against the Turks, after 1452 — 
complained of amongst the Centum Gra- 
vamina, 1522-3 — confirmed by the Concordat 
with Bavaria, 5 Jun. 1817.* In Naples, re- 
mitted by Concordat, 16 Feb. 181 8. In 
Ireland, applied to the augmentation of small 
benefices, under the management of a Board 
of First-fruits, [Swift, Jonathan,] by Act, 2 
Geo. I, c. 15, 17 14-5 — abolished, by Act, 3 
and 4 TVm. IV. c. 37, 14 Aug. 1833. 

a Ersch and Gruber. b Encyc. Moderne. 

Anne {Jeanne) of Savoy, Byzantine Em- 
press, — ft. (daughter of Amadeus V. of Savoy) 
1320 — married to Andronicus III. ; arrives at 
Constantinople, Feb. 1326^ — Regent during 
the minority of Joannes VI., 15 Jun. 1341 — 
rebellion of Cantacuzenus, [Joannes V.] Oct. 
1341— civil war, 1342-4 — is. about i355, b after 
I 35 I » C I359, d I345- 6 a Gibbon. b Biog. Univ. 

c Ersch and Gruber. d Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

e Art de Verifier les Dates, Guichenon, Moreri. 

Anne, Queen of England. [Boleyn, 
Hyde, Nevil.] 

Anne of Bohemia, {of Luxemburg,) Queen 
of England, (daughter of the Emperor 
Charles IV.) — married to Richard II. of 
England, 14 Jan. 1382— U. at Sheen, 7 Jun. 
J 394- 

Anne of Cleves, Queen of England, — ft. 
(daughter of John the Peaceable, Duke of 
Cleves, &c.) 22 Sep. 15 15 — married to Henry 



VIII. of England, 6 Jan. 1540 — divorced, 
12-24 Jul- I 54° — &• a ^ Chelsea, 16 Jul. 1557. 

Anne of Denmark, Queen of England, 
&c. (daughter of Frederick II. of Denmark) — • 
married to James VI. of Scotland, Jan. 1589 — ■ 
crowned at Holyrood, beginning of May 1589 
— crowned at Westminster, 25 Jul. 1603 — tf. 
2 Mar. 16 19. [James I.] 

Anne {Marie Maurieie,) d'Autriche, Queen 
of France, — ft. at Madrid, (daughter of 
Philip III. of Spain,) 22 Sep. i6oi, a i6o2, b — ■ 
demanded in marriage for the son of the 
Emperor of Abyssinia, 1604 — married to Louis 
XIII. of France, by proxy at Burgos, 1 8 Oct. 
1 6 15 — at Bordeaux, 25 Oct. c 25 Nov. a 25 Dec. b 
1 6 15 — after the death of Louis made Regent 
by the Farlemcnt [Conde, La Fronde, Ma- 
zarin, Retz, Richelieu, &c], 18 May 1643— 
Louis XFV. assumes the government, 7 Sep. 
1651° — tr. 20 Jan. 1666. [Buckingham.] 
a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

c Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Anne de Beaujeu, {de France,) Regent of 
France, — ft. (daughter of Louis XL) about 
1462 — married to Pierre II. de Beaujeu, Duke 
of Bourbon, 1474 — Regent, with the Duke of 
Orleans [Louis XII.], after the death of her 
father, 30 Aug. 1483 — Charles VIII. declared 
of age at the Etats Generaux at Tours, spring 
1484 — Anne declares the Duke of Orleans a 
rebel, and frustrates his plans in the south of 
France, [La Guerre Folle,] enters Bordeaux, 
7 Mar. 14873 — the Duke defeated and made 
prisoner at St Aubin du Cormier, 28 Jul. 1488 
— Charles assumes the government, and re- 
leases the Duke of Orleans, 149 1 — tf. 14 Nov, 
1522. a a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Anne de Bretagne, Queen of France, — 
ft. at Nantes, 26 Jan. 1476 — sole heiress of 
Bretagne, at the death of her father Francis 
II., 9 Sep. 1488 — married by proxy to Maxi- 
milian of Austria, 1489^ beginning of 1490 b 
— marriage annulled, married to Charles VIII. 
of France, at Langeais, 6 Dec. 149 1 — Regent 
during Charles's expedition into Italy, 1494-5 
— after the death of Charles marries Louis 
XII. at Nantes, 8 Jan. 1499 a — tr. at Blois, 9 
Jan. 15 14. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Coxe. 

Anne {Agnes, Gertrude, Adelaide) of Rus- 
sia, Queen of France, (daughter of Jaroslav 
I. of Russia) — married to Henry I. of France, 
io5i, a 1044 or io36 b — after Henry's death 
married to Raoul III., Count of Valois, 1062 — 
wrongly said to have been repudiated, 1066 b 
— tr. at La Ferte Allais ? after 1075.* 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Other authorities. 

Anne, Empress of the Romans, {Queen of 
Bohemia,) — ft. (daughter of Ladislas VI. of 
Hungary) 1503 — crowned at Prague with 
her brother, Louis II. of Hungary, 11 Mar. 
1509 — married to Ferdinand I. of Austria, 5 
May 152 1 — &. 27 Jan. 1547. 

Anne, {Stuart,) Queen of Great Britain, 
—ft. (daughter of James II.) at Twickenham, 
6 Feb. 1664 — married to Prince George of 
Denmark, (7 Aug. n. s.) 28 Jul. 1683 — birth of 
the Duke of Gloucester, 24 Jul. 1689 — deserts 
the cause of her father, 26 Nov. 1688 — the 



94 



ANNE— ANNUEL. 



crown of Great Britain settled on lier, after 
William III., by Bill of Rights, 16 Dec. 
1689— reconciled to her father, 1691 — retires 
from court, Jan. 1692 — taken into favour 
again by "William III., 5 Mar. 1695— Duke of 
Gloucester dies, 30 Jul. 1700 — succession 
determined by the Act of Settlement, 12 Mar. 
1701 — succeeds William III., 8 Mar. 1702 — 
crowned, (15 May n. s.) 4 May 1702— visits 
Oxford, on her way to Bath, 26 Aug. 1702 — 
attends the public Thanksgiving on account oi 
tbe war, at St Paul's, 12 Nov. 1702 — visits 
Cambridge, 10 Apr. 1705 — attends St Paul's 
at the Thanksgiving on account of the Union 
with Scotland, 1 May 1707— Prince George 
dies at Kensington, (8 Nov. n. s.) 28 Oct. 
1708 — the Queen requested by addresses from 
both Houses of Parliament to marry again, 28 
Jan. 1709 — the Duchess of Marlborough sup- 
planted by Mrs Masham, 19 Jan. 17 11 — the 
Queen's letter to the Abp of Canterbury on the 
state of religion, 20 Aug. 17 n — attacked by 
the gout, Jan. 17 12, Dec. 17 13 — attacked by 
apoplexy, 30 Jul. 17 14 — tf. at Kensington, 
(12 Aug. n. s.) 1 Aug. 17 14. [War of the 
Spanish Succession, Grand Alliance of the 
Hague, Treaty of Utrecht, &c] 

Anne Marie, Queen of Spain, — fj. (daugh- 
ter of the Emperor Maximilian II.) 8 Jul. 
1546 — affianced? to Don Carlos, Infante of 
Spain, 1565 — married to Philip II. of Spain, 
12 Nov. 1570 — tf. 26 Oct. 1580. 

Anne, St, Order of, — instituted in Schles- 
wig Holstein by Charles VI. of Eussia, 1738 — 
transferred to Eussia by Peter III., 1762. 

Annebaut, {Annebaud,) Claude, Mare- 
chal d', — at the siege of Mezieres,i52i — taken 
prisoner at the battle of Pavia, 24 Feb. 1525 — 
commands in Piedmont, 1536 — Marechal, 1537 
— Admiral of France, 1543 — sent to invade 
England, engages the English fleet indecisively 
off the Isle of Wight, 6 Jul. 1545 — negotiates 
the peace of Ardres, early in 1546— removed 
from office after the death of Francis I., 31 
Mar. 1547 — lj. at La Fere, 2 Nov. 1552. 

Annecy, in Savoy, — plundered by the Due 
de Vendome, autumn 1703. 

Anneessens, Franz, manufacturer at Brus- 
sels, — b. about 1650 — persecuted for his politi- 
cal opinions under the government of Max- 
imilian Emmanuel of Bavaria, about 1700 — ■ 
refuses obedience to the regulation of 12 Aug. 
1700, with the other representatives of the 
trade-guilds, 17 17 — accused of treason, with 
three others, by the minister of Prince Eugene 
of Savoy, and beheaded, 19 Sep. 17 19. 

Anneso, Gennaro, — chosen leader by the 
people at Naples, [Aniello,] after the assassin- 
ation of the Prince of Massa, 22 Oct. 1647 — 
procures the invitation of Henry Duke of Guise 
to take charge of the military affairs of the re- 
public, 15 Nov. 1647 — deprived of his author- 
ity by Guise, beginning of Jan. 1648 — ne- 
gotiates with the Spaniards, the Count of 
Ofiate sent as Viceroy to Naples, 1 Mar. 1648— 
Don John of Austria admitted, and the re- 
bellion suppressed, 6 Apr. 1648— Anneso be- 



headed by order of the Count of Onate, 1648. 

Annexation, Act of, — annexing to the crown 
the unalienated Church-lands, passed by the 
Parliament of Scotland, Jul. 1587. 

Annianus, — Consul with C. Ceionius Eufus 
Volusianus, (1067, a. tj. c.) 314. 

Annikeris, Cyrenaic philosopher, — [BC] — 
ft. about 330. 

Annius, {Nannius, Giovanni Nanni,) of 
Viterbo, oriental and classical scholar, ^c. — fo. at 
Viterbo, about 1432 — appointed 'Master of the 
Palace by Pope Alexander VI., 1499 — rj. 
(poisoned?) 13 Nov. 1502. Tractatus de Im- 
perio Turcarum, 147 1 — Antiquitates Varied, 
1498. 

Anno, (JTanno,) St, Abp of Cologne, — ft. 
after 1000 — appointed successor to Herman, 
Abp of Cologne, by the Emperor Henry III., and 
consecrated there, 3 Mar. 1056 — carries off the 
young Emperor, Henry IV., by stratagem, 
and makes himself Eegent of the Empire, 
{Easter,) beginning of Apr. 1062 — holds the 
Council of Osbor against the Anti-pope, Hono- 
rius II., and is supplanted by Adalbret, Abp 
of Bremen, Oct. 1062 — engaged in contests 
wdth the merchants of Cologne, 1063 — convokes 
the Diet of Tribur, and is reinstated in the 
government, beginning of 1066 — sent to Borne, 
to terminate the schism, [Council of Mantua,] 
1067 — dismissed by the Emperor, 1069 — re- 
called after Adalbret's death, 1072 — retires 
from the court, 1073 — sent by the Emperor to 
treat with the rebels of Saxony and Thuringia, 
1073 and 1074 — involved in fresh contests 
with the merchants of Cologne, 1074 — ft. at 
Siegberg, 4 Dec. 1075. 

Anno Bom, {Annabon,) in the Gulf of Guinea, 
— discovered by the Portuguese, 1 Jan. 1473, 
1526 — ceded to Spain, but not taken possession 
of, 1778. 

Annonae Praefectus, at Rome, — [BC] — a 
magistrate, first appointed to superintend the 
corn-market (315, a. it. c.) 439 — [AD] — 
Augustus first appoints an officer with this 
title, 13. [Corn Laws, at Home.] 

AJniQne,{Annonj,) Johann Jakob, antiquary, 
naturalist, §c. — fj. at Basel, 12 Jul. 1728 — 
Prof, of Eloquence there, 1766 — of Juris- 
prudence, 1779 — fr- l % Sep. 1804. 

Annual Register, — commenced by Dodsley, 
for the year 1758, Jun. 1759. American, 
commenced, 1825 — discontinued, 1833. Edin- 
burgh, commenced, 1808 — discontinued, 1825. 
New, commenced, 17 81 — discontinued, 1825. 
Historical Register, commenced, 17 16 — discon- 
tinued, 1738. Annuaire Historique, com- 
menced, 1 81 8. 

Annuel, of Norway, — Alexander III. of 
Scotland agrees to the payment of 100 marks 
yearly to Norway for ever, as a quit-rent for the 
sovereignty of the islands of Scotland, 1266 — 
dispute concerning arrears, &c, referred to the 
arbitration of Charles VII. of France, 1456 ; 
who recommends the adjustment of it by the 
marriage of the Scottish heir-apparent with 
Margaret of Norway, 1460 — James III. mar- 
ries the ' maiden of Norway,' the Annuel and 



ANNUITIES— ANSEGISTTS. 



95 



its arrears finally renounced, summer 1469. 
Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin, {Annun- 
ciatio Dominica, or Beatce Virginis Marice, 
Festivitas Dominica Matris, Fxp>ectatio Puer- 
$>erii Dciparce,Oleries, Conceptio Christi,Fvange- 
lismus, Salutatio, Bascarach,) — already ob- 
served on Mar. 25, 629 — transferred to Dec. 
18, by the Xlth Council of Toulouse, end of 
656 — observance of Mar. 25 established, before 
691. 

Annunciation, {Annonciation, the Ten Joys 
of Our Lady,) religious Order of the, — insti- 
tuted at Bourges, by Jeanne de Valois, 1500 — 
confirmed by Pope Alexander VI., 1501 — by 
Leo X., 1517. 

Annunciation, (Annunciada, Annuntiata,) 
religious Order of the, — instituted at Genoa, 
by Maria Victoria Fornari, 1604. Order of 
Knighthood, instituted by Amadeus VI. of 
Savoy, 1362 a — reformed by Amadeus VIII., 7 
Nov. i434 a — its title changed by Charles III. 
of Savoy, 15 18. [Servites.] 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. 
Annunciation, {Annunciada,) Society of the, 
■ — founded at Rome by Cardinal John Turre- 
cremata, 1460. 

Anomosans, (Aetians,) sect of Arians, — re- 
ject the Homoiousian doctrine at Ilnd Council 
of Sirmium, 357 — their doctrine rejected at 
Council of Ancyra, 358 — and by Council of 
Seleucia, 27 Sep. 359 — confirmed by Council 
of Constantinople, beginning of 360. [Aetius, 
Arians, Eunomius, Semiarians, &c] 

Anquetil, (Duperron,) Louis Pierre, histo- 
rian, — ft. at Paris, 21 Feb. 1723 — Prior of 
La Roe, 1757 — Director of Coll. of Senlis, 
1758 — ft. at Paris, 6 Sep. 1808. I? Esprit 
de la Li g ice, 1767 — Precis de VJListoire Univer- 
selle, 1797 — IListoire de France, 1804-5. 

Anquetil Duperron, Abraham Hyacinthe, 
orientalist, — ft. at Paris, 7 Dec. 17 31 — enlists 
as a private soldier, arrives in India, 7 Nov. 
1754 — returns, 1762 — If. at Paris, 17 Jan. 1805. 
Zend-Avesta, 177 1 — Richer ches FListoriques et 
Geographiques sur VLnde, 1786. 

Ansaldi, Casto Innocenzio, theologian, anti- 
quary,— -ft. at Placentia,i7 10 — ft. at Turin, 1779. 
Patria rch a Joseph i Re ligio v in dicatim, 1738 — 
De Principiorum Legis Naturalis Traditione, 
1742 — DeBaptismate in Spiritu Sancto, $c, 1752 
• — De Sacro et Publico apud Fthnicos Pictarum 
Tabularum Cultu, 1752 — Rijiezzioni sopra i 
Mezzi di Perfezionare la Filosqfa Morale, 
1778. 

Ansaldi, Innocenzio, painter, — ft. at Pescia, 
1734— tr. at Florence, 1816. 

Ansaldo, Andrea, painter, — ft. at Voltri, 
1584—0". at Genoa, 1638. Last Supper, in the 
Oratorio of Sant' Antonio Abate, Genoa, 
1629. 

Ansars, {Ansarians, Ansayrii, Nassaris, §c). 
[Assassins, Ismaelians, Karmathians.] 

Ansbach, {Anspach, Onolzbach, Onoldum,) 
Marquisate or, — constitutes the Lower Bur- 
graviate of Niirnberg, and is allotted to Fred- 
erick I. of Brandenburg, at the death of his 
father, Frederick V., Jan. 1397 a — Frederick 



unites the Upper Burgraviate {Principality of 
Culmbach a^c? Baireuth) with it at the death of 
his brother, John III., n Jun. 1420 a — allotted 
by Albert III. of Brandenburg to his second s.on, 
Frederick, 1473 a — Baireuth reunited with it, 
at the death of his brother Sigismund, 1495 b — 
allotted to George the Pious, son of Frederick, 
I5i5 b — Baireuth reunited at the death of his 
brother Casimir, 1527 b — joins the Reforma- 
tion, 1528 — allotted to George Frederick, 
son of George the Pious, 1543 b — Baireuth re- 
united at the death of his brother Albert Alci- 
biades, 1557 b — monastery of Ansbach secu- 
larized, 1563 — both principalities revert to 
Joachim Frederick of Brandenburg, 1603 — who 
grants Ansbach to his son Ernest, between 
1603 and 1608 — Frederick succeeds his father, 
1625 b — his son Albert succeeds, and reunites 
Baireuth, after 27 Aug. 1634 b — his son John- 
Frederick, 1667 b — Christian A lbret, his 
son, 1686 — his brother, George Frederick, 
1692 — his brother, William Frederick, 
1703 — Charles William Frederick, his 
son, 1723 — Christian Frederick Charles 
Alexander, his son, 3 Aug. 1757 — reunites 
Baireuth, 1769 — sells his principality to 
Frederick William II. of Prussia, [Harden- 
berg,] 2 Dec. 17 91 — the neutrality of the 
territory violated by Bernadotte, by order of 
Napoleon I., 5 Oct. 1805 — ceded by Frederick 
William III. to Maximilian Joseph II. of 
Bavaria, by convention with Napoleon at 
Vienna, [Berg-,] 15 Dec. 1805 — Bernadotte 
takes possession of, for Bavaria, 24-26 Feb. 
1 806 — army of the Duke of Auerstadt quarter- 
ed there, Apr. 1809— confirmed to Bavaria by 
Congress of Vienna, 11 Mar. 18 15. 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Ansbach, {Anspach,) Elizabeth Berkeley, 
Margravine op, {Lady Craven,) - — ft. at Lon- 
don, Dec. 1750 — married to William, Lord 
Craven, 1767 — separated from him, 17 81 — 
travels in Russia, Turkey, &c, 1787— her hus- 
band dies, 1 79 1 — married to Christian Frede- 
rick, Margrave of Ansbach, 1791 — created 
Princess Von Berkeley, by Emperor Francis 
II., 1793 — the Margrave dies, 1806 — enter- 
tains Caroline, Queen of England, 1821 — tf. at 
Naples, 13 Jan. 1828. Journey through the 
Crimea to Constantinople, 1789 — Memoirs of 
the Margravine of Ansbach, 1825. 

Anscharius, {Anscar, Ansgar,) St, the 
Monk of Corbie, ' Apostle of the North,' — ft. in 
Picardy, 8 Sep. 801 — enters Benedictine Order, 
about 8 1 3 — goes into Jutland in company with 
Autbert, 826— enters Sweden, autumn 829 — 
arrives at Birca, {Biorl;) 830 — returns to Cor- 
bie, 831 — Abp of Hamburg and Legate in the 
North, 832 — driven out by the Normans, 845 
— Bp of Bremen, 849 or 854 — founds the first 
church in Denmark, at Hadebye, {Slesivicl;) 
850 — revisits Sweden, 853 — baptizes Erik II. 
of Denmark, 858 — &. at Bremen, 3 Feb. 865. 
[Ebbo.] 

Ansegisus, St, Abbot oe St Vandrille, 
canonist, — made Abbot of St Flais {St Germer) 
by Charlemagne, 807 — collects the Capitularies 



9 6 



ANSELM— ANTES. 



of Charlemagne and Louis le Debonnaire, 827 
— If. at Fontenelle {St Vandrille,) 20 Jul. 

833. 

Anselm of Laon, (Laudunensis, Scholasticus,) 
theologian, — ft. at Laon, about 1030 — teaches 
at Paris in company with Manegold, 1076 — 
teaches at Laon, Dean of the Cathedral there, 
about 1 103 — If. 15 Jul. 1 1 17. 

Anselm, St, Abp op Canterbury, theolo- 
gian, §c. — ft. at Aosta, 1033 — enters the Abbey 
of Bee, 1060 — Prior there, 1063 — Abbot, 1078 
— chosen Abp of Canterbury, (2 JNTon. Mar.) 6 
Mar. 1093 — arrives in England, (7 Kal. Oct.) 
25 Sep. 1093 — consecrated (2Non. Dec.) 4Dec. 
1093 — supports the cause of Urban II. and is 
accused of treason and fined by William II., 
1094-5 — receives his pall from Urban, {Pente- 
cost,) 13 May 1095— permitted to leave Eng- 
land, Oct. 1097 — arrives at Borne, beginning 
of Apr. 1098— present at the Council of Bari, 
Oct. 1098 — returns to France, 1099 — returns 
to England on invitation of Henry I., 23 Sep. 
1 100 — holds the Council of Lambeth, 1100 — 
holds a Synod at Westminster, {Council of 
London,] Sep. 1102, Sep. no3 a — leaves Eng- 
land, 27 Apr. 1 103 — visits Eome again, end of 
autumn, uo3 a — visited by Henry I. at the 
Castle de l'Aigle, 22 Jul. 1105 — at Bee, 15 
Aug. 1 1 06 — returns to England, 15 Aug. 1106 
— holds Councils of London, Aug. 1107, and 
May 1 1 08 — if. at Canterbury, (11 Kal. May,) 
21 Apr. 1 1 09. a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Anselme de Sainte Marie, (of Paris, Pierre 
de Guibours,) genealogist, — ft. at Paris, 1625 — 
if. 1694. Le Palais de V Honneur, 1663-8 — 
Le Palais de la Gloire, 1664 — Histoire Genea- 
logique de la liaison de France, $c, 1694. 

Ansiany, Jean Joseph Eleonor Antoine, 
painter, — ft. at Liege, 1764. 

Ansibarii, [Ampsivarii, Attuarii? Ansu- 
arii?) of Germany, — their chief, Boiscalus, 
faithful to Eome, n — expelled from their 
country by the Chauci, refused a refuge in 
Frisia by Avitus, and almost exterminated by 
various Germanic tribes, 59 a — mentioned along 
with the Franks, about 363^ a smith's Diet. 

Anslo, Eeinier Van, poet, — ft. at Amster- 
dam, i622, a 1626 b — goes to Italy, 1649 — if, 
at Perugia, 16 May 1669. Poems, 17 13. 
a Biog. Mus. b Other authorities. 

Anson, George, Lord, circumnavigator, — ft. 
at Shuckborough, 23 Apr. 1697 — 2nd Lieut, of 
H. M. S. Hampshire, 17 16 — serves under Ad- 
miral Byng, 17 17-8 — commands H. M. sloop 
Weasel, 1722 — Post-captain, commands H. M. 
S. Scarborough, 1724 — visits S. Carolina, erects 
town of 'Anson,' 1733 — sa ^ s fr° m St Hel- 
en's, in command of the squadron sent against 
Peru, 18 Sep. 1740 — remains at Juan Fernan- 
dez, 10 Jun. to 19 Sep. 1 741 — captures and 
burns Paita, 13-16 Nov. 1741 — cruises off Aca- 
pulco, Jan. to Mar. 1742 — loses the Gloucester, 
16 Aug. 1742 — reaches Macao from Tinian, 
12 Nov. 1742 — begins his cruise again, begin- 
ning of Apr. 1743 — captures the Manilla 
galleon, 20 Jun. 1743 — leaves China, Jul. 1743 
— arrives at Spithead, 15 Jun. 1744 — Bear- 
Admiral of the Blue, Jun. 1744— commission- 



er of the Admiralty, 1744 — Bear-Admiral of 
the White, 1745 — Vice-Admiral of the Blue, 
1746 — commands the Channel fleet, winter 
1746-7 — defeats De la Jonquiere off Cape 
Finisterre, 8 May 1747 — Lord Anson, Baron 
of Soberton, Jun. 1747 — Admiral of the Blue, 
1748 — Vice-Admiral of Great Britain, Jul. 
1749 — first commissioner of the Admiralty, 
1 75 1 -6 — reinstated at the head of the Admiral- 
ty, Jun. 1757 — commands at the descent on 
Cherbourg, 8 Aug. 1758 — Admiral of the 
fleet, 1761 — if. at Moor Park, 6 Jun. 1762. 
Voyage round the World, 1746. 
Anspach. [Ansbach.] 
Anstett, (A.nstetten,) Jean Protasius d', 
diplomatist, — ft. at Strasburg, about 1760 — ■ 
emigrates from France, and goes to Eussia, 
1789 — ambassador from the Emperor Paul to 
Frederick William II. of Prussia, 1794 — after- 
wards Charge d' Affaires at Vienna, to 181 1 — ■ 
under Prince KutusofF, 18 12 — accompanies the 
Emperor Alexander in the campaigns of 1813-4 
— negotiates the Convention of Kalisch, 25 
Mar. 181 3 — represents Eussia at the Congress of 
Prague, 27 Jul. to 10 Aug. 181 3 — and at the 
conferences respecting the re-cession of the. 
territory of Frankfort-on-the-Main, 18 14 — 
ambassador from Eussia to the Germanic Con- 
federation, 1 8 15 — if. at Frankfort-on-the-Main, 
14 May 1835. 

Anstey, Christopher, poet, — ft. 31 Oct. 1724 
— if. at Bath, 1805. New Bath Guide, 1766. 

Antagoras, of Rhodes, epic poet, — [B C] — ft. 
about 270-69. . 

Antalkidas, of Sparta, — [B C] — sent as envoy 
to Tiribazus, satrap of Ionia, 392, a 393 b — ap- 
pointedNavarchin Asia, 388 — accompanies Tiri- 
bazus to Susa, 387^ 388 b — returns to the coast 
of Asia, spring 387 — harasses the commerce of 
Athens, 387 — sent again to Persia, sues with- 
out success for another intervention, 371-69? 
— Ephor, and shares the panic at Sparta on 
the invasion of Epaminondas, 369 — Peace [Con- 
vention) of, negotiated by Antalkidas with Ar- 
taxerxes II. (Mncmon) of Persia, spring, 1 
autumn, 387 — accepted by deputies from the 
Grecian States at a Congress at Sparta, (01. 
98, 2,) autumn 387. 

a Grote. b Smith's Diet. c Clinton. 

Antandros, in Troas, — [BC] — taken by the 
Persians, about 500 — betrayed to the Persians, 
but recovered by Athens, 424 — acquired by the 
Persians again, 411. 

Antar, (Antara el Fewures,) mythic hero of 
Arabia, — ft. about 500 or 550. [Asmae.] 

Antarctic Expedition, under Sir James Poss, 
— sails, 1839 — returns, 1841. 

Antelmi, Joseph, ecclesiastical historian, — 
ft. at Frejus, 25 Jul. 164& — if. 21 Jun. 1697. 
Le Initiis Fcclesice Forojuliensis, 1680. 

Antequera, (Anticaria, Antikeyrah,) in 
Spain, — recovered from the Moors by the Ee- 
gent Fernando, end of Sep. 141 o. 

Antes, (Antes,) — occupy Moldavia and Wal- 
lachia, and commence their irruptions into the 
Eastern Empire, 527 — defeated by Germanus, 
in Thrace, 528 — defeat and kill Chilbudius, 
533 — harass the Danubian frontier continually, 



ANTHEAS— ANTI-FEDEB ALI STS. 



97 



534-6 — under Martinus and Valerianus rein- 
force Belisarius against Vitiges, in Eome, 538 
— Justinian vainly proposes to make peace 
with them, 546 — serve under Wsehrd and 
Drobohost against Persia, 554-5 — join the 
Bulgarians in invading the Empire, 559. 
[Avars, Sclavonians, Wends.] 
Antheas, poet, — [B C] — fl. at Lindus, ahout 

59 6 - 

Anthemius, — (1) Consul with Stilicho II., 
(1158, a. u. c.) 405. (2) Co^sM^with Floren- 
tinus, (Florentius,) (1268,) 515. 

Anthemius, Flavius Procopius, Emperor 
of the West, — Consul with Valentinian, 455 — 
appointed by the Emperor Leo, and inaugurated 
at Eome, 12 Apr. 467 — Consul II., 468 — put to 
death by Eicimer, n Jul. 472, a 473. b 
a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. 

Anthemius, of Tralles, mathematician, archi- 
tect, §c, — rebuilds the church of St Sophia at 
Constantinople, 532— tf. there, 534. 

Anthems. [Antiphonaries.] 

Anthoine, Antoine Ignace, economist, — ft. 
at Embrun, 21 Sep. 1749 — Baron de St Joseph, 
1786 — Jj. at Marseilles, 22 Jul. 1826. Essai 
Historique sur la Commerce et la Navigation 
de la Mer Noire, 1805. 

Anthologia Grseca. [Agathias Scholas- 
tics, Diogenianus, Meleagros, Philippus of 
Thessalonica, Planudes, &c.] 

Anthony. [Antonius.] 

Anthony, Francis, alchemist and quaclc- 
docior, — b. at London, 1550 — graduates at 
Cambridge, 1574 — imprisoned for practising 
without a licence, . 1600 — tf. at London, 26 
May 1623.. Apology concerning a medicine 
called A urum Potabile, 1 6 1 6 . 

Anthony, St, Order of Knighthood of, — (1) 
In Ethiopia, founded by the Emperor John, 
370. (2) In Hainault, instituted by Albert 
of Bavaria, 1382. 

Anthropomorphism, Anthropomorphizes. 
[Audaeans, Monophysites, Theophilus.] 

Antias, Q. Valerius, historian, — [BC] — fl. 
between 133 and 88. a a Clinton. 

Antibes, (Antipolis,) in France, — [BC] — 
founded by a colony from Massilia, about 340 
— [AD] — destroyed by the Saracens, about 
895 — frequently attacked by Moors of Africa 
and Spain, till after 1250 — restored by Francis 
I. after 1536 — incorporated with Provence by 
Henry IV., 1608 — bombarded by Victor Ama- 
deus, of Savoy, and Prince Eugene, Jul. 1707 
— defended by the Comte de Sade against 
General Brown, Dec. 1746 to Feb. 1747 — 
shuts its gates against Napoleon, 1 Mar. 18 15 
— blockaded by the Austrians, 30 Aug. to 14 
Sep. 1815. 

Anticles, (Antilles) — [B C] — archon at 
Athens, (01. 113, 4) 325. 

Anti-Corn-Law League, — an association 
against the Corn Laws formed in London, 
end of 1836 — the Anti-Corn-Law Association 
formed at Manchester, 24 Sep. 1838. 

183*9 — The agitation for the repeal of the 
Corn Laws commenced at Manchester, 10 Jan. 
— meeting of Delegates in London, 4 Feb. — 
and in Manchester, 7 Mar. — the League 



established, 20 Mar. — The Anti-Bread- Tax 
Circular commenced, Apr. 

1 840 — Free-Trade banquets at Manchester, 
13 and 14 Jan. — meetings in the provinces to 
organize local associations, and attended by 
deputies from the League, commenced, spring 
— Free-Trade tea-meeting for ladies at Man- 
chester, 29 Oct. 

1 841 — Demonstration of the Working Classes 
at Manchester, 2 Jun. — conference of ministers 
of religion at Manchester, 17 Aug. — increased 
activity of agitation by meetings, petitions, 
&c, Sep. — meeting of Delegates at Manchester, 
17 Nov. — conference of Welsh ministers of 
religion at Caernarvon, 30 Nov. 

1842 — Conference of ministers of religion 
at Edinburgh, 1 1 Jan. — Free-Trade Bazaar at 
Manchester, 31 Jan. to 10 Feb. — Anti-Corn- 
Law Conference meets at the Crown and Anchor, 
London, 8 Feb. to 1 Aug. — attempt of the 
deputies to occupy the lobby of the House of 
Commons, 9 Feb. — the conference meets in 
Palace Yard, 4 Jul. — deputation to Sir Eobert. 
Peel, 9 Jul. — the £50,000 fund commenced 
after the Turn-outs, 20 Oct. — National co- 
operation invited, 10 Nov. 

1843 — The Free-Trade Hall at Manchester 
opened, 30 Jan. — last meeting at the Crown 
and Anchor, London, 1 Mar. — meetings at 
Drury Lane Theatre, and elsewhere, 15 Mar. 
to 29 May — meetings in Covent Garden The-, 
atre commenced, the £100,000 fund proposed, 
28 Sep. — The League newspaper commenced, 
30 Sep. — the 'Times' designates the League 
1 a great fact,' 18 Nov. 

1 844 — Last meeting in Covent Garden The- 
atre, the Eegistration movement proposed, 3 
Jul. — meetings recommenced at Manchester, 
24 Oct.— at Covent Garden Theatre, Freehold 
movement proposed, 12 Dec. 

1845 — Bazaar in Covent Garden Theatre, 
8 to 29 May — meeting with the Livery of 
London, at Guildhall, 15 Dec. — the quarter of 
a million fund proposed at a meeting at Man- 
chester, 23 Dec. 

Corn Laws repealed, 26 Jan. 1846 — the 
League conditionally dissolved, 2 Jul. 1846 — 
meeting at Manchester for the reconstruction of 
the League, on the appointment of the Derby 
ministry, 2 Mar. 1852 — Free-Trade Banquet 
at Manchester, 2 Nov. 1852. 

Anticyra, (Antikirrha,AntiJcura,) mPJwcis, 
— [BC] — taken by Philip II. of Macedonia, 
[Sacred War,] 338 — and by Lsevinus and 
the iEtolians, spring 210 — by Flamininus, 
198. 

Antidicomarianites, sectarians in Arabia, 
— declared heretical by Epiphanius, 367. a 
a Gieseler. 

Antidotos, — [BC]— archon at Athens, (01. 
82, 2) 451. 

Antietam, (Sh&r-pslouYg,) in Maryland, 17. S.„ 
— indecisive battle of, between the Federals 
under Gen. McClellan, and the Confederates 
under Gen. Lee, 17 Sep. 1862 — national. ce- 
metery on battle-field dedicated, 17 Sep. 1867. 

Anti-Federalists. [Democrats, Federal- 
ists.] 

7 



9 S 



ANTIGENES— ANTIOCH. 



Antigenes, military commander, — [B C] — 
loses an eye at the siege of Perinthus, 340 — 
banished from court by Alexander, but soon 
restored, 324 — obtains the satrapy of Susiana, 
323 — kills Perdiccas in the mutiny on the Nile, 
320— joins Eumenes with the Argyraspides 
in his contest with Antigonus, 318 — taken 
by Antigonus, and burnt alive, 316. 

Antigenes, — [BC] — archon at Athens, (01. 
93, 2) 407. 

Antigonus, of Carystus,miscellaneous writer, 

— [BCJ— fl. about 225,* 285-47^ 

a Clinton. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Antigonus, {Cyclops,) King of Asia, — 
[BC]— b. about 382 — made satrap of Phrygia 
by Alexander the Great, 334 — acquires Lycia 
and Pamphylia also, 323 — to frustrate the plans 
of Perdiccas takes refuge with Antipater, and 
is restored to his government, 321 — makes war 
upon Eumenes, 319,* 320 b — and blockades 
him in Nora, about midsummer 319 to spring 
318,° 32o-i9 b — again at war with Eumenes in 
Asia Minor and Syria, 318 to winter 3i7-6, ac 
319-8 b — second campaign in Upper Asia, 
Antigonus defeated at the Pasitigris, and in 
Persis, autumn and winter 316-5,° 3i7~6 b — 
defeats Eumenes in Gabiene and puts him to 
death, early in 315,° 3i6 b — assumes the Re- 
gency, 315 b — at war with the confederates, 
Seleucus, Ptolemy, Cassander, and Lysima- 
chus, 315 to 311 a — declares himself in favour 
of Alexander JEgus and Eoxana, 31 1 — Ptolemy 
makes war upon him, 310 — founds Antigoneia 
on the Orontes, 307 — assumes the title of King, 
306 — invades Egypt unsuccessfully, [Demetrius 
Poliorketes,] 306-5 — at war with Lysimachus 
and Cassander, latter part of 302 — defeated and 
slain at Ipsus, about Aug. 301. 

a Smith's Diet. b Thirlwall. c Clinton. 

Antigonus, King of Judea and High- 
pkiest of the Jews, — [B C] — ft. about 80 — 
taken by Pompey at the capture of Jerusalem, 
63 — escapes with his father, Aristobulus II., 
57, a end of 56 b — protected by Ptolemy of 
Chalcis, after his father's death, 48 — endeavours 
to interest Julius Caesar in his cause, [Anti- 
pater,] 47 — assisted by Pacorus of Parthia to 
obtain the kingdom of Judaea, [Herod,] (714, 
a u. c.) 4o, c 37 d — Jerusalem taken by 
Herod and Sosius, Dec. 38,° 37 ab — Anti- 
gonus put to death at Antioch by Antony, 37, 

34- d 

a Smith's Diet. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 
c Clinton, Fischer. d Jahn, and others. 

Antigonus Doson, (Epitropus,) King of 
Macedonia, — [B C] — fj. 262 — guardian to 
Philip V., usurps the throne, 229 — in alliance 
with the Achaean League advances into Pelo- 
ponnesus against Cleomenes of Sparta, 223 — 
defeats Cleomenes at Sellasia, and takes Sparta, 
222, a 22 1 b — defeats the Illyrians in Macedo- 
nia; and fr. about Feb. 22o, a 221.* 

a Clinton. b Thirlwall. 

Antigonus Gonatas, King of Macedonia, 

— [BC] — b. 3i8 a — remains in Peloponnesus, 
when Pyrrhus repels his father Demetrius, 
287 — assumes the title of King of Macedonia 
at his father's death, 283 — obtains possession of 



his kingdom, Sep. 277, a 278 b — deprived of 
almost all Macedonia by Pyrrhus, 273 — re- 
covers his dominions, late in 272 b — driven out 
again by Alexander II. of Epirus, about 270 ? 
about 267 b — begins to besiege Athens, 268, b 
before 27 1 c — again restored by the conquests 
of his son, Demetrius, 266-5 d — takes Athens, 
263^ 268 c — intrigues against the Achaean. 
League, in alliance with the iEtolians, 250 to 
244 b — concludes a truce with the Achaeans, 
240 b — ft. 239, abd 240, e 242,° 243. f 

a Clinton. b Thirlwall. c Art de Tenner les 
Dates. d Smith's Diet. e Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

f Zumpt, and others. 

Antigua, (Antego,) in the West Indies, — 
discovered by Columbus, Nov. 1493 — first 
settled by the English, 1632 — granted by 
Charles II. to Lord "Willoughby, 1663 — 
attacked and ravaged by the French, 1666 — 
restored to the English by the Treaty of Breda, 
1668 — Christopher Codrington settles here, 
1674-— Earthquake of, 8 Feb. 1843. 

Antilegomena. [Apocalypse, Epistle to the 
Hebrews, Epistles of the Apostles James, John, 
Jude, and Peter.] 

Antilles. [See names of the several islands.'] 

Antillon, Isidore, geographer, $c. — b. at 
Santa Eulalia, about 1760 — representative of 
Aragon in the constitutional Cortes, 18 13 — 
arrested by order of Ferdinand VII. ; ts. 1820. 
Elementos de la Geografa astronomica, §c, 1 8 15. 

Antilochides, — [BC] — archon at Athens, 
(01. 86, 2) 435- 

Antimachos of Claros, [Colophon,) epic and 
elegiac poet, — [B C] — fl. 404^ a Miiller. 

Antimachos of Teos, epic poet, — [BC] — fl. 
about 753.* a Clinton. 

Antimaco, Marco Antonio, Hellenist, — ft. at 
Mantua, about 1473 — Prof, of Greek at Fer- 
rara, 1532^ 1527 b — tf. there, 1552. Gemisti 
Plethonis Tractatio, §c., 1540. 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. 

Antimony. [Basil Valentine.] 

Antinomians,— the followers of John Agri- 
cola, first so called, after i538 a — their doc- 
trines condemned by the Assembly of Divines, 
Jul. Aug. 1643 — a test and punishment pro- 
vided for them by Ordinance of the Long Par- 
liament against Blasphemy and Heresy, 1 May 
1648. Antinomian [Antinomistian) Contro- 
versy, between Luther and Agricola, about 
1540 — in England, about 1645 and 1690, 
a Ersch and Gruher. 

Antinoos, favourite of Hadrian, — drowned 
in the Nile, Oct. 130^ 122 ? b 132,° i28. d 
a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. c Zumpt. d Greswell. 

Antioch, (Antiocheia, Antakieh, Epidaphnes, 
Theopolis, Tetrapolis,) in Syria, — [BC] — 
founded by Seleucus Nicator, inhabitants of 
Antigoneia [Antigonus] removed hither, (12, 
S. E.) spring 3oo ab — a second city built by those 
who settled there after it was declared the 
capital of the Empire, before 280 — the new 
city added by Seleucus Callinicus, about 245 
— settlers from Greece introduced by Antiochus 
the Great, about 190 — the fourth city built by 
Antiochus Epiphanes, about 170 — revolts 
against Demetrius Nicator, about 144 — taken 



ANTIOCH. 



99 



possession of by Tryphon, 142 — taken by 
Antiochus Grypus, 113 or 112 — taken from 
Tigranes by Lucullus ? and given to Antiochus 
Philopator, 69 — made autonomous by Pompey, 
64 — privilege renewed by edict of Julius Csesar, 
(20 Artemisios, 707, A. u. c.) 12 May 47 — 
[AD] — Olympic games celebrated here, (Hyper- 
beretaios, 92, Ant. E.) autumn 44 b — partially 
destroyed by an earthquake, Jan. or Feb, 115 b 
—restored after a great conflagration by An- 
toninus Pius, and made a colonia, after 155 — 
deprived for a short time of its privileges by 
Marcus Aurelius, for its share in the revolt of 
Avidius Cassius, 176 — punished in the same 
way by Severus for joining Niger, 194 — Olym- 
pic games revived by Caracalla, (Panemos and 
Loos, 260, Ant. E.) Jul. Aug. 2i2 b — surprised 
and plundered by Sapor of Persia, 262, b 260 a 
— Aurelian defeats Zenobia near, (battle of 
Jmmce,) 272 — visited by earthquakes, 340, 
394, and 396 — tyranny of Gallus, and sedition 
here, end of 35 3 b — sedition here, the statues of 
Theodosius thrown down, 26 Feb. 387 e — pun- 
ished, but speedily pardoned by him, 22 Mar. 
and 25 Apr. 387° — partially destroyed by an 
earthquake, (13 Indict. XII., 506, Ant. E.) 13 
Sep. 458, b 457 — tumults excited by the blue 
faction of the circus here, 5i9-24 b — celebra- 
tion of Olympic games here terminated by 
Justin, (Indict. XIV.; 01. 324, 4,) after Jul. 
52o b — great earthquake commences, Oct. 525 b 
■ — city overthrown by it, 29 May 526 — visited 
by another earthquake, 29 Nov. 528 — taken 
and plundered by Chosroes, (Nushirwan,) of 
Persia, Jun. 540 — restored by Justinian, after 
541 — sedition of the Jews and massacre of the 
Christians, end of Sep. 6io, b 609 d — taken and 
plundered by Chosroes II., summer 611 — taken 
by Abu Obeidah, (12 Schaban 17, a. h.) 21 
Jul. b 21 Aug. e 638 — taken and pillaged by 
Ahmed Ibn Toulun, 878 — taken by Burtzes, 
left to watch the city by Nicephorus Phocas, 
winter 968-9 — Zober attempts to recover it, 
and is defeated by Mcolaos, 97 2 f — declares 
itself independent, 97 3 f — retaken by Burtzes, 
976 — taken by Soliman, Sultan of Iconium, 
(477,) 1084-5 e — besieged and taken by the 
Crusaders under Godfrey de Bouillon, [First 
Crusade,] 21 Oct. 1097 to 3 Jun. 1098 — Ker- 
"boga of Mosul besieges the city, and is defeated 
by the Crusaders, 6 to 28 Jun. 1098 — becomes 
the capital of a Latin principality, [Antioch, 
Principality,] 1099 — devastated by an earth- 
quake, 1 1 14 — besieged and taken possession of 
by the Emperor John Comnenus, 1 1 37 and 1 138 
'< — its environs ravaged by the Emperor Manuel, 
•1 144 — taken possession of by Leo of Armenia, 
11 to 14 Nov. 1203 and 1205-8 — taken by 
' Bibars I., Sultan of Egypt, (15 or 29 Ramad- 
han, 666) 29 May or 12 Jun. i268 e — taken by 
the Ottoman Emperor, Seliml., autumn 15 16 — 
damaged by an earthquake, 1822 — taken by 
Ibrahim Pacha, 1 Aug. 1832 — revolt against 
Ibrahim suppressed, Oct. 1834 — given up with 
the rest of Syria to the Porte, winter 1 840-1. 
[Seleuceia.] Church of Antioch, — founded by 
Barnabas and other refugees from the persecu- 
tions at Jerusalem, about 40 — troubled with 



Judaizing teachers, about 47-8 — theological 
school established by Dorotheus, about 295 — 
— schisms commenced on the intrusion of 
Euzoius into the Patriarchate, [ Meletius,] 361 
— healed by thePatriarch Alexander, 415 — the 
Caliph Hashem permits the election of a Patri- 
arch, 742 — Latin Patriarchs, Jun. 1 100 to Jun. 
1268 — the Patriarch joins those of Jerusalem 
and Alexandria in formally renouncing the 
Latin Church, after Council of Florence, about 
1445. Councils of Antioch, — to depose its 
Bishop Paul of Samosata, Sep. 264, and 269 — 
(or at Nicomedia,) by the Arians, to depose its 
Bishop Eustathius, 33 i, e about 327s — to dedi- 
cate the Church, &c, about Aug. 341 — by the 
Arians, to make a profession of their faith, 
(Macrostichus,) 345, e about the end of 343 s — 
by the Arians, respecting their controversy with 
the orthodox, 358, 361, Oct. 363 and 367. Eras 
of, — [BC] — Actiac, [Actium.] Ccesarian, (of 
the Autonomy,) commences, {ex auctumno, 705, 
A.u. c.) Gorpiaios or 1 Sep. hi ; FLyperberetaios or 
Oct., k 9 Sep.; 1 Bios or 1 Nov. b 49. [Laodi- 
ceia.] Fompeian, commences, (01. 178, 4.) 6^. 
Mundane, (of Fanodorus,) commences, 29 Aug. 
5492 — invented by Panodorus, about 4i2, h 
[Alezandreia.] 

a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. e Gibbon. 

d Du Fresnoy. e Art de Verifier les Dates 

(Oakley, &c). f Finlay. s Mansi. h Ideler, 

* Ussher. k Scaliger, Petavius, Noris, Corsini. 
1 Greswell. 

Antioch, (Ccesareia, Yalobatch,) in Fisidia, 
— [BC] — founded by Seleucus Nicator, and 
settled from Magnesia on the Mseander, after 
300 — granted by Rome to Eumenes II. of 
Pergamus, 190 — in the possession of Amyntas 
of Galatia, after 30 — [AD] — a Colonia juris 
Italici, in the time of Pliny, about 70 — ruins 
discovered by Arundell, 1833 — investigated by 
Hamilton, 1840. 

Antioch, Latin (Frank) Principality, — 
Antioch taken by the Crusaders, 3 Jun. 1098 
— Sohemond, the first Prince, accompanies 
them as far as Laodicea on their departure for 
Jerusalem, 18 Mar. 1099 — at war with the 
Emperor Alexis I., 1103 to Sep. 1108 — his 
son, Bohemond II., succeeds under the regency 
of Tancred, after end of Feb. n 11 — Boger de 
la Pouille becomes regent, after 6 Dec. 11 12 — 
defeated and killed by El Ghazi of Aleppo, 24 
Jun. 1 1 19— Baldwin II. of Jerusalem takes 
possession of Antioch, 11 20 — Bohemond comes 
to Syria, and is invested with the principality, 
about 1 1 26 — with the Counts of Tripoli and 
Edessa, defeated by Taj el Muluk Buri, of 
Damascus, 7 Dec. 11 30 — defeated and killed 
by Emad Eddin Zenghi, of Aleppo, at Athareb, 
Feb. 1 1 31 — Baldwin of Jerusalem takes the 
principality again, and gives it, with Con- 
stance, daughter of Bohemond, to Raymond 
of Poitiers, 11 36 — at war with the Emperor 
John Comnenus, 11 37 — assists at the siege of 
Csesarea, 1138 — invites the Emperor to re- 
press the Turks, and becomes involved in war 
with him, 1 142-3 — submits to the Emperor 
Manuel Comnenus, 1 144. — defeated and killed 
by JSoureddin, Sultan of Aleppo, 27 Jan. 1 149 
7 * 



ANTIO CHI ANUS— ANTIOCHUS. 



— Renaud de Chatillon marries his widow 
and succeeds him, end of 1 152, or beginning of 
1153' 1 — made prisoner near Maresia, by Me- 
gedm, Emir of Aleppo, 23 Nov. 1160 — Bo- 
HEMOND III., (le Bambe, le Begue,) succeeds 
bis mother Constance, 1163 — defeated^ and 
taken prisoner, with the Count of Tripoli and 
others, by Noureddin, 10 Aug. n 63 — released, 
1 1 64 — foully maltreats the captives from Je- 
rusalem, released by Saladin, 11 87 — attacked 
by him, 11 88 — taken prisoner by Leon of Ar- 
menia, against whom he was plotting, 11 94 — 
appoints Reuben, Prince of Armenia, his suc- 
cessor ; his son Bohemond revolts, and drives 
him from Antioch, but he soon returns, 1200 — 
Bohemond IV. (le JBorgne,) his son, succeeds 
him, 1 20 1 — Leon of Armenia makes war upon 
him, Nov. 1203 — Leon renews the war, and 
invests his son, Raimond Reuben, with the 
principality, 1205 — Bohemond recovers pos- 
session of his dominions, 1208 — taken prisoner 
by his rival, 12 16 to 12 19 — his son, Bohe- 
mond V., succeeds, end of 1233 — made tribu- 
tary by the Kharismians, 1244 — at war with 
Aiton I. of Armenia, till 1250 — succeeded by 
his son, Bohemond VI., 1251 a — takes part 
with the Venetians against the Genoese, 1257 
— loses Antioch, 29 May or 12 Jun. 1268 — ■ 
succeeded by his son, Bohemond VIL, under 
the guardianship of his mother and the Bp 
of Tortosa, 20 Mar. 1274 — tf. 19 Oct. 1287 
— the Principality completely overthrown, 
spring 1288 — Bohemond' s widow, Marguerite 
de Beaumont, tf. at Tonnerre, 9 Apr. 1328. 
[Antioch, Tripoli.] 

f Art de Verifier les Dates. 
Antiochianus, (Antiochus,) — Cos. (II.?) with 
Orfitus, (1023, a. u. c.) 270. 
Antiochus, [Commagene, Seleucidae.] 
Antiochus, jurist, — Cos. with Bassus, (1184, 
A. u. c.) 431 — chief of the commission for 
compiling the Theodosian Code, 438. 

Antiochus of JEgce, rhetorician, Cynic phi- 
losopher, — ft. about 200. 

Antiochus of Ascalon, Academic philosopher, 
■ — [B CJ — accompanies Lucullus to Egypt, 87 a 
— teaches at Athens, 79. a Clinton. 

Antiochus of Athens, — [B C] — defeated and 
killed at Notium by Lysander, about Oct. 
407. [Alcibiades.] 

Antiochus Hierax, — [B C] — makes war 
against his brother, Seleucus Callinicus, 246 — 
defeated in Caria by Attalus of Pergamus, 
229 — killed in Thrace, (01. 138, 1,) 227^ 
a Clinton. 
Antiochus of Syracuse, historian, — [B CJ — 
fl. about 423. 

Antiochus I., (Soter,) King of Syria, — ■ 
[BCJ— 6. end of 324, or 325— present at bat- 
tle of Ipsus, 301 — his father, Seleucus Nicator, 
gives up his wife Stratonice to him, 294 — suc- 
ceeds his father, (01. 124, 4,) Jan. 280 a — 
defeats the Gauls, and is surnamed Soter, 275 
or 274 b — makes war against Ptolemy Phila- 
delphus of Egypt, to support his brother-in- 
law, Maga.s of Gyrene, witbout success, 264b 
— defeated by Eumenes of Pergamus, near 
Sardis, 263 or 262 — killed in battle by Ccnta- 



retus, a Gaul, (01. 129, 3,) early in 261. a 

a Clinton. . b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Antiochus II., (Theos,) King of Syria, — 
[B C] — b. 286 a — succeeds his father Antiochus 
Soter, early in 261— at war with Ptolemy 
Philadelphus, on account of Magas of Cyrene, 
about 260 to 250 — loses Parthia [Arsacidee,] 
and Bactriana, by the revolts of Arsaces 
and Theodotus, about 250 a — poisoned by his 
wife Laodice, early in 246. a a Clinton. 

Antiochus III., (the Great,) King of Syria, 
— [BCJ — fj. 242^ 238 b — succeeds his brother 
Seleucus Keraunos, (01. 139, 2,) Aug. 223 — sup- 
presses the revolt of Molo and Alexander, 220 
— makes war against Ptolemy Philopator of 
Egypt, 2 1 8 — defeated at Raphia ; makes peace, 
217 — assisted by Attalus I. of Pergamus, 
makes war upon Achseus, 216 — suppresses his re- 
volt, captures and puts him to death at Sardis, 
214 — makes war upon Arsaces III. of Parthia, 
and Euthydemus of Bactriana ; advances into 
India, makes alliance with Sophagasenus, and 
returns to Syria, 212 to 205 — agrees with 
Philip V. of Macedonia to dismember the 
kingdom of Egypt ; and reduces Ccele-Syria 
and Palestine, [Scopas,] 204-3 an( i *9% — 
attacks Attalus of Pergamus, but desists in 
deference to Rome, 199 — bestows his Egyptian 
conquests as a dowry with his daughter Cleo- 
patra on Ptolemy Epiphanes, 197 — reduces 
Asia Minor, and winters at Ephesus, 197-6 — 
Hannibal comes to him, 196^° 195 b — seizes 
the Thracian Chersonese, and meets ambassa- 
dors from Rome there, 196 — receives an 
embassy from Rome, 193 c — crosses into Greece, 
late in 192 — advances from Chalcis mto 
Acarnania, early in 191 — defeated by M'- 
Acilius Glabrio at Thermopylse ; and in two 
seafights by Eumenes of Pergamus, and the 
Romans ; begs for peace and retires to Phry- 
gia, 191 — defeated by L. Cornelius Scipio on 
Mount Sipylus, near Magnesia, late in 190 — 
again sues for peace, and with success, early 
summer in 188 — killed whilst plundering a 
temple in Elymais, about Oct. 187^ 

a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. c Fischer. 

Antiochus IV., (Epiphanes, Theos, Bpi- 
manes,) King of Syria, — [BC] — given as a 
hostage to the Romans, 188 — released by his 
brother Seleucus Philopator, 175 — overcomes 
Heliodorus, his brother's murderer, and suc- 
ceeds him, about Aug. 175 a — makes war upon 
Ptolemy Philometor, 171 — continues the war, 
and penetrates to Memphis, 170 — besieges 
Alexandria, 169 a — forbidden by Popillius 
Lcenas to renew his attack upon Egypt, Jul. or 
Aug. 168 a — marches against Jerusalem, and 
profanes the temple, (Apelkeus,) Dec. 168 ; > — 
marches into Upper Asia, early in 165 — ft. at 
Taba3, about Dec. 164^ [Judas Maccabaeus, 
Mattathias.] a Clinton. 

Antiochus VII., (Sicletes, Euergctes,) King 
of Syria, — [B Cj — h. 161 — in the absence of 
his brother Demetrius Nicator, defeats and 
kills Tryphon, about Nov. i39 a — assumes the 
kingdom after his brother's captivity, about 
Eeb. 1 37 a — invades Judaea, about Feb. i34 a — 
takes Jerusalem, and grants peace to the Jews, 



ANTIOCHUS— ANTI-POPES. 



[John Hyrcanus,] about Oct. 133 a — makes 
war against Arsaces VII., of Parthia, May 
129 — Demetrius returns, Oct. 129 — Sidetes 
defeated and killed by Arsaces, spring i26. a 
a Clinton. 
Antioehus VIII. (Grypus) and Antiochus 
IX. (Kyzikenos), Kings op Syria, — [BC] — 
'Grypus associated with, his mother, Cleopatra, 
on the throne, about Aug. 125 a — conquers 
Alexander Zebina, and gains all Syria, about 
Nov. 123* — puts his mother to death, i2i, a 
i2o b — his half-brother, Kyzikenos, lays claim 
to the crown, ii4, a ii2 b — Grypus withdraws 
to Aspendus, leaving the kingdom to Kyzi- 
kenos, about Aug. ii3 a — they share the 
kingdom, 11 1 ■ — -Grypus assassinated by He- 
racleon, 96 — Kyzikenos defeated and killed by 
Seleucus, son of Grypus, 95. 

a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. 

Antiope, asteroid, — discovered by Luther, 
1 Oct. 1866. 

Anti-psedobaptists. [Anabaptists, Bap- 
tists, &c.J 
Antipas. [Herodes Antipas.] 
Antipater. [Herodes the Great.'] 
Antipater of Hierapolis, sophist and rhe- 
torician, — fl. about 200-210. 

Antipater, {Antipas,) Procurator of 
JuDiEA, — [B C] — made governor of Idumsea by- 
Alexander Jannseus, before 78 a — sides with 
Hyrcanus against Aristobulus II., 65 b — en- 
deavours to secure the support of Pompey for 
Hyrcanus, 64 b — takes part against Alexander 
of Judaea, and Archelaus, 57 and 56 b — serves 
under Mithridates of Pergamus, in the Alex- 
andrian War, 48-7 — receives the citizenship of 
Kdme from Julius Csesar; and is appointed 
Procurator of Judsea, 47— poisoned by Mali- 
chus, 43, b 44. a a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

b Smith's Diet. 
Antipater, Laelius Caelius, jurist, historian, 
— [BCJ — ft. about 143 to I23. a a Clinton. 

Antipater, Eegent of Macedonia, — [B C] 
— b. about 393 — ambassador to Athens with 
Parmenion, spring 347 a — at battle of Chsero- 
neia, Aug. 338 — appointed Eegent of Macedo- 
nia on the departure of Alexander the Great 
into Asia, spring 334 — suppresses the rebellion 
in Thrace under Memnou, 331 — defeats and 
kills Agis III. of Sparta, at Megalopolis, 
about Oct. 331 — ordered to conduct reinforce- 
ments into Asia, [Craterus,] 324 — confirmed 
in the regency on Alexander's death, 323 — 
engaged in the Lamian Wax, 323 to 321 — at 
war with Perdiccas, in Asia, spring to end of 
321 — ft. spring 3i8, a 319^ a Clinton. 

b Smith's Diet. 
Antipater of Sidon, epigrammatist, — [B C] 
— ft. about 150-127,* io8-ioo. b a Clinton. 

b Smith's Diet. 
Antipater, — [B C] — archon 2X Athens, (01. 
97, 4,) 389. 

Antipater, — archon at Athens (01. 206, 1)45. 
Antipater of Tarsus, Stoic philosopher, — 
[BCJ — fl. about 145. 

Antipater of Thessalonica, epigrammatist, — 
[BCJ— fl. about 10 to— [ADj— 38. a 
a Smith's Diet. 



Antipater of Tyre, Stoic philosopher, — [B Cj 
— fl. about 74 a — U. shortly before 44. a 
a Clinton. 

Antiphanes, comic poet, — [B C] — ft. at 
Athens, (01. 93,) about 404 — begins to exhibit 
about 383 — still writing, 343 — ft. (01. 112) 
about summer 330. a * Clinton. 

Antiphanes of Egypt, painter, — |_BCJ — fl. 
about 340-310. 

Antiphates, — [B Cj — archon at Athens, 
(01. 120, 4) 297. 

Antiphlogistic Theory. [Lavoisier.] 

Antiphon, orator, — j_BC] — b. at ilhamnus, 
about (01. 75, 1,) 480-79 — put to death on the 
overthrow of the Four Hundred at Athens, 
autumn 411. 

Antiphon, tragic poet, — [B C] — fl. at the 
court of Dionysius the Elder, after 406. 

Antiphonaries, — every parish church order- 
ed to have one by Constitutions of Abp 
Winchelsey, at Meiton, 1305 — forbidden by 
Act 3 & 4 Edw. VI. c. 10, 1549-50 — the use 
of them protested against by the Puritans, 

i5 6 7- 

Antiphony, (Hesponsaria,) — introduced into 
the service of the Western churches by St 
Ambrosius, about 385 — revived (?) at Antioch, 
by Flavianus and Diodorus, before 400. 
Antipodes. [Figure of the Earth.] 
Anti-Popes of Rome, — Novatianus elected 
in opposition to Cornelius, summer 251 — Fe- 
lix 11. elected on the banishment of Liberius, 
355 — Ursicinus (Orsinus) in opposition to 
Uamasus, Oct. 366 — Eulalius in opposition 
to Boniface I., end of 418 — Laurentius ap- 
pointed by the patrician Festus in opposition 
to Symmachus, to secure the subscription of the 
Henoticon, 22 Nov. 498 to end of 499 — Dios- 
corus ordained in opposition to Boniface II. , 
15 Oct. to 12 Nov. 530 — Vigilius appointed 
by Belisarius on the exile of Silverius, 22 
^ ov - 537 — Petrus and Theodorus, in the 
time of John V., 685 or 686 — Paschalis and 
Theodorus, in opposition to Sergius, end of 
687 — Theophylactus, Constantinus, and 
Philippus, at the death of Paul I., between 
Jul. 767 and Jul. 768— Constantine deposed by 
Stephen III., shut up in a monastery and 
blinded, 6 Aug. 768 — Zizimtjs elected in oppo- 
sition to Eugenius II., spring 824 — Anasta- 
sius contests the election of Benedict III., 
autumn 855 — Sergius opposes Formosus, Sep. 
891 — Boniface VI. (?) chosen to succeed For- 
mosus, 11 Apr. 896 — ft. 25 Apr. 896 — Chris- 
tophorus deposes and imprisons Leo V. end 
of Nov.,' 1 9 Dec. b 904 — deposed by Sergius III., 
beginning of Jun. 905 — Leo VIII. elected to 
succeed John XII., 22 Nov. 963 — deposed, 25 
Feb. 964 — restored, 24 Jun. 964 — fc. Mar. or 
Apr. 965 — Boniface VII. (Francon,) after the 
death of Benedict VI., 1 Mar. 974 — deposed, 
21 Jul. 975 — dispossesses John XIV., Mar. 
984^ Jan. 985 b — tr. Mai.,* Dec. b 985— Gre- 
gory (Leo) dispossesses Benedict Vlll.,latein 
iol2 — deposed by Henry II. of Germany, 
early in 1014 — Silvester III. (John, Bp of 
Sabma,) appointed to succeed Benedict IX. on 
his banishment, May to Jul. 1044 — Benedict 



ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY— ANTON 



sells the pontificate to John, (Gratiano,) late 
in 1044 — Benedict X. {John, Bp of Velletri,) 
opposes Stephen IX., 30 Mar. 1058 to about 
18 Jan. 1059— Honorius {Cadalous) appoint- 
ed by the Diet at Basel, in opposition to Alex- 
ander II., 28 Oct. 1 06 1 — deposed by Council of 
Osbor, 27 Oct. 1062 — Clement III. {Guibert, 
Abp of Ravenna,) elected at Brixen, in oppo- 
sition to Gregory VII. by the Emperor, Henry 
IV. 25 Jun. 1080 — tr. end of Sep. 1100 — 
succeeded by Albert, who is taken prisoner 
by the partisans of Paschal II.; and by Theo- 
doric, 1 1 00 — o\, Maginufe elected to succeed 
him, 1 106 — Gregory VIII. {Maurice Burdin, 
Abp of Braga,) elected in opposition to Gela- 
sius II. by the Emperor Henry V., 9 Mar. 
in 8 — C alixtus, in the Pontificate of Hono- 
rius II., 1124-30 — Anacletus (Pietro Leoni) 
elected by a majority of the Conclave, in oppo- 
sition to Innocent II., 15 Feb. 11 30 — ft. 25 
Jan. 1 138 — and Victor IV. {Gregory) is 
chosen to succeed him and soon abdicates, 
about 15 Mar. 11 38 — Victor IV. {Octavian,) 
in opposition to Alexander III., consecrated, 
4 Oct. 1 159 — tj., Paschal III. {Gut de Crime) 
chosen to succeed him, 20 or 22 Apr. 1164 — 
succeeded by Callistlts III. {John,) after 20 
Sep. 1 1 68 — Callistus abjures his schism, 28 
Aug. 1 178 — Innocent III. {Lando Sitino) 
chosen in his place, 29 Sep. 117 8 — taken pri- 
soner by Alexander, and soon afterwards ft., 
1 1 80 — Nicolas V. (Petrus de Corbaris) chosen 
by Louis of Bavaria, in opposition to John 
XXII., 12 May 1328 — renounces his schism, 
25 Aug. and 6 Sep. 1330 — the Great Schism 
of the West, 1378 to 1429 — Felix V. (Ama- 
deus VIII. of Savoy) elected in opposition to 
Eugenius IV., by the Council of Basel, 5 Nov. 
1439 — abdicates, 9 or 7 Apr. 1449. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Du Fresnoy. 

Antiquarian Society, American, incorporat- 
ed by the legislature of Massachusetts, U. S., 
1812. 

Antiquaries, Society of, of London, — founded 
by Abp Parker, Camden, Sir Robert Cotton, 
Stowe, and others, 1572 — applies without suc- 
cess for a charter, 1589 — dissolved by James I., 
1604 — revived, 1707 — reconstituted, 17 17 — in- 
corporated by charter of George II., 2 Nov. 
175 1 — apartments in Somerset House granted 
it by George III., 1781 — new statutes adopted, 
1 Dec. 1853. Publication of the Archceologia 
commenced, 1770 — of the Vetusta Monumenta, 
1747 — of the Proceedings, 1849. 

Antiquaries, Society of, of Scotland, — found- 
ed at Edinburgh, 18 Dec. 1780 — incorporated 
by Royal Charter, 1783. 

Antiquus, Johannes, painter, — h. at Gronin- 
gen, 11 Oct. 1702 — If. at Breda, 1750. 

Antissa, in Lesbos, — [B C] — revolts with My- 
tilene against Athens, and is reduced at the 
same time, 428-7 — its despots removed by 
Alexander the Great, end of 336 — destroyed 
by Labes, the people removed to Methymna, 
167. 

Antisthenes, Cynic philosopher, — [BC] — 
fo. at Athens, about 439 — at battle of Tanagra, 
426 — tJ. at Athens, after 371. 



Antisthenes of Rhodes, historian, — [B CJ 
— fl. about 198. 

Antitactse, {Antitactici,) — a sect of Gnostics, 
— fl. before 200. 

Antitrinitarians. [Arians, Socinians, &c] 

Antium, {Porto d'Anzo,) in Jtaly, — [B C] 
— included amongst the dependent Latin towns 
in the first treaty between Rome and Carthage, 
509 — surrenders to T. Quinctius Capitolinus, 
468 — receives a Roman colony, (287, a. u. c.) 
467 — revolts or is given up by the Romans, 
[Coriolanus, Volsci,] and is conquered (?) by 
L. Cornelius Maluginensis, 459 — occupied by 
the Romans, as it meditates defection to the 
Volsci, 443 — joins the Volsci, and is besieged 
by the Romans, 406 — at war with Rome, with 
few intervals, [Camillus,] 386 to 374 s — colo- 
nize Satricum, and are at war with Rome, 
348 a — M. Valerius Corvus triumphs for ad- 
vantages gained over the Antiatans, (408,) 346 
— Antium joins in the Latin War, 340 to 
338a — receives a new colony, with civitas, from 
Rome, (416,) 338 — taken by Marius, and 
plundered by his partisans, 88-7 — [AD] — har- 
bour constructed by Nero, before 68 — town 
and harbour fall into decay, after 5 37 — present 
harbour formed by Pope Innocent XII. before 
1699. a Smith's Diet. 

Antivari, in Albania, — occupied by the Ve- 
netians, 1478 — taken by Selim II., 1573. 

Antoine de Bourbon, King oe Navarre, 
Due de Vendome, — ft. 22 Apr. 15 18 — marries 
Jeanne d'Albret, 20 Oct. 1548 — on the death 
of her father, Henry II., succeeds to the king- 
dom of Navarre, 25 May 1555 — placed under 
surveillance at the meeting of the States at 
Orleans, 31 Oct. 1560 — released at the death 
of Francis II., and declared Lieutenant-general 
of France, Dec. 1560 — assists at the Colloquy 
o/Poissi, 156 1. 

1562 — Refuses to be divorced, but re- 
nounces the Reformed religion, Jan. — com- 
mands the royal forces against the Hu- 
guenots; takes Blois and Tours, Jul. — takes 
Bourges, end of Aug. — opens trenches before 
Rouen, 18 Sep. — takes fort St Catharine, 8 
Oct. — wounded, 15 Oct. — enters the town in 
triumph, 26 Oct. — Ij. at Andely, 17 Nov. 
[Conde, Guise, the Triumvirate.] 

Antoine, St, Faubourg of Paris, — Turenne 
repulsed by Conde in, 2 Jul. 1652. [La 
Fronde.] 

Antoing", in Belgium, — Duke of Brunswick 
defeated by French army of the Centre, near, 1 3 
Aug. 1792. 

Antommarchi, Francesco, physician, — 6. 
about 1780 — attends Napoleon I. at St Helena, 
13 Sep. 1819 to May 1821 — in Poland and 
Italy, 1 83 1 — goes to New Orleans to practise 
homoeopathy, 1836 — ft. at San Antonio, in Cuba, 
3 Apr. 1 838. Continues Mascagni's Anatomie 
du corps humain, 1822 — Lerniers Moments de 
Napoleon, 1823. 

Anton Clemens Theodor, King of Saxony, 
— fi. 27 Dec. 1755 — marries Mary Charlotte of 
Sardinia, 24 Oct. 178 1 — who dies, 28 Dec. 
1782 — marries Maria Theresa, of Austria, 18 
Oct. 1787 — expatriated by the conquests of the 



ANTON—ANTONIUS. 



103 



Emperor Napoleon L, 1809 to 18 14— succeeds 
his brother Frederick Augustus I., 5 May 1827 
— concludes a convention respecting the Grand- 
duchy of Warsaw, 16 Sep. 1828 — emeute at 
Dresden, 9 Sep. 1830 — promulgates and swears 
to a new constitution, 4 Sep. 1831 — ft. 6 Jun. 
1836. 

Anton, Karl Gottlob, historian, antiquary, — 
b. at Lauben, 23 Jul. 1751 — b\ at Gorlitz, 17 
Nov. 1 818. 

Anton, Konrad Gottlob, philologist, — b. at 
Lauben, 29 Nov. 1745 — Prof, of Oriental 
Languages at Wittenberg, 1780 — U. there, 3 
Jul. 1 8 14. 

Anton, Paul, Pietist theologian, — b. at 
Hirschfeld, 1661 — tf. at Halle, 1730. 
[Francke.] 

Antonelle, Pierre Antoine, Marquis d', 
— b. at Aries, 1747 — takes part in the Revolu- 
tion, 1789 — sent to Avignon, 1791 — struck out 
of the list of the Jacobin Club, autumn 1795 — 
condemned as an incorrigible anarchist, after 
(18 Fructidor, An V.) 9 Nov. 1797 — pro- 
scribed, and forbidden to come within forty- 
eight leagues of Paris, (3 Nivose, An IX.) 24 
Dec. 1800 — tf. at Aries, 26 Nov. 1817. Cate- 
chisme du Tiers Etat, 1789 — JKon Examen de 
Conscience, 1797 — Le Eeveil d'un Vieillard, 
1 8 14. [Baboeuf.] 

Antonello, {Antonius,) da Messina, {d* An- 
tonio, degVAntoni Mamertini,) painter, — b. at 
Messina, 1414 — studies under Van Eyck, 1439- 
40 — settles at Venice, about 1470 — tf. there, 
1493 or 1496, 1475. a Crucifixion at Antwerp, 
1475. a Ersch and Gruber. 

Antonia, (Baris,) Fortress at Jerusalem, — 
[BC] — built by John Hyrcanus, after 125 — re- 
built by Herod the Great, and named after 
Mark Antony, between 36 and 31 — [AD] — 
assaulted by Titus, at the siege of Jerusalem, 
(3 Panemos,) 3 Jul. a 70 — taken, 5 Jul. 70 — 
destroyed, 17-22 Jul. 70. a Ussher. 

Antonian Laws, — by Mark Antony, Consul, 
— [B C] — (1) Changing the name of the month 
Quintilis into Julius, before 15 Mar. 44. (2) 
Abolishing the perpetual dictatorship, after 15 
Mar. 44. (3) Agrarian, beginning of May 44 — 
repealed, early in 43. (4) Repealing the Judi- 
ciary Julian Law, 44 — repealed, early in 43. 
(5) Giving the right of appeal to the people to 
those condemned of majestas, 44 — repealed, 
early in 43. (6) Concerning the provinces, 1 
and 5 Jun. 44— repealed early in 43.* a Fischer. 

Antoniano, Silvio, (II Poetino,) theologian, 
scholar, — b. at Rome, 31 Dec. 1540 — Prof, of 
Eloquence at Ferrara, by Hercules II., 1557 — 
called to Rome by Pius IV., and made secretary 
to Card. Charles Borromeo, 1559 — ordained a 
priest, 1567 — made a Cardinal, 3 Mar. 1598 — 
if. 15 Aug. 1603. Dell' Educazione Cristiana 
de* Figliuoli, 1584. 

Antonides, Jan Van der Goes, poet,— b. at 
Goes, 3 Apr. or May 1647 — tf. 18 Sep. 1684. 

Antonini de Forciglioni, St, (Antonius, Flo- 
rentinus,) Abp of Florence, — b- 1389 — enters 
the Dominican Order, 1405 — Abp, 1445-6 — tf. 
2 May 1459 — canonized, 1523. [Council of 
Florence.] 



Antoninus, Itinerary of, — [BC]— founded 
(?) upon surveys made by command of Julius 
Caesar, Antony, and Augustus, 44, 30, 24, and 
19 — [AD] — revised and extended, till about 
285 to 305.* a Wesseling, Eng. Cyc. 

Antoninus, M- Aurelius. [Aurelius.] 
Antoninus Pius, Titus (Aelius Madrianus) 
Aurelius Fulvus, (Boionius Arrius,) Emperor, 
of Rome, — b. at Lanuvium, (Lavinium,) 19 
Sep. 86 — Cos. with L. Catilius Severus, (873, 
A. u. c.) 120— proc. of Asia, after 120?— 
adopted by Hadrian, 25 Feb. 138 — succeeds 
him at his death, (6 Id. Jul.) 10 Jul. 138 — Cos. 
II. with Rruttius Prsesens II., (892,) 139 — • 
Cos. III. with M. Aurelius Caesar, 140 — Cos. 
IV. with M. Aurelius Caesar II., 145 — Tribu- 
nicia potestas reckoned from 1 Jan. instead of 

25 Feb., 147 ? a — tf. at Lorium, 7 Mar. 161. 
Vallum Antonini, (Antonine's Wall, Grime's 
Dyke,) erected by Lollius Urbicus, 139. 

a Clinton. 

Antoninus, Q . Haterius, — Consul with D. 
Junius Silanus Torquatus, (806, a. u. c.) 53. 

Antoninus, Sulpicius, one of the Thirty 
Tyrants, — proclaimed by the troops in Syria, 
253 a — killed, (565, Em. E.) 254.* 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Antonio, Titular King of Portugal, Grand- 
prior of Crato, — b. 153 1 — made prisoner at Al- 
cazar-quivir, 4 Aug. 1578 — escapes and lays 
claim to the throne, Sep. 1578 — renews his pre- 
tensions at the death of Henry I. and is pro- 
claimed King, at Santarem and Lisbon, 19 and 
24 Jun. 1580 — defeated at Alcantara by the 
Duke of Alba, 25 Aug. 1580 — takes refuge 
with Henry III. of France, Jul. 1581 — the 
Marquis of Santa Cruz defeats and disperses 
the French fleet commanded by Philip Strozzi, 

26 Jul. 1582 — the English fleet under Norris 
and Drake also fails, 1589 — Antonio tf. at 
Paris, 26 Aug. 1595. [Philip II. of Spain.] 

Antonio, Nicolao, bibliographer, — b. at 
Seville, 28 or 31 Jul. 16 17 — agent for the 
affairs of Spain, at Rome, 1659-81 — if. at 
Madrid, 13 Apr. 1684. Bibliotheca Hispana, 
(Nova,) 1672-96. 

Antonio, St, of Padua, (Portugal,) — b. at 
Lisbon, 15 Aug. 11 95 — enters the Order of St 
Francis, 1221 — tf. at Padua, 13 Jun. 1231 — 
canonized, 1232. 

Antonius, — Consul with Afranius Syagrius, 
(1135, a. u. c.) 382. 

Antonius, C. Hybrida, — [BC] — plunders 
Greece when left in command by Sulla, 83 — 
accused on account of it by Julius Caesar, 76 — 
and expelled the Senate for a short time, 70-^- 
Prcetor, 65 — Consul with Cicero, (691, a. v. c.) 
14 Mar., a 26 Feb. b 63, 2 Nov., c 13 or 23 Oct. d 
64 — his lieutenant, M. Patreius, defeats and 
kills Catiline, early in 62 — recalled from his 
province, Thrace, on account of his misad- 
ministration, 60 — accused of complicity in the 
conspiracy of Catiline, and of extortion, de- 
fended by Cicero, and banished to Cephallenia, 
59— recalled by Julius Caesar ? about 47 — tf. 
spring 44. a Fischer. b Greswell. 

c Art de Verifier les Dates. d Scaliger. 

Antonius lulus, — [B C] — received into the 



IO+ 



ANTONIUS— ANTWERP. 



favour of Augustus, after the death of his 
father Mark Antony, 30— Prator, 13— Consul 
with Q. Fabius Maximus Africanus, (744, a. u. 
c.) 10 — condemned to death ; kills him- 
self, 2. 

Antonius, L. Pietas — [BC]— Trib. pleb., 
44 — Censor with P. Sulpicius, 42 — Con sul with 
P. Servilius Yatia II., (713, a. tj. c.) 41— 
triumphs for victories in the Alps, 1 Jan. 41 
— besieged in Perusia by Octavian, [Perusian 
War,] late in 41 to early in 40. 

Antonius, M., orator, — [B C] — ft. 143 — 
Qutestor ; defends himself against a charge of 
incest, 113 — Prcstor, 1 04 — Pro-Prcetor in 
Cilicia, 103 — obtains a naval triumph for suc- 
cesses obtained against the pirates there, 102 — 
Consul with A. Postumius Albinus, (655, a. u. 
c.) 15 Jan. 99, a 20 Oct. ioo b — Censor with L. 
Valerius Flaccus; defends himself when ac- 
cused of bribery by Duronius, 97 — defends 
himself under the Tarian Law, 9 1 c — commands 
in the Marsic War, 90 — put to death by Marius 
and China, 87. Oratio in On. Papirium Car- 
boncm, 11 1 — in Sex. Titium, trib. pleb. 99 — 
pro M'Aquillio, 98— pro C. Norbano, 94. 

a Greswell. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

c rischer. 

Antonius, M., Triumvir, — [BC] — ft. 83 ? a 
— goes to Greece, 58 — serves under A. Gabinius 
in Syria, against Aristobulus, 57-6 — and in re- 
storing Ptolemy Auletes to Egypt, $$ — joins Ju- 
lius Caesar in Gaul, 54 — Qucestor ; serves under 
Caesar in Gaul, 52-1 — returns to Rome ; chosen 
into the College of Augurs ; Trib. pleb. (10 
Dec. 704, a. u. c.) 24 Oct. 5o b — accuses Pom- 
pey, (10 Kal. Jan.) 4, b 5° Nov. 50 — with his 
colleague, Q. Cassius, leaves Rome to join Caesar 
in Gaul, (8-7 Id. Jan. 705,) i8-9, b 20° Nov. 
50 — commands at Pharsalia, (5 Id. Aug.) 6 
Jun. 48 b — Mag. Equit. to Caesar, in his second 
Dictatorship, 47 — marries Fulvia, 46 — Consul 
with Caesar, (710,) 44 — offers him the crown, 
at the Lupercalia, 15 Feb. 44 b — goes to Brun- 
disium to meet the Macedonian legions, 9 Oct. 
44 — sets out from Rome for his province, 
Cisalpine Gaul, end of Nov. 44 — besieges D. 
Brutus in Mutina, [Mutinensian War,] Dec. 
44 — withdraws into Gaul, and joins Lepidus, 
29 May 43— joins Octavian [Augustus] and 
Lepidus in the Second Triumvirate, 27 Nov. 
43 — commands at Philippi, late in 42 — re- 
mains in Asia Minor, [Perusian War,] summer 
and autumn 41— follows Cleopatra from Cilicia 
to Egypt, late in 41 — Fulvia dies; reconcilia- 
tion of Octavian with Antony, who marries 
Octavia, autumn 40— joins Octavian in con- 
cluding peace with Sextus Pompey at Misenum, 
beginning of summer 39 — goes to Athens with 
Octavia, [Parthian War, Ventidius,] end of 
39 — goes to Brundisium, and returns to Athens, 
spring 38 — meets Octavian at Tarentum, 
and renews the Triumvirate, 37 — makes an 
unsuccessful campaign against the Parthians, 
midsummer to end of 36 — Cos. II. with L. 
Scribonis Libo, (720,) 34 — invades Armenia, 
takes Artavasdes prisoner, spring and summer 
34 — penetrates to the Araxes, but loses Media 
and Armenia, 33— Actiac War; Antony de- 



feated at Actium, 2 Sep. 31 — kills himself at 
Alexandreia, in Aug. 30. 

a Smith's Diet. b Fischer. c Gres-well.- 

Antonius, (JElius, Helius,) Nebrissensis, 
(Elio Antonio de Zebrixa,) historian, — ft. in 
Andalucia, 1444 — Prof, of Eloquence at Alcala, 
15 1 3 — rj. there, 2 Jul. 1522. 

Antonius, St, {Abbas, the Great,) — ft. at Coma, 
(Koman,) (2267, Abr. E.) 252^ 251b— retires 
to the mountains of Eastern Egypt, 285 — 
establishes Coenobite institutions, after 305 — 
visits Alexandreia, during the persecution 
under Maximin, 311 — and again, 355, 15 35o, c 
between 330 and 335 d — rj. (2372, Abr. E.) 17 
Jan. 357, a 356. b Religious Order of, (Chanoines 
reguliers hospitaliers, Hospitalarii, S. Antonii,) 
— founded by Gaston in the Viennois, 1095 — 
authorized by Boniface VIIL, 1297 — united 
with the Order of Malta, by Bulls of Pius VI., 
17 Dec. 1776, and 7 May 1777. a Clinton. 

b Smith's Diet. c Neander. d Guericke. 

Antony. [Anthony, Antoine, Anton, An- 
tonio, Antonius.] 

Antraigues, Emmanuel Louis Henri delau- 
nay, Comte d', politician, — ft. at Ville Neuve 
de Berg, about 1755 — deputy to the States- 
general, 1789 — goes to Switzerland and Vienna, 
1790 — at Venice, 1797 — arrested at Trieste 
by order of Bernadotte, and sent to Milan, 
[Pichegru,] May 1797 — escapes to Russia, 
1803 — reveals the secret articles of the Treaty 
of Tilsit to the British government, autumn 
1807 — assassinated by his servant, near Lon- 
don, 22 Jul. 18 1 2. Memoir e sur les Etats Ge- 
neraux, 1788. 

Antrain, in France, — Larochejaquelein de- 
feats the Republicans here, 20 Nov. 1793. 
[La Vendee, War of.] 

Antrim, in Ireland, — General Nugent de- 
feats the insurgent United Irishmen at, 7 Jun. 
1798. 

Antwerp, [Antorff, Anvers, Amberes,) in 
Belgium, — a margraviate, before 1000 — Hanse- 
atic League holds meetings at, 149 1 — rises 
into importance on the decline of Bruges, 
about 1500 — tumults break out in consequence 
of the acceptance of the Council of Trent, 
[Gueux,] Aug. 1566 and Mar. 1567 — citadel 
founded, 3 Nov. 1567 — completed by Duke of 
Alba, 1568 — city plundered by the Spaniards, 
4 Nov. 1576 — joins the Union of Utrecht, 
after 29 Jan. 1578 — besieged by the Duke of 
Parma, from Jul. 1584 — St Aldegonde sur- 
renders, 17 Aug. 1585 — the navigation of 
the Scheldt closed by the Peace of West- 
phalia, 14 Oct. 1648 — citadel restored on 
the principle of Vauban, 17 01 — besieged and 
surrenders to Marshal Saxe, 25-6 May to 1 
Jun. 1746 — given up by the Treaty of Aix-la- 
Chapelle, Oct. 1748 — tumults on account of 
the innovations of the Emperor Joseph II., 
Jun. 1787 — occupied by Dumourier, 23 to 30 
Nov. 1792 — congress of the Coalition held 
here, Apr. 179 3 — evacuated by the D uke of York, 
and taken possession of by Pichegru, 23 Jul. 
1794 — great works of Napoleon commenced 
here, Jul. 1803 — the Walcheren expedition, 
Jul. to Sep. 1809 — invested by General Bulow 



ANULINUS— APIS CYCLES. 



105 



and Sir Thomas Graham, 27 Jan. 18 14 — the 
siege raised, 6 Feb. 18 14 — surrendered to 
the allies, [Treaty of Paris,] 6 May 1815 — 
the Belgian troops drive the Dutch into the 
citadel ; the city bombarded from the citadel, 
27-8 Oct. 1830 — ceded to Belgium by Treaty 
of London, 15 Nov. 1831 — Marshal Gerard 
commences the siege of the citadel, 29-30 
Nov. 1832 — Fort St Laurent taken, 14 Dec. 
1832 — General Chasse surrenders, 24 Dec. 
1832 — Marshal Gerard returns to France, 29 
Dec. 1832 — great fire at, 10-12 Aug. 1866 — 
fortifications reconstructed, 1865-70. Twelve 
Years Truce of, — congress of ambassadors meet 
at the Hague to negotiate peace between Spain 
and the United Provinces, Jan. to 25 Aug. 
1608 — reassembles at Antwerp ; truce con- 
cluded and signed, 9 Apr. 1609. [Barrier 
Treaty, Brabant, Lorraine.] 

Anulinus, Annius Cornelius, — Consul with 
Nummius Tuscus, (1048, a. tj. c.) 295. 

Anulinus, P. Cornelius,— defeats Niger at 
Issus, 194a — Consul II. with M. Aufidius 
Fronto, (952, A. U. C.) 199. a Smith's Diet. 

Anulinus, Sex. Cornelius, — Consul with C. 
Atius SabinusIL, (969, a. u. c.) 216. 

Anville, Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d', 
geographer, — fc. at Paris, 11 Jul. 1697 — Geo- 
grapher to Louis XV., 17 19 — Member of 
Academy of Inscriptions and Belles Lettres, 
1754 — First Geographer to the King, 1773 — 
Member of Academy of Sciences, 1773 — tt. 28 
Jan. 1782. Nouvel Atlas de la Chine, 1737 — 
Atlas General, 1737-80 — Ttalie, 1743. 

Anwari, {Enweri,) Awhad-ed-din, poet, — 
5j. at Balkh, (597, a. h.) 1 200-1. 

Anxur. [Tarracina.] 

Anyte, of Tegea, poetess, — [BC] — 0. 300. 
270.* a Clinton. 

Anytos, — [BC] — tried for not relieving 
Pylos, and escapes by bribing the dicastery, 
409 — flies from Attica, and is .exiled by decree 
of the Thirty Tyrants, 404 — accuses Socrates, 

399- 

Aornus, in India, — [B C] — taken by Alex- 
ander the Great, summer 327. 

Aosta, {Augusta Prcetoria,) in Piedmont, — 
[B C] — founded by A. Terentius Varro Mu- 
rena, after the reduction of the Salassians, 25 
• — [A D] — the Val d Aosta comes into the pos- 
session of the Counts of Maurienne, about 
1030-2— erected into a Duchy, by the Emperor 
Frederick II., 1238 — taken by the Due de 
Feuillade, early in 1704 — General Bagdelonne 
carries Aosta, 11 May 1794 — Generals Kray 
and Haddick repulse the French here, 29 Sep. 
1799 — occupied by General Lannes, 15-6 May 
1800 — insurrection against the French in the 
Val d' Aosta, Jan. 1801. [Eporedia, Savoy.] 

Apameia, {Apamea, Telia, Fcimieh, Kulat el 
Mudik,) in Syria, — [BC] — strengthened and 
named by Seleucus Nicator, about 300 — taken 
by Demetrius Soter, 162 — Tryphon besieged 
here by Antiochus Sidetes, destroys himself, 
Nov. 139 — the fortress razed by Pompey, 64 — 
occupied by Q. Caecilius Bassus, 46 — the 
siege terminated by the arrival of Cassius, 43 
—[AD] — besieged and plundered by Chosroes, 



540 — freed from Chosroes by Thomas, its 
bishop, 544 — burnt by Adarman, general to 
Chosroes, 572 or 573— taken by Tancred, and 
annexed to the principality of Antioch, 1103. 

Apanages, in France, — value limited by 
Charles V. by the Edict of Vincennes, Aug. 
1374 — the granting of any apanage real pro- 
hibited by law of, 22 Nov. 1790 — the last apan- 
age (that of Orleans) reunited with the crown 
by the accession of Louis Philippe I., 9 Aug. 
1830. 

Apel, Johann August, poet, novelist, $c, — 6. 
at Leipzig, 177 1 — Doctor of Laws, 1795— If. 
there, 9 Aug. 1 8 1 6. Metrih, 1 8 14-6. 

Apelles, painter, — [BC] — fc. at Colophon, 
or Cos, about 352, a or 360 b — practises his art, 
before 336 — accompanies Alexander the Great 
in his wars in Asia, 334 to 324 — visits the 
court of Ptolemy Soter, after 306. 

a Tolken. b Ncrav. Biog. Gen. 

Apelles, founder of the sect of Apelleans, 
{Apellites,) — fl. about i6o, a 141, 13 i8o, c i88. d 

a Lardner. b Baanage. c Tillemont. d Cave. 

Apelles, of Macedonia, — [BC] — guardian to 
Philip V., 220 — conspires against him and is 
put to death, 218. [Aratus.] 

Apellicon, of Teos, peripatetic philosopher, 
— [B c]— tf. at Athens, before 86— Sulla re- 
moves his library to Borne, 84. [Aristion, 
Aristoteles, Neleus, &c] 

Apennines, — railway tunnel under the, com- 
pleted, Sep. 1864. 

Aper, Arrius. [Diocletianus, Numerianus.] 

Aper, (Afer ?) — Consul with Maximus, (960, 
a. u. c.) 207. 

Aper, (Afer ?) M. Flavius, — Consul with Q. 
Fabius Catullinus, (883, a. it. c.) 130, and 
(929,) 176. 

Aphareus, orator and tragic poet, — [BC] — 
exhibits at Athens, from (01. 102, 4) Feb. 
or Mar. 368 to (01. 109, 3) Feb. or Mar. 341,* 
369 to 342. b Contra Megaclideia? [Iso- 
crates,] 355. a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. 

Aphek, {Aphaca, Ftik,) in Syria,— [B C] — 
Ahab, King of Israel, defeats Benhadad of 
Damascus here, 9oo. a a Ussher. 

Aphraates, {Ear hud), Bp, Persian sage, 
— writes his Homilies, (oldest known original 
work in Syriae,) 337, 344, and 345 — attends 
Councils of Seleuceia and Ctesiphon, 345. Ho- 
milies, edited and translated by Wright, 1869. 

Aphthodocetae, Aphthartolatrae. [Julian 
of Halicarnassus, Monophysites-] 

Aphthonius of Antioch, rhetorician, §c. — ft. 
about 3i5- a a Smith's Diet. 

Apianus, {Bienewitz,) Petrus, astronomer, 
— 6. near Leisznig, 1495 — Prof, of Mathe- 
matics at Ingoldstadt, 1524 — tf. 21 Apr. 1551 s1 
or i552. b Cosmographia, 1524 — Astronomi- 
cum Ccesareum, 1540. 

a Biog. "Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Apicius, M. Gabius, gourmand, — fl. about 25. 

Apion, rhetorician and grammarian, — at the 
head of an embassy from Alexandria to Ca- 
ligula, to oppose Philo Judaeus, 38-40. 

Apis Cycles, in Egypt, — [BC] — commence, 
1322^ 20 Jul. 1325^ 1 May 973.° a ideler, 
Bunsen, Lepsius. b Gumpach. c Greswell. 



io6 



APOCALYPSE— APOLLONIUS. 



Apocalypse, {the Boole of Revelation,) — 
written, 67 or 68, a 95, 96, or 97 b — classed 
amongst the Antilegomena by Eusebius, about 
325. a Davidson, Newton. b Clinton, Lavdner, 
Lowman, Basnage, and others. 

Apocalyptic Knights, religious order, — in- 
stituted by Agostino Gabinio, for the defence 
of the Church of ~Rome,{Palm Sunday,) 15 Mar. 
1693 — suppressed by the Inquisition, 1694. 

Apocaucus, Protovestiarius of the Byzantine 
Umpire, — a partisan of Andronicus the 
Younger, 1321 — appointed high-admiral, for- 
tifies Epibates, 1338— joins the Empress Anne 
of Savoy, against Cantacuzenus, Jun. 1341 — 
made Grand-duke, Nov. 1341 — murdered by 
the political prisoners he had confined, 1 1 Jun. 
1345. [Joannes V. and VI.] 

Apocrisiarii, {Responsales,) agents for pro- 
vincial Bishops, Churches, &c, residing at 
Constantinople, — recognized in Justinian's 
Novels 6 and 79, 535, 539 — finally withdrawn 
by the popes of Rome, after 725. 

Apocrypha, — the uncanonical books of the 
Old Testament, Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus, Tobit, 
Judith, two Books of the Maccabees, with 
Baruch, and certain additional chapters to the 
books of Esther and Daniel, declared canonical 
by the Council of Hippo, 393— by the Council 
of Carthage, 397 — by the Council of Rome, 
under Pope Gelasius, 496 — their reception as 
canonical sanctioned by anathema, by the 
Council General of Trent, Sess. IV., 8 Apr. 
1546. [Canon.] 

Apollinarian Games, at Rome,— [B C]— in- 
stituted by S. C, (542, a. u. c.) 212— decreed 
by the Senate to be observed yearly, 211 — the 
day for their observance fixed by law of P. 
Licinius Varus, prcetor urb., 3 Non. Quinct.,10%. 

Apollinarians, (Apollinaristce, Dimodritce, 
Synersiastce.) [Apollinaris, the Younger.] 

Apollinaris, {Apollinarius,) the Elder, of 
Alexandria, — teaches grammar at Laodicea, 
335 till after 362. 

Apollinaris, {Apollinarius,) the Younger, 
Bp of Laodicea, — corresponds with Basil, 
350 — Bp, 362 — promulgates his doctrine of 
the human nature of Christ, 371 — which is 
contradicted in general terms by Athanasius, 
371 and 372 — and condemned as heretical by 
the IVth, Vlth, and Vllth Councils of Rome, 
374, end of 377, and 378 — by Council of An- 
tioch, Oct. 379 — and Council General of Con- 
stantinople, May to Jul. 381 — by Council of 
Italy, 381 — rj. about 382-3 a — the public wor- 
ship of the Apollinarians hindered, 388-97 — 
prohibited, 428 — Eutyches condemned for 
Apollinarianism by Councils of Constantinople, 
Nov. 448 and Apr. 449. 

Apollinaris, {Apollinarius^) St Claudius, Bp 
of Hierapolis, Christian Apologist, — fl. about 
Nov. 170 to 176. 

Apollinaris, P. Ccelius, — Consul with Q. 
Sosius Priscus Senecio, (922, a. u. c.) 169. 

Apollinaris. [Sidonius.] 

Apollo, — L B C J — tne nrst t em ple erected to 

him in Home, on account of a pestilence, 433 — 

dedicated by C. Julius Mento, Cos. (324, a.u.c.) 

430 — a second temple dedicated, (401,) 353 — 



temple of Apollo Palatinus dedicated by Augus- 
tus, (6 Id. Oct. 726,) 7 Oct. 28 a — [AD]— burnt, 
(14 Kal. Apr.) 19 Mar. 363. a Greswell. 

Apollo Belvedere, — discovered in the ruins 
of Antium, and purchased by Cardinal della 
Rovere, [Julius II.,] about 1500 — carried off 
by the French, 1797 — placed in the Museum 
of Paris, (5 Germinal, An VIII.) 26 Mar. 1800 
— restored to the Vatican, 1 8 15. 

Apollodorus of Athens, grammarian, — [B C] 
— ft. about 168 a — fl. about 140 b — ft. about 88.* 
a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. 

Apollodorus of Athens, painter, — [BC]- ft. 
about 408. 

Apollodorus of Carystus, comic poet, — [B C] 
-*— fl. about 300 to 26o. a a Smith's Diet. 

Apollodorus of Damascus, architect, — fi. 
about 60 — fl. about 114 — put to death by 
Hadrian, 130. 

Apollodorus, {the Tyrant of the Garden,) Epi- 
curean philosopher, — [B C] — fl. before 80. 

Apollodorus, jurisconsult, — magister memo- 
rice, 429 — comes sacri consistorii, 435, 438— 
commissioner for compiling the Theodosian 
Code, before Feb. 43 8. a a Smith's Diet. 

Apollodorus of Fergamus, rhetorician, — 
[B CJ — fl. at Apollonia, about 63 to 44. 

Apollodorus, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, 
(01. 87, 3) 430. 

Apollodorus, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, 
(01. 107, 3) 350. 

Apollodorus, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, 
(01. 114, 4) 321. 

Apollonia, {Gylaceia, Pollina,) in Illyria, — 
[B C] — founded by Corinthians and Corcyreans 
under Gylax, 627 a — surrendered to L. Pos- 
tumius Albinus and Cn. Fulvius Centumalus, 
229 — besieged by Philip V. ; siege raised and 
Philip defeated byM. Valerius Laevinus, prcet., 
215 — occupied by Julius Caesar, winter 49-8. 
a Von Spruner. 

Apollonia, (Sozopolis, Sizeboli,) in Thrace, 
— [BC] — founded by a colony from Miletus, 
6o9, a about 6^o. h a Clinton. b Von Spruner. 

Apollonicon, a species of organ, — built by 
Messrs Flight and Robson, and first exhibited, 
1817. 

Apollonides of Cos, physician, surgeon, — 
[B C] — fl. at court of Artaxerxes Longimanus, 

4 6 5-25- 

Apollonius, ecclesiastical writer, — opposes 
the Montanists, about 21 1-2. 

Apollonius of Alexandria, sophist and 
grammarian, — [BC] — f(. about 40-30. 

Apollonius of Athens, sophist and rhetorician, 
— comes as ambassador to Severus, 196. 

Apollonius of Chalets, Stoic philosopher, — 
teaches at Rome, about 133. 

Apollonius of Ferga, mathematician, — [B C] 
— fl. about 225. 

Apollonius of Rhodes, epic poet, — [B C] — n. 
about 245-0 — taught by Callimachus, about 
230 a — succeeds Eratosthenes as chief librarian 
to the Museum at Alexandria, 194 — ft. i86. b 
a Clinton. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Apollonius, Senator of Rome, — martyred, 
186 or 187. 

Apollonius of Tyana, Pythagorean philoso- 



APOLLONIUS— APPELLANTS. 



107 



pher, — [B C]— b. at Tyana, about 4 or 3— [AD] 
— studies at Tarsus, about 10 — adopts the 
Pythagorean rule, about 12-3 — -visits Persia, 
India, &c, 45 a — returns to Ionia, 48 s — at 
Athens, autumn 60 a — at Olympia, Jul. 61 a — 
goes to Sparta, autumn 61 a — to Crete, spring 
62 a — at Borne, 64 s — sent away from Rome, 
Nov. 66 a — in Spain, 67 -8 a — passes through 
Sicily to Greece, 14 Sep. 68 a — goes to Egypt, 
spring 69 s1 — visits Ethiopia, 70 a — meets 
Titus at Argos in Cilicia, 71 a — in Ionia, 83- 
93 a — in Italy, brought before Domitian, about 
Apr. 93 a — escapes and goes through Sicily to 
Greece, to Olympia, Jul. 93 a — returns to Ionia, 
95 a — at Ephesus, (14 Kal. Oct.) 18 Sep. 96 a — 
fc. at Ephesus, end of 97. a [Philostratus.] 
a Clinton. 

ApolloniusDyscolus, grammarian, — teaches 
at Alexandria, about 140 — comes to Rome, after 
160. 

Apollonius Malacus of Alabanda, rhetori- 
cian, — [B C] — teaches at Rhodes, about 107 to 
95. a a Clinton. 

Apollonius Molon of Alabancla, rhetorician, 
— [B C] — teaches at Rome, 88 — ambassador 
from Rhodes to Rome, 81 — teaches at Rhodes, 

77- 

Apollonius, — Consul with Magnus, (1213, 
a. u. c.) 460. 

Apollophanes, comic poet, — [BC] — fl. at 
Athens, about (01. 95) 400. 

Apollophanes, physician, — [B C] — fl. at 
court of Antiochus Soter, about 223-187. 

Aponus Petrus. [Abano, Pietro de.] 

Apostasy from the Christian religion, — 
incapacitates for making a will, &c.,by law of 
Theodosius, (13 Kal. Jun.) 20 May 383— 
[Lapsi,] — made a disqualification for public 
office, &c, &c, by Act 9 and 10 ¥m. III. c. 
32, 1697. 

Apostles. [See their names."] Apostles' Creed, 
— first commented upon by Rufinus, about 
390. [Acts of the Apostles.] 

Apostolical Constitutions and Canons, — first 
draft of them constructed, ? before 200 a — sub- 
sequent additions, about 300, and to 5oo. a 
a E,6the, Mosheini, &c. 

Apostolical Fathers. [Clemens, Hennas, 
Ignatius, Polycarp.] 

Apostolical Junta, — formed by Ferdinand 
VII. of Spain, for the purpose of assisting the 
ministry, 26 Sep. 1825. 

Apostolicals. [Ferdinand VII., Spanish 
Revolution.] 

Apostolici, Christian sectaries, — 9. in the 
vicinity of Cologne, about 1150. [Dolcino, 
Segarelli.] 

Apostolicum, — Bull granted by Pope Cle- 
ment XIII. at the solicitation of the Jesuits, 
confirming their Institution, (7 Id. Jan. 1794, 
Flor. S.) 7 Jan. 1765 a — suppressed by the 
Parlement of Paris, 11 Feb. 1765 — its public- 
ation forbidden in Portugal, 1765. 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Apostolius, Michael, theologian, $c, — takes 
refuge in Italy, with Cardinal Bessarion, 1453 
— at Viterbo, 1462 — tf. in Crete, 1482. 

Apostool, Samuel, polemical writer, — fi. 



1638 — becomes minister of the Flemish congre- 
gation at Amsterdam, Mar. 1662 — commences 
his controversy with Galenus, 15 Oct. 1662 — 
tr. about 1700. 

Apostoolians, a sect of Baptists in Holland, 
— founded by Samuel Apostool, 1664. [Flem- 
ings, Galenists, Memnonites, &c.] 

Apotactitae, (Apotactici.) [Apostolici, Ma- 
nichaeans, Tatiani, &c] 

Apothecaries, practitioners of pharmacy, — ■ 
in England, first mentioned, 1345 — first pro- 
tected by Act 34 and 35 Hen. VIII. c. 8, 1543. 
In France, the first statutes regarding them 
enacted by Charles VIIL, 1484. In Germany, 
first mentioned, soon after 1400. The Company 
of Apothecaries, — incorporated in conjunction 
with the Grocers' Company, 9 Apr. 1606 — 
separately, 6 Dec. 16 17 — its powers increased, 
1722 and 1748 — empowered to examine and 
license Apothecaries in England and Wales, by 
Act 55 Geo. III. c. 194, 18 15 — issues new 
regulations, raising the qualifications of candi- 
dates, Apr. 1835. [Barber-Surgeons, Physi- 
cians.] 

Appeal, Court of — the Judicial Committee 
of the Privy Council constituted one, by Acts 
3 and 4 Wm. IV. c. 41, 14 Aug. 1833 ; and 14 
and 15 Vic. c. 83, 7 Aug. 1851. 

Appeal, (Provocatio ad popitlitm,) Right of, 
at Home, — [B C] — secured to all citizens by 
Valerian Law, 509 — taken from them by 
Laws of the Twelve Tables, 451-0 — restored 
and confirmed by Valerian-Horatian Law, and 
Duilian Law, 449 — by Valerian Law, 300 — 
Porcian Law, 197 — and by Antonian Law, 44. 

Appeals, — Criminal, abolished by Act 59 
Geo. III. c. 46, 1819. [Wager of Battle.] 
To Rome, va the case of a bishop condemned by 
a council, permitted by the Council of Sardica, 
347 — allowed by VI th Council of Carthage, on 
occasion of the appeal of Apiarius, against the 
excommunication of his bishop, May, Jun. 419 
— prohibited by another Council at Carthage, 
after another appeal by Apiarius, and a confes- 
sion of his crimes, about 425 — first made in 
England by Wilfrid, Abp of York, about 67 3 
— brought into use in England by Henry of Blois, 
Bp of Winchester, at Council of London, 1 140 
— indirectly prohibited by Constitutions of 
Clarendon, cap. 8, 11 64 — prohibited under 
penalty of prcemunire, by Acts 24 Hen. VIIL 
c. 12, early in 1533 ; and 26 Hen. VIIL cc. 
19 and 21, 1534. 

Appel, Jakob, painter, — b. at Amsterdam, 
29 Nov. 1680 — ft. 7 May 1751. 

Appelius, Jean Henri, financier, — b. at Mid- 
dleburg, about 1767 — Advocate, 1786 — Pen- 
sionary of Zeeland, Feb. 1795 — Councillor of 
State, 1804 — Finance minister under Xing 
Louis Bonaparte, 1808 — returns from Paris to 
the Netherlands, 12 Apr. 18 14 — enters the 
service of the King of the Netherlands, 18 15 — 
Finance minister, 1824 — tf. at the Hague, 1828. 

Appellants, — the Bps of Mirepoix, Senez, 
Montpellier, and Boulogne appeal from the Bull 
Unigenitus to some future Council, 1 Mar. 
17 17 — who are joined by the Cardinal de No- 
ailles, spring 17 17 — excommunicated by Clement 



ioS 



APPELMAX— APPULEIUS. 



XL, 1718— Xoailles and others effect an ar- 
rangement ; the four Bishops renew their ap- 
peal, 10 Sep. 1720— the Bp of Senez condemned 
by Synod of Embrun, and suspended, 20 Sep. 
1727 — he appeals to a future council, 22 Sep. 
1727 — and is confined in the Abbey of Chaise 
Dieu, 11 Oct. 1727 — protest against the sen- 
tence by many prelates, &c, 17 Mar. 1728 — 
Faculty of Arts of Paris annuls its appeal, 
23 May 1739 — Eouis XV. grants an amnesty 
for all' that has past respecting this Bull, 10 
Dec. 1756. [Jansenists.] 

Appelman, Bernard, {Barent, Hector,) 
painter, — b. at the Hague, 1640 — tf. 1686. 

Appending Francesco Maria, historian, §c, 
— 6. at Turin, 4 Xov. 1768 — rj. at Zara, Jan. 
1837. Notizie Istorico-critiche sidle Antichita, 
Storia, e Letteratura dei Ragusci, 1802-3. 

Appenzell, (Abbatis Cella,) Canton of Swit- 
zerland, — its domain conferred by Pepin upon 
the Abbey of St Gall, about 760— the people 
obtain permission to choose their own Land- 
ammann, 1272 — rights of the Abbey confirmed 
by the Emperor Adolphus of Nassau, 1292 — 
the liberties of the Appenzellers confirmed by 
the Abbot Herman von Bonstettin, about 1360 
— -joins the league of Bavaria, Baden, the Pal- 
atinate, and Imperial cities, after 1367 — four 
parishes rise against the oppressions of the 
officers of the Abbey, and are joined by St 
Gall, 1400 — union with St Gall annulled ; the 
Appenzellers ally themselves with Schwytz and 
Glarus, 140 1-2 — they defeat the combined 
forces of St Gall, Constance, &c, at the Spei- 
cher, 15 May 1403 — joinedby St Gall again, 1404 
— Duke Frederick IV. of Austria and his allies 
defeated at the Stoss, and at Hauptlisberg, 7 
Jun. 1404 — and at the Wolf shalde, later in Jun. 
1404 — concludes a defensive alliance with St 
Gall for 9 years, 1404 — carries on the war 
against Austria, 1404-8 — defeated by the Em- 
peror Rupert and the League of St George's 
Shield, whilst besieging Bregentz, 13 Jan. 1408 
— joins the Seven Cantons, 141 1 — recognized 
as free and independent by Duke Frederick of 
Austria, by the treaty of Peace for 50 years, 20 
May 141 2 — disputes with the Abbot of St 
Gall continue, about 1425 — a closer alliance 
contracted with the Seven Cantons, 1452 — 
Appenzell received into the Swiss Confedera- 
tion, 10 Dec. 15 1 3 — receives the Reformation, 
1522 — divided into two sections, the Inner Rho- 
den, and Outer Bhoden, 1597 — a revision of the 
laws enacted by the people, 1794 — accepts the 
Helvetian Republic, May 1798 — its ancient 
democratic constitution restored, autumn 1802 
— revolts against Napoleon, and annuls his 
constitution, end of 18 13 — reconstituted by 
the Peace of Vienna, 18 15. 

Appian Way, between Home and Capua, — 
[B C] —commenced by Appius Claudius Caucus, 
in his Censorship, 302-8 — carried to Brundi- 
sium, before 30. [Aqueduct.] 

Appiani, Andrea, painter, — b. at Bosizio, 
23 May 1754 — disabled by an attack of apo- 
plexy, 'May 1813 — tr. at Milan, 8 Nov. 1817. 

Appiani, Francesco, painter, — ft. at Ancona, 
1702 — tJ. 1792. 



Appianus, of Alexandria, historian, — fi. at 
Rome, about 130- 147. a a Clinton. 

Appleton, Jesse, theologian, §c., — b. at New 
Ipswich, N. Hampshire, U. S., 17 Nov. 1772 
— President of Bowdoin College, 23 Dec. 1807 
— tr. 12 Nov. 18 19. 

Appleton, Nathaniel, theologian, §c., — rj. at 
Ipswich, Mass., U. S., 9 Dec. 16.93 — ordained 
at Cambridge, 9 Oct. 17 17 — D.D., 177 1 — if. 
9 Feb. 1784. 

Appraisers, — require an annual license by 
Act 46 Geo. III. c. 43, 1805-6 — duty on license 
increased to 10s. by General Stamp Act, 55 
Geo. III. c. 104, 1 8 14-5— to £2, by Act 8 and 
9 Vic. c. 76, 4 Aug. 1845. 

Apprentices, Apprenticeship, — first men- 
tioned incidentally in Act 12 Rich. II. c. 3, 1388 
— apprenticeship made imperative as a condi- 
tion of exercising any trade ; its term fixed at 7 
years ; the reception of apprentices made com- 
pulsory, &c, by the ' Statute of Apprenticeship,' 
5 Eliz. c. 4, 1562-3 — the restrictions on exer- 
cising trades, &c, repealed by Act 54 Geo. III. 
c. 96, 1 8 14— term to expire at the attainment 
of 21 years, by Acts 7 Geo. III. c. 39, 1766-7 ; 
and 18 Geo. III. c. 47, 1777-8 — numbers of 
apprentices taken regulated by Acts 5 Eliz. c. 
5, 1562-3 ; 1 Jac. I. c. 17, 1603-4; and 13 and 
14 Car. II. c. 5, 1662 — compulsory reception 
of apprentices enforced by Acts 2 and 3 Phil, 
and Mar. c. 11, 1555-6; and 8 and 9 Wm. 

III. c. 30, 1696 — and abolished by Act 7 and 
8 Vic. c. 101, 9 Aug. 1844 — apprenticeship of 
paupers regulated, by Acts 43 Eliz. c. 2, 
1600-1; 8 and 9 AVm. III. c. 30, 1696; 18 
Geo. III. c. 47, 1777-8; 32 Geo. III. c. 57, 
1791-2; 4 and 5 AVm. IV. c. 76, 14 Aug. 
1834; 7 and 8 Vic. c. 101, 9 Aug. 1844 ; and 
c. 112, 5 Sep. 1844 — enrolment of indentures 
enforced by Acts 5 Eliz. c. 5, 1562-3 ; and 5 
Geo. II. c. 46, 1731-2 — seamen's apprentices to 
be registered, by Acts 5 and 6 Wm. IV. c. 19, 
30 Jul. 1835 ; and 7 and 8 Vic. c. 112, 5 Sep. 
1844 — duty upon the premium imposed and 
regulated by Acts 8 Aim. c. 9, 1709-10; 9 
Ann. c. 21, 1710-1 ; 18 Geo. II. c. 22, 
1744-5; and 20 Geo. II. c. 45, 1746-7— rela- 
tions of master and apprentice regulated by 
Acts 20 Geo. II. c. 19, 1746-7 ; 6 Geo. III. c. 
25, 1765-6; 32 Geo. III. c. 57, 1791-2; 42 
Geo. III. c. 73, 1801-2; and 5 Vic. c. 7, 23 
Mar. 1842 — Settlement of apprentices regu- 
lated, by Acts 13 and 14 Car. II. c. 12, 1662 ; 
12 Ann. c. 18, 17 13-4; and 4 and 5 AVm. 

IV. c. 76, 14 Aug. 1834 — indentures discharged 
by Bankruptcy of the master, by Act 6 Geo. 
IV. c. 16, 1825-6 — binding females to work in 
mines, void, by Act 5 and 6 Vic. c. 99, 10 
Aug. 1842. [Slavery.] 

Appropriation Clause. [Tithe Commuta- 
tion.] 

Appuleian Laws, — [BC] — by Trib. pleb. 
L. Appuleius Saturninus, (1) Agrarian, (2) .re- 
garding the planting of certain Colonies, (3) 
Corn-Law, (4) relating to majestas, (654, a. u. 
C.) ioo. a a Fi sc her. 

Appuleius, (Apuleius,) Lucius, (?) Platonic 
philosopher, — h. at Madaura, about 126 — de- 



APPTJLEITJS— AQUARIUM. 



:o 9 



fends himself before Lollianus Avitus {Clau- 
dius Maximiis,) Proc. of Africa, after 144 — fl. 
about 163^ a Lardner. 

Appuleius, M., — [B C] — Consul with P. 
Silius, (734, a. u. c.) 20. 

Appuleius, Sextus, — [B C] — (1) Consicl with. 
Augustus V., (725, a. u. c.) 29 — triumphs for 
victories in Spain, (7 Kal. Feb.) 24 Jan. 26. a 
(2)— [AD]— Consul with Sex. Pompeius, (767, 
I4. a a Greswell. 

Apraxin, Stephen Feodorowitz, military 
commander, — takes part in the overthrow of 
Count Lestocq, 1748 — invades Prussia, and 
takes Meniel, 5 Aug. 1757 — defeats Lehwald 
at Gross Jagerndorf, 30 Aug. 1757 — falls back 
upon Courland, Sep. 1757 — recalled and im- 
prisoned; Xf. 26 Aug. 1760^ 

a Nouv. Biog, Gen. 

Apres de Mannevillette, Jean Baptiste 
Nicolas Denys (¥,hydrographer, — ft. at Havre, 
11 Feb. 1707 — fr. 1 Mar. 1780. Neptune 
Oriental, 1745-75. 

Apricot, {Prunus Armeniaca,) — introduced 
into Great Britain, 1562. 

Apries, {BZophra,Yaphres,Psamaticus III. ?) 
King op Egypt, — [B C] — succeeds his father, 
Psamaticus II., 596 ? a 595^ 594 ,cd 593 ,e 590 f 
— conquers Phoenicia and Palestine, about 
590 — assists Zedekiah against Nebuchadnezzar 
in vain, 588, ef 587^ 586s — revolt of the Cyre- 
neans, 574° — Amasis sent to suppress it, heads 
the insurgents, 573° — Nebuchadnezzar invades 
Egypt, defeats Apries, and makes Amasis King, 
57 1 c — Amasis defeats and kills Apries, 57i, af 
570, bf ^9- cdei a Wilkinson. b Art de Verifier 
les Dates. c Ussher. d Clinton. e Nouv. Biog. 
Gen. f Von Gumpach. & Smith's Diet. 

Apronianus, C. Veranius, ( Ventidius, Venu- 
leius,) — Consul with. Q. Arrius Prctinus, (876, 

A. U. C.) 123. 

Apronianus, C. Vipstanus, — Consul with L. 
Fonteius Capito, (812, a. u. c.) 59 — Proc. of 
Africa, 70. 

Apronianus, Vipstanus, — Consul with 
Niger, (870, a. u. c.) 117. 

Apronianus, — Consul with Paulus, (921, 
A. u. c.) 168. 

Apronianus, — Consul with Bradua, (944, 
a. u. c.) 191. 

Apronius, Lucius, — Consul suff. with A. 
Yibius Habitus, (761, A. u. c.) 8 — serves under 
Drusus and Germanicus in Germany, 14 and 
15 — Proc. of Africa, 20 — Prcet. of Lower Ger- 
many, perishes during the revolt of the Frisii ? 
28. 

Aprosio,Ludovico, {Angelico,) bibliographer, 
§'C, — ft. at Vintimiglia, 29 Oct. 1607 — enters 
Augustine Order, 1623 — Prof, of Literature at 
the Convent of St Stephen, Venice, 1639 — ft. 
23 Feb. 1681. Bibliotheca Aprosiana, 1673. 

Apsephion, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
77, 4) 469. 

Apseudes, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
86,4)433. 

Apsines of Gadara, sophist, rhetorician, — fl. 
at Athens, about 235. 

Apuani of Liguria, — [BC] — defeated and 
reduced by C. Flaminius, 1S7 — rout Q,. Mar- 



cius, 186 — subdued and removed into Sam- 
nium by P. Cornelius and M. Bgebius, 180. 

Apulia, {Daunia and Peucetia, lapygia, 
Puglia, Pouille,) in Italy, — [BC]- its people 
conclude a treaty of alliance with Kome, 
326 — in alliance with the Samnites, at war 
with Home, 323-2 — completely subdued by 
Pome, 317 — join the Samnites in making 
war against Eome, and are subdued by Q,. 
Fabius Maximus Pullianus, 297 — partly sub- 
dued by Pyrrhus, 279 — becomes the seat of 
war in the Second Punic "War, 217 to 207 — 
joins the revolted provinces in the Social War, 
91— almost wholly reduced by C. Cosconius, 89 
— [AD] — constitutes part of the Duchy 01 
Beneventum erected by Narses, about 555 — 
conquered from the Lombards and the Sara- 
cens, by Nicephorus Phocas, and erected into 
the Theme Longobardia, 885 — revolt of Melo 
of Bari, 1010 — engages some Norman pilgrims 
to St Michael of Mount Garganus, to assist 
him, [Capua,] 1016 — with their help, under 
Drogot, defeats the Byzantine Catapan, about 
Jul. 1017 — and again at Arenula, 101 8 — ac- 
quires the whole of Apulia ; defeated by Bugia- 
nus, {Bojanus,) .'at Cannse, and loses it, 1 Oct. 
1019 — attempts to gain assistance from the 
Emperor Henry II. and dies at Bamberg, 
1020 — fresh companies of Normans arrive in 
Southern Italy, after 102 1-5 — the Emperor 
Conrad II. takes part in the conflict there, 
1038 — Argyrus, son of Melo, heads the Nor- 
mans against the Byzantine officers, about 
1040 — Georgius Maniaces sent to oppose 
Argyrus, early in 1042— Argyrus assumes 
the title of Prince of Bari and Duke of Apulia, 
1042 — Guillatjme, {Bras de Per,) son of Tan- 
crede de Hauteville, Lord of Ascoli, created 
Count of Apulia, by the Lords of Aversa, Ve- 
nosa, &c. at Melfi, 1043 — defeats the Catapan 
Eustathius at Trani, 8 May 1046 — Argyrus 
made Catapan to oppose the Normans, 1046 — 
Guillaume succeeded by his brother Drogon, 
{Dreux,) Lord of Venosa, 1046 — receives the 
investiture of Apulia from the Emperor Henry 
III., 1047 — assassinated by the contrivance of 
Argyrus and Pope Leo IX. ; his brother, Hum- 
phred, {Humphroi,) succeeds, 105 1 — defeats 
and takes Leo IX. prisoner, at Civitella, 18 Jun. 
1053 — his brother, Kobert Guiscard, ( Wiscard,) 
expels his nephew Abaillard and succeeds as 
Duke of Apidia and Calabria, 1057 — succeeded 
by his son, Roger, {Bursa,) 17 Jul. 1085 — 
—his son, Guillaume II., succeeds him, 22 Feb. 
in 1 — receives the investiture of his states from 
Paschal II. at Council of Ceperano, 11 14 — and 
from Callistus II., 1120 — tJ. and is succeeded 
by his cousin Roger II. of Sicily, 20 Jul. 
ii27 a — Michael Palseologus and John Ducas, 
generals of Manuel Conmenus, recover great 
part of Apulia, 1 155 — Guillaume I. of Sicily 
defeats and takes Alexius Comneuus, and re- 
gains Apulia, summer 1156. [Naples, Two 
Sicilies.] 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. 
Aqua Tofana, {Aquetta.) [Tofana.] 
Aquarium, (Aquavivarium, Vivarium,) — 
balance of animal and vegetable life in it, estab- 



AQTTATINTA ENGRAVING-AQTTINUM. 



lished by experiments of Robert Warington, 
1849-52. m 

Aquatinta Engraving, —invented by Le 
Prince, about 1760. [Sandby, Paul.] 

Aquaviva, (Acquaviva,) Claudio, General of 
the Society of Jesus, — 6. at Atri, 14 Sep. 1543 
— enters the Society, 1567 — General, 158 1 — 
acquitted by a general congregation of the 
Order, summer 1592 — &. 31 Jan. 1615. Ratio 
Studiorum, 1586. 

Aqueducts (Aqua) of Rome, — [BC] — (1) 
Anio Vetus, — begun by M' Curius Dentatus, 
Cens., 272 — finished by M. Fulvius ^Flaccus, 
Cens., 246. (2) Appia,— begun by Appius Clau- 
dius Caecus, Cens., 312. (3) Julia, — commenced 
by M. Vipsanius Agrippa, Aid., 33. (4) Marcia, 
— built by Q. Marcius Rex, Prat,, 144 and 
143 — repaired by Agrippa, 33 — the waters of 
another spring conveyed into it by Augustus, 
about 11. (5) Tepula, — built by Cn. Servilius 
Csepio and L. Cassius Longinus, Censs., 125 — 
its waters turned into the Aqua Julia, by 
Agrippa, 33. [AD] — (6) Claudia and Anio 
Novus, — commenced by Caligula, 36 — finished 
by Claudius, 50. 

Aquidaban, — battle of, President Lopez de- 
feated and killed, by Gen. Camera, end of 
Paraguayan war, 1 Mar. 1870. [Paraguay.] 

Aquila, translator of the Old Testament 
into Greek, — fl. about 130. 

Aquila, (Adler,) Caspar, theologian, — b. at 
Augsburg, 7 Aug. 1488 — imprisoned at Dillin- 
gen for attachment to the Reformation, 1519-20 
■ — Prof, of Hebrew at 'Wittenberg, 1524 — 
minister at Saalfeldt, 1527 — superintendent 
there, 1528 — proscribed for his opposition to 
the Interim, 1548 — returns to Saalfeldt, 1552 
— &. there, 12 Nov. 1560. Christliche Er- 
klarung des Kleinen Catechismi, 1538 — Erkld- 
rung der ganzen Christlichen Lehre, 1547 — 
Christlich Bedenken auf das Interim, 1548. 

Aquilano, Serafino, poet, improvisatore, — b. 
at Aquila, 1466 — rj. at Rome, 10 Aug. 1500. 

Aquilanus, Sebastianus, physician, — Prof, 
of Medicine at Ferrara, 1495 — fc. 15 13. 

Aquileia, (Aquilegia, Aglar, Aglay, Aglon,) 
in Italy, — [B C] — a Latin colony established here 
by Rome, 181 — increased by 1500 families, 
169 — attacked by the Iapydes, 35 — [AD] 
occupied by the partisans of Vespasian, 69 — 
vainly besieged by Maximin, Apr. May 238a 
— Constans defeats and kills his brother Con- 
stantine II. near, early in 340 a — besieged and 
taken by Jovinus, late in 361 a— ,Theodosius the 
Great defeats and kills Maximus near, 23 Jul. 
388 — and Eugenius, 6 Sep. 394 — occupied by 
Aspar ; Joannes defeated and put to death 
here, 425 — taken and destroyed by Attila, 452 
— restored by Narses, after 552 — its bishop 
separates from the Church of Rome, and 
assumes the title of Patriarch, at a Council 
held here, 556° — city deserted, and taken pos- 
session of by Alboin, King of the Lombards, 
568 — the schism renounced at a Council held 
here ; the title of Patriarch recognized by Ser- 
gius I., 698 — makes itself master of the terri- 
tory of Friuli, after 924 b — deprived of most 
of its territory by Venice, 1420 — the Patri- 



archate abolished, and the diocese divided, 
1758 — unsuccessful attempt to reestablish it, 
I 1^5' [Udine.] Council of , — held near Udine, 
by Gregory XII. , on the Great Schism, 6 Jan. 
to 5 Sep. 1409^ a Clinton. 

b Art de Verifier les Dates. 
Aquilinus, T. Herminius, — [BC] — Consul 
with Spurius Larcius Flavus, (248, a. u. c.) 
27 Sep., a 3 Mar. b 5o6 — killed at battle of Lake 
Regillus, 499. a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

b Greswell. 

Aquilinus (Continisanus, ) Lar Herminius, 

— [B C] — Consul with T. Verginius Tricostus 
Coelimontanus, (306, a. u. c.) 6 Nov. 448. a 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Aquilinus, — Consul with Q. Junius Rusticus, 
(915, a. u. c.) 162. 

Aquilinus, — Consul vnth. JEriiilianus, (1002, 
a. tj. c.) 249. 

Aquilinus, T. Vettius, — Consul with P. Cor- 
nelius Scipio Asiaticus, (878, a. u. c.) 125. 

Aquilinus, Vettius, — Consul withM. Ennius 
Maximus, (1039, a. tj. c.) 286. 

Aquillian Laws, -[BC]- by C. Aquillius, 
Prat., to determine the nature of the crime of 
dolus malus, (688, a. u. c.) 66. 

Aquillian Plebiscite, {law,) — [BC]— by 
Aquillius, Trib. pleb., concerning damnum in- 
juria datum, 287 or 286 ? a a Ersch and Gruber. 

Aquillius, (Aquilius,)^ M', — [B C] — (1) 
Consul with C. Sempronius Tuditanus, (625, 
a. tj. c.) 2 Aug. i3o, a 2 Jan. i29 b — concludes 
the war against Aristonicus of Pergamus, 129 
— triumphs, (3 Id. Nov. 628,) 27 May, a 20 
Nov. b 126. (2) Consul with C. Marius V., 
(653,) 18 Oct. i02, a 12 Jan. ioi b — sup- 
presses the Servile Insurrection under Athe- 
nion in Sicily, 101-0 — honoured with an 
Ovation, (655,) 99° — accused of maladminis- 
tration of his province, defended by M. Anto- 
nius, and acquitted, 98 — defeated by Mith- 
ridates of Pontus at Protostachium, and 
murdered, 88. a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

b Greswell. c Fischer. 

Aquilonia, in Italy, — [BC] — L. Papirius 
Cursor defeats the Samnites here, and takes 
and burns the town, 293. 

Aquin, (Aquino,) Philippe d', (Mardochai,) 
Hebraist, §c, — b. at Carpentras, about 1580 — ■ 
converted to Christianity, 16 10 — fc. at Paris, 
1650. Diciionarium Eebrao-Chaldceo-Talmu- 
dico-Pabbinicum, 1629. 

Aquinas, Thomas, St, — (Angel of the Schools, 
Eagle of Divines, Universal and Angelic Doctor,) 
scholastic theologian, — b. at Aquino or Rocca 
Secca, 1227 — studies at Naples, 1240 — enters 
Dominican Order, 1243 — studies at Cologne 
and Paris under Albertus Magnus, 1244 to 
1248 — ordained priest ; teaches at Paris, 1248 — 
Doctor of Theology at Paris, 1255 — summoned 
to Rome by Urban IV., 1261 — returns to 
Paris, 1269 — removes to Naples, 1272 — tf. at 
Fossi Nuovi, 7 Mar. 1274 — canonized by 
John XXII. , 18 Jul. 1323 — his body ' trans- 
lated' to Toulouse, 28 Jan. 1369 — declared 
the < Fifth Doctor of the Church' by Pius V., 
1567. [Thomists, &c] 

Aquinum, (Aquino,) in Italy, — [B C] — re- 



AQUITANI— AQUITANIA. 



ceives a Koman colony, about 40 — [AD] — 
destroyed by the Emperor Conrad IV., 1252. 

Aquitani, Aquitania, (Novempopulana, Vas- 
conia,) in Gaul, — [BCJ — invaded and partly 
reduced by P. Crassus, Adcantuanus defeated 
at Sotium, 56 — completely reduced by Julius 
Caesar, 51 — wholly subjugated by M. Valerius 
Messalla Corvinus; who triumphs, (7 Kal. 
Oct.) 25 Sep. 27. [Aquitania {Aquitaine) .] 

Aquitania, {Aquitaine,) Guienne, — [BC] — 
organized as a province, its northern boundary 
being removed to the Loire, by Augustus, 27 — 
[A Dj — reorganized, and divided into Aquitania 
Prima and Secunda, and Novempopulana, 401 
or 402 — Aquitania Secunda and Novempopulana 
ceded to the Visigoths under Wallia, by Ho- 
norius, 418*— Aquitania Prima subjugated by 
Euric, 474 a — Clovis defeats and kills Alaric IL 
at Vougle, near Poitiers, and acquires Aqui- 
tania, 507-8 — divided amongst the four sons of 
Clovis, at his death, [Metz, Orleans, Paris, 
Soissons,] end of 511 — divided between Chil- 
debert of Austrasia, and Gontran of Bur- 
gundy, by the treaty of Andelot, end of 587 — 
united by Chlothaire II. of Soissons, 613 — ceded 
by Dagobert, with Toulouse, as an apanage to 
his brother Charibert II., (Caribert, Aribert,) 
end of Apr. 630 b — he defeats the Gascons, spring 
631 — succeeded by his infant son Childeric, 
(Silderic,) who is soon afterwards put to death, 
631b — Amand, Duke of the Basque Gascons, 
[Gascony,] father-in-law to Charibert, pro- 
cures Aquitania and Toulouse, as a hereditary 
Duchy for Boggis and Bertrand, sons of 
Charibert, 637 b ■ — Eudes, (Odou,) son of 
Boggis, succeeds at his death, St Hubert, son 
of Bertrand, ceding his states to him, 688 b — 
recognized as King of Aquitaine by Chilperie 
II., 717 b — defeated with Chilperie by Charles 
Martel, 718 or 7i9 b — defeats the Saracens at 
Toulouse, 721 — purchases peace of Munuza, 
governor of Catalonia, 730 — defeated by Abd 
el Rahman, near the Dordogne, 732 — makes 
peace with Charles before the battle of 
Tour, 732 — succeeded by his son Hunald, 
{Hunold,) 735 b — accepts the investiture of his 
states from Charles Martel as a Duchy, 736 — 
revolts against Carloman and Pepin, 741 — 
asks peace of them, and abdicates ; his son, 
"Waifre, {Guaifer,) succeeds, 744 or 745 b — 
insults Pepin, who makes war upon him, 760 
- — assassinated ; and Aquitaine reunited to the 
crown, 2 Jun. 768 b — Hunald leaves his monas- 
tery and attempts to wrest Aquitaine from 
Charlemagne and Carloman, 769 — defeated, 
and permitted to go to Italy, joins Didier, 
King of the Lombards, 771 — Louis le Debon- 
naire declared King of Aquitaine by his 
father, Charlemagne, at his birth, 778 b — put 
in possession of his states, 781 — on his accession 
to the Western Empire, makes his son, Pepin 
I., King of Aquitaine, early in 814 — Pepin at 
war with his father, 831-2, 834 — ft., 13 Dec. 
838 — his son Pepin II. proclaimed in Aqui- 
taine ; his brother, Charles le Chauve, invested 
with the kingdom by his father, Louis, spring 
839° — Louis ravages Aquitaine, summer 839° 
— war between Charles and Pepin, 840-4 — 



Treaty of St Benoit sur Loire ; Charles cedes 
the kingdom of Aquitaine to Pepin ; except 
Poitou, Saintonge, and Angoumois, given 
to Count Rainulf I. of Poitiers, as the Duchy 
of Aquitaine, Jun. 845° — Aquitaine ravaged by 
the Normans ; Pepin deposed ; Charles made 
king, 848 — Pepin recalled, 850— again deposed, 
and given up to Charles, who makes him 
assume the monastic habit, Sep. 852°— Louis, 
son of Louis the Germanic, invited to be king, 
853 — Charles makes war upon his adherents, 
spring 854° — Pepin escapes from the convent 
of St Medard, and becomes king again, 854 — ■ 
Charles, son of Charles the Bald, crowned, mid- 
dle of Oct. 855 b c — war between the three com- 
petitors for the crown, and invasions of the 
Normans, 865-63 b — Charles submits to his 
father, end of 863° — Bainulf takes Pepin pri- 
soner, and gives him up to Charles, at the 
General Assembly of Pistes, Jun. 864,° 865 b 
— Charles fc., 29 Sep. 866 — Louis le Begue, his 
brother, crowned, beginning of Mar. 867 — 
Kingdom reunited to the crown of France, on 
the death of Charles, Oct. 877 — governed by 
Bernard of Auvergne and Bernard of Gothia, 
before 880 — assigned to Carloman, son of 
Louis, at the division of the monarchy, Mar. 
880 — till the death of his brother, Louis III., 
Aug. 882 — Aquitaine ravaged by the Normans, 
[Hasting,] about 882— Bainulf II. of Poi- 
tiers assumes the title of King of Aquitaine, 
about 887-92 — the Duchy enjoyed by the 
Counts of Auvergne, 893 to 928 — attacked by 
Raonl of Burgundy, y24 and 926 — reverts to 
the Counts of Poitiers, 928— almost independ- 
ent of the crown, [Hugh Capet,] 955 to 
1037 — the Duchy of Gascony reunited to Aqui- 
taine by Eudes, (Odon,) son of Guillaume le 
Grand, 1038 — finally ceded to Gui Geoffroi, 
brother of Guillaume Aigret, by Bernard II. 
of Armagnac, 1052 — Aquitaine, with Poitou, 
«fec, reunited to the crown of France, by the 
marriage of Eleanor to Louis le Jeune, 22 Jul. 
11 37 — passes into the possession of England, 
by the marriage of Eleanor to Henry II., 18 
May 1 152 — Henry suppresses a rebellion here, 
1 167 — cedes the Duchy to his son Richard, 
1 169— the seigneurs revolt anew, 1175 — and 
are defeated and made prisoners by Richard, 
1 1 76 — the usufruct of the Duchy granted to 
Otto of Brunswick, 1196 — Eleanor resumes 
the Duchy, &c, and associates her son, John, 
with her, 1 1 99 — the Duchy, or southern part 
of the former kingdom, begins to be called 
Guienne, after 1200 b — the possessions of King 
John in France confiscated by the court of 
peers, and all but Guienne taken from him, 
1204 — other parts of Aquitaine restored to 
Henry III. by St Louis, at Abbeville, 28 Mar. 
1259 — Philip le Bel takes possession of the 
whole, spring 1293 — Charles le Bel summons 
Edward II. to do homage for his States, and 
takes possession of them, spring and summer 
1324 — Edward cedes Guienne, &c., to his son, 
[Edward III.,] who does homage for them, 14 
Sep. 1325 b — Edward III. does homage to 
Philip of Valois, at Amiens, 6 Jun. 1329 — 
invests the Prince of Wales with the Duchy 



ARABIA— ARAGON. 



of Guienne, 1355 — concludes treaty of Breti- 
gny, 1360 — erects Guienne, &c, into the Prin- 
cipality of Aquitaim, in favour of Edward 
the Black Prince, 1362 — the seigneurs and 
others of Guienne complain to Charles le 
Sage of the oppression of the English, 1366-7 
— the English expelled from almost all Guienne, 
1377 — treaty of Troyes, 1420 — Aquitaine 
finally conquered and united with the kingdom 
of France, [Charles VII.] 145 i. b a Clinton. 
b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Sismondi. 

Arabia, {Arabistan,) — [BC] — the coast of 
the Red Sea taken possession of by Ptolemy 
Euergetes, about 225 — iElius Gallus invades 
the country, and penetrates to Marsyabce, 24 — 
[ADj — subdued by Mohammed, 629 to 632 a — 
virtually independent after the capture of Bag- 
dad by Hulaku Khan, 1258 — [Gassan, Him- 
yarides, Hira, Idumaea, Mohammedan Em- 
pire, Nabathaea, Wahabis, Yemen, &c] 
— visited by Xiebuhr, 1762-3 — crossed from 
East to West by Sadlier, 18 19 — visited by 
Burckkardt, 1828 — by Palgrave, 1862-3. 
a Gibbon. 

Arabia, Roman Provence, — established 
after the conquest of Arabia Petraea, &c, by A. 
Cornelius Palina, 106 a — enlarged by Septimius 
Severus, 195 — divided into two parts, after 
330. [Idumaea, Nabathaea, Petra.J a Clinton. 

Arabic Versions of the Holy Scriptures, — 
the Pentateuch and Isaiah (or the entire Old 
Testament a ) translated by Rabbi Saadia Gaon 
Haphitomi, after 925 — version of John, Bp of 
Seville, 719 — the Pentateuch translated by 
Harites Ibn Sina, (891, a. h.) i486. * Walton. 

Arabshah, Ahmed Ibn Mohammed, Ibn 
Abdullah al Huneifi, {Guerasp,) historian, — 
returns to Damascus from the Ottoman court, 
(824, a. h.) 142 1 — tf. (854,) 1450. Aja'ibal 
Makdur fi Akhbar Timour, 1436-7. 

Aracan, {Rakhaing, Akyab,) in Asia, — 
governed by native princes, the Joomea Mugs, 
about 701 to 1 1 84 — visited by an earthquake, 
1763 — conquered by the Birmese, [Ava,J 1783 
— unsuccessful revolt of Kingberring, 1811 — 
city taken by General Morison, 1 Apr. 1825 — 
territory acquired by the East India Company, 
1826 — visited by an earthquake, 1833. 

Arad, (Orod, Orodo,) in Hungary, — new fort- 
ress built, 1763 — held by Austrians under Gen. 
Berger, 1849 — capitulates to Hungarians, 1 
Jul. 1849 — the members of Hungarian Diet 
retreat from Szegedin to, Aug. — given up to 
Russians after surrender of Gorgey, 17 Aug. 
[Hungary.] 

Aradus, {Arad, Arvath, Puad,) in Phoenicia, 
— B C — given up to Alexander by Strato, son 
of GrEBOSTBATOS, winter 333-2 a — taken posses- 
sion of by Ptolemy Soter, 320 — becomes inde- 
pendent, about 250 b — obtains rights of asylum 
from Seleucus Callinicus, 242 b — taken by* An- 
tiochus Epiphanes, 167 — assists Antiochus Ky- 
zikenus and his son Eusebes, 114 to 95 — [AD] 
• — taken and destroyed by Moawiyah, 648. 
a Grote. " b Smith's Diet. 

Araeometer, {Hydroscopium, Baryllium,)— 
known about 400. 

Arago, Dominique Fran ois Jean, astro- 



nomer, natural philosopher, §c, — b. at Estagel, 
26 Feb. 1786 — Secretary to the Bureau des 
Longitudes, 1806 — engaged with Monge and 
Biot in measuring the arc of the meridian in 
Spain, 1806-7 — captured and detained by the 
Algerines, Aug. 1807 to Jun. 1809 — Member of 
the Academy, at Lalande's death, 17 Sep. 1809 — ■ 
commences his Lectures, under authority of the 
Bureau des Longitudes, 18 12 — visits England, 
1 8 16 — engaged with Biot in connecting the 
French arc of the meridian with the English 
arc, 181 8 — elected a foreign member of the Royal 
Society, 1818 — investigates the connexion be- 
tween Galvanism and Magnetism, 1820 — Mem- 
ber of the Bureau des Longitudes, 1824 — re- 
ceives the Copley Medal of the Royal Society, 
1825 — Perpetual Secretary of the Academy; 
Director of the Observatory, 1830 — elected to 
the Chamber of Deputies, Aug. 1830— visits 
England again, and attends meeting of British 
Association at Eclinburgh, 1834 — Member of 
the Council-general of the Seine, 1840 — dis- 
continues his Lectures, 1 845 — Minister of \Var 
and Marine in the Provisional Government, 
24 Feb. to 4 May 1 848 — Member of the Execu- 
tive Committee of the National Assembly, 9 
May to 24 Jun. 1848 — receives the Rumi'ord 
Medal of the Royal Society, 1850— refuses to 
take the oath to Louis Xapoleon after the coup 
d'etat, Dec. 1851 — tr. at Paris, 2 Oct. 1853. 
Memoires sur les Affinites des Corps 2)ar la La- 
miere, §c, 1806 — Arago, in conjunction with 
Gay-Lussac, establishes the Annales de Phy- 
sique et de Chimie, 1816. 

Aragon, in Spain, Kings of, — Aragon as- 
signed to Ramiro I., son of Sancho el Mayor 
of jSavarre, and raised to a kingdom, 1035 — 
acquires the kingdom of Sobrarve, on the as- 
sassination of his brother Gonzalez, 1038 — 
his son Sancho Ramirez succeeds, after 8 
May 1063 — annexes Navarre, at the death of 
his brother Sancho IV., 1076 — his son Pedro 

I. succeeds, after 1 or 4 Jun. 1094,* (488, a. 
h.) 1095 b — his brother Alfonso I. {El Batal- 
lador, succeeds, after 28 Sep. 1104 — annexes 
Castile and Leon in right of Erraca, his wife, 
Jul. 1 1 09 — deputies from cities admitted to the 
Xational Assembly, 11 33 — Ramiro II. {the 
Jlonk,) brother of Alfonso, succeeds to Aragon 
alone, after 7 Sep. 11 34 — abdicates, and is 
succeeded by his daughter, Petronila, under 
guardianship of Raimond-Berenger V. of Bar- 
celona, 1 1 37 — Raimond-Berenge'r tJ., 8 Aug. 
1 1 62 — Petronila resigns the crown to her son, 
Alfonso II. {Paimundo,) 1 163 — his son, Pedro 

II. succeeds, after 25 Apr. (1234, Hisp. E.) 
1 196 — succeeded by his son Jayme I., [El 
Conquistador,) after 17 Sep. 121 3 — conquers 
Valencia, 1239 — his son, Pedro III., succeeds, 
after 25 Jul. 1276 — obtains the kingdom of 
Sicily, [Sicilian Vespers,] 1282— Alfonso 
HI. succeeds in Aragon, after 10 Nov. 1285 — 
signs the two ordinances, intituled ' Privileges 
of Union,' 1287 — annexes the Balearic Isles to 
his crown, 1287 — succeeded by his brother, 
Jayme II., after 18 Jun. 1291 — conquers Sar- 
dinia, 1326 — his son, Alfonso IV. {the Cour- 
teous,) succeeds, after 31 Oct. 1327 — Pedro 



ARAGON— ARBRISSEL. 



"3 



IV. [the Ceremonious,) his son, succeeds, after 
24 Jan. 1336 — reannexes the Belearic Isles to 
the kingdom of Aragon, 29 Mar. 1344 — over- 
throws the 'Union,' and destroys the instru- 
ment of its 'Privileges,' 1348 — his son, Juan 
L, succeeds, after 5 Jan. 1387 — succeeded by 
his brother Martin, after 19 May 1395 — ft., 
31 May 1410 — succession disputed by Fernan- 
do, Infante of Castile, Louis Due d'Anjou, 
Jayme Conde de Urgel, and others, 141 0-1— 
the states of Aragon, Catalonia, and Yalencia 
choose Fernando I. of Castile, as King, 24 
Jun. 141 2 — their choice proclaimed and rati- 
fied, 28 Jun. 141 2 — Alfonso V. [the Wise, the 
Magnanimous,) succeeds his father, 2 Apr. 
141 6 — succeeded by his brother, Juan II., 
King of Navarre, which is united with Aragon, 
28 Jun. 1458 — his son, Fernando I. {the 
Catholic,) succeeds, and unites the two king- 
doms of Castile and Aragon, 19 Jan. 1479. 
a Christian authorities. b Moorish authorities. 

Aragon, Tullia d', poet, — ft. at Naples, 15 10 
— ft., 1565. Rime, 1547 — Dialogo dell' Infinita 
d'Amore, 1547 — IlMeschino il Guerino, 1560. 

Araja, Francisco, musical composer, — ft. at 
Naples, about 1700 — invited to St Peters- 
burg, 1735 — returns to Bologna, 1759. Ce- 
phalo e Drocris, 1755. 

Aral, Sea of, — explored by Russian Admiral 
Boutakoff, 1866. 

Araldi, Michele, mathematician, physiologist, 
&c, — ft. at Modena, 10 Feb. 1740 — Prof, of 
Physiology at Modena, 1760 — of Anatomy, 
1772 — U. at Milan, 3 Nov. 1813. 

Aram, Eugene, — ft. at Ramsgilk 1704— 
resides at Knaresborough, 1734 to 1745 — ex- 
ecuted at York, for the murder of Daniel 
Clark, 6 Aug. 1759. 

Aranda, Emmanuel d', traveller, — ft. in 
Flanders, 1602 — ft. after 167 1. 
- Aranda, Pedro Pablo Abarca y Bolea, 
Conde de, statesman, diplomatist, — ft. at Sar- 
agossa, 21 Dec. 1718 — serves under Count 
de Gages, and is woimded near Bologna, 1743 
— ambassador from Charles III. of Spain to 
Frederick Augustus II. of Saxony and Poland, 
1759 — supersedes the Marquis Sarria in com- 
mand of the army invading Portugal, and takes 
Almeida, 25 Aug. 1762 — Captain-general of 
Yalencia, 1765 — President of the Council of 
Castile, 1766-7 — expels the Jesuits from Spain, 
1767 — ambassador to France, 1773 to Nov. 
1787 — Prime Minister to Charles IV., 1792 
to end of Oct. 1792 — a\, 1794 or 1799. 

Aranjuez, in Spain, — disturbances at, 17 
Mar. 1808 — abdication of Charles IV. in 
favour of his son Ferdinand at, 18 Mar. 1808 
— Treaty of, concluded, 12 Apr. 1772. 

Arantius, (Aranzi,) Julius Caesar, — ana- 
tomist, — ft. at Bologna, about 1530 — Prof, of 
surgery and anatomy there, 1557-89 — fc., 7 
Apr. 1589. De humano foetu, 1595. 

Ararat, Blount, in Armenia, (Bacis, Mons 
Masius,) — church built on, 303 — Nestorian 
monastery destroyed by lightning, 776 — ascent 
attempted by Tournefort, 1700— first success- 
ful ascent by Dr Parrot, 9 Oct. 1829 — de- 
structive earthquake, 2 Jul. to 1 Sep. 1*040. 



Araros, comic poet, — [BC] — acts in his 
father's (Aristophanes') Tlutus alter, 388 — ■ 
first exhibits, 375. 

Aratus, astronomer, poet, — [BC] — fl. at Soli, 
272. 

Aratus, of Sikyon, — [B C] —ft., 27 i, a 27 2 b — 
delivers Sikyon from Nicocles, (01. 132, 1,) 
early in 251 — Strategics of Achaean League, 
first time, May 245,° 246 d — liberates Corinth 
f rom Antigonus Gonatas, (01. 134, 2,) 243 il — ■ 
defeated by Cleomenes at Mt Lyceum and 
Megalopolis, 225 — gives up Corinth to An- 
tigonus Doson, 224 — defeated by JEtolians at 
Caphyse, before midsummer 220 a — Strategics 
of Achaean League, 17th time, 2i7 a — o\, 213. 
a Clinton. b Ersch and Gruber. 

c Arnold. d Thirlwall. 

Araucana, Araucanians, S. America, — first 
invaded by Spaniards, 1537 — massacre . by 
Spaniards ? 155 1 — settlements of Imperial, Yil- 
larica, &c, founded by Yaldivia, about 1552-58 
— acquire a force of cavalry, 1585 — settlements 
destroyed by the toqui Paillamachu, 1602 — ■ 
independence acknowledged by Spain, 1773. 

Araujo d'Azevedo, Antonio, Count da Barca, 
statesman, — ft. at Ponte de Lima, 14 May 
1754— named ambassador of Portugal to the 
Hague, 1787 — visits England and France, 
1789-90 — signs treaty of peace with France, 
at Paris, 17 Aug. 1797 — imprisoned in the 
Temple, 31 Dec. 1797 — ambassador to St" Pe- 
tersburg, after peace of Amiens, Oct. 1801-3 
— secretary of state, 1803 — minister of foreign 
affairs and of war, 1806 — escapes from Lisbon, 
embarks for Brazil, 29 Nov. 1807 — minister 
of marine and the colonies, Brazil, 18 14 — 
Count da Barca, 18 15 — sole minister, Jan. 
1817 — a", at Rio Janeiro, 21 Jun. 1817. 

Arbaces. [Media.] 

Arbela, battle of, — [BC] — fought near 
Gaugamela, Darius overthrown by Alexander 
the Great, (01. 112, 2,) (11 days after eclipse 
of the moon, 20 Sep.) 1 Oct. 331. 

Arbetio, Flavius, — Consul with Flavius 
Lollianus, (1108, a. u. c.) 355. 

Arbitration, in English law, — legalized and 
regulated by Acts 9 and 10 Wm. III. c. 15, 
1697-8 ; 3 and 4 YYm. IY. c. 42, 14 Aug. 1833 ; 
and 12 and 13 Yic. c. 45, 28 Jul. 1849. 

Arbogast, Louis Francois Antoine, mathe- 
matician, — ft. at Mutzig,in Alsace, 1759 — ft. at 
Strasburg, 8 Apr. 1803. Calcul des Deriva- 
tions, 1800. 

Arborio, Mercurino, Count di Gattinaba, 
statesman, — ft. at Yercelli, (Piedmont,) 1465 — 
Pres. of Parliament of Burgundy, 1507 — em- 
ployed by the emperor in negotiations with 
foreign powers, 1508— chancellor and privy 
councillor to Charles Y., 1520 — negotiates 
treaty of Cambray, 1529 — cardinal, 1529 — tf. 
at Innspriick, 5 Jun. 1530. 

Arborius,2Eniilius Magnus, rhetorician, §c. f 
— ft. in Aquitank, about 270 — ft. at Constan- 
tinople, about 335. 

Arbrissel, (Arbrisseles,) Robert d', — ft. at 
Arbrissel, near Rennes, 1047 — -official of Bp of 
Rennes, 1085 — founds Abbey of Fontevrault, 
about 1 1 00 — attends Council of Beaugency, 



U4 



ARBUTHNOT— ARCHIDAMOS. 



1 104 — fcf. at priory of Orsan, 11 17. 

Arbutlmot, John, physician, §c, — b. at 
Arbuthnot, near Montrose, 1660 — F.R. S., 1704 
— physician to Queen Anne, 1709 — Censor of 
Royal College of Physicians, 1723 — delivers 
Harveian Oration, 1727 — o". at London, 27 Feb. 
1735. Examination of Dr Woodward' 's Account 
of the Deluge, §c, 1697 — History of John 
Bull, 17 1 2 — Tables of Ancient Coins, Weights, 
and Measures, 1727. 

Arc, Joan of. [Joan of Arc] 

Arcadia, in Peloponnesus, — [B C] — the last 
mythical king, Aristocrates II. , said to have 
been stoned to death by his subjects, and a 
confederacy of states formed, 668 a — parts of 
it annexed to Sparta, before 600 b — subject- 
ally of Sparta, after 560= — independence ac- 
quired after the battle of Leuctra, 371 b — de- 
feated by Arcbidamus in the ' Tearless Battle,' 
367 — at war with Elis, 36j-4 d — presides at 
Olympic games with the Pisatans ; battle of 
Olympia during the games, (OL 104,) 364 s — 
loses political importance after the battle of 
Mantineia, 362 b — truce with Sparta during 
the Sacred War, 355 — opposes the schemes of 
Philip of Macedonia, (01. 110, 3,) 337 e — assists 
Thebes against Alexander, 336 — with the ex- 
ception of Mantineia, joins Demetrius, 302 e — 
the greater part joins the Achaean League 
after the death of Demetrius IL, 228 e — with 
the exception of Megalopolis, joins the Bomans, 
199. e [Achaia.] a Heeren. b Smith's Diet. 
c Grote. d Clinton. e Breitenbach. 

Arcadians, Academy of, at Rome, — founded 
by Crescimbeni, 1690. 

Arcadius, Emperor of the East, — fj. in 
Spain, 383,3- 377 b — declared Augustus, 16 or 
19 Jan. 383 b — Emperor, 17 Jan. 395 — marries 
JElia Eudoxia, 27 Apr. 395 b — 5j., 1 May 408. 

a Smith's Diet. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Arcesilaus, (Arkesilaos) Platonic philosopher ; 
— [BC] — 6. in Asia Minor, 318 or 316 — head 
of the Academy, Athens, 278— Jr., (01. "134, 
3-4,) 241 or 239. 

Arcesilaus, sculptor, — [B C] — fl. at Borne, 
after 100. 

Arcesilaus, — Consul with Paternus, (1020, 
A. r. c.) 267. 

Arcet, Jean d\ [Darcet.] 

Arch of Constantine, —built after victory 
over Maxentius, Oct. 312 — restored by Cle- 
ment XII., between 1730-40 — repaired by 
Pius VII., 1804. 

Arch of Gallienus, — built by Marcus 
Aurelius Victor, about 260. 

Arch of Septimius Severus, — built, 207, 

203. a a Smith's Diet. 

Arch of Titus, Pome, — finished, after 8r. 

Archaeological Association, British, — 
established, 1843. 

Archaeological Institute of Great Britain 
and Ireland, established, Dec. 1843. 

Archagathns, physician, — [B C] — settled at 
Bome, (o'So, a. u. c.,) 219. 

Archangel, (Arkhangelskoe,) Michaelstadt, 
in Russia, — site of, reached by English under 
Bichard Chancellor, 1553 — town and port 
founded, 1584 — receives from Empress Eliza- 



beth same immunities as St Petersburg, 1762 — ■ 
blockaded by English, summer of 1 854. 

Archbishop, — title used in Acts of the Coun- 
cil of Ephesus, 431 — in England, power to 
grant dispensations conferred on, by 25 Hen. 
VIII. c. 21, 1533-34 — incomes fixed by 6 and 
7 fm. IV. c. 77, 13 Aug. 1836. 

Archdeacon, office instituted, before 300 — 
first established in England, by Stephen Lang- 
ton, about 1075 — office regulated by Acts 6 
and 7 Wm. IV. c. 97, 20 Aug. 1836 ; 1 and 2 
Vic. c. 106, 14 Aug. 1838 ; and 3 and 4 Vic. 
c. 113, 10 Aug. 1840. 

Archedikos, comic poet, — [BC] — H. about 
(01. 119) 302. 

Archelaos, Ionian philosopher, — [BC] — 
teaches at Athens, about 450. 

Archelaos, Eevg of Macedonia, — [B C] — 
succeeds Perdiccas IL, 413 — if. 399. 

Archelaos, Ethnarch of Judcea, §c, — [B C] 
— at Bome for ratification of Herod's will, 
made Ethnarch, by Augustus, 3 — [AD] — ac- 
cused by Jews and banished to Vienna, in 
Gaul, 7. 

Archelaos, of Cappadocia, — [B C] — General 
of Mithridates, defeats Xicomedes III. at the 
Amneius, 88 — occupies Piraeeus, 88 — reduces 
JEgean Islands and S. Greece, 87 — wars with 
Sulla in Greece, 87 — defeated by Sulla at 
Chaeroneia, 8'6 — negotiations for peace, 85 — 
deserts to Bomans, 81. 

Archelaos, — [B Cj — made, by Pompey, 
priest of Bellona at Comana, 63 — marries 
Berenice, becomes king of Egypt, 56 or 55 — 
dethroned and killed in battle by Gabinius, 55. 

Archenholz, Johann Wilhelm von, histo- 
rian, §c, — b. near Dantzic, 3 Sep. 1745 — serves 
in Prussian army, Dec. 1758-63 — travels in 
Europe, 1763-79 — journalist at Hamburg, 
1792 to 18 12 — if. at Oyendorf, near Hamburg, 
28 Feb. 1812. Neue Literatur und Vblker- 
kunde, 1782-91 — England und Italien, 1785 
and 1787 — Annalen der Britischen Geschichte, 
1789-98 — Geschichte der Kb'nigin Elizabeth^ 
1789 — Geschichte Gustav Wasds, 1801. 

Archestratides, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, 
(01. 50, 4,) 577. 

Archias, A. Licinius, Greek poet, — [B C] — 
fj. at Antioch, (636, a. u. c, 01. 165, 3,) 
about 120— goes to Bome, 102 — accompanies 
L. Lucullus the elder to Sicily, (663,) 91— 
charged with assuming citizenship illegally, 
defended by Cicero, 61. 

Archias, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
90, 2,) 419. 

Archias, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
108, 3,) 346. 

Archidamos II., King of Sparta, — [B C]— 
succeeds Leotychides, 469 — saves Sparta during 
the earthquake, (01. 79, 1,) 464 — invades At- 
tica, (01. 87, 2, Hecatomb.,) 431 — invests 
Plataea, summer 429 — tf~, 427, a 429. b 

a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. 

Archidamos III., King of Sparta, — [BC] 
— advances to aid Spartans, defeated at Leuctra, 
37 1 —gains the ' tearless victory ' over Arcadi- 
ans and Argives, 367 — invades Arcadia, 364 — 
defends Sparta against Epaminondas, 362 — 



ARCHIDEMIDES— ARENBERG. 



"5 



conducts war of Megalopolis, 352 — slain in 
Italy, (01. 110, 3, 7th Metagitnion,) 338. 

Archidemides, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, 
(01. 79, 1,) 464. 

Archigenes, of Apamea, Greek physician, 
—practises at Rome, about 98-117. 

Archilochus, lyric poet, — [BC] — fl. about 
714-676 — accompanies colony to Thasos, about 
708. 

Archimedes, mathematician,— -[B C] — ft. at 
Syracuse, 287— -defends Syracuse against Mar- 
cellus, 213-2 — killed at taking of the city, 212 
— his tomb discovered by Cicero, 75. 

Archinos, orator, — [B C] — leader with Thra- 
sybulus and Anytus against the Thirty Tyrants, 
403 — advises introduction of Ionic alphabet, 

4°3- 

Archipelago, [Grecian]) — ravaged by the 
Saracens of Crete, from 823 — again, about 863, 
and 1031-32 — ravaged by Raymond, Count of 
Tripoli, 1 16 1 — taken possession of, by Marko 
Sanudo, who styles himself Duke of the Archi- 
pelago, 1207 a — Marko II. assists the Vene- 
tians in Crete, 1247 — Melos revolts, and is 
recovered, 1263 — Nicholas I. joins the Vene- 
tians in their wars against Genoa, 1293 a — taken 
prisoner, 1299 — joins the Genoese against the 
Turks, i3o6 a — Nicholas II. (Spezzabanda) 
carries on the wars against the Turks, 1330 — 
the duchy seized by Francis Crispo, and the 
title changed to that of Nazos, about i38i a 
— subject-ally of Venice, after 1450 — John V. 
becomes vassal of the Sublime Porte, 1537 a — 
the duchy under James IV. extinguished by 
the Turks, 1566. a Finlay. 

Archippos, comic poet, — [BC] — gains his 
one prize, (01. 91,) between 415 and 412. 

Archippos, — [B Cj — Archon at Athens, (01. 
115, 3,) 318. 

Architects. [Freemasons.] 

Architects, Royal Institute of British, — 
founded, 1834 — incorporated, n Jan. 1837. 

Architecture, Academy of, at Paris, — in- 
stituted, 1671 — suppressed, 7 Sep. 1793. 

Archons, — [BC] — {mythical, 3 ) for life, ap- 
pointed at Athens, 1068 ? — for ten years, (01. 
7, 1,) 752 ? — (historical,) ten appointed annu- 
ally, (01. 24, 1,) 684 — property qualification 
substituted for that of birth by Solon, (01. 
46, 3,) 594 b — election by lot introduced by 
Cleisthenes, (01. 68, 1,) 508— time of entering 
on their office altered from Gam el. to Heca- 
tomb., (01. 72, 3,) 490 — property qualification 
abolished by Aristeides, after 479 — their power 
diminished, after 476 — their power restored 
about time of Eucleides, 402 — Archons epony- 
mic superseded by the ' Priests of the Saviours,' 
307 to 287 — office nominally retained as late 
as [AD] 264. 

a Niebuhr and Lewis, b Ersch and Gruber. 

Archytas of Tarentum, Pythagorean phi- 
losopher, — [B C] — fl. about 400. 

Arcimboldo, Giovanni Angelo, Abp of 
Milan, — ft. at Milan, 1485 — Papal Nuncio to 
Denmark, 1516 — returns to Rome, 1520 — 
Councillor of Charles V. and Prince of the 
Empire, 1529 — Abp of Milan, 1550 — If., 1555. 
Catalogo ore Arcimboldo, Archives, de MiLano, 



Condanna e Diffama per Heretici la magior 
Parte de' Figliuoli di P>io, §c, 1554. 

Arckenholz, Johann, historian, — ft. at Hel- 
singfors, 9 Feb. 1695 — librarian at Cassel, 
1746-66 — 8 at Stockholm, 14 Jul. 1777. Me- 
moir es concernant Christine, 1751-60. 

Arco, (Archius,) Nicolas, Count of, poet, — 
ft. at Arco, in the Tyrol, 3 Dec. 1479 — Imperial 
Councillor, 1509 — ft. about 1546. Numeri, 1546. 

Areola, in Venetia, the Austrians under 
General Alvinzi defeated by Napoleon at, 15-17 
Nov. 1796. 

Arcon, Jean Claude Eleanore Lemiceaud d', 
military engineer, — fj. at Pontarlier, 1733 — 
defends Cassel, 1761 — constructs floating batter- 
ies for siege of Gibraltar, 13 Sep. 1782 — serves 
in the invasion of Holland, 1794 — Member of 
the Senate, 1799 — tr. at Paris, 1 Jul. 1800. 
Considerations militaires et politiques sur les 
fortifications, 1795. 

Arcot, (Arkat, Arucati,) in Hindustan, — 
established as the capital of the Carnatic, about 
17 16 — Anwer ud Deen, nabob of, defeated by 
Labourdonnais, 1746 — makes peace with 
France, 1746 — defeated and killed by Dupleix, 
3 Aug. 1749 — taken by Chunda Sahib, 1749 — 
taken by Clive, 31 Aug. 1751 — defended by 
Clive against Rajah Sahib, 23 Sep. to 14 Nov. 
1 75 1 — and taken, Feb. 1752 — Rajah Sahib 
surrenders to Lally, 4 Oct. 1758— retaken by 
Col. Coote, 1 Feb., surrendered, 9 Feb. 1760 — 
taken by Hyder Ali, 31 Oct. 1780 — attempts of 
British to recover it, Aug. 17 81 — Omdut ul 
Omrah, fc. 15 Jul. 1801 — addled to East India 
Comp. by Azim ul Dowlah, nabob of Carnatic, 
after 15 Jul. 1801 — Azim ul Dowlah declared 
heir and deprived of government, rj. 6 Apr. 1802. 

Arctic Expeditions. [Back, Franklin, 
Ross, Parry, &c] 

Arctinos, cyclic poet, — [B C] — fl. about 775, 
761, 740. 

Arcy, Patrick W. [D'Arcy.] 

Ardaburius, — commands in war against 
Persia, 420 to 422 — sent against Joannes, 424 — 
takes Joannes prisoner and puts him to death at 
Aquileia, 425 — Consul with Hierius, (1180, 

A. U. C.) 427. 

Ardaburius, (Ardabures,) — Consulwith Calle- 
pius, (1200, a. tj. c.) 447 — put to death with 
Aspar his father, at Constantinople, 471. 

Arduenna, (Ardenne,) Remade &\poet, — ft. 
at Florennes, about 1480 — at London, 15 12 — 
ft., 13 May 1524. Epigrammata, 1507 — Pala- 
medes, 1512 — Amorum libri, 1513. 

Are, (Frode,) Icelandic historian, — ft., 1067 — 
tf., 1 148. Islendinga-b6k, about 1103. 

Areiopagos, Council of, at Athens, — [BC] — 
historic mention of, before 740 — reformed by 
Solon, about (01. 46, 3) 594 — its power 
abridged by Pericles and Ephialtes, 458 — last 
mention of, [AD] 380. 

Areios, (Arius,) of Alexandria, philosopher, 
— [B C] — fl. about 30. 

Arenberg, (Aremberg,) head of a county, be- 
fore 1200 — passes, by marriage, to house of La 
Marck, 1298 — and to Counts of Ligne, 1547 — 
erected into a principality, by Maximilian II., 
5 Mar. 1576 — erected into a duchy, by Ferdin- 
s* 



ARENDT— ARGENTINE. 



and III. , 9 Jim. 1 644 — conquered by French, 
1794 — Meppen and the county of Reckling- 
hausen assigned to Duke Louis Engelbert as 
indemnity, 1803 — these territories divided be- 
tween Hanover and Prussia, by Congress of 
Vienna, 18 14- 15. 

Arendt, Martin Frederick, archaeologist, — 
ft. at Altona, 1769 — travels, 1789 to 1806 — ar- 
rested in Italy, 1824 — tf. in prison at Naples or 
near Venice, a after 1824 ? a Conv. Lex. 

Areobinda, — Consul with Aspar, (1187, a. tj. 

c) 434- 

Areobinda, — Consul with Messala, (1259, 
a. u. c.) 506. 

Aretaeus, physician, — fl. probably before 
100. 

Aretas. [Damascus.] 

Arethusa, asteroid, — discovered by Luther, 
23 Nov. 1867. 

Aretino, Spinello, painter, — ft. at Arezzo, 
about 1318 — living, 1408. 

Aretino, Pietro, (II Divino,) dramatist, 
poet, 4p., — ft. at Arezzo, 1492 — tf. at Venice, 

*557- 

Aretius, Benedict, theologian, botanist, — ft. 
at Berne, soon after 1500 — tf. there, 22 Apr. 

*574- 

Areus I., King of Sparta, — [BCJ— suc- 
ceeds Cleomenes II., 309 — attacks and burns 
Kirrha, but is defeated by iEtolians, 28 i a — 
protects Sparta from Pyrrhus, 272 — attempts 
to save Athens from Antigonus Gonatas, 267 — 
killed in battle at Corinth, 265. 
. a Thirlwall. 

Arezzo, in Tuscany, — throws off its alle- 
giance to the empire and becomes a republic, 
about 1 2 15? — visited by Frederick II., 1240 — 
the Ghibelline party defeated by Florentines at 
Campaldino, 1289 — raised to greater power by 
Guido Tarlatti, who dies, 1327 — taken by In- 
gelrani de Coucy and sold to Florence, 1384 
— unsuccessfully revolts against Florence, 1502 
— admits army of Charles V., 1529 — submits 
to the Medici and becomes part of duchy of 
Tuscany, 1531 — rises against the French, 
1799 — stormed by the French, 19 Oct. 1800. 
[Arretium] 

Arezzo, Tomaso, Cardinal d', — ft. at Orbi- 
tello, Tuscany, 1756 — Nuncio to St Peters- 
burg respecting union of Greek and Roman 
Churches, 1801 — has interview with Napoleon 
I. at Berlin, 1807 — arrested at Florence, Sep. 
1808 — escapes to Sardinia, 181 3 — Cardinal, 
1814 — Vice- Chancellor of the Church, 1830 — 
If., 3 Feb. 1833. 

Arezzo. [Arretium.] 

Arfe, Henrique de, silversmith, — fl. about 
1506-24. 

Arfe, Juan de, sculptor, — ft. at Seville, 
1603 — tf., 1666. 

Arfe y Villafane, Juan de, silver-worker, — 
6. at Leon, i524, a i535, b — tf. at Madrid, 1595. 
El Quilalador de Oro, Flata, §c, 1572. 

a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Argall, Sir Samuel, Deputy Governor of 
Virginia, — visits colony for trading, &c, 
1609 — attacks and disperses French settlements 
at Mount Desert, Maine, St Croix, and Port 



Royal, 161 3 — returns to England, 16 14 — De- 
puty Governor, 16 17 — leaves the colony, 1619 
— Knt. by James I., 1623. 

Argand Lamp, — invented by Aime Argand, 
1782 — patented, 5 Jan. 1787. 

Argellati, Filippo, printer, archceologist, §c, 
— b. at Bologna, 1685 — Tribune there, 17 17 — 
tf. at Milan, Jan. 1755. Bibliotheca scriptorum 
Mediolanensium, 1745. 

Argellati, Francisco, engineer, jurist, $•<?.,■ — 
ft. at Bologna, 8 May 17 12— tf. there, 1754. 

Argens, Jean Baptiste de Boyer, Marquis 
jy , miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Aix, 24 Jun. 
1704 — enters the army, 17 19 — serves in Flan- 
ders, 1733 — chamberlain to Frederick the 
Great, 1741 — Director of the Arts at the Ber- 
lin Academy, 1744 — returns to France, 1769 
— tf. near Toulon, 11 Jan. 177 1. Lett res 
Juives, 1736 — Lettres Chinoises, 1739 — Lettres 
Cabalistiques, 1741 — La philosophic du bon 
sens, 1737 — Memoir es pour servir a Vhistoire 
de V esprit et du cozur, 1744. 

Argensola, Bartolomeo Juan Leonardo de, 
historian, — ft. at Barbastro, 1566 — succeeds 
his brother Leonardo as Historiographer of 
Aragon, 1613 — goes to Saragossa, 1616 — tf., 
26 Feb. 163 1 or 1633. Conquista de las Islas 
Molucas, 1609 — Frimera parte de los anales de 
Aragon, 1630. 

Argensola, Leonardo de Lupercio, poet, 
historian, — ft. at Barbastro, 1565 — Cronista 
mayor of Aragon, 1598 — secretary to the 
Conde de Lemos, (viceroy of Naples,) 16 10 — 
tf. at Naples, 161-3. 

Argenson, d\ [Voyer d'Argenson.] 

Argenteus Codex, MS. of TJlphilai Mceso- 
Gothic translation of the Gospels, — discovered in 
Abbey of "Werden, and taken to Prague, 1597 
— captured at Prague and presented to Chris- 
tina of Sweden, 1648 — bought at death of 
Voss, and presented to University of Upsala, by 
Count Magnus Gabriel de la Gardie, 1662. 

Argentine Confederation, (La Plata,) 
Buenos Ayres, — the country discovered, 15 17 
— first settlement of Spaniards, 1535 — Jesuits 
settle in, about 1610 — and are expelled, Sep. 
1767 — viceroyalty created, 1778 — Miranda de- 
puted to present to English Government pro- 
ject of independence for S. America, 1797 — ■ 
royal decree that the provinces of Spanish 
America make integral part of the monarchy, 
22 Jan. 1809 — the viceroy compelled by the 
people to resign, and named Pres. of the Junta, 
25 May 1810 — Supreme Junta constituted, 
Elio receives title of viceroy, Feb. 18 11 — a 
constitution published, Apr. 181 1 — mediation 
of English Cabinet offered, Apr., and accepted, 
Jun. 181 1 — new propositions made by Eng- 
land, rejected by the Cortes, 181 1 — the Junta 
refuses to recognize authority of the regency 
and arrests the viceroy, Jun. 181 1 — the new 
government recognized by the British, Jul. 
18 1 1 — provisional assembly established, Feb. 
18 12 — sovereign assembly meets, 31 Jan. 1813 
— and is dissolved, Apr. a 1816 — general con- 
gress at Tucuman, 26 Mar. b 1816 — Puyer- 
redon named director, and declaration of inde- 
pendence published, 9 Jul. 1 8 16 — constitutional 



ARGINUSJ3— ARGYROPYLUS. 



117 



act, 3 Dec. 18 17 — constitution published, 20 
Apr. 18 19 — and abolished, Feb. 1820 — treaty 
between Great Britain and United Provinces, 
2 Feb. 1825 — general congress assembles, 12 
Dec. 1825 — Brazil declares war against, Dec. 
1825 — and establishes blockade, Jan. 1826 — 
the republic constituted, 24 Dec. 1826 — con- 
gress dissolved, Jul. 1827 — termination of 
blockade by British intervention, Oct. 1828 — 
confederation established, Jan. 183 1 — Gen. 
Rosas governor, 1835 — war with Paraguay 
and Brazil, 1 844 — British and French media- 
tion offered, Feb. 1845 — the combined fleet 
force passage of the Parana, 19 Nov. 1845 — 
England retires from the blockade, Jul. 1848, 
and France, Jan. 1849 — treaty between Bra- 
zil, Uruguay, and Paraguay for deposition of 
Rosas, about Dec. 1850 — Brazilian fleet block- 
ades Buenos Ayres, spring 1851 — Rosas de- 
feated by Urquiza at Moron, 2 Feb. 1852 — 
Urquiza named Provisional Director; the 
chamber dissolved ; new constitution published, 
15 May 1853° — Buenos Ayres secedes, 1853 — 
reenters the confederation, 11 Nov. i859 a — 
war with Buenos Ayres renewed, 1861 — defeat 
of Urquiza by Gen. Mitre at Pavona, 17 Sep. 
i86i a — national congress meets, May 1862 — 
Gen. Mitre elected Pres., 5 Oct. 1862 — war 
with Uruguay begins, 1864 — siege and cap- 
ture- of Montevideo, by Flores, Jan. to Feb. 
1865 — Paraguayan war against, Apr. 1865— 
alliance with Brazil and Uruguay concluded, 
10 May 1865 — territory of, evacuated by Para- 
guayans, 3 Nov. 1865. [Paraguayan War.] 
Domingo F. S armies to, Pres., 1868. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

c Statesman's Year-Book. 

Arginusee, — [B C]— sea-fight off, victory of 
Athenians over Lacedaemonians under Calli- 
cratidas, (01. 93, 3,) Jul. 406. 

Argle, in France, — great fall of aerolites at, 
26 Apr. 1863. 

Argolic League, — [B C] — mythic foundation, 
before 776 — still existing, 514. 

Argonauts, Order of, — instituted by Charles 
III. of Naples, about 1382. 

Argonne, Passes of, — occupied by Du- 
mouriez, about 31 Aug. 1792 — forced by 
Brunswick, by 20 Sep. 

Argos, in Peloponnesus, — [B C] — regal office 
abolished, mythic, before 800 — the leading 
state in southern Greece, 776a — Pheidon 
{mythic) makes himself despot, and establishes 
the supremacy of Argos, 770 to 73o, a 783 to 
744, b 660 c — presides at Olympia, (01. 8,) 
747 — Argeians under Damocratidas defeat 
Spartans at Hysise, (01. 27, 3,) 669 — truce 
with Sparta for 30 years, 552 d — Sparta gains 
Kynuria from Argos, by the combat of the 300 
warriors, (01. 58,) about 547 a — successful war 
of Sparta against it, 496-5 a — remains neutral 
during the invasion of Xerxes, 481 — in alli- 
ance with Athens, about 46i, a 46 2 d — temple 
of Hera burnt, summer 423 b — heads a league 
against Sparta, 421 — concludes a 50-years' 
peace with Sparta, 420 a — makes a treaty with 
Athens, 420 b— invaded by Sparta and its allies, 
concludes treaty of peace and alliance, Nov. or 



Dec, 41 8 a — oligarchical revolution, followed 
by a restoration of the democracy, Feb. to Jun. 
417 a — Alcibiades carries off 300 oligarchs as 
hostages, 41 6 — -joins the alliance against Sparta, 
395~4 a — forms an intimate alliance with 
Corinth, and is defeated by Sparta, 392 a — in- 
vaded by Agesipolis, 389-8 a — violent do- 
mestic contests; Scytalism, about 360 s — 
Apollonides burns the Prytaneium, with the de- 
mocratic council, 315*" — attacked by Pyrrhus, 
who is killed there, 272 — attacked in vain by 
Aratus, 243 — -joins the Achaean League, 236* 
— Cleomenes makes himself master of Argos, 
223 — defended by Nabis against Flamininus, 
196 — solemnly proclaimed free at the Nemean 
Games, 195 — merged in the Roman province of 
Achaia, 146. a Grote. b Clinton. 

c Weissenbone. d Miiller. 

e Smith's Diet. f Thirlwall. 

Argos, in Amphilochia, — [BC] — taken by 
the Athenians, under Phormion, 432 a — unsuc- 
cessful attempts of the people of Ambracia to 
recover it, 430, 426 — inhabitants removed by 
Augustus to Nicopolis, after 31. a Smith's Diet. 

Argote de Molina, Gonzalo, historian, — fc. 
at Seville, 1549 — tr. about 1590. Libro de la 
montcria, 1582 — Nobleza del Andaluzia, 1588. 

Arguin, in W. Africa,— -fort erected by Portu- 
guese, 1461 — taken by Dutch, 1638 — destroyed 
by English squadron, 1665 — ceded to French 
by treaty of Nimeguen, 1678 — abandoned, after 
treaty of Versailles, 1763. 

Argyll, (Argyle,) Archibald Campbell, Mar- 
quisoe, — 3d., 1598 — P.C., 1626 — extraordinary 
Lord of Session, 1634 — summoned to Lon- 
don to give advice respecting affairs of the 
kingdom, 1638 — succeeds to the earldom, after 
May 1638 — joins Church of Scotland against 
Court, 1638 — created Marquis of Argyll, 15 
Nov. 1 64 1 — takes part in civil war, against the 
King, 1644 — defeated a second time, 2 Feb. 
1 645 — resigns commission as general ; crowns 
Charles II. at Scone, 1 Jan. 165 1 — taken pri- 
soner at "Worcester, 3 Sep. 1651 — represents 
Aberdeenshire in parliament of Richard Crom- 
well, 1659 — imprisoned, about May 1660 — be- 
headed, 27 May 1 66 1. 

Argyll, Archibald Campbell, Earl of,— re- 
stored to estate and title, 1663 — opposes Test 
Act, 168 1 — condemned on charge of treason, 
12 Dec. 1682 — escapes to Holland; joins in 
Monmouth's rebellion, lands in Argyleshire, 
Apr. 1685 — executed, 30 Jun. 1685. 

Argyll, John Campbell, Duke oe,— b., 10 
Oct. 1678 — enters the army, 1694 — succeeds 
his father, 1703 — Baron Chatham, Earl of 
Greenwich, 1705 — distinguishes himself under 
Marlborough in Flanders, 1706-8 — K. G., am- 
bassador and generalissimo in Spain, 17 10 — 
commander-in-chief in Scotland, 17 12 — defeats 
Earl of Mar at Dumblane, 13 Nov. 17 15 — 
duke of Greenwich, 13 Apr. 17 19 — ft., 3 Sep. 

J743- 

Argyropylus, Joannes, Greek scholar,— h. 
at Constantinople, about 1416 — lectures (at 
Padua ?) on the classics, and philosophy of 
Aristotle, 1434 — accompanies emperor Palse- 
ologus to Council of Florence, 1439 — teaches 



n8 



AEGYEUS— AEISTOCEATES. 



at Constantinople, 1441 — rector of University, 
Padua, 1442 — teaches philosophy and Greek at 
Florence, 1456-71— at Eome, 147 1 — ft. there, 
probably i486. 

Argyrus, Isaac, — composes a Paschal canon, 
about 1373. 

Argyrus, Duke of Italy, — obtains posses- 
sion of Bari by aid of the Normans, 1040— 
takes title of Duke of Italy, 1042 — aids in 
putting down revolt of Maniaces, 1042— em- 
ployed by Constantine Monomachus to treat 
•with Normans, contrives assassination of Drogo 
and others, 1051 — deprived of government of 
Bari, and exiled, about 1058. 

Ariadne, asteroid, — discovered by Pogson, 
16 Apr. 1857. 

Arialdus, deacon of Milan, — with Landul- 
phus, commences agitation in favour of celiba- 
cy of priests, 1056 — excommunicated by synod 
of Fontaneto, 1057 — sentence declared null by 
the Pope; obtains bull of excommunication 
against Abp of Milan, "Whitsuntide 1066 — 
murdered by emissaries of the Abp on the 
Lago Maggiore, 28 Jun. 1066. 

Ariancoopan, — taken by Admiral Boscawen, 
before attacking Pondicherry, 1748. 

Arians. [Arius.] 

Arias Montanus,Benedictus, {Benito Arias 
Montano,) biblical scholar, — ft. at Fraxenal, 
1527 — accompanies Bp of Segovia to Council 
of Trent, 1562 — superintends publication of 
Antwerp Polyglott, 1568-72 — ij. at Seville, 
1598. 

Arias Barbosa, — teaches Greek at Sala- 
manca, about 1475. 

Aricia, {La Riccia,) in Italy, — [BC] — Eo- 
mans defeat the Auruncans near, 495 — makes 
war on Ardea, 446 — takes part in the Latin 
"V/ar, 340 — receives the Eoman franchise, 338 
— taken and plundered by Marius, 87 — restored 
by Sulla, about 82— the temple of Diana there, 
put under contribution by Augustus, 41. 

Arikera, in Hindustan, — Tippoo Sultan de- 
feats Lord Cornwallis at, 13 May 1791. 

Ariminum. [Eimini.] 

Arimnestos, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
91, 1,) 416. 

Ariosto, Lodovico, poet, — ft. at Eeggio, 8 
Sep. 1474 — in service of Cardinal Ippolito 
d'Este, 1503-17 — in service of Alfonso, Duke 
of Ferrara, 15 17 — Governor of Garfagnana, 
1522-4 — tf. at Ferrara, 6 Jun. or 8 Jul. 1533. 
Orlando Furioso, 15 16. 

Ariovistus, {Ehrenvest, Heerfest,) — [BC] — 
defeated by Caesar, (696, a. u. c.) 58. 

Arisba in Troas, — [BC] — colony from Mi- 
letus, or Mitylene, about 750. 

Arish. [El Arish.] 

Aristsenetus, — Consul with Fl. Honorius 
Aug., (1157, a. it. c.) 404. 

Aristagoras, military commander, — [B C] — 
left in charge of Miletus by Histiaeus, besieges 
Naxos with Megabates, 4 months, (01. 69, 4,) 
501 — obtains aid from Eretria and Athens, 500 
— slain in Thrace, (01. 70, 4,) 497. 

Aristarchos, grammarian, — [BC] — ft. in 
Samothrace, i6o a — fl., 158 b — educates Ptolemy 
Epiphanes and Physcon, before 145 — goes to 



Cyprus, and Jj. there, 88. a a Biog. Univ. 
b Clinton. 

Aristarchos of Samos, astronomer, — [BC] 
— makes observations, 280 a — fl., 280 to 264. b 
He anticipates the whole Copernican system, 
except enunciation of law of gravitation. 
a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. 

Aristarchos, — [B C] — leader in the Four Hun- 
dred, at Athens, 411 — put to death about 406. 

Aristeas, epic poet, — [BC] — mythic — fl. 
about 546 (?). 

Aristeas, {Aristceus,) — [B C] — alleged minis- 
ter from Ptolemy Philadelphus to obtain copy 
of Jewish Law, 273. 

Aristeides, {the Just,) — [B C] —takes part in 
battle of Marathon, 490 — Archon at Athens, 
(01. 72, 4,) 489 — ostracised, 483-2 — serves at 
Salamis, 480 — strategus at Plataea, 479 — with 
Kimon obtains maritime headship for Athens, 
477— tf., (01. 78, 1,) 468. 

Aristeides, P. iElius, Theodoras, rhetori- 
cian, — ft. in Mysia, i29, a 117 b — reaches Eome, 
about Mar.-Apr. 161 — leaves Eome, 13 Jul. 
161 — at Pergamus, spring 162 — receives the 
ateleia from Pollio, 168 — introduced to Mar- 
cus Aurelius at Smyrna, spring 176 — Orr. 
XX. XLL, 178— Or. XXL, 179— tf. in Ionia, 
i89, a about i8o. b a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. 

Aristeides of Thebes, painter, — [BC] — fl. 
about 360 to 330. 

Aristeides of Athens, Christian Apologist, 
— presented to Hadrian, about 123-6. 

Aristias, tragic poet, — [B C] — contends with 
Sophocles, about 425. 

Aristion, Epicurean or Peripatetic philoso- 
pher, — [BC] — tyrant of Athens, besieged by 
Sulla, 87— killed, Cal. Mar. 86. 

Aristion, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
89, 4,) 421. 

Aristippos, Cyrenaic philosopher, — [B C] — 
studies under Socrates, till about 399 — fl. about 

3 6 5. 

Aristo, Titus, jurist, — fl. at Eome about 
100 to no. 

Aristobulus I., King of Jumea, — [BC] — 
besieges Samaria, with his brother Antigonus, 
1 1 o — on death of Hyrcanus, declares himself 
king, 107 — tf.,106. 

Aristobulus II., King of Judjea, — [BC] 
— obtains throne from Hyrcanus, 70 — defeated 
and besieged in Jerusalem by Aretas ; relieved 
by Scaurus, 65 — besieged in Jerusalem and 
taken by Pompey,63 — escapes from Eome, and 
returns to Judaea; taken at Macheron, 57 — ■ 
released by Julius Caesar, and poisoned by Pom- 
pey's party, 49. 

Aristobulus II., King of Armenia Minor, 
— made King by Nero, $5 — his dominions in- 
creased, 61 — joins Eomans in war against An- 
tiochus of Commagene, 73. 

Aristobulus, — Consul with C. Aurelius Vale- 
rius Diocletianus Aug., (1038, a. v. c.) 285. 

Aristocles of Kydonia, sculptor, — [B C] — fl. 
about 575. 

Aristocles of SiJcyon, sculptor, — [BC] — fl. 
about 525. 

Aristocrates, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, 
(01. 95, 2,) 399. 



ARISTODEMUS— ARLES. 



119 



Aristodemus, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, 
(01. 107, 1.) 352. 

Aristomenes, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, 
(01. 52, 3,) 570. 

Aristomenes, comic poet, — [B C] — begins to 
exhibit, 431 — gains third prize with the Hylo- 
phoroi, 424^ 425 b — exhibits Admetus, 388, a 
389^ a Clinton. b Schmitz. 

Aristomenes, Messenian hero, [mythic,) — 
[B C] — goes to Damagetus, King of Ialysus, 
(01. 28, 1,) 668. a a Mullev. 

Ariston of Ceos, Peripatetic philosopher, — 
[B CJ — head of the School, after Lycon, about 
230. 

Ariston, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, 454. 

Ariston of Chios, Stoic philosopher, — [B C] 
— fl. about 260. 

Aristophanes, comic poet, — [B C] — ft. at 
Athens (?), about 444, a 452 b — gains second 
prize with the Daitileis, 427 — exhibits the 
Babylonians, {en astei,) 426 — gains first prize 
with the Acharnians, Feb. (Lensea) 425 — and 
with the Equites, Feb. (Lensea) 424 — exhibits 
First Nubes, [en astei,) Mar. 423 — gains first J 
(second e ) prize with the Vespce, Feb. (Lensea) 
422 — Second Nubes, Mar. 422, 411° — gains 
second prize with the Pax, {en astei,) 42i, d 41 9 e 
— exhibits Amphiaraos, Feb. (Lenaea), 414 — 
second prize with the Aves {en astei,) Mar. 414 — 
Lysistrata and Thcsmophoriazusce, 411 — First 
Plutus, 408 — first prize with the Ranee, Feb. 
(Lengea) 405 — Ecclesiazusce, Feb. Mar. 392 
— Second Plutus, Feb. Mar. 388 — JEolosicon 
and Cocalus exhibited by Araros, about 387 — to. 
about 380 a (?). a Cotton. b 0. Miiller. 

c Ranke. d Clinton. e Smith's Diet. 

Aristophanes of Byzantium, grammarian, 
• — [B C] — fl. about 264. 

Aristophanes, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, 
(01. 112, 2,) 331. 

Aristophon, the Azenian, orator, — [B C] — 
joint ambassador to Sparta, 4ii, a 4i2 b — pro- 
poses law respecting citizenship, 403, 404 b — 
leading man at Athens, 362 — prosecutes the 
trierarchs, 361-60 — prosecutes Iphicrates, 355 
— accuses Timotheos, 354 — assists Leptines, 
354. a Ruhnken. b Schmitz. 

Aristophon, the Colyttian, orator, — [B C] — 
a leading man at Athens, 341 — a leading 
orator, 340. 

Aristophon, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
112, 3,) 330. 

Aristoteles, philosopher, — [B C] — ft. at 
Stagira, in Macedonia, (01. 99, 1,) 384 — goes 
to Athens, 367 — and studies under Plato, from 
364 or 365 — begins to be eminent, 365 s1 (357 ? ) 
— goes to Atarneus, about Jun. 347 — leaves 
Atarneus for Mitylene, 344 — goes to Philip's 
Court, 342 — settles at Athens, 335, 15 334° — 
accused of impiety, escapes to Chalcis, early in 
322 — to. there, Oct., c beginning of Aug. b 322. 
Rhetoric, about 338. 

a Diodorus. b Stahr. c Clinton. 

Aristoxenos, of Selinus, poet, — [BC] — fl. 
about 628,* 662 (born ?) b (01. 99,) 664.C 
a Clinton. b Hieron. c Eusebius. 

Aristoxenos, musician, Peripatetic philoso- 



pher, — [BC] — fl. at Tarentum, about 380? 
3i8. a a Smith's Diet. 

Aristyllos, astronomer, — [BC] — fi. about 
233. 

Arms, heresiarch, — while deacon, engages 
in the disputes at Alexandria, 306 — ordained 
presbyter, 313 — dispute with Bp Alexander 
begins, 318 — excommunicated by Synod at 
Alexandria, 321 — takes refuge with Eusebius 
of Csesarea, and writes his Thaleia ; Council 
in Bithynia called by Eusebius, 323 — Con- 
stantine writes to him, attempting to make 
peace, 324 — condemned by Council of Mcsea, 
and exiled to Illyricum, 325 — recalled, 328 — ■ 
reconciled to Constantine, 330 — at Alexandria, 
331 — Synod of Tyre, by Eusebius, 335 — to. at 
Alexandria, 336. 

Arizona, — acquired from Mexico by United 
States, 1854 — constituted a territory, 24 Feb. 
1863. 

Arkadi, Candia, — monastery of, assaulted by 
Turks, and blown up by Cretans, 21 Nov. 1866. 

Arkansas, IT. S., — first explored and settled 
by French, 1685 — in possession of Spain, 1763 
to 1800 — purchased with Louisiana of France 
by U. S., 1803 — made a separate territory, 
18 19 — admitted to the Union, 1836 — secedes, 
6 May 1 86 1. [Confederate States.] Constitu- 
tion amended, slavery abolished, Mar. 1864 — 
forms with Mississippi fourth military district 
for reconstruction, 1867 — new Constitution 
adopted by Convention, 11 Feb. 1868 — ratified 
by people, 13 Mar. — readmitted to Union, 22 
Jun. 1868. 

Arkwright, Sir Eichard, mechanical in- 
ventor, — ft. at Preston, 23 Dec. 1732 — barber 
at Bolton Willows, till 1760 — has a model of 
his spinning machine constructed, 1767 — ob- 
tains patent, with Need and Strutt, 1769 — the 
mill at Cromford built, 177 1— second patent, 
1775 — loses his cause against Col. Mordaunt, 
178 1 — patent invalidated by scire facias, 1785 
—High Sheriff of Derbyshire, and Knt, by 
GeorgellL, 1786 — to. at Cromford, 3 Aug. 1792. 

Arlaud, (Arland,) Jacques Antoine, mini- 
ature painter, — ft. at Geneva, 18 May 1668 — 
goes to Paris, 1688 — in England, 1721-9 — to., 
25 May 1746^ i 7 4 3 . b 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Aries, (Arelate, Arelas,) in France, — [B C] — 
falls under Eoman dominion, about 123a — a 
Roman colony, 10 ? — [AD] — suffers from the 
Alamanni, about 214 — named Constantina by 
Constantine the Great, 306-7 — seat of Praeto- 
rian prefect of Gaul, about 400— seat of king 
of Visigoths, 450 (?) — seat of prefect of Ostro- 
goths, 508— seat of Merovingian kings, Theude- 
bert, 536 — seat of German emperors, before 
1200 — kingdom of, lasts from 930 to ii25 b — 
[Provence] — a republic, under consuls, 1131 
— under a podestat, 1212 — overthrown by 
Charles I., Count of Anjou, Lord of Aries, 
1251 — acquired by France, about 1350. 
Councils of, against Donatists, held by Con- 
stantine, 314 — against Athanasius and others, 
353— on discipline, 442, 452, 524, 554, 813— 
against Abp of Narbonne, 1059 — respecting 
government of the Church, 1205 — for excom- 



ARLINGTON-ARMENIA. 



munication of Count of Toulouse, 1 2 1 1 — 
against heretics, 1234 — against followers of 
Joachim, 1260 — on discipline, 1275. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Arlington, Henry Bennet, Earl of, — fj., 
16 1 8 — royalist volunteer in the civil war, 
1642-45 — Knt by Charles II. at Bruges, 1658 
■ — sent as minister of Charles to Madrid, 1658 
— Principal Secretary of State, Oct. 1662 — 
created a baron, 14 Mar. 1664 — member of 
the 'Cabal,' 1667 — created Viscount Thet- 
ford, Earl of Arlington, Apr. 1672 — K. Gr., 
15 Jun. — joint ambassador with Bucking- 
ham and Halifax to the king of France at 
Utrecht, Jun. 1672 — impeached by House of 
Commons, and resigns office, 1674 — Lord Cham- 
berlain, Sep. 1674 — member of the Council, 
1679— &., 28 Jul. 1685. 

Armada, the Invincible, Spanish, 1588 — 
preparations completed, May — sails, 29 May — 
defeated, 29 Jul. to 7 Aug. — Duke de Medina 
reaches Santander, about end of Sep. 

Armagh, (Ireland,) — Cathedral rebuilt by 
Abp Margetson, 1675 — Observatory founded 
by Abp Robinson, 1791 — completed by Lord 
John George Beresford, about 1835. 

Armagnac, Comity of, (Aremorica Ager, 
Comitatus Armeniace)isis,) Armagnacs, Les, 
[Nemours,] — constituted by the Duke of Gas- 
cony, 960 — wars with the Counts of Foix, 1290 
to 1379 — John I. succeeds his father, Ber- 
nard VI., 1319 — marries Beatrice, Countess of 
Charolais, 1327 — opposes the English, 1336 — 
governor of Languedoc, 1355 — taken prisoner 
by Count of Foix at Toulouse, 1362 — accompa- 
nies the Black Prince on his expedition against 
Peter the Cruel, 1367 — tf., 1373. John III. 
(grandson) taken and killed at siege of Alessan- 
dria, 25 Jul. 1 39 1— Bernard VII., (brother,) 
1 39 1 — war of Armagnacs and Burgundians 
commenced by assassination of the Duke of 
Orleans, 1407 — marries his daughter Anne to 
Duke of Orleans, becomes leader of the party 
of Orleans, and attacks Paris, 141 o — courts 
alliance of England, 141 2 — Peace of Arras, 
14 Sep. 14 14 — named Constable of France, 
end of 1415 — killed in the massacre of Armag- 
nacs in the prisons of Paris by the Burgundi- 
ans, 12 Jun. 141 8 — John IV., (son,) 141 8 — 
John V. (son, b. about 1420) succeeds, about 
1450 — takes refuge in Aragon, 1455 — obtains 
restoration of domains from Louis XL, 146 1 
— takes part .in the war of the JBien Public, 
1465 — takes refuge in Aragon again, 1469 ? — 
about to join Duke of Guienne, 1472 — killed 
by soldiers of Cardinal D'Albi, at Lectoure, 5 
Mar. 1473— Charles I- (brother) imprisoned 
in the Bastille, 1473 — Armagnac race expires 
with him, 1497 — County confiscated, 148 1 — 
given to the Counts of Harcourt by Louis XIV., 
1645. 

Armanno, Vincenzio, painter, — b. in Flan- 
ders, about 1599 — &• at Venice, 1649. 

Armatus, — Consul with Fl. Basiliscus Aug., 
(1229, a. u. c.) 476. 

Armbruster, Johann Michael, journalist, — 
b. at Sulz, 1 Nov. 1761 — secretary to Lavater, 
1782-6 — at Constanz, conducts the Volksfreund, 



1793-9 — secretary of Supreme Court of police 
and censorship, Vienna, 1805 — commits suicide, 
i8i7, a 14 Jan. i8i4. b 

a Biog. Univ. h Ersch and Gruber. 

Armed Neutrality, — first conventions for, 
between Russia, Denmark, and Sweden, 9 Jul. 
and 1 Aug. 1780 — the States- General accede, 
24 Dec. 1780 — king of Prussia accedes, 8 May 
17 8 1 — the German Emperor, 9 Oct. 17 81 — ■ 
treaty of, ratified, between Russia, Denmark, 
and Sweden, 16 Dec. 1800. 

Armenia, and Armenia the Greater, (Hai- 
hhistan, Persarmenia,) — [B CJ — mythical fomi&- 
ation of the kingdom of Ha'ig, 2107 s1 — "Wahe 
falls in battle with Alexander the Great, and 
the kingdom becomes part of the Macedonian 
Empire, 328 s1 — independent under Ardoates, 
317 — subjugated by the Seleucidae, 312 — Ar- 
taxias makes himself independent of Antio- 
chus the Great, and establishes the kingdom 
of Armenia the Greater, 188 a — Artaxias II. 
defeated and taken by Antiochus Epiphanes, 
and the country reconquered, 165 b — ARSA- 
CIDAS, Valarsaces (Wagharshag) (Tigra- 
nes ?) made king of Armenia by Mithridates of 
Parthia, (Arsaces VI.,) i49, a 10 May 128 b — 
ArsacesL, (Ardshag,) his son, succeeds, 127 a 
— ArtaxesI., (Artaces, Ardashes,) his son, suc- 
ceeds, ii4 a — his son, Tigranes I., (Dikran,) 
succeeds, 96, a 95, b 89 c — Artavasdes L, (Arta- 
wast,) his son, succeeds him, between 56 and 
54, a 61 , b 36,^ 37 b — joins the Romans against 
the Parthians, 54 — and again, 36 — made pri- 
soner by Antony, 34 — put to death by Cleopa- 
tra, 30 — Artaxes LI., {Artaxias,) his son, made 
king, 34, ab 30° — dethroned by command of 
Augustus, or killed in a rebellion, and succeed- 
ed by his brother, Tigranes II., 20 bc — his 
nephew, Artavasdes II., made king, 5, b 6 c — 
Tigranes III., a cousin, who had attempted to 
gain the throne before, succeeds him, 3, b 5° — 
driven out by Caius Caesar, 2 C — Ariobarzanes 
made king by Augustus, [AD] 2 ab — Arta- 
vasdes III., (Artabazes,) his son, 4° — Erato, 
queen, 5,° [B C] 2 a — after an interregnum 
Vonones is chosen king, i6, ac 5 b — Orodes ?, 
16 b — Artaxias III., (Zeno,) after another in- 
terregnum, 18 ab c — Tigranes IV. ? 18 c — Ar- 
saces II., 35 a c — Mithridates, made king 
by Tiberius, 35, ac 28 b — recalled by Caligula, 
he is reinstated by Claudius, about 47 , a 40 b — 
killed by his nephew, Rhadamisttjs, who suc- 
ceeds him, 52, 11 51 b — Tiridates I. (Dertar) 
succeeds, is dethroned by Corbulo, and Tigranes 
V. made king, 6o abc — Tiridates again made 
king by Nero, 63, a 64,^ 62° — tf., about 74a — 
the country conquered by Trajan, and made 
a Roman province, ii4, d 115 e — given up by 
Hadrian, 117 — Vologeses {Chosroes) killed in 
battle, or assassinated; the country united to 
Persia, 198 — Christianity introduced by Saint 
Gregory, the Illuminator, and established 
under Tiridates III., about 276 a — Tiridates 
restored, 286 f — the Romans recover Armenia, 
297,? 298 a — War with Maximums on account 
of religion, 3 1 1 a — again made tributary to 
Persia, 342a — given up by the Romans after 
the defeat of Julian, near Dura, Jul. 363 — re- 



ARMENIA— ARNALDO. 



covers its independence, 384 s — Armenia di- 
vided between Rome and Persia, 387 — and 
again, between 421 and 441 — Artasir.es, the 
last Arsacid, deposed by BahramV., after 431/ 
428 a — the Armenian Church adopts the 
Monophysite heresy at the Council of Theves, 
536, b 595 g — united with the Greek Empire 
after the fall of the Sassanidee, 632 — conquer- 
ed by Arabians, who set up the dynasty of 
BAGRATID&, 855 — the ARBZUNIAN 
dynasty independent in northern Armenia, 855 to 
1080— G-agik, the last Bagratid, treacherously 
killed, 1079 — a Cilicio-Armenian kingdoni 
established by Rupen, about 1080 — conquered 
by the Mongols, 1242 — Leon VI. taken by the 
Mamelukes of Egypt, 1375 — ft. at Paris, 1393 
— Western Armenia made a province of the 
Ottoman Empire by Selim II., i522. b [Sel- 
juks, Ottoman Turks, Russia, &c] 

a Smith's Diet. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

c Smith's Diet. Armenian Authorities. 

d Heeren, e Zumpt. f Gibbon. S Gieseler. 

Armenia the Less, — [B C] — kingdom found- 
ed by Zariadris, {Zardriadas,) 189, 177 a — 
Artanes defeated and killed by Tigranes II. 
of Greater Armenia, 95 — Deiotarus I. made 
sovereign by Pompey, 6$ — succeeded by his son 
Deiotarus II. after 42 — at his death his do- 
minions divided, before 31 — Aristobulus 
made king, [AD] 55 — the country made a 
Roman province by Vespasian, about 72 — Fla- 
vitjs Claudius Hanniballianus made king, 
about 337-8 b — Casavon succeeds Arsaces 
'IV., 389. [Armenia the Greater.'] 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Clinton. 

Armenian Alphabet, — invented by Misrob, 
about 406-410. 

Armenian Era, — commences, 7 Jul. 552 — 
superseded by Julian Era, about 1330. 

Armenian Version of the Bible, — made by 
Misrob and Patriarch Isaac, about 406 to 410 
— partly conformed to the Vulgate by ITs- 
can (?), when first printed, at Amsterdam, 1666. 

Armfeldt, Gustav Moritz, Count op, states- 
man, $c, — h. in Finland, 1 Apr. 1757 — arrest- 
ed with the nobles in Finland, Mar. 1 789 — com- 
mander in campaign against Russia, 1790 — 
Governor of Stockholm, Mar. to Jul. 1792— Am- 
bassador to Italian Courts, 1792 — retires into 
Poland, Feb. 1794 — condemned to death and 
outlawed, 10 Jul. 1794 — Minister to Court of 
Vienna, 1802 — Pres. of Coll. of "War, Stock- 
holm, 1808— first Count of Finland and Pres. 
of Board of Finnish Affairs, about 18 10 — serves 
in campaign against Napoleon, 18 12 — if. at 
Zarskoje-Selo, 19 Aug. 18 14. 

Arminians. [Arminius, Jacob ; Episcopius, 
&c] 

Arminius, {Hermann,) chief of the Che- 
rusci,—[BC] — b., i8, a 17 15 — [AD] — made a 
Roman citizen, probably 4 — leads a revolt and 
destroys the army of Varus, (763, a. u. c.) 9 
— Tiberius sent against him, 10 — Germanicus 
sent against him, 14 — defeatedby Germanicus on 
the plain of Idistavisus, 16 — defeats Marobo- 
duus, 17 c — put to death, i9, a 2i. d 

a Smith's Diet. b Ersch and Gruber. 

c Zumpt. d Merivale. 



Arminius, (Herinannsen,) Jacob, theologian, 
— b. at Oudewater, 1560— teaches mathematics 
at Ley den, 1578— studies at Geneva, 1582 — 
pastor at Amsterdam, 11 Aug. 1588 — makes 
known his change of opinion, 1591 — holds con- 
ference with Gomar, and is appointed Prof, of 
Divinity, Leyden, 1603 — holds conference with 
Gomar, before Supreme Court, 1607 — sum- 
moned before States-General at the Hague, 
1608 — ir. at Leyden, 19 Oct. 1609. [Dort, 
Synod of.] 

Armorial Bearings, — taxes on, imposed and 
regulated by Acts 38 Geo. III. c. 53, 21 Jun. 
1798; 39 Geo. III. c. 8, 4 Jan. 1799; 41 
Geo. III. (U. K.) c. 69, 27 Jun. 1801 ; 43 
Geo. III. c. 161, 12 Aug. 1803. 

Armorica. [Bretagne.] 

Armour, Plate, — supersedes chain-mail,about 
1400 — complete suits of, disused, about 1625. 

Armour-plated Vessels. [Ironclads. ] 

Arms, in England, — possession of, for de- 
fence, permitted by Act 33 Hen. VIII. c. 6, 
1541-2— by Bill of Rights, 1 Wm. and Mary, 
st. 2, c. 2, 1689. 

Armstrong Gun, — invented, 1 854 — officially 
tested, Jun. 1861 — trial against the Whitwortn 
gun, commences at Shoeburyness, 4 Apr., and 
terminates at Portsmouth, 15 Nov. 1864. 

Armstrong, John, poet, physician, — h. at 
Castleton, Roxburghshire, about 1709— M.D. 
Edinburgh, 4 Feb. 1732— goes to West Indies 
as Army Physician, 1741 — physician to hospi- 
tal for sick and lame soldiers, London, 1746 — • 
physician to the army in Germany, 1760 — re- 
sumes practice in London, 1763—0". there, 7 
Sep. 1779. Art of Preserving Health, 17 ^. 

Armstrong, John, physician, — b. at Bishop 
Wearmouth, 8 May 1784 — M.D. Edinburgh, 
Jun. 1807— settles at London, 18 18 — lecturer 
on practice of physic at Webb Street School, 
1 82 1 — assists in forming School of Medicine 
in Dean Street, Soho, 1826 — ft. in London, 
12 Dec. 1829. Puerperal Fever, about 1813-- 
Typhus, 1 8 16 — Lectures, 1834. 

Armstrong, John, Brigadier General, — aids 
in defence of Fort Moultrie, and at battle of 
Germantown, 1776 — resigns commission, 1777 
— sits in congress, for Pennsylvania, 1778 — 
ft. at Carlisle, U. S., 9 Mar. 1795. 

Armyn, {Arming Bobert, dramatist, actor, 
— commences connection with stage, before 
1588 — one of Fletcher and Shakspere's com- 
pany, 17 May 1603 — "ft., after 16,11. Nest of 
Ninnies, 1608. 

Arnaldo da Brescia, (Arnold of Brescia,) 
{Arnaldus,Arnolphus Brixiensis,) religious and 
political reformer, — b., about 1 105 ? — begins to 
preach in Brescia, about 11 33 ? — condemned 
and banished from Italy by second Lateran 
Council, 1 1 39 — attends Abelard at Council of 
Sens, 1 1 40 — persecuted by St Bernard, 1140 
— teaches at Zurich, about 1140-43 — returns 
to Rome, 1144 ? — excites insurrection and ex- 
pels Eugenius III., Mar t> 1 146 — banished 
ty Romans, on excommunication of the city 
by Adrian IV., Mar. 1155 — strangled and 
burnt at Rome by order of Emperor Frederick 
I., 1 155- 



ARNALDUS— ARNOLD. 



Arnaldus Villanovanus, (Arnold of Vil- 
lanova,) physician, — b. , about i238 a ? i235 b ? — 
physician to Peter III. of Aragon, about 1285 
— excommunicated by Bp of Tarragona and quits 
Barcelona, 1287 — teaches at Montpellier and 
Paris, between 1287 and 1309 — his theological 
theses condemned, and himself expelled from 
Paris, 1309 — at court of Frederick at Palermo, 
1309-12 — ambassador from Frederick to Cle- 
ment Y., 1 3 1 2 — ft . by shipwreck, 1 3 1 2. Opera 
Medica, printed, 1504. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Arnaud, Francois Thomas Marie de Bacu- 
lard d', poet, dramatist, §c.,— b. at Paris, 15 
Sep. 17 18 — ft. there, 8Nov. 1805. (Euvres, 1770. 

Arnauld, Antoine, theologian, philosopher, 
— b. at Paris, 6 Feb. 161 2 — Doctor of the 
Sorbonne, 1641 — lives in retirement at Port 
Royal, 1650-68 — withdraws to Brussels, 1679 
— ft. near Liege, 8-9 Aug. 1694. Morale Pra- 
tique des Jesuites, 1669-74. — Apologie pour les 
Catholiqucs, 1681 — Reflexions philosophiques et 
theolorjiques sur le nouveau systbne du Fere 
Malebranche, 1685. 

Arnauld, Marie Angelique, Abbess of Port 
Royal, — b., 1591 — abbess, i6o2, a 1605 b — If., 6 
Aug. 1 66 1. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog.Univ. 

Arnauld, Angelique, (Angelique de Saint 
Jean,) Abbess of Port Royal, — b., 28 Nov. 1624 
— subprioress, about close of 1653 — prioress, 
Feb. 1669 — abbess, 3 Aug. 1678 — ft., 29 Jan. 
1684. Memoires pour servir a Vhistoire de 
Port-Royal, §c, 1742. 

Arnault, Antoine Vincent, dramatist, §c., 
— b. at Paris, 22 Jan. 1766 — secretaiy of 
cabinet of Madame, 1785 — emigrates, after 
10 Aug. 1792 — entrusted by Bonaparte with 
organization of the Ionian Islands, 1797 — 
head-clerk of public instruction, 1800 — coun- 
cillor and secretary-general of tTniversity, 1808 
— banished, 24 Jul. 18 15 — returns, Nov. 18 19 
— secretaiy of the Academy, 1833 — ft., 1834. 

Arndt, (Amd,) Johann, theologian, — b. at 
Ballenstadt, 27 Dec. 1555 — pastor at Quedlin- 
berg, 1590 — pastor at Brunswick, 1599 — 
pastor at Eisleben, 1608 — general superin- 
tendent at Zelle, 161 1 — ft. there, n May 
1621. Das Wahre Christenthum, 1605-10. 

Arndt, Ernst Moritz, politician, miscella- 
neous writer, — b. in Isle of Riigen, 26 Dec. 
1769 — studies atGreifswald and Jena, 1791-94 
— Prof. Extraord. History, Greifswald, 1806 
— Prof. Modern History, Bonn, 1818-19 — re- 
stored to his chair, 1 840 — member of National 
Assembly, Frankfort, 1848 — ft. at Bonn, 3 
Feb. 1 860. Geist der Zeit, 1 807 and 1 8 1 3- 1 8 — 
Christliches und Turkisches, 1828 — Die Fr age 
iiber die Niederlande, 1831 — Mahrchen und 
Jugenderinnerungen, 181 2 to 1843 — Erinner- 
ungen aus dan aiissern Leben, 1842 (3rd ed.). 

Arne, Thomas Augustine, musician and 
composer, — b. at London, 28 May 17 10 — goes 
to Dublin, 1742-4 — Mus. D. Oxon., 1759 — If. at 
London, 5 Mar. 1778. Artaxerxes, 1762 — 
Comus, 1738 — Rosamond, performed 7 Mar. 
1733 — Rule Britannia, (in masque of Alfred]) 
1740. ^ 

Arnim, Ludwig Achim von, poet, natural 



philosopher, — b. at Berlin, 26 Jan. 1781 — 
ft. at Wiepersdorf, 21 Jan. 1831. Theorie der 
Electrischen Erscheinungen, 1799 — Ariel's Of- 
fenbarungen, 1804 — Trost der Einsamkeit, 1808 
— Armuth, Reichthum, Schuld und Busse der 
Gralfin Dolores, 1810 — Salle und Jerusalem, 
1 81 1 — Schaubuhne, 1813 — Die Gleichen, 18 19. 

Arnim, Elizabeth von, (Bettina,) littera- 
teur, — b. at Frankfort on the Maine, 1785 — 
begins correspondence with Goethe, 1807 — 
widow of Ludwig von Arnim, Jan. 1831 — ft., 
Jan. 1859. Goethe's Briefwechsel mit einem 
Kinde, 1835 — Dies Buch gehort dem Kbnige, 
1843 — Plius Pamphilius, 1848. 

Arnobius, the Elder, (the African]) theolo- 
gian, — Disputationes adversus Gentes, 303,* 
296.'° a Sehmitz. b Clinton. 

Arnobius, the younger, — fl., about 460. 

Arnold d Amauri, Abbot of Clteaux, — ap- 
pointed legate of Innocent III. in Languedoc, 
1203 — distinguishes himself in the crusade 
against the Albigenses, 1208 — Abp of Nar- 
bonne, 121 1 — takes a leading part in Fourth 
Lateran Council, 12 15. 

Arnold of Brescia. [Arnaldo.] 

Arnold, Benedict, — b. in Connecticut, TJ. S., 
3 Jan. 1740 — joins expedition to Canada, Apr. 
1775 — commands at unsuccessful assault on 
Quebec, 31 Dec. 1775 — wounded at battle of 
North River, 7 Oct. 1777 — commander of 
Philadelphia, 1778 — tried by Court Martial, 
Jun. 1778 — sentenced, 26 Jan. 1779 — negoti- 
ates with Sir H. Clinton, Jun. 1780 — ob- 
tains command of West Point, Jul. 1780 — 
escapes to the British army, 25 Sep. 1780 — 
serves against the Americans, Jan. 17 81 — fights 
a duel with Lord Lauderdale, Jul. 1792 — hung 
in effigy at St John's, N. Brunswick, 1792 or 
1793 — ft. at London, 14 Jun. 1801. 

Arnold, George Daniel, jurist, — b. at Stras- 
burg, 18 Feb. 1780 — Prof. Civil Law, Coblentz, 
1806 — Prof. History, Strasburg, 1810 — ft. 18 
Feb. 1829. Flementa Juris Civilis, 1812 — 
Pfingstmontag, 18 15. 

Arnold, Gottfried, historian, theologian, — b. 
at Annaberg, 5 Sep. 1665 — Prof. History, 
Giessen, 1697-8 — Pastor at Perleberg, 1707 — 
ft. there, May 17 14. JJnparteiische Kirchen- 
und Ketzerhistorie, 1699-1729. 

Arnold, John, mechanical inventor,- — b. at 
Bodmin, 1744 — ft. near Eltham, 25 Aug. 1799 
— invents Expansion balance, detached escape- 
ment, %c, between 1767-80. 

Arnold, Samuel, musician and composer, — b. 
at London, 10 Aug. 1740 — composer to Covent 
Garden Theatre, 1760 — composer to Haymar- 
ket Theatre, 1776 — organist and composer to 
Geo. III., 1783 — organist at "Westminster Ab- 
bey, 1793 — ft. in London, 22 Oct. 1802. The 
Prodigal Son, before 1773 — edition of Handel's 
Works, 1786 et seq. 

Arnold, Thomas, historian, §c, — b. at 
West Cowes, 13 Jun. 1795— enters Corpus 
Christi Coll., Oxford, 181 1— fellow of Oriel 
Coll., 20 Jul. 1815 — M.A., Jun. 1817 — takes 
holy orders, Dec. 18 18 — settles at Laleham, 
1 8 19 — marries, 11 Aug. 1820 — ordained priest, 
Jun. 1828— Head Master of Rugby School, 



ARNOLDE— ARROWSMITH. 



123 



Aug. 1828— D.D., Dec. 1828— member of the 
Senate of London University, 1835 to Nov. 
1838 — Reg. Prof. Modern History, Oxford, 2 
Dec. 1 841 — tf. at Fox How, 12 Jun. 1842. 
History of Rome, 1838-42 — Lectures on Mod- 
ern History, 1842 — edition of Thucydides, 
1830. 

Arnolde, Richard, chronicler, — ft., about 
1450 ? — imprisoned at Sluys on suspicion of 
being a spy, 1488 — tf. about 1521? Customes 
of London, probably 1502, 

Arnoud van Rotterdam, (Arnoldus Rottero- 
damensis,) theologian, — ft., about 1380 — tf. at 
Gronendal, 31 Aug. 1442. Gnotosolitos, 1476. 
Arnoul, (Amulphus,) Bp of Rochester, — 
ft. at Beauvais, about 1040 ?— Bp of Rochester, 
1 1 14 — tf., Mar. 1 1 24. 

Arnould, Ambroise Marie, statesman,- — ft. 
at Dijon, 1750 — Member of Council of Five 
Hundred, 1798 — Member of Council of An- 
cients, 1799 — Member of Tribunate, 1800 — tf. 
Councillor of State, 1812. De la balance du 
commerce, 1795 — Systeme maritime politique des 
Eur opeens, pendant le XVLLL e siecle, 1797. 

Arntzenius, Johannes, (Jan,) jurist, philolo- 
gist, — ft, at "VVesel, 1702 — L.L.D., Utrecht, 
1 Jul. 1726 — Prof. History and Eloquence, 
Niniegnen, 1728 — Prof. History, Franeker, 
1742— tf., 1759. 

Arntzenius, Robert Hendrick, poet,— ft. at 
Amsterdam, 19 Dec. 1777 — tf., 23 Nov. 1823. 
Amu, Nicholas, theologian, — ft. at Meran- 
court, 11 Sep. 1629 — enters Dominican order, 
1644 — Regent of Coll. of St Thomas, Rome, 
1665 — Prof. Metaphysics, Padua, 1679 — tf. 
there, 1692. Clypeus philosophic Thomisticce, 
1672 — Doctor Angelicas, 1679-86. 

Aroniatari, Giuseppe degli, physician, na- 
turalist, — ft. at Assisi, about i586, a 1588 b — 
M.D., 1604 — tf. at Venice, 16 Jul. 1660. Dis- 
putatio de Rabie contagiosa ; Epistola de Gen- 
eratione Plantarum, 1625. a Biog. Univ. 

b Ersch and Gruber. 
Arouet, Fr. M. [Voltaire-] 
Arphasad,— [B C] — ft., summer 2346^ 2480 b 
— birth of Salah, summer 23 11 a — tf., summer 
1908. a a Ussher. b Clinton. 

Arpinum, (Arpino,) in Latium, — [B C] — re- 
ceives the jus civitatis, 303^ 302 b — receives 
the jus suffragii, 188. a Vischer. 

b Smith's Diet. 
Arquebus, (matchlock,) — used at battle of 
Morat, 1476 — in use in England, 1485. 

Arques, in Normandy, — Henry IV. defeats 
duke of Mayenne at, 21 Sep. 1589. 

Arran, James Hamilton, Earl of, and Luke 
of Chatelherault, Regent of Scotland, — pre- 
sent at marriage of James IV. •with Princess 
Margaret of England, at Holyrood, 8 Aug. 
1503 a — created Earl of Arran, 1 1 Aug. 1503 a 
— takes part, as lieutenant-general of the king, 
in suppressing rebellion of lords of the isles, 

spring 1504 joint ambassador with Abp of St 

Andrews to court of France, 1509 — imprisoned 
by Henry VII., 1509 — generalissimo of forces 
sent to aid king of France, 15 13 — storms and 
plunders Carrickfergus, 15 13 — aspires to re- 
gency and declares war on Angus, 15 15 — flies 



to England and leagues with Home and An- 
gus against regent Albany, Oct. 15 15 — with 
Lennox and others, rebels, 15 16 — disputes 
government of Scotland with Angus, 15 19-21 
— supported by the queen-mother against An- 
gus, 1524-5— joins party of Angus, 1525— de- 
feats Lennox near Linlithgow, 1526— joint 
commander of fleet sent against pirates of 
western isles, 1540 — declared heir-presump- 
tive of the crown, and assumes regency of Scot- 
land on death of James V., 22 Dec. 1542 a — 
imprisons Cardinal Beaton, 20 Jan. 1543 — 
holds parliament at Edinburgh, 12 Mar. 1543 
— refuses submission to Henry VIII., Mar. 
1543— joins party of Beaton and abjures Pro- 
testantism, Sep. 1543 — takes castle of St 
Andrews, end of Jul. 1547 — defeated by Som- 
erset at battle of Pinkey, 10 Sep. 1547 — re- 
signs government to Mary of Guise, 12 Apr. 
1554 — admonished by Knox, Nov. 1559 — as 
head of Congregation, takes up arms against 
Mary, Queen of Scots, on her marriage with 
Darnley, 1565 — takes side of Mary against 
confederates, Jun. 1567 — imprisoned, 11 Apr. 
1569 — liberated, Mar. 1570 — his castle destroy- 
ed by English, spring 1570— sentenced as a 
traitor, Aug. 1571— tf., 1575. a Tytler. 

Arras, in France,— destroyed by Vandals, 
407— again, by Northmen, 880 — taken, repeo- 
pled by Louis XL, and called Franchise, 
1477' — surrendered to Emperor Charles V., 
1530 — besieged and taken -from Spaniards by 
Louis XIII., 1640 — besieged by Spaniards, 
under Conde, relieved by Turenne,25 Aug. 1654 
— ceded to France by Peace of the Pyrenees, 
1659 — and by treaty of Nimeguen, 1678. 
Council of, respecting the Sacraments, 1025. 
Peace of, between Burgundy and France, signed 
21 Sep. ^35 — ratified at Tours, 11 Dec. 
1435 — between Maximilian of Austria and 
Louis XL, 1482. 

Arrest, — on Sunday, forbidden by Acts 29 
Car. II. c. 7, 1677 ; 5 Anne, c. 9, 1706 — of 
debtors regulated by Acts 19 Geo. III. c. 70, 
1779 ; 51 Geo. III. c. 124, 2 Jul. 18 11— frivol- 
ous and vexatious, forbidden by Act 43 Geo. 
III. c. 46, 27 May 1803 — on mesne process 
abolished by Act 1 and 2 Vic. c. 110, 16 Aug. 
1838 — [Imprisonment for Debt] — exemption 
from [Ambassadors, Members of Parlia- 
ment, Peers, &c.]. 

Arretium, (Arezzo,) in Italy, — [B C] — makes 
alliance with Rome, 308 — besieged by the 
Gauls, 283 — made a Roman colony, after 30. 

Arrianus, Flavius, Stoic philosopher, histo- 
rian, — pupil of Epictetus, about 103 a — made 
a Roman citizen by Hadrian, i24 b — Prsefect of 
Cappadocia, 135^ 136 b — Consul, 146 b — Priest 
of Demeter and Persephone, Nicomedia, 150. b 
Periplus Ponti Euxini, about 137. 

a Clinton. b Schmitz. 

Arriaza y Superviela, Juan Bautista de, 
poet, — ft. at Madrid, 1770 — enters the army, 
1798 — at Paris, 1805-7 — &■ at Madrid, 1837. 
Las primicias, 1797 — Poesias patrioticas, 18 10. 

Arrowsmith, John, theologian, — ft. at Gates- 
head, 1602— Master of St John's Coll., Cam- 
bridge, Apr. 1644 — Vice-Chancellor, 1647— 



I2 4 



ARRUNTIUS - ARTEYELDE. 



Reg. Prof. Divinity, 1651 — Master of Trin. 
Coll., 1653 — tf. at Cambridge, Feb. 1658-9. 
Tactica sacra, 1657 — Armilla Catechetica, 
1659. 

Arruntius, L., — [BC] — proscribed by tri- 
umvirs, and escapes to Sicily, 43 — commands 
under Octavianus at Actium, 31 — Consul with 
M. Claud. Marcellus, (732, a. u. c.) 22. 

Arruntius, L., — Consul with M. iEmilius 
Lepidus, (759, a. u. c.) 6— charged as ac- 
complice of Albucilla, kills himself, 37. 

Arsacidae. [Armenia, Parthia.] 

Arsenic, — obtained in separate form by 
Schroder, 1694 — investigated by Brandt, 1733 
— arsenic acid discovered by Scheele, 1755. 

Arsenius, — b., about 350 — tutor to sons of 
Theoclosius the Great, 383 — retires to the 
Thebais, 390 — goes to Troe, near Memphis, 
about 430 — o\ there, 445. 

Arsenius Autorianus,— Patriarch of Con- 
stantinople, — appointedby Theodore Lascaris, 
about Christmas 1225 — crowns Michael Palse- 
ologus, and resigns, 1260 — re-established, about 
Oct. 1261 — excommunicates Michael, Dec. 
1 261 —deposed, end of May 1264 or 1266 — 
banished to Proconnesus, and ft. there, Sep. 
1273. 

Arsinoe, daughter of ' Ptolemceus I. and Bere- 
nice, — [BC] — fc., about 318— marries Lysima- 
chus, king of Thrace, 300— on his death mar- 
ries Ptolemams Keraunus,28i — and her brother 
Ptolemseus II., Philadelphus, 279. 

Arsinoe, Queen of Ptolemceus IV., Philo- 
pator, — [B C] — said to have contributed to de- 
feat of Antiochus the Great at Raphia, 217. 

Arta, in Albania, — [Ambracia,] — despotat 
erected by Stephen Duscian, Cral of Servia, 
for his brother Simon, about 1350 — seized by 
Albanians, before 1358 — despotat acquired by 
Charles Tono, Count Palatine of Cephalonia, 
between 1390 and 1400 — held under Venice, 
from 1433 — subjugated by Turks, 1463-9 — 
stormed by Marco Botzaris, 1828. 

Artabanus. [Parthia.] 

Artabazus, — [BC] — general of Artaxerxes 
Longimanus, defeated by Datames, satrap of 
Cappadocia, 362 — revolts from Artaxerxes III., 
356 a — aided by Chares of Athens, 356-5 — 
defeated and taken by Autophradates ; liberated, 
takes refuge with Philip of Macedonia, 353-2 a 
■ — pardoned through influence of Mentor, re- 
turns to Persia, 349 — at battle of Arbela, 331 
■ — surrenders and is made satrap of Bactria, by 
Alexander the Great, 330 a — resigns his satrapy, 
328. a Grote. 

Artake, (Phrygia or Kyzihus,) — [BC] — 
colony from Miletus, about 750. 

Artavasdes, (Artabasdus,) Emperor op 
Constantinople, — appointed curopalatus, by 
Constantine Copronymus, 741 — revolts and is 
proclaimed emperor, between 741 and 743 — 
defeated by Constantine, near Sardis, May 743 
— Xicetas his son defeated in Bithynia, Aug. 
743 — besieged in Constantinople, taken and 
slain, 2 Nov. 743. 

Artaxata, in Armenia, — [BC] — built by 
Artaxias, king of Armenia, 188 to 165 — [AD] 
'—burnt by Romans under Corbulo, 58. 



Artaxerxes (I.) Longimanus, King op 
Persia,— [B C] — succeeds his father Xerxes I., 
465 — revolt of the Egyptians under Inaros, 
460 — Inaros defeated and Athenians driven 
out of Egypt, 456 or 455 — peace concluded, 
449— ft., 425. 

Artaxerxes (II.) Mnemon, King or Persia, 
— [B C] — succeeds his father Darius II., 405 
— his brother Cyrus revolts, and falls at Cu- 
naxa, 401 — carries on war with Greeks in Asia 
Minor, 399 — Persians defeated by Agesilaos 
near Sardis, 395 — they defeat Spartans at 
Cnidus, 394 — concludes Peace of Antalkidas 
and obtains sovereignty of all Greek cities in 
Asia Minor, autumn 387 — carries on war with 
Evagoras of Cyprus, 385-376 — reduces Cyprus, 
376 — puts to death his son Darius — ft., 359. 

Artaxerxes (III.) Ochus, King op Persia, 
— [B C] — succeeds his father Artaxerxes 
Mnemon and puts to death the royal family, 
359 — poisoned by Bagoas, 338. 

Artaxias. [Armenia.] 

Arteaga, Stefano, — fc. at Madrid, 1750 — 
fr. at Paris, 30 Oct. 1799. Mvoluzioni del 
teatro musicale Italiano, 1783-4-6. 

Artedi, Peter, naturalist, — n. in Ingerman- 
land, 22 Feb. 1705 — studies at Upsala, 1724 — 
becomes acquainted with Linneeus, 1728 — 
visits England, J 7 34 — assists Albert Seba at 
Leyden, 1735 — drowned, Sep. or Dec. 1735. 
Ichthyologia, 1738. 

Artemidorus of Cnidus, rhetorician, — [BC] 
— warns Csesar of the conspiracy, 43. 

Artemidorus Daldianus, writer on dreams, 
— fl. at Rome, 138 to 179. 

Artemidorus, of Ephesus, geographer, — 
[BC] — fl., about 100. 

Artemidorus, Capito, physician, grammari- 
an, — fl., about 117 to 138. 

Artemisia, Queen op Caria, — [B C] — suc- 
ceeds her brother and husband Mausolus, 353-2 
— establishes contest for panegyrics on him, 
352 — erects the Mausoleum, 351 — ft., 351-0. 

Artemisia, Queen of Halicarnassus, — 
[BC] — accompanies Xerxes to Greece; dis- 
tinguishes herself at Salamis, 480. 

Artemisium, in Uuboea, — [B C] — Persian 
fleet defeated by Greeks off, during Olympic 
Games, (01. 75,) 480. 

Artemon of Cassandreia, grammarian, — 
— [BC]— fl., about 316. 

Artemon, heretic, — fl. soon after 200. 

Artesian Well, — described by Olympiodorus, 
before 600 — made at Lillers in Artois, 11 26 — 
at Grenelle, 1833-41. 

Artevelde, Jacob van, — n. at Ghent, about 
1300 — elected Captain of Ghent, 3 Jan. 1338 
— forms alliance with Edward III. of England, 
1338 — stipulates for the independence of Flan- 
ders, 1342 — deposed and imprisoned, 1345 — 
has interview with Black Prince, Jul. 1345 — 
assassinated, (17 Jul. o. s.) 9 Jul. 1345^ 
I344, b 1346.° a Biog. Univ. and Ersch and 

Gruber. b Engl. Cyc. c Blair. 

Artevelde, Philip van, — elected Captain of 
Ghent, 1379,* 1382, b 24 Jan. 1382° — defeats 
Count Louis de Male, at Bruges, 2 May 1382 — 
acquires all Flanders and takes title of Regent, 



ARTHENAY— ARYA J3HALTA. 



125 



1382 — defeated and slain by Olivier de Clisson, 
at Eoosbecq, 27 Nov. 1382. a Engl. Cyc. 

b Biog. Univ. c Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Arthenay, near Orleans, — Gen. von der Tann 
defeats the French under Gen. Lamotte Rouge, 
10 Oct. 1870 — Duke of Mecklenburg defeats 
Gen. Aurelle de Paladine, 2 Dec. 1870. 

Arthur, British Prince, {mythic,) — said to 
have defeated, the Saxons at Mount Badon, 
516 ? — alleged discovery of his tomb at Glas- 
tonbury, about 1 189 or 1191 — reopened by 
Edward I., Apr. 1287. 

Arthur, Duke of Bretagne, — ft. at Nantes, 
30 Apr. 1 1 89 — proclaimed Duke of Bretagne 
at Rennes, 11 96 — assassinated, 1202. [John, 
King of England.'] 

Arthur III., Duke op Bretagne, Count 
or Richmond, &c, — ft., 24 Aug. 1390 — taken 
prisoner at Agincourt, and sent to England, 
1415 — liberated, 1420 — marries Margaret, 
sister of Philip the Good, 1423— Constable of 
France, by Charles VII., 7 Mar. 1424— ban- 
ished, heads revolt in Poitou, 1428— recalled, 
defeats English at Patay, 1429— repulsed be- 
fore Calais, 1436 — enters Paris, 1437 — marries 
Jeanne d'Albret, 1442 — marries Catherine of 
Luxemburg, 1445 — defeats English at Formig- 
nies, 1450 — succeeds his nephew, Pierre II., in 
Duchy of Bretagne, 1457 — o\, 26 Dec. 1458. 

Articles. [Thirty-Nine Articles. ] 

Artigas, Don Juan, (Fernando Jose, y — ft. at 
Monte Video, about 1760 — commander in army 
of Buenos Ayres, 1811 — takes refuge with 
Francia in Paraguay, 1820 — &., about 1826. 
a Eng. Cyc. 

Artillery Company, — established in Lon- 
don, 1585 — reestablished, 16 10. 

Artists' General Benevolent Institution, 
— established in London, 18 14 — incorporated 
by Royal Charter, 1842. 

Artois, Jacob van, painter, — ft. at Brussels, 
1613 — tf., after 1666. a a Ersch and Gruber. 

Artois, (Artesia,) in France, — given by 
Charles the Bald to his daughter Judith on 
her marriage to Baldwin, Count of Flanders, 
863 — reverts to the Crown of France, 11 80 — 
erected into a county by St Louis, 1236 — con- 
firmed to France by Treaty of the Pyrenees, 
1659. 

Arts, Degrees in, — Masters first mentioned 
in canon of Council at Rome, Nov. 826— 
Bachelors instituted by Gregory IX., 1227-41. 

Arts, Society of, — founded in London, 22 
Mar. i754- a a Cunningham. 

Art Union, — established in London, 1837 — 
incorporated and legalized by Act 9 and 10 
Vic. c. 48, 1 Dec. 1846. 

Arum, Dominicus van, (Arumceus,) jurist, 
■ — ft. at Leuwarden, 1579 — Prof. Law, Jena, 
1605 — tf. there, 24 Feb. 1637. Commentaria 
de comitiis Roman. German, imp., 16-20-35 and 
1650. 

Arundel, Thomas, Lord Chancellor, Abp 
or Canterbury, — ft. at Arundel Castle, 1353 
— Bp of Ely, by the Pope, 1374 — Chancellor, 
1386-9 — Abp of York, 1388 — Chancellor again, 
1391-96 — removes courts from London to 
York, 1393 — Abp of Canterbury, Jan. 1396 — 



impeached of treason and banished, retires to 
Rome, 1397 — crowns Henry IV., 13 Oct. 1399 
— makes visitation of Oxford Univ., 1408 — 
condemns Sir John Oldcastle, 141 3 — o\, 20 
Feb. 141 3. 

Arundel, Philip Howard, Earl of, — sum- 
moned to parliament as Earl of Arundel, re- 
stored in blood and made privy-councillor, 
1580 — confined on suspicion of corresponding 
with Queen of Scots, 1584 — receives two semi- 
nary priests, and offers his help to Cardinal 
Allen, 1584 — sent to the Tower on charge of 
attempting to quit the realm, 14 Apr. 1585 — ■ 
fined and imprisoned, 1585-89 — tried for high 
treason and found guilty, 14 Apr. 1589 — ft. in 
the Tower, 19 Oct., a Nov. b 1595. 

a Annals of England. b Collins. 

Arundel and Surrey, Thomas Howard, Farl 
of, Earl Marshal of England, — ft., 7 Jul. 
1592 a — restored in blood by Act of Parliament, 
and to earldoms, 1603 — privy-councillor, 1607 
— travels, 1609-n — K.G., 13 May 161 1 — 
assists at marriage of Elector Palatine with 
Princess Elizabeth, Feb. 16 13 — and accompa- 
nies them to Heidelberg : visits Italy, 161 3-14 
— joint commissioner of Great Seal, May to 
Jul. 162 1 — Earl Marshal of England, 29 Aug. 
1 62 1 — imprisoned with his countess by order 
of Charles L, spring 1626 — released, 8 Jun. — 
attends coronation of Charles I. in Scotland, 
1633 — ambassador extraord. to States-General, 
Dec. 1633 — ambassador to Emperor Ferdinand 
II., at Lintz, 1636 — general of army sent 
against Scots, 1638 — as High Steward pre- 
sides at trial of Strafford, 1641 — petitions for 
restoration of Duchy of Norfolk, Jun. 1641 — ■ 
goes abroad, Jul. 1641 — created Earl of Nor- 
folk, Jun. 1644 — tf. at Padua, 4 Oct. 1646. 
a Collins. 

Arundel Castle, in Sussex, — taken by Royal- 
ists under Lord Hopton, 1643 — retaken by 
Sir W. Waller, 1643. 

Arundelian (Parian) Marbles, — brought to 
England from Smyrna, 1627 — broken and de- 
faced during civil war, 1641-50 — deposited in 
Oxford University, 1667. Chronicle — [BC] — 
begins, 1582— ends, 354. 

Aruntius. [Arruntius.] 

Arval Brothers, (Fratres Arvales) — [BC] 
— college of, at Rome, reformed by Augustus, 
after 3$ — [AD] — abolished or falls into 
neglect? after 325 — inscriptions relating to, 
(dated from 14 to 222,) first discovered, 1778 
— investigations of Marino published, 1795 — 
further discoveries, 1858 — and by Henzen, 
1866 — Christian Oratory under the temple of, 
discovered by De Rossi, 1868. 

Arverni, — [BC] — defeated by Q,. Fabius 
Maximus, 8 Aug. 121 — still powerful, 58. 
[Vercingetorix.] 

Arvina, A. Cornelius Cossus, — [BC] — ma- 
gister equitum, 353, 349 — Consul with M. Va- 
lerius Corvus, (411, a. u. c.) 343- — defeats 
Samnites and triumphs; dictator, (434,) 32o, a 
(431,) 323, 15 (432,) 322.° a Smith's Diet. 

b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Zumpt. 

Arya Bhalta, mathematician, — fl., about 
360 a — before 500. a Colebrooke. 



26 



AS— ASGILL. 



As, {Roman money,) — [B C]— reduced from 
12 oz. to 2, about 264 to 241 — reduced to 1 oz., 
about 217 — reduced to £ oz., about 191. 

Asam, (Assam,) in Asia, — earthquake in, 
1607 — subjugation attempted by the Mogul 
Emperors, before 1700 — rebellion; the rajah 
expelled by Mahamari, 1770 — and reinstated 
by the British, 1793 — attacked and ravaged by 
Gholam Ali, from 1805 — the Bura Gohaing 
expels rajah and usurps government, 18 15 — the 
Burmese assist rajah against usurper, 1821 — 
they take possession of the country, Jan. 1822 
— and are expelled by Col. Richards, 1825 — 
placed under protection of East India Company, 
Eeb. 1826 — tea-plant discovered in, about 
1836 — whole province placed under British 
administration, 1838 — earthquake, 1847. 

Asander, satrap of Carta, — [B C] — made 
governor of Lydia by Alexander the Great, 
334 — joins Alexander at Zariaspe, 328 — satrap 
of Caria, 323 — increases his power in Asia 
Minor, 317 — invades Cappadocia, 315 — de- 
feated and deposed by Antigonus, 313. 

Asander, King of Bosporus,— [B C] — kills 
Pharnaces II. and assumes the sovereignty, 
47 a — confirmed in the sovereignty by Augus- 
tus ; tf. about 17.* a Clinton. 

Asaph, St, — fl. in North "Wales, about 590. 

Asaph, St, in Wales, — cathedral founded, 
1284 — burnt by Owain Glyndwr, 1402 — re- 
stored, about 1480. 

Ascalon, in Palestine, [Ams-esch-Scham,) 
— Godfrey of Bouillon defeats Sultan of Egypt 
at, 12 Aug. 1099 — taken by Crusaders under 
Baldwin III., after 7 months' siege, (5-48, a. 
h.) 19 Aug. 1153 — taken and dismantled by 
Saladin, (587,) 4 Sep. 11 87 — passes finally to 
Mohammedans, (645,) 1247. 

Ascelinus, (Azelnius, Anselmus, Ezzelino,) 
Nicolas, — missionary from Innocent IV. to 
Mongols of Persia, about 1245. 

Ascension Island, South Atlantic,- — first 
discovered, 3 1501 — rediscovered by Portuguese, 
(Ascension Day) 20 May 1501, 1508 a — made 
military station by Great Britain, 18 15, Apr. 
l8i6. a a Ersch and Gruber. 

Ascension, Era of, — commences, 1 2 Nov. 295. 

Asehaffenburg, in Germany, [Asciburyen, 
Askafabury,) — Archduke Charles defeats Jour- 
dan in the combat near, 16 Sep. 1796 — the 
Austrians repulsed by Sainte Suzanne at, Jul. 
1800 — and again by Dumonceau, Nov. 1800 — 
annexed to Frankfort, 1806— ceded to Bavaria 
by Austria, by treaty of 3 Jun. 18 14 — the 
Federals defeated by the Prussians near, 13- 
14 Jul. 1866. 

Ascham, Roger, classical scholar, — h. at 
Kirby-Wiske, Yorkshire, about 15 15 — enters 
St John's Coll., Cambridge, 1530 — B.A., 28 
Feb. 1534 — Fellow of St John's, 23 Mar. 
1534— M. A., 1536 or 1537 — public orator, 
1544 — teacher in languages to Lady Elizabeth, 
1548-50 — secretary and tutor to Sir Richard 
Morysine in Germany, 20 Sep. 1550-53 — Latin 
Secretary to Queen Elizabeth, 1558 — Preben- 
dary at York, 1559—0". in London, 30 Dec. 
1568. Toxophilus, 1544 — Schoolmaster, 1570. 

Ascham, Antony, — ambassador from Long 



Parliament to Spain, assassinated at Madrid, 

6 Jun. 1650. 

Ascites, Ascodrogitis, Ascodrugites, &c. 
[Marcosians.] 

Asclepiades Bithynius, physician, — [B C] — 
fl. at Borne, about 100 to no. 

Asclepiodotus, — Consul with Hannibalianus, 
(1045, a. u. c.) 292 — defeats and kills Allectus 
in Britain, 296. 

Asclepiodotus, — Consul with Marinianus, 
(1176, a. it. c.) 423. 

Asconius Pedianus, Q., commentator on 
Cicero, — fl., about [B C] 5 to [AD] 80. 

Asculum Apulum, (di Satriano,)—\_~BG]-~ 
Pyrrhus defeats the Romans near, 279 a — 
espouses the side of Hannibal, 213 — a Roman 
colony, 123-2 — [AD] — destroyed by Roger the 
Norman of Sicily, about 1 140— destroyed by 
earthquake, 1400. a Clinton. 

Asculum Picenum, (Ascoli,) — [B C] — taken 
by Publius Sempronius, 268 a — the Social War 
commenced by the massacre of the Romans at, 
90 — taken by Cn. Pompeius Strabo, 89 b — oc- 
cupied by Julius Caesar, in his advance on 
Rome, 49 — a Roman colony, after 30 — [AD] — 
taken by Totilas, 345 — annexed to ' States of 
the Church,' 1426. a Clinton. b Zumpt. 

Aseerghur, {Asseeryurh,) Hindustan, — fort- 
ified by Asa Abir, before 1400 — taken soon 
afterwards by Nasir Khan of Candeish ; sur- 
rendered to Akbar, 1599 — surrenders to Col. 
Stevenson, 1 803 — restored to Scindia by treaty 
of Serji Anjengaun, 1803 — taken from Jesh- 
wint Ras Lar by Doveton and Malcolm, 9 Apr. 
1819. 

Aselli, (Asellius,) Gaspar, physician, — 6. at 
Cremona, about 158 i, a 1560 b — Prof. Anatomy, 
Pavia, about 1620 — ft. at Pavia, 1626. JDe 
Lactibus, 1627. 

a Rose's Biog. Diet. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Asellio, P. Sempronius, historian, — [B C] — 
tribune of the soldiers at Numantia, under 
Scipio, 133. 

Asfeld, Claude Francois Bidal d', Marshal 
of France, — h., 1665, a 1667 b — distinguishes 
himself at battle of Nimeguen, 11 Jun. 1702— 
marechal de camp, 23 Dec. 1702 — Lieut.-Gen- 
eral of the armies of the King, Oct. 1704 — at 
battle of Almanza, 1707 — commander of St 
Louis, 1707 — reduces Valencia, 19 Sep. 1707 
— invests Landau, 17 13 — serves at sieges of 
Friburg and Barcelona, 17 14 — takes Majorca, 
1 7 15 — chevalier of the Golden Fleece, marquis 
of Asfeld, 1 7 15 — director -general of fortifica- 
tions, 17 1 8 — marshal of France, 14 Jun. 
1734° — takes Philipsburg, 18 Jul. 1734° — tf., 

7 Mar. 1743. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. 
Gen. c Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Asgill, Sir Charles, yeneral, — serves under 
Lord Cornwallis, 1781 — captured at Yorktown, 
Oct. 1781 — sentenced to death by lot, 1782 — ■ 
returns to England on parole, by intercession 
of Marie Antoinette ; Lieut. - Colonel, serves 
under Duke of York, 1794 — commands against 
rebels in Ireland, 1798 — Lieut. -General, 1800 
— General, 18 14 — fc., 1823. 

Asgill, John, miscellaneous writer, — b., 
about 1658— M.P.,Bramber, 1705 — imprisoned 



ASH— ASPER. 



127 



and expelled the House of Commons, 1707 — 
released, 16 Dec. 1707 — imprisoned for debt, 
1708 — rj. in prison, Nov. 1738. Be jure divino, 
17 10 — Argument respecting eternal life, 1698. 

Ash, John, philologist, — minister of Baptist 
congregation at Pershore, 1751 — tf. there, Mar. 
or Apr. 1779. Introduction to Lowth's Eng- 
lish Grammar, 1766 — Dictionary of the Eng- 
lish Language, 1775. 

Ashantees, in W. Africa, — occupy their 
present territories, from 1640 — invade Fantee, 
1807 — treaty with British, 18 17 — proclaim 
war against British, 1823 — defeat Sir C. Mc- 
Carthy, 21 Jan. 1824 — defeated near Accra, 7 
Aug. 1826 — recognize independence of Fan- 
tee, by treaty with British, 1831 — British ex- 
pedition against, autumn 1863 — peace declared, 
7 Jan. 1866. 

Ashburnham, John, — ft. about 1604 — M.P., 
1640 — Commissioner for the King at "Oxbridge, 
1644 — assists escape of Charles I. from Hamp- 
ton Court, 1647 — committed to the Tower, by 
Cromwell, 1653-8 — ft., 15 Jun.1671. Narra- 
tive of attendance on Charles I., 1830. 

Ashburton, Alexander Baring, Baron, — ft. 
at London, 27 Oct. 1774 — M. P. Taunton, 
18 12 — Pres. Board of Trade, Dec. 1834 to Apr. 
1835 — special commissioner to United States, 
1 841 — concludes treaty on the boundary ques- 
tion, 9 Aug. 1842 — tJ., 13 May 1848. 

Ashburton Treaty. [Ashburton, Baron.] 

Ashby, Sir John, admiral, — ft. at Lowestoft, 
1642 — Captain of the ' Defiance,' 1688 — takes 
part in battle of Bantry Bay, 1 May 1689 — fol- 
lows the French after defeat of LaHogue, 18, 20, 
21 May, 1692 — fc. at Portsmouth, 12 Jul. 1693. 

Ashe, Andrew, flute-player, — ft. at Lisburn, 
about 1759 — first performs in public in Lon- 
don, 1792 — Director of the Bath concerts, 
1810-22 — U. at Merrion, about 25 Apr. 1838. 

Ashe, Simeon, theologian, — chaplain to Earl 
of Manchester, 1642 — attends Assembly of 
Divines, 1643 — tf., 23 Aug. 1662. 

Ashley, Robert, miscellaneous writer, — ft., 
1565 — enters Oxford Univ., 1580 — If. in Lon- 
don, Oct. 1 641. Latin metrical Translation 
of Du Bat-fas' * Urania,' 1589 — Translation of 
Almanzor, \£>i*]. 

Ashmole, Elias, antiquary, §c, — ft. at Lich- 
field, 23 May 1617 — enters Oxford Univ., 
1644 — gentleman of Ordnance in the garrison 
of Oxford, 1645 — joins the astrologers Moore, 
Lilly, and Booker, 1646 — Brother of Society of 
Free and Accepted Masons, 16 Oct. 1646 — re- 
tires to Berkshire, studies botany, 1647 — ac- 
quires Tradescant's Museum, 1659 — "Windsor 
herald, 18 Jun. 1660-75 — called to the Bar, 
2 Nov. 1660— F. B. S., Jan. 1661 — his collec- 
tion in part destroyed by fire, 1679 — presents 
Tradescant's Collection to Oxford Univ., 1683 — 
fc. in London, 18 May 1692. Theatrum chemi- 
cum Britannicum, 1652 — The Way to Blisse, 
1 6^ 8 — History of Order of the Garter, May 1 67 2 . 

Ashworth, Caleb, theologian, — ft. at Clough 
Fold, Northamptonshire, 172 i, a 1709 b — Min- 
ister at Daventry, 1746 — D.D., after 1751 — 
IT. at Daventry, 18 Jul. 1775,* i774- b 

a Eose's Biog. Diet. b Chalmers. 



Asia, asteroid, — discovered by Pogson, 18 
Apr. 1 86 1. 

Asia, {Asia Minor,) — [BC] — made a Bo- 
man Province, after the death of Attaius of 
Pergamus, 129. [Bithynia, Cilicia, Paphla- 
gonia, Pontus, &c] 

Asiatic Society, — of Bengal, founded by Sir 
W. Jones, 1784 — of Paris, about 1820 — Moyal y 
established in London, 1823 — incorporated, 
1824. 

Asiaticus. [Scipio.] 

Asiento (Assiento) Treaty, — between Spain 
and Genoa, concluded, 1580 — with Portugal, 
1696 — between Philip Y. and France, for 10 
years, 27 Aug. 1701 — treaty of Madrid with 
England, 26 Mar. 17 13 — taken by S. Sea Com- 
pany for 30 years, 1 May 1713' — treaty of 
Utrecht, 13 Jul. 17 13 — renewed by S. Sea 
Company, 25 May 17 16 — war between Eng- 
land and Spain respecting mutual infraction of, 
1739 — prolonged for 4 years by treaty of Aix- 
la-Chapelle, Oct. 1748 — question settled by 
Treaty of Buen Betiro, 5 Oct. 1750. 

Asina. [Scipio.] 

Asine, Argolis, — [BC] — people expelled by 
Eratos of Argos? about 774 — new, built by 
Dryopes, (01. 14, 1,) 724. 

Asioli, Bonifazio, musician, — ft. at Correg- 
gio, 30 Apr. 1769^ about 1760 b — goes to 
London, b to Venice, a 1796 — Director of New 
Conservatory at Naples, 1808 — at Paris, 1810- 
13 — b\ at Correggio, 26 May 1832. 

a Biog. Univ. b Diet, of Musicians. 

Asius, epic and elegiac poet, — [B Cj — {{., 
about 700. 

Askew, (Ayscoicp,) Anne, martyr, — ft., about 
1529 ? — burnt in London, 16 Jul. 1546. 

Askew, Anthony, physician and biblio- 
maniac, — ft. at Kendal, 1722 — M. D., 1750 — 
F.B.S., soon after 1750 — if. at Hampstead, 
27 Feb. 1774. 

Asmai, Abu-Said Abdel Malik Ibn Koraib, 
poet, #c.,— ft. at Bassora, about (122, a. h.) 740 
--:&., (215,) 830. 

Asmai. [Antar.] 

Asmonseans. [Maccabees.] 

Aspar, patrician and general, — serves with 
his father Ardaburius, in war against Joannes, 
424 — takes Bavenna, beheads Joannes, 425 — 
Consul with Areobindus, (1187, a. u. c.) 434 — 
sent against King of Persia, 441 — nominates 
his steward Leo of Thrace to Empire of the 
East, 45 1 — put to death at Constantinople, 47 1. 

Aspasia of Miletus, — [BC] — prosecuted for 
impiety at Athens, 432-1 — [Pericles] — her son, 
by Pericles, legitimized, 430. 

Aspasius of Ravenna, rhetorician, — H., 
about 225. 

Aspasius, Peripatetic philosopher, — {{., about 
80. 

Asper, Constant Ghilain Charles van Hoo- 
brouck, Baron d' , — b. at Ghent, 1754 — enters 
regiment of Prince de Ligne, 1770 — distin- 
guishes himself in Belgian Revolution, 1789 — 
distinguishes himself against France, 1792-96 
— in Italy, 1798 to 1800— in Germany, taken 
prisoner by Savary at Essling, 1805 — commands 
grenadiers, 1809 — killed at Wagram, Jul. 1809. 



ASPER— ASSYRIA. 



Asper, Hans, painter, — b. at Zurich, 1499 
— U. there, 157 i, a i54o. b a Nagler. 

b Ersch and Gruber. 

Aspern and Essling, in Austria, — Napo- 
leon defeated by Archduke Charles, 21-22 May 
1809. 

Aspertini, Guido, painter, — b., about 1460. 
Crucifixion, Cathedral of Bologna, completed, 
149 1. 

Aspertini Amico, {da due Penelli,) painter, 
— b. at Bologna, 1474— tf., 1552. 

Aspetti, Tiziano, sculptor, — b. at Padua, 
1565 — tf. at Pisa, 1607. 

Asphalte Pavement,— introduced, 1837. 

Asporacius, — Consul with Herculanus, 
(1205, a. v. c.) 452. 

Asprenas, P. Nonius, — Consul with M. 
Aquilius Julianus, (791, a. u. c.) 38. 

Aspromonte, — Garibaldi defeated, wounded, 
and captured by Gen. Pallavicini, 29 Aug. 
1862. 

Assam. [Asam.] 

Assarotti, Ottavio Giovanni Battista, 
teacher of deaf and dumb, — b. at Genoa, 25 
Oct. 1753 — joins the Piaristes, 1768 — opens a 
school for deaf mutes at Genoa, 1802 — his 
school endowed by Xapoleon I., 1805 — tf. at 
Genoa, 29 Jan. 1829. 

Assassins, Order of, (Ismaelians,) — establish- 
ed in Persia, about 1090 — extirpated by Hou- 
lagu Khan, 1258 — extirpated in Syria by the 
Mamelukes, about 1280. 

Assaye, (Assye,) Hindustan, — Gen. \Yelles- 
ley defeats DowlutEow Scindia and the Rajah 
of Berarat, 23 Sep. 1803. 

As3che, Hendrick van, painter, — b. at 
Brussels, 1775 — Member of Academy of Am- 
sterdam, 1825 — Knt. of Leopold, 1836 — U. at 
Schaerbeck, 10 Apr. 1841. 

Asselyn, Jan, painter, — b. at Antwerp, 16 10 
— fj. at Amsterdam, 1660. 

Assemani, Giuseppe Luigi, orientalist, — b. 
at Tripoli, in Syria, about 17 10 — &. at Borne, 9 
Feb. 1782. Codex liturgicus Ecclesim Universes, 
1749-63. 

Assemani, Simone, orientalist, — h. at Trip- 
oli, in Syria, 20 Feb. 1752 — b\ at Padua, Apr. 
1821. 

Assemani, Giuseppe Simone, bibliographer, 
— b. in Syria, 1687 — sent by Clement XL to 
Egypt and Syria, 17 15-6 — in Syria again, 
1735-38 — Librarian of the Vatican, 1738-68 a 
— 0". at Bome, 14 Jan. 1768. Bibliotheca 
Orientalis Clementino-Vaticana, 1719-28. 
a Erseh and Gruber. 

Assemani, Stefano Evodio, Abp of Apamea, 
— fl., 1740-60— succeeds Giuseppe as Librarian 
of Vatican, 1768. Bibliotheca Mediceo-Lau- 
rentiarue et Palatum Codicum JISS. Orienta- 
lium catalogue, 17 42. 

Assembly of Divines,— convoked at West- 
minster by ordinance of parliament, 12 Jitn. 
1643 — prohibited by proclamation of Charles 
L, 22 Jun. 1 643;— commences sittings, 1 Jul. 
1643 — Scottish Commissioners admitted, 15 
1643 — retirement of Scottish Commis- 
sioners, 1647— dissolved, 22 Feb. 1649. [Cate- 
chism.] 



Assembly, National or Constituent, — con- 
stituted at Paris, 17 Jun. 1789 — dissolved, 30 
Sep. 1791. 

Assembly, Legislative, — commences its 
sittings at Paris, 1 Oct. 17 91 — suspends royal 
authority, 10 Aug. 1792 — dissolved, 21 Sep. 
1792. 

Asser, (Ashi,) Talmudist, — b. at Babylon, 
353— &•> 4 26 01-427. 

Asser, {Asserius Menevensis,) John, Bp of 
Sherburx, — at Court of Alfred, 885 a — tf., 
9io, b 883,° 9o8. d a Hardy. b A. S. Chron. 

c Matthew of Westminster, "William of Alalmes- 
bury. d Annal. Cambr. 

Assignats, in French Revolution, — first is- 
sued, 9 Sep. 1790 — replaced by Mandats, Jan. 
1796 — finally recalled, 18 Jul. 1796. 

Assisi, in Italy, — seat of a bishopric, 240 — ■ 
Franciscan monastery and church, built, 1228- 
53 — adheres to Gregory IX. and is threatened 
by Frederick II., 1240 — its lands ravaged, 
1 241 — again, 1250. 

Assize of Battle. [Trial by Combat.] 

Assize of Bread, in England, — regulated by 
51 Hen. III. st. 1, 1266-7 — new, by 8 Ann. c. 
19, 1709 — last Act repealed by 12 Geo. II. c. 
36, s. 3, 1709 — stat. 1 of Hen. III. repealed by 
5 Geo. IV. c. 74, 17 Jun. 1824 — sale of bread 
by weight ordained and other regulations by 
Act 6 and 7¥iU. IV. c. 37, 28 Jul. 1836. 
In Ireland, Acts repealed and new regulations 
made by Act 1 Vic. c. 28, 4 Jul. 1838. 

Assize of Jerusalem, (lettres du St Sepul- 
cre,) — code prepared by Godfrey of Bouillon, 
about 1 1 00 — lost on capture of the city by 
Saladin, 2 Oct. n 87 — restored by John of 
Ibelin, Count of Jaffa, about 1250-^-again re- 
vised and introduced in Kingdom of Cyprus, 
1369. 

Assizes. [Justices in Eyre, Jury.] 

Assurance Societies. [Insurance.] 

Assyria, Assyrian Empire, — [B C] — mythic- 
al foundation of the monarchy, 354o, a 2640^ 

2 554, c 2 357> d 2l82 > e 2I 75, f 2 °59> g 20 47, h 2016/ 
about i9i2 k — commencement of the Great 
Assyrian Empire by Bel-lush, about 1273, 1 
i3i4, a 1267, 111 about 1250, 11 i237. ko Pldil, 
Vi'l-lush L, Shalma-sar, reign, about 1200 1 
— 2nl>t-pal-kl t ra, and his son, Assbx-r-daha- 
il, reign, about 1160 1 — his son, Mltaggil-xa- 
bu, and his son, Assetcr-ris-ilim, about 1130 1 
— TiGLATH-PiLESERl.jhisson, succeeds, about 
1 1 10, 1113, 1 about 1220° — his son, Asshiir- 
basl-pal I., {Sardanapalus,) succeeds, about 

1080, 1 about i2oo a — • — Asshur-adan- 

alhi reigns about 1050 1 — Asshlr-dast-il, 
his son, succeeds, about 1025, 1 about 980° — 
Vul-lush II. (Bil-anir II.) succeeds, 909, 1 
about iooo, 1 about 970 a — succeeded by Tig- 
lathi-Xlxip, {Tiglath-i-bar, Tiglath-pileser,) 
his son, 889, 1 about 960, 1 about 950° — 
Asshur -idanni-pal, 1 {Asshur-izir-pal, Sardana- 
palus,) his son, succeeds, 886, 1 about 930 la — 
Shalmaxeser II., his son, succeeds, 858, 1 
about 900 l a — defeats the confederated forces 
of Syria, Egypt, Israel, &c. at Aroer, 853 1 — 
makes Hazael, of Syria, and Jehu, of Israel, 
tributary, 841 *— Samsi-Vul, (Shamsi-Bil, Sam- 



ASSYBIAN CANON— ASTIL2EA. 



129 



sion,) his son, succeeds, 823, 1 about 853, 1 about 
860 a — Vul-lush III., (Til-emir III., Thai- 
lulha, Tul, Belochus,) his son, succeeds, 810, 1 
about 800, 1 about 840^ before 769^ 790,°? 
759 q — conquers Israel, and makes Judah 
tributary, 797 to 795 ? l 769^ 772, 111 771/ 
77<V p 776 r — accession of Shalmaneser III., 
781 l — accession of Asshur-danan, 771 1 — ac- 
cession of Asshur-anir, {Sardcinapalus ?) 
753,1 767 to 747 , m 803 to 788 a — independence 
of Babylon, under Nabonassar, 747 — accession 
of Tiglath-Pileser II., 745, 1 769,* before 
738, k 747 , c p 742,^ — overruns Syria, and 
makes Israel tributary, 743 to 732, 1 between 
769 and 738, k 740,° m P 735 1 — Shalmaneser 
IV. {Shalman, Salmanassar, Enemessar,) suc- 
ceeds, 727, 1 725,3- 729, k P 728, 111 726,° 724 1 — 
besieges Samaria, 723^ l m p — accession of 



Sargon, (Sargina, Enemessar,) 722, 1 721 ; 



-Sa- 



maria taken, and Israel overthrown, 72i, klm p 
720,* 722 n — invasions of Egypt, 720 and 7 15 ! 
— Sennacherib, (Sanherib, Tsin-ahhi-arba,) 
his son, succeeds, (12 ab ;) 705, 1 702, la be- 
tween 721 and 713, 11 7i9, p 714,° 7i3> n 691 s 
— invades Syria and attacks Hezekiah, 700, 1 
713 m — invades Egypt, and again attacks 
Hezekiah ; his army is miraculously destroyed, 
698 ?*7i3, k 712, 111 714/P 728,' 690 s — assas- 
sinated and succeeded by his son, Esarh ad- 
don, (Asshur-akh-iddina, Sarchedon, Axerdis, 
Asaridanus,) succeeds, 681, l early in 7ii, k 
7io, c 7o6p — conquers Babylon, after 14 Feb. 
699^ 686,p 68i, m 674° — subjugates Judah, 
and takes Manasseh prisoner to Babylon, after 
680, 1 before 693^ 686,p 68i, m 674°— succeeded 
by Asshur-bani-pal (Sardcinapalus,) his son, 
664, 1 660 a [Asorlanes, (Apronadius, Nergi- 
lus,) 693 k — Adrameles, (Sammughis,) 691 k 
— Axerdis, 670 k — Nabuchodonosor, (Sar- 
danapalus), 65o k ] — accession of Asshur-ebil- 
ili, (Asshur-emil-ili, Saracus ?), son of Asshur- 
bani-pal, 640 ? l 630 ? k 6T,6, e 625 ? b — Nineveh 
taken and the Empire finally overthrown,625, a l 
606, f ka 626m 614, 6o9,p 637 
b Du Fresnoy. 
e Ctesias. 
b Prideaux. 
1 Rawlinson. 
Volney. 
1 Art de Verifier les Dates. 
r Marsbam. s Gumpacb. 

N. B. There is scarcely a date in Assyrian 
history about which Assyriologists are agreed. 
The kings have in many cases wholly differ- 
ent names in each author ; and most of these 
authors confess that of many of the kings 
we know nothing but the names, and are not 
sure even about these. 

Assyrian Canon, — [BC] — commences, 909 
— terminates, 640 — [A D] — discovered and pub- 
lished by Bawlinson, May 1862 — verified by 
discovery of record of solar eclipse, May 1867. 
Ast, Georg Anton Friedrich, philosopher, 
philologist, — b. at Gotha, 1778 — studies at 
Jena, 1798 — lecturer at the University, 1802 — 
Prof. Ancient Literature at Landshut, 1805-12 
— at Munich, i8i2, a 1826b — U. there, 30 Dec. 
1 841. Tlaton's Leben und Schriften, 18 16 — 



a Oppert. 
d Scaliger. 

% Eusebius. 
k Clinton. 
n Zurnpt. 



c Hales. 
f Petavius. 
1 Jackson. 
m Ussher. 
P Newton. 



Lexicon Tlatonicum, 1834-39 — Tlatonis Opera, 
1819-32. a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. 

Astacus, in Bithynia, — [BC] — founded by 
Megarteans, 712/ 707 b — (01. 17, 3,) 710= — 
war of Zipoetes against, 315 — refounded and 
called Nicomedia by Niconiedes I., of Bithynia, 
264. 

a Clinton. b Eusebius. c Muller. 

Asteius, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
101,4,) 373. 

Astell, Mary, theologian and miscellaneous 
writer,— -fc. at Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1668 — ft. 
at London, May 17 31. Defence of Female 
Sex, 1696 — Moderation truly stated, 1704 — 
A fair way with Dissenters, 1704 — Vindica- 
tion of the Toy al Martyr, 1704 — The Christian 
Teligion, 1705. 

Asterius, Turcius Rufus Apronianus, — 
Consul with Prsesidius, (1247, a. u. c.) 494. 

Asti, (Asia,) in Tiedmont, — [B C] — taken by 
Gauls, about 400 — submits to Borne, in the 
Ligurian War, about 180 — destroyed by 
Gauls, is rebuilt by Pompey, about 89 — [AD] 
— invested by Goths, delivered by Stilicho, 
403 — restored by Narses, about 540 — taken 
by Alboin, 569 — made a duchy by the Longo- 
bardi, after 570 — taken by Charlemagne, about 
774 — a republic, about 11 25 — taken and burnt 
by Frederick I., 11 55 — given to Savoy by the 
Emperor Henry VII., 1 3 1 1 a — transferred to 
France, 1387 — given up to Charles V. by Peace 
of Cambray, 1529— given by him to Beatrice of 
Portugal, who marries Charles III. of Savoy, 
1531 — taken by French, 1703— recovered by 
Savoy, 1705 — unsuccessfully besieged by 
French, Jun., Jul. 1706 — stormed by General 
Chevert, Oct. 1745 — retaken by Austrians, 
1746. a Erscb and Gruber. 

Astle, Thomas, antiquary, — fi. at Need- 
wood Forest, about 1735 — F.S.A., 1763 — 
superintends printing of Ancient Becords of 
Parliament, 1770-75 — chief clerk of Becord 
Office, and keeper, 1775 — !&. at London, 1 
Dec. 1803. Origin and Trogress of Writing, 
1784. 

Astolphus, King op the Lombards — suc- 
ceeds his brother Batchis, Mar. 749 — takes Ba- 
venna and the Pentapolis, and extinguishes the 
Exarchate, 752 — advances against Borne, makes 
terms with Pope Stephen II., 752 — defeated 
by Pepin and besieged in Pavia, 754 — besieges 
Borne, 755 — raises the siege, and is besieged 
again in Pavia by Pepin, 755 — restores the 
Exarchate and Pentapolis to Borne, 755 — ft., 
Dec. 756. 

Astorga, in Spain, (Asturica Augtista,) — 
taken by Almansur, (373, a. h.) 983 a — head of 
a marquisate, by Henry IV., 1465 — occupied by 
English under Baird, 12 Nov. 1808 — head- 
quarters of Napoleon I., Jan. 1809 — taken by 
the French, 22 Apr. 18 10 — retaken by Span- 
iards, 30 Jul. 1812 — Council of, on discipline, 
1 Sep. 946. a Conde. 

Astori, Giovanni Antonio, antiquary, — n. 
at Venice, 16 Jan. 1672 — enters the church, 
1698 — tf. at Venice, 23 Jan. 1743. 

Astraea, asteroid, — discovered by Heneke at 
Driessen, 8 Dec. 1845. 



:p 



ASTRAKHAN— ATHEXAGORAS. 



Astrakhan, in Russia, — part of Mogul Em- 
pire of Gengis Khan, 1205-27 — a distinct sove- 
reignty under Batu, about 1 240 — conquered by 
Ivan, Czar of Muscovy, about 1554. 

Astrologers, — [B C] — (Cbaldseans) banished 
front Rome and Italy by edict of C. Cornelius 
Scipio Hispallus, 139 — again, from Rome, by 
M. Agrippa, 33. 

Astrology, — condemned by Council of Tole- 
do, 400 — condemned by Council of Braga, 563 
— in Great Britain, forbidden by Vagrant Act, 
5 Geo. IV. c. 83, 21 Jun. 1824. 

Astronomical Tables, — compiled by Albateg- 
nius, about 880 — by Nasireddin, 1270 — of 
Observatory at Maragha, 1345 — at Samarcand, 
1449. [Alfonsine Tables.] 

Astronomical Society, Royal, in England, 
— founded, 1820 — chartered, 7 Mar. 1831. 

Astronomical Observations, — [B C] — re- 
corded at Babjion from summer 2234,* 2233. b 
a Ussher. b Clinton. 

Astronomy, — [BC] — first cultivated at 
Alexandria by Timochares and Aristyllus, 
about 290 — [Thales, Aristarchus, Ptolemy, 
&c] — [AD] — amongst the Saracens, begins, 
about 762— declines in Asia, from 1450. 

Astruc, Jean, physician, — b. at Sauves, 19 
Mar. 1684 — teaches at University of Montpel- 
lier, 1706-9 — Prof. Anatomy and Medicine, 
Toulouse, 17 10 — Prof. Medicine, Montpellier, 
1716-28 — first Physician to king of Poland, 1728 
— Physician to king of France, 1730 — Prof. 
Medicine, College of France, 1731 — if. at Paris, 
5 May 1766. De morbis venereis, 1736 and 1740. 

Asturias, in Spain, — [B C] — people of, part- 
ly subdued by Augustus, 25 — [AD] — Goths 
take refuge in, from the Moors, 7 1 3 — Pelayo 
makes head against the Moors, 718 to 719 — 
forms a kingdom under Pelayo, 719 — he is suc- 
ceeded by his son Favila, 737 — he defeats Mo- 
hammedans, 738 — Alfonso I., (the Catholic,) suc- 
ceeds, 7 3 9 — Froil a I. , (son,) 7 57 — defeats Moors 
under Omar, 760 — founds, and transfers seat of 
kingdom to Oviedo, 761 — Prince of, title first 
borne by eldest son of the King of Spain, 1388. 

Asturius, — Consul with Fl. Protogenes, 
(1202, a. u. c.) 449. 

Astyages, {mythical). [Media.] 

Astydamas, tragic poet, — [BC] — first ex- 
hibits, Feb., Mar. 398,' (01. 95, 2,) 399^ 
a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. 

Astyphilus, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, 420. 

Asuncion, capital of Paraguay, — founded 
by Juan de Salazar, 1535- — burnt, 1543 — seat 
of bishopric, 1547 — occupied by allied troops 
of Brazil and Argentine Confederation, under 
Marshal Caxias, 5 Jan. 1869 — provisional 
government installed, 12 Aug. 1869. 

Asylum. [Sanctuary.] 

Ata-Melik al Jowaini, Ala-eddin, historian, 
— b. at Jowani, about (624, a. h.) 1226 — lieu- 
tenant to Arghua Khan, of Khorassan, 1256 — 
prefect of Baghdad, by Hulaku, 1258 — impris- 
oned on charge of peculation, by Abaka-Kban, 
1265-81 — restored by Sultan Ahmed, (680,) 
1281— if., 1282. 

Atabalipa, {Atahualpa,) last Inca of Peru, 
succeeds his father, and defeats his brother Hu- 



ascar, 1523 — seized by Pizarro, 17 Nov. 1532 
— put to death, 1533. 

Atalanta, asteroid, — discovered by Gold- 
schmidt at Paris, 5 Oct. 1855. 

Atarnae, in JEolis, — [BC] — besieged 8 
months by Derkyllidas, 398. 

Ataulphus, (Ataalf Athaulphus,Athulphus y 
Adaulphus,) King of the Visigoths, — leads re- 
inforcements to Alaric in Italy, 409 — succeeds 
Alaric, close of 410 a — enters Gaul, 412 s — 
marries Placidia, sister of Honorius, beginning 
414 — passes into Spain, 414 a — murdered at 
Barcelona, early in Sep. 415,* 4i7- b 

a Clinton. b Engl. Cyc. 

Ateius, (Prcetextatus, Philologus,) grammar- 
ian — [B C] — fi. at Rome, about 40. 

Atella. [Aversa.] 

Athanaric, King of the Goths, — in Dacia, 
367 — defeated by Valens, 369 — attempts to 
defend the Dnieper against the Huns, 374 — 
King of the Goths, after Aug. 378 — retires 
from Dacia to Constantinople, 11 Jan. 381 — if. 
there, 25 Jan. 381. 

Athanasian Creed, (Catholic Faith, Symbo- 
lum Athanasium, Symbolum Qiiiconque,) — ac- 
cepted by Western church before 700 — adopted 
in France about 850 — in Spain and Germany, 
about 950 — in England, before 1000 — critical 
history of, by "YVaterland, 1728. 

Athanasius, St, — Patriarch of Alexan- 
dria, theologian, — b. at Alexandria, about 296 
— lives with St Antony, about 315 to 321 — 
deacon at Alexandria, 321 — supports Alexan- 
der against Arians, 321 — attends Council of 
Mce, 325 — succeeds Alexander as Patriarch, 
about Apr. 326 — refuses to admit Arius, about 
331 — defends himself before Constantine, 332 
— deposed by Council of Tyre, 335 — banished 
into Gaul, by Constantine, at Treves, 336 — re- 
stored to his see by Constantine II., 338 — con- 
vokes Council at Alexandria, 340 — flies to 
Rome, on appointment of Gregory of Cappa- 
docia, 341 — restored to communion by Council 
of Rome, 342 — restored to his see, 349 — con- 
demned by Council of Aries, 353 — condemned 
by Council of Milan, 355 — retires to Egyptian 
deserts, 354 — restored to his see by Julian, 
362 — escapes to the deserts, 362 — returns to 
Alexandria, 365 — again expelled, 367 — restored 
by Valens, after a few months ; if., May 372. 

Athanasius, Petrus, rhetorician, — b. in Cy- 
prus, about 1572 — if. at Paris, about 1663. 

Athelney, Isle of, in Somersetshire, — Al- 
fred the Great retires to, 878. 

Athelstan, (Adelstan,) first king of the Eng- 
lish, — b. about 895 — succeeds his father, Ed- 
ward the Elder, 925 — defeats Anlaf at Brun- 
anburgh, 937— if. at Gloucester, 27 Oct. 940. 

Athenaeum, — founded by Hadrian at Rome, 
about 133 — in repute, to 400. 

Athenaeum, — London weekly journal, estab- 
lished, Jan. 1828. 

Athenaeus of Naucratis, — fl. at Alexandria 
and Rome, after 228. 

Athenaeus, physician, — fl. at Rome, after 
100, about 50. 

Athenagoras, Christian Apologist, — fl. before 
200 — composes his Apology, probably about 177. 



ATHENAIS— ATHENS. 



J 3 r 



Atlienais. [Eudocia.] 

Athenas, Pierre Louis, archaeologist, natural- 
ist, — fc. at Paris, 3 Feb. 1752 — settles at 
Nantes, about 1786 — Director of Mint, 1795 
to 1 817 — aids in forming Academic Society of 
Nantes, 1797 — receives gold medal of Academy 
of Sciences, 1824 — tf. at Nantes, 22 Mar. 1829. 

Athenion, — [B C] — leader in second Servile 
war in Sicily, 102 — attacks Lilyboeum unsuc- 
cessfully; and joins Salvius, 102 — wounded in 
battle against L. Licinius Lucullus, 102 — suc- 
ceeds Tryphon as king : and is defeated and 
slain by M\ Aquilius, 101. 

Athenodorus Gananites, Stoic philosopher, — 
[B cj— fl., about 30. 

Athens, Attica,— [B C]— kingly government 
abolished, mythical, 1068 to 752 — [Archons, 
Dracon] — insurrection of Kylon, 620,°- 612 b 
— at war with Mitylene, [ Pittacus,] 606 a — 
expulsion of the Alcmseonidae, 596-5,° 597 b — 
at war with Megara respecting Salamis, 
about 600 b — legislation of Solon, 594 — Peisis- 
tratus first makes hiniself tyrant, 56o, a — Hip- 
pias and Hipparchus, Peisistratidee, succeed 
their father, 527, a 528 b — expulsion of the Pei- 
sistratidae, 510 a — political revolution of Cleis- 
thenes, in opposition to Isagoras, 509 b — in- 
vasion of Cleomenes, 508 b — second and unsuc- 
cessful invasion of Cleomenes, 504 b — at war 
with JEgina, 504 b — withdraws from Ionian 
Confederacy, 499 a — refuses earth and water to 
the ambassador of Darius, 491 a — Persian 
Wars, victory at Marathon, 490 — the city 
burnt by Xerxes, 480 — occupied by Mardo- 
nius, 479 — rebuilt and fortified, with Peirgeus, 
by Themistocles, 478 — commencement of 
Athenian Hegemony in Greece, and formation 
of Delian Confederacy, 477 d — victories of Ki- 
mon, in Thrace and the JEgean, 476 — revolt of 
Naxos, 472 b — Kimon's victory at the Euryme- 
don, 46 6, a 469 b — revolt of Thasos, 465, a 467 b 
—assists in the third Messenian War, 464-1 a 
— alliance with Argos, Thessaly, and Megara, 
462 b — assist Inaros of Egypt, 460-55, ad 
462-58 e — Athenians defeat the Corinthians 
near JEgina in the Megarid, and at Tanagra, 
457, a 460-58 b — the Long Walls completed, 
457-6 a — defeat the Boeotians at (Enophyta, 
45 6, a 457 b — war with Sparta, 45 5, a 45 6 b — 
truce for five years with Sparta and Argos, beg. 
45o, a 45i b — Sacred War, Athenians defeated 
at Coroneia, autumn 447, a 446 b — Euboea and 
Megara revolt and are reduced by Pericles, 445 
— invasion of Pleistoanax ; truce for thirty 
years with Sparta, about Feb. 445, a 446-5 b — 
Thucydides banished, Pericles begins to have 
the sole direction of affairs, 444 a — Samian 
War, 440-39 a — revolt of Potidsea, mids. 
432 a — -Peloponnesian War commences, [Cor- 
cyra,] 431 — surrender of Potidoea, 429 s — 
death of Pericles ; Cleon takes the lead in 
public affairs, autumn 429 s — Athenians send 
assistance to Leontini, 427 a — death of Cleon 
at Amphipolis, 422 — Alkibiades originates an 
alliance with Argos, &c, 420 — Sicilian Expe- 
dition, mutilation of the Hermse, 415 — the 
Constitution of the 400, Mar. to Jun., 411 a — 
victory at sea off Arginusoe, and condemnation 



of the generals, autumn 406 — Athens besieged 
by Lysander, about Nov. 405 d — taken, (01. 
93, 4, Munych. 16) latter part of Mar., a 22 b 
Apr. 404 — the Thirty Tyrants, spring 404 — 
Thrasybulus occupies Phyle and Piraeus ; the 
Thirty Tyrants deposed, installation of the 
Ten, Dec. 404 a — the democracy restored, arch- 
onship of Eucleides, spring 403 d — amnesty, 
(Boedr. 12) Sep. 403 a — alliance with Thebes, 
Corinth, and Argos, 395 d — Conon and Pharna- 
bazus defeat the Spartan fleet at Cnidus, Aug. 
394 a — Long Walls rebuilt, 393 a — peace of 
Antalkidas, about autumn 387— alliance with 
Thebes ; project of a neAV maritime confeder- 
acy* 378 d — peace with Sparta, and renewal of 
the war, 374 s — peace with Sparta, 369 s — al- 
liance with Arcadia, autumn 366 a — defeated 
at sea by Alexander of Pherae, autumn 362 d — 
assist Argseus against Philip of Macedonia; 
Philip makes peace with them, after midsum- 
mer 359 a — attack the Thebans in Euboea, 
357 a — Social War, 358 to 355— Sacred War, 
355 t° 346 — expedition into Acarnania, to 
counteract Philip; embassy of Demosthenes 
and others to Ambracia and Peloponnesus, 
latter part of 343 a — negotiations with Persia 
for help against Philip, 341-40 — Athenians de- 
clare war against Philip, 340 — send help to 
Byzantium ; alliance with Thebes against 
Philip ; new Sacred War commences, 339 — 
Athenians totally defeated at Chseroneia, (7 
Metag.) Aug. 338— submit to Alexander, 335 
— Harpalus comes to Athens, 325 — Lainian. 
War, 323-2 a — Athens surrenders to Cassander, 
who appoints Demetrius Phalereus governor, 
3i7, d 318 b — occupied by Demetrius Poliorke- 
tes, Sep. 307 a — attacked by Cassander, relieved 
by Demetrius, 303 — taken possession of by 
Cassander, autumn 301 — taken by Demetrius, 
299 — recovers its freedom after the victories of 
Pyrrhus, 287 — besieged by Antigonus, 268- 
262 * — attacked by Aratus, about 239 f — deliver- 
ed by Aratus, joins the Achaean League, 232 b 
— receives an embassy from Borne, 228 s — at- 
tacked by Philip of Macedonia, 200 — sends an 
embassy to Borne, 155 s — taken by Sulla, 1 Mar. 
86— [AD]— sacked by the Herulians, 269 s — 
entered by Alaric, 395 — Schools abolished by 
Justinian, after 500 — Otho de la Boche gains 
possession of Athens, [Athens, Duchy of,'] 
1205 — city taken by the Catalan's Grand Com- 
pany, 131 1 — taken by Mohammed II., 1456 — 
besieged and taken by Venetians under Moro- 
sini, 21-29 Sep. 1687 — taken by the Greeks, 
22 Jun. 1822 h - — besieged and taken by the 
Turks, Aug. 1826 to 6 May 1827 h — made the 
capital of the kingdom of Greece, 1834 — 
blockade of Piraeus by British fleet, 18 Jan. to 
27 Apr. 1850 — visited by Emperor of Austria, 
3 Nov. 1869. [Acropolis, Olympeium, Par- 
thenon, Theseium, &c] a Clinton. 

b Zmnpt. c Smith's Diet. d Grote. 
e Heeren. f Tftirlwall. S VIsscher. h Tennent. 
Athens, Duchy of, — Otho de la Boche 
gains possession of Athens, and becomes lord, 
(Grand-sire,) as vassal of the king of Rouma- 
nia, 1205 a — Guy de la Boche (first Duke) 
summoned to do homage to the Prince of 
9* 



ATHENS— ATT ALUS. 



Achaia, 1246, 1254 — suzerainty claimed by 
the king of Naples, in the Treaty of Viterbo, 
1267 — William administers the government 
of Achaia, 1280-90 — Guy II. marries Maud, 
princess of Achaia, 1304 — his cousin, Walter 
de Briexne, succeeds him, 1308 — engages 
the aid of the Catalan Grand Company, 1308 
— successful campaign against the Byzantine 
Emperor, &c, 13 10 — Walter defeated and 
killed by the Grand Company, Mar. 131 1 — 
Roger Deslau {De la Flor) succeeds, 1311 — 
Maxfred, son of Frederick II., king of Sicily, 
made king, 1 326 — Nicholas Acciaiuoli adminis- 
ters the lands hypothecated to the Grand Com- 
pany, 1334 — his relation, Nerio {Denier) I., 
made duke, 1394 — Axtoxio, his son, suc- 
ceeds, 1399 — Nerio II., grand nephew to 
Nerio I., succeeds, 1435 — becomes a vassal of 
the Ottoman Empire, 1444 — Franco Acciai- 
uoli made duke by Mohammed II., 1455 
■ — the duchy abolished by the Turks, 1456. 
a Finlay. 

Athens, in Ohio, U. S., — University estab- 
lished, 1 82 1. 

Atherton Moor, in Yorkshire — Earl of 
Newcastle defeats Lord Fairfax at, 30 Jun. 
1643. 

Athias, Joseph, printer, — honoured by 
States-General of Netherlands, 10 Jun. 1667 
— a", at Amsterdam, 1700. Sebrew Bible, 
1661 and 1667. 

Athletes,— [B C] — first exhibited at Eome 
by M. Fulvius, 186. 

Athlone, Earl of. [Ginkell.] 

Athlone, in Ireland, — captured by General 
Ginkell, 30 Jun. 169 1. 

Athos, Mount — [BC] — canal cut through 
the isthmus, by Xerxes, 482-80 — [AD] — mon- 
astic establishments on, as early as 961. 

Atia, — [BC] — marries C. Octavius, who 
dies, 59, 58° — Augustus Csesar born, 23 Sep. 
63 — marries L. Marcius Philippus; rj., 43. 
a Smith's Diet. 

Atilianus, — Consul with Pontianus, (888, 
a. u. c.) 135. 

Atkinson, Thomas Witlam, F.G.S., artist 
and traveller, — b. in Yorkshire, 1799 — ft. at 
Lower Walmer, Kent, 13 Aug. 1861. Oriental 
and Western Siberia, 1858 — Travels on the 
Amoor, i860. 

Atkyns, Sir Robert, jurist — b., Apr. 1621 — 
called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, 1645 — 
M.P., 1659— K.B., Apr. 1661— Eecorder of 
Bristol, 1661-82— Judge of Court of Common 
Pleas, 15 Apr. 1672 to Feb. 1680 — manages 
defence of Lord William Russell, 1683 — Chief 
Baron of the Exchequer, 18 Apr. 1689 to 22 
Oct. 1694 — Speaker of House of Lords, 19 
Oct. 1689-93 — tf. at Saperton near Ciren- 
cester, 18 Feb. 17 10. Dower, §c., of Darlia- 
ment, 1689. 

Atlanta, Georgia, U. S., — founded, 1845 — 
incorporated as a city, 1847 — defeat of Gen. 
Hood by Gen. Sherman at, 20 and 22 Jul. 
1864 — taken by Sherman, 2 Sep. 1864 — evacu- 
ated by him, 1*2 Nov. 1864. 

Atlantic Cable, — unsuccessful attempt to 
lay, Aug. 1057 — second failure, Jun. 1858 — 



laid, and messages pass, 5 Aug. 1 85 8 — sis 
cease, 30 Aug. — second, partly laid by ' Great 
Eastern,' 23 Jul. to 2 Aug. 1865 — parts, and 
is lost, 2-1 1 Aug. — experiments on lost cable, 
winter of 1865-66 — third, laid by 'Great 
Eastern,' 13-28 Jul. 1866— grappling for cable 
of 1865 commences, 7 Aug. 1866— it is re- 
covered, 1 Sep.— French, laid, by ' Great East- 
ern,' Jun. to 24 Jul. 1869. 

Atlantic Ocean, — first crossed by steam- 
vessel, {Savannah,) May and Jun. 1819. 

Atlas, {geographical,) — constructed by An- 
drea Bianco, 1436 —photographic facsimile 
published, 1870. 

Atmospheric Railway. [Railway.] 

Atomic Theory, in chemistry, — propounded 
by Dalton, 1803. 

Atratinus, A. Sempronius, — [BC] — Consul 
with M. Minucius Augurinus, (257, a. u. c.) 
497 and (263) 491. 

Atratinus, L. Sempronius, — [BC] — Consul 
with L. Papirius Mugillanus, 444, a (311, 
A. it. C.) 443 b — censor, 443. a Smith's Diet. 
b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Atratinus, C. Sempronius, — [BC] — Consul 
with Q,. Fabius Yibulanus, (332, a. tj. c.) 423. 

Atratinus, — Consul with T. Aurelius Ful- 
vus, (842, a. it. c.) 89. 

Atrebates, {Atrabati,) — [BC] — defeated by 
Julius Caesar, 57. 

Atri, Atria. [Hadria.] 

Atropatene. [Media Atropatene.] 

Atropates, King of Media Atrofatexe, 
— [BC] — at battle of Arbela, 331 — satrap of 
Media by Alexander the Great, 33c- — governor 
of province of Greater Media, 323 — establishes 
monarchy of Media Atropatene, after 323. 

Atta, T. Quinctius, comic poet, — [B C] — 

»., 78- 

Attaignant, Gabriel Charles de 1', poet, — 
fj. at Paris, 1697 — tf. there, 10 Jan. 1779. 
Doe'sies, 1757 — Chansons, 1779. 

Attainder, in English Law — corruption of 
blood by, taken away by Act 54 Geo. III. c. 
145, 27 Aug. 1 8 14 — declared no hindrance to 
tracing of descent, by Act 3 and 4 Wm. IV. c. 
106, 29 Aug. 1833. 

Attaleia, in Damphylia — [BC] — built by 
Attalus Philadelphus, 159-138. 

Attaleiata, {Attaliota,) Michael, jurist, — 
judge and proconsul, under the Emperor of the 
East, about 1070 — publishes his system of 
Grfeco-Koman law, 1073. 

Attalus, general, — [BC] — left in Bactria, 
during Sogdian campaign, 328 — commands 
fleet of Perdiccas, and secures his treasures at 
Tyre after his death, 321 — defeated at sea by 
Bhodians, 320 — with Alcetas, defeated by An- 
tigonus in Pisidia and taken, 320 — escapes 
and seizes the castle, 317 — compelled to sur- 
render, 316. 

Attalus I., King of Pergamus, — [BC] — 
succeeds Eumenes I., 241 — defeats Gauls and 
assumes title of king, about 239° — defeats An- 
tiochus Hierax, 229 — acquires all Asia Minor 
within the Taurus, by 226 — reduced to Per- 
gamus, by Seleucus and Antiochus, by 221 — 
joins Byzantines against Ehodes, 220 — re- 



ATTALUS— ATTWOOD. 



133 



covers cities of JEolis, 218 — ally of Antiochus 
the Great against Achaeus, 216-214 — ally 
of Eomans and _ZEtolians against Philip and 
Achceans, 211 — Praetor of JEtolia, 209 — over- 
runs Peparethus, &c, 207 — included in general 
peace, 204 — attacked by Philip, 204 — ally of 
Ehodes against Philip, defeats Philip at sea, 
off Chios, 201 — at Athens, war declared in 
alliance with Pome against Philip, 200 — with 
Eomans takes Oreus, (Oreum,) 199 — winters 
at iEgina, 198-7 — if. at Pergamus, 197. 
a Bawlinson. 

Attalus II., (Philadelphus,) King op 
Pergamus, — [B C] — ft., 220 — at battle of 
Mount Sipylus, 190 — in expedition into Ga- 
latia, 189 — in war against Pharnaces, 182 — 
in Greece, 171 — ambassador to Eome, 192, 
181, 167 — succeeds Eumenes II., 159 — re- 
stores Ariarathes to his kingdom, about 157 — 
attacked by Prusias, obtains aid of Eome, 
and of Ariarathes and Mithridates, 156 — ob- 
tains peace and indemnity of Prusias, 154 — 
aids Alexander Balas in Syria, 152 — aids NI- 
comedes against Prusias, 149 — defeats Diegyles 
of Thrace, after 149— aids Eomans in taking 
Corinth, 146 — if., 138. 

Attalus III., (Philometor,) King op Per- 
gamus, — [BCJ — -succeeds his uncle, Attalus 
II., 138— if.. 133. 

Attalus, Eoman Emperor op the "West, 
— praefect of Eome, declared Emperor by Ala- 
ric, 409 — deposed at Ariminuni, 410 — set 
up as a rival, by Ataulphus, 414 — taken 
by Honorius and banished to Lipari Isles, 
416. 

Attar, (Athar,) Khoja, — secures the throne 
of Orniuz to Shahweiss, i486 — regent of the 
kingdom under Seifeddin IV., about 1500 — 
defeated by Albuquerque, becomes tributary to 
Portugal, 1507 — if., 15 1 3. 

Attar, Ferid Eddin,^? 1 , — u. in Khorassan, 

(613, a. h.) 1226,* (513,) ni9, b about 1119c 

— massacred by Mongols, 1230^ ii22, b 1202.° 

a Biog. Univ. b Nonr. Biog. Gen. 

c Biog. Diet. IT. K. S. 

Atterbury, Francis, Bp op Eochester, — rj. 
at Milton (Middleton) Keynes, 6 Mar. 1662 — 
enters Christ Church, Oxford, 1680 — B.A., 13 
Jun. 1684 — M.A., 20 Apr. 1687 — takes orders, 
probably, 1690 or 1691 — Lecturer of St Bride's, 
London, 1691 — preacher at Eolls Chapel, 1698 
— has controversy with Dr Wake, 1700 — 
Chaplain in ordinary to Queen Anne, 1702 — 
Dean of Carlisle, 1704 — Canon of Exeter, 
1707 — Dean of Christ Church, Oxford, 17 12 — 
Dean of Westminster, Bp of Eochester, 17 13 — 
refuses to sign Bishops' declaration of fidelity, 
17 15 — committed to the Tower, 29 Aug. 1722 
— deprived by act of parliament, Mar. 1723 — 
settles in Paris, Jun. 1723 — engages in schemes 
for a rebellion in the Highlands, 1725 — if. at 
Paris, 15 Feb. 1732 — his remains interred in 
Westminster Abbey. 

Attica. [Athens.] 

Atticus, Bp op Constantinople, — takes 
part with Chrysostom, 403-4 — succeeds Arsacius 
in the see, Feb. 406 — having been excommuni- 
cated by Western Church, he is restored on 



inserting St Chrysostom in the diptychs, 417 
— if., 10 Oct. 425. 

Atticus. [Herodes, Tib. CI. Atticus.] 

Atticus, T. Pomponius, {Q. Ccecilius Pom- 
ponianus Atticus,) — [B C] — h. at Eome, 9 Mar. 
109 — withdraws to Athens, 85 — returns to. 
Eome, 65 — marries Pilia, 12 Feb. 56 — if., 31 
Mar. 32. 

Atticus, Nonius, — Consul with Flavius 
Caesarius, (1150, a. u. c.) 397. 

Atticus, A. Manlius Torquatus,— [BC] — 
Consul with C. Sempronius Blaesus (510, a. tt. 
c.) 244 — and with Q. Lutatius Cicero, (513) 
241. 

Atticus, C. Vettius, — Consul with C. Asinius 
Praetextatus, (995, a. u. c.) 242. 

Atticus, M. Vestinus, — Consul with A. 
Licinius Xerva Silianus, (818, a. u. c.) 65. 

Attigny, in France, — Council of (Attini- 
acum), held, 870. 

Attila, King op the Huns, — with his 
brother Bleda succeeds their uncle Eoas, and 
concludes treaty with Theodosius II., 433, a 
434, b about 430 c — ravages Thrace and IHyria, 
441-2 — murders Bleda and becomes sole king, 
444, d 445 b — ravages Eastern Empire, 445- 
450, 447 d — concludes treaty with Theodosius, 
447 d — crosses Danube and ravages to the gates 
of Constantinople, concludes peace and obtains 
tract on Danube, 446 c — attempt of Theodosius 
on his life, 448 — enters Gaul, battle of Chalons 
sur Marne, retires to Pannonia, 45 1 — destroys 
Aquileia, 452 — 5J. in his own country, 453. 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Smith's Diet. 

c Engl. Cyc. d Clinton. 

Attiret, Jean Denis, Jesuit, painter, — fj. at 
Dole, 31 Jul. 1702— enters Order of Jesuits, 
1732 — sets out for China, about Dec. 1737 — 
offered dignity of mandarin, 29 Jul. 1754 — ir. 
at Pekin, 8 Dec. 1768. 

Attius. [Accius.] 

Attock, {AttoJc,) in the Punjab — built by 
Akber, 158 1 — treacherously gained by Eunjeet 
Singh, 1 818 — battle between the British and 
the Sikhs near, 1848. 

Attorneys, in England, — made by letters 
patent, before 1285 — liberty extended bv Stat. 
of Westminster, 2, c. 10, 13 Edw. L, 1285— 
admitted by Act 15 Edw. II. stat. 1, 1322 ? 
— regulated and guarded by Acts 4 Hen. IV. 
c. 18, 1402-3 ; 33 Hen. YI. c. 7, 1455 ; 3 
Jac. I. c. 7, 1605 ; 12 Geo. I. c. 29, 1725; 2 
Geo. II. c. 23, 1729 ; 12 Geo. II. c. 13, 1739; 
23 Geo. II. c. 26, 1750 — former Acts re- 
pealed, and new regulations, by Act 6 and 7 
Vic. c. 73, 22 Aug. 1843. [Solicitors.] 

Attorney-general, in England,— first ap- 
pointed, before 1279. 

Attraction, [Gravitation,]— of mountains 
proved by Maskelyne's Schehallien experiment, 
1774 — general, of matter, proved by Caven- 
dish's experiment, 1798 — of mountains, con- 
firmed by Baron Zach's experiment, 18 10. 

Attwood, (Atwood,) George, natural philo- 
sopher, — ft., about 1746 — B. A. Trin. Coll. 
Cambridge, 1769 — Pellow and Tutor, 1769 — 
M.A., 1772— F. E. S., 1776— if. at Westmin- 
ster, Jul. 1807. Treatise on Rectilinear and 



i.H 



ATTWOOD— AUCKLAND. 



Rotatory Motion, 1784 — Review of Statutes and 
Ordinances of Assize, 1801 — Construction and 
Properties of Arches, 1801 — Supplement, 1804. 
Attwood, Thomas, musician, — b., 1767 a — 
studies at Naples and Vienna, 1783-6 — organ- 
ist of St Paul's, 1795— composer to Chapel 
Boyal, 1796 — organist to Chapel Royal, 1837 — 
ti., 24 Mar. 1838. 

a Gent. Mag., Diet. Musicians. 
Aubaine, Droit d', — formally aholished by 
Louis X., 15 Dec. 13 15 — abolished by decrees 
of 6 Aug. 1790 and 13 Apr. 1791 — and by 
Constitutional Act, 3 Sep. 1791 — reestablished, 
1804 — exemption from, by Treaty of Paris, 
1 8 14— finally abolished, 14 Jul. 1819 — ex- 
tended to colonies, 21 Nov. 1 82 1. 

Auberoche, in France, — the French defeated 
by Henry, Earl of Derby, at, 1345. 

Aubert de Puycibot, troubadour, — ti. about 
1263. 

Aubert-Dubayet, — b. in Louisiana, 19 Aug. 
1759 — sub -lieutenant in Bourbonnais regiment, 
1780 — member of Legislative Assembly, 1791 
— surrenders Mayence to King of Prussia, 1793 
— minister of War, under Directory, 1796 — 
ambassador to Constantinople, 1796 — tr. there, 
17 Dec. 1797. 

Aubert, Jean Louis, abbe, fabulist, — b. at 
Paris, 15 Feb. 1731 — ti'.,' 10 Nov. i8i4, a 
1776. b a Biog. "Univ. 

b Ersch and Gruber. 
Aubery, Antoine, historian, biographer, — 
b. at Paris, 18 May, 1616 — ti., 19 Jan. 1695. 
FListoire du Cardinal de Richelieu, 1660 — Me- 
moire pour servir a Vhistoire du Cardinal de 
Richelieu, 166c — Histoire du, Cardinal Mazarin, 
1695 — Des justes reclamations du roi sur V em- 
pire, 1667. 

Aubespine, Claude del', Bauonde Chateau - 
neauf, diplomatist, — Secretary of State, 1543 — 
commissioner for Francis I. about peace of 
Hardelot, 1545 — plenipotentiary at treaty of 
Chateau- Cambrensis, 1559 — in the States of 
Paris, 1559 — at Assembly of Fontainebleau, 
1560 — ti., 11 Nov. 1567. 

Aubeterre, Joseph Henri Bouchard d'Es- 
parbes, Marquis d', Marshal of France, — b., 
24 Jan. 17 14 — vrounded at battle of Dettingen, 
1743 — Lieutenant-general, 1758 — Councillor of 
State, 1767 — Commandant in Bretagne, 1775 
— Marshal of France, 13 Jun. 1783 — rj. at 
Paris, 28 Aug. 1788. 

Aubigne, Theodore Agrippa d\ {Albinceus,) 
historian, §c„ — b. at St Maury, 8 Feb. 1550 — 
at siege of Orleans, 1563 — joins Huguenot 
troops, i57o, a 1567 b — in service of Henry of 
Navarre, 1572 — governor of Maillezais, 1588 
-1620 — retires to Geneva, Sep. 1620 — ti. there, 
29 Apr. 1630. Histoire univcrselle (de mon 
temps), 1616-20. a Biog. TJniw 

b Ersch and Gruber. 
Aublet, Jean Baptiste Christophe Fusee, 
botanist, — 6. at Salon,4Nov. 1720 — establishes 
Botanic Garden in the lie de France, 1752— in 
Guyana, 1762-65— tf. at Paris, 6 May 1778. 
Plantes de la Guyane, 1775. 

Aubrey, John, antiquary, — b. at Easton 
Piers, Wilts, 12 Mar. i626, a 3 Nov. 1625 or 



1626 b — enters Trin. Coll. Oxford, 1642 — 
F.K.S., 1662 — travels in France, 1664 — tr., 
7 Jun. 1697 or 1700. Miscellanies, 1696. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Chalmers. 

Aubrey, William, jurist,— b. at Abercwn- 
wrig, 1529 — Fellow of All Souls, Oxford, 1547 
— Eeg. Prof. Civil Law, 7 Oct. 1553— D. C. L., 
1554 — at Conference at Bruges, 1565— tr. in 
London, 23 Jul. 1595. 

Aubriet, Claude, painter, — b. at Chalons- 
sur-Marne, 1651,* 1665 ? b — accompanies Tour - 
nefort to Levant, 1700 — returns, 1702 — ti. at 
Paris, i743, a 3 Dec. i742. b 

a Biog. Univ. b Jal. 

Aubrion, Jean, chronicler, — >f. at Metz, 10 
Oct. 1501. 

Aubriot, Hugues, — Prevot des marchands, 
Paris, 1367 — builds the Bastille, 1369— tS. at 
Dijon, 1382. 

Aubry, Francois, — b. at Paris, 1750 — 
deputy to Convention, 1790 — arrested, 1793 — 
member of Committee of Public Safety, 4 Apr. 
1795 — member of Council of Five Hundred; 
transported to Guyana, 1797 — escapes to De- 
merara, 1798 — ti. there, 1799. 

Aubry, Claude Charles, general, — b. at 
Bourg en Bresse, 25 Oct. 1773 — enters School 
of Artillery, 10 Mar. 1792 — Director of marine 
Artillery, St Domingo, 1801 — Colonel, 1804 
— constructs bridge of Beresina, 18 12 — killed 
at battle of Leipsic, 18 Oct. 1813. 

Aubusson, Pierre d', Grand Master of 
Knights of St John of Jerusalem, — b., 1423 — 
serves against Turks in Hungary, i435 a — ac- 
companies the Dauphin Louis to siege of Mon- 
tereau, 1437 s — a * battle of St Jacob, Basel, 
1444 — Grand Master, 1476 — defends Bhodes 
against Mahomet II., 23 May to 28 Jul. a 
1480 — gives up Zizim to the Pope, and is 
created a cardinal, 1488 — generalissimo of 
League against Turks, by Alexander VI., 
15012 — ft. at Ehodes, 13 Jul. 1503. 
a Ersch and Gruber. 
Aubusson, Francois, Viscount d', Duke, 
&c, Marshal of France, — at battle of Bethel, 
1 65 1 — Governor of Dauphiny, 168 1 — erects 
statue of Louis XIY. on Place des Yictoires, 
1686 — tf., 19 Sep. 1691. 

Auchmuty, Sir Samuel, military officer, — 
b. about 1762,* 1756 13 — enters the army, Aug. 
1776 — serves in America till 1770 — serves in 
India, 1778-97, i783-96 b — serves in Egypt, 
1801-2 — K. B,, 1803 — serves in S. America, 
1806-7 — serves in Java, 181 1 — returns to 
Europe, lieutenant-general, 181 3 — ti. at Dublin, 
11 Aug. 1822. 

a Eose's Biog. Diet. b Engl. Cyc. 

Auckland, William Eden, Bauon, — b., 
1750 — Under Secretary of State, 1773 — envoy 
to North America, on colonial affairs, 1778 — 
Secretary of State for Ireland, 1780 — pleni- 
potentiary at Versailles, 1785 — plenipotentiary 
in Spain, 1788 — succeeds to the title, 1790 — 
ambassador to Holland, 1790— signs conven- 
tion respecting Netherlands, 10 Dec. 1790 — 
negotiates alliance against France, 1791 — ti., 
28 May 1 8 14. 
Auckland, New Zealand, — Nonconformist 



AUCKLAND— AUGUR. 



35 



Colonists sail for, 29 May 1862 — seat of 
government removed to "Wellington, Dec. 1864. 
Auckland Islands,— discovered by Captain 
Briscoe, 1 806— first settlement in, 1849. 

Auctions, — [BC] — tax upon, imposed by 
Augustus, after 31 — [AD] — tax abolished by 
Caligula, before 37 — in England, excise duty 
on, imposed by Acts 17 Geo. III. c. 50, 1777 ; 
27 Geo. III. c. 13, 1787— explained by 29 
Geo. III. c. 63, 1789; 30 Geo. III. c. 26, 
1790; 32 Geo. III. c. 41, 1792; 41 Geo. III. 
cc. 42 and 91, 21 May and 2 Jul. 1801 ; 42 Geo. 
III. c. 93, 22 Jun. 1802; 47 Geo. III. s. 2, c. 
60, 13 Aug. 1807 — repealed by Act 8 Vic. c. 15, 
8 May 1845. 

Auctioneers' Licence, — imposed and regu- 
lated by Acts 17 Geo. III. c. 50, 1777 ; 19 
Geo. III. cc. 25-6, 1779; 21 Geo. III. c. 17, 
1781 ; 22 Geo. III. c. 66, 1782; 32 Geo. III. 
c. 11, 1792 ; 42 Geo. III. c. 93, 26 Jun. 1802. 

Audaeans, (Audians,) heretics, — appear 
about 400 to 500. 

Audaeus, polemical theologian, — tf. about 
372. 

Audebert, Germain, poet, — b. at Orleans, 
15 1 8 — tf. there, 1598. 

Audebert, Jean Baptiste, painter and na- 
turalist, — n. at Rochefort, 1759 — tf., 1800. 
Histoire naturelle des Singes, 1800 — Histoire 
naturelle generate des Colibris, 1802. 

Audenaerde, (Oudenaerde) Robert van, 
painter and engraver,— -ft. at Ghent, 1663 — 
tf. there, 1743, a 1713^ 

a Biog. Univ. and Nagler. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Audiffredi, Giovanni Battista, biblio- 
grapher, astronomer, &c, — ft. at Saorgio, 2 
Feb. 1 7 14 — tf., 3 Jul. 1794. 

Audley, (Awdley,) Thomas, Baron Audley 
of Walden, Lord Chancellor of England, — ft. 
at Earls Colne, in Essex, 1488 — Reader of 
Inner Temple, 1526 — Speaker of House of 
Commons, 3 Nov. 1529 — Attorney of Duchy 
of Lancaster, 1530 — Sergeant at law, Nov. 
153 1 — Lord Keeper and Knt, 20 May 1532 — 
Lord Chancellor, 26 Jan. 1533 — Baron, 29 
Nov. 1538 — K. G„ 1540 — surrenders Great 
Seal, Apr. 1544 — ft. at London, 30 Apr. 1544. 

Audouin, Pierre, engraver, — ft. at Paris, 
1768 — tr., 12 Jul. 1822. 

Audouin, Jean Victor, zoologist, — ft. at 
Paris, 27 Apr. 1797 — Prof, at the Museum, 
1833 — tf. at Paris, 9 Nov. 1841. 

Audran, Girard, {Gerard^) engraver, — 6. at 
Lyons, 2 Aug. 1640 — at Rome, 1666-9 — re- 
ceived at the Academy, Paris, 31 Mar. 1674a 
— Councillor of Academy of Painting, Paris, 
1681 — tf. there, 1703^ 8 Feb. 1691^ 
a Jal. b Biog. Univ. 

Audubon, John James, ornithologist, — ft. 
in Louisiana, 4 May i78o, a about 1774 b — 
travels, 1 8 10-25 — i n England, 1 826-28 — at 
Paris, 1828 — returns to L T nited States, Apr. 
1830 — visits England, 1831 — takes final leave 
of Europe, 1839 — tf. at Hudson, New York, 27 
Jan. 1851. Birds of America, 1830-39, 1844 — 
American Ornithological Biography, 1831-39. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. 

Auenbrugger, (Avenbr agger,) Leopold, 



physician, — ft., 19 Nov. 1722 — tf., 1809. 
Inventum Novum, (Auscidtation,) 1761. 

Auerstadt, in Germany,— Davoust defeats 
Duke of Brunswick, who is killed, 14 Oct. 1 806. 

AuMena, in Italy, — [B C] — stormed by Cn. 
Fulvius, (456, a. u. c.) 298. 

Aufidius, Cn., historian, jurist, — [3C] — 
quaestor, 119 — trib. pleb., 114 — praetor, 108. 

Auger, Athanase, translator, — 6. at Paris, 
i734, a 1724b — tf., 7 Feb. 1792. Translations 
of I)emosthenes and JEschines, 1777 ; of Cice- 
ro's Orations, 1792-94. 

a Biog. Univ. and Engl. Cyc. b Chalmers. 

Augereau, Pierre Francois Charles, Duke 
de Castiglione, marshal of France, — ft. at 
Paris, n Nov., a 21 Oct. b 1757 — serves as 
volunteer in revolutionary army, against Spain, 
1792 — commands at Millesimo, 13 Apr. 1796 
—-distinguishes himself at Areola, Nov. 1796 — ■ 
aids in the revolution of Fructidor, 1797 — 
member of Council of Five Hundred, 1799 — ■ 
employed by Napoleon I., 1805 — Grand Officer 
of Legion of Honour, Duke de Castiglione, 
1805 — goes over to Louis XVIII. , and is 
made a peer, 18 14 — tf., 12 b Jun. 18 16. 
a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Aughrim, (Aghrim,) in Ireland, — General 
Ginkell defeats forces of James II. at, 12 Jul. 
1691. 

Augmentation of Benefices, in England, — 
provided for by Act 26 and 27 Yic. c. 120, 28 
Jul. 1863. 

Augmentations, Court of, in England, for 
managing the revenues of the lesser monaste- 
ries, given to the Crown, established by Act 27 
Hen. VIII. c. 27, 1536. 

Augsburg, (Augusta Vindelicorum,) — [B C] 
— colony planted by Augustus, about 12 — [AD] 
— pillaged by Huns, before 500 — incorporated 
with kingdom of Theodoric, the Ostrogoth, 
506 — under rule of Franks, before 58o a — 
nearly destroyed in wars of Charles the Great, 
788 — free Imperial city, 1276 — government 
becomes democratic, 1368 — member of Swabian 
League, 1488-1534 — entered by Gustavus 
Adolphus, 1632 — besieged and taken by Im- 
perialists, 1634-35 — bombarded by French and 
Bavarians, 1703 — loses Imperial rank by Peace 
of Presburg, 1805 — surrendered to Bavaria, 4 
Mar. 1806. Council of, on discipline, &c, 952. 
Confession of, presented to Charles V., Jun. 
1530. Feace of Religion, concluded, 26 Sep. 
1555. League of, between the Emperor, kings 
of Spain and Sweden, Electors of Saxony and 
Bavaria, against Louis XIV., formed at in- 
stigation of "William Prince of Orange, and 
signed, 19 Jul. 1686. a Ersch and Gruber. 

Auguis, Pierre Jean Baptiste, politician, — 
ft. at Melle, Poitou, 1748— Deputy to Legisla- 
tive Assembly, 179 1 — Deputy to National Con- 
vention, Sep. 1792 — opposes Robespierre, (12 
Germinal,) 1 Apr. 1795 ; and (1 Prairial) 20 
May 1795 — Deputy to Council of Five Hun- 
dred, 1799 — at the sitting at St Cloud, (18 
Brurnaire,) 10 Nov. 1799 — tf. at Melle, 7 Feb. 
1810. 

Augur, Cn. Corn. Lentulus,— [B C] — Consul 
with M. Licinius Crassus, (740, a. tj. c.) 14. 



i-,6 



AUGUR— AUGUSTUS. 



Augur, — Consul with M. Annius Terns, 
(874, a. u, c.) 121. 

Angurinns, T. Genucius,— [B C]— Consul 
with Ap. Claudius Crassinus, and decemvir, 
(303, a. v. c.) 451. 

Augurinns, M. Genucius, — [BC] — Consul 
with C. Curtius Philo, (309, a. tj. c.) 445. 

Augurinns, M. Minucius,— [B C] — Consul 
with A. Sempronius Atratinus, (257, a. u. c.) 
497, and (263,) 491. 

Augurinus, L. Minucius, — [BC] —Consul 
with C. jNTautius Rutilus, (296, a. tj. c.) 458. 

Augurinus, P. Minucius, — {BC\— Consul 
with T. Geganius Macerinus, (262, a. it. c.) 492. 

Augurinus, Q. Minucius,— [B C]— Consul 
with C. Horatius Pulvillus, (297, a. it. c.) 457. 

Augurinus, T. Minucius, — [B C] — Consul 
with L. Postumius Megellus, (450, a. tj. c.) 305. 

Augurinus, C. Serius, Consul with M. Cei- 
onius Sylvanus, (909, a. u. c.) 156. 

Augurinus, — Consul with Sergianns, (885, 
a. r. c.) 132. 

Augurs, College of, at Rome,—[B C]— num- 
ber of, increased to nine by Ogulnian Law, 300 
— to 15 by Sulla, 81 — to 16 by Julius Caesar, 
about 46 — Bomitian Laio of election of, passed, 
103 — repealed by Sulla, 81 — restored by T. 
Annius Labienus, 63 — abrogated by Antonius, 
44. 

Augusta. [Aosta, Augsburg, Merida, 
Turin.] 

Augustales, (Augustalia,) games, — exhibited 
at Pome by decree of Senate, (735, a. u. c.) 
11 — again, in 230. 

Augustales Sodales, order of priests — in- 
stituted by Tiberius, after 13. 

Augustenburg, Christian (Carl) August, 
Prince of Schleswig-Holstein Sunder- 
burg, Prince Boyae oe Sweden, — fj., 9 Jul. 
1768 — serves in Danish army in Norway, 
1804 — Field Marshal, Ticeroy or Governor of 
Norway, 15 Jul. 1809 — Prince Eoyal of Swe- 
den, 1 Jan. 1 8 10 — ft., 22 May 18 10. 

Augustenburg, Frederick, Prince of 

SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN SoNDERBTJRG, DUKE OF 

Holstein, — b.,6 Jul. 1829 — claims sovereignty 
of Schleswig-Holstein, 18 Xov. 1863 — enters 
Kiel and is proclaimed Duke, 30 Dec. 1863 — 
the German Diet requests Austria and Prussia 
to cede Holstein to him, 6 Apr. 1865 — his ex- 
pulsion from Holstein demanded by Prussia, 
refused by Austria, 17 Jun. 1865. [Schleswig- 
Holstein War.] 

Augusti, Christian Johann Wilhelm, theolo- 
gian,^, at Eschenbcrga, 27 Oct. 177 i, a 1772 b 
— studies at Jena, 1790 — Prof. Extraor. there, 
1800 — Prof. Oriental Literature, 1803 — Prof. 
Theologv, 1 807 — Prof. Theology, Breslau, 
i8n, a i8i2 b — Prof. Theology, Bonn, 1819 — 
Director of Consistory of Coblentz, 1833 — rj. 
at Coblentz, 28 Apr. 1841. Benkivurdigkeiten 
aus der Christlichen Arthceologie, 18 17-31. 
a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Augustin, Antonio, Abp of Tarragona, 
— 6. at Saragossa, 1516 — studies at Sal- 
amanca, 1528 — Doctor, at Bologna, 1541 — 
Nuncio to England, by Julius III., 1554— 
Nuncio to Spain, by Paul IT., 1558 — as Bp of 



Lerida, attends Council of Trent, 1562 — Abp 
of Tarragona, 1574-86 — rj. at Tarragona, 
May 1586. Works, 1765-74. — letters, 1804. 

Augustine Order, (Canons of the Order of 
St Augustine,) — appears in England, about 
1 105. 

Augustine, St. [Augustinus, St.] 

Augustine, (Austin,) St, Abp of Canter- 
bury, Apostle of the English, — sent to Eng- 
land by Pope Gregory the Great, 596 a — con- 
secrated Abp at Aries, 597 — holds conferences 
with Cambrian prelates, probably 603 — conse- 
crates Mellitus and Justus, 604 — tf. at Canter- 
bury, 26 May 605, 15 604 ? a — his body removed 
to N. porch of cathedral, 613 a — part of the 
remains removed to interior of cathedral by 
Abbot "Wido, 109 1 — the other part to another 
tomb, 1300. a Hook. b Bede. 

Augustinus, Aurelius, St, Bp of Hippo, — 
fj. at Tegaste, 13 Nov. 354 a — studies rhetoric at 
Carthage, 37 1 — embraces Manichaeisin, 37 3 a — 
teaches rhetoric at Carthage, 379 — goes to Pome, 
renounces Manichseism for Academics, 383 — 
removes to Milan, 384 — baptized there by St 
Ambrose, 25 Apr. 387 — his mother, Monica, 
dies before Kov. 387 a — returns to Africa, Aug. 
388 — passes his time in seclusion and religious 
exercises, 389-91 — ordained priest, 391 — coad- 
jutor to Talerius ; made bishop at Council of 
Hippo, 395 — encourages and regulates monach- 
ism, 407 — has a coadjutor, 426 a — Hippo be- 
sieged by Genseric, 429 — &., 28 Aug. 430 a — 
body removed to St Stephens in Sardinia, 506 
— to Pavia, 713 — discovered there, 1695 — re- 
moved to Hippo, 23 Oct. 1842. Be YitaJBeata, 
386 — BeAcademicis, 387 — Confessiones, 397 b — 
Contra Felicem Manichceum, 7 Dec. 404 — Brev. 
coll. contra Bonatistas, 41 1 — Be Civitate Bei, 
within 411-428 a — Be Cur a pro Mortuis ger en- 
da, about 421 c — Eetractationes, 42 8. b 

a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. c De Rossi. 

Augustinus Olomucensis, scholar, — fj. at 
Olmiitz, about 1470 — ft. at Olmiitz, 11 May 

Augustulus, Romulus, Roman Emperor 
of the West, — proclaimed by his father 
Orestes, at Eavenna, 31 Oct. 475 — deposed by 
Odoacer, 475. 

Augustus, (Octavius, C. Julius Caesar Octa- 
vianus,) Emperor of Home, — [BC] — fj. at 
Telitae, (9 Kal. Oct. 691, a. u. c.) 23 Sep. 
63, 28 Nov., a (689,) 62 b — member of Coll. of 
Pontiffs, 47 — takes part in the end of Spanish 
war, at Munda ? 45 — goes to Apollonia, end of 
Oct. 45 — appointed mag. equit. by Jul. Caesar, 
44 — returns to Pome as Caesar's heir, 30 Apr. 
to 1 May, 44 c — with the Consuls Hirtius and 
Pansa defends camp at Mutina, Apr. 43 — 
elected Consul, (14 Kal. Sep.) 19 Aug. 43 — 
agrees with Antony and Lepidus at Bononia to 
form a Triumvirate, 3 1 Oct. 43 c — law by P. 
Titius, appointing the Triumvirs, (15 Kal. 
Dec. 711,) 27 Kov. 43 — war against Sextus 
Pompeius, summer 42 to beginning of summer 
39 — defeats Brutus and Cassius at Philippi, 
Nov. or beginning Dec. 42 — Perusian war 
with Antony, end of 41 to latter half 40 — goes 
into Gaul, " summer 39 — marries Scribonia, 



AUGUSTUS— AUMONT. 



i37 



summer, 39° — marries Livia, (716,) 38 — war 
with. Sextus Pompeius, Sicilian war, beg. 38 
to beg. winter 36 — renewal of Triumvirate 
for 5 years, (winter 717-8,) 1 Jan. 37 — inter- 
view with Antony at Tarentum, 37 — prepara- 
tions against Sextus Pompeius, 37 to spring 36 
— returns to Borne, receives ovation, before 13 
Nov. 36 — goes into Sicily, beg. 35 — war in 
Illyria, Pannonia, &c, (Dalmatic War,) sum- 
mer 35 — war in Illyria, winter 35 to winter 34 
— Dalmatic war, 34 — Consul with L. Volcatius 
Tullus, abdicates, 1 Jan. 33 — breaks with 
Antony, 32 — Consul with. M. Valerius Messala 
Corvinus, Actiac war with Antony, spring ; bat- 
tle of Actium, (4 Non. Sep. 723,) 2 Sep. 31 
— winters at Samos, 31-30 — Consul with M. 
Licinius Crassus, (724,) 30 — returns to Italy, 
and then proceeds to Alexandrian war, against 
Antony, spring 30 — ends the war, Aug. 30 — 
winters in Asia Minor, 30-29 — Consul with 
Sextus Appuleius, (725,) 29 — triumphs, by 
his Illyrian, Actian, and Alexandrian vic- 
tories, (8, 7, 6 Id. Sext. 725,) 6, 7, 8 Aug. 29 
— made Emperor, by Senatus-consultum, 29 — 
Consul with M. Agrippa, (726,) 28 — Censor 
Potest., 28— makes up the patrician houses, 
28 — Princeps Seratus, 28 — Consul with M. 
Agrippa, (727,) 27 — Imperial dignity for 
10 years conferred by Senate and people, 1 
Jan. 27 c — title Auffust us given, (16 Kal. Feb. 
727,) 17 Jan. 27 d — (Id. Jan.) 13 Jan. e — (17 
Kal. Feb.) 16 Jan. f — (8 Id Jan.) 6 Jan. 725 s 
— goes to Gaul, summer 27— toTanaio in Spain, 
for winter, 27-6 — Consul with T. Statilius 
Taurus, (728,) 26 — war with Cantabrians and 
Asturians, 26-5 — sick at Tanaio, greater part 
of 26-5 — Consul with M. Junius Silvanus, 
(729,) 25 — Consul with C. Norbanus Flaccus, 
(730,) 24— returns to Eome, sick yet, 24 — de- 
clared superior to laws, by Senate, 24 h — Consul 
withA. Terentius Varro Murena, (731,) 23 — sick 
yet, recovered by cold water cure, 23 — abdicates 
and receives perpetual tribunician power, (5 
Kal. Jul. 731,) 27 Jun. 23 — conspiracy of 
Murena, 22 — goes into Sicily, end of 22 — goes 
to Greece, 21 — and winters at Samos, 21-20 — in 
Asia, 20 — winters at Samos, 20-19 — receives 
Indian embassy at Samos, 20 — receives Cras- 
sus' standards from Parthia, 20 — returns to 
Eome, (4 Id. Oct. 735,) 12 Oct. 19 — receives 
censorial power for 5 years, and consular power 
for life, 19 — reform of the Senate, reduced to 
600, Legg. Julice, 18 — accepts empire, for 5 
years, end of 18 — adopts Caius and Lucius 
Agrippa, (01. 190, 4,) (4 Kal. Jun.) 29 May 17 
— Ludi Sceculares, 17 — goes into Gaul, summer 
16 — and returns to Eome, (4 Non. Jul. 741,) 
4 Jul. 13 — Pontifex Maximus, (Prid. Non. 
Mar. 742,) 6 Mar., 12 — in Gaul, spring to Dec. 
10 — accepts empire for ten years, beg. 8 — 
in Gaul, during summer 8 — corrects the Ca- 
lendar, name of the month Sextilis changed 
to August, (746,) 8 — Consul with L. Corn. Sulla, 
(749,) 5 — -Consul with M. Plautius Sylvanus, 
(752,) 2—Fater Tatrice, (Non. Feb. 752,) 5 
Feb. 2 — [AD] — Emperor for 10 years, end of 
3 — adopts Tiberius Nero and Agrippa Postu- 
mius, (5 Kal. Jul. 757,) 27 Jun. 4 — Emperor 



for 10, years, Tiberius colleague, 11 13 — tf. at 
Nola, (14 Kal. Sep. 767,) 19 Aug. 14. 

a Ideler. b Biog. Univ. c Fischer. 

d Censorinus. e Ovid. f Kalendar Praenest. 
8 Orosius. h Schmitz. 

Augustus II., Frederick, Elector of Sax- 
ony, King of Poland, — fi. at Dresden, 12 
May 1670 — succeeds his brother, John George 
IV., as Elector of Saxony, 1694 — commands 
against Turks in Hungary, 1695 — elected king 
of Poland on death of Sobieski, 25 Jun. 1697 
— war against Sweden, alliance with Denmark 
and Eussia, 1700 — repulsed from Eiga by 
Dahlberg, May 1700 — defeated at Brisen, on 
the Duna, 19 Jul. 1701 — between Clissowand 
Binczow, 19 Jul. 1702 — at Pultusk, by Charles 
XII., 1 May 1703 — at Frauenstadt, 13 Feb. 
1706— renounces throne of Poland, by Peace 
of Altranstadt, 24 Sep. 1706 — serves incogni- 
to in campaign in Netherlands against France, 
1708 — restored to throne of Poland, after de- 
feat of Charles XII. at Pultawa, 1709 — league 
with Prussia, Eussia and Denmark, against 
Charles — tf., 1 Feb. 1733. 

Augustus Frederick III., Elector of Sax- 
ony, King of Poland— t). at Dresden, 7 Oct. 
1696 — marries Maria Joseph of Austria, 17 19 
succeeds his father as Elector of Saxony, Feb. 
1733 — elected king of Poland, 5 Oct. 1733 — 
recognized by Diet of Pacification, Jun. to Jul. 
1734 — alliance with England and Austria, in 
defence of House of Habsburg, 1743 — driven 
out of Dresden and Saxony by Frederick the 
Great, Dec. 1745 — forms alliance with Eussia 
against Prussia, 1756 — his army captured by 
Frederick, at Pirna, 15 Oct. 1756 — driven 
again to Poland, 1756 — ft. at Dresden, 5 Oct. 
1763. 

Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex. 
[Sussex, Duke of.] 

Aulic Council, of German Empire, — insti- 
tuted by Maximilian I., about 1500 — regulated 
by Ferdinand III., 1654 — ceases with the Em- 
pire, 1806. 

Aulisio, Domenico, linguist, jurist, §c. — ft. 
at Naples, 14 Jan. 1639 — Prof. Civil Law, 
Naples, 1685-17 17 — tf. there, 29 Jan. 17 17. 

Aumale, Claude II. of Lorraine, Duke of, 
— b. 1523 — distinguishes himself at defence of 
Metz, against Charles V., 1552-3 — at battles 
of Dreux, 1562 — St Denis, 1567 — and Mon- 
contour, 1569 — promotes massacre of St Bar- 
tholomew, 1572 — killed at siege of Eochelle, 
14 Mar. 1573. 

Aumale, Charles of Lorraine, Duke of, — ■ 
fo. about 1554 — succeeds his father, 1573 — 
supports the League, 1589-94 — takes part in 
battles of Arques, 1589, and Ivry, 1590— if. 
at Brussels, 1631. 

Aumale, Claude, Chevalier d', — killed at 
attack on St Denis, 3 Jan. 159 1. 

Aumont, Jean d', Marshal of France, 
— h., 1522 — taken prisoner at St Quentin, 
1557 — at the taking of Calais, Guines, and. 
Ham, 1558 — at battles of Dreux and Jarnac, 
1562 — at battle of Mon contour, 1569 — at 
siege of Eochelle, 1573 — Chevalier des ordres 
du roi, 1578 — Marshal of France, 1579 — re- 



3S 



AUMOXT— AUEUXGZEBE. 



cognizes Henry IV., 1589 — aids him at Dieppe, 
present at Arques 1589 — carries faubourgs 
of St Jacques and St Michel at Paris, 1590 — 
at battle of Ivry, 1590 — Governor of Bretagne, 
against Mercosur ; takes Laval, ore, &c, 1594 
—jj. at Bennes, of wound received at siege of 
Camper, 19 Aug. 1595. 

Aumont et d' Estrabonne, Antoine d' , Mar- 
shal of France, — b., 1601 — at siege of Mont-- 
auban, 162 1 — wounded at She, 1627 — at 
siege of Bochelle, 1628 — at Pas de Suse, 1629 
— Captain of king's Guards, 1632 — Chevalier du 
St Esprit, 1633 — Governor of Boulogne, 1635 
— defeats 700 Spaniards at Monthulin, 1637 — 
Lieutenant- General, 10 Jul. 1645 — at passage 
of the Colme, 19 Jul. 1645 — at Estaires, 1647 
— at Lens, 1648 — commands right wing at 
Bethel, 1650 — Marshal of France, 5 Jan. 1651 
— Governor of Paris, 1662 — Duke and peer of 
France, 1665 — in campaign of Flanders, 1667 
— tf. at Paris, n Jan. 1669. 

Aumont, Louis Marie Celeste, Duke or, 
— b., i77o, a 1762 b — takes part with Duke of 
Orleans in the revolution, 1789 — emigrates, 
1792 — serves in Spain, 1793 — joins Louis 
XVIII. at Mittau, 1795 — Marechal de camp, 
1800 — serves in campaigns of 1805-8 — returns 
to Paris, 1814 — Lieutenant-general, 1815 — 
retires to England, after 20 Mar. 18 15 — Peer, 
17 Aug. 1 8 15 — if., 12 Jul. 1 83 1. 

a Biog. L'niv. b Cony. -Lex. 

Aungervyle, Eichard d'. [Kichard de 
Bury.] 

Aunoy, (Aidnoy,) Marie Catherine, Count- 
ess of, novelist, — b., about 1650 — 5j. at Paris, 
Jan. 1705. Contes des Fees, 1698. 

Auray, in France, — John Chandos defeats 
and captures Bertrand du Guesclin, near, 29 
Sep. 1364. 

Aurelian Law, (Aurelia Judiciarid,) — [BC] 
— gives judicial power to the three orders, 
passed after (Xon. Sextil. 684, a. u. c.) 5 
Aug. 70. 

Aurelianus, L. Domitius, (Valerius,) Em- 
peror of Eome, — b. at Sirmium in Panno- 
nia (?), about 212 — repels Franks in Mayence, 
before 255 — expels Goths from Illyria and 
Thrace, 257 — Consul suffect., 22 May 257 — 
Commander-in-chief of cavalry, by Claudius, 
about 269 — succeeds Claudius, end of Aug. 
270 — defeats Goths in Pannonia, 270 — defeats 
Alamanni, 270 — defeated by them, at Milan, 
close of 270 — defeats them in Fano, (Umbria,) 
in three battles, after 1 1 Jan. 27 1 — puts down 
sedition at Eome, with great cruelty, 271 — 
marches through Thracia, Bithynia, &c, and 
defeats Palmyrenes, on the Orontes, 272 — 
defeats them again at Emesa, 272 — captures 
Zenobia and Palmyra, beginning of 273 — re- 
turns from Byzantium and destroys Palmyra, 
273 — subdues and puts Firmus to death at 
Alexandria, close of 273 — defeats Tetricus near 
Chalons, and unites the Eoman Empire, 274 
— his great triumph, 274 — relinquishes Dacia; 
assassinated by Mucapor, between Heraclea 
and Byzantium, before 25 Mar., a Jan. b 275. 
a Clinton. b Gibbon. 



Aurelianus, — Consul with Fl. Stilicho, (1 153, 

A. U. C.) 40O. 

Aurelius Antoninus, M., Emperor of 
Eome, — b. at Eome, 26, a 2o, b Apr. 121 — 
adopted by Antoninus Pius, 25 Feb. 138 — mar- 
ries Faustina, 138 — Consul with Antoninus Pius 
Augustus, (893, a. u. c.) 140, and (898) 145 — 
tribune, 147 — succeeds Antoninus Pius, (914.) 
7 Mar. 161 — triumph, with L. Verus, for 
Parthian victories, 166— persecution of Chris- 
tians, 166 — war against Marcomanni, 167-8 — ■ 
submission of Sarmatian confederacy, 168 — ■ 
war renewed, 169 — assumes title Germanicus, 
172 — defeats the Quadi, (story of the Thunder- 
ing Legion,) 174 — visits the East, after the 
rebellion of Avidius Cassius, 175-6 — death of 
Faustina, near Mount Taurus, 175 — triumphs, 
23 Dec. 176 — persecution of Christians in 
Gaul, 177 — war with Sarmatian confederacy, 
177, 178-9 a — lj. at Vienna, 17 Mar. 180. 
a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. 

Aurifaber, Joannes, (Goldschmidt, Sans,) 
theologian, — h. about 15 19 — enters University 
of Wittenberg, 1537— tutor to son of Count 
Mannsfeld, 1540 — at Eisleben with Luther, 
1546 — Prof. Theology and minister at Eostock, 
1550 — Court Chaplain at Weimar, 155 1- 
62 — pastor at Erfurt, 1566 — tf. at Breslau, 
18 Nov. 1575. Edition of Luther's Tischreden, 
1569. 

Auriferi, Bernardino, painter, botanist, — 
b. in Sicily, 1739 — becomes Cordelier, 1766 — 
tf. at Palermo, 29 Jan. 1796 — LLortus Fanormi- 
tanus, 1789. 

Aurispa, Giovanni, classical scholar, — b. at 
Noto in Sicily, 1369 — visits Constantinople, 
about 141 8 — returns to Italy with MSS., 
1420 a — at Florence, visited by Emperor John 
Palseologus, 1438 b — secretary to Eugenius IV., 
1441-47 — secretary to Nicholas V., 1447-49 or 
50 — ft. at Ferrara, about Dec. 1460. 

a Erscb and Gruber. b Biog. Univ. 

Aurogallus, Matthaeus, philologist, — aids 
Luther in translating the Bible, between 
1521-35 — tf. at Wittenberg, 1543. Gram- 
matica Sebrcece Chaldeceque Lingua, 1539. 

Aurunci, (Ausones ? a ,) tribe in Ltaly, — ■ 
[B C j — unsuccessful war against Eome, 503-2 b 
— defeated by the Eomans at Aricia, 495 — at 
war with Eome, (409, a. u. c.) 345 b — establish 
themselves at Suessa, 337° — Suessa, a Eoman 
colony, 313. a Niebuhr. b Visschei\ 

c Smith's Diet. 

Auruncus, Post. Cominius, — [B C] — Consul 
with T. Lartius Flavus, (253, a. u. c.) 501 — 
and with Sp. Cassius Viscellinus, (261,) 493. 

Aurungzebe, (Aurangzib,) (Alamgir,) Mo- 
gul Emperor, — b. 22 Oct. 161 8, a 20 Oct. 
1619b — Governor of theDeccan, about 1638 — 
Governor of Guzerat, 1645 — sent against the 
Uzbeks, (1057, a. h.) 1647 — treacherously at- 
tacks Hyderabad, (1066,) Jan. 1650 — defeats 
imperial army under his brother Dara at 
Samaghar, (Eamzan, 1068,) beg. Jun. 1658 — 
takes Agra, (10 Eamzan, 1068,) Jun. 1658— 
dethrones his father, Shah Jehan, and takes 
possession of the throne, (1 Zi Caad, 1068,) 20 
Aug. 1658 — puts Dara to death at Delhi, (17 



AUSCULTATION— AUSTBASIA. 



39 



Zi Caad, 1069,) 28 Jul. 1659 — dangerously ill, 
1662 — conducts war against Afghans, (1083,) 
1673- — marches against the Bajputs, Jan. and 
Jul. 1679 — arrives in the Deccan, 1683 — takes 
Bijapur, 15 Oct. 1686 — takes Golconda, Sep. 
1687 — takes Sattara, Apr. 1700 — ft. at Ah- 
mednagur, (1118), 21 Feb. 1707. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Auscultation. [Stethoscope. ] 

Ausetani, of Spain, — [BCJ — conquered by 
L. Manlius Acidinus, 206-199. 

Ausonia, asteroid, — discovered by De Gas- 
paris, 11 Feb. 1861. 

Ausonius, Becimus Magnus, poet, rhetori- 
cian, — ft. at Bordeaux, about 310 — tutor to 
Gratian, 369 — Praefect of Latium, (1130, a. u. 
c.) 377— Pra3f ect of Gaul, (1131,) 378— Consul 
with Q. Clodius, Hermogenianus Olybrius, 
(1132,) 379-living, 388. 

Ausoniu3, Julius, physician, — Prsefect of 
Illyricum, by Yalentinian, 364-75. 

Austen, Jane, novelist, — ft. at Steventon, in 
Hampshire, 16 Dec. 1775 — lives at Bath, 
1801-4 — at Southampton, 1805-9 — settles at 
Chawton, 1809 — Ij. at Winchester, 18 Jul. 
1 8 17. Sense and Sensibility, 18 11 — Pride and 
Prejudice, 18 13 — Mansfield Park, 18 14 — 
Emma, 18 16 — JSforthanger Abbey, and Per- 
suasion, 18 18. 

Austen, William, metal-founder, — erects 
tomb of Bichard de Beauchamp, Earl of War- 
wick, about 1 45 1. 

Austerlitz, in Moravia, — Napoleon defeats 
Emperors of Austria and Bussia, 2 Dec. 1805. 

Austin, John, jurist, — ft., about 1790 — 
called to the bar, 18 18 — appointed Prof. 
Jurisprudence, London Univ., 1826— goes to 
study at Bonn, 1826 — resigns his chair, 1832 — 
member of Commission on Criminal Law ; sent 
as commissioner with Sir G. Lewis to Malta, 
1837 — if. at Weybridge, 1859. Province of 
Jurisprudence determined, 1832 — with addi- 
tional volumes, 1 86 1. 

Austin, Samuel, theologian, poet. Urania, 
1629. 

Austin, Sarah Taylor, miscellaneous writer, 
— ft. 1793 — marries John Austin, 1820— left a 
widow, 1859 — ft. at Weybridge, 8 Aug. 1867. 
Translations of Carove s Story without an End, 
1834 — Pal/c's Characteristics of Goethe, 1833 — 
Guizot's Causes of the Success of English Revo- 
volution,iS$o — Panke's History of the Reform- 
ation, 1845 — Panke's Popes of Pome, 1866 — 
Germany, 1854 — edits Austin's Province of 
Jurisprudence determined, 1861. 

Australia, discovered (N. Coast) by Dutch, 
1605 — discovered (N. Coast) by Torres, 1605-7 
— discoveries by Hertoge, Zeachen, Yon Edels, 
Yan Nuyts, De Witt, and Carpenter, 1616-28 
— E. Coast, by Captain Cook, (New S. Wales,) 
Apr. 1770 — Bass' Land, by Bass and Flinders, 
1798 — Grant's Land, by Grant, 1800 — Flin- 
ders' Land, 1805 — between Flinders' Land and 
Grant's Land, by Captain Baudin, 1805 — in- 
terior range crossed, 181 3 — Lachlan river, by 
Oxley, 1 8 17 — Macquarie river, by Oxley, 18 18 
— Murrumbidgee, by Howell and Hume, 1824 
—Darling, by Captain Sturt, 1828 — Mac- 



quarie and Hastings river, by Captain Sturt, 
1829-30 — S. E. Australia, Peel and Darling 
rivers, by Major Mitchell, 1831 — Darling and 
Bogan, by him, 1835 — Darling, Lachlan, Mur- 
rumbidgee, Murray, 1836 — -N. Coast, byEarle, 
1 841 — interior, N. of Adelaide, by Eyre, 1841 
— Gipp's Land, by Count Strzelecki, 1841 — 
W. Australia, Landor and Lefay, 1843 — be- 
tween S. Australia and New S. Wales, by Gov. 
Grey, 1844— New S. Wales to Gulf of Car- 
pentaria, by Leichardt, 1846 — interior (N. 
Australia) by A. Gregory, 1856 — interior, by 
M'Douall Stuart, i860, 1861 — interior cross- 
ed, via Cooper's Creek, by Burke and Wills, 
1 860- 1 — explored by M'Kinley and Stuart, 
1861-2 — explored by Landsborough, 1861-2— 
explored by M'Intyre, 1863-64 and 1866. Col- 
onization of [See New S. Wales, Tasmania, 
W. Australia, S. Australia, N. Australia, 
Victoria, and Queensland.] 

Austrasia, {Austria, Oesterreich, Ostrich, 
East France, Metz,) — erected into a kingdom 
on the death of Clovis, in favour of his son 
Thierry, 511 — Thierry aids his brother Clo- 
domir against Godemar king of the Burgun- 
diaus, and is present at battle of Yeseronee, 
524 — besieges Clermont, 525 — makes war on 
king of Thuringia, 528 — recovers Cler- 
mont from Childebert, 532 — if., 534 — Tkeo- 
debert succeeds his father, 534 — takes part in 
expedition against Burgundy, 534- — -receives 
embassy from Justinian, 535 — with Childebert 
makes war on Clotaire, 537 — aids Yitiges king 
of the Ostrogoths at siege of Milan, 538 — in- 
vades Italy, defeats Ostrogoths and army of 
Justinian near Tortona, 539 — invades Italy and 
Sicily, makes peace with Totila, assumes title 
Augustus, 546-548 — Theodebald (Thibaud) 
succeeds his father, 548 — makes truce with 
Justinian, 551 — invades Italy, 552 — ts., and his 
states pass to Clotaire, 555 — whose son 
Sigebert succeeds as king of Metz, 561 — 
seizes Soissons, defeats Chilperic, 564 — marries 
Brunhilda, 566 — is defeated and captured by 
Huns, 568 — makes war against Chilperic, 573- 
575 — assassinated by servants of Fredegunda 
at Yitri, 575 — succeeded by his son Childe- 
bert, 5 years old, 575 — who invades Italy, 
584 — is declared of age, 585 — invades Italy a 
second time, 585 — a third time, and is defeated 
by Antharis, 589 — sends embassy to Emperor 
Maurice at Carthage, 589 — invades Italy, 590 
— succeeds Goutrau in the kingdoms of Orleans 
and Burgundy, 593 — his Ordinance published, 
595 — his son Theodebert II. succeeds him ; 
regency of Brunhilda, 596 — expels Brunhilda, 
599 — with Thierry II. of Orleans and Bur- 
gundy, subdues the Gascons, 602— joins Thierry 
against Clotaire, makes treaty with him, 604 — 
seizes Alsace, 610 — defeated by Thierry at 
Toid, and at Tolbiac, 612 — slain by Brunhilda 
at Chalons, 612 — the kingdom united to Bur- 
gundy under Thierry, 612 — and these both to 
Neustria under Clotaire II., 613 — who makes 
alliance with Lombards, 617 — associates his 
son Dagobert in the kingdom, 622 — who be- 
comes sole king of Austrasia and Burgundy 
on death of Clotaire, 628 — obtains kingdom of 



r 4 o 



AUSTKIA. 



his brother Charibert on his death, 631 — makes 
his son Sigebert II. king of Austrasia, about 
632-3 — who succeeds on death of his father, 
Jan. 638 — invades Thuringia and is defeated, 
640— tf„ 1 Feb. 656 — Childeric II. pro- 
claimed, 660 — murdered by Bodillon, 673 — 
succeeded by his son Dagobert II., 674 — who 
is murdered, Dec. 679 — Dukes Martin' and 
Pepin" d'Hkristal become masters of the 
state, 680 — Pepin defeats and captures 
Thierry III. at Testri, and becomes sovereign 
of all France, 687 — marries Alpaide, 688 — ■ 
defeats the Frieslanders, 689 — sends Willi- 
brord to preach in Friesland, 690 — defeats 
Eadbod, Duke of Friesland, 695 — conquers 
Suabia, 709 — invades Germany, 712 — fj., 16 
Dec. 714 — succeeded by his son Charles 
Martel, as DuJce of Austrasia, 715 — whose 
son Carloman: succeeds, 741 — France divided 
between him and Pepin le Bref, 742 — Pepin 
becomes sole ruler, 747 — proclaimed King of 
the French at Soissons, Mar. 752. 

Austria, {Osterland, Oestreich,) [Noricum, 
Panncnia,] Margraviate, Duchy, Archduchy, 
and Empire of — conquered by Charles the 
Great, 791-97— governed by Margraves under 
him : the Margraves deprived of their dignity 
by Charles the Fat, and civil war excited, 883 
— reinstated, they become Princes of the Empire. 
Possession of the Counts of Eabenberg, 944 a 
— Leopold III., the Pious, Oct. 1096 — Al- 
bert II., the Devotee, (son,) 11 36— Leopold 
IV., the Liberal, (son of Leopold III.,) 1136 
— made Duke of Bavaria by Conrad, 1138. 
Duchy: Henry II., cle Jochsamergott, Oct. 
1 142 — acquires Upper Austria, and gets the 
margraviate erected into a duchy by Frederick 
I., 1 156 — Leopold V., (son,) Jan. 1177 — in- 
terdict laid on the duchy by Celestine III., 
1 191 — Frederick L, (son,) Dec. 1194 — Leo- 
pold VI., the Glorious, (brother,) Aug. 1198 — 
Frederick II., the Warlike, (son,) Jul. 1230 
— Ottocar, Margrave of Moravia, makes him- 
self master of the duchy, about 1252 — con- 
quered by the Emperor Kudolph of Hapsburg, 
1278. House of Hapsburg : Albert I., 1282 — 
Frederick I., the Handsome, (son,) 1308 — 
Albert II., the Wise, and Otto, (sons,) 1330 
— death of Otto, 1339 — acquisition of Car- 
inthia, 1331^ 1336b — Eldolph II., the In- 
genious, (son of Albert,) 1358 — conjoint!)* 
with his brothers Frederick, (tf., 1362,) Al- 
bert, and Leopold: the Tpol acquired, 1363 
— Albert III. and Leopold II. or III., 1365 — 
acquisition of the Ereisgau, in Suabia, 1367 a 
— partition agreed to, Carinthia assigned to 
Leopold, close of 1379 — acquisition of Trieste, 
1 38o a — Albert III., sole ruler, Oct. 1386 — 
"William, (son of Leopold II. or III.,) 
Leopold IV., Erxest, Frederick IV., with 
Albert IV., 1395 — death of Albert IV., 1402 — 
of William, 1406 — Albert V. recognized sole 
duke on death of Leopold IV., 14.11 — elected 
Emperor, [Albert II.,] 1437 — Ladislaus, 
(son,) 1440 — King of Eohemia, 1454 — erected 
into Arch-Duchy by Imperial Letters Patent 
by Frederick III. (or IV.,) 1453 — Alsace and 
the Netherlands acquired by marriage of Max- 



imilian, son of Frederick, to Mary of Bur- 
gundy, 1477 — Maximilian I., 1493 — Dalmatia 
gained by League of Cambray, 1508 — Charles 
I., (V.,) 15 1 9 — acquisition of Hungary, Bohemia, 
Silesia, and Lusatia, by marriage of Frederick 
I. with the daughter of Louis II., King of 
Hungary, 1526 — Ferdinand I., 1556 — Max- 
imilian II., 1564 — Kudolph II., 1576 — 
Matthias, 161 1 — Ferdinand II., 1619 — 
Lusatia ceded to Elector of Saxony, 1635 — 
Ferdinand III., 1637 — Alsace ceded'to France 
by treaty of Westphalia, 1648 — Leopold I., 
1657 — the Banal Frontier formed by Leopold 
I., 1696 — Joseph I., 1705 — Charles II. , (VI.,) 
171 1 — the Netherlands and the Milanese gained 
by treaty of Utrecht, 17 13 — Maria Theresa, 
1740 — cession of Silesia to Prussia by Maria 
Theresa, 1742 — loss of Parma and other 
Italian states, 1748 — title of Apostolical Ma- 
jesty assumed by the sovereign, 1758 — acquisi- 
tion of Galicia and Lodomeria by first Parti- 
tion of Poland, 1772 — the Buckowine acquired 
from Turkey, 1778 — Joseph -II., 1780 — 
Leopold II., 1790— Francis I., (II.,) 1792 — 
loss of the Netherlands and Lombardy, 1797 — 
Venice gained by treaty of Campo Formio, 
1797 — title of Emperor of Austria assumed, 
n Aug. 1804 — the Italian states, Suabia, the 
Breisgau, and the Tyrol lost by Peace of Pres- 
burg, 1805 — Salzburg gained, 1805 — title of 
Xing of the Eomans and Emperor of the 
Bonians renounced, 6 Aug. 1806 — part of 
Galicia, Carniola, Istria, Salzburg, with the 
' Innviertel,' Venice, &c, lost by Peace of 
Vienna, 1809 — possessions restored by treaties 
of Paris, 18 14 — of Vienna, 18 15 — and of 
Munich, 18 16 — Ferdinand, 1835 — Cracow 
incorporated, 1846 — revolutions in Italy, 
Hungary, and Austria, 1848 — Francis Joseph, 
on abdication of his uncle Ferdinand, 2 Dec. 
1848— Constitution published, 4 Mar. 1849° 
— reconquest of Italy by Eadetzky, and of 
Hungary by Eussians, completed, Aug. 1 849 — 
Constitution repealed by Imperial decree, 31 
Dec. 1851° — Concordat with Pope Pius IX., 
18 Aug. 1855 — loss of Lombardy by Peace of 
Zurich, 1859 — new Constitution, Provincial 
Diets and the Reichsrath established, by Im- 
perial Diploma, 20 Oct. i860, and Patent, 26 
Feb. i86i c — joint-conquest with Prussia of 
Schleswig-Holstein, spring 1864 — Convention 
of Gastein, Aug. 1 865 — suspension of the 
Constitution, 20 Sep. 1865 — treaty of com- 
merce with Great Britain, signed at Vienna, 
16 Dec. 1865 — war with Prussia and Italy, 
summer 1866 — [Seven Weeks' War,] excluded 
from German Confederation, 1866 — Venice 
ceded by treaty of Vienna, 3 Oct. 1866 — treaty 
of commerce with Italy, 23 Apr. 1867 — coron- 
ation of the Emperor as King of Hungary, 8 
Jun. 1867 — civil marriage and equality of 
creeds established by the Eeichsrath, Apr. 
1868 c — officially designated Austro-Hungarian 
Monarchy, by decree of Emperor, 14 Nov. 
1868 c — abrogation of Concordat officially an- 
nounced, 30 Jul. 1870. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

c Statesman's Year Book. 



ATJTHENRIETH— AVEXZOAR. 



141 



Authenrieth, Johann Heinrich Ferdinand 
von, physician, naturalist^ — b. -at S.tuttgart, 
20 Oct. 1772 — Prof. Medicine, Tubingen, 
1797 — Chancellor of the University, 1822 — 
tj. at Tubingen, 2 May 1835. Handbuch der 
empirischen menschlichen Fhysiologie, 1801-2. 

Auto-da-Fe, held at Seville, by Torque- 
mada, 148 1 — solemnized in Mexico, 18 15. 

Autolycus, mathematician, — [BC] — fi. 
about 340. 

Automaton, — flute-player, exhibited by Vau- 
canson at Paris, 1738 — trumpeter, by Maelzel 
at Yienna, 1809 — chess-player, by Baron de 
Kempelen, about 1770^ a Ersch and Gruber. 

Autosthenes, — [B Cj — Archon at Athens, 
(01. 28, 1,) 668. 

Autreau, Jacques, painter, poet, dramatist, 
— b. at Paris, 1656,* 30 Oct. 1657 b — ft. there, 
1745. Portrait of Cardinal Fleury, i738. b 
a Moreri. b Jal. 

Autreau, Louis, painter, — u. at Paris, 1692 ? 
— received at Academy of Painting, 1741 a — 
&. at Paris, 25 Aug. 1760^ a Jal. 

Autronius. [Psetus.] 

Autun, {Augustodunum, Bibracte ?) in 
France, — [B C] — Roman colony under Augus- 
tus, 10? — [AD] — seized by Sacrovir, 21 — 
taken by Tetricus, 268 — restored by Con- 
stantius and Constantine, after 300 ? — be- 
sieged by the Alemanni, 355 — destroyed by 
Attila, 451 — taken by Burgundians, 414 — burnt 
by the Saracens, 731 — burnt by Normans, 888 
and 895 — burnt by English, 1379 — attacked by 
Gen. Werder, who is repulsed by Garibaldi, 
1 Dec. 1870. Council of , excommunicates Em- 
peror Henry IV., antipope Guibert, and Philip 
of France, 1094. 

Autun, (Authon,) Jehan d', historian, — v. 
at Saintonge, about 1466 — tj. in. Poitou, 

1527. 

Auvray, Felix, painter, — b. at Valen- 
ciennes, 1800 — goes to Florence, 1826 — goes 
to Rome, 1827 — }r., 1833. 

Auxerre, (Autissiodurum, Autisioduro, Al- 
iisiodorum,) in France, — seat of a bishopric, 
about 260 — passes under dominion of the 
Franks, about 500 — forms part of kingdom of 
Burgundy, 500-600 — pillaged by Saracens, 732 
—by Normans, 887 — city held by Counts of 
Nevers, ioi5-i273 a — burnt, 1035, 1075,1209, 
1 2 16 — taken and plundered by English, 10 
Mar. 1359 — united to France, 1370 — Calvinists 
acquire and ravage, 1567 — occupied by Ger- 
mans, 6 Jan. 187 1. Council of, about 586. a 
Cathedral, commenced, about 12 15. 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Auzout, Adrien, mathematician, — Member 
of Academy of Sciences, 1666 — tf., 1691,'^ at 
Paris, 1695. 13 Traite die Micrometre, 1667. 
a Eiog. Univ. and Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Conv.-Lex. 

Ava, (Aingwa, Aiva,) [Birmah.] — made 
seat of government, 1364 — again, 1761, and 
1822-37. 

Avallon, in France, bombarded by Germans, 
16 Jan. 1871. 

Avalos, Ferdinand d'. [Pescara, Marquis 

OF.] 

Avanzi, Jacopo di Paolo d', painter, — fl. 



about 1376-78. Frescoes in church of San? An- 
tonio, Fadua, 1376. 

Avars, (Avares,) Mongolian tribe, — appear 
in Europe, after 500 — settle on the Danube, 
about 555 — send embassy to Constantinople, 
557 — alliance with Lombards against Ge- 
pidse, 566-7 — obtain Pannonia, 568 — war with 
the empire, 598-9 — besiege Constantinople, 
6io, a Jun. or Jul. 626 b — invade Thrace, 619 b 
— conclude peace with Heraclius, 620 b — driven 
from Dalmatia, 640 a — conquered in Pannonia 
by Charles the Great, 796a — disappear, after 
827.* a Engl. Cyc. ' b Clinton. 

Avaux, Claude de Mesme, Count d', diplo- 
matist, — b., 1595 — Plenipotentiary to the 
Hague, 1643 — ft., 19 Nov. 1650. 

Avaux, Jean Antoine, Count d', diplo- 
matist, — d., 1640 — Plenipotentiary to Congress 
of Nimeguen, 1672 — ambassador to Holland, 
1684 — ambassador to Sweden, 1693 — ambas- 
sador to the States- General, 1702 — U. at Paris, 
1709. 

Avebury, (Abury,) in Wiltshire, — stone 
circles at, visited and described by Audley, 
1648-60 — investigated by Stukeley, 1743 — 
surveyed by Hoare, 1812 — investigations of 
Bowles, 1825 — of Deane, 1833 — of Duke, 1846 
— of Herbert, 1849 — of Long, 1858. [Silbury 
Hill.] 

Avein, in Luxemburg, — Marshals de Chatil- 
lon and de Breze defeat the Spaniards under 
Prince Thomas of Savoy at, 20 May 1635. 

Aveiro, Don J. Mascarenhas et Lancastre, 
Duke of, — loses the royal favour, 1750 — at- 
tempts murder of the king and Marquis Poni- 
bal, 3 Sep. 1758 — executed, 13 Jan. 1759. 

Avempace, (Avexpace, Abu Bekb, Mo- 
hammed Ibx Bajeh, Abex-pajeh,) philoso- 
pher, physician, §c, — practises at Seville, 11 19 
— if. at Fez, 1 1 38. 

Avenbrugger. [Auenbrugger.] 

Aventine Hill, (Mons Aventinus,) Borne, 
— [BC] — enclosed within walls of Servius, 
about 570-550 ? as public land, assigned to 
the Plebs, by Icilian law, (298, a. u. c.) 456 — ■ 
occupied by the army in insurrection, 449 — [A D] 
— ravaged by the great fire, 19 Jul. (817,) 64. 

Aventine, ( Jean Tourmayer, ) historian, §c. 
— u. at Abensperg, 1466^ 1477 b — enters Uni- 
versity of Ingolstadt, 1495 — teaches Greek 
at Cracow, 1507 — tutor to Princes Ludwig 
and Ernst at Munich, 15 12-17 — &• a * Regens- 
burg, 9 Jan. 1534. Annalium Boiorum libri 
septem, 1554. a Conv.-Lex. b Erseh. and Gruber. 

Aventinensis, L. Genucius, — [BC]— Con- 
sul vrith. Q. Servilius Ahala, (389, a. u. c.) 
365, and (392,] 362. 

Aventinensis, Cn. Genucius, — [BC] — Con- 
sul with L. iEmilius Mamercinus, (391, a. u. 

c) 3 6 3- 

Aventinensis, L. Genucius, — [B C] — Consul 
with Serv. Cornelius Lentulus, (451, a. u. c.) 

3°3- 

Avenzoar, (Ibx Zohr,) {Abu Jlerwan Mo- 
hammed ben Abdu-l Malek ben Zohar,) physician, 
— b. at or near Seville, about (±60, a. h.) 
1072-3 — chief physician to Sultan of Morocco : 
ft. at Seville, (557,) 1162. 



142 



AVENZOAK— AYESHA. 



Avenzoar, Alhafid, physician, — ft. at Seville, 
(507, a. h.) 1 1 14 — succeeds his father as chief 
physician to Sultan of Morocco, 11 62 — if. in 
Morocco, (595,) 1199. 

Averani, Benedetto, jurist, poet, §c, — ft. 
at Florence, 19 Jul. 1645 — ts. at Pisa, 28 Dec. 
1707. 

Averrhoes, (Ibn Eoshd,) (Averroes, Abul 
Walid Mohammed ben Ahmed, ben Moham- 
med,) philosopher, physician, — ft. at Cordova, 
1149 — tr., (595, a. h.) 1198^ (603,) i2o6, b 
(593 or 603,) 1217 or 1225.° a Casiri. 

b Leo Africanus. c Erscb and Gruber. 

Aversa, (Atella,) in Campania, — [B C] — 
revolts to Hannibal after battle of Cannae, 216 
■ — [AD]— first Norman settlement in Italy, 
1020 — Rainulf made Count of, by Emperor 
Conrad, 1038 — castle built by Frederick II., 
1223a — taken by Alfonso V. of Aragon, 1442 
■ — capitulates to Gonzalo, 21 Jul. 1496^ 
a Kington. b Prescott. 

Avesbury, Robert of, historian, — ft. about 

Avicenna, (Abu Ali Ibn Sista, Abitianus,) 
Arab physician, — ft. near Bokhara, (Sefer, 
370, a. h.) Aug. or Sep. 98o, a 97 8 b — studies 
medicine, about 996 — ft. at Hamadan, (Hamadh 
428,) 1036, b 1037 a . Kitub al Jtfajam, 1002 — 
— begins his Kitub al Kdnunji'l Tibb, 1012. 
a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Avienus, Eufus Festus, Roman poet, — ft. 
about 350 to 400 ? 

> Avienus, Gennadius, — Consul with Valen- 
tinianus, (1203, a. u. c.) 450. 

Avienus, Rufus Magnus Faustus, — Con- 
sul with Pompeius, (1254, a. u. c.) 501. 

Avienus, Faustus, junior, — Consul with 
Probus, (1255, a. u. c.) 502. 

Avignon, (Avenio Cavarum,) in France, — 
unsuccessfully besieged by Clovis, 500 — sub- 
ject to Saracens, 730 and 737 — recovered by 
Charles Martel — held by Carlovingian kings, 
to 880— by Counts of Provence and Toulouse, 
about 900— by kings of Aries and Burgundy, 
about 950 — taken by_ Eouis VIII. in Albigen- 
sian wars, 1226— divided between Charles and 
Alfonso, brothers of Louis IX., about 1230 — 
ceded to Rome by Philip III., 1274 — Papal 
residence, 1309 to 13 Sep. 1376 — purchased 
of Joanna, Countess of Provence and Queen 
of Sicily, by Clement VI., 1348— seat of an- 
tipopes Clement VII. and Benedict XIII. , 
1 379-1408 — Benedict driven out by French, 
Jul. 1408 — erected into archbishopric by Six- 
tus IV., about 1474-5 — seized by Louis XIV., 
1662 and 1688 — municipality erected, 1789 — 
seized by France, 1791 — Brigands under 
Jourdan Coup-Ute, 1791 — annexed to France, 
14 Sep. 1791— ceded to France by treaty of 
Tolentino, 1797. Councils of, on discipline, 
&c, 1209 — on invasion of church property, 
violence to clergy, and contempt of excom- 
munication, 1279 — respecting temporalities of 
the church, 1326 — against antipope Peter de 
Corbiere, 1327— respecting Immaculate Con- 
ception, 1457. 

Avila y Zuniga, Luiz d', historian, — ft. at 
Placentia, about 1500 — accompanies Charles 



V. in his wars against the Protestants, 1546-52. 
Commentarios de la guerra de Allemanna hecha 
por Carlos V. en 1546 y 1547, J 54^« 

Avila, Juan de, apostle of Andalusia, — ft. 
at Almodovar del Campo, about 1500 — is. at 
Montilla, 10 May 1569. 

Avila, Sancho de, — accompanies Duke of 
Alva to Netherlands, 1567-77 — chief of muti- 
neers at Antwerp, 1576a — killed at siege of 
Maestricht, 1579. a Motley. 

Aviola, Acilius, — Consul with Corellius 
Pansa, (875, a. u. c.) 122. 

Aviola, M'. Acilius, — Consul with M. Asi- 
nius Marcellus, (807, a. u. c.) 54. 

Aviola, M\ Acilius, — Consul with M. An- 
tonius Gordianus Aug., (992, a. tj. c.) 239. 

Avisa, Order of, — instituted in Spain, 1162. 

Avison, Charles, musician, — ft. at New- 
castle F about i7io, a i72o b — tf. there, 10 May 
1770. a Engl. Cyc. b Rose's Biog. Diet. 

Avitus, Seztus Aleimus Ecdicius, Abp op 
Vienne, poet, — ft. in Auvergne, about 450 ? 
Abp of Vienne, 490-523 a — presides at Coun- 
cils of Epaune, 517 — and of Lyons, 523 — Is., 
5 Feb. 523. a Ersch and Gruber. 

Avitus, — Consul with Maximus, (897, a. u. 
c.) 144. 

Avitus, — Consul with Pompeianus, (962, a. 
u. c.) 209. 

Avranches, {Ingena Abrincatuorum, Abrin- 
cee,) in France, — bishopric, about 5 1 1 a — castle 
built by Childeric, 460 — appanage of Henry 
(I.) of England on death of William the Con- 
queror, 1087 — held by Geoffrey Plantagenet, 
1 141 — taken and dismantled by Gui de Thouars, 
1203 — suburbs burnt by English, 1346 — ceded 
to France by Charles III. of Navarre, 1404 — 
taken by English, 141 8 — burnt by Const, de 
Richemond, 1428 — taken by Calvinists, 1562 
— reduced by Henry IV.,' 159 1 — see merged in 
that of Coutances, 1791. a TJnivers Pittoresque. 

Avril, Jean Jacques, d', engraver, — ft., 1744 
— tS., Dec. 1832. 

Avrillon, Jean Baptiste Elie, theologian, — 
ft. at Paris, 1652 — U. there, 1729. 

Aselson, Erick, — administers affairs in 
Sweden, 1465 — dethrones Charles Canutson 
and elevates Christian I., of Denmark, 1465 — 
recalls Charles, Nov. 1467 — supports election 
of Sten Sture, 1470 — commands as sovereign 
in Finland, 1470-80 — ft., 1480. 

Asum, (Auzume,) in Abyssinia, — mentioned 
as seat of a kingdom, before 200 ? — Inscription 
of, discovered by Salt, 18 10 — battle of, be- 
tween Theodore and the insurgents of Tigre, 
30 Jul. 1866. 

Ayacucho, in Peru, — Americans under Sucre 
defeat Spanish viceroy near, 9 Dec. 1824. 

Ayala, Pedro Lopez d', historian, — ft. in 
Murcia, 1332 — taken prisoner at Naxara, 3 
Apr. 1367 — taken prisoner at Aljubarrata, 1385 
— IS. at Calahorra, 1407. Cronicas de los reyes 
de Castilla, P. Pedro, P. Enrique II, P. Juan 
I, P. Enrique III, (1780.) 

Ayamonte, Marquis d', — excites revolt in 
Andalusia, 1641 — executed, 1641. 

Ayesha, — marries Mohammed, 619 — ft., (58, 

A. H.) 677-8. 



ATLESBUEY— AZEVEDO. 



i43 



Aylesbury, Sir Thomas, mathematician, 
astronomer, — b. in London, 1576 — enters 
Christ Church Coll. Oxford, 1598— Bart., 19 
Apr. 1627 — retires to Flanders, 1649 — tf. at 
Breda, 1657. 

Ayliife, John, jurist, — 9. 1714-34. State 
of the University of Oxford, 17 14 — Parergon 
Juris Canonici Anglicani, 1726 — Pandect of 
Roman Civil Law, 1734. 

Aylmer, John, Bp of London — b. at Aylmer 
Hall, Norfolk, 152 1 — Archdeacon of Stow, 1553 
— leaves England, after Jul. 1553 — Archdeacon 
of Lincoln, 1562 — B.D. and D.D. Oxford, 1573 
— Bp of London, 1576 — rj. at Fulham, 3 Jun. 
1594. Harborowe for faithful and true sub- 
jects, $c„ 1559. 

Ayloffe, Sir Joseph, antiquary, — fj., about 
1708 — at St John's Coll. Oxford, 1724-8 — 
F.B.S. 3 Jun. 1731— F.S.A. 10 Feb. 1732 — 
Commissioner respecting State papers, 1763 — 
rj. at Lambeth, 19 Apr. 1781. Calendars of 
the Ancient Charters, %c, 1772. 

Aymar, Jaques, — b. at St Veran, 8 Sep. 1662 
—discovers by his divining rod the perpetrator 
of a murder and robbery at Lyons, (?) Jul. 
1692. 

Ayolas, Juan de, governor of Paraguay, — ■ 
accompanies Don Pedro de Mendoza to the 
La Plata, 1535 — founds Asuncion, 1536 — 
killed by the Indians, 1538. 

Ayraut, Pierre, (Petrus Aerodius,) advocate, 
$c, — fj. at Angers, 1536 — rj., 21 Jul. 1601. 
Traite de V ordre et instruction judiciaire, 1598 
■ — Traite de la puissance patemelle contre ceux 
qui, sous pretexte de religion, volent les enfants, 
1586 — Pes Proces faits aux cadavres, aux cen- 
dres, §c, 159 1. 

Ayre, John, — b., Feb. 1 801 — B.A. Cambridge, 
1823 — rj. at Hampstead, 20 May 1869. Trea- 
sury of Bible Knowledge, 1866 — edition of Bp 
JeiveVs Works, 1845 — edition of Home's intro- 
duction to Criticism of Old Testament, i860. 

Ayrer, Georg Heinrich, jurist, — b. atMem- 
mingen, 15 Mar. 1702 — Extraord. Prof. Law, 
Gottingen, 1736 — Hofrath, 1743 — Justizrath, 
1768 — President of the Historical Institute, 
1769 — tf. at Gottingen, 23 Apr. 1774. Opus- 
cula, 1746-47. 

Ayrer, Jacob, poet, dramatist, — citizen and 
magistrate of Niirnberg, 1594 — ft. there, 1605. 
Opus theatricum, 16 18. 

Ayrmann, Christoph Friedrieh, historian, — 
b. at Leipsic, Mar. 1695 — studies at Witten- 
berg, 17 10 — Prof. History, Giessen, about 
1720 — Librarian to the University, 1735 — fj., 
25 Mar. 1747. Be Pialectica Veterum, 17 16 
— T>is$. historico-chronologica de Simla Biony- 
siorum tyrannide, 1726 — Bisp. de Originibus 
Germanicis, 1724. 

Ayscough, Samuel, employed in British 
Museum, soon after 1770 — Assistant Librarian, 
1785 — o". in London, 30 Oct. 1805. Catalogue 
of MSS. in Brit. Mus., 1782 — Catalogue of 
Boohs in Brit. Mus., 1788. 

Ayscough, (Ayscue, Askew,) Sir George, 
admiral, — secures his ship for the Parliament 
at the mutiny, 1648 — admiral of Irish Seas, 
1649— reduces Barbadoes,St Christopher's, and 



Virginia, 16 Oct. 165 1 to Jan. 1652 — commands 
against Van Tromp, Jul. and Aug. 1652 — 
taken prisoner by De Buyter, 2 Jun. 1666 — re- 
leased, end of Oct. 1667 — rj., after 12 Nov. 1667. 
_ Ayton, William, botanist, — b., 17 31 — Prin- 
cipal at Kew Gardens, 1759 — rj., 1793. Hortus 
Ke wen sis, 1789. 

Aytoun, (Ayton,) Sir Robert, poet, — b. at 
Kinaldie, 1570 — enters Univ. of St Andrews, 
1584 — accompanies James VI. to England, 
1603— ft. at Whitehall, Mar. 1638. 

Aytoun, William Edmonstoune, poet, — b. 
at Edinburgh, 1813 — Advocate, 1840 — Prof. 
Bhetoric and Belles Lettres, Edinburgh, 1845 
— lectures on Poetry and Dramatic Literature 
in London, 1853 — rj. at Blackhills, Elgin, 4 
Aug. 1865. Bays of the Scottish Cavaliers, 
1848 — Firmilian, 1854 — Bothwell, 1856 — Bal- 
lads of Scotland, 1858 — translations (with 
Theodore Martin) of Poems and Ballads of 
Goethe, 1859. 

Azanza, Miguel Josef de, statesman, — b. at 
Aoiz, Navarre, 1746 — at siege of Gibraltar, 
1781 — Charge d' Affaires at Berlin, 1784 — Cap- 
tain-general of New Spain, 1793-99 — Minister 
of Finance under Ferdinand, 28 Mar. 1808 — 
President of Junta of Spanish notables ap- 
pointed by Napoleon I., Jun. 1808 — Minister 
of the Indies under Joseph Bonaparte, 4 Jul. 
1808 — condemned by Junta of Cadiz, 25 Nov. 
1808 — Minister of Justice, 1809 — ambassador 
to Napoleon, Mar. 181 1— follows Joseph to 
France, 18 13 — returns to Madrid, 1820 — again 
goes to France, 1822 — fj. at Bordeaux, 20 Jun. 
1826. 

Azara, Felix d', trav-eller and naturalist, — 
b. at Barbunales, in Aragon, 18 May 1746 — 
enters the army, 1764— wounded in expedition 
against Algiers, 1775 — commissioner to define 
boundaries of Paraguay, 1780 — recalled to 
Europe, 1801 — ft. in Aragon, 18 n. Voyage 
dans I Amerique meridionale, 1809. 

Azara, Jose Nicolas d', diplomatist, — b. at 
Barbunales, in Aragon, 17 31 — envoy of Spanish 
government to Clement XIII. , 1765 — takes part 
in negotiations for expulsion of Jesuits, 1767 
— ambassador to Rome, from 1767 ? — with- 
draws to Florence, Feb. 1798 — ambassador to 
France, 1798-1801 — rj. at Paris, 26 Jan. 1804. 
Publishes Works of Mengs, 1780 — Spanish 
translation of Middleton' 's Life of Cicero, 1790. 

Azeglio, Massimo Tapparelli, Marquis d', 
statesman, historian, §c, — b. at Turin, 1800 
— studies at Eome, 1821-29 — settles at Milan, 
1 830 — President of the Council, May 1 849-52 — 
tr. at Turin, 11 Jan. 1866. Ettore Fieramosca, 
1833 — JSiccolo de' Bapi, 1841 — Last Events in 
the Romagna, 1848. Lettere a sua moglie Luisa 
Blondcl, 1870. 

Azeglio, Tapparelli Cesare, Marquis d,' — b. 
at Turin, 1763 — enters the army, 1774 — taken 
prisoner by the French, 1792 — released, returns 
to Turin, 1796— follows the Court of Sardinia 
to Tuscany, 1798 — ambassador to Eome, from 
Victor Emmanuel, 18 14 — ft. at Genoa, 26 Nov. 
1830. 

Azevedo, Ignacio, Jesuit missionary, — b. 
at Oporto, 1527 — enters order of Jesuits, 1548 



144 



AZEVEDO— BABIXGTON. 



— rector of St Antony's Coll. Lisbon, 1552 — 
put to death by Sourie, Vice-admiral of Na- 
varre, 1570. 

Azevedo, Luis d', Jesuit missionary, — b. at 
Chaves, 1573 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1589 — 
missionary to Ethiopia, 1604 — if. there, 1634. 

Azimghur, in. Hindustan, — subject to Canouj, 
about 1 150 — joined to Patan Kingdom of 
Delhi, after 1194 — becomes part of Mogul 
Empire, 1528 — city founded by Azim Khan, 
about 1620 — appropriated by Shujaud Dowlah 
of Oude, 1760 — ceded to East India Company, 
by Xabob of Oude, 10 Xov. 1801. 

" Aziris, (Cyrenaica,) — [B C] — founded by 
Thyreans under Battus, 637. 

Azof. [Azov.] 

Azores, The, in Atlantic Ocean, — discovered 
by J osh.ua Yanderberg of Bruges, about 1430 — 
taken possession of by Portugal, 1432— formal 
possession taken by Don Henry, Prince of Por- 
tugal, 1449— given by Alfonso V. to Duchess 
of Burgundy, 1466 — acquired with Portugal 
by Spain, 1580 — great earthquakes, 1591 — 
restored with Portugal to House of Braganza, 
1640. 

Azote, {phlogisticated air,) — investigated by 
Priestley, 1772. 



Azov, {Azof,) — annexed to Eussia, 1774. 

Azpilcueta, Martin. [Navarre, Doctor.] 

Aztecs, [Mexico,] — migrate southwards from 
California, about 1160 — acquire paramount in- 
fluence in the country, soon after 1 300 — choose 
as King, Acamapitzin, 1352 — Tenochtitlan 
founded, 1325 a — Acamapiztli builds Tenoch- 
titlan, founds a Kingdom, legislates, first Kha- 
lif, 1380-1420 b — legislation of Motezuma- 
Ilhtucamina, about 1445 — Ahuitzal, VIII th 
Emperor on death of Acajacatl, 1477 — inund- 
ation of Tenochtitlan, caused by the aqueduct 
from the Huitzilopochoco, 1446,* 1498^ 
a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Azuni, Domenico Alberto, jurist, — b. at 
Sassari, about 1760 — Commissioner for Com- 
mercial Code of France, before 1804 — Pre- 
sident of Court of Appeal at Genoa, 1807-14 
— ft. at Cagliari, Jan. 1827. Sistema universale 
dei principi del Dritto maritimo d' Europa, 1795 
— Essai sur Vhistoire de la Sardaigne, 1798. 

Azzi ne' Forti, Faustina degli, poetess, — b. 
at Arezzo, 1 Mar. 1750 — ft. there, 4 May 1724. 
Serto Poetico, 1694 and 1697. 

Azzoguidi, Germano, physician, anatomist, 
— 6. at Bologna, 1740 — ft., 18 14. Medical 
Institutes, 1775. 



B 



Baader, Franz Xaver von, philosopher, — b. 
at Munich, 1765 — general director of mines, 
Bavaria, 1798 — Prof. Speculative Divinity, 
Munich, 1827-41— rj. there, 23 May 1841. 
Revision der Bhilosoplieme der Hegel'schen 
Schule, bezilglich auf das Christenthum, 1836 — 
Vorlesungen iiber speculative Dogmatik, 1828- 
38— I)er morgenldndische und abendldndische 
Katholicismus, 1841. 

Baader, Joseph von, engineer, — b. at Mun- 
ich, 1763 — travels in England, 1787-95 — direct- 
or of Machinery and Mining, 1798 — privy 
councillor, general director of Mining and 
Saltworks, 1808 — ft. at Munich, 20 JSTov. 
1835- 

Baalbek, (BalbcJc,Baalgad, Balagad,Heliopo- 
lis,) in Syria, — [BC]— made a Eoman colony 
by Julius Caisar, 47 ?— [AD]— temple of Jupi- 
ter built (or repaired) by Antoninus Pius, about 
J So— Jus Italicum granted to it by Severus, 
about 200— besieged by Mussulmans, capitu- 
lates, (15 a. h,) 20 Jan. 637 — sacked and dis- 
mantled by Khalif of Damascus, 748 — pillaged 
by TimourBeg, 1400 — destroyed by earthquake, 
1759. Visited by Thevet, 1550 — by Pococke, 
1739-40— by Maundrel, 1745 — by Wood and 
Dawkins, 1751 — by Volney, 1785 — by Bruce, 
1767— by Chesney, 1830— by Prince of Wales, 
4 May 1862. 

Baan, Jan de, painter,—^, at Haarlem, 20 
Feb. 1633 — tf. at tbe Hague, 1702. 

Baan, Jacob de, painter,— b. at the Hague, 



l6 73 — g° es to England, 1693 — ft. at Vienna, 
Apr. 1700. 

Babel. [Babylon.] 

Baber, [Zuheir-ed-deen Mohammed Baber 
Fadishah,) Mogul Emperor, — b., (6 Moh. 
888, a. h.) 14 Feb. 1483— succeeds his father, 
Omar Sheikh Mir za, in Ferghana, (899,) 1493,* 
1494 c — conquers Samarcand, 1497 — recovers 
Ferghana, 1499 — recovers Samarcand, and is 
expelled from his dominions by Sheibani Khan, 
I 5°3 5 b 1504 a — king of Cabul, 1504— invades 
Hindustan, and conquers Candahar, 1505 — 
suppresses revolt of his Mogul troops, 1507-8 
— acquires Bokhara and Samarcand, i5io, b 
151 1 c — defeated near Bokhara by the Uzbeks, 
I5i4 ac — invades Affghanistan, 1519 — takes 
and destroys Lahore, 1524 — defeats Ibrahim 
Lodi at Paniput, 21 Apr. 1526 — occupies 
Agra, 10 May 1526— defeats the Kana of Me- 
war at Sikri, (13 Jamadi u Sani 933,) 16 
Mar. 1527 — besieges and takes Chanderi, 20 
Jan. 1528 — defeats king of Bengal, 1529 — if. 
near Agra, (937,) 26 Dec. 1530. 
a Rose's Biog. Diet. b Engl. Cyc. c Elphinstone. 

Babeuf, Francois Noel, (Cams Gracchus,) 
politician and conspirator, — b. at St. Quentin, 
1764 — commences his journal TribuneduFeuple, 
Jul. 1794 — conspires against the Directory, 
1795 — arrested, 10 May 1797— executed, 25',* 
24^ 27 c May 1797. a Biog rjniv. 

b Conv.-Lex. c Engl. Cyc. and Xouv. Biog. Gen. 

Babington, (Babyngton,) Anthony, — con- 



BABINGTON— BACHELIEE. 



145 



spires to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and raise 
Mary Queen of Scots to the throne, Aug. 
1586 — executed, 20 Sept. 1586. 

Babington, William, physician, — b. at 
Portglenone, in Ireland, Jun. 1756 — M.D., 
commences practice in London, 1797 — Y.P. 
Geol. Soc, 1810-13 — Pres., 1822 — a. in Lon- 
don, 29 May 1833. Systematic Arrangement of 
Minerals, 1795 — JSeio System of Mineralogy, 
1799. 

Babrius, (Babrias,) fabulist, — first mention- 
ed by Dositheus Magister, 207. 

Babylon, Babylonia, — [B C] — commence- 
ment of the great Chaldean empire, 2234^ 
i94o, b 1762° [Babylon conquered bytheMedes? 
2233 b ] — change of dynasty? 1976 s — a second 
change of dynasty? 15 i8, a 1482b? — suprem- 
acy of Assyria, about 1273, a 1237, b 1323° — 
Era of Nabonassar, Babylon freed from Assy- 
ria, 747 — Nadius, 733 — CHiNzmusand Pours, 
731 — Jugseus, (Flulceus,) 726 — Mardocempa- 
dus, (Mardocempalus, Merodach Baladan,) 721 
—sends ambassadors to Hezekiah, about 7 1 3 b — 
driven out by Arceanus (Archianus) 709 a — In- 
terregnum, 704 — Hagisa (Acises) ; Merodach 
Baladan, 703-2 — Babylon subjugated by 
Sennacherib, Belibus made king, 702 — 
second invasion of Sennacherib : Asaridinus 
(Appronadius, Ashur-Nadin) becomes king, 
699— Begibalus (Trigebelus,) 693 — Mesesi- 
mordachus, 692 — Interregnum, 688 — Esar- 
haddon {Asaridinus) of Assyria becomes king, 
68o, a 68 1 d — Saos-duchinus, {Shamas-darou- 
Jcin, Sammughs,) 667 ,* 668 d — Ciniladanus, 
(Chimiladamis,) 647— Babylon made independ- 
ent by Nabopolassar, 27 Jan. 625 b — sends 
his son Nebuchadnezzar against Pharaoh Necho 
of Egypt, 605 a — Nebuchadnezzar, 2 1 Jan. 
604 b — Evie-Merodach, (Illoarudamus,) his 
son, succeeds, 561 — assassinated by Neriglis- 
sar, who succeeds, 559, a 558 e — his son, Labo- 
rosoarchod, (labossoracus,) succeeds, S55^ 
554 e — assassinated ; JSTabonidits {Nabonadius, 
Nabu-nahit, Labynetus) succeeds ; forms alli- 
ance with Egypt and Lydia against Persia, 
555*551 e — Belshazzar," (Bel-shar-ezar, Bal- 
thasar,) his son, associated in the kingdom ? 
539 a — Babylon taken by Cyrus; the empire 
finally overthrown, (n. e. 210) 5-10 Aug. 
53V 53 6 e — Darius the Mede ? 538 b — revolt 
of Babylon suppressed, and the city taken by 
Darius Hystaspis, about 520 b — plundered by 
Xerxes, about 480— occupied by Alexander 
the Great, 323 — 'Seleucus {Nicator) made 
satrap of Babylonia, 321 b — recovers Babylon, 
312 s — partly taken by Demetrius, 311s — be- 
gins to decline after the foundation of Seleuceia, 
about 310— plundered by the Parthians, 127 — 
besieged by Orodes L, (Arsaces XIV.,) about 
50— [A D]— -described by Ibn Haukal as a mere 
village, 917 — completely deserted, before 1200 
— its ruins examined by JNTiebuhr, 1765 — by 
Eich, 18 1 1— by Sir B. Ker Porter, 181 8— by 
Bawlinson, 1849, 1854— by Layard, 1850. 

a Rawlinson. b Clinton. c Ussher. 

d Newton. e Jackson and Hales. 

f Gumpacli. S Thirlwall. 

Babysm, — offshoot of Mohaminedism, 



founded by El Bab, (Mohammed Ali Mirza,) 
1843. 

Bacchanalian Orgies, — [B c] — discovered 
and suppressed at Borne by Senatus-Consultum 
Marcianum, 186 — this Svtum found in Cala- 
bria [AD] 1640. 

Bacchini, Benedetto, Benedictine, — b. at San 
Donnino, 31 Aug. 1651 — enters the Order, 1668 
— librarian to Duke of Modena, 1697 -1700 
— b\ at Bologna, 1 Sep. 1721. Commences the 
Giornale dei letterati, 1686. 

Bacchylides, lyric poet, — [B C] — fi. at court 
of Hieron of Syracuse, 478-466 — living, 43i. a 
a Clinton. 

Baccio della Porta, (Fra Bartolomeo di S. 
Marco,) painter, — b. in Savignano, 1469, a 
1475 b — contributes his works to the Carnival 
boniire at Florence, 1497 — enters Dominican 
Order at Prato, 1500 — returns to his profession, 
1506 — tf. at Florence, 6 a Oct. 1517. last 
Judgment, Florence, 1498 — Madonna della 
Misericordia, Lucca, 15 15 — Marriage of St 
Catherine, Pitti Palace, 15 12 — Presentation in 
the Temple, Vienna, 15 16. a Biog. Catalogue. 
b Crowe and Cavalcaselle. 

Baccon, battle of [Coulmiers.] 

Bacellar, Antonio Barbosa, historian and 
poet, — b. at Lisbon, 16 10 — defends the claims of 
the Blouse of Braganza, 1641 — ft. at Lisbon, 
1663. Poems, about 1634. 

Bach, Johann Sebastian, musical composer, — 
b. at Eisenach, 21 Mar. 1685— Court Musician 
at Weimar, 1703 — organist at Arnstadt, 1704 
— Court Organist at "Weimar, 1708 — Director of 
Concerts, 1714,°- b 1717 c — goes to -Dresden, 
17117 a — Director of Music at St Thomas' 
School, Leipsic, 1723^ b 1733 d — visits Dresden, 
1736 — visits Frederick the Great at Berlin, 
1747 — b". at Leipsic, 28, ab 30 cd Jul. 1750. 
Passions-musik, 1829 — Musihalisches Opfer, 
1747 — Choral-Gesdnge, 1766.68 — Die Kunst 
derFuge, 1752. 

a Conv.-Lex. b Ersch and Gruber. c Engl. Cyc. 
d Eetis and Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Bach, Wilhelm Friedemann, organist, — b. 
at Weimar, 17 10— organist at Halle, 1747-67 
— tl. at Berlin, 1784. : 

Bach, Karl Philipp Emanuel, musical com- 
poser, — b. at Weimar, 14 Mar. 17 14 — in the 
service of Frederick the Great, 1740-67 — di- 
rector of Music at Hamburg, 1767 — if. there, 
14 Sep. 1788. 

Bach, Johann Christian, musical composer y 
— b. at Leipsic, 1735 — organist at Milan, 1754 
— organist to Queen Charlotte of England, 
1759 — tf. at London, 1782. 

Bach, Johann August, jurist, — b. at Hohen- 
dorf, 17 May 17 21 — L.L.D., 1750 — Prof. Ex- 
traord. of Legal Antiquities, Leipsic, 1752 — 
b\ there, 6 Dec. 1758. Historia jurispruden- 
ticc Romanic, 1754. 

Bachaumont, Louis Petit de, — b. at Paris, 
about 1700 — ft., 28 Apr. 1771. Memoir es 
secrets pour servir d Vhistoire de la republique 
deslettres, 1777. 

Bachelier, Jean Jacques, porcelain-painter, 
— b. at Paris, 1724— received at Academy, 2 
Sep. 1752 a — tf. at Paris, 14 Apr. 1806. a j a i, 
10 



146 



BACHELORS— BADAKHSHAX. 



Bachelors, — [BC] — tax upon, imposed at 
Borne, 403 — [AD] — disabilities imposed on, 
by Lex Julia et Papia Poppata, 9 — in England, 
taxed by 6 and 7 W. III. c. 6., 1695- 1706 — 
additional tax on, for servants, by 25 Geo. III. 
c. 43, 1785. [Degrees in Arts.] 

Bachmann-Anderletz, Nicolas Francois de, 
Baron, general, — b. at Xaefels, 27 Mar. 1740 
— serves in French army, 1749-92 — serves in 
Sardinian army, 1793 — serves in Austrian army, 
1799 — general in chief of Swiss Confederacy, 
1 80 1 — opens France to the Austrians, 18 15 — 
rj., 1831. 

Bachmann, Baron Jacques Joseph Antoine 
Leger de, — b. atXaefels, 1733 — Major-general 
of Swiss Guards, 9 Aug. 1792 — executed, 3 
Sep. 1792. 

Baciarelli, Marcello, painter, — b. at Borne, 
16 Feb. 1731 — called to Dresden by King of 
Poland, 1753 — fr., 5 Jan. 18 18. 

Baciocchi, Felice Pasquale, Prince of 
Lucca, — b. in Corsica, 18 May 1762 — marries 
Elise Bonaparte, 1797 — Senator, 1804 — 
Prince of Lucca and Piombino, 1805 — fc. at 
Bologna, ? 27 Apr. 1841. 

Baciocchi, Maria Anna {Elise) Bonaparte, 
— b. at Ajaccio, 3 Jan. 1777 — married to Ba- 
ciocchi, 1797 — Princess of Lucca and Piombino, 
1805 — Grand Duchess of Tuscany, 1808 — tf. 
near Trieste, 7 Aug. 1820. 
Backhnysen. L Baknuisen '] 
Bacler-D'albe, Baron Louis Albert Ghis- 
lain, painter and map-maker, — b. at St Pol in 
Artois, 21 Oct. 1761 — visits Italy, 1781 — 
Field-Marshal, 18 13 — in the Ministry of "War, 
1815 — tr. at Sevres, 12 Sep. 1824. 

Bacon, Francis, Baron Verulam and Yis- 
corxT St Albans, philosopher, statesman, 
§c, — b. in London, 22 Jan. 156 1— enters Trim 
Coll. Cambridge, 10 June 1573 — visits Paris, 
1577 — returns to England, Feb. 1579 — called 
to the Bar, 27 June 1582 — bencher of Gray's 
Inn, 1586— Lent reader, 1588— M.P., 1589— 
Queen's Counsel Extraord., 1590 — M.P. Mid- 
dlesex, 1593 — M.A. Cambridge, 27 Jul. 1594 — 
conducts prosecution of Earl of Essex, Feb. 
1601 — Knt by James I., 23 Jul. 1603 — King's 
Counsel, 25 Aug. 1604 — Solicitor- General, 25 
Jun. 1607 — registrar of Star Chamber, Jul. 
1608 — joint judge of Knight Marshal's Court, 
161 1 — Attorney-General, 27 Oct. 1613 — ex- 
amines Peacham on the rack, 16 14 — Privy 
Councillor, 9 Jun. i6i6_Lord Keeper of the 
Great Seal, 7 Mar. 16 17 — Lord Chancellor, 4 
Jan. 161 8 — Baron Verulam, 11 Jul. 161 8 — 
Viscount St Albans, Jan. 1 6 1 9 — charged with 
corruption as Lord Chancellor, 18 Mar. 1621 — 
confesses and submits, 24 and 30 Apr.— the 
Great Seal sequestered, 30 Apr. — sentence 
of fine and imprisonment, 3 May — sentence 
remitted, 1624 — If. at Highgate, 9 Apr. 1626. 
Of the State of Europe, 1580 — Essays, 1597 — 
Advancement of Learning, 1605 — Wisdom of 
the Ancients, 1609 — Novum Organon, Oct. 
1620 — History of Henry VLL., 1622 — Apoph- 
thegms, 1625 — Heading on the Statute of Uses, 
1643 — Felicities of Queen Elizabeth, 1651. 
Bacon, Roger, natural philosopher , §c, — b. 



near Ilchester, 1214a — returns from Paris 
L.L.D., 1240*? — enters the Franciscan order, 
at Oxford, 1 240 a ? — condemned by Franciscan 
Council at Paris, and imprisoned, 1278 — re- 
leased, ? 1289 — rj. at Oxford, a b probably, 1292 ? 
1294? Opus Majus, Opus Minus, Opus Ter- 
tium, 1267 c — Compendium Philosophies, 1271° 
— Compendium Studii Theologian, 1292.° 

a Engl. Cyc. b Rose's Biog. Diet. c Brewer. 

Bacon, Sir Nicholas, statesman, — b. at Chi- 
slehurst, in Kent, about 1510 — Solicitor to Court 
of Augmentations, 1537 — Attorney of Court of 
Wards, 1546— Treasurer of Gray's Inn, 1552 
— Lord Keeper, 22 Dec. 1558 — opens Queen 
Elizabeth's first Parliament, 25 Jan. 1559 — 
Moderator in dispute between Popish and Pro- 
testant divines, Mar. 1559 — dismissed from 
Privy Council, 1564 — visited by Queen 
Elizabeth at Gorhambury, 1577 — &., 20 Feb. 

1579- 

Bacon, John, sculptor, — b. at Southwark, 
24 Nov. 1740 — R.A., 1780— tf., 7, a 4 b Aug. 
1799. Monument to Lord Chatham, West- 
minster Abbey, 1778-1783. a Bees' Cyc. 
b Engl. Cyc. 

Baconthorpe, John, theologian, — provincial 
of Carmelite order, 1329-32 — opposes Papal 
claims at Borne, about 1333 — ft. in London, 

i34 6 . 

Bactria, Bactriana, {Ariana, BaUch, Bok- 
hara, Afghanistan, Khorassan,) — [BCj — made 
tributary to Persia, by Cyrus, about 538 ? a — 
Greeks from Barke settled by Darius, 5io b — 
Branchidce, of Ionia planted there by Xerxes, 
about 479 b — conquered by Alexander the 
Great, (01. 112, 3-4) 329 s — part of empire of 
the Seleucidae, after (01. 117, 1) 3i2 ac — made 
an independent kingdom by Theodotus I., 
{Biodotus,) who revolts against Antiochus 
II., about 25o, ac 255, bef 254"! — succeeded 
by his son Theodotx-s II., 237 k — ally of 
Arsaces II. of Parthia, 243 J e f — deposed by 
Euthydemus of Magnesia, about 222, k 22i, d 
22o ef — war with Antiochus the Great, 209 d — • 
alliance with Antiochus and confirmed in the 
kingdom, 206 ad — Greeks settled in India, from 
205 d — Demetrius, his son, succeeds, about 200 
— Apollodotus Soter succeeds, 195* — Me- 
nander, {Xicator, f ) who conquers to Serica, 
ig6, e about 200 ? k — Eucratidas L, about 
i8i, bef 1 60s — Heliocles, about i6o k — Eu- 
cratidas II., after i48, d 147 , eh 146 f — ally of 
Demetrius II. of India : loses part of his 
territory to Parthia, about 130,° i26, d , 125' — 
Greeks driven out of India by the Tatar tribe 
of Su, 126' — Indian kingdom subjugated by 
the Yue-chi, about 26} a Zumpt. 

b Smith's Diet. c Clinton. d Heeren. 
e Bayer. f Schlegel. S Lassen. h "Wilson. 
1 De Guignes. k Bawlinson. 

Badajoz, in Spain, — taken from Moors by 
Alonso IX., 1230 — besieged and taken by Mar- 
shal Soult, Jan. to 9 Mar. 181 1 — attempted by 
English and Portuguese, 5 and 29 May 181 1— 
besieged by 'Wellington, from 1 6 Mar. 1 8 1 2— 
taken, 6 Apr. 18 12. Treaty of , between Spain, 
and Portugal, 6 Jun. 1801. 

Badakhshan, in Central Asia, — taken by 



BAD ALOCCHIO— BAHAMAS. 



147 



Humayun, 1546 — recovered by Camran, 1547 
— regained by Humayun, 1548 — Mirza Soli- 
man, 1556-63 — Mirza Soliman driven out by 
Abdallah Khan of Uzbeks, about 1585. 

Badalocchio, (Bosa,) Sisto, painter, engraver, 
— b. at Parma, about 15 81 — ft. at Some, 1647. 

Baden, Grand Duchy of, in Germany, — 
Herman I., Marquis of, receives County of 
Ufgau as dowry with his wife Judith, daughter 
of Adalbert, 1052 — Herman II. takes title of 
Margrave, Feb. 1130 — divided into Baden- 
Baden and Baden-Dourlach, on death of Philip 
I., 17 Sep, 1533 — reunited by Charles 
Frederick of Baden-Dourlach, 177 1 — al- 
liance of Charles Frederick with France, 
22 Aug. 1796 — territories increased by treaty 
of Luneville, 1801 — Charles Frederick cre- 
ated Elector by Napoleon I., 1803 — joins 
Confederation of the Bhine, 1805 — created 
Grand Duke, 1806 — acquisition of Breisgau, 
Ortenau, &c, by Peace of Presburg, 1805 — 
Charles Louis Frederick, grandson, 18 n 
— joins Grand Alliance, 20 Nov. 181 3 — erected 
into Grand Duchy by Congress of Vienna, 
1 8 15 — Constitutional Charter, 22 Aug. 181 8 — 
Louis William Augustus, uncle, 181 8 — Leo- 
pold I., (of Hochberg,) brother, 1830 — joins 
the Zollverein, 1835 — insurrections, 1848 — 
flight of Grand Duke, 14 May 1849 — restored 
by Prussians, 18 Aug. 1849 — Frederick I., 
Begent, on death of his father, and renuncia- 
tion by his brother Louis, 24 Apr. 1852 — takes 
title of Grand Duke, 5 Sep. 1856 — marries 
Louisa of Prussia, 20 Sep. 1856— treaty of al- 
liance with Prussia signed, 18 Aug. 1866 — 
announced, 19 Mar. 1867 — takes part with X. 
German Confederation in war with France, 
Jul. 1870— joins N. German Confederation by 
treaty of 15 Nov. 1870 — forms part of Ger- 
man Empire, Jan. 187 1. Peace of, between 
France and the Empire, concluded, 24 Aug. 
1714. Truce of, 1795-97. Concordat with 
Pius IX., conceding claims of the Church, 
signed, 29 Jun. 1859 — ratified, 12 Sep. 1859 — 
validity of, denied by Commission of Lower 
House, 16 Mar. i860 — withdrawn by Grand 
Duke, 7 Apr. — revocation published, 15 Oct. 

Badi Esseman, {Becli Olseman,) Abul Fadl 
Achmed ben Hossein el Hamadani, poet, — 6. 
at Herat, (398, a. h.) 1007. 

Badia y Leblic. [Ali Bey.] 

Badius, {Ascensius,) Josse, printer, — b. at 
Asche near Brussels,* 1462 — living at Lyons, 
1491-1511 — at Paris, 151 1 — tf., 1535- Afa- 
viculce stultarum virginum, 150 1 — Kavis stul- 
tifercc Collectanea, 15 13. a Erschand Gruber. 

Badius, Conrad, printer, — b. at Paris, about 
15 10 — retires to Geneva, 1549 — "a. there, about 
1568,* I562. b a Ersch and Gruber, Biog. Univ. 
b Senebier and otbers. 

Baert, Alexandre Balthazar Francois de 
Panle de, Bakon,— traveller, statist, §c, — b. 
at Dunkirk, about 1750 — member of Legisla- 
tive Assembly, 1791 — goes to Cmited States, 
after 10 Aug. 1792-1794 — member of Chamber 
of Deputies, 1815 — Tj. at Paris, 23 Mar. 1825. 
Tableau de la Grand Bretagne, de VIrlaade, §c, 
1800. 



Baffin, William, maritime discoverer, — b. 
about 1584 — engaged in voyages of discovery 
in N. America, 16 12-3-5-6 — killed at siege of 
Ormuz, 23 May 1622. 

Bagaudae, in Gaul, — revolt of, 285 s — sub- 
dued by Maximian, 286 ab — in Spain, reduced 
by Merobaudes, 443- b a Zumpt. b Clinton. 

Bagdad, (Baghdad,) — founded by Caliph 
Abu Jaafer Al Mansur, 763 — improved by 
Harun Al Raschid, about 790-800 — taken by 
Togrul Beg, 1061, (451, a. h.) 1059-60 a — 
taken by Hulaku, (Sefer 656,) 1258 a — taken by 
Timur, 1393 and 1399, ( 2 ^ Dhu'l hajjah 803,) 
9 Aug. 140 1 8 — taken by Ussun Cassim (Czun 
Hasan,) 147 o, b (842,) 1496 s — acquired by Shah 
Ismael, 1509, (916,) i5io a — taken by Solyman 
the Magnificent, (941,) 1534 — taken by Shah 
Abbas the Great, 1625 — taken by Sultan Murad 
IV., 25 Dec. 1638^ Peace of, between Otto- 
man emperor Ahmed III. and king of Persia, 
Meer Aschraf, 1727. a 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. ^Engl. Cyc. 

Bagetti, Giuseppe Pietro, landscape-painter y 
— b. at Turin, 1764 — at Paris, 1807-15 — Is. at 
Turin, May 1831. 

Bagge, James, admiral, — b., 1499 — revolts 
to Gustavus Yasa, 1520 — defends Halmstadt, 
1534 — defeats Muscovites at JNoeteborg and 
TYiborg, 1555 — defends Bevel against Hansea- 
tic League : defeats Danes off Bornholm, 1562 
— captured and imprisoned in Denmark, 1564. 

Baggesen, Jens, poet, §c, — b. at Korsoer, 
Zealand, 15 Feb. 1764 — travels in Switzerland 
and France, 1789 — is. at Hamburg, 3 Oct. 
1826. Gedichte, 1803 — Ptaideblumen, 1808 — 
Parthenais oder die Alpenreise, 1812 — Adam 
and Eva, §c, 1826. 

Baglione, Giovanni, painter, — b. at Borne, 
about 1573— Principal of Academy of St Luke, 
161 8 b — is. after 1642. Vite dePiitori, Scul- 
tori, §c, 1640^ i642. b 

a Erscb and Gruber. b Engl. Cyc. 

Baglivi, George, physician, — b. at Bagusa, 
or Lecca, 1668— Prof, of Anatomy, Borne, soon 
after 1692— F.E.S., 1698— ts. at Borne, Mar. 
1707. 

Bagnacavello, II. [Ramenghi.] 

Bagoas, — [B C] — commands in invasion of 
Egypt by Ochus, 350 — poisons Ochus and puts 
Arses on the throne, 338— poisons Arses and 
makes Darius III. king, 336 — poisoned by 
Darius, 336. 

Bagolino, Sebastiano, painter, poet, — b. at 
Alcamo, 19 Jan. 1560 — is. there, 27 Jul. 1604. 

Bagration, Peter, Prince— b., 1765— enters 
the army, 21 Feb. 1782 — at assault of Otcha- 
kov, 1788 — serves under Suwarrow in Poland, 
1794 — serves under Suwarrow in Italy, 1799 — 
serves against France, 1 805 — at Eylau, 1 807 — 
raises siege of Silistria, 14 Oct. 1809 — wounded 
at battle of Borodino, 6 Sep. 1 8 1 2 — tf . at 
Sima, near Moscow, 24 Sep., a 7 Oct. b 1812. 
a Biog. Univ. b Conv. -Lex. 

Bahamas, (Bucayos,)— -discovered by Colum- 
bus, 1492 — New Providence settled by Eng- 
lish, 1629 — Spaniards expel them, 1641 — Eng- 
lish again take possession, 1666— expelled by 
French and Spaniards, 1703 — again colonized 
10 * 



148 



BAHAR— BAIREUTH. 



by English, 17 18 — Nassau fortified, 1740 — 
Xew Providence taken and abandoned by 
Americans, 1776 — reduced by Spain, 1781 — 
restored to England, 1783 — Nassau a free port, 
1787 — devastated by cyclone, 1 Oct. 1866. 

Eahar, in Hindustan, — conveyed to East 
India Company by firman from Mogul Shah 
Allum, 12 Aug. 1765. 

Bahawulpoor, in Hindustan, — tributary to 
Afghans, from about 1750-1811 — seized by 
Eajah of Lahore, 1811. 

Bahrain, (Varanes,) Persian general, — de- 
feated by Ronianus in Albania, revolts against 
Hormisdas, 589 — proclaims himself king, after 
Sep. 590 — defeated by Chosroes, summer 591. 

Bahrdt, Karl Friedrich, theologian, — ft. at 
Bischofswerda, 15 Aug. 1741 — Prof. Philoso- 
phy, Erfurt, 1768-71 — D.D. Erlan gen, 1769 — 
tr. near Halle, 24 Apr. 1792. 

Bahrein, (Aval) Islands, in the Persian 
Gulf, — occupied by Portuguese, about 1505 — 
by Persia, 1622 — by British a short time, 1609 
— British intervention against pirates in, 1869. 

Baiandi, (Baiando,) Andrea, poet, — fl. about 
1480-1520. 

Baiandi, (Baiando,) Ottavio Antonio, anti- 
quary, — 0. at Parma, about 1690 — charged 
with publication of the Monuments of Hercu- 
laneum, 1747 — ft., after 1760. 

Baier, Johann Jacob, physician, naturalist, 
— ft. at Jena, 1677 — Prof, of Physiology and 
Surgery at Altdorf, 1704 — President of Im- 
perial Acad, of Xat. Hist., 1730 — tf. at Alt- 
dorf, 14 Jul. 1735. Oryctographia Norica, 1708. 

Eaif, Jean Antoine de, poet, — ft. at Venice, 
1532 — tf. at Paris. 19 Sep. 1589. (Ewores, 1573. 

Bail, — defined and regulated by Stat. West- 
minster I. 3 Edw. I. c. 15, 1275 ; 27 Edw. 
I. stat. I. c. 3, 1299 ; 1 Rich. III. c. 3, 1483-4 ; 
3 Hen. VII. c. 3, 1487 ; 1 and 2 Ph. and M. 
c. 13, 1554; 31 Car. II. c. 2, 1678; 4 and 5 
W. and M. c. 4, 1692; 7 and 8 Geo. IV. c. 
70, 2 Jul. 1827 ; 1 and 2 Vic. c. 110, 16 Aug. 
1838 — the Absconding Debtors Act, 14 and 15 
Vic. c. 52, 1 Aug. 1 851 — the Common Law 
Procedure Acts, 15 and 16 Vic. c. 76, 30 Jun. 
1852, and 17 and 18 Vic. c. 125, 12 Aug. 1854. 

Baillie, Joanna, poetess, — ft. at BothweH, 
1762 — settles in London, 1783 — tf. at Hamp- 
stead,2 3 Feb. 1851. Plays of the Passions, 1798- 
1812 — Dramas, 1836 — Fugitive Verses, 1840. 

Baillie, Robert, theologian, diplomatist, — ft. 
at Glasgow, 30 Apr. 1602 — enters Glasgow 
Univ., 1617 — regent of Philosophy, Aug. 1625 
— minister of Kilwinning, 1631 — "attends sup- 
plicants' meeting at Edinburgh, 18 Oct. 1637 
— member of Assembly at Glasgow, 21 Xov. 
1638 — at encampment on Dunse Law, summer 
1639 — negotiates treaty with Charles I. at Lon- 
don, 16 Xov. 1640 to Jun. 1 641 — joint Prof. 
Divinity, Glasgow, Jun. 1642 — commissioner 
in Westminster Assembly, 1643 — treats with 
Charles II. at the Hague, Mar. 1649 — First 
Prof. Divinity, 1651 — Principal of Glasgow 
Univ., 23 Jan. 166 1 — tf., Jul. 1662. Letters and 
Journals, 1775 — ree'dited for Bannatyne Club, 
.1841-42. 

Baillie, Matthew, anatomist, — ft. at Shotts, 
Lanarkshire, 27 Oct. 1761 — enters Oxford 



Univ., 1779 — Physician to St George's Hos- 
pital, 1787-99 — M.D., 1789 — ir. in Gloucester- 
shire, 23 Sep. 1823. Morbid Anatomy, 1793. 

Bailly, Jean Sylvain, astronomer, §c., — ft. at 
Paris, 15 Sep. 1736— member of Academy of 
Sciences, 1763 — member of French Academy, 
1784 — member of Academy of Inscriptions, 
1785 — deputy to States, Gen., May 1789 — Pre- 
sident of National Assembly, 17 Jun. 1789 — 
Mayor of Paris, 15 Jul. 1789 to 16 Xov. 17 91 — 
fires on the people in the Champ de Mars, 17 
Jul. 179 1 — tried, 10 Xov. 1793 — executed, 12 
Xov. 1793. Histoire de V 'astronomie ancienne, 
1775 — Histoire de V astronomie moderne, 1778- 
83 — Histoire de V astronomie orientale, 1787. 

Baily, Edward Hodges, sculptor, — ft. at 
Bristol, 10 Mar. 1788 — pupil of Flaxman in 
London, 1807-8 — student of the Boyal Aca- 
demy, 1809 — A.B.A., 1817 — R.A., 1821 — ts. 
at London, 22 May 1867. Apollo, 1815 — Eve 
at the Fountain, 18 19 — Eve listening to the 
Voice, 1 841. 

Baily, Francis, astronomer, — ft. at Xewbury, 
28 Apr. 1774 — aids in founding Astronomical 
Society, 1820 — retires from Stock Exchange, 
1825— D.C.L. Oxford, 1844 — &., 30 Aug. 
1844. Account of Flamsteed, 1835. 

Baily's Beads. [Sun.] 

Bainbridge, (Bambridge,) Christopher, Car- 
dinal, Abp of York, — Provost of Queen's 
College, Oxford, 1495 — Dean of "Windsor, 
Master of the Bolls, Privy Councillor, 1505 — 
Bp of Durham, 1507 — Abp of York, 1508 — 
ambassador to the Pope, 15 11 — Cardinal of 
St Praxede, Mar. 15 11 — tf. poisoned at Eome, 
14 Jul. 15 14. 

Bainbridge, John, astronomer, — ft. at Ash- 
by-de-la-Zouch, 1582 — first Savilian Prof. 
Astronomy, Oxford, 16 19 — tj. there, 1643. 

Baines, Edward, political and miscellaneous 
writer, — ft. at Walton-le-Dale, in Lancashire, 
5 Feb. 1774 — begins business as a printer, Sep. 
1797 — becomes proprietor and editor of the 
Leeds Mercury, 1801 — exposes conspiracy of 
Oliver and Castles, 1817 — M.P., Leeds, 1834-41 
— tS., 3 Aug. 1848. History of the Peign of , 
George LIB., 1814 — History, §c, of County of 
Tori-, 1822-23 — History, §c., of County Pala- 
tine and Duchy of Lancaster, 1824-25. 

Eaird, Sir David, Bart., general, — ft. at 
Xewbyth, in Scotland, 6 Dec. 1757 — enters 
the army, 16 Dec. 1772 — goes to India, Jan. 
1779 — wounded and taken prisoner at Peram- 
boucum, 10 Sep. 1780 — released, 1784 — at 
siege of Seringapatam, 179 1-2 — at siege of 
Pondicherry, 1793 — takes Seringapatam, 4 
May 1799 — commands expedition to Egypt, 
1 801 — commander in Mahratta War, Jan. 
1803— reduces C#pe Colony, 1806 — at siege of 
Copenhagen, 1807 — wounded at Coruna, 16 
Jan. 1809 — Commander-in-chief in Ireland, 
1820-1 — ft., 18 Aug. 1829. 

Baireuth, in Bavaria, — falls to Frederick 
III. burgrave of Xlirnberg, 1248 — burnt by 
Hussites, 1430 — conquered by Heinrich Beuss 
von Plauen, 1553 — burnt down, 162 1 — taken 
and pillaged by Marquis de Grana, 1632 — ■ 
taken and pillaged by General Manteuffel, 
1633 — by Bavarian General Vahl, 1634 — be- 



BAIUS— BALDI. 



149 



comes 'Kesidenz' under Margrave Christian, 
1603 — ceases to be so, 1769 — ceded to Bavaria, 
1810. 



Bains, {Be Bay,) Michel, theologian, — b. 
at Melin in Hainault, 15 13 — Prof. S.S. at 
Louvain, 155 1 — condemned by Pius V., 1 Oct. 
1567— Chancellor of Univ. of Louvain, 1578^ 
1575 b — if., 16 Sep., b Dec. a 1589. 

a Rose's Biog. Diet. b Biog. Univ. 

Bakehouses, — regulation of, by Act 26 and 
27 Vic. c. 40, 13 Jul. 1863. 

Baker, David, historian, — b. at Aberga- 
venny, 9 Dec. 1575 — enters Oxford Univ., 
1590— enters Benedictine order, at Padua, 27 
May 1605 — employed in searching for and 
transcribing records of Benedictines in England, 
about 162 1 — if. at London, 9 Aug. 1641. 

Baker, Henry, naturalist, — b. in London, 8 
May 1698— F.S.A., 1740— F.R.S., 1741— re- 
ceives the Copley Medal of Boyal Society, 
1744 — if. in London, 25 Nov. 1774. The 
Microscope made easy, 1742 — Microscopical Ob- 
servations, 1768 — Attempt towards a Natural 
History of the Polype, 1743. 

Baker, Sir Richard, historian— -b. in Kent 
or Oxfordshire, about 1568 — Knight, 1603 — 
if. in the Fleet prison, 18 Feb. 1645. A 
Chronicle of the Kings of England, §c., 1641. 

Baker, Thomas, antiquary,* — b. at Crook, 
near Durham, 14 Sep. 1656 — enters Cambridge 
Univ., 1674 — Fellow of St John's College, 
1679 — rector of Long Newton, Jim. 1687 — 
resigns, nonjuror, 1 Aug. 1690 — ejected from 
Fellowship, 20 Jan. 17 17 — if. 2 Jul. 1740. 

Bakerian Lecture, Royal Society, — insti- 
tuted, 1775. 

Bakers,— incorporated in England, 1407 — 
brown, incorporated, 1621. 

Bakhuizen, Ludolf, painter, — b. at Emden, 
18 Dec. 1631 — goes to Amsterdam, 1650 — if. 
there, 1709. 

Bakker, Pieter Huizinga, poet, — b. at 
Amsterdam, 1713,* 1715 13 — if. there, 22 Oct. 
1 80 1. a Biog. Wordenboek. b Biog. Univ. 

Baku, on the Caspian, — ceded by Persia to 
Russia, i8i3, a i8oi. b 

a Engl. Cyc. b Maccullocli. 

Bala. [Alexander Balas.] 

Balaam, — [BC] — blesses the Israelites, 
145 1. a a Ussher. 

Balaclava, in the Crimea, — occupied by 
British, 26 Sep. 1854 — the Russians defeated 
by British and Turks at, 25 Oct. 1854— ^evacu- 
ated by the British, 12 Jul. 1856. 

Balaghauts, in Hindustan, — acquired by 
East India Company, 1800. 

Balasore, in Hindustan, — ceded by Danes 
to the British, 1844. 

Balbi, Adriano, geographer, statist, — b. at 
Venice, 25 Apr. 1782 — Prof. Physics, Fermo, 
181 1 — Prof. Statistics, Padua, 18 13 — in Portu- 
gal, i82o b — at Paris, 1821 — 32 — returns to 
Padua, 1832 — if. at Venice, a at Padua, b 14 
Mar. 1848. Essai statistique sur le royaume 
de Portugal et d'Algarve, 1822 — Atlas ethno- 
graphique du globe, 1826 — Abre'ge de geogra- 
phic, 1838 — Essai sur les Bibliotheques de 
Vvmne, 1833. a Conv.-Lex. b Engl. Cyc. 

Balbi, Gasparo, traveller, — travels in East 



Indies, 1579-88. Viaggio delle Indie orientally 
1590. 

Balbi, Hieronymus, Abp, — b. at Venice, 
about 1450 — goes to Paris, 1485 — resigns 
Professorship of Humanities there, 1496 — 
Prof. Imperial Law, Vienna, 1497-9 — Prof. 
Humanities, Prague, 1499 — tutor to the chil- 
dren of Ladislaus king of Hungary, 1512-15 — ■ 
envoy to Charles V., at Worms, 1521 — envoy 
to Rome, 1522 — Bp of Gurk, Carinthia, 1522 
— Abp, by Clement VII., 1526 — if., pro- 
bably 1535. P>e Coronatione liber singularis 
ad Carolum V. Imp., §c, 1530 — -Be Bebus 
Pure ids, 1603. 

Balbi, Pietro, (Balbus,) philologist, — enters 
University of Padua, 1422 ? — studies under 
Victorin de Feltre, 1423 — Bp of Tropea, 1460 
— if. at Rome, 9 Sep. 1479 ? 

Balbinus, Dec. Ccelius, Emperor of Rome, 
— Consul with M. Aurelius Antoninus, (966, 
a. it. c.) 213 — elected with Pupienus Max. by 
the Senate, (991,) about end of Apr., a Mar. b 
238, (7 Cal. Jul. 990,) 237 c — murdered with 
his colleague by the soldiers, before Aug., a 
about 15 Jun. b 238, 242. d a Eckhel. b Clinton. 
c Zumpt. d Engl. Cyc. 

Balboa, Vasco Nunez de, maritime dis- 
coverer, — b. at Xerez-de-Badajoz, about 1475 
— accompanies Rodrigo de Bastidas, 150 1 — 
discovers Pacific Ocean, 25 Sep. 1513 s1 — su- 
perseded at Darien, by Pedrarias Davila, 15 14 
— arrested and executed, 15 17. a Humboldt. 

Balbuena, Don Bernardo de, poet, $c.,— b. 
at Valdepefias, 1568 — returns from Mexico, 
1608 — Bp of Porto Rico, 1620 — if. there, 1627. 
la grandeza Mejicana, 1609 — El siglo de oro, 
1608 — El Bernardo, §c, 1624. 

Balbus, M' Acilius, — [BC]— 1. Consul with 
T. Quinctius Flamininus, (604, a. tj. c.) 150 — 
2. Consul with C. Porcius Cato, (640,) 1 14. 

Balbus, D. LseHus, — [BC] — Consul with 
C. Antistius Veter, (748, a. it. c.) 6. 

Balbus, L. Korbanus, — Consul with M. 
Junius Silanus, (772, a. tj. c.) 19. 

Balbus, Q. Julius, — Consul with P. Juven- 
tius Celsus, (882, a. it. c.) 129. 

Balbus, L. Cornelius, — [B CJ — Major, in war 
against Sertorius, at Tana and Suevo, made 
a Roman citizen, 72 — returns from Spain 
with Pompey to Rome, (683, a. it. c.) 71 — in 
Spain with Julius Caesar, 61 — in Gaul, 58 — 
tried for assuming citizenship, and defended by 
Cicero, 55 — manages Caesar's affairs from be- 
fore 49 — propraetor, Consul suff. with P. Cani- 
dius Crassus, (714,) 40. Minor, serves under 
Caesar in Pharsalian war, 49 — quaestor in 
Further Spain, 43 — proconsul of Africa, tri- 
umphs over Garamantes, 19 — dedicates theatre 
at Rome, 13. 

Balde, Jacob, poet, — b. at Ensisheim, 1603 
— enters order of Jesuits at Munich, 1624 — if. 
at Neuburg, 1668. Solatium podagricorum, 
1 66 1 — Be vanitate mundi, 1638- — Urania 
Victrix, 1663. 

Balderic, (Baudry,) historian, poet, — b. at 
Meun-sur-Loire, about 1050 — Abbot of Bene- 
dictine Abbey in Anjou, 1079 — Bp of Dol, 1107 
— if. in Normandy, 7 Jan. 11 30. 

Baldi, Bernardino, scholar, poet, §c, — b. at 



150 



BALDINGER-BALFE. 



Urbino, 6 Jun. 1553 — goes to Padua, 1573 — 
returns to Urbino, 1576 — Abbot of Guastalla, 
1586— envoy to Venice, 161 2 — if. at Urbino, 
12 Oct. 1617. 

Baldinger, Ernst Gottfried, physician,— %. 
near Erfurt, 13 May 1738 — M.D., Jena, 1760 
—Ph.D., Wittenberg, 1762— First Prof, at 
Gottingen Univ., 1773— called to Marburg, 
1785 — if. there, 21 Jan. 1804. 

Baldini,Baccio, £>2<7>mv?r, — fl. about 1460-80. 

Baldini, Bernardino, philosopher, physician, 
poet, §c, — b. at Borgo d' Intra, about 15 15 — 
if. at Milan, 12 Jan. 1600. 

Baldinucci, Filippo, critic and historian of 
Art, — h. at Florence, 1624 — if., 1696. Notizie 
de Prof essore del disegnodaCimabue, §c, 1702-28. 

Baldock, (Baudake,) Ralph de, Bp of Lon- 
don, Chancellor of England, — Archdeacon 
of Middlesex, 1276— Dean of St Paul's, 18 Oct. 
1294 — Bp of London, 24 Feb. 1304 — conse- 
crated at Lyons, 30 Jan. 1306 — appointed a 
commissioner to examine charges against the 
Templars, 1306 — Chancellor, 21 Apr. 1307 — 
deprived by Edward II., 2 Aug. 1307 — if. at 
Stepney, 24 Jul. 13 14. 

Baldovini, Francesco, poet, — ft. at Pisa, a 
Florence, 13 27 Feb. 1635 — Secretary to Cardi- 
nal Nini, 1664-74 — takes orders, 1675 — if. at 
Florence, 18 Nov. 17 16. Lamento di Cecco di 
Varlungo, 1694. a Rose's Biog. Diet. 

b Ersch and Gruber. 

Baldung, Hans, (Hans Griin,) painter and 
tvood engraver, — b. at Gmiind, about 1470 — if. 
at Strasburg, about i552, a i545. b Altarpiece, 
Freiburg, 15 16. a Conv.-Lex. b Engl. Cyc. 

Baldwin I., Emperor of the East — n. at 
Valenciennes, 1171 — Count of Flanders on 
death of his mother, 11 94 — succeeds his father 
as Count of Hainault, n 95 — recovers part of 
Artois from Philip II. of France, 1199 — joins 
fourth crusade, 1200 — takes part in expedition 
to Constantinople to restore Isaac Angelus to 
the throne, 1202-3— elected Emperor by the 
Crusaders after the capture of Constantinople, 
and crowned, 9,* 16 b May 1204 — defeated and 
taken prisoner by Joannices, king of the Bul- 
garians, near Adrianople, 14 May, a 15 Apr. bc 
1205 — if. in prison, ? 1206. ? a Biog. Univ. 

b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Engl. Cyc. 

Baldwin II., Emperor of the East, — b., 
1 2 1 7 — succeeds his brother Robert de Courtenay, 
1228 — John of Brienne his colleague, 1231 to 
23 Mar. 1237 — visits Flanders to obtain suc- 
cour, 1237 — seeks aid of the Pope, end of 1244 
— attends Council of Lyons, which decrees aid 
to him, 1245 — visits England, 1238 and i247 a 
— Constantinople taken by army of Michael 
Palaeologus, 25 Jul. 1261 — escapes to Negro- 
pont, 1 26 1 — if. in Italy, end of 1273. 
a Matthew Paris. 

Baldwin I., King of Jerusalem, — accom- 
panies his brothers Godfrey and Eustace to the 
first crusade, 1096 — conquers and founds prin- 
cipality of Edessa, 1097 — visits Jerusalem, 
1 099 —succeeds his brother Godfrey, and resigns 
1, 1 1 00 — crowned at Bethlehem, 25 Dec. 
1 1 00— defeated by Saracens at Rama, 27 May 
1 102— defeats them at Joppa (Jaffa), 1102 — 



besieges and takes Acre, May 1104 — takes 
Berytus, 17 May 11 09 — takes Sidon, Dec. 
1 1 10— if. at Laris in the Desert, Mar. or Apr. 
ui8, a ino, b ii2i. c [Jerusalem, Kings of.j 
a Latin authorities. b c Arabic authorities. 

Baldwin V., (de Lille, le Debonnaire,) Count 
of Flanders, — succeeds his father Baldwin IV., 
1036 — invades Holland, 1045 — aids Geoffrey 
Duke of Lorraine to seize Verdun, 1047 — takes 
part in siege of Antwerp, 1048 — submits to the 
Emperor Henry III., 1049 -=- marries his 
daughter to William Duke of Norniandy, 1050 
— acquires Hainault, 1051 — again makes war 
on Henry III., 1053 — routs him and burns his 
palace at Nimeguen, 1056 — makes peace with 
Henry IV. at Congress of Cologne, 1056^ 1057 b 
— guardian of Philip I. of France, and regent 
of the kingdom, ? 1060 — aids William Duke of 
Normandy in conquest of England, 1066 — if. at 
Lille, 1 Sep. 1067. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. 

Baldwin. (Baudouin.) [Flanders, Counts of.] 

Baldwin, Thomas, Abp of Canterbury, — ■ 
Abbot of Ford, in Devonshire, before 1 180— Bp 
of Worcester, 1 1 80 — Abp of Canterbury, 1 1 84-5 
— preaches the crusade in Wales, n 88 — crowns 
Richard I. at Westminster, 11 89 — holds 
council at Westminster, n 90 — follows Richard 
I. to Holy Land, Mar. 1191 — if. at Acre, 20 
Nov. 1 191. 

Bale, John, (Balceus,) Bp of Ossory, theo- 
logian, §c, — b. at Cove, Suffolk, 21 Nov. 1495 
— enters Monastery of Carmelites, Norwich, 
1507-8 — enters Cambridge Univ., 15 14 — Prior 
of Carmelites, Ipswich, 1529 — Bp of Ossory, 
1553 — takes refuge in Holland and Switzer- 
land, 1553-8 — Prebendary of Canterbury, Jan. 
1560 — if. at Canterbury, Nov. 1563. Sum- 
marium illustrium majoris Britannia? scrip- 
torum, 1549. 

Bale. [Basel.] 

Balearic Islands, (Baleares,)—[B C~\ — Car- 
thaginian settlements in, before 500 — conquer- 
ed by the Romans under Q. Metellus, 123 — 
[A D] — conquered by the Vandals, 426 a — by the 
Moors, 798 a — Moors expelled and islands an- 
nexed to Aragon, 1289, i286, b 1229^ [Majorca, 
Minorca, Mahon, &c] 

a Conv. Lex. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Balechou, Jean Jacques, engraver, — h. at 
Aries, 17 15 — if. at Avignon, 18 Aug. 1765,3- 
1784^ 1764.° a Biog. Univ. 

b Ersch and Gruber. c Engl. Cyc. 

Balen,Hendrik wn.,painter, — b. at Antwerp, 
1560 — if. there, 1632. 

Balestra, Antonio, painter, — b. at Verona, 
1666 — if. there, i734, a i740. b 

a Some authorities. b Guariente, Zanetti, &c. 

Balfe, Michael William, musical composer, 
— ft. at Dublin, 15 May 1808 — appears as a 
singer at Drury Lane Theatre, 1824 — settles at 
Paris, 1827 — director of Italian Opera, Lon- 
don, 1845 — if. at Rowney Abbey, Hertfordshire, 
20 Oct. 1870. Rivals, 1830 — Siege of Bochclle, 
1835 — Maid of Artois, 1836 — Four Sons of, 
Aymon, 1843 — Bohemian Girl, 1843 — Bose of 
Castille, 1857 — Puritans Daughter, 1861 — 
Armourer of Nantes, 1863. 



BALFOUR— BALLIOL. 



5r 



Balfour, James, lawyer, philosopher, — ft. in 
Scotland, 1703 — admitted to Scottish Bar, 14 
Nov. 1730 — Prof, of Moral Philosophy, Edin- 
burgh, Aug. 1754 — Prof, of Public Law, Edin- 
burgh, May 1764 to spring, 1779 — &• at Pilrig, 
6 Mar. 1795. 

Balfour, Sir James, Loud Pres. of Court 
of Session, in Scotland, — taken prisoner by 
French in battle of St Andrews, 1547 — pro- 
fesses Romanism, 1549 — -joins party of the 
Queen Regent, 1559 — parson of Flisk, 1560 — 
Lord of Session, 5 Nov. 1563 — Privy Coun- 
cillor, 5 Jul. 1565 — surrenders Edinburgh 
Castle to Murray, 1567 — Lord President of 
Court of Session, 1568 — at battle of Langside, 
May 1568 — attainted, 30 Aug. 157 1 — joins 
Morton, 157 1 — aids in Pacification of Perth, 
Feb. 1572 — forfeiture annulled, 1573 — joins 
Morton's opponents, 1578 — forfeiture renewed, 
1579 — devises Morton's death, 15 81 — tf., 1583. 

Balfour, John, (of Burley,) Covenanter, — 
takes part in the murder of Abp Sharp, 3 May 
1679. 

Balguy, John, theologian, — ft. at Sheffield, 
12 Aug. 1686— enters Cambridge Univ., 1702 
— B.A., 1706 — M.A., 1726 — ft. at Harrowgate, 
21 Sep. 1748 — Essay on Redemption, 1741. 

Balguy, Thomas, theologian, — ft. at Lames- 
ley, Durham, 27 Sep. 17 16 — enters Cambridge 
Univ., 1734 — M.A., 1741 — D.D., 175S — Arch- 
deacon of Winchester, i758, a 1759 b — tr. at 
Winchester, 19 Jan. 1795. 

a Rose's Biog. Diet. b Engl. Cyc. 

Bali, Little Java, island, — Dutch colony in, 
1845. 

Baliol, John, and Edward. [Balliol.] 

Balista, prefect of Praetorians, — accompa- 
nies Valerian to the East, 258 — proclaims him- 
self emperor in Syria, 262 a — probably put to 
death by Odenathus, about 264 a b . 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Smith's Diet. 

Balize, (Belize,) in Honduras, — first settle- 
ment of English, from Jamaica, 1667 — settle- 
ment recognized by treaty, Jul. 1670 — settlers 
expelled by Spaniards, 1756 and Sep. 1779 — 
restored to English by treaty of, 1783 — unsuc- 
cessful attack of Spain, 1798. 

Balkan Mountains, — crossed by Russians 
under Gen. Diebitsch, 1829. 

Balkh, (Bactra, Zariaspa,) city, — [BC] — 
taken by Alexander the Great, (01. 112, 3,) 330 — 
he winters there, 329 a — and assembles forces for 
Indian expedition, (01. 112,4,) 328 b — [AD]— 
acknowledges authority of Persia, about 230 — 
conquered by the Moslems, (88, a. h.) 707 (?) 
— stormed by Gengis Khan, between 12 18- 
24 (?) — stormed by Timur, 1370 — occupied by 
Baber, 15 n< — by Uzbeks, 1525 — invasion and 
retreat of Humayun, 1549 — governed by Au- 
rangzib, (1057,) 1647 — abandoned by him, end 
of 1647- — invaded by Nadir Shah, 1738 (?) — 
subject to Afghans, about 176 1 — taken by 
king of Bokhara, 1783 (?), 1820°— [Bactria.J 
a Clinton. b Zumpt. c Engl. Cyc. 

Ball, Sir Alexander John, Civil Commission- 
er for Island of Malta, — charged with convoy 
of merchant ships to America, 1783 — distin- 
guishes himself at battle of the Nile, 1798 — 



conducts siege of Valetta, 1798-1800 — inter- 
course with Coleridge, May 1804 to Oct. 1805 
— ft. at Malta, 25 Oct. 1809. 

Ball, John, priest, follower of Wickliffe, — 
executed, 1381. 

Ballanche, Pierre Simon, philosopher, poet, 
—ft. at Lyons, 4 Aug. 1776— settles at Paris, 
1 8 14 — member of Academy, 1842 — tf. at Paris, 
7 Aug. 1847. Antigone, 1814— Vision d'Hebal, 
1829 — Essai sur les Institutions sociales, 18 18. 

Ballantyne, James Robert, orientalist, — 
Principal of College of Benares, 1845 — returns 
to England, Librarian to India Office, 1861 — ft. 
in London, 16 Feb. 1864. Translation of the 
Sahitya Darpana, 1 848 — Synopsis of Science, in 
Sanscrit and English, 1856 — Christianity con- 
trasted with Hindoo Philosophy, 1859 — First 
Lessons in Sanscrit Grammar, 1862. 

Ballard, John, Jesuit, (Captain Fortescue,) 
goes to Rome with Anthony Tyrrell, and obtains 
sanction of Gregory XIII. to murder of Queen 
Elizabeth, 1584 — instigates the Babington con- 
spiracy, 1586— arrested in London, 14 Aug. 
1586 — tried at Westminster, 23 Sep. — exe- 
cuted, 28 Sep. 

Ballenden, (Balantyn,) John, translates 
Chronicle of Boethius, 1536 — tj. at Rome, 1550. 

Balleny Isles, Antartic Ocean, — discovered 
by Bellenyand Freeman, 9 Feb. 1839. 

Ballerini, Pietro, theologian, — ft. at Verona, 
7 Sep. 1698 — goes to Rome, 1748 — }j. about 
1764. 

Ballesteros, Francisco, statesman, — ft. at 
Saragossa, 1770 — serves against the French, 
1793 — Minister of War, 1814 — Vice-President 
of Provisional Junta, at insurrection of Ma- 
drid, 1820 — Commandant-general in Navarre 
and Aragon against French, 1823 — takes 
refuge in France, Aug. 1824 — tr. at Paris, 28 
Jun. 1832. 

Ballin, Claude, metal chaser, — ft. at Paris, 
1615 — tf. there, 22 Jan. 1678. 

Balliol, (Baliol,) John, King of Scotland, 
— ft., about 1259— claims Scottish throne on 
death of Queen Margaret, (Maid of Norway,) 
1290 — his claim established by Edward L, 17 
Nov. 1292 — swears fealty to king of England, 
18 Nov. — crowned at Scone, 30 Nov. — 
swears fealty again at Newcastle, 26 Dec. — 
cited before Edward I. to answer complaint of 
Earl of Fife, refuses to answer, 1293 — alli- 
ance with France, 1295 — absolved by Pope 
from his oath of fealty, sends renuncia- 
tion of homage to Edward, 5 Apr. 1295 — in- 
vasion of Scotland by Edward, 1295 — defeated 
by Earl Warrenne at Dunbar, 1296 — taken 
prisoner by Edward, 1296 — surrenders the 
crown, at Kincardine, between 2-10 Jul. 1296 
— prisoner in the Tower, 1296-99 — retires to 
France, 1299— rj. at chateau of Bailleul, close 
of 1 314. 

Balliol, Edward, King of Scotland, — im- 
prisoned with his father in the Tower, 1296- 
1299 — accompanies him to France, 1299 — visits 
English court, 1324 and 1327 — takes part 
with Wake, Beaumont, &c, in invasion of 
Scotland, 1332 — defeats Earl of Fife; defeats 
Earl of Mar, at Dupplin on the Earn, 1 1 Aug. 



152 



BALLIOL COLLEGE— BAMBOCCIO. 



1332 — unsuccessfully besieged at Perth, by 
Earl of March, 1332 — crowned at Scone, 24 
Sep. 1332 — privately swears fealty and con- 
cludes armistice with Edward III.,* 1332 — de- 
feated at Annan, escapes to the border, 16 Dec. 
1332 — battle of Halidon Hill, 10 Jul. 1333 — 
restored, renews homage and surrenders part of 
Scotland to Edward, 1334 — driven from the 
kingdom, 1334 — sells the crown to Edward, 
1355/ 20 Jan. i356 b — ft. atDoncaster, 1363. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Balliol College, Oxford, — founded by John 
de Balliol, 1263 or 1268 — and Lady I)evor- 
gille his widow, and John Balliol his son, in 
1269. 

Ballistic Pendulum, — invented by Benja- 
min Eobins, about 1742. 

Balloon, — invented by Stephen and Joseph 
Montgolfier, 1782 — their first experiment at 
Annonay, 5 Jun. 1783 — inflated with hydrogen, 
first, by Charles of Paris, 27 Aug. 1783 
— ascent by Pilatre de Bozier and the Marquis 
d' Arlandes, 2 1 JSov. 1783 — first ascent of men 
in hydrogen balloon, by Charles and Boberfc, at 
Paris, 15 Dec. 1783 — first ascent in England, 
by Signor Vicenzo Lunardi, at Loudon, 15 Sep. 
1784 — first fatal accident, bursting of balloon, 
and death of P. de Bozier and Bomain, at 
Boulogne, 15 Jun. 1785— used in war by the 
French, 1794 — ascent by Biot and Gay Lussac, 
Aug. 1804 — by the latter alone, Sep. 1804 — ■ 
Xassau balloon trip, 7 Nov. 1836 — ascent of 
Glaisher and Coxwell from Wolverhampton, 
above six miles, 5 Sep. 1862 — used by French, 
during siege of Paris, 1870. 

Ballot, in Rome, — [BC] — introduced in 
electing magistrates by Gabinian law, 139 — in 
trials by Cassian law, 137 — in legislation by 
Papirian law, 131 — in trials for state offences, 
by Caelian law, 107— [AD] — in England, ad- 
vocated by Harrington in the Oceana, 1656— 
in United States, adopted in election of Presi- 
dent and Vice-President, by Constitutional 
Amendment XII. 1804 — in France, tried in 
Chamber of Deputies and Electoral Colleges, 
1840-44 — in use in political elections since Dec. 
1 85 1 — in several Australian Colonies, since 

1855. 

Ballynahinch, in Ireland, — defeat of Irish 
rebels near, 12 Jim. 1798. 

Balmerino, Arthur Elphinstone, Loud, 
Jacobite, — b., 1688 — resigns his commission on 
accession of George I., 17 14— joins the Earl of 
Mar and fights at Sheriffmuir, 13 Xov. 17 15 — 
escapes to France, and serves in the French 
army, 1715-33 — returns to Scotland, 1733 — 
joins the Young Pretender, 1745 — succeeds to 
the title, early in 1746 — taken prisoner at 
Culloden, 16 Apr. 1746 — tried in Westminster 
Hall, 29 Jul. 1746 — executed, 18 Aug. 1746. 

Ealmoral, in Scotland, — summer residence 
of Queen Victoria, from 1848 — rebuilt, 1853-56. 

Balnavis, Henry, — b. at Kirkaldy, 1520— 
Lord of Session, 31 Jul. 1538 — Secretary of 
State under Earl of Arran, 1543 — dismissed 
and imprisoned, 1543 — re-appointed Lord of 
Session, 11 Feb. 1563 — ft., 1570^ 1579. b 
a Pitmedden MSS. b Mackenzie. 



Balsamo. [Cagliostro.] 

Balsamo, Theodorus, canonist, — fj. at Con- 
stantinople, about 1 1 50 — Patriarch of Antioch, 
about 1 1 86 — ft. about 1204^ ii94- b 

a Some authorities. b Others. 

Balsora, — defeat of Turks by Persians near, 
1616. 

Baltic, — name first used by Adam of Bre- 
men, about 1070 — crossed on the ice by Charles 
X. of Sweden, 1658 — by Bussians, 1809 — ■ 
British expedition to the, under Sir Charles 
Napier, 1 854 — under Admiral Dundas, 1 855 — 
French expedition, against Prussia, 1870. 

Baltimore, U.S., — planned, 1729 — chartered 
as a city, 1797 — besieged unsuccessfully by 
British under Gen. Boss, Sep. 18 14 — martial 
law proclaimed at, by Gen. Butler, 15 May 1861. 

Baltimore, Cecil Calvert, Loud, — receives 
Charter of Maryland, 20 Jun. 1632 — takes 
possession, 20 Mar. 1634 — recovers his rights 
in the Colony, 1660 — ft. 1676 ? 

Baltimore, Frederick Calvert, Loud, travel- 
ler, poet, — b., 1731 — ft. at Xaples, 1771. 

Baltimore, George Calvert, Lord, states- 
man, — fj. at Kipling, in Yorkshire, about 
1582,1 c 157 8 b — B.A. Oxford, Feb. 1597— Knt 
by James L, 1 617— Secretary of State, Feb. 
16 1 9 — enters Catholic Church, and resigns 
office, 1624 — Baron of Baltimore, Ireland, 
1625 — visits Virginia, 1628-9 — obtains from 
Charles I. charter for Colony of Maryland, 
1632 — ft. at London, 15 Apr. 1632. 
a Bees' Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Rose's Biog. Diet. 

Balue, Jean, Cahdixal, — b. at Angle in 
Poitou, 142 1 — Cardinal, by Paul II., 1466 — 
imprisoned by Louis XL, 1469-80 — legate in 
France, 1484— ft. at Ancona, 149 1. 

Baluze, Etienne, historian, — b. at Tulle, 
24 Dec. 1630 — goes to Paris, 1656 — Librarian 
to Colbert, 1667 — Prof. Canon Law, College 
Boyal, 1670 — ft. at Paris, 28 Jul. 17 18. Re- 
gum Francorum capitularia, 1677 — Vita Fa- 
par um Avenionensium, 1793. 

Balzac, Honore de, novelist, — fj. at Tours, 
20 May 1799 — ft. at Paris, i8, a 2o b Aug. 1850. 
Fhysiologie du mariage, 1831 — Scenes de la vie 
prive'e, 1831 — Scenes de la vie de province, 1832 
Scenes de la vie parisienne, 1832 — Contes drola- 
tiques, 1833. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Balzac, Jean Louis Guez de, — b. at An- 
gouleme, 1594 — goes to Borne, 1621 — ft. at 
Angoumois, 18 Feb. 1655. (Euwres, 1651 — 
Lettres, 1665. 

Bamberg, (Babenburg,) County of, — extinct 
with Albert, 908. 

Bamberg, Bishopric and Principality of, — 
founded by Emperor Henry II., 1007 — its terri- 
tory diminished, 1522-56 — secularized, 1801 — 
assigned to Bavaria, Feb. 1803 — Archbishopric 
erected, 1819. Councilsof 1020, io52,andii5o. 

Bamberg, city, surrendered to Prussians, 
about 1759 — taken again by them, 1763. Ca- 
thedral, founded by Henry II., 1004-12 — burnt, 
and rebuilt by Bp Otto, 1081. Conferences, 
held, May 1854. 

Bamboccio, (Bamboots,) (Zaar,) Pieter van, 
painter, — b. at Laaren, 1613 — ft. about 1673 
or 1675. 



BAMEEAN— BANKS. 



'53 



Bameean, in Afghanistan, — defeat of Dost 
Mohammed by British near, 18 Sep. 1840. 

Bampton Lectures, {Divinity,) Oxford, — 
founded and endowed by will of Rev. J. Bamp- 
ton, commenced, 1780. 

Ban and Arriere ban, — first regulated in 
France by Louis the Great, about 1 1 24 — last 
levied, 1672. 

Banbury, — defeat of insurgents under Earl 
of Pembroke, near, 1469 — occupied by Boyal- 
ists, 1642 — besieged by Parliamentarians, 1644 
and 1646. 

Banca, island of, — tin mines discovered, 
about 1 7 10 — ceded to East India Company by 
sultan of Palembang, 1812 — exchanged with 
Netherlands for Cocbin, Malabar, 2 Dec. i8i6, a 
l8l4, b 1817.° a Engl. Cyc. 

b Ersch and Gruber. c Hamilton's E. I. Gazetteer. 

Banckert, Joos van Trappen, naval com- 
mander,- — Vice-Admiral, 1622 — leads expedi- 
tion to the Brazils, 1646 — tf., 1647. 

Bancroft, Richard, Abp of Canterbuky, 
— b. at Farnworth, Sep. 1544— B. A. Cam- 
bridge, 1567 — M.A., 1570 — Bp of London, 8 
May 1597 — takes part in Hampton Court 
Conferences, 1604— Abp of Canterbury, 1604 
— Chancellor of Univ. of Oxford, 1608 — tf. at 
Lambeth, 2 Nov. 16 10. 

Banda {Nutmeg) islands, — discovered by 
Portuguese, 15 n — settled by them, about 1520 
— Portuguese expelled by Dutch, about 1580 — 
settled by English, about 1 6 1 6 — fiually given up 
to Dutch, i8l6, a i8i7, b 1814.° a Engl. Cyc. 

b Hamilton's E. I. Gazetteer. c Macculloch. 

Banda Oriental. [Uruguay.] 

Bandarra, Gonzales Eannes, poet, — per- 
secuted by Inquisition, 1541 — dedicates his 
Couplets to Bp of Guarda, 1556. 

Bandello, Matteo, novelist, — h. at Castel- 
nuovo, 1480 — Bp of Agen, 1550 — tf. at Bazens, 
near Agen, about i56i, a 1562. b Novelle, 1554. 

a Rose's Biog. Diet. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Bandinelli, Baccio, scidptor, — b. at Flor- 
ence, 1487 — "fir. there, i559, a l 5^°- h 

a Ersch and Gruber. b Engl. Cyc. 

Bandoliers, — introduced, after 1572. 

Bane, {Benn,) James, — ambassadorto France, 
1325 — Bp of St Andrews, 1328 — crowns David 
II., 1 33 1 — made Lord Chamberlain of Scot- 
land: rj. at Bruges, 22 Sep. 1332. 

Bangalore, in Hindustan, — carried by as- 
sault by Lord Cornwallis, 179 1. 

Bangkok, Siam, — royal residence, since 17 10. 

Bangorian Controversy. [Hoadly.] 

Bangcr-Iscoed, N, Wales, — massacre of the 
monks of, 607. 

Banim, John, novelist, — n., 1800 — ft. near J 
Kilkenny, 1 Aug. 1842. Tales of the 0' Kara 
Family, 1825. 

Bank, Banker, Banking. [Savings Bank.] 
— [B C] — State bankers, {mensarii,) appointed at 
Eome, 352 — Banking resembling ours at Athens, 
about 3 co — State Bank at Byzantium, about 340 
— [A D] — Bank at Venice founded, 1 157 — Bank 
at Barcelona, opened by the Cloth Merchants, 
about 1350, ? 140 1 a — Bank at Genoa, planned, 
1345 — fully in operation, 1407 — Bank at Am- 
sterdam, established, 1 609 — Bank at Ham- 



burg, 16 19 — Banking in England, about 1640 
— Bank of Scotland, established, 1695 — 
Bank at Yienna, 1703, (issue,) 1793 — Koyal 
Bank of Scotland, chartered, 1727 — British 
Linen Company incorporated, 1746 — Bank at 
St Petersburg, established, about 1770 — Bank 
of Ireland, established by charter, 1783 — 
private bankers licensed, 1809 — Bank of the 
Netherlands, 18 14 — Provincial Bank of Ire- 
land, 1825 — Joint Stock Banks, commenced 
in England, 1827. a Prescott. 

Bank of England, — incorporated by charter, 
and by 5 and 6 \Vm. and Mary, c. 20, 27 Jul. 1694 
— special privileges, monopoly conferred, 1708 
— restricted, 1826, 1833 — suspends payment, ; 
1797 — resumes cash payments, under Act 59 
Geo. III. c. 78, 1 819— remodelled, by Bank 
Charter Act, 7 and 8 Vic. c. 32, 19 Jul. 1844 
— Bank Charter Act suspended, 25 Oct. 1847, 
12 Nov. 1857, 11 May 1866. 

Bank Notes, — for £10 first issued by Bank 
of England, 1759 — for £5, 1793 — for £2 and 
£1, 1797 — issue of, under £5 in England, after 

5 Apr. 1829, prohibited by Act 7 Geo. IV, 
c. 6, 1827 — issue of, regulated by Act 7 and 
8 Vic. c. 32, 19 Jul. 1844 — by Irish banks, 
regulated by Act 8 and 9 Vic. c. 37, 21 Jul. 1845 
— by Scotch banks, by Act 8 and 9 Vic. c. 38, 
21 Jul. 1845 — stirface printing of, (Smee's 
electrotype,) adopted, 1854. 

Bank of France, — instituted by Perregaux 
and others, 1799- — reorganized, and obtains 
from First Consul exclusive privilege of issuing 
notes, 1803 — specie payments suspended by 
decree of Provisional Government, 16 Mar. 
1848 — resumes specie payments, autumn 1850 
— its charter renewed, 1857 — again suspends 
specie payments, 12 Aug. 1870 — closed, 24 Mar. 
1 87 1. Building, erected by Mansard for Duke 
de la Vrilliere, 1620 — bought by Count of Tou- 
louse, 17 1 3 — bought by the Bank, 1812 — en- 
larged, 1854. 

Bankruptcy, — laws originated by Act 34 
and 35 Hen. VIII. c. 4, 1543 — laws amended 
by Act 13 Eliz. c. 7, 1570; and 21 Jas. I. c. 
19, 1623— laws consolidated by Act 6 Geo. IV. 
c. 16, 2 May 1825— Court of, constituted by 
Act 1 and 2 Will. IV. c. 56, 20 Oct. 1831- 
laws, Irish, consolidated by Act 6 Wm. IV. c. 
14, 20 May 1836 — laws amended by Acts 5 and 

6 Vic. c. 122, 12 Aug. 1842; 7 and 8 Vic. c. 
96, 9 Aug. 1844; 12 and 13 Vic. c. 106, 1 
Aug. 1849 3 !4 and 15 Vic. c. 83, 7 Aug. 185 1 ; 
15 and 16 Vic. c. 77, 30 Jun. 1852 ; 17 and 18 
Vic. c. 119, 11 Aug. 1854 — laws, Scotch, con- 
solidated by Act 19 and 20 Vic. c. 79, 29 Jul. 
1856 — laws, Scotch, amended by Act 20 and 

21 Vic. c. 19, 10 Aug. 1857 — ]aws, Irish, 
amended by Act 20 and 21 Vic. c. 60, 25 Aug. 
1857 — laws remodelled by Act 24 and 25 Vic. 
c. 134, 6 Aug. 1 86 1 — amended by 31 and 
32 Vic. c. 104, 31 Jul. 1868— law consolidated 
and amended by 32 and 33 Vic. c. 71, 9 Aug. 
1869. 

Banks, John, tragedian, — fl., 1677 -1696. 
Banks, Thomas, sculptor,— b. at London, 

22 Dec. 1735 — goes to Borne, Aug. 1772-75 — 
goes to St Petersburg, 1784 — returns to Eng- 



154 



BANKS— BARBANEGRE. 



innd, 1786— ft. in London, 2 Feb. 1805. Mourn- 
ing Achilles, about 1776. 

Banks, Sir Joseph, naturalist, — b. in Lon- 
don, 4 Jan. 1743 — enters Oxford Univ., Dec. 
1760— F.S.A., Feb. 1766 — F.R.S., 1 May 
1766— goes to Newfoundland and Labrador, 
1766 — naturalist, with Dr Solander, to Captain 
Cook's expedition, 26 Aug. 1768 to 12 Jun. 
177 1 — L.L.D. Oxford, 177 1 — goes to Ireland 
with Solander, Aug. 1772 — Pres. R.S., 1777 — 
Bart., 1781— K.B., 1 Jul. 1795 — Privy Coun- 
cillor, 29 Mar. 1797 — Member of Institute of 
France, 1802— ft. in London, 19 Jun. 1820. 

Bannatyne Club — established at Edinburgh, 
1823. 

Banneret, — order discontinued, after 1642 ? 

Bannier, (Banner,) Johann Gustav von, 
general, — b. at Diursholm, about 1596— enters 
Swedish army, 1615 — serves in Livonia, 1625 
■ — Knt, by Gustavus Adolphus, 1629 — coun- 
cillor of the kingdom, and general, 1630 — com- 
mander of a corps after the death of Gustavus, 
1632 — field-marshal and general-in-chief, in- 
vades Bohemia, 1634 — defeats the Saxons at 
"Wittstock, 24 Sep. 1636 — takes Torgau, 1636 
— ravages Saxony, early in 1639 — victory over 
the Saxons near Chemnitz, 4 Apr. 1639 — in- 
vades Bohemia, 1639-40 — again ravages 
Saxony, and defeats Piccolomini, 1640 — unsuc- 
cessfully besieges Ratisbon, winter of 1641 — ft. 
at Halberstadt, Dec. 1641. 

Bannister, Charles, musician,— ft., Nov. 1 8 14. 

Bannister, John, actor, — b. at Deptford, 12 
May 1760 — takes leave of the stage, 1 Jun. 
18 15 — ft., 7 Nov. 1836. 

Bannockburn, — Bruce defeats Edward II. 
at, 24 Jun. 1 3 14. 

Banns, — publication of, enjoined by 4th 
Council of the Lateran, 12 15 — in England, 
regulated by Acts 26 Geo. II. c. 33, 1753 ; 
and 4 Geo. IV. c. 76, 18 Jul. 1823. 

Bantam, in Java, — visited by Portuguese, 
151 1 — fort built by Dutch, 1595 — English 
factory at, 1602 — English presidency, 1634 — 
English factory taken by Dutch, 1662 — Eng- 
lish factory ceded to them by Charles II. ; 
abandoned, 1817. 

Bantry Bay, — the French fleet attacked by 
Admiral Herbert, 1 May 1689 — French in- 
vading squadron arrives in, 22 Dec. 1796 — 
returns to France, 27 Dec. 

Bapaume, in France, — Gen. Manteuffel 
defeats Gen. Faidherbe, 3 Jan. 1871 — town 
reoccupied by Frencb, about 10 Jan. 1871. 

Baptist, John Gaspar, painter, — b. at Ant- 
werp : ft., 1 69 1. 

Baptiste, Jean. [Monoyer.] 

Baptists, — first congregation in England, 
1607. 

Bar, Confederation of, — formed by Catho- 
lics of Poland, 1768 — dissolved, 1773. 

Bar le Due, in France, [Barrois,] — taken 
by the French, summer 1632 — head-quarters 
of king of Prussia, 26 Aug. 1870. 

Baraba, Barabinskaja Steppe, — Russian 
colony in, 1764. 

Baraband, Jacques, painter, — b. at Aubus- 
son, 1772 — ft. at Lyons, 1809. 



Baraguay d' Hilliers, Louis, general, — b. 
at Paris, 13 Aug. 1764 — enters the army, 1784 
— general of brigade, 1793 — serves under 
Hoche, 1795 — in Italy under Bonaparte, 1796 
— general of division, 10 Mar. 1797 — in Egypt, 
1798 — grand officer of Legion of Honour, 14 
Jun. 1804 — distinguishes himself atElchingen, 
1805 — Gov. of Venice, 1808 — takes part in 
Peninsular war, 1810-11— in Russian cam- 
paign, 18 12 — ft. at Berlin, Dec. 1812. 

Barailon, Jean Francois, physician, anti- 
quary, — b. at Viersat, in Auvergne, 12 Jan. 
1743 — M.D. Montpellier, 1765 — deputy to 
National Convention, 1792 — one of the pro- 
scribed, 1793 — member of Council of Five 
Hundred, 1796 — member of Council of An- 
cients, 1799 — Pres. Legislative body, 1801 — 
retires to Chambon, 1806 — ft. there, 14 Mar. 
1816. 

Barak, — [BC] — Deborah and Barak defeat 
Sisera, 1296^ 1406^ i392. c ? 

a Ussher. b Hales. c Clinton. 

Baraldi, Giuseppe, bibliographer, §c. } — b. 
at Modena, 1778 — secretary to Univ., 1799 — 
sub-librarian of Este Library, 1808 — censor, 
1828 — protonotary apostolic, by Gregory XYL, 
1 83 1 — ft. at Modena, 1832. 

Baranovius, (BaranowsJd,) Albert, Abp op 
Gnesen, — ft., 1615. Concilium Frovinciale 
regni Folonice, (1607,) 161 1. 

Barante, Amable Guillaume Prosper, Baron 
de Brugiere, historian, — b. at Riom, 7, a 10 b 
Jun. 1782 — enters the Ecole Folytechnique, 
1798— councillor of state, secretary of the In- 
terior, 1 8 15 — member of the Chamber of De- 
puties, 1815- — councillor of state, 1816 — peer 
of France, 5 Mar. 18 19— admitted to French 
Academy, 2 Nov. 1828 — ambassador at Turin, 
1830 — ambassador at St Petersburg, 1835 — 
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, 9 Apr. 
1846 — retires from public life, Feb. 1848— ft. 
in Auvergne, 22 Nov. 1866. Tableau de la Li- 
terature Francaise au 18 W<? Siecle, i8o8, a 1809 15 
— Histoire des Fucs de Bourgogne, 1824-28,* 
1826 b — Fes Communes et de V Aristocratie, 
1 82 1 — Flistoire de la Convention Rationale, 
1851-53 — Translation of Schiller, 1821. 
a Engl. Cyc. b "Vaperean. 

Baratier, Johann Philipp, theologian, his- 
torian, §c. — b- at Schwabach, 19 Jan. 1721 — 
speaks Latin, French, and German, 1725 — ft. at 
Halle, 5 Sep. a Oct. bc 1740. Translation of 
Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela, 1734 — Anti- 
Artemonius, 1735, or 1737. a Biog. Univ. 

b Ersch and Gruber. c Engl. Cyc. 

Barbadoes, island of West Indies, — taken 
possession of by Capt. Cataline, for England, 
1605 — settled by SirW. Courteen, 1624 — trade 
with, prohibited by parliament, 1650 a — placed 
under protection of the crown, Sep. 1663 — 
head-quarters of governor of "Windward Is- 
lands, 1669 — hurricanes, Aug. 1674, Aug. 
1675, 10 Oct. 1780, 1 831 — erected into a 
bishopric, 1842. 

Barbanegre, Joseph, Baron, general, — b. at 
Pontac, 1772 — re-enters the army, 1801 — 
general of brigade, distinguishes himself at 
Wagram, 1809 — serves in Russian expedition, 



BARBARO— BARBEYRAC. 



*55 



1812 — besieged and taken prisoner at Stettin, 
Nov. to Dec. 1 81 2 — surrenders Huningen to 
Swiss and Austrians, 26 Aug. 18 15 — tf. at 
Paris, 9 Nov. 1830. 

Barbaro, Ermolao, (Hermolaus JBarbarus,) 
— b. at Venice, 21 May 1454 — at Rome, 1462- 
72— D.C.L.,L.L.D., Padua, 1477— Prof. Phi- 
losophy, there, 1477-9 — settles at Venice, 1479 
— ambassador to Frederick III., i486 — ambas- 
sador to L. Sforza, Milan, 1488 — ambassador 
to Rome, 1490 — tf. near Rome, 14 Jun. 1493. 

Barbaro, Francisco, scholar, statesman, — b. 
at Venice, about 1398 — besieged in Brescia by 
Piccianno, 1438 — Councillor of State, 1452 — 
tf. at Venice, Jan. 1454. 

Barbaro, Daniello, Patriarch of Aquileia, ? 
— b., 8 Feb. 15 1 3 — tf. at Venice, 12 Apr. 

i57°> a i574~ b - 

a Rose's Biog. Diet. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Barbarossa. [Frederick I., Emperor of 
the Romans.] 

Barbarossa I., Horush, (Aroodge, Orood,) 
Sultan of Algiers, — b. at Mytilene, about 
1474 — becomes Mohammedan, assumes name 
Horush, about 1494 — enters service of the Bey 
of Tunis, 1504 — governor of Isle of Ierbi, 
15 10 — defeated by Andrea Doria, 15 12 — Sul- 
tan of Algiers, 1516 — defeats Arab king of 
Tlemsen, 15 17 — defeated and slain by Spaniards, 
151 8. 

Barbarossa II., KhairEddin, (Hadher,) Sul- 
tan op Algiers, — succeeds his brother, 15 18 — 
pasha, subject to the Porte, 15 19 — takes island 
fortress from Spaniai'ds, 1530 — constructs mole 
joining island to mainland, 1530-33 — drives 
away Hassan and takes Tunis, 1532, b 1534,° 
1535 d — 'pasha of the sea' to Solyman II., 
1532 — ravages coasts of Italy, 1533^ 1534 b — 
besieged in Tunis by Charles V., escapes, 
(942, a. h.) 1535 c — ravages coasts of Spain, 
takes Otranto, 1537 b — unsuccessfully attacks 
Corfu, 1537 — subdues Yemen, (945,) 1538 c — 
takes Castel-Nuovo, 1539— commands Turkish 
fleet sent to aid of Francis I., ravages Naples, 
1542 — with the French besieges Nice, Aug. 
I543, b (950,) 1545 c — returns to Constantinople, 
i544, b 1545 c — tf., (5 Guimadhi I., 953,) 4 Jul. 
1546.° a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

c Art de Verifier les Dates. d Ersch and Gruber. 

Barbaroux, Charles Jean Marie, Girondist, 
— b. at Marseilles, 6 Mar. 1767 — goes to Paris 
with the Marseillese, before 10 Aug. 1792 — de- 
puty to Convention, allies himself with the 
Girondists, 1792 — shoots himself, Jul. i794- a 
a Carlyle. 

Barbaroux, Charles Oze, statesman and mis- 
cellaneous writer, — b. at Marseilles, i794, a 16 
Aug. 1792 b — admitted advocate, 1814 — with 
Madier de Montjan presents petition to Cham- 
ber of Deputies, denouncing cruelties of the 
Royalists, 18 16 — settles at Paris, about 1820 — 
Procurateur-general at Pondicherry, 1830 — at 
Isle of Bourbon, 1831 — at Algiers, 1848— 
commander of Legion of Honour, 26 Oct. 
1849 — member of Council of State, 1852 — 
senator, 1858— ft. at Vaux, 8 Jul. 1867. 
Histoire des Etats-Unis, 1824. 

a Times. b Vapereau. 



Barbarus, — [BC] — Consul with Regulus, 
(910, a. u. c.) 157. 

Barbary States. [Algiers, Marocco, Moors, 
Tripoli, Tunis, &c] 

Barbatus, M. Horatius, — [BC] — Consul 
with Valerius Publicola, (305, a. u. c.) 449. 

Barbatus Capitolinus, T. Quinctius, — 
[B C] — Consul with Ap. Claudius Sabinus Re- 
gillensis, (283, a. u. c.) 471 — with Q. Servilius 
Priscus Structus, (286,) 468— with Q,. Fabius 
Vibulanus, (289,) 465 — with Agrippa Farius 
Medullinus Fusus, (308,) 446— with M. Ge- 
ganius Macerinus, (311,) 443 — with Agrippa 
Menenius Lanatus, (314,) 439. 

Barbauld, Anna Laetitia, miscellaneous 
writer, — b. at Kibworth-Harcourt, 20 Jun. 
1743 — marries Rochemont Barbauld, May 
1774 — left a widow, Nov. 1808 — tf., 9 Mar. 
1825. 

Barbazan, Arnauld Guilhem de, general,— 
leader on French side in tournament at Mon- 
tendre, about 1404 — defends Corbeil against 
Duke of Burgundy, 141 7 — captured by Henry 
V. of England at Melun, 1420 — wounded and 
captured at battle of Bulgneville, 143 1 — tf., 
1432 ? 

Barbazan, Etienne, philologist, — b. at St 
Fargeau, 1696 — tf. at Paris, 1770. Fabliaux 
et contes frangais des XII e , XIII e , XIV e and 
XV e siecles, 1759 — Ordene de chevalerie, 1759. 

Barbe de Marbois, Francois, Marquis, 
financier, — b. at Metz, 31 Jan. 1745 — member 
of the Council of Ancients, 1795 — transported 
to Guyana, after 18 Fructidor, Aug. 1797 — ■ 
recalled, after 18 Brumaire, Nov. 1799 — Min- 
ister of the Treasury, 1801-6 — Pres. Cour des 
Comptes, 1808— joins the Restoration party, 
1 814 — Garde- des-Sceaax, 10 Oct. 1815 to 10 
May 1816— tf., 14 Jan. 1837. 

Barberino, Francisco da, poet, — b. at Bar- 
berino, 1264 — tf., 1348. 

Barbers, — [B C] — brought to Rome from 
Sicily, ? 300 — [A D] — of London incorporated 
by Edward IV., 146 1. 

Barber-Surgeons, Company of, in England, 
— incorporated by charter of Edward IV., 146 1 
— united with Company of Surgeons, by Act 32 
Hen. VIII. c. 42, 1540 — made separate cor- 
porations by Act 18 Geo. II. c. 15, 1745. 
[Surgeons.] , 

Barbes, Armand, politician, — b. in Guada- 
loupe, 1809 — goes to Paris, 1830 — imprisoned 
for conspiracy, Apr. to Sep. 1834 — implicated in 
attempt of Fieschi, and again arrested, Aug. 
1835 — with Blanqui and others promotes in- 
surrection of 12 May 1839 — sentenced to 
death, but the sentence commuted to imprison- 
ment for life; liberated, Feb. 1848 — member 
of Constituent Assembly, 1848 — takes part in 
another attempt at insurrection, and is im- 
prisoned for life, Apr. 1849 — liberated by 
Napoleon III., 1854 — tf. at the Hague, 26 
Jun. 1870. 

Barbeyrac, Jean, jurist, — b. at Beziers, 15 
Mar. 1674 — Teacher of Belles Lettres at Ber- 
lin^ at Berne, b 1697 — Prof. Law and History, 
Lausanne, 17 11 — Prof. Law, Groningen, 17 17 
— tf. there, 1729,° 3 Mar. 1744^ b Traite du 



'5* 



BARBIANO -BARCLAY. 



Jcu, 1709 — Histoire des Anciem Traites, 1720 
— French Translation of Puffendorf, 17 12 — 
French Translation of Grotius de Jure Belli et 
Facis, 17 14. a Ersch. and Gruber. 

b Engl. Cyc. c Biog. Univ. 

Barbiano, Alberico, Count de,— takes part 
in massacre of Cesena, 1 Feb. 1377 — places his 
company of St George at service of Urban VI., 
1378 — 'defeats Bretons at Marino, 28 Apr. 
1379— Grand Constable of Naples by Charles 
III. of Naples, 1384 — tf. near Perugia, 1409. 

Barbiano, Giovanni Jacopo, Count de Bel- 
giojoso, — b., 1565 — serves in Netherlands 
under Duke of Parma, 159 1 — accompanies him 
to France, 1592 — general of the Pope's forces, 
assists at siege of Rouen, 1592 — distinguishes 
himself at taking of Cambrai, 1595 — enters 
service of the Emperor, 1603 — commands in 
Hungary, 1603 — disgraced, returns to Nether- 
lands : if., 1626. 

Barbie du Bocage, Jean Denis, geographer, 
— b. at Paris, 28 Apr. 1760 — Geographer to 
the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1780 — keeper 
of the Maps in the Royal Library, 1792 — Prof. 
Geography, College of France, 1809 — founds 
Geographical Society, 1821 — ft. at Paris, 28 
Dec. 1825. Atlas to the Voyage dujeune An- 
acharsis, 1789 — Chart of the Retreat of the 
Ten Thousand, 1796 — Atlas of Ancient His- 
tory , 1S16. 

Barbier, Antoine Alexandre, bibliographer, 
■ — b. at Coulommiers, 1765 — librarian to Napo- 
leon I., 1807 — &., 5 Dec. 1825. Fictionnaire des 
ouvrages anonymes et pseudonymes, 1806-8. 

Barbieri. [G-uercino.] 

Earbieri, Giovanni Maria, philologist, his- 
torian, <$-c. — b. at Modena, 1519— b\, 9 Mar. 
1571. Guerra d'Attila, 1568. 

Barbosa, {Barbessa) Edward, geographical 
discoverer, — rj. at Lisbon, about 1480- — pub- 
lishes account of his voyage in S. Asia, 15 16 — 
accompanies Magellan, and is assassinated at 
Zebu, 1 May 1521. 

Barbou, Jean, printer, — at Lyons, 1539. 

Barbou, Hugues, pr in tcr, — at Limoges, 1580. 

Barbou, Jean Joseph, printer, — at Paris, 
1704-tf., 1752. 

Barbou, Joseph, printer, — 1723-37. 

Barbou, Joseph Gerard, printer, — 1750-89. 

Earbou, Hugues, printer, 1789 — 1808. 

Barbour, {Barber,) John, theologian, his- 
torian, poet, — b., i3i6, a i33o b — archdeacon of 
Aberdeen, 1356 — travels in England, 1365 — t}., 
1395,° 1378.^ The Bruce, about 1375. 
a Dairy mple. b Other authorities. c Jamieson. 
d Biog. Univ. 

Barbuda, {IV. L'tdies,)— first settled by Eng- 
lish, 1628 — granted to General Codrington, 
about 1695 ? 

Barbula, Q,. JEmilius, — [B C] — Consul with 
C. Junius Bubulcus Brutus, (437, a. u. c.) 317, 
and (443,) 311. 

Barbula, L. JEmilius, — [B C] — Consid with 
Q. Martins Philippus, carries on war against 
Tarent iii's, (473, a. u. c.) 281. 

Barbula, M. JEmilius, — [B C] — Consul with 
M. Junius Pera, carries on war against Ligu- 
rians, (524, a. u. c.) 230. 



Barea, Barce, {Barke,) in JS T . Africa, — [B C] 
— colonized by Greeks from Cyrene, about 560 
— taken by the Persians, the inbabitants re- 
moved to Bactria, 510 — declines after building 
of Ptolemais, about 250 — [AD] — taken by 
Saracens, about 641 — disappears after 1236. 

Barcelona, {Barcino, Faventid,) — [BC] — 
founded by Hamilcar Barcas, about 235 — Ro- 
man colony, 206 — [AD] — acquired by Ataul- 
phus, Gothic king, 411 — held by Moors, 718 
-801 — besieged and taken by Charlemagne, 
801 — independent county, about 984^ from 
87 8 b — united to Aragon, 1131,1137 a — besieged 
and taken by John II. of Aragon, 17 Oct. 1472 
— revolts against Philip IY., 1640 — besieged 
by Don John of Austria, 1652 — besieged by 
Earl of Peterborough and Sir Cloudesley 
Shovel, 22 Aug. 1705 — fort of Monjuich cap- 
tured, 6 Sep. 1705 — surrenders, 4 Oct. 1705 — 
besieged by French and Spaniards, spring 1706 
— relieved by Sir John Leake, n May 1706 — ■ 
taken by assault by Duke of Berwick, 12 Sep. 
17 14 — seized by General Duhesme, 28 Feb. 
1808 — fort of Monjuich surrendered to French 
by Mina, 2 Nov. 1823 — rises for Don Carlos, 
1827 — pronounces for Espartero, 1840 — insur- 
rection against him, 1841 — bombarded by order 
of Espartero, 1842 — disturbances at, 1854 — in- 
surrection against O'Donnell, 18-20 Jul. 1856 
— republican insurrection, 25 Sep. 1869. Ca- 
thedral, commenced, 1298. Treaty of, between 
Charles V. and Clement YIL, 1529. Councils 
of, on discipline, about 540, 599, 906 — against 
usurpers of church property, 1054 — on the 
ritual, &c, 1068. Floral Games, instituted, 1859. 
[Maritime Law, of B.] a Engl. Cyc. b Ford. 

Barchochebas, {Shimeon Bar Cochba,) — heads 
revolt of the Jews against the Romans, spring 
i32 a — takes Jerusalem, 1 32 b — killed at assault 
of Bither (Bethel a ) by Julius Severus, 136,° 
(9 Ab) Aug. i35- a b a Clinton. 

b Engl. Cyc. c Biog. Univ. 

Barclay, {Berkley,) Alexander, — studies at 
Oriel Coll. Oxford, about 1495 — rj. at Croy- 
don,^ Bath, b Jun. c 1552. The Shyp of Folys 
of the Worlde, 1509. a Rose's Biog. Diet. 

b Ersch and Gruber. c Engl. Cyc. 

Barclay, William, jurist, — b. at Aberdeen, 
1541, 11 1546? — Prof. Law at Pont-a-Mousson, 
1578 — at Angers, i6o4, a 1605 b — rj. there, 1605. 
Be Regno et Regali Fotestate, 1600. 

a Chambers' Biog. Diet. b Engl. Cyc. 

Barclay, John, miscellaneous writer, — b. at 
Pont-a-Mousson, 25 Jan. 1582 — accompanies 
his father to England, 1603 — tr. at Rome, 12 
Aug. 1 6 2 1 . Argen is, 1 6 1 2 — Fuphorm ion is 
Satyricon, 1604 — Icon animorum, 1614. 

Barclay, John, theologian, — b. at Muthill, 
Perthshire, 1734 — licensed preacher, 27 Sept. 
1759 — secedes from the Kirk and founds sect 
of Bereans, \*]li — settles at Edinburgh, 1774 
— rj. there, 29 Jul. 1798. 

Barclay, Robert, theologian,— -b. at Gordons- 
toun, 23 Dec. 1648 — joins Society of Friends, 
1666 — tf. at Ury, 3 Oct. 1690. Apology for 
the true Christian Divinity, 1676. 

Barclay de Tolly, Prince Michael, — b. in 
Livonia, i7S5, a 1759 bc — enters the army, 



BARDANES— BAKLOW. 



57 



1769 — Colonel, May 1798 — Lieutenant-general, 
1807 — Minister of "War, 1810-13 — Field-mar- 
shal, Mar. 1 8 14 — Prince, 12 Sep; 18 15 — tf. at 
Justerbourg, 25 May 181 8." a Biog. Univ. 
b Rose's Biog. Diet. c Conv.-Lex. 

Bardanes, (Bhilippicus,) Emperor op the 
East, — proclaimed by the troops in Tauris, 
Dec. 711 — deposed and exiled, Jun. 713. 

Bardas, — rises at Court of Constantinople, 
830 — guardian to Michael III., 842 — Magnus 
Logotheta, 854 — contrives murder of Theoctistes, 
856 — Csesar, 856 — murdered by the Emperor, 
21 Apr. 866. 

Bardas Phocas, — confined in Amasia on 
murder of his uncle Nicephorus, 969— escapes 
to Csesareia in Cappadocia and is proclaimed 
Emperor, 970 — surrenders to Bardas Sclerus, 
and is sent to a convent, 970 — called to com- 
mand against Sclerus, defeats him at the Halys, 
979 a — assumes purple again, marches on Con- 
stantinople, and dies poisoned, 989. 
a Dufresnoy. 

Bardas Sclerus, — repels invasion of Bul- 
garians, &c, 970 — defeats and takes Bardas 
Phocas, 970 — proclaimed Emperor, 975 — de- 
feated by Phocas at the Halys, flies to Baghdad, 
979 a — imprisoned by Phocas, 989 — tf., 990,° 
986. b a Dufresnoy. b Blair. c Biog. Univ. 

Bardesanes, theologian, — ft. in Syria, 154 a 
— fl., about 2O0, b 173.° a Ctaron. Edessone. 
b Mackensie. e Clinton. 

Barea Soranus, (Servilius, ?) — Consul suf- 
feetus, (805, a. u. c.) 52 — accused by Ostorius 
Sabinus, and put to death by Nero, (819,) 66. 

Barebones' Parliament, — convoked by 
Cromwell, 14 Jul. 1653 — resign, 22 Dec. 1653. 

Bareilly, in Hindustan, — part of Rohilcund, 
till 1774 — ceded to East India Company by 
Vizier of Oude, 1801. 

Bareilly, City of, — mutiny at,3i May 1857 — 
taken by British, 7 May 1858. 

Barentin, Charles Louis Francois de Paule 
de, — ft. at Paris, 1738 — succeeds Malesherbes 
as President of Court of Aids, 1775 — quits 
France, 1790 — returns with Louis XVIII., 
1 8 14 — tf. at Paris, 30 May 18 19. 

Barentsen, (Barents,) Diedrich, painter,- — 
ft. at Amsterdam, 1534 — studies in Italy, about 
1554-61 — tf. at Amsterdam, 1592. 

Barere (Barrere) de Vieuzac, Bertrand, 
advocate, statesman, — ft. at Tarbes, 10 Sep. 
1755 — deputy. to States- General, 1789 — Pres. 
of National Assembly, 1 Dec. 1792 — Pres. of 
Jacobins, 14 Jul. 1794- — arrested, 23 Mar. 
1795— member of Legislative Council, 1797 — 
tf., 15 Jan. 1841. 

Baretti, Giuseppe Marcantonio, miscel- 
laneous writer, — ft. at Turin, 22 Mar. I7i6, acd 
25 Apr. i7i9 b — teacher of Italian in London, 
1751-60 — travels on the Continent, 1760 — tf. 
in London. 5 May 1789. Lettere famigliari, 
1762 — Dictionary of English and Italian Lan- 
guages, 1760 — Spanish and English Dictionary, 
1772. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

c Ersch and Gruber. d Engl. Cyc. 

EarHeur, in Normandy, — William, Duke of 
Normandy, embarks at, for invasion of Eng- 
land, Sep. 1066 — taken by Edward III., 1346. 



Barham, Eiehard Harris, novelist, §c, — ft. 
at Canterbury, 6 Dec. 1788 — Minor Canon of 
St Paul's, 1 821— Divinity Header of St Paul's, 
1842— tf., 17 Jun. 1845. Ingoldsby Legends, 
1837- 

Bari, in Italy, — taken by Saracens, about 
850 — taken by Louis II., aided by Basilius L, 
after four years' siege, 868-871 — made metro- 
polis of Apulia under Eastern Emperors, 890 — ■ 
captured by Normans, 1059 — retaken by Greeks, 
1060 — taken by Robert Guiscard, 1068-71 — ■ 
taken by Emperor Manuel Comnenus, 11 55 — 
recovered by William I., king of Sicily, 1156 
— visited by Frederick II., 1221 — St Francis 
preaches before Frederick at, 1222 — the fortress 
dismantled, 1242. Council of, respecting the 
'procession of the Holy Ghost,' Oct. 1098. 

Barium, (metal,) — discovered by Sir Hum- 
phry Davy, 1807. 

Bark, Peruvian, (Jesuits' ',) — introduced into 
Europe by Spaniards, 1640. 

Barkal, (Jebel BarJcal,) in Nubia, — ruins 
visited by Cailliaud, 1821 — by Dr Kiippel, 
1824-5. 

Barker, Benjamin, painter, — ft., 1776 — tf. 
at Totness, Mar. 1838. 

Barker, Edmund Henry, philologist, §c., — ■ 
ft. at Hollym, 22 Dec. 1788 — enters Trin. Coll. 
Cambridge, 1807 — tf. in London, 21 Mar. 1839. 
Classical Recreations, 18 12. 

Barker, Robert, inventor of panoramas, — ft. 
at Kells, 1739 — exhibits first panorama, 1788 
— tf. in London, Apr. 1806. 

Barker Thomas, painter, — ft. near Ponty- 
pool, 1769 — studies at Borne, 1790 — tf., 11 
Dec. 1847. 

Barlaam, (Bernard of Seminara,) theologian, 
mathematician, — settles at Constantinople, 
1327 — abbot of St Salvator a (St Esprit b ), 1331 
— envoy from Andronicus to Benedict XII. at 
Avignon, 1339 — censured by Council of Con- 
stantinople, 1 341 — Bp of Geraci, 1342' — tf., 
probably before 4 Aug. 1348. 

a Ersch and Gruber. b Biog. Univ. 

Barleeus, (Caspar van Baerle,) poet, theologian, 
§c, — ft. at Antwerp, 12 Feb. 1584 — Prof. 
Logic, Ley den, 16 17- 19 — Prof. Philosophy and 
Eloquence, Amsterdam, 163 1 — tf. there, 14 Jan. 
1648. Poemata, 1645 — Berum per octennium 
in Brasilia gestarum Historia, 1 647 . 

Barletta, in Italy, — Frederick II. holds a 
parliament at, 1228 — claimed by Venice, Sep. 
1239 — occupied by Gonzalo of Cordova, Jul. 
1502 to 28 Apr. 1503 — riots, and massacre of 
Protestants at, 19 Mar. 1866. 

Barlow, Francis, painter, engraver, — ft. in 
Lincolnshire, 1626 — tf., 1702. 

Barlow, Joel, diplomat ist^c, — ft. at Bead- 
ing, Connecticut, TJ.S , 1775 — B.A. Yale Coll., 
1778- — relinquishes divinity for law, 1783 — ■ 
visits England, 1788 — consul at Algiers, 1795- 
97 — at Paris, 17 97 -1805 — returns to U.S., 
1 805 — minister plenipotentiary to France, 1 8 1 1 
— tf. at Zarnowitch, Dec. 18 12. The Colum- 
biad, 1808. 

Barlow, Peter, mathematician, — ft. at Nor- 
wich, 1776 — Prof. Mathematics, R. Military 
Academy, Woolwich, 1806-47 — F.B.S., 1823 



i 5 8 



BARLOWE— BARRI. 



— receives Copley Medal, 1825 — F.S.A., 1829 
— ft. at Old Charlton, 1 Mar. 1862. Ele- 
mentary Investigation of the Theory of Numbers, 
181 1 — New Mathematical Tables, 18 14 — New 
Mathematical and Philosophical Dictionary, 
1 8 14 — Essay on the Strength and Stress of 
Timbers, 1817. 

Barlowe, William, mathematician, — enters 
Balliol Coll., Oxford, 1560 — Prebendary of 
Winchester, about 1573 — Prebendary of Lick- 
field, 1588 — Archdeacon of Salisbury, 16 14 — 
if. near Winchester, 1625. Navigators' Supply, 
1597 — Magnetical Advertisements, 1616. 

B'armann, Georg Nikolas, poet, translator, 
— b. at Hamburg, 19 May 1785 — rj. there, 28 
Feb. 1850. Theater, 1*838 — Hamburgische 
Chronik, 1822. 

Barmecides, The, — noble family of Persia, 
persecuted and slain by Haroun al Raschid, 
(187, a. h.,) 803. 

Barnabas, St, Epistle of, (spurious ?) — 
written about 71 or 72, a after 100? a Lardner. 

Barnabas, St, Gospel of, spurious, — written 
about 12 1 1-45. 

Barnabites, Order of, — founded at Milan, 
1536/' 1533. b a Dufresnoy. b Others. 

Barnard, Sir John, merchant, — ft. at Read- 
ing, 1685 — M. P. London, 1722-58 — Knt, 
1732 — Lord Mayor of London, 1737 — "is. at 
Clapham, 29 Aug. 1764. 

Barnave, Antoine Pierre Joseph Marie, ad- 
vocate, — ft, at Grenoble, 1761 — deputy to States- 
General, 1789 — withPethion and Latour Mar- 
bourg accompanies the king and royal family 
from Varennes to Paris, 21 Jun. 1791 — executed 
at Paris, 29 Oct. 1793. 

Barnes, Albert, theologian, — ft. at Rome, 
New York State, 1 Dec. 1798 — graduates at 
Hamilton Coll., 1820 — Presbyterian pastor at 
Morris Town, New Jersey, 1825 — removes to 
Philadelphia, 1830 — tf. there, 24 Dec. 1870. 
Notes on New Testament, 1832-48 — Notes on 
Old Testament, completed, 1851. 

Barnes, Joshua, philologist, §c, — ft. at Lon- 
don, 10 Jan. 1654 — Fellow of Emmanuel Coll., 
Cambridge, 1678 — Regius Prof. Greek, 1695 — 
&., 3 Aug. 17 12. Edition of Homer, 17 10. 

Barnet, in Hertfordshire, — Earl of Warwick 
defeated and killed by Edward IV., near, 14 
Apr. 147 1. 

Barneveldt, Jan van Olden, Grand Pension- 
ary of Holland, — ft. at Amersfoort, 1547 or 
1549 — Advocate at the Hague, 1569 — Counsel- 
lor and Pensionary of Rotterdam, 1576— serves 
at siege of Haarlem, 1573 — heads deputation 
offering sovereignty of United Provinces to 
Queen Elizabeth, 29 Jun. 1585 — Advocate- 
general of Holland and "W. Friesland, 1585- 
161 8 — ambassador to James I., 1603 — contro- 
versy between Arminians and Gomarites begins, 
1604 — concludes truce with Spain, 9 Apr. 1609 
— arrested with Grotius, &c., by States-General, 
21 Feb. 161 8 — trial commenced, 19 Xov. 16 18 
— beheaded at the Hague, 14 May, 16 19. 
_ Barney. Joshua, admiral, — ft. at Baltimore, 
U.S., 6 Jul. 1759 — bearer of national flag to 
French Convention, 1706 — tf. at Pittsburgh, 1 
Dec. 1818. 



Baroach, district, in Hindustan, — conquered 
by East India Company, 1781 — ceded to them 
by treaty with Dowlut Rao Scindia, Dec. 1803. 

Baroach, city, — taken by Akber, 1572. 

Baroccio, (Barozzi.) [Vignola.] 

Baroccio, Federigo, painter, — ft. at Urbino, 
1528 — at Rome, 1458-52 — lj. at Urbino, 
1612. 

Baroda, in Hindustan, — Pillajee Guicowar 
assumes sovereignty of, 1730 ? —treaty between 
Futteh Sing Guicowar and East India Com- 
pany, 1780 — sequestration of part of the ter- 
ritory by the Company, 1828. 

Barometer, — invented by Torricelli, 1643 — 
Pascal's experiment on the Puy de Dome, 19 
Sep. 1648. [Aneroid Barometer.] 

Baronet, Knight Baronet, Order of, — in 
England, instituted by James L, 22 May 
161 1 — completed first, 1622 — of Ireland, in- 
stituted by James I., 30 Sep. 1619 — of Scot- 
land, (Nova Scotia baronet,) by Charles I., 28 
May 1625. 

Baronius, Cesare, Cardinal, ecclesiastical 
historian, — ft. at Sora, Naples, 30 s Oct. 1538 
— goes to Rome, 1557 — Superior of Congre- 
gation of the Oratory, 1593 — Cardinal, by 
Clement VIII., 1596 — tr. at Rome, 30 Jun., ac 
May b 1607. Annates Ecclesiastici, 15 8 8- 1607. 
a Ersch and Gruber. b Conv.-Lex. c Engl. Cyc. 

Barons, in England, — first summoned as 
representatives, 1265 — created, by letters pa- 
tent, by Richard II., 1387. 

Barons' Wars. [John, and Henry III., 
Kings of England, Montfort, Simon de, Louis, 
Dauphin of France, &c.] 

Barossa, in Spain — Marshal Victor defeated 
by General Graham, 5 Mar. 1811. 

Barquicimeto, in Venezuela, — founded by 
Spaniards, 1522 — destroyed by earthquake, 
1812. 

Barrackpore, in Hindustan, — mutiny of Se- 
poys breaks out at, 29 Mar. 1857. 

Barramahal, in Hindustan, — ceded to Brit- 
ish by treaty of Seringapatam, 1722. 

Barras, Paul Jean Francois Nicolas, Count 
de, — ft. at Fos-Emphoux, Provence, 20, a 30 b 
Jim. 1755 — enters the army, 1775 — present at 
siege of Bastille, 14 Jul. 1789— member of Xa- 
tional Convention, 1792 — arrests Robespierre, 
(9 Thermidor,) 27 Jul. 1794 — General-in-chief 
for Convention, (13 Tendemiaire,) 5 Oct. 1795 
— member of Directory, 1795 — dictator for the 
coup d'etat, (18 Fructidor,) 4 Sep. 1797 — loses 
all power, (18 Brumaire,) 9 Xov. 1799 — ex- 
iled to Toulon, 1803 — goes to Rome, 18 13 — 
returns to Paris, 18 14 — rj. at Chaillot, 29 Jan. 
1829. a Bose's Biog. Diet. b Conv.-Lex. 

Barrelier, Jacques, botanist, — ft. at Paris, 
1606 — B.M., 1632 — enters Dominican Order, 
1635 — travels in France, Spain, and Italy as 
assistant to General of the Order, 1646 — re- 
turns to Paris, 1672 — tf. there, 17 Sep. 1673. 
Elantce per Galliam, Hispaniam, et Italiam 
obscrvatai, §c. 17 14. 

Barrere. [Barere.] 

Barret, George, painter, — ft. at Dublin, 
1732 — R.A., 1768. — U. at London, 1784. 

Barri, Gerald.de. [Giraldus Cambrensis.] 



BAEEI— BABTHEZ. 



Barri, {Barry,) Marie Jeanne Vaubernier, 
Countess du, — b. at Vaucouleurs, 19 Aug. 
1746 — married to Count Guillaume du Barry, 
and presented at Court, Apr. 1769— procures 
dismissal of Duke de Choiseul, Jan. 1771 — 
banished from Court by Louis XVI. and con- 
fined in Convent of Pont-aux-Dames, May 
1774 — goes to England, Jul. 1792 — returns to 
France and is arrested, Jul. 1793 — guillotined, 
7 Dec. 1793. 

Barricades, Journee des, — at Paris, (1.) 
Henry III. expelled by populace, 12 May 
1588— (2.) Disturbances of tbe Frondeurs and 
Mazarins, 26 Aug. 1648. 

Barrier, Treaty of the, — between tbe Em- 
peror, the King of Great Britain, and States- 
General of United Provinces, signed at Antwerp, 
15 Nov. 1 7 15. 

Barrington, Daines, lawyer, naturalist, §c, 
— b., 1727 — called to the Bar, 1749 — Marshall 
of Court of Admiralty, 175 1 — Welsh piusne 
judge, 1757-85 — tf., n, a i4 b Mar. 1800. Ob- 
servations on the Statutes, 1766 — Miscellanies, 
1 78 1. a Rose's Biog. Diet. b Rees' Cyc. 

Barristers, — act as advocates, about 1600 
— rules for admission to the bar, adopted by all 
the Inns, 1762 — new rules agreed to, 1852. 

Barrois, Duchy of Bar, in France — erected 
as early as 958 — takes title of County, 1034 — 
resumes title of Duchy, 1355 — united with 
Duchy of Lorraine, 143 1. [Bar le Duel 

Barros, Joso de, historian, — b. at Viseu, 
1490 or 1496 — Governor of Colonies in Guinea, 
1522-54 — Governor of Maranham, 1539— &• 
at Alitem, near Pombal, 20 Oct. 1570. Azia 
Portugueza, 1552- 1563. 

Barrow, Isaac, theologian, mathematician, 
— b. in London, Oct. 1630 — enters Trin. Coll. 
Cambridge, 1645 — B.A., 1648 — Fellow of Trin. 
Coll. 1649 — M.A., 1652 — ad eundem, Oxford, 
1653 — travels in Europe, 1655-59 — Prof. 
Greek, Cambridge, 1660 — B.D. 1661 — Gres- 
bam Prof. Geometry, 1662-64 — F.B.S., May 
1663 — Lucasian Prof., 1663-69 — D.D., 1670 — 
Master of Trin. Coll., Feb. 1672— Vice-Chan- 
cellor, 1675 — tf. in London, 4 May, 1677. 
Lectiones Opticce, 1669 — Lectiones Geomctricce, 
1670 — Theological Works, 1687. 

Barrow, Sir John, Bart, miscellaneous 
writer,— b. near Ulverstone, 19 Jun. 1764 — 
accompanies Lord Macartney to China, 1792 — 
to Cape of Good Hope, 1797 — second Secre- 
tary to the Admiralty, 1804-45 — F.E.S., 1805 
— assists in founding Geographical Society, 
1830 — Bart., 1835 — tf. in London, 23 Nov. 
1848. Travels to China, 1804 — Life of Ma- 
cartney, 1807 — Chronological History of Arc- 
tic Voyages, 1818 — Mutiny of the Bounty, 
1 83 1 — Memoirs of Naval Worthies of Queen 
Elizabeth's Reign, 1845 — Autobiography, 
1847. 

Barrow's Strait, {Lancaster Sound,) — visited 
by Danes, 1226 — discovered by Baffin, 16 16 — 
explored by Parry, 18 19. 

Barry, Sir Charles, architect, — b. at West- 
minster, 1795 — E.A., 1 841 — F.E.S., 1849 — 
Knt, 1852— tf., 12 May i860. Palace at West- 
minster, 1840-59. 



Barry, James, painter,— $. at Cork, 11 Oct. 
1 741 — exhibits at Society of Arts at Dublin, 
1763 — studies at Eome, 1765-70 — A.E.A., 
1772 — E.A., 1773 — Prof, of Painting, E.A., 
1782 — expelled from E.A., 1797 — tf. in London, 
22 Feb. 1806. Inquiry into the Obstructions to 
the Acquisitioyi of Arts in England, 1775 — 
Progress of Civilization, 1777-84. 

Barry, Lodowick, comedian. Bam Alley, or 
Merry Tricks, 161 1. 

Barry, Martin, physiologist, — b. in Hamp- 
shire, Mar. 1802 — M.D. Edinburgh, 1833— 
F.E.S. London, 1840— tf. at Beccles, Suffolk, 
27 Apr. 1855. Researches in Embryology, §c, 
(in Philosophical Transactions,) 1838-43. 

Barsumas, Nestorian Bp ofNisibis, — fl. 435- 

485- 

Bart, {Barth,) Jean, admiral, — b. at Dunkirk, 
1650^ 1655 b — enters the French navy, 1671 — 
serves against Holland and England, 1672-97 
— presented to Louis XIV., 1691 — defeats Ad- 
miral Vries, and is ennobled, 1694 — tf. at Dun- 
kirk, 27 Apr. 1702. 

a Rose's Biog. Diet. b Engl. Cyc. 

Bartas, Guillaume de Salnste du, poet, diplo- 
matist, — b. near Auch in France, 1544 — tf. of 
wounds received at battle of Ivry, Jul. 1590. 
(Euvres, 1601. 

Bartenstein, — Convention of, between Em- 
peror Alexander of Eussia and Xing of Prussia, 
concluded, 26 Apr. 1807. 

Barth, Henry, African explorer. — b. at 
Hamburg, 16 Feb. 1821 — goes to Berlin, 1839 
— visits Italy, 1840-41 — visits Africa, 1845 — 
Western Asia, 1846 — Greece, 1847 — joins Eng- 
lish exploring expedition into Central Africa, 
end of 1 849 — returns to Berlin, autumn 1 855 
— Prof. Extraord. Geography, Berlin "Univ., 
1863 — tf. at Berlin, 26 Nov. 1865. Reise und 
Entdeckungen in Nord- und Central-Afrika, 
1855-58 — Sammlung und Verarbeitung central- 
afrik Vocabularien, 1862-64. 

Barthel, Johann Caspar, canonist,— -b. at 
Kitzingen, 1697 — studies at Eome, 1725-27 — 
D.C.L., 1727 — Prof. Canon Law, Wurzburg, 
1727 — D.D., 1729 — Privy Councillor, 1744 — ■ 
Vice- Chancellor of the Univ., 1754 — tf., 177 r. 
ECistoria et generalia Paoficationum Imperii 
circa religionem sistens, 1736 — De concordatis 
Germanics, 1740 — De jure reformandi antiquo, 
1744. 

Barthelemy, Francois, Marquis de, peer of 
France, — b. at Aubagne, about 1750 — Plenipo- 
tentiary to Switzerland, Dec. 1791 — concludes 
peace with Prussia, 1795 — member of the 
Directory, 1796 — imprisoned and exiled, 4 
Sep. 1797 — escapes to England; Vice-president 
of the Senate, Count of the Empire, Feb. 
1 800 — peer, officer of the Legion of Honour, 
1 8 14 — Minister of State, Marquis, 18 15 — tf., 
3 Apr. 1830. 

Barthelemy, Jean Jacques, antiquary,— b. 
at Cassis, in Provence, 20 Jan. 17 16 — assistant 
keeper of the King's Cabinet of Medals, 1745 
— member of Academy of Inscriptions, 1747 — 
imprisoned, 2 Sep. 1793 — tf., 30 Apr. 1795. 
Voyage du Jeune Anacharsis en Grece, 1788. 

Barthez, (Barthes) Paul Joseph, physician, 



i6o 



BARTHOLDY— BASEL. 



physiologist, — b. at Montpellier, n Dec. 1734 
— M. D., 1753 — censor royal, 1757 — Prof. 
Medicine, Montpellier, 1759 — assistant Chan- 
cellor of the Faculty, 1774 — Chancellor, 
L.L.D., 1780 — goes to Paris and is appointed 
consulting physician to the King, 1780 — first 
physician to Duke of Orleans, 178 1 — loses his 
places and retires into Languedoc, 1790 — phy- 
sician to Napoleon, 1802 — ti. at Paris, 15 Oct. 
1806. Nouveaux Elemens de la Science de 
V Homme, 1778 — Nouvelle mecaniquedes mouve- 
ments de Vhomme et des animaux, 1798 — Dis- 
courssitr le genie d' PLippocrate, 1801 — Consulta- 
tion de Jledecine, 18 10. 

Bartholdy, Jacob Solomon, diplomatist, — b. 
at Berlin, 13 May 1779 — goes to Paris, 1801 — 
goes to Dresden, and becomes a Protestant, 
1805 — serves in Austrian army, 1809 — takes 
office in Prussia, 1813 — Member of Congress 
of Vienna, 18 15 — ti. at Rome, 26 Jul. 1825. 

Bartholdy, Felix Mendelssohn. [Mendels- 
sohn.] 

Bartholine, Caspar, physician, — 6. at Mal- 
moe, 12 Feb., 1585 — M.A., "Wittenberg, 1607 j 
— M.D., Basel, 1610 — Prof. Greek, Copen- 
hagen, 1612 — Medicine, 161 3 — Divinity, 1624 
— ti. at Sora, 13 Jul. 1629,^ 1630 b . Imtitu- 
ticnes anatomicce, 16 11. a Conv.-Lex. 

b Ersch and Gruber. c Zedler. 

Bartholine, (Partholinus,) Erasmus, geome- 
trician, — b. at Roeskild, 13 Aug. 1625 — be- 
comes successively Prof. Geometry and Medicine, 
Copenhagen: ft. 5 Nov. 1698. De Cometis, 
1664-65. 

Bartholine, Thomas, anatomist, $e., — b. at 
Copenhagen, 20 Oct. i6i6, ac 1619 b — M.D., 
Basel, 1645 — Prof. Mathematics, Copenhagen, 
1647 — Prof. Anatomy, Copenhagen, 1648,^ 
1646 b — his Library and. MSS. burnt, 1670 — 
member of Grand Council of Denmark, 1675 
— ti., 4 Dec., b Xov. c 1680. Historiarum ana- 
tomicarum Centuries FT., 1654-61. 
a Rose's Biog. Diet. b Biog. TJniv. c Conv.-Lex. 

Bartholine, Thomas, jurist, historian, §c, 
— b., 29 May 1659 — ti., 5 Nov. 1690. An- 
tiquitatum Danicarum de causis contemtce a 
Danis adhuc gentilibus mortis, 1689. 

Bartholomew, St, Massacre of, — begins at 
Paris, 24 Aug. 1572. 

Bartholomew, Island of, ( TV. Indies,) — set- 
tled by French, 1648 — taken possession of by 
English, 1689— restored to France at Peace of 
Eyswick, 20 Sep. 1697 — ceded to Sweden, 

1785. 

Bartholomew Fair, London, — established 
by Payer (Eaherus), 11 20 — confirmed by char- 
ter of Henry I., 11 33 —suspended by the 
Plague, 1593, 1603, 1625, 1630, 1665-66 — 
severed from the Church, 1539 — becomes four- 
teen-day fair, after 1660 — decay of, about 1685 
— reduced to three days, 1694 — its abolition dis- 
cussed, 1798 — again, 1839 — last proclamation 
of, 1855. 

Bartholomites, Order of, — founded, about 
1640. 

Bartoli, Danielle, ecclesiastical historian, — ft. 
at Ferrara, 1608 — enters Order of Jesuits, 
about 1623 — Hector of Gregorian Coll., 167 1 



— tr. at Rome, 13 Jan. 1685. Istoria della 
Compagnia di Gesu, 1653-73. 

Bartoli, Pietro Santi, painter, engraver, — 
b. at Perugia, 1635— tf. at Rome, 1700. 

Bartoli, Giuseppe, antiquary, — b. at Padua, 
Feb. 1 7 17 — Prof. Belles Lettres, Turin, 1745 
— ti. there, about 1790. 

Bartolini, Lorenzo, sculptor, — b. at Yernio, 
in Tuscany, about 1777— goes to Paris, 1797 — 
obtains first prize at the Special School, 1803 
— sent by Napoleon I. to found Academy of 
Sculpture at Carrara, 1808 — settles at Florence, 
1 8 15 — director of the department for Sculpture 
in Academy of Fine Arts, after 18 15 — if. at 
Florence, 6 Jan. 185c. 

Bartolozzi, Francesco, engraver, — b. at 
Florence, 1730^ 1725 b — goes to England, 
1764 — R.A., 1769— Superintendent of School 
of Engraving at Lisbon, i8o2, c i8o5, d i8i2, a 
1806 b — rj. there, 1813. a Ersch and Gruber. 
b Biog. Univ. and Nouv. Biog. Gen, 
c Engl. Cyc. d Conv.-Lex. 

Barton, Benjamin Smith, physician, na~ 
turalist, $c„— b. at Lancaster, U. S., 10 Feb. 
1766 — studies at Edinburgh, 1786-88 — Prof. 
Botany and Natural History, Philadelphia, 
1789-1815 — Prof. Materia Medica, 1795 — 
Prof. Practice of Physic, 1813 — ti., 19 Dec. 
18 16. Fragments of the Natural History of 
Pennsylvania, 1800. 

Barton, Bernard, poet, — b. in London, 31 
Jan. 1784 — tf., 19 Feb. 1849. 

Barton, Elizabeth, the Nun of Kent, — be- 
comes known, 1525 — declared by the parish 
priest to be inspired, 1531 — instructed by 
Father Booking, 1531 — takes the veil at Can- 
terbury, 15 3 1 — pronounces against divorce 
of Catherine of Aragon, threatens Henry 
VIII. with deposition and death, and is 
arrested and sent to the Tower, 1533 — 
brought before Star Chamber, Nov. 1533 — 
makes a confession at Paul's Cross, Dec. 1533 
— bill of attainder against her and accomplices, 
passed, 6 Mar. 1534— beheaded at Tyburn, 21 
Apr. 1534. 

Bartram, John, botanist, — b. at Marpole, in 
Pennsylvania, 1 701 — founds first botanic garden 
in America, before 1740 — ti., Sep. 1777. 

Bartram, William, botanist, — b. at King- 
sessing, Pennsylvania, 1739 — travels in South- 
ern States, 1773-78 — ti., 22 Jul. 1823. Travels 
through N. and S. Carolina, Georgia, §c, 1791. 

Bartsch, Johann Adam Eernhard von, en- 
graver, — b. at Vienna, 17 Aug. 1757 — keeper 
of imperial collection of engravings, 17 81 — 
employed in arranging them, 1791-1820 — ti. 
at Vienna, 21 Aug. 1821. Catalogue raisonne 
de toutes les estampes de Rembrandt, 1797 — 
Fein tre-graveur, 1802-21. 

Baruch. [Jeremiah.] 

Basaiti, Marco, painter, — fl., 1470-1520. 
Calling of St Peter and St Andrew, Venice, 
151 1 — Calling of James and John, Vienna, 1515. 

Basel, {Basle, Pule,) in Switzerland, — sub- 
ject to the Alamanni, 406 — rises into import- 
ance, soon after 450 — passes to Franks, about 
500 — falls to Ludwig the German, 843— de- 
stroyed by Magyars, 917 — and rebuilt by 



BASEL— BASIRE. 



161 



Henry I.; belongs to the Empire, 1032— ren- 
dezvous of French crusaders, 1202 — besieged 
by Rudolph of Hapsburg, 1273— destroyed by 
earthquake and great tire, 1336^ 1356 b — 
tournament held by Duke Leopold of Austria, 
1376— joins Swiss Confederacy, 1501 — adopts 
the Reformation and expels the bishops, 1525 
— seized by the French, 1798. Cathedral, built 
by Henry II., 1010-19 — burnt, 11 35— and re- 
built: destroyed by earthquake and rebuilt, 
i35 6 - b University, founded by Pope Pius II., 
1459. Museum, completed, 1849. Councils of, 
for election of Cadalous, Bp of Parma, Pope, Oct. 
1 06 1. Eighteenth General Co uncil, for reunion 
of Greek and Latin churches and for reform- 
ation, transferred from Siena by Martin V. and 
Eugenius IV., opens, 23 Jul. 143 1 — first session, 
14 Dec. — loth, 26 Nov. 1433 — approved by 
bull of Eugenius IV., 15 Dec. 1433 — 17th 
session, before the Emperor, 26 Apr. 1434 — 
18th, 26 Jun. 1434— 19th, 7 Sep.— 20th, 22 
Jan. 1435— 21st, 9 Jun.— 22nd, 15 Oct.— 23rd, 
24 Mar. 1436— 24th, 14 Apr.— 25th, 7 May 
1437 — 26th, 26 Jul. — dissolved or transferred 
to Ferrara, by decree of the Pope : 27th, 27 
Sep. — 29th, 12 Oct., the Pope's bull annulled: 
30th, 8 Jan. 1438 — retirement of Cardinal 
Julian Cesarini : 34th, 25 Jun. 1439 — ^ u " 
genius deposed: 39th, 17 Nov. — election of 
Amadeus, Duke of Savoy, Pope, confirmed: 
[Felix V.] 45th, last session, May 1443. 
Treaties of, between king of Prussia and 
French Republic, signed, 5 Apr. 1795— be- 
tween Spain and French Republic, cession of 
Spanish part of St Domingo, signed, 12 Jul. — 
ratified, 22 Jul. 1795. a Engl. Cyc. 

b Ersch and Gruber. 

Basel, Bishopric of, German principality, — 
forms alliance with Catholic cantons, 1579, 
1671, and 1697 — with France, 1739, 1777, and 
1780 — overrun by French troops, 1792 — Hel- 
vetic part annexed to France, 1798 — Ger- 
man part, by treaty of Campo Formio, Oct. 
1797. 

Basevi, George, architect, — fj. at Brighton, 
1794 — tf. at Ely, 16 Oct. 1845. Fitzwilliam 
Museum, Cambridge, 1837-47. 

Bashan, Rephaims, El Bottein, (Batanaa, 
Trachonitis, Gaulonitis, Auranitis,) — [B C] — 
subjugated by Chedoiiaomer, 1928 s — Og de- 
feated and slain, country seized by Jews, 145 1 a 
■ — ravaged by Hazael of Syria, about 850 a — 
recovered by Joash, after 839 — granted by Au- 
gustus to Herod the Great, after 30 — divided 
at his death, 4— Batansea given to Philip, 4 — 
[AD]— annexed to Syria, 34 — given to Herod 
Agrippa, by Caligula, 37 — reverts to the empire, 
44-53 — given by Claudius to Agrippa II., 
53. a Ussb.er. 

Bashee Islands, {E. Indies,) — visited by 
Dampier, about 1690 — taken possession of by 
Spain, 1783. 

Bashkirs, — subdued by Czar Ivan the Ter- 
rible, about 1556. 

Bashuysen, Heinrich Jacob van, orientalist, 
— ft. at Hanau, 26 Oct. 1679 — Prof. Oriental 
languages, Hanau, 1701 — Prof. Theology, 1703 
— Prof. Theology, History, and Oriental lan- 



guages, Zerbst, 1716-58 — tf. there, 29 or 31 
Dec. 1758. 

Basientello, in Apulia, — the Emperor Otto 
II. defeated by Saracens and Greeks, 13 Jul. 982. 

Basil, St, the Great, {Basilius,) Bp of 
C^esareia, — ft. atCsesareia, Cappadocia, 329,^ 
326,° — studies at Athens, 351-55 — teaches rhe- 
toric at Caesareia, 355 — makes his monastic 
tour in Syria and Egypt, 357 — retires to re- 
ligious seclusion, 358 — embassy about Homoou- 
sians to Constantinople, 359 — returns to his 
monastery, 360 — invited to Julian's court, 361 
— presbyter, 362 — deposed by Eusebius, 364 — 
restored, 365 — Bp of Caesareia, 37o, b 371 d — ft, 
there, 1 Jan. 379, b 38o. d a Ersch and Gruber. 

b Biog. Univ. c Engl. Cyc. d Clinton. 

Basil, St, Order of, — founded by St Basil in 
Pontus, about 358 — introduced into Western 
Church, 1057^ a Moreri. 

Basileides, Gnostic, — fl., about 120-130. 

Basilica, — [B C] — first erected at Rome, by 
M. Porcius Cato, 184. 

Basilica, — authorized Greek version of the 
Pandect, Code, &c, of Justinian, by Basilius I. 
and Leo VI., about 876-900 — revised, about 945. 

Basilides, Epicurean philosopher, — succeeds 
Dionysius about 200. 

Basiliscus, Emperor op the East,-^- com- 
mands against Bulgarians, 463 — Consul with 
Hermenericus, (1218, a. u. c.) 465 — leads 
expedition against Genseric at Carthage, 468 — 
defeated by Genseric, 468 — banished to He- 
raclea; deposes Zeno and is proclaimed Em- 
peror, end of Nov. 475— Consul with Armatus, 
(1229,) 476 — seized and imprisoned in Cappa- 
docia, Jun. or Jul. 477 — dies of starvation, 
winter 477-8. 

Basilius I., the Macedonian, Emperor op 
the East, — ft. in Macedonia, 826 a ? — slave in 
Bulgaria, 813 b — kills Bulgarian pugilist, 842 — 
chief chamberlain, 854,? 861 ab — marries Eu- 
doxia, Dec. 865 — conspires against Bardas and 
made Augustus, 866 — contrives murder of 
Michael III. and succeeds him, 24 Sep. 867 — 
convokes Council of Constantinople, 869— war 
against Arabs, 872-75 — treaty with Russians at 
Kiew, before 880 ? — rj. of wounds by hunted 
stag, 1 Mar. 886. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Basilius, II., Emperor of the East, — ft., 
958 — succeeds Zimisces, with his brother Con- 
stantine, 975, a 10 Jan. 976 b — rebellion of Bar- 
das Scleros, 979 — war against Bulgarians, 98i, a 
976-1018 c — rebellion of Bardas Phocas, 987- 
89 — visits Thessalonica, 990 — takes Vidin, 
1002 — defeats Bulgarians, at Zetunium, 29 Jul. 
ioi4 b — unsuccessfully besieges Pernikon, 1016 
— Bulgaria a Greek province, 1018 — war 
against N. Iberia, 1022 — rj., Dec. 1025. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Finlay. 

Basilius, — 1. Fl, Csecina, Consul with Vi- 
vianus, (1216, a. u. c.) 463—2. Junior, Consul, 
(1233,) 480—3. Fl., Consul, (1294,) 541. 

Basing, {De Basingstoke,) John, philologist, 
— fl., about 1230 — introduces Greek numerals 
in England : U., 1252. 

Basing House, in Hampshire, — stormed by 
Cromwell, 14 Oct. 1645. 

Basire, Isaac, theologian, — ft. in Jersey, 1607 



BASIRE— BASTIAT. 



— D.D., chaplain to Charles I., 1640— travels 
in Syria, Greece, Turkey, &c, 1646-60 — tf., 
12 Oct. 1676. 

Basire, James, engraver, — ft., 6 Oct. 1730 — 
engraver to Society of Antiquaries, 1760 — 
engraver to Royal Society, 1770 — tr., 6 Sep. 
1 802. Plates in Gough's Sepulchral Monuments, 
1786-96. 

Baskerville, John, printer, — ft. at Wolver- 
ley, Worcestershire, 1706 — settles at Birming- 
ham, 1726 — produces his first work, 1756 — tf. 
at Birmingham, 8 Jan. 1775. 

Basnage, Antoine, Protestant pastor, — ft., 
16 10 — imprisoned at Havre de Grace, 1675 — 
escapes to Holland on revocation of the Edict 
of Nantes, 1685— tf. at Zutphen, 1691. 

Basnage, Benjamin, theologian, — ft. at Ca- 
rentan, 1580— deputy to Synod at Charenton, 
1623 — Pres. of Synod at Aleucon, 1637 — tf., 
1652. Traite de V Eglise, 1612. 

Basnage de Flottemanville, Samuel, — ft. at 
Bayeux, 1638 — escapes with his father to Hol- 
land, 1685 — tf. at Zutphen, 1721. Histoire de 
la religion des Eglises reformees, 1690 — De rebus 
sacris et ecclesiasticis exercitationis Historico- 
critica, §c., 1692. 

Basnage de Beauval, Henri, lawyer,— -ft. at 
Rouen, 7 Aug. 1656— escapes into Holland on 
revocation of Edict of Nantes, 1687— tf. at the 
Hague, 29 Mar. 17 10. Edits Histoire des 
Ouvrages des Savans, 1687- 1709. 

Basques, {Vascones, Varduli, jHuscaldunce,) 
— subdued by the Goths, 580 — Alava and Gui- 
puscoa united to Castile by Alonso VIII., 1200. 

Basque Eoads, — French squadron destroyed 
in, by Admiral Gambier and Lord Cochrane, 
11-12 Apr. 1809. 

Bass Rock, — purchased by the English 
Government of Sir Andrew Ramsay, and used 
as prison for the Covenanters, 1671 — holds out 
against William III., 1690 — fortifications de- 
stroyed by William III., 1701 — granted to Sir 
Hew Dalrymple, 1706. 

Bass Strait,— discovered by Bass and Flin- 
ders, 1798. 

Bassano, Jaeopo da Ponte, II, painter, — ft, 
at Bassano, 1510 — tf. there, 13 Feb. 1592. 

Bassano, Francesco da Ponte, painter, — ft., 

I54V i55° b — tt-, i59 J » a 4 Jul- i59 2 - b 
a Nagler. b Biog. Catalogue. 

Bassano, Giambattista da Ponte, — 6., 

'553> a i5 6 3 b — "Om i 6 i3> a i 6 23- b 

a Biog. Catalogue. b Nagler. 

Bassano, Leandro, painter, — ft., 1558 — tf. 
at Venice, 1623. 

Bassano, Girolamo da Ponte, painter, — ft., 
1560 — tf., 1622. 

Bassano, in Italy,— given, up to republic of 
Venice by the Visconti of Milan, 1404 — seized 
by Napoleon, 1797— given up to Austria by 
treaty of Campo Formio, 17 Oct. 1797. 

Bassantin, {Bassintoun,) James, astronomer, 
— ft., before 15 12 — returns from France to 
Scotland, 1562 — tf., 1568. Discours Astrono- 
mique, 1577. 

Basse, William, poet, — living, 1612-53 — 
Prist orals, §c. prepared for publication, 1653 — 
printed by Collier, ? 1870. 



Bassein, in Hindustan, — ceded to Portuguese 
by Sultan of Cambay, 153 1 — conquered by 
Mahrattas, 1750 — taken by English, 1774 and 
1780 — restored to Mahrattas, 1783 — taken by 
English, 181 8 and 19 May 1852. Treaty of, 
between English and the Peishwa, 31 Dec. 
1802. 

Basset Horn, — invented, 1770. 

Bassignana, inPied?nont, — Raymond of Car- 
done defeated by Marco Visconti, 6 Jul. 1322 
— the Piedmontese defeated by the French, 27 
Sep. 1745. 

Basso di Camera,— perfected, 1844. 

Bassompierre, Francois de, Marshal of 
France, — ft. in Lorraine, 12 Apr. 1579 — in- 
troduced to Henry IV., 1598 — first campaign, 
1602 — serves in Hungary, 1603 — Colonel- 
general of Swiss Guards, 16 10 — Marshal of 
France, 1622 — ambassador extraordinary to 
Spain, 1624 — ambassador extraordinary to 
Switzerland, 1625 — ambassador to England, 
1626 — arrested and imprisoned in Bastille, 23 
Feb. 1 63 1 — released, Dec. 1642 — tf., 12 Oct., a 
Apr. b 1646. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Bassoon, — invented, 1539. 

Bassoon, — double, invented and used at 
Handel Commemoration, 1784. 

Bassorah, {Basra, Bussorah,) — founded by 
command of Omar, 636 — subject to Turks, from 
1668. 

Bassus, — 1. Consul with Q. Epidius Rufus 
Gentianus, (964, a. u. c.) 211 — 2. Consul with 
Menimius Tuscus, (1011,) 258; with JEmili- 
anus, (1012,) 259 — 3. Consul with Ablavius, 
(1084,) 331—4. Consul vtih Philippus, (1161,) 
408 — 5. Consul with Antiochus, (1184.) 431 — 
6. C. Lecanius, Consul with M. Licinius Cras- 
sus Frugi, (817,) 64—7. L. Flavius Silva 
Nonius, Consul with Asinius Pollio Verrucosus, 
(834,) 81 — 7. M. Ceionius Virius, Consulvtith. 
L. Domitius Valerius Aurelianus, (1024,) 271 
— with Quintianus, (1042,) 289 — 8. Consul 
with Gallicanus, (1070,) 317— 9.— [BC]— Q. 
Csecilius, quaestor, ? 59 — escapes to Tyre after 
battle of Pharsalia, 48 — obtains possession of 
Tyre, maintains himself in Apamea, against 
C. Antistius Vetus, Statius Murcus, and Mar- 
cius Crispus, 46-43 — his troops go over to 
Cassius, 43. 

Bassus, Csesius, Soman lyric poet, — killed 
at eruption of Vesuvius, 79. 

Bassus, Cassianns, writer on agriculture, — ■ 
fl., 911— 959. 

Bassus, Saleius, Soman epic poet, — fl., be- 
fore 100. 

Bast, Friedrich Jacob, philologist, — ft ; , 
about 1772 — tf. at Paris, Nov. 181 1. Lettre 
critique a M. Boissonarde, sur Antoninus Li- 
beralise §c, 1805. 

Bastarnse, (Bastemce,) — [BC] — first men- 
tioned, about 175 — defeated and driven over 
Danube by M. Crassus, 30. 

Bastia, in Corsica, — taken by English, 1745 
— restored to Genoese, 1745 — unsuccessfully 
besieged by Austrians and Piedmontese, 1 748 
— taken by French, 1794. 

Bastiat, Frederic, political economist, — ft. 
at Bayonne, 29 Jun. i8oi, a 1803 b — visits Eng- 



BASTILLE— BATHYANI. 



i$ s 



land, 1845 — XT- at Rome, 24 Dec. 1850. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. 

Bastille, Paris, — founded by Hugues d'Au- 
briot, 22 Apr. 1369 — completed by addition of 
four towers, 1383 — strengthened by fosse and 
outer wall, 1634 — besieged and taken by Bur- 
gundians, 141 8 — besieged and taken by Henry 
IV., 1594 — besieged, taken, and destroyed by 
Parisians, 14 Jul. 1789. 

Bastions, in Fortification, — said to have 
been invented by Achmet Pasha, 1480 a — in- 
vented by San Michaeli of Verona, 1527. b 
a Folavd. b Maffei, Vasari. 

Bastwick, John, physician, — ft. at Writtle, 
Essex, 1593 — condemned by Star Chamber, 14 
Jun. 1637 — set in the pillory with Prynne and 
Burton, and mutilated, 30 Jun. 1637 — fr., 
after 1648. Elenchus Religionis Papisticce, 
1624 — Flagellum Pontificis, 1635 — New Li- 
tany, 1637 — Apologeticus ad Prcesules Angli- 
canos, 1636. 

Batavi, — [B C] — allies of Rome under Au- 
gustus, 31 — [ADJ — revolt, and are subdued by 
Civilis, 69 — allied with Frisii, about 295. 
[Friesland.] 

Batavia, (Java,) — factory at Jaccatra, estab- 
lished by Dutch, 16 12 — factory at Jaccatra, 
established by English, 161 8 — town founded 
by Dutch and made seat of government, 16 19 
— Chinese massacred by Dutch at, 1742 — 
passes into hands of the French, 18 11 — taken 
by English, 1811 — restored to Dutch by Con- 
vention of, 13 Aug. 1 8 14. 

Batavian Republic. [Netherlands.] 

Bateman, Thomas, physician, — ft. at Whit- 
by, 29 Apr. 1778 — M.D., Edinburgh, 1801 — 
Physician to Carey St Dispensary, 1804-19 
■ — if. at Whitby, 9 Apr. 1821. /Synopsis of 
Cutaneous Diseases, 181 3. 

Bateman, William, Bp of Norwich, — 
founds Trim Hall, Cambridge, 1350. 

Bates, John, musician, — ft. at Halifax, 1740 
— director of orchestra at Handel Commemor- 
ation, 1784— if. Governor of Greenwich Hos- 
pital, 8 Jun. 1799. 

Bates, William, theologian, — ft., 1625 — 
B.A., Cambridge, 1647 — assists at Savoy Con- 
ference, 1660 — 1j., at Hackney, 14 Jul. 1699. 
Vitce selectorum aliquot Virorum, 168 1. 

Bath, in Somersetshire, (Aqua? Solis, Sols- 
bury,) — Roman settlement, not before 44 a — 
abandoned by Romans, not later than 410 a — 
legendary battle of Mons Badonicus, 520 a — 
Saxon conquest of, 577 a — coronation of Edgar 
at, 973 — visited by Queen Elizabeth, 159 1 — 
visited by the Prince and Princess of Wales, 
1738 — riots at, Aug. 1780 — visited by Queen 
Charlotte, 1817-18 — visited by Queen Ade- 
laide, 1 Aug. 1827 — visited by Princess Vic- 
toria, 1830. Abbey Church, built, 1503-40 — 
repaired, 1572-1610 — restoration of, by Scott, 
commenced, 1864. a Earle. 

Bath, Knights of the, — order instituted by 
Henry IY. at his coronation, 1399 — discon- 
tinued after coronation of Charles II., 1660? — 
revived by George I., 23 May 1725 — remodelled 
by Prince Regent, 1 Jan. 18 15 — opened to 
civilians, 25 May 1847 — extended admission, 
1 6 Aug. 1850. 



Bath, Earl of. [Pulteney, William.] 

Bathang, in Tibet, destroyed by earthquake 
and fire, 11-23 Apr. 1870. 

Bathori, Stephen, King of Poland, — ft., 
1532 — elected Prince of Transylvania, 21 May 
157 1 — elected King of Poland, 15 Dec. 1575 
resigns Transylvania to his brother Christopher, 
1576 — crowned with his wife (Anne, sister of 
Sigismund Augustus) at Cracow, 1576 — be- 
sieges and takes Polocz, 30 Aug. 1576 — in al- 
liance with Sweden makes war on Russia, 1579 
— makes peace with the Czar and obtains 
cession of Courland, 1582 — Ij. at Grodno, 13 
Dec. 1586. 

Bathori, Christopher, — elected Prince of 
Transylvania, 1576 — q\, 158 1. 

Bathori, Sigismund, Prince of Transyl- 
vania, — succeeds his brother Christopher, 158 1 
— surrenders his country to Austrians, 1588* 
— in alliance with Emperor Rudolph makes 
war on Turks, 1595 — takes part in campaign 
of Hungary, 1596 — exchanges Transylvania 
for Oppelen and Ratibor in Silesia, 1597 b — 
abandons Silesia and returns to Transylvania, 
1598 — transfers the principality to his cousin, 
Cardinal Andrew Bathori, 1599 — attempts to 
recover it after death of Andrew, defeated at 
Moitin, 2 Aug. 1601 — ft. in prison at Prague, 
20, b 27 a Mar. 1613. a Engl. Cyc. 

b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Baths and Washhouses, Public, — estab- 
lished by Act 9 and 10 Vic. c. 74, 26 Aug. 
1846. 

Bathurst, Allen, Earl Bathurst, — ft. at 
Westminster, Nov. 1684 — enters Trin. Coll., 
Oxford, 1699 — M.P. Cirencester, 1705 — 
Baron, 17 11 — Treasurer to George, Prince of 
Wales, 1757-60 — created Earl Bathurst, 1772 
— tf. at Cirencester, 16 Sep. 1775. 

Bathurst, Henry, Earl Bathurst, Lord 
Chancellor of England, — ft., 20 May, 17 14 
B.A., Oxford, 1733— M.P. Cirencester, 1735- 
54 — called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, 1736 
— Judge of the Common Pleas, 2 May 1754 — 
joint commissioner of Great Seal, Jan. 1770 — ■ 
Lord Chancellor, Baron Apsley, 23 Jan. 177 1 
resigns, 3 Jun. 1778 — Lord Pres. of the 
Council, 1779-82 — fr. near Cirencester, 6 Aug. 

1794. 

Bathurst, Ralph, physician, theologian, §c., 
— ft. at Howthorpe, 1620— enters Trin. Coll., 
Oxford, 1634 — M.A., 1641 — M.D., 21 Jun. 
1654 — F.R.S, 19 Aug. 1663 — President R.S., 
23 Apr. 1668 — Dean of Wells, 28 Jun. 1670 
— Vice-Chancellor of University, 3 Oct. 1673 
— Bp of Bristol, 1691 — tf., 14 Jun. 1704. 
Literary Remains, 176 1. 

Bathurst, in W. Africa,— settled by Eng- 
land, 1 8 16. 

Bathurst, in New S. Wales, — settled by 
England, about 18 13 — gold discovered at, by 
Hargraves, 1851. 

Bathurst, island in the Arctic Ocean, — dis- 
covered by Parry, 18 19. 

Bathyani, (Battyani,) Count Ludwig, — ft. 

at Presburg, 1809 — enters the Austrian army, 

1825 — chief minister under Archduke Stephen, 

Palatine of Hungary, 17 Mar. to 11 Sep. 1848 

11 * 



164 



BATHYANI— BAXTER. 



— member of Diet at Pesth, Nov. 1848 — ar- 
rested by Windischgrat2, 8 Jan. 1849 — shot 
at Pesth, 6 Oct. 1849. 

Bathyani, Count Casimir, — b.,4 Jun. 1807 
— commands Hungarian forces occupying Essek, 
1848— escapes to Debreczin on surrender of 
Essek to Austrians, Feb. 1849 — minister for 
foreign affairs, Apr. 1 849 — follows Kossuth to 
Arpad, imprisoned at Kutayeh, 1849-51 — Sj. 
at Paris, 12 Jul. 1854. 

Baton, (Bathon,) comic poet, — [BC] — fl. 
about 280. 

Baton, — two leaders of insurgents in Dal- 
matia and Pannonia, 6 — 9. [Tiberius.] 

Batoni, Pompeo Girolamo, painter, — b. at 
Lucca, 1708 — tr. at Eome, 4 Feb. 1787^ i786. b 
a Ersch and Gruber, and Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Batou. (Batit.) [Mogul Empire.] 

Battle Abbey, — founded by William I., 1067. 

Battle, Trial by,— last waged in Court of 
Common Pleas, Westminster, 157 1 — last waged 
in Court of Chivalry, 1631 — last waged in 
Court of Durham, 1638. 

Battus, of Thera. [Cyrene.] 

Batuta, Ibn, traveller, — travels in the East, 
and visits court of Mohammed Toghlak, at 
Deogiri, about 1341. 

Bauge, in Anjou, — the Duke of Clarence 
defeated and killed by the Earl of Buchan at, 
22 Mar. 1 42 1. 

Bauhin, Gaspard, botanist, physician, — b. 
at Basel, 17 Jan. 1560 — goes to Padua, 1577 
— Prof. Anatomy and Botany at Basel, 15 Oct. 
1589 — tf. there, 5 Dec. 1624. Binax theatri 
botanici, 1596. 

Bauhin, Jean, botanist, — b. at Basel, 1541 
— Prof. Ehetoric there, 1566 — tf. at Montbe- 
liard, 1613. Blistoria Blantarum universalis, 
§c, 1 650- 1. 

Baume, Antoine, chemist, manufacturer, — 
b. at Senlis, 26 Feb. 1728 — Prof. Chemistry, 
Pharmaceutical Coll. at Paris, about 1753 — 
member of the Academy of Sciences, 1773 — 
retires from business, 1780 — tf., 15 Oct. 1804. 
Manuel de Chimie, 1763 — Elemens de Bhar- 
macie theorique et pratique, 1762. 

Baumgarten, Alexander Gottlieb, philoso- 
pher, — b. at Berlin, 17 Jun. 17 14 — Prof. 
Philosophy, Frankfort on the Oder, 1740 — rj. 
there, 26 May 1762 — JEsthetica, 1750. 

Baumgarten - Crusius, Ludwig Friedrich 
Otto, theologian, — b. at Merseburg, 1788 — 
enters Leipsic Univ., 1805 — Prof. Theology, 
Jena, 18 17 — fc. there, 31 May, 1843. Binlei- 
tting in das Studium der Bogmatik, 1820 — 
Lehrbuch der Bogmengeschichte, 183 1-2 — Com- 
pendium der Bogmengeschichte, 1840-9. 

Baur, Ferdinand Christian, theologian and 
Biblical critic, — b. near Cannstadt, 21 Jun. 
1792— studies at Tubingen, 1809-14 — Prof, at 
Seminary of Blaubeeren, 181 7 — Prof. Theo- 
logy, Tubingen, 1826— rj. 2 Dec. i860. Sym- 
bolik und Mythologie, 1824-25 — Der Gegensatz 
des Brotestantismus und Katholicismus (2nd 
ed.,) 1836 — Bie Christliche Gnosis, 1835 — Bie 
Christliche Lehre von der Versohnung, 1838 — 
Behrbuch der Christlichen Bogmengeschichte, 
1847 — Batches der Apostel Jesu Christi, 1845 — 



Kritische TIntersuchungen uber die Xanonischen 
Evangelien, 1847 — Bas Christenthum und die 
Christliche Kirche, 1853. 

Bautzen, in Saxony, — taken by Prussians, 
1757 — Napoleon defeats Eussians and Prus- 
sians at, 21 May, 181 3. 

Bavaria, Kingdom of, [Boii, Vindelicia,]— 
tributary to Ostrogoths, about 500— to Austra- 
sia, about 588— governed by the Agilol fingers, 
about 556-786 — Thassilo II., last Agilolfinger 
Duke, compelled to submit to Charles the Great, 
condemned to death but shut up in monastery, 
786, a 783 b — governed by lieutenants of Frank- 
ish and German kings, from 786 — Lujtwig II. 
declared King of Bavaria at Diet of Aix-la- 
Chapelle, 817 — Lieutpold, first Duke, 889, 
895 a — Emperor Otto gives Bavaria to Henry of 
Saxony, 946, 942 a — granted by Henry IV. to 
the Guelphs, 1070, 107 1 a — acquired by House 
of Austria, n 38 — restored to Guelphs, Henry 
the Lion, by Frederick I., 1154 — on depriva- 
tion and expulsion of Henry the Lion, trans- 
ferred to Otto Count of Wittelsbach, by Fred- 
erick I., 1 1 80 — earldom of Ehenish Palatinate 
given to Duke Ludwig by Frederick II., 
I2i6, b i2i4 a — separated from the Palatinate, 
1294^ 1329 b — primogeniture in royal family 
introduced, 1507 — and established by a law, 
1573 — Maximilian first Elector, 1596 — acquires 
Upper Palatinate, 1621 — made an electorate by 
Ferdinand II., 1623 — confirmed in possession 
by Treaty of Westphalia, 24 Oct. 1648 — 
Charles Theodore, Elector Palatine, suc- 
ceeds Maximilian Joseph, (last of Wittels- 
bach line,) 1777 — first King of Bavaria, Max- 
imilian Joseph, i Jan. 1806, 26 Dec. 1805* 
— Constitution established, 25 May 18 18 — 
Ludwig L, (Charles Augustus,) succeeds his 
father, 13 Oct. 1825 — Maximilian II. suc- 
ceeds on abdication of his father, 21 Mar. 
1848 — his son Ludwig II. succeeds, 10 Mar. 
1 864 — treaty of alliance with Prussia conclud- 
ed, 22 Aug. 1866 — announced, 19 Mar. 1867 — 
joins the Zollverein under Prussian regulations, 
Oct. 1867 — takes part with Prussia in war with 
France, Jul. 1 870 — joins N. German Confedera- 
tion, by treaty of 23 JNov. 1870 — forms part of 
German Empire, Jan. 1871. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Engl. Cyc. 
Bavian, in Khurdistan, — rock - sculptures 
visited and described by Eoss, 1 847 — visited by 
Layard, Jan. 1850. 

Bavius and Maevius, poetasters, — [BC] — 

Bavius ft. (01. 186, 3,) 35, 34. a a Biog. Univ. 

Bavon, St, — ft. at Ghent, 1 Oct. 653, 654, or 

657- 

Baxter, Andrew, philosopher, — b. at Aber- 
deen, about 1686 — ij., 1750. Bnquiry into the 
Nature of the Human Soul, 1728. 

Baxter, Richard, theologian, — b. at Eowton, 
Shropshire, 12 Nov. 16 15 — introduced by Sir 
Henry Herbert to Court, 1633 — ordained, 
1638 — minister at Kidderminster, 1640 — retires 
to Coventry, Oct. 1642 — chaplain in army of 
the Parliament after battle of ISaseby, 1 645 — - 
chaplain to the King, 1660 — attends Savoy 
Conference, 166 1 — ejected by the .Act of Uni- 
formity, 24 Aug. 1662 — retires to Acton, Jul. 



BAXTER— BEATON. 



16: 



1663-72 — tried before Chief Justice Jeffreys 
and imprisoned, 1685 — released, 26 Nov. 1686 
— ft. in London, 8 Dec. 1691. Saint's Ever- 
lasting Rest, 1650 — Call to the Unconverted, 
1669 — Dying Thoughts, 1688 — Feliqicice Bax- 
teriance, §c, 1696. 

Baxter, William, philologist, antiquary, $c, 

— f). at Llangollen, 1650 — Ty., 31 May 1723 — 

Glossarium antiquitatum Britannicarum, 17 19. 

Bay Islands, in Gulf of Mexico, — colony of 

Great Britain, 17 Jul. 1852. 

Bayard, (Bayart,) Pierre dvLTerr&il, Seigneur 
de, [Chevalier sans peuret sans reproche,) — fj. near 
Grenoble, 147 3, a 1476 b — accompanies Charles 
VIII. to Naples, 1494 — serves in Italian expe- 
ditions of Louis XII., 1499-1509 — takes part 
in combat of French and Spanish knights at 
Barletta, 16 Feb. 1503 — wounded at siege of 
Brescia, 15 12 — taken prisoner at battle of 
Spurs, 16 Aug. 15 1 3 — accompanies Francis I. 
on Italian expedition, 15 15 — confers knight- 
hood on Francis I. at Marignano, 13 Sep. 15 15 
— commands under Bonnivet against Bourbon, 
1524 — killed at the rout of the Sesia, 30 Apr. 
1524. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Bayazid, (Bajazet,) I., Ilderim, — Sultan of 
the Ottomans, — b., (748, a.h.) 1347 a — suc- 
ceeds his father Murad I., (792,* 791, b ) 1389— 
besieges and takes Philadelphia, completing 
conquest of Asia Minor, 1391 — obtains victory 
over Poles, Hungarians, and French, "(797,) 
1395 — besieges Constantinople, 1393 — defeats 
Sigismund of Hungary, and allies, at Nicopo- 
lis, 28 Sep. 1396 — takes Athens, 1397 — de- 
feated and taken by Timur in Angora, 20 Jul. 
i4oi, a 2 Jul. i402 b — rj. (14 Schaban 805,) 9 
Mar. 1403^ (806,) 1403^ 

a Engl. Cyc. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 
Bayazid, (Bajazet,) II., Sultan of the 
Ottomans, — b., 1447 — succeeds his father Mo- 
hammed II., (886, a.h.) 1481 — defeats his bro- 
ther Zizim at Yenishehr, 20 Jan. 148 1 — war with 
Venice, 1481-82 — war with Mameluke Sultan, 
1485-91 — treaty with Poland, 1490 — first inter- 
course with Czar of Bussia, 1495 — war with 
Venice, 1499 to Dec. 1502 — dethroned by his 
son'Selim, 25 Apr. 15 12 — tf. at Ayanear Hassa, 
26 May 15 1 2. 

Bayer, Johann, astronomer, §c, — b. at Augs- 
burg, 1572 — ts. at Augsburg, 1625. JJrano- 
metria, 1603. 

Bayer, Gottlieb Siegfried, linguist, #c.,— fj. 
at Koenigsberg, 6 Jan. 1694 — librarian to the 
Univ., 17 1 8 — Prof. Greek and Roman Anti- 
quities, St Petersburg, 1726 — tf. there, 21 
Feb. 1738. Museum Sinicum, 1730 — BZistoria 
Osrhocna, $c, 1734. 

Bayeux Tapestry, — discovered in the ca- 
thedral of Bayeux, about 1728 — removed to 
Paris, by order of Bonaparte, 1803 — restored 
to the Town Hall of Bayeux, 1804 — copied by 
C. A. Stothard, 18 16. 

Bayle, Pierre, critic, §c, — fj. at Carlat, 18 
Nov. 1647 — studies at Univ. of Puy Laurens, 
Feb. 1666 to Feb. 1669 — at Coll. of the Jesuits, 
Toulouse, 1669 — becomes a Romanist, 1669 
— abjures Romanism, goes to Geneva, 1670 
—at Rouen and Paris, 1674 — Prof. Philosophy, 



Sedan, 1675,*° i677 b — Prof. Philosophy and 
History at Rotterdam, Dec. 1681-93 — fo., 
28 Dec. 1706. Nouvelles de la Republique des 
lettres, Mar. 1684-7 — Dictionnaire Historique 
et Critique, 1696. a Conv. Lex, 

b Ersch and Gruber. c Engl. Cyc, 

Baylen, Duke of. [Castanos.] 
Baylen, in Spain, — the French defeated by 
Spaniards under Reding, 19 Jul. 1808 — capitu- 
lation signed, 22 Jul. 1808. 

Bayne, Alexander, jurist, — advocate at 
Scottish bar, 10 Jul. 17 14 — first Prof. Scots 
Law, Edinburgh Univ., 28 Nov. 1722 — tf., 
Jun. 1737. Edition of Hope' s Minor Fracticks, 
1726 — Notes, 17 3 1 — Institutions of Criminal 
Law of Scotland, about 173 1. 

Bayonets, — in use, 1647 — introduced in 
English army, 1672 — fitted upon the muzzle by 
rings, about 1690 — fitted upon the muzzle by 
socket, before 1703. 

Bayonne, — taken by Alfonso I., of Aragon, 
1 13 1 — conference of Charles IX., Catherine of 
Medicis, Elizabeth Queen of Spain, and Duke 
of Alba, at, May 1565 — citadel of, invested by 
the English, Apr. 18 14 — Franco-Spanish Ex- 
hibition at, opens, 19 Jul. 1864. 

Bayonne, Treaty of, — the crown of Spain 
resigned by Charles IV. to Napoleon L, 5 May 
1808'. 
Bayreuth. [Baireuth.] 
Baza, in Spain, — taken from the Moors 
by Ferdinand V. after seven months' siege, 9 
Dec. 1489. 

Bazeilles, in France, — burnt by Germans, 
during the battle of Sedan, 1 Sep. 1870. 

Eazoches-les-Hautes, in France, — repulse 
of Gen. Aurelles de Paladines by Prince Fred- 
erick 
1870. 

Beachy-Head, — English and Dutch fleet de- 
feated by the French off, 10 Jul. 1690. 

Beacons, — authority to Trinity House to set 
up, by stat. 8 Eliz. c. 13, 1565. 

Beadan Head, (Biedan-heafd,) — battle of, 
between "Wulfhere and Escwin, 675.* 
a A.S. Chron. 
Beale, Mary, portrait painter, — 6. in Suf- 
folk, about 1632 — If. in London, 28 Dec. 1697. 
Beamdune, (Bampton or Bindon,) — battle 
of, between Saxons and Welsh, 614.* 
a A. S. Chron. 
Bear-baiting, in England, — prohibited by 
Act 5 and 6 Wm. IV. c. 59, 9 Sep. 1835. 

Beam, in France, — vice-county of, given to 
family of Duke of Gascoigne, by Louis le De- 
bonnaire, 819 — united to France on accession 
of Henry IV., 1589. 

Beaton, (Beton, Bethune,) David, Cardinal, 
Abp of St Andrews, — b., about 1494 — matri- 
culates at Glasgow Univ., 26 Oct. 15 n — . 
ambassador to French Court, for Scotland, 15 19 
— Abbot of Arbroath, 1523 — Lord High Privy 
Seal, 1528 — ambassador to France with Sec- 
retary Erskine about marriage of James V. 
and the Princess Magdalene, 1533 — negotiates 
his second marriage, with Mary, Duchess of 
Longueville, 1537 — coadjutor in See of St 
Andrews, 1537 — Cardinal, by Paul III., Dec. 



r6( 



BEATRICE— BEAITSOBRE. 



1538 — Abp of St Andrews, 1539 — imprisoned, 
1543 — Chancellor of Scotland, Dec. 1543 — 
Legate a latere in Scotland, Jan. 1545 — con- 
demns and burns George Wishart and others, 
1545 — assassinated by Norman Leslie and 
others, 29 May 1546. 

Beatrice, (of Lorraine,) Duchess of Tus- 
cany, — marries Boniface II., Duke of Tuscany, 
1036 — on his death is regent for her son Fred- 
erick, May 1052 — marries Godfrey IV., Duke 
of Lower Lorraine, about end of 1053 — ar- 
rested by the Emperor Henry III. and carried 
to Germany, 1055 — returns with Godfrey to 
Tuscany and administers the duchy as guardian 
of her daughter Matilda, 1057 — widow again, 
1070— tf., 28 Apr. 1076. 

Beatrix, asteroid, — discovered by De Gas- 
paris, 26 Apr. 1865. 

Beattie, James, poet, philosopher, — fi. at 
Laurencekirk, Kincardine, 25 Oct. 1735 — 
enters Marischal Coll., Aberdeen, 1749 — Prof. 
Moral Philosophy and Logic, Marischal Coll., 
1760 — visits London, 1763 — marries, 28 Jim. 
1767 — LL.D., Aberdeen, 1770 — visits London, 
177 1 — again, 1773 — D.C.L., Oxford, 1773 — 
resigns his chair, 1797 — tf., 18 Aug. 1803. 
The Minstrel, 1771-74 — Essay on Truth, 1770 
— Elements of Moral Science, 1790-93. 

Beauchamp, Joseph, astronomer, — b. at 
Vesoul, 29 Jun. 1752 — -enters Order of Ber- 
nardines, 1767 — at Bagdad, 1781-90 — consul 
at Muscat, 1795 — released from prison in 
Turkey, 1801 — tf. at Nice, 19 Nov. 1801. 

Beauchamp, Richard, — Bp of Hereford, 
Dec. 1448 — Bp of Salisbury, Aug. 1450 — 
architect of St George's Chapel, Windsor, 146 1 
■ — tf., 4 Nov. 148 1. 

Beaufort, Henry, Cardinal, Bp op Win- 
chester, Chancellor of England, — it., 
about 1375? — legitimated by Act of Parlia- 
ment, Jan. 1397 — Bp of Lincoln, 14 Jul. 1398 
— Chancellor of Oxford Univ., 1399- 1400 — 
accompanies Richard II. to Ireland, 1399 — sent 
to escort Joan of Navarre to England, 1402 — 
Chancellor of England, Feb. 1403 a — Bp of 
"Winchester, 1405 — resigns the Great Seal : 
again Lord Chancellor, Mar. 141 3 to Jul. 
141 7 a — obtains grant of pardon for all crimes, 
Jul. 1417 — attends Council of Constance, 1417 
— named Cardinal and Apostolic Legate in Eng- 
land, Ireland, and Wales by Martin V., but is 
forbidden by the king to accept the dignity, 
Nov. 141 7 — goes to Jerusalem, 141 8 — in Eng- 
land again, 142 1 — joint guardian to Henry 
VI., 1422 — quarrels with Humphrey, Duke of 
Gloucester, 1424 — Lord Chancellor third time, 
Jul. 1424 — opens the ' Parliament of Bats ' at 
Leicester, 18 Feb. 14.26° — is formally recon- 
ciled with Gloucester, 12 Mar. 1426 a — resigns 
the Great Seal, 13 Mar. a — created Cardinal by 
Martin V., 23 Jun. 1426 b — accompanies Duke 
of Bedford to Calais, early in 1427 d — invested 
with insignia of cardinalate at Calais, 25 Mar. 

1427 (l — captain-general of crusaders in Bo- 
hemia, Mar. 1427 a — returns to England, Sep. 

1428 a — raises forces for crusade against Huss- 
ites, 1429 — permits them to serve the king in 
France, 1429 — re-admitted to the Council, Dec. 



1429 — crowns Henry VI. at Paris, 17 Dec. 
1430 — see of Winchester attached, 143 1 — re- 
lieved by bill of indemnity from penalties of 
pra3munire, 1432 b — charged with usurpation, 
&c, by Gloucester, 1439 — pardoned by Act of 
Parliament for all crimes, up to 20 Jul. 1437 
— tf. at Winchester, 11 Apr. 1447. a Foss. 

b Hook. c Parry's Parliaments. d Lingard. 

Beaufort, Margaret. [Richmond, Countess 
of-1 

Beaufort, Louis de, historian, — tf. at Maes- 
tricht, 1795. Dissertation sur V Incertitude des 
Cinq Premiers Siecles de V Histoire Eomaine, 
1738 and 1750 — Histoire de la Republique Eo- 
maine, 1766. 

Beaugency, in France, — Gen. Chanzy de- 
feated by Grand Duke of Mecklenburg, 7-8 
Dec. 1870 — the town occupied by Germans, 
8 Dec. 

Beauharnais, Eugene, Marquis de, Viceroy 
of Italy, — rj. at Paris, 3 Sep. 17 81 — joins 
Bonaparte in Italy, 1796 — accompanies him to 
Egypt, 1798 — at Marengo, 1800 — Prince of the 
Empire, Chancellor of State, &c, Feb. 1805 — 
Viceroy of Italy, Jun. 1805 — marries Augusta 
Amelia, princess of Bavaria, and is adopted by 
Napoleon I., Jan. 1806 — serves in Italian cam- 
paign, 1809 — in Russian campaign, 18 12 — 
retires before Murat and Bellegarde to the 
Mincio, Mar. 18 14 — signs Convention of 
Schiarino-Rizzino with Bellegarde, 16 Apr. 
1 8 14 — tf. at Munich, 21 Feb. 1824. 

Beauman's (Eauman's) Islands, — dis- 
covered by Roggewein, 1721. 

Beaumarchais, Pierre Augustin Caron de, 
dramatist, — 6. at Paris, 24 Jan. 1732% Dec. 
1729 b — takes the name of Beaumarchais, 1756 
— tf. there, 19 May 1799. Ie Earbier de 
Seville, 1775 — Le Manage de Figaro, 1784. 
a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Beaumaris, in Wales, — castle founded by 
Edward 1., 1295 — surrendered to General Myt- 
ton, 2 Oct. 1648. 

Beaumont, near Sedan, — Marshal Mac- 
Mahon defeated by king of Prussia, 30 Aug. 
1870. 

Beaumont, Claudio Francesco, Cavaliere, 
painter, — ft. at Turin, 1694^ 1696 b — Knt, by 
Charles Emanuel III., 1737 — refounds Acad- 
emy of Painting at Turin, 1736 — tf., 1766. 
a Biog. Catalogue.- b Biog. Uniy. 

Beaumont, Francis, dramatist, — h. pro- 
bably at Grace-Dieu, Leicestershire, 1584-5 — 
enters Univ. of Oxford, 4 Feb. 1597 — ti., Mar. 
1616. 

Beaumont, Sir George Howland, Bart., 
painter, — fj. at Dunmow, 6 Nov. 1753 — travels 
in France and Italy, 1782 — M.P., 1790 — pre- 
sents his pictures to National Gallery, 1826 — 
tf. at Coleorton Hall, 7 Feb. 1827. 

Beaune la Rolande, in France, — Gen. Voigt- 
Retz defeats army of the Loire, 28 Nov. 1870. 

Beausobre, Isaac de, theologian, — fc. at 
Niort, 8 Mar. 1659 — after revocation of Edict 
of Nantes retires to Holland, 1685 — chaplain 
to Princess of Anhalt-Dessau, 1686 — minister 
to French Protestants at Berlin, 1694 — tf. there, 
6 Jun. 1738. Histoire critique de Manichee, 



BEAUVAIS— BECKET. 



t<57 



1 7 34 — Remarques historiques, critiques, et phi- 
lologiques sur le Nouveau Testament, 1742. 

Beauvais, Guillaume, numismatist, — b. at 
Dunkirk, 1698 — tf. at Orleans, 29 Sep. 1773. 
Histoire abregee des Fmpereurs Romains el 
Grecs, 1767. 

Beauvais, Vincent de. [Vincent.] 

Beauvais, in France, [Bellovaci,] — taken 
by Chilperie, 47 1 — burnt, 850 — taken by North- 
men, 881 and 883 — burnt, 886 — again taken 
by Northmen, 923 and 925 — burnt by them, 
1 01 8 — taken by Louis le Gros after two years' 
siege, 1 1 09 — burnt, 11 80 — establishes a com- 
mune, 1099 — the Jacquerie begins at, 1357 — 
declares for Duke of Burgundy, 141 7 — unsuc- 
cessfully besieged by English, 7 Jun. 1433 — 
unsuccessfully besieged by Charles the Bold, 
and defended by Jeanne Hachette, 27 Jun. to 
10 Jul. 1472 — submits to Henry IV., 22 Aug. 
1594 — occupied by Prussians, 30 Sep. 1870. 
Cathedral, commenced, 1225 — dedicated, 1272 — 
enlarged, 1500-37 — spire added, 1555-1568 — 
fall of the spire, 1573. College of, founded, 
1545. Councils of, 845, 1 1 14, 1 1 20, 1 1 24, 
and 1 161. 

Beauvillier. [St Aignan, Dukes op.] 

Beauvois, Ambrose Maria Francis Joseph 
Palisot de, naturalist, §c, — b. at Arras, 27 
Jul. 1752 — embarks for W. Africa, 17 Jul. 
1786 — imprisoned in St Domingo, his collec- 
tions burnt, 1793 — member of the Institute, 
1806 — titular Councillor of Univ. of Paris, 
1 8 15 — ft., Jan. 1820. Flore d' Oware, de Benin, 
1 804-2 1 — Insectes d' Oware, 1 805-2 1 — Agrosto- 
graphie, 18 12. 

Becancelde, (Baccancelde BecJeenham, ?) — 
Council of, held, 694. 

Beccadelli, Antonio, {Panormita,) litterateur, 
— b. at Palermo, 1394 — studies at Bologna, 
about 1420 — receives poetic crown from Em- 
peror Sigismund, 1432 — Prof. Rhetoric, Pavia, 
29 Mar. 1433 — follows Alfonso, king of Aragon, 
to Naples, 1435 — settles at Naples, 1436 — 
if. there, 6 Jan. 147 1. De dictis et factis regis 
Alfonsi, 1485. 

Beccafumi, Domenico, (Ifecherino,) painter, 
— b. at Siena, 1484, a i47o b — tf. there, i549, a 
living, 1551.* 

a Vasari. b Other authorities. 

Beccaria, Giovanni Battista, electrician, — 
b. at Mandovi, 3 Oct. 17 16 — studies at Rome, 
1732 — Prof. Natural Philosophy, Turin, 1748 
— measures degree of meridian in Piedmont, 
1760-74 — tf. at Turin, 27 May 1781. 

Beccaria, Cesare Bonesana, Marquis of, po- 
litical economist, §c, — b. at Milan, 1735 or 1738 
■ — Prof. Political Economy, 1768 — tf. at Milan, 
29 Nov. 1793. II Caffe, 1764-5 — Trattato dei 
Delitti e dellePene, 1764 — Plan for Uniformity 
of Weights and Measures, 1781. 

Beche, De la. [De la Beche.] 

Becher, Johann Joachim, physician, chemist, 
— b. at Spire, 1635^ c 1625 b — Prof. Medicine, 
Mentz, 1666 — settles at Haarlem, 1678— if. in 



London, b c Gustrow, a 168: 



1685. 



a Rose's Biog. Diet. b Conv.-Lex. c Zedler. 

Bechstein, Johann Matthias, naturalist, — b. 

at Waltershausen, Gotha, 11 Jul. 1757 — enters 



Univ. of Jena, 1777 — Director of hunting school, 
Saxe Meiningen, 1800 — Tf., 1822. Gemein- 
niitzige Naturgeschichte Deutschlands, 1789-95 
— Forstinsectolog ie, 181 8 — Forstbotanik, 1810 — 
Forst- und Jagd-wissenschaft, §c, 18 18-21 — 
Naturgeschichte der Stubenvbgel, 1 840. 

Beck. [Bek, Anthony.] 

Beck, Christian Daniel, philologist, anti- 
quary, — b. at Leipsic, 22 Jan. 1757 — Prof. 
Greek and Latin, 1785 — Director of Philologi- 
cal Seminary, 1809 — Prof. History, 18 19 — ■ 
Prof. Greek and Roman Literature, 1825 — cele- 
brates his 3f agister Jubilee, 21 Feb. 1828 — Tf. at 
Leipsic, 13 Dec. 1832. Anleitung zur Kentniss 
der allgemeinen Welt- und Vblker-geschichte, 
1787-1807 — Grundriss der Archdologie, 1816. 

Beckascog, in Sweden, — treaty of alliance 
between Great Britain and Sweden, 31 Aug. 
1805. 

Becker, (Bajert Becker,) Leonard Nicolas, 
Count of Mons, general, — b. at Obernai, 14 
Jan. 1770 — enters the army, 29 Dec. 1786 — 
serves in La Vendee, 1794 — arrives at Paris, 
(18 Fructidor,) 3 Aug. 1797 — joins army of 
Italy at Milan, Jan. 1799 — General of Bri- 
gade, 1805 — Count of the Empire, 1808 — en- 
gaged in Austrian campaign, 1809 — retires to 
command of Belle-Isle, 18 n — deputy to 
Chamber of Representatives, May 18 15— called 
to Chamber of Peers, 5 Mar. 18 19 — Grand 
Cross, Legion of Honour, 21 Mar. 1831 — Tf., 18 
Nov. 1840. 

Becker, Ferdinand Wilhelm, physician, — b. 
at Hoxter on the "VVeser, 24 Apr. 1805 — M.D., 
Berlin, Jan. 1826 — conducts Inquiry on Vaccin- 
ation, 1833— If., 22 Jun. 1834. 

Becker, Karl Ferdinand, physician, gram- 
marian, — b. at Liser, 14 Apr. 1775 — studies 
medicine at Gottingen, 1799 — practises as phy- 
sician at Hoxter on the Weser, 1803-10 — sub- 
director of Powder Works, &c, Gottingen, 
1 8 10— settles at Offenbach, 18 15 — Tf. there, 5 
Sep. 1849. Ausfiihrliche deutsche Grammatih, 
1836-39 — Organism der deutschen Sprache, 
1 841 -2 — Pas Wort in seiner organischenBedeut- 
ung, 1833 — Lehrbuch des Deutschen Stils, 1850. 

Becket, Thomas (a), St Thomas of Canter- 
bury, Abp of Canterbury, — b.in London, 21 
Dec. 1 1 1 7 , a 1 1 1 9, b 1 1 1 8 c — goes to study at Paris, 
about 1 140 ? — enters service of Abp Theobald, 
probably 1142° — Archdeacon of Canterbury, 
1 154 — Chancellor, 1155 to Jun. 1162 — negoti- 
ates marriage of Prince Henry and Margaret 
daughter of king of France, 1159 — Abp of 
Canterbury, 24 May 1 162 d — attends Council of 
Tours, May 1163 — quarrels with Henry II., 
1 1 63 — assents to Constitutions of Clarendon, 
25 Jan. 1 1 64 — put on his trial before Parlia- 
ment at Northampton and escapes to France, 
Oct. 1 1 64 — atPontigny, 1164-66 — his relations, 
servants, &c, banished, 27 Dec. 1 164° — at Veze- 
lai, excommunicates his adversaries, Whitsun- 
tide n66 c — removes to Sens, n 66 — first com- 
mission instituted by Alexander III. for recon- 
ciliation of Becket and Henry II., 1166 — se- 
cond, May 1 168 — his interview with the king at 
Montmirail, Jan. 11 69 — third commission, Mar. 
1 1 69 — at Clairvaux, excommunicates Bps of 



i68 



BECKET— BEERHOUSES. 



London and Salisbury, and several barons, Palm 
Sunday 1169 — another interview with the 
king at Paris, fourth commission, Jan. 11 70 — 
meets the king at Freteval, 22 Jul. 1170 — re- 
turns to England, 1 Dec. 1170 — assassinated in 
Canterbury Cathedral, 29 Dec. 1170 — canonized 
by Alexander III., 21 Feb. 1173. 

a Fleury. b Dupin. c Hook. d Le Neve. 

Becket, Thomas (a), Brotherhood of, {Mer- 
chants' Company,) — established, before 1300 — 
chartered by Henry IV., 1406. 

Beckford, William, miscellaneous writer, — ft., 
1 76 1 — travels on the continent, Jun. 1780 to 
May 17 8 1 — settles at Cintra, 1794 — builds and 
adorns Fonthill, 1801-22 — tf., 2 May 1844. 
Vathek, 1784 — Italy, with Sketches of Spain 
and Portugal, 1834. 

Beckmann, Johann, miscellaneous writer, — 
ft. at Hoya, Hanover, 4 Jun. 1739 — travels in 
the Netherlands, 1762 — Prof. Natural Philoso- 
phy, St Petersburg, 1763-5 — Prof. Philoso- 
phy, Gottingen, 1766— Prof. Political Economy, 
Gottingen, 1770 — tf., 4 Feb. 1811. Beitrdge 
zur Geschichte cler Erfindungen, 1780-1805. 

Becmann, Johann Christoph, historian, geo- 
grapher, — fc. at Zerbst, Sep. 1641 — Prof. 
Greek, Frankfort-on-the-Oder, 1667 — Libra- 
rian to the Univ., 1673 — Prof. History, 1676 — 
Prof. Political Science, 1682 — Prof. Theology, 
1690 — if. at Frankfort, 6 Mar. 17 17. Historia 
orbis terrarum, 1673 — Memoranda Francofur- 
tana, 1676. 

Bed of Justice, {Lit de justice,) — last held 
by Louis XVI. at Versailles, 20 Sep. 1787. 

Beda, ( Venerable Bede,) ecclesiastical histo- 
rian, — b. near Wearmouth, about 672 — in 
priest's orders, 702 ? — tf. in monastery of Jar- 
row, 26 May 735. Historia Ecclesiastica, §c, 
about 734. '--.- 

Beddoes, Thomas, physician, chemist, §c, 
— fc. at Shiffnall, 13 Apr. 1760 — enters Oxford 
Univ., 1776 — B.A., 1781 — M.D., 1786 — reader 
in chemistry, 1788-92 — establishes the Pneu- 
matic Institution at Bristol, 1798— 5j. at Clif- 
ton, 24 Nov., a Dec. b 1808. 

a Rose's Biog. Diet. b Engl. Cyc. 

Beddoes, Thomas Lovell, poet, — fi. at Clif- 
ton, 20 Jul. 1803 — goes to the Charterhouse, 
Jun. 1817 — enters Oxford Univ., May 1820 — 
B.A., May 1825 — studies at Gottingen, 1825-29 
— M. A., Oxford, spring 1 828— M.D.,V T iirzburg, 
about 1830 — visits England, 1846-47 — ft. at 
Basel, 26 Jan. 1849. Bride's Tragedy, 1822 — 
Death's Jest-Book, 1850 — Poems and Memoir, 
1851. 

Bedell, William, Bp of Kilmore, — ft. in 
Essex, 1570 — enters Cambridge Univ., 12 Mar. 
1584 — Fellow of Emmanuel Coll., 1593 — at 
St Edmundsbury, 1599— accompanies Sir H. 
AVotton to Venice, 1604-12 — at Horningsheath, 
1615-27 — Provost Trin. Coll. Dublin, 1627 — 
Bp of Kilmore and Ardagh, 13 Sep. 1629 — im- 
prisoned by rebels, Dec. 1641— tf. 7 Feb. 1642. 

Beder, {Bidr,) in Arabia, — Mohammed de- 
feats the Koreishites at, (2, a. h.) 623. 

Bedford, {castle,)— unsuccessfully besieged 
by Stephen, 1 137 — surrendered to John, 121 6 — 
surrendered to Henry III. and dismantled, 1224. 



Bedford Level, — charter granted to adven- 
turers in draining, 1634 — corporation of, estab- 
lished by Act 15 Car. II. c. 17, 1668— Acts 
for improving the outfall of the Nene, 1827 
and 1829. 

Bedford, John Plantagenet, Duke of, 
Regent of France, — fi., about 1390 — Knt, 
Oct. 1399 — Duke of Bedford, 1414 — Regent 
of France, 1422 — defeats Charles VII. at 
Verneuil, 16 Aug. 1424 — commences siege of 
Orleans, 12 Oct. 1428. [Joan of Arc] — treaty 
between Charles VII. and Duke of Burgundy, 
1435 — tr. before it is signed, 13 Sep. 1435. 

Bedford, Paul, comedian, — fc. at Bath, 1798 
— first appears at Drury Lane Theatre, 2 Nov. 
1824 — tf. at Chelsea, 11 Jan. 1871. 

Bedmar, Alfonso de Cueva, Marquis of, 
Cardinal, diplomatist, — ft., 1572 — ambassa- 
dor from Philip III. of Spain to Venice, 1607 
— takes part with Duke of Ossone, in con- 
spiracy against the republic, 161 8 — Pres. of 
the Council in Flanders, about 16 19 — Cardinal, 
by Gregory XV., 1622 — tf., Bp of Oviedo, a 
Malaga, 6 2 Aug. 1655. 
a Engl. Cyc. and Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. 

Bednore, in Hindustan, — taken by Hyder 
Ali, 1763 — taken by English, 1783 — recap- 
tured by Tippoo Sultan, Apr. 1784 — falls to 
English, after capture of Seringapatam, 1799. 

Bedriacum, in Cisalpine Gaul, — Otho de- 
feated by the forces of Vitellius, spring 69. 

Bedwyn, Wiltshire, — battle between AVul- 
fere, king of Mercia, and Escuin, king of Wes- 
sex, near, 674. 

Beechey, Sir William, portrait painter, — 
ft. at Burford, 12 Dec. 1753 — K.A., 1797 — 
Knt, 9 May 1797 — rj. at Hampstead, 28 Jan. 
1839. 

Beeder, {Bidr,) in Hindustan, — acquired by 
Aurungzebe, before 1700 — conquered by Nizam- 
ul-Mulk, of Hyderabad, 17 17. [Deccan.] 

Beefsteaks, Sublime Society of, — estab- 
lished in London, 1735. 

Beer, (Ale,) in England, — price regulated 
by 51 Henry III. st. 1, 1266-7, and 23 Hen. 
VIII. c. 4, s. 5, 1531-2 — licence for sale of, 
required by Act 5 and 6 Edw. VI. c. 25, 
1551-2 — excise duties imposed on, 1643 — again, 
by Act 12 Car. II. c. 23, 1660 — duties repealed 
and new provisions made by Act 1 ¥m. IV. 
c. 51, 16 Jul. 1830 — sale of, by retail, regu- 
lated by Act 1 V\ r m. IV. c. 60, 23 Jul. 1830. 

Beerhouses, (Alehouses,) in England. 
[Beer.] — placed under jurisdiction of Justices 
of the peace, by Act 11 Hen. VII. c. 2, 1495 
— further regulated by Acts 2 Jac. I. c. 9, 
1604; 4 Jac. I. cc. 4 and 5, 1606; 7 Jac. I. 
c. 10, 1609, and 21 Jac. I. c. 7, 1623; 2 Geo. 
II. c. 28, s. 11, 1729, and 26 Geo. II. c. 31, 
1753 — statutes repealed and new provisions 
made by Act 9 Geo. IV. c. 61, 15 Jul. 1828 — 
further regulated by Acts 1 ¥m. IV. c. 64, 
23 Jul. 1830; 4 and 5 ¥m. IV. c. 85, 15 
Aug. 1834; 3 and 4 Vic. c. 61, 7 Aug. 1840 ; 

11 and 12 Vic. c. 49, 14 Aug. 1848; 17 and 
18 Vic. c. 79, 7 Aug. 1854; 18 and 19 Vic. c. 
118, 14 Aug. 1855 ; and 32 and 33 Vic. c. 27, 

12 Jul. 1869 — last Act amended by 33 and 34 



BEETHOYEN— BELALL RAJAS. 



169 



Vic. c. 29, 14 Jul. 1870 — new provisions by 
33 and 34 Vic. c. Ill, 10 Aug. 1870. 

Beethoven, Ludwig von, musical composer, 
b. at Bonn, 17 Dec. 1770 — court organist to 
Elector of Cologne, 1785 — studies at Vienna 
under Haydn, 1792-94 — under Albreclitsberger, 
1794 — chapel-master to king of Westphalia, 
1809 — meets Goethe at Toplitz, 1812 — U. at 
Vienna, 24,* 26 b Mar. 1827 — his remains ex- 
humed and placed in a new vault, Oct. 1863. 
Fidelio, 1805 — Pastoral Symphony, 1807-8 — 
Mount of Olives, 1 803 — Sinfonia Eroica, 1 802-4 
— Russian Quartetts, 1%06—Egmont, 1810. 
a Conv.-Lex. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Beet-root-sugar, — first extracted by Achard, 
1800. 

Begarelli, Antonio, modeller, — b. at Modena, 
about 1498 — b\, about 1565. 

Beggars. [Vagabonds.] 
■ Beghards, Beguards, Beguins, {Bizochi, 
JBocasoti, Tertiaries, Fratricelli, Brethren of the 
Free Spirit,) — convent at Vilvoorden founded, 
1065 — first society formed at Nivelle, 1226 or 
1207 — censured by Council at Vienne, (' Clem- 
entina]) 1 31 1 — relieved by Pope John XXII., 
1324 — persecuted in Germany by Charles IV., 
about 1369. 

Behaim. [Behem.] 

Beham, Albert von, Archdeacon of Pas- 
sau, — joint legate of Gregory IX. in Germany, 
1239 — excommunicates many adherents of 
Frederick II., 1240 — repulsed by Duke of 
Bavaria, 1242 — attends Council of Lyons, 
1245 — driven from Bavaria, 1248. 

Beham, (Boehem) Hans Sebald, painter, 
engraver, — ft. at Niirnberg, 1500 — tr. at Frank- 
fort, about 1550. 

Beham, (Boehem) Bartel, (Bartlemy), — 
painter, engraver, — b. at Niirnberg, about 1496,* 
1502,1* — U., about 1540.° a Engl. Cyc. 

b Ersch and Gruber, and Nagler. c Doppelmayer. 

Behar, in Hindustan, — conquered by Kutb-u- 
din, about 1202 — conquered by Altamsh, 1225 
— re-annexed to Delhi, by Secander Lodi, about 
1500 — independent under Deria Khan Lohani, 
before 1526 — Mohammed Shah Lohani submits 
to Baber, 1528 a ?— seized by Sultan Mahomed 
Lodi, and recovered by Baber, 1529 — seized by 
Shere Khan, about 1531-5 — recovered by 
Humayun, 1538 — seized again by Sbere Khan, 
1538 — occupied in part by Akber, after defeat 
of Shere Khan II., 1560 — -re-annexed to Mogul 
Empire, (984, a. h.) 1576 — mutiny of troops, 
1577 — suppressed by Aziz, 1580 — acquired by 
Shah Jehan in his rebellion, (1033,) 1624. 
a Elphinstone. 

Behem, (Behaim) Martin, navigator, geo- 
grapher, — b. at Niirnberg, about 1430 or 1436 
— goes to Portugal, 1480-4 — accompanies 
Diego Cam on his voyage, 1484-85 — revisits 



Niirnber! 



:492, a 1491 



constructs a terres- 



trial globe, about 1492 — returns to Fayal, and 
lives in retirement, 1494- 1506 — ft. at Lisbon, 
29 Jul. 1506. 



Biog. Univ. 



Ersch and Gruber. 



Behistun, — cuneiform inscription of, copied 
by Rawlinson, 1837 — facsimile and translation 
by Rawlinson, 1846. 



Behmen, Jacob. [Bb'hme.] 

Behn, Aphara, dramatist, — fc. at Canterbury, 
about 1644 — goes to Antwerp and discovers 
project for burning English war-ships in the 
Thames and Medway, 1666— tr., 16 Apr. 1689. 

Behnes, William, sculptor, — b. in England, 
about 1790 — student at the Royal Academy, 
1 8 16 — tr. in Middlesex Hospital, Jan. 1864. 

Behring Island, in North Pacific Ocean, — 
discovered by Behring, 3 Nov. 1741. 

Behring Strait, — passed through by Beh- 
ring, 1728 — crossed by him, Jun.to Jul. 1741 — 
discovered and crossed by Captain Cook, Aug. 
to Sep. 1778. 

Behring, [Bering]) Vitus, geographical dis- 
coverer, — enters Russian navy, 1704 — sets out 
from St Petersburg on Kamtschatka voyage of 
discovery, Feb. 1725 — sets out from Niscbnei 
Kamtschatka Ostrog, 20 Jul. 1728 — 2nd voy- 
age, 1729 — 3rd voyage, 1733-41 — b., 8 Dec. 
1741. 

Beirut. [Berytus.] 

Beja, in Portugal, (Pax Julia,) — taken by 
the Moors, 1162. 

Bejapoor, (Bijapur,) in Hindustan, [Dec- 
can.] — Eusof Adil Shah revolts, and estab- 
lishes dynasty in, (895, a. h.) 1489 — Eusof 
loses Goa to the Portuguese, about 1500 ? and 
retakes it — IsmaelAdil Shah succeeds, (915,) 
1510 — Ismael loses Goa, 1510 — combination 
with Ram Raja against Ahmednagar, 1530 — 
Mallu Adil Shah, (941,) 1534 — Ibrahim 
Adil Shah, (941,) 1535 — Ali Adil Shah, 
(965,) 1557 — combination against Ram Raja, 
Carnatic, 1565 — with Ahmednagar attacks 
Goa and Choul, 1570 — Ibrahim Adil Shah 
II., (987,) 1579 — Ibrahim interferes in affairs 
of Ahmednagar, and Akber in his, (1004,) 
1595 — combination with Ahmednagar against 
Akber, 1596. 

Bek, (Beck,) Antony de, Bp of Durham, — 
Archdeacon of Durham, 1279 — Bp, Jul. 1283 — 
administrator of Scotland, summer 1290 — am- 
bassador from Edward I. to the Emperor, 1294 
— takes part with Edward I. in expedition 
against the Scots, Mar. to Apr. 1296 — commands 
division of cavalry at Falkirk, 1298 — excom- 
municates and deprives the Prior of Bolton, 
1300 — cited to Rome, by Pope Boniface, and 
obtains his favour : named Patriarch of Jeru- 
salem by Pope Clement, 1305 — deprived a 
second time of his see by the king, 1 306 — re- 
stored by Edward II., and made sovereign of 
the Isle of Man for life, 1307 — ft. at Eltliam, 
3 Mar. 131 1. 

Bekker, Balthasar, theologian, — b. at Met- 
selawier, Friesland, 20 Mar. 1634 — studies at 
Groningen, 1650 — D.D., i666, a 1665 b — minis- 
ter at Amsterdam, 1679-92 — tf., 11 Jun., a Jul., b 
1698. a Biog. Univ. b Biog. Woordenboek. 

Bel, (Belkis,) Matthias, historian, — b. at 
Orsova, 24 Mar. 1684 — rector of school at 
Presburg, 17 14 — b. there, 1749. JSfotitia 
Hungarian, §c., I735-4 2 - 

Bela. [Hungary.] 

Belall Rajas, Camata, — dynasty founded, 
about 1050 — subverted by Mohammedans, 
1310 or 1311. 



170 



BELCHITE— BELL. 



Belchite, in Spain,— Spaniards defeated by- 
General Suchet, 1 8 Jun. 1809. 

Belfast, in Ireland, — founded by Sir Arthur 
Chichester, about 1605 — obtains charter of 
incorporation, 161 1 — supports cause of "William 
III., 1689-90 — cotton-spinning by machinery 
introduced, 1777 — the linen manufacture, 1808 
— riots at, on installation of statue of O'Con- 
ncll, 8-19 Aug. 1864. Queen's College, opened, 
Nov. 1849 — Royal Academical Institution, in- 
corporated by Act of Parliament, 18 10. 

Belfort, (Befort,) in Alsace, — invested by- 
Germans, 3 Nov. 1870 — bombardment begins, 
3 Dec. — unsuccessful attempt of Gen. Bourbaki 
to raise the siege, 15-17 Jan. 187 1 — forts at 
Haut Perches and Basse Perches taken, 8 Feb. 
■ — armistice concluded, 14 Feb. — capitulates, 
16 Feb. — reserved to France on cession of 
Alsace to Germany, 26 Feb. 1871. 

Belgium, — revolution begins at Brussels, 25 
Aug. 1830 — independence of, proclaimed by 
provisional government, 4 Oct. 1830 — meet- 
ing of the London Conference, Nov. 1830 — 
its separation from the kingdom of the Ne- 
therlands recognized by Allied Powers, 26 
Dec. 1830 — the crown offered to the Duke of 
Nemours, and declined by Louis Philippe, 3 
Feb. 1 83 1 — election of Prince Leopold of 
Saxe-Coburg by National Congress, 4 Jun. 
1 831 — his accession as Leopold I., 21 Jul. 1831 
— boundaries of the kingdom defined, and terri- 
tory guaranteed to Leopold by treaty of London, 
15 Nov. 1831 [Antwerp] — peace with Holland 
concluded, 21 May, 1833 — construction of the 
state railways decreed by the Legislature, 
May 1834 — completed, 1844 — part of Limburg 
and of Luxemburg annexed to the Netherlands, 
by treaty of London, 19 Apr. 1839 — treaty of 
commerce with France, 16 Jul. 1842 — treaty 
of commerce with the Zollverein, 1 Sep. 1844 
— French invaders repelled, 25 Mar. 1848 — 
treaty of commerce with Great Britain, signed, 
27 Oct. 1851 — ratified 7, Apr. 1852 — treaty of 
commerce with France, signed at Paris, 1 May 
1861 — with Great Britain, signed 23 Jul. 1862 
— ratified, 30 Aug. 1862 — treaty with Holland 
for redemption of Scheldt dues, signed 16 Jul. 
1863 — Leopold II. succeeds on death of his 
father, 10 Dec. 1865 — independence and neu- 
trality of, further provided for, during war of 
Germany and France, by treaties between 
Queen of England, King of Prussia, and Em- 
peror of the French, signed at London, 9 and 1 1 
Aug. 1870. 

Belgrade, (Singidunum,) — attempted by 
Amurath II., 1440,* 1442 b — besieged by Mo- 
hammed II., successfully defended by Huniades, 
22 Jul. 1456 — taken by Solyman II., (927, a. 
ir.) 9 Aug. 152 1 — recovered by Imperial army, 
6 Sep. 1688 — retaken by Turks, 1690 — unsuc- 
cessfully attempted by Austrians, 1693 — ceded 
to Turkey by Treaty of Carlowitz, 1699 — be- 
sieged by Prince Eugene, 17 16 — Eugene de- 
feats Turks near, 16 Aug. 17 17 — surrendered 
to Eugene, 19 Aug. 17 17 — left in possession 
of Austria by Peace of Passarowitz, 17 18 — un- 
successfully attacked by Turks, 1739 — restored 
to the Porte, 1739 — surrendered to Laudohn, 



8 Oct. 1789 — given up to Turks at Peace of 
Sistova, 17 9 1 — occupied by Czerny George, 
1806-13 — bombarded by Turks, Jun. 1862 — 
cession of, to Servians, evacuated by Turks, 1 8 
Apr. 1867. Peace of — the Emperor cedes 
Belgrade and Servia to the Porte, 22 Sep. 1739. 
a Meyer, Conv.-Lex. b Zedler. 

Belidor, Bernard Forest de, military engi- 
neer, — fj. in Catalonia, 1697 — serves under 
Prince de Conti in Italy, &c, 1744 and 1746 — 
member of Academy of Sciences, 1756 — In- 
spector of Arsenals, 1758 — Inspector-general 
of Mines, 1759 — tf. at Paris, 8 Sep. 1761. 
Sommaire d'un Cours d' architecture militaire, 
1720 — Architecture Hydraulique, 1 7 37-39 — 
Dictionnaire portatif de Vingenieur, 1755. 

Belisarins, (Beli-tzar,) general, — ft. in II- 
lyria, about 505 — serves under Justin I., be- 
fore 527 — General of Eastern armies, 529 — 
marries Antonina, commands African expedi- 
tion, 533-4 — triumphs, 534 — sole Consul, (1288, 
a. u. c.) 535 — commands in Gothic war, 535- 
540 — puts Constantine to death, 535 — enters 
Borne, 9 Dec. 536 — besieged in Borne by 
Witiges, 537-8 — deposes Silverius and causes 
election of Vigilius, 537 — takes Bavenna, 540 — 
persecutes Photius, son of Antonina, 540— de- 
fends eastern frontier against Persians, 541-2 
— escapes death by a fine, 543 — commands in 
Gothic war, 544-48 — restores fortifications of 
Borne, 547 — repels Bulgarians, 559 — accused 
of conspiracy against Justinian, 562 — acquit- 
ted, 19 Jul. 563 — If. at Constantinople, 13 
Mar. ^6^. 

Belize. [Balize.] 

Belknap, Jeremy, historian, — ft. at Boston, 
IT. S., 4 Jun. 1744 — assists in founding Massa- 
chusetts Historical Society, 1794 — If., 28 Jun. 
1798. History of New Hampshire, 1784-92. 

Bell, Andrew,— ft. at St Andrews, 1753,* 
1752 b — minister at Madras, 1789 — undertakes 
management of Schools for the Poor in London, 
1807 — tf. at Cheltenham, 27 Jan. 1832. Ex- 
periment in Education made at the Male Asylum 
of Madras, 1797. 

a Rose's Biog. Diet. b Engl. Cyc. 

Bell, Sir Charles, anatomist, — ft. at Edin- 
burgh, Nov. 1774 — F.B.C.S.E., 1799 — goes to 
London, Nov. 1804 — marries, Jun. 181 1 — 
Surgeon to Middlesex Hospital, 18 14 — Prof. 
Anatomy, &c, L.C.S., 1824— Knt, by "William 
IV., Oct. 1 83 1— Prof. Surgery, LTniv. of Edin- 
burgh, 1836— tf. at Hallow Park, in Worces- 
tershire, 29 Apr. 1842. System of Dissection, 
1799-1 801 — Operative Surgery, 1807 — Treatise 
on the Hand, 1834 — An Exposition of the 
Natural System of the Nerves of the Human 
Body, 1824 — Essays on Anatomy of Expression 
in Painting, 1806 — letters, 1870. 

Bell, George Joseph, jurist, — ft. near Edin- 
burgh, 26 Mar. 1770 — Prof. Scots Law, Edin- 
burgh, 182 r — Principal Clerk of Session, 1831 
— tf. at Edinburgh, 23 Sep. 1843. Comment- 
aries on Laws of Scotland, 1 804. 

Bell, Henry, mechanician, — ft. in Scotland, 
7 Apr. 1767 — constructs a steam-vessel for the 
Clyde, Jan. 181 2 — tf. at Helensburgh, 14 Nov. 
1830. 



BELL— BELLS. 



Bell, John, {Bell of Auchtermony,) phy- 
sician, traveller, — ft. at Auchtermony, Scot- 
land, 1691— goes to St Petersburg-, Jul. 1714 
— accompanies embassy to Persia, Jul. 17 15 — 
accompanies Russian army to Derbent, 1722 — 
returns to Scotland, 1723— returns to St Peters- 
burg, 1734 — envoy to the Porte, 1737 — re- 
turns to Scotland, 1746 — tf. at Auchtermony, 
1 Jul. 1780. Travels, 1763. 

Bell, John, surgeon, §c, — ft. at Edinburgh, 
12 May 1763— F.R.C.S. Edinburgh, Aug. 1786 
— goes to Italy, 1817 — tf. at Rome, 15 Apr. 
1820. Anatomy of Human Body, 1793-1802. 

Bell {Inchcape) Rock, Scotland, — lighthouse 
built on, 18 1 1. 

Bella, Stefano della, engraver, — ft. at Flor- 
ence, 18 May 1610 — goes to Paris, about 1636- 
47— tf. at Florence, 22 Jul. 1664. 

Bellair, Maryland, U. S., — Sir Peter Parker 
defeats Americans at, and is killed, 30 Aug. 
1 8 14. 

Bellamy, Jacob, poet, — ft. at Flushing, 12 
Nov. 1757 — enters High School of Utrecht, 
1782 — tf., 11 Mar. 1786. Vaderlandsche Ge- 
zangen, 1785. 

Bellarmino, Roberto, Cardinal, — ft. at 
Monte Pulciano, Tuscany, 4 Oct. 1542 — enters 
Order of Jesuits, 1560— ordained at Ghent, by 
Jansenius, 1569 — Prof. Theology, Louvain, 
1570 — lectures at Rome, 1577 — Provincial of 
the Order, Naples, 1595 — Cardinal, 1599 — Abp 
of Capua, 1602 — librarian of the Vatican, 1605 
— tf. at Rome, 17 Sep. 1621. Lisputationes 
de controversiis fidei, 1587-90. 

Bellart, Nicolas Francois, advocate, — ft. at 
Paris, 20 Sep. 1761 — defends Mme de Rohan 
and others before the Revolutionary Tribunal, 
17 Aug. 1792 — counsellor of state and grand 
officer of Legion of Honour, by Louis XVIIL, 
1 8 14— tf., 7 Jul. 1826. 

Bellay, Guillaume du, Seigneur de Latt- 
gey, statesman, §c.,- — 6. near Montmirail, about 
149 1 — Viceroy of Piedmont, 1537 — tf. at St 
Symphorien, Jan. 1543. 

Bellay, Jean du, Cardinal, — ft., 1492 — 
ambassador to Henry VIII., 1527 and 1533 — 
Bp of Bayonne, Bp of Paris, 1532 — ambassador 
to Clement VII., 1534 — Cardinal, by Paul III., 
1535 — Lieutenant-general, 1536 — Abp of Bor- 
deaux, 1544 — If. at Rome, 16 Feb. 1560. 

Bellegarde, fortress, in France, — taken by 
Spaniards, 1674 — recovered by Count de Scli6m- 
berg, 1675 — bombarded and taken by Spaniards, 
Apr. to 14 Jun. 1793 — retaken by French, under 
Dugommier, 17 Sep. 1794. 

Belleisle, Charles Louis Auguste Fouquet, 
Count of, Marshal of France, — ft. at Ville- 
franche, in Rouergue, 22 Sep. 1684 — enters 
the army, 1705 — wounded at the siege of Lille, 
1708 — distinguishes himself in the war of the 
Spanish Succession, 1708-13 — mare'chal de 
camp, contributes to the capture of Fontarabie 
and St Sebastian, 17 19 — lieutenant-general, 
1732 — assists at siege of Philipsburg, May to Jul. 
1734 — negotiates peace between France and 
the Empire, 1735-36 — Marshal of France, 
about 1738 —takes Prague, Nov. 1741 — am- 
bassador extraord. to Diet of Frankfort, 1742 



— with Marshal de Broglie defends it against 
Imperialists, 17 Aug. to 13 Sep. 1742 — conducts 
retreat from Prague, 17-26 Dec. 1742— Che- 
valier of the Golden Fleece : taken prisoner 
by English and brought to England, 1745 
— Duke and Peer, 1748 — member of French 
Academy, 1756,* 1749 b — Minister of War, 1757,* 
1750 b — tf., 26 Jan. 1761. a Biog. Univ. 

b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Belleisle, Louis Charles Armand Fouquet, 
Count of, general, {Chevalier de Belleisle,) 
— ft. at Agde, 1693 — takes Traerbach, 8 Apr. 
1734 — assists in defence of Prague, 1742 — 
killed at attack on the Col d'Assiette, 19 Jul. 
1746. 

Belleisle, France, — Admiral Hawke defeats 
French fleet off, 25 Oct. 1747 — taken by Eng- 
lish, 7 Jun. 176 1 — restored to France by Peace 
of Paris, 10 Feb. 1763. 

Bellenden, Sir John, poet, historian, — Knt., 
1542-3 — Lord of Session, Jun. 1547 — Privy 
Councillor, 6 Sep. 156 1 — engaged in Pacifica- 
tion of Perth, 1573 — tf. at Rome, 1560^ before 



: 577- 



Rose's Biog. Diet. 



Engl. Cyc. 



Bellenden, William, — Prof. Humanity, 
Univ. of Paris, 1602. Bellendenus de Statu, 
1615. m 

Bellini, Giovanni, {Giambellini,) painter, — 
ft. at Venice, 1426^ 1424 b — paints, 1464-1516° 
— tf. there, 29 Nov. I5i6, a 1514^ 1510/ 1 
a Biog. Catalogue. b Ersch and Gruber. 
c Nagler. d Engl. Cyc. 

Bellini, Laurentio, physician,— h. at Flor- 
ence, 3 Sep. 1643 — Prof. Philosophy and the- 
oretical Medicine at Pisa, 1665 — tf. at Flor- 
ence, 8 Jun. 1703^ Jan. 1704^ 1713.° 

a Rose's Biog. Diet. b Engl. Cyc. 

Ersch and Gruber. 

Bellini, Jacopo, {Giacomo,) painter, — ft. at 
Venice, about 1 395-1400— tf., 1470. 

Bellini, Gentile, painter, — ft. at Venice, 
142 1 — sent to Constantinople, 1479 — tf. there, 
I50l, a 23 Feb. 1507-8. b a Nagler. 

b Biog. Catalogue. 

Bellini, Filippo, of JJrbino, painter, — H., 
about 1594. 

Bellini, Vincenzio, musical composer, — ft. at 
Catania, 1 Nov. 1802 — enters College of Music 
at Naples, 1819 — goes to Paris, 1833 — tf. near 
Paris, 23 Sep. 1835. La Sonnambula, 1831 — 
Norma, 26 Dec. 1831 — Puritani, 1834. 

Bellmann, Karl Michael, poet, — ft. at 
Stockholm, 4 Feb. 1 741 — Court Secretary, 
1775 — tf., 11 Feb. 1796. 

Bellona, — [B C] — first temple at Rome, by 
Appius Claudius Coecus, after 296. 

Bellona, asteroid, — discovered by Luther, 1 
Mar. 1854. 

Bellot, Joseph Rene, Arctic navigator,— ft. 
at Paris, Mar. 1826 — Chevalier of Legion of 
Honour, 1845 — accompanies Capt. Kennedy's 
expedition in search for Franklin, Jun. 1851 — 
accompanies Capt. Inglefield's expedition, Jun. 
1853 — perishes on the ice, 18 Aug. 1853. 

Bells, — introduced in churches by Paulinus, 
Bp of Nola, about 400 — church bells, first men- 
tioned in England by Bede, who died 735 — 
baptism of, introduced before 800. 



172 



BELLTTNO— BENEDICT III. 



Belluno, Victor Perrin, Duke of, Marshal 
and Peer of France, — ft. at La Manche, 
1766 — enters the army, 1788 — serves at siege 
of Toulon, 1793 — in campaign of Italy, 1799 
— wounded at Jena, 1806 — Marshal of France 
at Friedland, 1807 — commander in Russian 
campaign, 18 12 — Minister of War, 1821 — 
retires, 1830 — tf., Mar. 1841. 

Bellutus, L. Sicinius, — [BC]— leads ple- 
beians in secession to Mons Sacer, 494— Trib. 
pleb., (one of the first,) 494 — iEd. pleb., 492 
and 49 1 . 

Beloe, William, — ft. at Norwich, 1756 — 
B.A., Cambridge, 1779 — Prebendary of St 
Paul's, 1805 — Assistant Librarian, Brit. Mus., 
1804 — rj., 1 8 17. Translation of Herodotus, 
1791. 

Belon, Pierre, physician, naturalist, — ft. at 
Soulletiere, Maine, 15 17 — travels in Greece, 
Egypt, &c, 1546-50 — assassinated in the Bois 
de Boulogne, Apr. 1564. 

Beloochees, Beloochistan, — establish them- 
selves in the country, under Nasir Khan, 1739 
— separation of Sinde, 1779 — harass British 
forces in Afghan war ; expedition sent against 
them, 1840. 

Belsham, Thomas, theologian, — ft. at Bed- 
ford, 15 Apr. 1750 — minister of Presbyterian 
church, Worcester, 1778-81 — Theological 
Tutor at Daventry Academy, 1781-89— min- 
ister at Hackney, 1794-1805 — minister at 
Essex St Chapel, 1805-26 — tf. at Hampstead, 
11 Nov. 1829. Inquiry into the Scripture 
Doctrine concerning the Person of Christ, 181 1. 

Belsham, William, historian, — ft., about 
1753 — tf. at Hammersmith, 17 Nov. 1827. 
History of Great Britain, 1806. 

Belzoni, Giovanni Battista, traveller,— -ft. 
at Padua, about 1774V 1 1778b — resides in 
England, 1803-12— visits Egypt, 18 15 — second 
visit to Upper Egypt, 18 17 — enters pyramid of 
Ghizeh, 1818 — returns to England, 1819— sets 
out for Timbuctoo, 1823 — tf. in Benin, 3 Dec. 
1823. Narrative of Operations and Recent 
Discoveries within the Pyramids, §c, 1820. 
a Rose's Biog. Diet. b Conv.-Lex. 

Bern, Joseph, general, — ft. at Jarnow, in 
Galicia, 1795 — serves in French army under 
Davoust, 1 81 2— Captain, 18 19— Major in Po- 
lish army, 1830 — commands in Hungarian 
army against Austrians, 1848 — takes Her- 
mannstadt, Cronstadt, and repulses the Aus- 
trian and Russian forces, Mar. 1 849 — at battle 
of Temesvar, 8 Aug. 1849 — tf. at Aleppo, 10 
Dec. 1850. 

Bembo, Pietro, Cardinal, — ft. at Venice, 
26 May 1470 — goes to Ferrara, 1498 — at Ur- 
bino, 1506-12 — Secretary to Leo X., 1513-21 
— sent as legate to Venice, 15 14 — settles at 
Padua, 152 1 — librarian of St Mark's, Venice, 
and historiographer to the Republic, 1529 — 
Cardinal, by Paul III., 24 Mar. 1539— Bp °f 
Gubbio, 1541— tf. at Rome, 18 Jan. 1547. 
Historia Veneta, 155 1 — Prose di M. Pietro 
Bembo, nelle quali si ragiona della Volgar 
Lingua, 1525 — Rime, 1530 — Carmina, 1552 
— Lettere Volgari, 1548-1550. 

Bemmel, Willem van, painter, — ft. at U- 



trecht, 10 Jun. 1630 — tf. at Niirnberg, a Wohrd, b 

10 Nov. I708, a I706. b a Biog. Univ. 

b Ersch and Gruber. 

Benacus, Lake, Italy, (lago di Garda,) 
— Claudius defeats Alamanni near, 268. 

Benares, Hindustan, — conquered by Mo- 
hammedans, 1 1 92 — governed by British, since 
1775 — mutiny at, 4 Jun. 1857. 

Benbow, John, admiral, — ft. at Shrewsbury, 
about 1650 — Captain R. N., 1689 — commands 
squadron sent against St Malo, Nov. 1695 — 
commands squadron in West Indies, 1699 — 
Vice- Admiral, 1700 — tf. at Port Royal of 
wound received in naval fight, 4 Nov. 1702. 

Bencoolen, Sumatra, — English settlement, 
1685 — destroyed by French, 1760 — given up 
to Dutch, in exchange, 1825. 

Benda, Franz, violinist, — ft. at Altbenatka, 
Bohemia, 1709 — in the service of Crown Prince 
of Prussia, 1732,* i74o b — royal concert -master, 
177 1— tf. at Potsdam, 7 Mar. i786, a i788. b 
a Ersch and Gruber. b Conv.-Lex. 

Benda, George, musician and composer — ■ 
ft. at Altbenatka, 1721 — violinist in chapel of 
Frederick II., 1742 — chapel-master to Duke 
of Gotha, 1748 — goes to Italy, 1760 — resigns 
his office, about 1778 — tf. at Kostritz, 6 Nov. 

1795. 

Bender, in Bessarabia, — Charles XII. takes 
refuge at, Jul. 1709 — stormed by Russians, 177 1 
— given up to Turkey by treaty of Kutshuk- 
Kainarji, 21 Jul. 1774 — taken by Russians, 
1809 — restored to Turkey by peace of Jassy, 
1 8 10 — falls to Russians, by treaty of Bucharest, 
1812. 

Benedetti, Alessandro, physician, — Prof. 
Medicine at Padua, about 1495 — tf. after 1511,* 
i535, b about 1525.° De Pestilente Febre, 1493 
— Anatomice, 1493 — De omnium a capite ad 
calcem morborum causis, signis, §c, 1500. 
a Biog. Univ. b Mazzuchelli. e Ersch and Gruber. 

Benedict, St, of Aniane, monastic reformer y 
— ft. in Languedoc, about 750 — enters a mon- 
astery in Burgundy, 774 — founds one in Lan- 
guedoc, about 782 — tf. near Aix-la-Chapelle, 

11 Feb. 821. 

Benedict, St, founder of the Benedictine 
Order, — ft. at Nursia, Spoleto, 480 — sent to 
study at Rome, about 492 — retires to a cavern 
at Subiaco, about 494 — plotted against by 
Florentius, withdraws to Monte Casino, 528 — ■ 
draws up 'Rule' of his Order, about 529— tf. 
at Monte Casino, 21 Mar. 542, ? 543, ? 547. ? 

Benedictine Order, — founded by St Bene- 
dict, 5 28 a — introduced into England, by St 
Augustine, about 600. a Dufresnoy. 

Benedict Biscop, Abbot of Wear mouth, — 
visits Rome, 653 and 665 — founds monastery 
at Wearmouth, about 674 — visits Rome, fourth 
time, 678 — founds monastery at Jarrow, 682 
— tf. at Wearmouth, 12 Jan. 699^ 69o. b 
a Annals of England. b Butler and Biog. Univ. 

Benedict I., (Bonosus,) Bp of Rome,— suc- 
ceeds John III., 575 — tf., 578. 

Benedict II., Bp of Rome,— succeeds Leo 
II., 684— tf., 685. 

Benedict III., Bp of Rome, — succeeds Leo 
IV., 855-tf., 8 Apr. 858. 



BENEDICT IV.— BENGAL. 



173 



Benedict IV., Pope, — elected, Dec. 900 — 
crowns Louis of Provence Emperor and King 
of Italy, 901 — ft., Oct. 903. 

Benedict V., Pope, — elected by Romans in 
opposition to Leo VIIL, 14 May 964 — deposed 
and exiled by Emperor Otto, 964 — ft. at Ham- 
burg, 5 Jul. 965. 

Benedict VI., Pope, — succeeds John XIIL, 
end of 972 — strangled at Borne, 974. 

Benedict VII., Pope,— elected, before 25 
Mar. 975, a 28 Dec. 974 b — ft., 10 Jul. 983. 
a Pagi. b Charters. 

Benedict VIIL, Pope, — succeeds Sergius 
IV., 1012 — driven from Borne, takes refuge 
with Emperor Henry II., 1012 — restored by 
Emperor, crowns him at Borne, 14 Feb. 1014 — 
obtains victory over Saracens in Tuscany, 1016 
— visits Emperor, 1020 — ft., 1024. 

Benedict IX., Pope, — fc. about 1024 (?) — 
succeeds John XIX., 1033— driven away by 
Bomans, restored by Emperor Conrad, 1038 — 
again expelled, early in 1044 — restored, 1044 
sells pontificate to John Gratian, (Gregory VI.,) 
1044 — resumes it on death of Clement II., 8 
Nov. 1047 — finally abdicates, 17 Jul. 1048. 

Benedict X., Antipope, (John, Bp of Vel- 
letri,) — elected on death of Stephen IX., 30 
Mar. 1058 — resigns on election of Nicholas 
II., about 18 Jan. 1059. 

Benedict XL, Pope, (Nicholas, Cardinal 
of Ostia,) — succeeds Boniface VIIL, 22 Oct. 
1303 — ft. at Perugia, 6 or 7 Jul. 1304. 

Benedict XII. , Pope, (Jacques Foamier,) — 
Cardinal, 1327 — succeeds John XXIL, 20 Dec. 
1334 — meets Philip of Valois at Avignon, 
Mar. 1336 — ft. there, 25 Apr. 1342. 

Benedict XIIL, Pope, (Cardinal Orsini,) 
— b. 2 Feb. 1649— Dominican, 13 Feb. 1668 
— Cardinal, 1 Mar. 1672 — Abp of Benevento, 
1685 — succeeds Innocent XIIL, 29 May 1724 
— Council at Borne for reformation of morals 
and discipline, 11 May 1725 — promotes nego- 
tiations of Paris and Soissons, 1727-28 — ft., 
21 Feb. 1730. Works, 1728. 

Benedict XIV., Pope, (Prospero Lamber- 
tini,) — b. at Bologna, 31 Mar. 1675 — Cardinal, 
1 7 28 — Abp of Bologna, 1 7 3 1 — succeeds Clement 
XIL, 17 Aug. 1740— ft., 3 May 1758. 

Benedict XIIL, Antipope, (Pedro de Luna,) 
— b. about 1334 — elected on death of Clement 
VII., 28 Sep. 1394 — France withdraws from 
allegiance to him, Aug. 1398 — besieged in 
Avignon by Marshal de Boucicaut, winter 
1 398 -1 403 — escapes, 12 Mar. 1403 — avoids 
arrest by French and escapes to Spain, summer 
1408 — deposed by Council of Pisa, 5 Jun. 1409 
— meets Emperor Sigismund at Perpignan, Oct. 
1415 — deposed by Council of Constance, 26 Jul. 
1417— ft. atPeniscola, 1 Jun. or 29 Nov. 1424,* 
I423. b a Muratori. b Pagi. 

Benefices. [Provisors, Statute of.] 

Benefit of Clergy, — regulated by stats. 4 
Hen. VII. c. 13, 1489; 4 Hen. VIIL c. 
2, 1512; 28 Hen. VIIL c. 1, 1536; 18 
Eliz. c. 7, 1575-6 — allowed to women, by 
stats. 3 Wm. and Mar. c. 9, 1691 ; 4 iVm. and 
Mar. c. 24, s. 13, 1692 ; 6 and 7 Wm, and 
Mar. c. 14, 1695 — ceremony of reading abol- 



ished by stat. 5 and 6 Ann. c. 6, 1706 — 
abolished by stat. 7 and 8 Geo. IV. c. 28, 21 
Jun. 1827 ; and 4 and 5 Vic. c. 22, 12 Jun. 
1 841 — abolished in Ireland by stat. 9 Geo. 
IV. c. 54, s. 12, 15 Jul. 1828. 
. Beneventum, Benevento, in Italy, — [B C] — 
Roman colony, 268 — Hanno defeated by Ro- 
mans near, 214 — his camp stormed by Q. 
Fulvius, 212 — [AD] — taken by Totila, 542 — 
erected into a duchy by Narses, about 552 s — 
by Alboin, king of the Lombards, 57 1 b — by 
Autharis, about 590 c — falls under dominion of 
Lombards, 590 — besieged by Constans, 663 — 
title of Prince assumed by Arigisus after fall of 
Lombard kingdom, 774 — Capua and Salerno 
separate from the duchy, about 845 — sacked 
by Otto II., 981 — conquered by Normans, 
1074 — falls to the Popes on death of Landul- 
phus, 1077 — blockaded by Frederick II., 1240 
— surrenders, its walls demolished, 1241 — Man- 
fred, king of Sicily, defeated and killed by 
Charles of Anjou near, 26 Feb. 1266 — Talley- 
rand made Prince of, by Napoleon, 1806 — 
restored to the Pope, 18 15. Councils of, 1 
Aug. 1059 ; Aug. 1087 ; 28 Mar. 109 1 ; 12 Oct. 
1 108; Apr. n 17 ; 10 Mar. 1 1 19. 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Encyc. Mod. 

c Kington. 

Benevolences, in England, — exacted by 
Edward IV., 1473 — declared illegal by stat. 1 
Rich. III. c. 2, 1484 — exacted by Hen. VII., 
1492 — imprisonment for default, by Act 11 
Hen. VII. c. 10, 1494 — exacted by Hen. VIIL, 
1525 and 1545 — exacted by James L, 1614 — 
declared illegal by Bill of Rights, 1 Wm. and 
Mar. st. 2, c. 2, 1689. 

Bengal, (Gour,) — independent under the 
Pala kings, from about 850 to near 11 00 — con- 
quered by Mohammedans, under Kutb u din, 
1203 — by Altamsh of Delhi, 1225— invaded by 
Moguls from Tibet, 1244 — revolt of Togral 
suppressed by Bulbun, 1279 — revolts and is lost 
by the Emperors of Delhi, about 1340 — be- 
comes a separate kingdom under Fakr u din, 
i34o, a about (739, a. h.) 1338 — Ala u din, 
(741,) 1340 — Haji Elias (Shams u din), (743,) 
1342 — invaded by Firouz Toghlak, 1353 and 
1372 — independence acknowledged, 1356 and 
1372 — Secander, (759,) 1357 — Gheias u 
din, (769,) 1367 — Sultan u Salatin, (775,) 
1374 — Shams u din II., (785,) 1383 — Raja 
Kans, Hindu zemindar, usurps, (788,) 1386 — 
Jit Mal, (Jelal u din) (795,) 1392 — Ahmed, 
(812,) 1409— Nasir tj din, (830,) 1426 — 
Nasir, (830,) 1426— Barbik, (832,) 1428— 
Eusoe, (849,) 1445— Futteh, (866,) 1461— 
Shahzadeh, (886,) 1481— Firuz, (886,) 1481 
— Mahmud, (899,) 1493— Mozaefer, (900,) 
1494 — Ala u din II., (904,) 1497 — Nasrat, 
(927,) 152 1 — defeated by Baber, 1529 — Mah- 
mud, (940,) 1534 — invaded by Shir Khan, 
about 1535 — conquered by Shir Khan, (Shir 
Shah,) (945,) 1537 — invaded by Humayun, 
Jul. 1538 — recovered by Shir Khan, 1540 — 
revolts, recovered and divided by Shir Khan, 
1541 — Selim, (952,) 1545 — Adili, (955,) 
1548 — Cuttack and parts of Orissa acquired, 
about 1550 — Bahadur, (961,) 1553 — revolt of 



'74 



BENGEL— BENTLEY. 



Mohammed Sur, suppressed by Hemu, 1555 
— Jelal u din, (968,) 1560 — Soliman Kir- 
Aul, (971,) 1563 — Bayazid, (981,) 1573 — con- 
quered by Daud Khan, and re-annexed to 
Mogul Empire, (983-84,) 1575-76 — mutiny of 
troops, 1577 — revolt of Afghans, under Kuttu, 
1578 — mutiny suppressed by Aziz, 1580 — death 
of Kuttu, 1590 — revolt finally suppressed by 
Baja Man Sing, 1592 — rebellion of Osman, 
1600— his defeat and death, (1021,) 1612 — 
gained by Shah Jehan in his rebellion, (1033,) 
1624 — first settlement of the English in, 1652 
— subordination to Presidency of Madras ceases, 
and Calcutta made seat of Presidency, 1707 — 
war with Suraja Dowla, begins 1756— grant 
of the 24 Pergunnahs to Clive, 1759 — grant of 
the Dewannee, by Shah Allum, 12 Aug. 1765 
— the 24 Pergunnahs pass to the East India 
Company, 1775. [India, British.] 
a Elphinstone. 

Bengel, Johann Albrecht, theologian, philo- 
logist, — 6. in Wiirtemburg, 24 Jun. 1687 — 
studies at Tubingen, 1703-7 — Tutor there, 
about 1708 — Prof, at Denkendorf, 17 13 — 
Councillor to the Consistory, and Prelate, Al- 
pirsbach, 1749 — D.D., Tubingen, 1751 — o\, 
2 Nov. 1752. Novi Test. Grcec. recte cauteque 
adornandi Prodromus, 1725 — Novum Test. 
Grcec. cum introduction in Crisin N. T. Ap- 
paratu Critico et Epilogo, 1734 — Gnomon Nov. 
Test., 1742 — Ordo temporum, §c, 1741. 

Benguela, W. Africa, — subject to Portu- 
guese, from about 1490 — visited by Andrew 
Battel, 1589 — visited by Angelo and Carli, 
1667 — visited by Father Merolla, 1682 — visited 
by James Barbot, 1688. 

Benin, Bight of, — first visited by Portuguese, 
about 1485 — first visited by English, 1553. 

Benjamin of Tudela, Rabbi, traveller, — fl., 
about 1 160 — tt. at Saragossa, about 1173. 

Benkelsz, "Willem,— discovers art of preserv- 
ing herrings in barrels, about 141 6 ? — fc. at 
Biervliet, 1449 — his tomb visited by Charles Y. 
and Queen of Hungary, 30 Aug. 1536. 

Benningen, Koenraad van, statesman — ft. at 
Amsterdam, 1622— syndic, 1650 — ambassador 
to Sweden, 1652 — ambassador to France, 1660 
— goes to England, 1670 — retires from office, 
1686 — tf., 1693. 

Benningsen, Bentlin Levin Augustin The- 
ophil, general, — 6. in Hanover, 10 Feb. 1745 — 
serves in Russian army against Poles, 1794 — 
Governor of Lithuania, 1801 — serves in French 
war, 1805-15 — fc. in Hanover, 3 Oct. 1826. 

Bennington, Vermont, U. S., — Americans 
defeat Germans at, 16 Jul. 1777. 

Benoit, Rene, theologian, — ft. at Laver- 
nieres, near Angers, 152 1 — accompanies Mary 
Stuart to Scotland, 1561 — excluded from the 
Faculty for his version of the Bible, 1 Oct. 
1572 — Prof. Theology, Coll. of Navarre, 1587 
— Confessor to Henry IV., 159 1 — Bp of Troyes, 
1594- 1 604 — ft. at Paris, 7 Mar. 1608. 

Bensington, — Off a defeats Cynewulf at, 775. 

Bentham, James, ecclesiastical antiquary, — 
b., 1708— enters Cambridge Univ., 1727 — 
Minor Canon, Ely, 1736 — M.A., 1738 — Pre- 
bendary of Ely, 1779 — &• there, 17 Nov. 1794. 



History and Antiquities of the Conventual 
and Cathedral Church of Ely, 1771. 

Bentham, Jeremy, jurist, — ft. in London, 
15 Feb. 1747-8 — enters Queen's Coll. Oxford, 
1760 — M.A., 27 Mar. 1767— called to the Bar, 
about 1772 — ft. at "Westminster, 6 Jun. 1832. 
Fragment on Government, 1776 — Introduction 
to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, 
1789 — Defence of Usury, 1787 — On the Law of 
Evidence, 1813 — Chrestomathia, 18 17 — Booh of 
Fallacies, 1824 — Constitutional Code, 1830. 

Bentham, Sir Samuel, Inspector-general of 
Naval Works, — rj. at "Westminster, n !Jan. 
1757 — enters the navy, 177 1 — visits the Nether- 
lands, 1779 — visits Eussia and Siberia, Mar. 
1 7 80- 1 7 90 — charge d'affaires at St Peters- 
burg, 1783 — lieutenant-colonel in Bussian 
army, 1783 — defeats Turkish fleet, Jun. 1788 
— Knt of St George, Colonel, 1788 — commis- 
sioner to visit British dockyards, Apr. 1795 — 
Inspector-general of Naval Works, Mar. 1796 — 
invents steam dredging-machine, 1800 — com- 
missioned to build ships of war in Eussia, 
1805 — leaves Eussia, Sep. 1807 — office of In- 
spector-general abolished, he becomes member 
of the Navy Board, 1808 — visits France, 18 14 
— returns to England, 1827 — ft. in London, 31 
May 1 83 1. Naval Essays, 1828 — Memoirs, 
§c, 1856. 

Bentinck, William. [Portland, Earls or.] 

Bentinck, Lord "William Charles Caven- 
dish, Governor- general of India, — b., 14 
Sep. 1774 — governor of Madras, 1803-5 — com- 
mander-in-chief of forces sent to assistance of 
King of Sicily, 18 10- 14 — Governor-general of 
India, 1827 — abolishes the suttee, 14 Dec. 
1829 — returns to England, 1835 — rj. at Paris, 
17 Jun. 1839. 

Bentinck, Lord William George Frederick 
Cavendish, (Lord George Bentinck,) politi- 
cian, — fc., 27 Feb. 1802 — M.P. King's Lynn, 
1827 — leader of the ' country party,' 1846— ft., 
21 Sep. 1848. 

Bentivoglio, Ercole, poet, — rj. at Bologna, 
1506— ft. at Venice, 6 Nov. 1573. 

Bentivoglio, Giovanni, — proclaimed by the 
people Sovereign of Bologna, 28 Mar. 140 1 — 
killed by the people, 27 Jun. 1402. 

Bentivoglio, Giovanni II., — fj., about 1438 
— chief of republic of Bologna, 1462 — proscribes 
the Malvezzi family, 1488 — retires to Milan, 2 
Nov. 1506 — ft. there, 1508. 

Bentivoglio, Guido, Cardinal,—!), at Fer- 
rara, 1579— Nuncio of Paul V. to Flanders, 
1607-17 — Nuncio to France, Jan. 16 17 — Car- 
dinal, 11 Jan. 1621 — Bp of Terracina, a Pales- 
trina, b 1641 — ft. at Eome, 7 Sep. 1644. Bella 
Guerra di Fiandra, 1639 — Eelazioni in tempo 
della Nunziatura di Fiandra e di Francia, 
1630 — Memorie, 1648 — Letter c, 1645. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Unir. 

Bentley, Richard, philologist,— b. at Oulton, 
Yorkshire, 27 Jan. 1662 — enters St John's Coll. 
Cambridge, 24 May 1676 — M.A., 1683 — M.A. 
adeundem, Oxford, 4 Jul. 1689 — Prebendary of 
"Worcester, 2 Oct. 1692-1700 — Eoyal Librarian, 
Dec. 1693 — D.D., Cambridge, 1696 — Master of 
Trin. Coll., Cambridge, 1 Feb. 1700 — marries, 



BENVENUTO— BERG. 



175 



Jan. 1701 — archdeacon of Ely, 24 Jun. 1701 — 
Regius Prof. Divinity, 17 17 — degraded to 
rank of undergraduate, 17 Oct. 17 18 — rein- 
stated by Mandamus, 7 Feb. 1724 — death of 
his wife, 1740 — tf., 14 Jul. 1742. Dissertation 
on the Epistles of Phalaris, 1695 — -Remarks on 
the Discourse of Free-thinking, 17 13 — editions 
of Horace, 17 11 — Terence, 1726 — Milton, 

I73 1 - 

Benvenuto, Giovanni Battista. [Ortolano.J 

Benyowsky, (Beniowski,) Mauritius Au- 
gustus, Count op, — ft. in Hungary, Jan. 1741 
— enters Austrian army, 1755 — at battle of 
Lowositz, 1756 — at battle of Prague, 1757 — 
in England, 1767 — joins the confederation of 
Bar, at Warsaw, Jul. 1767 — general, serves 
against Russians, 1768 — captured by Russians 
at Szuka and sent to Kamtschatka, 1770 — 
escapes, May 177 1 — forms .French settlement 
in Madagascar, 1774 — driven from the island, 
1779 — conducts American trading expedition 
to Madagascar, 1784 — falls in combat with 
French there, 23 May 1786. 

Benzel, Erich, Abp of Upsala, theologian, 
— ft. at Benzeby, in Sweden, 1632 — Prof. Ex- 
traord. Hist, and Morals, Upsala, 1665 — Prof. 
Extraord. Theology, 1666 — Ordinary Prof., 
1668 — D.D., 1675 — Abp of Upsala, 1700 — &., 
17 Feb. 1709. 

Benzel, Erich, the younger, Abp op Upsala, 
— ft. at Upsala, 27 Jan. 1675 — Librarian 
there, 1702 — D.D., 17 19 — assists in founding 
Academy of Sciences, 1720 — Abp of Upsala, 
1742 — fr. there, 23 Sep. 1743. 

Benzol, — discovered by Faraday, 1825. 

Beranbyrig, — combat between Britons and 
Saxons at, 556. 

Berand, Laurence, Jesuit, mathematician, — 
ft. at Lyons, 5 Mar. 1701,=* 1703 b — Prof. 
Mathematics and Director of Observatory, 
1740 — &., 26 Jun. 1777. 

a Rose's Biog. Diet. b Biog. Univ. 

Beranger, Pierre Jean de, poet, — ft. at 
Paris, 19 Aug. 1780 — clerk to Secretary of 
Academy, 1809-21 — fined and imprisoned for 
his songs, 1821 — fined and imprisoned again, 
1828 — member of the Constituent Assembly, 
Feb. 1848, but retires almost immediately — 
tf. at Paris, 16 Jul. 1857. 

Berar, kingdom of, — founded by Fatteh 
Ullah, (890, a. h.) 1484 — Ala-tj-din takes 
title of king, (910,) 1504— Deria, about (936,) 
1520 — vassal to G-uzerat, about 1530 — Burhan 
Imad Shah, perhaps, 1560 — merged in Ahmed- 
nagar, (980,) 1572 — claims of Ahmednagar sur- 
rendered to Akber by Bahadur, 1596. [Dec- 
can.] 

Berbers. [Morocco.] 

Berbice, S. America, — settled by Dutch, 
i626, a about 1580 b — attacked by French, 1690 
and 17 12 — negro insurrection, 1763— surren- 
dered to British, 1796 — restored to Dutch by 
treaty of Amiens, 1802 — taken possession of by 
British, 1 803 — ceded to England by treaty of 
Paris, Aug. 18 14— united with Demarara and 
Essequibo, 1831. [Guyana, British.] 
a Engl. Cyc. b Maeculloch. 

Berchthold, Leopold, Count von, philanthro- 



pist, — ft. in Germany, 1758 — tj. in Moravia, 
26 Jul. 1809. 

Berengaria. [Richard I., King of Eng- 
land.] 

Berengario, Jacopo, anatomist, — Prof. An- 
atomy and Surgery, Bologna, 1520 — B. at 
Ferrara, 1550. 

Berengarius, (Berenger,) theologian, — ft. at 
Tours, about 1000 — archdeacon of Angers, 
1039 — begins to propagate his doctrines, about 
1045 — writes to Lanfranc, 1049 — excommuni- 
cated by synod of Rome, 1050 — summoned to 
Council of Vercelli, refuses to appear, is con- 
demned for heresy, and excommunicated, 1050 
— condemned by Councils of Paris and Brionne, 
105 1 — retracts, at Council of Tours, Apr. 1054 
— retracts again at second Lateran Council, 
Apr. 1059 — withdraws his recantation, 1059 — 
again appears at Council of Rome, and is ac- 
quitted by Gregory VII., Feb. 1079— "Jj. at St 
Cosmas, near Tours, 6 Jan. 1088. 

Berenger. [Friuli, Dukes of] 

Berenice, (J3ernice,JBeronice,) — ft., 28* — mar- 
ries her uncle, Herod of Chalcis, and after his 
death lives with her brother Agrippa, 48 — 
marries Polemon of Cilicia, 48 b — Paul defends 
himself before her, 60, 63 a — intercedes for 
Jews with Gessius Florus, 65 — at Rome, 75. 
a Biog. Univ. b Smith's Diet. 

Berenice, — [B C] — marries Antiochus Theos, 
of Syria, 249^ 252 b — divorced by him, 247 — 
murdered at Daphne, 246 . b c a Smith's Diet. 
Biog. Univ. c Ersch and Gruber. 

Berenice, — [B C] — marries Ptolemaeus Euer- 
getes, about 248, ? 246 c — murdered by her son 
Ptolemaeus Philopator, 22i, a 2i6. b 
a Smith's Diet. b Biog. Univ. c Ersch and Gruber. 

Berenice, (Cleopatra,) — [B C] — Queen op 
Egypt, succeeds her father, Ptolemaeus Lathy- 
rus, marries Alexander II., and is murdered by 
him, 81. 

Berenice, — [B C] — Queen of Egypt, elected 
on expulsion of her father, Ptolemaeus Auletes, 
58— put to death by Auletes, on his restora- 
tion, 55. 

Beresford, William Carr, Yiscount, general, 
— ft. 2 Oct. 1768 — serves in Nova Scotia, 
1786 — brigadier-general, commands expedition 
against Buenos Ayres, 1806 — takes possession 
of Madeira, 1807 — organizes Portuguese army, 
1808 — invests fortress at Badajoz, 4 May 181 1 
— defeats Soult at Albuera, 16 May 181 1 — 
wounded at battle of Salamanca, 18 12 — con- 
tributes to victories of Yittoria and Bayonne, 
1 81 3 — takes heights of Toulouse, 10 Apr. 18 14 
— Field-marshal of Portugal, Duke of Elvas, and 
Baron Beresford, 18 14 — envoy to Brazil, 1814- 
and 18 15 — Yiscount, 1823 — Master-general of 
the Ordnance, 1 828-30 — tf. in Kent, 8 Jan. 1 854. 

Beresina, river in W. Russia, — passage of, by 
Napoleon I., 26-27 Nov. 1812, 

Berg, County and Duchy of, in Germany, 
— first line of Counts, from about 1068- 1348 
devolves on Prince (Duke) of Juliers, 1348 — 
raised to duchy by Emperor "Wenceslaus, 1380 
— principality of Juliers incorporated, about 
1423 — held by Dukes of Cleves, 1511-1609 — 
claim to, disputed by Elector of Brandenburg 



i 7 6 



BERGA-BERLIN. 



and Elector Palatine, 1609-24 — held by them 
jointly, 1624 — assigned to Elector Palatine, 
1666 — ceded to France by Bavaria, 1806, 1 804 a 
— province of Grand Duchy of Berg, constituted 
by Napoleon, 15 Mar. 1806 — Joachim Murat 
Grand Duke, 1806-8 — Louis Napoleon Grand 
Duke, 3 Mar. 1809 — extinction of Grand Duchy, 
annexed to Prussia, 1815. a Encyc. Mod. 

Berga, Peter, — incites Felton to post Papal 
Bull against Queen Elizabeth on gates of 
Episcopal palace, London, 1570. 

Bergamo, Bergomum, in Italy, — burnt by 
Attila, 452 — destroyed by Hungarians, about 
900 — -joins Lombard League against Barbarossa, 
1 167 — independent by Peace of Constance, 
1 1 84 — joins second Lombard League against 
Frederick II., 1226 — taken by the Visconti of 
Milan, about 1290? — united with republic of 
Venice, 142 8, a 1447 b — occupied by French, 
1509-15 — part of Cisalpine Republic by treaty 
of Campo Formio, 17 Oct. 1797 — assigned to 
Austria, 18 14 — ceded to Sardinia by treaty of 
Zurich, 1859. 

a Encyc. Mod. b Meyer Conv. -Lex. 

Bergen, JSfortvay,— merchants of Hanse Towns 
settle at, 1278 — their privileges extended by 
King Magnus Smek, 1343 — 'Hanseatic Con- 
toir' established, about 1435 — burnt down, 
1488 — supremacy of Hanseatic merchants de- 
stroyed by Frederick II. of Denmark by the 
' Odense Recess,' 25 Jul. 1560 — burnt down, 
19 May, 1702. 

Bergen, in Holland, — the Duke of York de- 
feated by General Brune, 19 Sep. 1799 — the 
French defeated by the Duke of York, 2 Oct. 
1799. 

Bergen, in Westphalia, — Marshal de Broglie 
defeats Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick at, 13 
Apr. 1759. 

Bergen-op-Zoom, in Holland, — made a 
marquisate by Charles V., 1533 — united with 
the Netherlands, 1576 — unsuccessfully besieged 
by Spaniards, 158 1 — and by the Prince of 
Parma, 1588 — unsuccessfully besieged by 
Spinola, defended by Prince Maurice, Jun. to 
Oct. 1622 — taken by storm by Marshal de 
Lowendal, 15 Sep. i747, a 1741 b — surrenders 
to French, 1795,° 1792 b — attempted by Eng- 
lish, 8 Mar. 18 14. a Meyer Conv. Lex. 
b Encyc. Mod. c Eng. Cyc. 

Bergenroth, Gustav, historical writer, — n. 
in E. Prussia, 26 Feb. 18 13 — Assessor to High 
Court of Berlin, 1843-48 — goes to California, 
1850 — comes to England, 1856 — commences 
exploration of archives of Simancas, summer 
i860 — to- in Spain, 14 Feb. 1869. 

Bergerac, in France, — taken by English, Jun. 
1345 — finally recovered by France, Oct. 1450 
— fortifications destroyed by Louis XIII., 1621. 
Treaty of, between Huguenots and Catholics, 
17 Sep. 1577 — ratified at Poitiers, 5 Oct. 1577. 

Berghem, (Berehem,) Nicolas, painter, — b. 
at Haerlem, 1624 — to. there, 18 Feb. 1683. 

Bergier, Nicolas, antiquary, — b. at Rheims, 
1 Mar. 1567 — to. at Grignon, 18 Aug. 1623. 
Mistoire des grands Chemins de V Empire Ro- 
main, 1622. 

Bergier, Nicolas Sylvestre, theologian, — b. 



at Darnay, Lorraine, 31 Dec. 17 18 — to. at 
Paris, 9 Apr. 1790. Elements primitifs des 
Langues, 1764 — Certitude des Preuvesdu Chris- 
tianisme, 1768 — JDeisme refute par lui-meme, 
1765-8 — Apologie de la Religion Chretienne 
contre Vauteur du Christianisme devoile, 1769 
— Examen du Mater ialisme, 1771. 

Bergman, Torbern Orlof, chemist, — ft. at 
Catherineberg, in Sweden, 20 Mar. 1735,* 
1731 b — Ph. D., 1758— Prof. Mathematics and 
Natural Philosophy, Upsala, 1761 — Prof. 
Chemistry and Mineralogy, 1767 — to. at Me- 
dewi, 8 Jul. 1784. Physisk Beskryving cofver 
jordklolet, 1766, 1769, 1773, 1774 — Opuscula 
physica et chemica, 1779-90. a Biog. Univ. 
b Rose's Biog. Diet. 

Berhampore, Burhampore, Hindustan, — 
besieged by Shah Jehan, 1625. 

Bering. [Behring.] 

Berington, Joseph, historian, — fc. in Shrop- 
shire, about 1743 — to. at Buckland, Berks, 1 
Dec. 1827. Literary History of the Middle 
Ages, 1 8 14 — History of Abelard and Heloise, 
1787 — Memoirs of Gregorio Panzani, 1793. 

Berkeley, George, Bp of Cloyne, philoso- 
pher, — ft. at Kilcrin, Kilkenny, 12 Mar. 1684 — 
Fellow of Trin. Coll. Dublin, 9 Jun. 1707 — Dean 
of Derry, 1724 — visits the Bermudas, Sep. 1728 
to Sep. 173 1 — consecrated Bp of Cloyne, 19 May 
i734, a 1735 b — to. at Oxford, 14 Jan. 1753. 
Theory of Vision, 1709 — Principles of Human 
Knowledge, 17 10 — Dialogues between Hylas and 
Philonous, 17 13 — A proposal for converting the 
Savage Americans to Christianity by a College 
to be erected in the Bermudas, 1725 — The 
minute Philosopher, 1732 — Letters, 177 1. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Rose's Biog. Diet. 

Berkeley, Sir Robert, Justice of the 
King's Bench, — ft. at Worcester, 1584 — enters 
Middle Temple, 1600 — called to the bar, 1608 
— Serjeant-at-law, 1627— King's Serjeant, Apr. 
162*7 — Knt, Justice of King's Bench, Oct. 1632 
— subscribes opinion in favour of legality of 
Ship Money, 30 Nov. 1635 — delivers opinion 
against Hampden, 13 Feb. 1637 — impeached 
and arrested on the bench, 13 Feb. 1641 — tried 
and fined, 9 Sep. 1643 — to., 5 Aug. 1656. 

Berkeley, Sir William, Governor of Vir- 
ginia, — M.A. Oxford, 1629 — travels in Eu- 
rope, 1630 — Governor of Virginia, 1641 — 
defeats and makes peace with Indians, 1644 — 
removed from governorship by the Parliament, 
1 65 1 — restored, 1660-76 — to. at Twickenham, 
13 Jul. 1677. 

Berkeley Castle, Gloucestershire, — given to 
Robert Fitzhardinge by Henry II., about 1150 
—Edward II. murdered at, 21 Sep. 1327 — be- 
sieged and taken by Cromwell, Sep. 1645. 

Berkhampstead, Herts, — the Saxon deputies 
swear allegiance to William I. at, 1066 — castle 
taken by Prince Louis of France, 20 Dec. 1216. 
Council of, 697. 

Berlin, Capital of Prussia, — residence of 
Electors of Brandenburg, about 1485— occupied 
by Austrian and Russian forces, 9-13 Oct. 1760 
— occupied by Napoleon I., 21 Oct. 1806, 181 2 
— Univ. founded, 1810 — insurrections at, 18 
Mar. and 16 Jun. 1848 — visited by Sultan Abdul 



BERLIOZ— BERNIER. 



177 



Aziz, Jul. 1867. Peace of, cession of Silesia by- 
Queen of Hungary to King of Poland, 28 Jun. 
1742 — Decree, by Napoleon, declaring blockade 
of British Islands, 21 Nov. 1806 — Convention 
of, 5 Nov. 1808. 

Berlioz, Hector, musical composer, — fi., 11 
Dec. 1803 — enters the Conservatoire at Paris, 
about 1823 — obtains first prize for Sardana- 
palus, 1830 — member of Legion of Honour, 
close of 1839 — tf., 12 Mar. 1869. Requiem, 
1837 — Romeo and Juliet, 1839 — Funeral and 
Triumphal Symphony, 1 840 — Hymn to France, 
1844 — Traite d' Instrumentation, $c, 1844. 

Bermuda Floating Dock,— built, at London, 
1866-69 — reaches Grassy Bay, 29 Jul. 1869. 

Bermudas, Sommers' Islands, — discovered 
by Juan Bermudez, J522/ 1 1527 b — visited by 
Henry May, 1593 — visited by Sir George Som- 
mers (Summers), 1609 — settled by English, 
16 1 2. a Ersch and Gruber. b Encyc. Mod. 

Bernadotte. [Charles XIV., King op 
Sweden.] 

Bernard, St, Abbot op Clairvaux, — ft. at 
Fontaines, in Burgundy, 1091 a — enters mon- 
astery of Citeaux, 1 1 1 3 — founds and becomes 
Abbot of Monastery of Clairvaux, n 15 — visits 
Paris and the Grande Chartreuse, 11 25 — at- 
tends Council of Troyes, 11 28 — supports cause 
of Innocent II. at Council of Etampes, Jun. 
1 1 30 — becomes chief adviser of Innocent II., 
1 1 30 — accompanies him to Italy, 1132 — writes 
to Henry I. of England, 11 33 — again goes to 
Italy, spring 11 37 — attends Council of the 
Lateran, 4 Apr. 11 39 — procures condemnation 
of Abelard at Council of Sens, 1140 — perse- 
cutes Arnold of Brescia, 1140 — interferes in 
archbishopric of York, 1146 — preaches the 
second Crusade at Vezelay, Easter 1 146 — op- 
poses Gilbert de la Porree, Bp of Poictiers, at 
Councils of Paris, 1147 — and of Rheims, 1148 
: — goes to Metz to effect reconciliation between 
burghers and nobles, 1152 — tf., 1153 — canon- 
ized by Alexander III., 1174. a Morison. 

Bernard, St, of Menthon, monk, — ft. near 
Annecy, Savoy, 923 — archdeacon of Aosta, 
founds the two convents, Great and Little St 
Bernard, on the Alps, about 960-70 — tf. at 
Novara, 28 May 1008. 

Bernard, Edward, astronomer, linguist, §c, 
■ — b. near Towcester, 2 May 1638 — enters St 
John's Coll. Oxford, Jun. 1655 — goes to 
Leyden to inspect oriental MSS., Dec. 1668 — 
Deputy to Christopher Wren, Prof. Astronomy 
at Oxford, 1669 — Prof. Astronomy, Oxford, 
1673 — in France, tutor to the sons of Charles 
II., 1676-7— D.D., 1684— tf. at Oxford, 12 
Jan. 1697. Catalogus Manuscriptorum Anglice 
et Hibernice, 1697. 

Bernard, Simon, — arrested in London as 
accomplice in Orsini conspiracy, 14 Feb. 1858 
—found guilty at Paris, 26 Feb.— tried at Old 
Bailey and acquitted, 11-17 Apr. 1858. 

Bernard, Mount St, in the Alps, — crossed by 
Napoleon, 17-20 May 1800. Monastery of 
founded by St Bernard of Menthon, about 960- 
70. 

Bernardin, St, of Siena, — 6. at Massa Car- 
rara, 8 Sep. 1380 — joins the brotherhood in 



hospital of La Scala, Siena, 1396 — Fran- 
ciscan, 1405 — vicar-general for Italy, 1438 — tf. 
at Aquila, Abruzzo, 20 May 1444 — canonized by 
Nicholas V., 1450. 

Bernardines, Order of, — founded by St 
Bernard at Clairvaux, 11 15 — appear in Eng- 
land, about H28. a a Tanner. 

Bernardoni, Pietro Antonio, poet, — ft. at 
Vignola, 30 Jun. 1672 — named Poeta Cesareo, 
Vienna, 1701 — tf. at Bologna, 19 Jan. 17 14. 
Mori, 1694 — Rime varie, 1705. 

Bernberg, County of, [Anhalt,] — separ- 
ated from Anhalt on death of Henry the Old, 
1252-1509. 

Berne, city and canton, Switzerland, — free 
imperial city, by Emperor Frederick II., May 
12 1 8 — unsuccessfully attacked by Rudolph of 
Hapsburg, 1288 — joins Swiss Confederation, 
1352 — burnt down, 1405 — conquers part 
of Aargau, 141 5 — takes part in resistance 
to Charles the Bold, 1476 — adopts the Reform- 
ation, 1528 — takes the Pays de Vaud, 1536— 
taken by French, 5 Mar. 1798 — made separate 
canton by Bonaparte, {Act of Mediation,) 
1803— enlarged by territories of Bp of Basel, 
18 15 — new constitution, 1831 — made sovereign 
canton, 1847. University of, founded, 1834. 

Berners, Juliana, — Prioress of Sopewell 
Nunnery, St. Albans, about 1450. Book of St 
Albans, i486. 

Berners, John Eourchier, Lord, statesman, 
— fj., about i474, a 1467 b — K.B., 1485 — attends 
Henry VII. at siege of Boulogne, 1492 — called 
to parliament, about 1495 — assists in suppres- 
sing insurrection in Cornwall, 1497 — Chancel- 
lor of the king's Exchequer for life, 15 15 — at- 
tends the Lady Mary to Abbeville, 15 15 — am- 
bassador to Spain, 1518 — governor of Calais, 
after 1527 — tf. there, 19 Mar. 1532. Transla- 
tion of Froissart, 1523-25. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Chalmers. 

Bernhard, Duke of Saxe Weimar, general, 
— b. at Weimar, 6 Aug. 1604 — serves in the 
Thirty Years' War, 1621-23 — enters Dutch 
service, 1623 — enters service of Christian, king 
of Denmark, 1625 — travels in Holland, France, 
and England, 1628 — joins army of Gustavus 
Adolphus, 1 63 1 — commands at Liitzen, 6 Nov. 
1632 — Duke of Franconia, 1633 — takes Re- 
gensburg, 1633 — makes a treaty with France, 
1635 — takes Breisach, after 4 months' siege, 7 
Dec. 1638 — tf. at Neuburg, 8 Jul. 1639. 

Bernhardi, August Friedrich, philologist, — ■ 
ft. at Berlin, 1769 — Director of Gymnasium, 
Councillor to Consistory, 1807 — tf. at Berlin, 
2 June, 1820. Sprachlehre, 180 1-3 — Anfangs- 
griinde der Sprachwissenschaft, 1805. 

Berni, Francisco, {Berna or Bemia,) poet, — • 
ft. at Lamporecchio, in Tuscany, about 1498 ? 
goes to Rome, about 15 17 — loses everything at 
sack of Rome, 1527 — tf. at Florence, 26 Jul. 
1536^ 1543. b Orlando Innamorato of Bojar- 
do, remodelled, 1542 — Poesie Burlesche, 1538. 
a Molini. b Other authorities. 

Bernicia, Kingdom of, — founded by Ida, 
547 — united with Deira, about 600. [North- 
umbria.] 
Bernier, Francois, traveller, historian, — 



-s 



BERNINI— BERRY. 



goes to the East, 1654 — resides in India, 1658- 
1670 — visits England, 1685— tf. at Paris, 22 
Sep. 1688. Histoire de la derniere Revolution 
des Etats du Grand Mogol, 1670 — Suites des 
Me moires, 167 1. 

Bernini, Giovanni Lorenzo, painter, sculptor, 
architect, §c, — ft. at Naples, 7 Dec. 1598 — 
Cavaliere, by Urban VIII., before 1623 ? — arch- 
itect of St Peter's, 1629 — visits Paris, Jun. 
1665 — tf. at Rome, 28 Nov. 1680. Apollo and 
Daphne, 16 16. 

Bernis, Francois Joachim de Pierres, Count 
de Lyon, Cardinal de, — ft. at St Marcel, 22 
May 1 7 15 — ambassador to Venice, 1751-55 — 
minister of Foreign Affairs, 1757-58— Cardi- 
nal, 1758 — exiled, 1758 to 1 Jan. 1764 — Abp of 
Alby, Jul. 1764 — ambassador to Rome, 1769 — 
receives the aunts of Louis XVI., 179 1 — tf. at 
Rome, 2 Nov. 1794. 

Bernoulli, Daniel, mathematician, §c, — ft. at 
Groningen, 9 Feb. 17QO — Prof. Mathematics, 
St Petersburg, 1725-33 — Prof. Anatomy and 
Botany, Basel, 1733 — member of French Acad- 
emy, 1748 — Prof. Physics, 1750 — F.R.S., Lon- 
don, 1750 — tf. at Basel, 17 Mar. 1782 — Traite 
d ' PEydrodynamique, 1738. 

Bernoulli, Jacques, mathematician — ft. at 
Basel, 25, a 27, b Dec. 1654 — Prof. Mathematics 
there, 15 Feb. 1687 — Foreign Associate of the 
Academy of Sciences, Paris, 1699 — of Berlin, 
1701 — tf., 16 Aug. 1705. 

a Biog. Univ. b Erscli and Gruber. 

Bernoulli, Jacques, mathematician, — ft. at 
Basel, 17 Oct. 1759 — tf. at St Petersburg, 3 
Jul. 1789. 

Bernoulli, Jean, mathematician, §c, — ft. at 
Basel, 27 Jul. 1667 — Prof. Mathematics, 
Groningen, 1695 — Prof. Mathematics, Basel, 
1705 — tf. there, 1 Jan. 1748. 

Bernoulli, Jean, mathematician, — ft. at 
Basel, 18 May 17 10 — Prof. Rhetoric there, 
1743 — Member of Academy of Sciences, Berlin, 
1747 — Prof. Mathematics, 1748 — Foreign Asso- 
ciate of Academy of Sciences, Paris, 1782 — 
tf. at Basel, 17 Jul. 1790. 

Bernoulli, Jean, mathematician, astronomer, 
— ft. at Basel, 4 Nov. 1744 — Prof. Astronomy, 
Berlin, 1763 — Director of the Observatory, 
1767 — Director of class of Mathematics, 
Academy of Berlin, 1779 — &• there, 13 Jul. 
1807. Rccueil pour les Astronomes, 177 1-6. 

Bernoulli, Jerome, naturalist, — ft. at Basel, 
1745— travels in France, Holland, Germany, 
1766 — tf., 1829. 

Bernoulli, Nicolas, mathematician, — ft. at 
Basel, 27 Jan. 1695 — Prof. Mathematics, St 
Petersburg, 1725 — tf. there, 26 Jul. 1726. 
• Bernoulli, Nicolas, mathematician, — ft. at 
Basel, 10 Oct. 1687 — member of Academy of 
Sciences, Berlin, 1713— F.R.S. London, 17 14 — 
Prof. Mathematics, Padua, 17 16— L.L.D. Basel, 
17 17 — Prof. Logic, 1722 — Prof. Feudal Law, 
1731— tf., 29 Nov. 1759. 

Bernstorf, Johann Kartwig Ernst, Count 
von, statesman, — ft. at Hanover, 13 May 17 12 
— ambassador of Denmark to France, 1744-50 
—Privy Councillor, Oct. 1749— Minister of 
Foreign Affairs, under Frederick V., 1 Oct. 



1751-70 — Count, 1767 — tr. at Hamburg, 19 
Feb. 1772. 

Bernstorf, Andreas Peter, Count yon, states- 
man, — ft. at Hanover, a Gartow, b 28 Aug. 1735 
— Privy Councillor, 1769 — Minister of Foreign 
Affairs, 1773-80 and 1784-97 — tf- at Copen- 
hagen, 21 Jan, a Jul. b 1797. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Bernward, St, Bp op Hildesheim, artist, — 
ft. at Hildesheim, between 950 and 955 — Tutor 
to Emperor Otto III., about 987 — Bp of Hil- 
desheim, 993 — tf., 20 Nov. 1023 — canonized 
by Pope Celestin III., 1193. 

Beroald, {Beroalde,) Mathieu, • — at Agen, 
preceptor of Hector Fregose, 1550 — at Paris, 
preceptor of Theodore Agrippad'Aubigne, 1558 
— minister, Prof. Philosophy, Geneva, 1574 — 
tf., 1576 or 1584. Chronicon, sacrce Scriptures 
aucioritate constitutum, 1575. 

Beroaldo, Filippo, the elder, classical scholar, 
— ft. at Bologna, 7 Dec. 1453 — Yxoi. Belles 
Lettres at the Univ., named one of the Ancients 
of Bologna, 1489 — tj. at Bologna, 17 Jul. 1505. 
Editions of Pliny s BZistoria Naturalis, 1476 
— and Propertius, 1487 — Annotationes in varios 
autores, 1488 — Orationes, 1490 and 1505. 

Beroaldo, Filippo, the younger, poet and 
classical scholar,— -ft. at Bologna, 1 Oct. 1470^ 
1472 b — Prof. Belles Lettres there, 1496,* 1498 b 
— President of Roman Academy, 15 14 — Libra- 
rian of the Vatican by Leo X., 1516— tf., 15 18. 
Edition of Tacitus, 1515 — Latin Odes, 1530. 

a B,oscoe. b Biog. Univ. and Ersch and Gruber. 

Berosus, historian, astronomer, — [B C] — ft. 
at Babylon, 279, a about 255 . b 

a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. 

Berquin, Arnaud, miscellaneous writer, — ft. 
at Bordeaux, about 1749 — goes to Paris, 1772 — 
tf. there, 21 Dec. 1791. L 'Amides enj wits, 1784 
— Sandfort et Merton, 1787. 

Berquin, Louis, — ft. in Artois, about 1489 
— imprisoned as a Lutheran, 1523 and 1526 — 
burnt at Paris, 17 Apr. 1529. 

Berquin, Louis de, — discovers means of cut- 
ting and polishing the diamond, 1476. 

Berrettini. [Cortona, Pietro da.] 

Berruguete, Alonzo, sculptor, architect,— b. 
about 1465 ? — goes to Italy, 1550 — tf. at Ma- 
drid, a Toledo, b i545, a 1561.° a Biog. Univ. 
b Rose's Biog. Diet. c Ersch and Gruber. 

Berry, Charles Ferdinand de Bourbon, 
Duke of — ft. at Versailles, 24 Jan. 1748 — 
taken out of France, 16 Jul. 1789 — serves 
under his father at Thionville, Jul. 1792 — 
serves in campaigns of 1795-97 — in England, 
1801-14 — returns to Paris, 8 Jul. 1815 — marries 
Princess Caroline of Naples, 18 16 — stabbed at 
theoperaatParisbyLouvel, tf.,i3-i4Feb. 1820. 

Berry, Caroline Ferdinande Louise, Du- 
chess of, — ft. at Naples, 5 Nov. 1798 — 
marries Duke of Berry, 17 Jun. 18 16 — the 
Duke assassinated, 13 Feb. 1820 — birth of her 
son (Duke of Bordeaux), 29 Sep. 1820 — ac- 
companies Charles X. to Holyrood, Jul. 1830 
— lands in France and attempts to excite in- 
surrection at Marseilles, 28 Apr. 1832 — excites 
civil war in Brittany, and is arrested and im- 
prisoned in Blaye Castle, Nov. 1832 — announces 



BEERY— BERTT. 



79 



her secret marriage, 22 Feb. 1833 — liberated, 
8 Jun. 1833 — goes to Sicily ; ft., Apr. 1870. 

Berry, Jean, Duke or, — ft. at Vincennes, 
30 Nov. 1340 — at battle of Poitiers, 1356 — 
hostage to the English by treaty of Bretigny, 
1360-67 a -69 b — commands royal army of Gui- 
enne, 1372 — governor of Languedoc, 1380 — 
assists at coronation of Charles VI., 1381 — 
revolt of the Jacquerie provoked by his tyranny, 
1384 — tr. at Paris, 15 Jun. 141 6. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Berry. [Bourges, County of] 

Berry, John, admiral, — ft. at Choweston, 
Devonshire, 1635 — embarks for West Indies, 
1 66 1 — Vice-admiral, commands expedition to 
Tangier, 1683 — Xf., 14 Feb. 1691. 

Berry, Mary and Agnes, (sisters,) — ft. in 
Yorkshire, Mary, 16 Mar. 1763 — Agnes, 29 
May 1764 — death of their mother, 1767 — 
remove to Chiswick, 1770 — travel on the Con- 
tinent, 1783-85 — become acquainted with 
Horace Walpole, 1788 — visit France and Italy, 
1790-91 — lj., Agnes, at Petersham, Jan. 1852 
— Mary, at London, 20 Nov. 1852. "Works of 
Mary Berry : editions of M™ du Deffand's Let- 
ters, 1 8 10; and Lady Russell's Letters, 18 15 — 
Comparative View of Social Life in England 
and France, 1828-31 — Journals and Corre- 
spondence, 1865, 

Berry, William, engraver, — ft., about 1730 
• — tf., 3 Jun. 1783. 

Berryer, Nicolas Rene, statesman, — Intend- 
ant of Poitou, 1743 — Councillor of State, 1755 
■ — Minister of the Navy, 1758 — Keeper of the 
Seals, 1761 — ft., 15 Aug. 1762. 

Berryer, Pierre Antoine, advocate, — ft. at 
Paris, 4 Jan. 1790 — admitted advocate, 1811 — 
assists in defence of Ney, 18 15 — member of 
Chamber of Deputies, 1830 — opposes Duchess 
of Berry's appeal to arms, May 1832 — arrested 
and imprisoned ; tried and acquitted, Jun. 1832 
— defends Chateaubriand, 1833- — visits Charles 
X. at G-orz, 1836 — defends Prince Louis Na- 
poleon, 1 840 — visits Duke of Bordeaux in 
England, Dec. 1843 — deputy to Constituent 
Assembly, 1848 — protests against the coup d' 
etat,2 Dec. 1 85 1— admitted to French Academy, 
1854 — deputy to the Corps Legislatif, 1863 — 
tJ. at Angerville, 29 Nov, 1868. 

Bersmanus, Gregorius, philologist, §c, — ft. 
at Annaberg, 10 Mar. 1538 — studies at Leipsic, 
1555 — Prof. Poetry there, 157 1 — Prof. Greek 
and Latin, 1575 — Eector of the United Schools 
and the Gymnasium, Anhalt, 1582-1611— ft. at 
Steinschmerzen, 5 Oct. 16 11. 

Berta, Francisco, Abbe, bibliographer, — ft. 
at Turin, 17 19 — tf. there, 7 Apr. 1787. With 
Pasini and Bivantella edits, Catalogue des 
manuscrits de la Bibliotheque de Turin, 1749. 

Bertano, Giovanni Battista, poet, — ft. at 
Venice, 1596. / Tormenti amorosi, 1641. 

Bertarolli, Francisco, Cardinal, — ft. at 
Lugo, 1 May 1754 — Cardinal, by Pius VII., 10 
Mar. 1823 — Bp of Palestrina, Dec. 1828 — "ft., 
7 Apr. 1832. 

Bertaut, Jean, poet, §c.,- — ft. at Caen, 1552 
• — Abbot of Aulnai, 1594— Bp of Seez, 1606 
— tf. at Seez, 6 or 8 Jun. 161 1. (Euvres, 1602. 



Berthelemy, Jean Simon, painter, — ft. at 
Laon, 5 Mar. 1743 — tf. at Paris, 1 Mar. 1811. 

Berthelier, Philibert, statesman, — ft. at 
Geneva, about 1470 — negotiates alliance be- 
tween Genevese and Friburgers to resist inva- 
sion of Charles III., Duke of Savoy, 15 17 — 
arrested and imprisoned by the Bishop at 
Geneva, 23 Aug. 15 19 — beheaded, 15 19. 

Berthelin, Pierre Charles, lexicographer, — 
ft. at Paris, about 1720 — Prof. Latin at the 
Military School, 1751-76 — &., about 1780. 
Supplement au Dictionnaire de Trevoux, 1752 
— Abrege du Dictionnaire de Trevoux, 1763. 

Berthelot, Claude Francois, engineer, — ft. 
at Chateau- Chalons, 19 Apr. 17 18 — Prof. 
Mathematics at Military School, about 1760 — 
tf. at Noailles, 1800. Mecanique appliquee aux 
arts, $c, 1782. 

Berthereau, George Francois, Benedictine, 
: — ft. at Belesme, 29 May 1732 — appointed to 
examine Oriental MSS. in the royal library, 
about 1764-94 — tf., 26 May, 1794. 

Berthier, Guillaume Francois, Jesuit, — ft. at 
Issoudun, 7 Apr. 1704 — enters Order of Jesu- 
its, 1722 — chosen to continue the BZistoire de 
V Eglise Gallicane, 1742 — edits the Journal de 
Trevoux, 1745-62 — in exile, . 1764-74 — ft. at 
Bourges, 15 Dec. 1782. 

Berthier, Louis Alexandre, Prince op 
Wagram, Marshal of France, &c, — ft. at 
Versailles, 20 Nov. 1753 — Major-general of 
National Guard, 1789 — marechal de camp, 1792 
—defends Saumur against the Vendeans, Jun. 
1793 — serves in Italian campaign, 1796 — occu- 
pies Borne and sets up a republic, Dec. 1797 — 
serves in Egypt and Syria, 1798-99— Minister 
of War, by Bonaparte, (18 Brumaire,) 9 Nov. 
1799 to 2 Apr. 1800 — Marshal, 19 May 1804 — 
at battle of Austerlitz, 2 Dec. 1805 — Prince of 
Wagram, 6 Jul. 1809 — Peer of France, by 
Louis XVIII. , 1 814 — ti. at Bamberg, 1 Jun. 
1 8 1 5 . Relation des campagnes du gen eral Bona- 
parte en JEgypte et en Syrie, 1800. 

Berthold, Franciscan preacher, — ft. about 
1250-70 — tf., 13 Dec. 1272. 

Berthollet, Claude Louis, chemist, — ft. near 
Annecy,9Nov., a Dec. bc i748 — goes to Paris, 177 2 
— member of Academy of Sciences, i788, a i78o, b 
1781° — of Institute, 1795 — appointed with 
Monge by the Directory to select works of art 
in Italy for the Louvre, 1796 — accompanies 
Bonaparte on expedition to Egypt, 1798 — Sen- 
ator, Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 1799 
— peer of France, 18 15 — tf. at Paris, 6 Nov. 
1822. Elements de Vart de la teinture, 1791 — 
Essai de statique chimique, 1803. 

a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. c Engl. Cyc. 

Berthoud, Ferdinand, watchmaker, — ft. in 
Neufchatel, 19 Mar. 1729, n 1727, b 1725° — goes 
to Paris, 1745 — tf. at Paris, 20 Jun. 1807. 
Essai sur V ' horlogerie, 1763 — Traite des horlo- 
ges marines, 1773 — Supplement, 1787 — L 'art 
de eonduire et de regler les pendules et les 
montres, 1760. a Ersch and Gruber, 

b Biog. Univ. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Berti, Alessandro Pompeo,— ft. at Lucca, 
23 Dec. 1686 — teaches Rhetoric at Naples, 
17 17 — settles at Borne, 1739 — Xf. there, 23 



iSo 



BERTI— BERTRAND. 



Mar. 1752. Catalogo dclla libreria Capponi, 
i-c-, 1747. 

Berti, Giovanni Lorenzo, theologian, — b. at 
Sarravezza, 28 May 1696 — tf. at Pisa, 26 May 
1766. Be theologicis disciplinis, 1739-45. 

Bertie, Sir Thomas, {Thomas Hoar,) admi- 
ral, — u. in London, 3 Jul. 1758 — enters the 
navy, 1773 — Commander, 10 Aug. 1782 — Bear- 
admiral, 1808 — employed in blockade of coasts 
of Baltic, &c, 1809 — retires, 1810 — Knt and 
Vice-admiral, 1813— tf. at Wyford Lodge, 13 
Jun. 1825. 

Bertier, Joseph Etienne, natural philoso- 
pher, — b. at Aix, 17 10 — tr. at Paris, 15 Nov. 
1783. Physique des corps animts, 1755 — Phy- 
sique des Cometes, 1760 — Principes de physique, 
1763 — Histoire des premiers temps clu nionde, 
1777 or 1784. 

Bertin, Antoine, poet, — b. in Isle of Bour- 
bon, 10 Oct. 1752— goes to France, 1761 — to 
St Domingo, Dec. 1786 — tr. there, June 1790. 
(Euvres, 1782. 

Bertin, Henri Leonard Jean Baptiste, states- 
man, — b. in Perigord, 17 19 — Pres. of Grand 
Council, 1750 — Intendant of Lyons, 1754 — 
Lieutenant-general of Police at Paris, 1757 — 
Controller-general of Finances, Oct. 1759-63 — 
honorary member of Academy of Sciences, 
1763 — of Inscriptions, 1772 — tr., about 1792. 

Bertin, Louis Francois, I'aine, journalist, 
— b- at Paris, 15 Dec. '1766 — founds with his 
brother the Journal des Bebats, after (18 Bru- 
rnaire an Till.) 9 Nov. 1799 — his property in the 
Journal taken from him by Napoleon I., 181 1 
■ — restored, 18 14 — follows Louis XTIII. to 
Ghent, 1815 — tr., 13 Sep. 1841. 

Bertin, Nicolas, painter, — h. at Paris, 1667 
— goes to Italy, 1685 — admitted to Academy, 
28 Apr. 1703 — ij. at Paris, n Apr. 1736. 

Bertin, Exupere Joseph, anatomist, — b. at 
Tremblay, in Bretagne, 21 Sep. 17 12 — Doctor 
regent, Paris, 1741 — member of Academy of 
Sciences, 1744 — tr. near Rennes, 25 Feb. 17 81. 
Traite d' Osteotome, 1754. 

Bertin, Rene Hyacinthe, physician, — b. 
near Rennes, 10 Apr. 1767 — sent to England as 
Inspector of the health of French prisoners, 
1798 — serves in campaigns of Prussia and Po- 
land, 1807— Prof. Hygiene, Paris, 1822— tf. at 
Fougeres, 1827. 

Bertin, St, — b. at Constance, about 600 ?— 
retires to abbey of Luxeuil, 633 — chosen to aid 
St Omer in conversion of people of Artois, 
639 — retires to a hermitage, 700 — tr., 9 Sep. 
709. 

Bertin de Vaux, journalist, §c.,— b., 177 1 
— co-proprietor with his brother of Journal des 
Debats, after (18 Brumaire an Till.) 9 Not. 
1799 — member of Chamber of Deputies, Sep. 
1 8 1 5 — Secretary-general of department of 
Police, Oct. 1 815-17 — deputy for grand college 
of Seine et Oise, 1820 — opposes establishment 
of the censorship, 6 Jul. 1821 — protests against 
formal ion of the Polignac cabinet, 1830 — am- 
or to king of the Netherlands, by Louis 
Philippe, Aug. 1830— tr., 23 Apr. 1842. 

Bertius, [Bert,) Petrus de, geographer, §c, — 
b. at Beveren, Flanders, 14 Nov. 1565 — Libra- 



rian of Univ., Leyden, about 1594 — Regent of 
the Coll. of the States, 1606 — embraces the 
Catholic faith at Paris, 25 Jim. 1620 — tr., 3, a 
i3 b Oct. 1629. Theatrum geographic vetetis, 
16 1 9. a Biog. Univ. b Biog. "Woordenboek. 

Bertola, Aurelio de' Giorgi, poet, §c.,— b. 
at Rimini, 1753 — Prof. Geography and His- 
tory, Naples, 1773-83 — goes to Tienna, 1783 
— Prof. History, and Univ. Librarian, Pavia 
about 1784 — tf. at Rimini, Jul. 1798. 

Berton, Jean Baptiste, Bahon, general, — 
b. at Francheval, 15 Jun. 1769,* i774 b — en- 
ters the army, 1792 — serves in German cam- 
paigus, 1806-7 — General of brigade, 30 May 
181 3 — imprisoned, 1 8 15 — dismissed the service, 
25 Sep. 1820 — heads insurrection of Thouars, 
24 Feb. 1822 — arrested, 17 Jun. 1822 — ex- 
ecuted, 5 Oct., a Aug. b 1822. 

a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Bertram, Corneille Bonaventnre, oriental- 
ist,— b. at Thouars, 153 1 — Prof. Hebrew, Ge- 
neva, 1566 — Theology, 1572 — tr. at Lausanne, 
1494. Be politia Judaica, i58o, a i574- b 
a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Bertram, 'Philiji-p'ErnstJurist, — b. atZerbst, 
1726 — Secretary of State, T\ T eimar, 1753-61 — 
Prof. Jurisprudence and History, Halle, 176 i, a 
176313 — 5j t there, 13 Oct. 1777. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Bertrand, Abbe, astronomer, — b. at Autun, 
about 1755 — goes to Dijon, 1782 — accompanies 
Guyton de Morveau in a balloon ascent, 25 
Apr. 1784 — accompanies d'Entrecasteaux in 
search for la Perouse, 1791 — resigns at Cape 
of Good Hope, 17 Jan. 1792 — tr. there, Apr. 
1792. 

Bertrand, Charles Ambroise, {Bertrand de 
la Hodiesniere,) politician, — deputy to National 
Convention, 1792 — one of the Commission of 
Twelve, May 1793 — retires from the Corps 
Zegislatif, 1795 — member of the Council of 
Five Hundred, 1798 — quits France, after law 
of 12 Jan. 1 81 6 — tf. at la Corneille, 18 19. 

Bertrand d'Alamanon, troubadour, — tf , 
1295. 

Bertrand de Born. [Born.] 

Bertrand, Elie, naturalist — b. at Orba, 17 12 
— pastor there, 1739- — preacher at Berne, 1744 
— tf., about 1790. Recherches sar les langues 
anciennes et modernes de la Suisse, #<?., 1758 — 
Recueil de divers traites sur Vhistoire naturelle 
de la terre et des fossiles, 1766 — Bictionnaire 
universel des fossiles propres et des fossiles acci- 
dentels, 1763. 

Bertrand, Henri Gratien, Count, general, 
— b. at Chateauroux, 28 Mar. 1775 — captain in 
the corps of Engineers, 1795 — serves in Italian 
campaign, 1796 — serves in Egypt, 1798 — dis- 
tinguishes himself at Austerlitz, becomes ad- 
jutant of the Emperor, 1805 — Count, governor 
of Illyria, 1809 — serves in Russian campaign, 
1 812 — accompanies Napoleon I. to St Helena, 
1815 — returns to France, 1821 (?) — command- 
ant of Polytechnic School, 1830 — tf. at Cha- 
teauroux, 31 Jan. 1844. 

Bertrand, {Bertrandi,) Jean, Cardinal, 
Abp of Sens, — b., about 1470 — first president 
of Parliament of Toulouse, 1536 — first presi- 



BERTRAND— BERZEWICZY. 



1S1 



dent of Parliament of Paris, 1550 — Keeper of 
the Seals, 22 May 155 1 to 10 Jul. 1559 — Abp 
of Sens, i555, a 1556 b — Cardinal, 1559,* 1558 b 
— at Rome, Dec. 1559 — If. at Venice, 4 Dec. 
1560. a Biog. Univ. b Zedler. 

Bertrand, Louis, mathematician, — b. at 
Geneva, 3 Oct. 17 31 — Associate of Academy, 
Berlin, 1754 — Prof. Mathematics, Geneva, 
1 76 1 -9 1 — if. there, 15 May 181 2. Beveloppe- 
ments nouveaux de la partie elementaire des 
mathematiques, §c, 1778 — Renouvellements 
periodiques des continents terrestres, 1799. 

Bertrand de Molleville, Antoine Francois, 
Marquis de, statesman, — b. at Toulouse, 1744 
— Minister of the Navy, 1791 — in England, 
1792-1814 — Xf. at Paris, 19 Oct. 1818. His- 
toire de la revolution de France, 1800-3 — -^- e ~ 
moires particidiers pour servir a Vhistoire de 
la fin du regne de Louis XVI., 18 16 — FListoire 
d Angleterre, 1 8 1 5 . 

Bertrand, Philippe, geologist, engineer, — b. 
near Sens, about 1730 — engineer-in-chief of la 
Franche-Comte, 1769 — Inspector-general of 
bridges and roads, 1787 — if. at Paris, 181 1. 
Memoirs sur le projet de jonction de Rhone au 
Rhin, 1790 — Nouveaux principes de geologic, 
1798. ' 

Bertrand, Pierre, Cardinal, — b. at An- 
nonay, about 1280 — member of the Assembly 
at Vincennes, 1329 — Cardinal, 1331 — tf. at 
Avignon, 24 Jun. i349, a i348- b 

a Biog. Univ. b Zedler. 

Bertrandi, Giovanni Ambrogio Maria, ana- 
tomist, — b. at Turin, 18 Oct. i723, a 8 Oct. 
1733 b — member of Coll. of Surgery, 1747 — 
member of Academy of Medicine, Paris, 1754 
— tf., 6 Dec. 1765. Trattato delle operazione 
di chirurgia, 1763. a Biog. Univ. b Bees' Cyc. 

Bertuch, Friedrich Justin, journalist, §c, 
— b. at Weimar, 30 Sep. 1747 — studies at 
Jena, 1765-9 — -private Secretary to Grand 
Duke of Weimar, 1779^ 1775 b — tf. at Weimar, 
3 Apr. 1822. Wiegenliederchen, 1772 — pro- 
jects the Jenaische Allgemeine Literatur- 
Zeitung, 1784 — Elfriede, 1775. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Berulle, Pierre de, Cardinal, founder of 
Congregation of the Oratory in France,*— b. near 
Troyes, 4 Feb. 1575 — distinguishes himself at 
conference of Fontainebleau, 1600 — founds Con- 
gregation of the Oratory of Jesus, 161 1 — his 
Congregation approved by Paul V., 1613^ 
solicits at Rome a dispensation for marriage of 
Henrietta Maria to Charles I., 1624 — Car- 
dinal, by Urban VIII., 1627 — lj., 2 Oct. 1629. 

Bervic, Jean Guillaume (Charles Clement) 
Balvay, engraver, — b. at Paris, 23 May 1756 
— member of Academy of Painting, 1784 — 
member of Institute, 1803 — If., 23 Mar. 1822. 

Berwick, James Fitz- James, Duke of, 
Marshal and Peer of France, — b. at Mou- 
lins, 21 Aug. 1670 — studies under Charles, 
Duke of Lorraine, 1685 — serves in Austrian 
army at siege of Buda, 1686 — Duke of Ber- 
wick, K. G., 1687 — at battle of the Boyne, 1 
Jul. 1690 — accompanies his father (James II.) 
to Normandy, 1692 — lieutenant-general in 
French service, 1693 — taken prisoner at battle 



of Neerwinden, 19 Jul. 1693 — serves under the 
Duke of Burgundy, 1702-3 — Marshal of 
France, 1706— gains victory at Almanza, 25 
Apr. 1707 — commands in Dauphine, 1709-12 
— Duke, peer of France, 1709 — takes Barce- 
lona, 17 1 3 — commands in Guienne, 17 16 — 
commands against Philip V. of Spain, 17 18-19 
— killed at siege of Philipsburg, 12 Jun. 1734. 
Memoires, 1778. 

Berwick-upon-Tweed, — castle of, passes to 
English, 1 1 74— given up to Scots, 11 89 — taken 
by King John, 1 2 1 6 — meeting of competitors for 
Scottish crown and Edward I. at, 3 Aug. 1291 
— English Parliament sits at, 2 Jun., 15 Oct., 
and 6 Nov. 1292 — taken by Edward I., and 
massacre of inhabitants, Good Friday, 1296 — ■ 
Parliament held at, 28 Aug. 1296— abandoned 
to Wallace, 1297 — occupied by English, Jan. 
1298 — taken by Bruce, 131 8 — unsuccessfully 
besieged by Edward II., Sep. 1319 — falls to 
English after battle of Halidon Hill, 20 Jul. 
1333 — conferences at, for ransom and liberation 
of David II., Oct. 1357 — taken by Earl of 
Northumberland, 1378 — taken by Henry IV., 
1405 — finally given up to Edward IV., 1482 — 
occupied by Charles I., Jun. 1639 — taken by 
Cromwell, 1648 — occupied by Monk, Oct. 
1659 — made a county of a town corporate, by 
Act 5 and 6 Wm IV. c. 76, 9 Sep. 1835 — 
made a county of itself, by Act 6 and 7 Wm 
IV. c. 103, 20 Aug. 1836. Treaty of between 
Queen Elizabeth and James VI., Jul. 1586. 

Beryllus, Bp of Bostra, in Arabia, 230 — 
9., 210-227 a — returns to Catholic faith at 
Council of Bostra (Bosra,) 242^ 244.° 

a Clinton. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 
c Biog. Univ. 
Berytus, Beirut, Beyrut, in Syria,— -[B C] 
— destroyed by Diodotus Tryphon, King of 
Syria, 140 — rebuilt by Agrippa, and made a 
colony by Augustus, (739 a. u. c.) 15 — [AD] 
— law-school f ounded at, by Alexander Severus ? 
about 230 ? — destroyed by earthquake, 9 Jul. 
551 — falls under dominion of Saracens, (17, 
a. h.) 638 — taken by crusaders under Baldwin, 
King of Jerusalem, 11 11 — retaken by Saladin, 
1 1 87 — French expelled by Turks, 179 1 — oc- 
cupied by Ibrahim Pasha, 1832 — bombarded 
and taken by English, 29 Aug. 1840. 

Berze, (Rersil,) Hugues de, poet, — at taking 
of Constantinople by Latins, 1204 — Bible, after 
1204. 

Berzelius, Jons Jacob, chemist, — b. in East 
Gothland, 20 Aug. 1779 — studies at Upsala, 
1796-98 — M.I)., 1804 — Prof. Medicine and 
Botany, Stockholm, i8o6, a 1807 b — assists in 
founding Medical Society of Sweden, 1807 — 
member of Royal Academy of Sciences, Stock- 
holm, 1808— Pres., 1810— visits England, 1812 
— F.R.S., London. 18 13 — Knt, 181 5 — Secre- 
tary of the Academy, 1818-48 — receives Copley 
medal of Royal Society, 1836 — ts., i, a 7 b Aug. 
1 848. Joint editor of the Af 'hand- ling ar i Fysik, 
Kemi, och Mineralogie, 1806-18 — Ldreboh i 
Kemien, 1808-18 — Om blasrbrets anvdndande i 
Kemien och Mineralogien, 1820. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. 

Berzewiczy de Berzewicz et Kakas Lorn- 



l82 



BESANCON— BESTIA. 



niter, Gregoire de, — f>. at Kakas-Lomnitz, 
Croatia, 15 Jim. 1763 — studies at Univ. of 
Gcttingen, 1784 — settles on his estates in Cro- 
atia, 1795 — tf., 22 Feb. 1822 — De commercio 
et industria BZungarice, 1797 — Be conditions 
indoleque rusticorum in BZungaria, 1806 — 
Nachrichten iiber denjetzigen Zustand der Evan- 
gelischen in JJngam, 1822. 

Besancon, in France, (Vesontio,) — [BC] — - 
occupied by Julius Gaesar, 56 — [AD] — improved 
by Aurelian, 271-75 — besieged by Vandals, 
406 — by Burgundiaus, 413 — by Huns, 451 — 
taken by Hungarians, 937 — Emperor Frederick 
I. holds diet at, 1157, 1162, 1178 — Imperial 
city, 1 1 84 — besieged by Imperialists, 1288 — by 
Duke of Burgundy, 1335 — by English, 1362 
and 1364 — besieged by Protestants, 1575 — 
ceded to Spain by treaty of Munster, 1648 — 
captured by Louis XIV., Feb. 1668 and 15 
May 1674 — assured to France by treaty of 
Ninieguen, 1678— attempted by allies, 1814-15. 

Besborodko, Alexander, statesman,— h. 1742 
— minister of the Interior, a secretary of state in 
Foreign department, b to Catherine II., 1780 — 
signs treaty of peace with the Porte at Jassy, 
1791 — charged by Paul I. to negotiate treaty 
between Russia and England, 1797 — tf , at St 
Petersburg, Jan. 1799. 

a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Beschi, Constantino Giuseppe, Jesuit mis- 
sionary, — arrives at Goa, 1700 — divan of 
Tcheuda Saib, 1736 — after the taking of Tri- 
chinopoli, retires to Gayalputanam, 1740 — tf. 
there, 1742 — Grammaire latin-t amide, 1736. 

Besehitzi, Elias, Karaite, — b. at Adrianople, 
about 1420 — tf. at Constantinople, 1490 — 
Adereth Eli ah u, 153 1. 

Besenval, Pierre Victor, Baron de, lieu- 
tenant-general, — b. at Soleure. 1722 — enters 
the army, 1731 — lieutenant-general, 1789,* 
1762 b — quells insurrection of St Antoine, 28 
Apr. 1789 — decamps after fall of Bastille, 14 
Jul. 1789 — tf. at Paris, 27 Jun. 1794^ 3 Jun. 
i7 9 i. b 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Besler, (Basile,) botanist, — b. at Nurhberg, 
1561 — tf., 1629 — BTortus Eystettensis, 1613 — 
Fasciculus variorum et aspectu digniorum varii 
generis, 16 16. 

Besly, Jean, antiquary, — b. in Poitou, 1572 
— at the assembly of the states opposes reception 
of the Council of Trent, 16 14 — tf. 18 May 1644 
. — Histoire des Comtes de Poitou et Dues de 
Guiennc, 1647. 

Besoigne, Jerome, doctor of the Sorbonne, — 
b. at Paris, 1686 — tf. 25 Jan. 1763 — Histoire 
de Vabbaye de Port-Royal, 1756. 

Besold, Christoph, historian, — b. at Tubin- 
gen, 1577 — Prof. Law, 1635,* i6io b — renounces 
Protestantism, 1 Aug. 1630 — Prof, at Ingol- 
stadt, 1537 — tf. there, 15 Sep. 1638 — Bisserta- 
tiones Philological, 164.2 — Bocumenta rediviva 
monaste riorum, 1636. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Bessarabia, — the Goths expelled by the 
Huns, 376 — the Huns by the Bulgarians, 469 
— conquered by Tatars, about 1240 — so named, 
about 1260 — given to Prince of Wallachia by 



Sigismund, King of Hungary, 1396 — ceded to 
Mohammed II. by Drakul, 1474 — reunited to 
Moldavia, 1482 — recovered by Bajazet II., 1484 
occupied by Eussians, 1770- — given up to Turks 
by treaty of Kutschuk-Xainardji, 1774 — con- 
quered by Eussians, 1790 — restored to Turks 
by peace of Jassy, 1792 — finally ceded to Eussia 
by treaty of Bucharest, May 18 12. 

Bessarion, John, Cardinal, restorer of 
learning, — b. at Trebizond, i395, a i389 b — ■ 
studies under Gemistus Pletho, 141 6- 17 — Abp 
of Nice, 1437 — at Council of Ferrara, (Flor- 
ence,) 1439 — Cardinal, by Eugenius IV., and 
returns from Constantinople to Italy, Dec. 1439 
— legate to Bologna, about 1449-55 — attends 
Congress of Mantua, 1458-59 — visits Germany, 
146 1 — Bp of Chalcis, 1463 — titular Patriarch 
of Constantinople, by Pius II., 1463 — legate to 
Venice, 1463 — legate to Louis XL of France, 
and Duke of Burgundy, 1472 — tf. at Eavenna, 
19 Nov. 1472. Adversus calumniator em Pla- 
tonis, about 1469 — Orationes de hello Turcis 
inferendo, 147 1. a Conv.-Lex. b Biog. Univ. 

Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm, astronomer, — b. 
at Minden, 22 Jul. 1784— assistant to Schroeter 
at Lilienthal, 1806 — gains the Lalande prize 
of the Academy, Paris, 18 10— director of new 
Observatory, Konigsberg, 18 10 — foreign mem- 
ber of Astronomical Society of London, 1822 — ■ 
F.E.S., 1825 — visits England, 1842 — tf-, 17 
Mar. 1846. Fundamenta astronomic, §c, 1818 
— Astronomische TJntersuchungen, 1841-42. 

Bessemer Process. [Steel.] 

Bessieres, Jean Baptiste, Duke of Istria, 
Marshal op France,' — b. at Preissac, 6 Aug. 
1768 — enters Constitutional Guard of Louis 
XVI. , 1792 — serves in Legion of the Pyrenees, 
Nov. 1792-95 — serves in Napoleon's campaigns, 
1796-1813 — lieutenant-colonel, at Eoveredo, 
4 Sep. 1796 — general of division, 1802 — mar- 
shal, 1804 — defeats Kutusoff at Olmutz, 1805 
— at the taking of Madrid, 4 Dec. 1808 — Duke 
of Istria, May 1809 — commands cavalry of the 
Guard, 18 12 — killed near Lutzen, by a cannon- 
shot, 1 May 18 1 3. 

Besson, Jacques, mathematican, — Prof. 
Mathematics, Orleans, 1569 — tf., before 1578. 
Theatrum machinarum, 1578. 

Besson, Charles Jean Baptiste, {Father 
Besson,) Dominican, painter, — b. near Besancon, 
10 Apr. 1 8 16 — studies under Delaroche, at 
Paris, 1835 — settles at Eome, 1838 — enters 
Dominican Order, May 1840 — gives up paint- 
ing, is ordained priest, 1 842 — Prior of Nancy, 
Oct. 1849 — recalled to Eome, Sep. 1850 — 
missionary to Mosul, 1856 — recalled, spring 
1858 — returns to Mosul, Nov. 1859 — tf. near 
Mosul, May 1861. 

Besson-Bey, — b. at Eochefort, 1782 — enters 
service of Mehemet Ali, i82o, a i82i b — tf. at . 
Cairo, a Alexandria, b Oct., a 12 Sep. b 1837. 
a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Bessus, Satrap of Bactria,— [B Cj — seizes 
Darius after battle of Arbela, 331 — murders 
Darius and assumes title of King of Persia, 330 
— betrayed to Alexander and put to death, 329. 

Bestia, L. Calpurnins,— [BC]— trib. pleb., 
121 — Consul with P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica, 



BESTUSCHEW-RJUMLN— BEUGHEM. 



§3 



(643, a. it. c.) in — conducts war with. Ju- 
gurtha, in — punished for treating with him, 
no — goes into exile, 90. 

Bestuschew-Rjumin, Alexei, Count of, 
Chancellor of Russian Empire, — b. at 
Moscow, 1693 — accompanies emhassy from 
Peter I. to Congress of Utrecht, 1 7 1 2 — envoy 
from George I. of England to Russian court, 
1 7 14 — returns to Russia, 17 17 — ambassador to 
Denmark, 1734-40 — Privy Councillor and 
Minister of State, 1740 — Chancellor of the 
Empire, 1 744 — concludes alliance between 
Russia and Austria, 1746 — arrested and exiled, 
1757 — recalled, 14 Jul. 1762 — tf., 2i, a io b 
Apr. 1766. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Bestuschew-Rjumin, Michael, Count of, 
diplomatist,: — effects renewal of alliance be- 
tween Russia and Sweden, i734, a 5 Aug. i735 b 
— quits Stockholm, 1741 — in France, 1756-60 
■ — tf., 1760. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Bestusehew-Ejumin, — one of the conspira- 
tors on the accession of the Emperor Nicholas, 
14 Dec. 1825 — executed at St Petersburg, 13 
Jul. 1826. 

Betencourt, Pierre Louis Joseph de, — fc. 
in Artois, 16 Jul. 1743 — honorary member of 
Academy of Inscriptions and Belles Lettres, 2 
Aug. 1 8 16— -tf. at Paris, 1829. Noms feodaux, 
£c, 1826. 

Betham, Sir William, antiquary, $■<?., — h. 
at Stradbroke, 1779 — Ulster King of Arms, 
1820— Knt, Jul. 1822 — member of Irish Aca- 
demy, 1825 — F.S.A., 1825 — tf. at Dublin, 23 
Oct. 1853. The Gael and Cimbri, 1834 — 
Etruria Celtica, 1842 — Origin and History of 
the Constitution of England, 1843. 

Bethencourt, Jean de, — establishes himself 
as sovereign in the Canary Isles, 1402— goes 
to Spain, 1405 — returns to Normandy, 1406,* 
1405° — tf. at Paris, 1425,* b 14.15.° 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch. and Gruber. 

c Hose's Biog. Diet. 

Bethencourt y Molina, Augustinde, engineer, 
■ — ft. at Teneriffe, 1760 — submits to Institute 
plan of new sluice, 1807 — enters service of 
Russia, 1808 — t). at St Petersburg, 26 Jul. 
1826. Memoires sur la force expansive de la 
vapeur de Veau, 1790 — stir un nouveau systeme 
de navigation inUrieure, 1805 — Essai sur la 
composition des machines, 1808. 

Bethisy, Count Eugene Eustache, general, 
— h. at Montiere, 5 Jan. 1739 — en ters the army, 
1750 — serves in Seven Years War, 1756-63 — 
commander of St Louis, 1787 — emigrates, 1791 
— enters service of Austria, 1797 — returns to 
France, Lieutenant-general, 18 14 — tf. at Paris, 
14 Jun. 1823. 

Bethlehem, Hospital of St Mary, granted to 
London for Lunatics, 1547 — new building 
erected, 18 14. 

Bethlehem, in Judcea, — a grove, consecrated 
to Adonis, planted there by Hadrian, 135 — re- 
moved by Constantine, 325-30. 

Bethlehemites, — establish themselves at 
Cambridge, 1257 — Order of, founded at Gua- 
timala, 1650 — and confirmed by the Pope, 1673 
— receive equal rights with Augustines, 1687. 



Bethlen Gabor, Prince of Transylvania, 
King of Hungary, — b., 1580 — elected Prince, 
Oct. 16 1 3 — allies himself with Bohemian states, 
takes Presburg, 20 Oct. 16 19 — crowned King of 
Hungary, 25 Aug., abc 15 Jul. d 1620 — tf., °5, b 
5, ac 16 d Nov. 1629. a Zedler. b Conv.-Lex. 
c Engl. Cyc. d Ersch and Gruber. 

Bethlen, Wolfgang", Count of, Chancellor 
of Transylvania, — b. about 1639 — massacred by 
the Tatars, 1679 — ■ PListoriarum Taunonico- 
Dacicarum libri X., 1690. 

Bethmann, Friederike Augusta Conradina, 
actress, — b. at Gotha, 24 Jan. 1766 — first ap- 
pears on the stage at Mentz, 1783 — tf., 15-16 
Aug. 1 815. 

Bethshan, {Scythopolis, Beisan,) in Palestine, 
■ — [B C] — tributary to Manasseh, 1443 b — Saul's 
body hung on its wall by Philistines, 1055 b — 
occupied by Scythians, 631 a — [AD] — massacre 
of Jews at, summer 66 c — seat of a bishopric, 
about 530 — archbishopric, about 1200. 

a Ussher. b Bible Chron. c Josephus. 

Bethune, Maximilien de. [Sully. J 

Bethune, in France, — besieged and taken by 
Prince Eugene and Marlborough, Jul. to Aug. 
1710. 

Bethune, Philippe de, diplomatist, — ambas- 
sador to Rome, 1601 — joint envoy extraord. 
from Louis XIII. to Emperor Ferdinand II., 
1624 — negotiates alliance between France, the 
Pope, and the republic of Venice, 1629 — tf. at 
chateau of Selles in Berri, 1649 — Conseiller 
d'Etat, 1667. 

Bethune, Quesnes (Coesnes) de, — b., 1150 
— goes to the court of France, about 1180 — 
plants the standard on the walls of Constanti- 
nople at siege by Count of Flanders, 1204. 

Beth-zur, (Beitsur,) in Palestine, — [BC] — 
Lysias defeated by Judas Maccaboeus, near, 165 
— fortified by Judas Maccabseus, 164 — taken 
by Lysias and Antiochus Eupator, 163 — fortified 
by Bacchides, 160 — taken and fortified by 
Simon Maccabseus, about 143 — [A D] — identified 
with Beitsur by Robinson, about 1852. 

Betterton, Thomas, actor, — b. at "West- 
minster, Aug. 1635 — begins acting, about 1659 
— joins Sir William Davenant's company, 1662 
— marries, 1670 — erects new theatre in 
Lincoln's Inn Fields, 1695 — tf., 28 Apr. 1710 — 
buried in Westminster Abbey, 2 May. 

Bettinelli, Saverio, miscellaneous writer, — b. 
at Mantua, 1 8 Jul. 1 7 1 8 — enters Order of Jesuits, 
1736 — director of College of Nobles, Parma, 
1751-5 — tf. at Mantua, 13 Sep. 1808. Ei- 
sorgimento d' Italia negli Studj, §-c, 1773. 

Betting-houses,— prohibited by Act 16 and 
17 Vic. c. 119, 20 Aug. 1853. 

Bettini, Antonio, Bp ofEoligno, — fc. at Siena, 
1396 — enters a monastery, 1439 — Bp °^ Foligno, 
146 1 — tf. at Siena, 22 Oct. 1487. II monte 
santo di Bio, (with three copper-plate en- 
gravings,) 1477. 

Bettini, Domenico, painter, — h. at Florence, 
1644 — tf. at Bologna, 1705. 

Bettini, Sebastiano, painter, — b. at Florence, 
1707. 

Beughem, Corneille de, bibliographer, — 
Bibliographia juridica et politica, 1680 — In- 



iS 4 



BETJGXOT-BEYER. 



cunabula typographic 1688 — Bibliographia 
eruditorum critico-curiosa, 1689. 

Beugnot, Jacques Claude, statesman,— -ft. 
at Bar-sur-Aube, 1761 — deputy to Legislative 
Assembly, 1791 — arrested as suspect, 1793 — 
chargedby Lucien Bonaparte with organiza- 
tion of prefectures, after (18 Brumaire) Xov. 
I7 ^g — Councillor of State, 1806 — Minister 
of Finance under Jerome, king of Westpha- 
lia, 1807 — Count, 1808 — recalled to France, 
1 8 13 — Minister of Interior under Provisional 
Government, 1 8 14 — Director-general of Police, 
by Louis XVII L, 18 14 — Minister of State, 
Privy Councillor, 18 15 — member of Chamber 
of Deputies, 1815-21 — tf. at Paris, 1835. 

Bsurnonville, Pierre Kiel, Count de, 
Marshal of France, — ft. at Champignoles, 
10 May 1752 — enters the army, 1766 — Minis- 
ter of "War, 1793 — arrested with other com- 
missioners of Convention by Dumouriez, 2 Apr. 
1793 — imprisoned at Olmutz, 1793 to Xov. 
1795 — Inspector-general, 1798 — Grand Officer 
of Legion of Honour, Count and Senator, 1805 
— peer of France and Minister of State by 
Louis XVIII. , 1 8 14 — commander of St Louis, 
Marshal of France, 1816— tf., 23 Apr. 1823^ 
182 1. b a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Beuther, Michael, philologist, — ft. at Carl- 
stadt, 18 Oct. 1522 — Prof. History, Strasburg, 
1565— tf. there, 27 Oct. 1581,* i587. bc 
Fphcmerides historic®, 155 1 — Commentarius 
de rebus a Carolo V. gestis, 1572. 

a Biog. Univ. b Chalmers. 

c Ersch and. Gruber. 

Bever, Thomas, jurist, — ft. at Mortimer, 

1725 — L.L.D., Oxford, 5 Apr. 1758 — tf. in 

London, 8 Xov. 1791. History of the legal 

polity of the Roman state, 1781. 

Beveridge, William, Bp op St Asaph, — 
ft. at Barrow, 1638^ 1636-7 b — enters St John's 
Coll. Cambridge, 24 May, 1653 — M.A, 1660 
— ordained priest, 1661 — prebendary of St 
Paul's, 1674 — D.D., 1679 — archdeacon of 
Colchester, 168 1 — prebendary of Canterbury, 
5 Xov. 1684 — chaplain to William III., 1688 
■ — Bp of St Asaph, 1704 — tf. at Westminster, 
5 Mar. 1708. Synodicon, 1672 — Tnstitutiones 
chronologic®, 1669 — Private Thoughts upon Re- 
ligion, 1709. a Rees' Cyc. b Chalmers. 

Beverini, Bartolomeo, poet, §c., — ft. at 
Lucca, 3 May 1629 — tf., 24 Oct. 1686. Rime, 
1666 — Syntagma de ponderibus et mensuris, 
§c, 17 1 1. 

Beverley, John of, Abp op York, — Bp of 
Hexham, bv Aldfrid, king of Xorthumbria, 
687,* 685, b 686 c — Abp of York, 705— founds 
a college at Beverley, (Inderawood,) 704 — re- 
signs his see, 718 — tf. at Beverley, 7 May 721. 

a A.S. Chron. b Richard of Hexham. 
« Roger of Wendover, Flor. AVigorn. and Diceto. 
Bevern, August Wilhelm, Duke of Bruns- 
wick-Luxebl-rg, — ft. at Brunswick, 10 Oct. 
17 15 — enters Prussian army, 17 31 — serves in 
Silesian war, 1740 — commander of regiment 
of Bredon, 1741-82 — governor of Stettin, Jul. 
1747 — lieutenant-general, 17 May 1750 — de- 
feated at Breslau, 22 Xov. 1757 — taken prisoner 
by the Austrians, 1757 — defeats Austrians at 



Beichenbach, 7 Aug. 1762 — tf. at Stettin, 2 
Aug. 1782. 

Beverningk, Hieronymus van, diplomatist, 
— ft. at Tergau," at Gouda, bc 25 Apr. 16 14 — as 
ambassador extraord. concludes peace between 
Holland and England, 28 Apr. 1654 — treasurer- 
general of United Provinces, 1654-65 — pleni- 
potentiary at peace of Ximeguen, 10 Aug. 
1678 — tf. nearLeyden, 30 Oct. 1690. 

a Biog. Unix. b Biog. Woordenboek. 

c Ersch and Gruber. 

Beverwyck, Jean van, (Beverovicws,) phy- 
sician, — ft. at Dort, 17 Sep., a 7 b Xov. c 1594— 
tf., 19 Jan. 1647. Opera, 1656. a Biog. Univ. 
b Ersch and Gruber. c Biog. Woordenboek. 

Bevin, Elway, musician, — gentleman extra- 
ord. of Chapel Boyal, 1589 — organist of Bris- 
tol cathedral, 1589-1637. A brief and short 
instruction of the art of musich, 1631. 

Bevis, John, astronomer, — ft. near Old Sarum, 
Wilts, 31 Oct. 1695— F.R.S., 1765— tf., 6 Xov. 
1771. 

Bevy, Charles Joseph, Benedictine, historian, 
— ft. at St Hilaire, 4 Xov. 1738 — in England, 
about 1790-1802 — charged by English Govern- 
ment to arrange State papers, 1797- — tf. at 
Paris, 28 Jun. 1830. Histoire de la noblesse 
hereditaire, 1791 — Unique origine des rois de 
France, 18 14. 

Bewick, John, u-ood-engraver, — ft., 1760 — ap- 
prenticedtoBeilbyat Xewcastle, 1777 — tf., 1795. 

Bewick, William, painter, — ft., 1786 — tf., 
Jun. 1866. 

Bewick, Thomas, u-ood-engraver, — ft. at 
Cherry-Burn, Ovingham, Xorthumberland, 12 
Aug. 1753 — apprenticed to Beilby, 1 Oct. 1767 
— receives premium from Society of Arts, 1775 
— visits London, 1776 — partnership with Beil- 
by, 1777-97 — tf. at Gateshead, 8 Xov. 1828. 
Diagrams for Charles Hutton's Treatise on 
Mensuration, 1770 — Illustrations to Gay's 
Fables, 1779; Select Fables, 1784; History of 
Quadrupeds, 1790; History of British Birds, 
1797, 1804. 

Bexley, Nicholas Vansittart, Lord, states- 
inan, — ft., 29 Apr. 1766 — enters Christ Church, 
Oxford, 1784 — M.A., Jan. 179 1 — called to the 
bar, 26 May 1791 — M. P. Hastings, 1796 — 
M.P. Old Sarum, 1802 — Lord of the Treasury, 
in Ireland, 1804 — marries daughter of the 
first Lord Auckland, 1806 — M.P. Harwich, 
18 1 2 — Chancellor of the Exchequer, May 1812 
— created Baron Bexley and named Chancellor 
of the Duchy of Lancaster, Jan. 1823 — retires, 
1828— tf. in Kent, 8 Feb. 1851. 

Bexon, Scipion Jerome, jurist, — ft. at Be- 
miremont, 1753 — Pres. of Criminal Tribunal of 
the Seine, 1796 — prepares criminal code for 
king of Bavaria, 1805 — tf. at Chaillot, 17 Xov. 
1825. Far allele du code penal d'Angleterre, 
avec les lois penales frangaises, 1800 — Fie la li- 
berte de la pr esse, §c, 1.8 14. 

Beyer, August, bibliographer, — ft. near 
Friedberg, 21 May, a 16 Jan. b 1707 — tf*. at Zor- 



rariorum, 1734 — Arcana sacra Bibl. F) 
sium, 1738-40. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber 



BEYER— BIANCHI. 



i»5 



Beyer, natural philosopher, ■ — invents the 
Harmonica, at Paris, 1785. 

Beyerlinck, Laurent, — 6. at Antwerp, Apr. 
1578 — rector of Seminary at Antwerp, .Apr. 
1605 — ft. there, 7 Jun. 1627. Apophthegmata 
christianorum, 1608 — Biblia sacra variorum 
translationum, 1 6 1 6 . 

Beylau, in Syria, — Ibrahim Pasha defeats 
Turks near, 29 Jul. 1832. 

Beyma, Julius van, jurist, — ft. at Dockum, 
about 1539/ b 1546° — Prof Law, Univ. of 
Leyden, 158 1 — of Franeker, 1596— Councillor 
at court of Friesland, 1597 — tf. at Leeuwarden, 
15 Jul. 1598. a Biog. Woordenboek. 

b Biog. Univ. c Chalmers, 

Beyrout. [Berytus.] 

Beyts, Joseph Francois, Baron, statesman, 
— primus at Univ. of Lou vain, 1782 — member 
of Council of Five Hundred, 1797 — opposes 
Bonaparte, (18 Brumaire,) 9 Nov. 1799 — re- 
ceives cross of Legion of Honour, 1804 — goes 
to the Hague as Attorney-general, 18 10 — first 
Pres. Imperial court, Brussels, Apr. 181 1 — 
Baron, Commander of Legion of Honour, 181 1 

— projects celestial globe for verifying his- 
torical dates, 18 13 — gets it executed at Paris, 
1823 — called to the Congress, 1830 — ft., 1832. 

Beza, (Theodore de Beze,) theologian, reformer, 
— ft. at Vezelai, 24 Jun. 15 19 — licentiate of 
law at Orleans, 1539 — embraces the Reformed 
faith, abandons his benefices and marries, 1548 

— Prof. Greek, Lausanne, 1549-59 — visits 
princes of Germany on behalf of French Pro- 
testants, 1558 — settles at Geneva, 1559 — effects 
conversion of king of Navarre, 1559-61 — 
attends Conference of Poissy, 1561 — preaches 
frequently at Paris, 1562 — returns to Geneva, 
1563 — succeeds Calvin, as Prof. Theology, 
1564 — presides in the Synod of Rochelle, 1570 
■ — employed in negotiation in Germany, 1574 

— loses his wife and marries again, 1588 — dis- 
continues his lectures, 1600 — ft., 13 Oct. 1605. 
Foemata juvenilia, 1548 — Sacrifice d' Abraham, 
1550 — Confessio christians jidei, 1560 — Be 
hareticis puniendis, 1554 — Version of the New 
Testament, 1556. 

Bezabde,— taken by Sapor, who afterwards 
repulses Constantius II. , 360. 

Beziers, in France, — [B C] — Roman colony, 
636 — [AD] — taken by the Saracens, 720 — 
Charles Martel expels them, 733 — taken by 
Pepin, 743 — taken, and the inhabitants mas- 
sacred, by crusaders under Count de Montfort, 
22 Jul. 1209 — ceded to St Louis, 1247 — fortifi- 
cations destroyed, 1632. Councils at, against 
the Albigenses, 1233, 1246, and 1255. 

Bezout, Etienne, mathematician, — ft. at 
!N"emours, 31 Mar. 1730 — Director of Education 
of the Navy, 1763 — Associate of Academy, 1768 
— ft. in Gatenois, 27 Sep. 1783,* 1785^ Cours 
de mathematiques, 1764-70. 

a Biog. Univ. b Rose's Biog. Diet. 

Bhascara Acharya, mathematician, — {(., 
H50, a I556. b a Colebrooke. b Bentley. 

Bhavabhuti, dramatist, — fl., between 700- 
800. 

Bhootan, — the British envoy imprisoned and 
compelled to sign a treaty ceding British Assam, 



early in 1864 — invaded by the British, Dec. 
1864 — capture of Fort Dalimkote, 6 Dec. 1864 
— attack on Dewangiri by the Bhootanese 
repulsed, 30 Jan. 1865 — attack renewed and 
the British expelled, 8 Feb. — recapture of 
Dewangiri by Gen. Tombs, 2 Apr.— Dewangiri 
destroyed and abandoned, 6 Apr. — ultimatum 
sent by Sir John Lawrence to the Deb Rajah, 
9 Jun. — treaty of peace signed by Col. Bruce, 
11 Nov. — visited by Rennie, 1865 — guns taken 
in Bhootan surrendered, Feb. 1866. 

Bhurtpore, in Hindustan, — placed under 
British protection, 1803 — taken by Lord Lake, 
and restored to Rajah for a fine, 17 Apr. 1805 
— taken by Lord Combermere, 18 Jan. 1826. 

Biagi, Clemente, archceologist, — ft. at Cre- 
mona, about 1740 — ft. at Milan, 1804. Monu- 
menta Grceca ex musceo I. Nanii illustrata, 1785 
— Tractatus de decretis Atheniensium, 1787. 

Bialystock, province of Foland, — incorpor- 
ated with Russia, 1 7 95 — greater part transferred 
to Duchy of Warsaw, by treaty of Tilsit, 1807 
— remainder subject to government of Grodno, 
1831. 

Biancani, Giuseppe, mathematician,— ft. at 
Bologna, 1566 — ft. at Parma, 7 Jun. 1624. 
Aristotelis loca mathematica, §c, 16 15. 

Bianchi and Neri, — factions take their 
rise at Pistoia, about 1300. 

Bianchi, (White Penitents,) — appear in Italy 
and France, and are dispersed, 1399. 

Bianchi, Antonio, poet, — ft. at Venice, 17 10 
— IS., after 1760 — II Favide, re d' Israele, 

I75 1 - 

Bianchi, Baldassare, painter, — ft. at Bo- 
logna, 16 14 — ft. at Modena, 1679. Freggi d' 
Architettura, 1645. 

Bianchi, Ferrari Francesco, (II Frari da 
Modena), painter, — ft. at Modena, 1448 a — 
painted, i48i-i5io b — is., 8 Feb. 1511. 
a Biog. Univ. b Nagler. 

Bianchi, Francesco, musical composer, — ft. 
at Cremona, 1752 — Is. at Bologna, 24 Sep. 
1811. 

Bianchi, Giovanni, (Janus Flancus,) na- 
turalist, — ft. at Rimini, 3 Jan. 1693 — M.D., 
17 19 — Prof. Anatomy, Siena, 1741 — ft. at 
Rimini, 3 Oct. 1775. Soprailvitto pitagorico, 
1752 — Janus Flancus Ariminensis de conchis 
minus not is liber, 1739. 

Bianchi, Giovanni Battista, anatomist,— b. 
at Turin, 12 Sep. 1681 — M.D., 1698 — is., 20 
Jan. 1 76 1. Historia hepatica, 1725. 

Bianchi, Isidore, historian, archaeologist, — 
ft. at Cremona, 1733 — goes to Denmark as se- 
cretary to Prince Raffadale, Neapolitan ambas- 
sador, 1775 — ft. at Cremona, 1807. 

Bianchi, Pietro, (Firro,) painter, — ft. at 
Rome, 1694 — ft. there, 1740. 

Bianchi, Vendramino, diplomatist, — Se- 
cretary of Senate, Venice, 1696 — envoy to 
Switzerland, 1705 — concludes alliance with 
Zurich and Berne, 12 Jan. 1706 — concludes 
alliance with the Grisons, 17 Dec. 1706 — ambas- 
sador in England, after 1706 — ft., 12 Jan. 1738. 
Relazione delpaese de' Svizzerri e Grigioni e loro 
alleati, 1708 — Istorica relazione delta pace di 
FassarowitZy 17 18-9. 



BIAXCHIXI— BIDDLE. 



Bianchini, (I?fow/»W,) Francesco, antiquary, 
astronomer, #<?., — b. at Verona, 13 Dec. 1662 
— studies at Padua, 1680 — goes to Home, 1684 
— foreign Associate of French Academy, 1700 
— secretary of the Commission for reform of 
the Calendar, 1703 — President of Antiquities, 
1703 — at Paris, 17 12— visits Holland and Eng- 
land, 17 1 3 — first historiographer of Council at 
Rome, 1725^ I7i5 b — tf. at Some, 2 Mar. 
1729. Astronomical et observat. selectee, 1737 — 
Del palazzo de' Cesari, 1738 — Circi maximi et 
antiqui imperat. Romanor. palatii iconographia, 
1728 — La istoria universale, <$-c, 1697. 

a Biog. Univ. b Erscli and Gruber. 

Bianchini, Giuseppe Mario, miscellaneous 
writer, — b. at Prato, 18 Xov. 1685— LL.D., 
Pisa, 1709 — tf. at Ajola, 17 Feh. 1749. Dei 
granduehi di Toscana delta reale casa di Medici, 
ragionamenti istorici, 1741 — Delia satira 
Italiana, trattato, 17 14. 

Bianco, (Biancho,) Andreas, geographer, — 
fl., about 1435. Cartes hydrographiques, 1436. 

Bianco, Baccio del, painter, — ft. at Florence, 
4 Oct. 1604 — enters service of Philip II. of 
Spain, 1650 — tf. at Madrid, 1656. 

Biancolini, Giambattista Giuseppe, his- 
torian, — b. at Yerona, 10 Mar. 1697 — tf., 1780. 
Edits ZagatcC s Chronicle of Verona, 1745-9 — 
Notizic stori che delle chiese di Verona, 1749-52. 

Bianconi, Gian Lodovico, {Blanconius,) phi- 
losopher, physician, — b. at Bologna, 30 Sep. 
17 17 — M.D., 1742 — member of Academy an- 
nexed to the Institute of Sciences, 1743 — phy- 
sician to Landgrave of Hesse Darmstadt, 1744- 
50 — member of Academy of Berlin, 1749 — 
Aulic Councillor to king of Poland, 1750 — 
envoy to French court, 1760- — resident min- 
ister at Borne, 1764 — tf. at Terusia, 1 Jan. 
178 1. Opera, 1802. 

Bianconi, Giovanni Battista, — b. at Bo- 
logna, 1698 — Prof. Greek and Hebrew there, 
1 741 — keeper of antiquities of the Institute, 
1746— envoy to Milan, 1762 — tf. at Bologna, 
17 Aug. 178 1. De antiquis litteris Hebrceorum 
et Grcecorum, 1748 and 1763. 

Biandrate, Benvenuto, Commander of the 
Order of St John of Jerusalem, — guardian of the 
children of Marquis Boniface IV., and governor 
of Montferrat, 1493 — 'is. at Casal, 1527. JJis- 
toria Marchionum Montisferrati, 15 15. 

Bias, of Priene, — [B C] — philosopher, — fl., 

544-39- 

Bibaculus, M. Furius, satirist, — [BC] — b. 
at Cremona, 103. 

Bibars. [Mamelukes.] 

Bibaucius, (Bibaut,) Gulielmus, general of 
the Carthusians, — enters Order of Carthusians, 
1500 — General, 1521 — tf., 24 Jul. 1535. 

Bibbiena, Bernardo Dovizi da, Cardinal, 
— b. at Bibbiena, in Italy, 1470 — secretary to 
Lorenzo de' Medicis, about 1487 — tutor to 
Giovanni de' Medicis (Leo X.) about 1488 — 
promotes election of Leo X., Mar. 15 13 — Car- 
dinal, 15 1 3 — legate to Francis L, and obtains 
bishopric of Constance, 15 18- 19 — tf. at Rome, 
9 Xov. 1520. 

Bibbiena, Fernando Galli da, painter, 
architect, — b. at Bologna, 1657, a 1653 b — tf. 



there, i743, b i745- a L' ' architettura civile, 
17 1 1 — Varie opere di prospettiva, 1740. 
a Xouv. Biog. Gen. b Nagler. 

Bibbiena, Francesco Galli da, painter, 
architect, — b. at Bologna, 1659, a 1656 b — tf., 
1739, a 1729. b a Nagler. b Biog. Catalogue. 

Eiber, Franz Heinrich von, musical com- 
poser, — b- at \Yartenberg, about 1638 — tf., 1698. 

Biberach, in Wiirtembcrg, — Moreau defeats 
Austrians near, 2 Oct. 1796 and 9 May 1800 
— falls to Baden, 1802 — ceded to AYiirteinberg, 
1806. 

Biberstein, Marschall, Bahox vox, botanist, 
— b. in Yriirtemberg, 1768 — enters Russian 
army, 1792 — goes to St Petersburg, 1795 — ■ 
recalled from the Caspian, 1796 — is., 1828. 
Flora Taurico-Caucasicce, 1808. 

Bible Societies, — condemned by bull of Pius 
VII., 29 Jun. 1817. 

Bible Society, British and Foreign, — es- 
tablished, 1804. 

Bibliander, (Buchman,) Theodor, theologian, 
— b. near St Gall, 1504 or 1509 — succeeds 
Zwingli as Prof. Theology, Zurich, 1532-60 — 
tf. there, 26 Xov. 1564. Mahometis Sara- 
cenorum princip. ejusque vitce, doctrina, ac ipse 
Alcoran, §c, 1543. 

Biblical Archaeology, Society of, — insti- 
tuted in London, Mar. 1871. 

Bibracte, in Gaul, — [BC] — Caesar winters 
at, 52. 

Bibulus, M. Calpurnins,— [B C] — cur. 83d., 
65 — prsetor, 62 — Consul with C. Julius Csesar, 
(695, a. u. c.) 59 — opposes Pompey, 56 — pro- 
consul of Syria, 51 — commands fleet in Ionian 
sea, 49 — tf., 48. 

Bicci, Lorenzo di, painter,— b. at Florence, 
about 1350 — tf., 1427. 

Bicci, Neri di, painter, — b., 1419 — tf., 1586. 

Bichat, Marie Francois Xavier, physiolo- 
gist, — b. at Thoirette, n Xov. 1771- — studies 
under Desault at Paris, 1793 — Prof. Anatomy, 
1797— tf, at Paris, 22 Jul. 1802. Traite des 
membranes, 1 800 — Recherches physiologiques 
stir la vie et la mort, 1800 — An atomie generate 
ap>pliquee a laphysiologieetd la medecine, 1801. 

Bichloride of Amyline, — discovered and 
used as anaesthetic by Richardson, 1867. 

Bickerton, Sir Richard Hussey, admiral, — 
b., 11 Oct. 1759 — Lieutenant, 1777 — Vice- 
admiral, 9 Xov. 1805 — commands in the Me- 
diterranean for Xelson, 1804 — Admiral, 31 Jul. 
1 8 10 — Commander-in-chief at Portsmouth, 
1812— K.C.B., 1 8 15— tf. at Bath, 9 Feb. 1832. 

Bicocca, La, in Italy, — Prospero Colonna 
defeats French at, 22 Apr. 1522. 

Bidassoa, (Vidasoa,) river in Spain, — bound- 
ary rights of France and Spain settled by com- 
missioners, 15 10 — crossed by Wellington, 7 
Oct. 18 13 — crossed by French army, 5 Apr. 
1823 — defeat of Spanish refugees at, 15 Oct. 
1830. 

Biddle, John, theologian, — b. at Wotton- 
under-Edge, 1615 — enters Oxford Univ., 1632 
— M.A., May 1641 — imprisoned for heresy, 
Dec. 1645 — in custody of officer of Parliament, 
1646-51 — imprisoned, 1655, and Jun. 1662 — ■ 
tf. in prison, 22 Sep. 1662. 



BIDLOO— BIGORRE. 



187 



Bidloo, Godefried, physician, anatomist, — b. 
at Amsterdam, 12 Mar. 1649— Prof. Anatomy, 
at the Hague, 1688-94 — Anatomy and Surgery, 
Leyden, 1694 — physician to William III., 
1701-2 — tf. at Leyden, Apr., a 30 Mar. b 17 13. 
Anatomia corporis humani, 1685 — Opuscula 
omnia, 1715-25. 

a Biog. Univ. b Biog. "Woordenboek. 

Bie, Jacob van, engraver, antiquary, — b. at 
Antwerp, 158 1 — tf., about 1650. La France 
metallique, 1636 — Imperatorum Roman. JSu- 
mismata, 16 15. 

Bie, Adrian van, painter, — b. at Lierre, 
1594 — studies at Paris, 161 2- 14 — at Rome, 
1614-20 or 22 ? — returns to Lierre, 1623 — tf., 
about 1640 ? 

Biel, Johann Christian, theologian, — b. at 
Brunswick, 1687 — tf., 18 Oct. 1745. JS T ovus 
Thesaurus philoiogicus, 1779-80. 

Biela, Wilhelm von, astronomer, — ft. in 
Prussia, 19 Mar. 1782 — tf. at Venice, 18 Feb. 
1856. 

Biela' s Comet, — -discovered by Biela, at Jo- 
sephstadt in Bohemia, 1826— separates into 
two, Dec. 1845. 

Bielfeld, Jacob Friedrich von, statesman, — 
b. at Hamburg, 31 Mar, 1717,* 1711, 15 — tutor 
to Prince Ferdinand, brother of Frederick II. , 
1745 — Privy Councillor, Baron, 1748 — tf. at 
Trebau, a Treben, b 5 Apr. 1770. Institutions 
politiques, 1759-60. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Bielinski, Pierre, senator of Poland, — b., 
1754 — member of Commission of Finances, 
1782 — president of Grand Duchy of War- 
saw, 1 81 2— deprived of presidency of Senate, 
1 82 1 — presides over tribunal of the Diet which 
acquits eight of the conspirators of Dec. 1825, 
17 Oct. 1828— tf., 9 Mar. 1829. 

Bielski, Martin, historian, — Chronicon re- 
rum polonicarum, 1687. 

Biennaise, Jean, surgeon, — b. at Mazeres, 
1601 — tf., 25 Dec. 1681. Operations cle la 
chirurgie par une methode courte et facile, 1688 
and 1693. 

Bienne, Jean, (Benenatus,) printer, — suc- 
ceeds G. Morel as king's printer for Greek, 
Paris, 1566— tf., 15 Feb. 1588. 

Bierling, Friedrich Wilhelm, theologian, 
• — b. at Magdeburg, 22 Mar. 1676 — Prof. The- 
ology^ PMlosophy, b Rinteln, 1705, 1716 b — 
tf. 25 Jul. 1728. De Byrrhonismo historico, 
1724 — Observationum specimina in Genesim, 
1722. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Biesbosch, lake in Holland, — formed by 
bursting of the dykes, Nov. 142 1 . a a Engl. Cyc. 

Bieselinghen, Christian Jan van, painter 
to the king of Spain, — b. at Delft, 1560 — tf. 
at Middelburg, 1602. 

Biesius, Nicholas, physician, §c, — b. at 
Ghent, 27 Mar. 15 16 — tf., 28 Apr. 1572. Be 
methodo Medicince, 1564 — Be natura, 1573. 

Biester, Johan Eric, philologist, — b. at Lii- 
beck, 17 Nov. 1749 — LL.D., 1774 — librarian 
to Frederick II., 1784 — member of Academy 
of Sciences, 1798 — tf. at Berlin, 20 Feb. 18 16. 
— editor of Berlinische Monatschrift, 1783- 
1811. 



Biet Antoine, — b. near Senlis, about 162c — 
director of mission of Cayenne, 18 May 1652 — ■ 
quits Cayenne with the surviving colonists, 26 
Dec. 1653 — arrives in Normandy, 25 Aug. 
-1654. Voyage de la France equinoxiale, 
1664. 

Bievre, George Marechal, Marquis de, wit, 
— b. at Paris, 1747 — tf. at Spa, a Ansbach, b 1792. 
Seducteur, 1792 — Amours de Vange Lure et de 
la fee Lure, 1772—Almanach en calembours, 
1771. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Biffi, Gian-Ambrosio, poet, — tf. 16 18. La 
Bisorgente Boma, 1610 — Versi, 1616. 

Biffi, Giovanni, poet, — b. in the Milanese, 

21 Jun. 1464 — tf. about 15 15. 

Bigarre, Auguste Julien, Count, general, — 
b. at Belle-Isle-en-Mer, 1775 — serves in St 
Domingo, 1788-91 — takes part in expedition to 
Ireland, 1797 — commands under Joseph Bona- 
parte at Austerlitz, 2 Dec. 1 805 — accompanies 
him to Spain, 1806— retires, 1825 — tf. atRennes, 
19 May 1838. 

Bigi, Luigi. [Pittorio.] 

Bigland, John, miscellaneous writer, — b. at 
Skirlaugh, Yorkshire, 1750 — tf. at Finningley, 

22 Feb. 1832. 

Bignon, Jean Paul, abbe, — b. at Paris, Sep. 
1662 — Abbe of St Quentin, 1693 — librarian to 
the King, 1718-41 — tf. at l'lsle-Belle, 14 May 

*743- 

Bignon, Jerome, — b. at Paris, 24 Aug. 1589 
■ — chosen by Henry IY. to be attendant on 
Dauphin, (Louis XIII.,) 1612 — travels in Italy, 
visits Fra Paolo at Yenice, 16 14 — Advocate- 
general to the Grand Council, 1620 — Councillor 
of State, before 1625— Advocate-general to the 
Parliament, 1625-41 — Grand Master of the 
King's Library, 1642 — tf. at Paris, 7 Apr, 1656. 
Chorographie, 1600 - — Biscours de la ville de 
Rome, 1604 — Traite sommaire de V election du 
Bape, 1605 — Excellence des Rois et du Boyaume 
de France, 1610 — Marculfi monarchi Formulce, 
1613. 

Bignon, Jerome, — succeeds his father as 
Master of the King's Library, 1656 — honorary 
Councillor to the Parliament, 1673 — Councillor 
of State, 1678 — tf., 1697. 

Bignon, Louis Pierre Edouard, Baron, 
statesman, historian, — b. at Meilleraye, 3 Jan. 
1 77 1 — secretary of Legation in Prussia, 1799^ 
i8oi b — charge d'affaires in Prussia, 1802 — 
plenipotentiary at Cassel, 1803 — intendant of 
Berlin, 1807 — Under Secretary of State, Foreign 
Affairs, 18 15 — deputy to the Legislative body, 
1816 — peer, 1838^ 1837 b — tf. at Paris, 7 Jan. 
1 841. Sistoire de la diplomatic franqaise de 
1792 d 1815 — Histoire de France depuis le 18 
Brumaire jusqtC a la paix de Tilsit, 1839-42. 
a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Bigod, Hugh and Roger. [Norfolk, Earls 

OF.] 

Bigorre, [Bigerri, Bigeriones,) in Aquitania, 
— [BC] — conquered by Crassus, 56 — [AD] — 
passes to Yisigoths, about 476— passes to Franks 
under Clovis, about 508 — raised to countskip by 
Louis le Debonnaire, about 820 — title to, dis- 
puted, sequestered in hands of Philippe le Bel, 
1292 — given by Charles YI. to Gaston Phebus, 



BIGOT— BILXEY. 



Count de Foix, 1389 — re-united to crown of 
France by Henry IV., Oct. 1607. 

Bigot, Emery, scholar,— h. at Bouen, 1626 
— tf. there, 18 Oct. 1689. Edition of Chrysostom, 
1680. 

Bigot, Guillaume, poet,— h. at Laval, 1502 
—Prof. Philosophy, Tubingen, 1535 — tf., after 
1549. Catoptron, 1536 — Somnium, 1537. 

Bigot de Preameneu, Felix Julien Jean, 
statesman, — fo. at Bedon, 1750 — deputy to 
Legislative Assembly, 1791 — retires, after 10 
Aug. 1792— member of Senate, 1804 — minister 
of Public Worship, 1808— U. at Paris, 31 Jul. 
1825. 

Bijanaghur, Bisnaghur, (Camata,) in Hin- 
dustan, — capital of state founded by Aca and 
Bucca Hurryhur, 1344 s — Bam Bajah defeated 
and slain, and the monarchy destroyed by allied 
Mohammedan princes at Talicota, (20 Jamadhi 
u Sani, 972, a. h.) 25 Jan. 1565 a — ceded to 
E. I. Company, by Azim ud Doulah, 31 Jul. 
1 801. a Elphinstone. 

Bikanir, [Rajpoots,] in Hindustan, — state 
founded, 1459. 

Bilain, Antoine, — tf. at Paris, 1672. Traite 
des droits de la reine Marie Therese, §c, 1667. 

Bilbao, in Spain, — taken by French, Jul. 
1 7 95 — given up by treaty of Basel, 2 2 Jul. 1 7 95 — 
revolt at, suppressed by Joseph Bonaparte, 16 
Aug. 1808 — captured by Spaniards, 23 Sep. 
1808 — recaptured by French, 31 Oct. 1808 

— evacuated and re-occupied by them, Aug. 
1812 — attempted by Carlists, 1835. 

Bilberg. [Billberg.] 

Bilderdijk, Catherine Wilhelmine, poetess, 
• — b. at the Hague, 1777: — tf. at Haarlem, 16 
Apr. 1830. Gedichte voor Kinder en, 18 13. 

Bilderdijk, Willem, poet, — b. at Amster- 
dam, 7 Sep. 1756 — quits Holland, 17 86- 1806 

— appointed military auditor, 1813 — tf. at 
Haarlem, 18 Dec. 1831. De invloed der Dicht- 
Icunst op het Staatsbestuur, 1776 — De onder- 
gang der eerste wereld, 1820 — Geschiedenis des 
vader lands, 1832-39. 

Bilfinger, Georg Bernard, philosopher, 
statesman, §c, — b. at Canstadt, 23 Jan. 1693 
— Prof. Philosophy, Tubingen, 172 1 — Prof. 
Philosophy, St Petersburg, 1725 — obtains prize 
at Academy of Sciences, Paris, .1726 — Prof. 
Theology, Tubingen, 1731 — Privy Councillor 
of Duke of "Wurtemberg, 1735 — tf. at Stutt- 
gard, 18 Feb. 1750. Dilucidationes philoso- 
phic^, §c., 1725 — Elementa physices, 1742. 

Eilhon, Jean Joseph Frederic, — b. at Avi- 
gnon, 2 Feb. 1759 — serves in the Office of 
Finance, 1 Jan. 1790 to 1 Jul. 18 14 — tf. at 
Paris, 8 Apr. 1834. Dissertation sur I'etat du 
commerce des Romains, 1788 — De V administra- 
tion des revenues publics chez les Romains, 1803. 

Bill, Bobert, mechanician, — b., 1754 — ob- 
tains patent for iron masts, 1820 — tf.*at Bir- 
mingham, 23 Sep. 1827. 

Bill of Exchange. [Exchange, Bill of.] 

Bill of Rights, [Petition of Rights,] — 
presented by Parliament to Prince of Orange, 
13 Feb. 1688-9— passed, 1 Wm and M. st. 2, c. 
2, Nov. 1689. 

Billard, Claude, poet, — b. at Sauvigny, 



about 1550 — tf., about 161 8. Tragedies, 16 10 
— Henri le Grand, 16 12 — V ' Eglise triomph- 
ante, 161 8. 

Billard, Etienne, dramatist, $c, — b. at 
Nancy, about 1750 — tf., 1785. Lejoyeux mori- 
bond, 1779 — Le suborneur, 1782. 

Billaud-Varenne, Jacques Nicolas, Septem- 
briseur, — b. at la Bochelle, 1 762,3- 23 Apr. 
1756 b — advocate at Paris, 1785— member of 
the Commune, 10 Aug. 1792— joins in insti- 
gating the massacres, beginning Sep. 1792 — 
member of Convention, 20 Sep. 1792 — votes 
death of the king and queen, 1793 — Pres. Con- 
vention, member of Committee of Public 
Safety, 1793 — transported to Cayenne, Apr. 
1795 — escapes to St Domingo, 1816 — tf., 3 
Jun. 1 819. . a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Billaut, Adam, (Maitre Adam,) poet, car- 
penter, — tf. at Nevers, 19 May 1662. Che- 
villes, 1644 — Vilebrequin, 1662. 

Billberg, Johann, mathematician, §c, — 
Prof. Mathematics, TJpsala, 1679— tf., 17 17. 
Tractatus de Cometis, 1682 — Iter in septentr. 
Suecice regni provincias, 1698. 

Bille, Steen Andersen, admiral, — b. at 
Assense, 22 Aug. 1751 — Captain, 1789 — com- 
mands in the Mediterranean, 1796 — commands 
at Copenhagen against Nelson, 1801 — member 
of Boyal Coll. of Admiralty, 1 803 — Commander, 
1804 — defends Copenhagen, 1807 — Admiral, 
1829 — Minister of State, 1831 — tf. at Copen- 
hagen, 15 Apr. 1834. 

Billemaz, Francois, — b. at Belley, about 
1750— registrar, civil and criminal, Lyons, 1787 
— founds first Jacobin Club there, May 1790 
— Justice of the Peace, 17 91 — executed, as 
agent of the Girondins, 5 Dec. 1793. 

Billich, Anton-Gunth, chemist, — b. at Je- 
vern, in Friesland, 1599 — tf., 1640. Exerc. de 
tribas chemicorum principiis et quinta essentia, 
1 62 1 — Observationes et paradoxi chymiatrici, 
1 63 1 — Thesaurus in chemicis redivivus, 1639. 

Billingsley, Sir Henry, mathematician,— ^., 
before 1550 — Lord Mayor of London, Knt, 
I597, a i596 b — tf.,22Nov. 1606. Elements of Geo- 
metry, 1570. a Chalmers. b Rose's Biog. Diet. 

Billington, Elizabeth, vocalist, — b. in Lon- 
don, 1769 — makes her debut at Covent Garden, 
1785— studies under Sacchini, at Paris, 1785 — 
in Italy, 17 94- 1800 — retires from the stage, 
1809 — tf. near Venice, 25 Aug. 181 8. 

Bills of Mortality, — compiled at London, 
1593 — first weekly return of, Oct. 1603 — su- 
perseded by Registration Act, 6 and 7 Wm IV. 
c. 86, 17 Aug. 1836. 

Billuart, Charles Rene, Dominican, — b. at 
Bevin, near Bocroy, 18 Jan. 1685 — enters 
Order of Dominicans, 1702 — Prof. Philosophy 
at Douay, 17 10 — Prior of Convent, Bevin, 
1721 — professed Prior, 1733 — tf. there, 21 Jan. 
1757. Summa sancti Thomce, 1746-51. 

Billy, Jacques de, Jesuit, astronomer, — b. at 
Compiegne, 18 Mar. 1602 — enters Order of Je- 
suits, 1619 — tf. at Dijon, 14 Jan. 1679 — Opus 
astronomicum, 1661. 

Bilney, Thomas, Protestant martyr, — Fellow 
of Trinity Hall, Cambridge : burnt at Norwich, 
6 Sep. 1531. 



BILS— BIRKBECK. 



Bils, Lodewijk de, (Bilsius,) anatomist, — 
announces discovery of new process of embalm- 
ing, 1658 — Prof, Anatomy, Louvain, about 
1663-69 — tf., 1671. 

Bilson, Thomas, Bp of Winchester, — b. at 
Winchester, 1536 — Fellow of New Coll. Ox- 
ford, 1565 — D.D., 24 Jan. 1580 — Bp of Wor- 
cester, 1596 — Bp of Winchester, 1597 — preaches 
before James I. at the coronation, 1603 — takes 
part in Conference at Hampton Court, 1604 — 
tf. at Westminster, 16 16. 

Binary Arithmetic, — first proposed by 
John Caramuel in his Mathesis Biceps, 1670 a 
■ — invented by Leibnitz, about 1700. 
a Meyer, Conv.-Lex. 

Binasco, Filippo, poet, — if. at Pavia, 1576. 
Mime, 1588. 

Binck, Jacob, painter, engraver, — b. at Co- 
logne or Niirnberg, 1490 or 1504a — painter to 
Christian III. of Denmark, before 1546 a — to 
Duke Albert of Prussia, 155 1 a — tf. at Konigs- 
berg, about i56o. b 

c Nagler. b Engl. Cyc. 

Binet, Bene, translator, §c, — b. near Beau- 
vais, 23 Jan. 1732 — tf. at Paris, 31 Oct. 1812. 
(Euvres de Horace, 1783 — (Eiwres de Virgile, 
1805. 

Bingham, Joseph, ecclesiastical antiquary, — 
b. at Wakefield, Sep. 1668 — enters Univ. Coll. 
Oxford, 26 May i684, ac 1683 b — Fellow, 1 Jul. 
1689,*° 1687 b — M.A., 23 Jun. 1691,* c i69o b 
— resigns his Fellowship, 23 Nov. 1695 — rector 
of Havant, 17 12 — tf., 17 Aug. 1723. Origines 
ecclesiastics, 1708-22. 
a Chalmers. b Rees' Cyc. c Rose's Biog. Diet. 

Bingley, William, miscellaneous writer, — 
B.A. Cambridge, 1799 — tf. in London, 11 Mar. 
1823. Animal Biography, 1802 — Biographi- 
cal Dictionary of Musical Composers of the 
three last centuries, 1813. 

Bird, Severin, (Binuts,) theologian, — tf. at 
Cologne, 1 641. Collection des Conciles, 1606. 

Binomial Theorem, — discovered by Newton, 
1663-64. 

Bioerner, Eric Julius, antiquary, — b., 22 
Jul. 1696 — interpreter of king of Sweden, 
17 19 — secretary to the College of Antiquities; 
assessor to the College of Antiquities, 1737 — 
tf., 1750. Prodromus geographies Scandice vete- 
ris, §c, 1726 — Nordiska Kdmpadater, 1737 — 
Inledning till de Yfverborna Goters gamla Huf- 
ier, 1738. 

Bioernstahl, Jacob Jonas, traveller,' — b. at 
Rotarbo, 23 Jan. 17 31 — studies at Upsala, 
1754 — M.A., 1761 — travels, 1769-75 — member 
of Academy of Sciences, Paris, 1770 — Prof. 
Philosophy, Upsala, Jan. 1775 — embarks for 
the East, Mar. 1776 — tf. at Salonica, 12 Jul. 
1779. Bref rbrande des utldndska Resa, $c, 
1778. 

Bion, of Smyrna, lucolic poet, — [BC] — fl. 
about 280. 

Bion, Borystheneitrs, philosopher, — [B C] — 
fl. about 250— tf. about (01. 134, 4,) 241. 

Biondo. [Blondus.] 

Biot, Eduard Constant, — b. at Paris, 2 Jul. 
1803 — member of Academy of Inscriptions, 
1847 — tf., Mar. 1850. Dictionnaire des 110ms 



anciens et modernes des villes $c. de V empire 
Chinois, 1842 — Essai sur Vhistoire de V instruc- 
tion publique en Chine, 1845-6. 

Biot, Jean Baptiste, mathematician, — b. at 
Paris, 1774— Prof. Natural Philosophy, Coll. of 
France, 1800 — member of Academy of Sciences, 
1803 — accompanies Guy-Lussac in his balloon 
ascent, 1804 — member of Bureau des Longitudes, 
1806 — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 18 14 — 
foreign member of Royal Soc, London, 18 15 
— assists in measurement of meridian in Scot- 
land, 1 817 — receives Rumford Medal of Royal 
Soc, 1840 — tf., 3 Feb. 1862. Essai sur V his- 
toire des Sciences depuis la Revolution Fran- 
chise, 1803 — Traite de Physique experimental 
et mathematique, 18 16 — Recueil d' observations 
geode'siques, 1821. 

Birago, Karl, Baron von, military engineer, 
— b. near Milan, 24 Apr. 1792 — enters Military 
School, Pavia, 18 12 — Prof. Mathematics, 
Milan, 1823-26 — constructs military bridge 
over the Po, at Brescello, 1839 — Colonel, 1841 
Baron, 1843 — tf., 29 Dec. 1845 — Tlntersuchung- 
en uber die Europ. Militar-briicJcentrains, §c, 
1839. 

Birague, Bene de, Chancellor of France, 
— b. at Milan, 3 Feb. 1507 — takes part in 
planning Massacre of St Bartholomeiv, Aug. 
1572 — Chancellor, 1573 — Cardinal, by Gregory 
XIII., 1578— tf., 24 Nov. 1583. 

Birch, Thomas, historian, — b. in London, 
23 Nov. 1705 — takes priest's orders, Dec. 1731 
— F.R.S., 20 Feb. 1734-5 — F.S.A., 11 Dec. 
1735 — Secretary to Royal Society, Jan. 1752-65 
— D.D. Aberdeen, 1753 — tf. near London, 9 
Jan. 1766. Biographical Sketches, 1743-52 — 
Memoirs of the reign of Elizabeth, 1754 — His- 
tory of Royal Society, 1756-7 — General Diction- 
ary, historical and critical, 1734-41. 

Bird, Edward, painter, — b. at Wolver- 
hampton, 11 Bristol, b 1772 — painter to the 
Princess Charlotte, 1813 — tf. at Bristol, 18 19. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Hose's Biog. Diet. 

Bird, (Birde,) William, musical composer, — ■ 
b., i54o, a 1543 b — organist of the Chapel Royal, 
1575 — tf., 1623. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Biren, John Ernest, Duke oe Cottrland, 
— b., 1687 — attains chief power under Anne, 
Empress of Russia, about 1730— elected Duke 
of Courland, 1737 — Regent after death of Anne, 
1740 — arrested and sent to Siberia, 1740— re- 
called by Princess Elizabeth, 1741 — resigns the 
dukedom to his son, 1766 — tf. at Mittau, 28 
Oct. 1772. 

Birger de Bielbo, Regent oe Sweden, — 
b., about 1210 — defends Liibeck against Danes, 
1246— completes conquest of Finland, 1248-50 
— Regent on death of Eric, 1250-66— tf. at 
Hialmbolund, 1266. 

Birger II., King of Sweden, — b., 1280 — 
succeeds his father Magnus I., 1290^ 1284 11 — 
defeated by the people and driven from the 
kindom, 13 19 — tf. in Denmark, 1321. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. 

Biringuccio, Vanuccio, mathematician, — b. 
at Siena, about 1500? — tf., about 1560. Piro- 
fecnia, 1540. 

Birkbeck, George, physician, — b. at Settle, 



190 



BIRKENHEAD— BISCHOF. 



in Yorkshire, 10 Jan. 1776 — Prof, at the 
Andersonian Institution, Glasgow, Nov. 1799- 
1804 — settles in London, 1806 — Pres. of Lon- 
don Mechanics' Institution, 15 Dec. 1823 — fr. 
in London, 1 Dec. 1841. 

Birkenhead, (Her ken head,) Sir John, politi- 
cal writer, — ft. at Northwich, ahout 16 15 — 
probationary Fellow of All Souls, Oxford, 1640 
— D.C.L., Oxford, 6 Apr. 1 66 i—Knt, by Charles 
II., 1662 — F.E.S., 1663 — tr. at Westminster, 
4 Dec. 1679. Mercurius Aulicus, Jan. 1642- 
1645. 

Birkenhead, in Cheshire, — made a parlia- 
mentary borough, 1 861. Docks commenced, 
23 Oct. 1844 — opened by Prince of Wales, 21 
Jun. 1866. 

Birmah, Burmah, {Ava,) Birman Empire, — 
court removed to Ava, 1364 — conquered by Pegu, 
and the king, Donypdy, made prisoner, 1752 — 
Alompra defeats Peguans and recovers Ava, 1753 
■ — Manedodjz Pra succeeds on death of his father 
Alompra, 1760 — and is succeeded by his brother 
Chembuan, 1764 — invasion of Chinese repelled 
by Chembuan, 1767 — Shan country conquered, 
1768 — Cassay united to, 1774 — Chegusa suc- 
ceeds Chembuan, 1776 — and is succeeded by 
his uncle Minderadjz Pra, about 1782 — con- 
quest of Aracan, about 1784 — Tennasserim 
acquired by treaty from Siam, 1793 — conquest 
of Salang, 18 10 — death of Minderadjz, 18 19 — 
invasions of Bengal, 1823 — conquest of Assam, 
1823 — war with British, 1826 — Aracan and 
Tennasserim acquired by British by treaty of 
Yandabo, 26 Feb. 1826 — war with the British, 
l8 5 I_ 53 — [Birmese War] — annexation of Pegu 
to British India proclaimed, 30 Jun. 1853 — - 
commercial treaty with Great Britain concluded 
by Col. Phayre, 10 Nov. 1862— treaty with 
Great Britain signed, 25 Oct., ratified, 26 Nov. 
1867. 

Birmese War, — (1851-53) — British squadron 
before llangoon, 29 Oct. 1851 — passage of the 
Irrawady forced, Nov. 1851 — Martaban 
stormed, 5 Apr. 1852 — Rangoon stormed, 14 
Apr. 1852 — Pegu taken, 4 Jun. 1852 — Prome 
taken, 9 Jul. 1852- — Pegu and Prome soon 
evacuated; but Prome recaptured, 9 Oct., and 
Pegu, 21 Nov. 1852 — annexation of Pegu to 
British possessions, 20 Dec. 1852 — termination 
of war proclaimed by Governor- General of 
India, 20 Jun. 1853. 

Birmingham, — Prince Rupert forces a pas- 
sage through, 1643 — ravaged by plague, 1665-6 
— riots at, 14 Jul. 1791 — made a parliamentary 
borough, 1832 — Meeting of British Association 
at, Sep. 1865. Free Library opened, 4 Apr. 
1 861 — Industrial Exhibition at, opens, 28 Aug. 
1865 — Musical Festival instituted, 1768 — Ro- 
man Catholic Cathedral completed, 1841 — 
Queen's College chartered, 1843 — Grammar 
School founded by Edward VI., 155 1 — new 
building, by Barry, erected, 1835 — Town Hall, 
1834 — Birmingham and Midland Institute 
commenced, Nov. 1855 — completed, 1866. 

Eiroli, Giovanni, botanist, $c, — b. at No- 

1772 — Prof. Agriculture, Pavia, before 

1 014 — Prof. Botany and Materia Medica, Turin, 

1 8 14 — retires, 1817 — £. at Novara, 1 Jan. 



1825. Del riso, 1807 — Flora agoniensis, 1808 
— Trattato d' agricoltura, 1809. 

Biron, Armand de Gontaut, Baron de, 
marshal of France, — ft. about 1524 — at the 
battle of Dreux, 1562 — at the battle of St 
Denis, 1567 — Grand Master of Artillery, 1569 
— aids in concluding peace of St Germain with 
the Huguenots, 1570 — shuts himself up in 
the Arsenal on the night of St Bartholomew, 
Aug. 1572 — Marshal of France, 157 7 — Chevalier 
du Saint Esprit, 1580 — accompanies the Duke 
of Alencon to the Netherlands, 1583 — com- 
mands in Saintonge, 1586— distinguishes him- 
self at battle of Arques and at siege of Paris, 
1589 — directs the attacks at Ivry, 1590— killed 
by a cannon-shot at siege of Epernay, 26 Jul. 

i59 2 - 

Biron, Armand Louis de Gontaut, Duke of, 
and Duke of Lauzun, — b. at Pans, 13 ? i\pr. 
1747 — marries Amelie de Boufflers, 4 Feb. 1766 
— sets out for America, 1777— serves in the 
army of Flanders, 1792 — condemned and exe- 
cuted by the Revolutionary tribunal, 31 Dec. 
1793 — his wife condemned and executed, 27 
Jun. 1794. 

Biron, Charles de Gontaut, Duke oe, 
marshal of France, — ft., about 1562, a 1565 h — 
distinguishes himself at battle of Arques, 1589 
: — at Ivry, 1590 — Admiral of France, 1592 — 
Marshal of France, and Marshal-general of 
camps and armies, 1595 — governor of Bur- 
gundy, 1595 — serves under Henry IV. at 
Amiens, 1598 — Duke, Peer, 1598 — serves against 
Duke of Savoy, 1601 — conspires against Henry 
IV., 1601 — ambassador to Queen Elizabeth, 
1 601 — arrested and executed in the Bastille, 31 
Jul. 1602. a Biog. Univ. b Er sell and Gruber, 

Biron, Charles Armand de Gontaut de, 
marshal of France, — ft., 5 Aug. 1663 — 3j., 1756. 

Biron, Louis Antoine de Gontaut de, colonel 
of French guards, — ft., 2 Feb. 1701 — o\, 1788. 

Biron' s Conspiracy. [Biron, Charles de 
Gontaut, Duke of.] 

Birth, [Registration,] — tax on, levied by 
Act 6 and 7 Wm. II J. c. 6, s. 3, 1694. 

Bisaccioni, Count Majolino, historian, — • 
ft. at Ferrara, 1582 — serves in Venetian army, 
1598 — distinguishes himself in the defence of 
Vienna, 161 8 — at Rome, 1622— ft. at Venice, 8 
Jun. 1663. Memoirs on the wars of Germany, 
1633-42 — Istoria delle guerre civile di questi 
tempi, §c, 1653-5. 

Biscaino, Bartolomeo, painter, engraver, — ft. 
at Genoa, 1632 — if., 1657. 

Eiscaya. [Basques.] 

Bischof, Karl Gustav, chemist and geologist, 
— ft. at Niirnberg, 18 Jan. 1792 — goes to Univ. 
of Erlangen, 18 10 — Prof. Chemistry and 
Technology, Bonn, 1 8 1 9 — Prof. Chemistry, 
1822 — tr. at Bonn, 30 Nov. 1 870. lehrbuch der 
Stbchiometrie, 18 19 — Vulkanische Mineral- 
quellen Deutschlands und FranJcrtichs, 1826 — • 
Miner alquellen von Foisdorf 1826 — Wdrme- 
lehre des Innern unsers Frdhbrpers, 1837 — 
lehrbuch der chem. und physi/c. Geologie,iS^'j- 
54 — Popiddre Brief e an cine gebildete Dame iiber 
die gesammten Gebiete der Natur-wissenschaftcn, 
1848-49. 



BISCHOFSWERDER— BLACK. 



Bischofswerder, Johann Rudolph von, 

statesman, general, — ft. at Dresden, 1737 — 
enters the Prussian army, 1760 — minister of 
Prussia under Frederick William II., 1786 — ■ 
plenipotentiary at conferences of Pilnitz, Jul. 
17 9 1 — accompanies the king in French cam- 
paign, 1792 — ambassador to Paris, 1792 — to 
Frankfort, 1794 — tf. near Berlin, Oct. 1803. 

Bischop, Jan de, engraver, — ft. at the Hague, 
1646,1 1664 b — iy. at Amsterdam, 1686 — Para- 
digmata graphices variorum artificwn, tabulis 
amis, 167 1. 

a Biog. Woovdenboek. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Bischop, Nicolas, (Episcopius,) printer, — 
ft. at Weissemburg, about 1490. Collection of 
the Greek Fathers, 1529. 

Bisciola, Lelio, Jesuit, — rj. at Milan, 1629 — 
Horm subcesivce, 1 6 1 1 . 

Biscioni, Antonio Maria, bibliographer, — ft. 
at Florence, 14 Aug. 1674 — keeper of the 
Mediceo-Laurentian Library, 17 13 — royal li- 
brarian, 1 741 — tf., May 1756. 

Biset, {Bizet,) Carl Emmanuel, painter, — 
ft. at Mechlin, 1633 — Director of Academy, 
Antwerp, 1674. 

Bishop, Samuel, poet, §c, — ft. in London, 
Oct. 1731 — enters Oxford UniT., 1750— M.A., 
1758 — Head Master of Merchant Taylors' 
School, 1783 — tr., 17 Nov. 1795. Poetical 
Works, 1796. 

Bishop, Sir Henry Rowley, musical com- 
poser, — ft. in London, 1780 — Prof. Music, Ox- 
ford, 1848 — 3j., 30 Apr. 1855. 

Bishops, — English, deposed by the Normans, 
1070 — right of investiture given up to the Pope 
by Henry I. at Council of London, 1 Aug. 1106 
—Papal authority in electing, limited by 25 
Edw. III. st. 4, 1 350- 1 — Papal authority in 
electing, taken away by 25 Hen. VIII. c. 20, 
1533-4 — excluded from parliament by Act 16 
Car. I. c. 27, Feb. 1642— restored to their seats 
by Act 13 Car. II. c. 2, 166 1— resignation of, 
when incapacitated, provided for and regulated 
by Act 32 and 33 Vic. c. Ill, n Aug. 1869. 
[Seven Bishops.] 

Bisot, {Bizot,) Jean Louis, diallist, §c, — ft. 
at Besanc.on, 1702 — r/., 14 Sep. 1781. La 
Jacquemardade, 1753. 

Bissel, (Bisselius,) Johann, Jesuit, — ft. at 
Babenhausen in Suabia, 1601 — Prof, at Am- 
berg, 1676 — tf. there, about 1677. Icaria, 
1636 — Vernalia, 1638 — Illustrium ab orbe 
condito ruinarum decades IV., 1656-64 — 
Palcestina, 1659 — Medulla historica, 1675. 

Bisset, Robert, miscellaneous writer, — ft., 
about 1759 — ft., 1805. Life of Edmund Burke, 
1800 — JJouglas, 1800. 

Bitche, (Bitsche,) in France, — head of a 
county, before noo a — ceded by Duke of Lor- 
raine to Duke of Deux-Ponts, 1297 a — con- 
fiscated by Duke of Lorraine, 157 i b — returns 
to Lorraine, 1606 a — seized by France, 1624 s 
■ — restored to Lorraine, 1698 a — with Lorraine 
passes to France, i737, a 1738° — new fortifica- 
tions commenced, 1744 a — unsuccessfully at- 
tacked by Prussians, 15 Oct.' a 17 Nov. c 1793 — 
Austrians defeated near, 17 Nov. 1793 a — ■ 
blockaded by Prussians, 1 1 Jul. to 30 Aug. 1815° 



invested by Germans, 1870. a Encyc. Mod. 

b Uniyers Pittoresque. c Conv.-Lex. 

Bithynia, — [BC] — Dydalsus (Bozdalsus) 
becomes sovereign of the Bithynians ; takes 
Astacus, 436-i, a 440-30 b — Botyras ; Bas, 
37^, a 378° — Zipcetas succeeds his father, 
326, ab 328° — makes war upon Astacus and 
Chalcedon, 315 a — and against Antiochus 
Soter, 280 — his son Nicomedes I, succeeds, 
278 ab — invites the Gauls into Asia, 278-7 a — 
Zielas (Zellas) succeeds his father, 248 e before 
246,* 232 c — slain by the Gauls at a banquet, his 
son Prusias I. (Claudus) succeeds him, 228 ab — ■ 
defeats the Gauls, 216 a — invades the kingdom 
of Pergamus, 207 a — included in the treaty with 
Philip, (the first interference of Borne,) 205 a 
— succeeded by his son Prusias II., (Venator,) 
about 180 ab — he visits Borne, 167 s1 — makes 
war on Attalus II., 156, but is compelled by 
Bomans to conclude peace : killed by his sou, 
who succeeds him as Nicomedes II., (Epi- 
phanes,) 149 a — assists the Bomans against 
Aristonicus, 131 a — Nicomedes III. (Philo- 
pator) succeeds his father, and is expelled by 
Mithridates in favour of his brother Socrates, 
9i, a 92° — restored by the Bomans, 90 — ex- 
pelled again by Mithridates, 88 — restored, 84 
— bequeaths his kingdom to Borne, and tr. 
early in 74,a 73,° 76 d — the country made a 
Boman province, 74. 

a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. c Heeren. 

d Zumpt. e Rawlinson. 

Bithynia, Era of, — [BC] — commences, 288. 

Bitonto, in Apulia, — the Spaniards defeat 
Imperialists at, 25 May 1736. 

Bitsche. [Bitche.] 

Bivero, (Biver,) Pedro, Jesuit,— -ft. at Ma- 
drid, 1572 — sent to Brussels as preacher to the 
Infants Albert and Isabella, 16 16 — ft. at Ma- 
drid, 26 Apr. 1656. 

Bizzari, Pietro, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at 
Sassoferato, 1530 — in England, 1565 — at Basel, 
1573 — rj., after 1583. Varia Opuscida, 1565 
—Latin translation of Belle guerre fatte in Un~ 
gheria, 1573. 

Blaarer, John de "Wartensee de, physician, 
§c, — ft. at Zurich, 1685 — member of Council 
of State, 1724 — introduces Swiss regiment into 
French service, 1752 — tf. at Zurich, 27 Jim. 

1757- 

Biacas d' Aulps, Pierre Louis, Duke of, di- 
plomatist, — ft. in Provence, 1 2 Jan. 177 1 — accom- 
panies Louis XVIII. to England, 1800— returns 
to France, 18 14 — ambassador to Borne, 1817-20 
— accompanies Charles X. in England, 1830 — 
tJ. at Prague, a castle of Kirchberg, b 17 Nov. 
1839. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Blacas Collection, (Antiquities,) — acquired 
by British Museum, 1867. 

Black, Joseph, chemist, — ft. at Bordeaux, 
1728 — enters Glasgow Univ., 1746 — studies 
medicine at Edinburgh, 1750 or 175 1 — Prof. 
Anatomy and Chemistry, Glasgow, 1756-66 — ■ 
Prof. Chemistry, Edinburgh, 1766 — ft. there, 
io, a 26 b Nov. 1799. Experiments upon Mag- 
nesia alba, $c, 1756. 

a Thomson's Hist. Chemistry. 
b Eees' Cyc, and Chalmers. 



I 9 2 



BLACK ACT— BLAIXVILLE. 



Black Act, in English law, — 9 Geo. I. c. 22, 
1722 — made perpetual by Act 31 Geo. II. c. 
42, 1758— repealed by Act 7 and 8 Geo. IV. c. 
27, 21 Jun. 1827. 

Black Assize, — beld at Oxford, Jul. 1577. 

Black Death, — prevails in Europe, 1348-51. 

Black Friars. [Dominicans, Order of) 

Black Pagoda, (Orissa,)— completed, 1241. 

Black Sea, — opened to Eussians by treaty 
of Kainardji, 1774 — opened to Austrians, 1784 
— to British and French by treaty of Amiens, 
1802 — neutralized by treaty of Paris, 30 Mar. 
1856 — clauses relating to, denounced by Bussia, 
19 Oct. 1870 — Conference on Neutrality of, 
meets at Loudon, 17 Jan. 1871 — treaty for de- 
neutralization of, signed, and Conference closed, 
13 Mar. 1 87 1. 

Blackburne, Francis, theologian, — b. at 
Eichmoud, Yorkshire, 9 Jun. 1705 — enters 
Univ. of Cambridge, May 1722 — archdeacon 
of Cleveland, prebendary, Bilton, 1750 — tf. at 
Eichmond, 7 Aug. 1787. The Confessional, 1766. 

Blackfriars Bridge, London,— commenced, 
31 Oct. 1760 — finished, 1769 — taken down, 
1864 — first stone of new laid, 20 Jul. 1865 — 
opened by Queen Victoria, 6 IS"ov. 1869. 

Blackheath, in Kent, — the Danes encamp 
on, about 1012 ? — Wat Tyler meets his fol- 
lowers at, n Jun. 1 38 1 — Henry IV. meets 
Emperor of the East at, 1400 — Jack Cade en- 
camps on, twice in 1450 — Henry VI. encamps 
on, 1452 — Falconbridge encamps on, 147 1 — 
Cornish insurgents under Lord Audley defeated 
by Henry VII. at, 22 Jul. 1497 — Henry VIII. 
meets Anne of Cleves at, 3 Jan. 1540- 1. 

Blacklock, Thomas, poet,— b. at Annan, 
1721 — studies at Edinburgh, 1741-51 — takes 
holy orders, about 1759 — settles at Edinburgh, 
1764 — D.D., Aberdeen, 1766— tf., 7 Jul. 1791. 
Foems,i*i4.$ — Paraclesis, 1767 — Graham, 1774. 

Black-Mail, levy of, made felony by Act 43 
Eliz. c. 13, 1601. 

Blackmore, Sir Richard, poet, physician, — 
i. at Corsham, Wiltshire, about 1650 — enters 
Oxford Univ., 1668— M.A., 1676— F.E.C.P., 
1687— Knt, by William III., 1697— tr., 8 Oct. 
1729. Prince Arthur, 1696 — The Creation, i h ji2. 

Blackrock, U. S., — the British defeat 
Americans at, 30 Dec. 18 13. 

Blackstone, John, botanist, — tf., 1753. Fas- 
ciculus Plantar ion, 1737 — Specimen Botanicum, 
174.6 — Plantce rariores Anglice, 1737. 

Blackstone, Sir William, Justice of the 
King's Bench, — fj. at London, 10 Jul. 1723 
— enters Pembroke Coll. Oxford, Xov. 1733 — 
enters Middle Temple, 20 Xov. 1741 — Fellow 
of All Souls, Xov. 1743 — B.C.L., Jun. 1745 — 
called to the Bar, 28 Not. 1746— D.C.L., 
1750 — commences Lectures on Constitution 
and Laws of England at Oxford, Mich., 1753 
— Vinerian Prof., Oct. 1758 — marries, 1761 — 
M.P., 1761 — Principal of Xew Inn Hall, 1761 
— Justice of the Com. Pleas, 9 Feb. 1770 — Knt 
and Justice of the King's Bench, 16 Feb. 1770 
— removes to Common Pleas, 22 Jun. 1770 — 
tf., 14 Feb. 1780. Commentaries on the Laics 
of England, 1765-69. 

Blackwater, river in Lreland, — Earl of 



Tyrone defeats Sir Edward Bagnal near the, 
14 Aug. 1598. 

Blackwell, George, — ft. in Middlesex, 1545 
— enters Triu. Coll., Oxford, 1562 — M.A., 
1567 — Archpriest of England, 1598- 1607 — 
writes letter to the Catholics on the Gunpowder 
Plot. 1605 — deprived for taking oath of allegi- 
ance to James I., 1608 — tr., 12 Jan. 1613. 

Blackwell, Elizabeth, botanist, §c. Curious 
PLerbal, 1737-9. 

Blackwell, Thomas, miscellaneous writer, — 
h. at Aberdeen, 4 Aug. 1701 — Prof. Greek 
there, 1723 — Principal of Marischal Coll., 
1748— tf. at Edinburgh, 8 Mar. 1757. In- 
quiry into the Life and Writings of Ptomer, 
!735. 

Blackwood, Adam, — fj. at Dunfermline, 
1539 — tf. at Poitiers, i6i3, a 1623. b Martyre 
de Marie Stuart, reine d'Ecosse, 1588. 
a Bees' Cyc. b Chalmers, and Rose's Biog. Diet. 

Blackwood, Sir Henry, Bart., admiral, — fj., 
1770 — serves in English navy, 1793-1830 — 
charged to conduct Louis XVIII. to France, 
1 8 14 — Bart., Eear-admiral, 18 14 — commander 
of naval forces in East Indies, 18 19 — Grand 
Admiral, commander of Chatham, 1827 — retires, 
1830— tf. at Ballyhidy, Dec. 1832. 

Bladensburg, — General Eoss defeats Ameri- 
cans at, 24 Aug. 1 8 14. 

Blaes, Gerard, physician,— fj. at Oostvliet, 
near Bruges, 16 17 — M.D., Leyden, 1646 — Prof. 
Medicine, Amsterdam, 1660 — member of Im- 
perial Academy, St Petersburg, 1682 — tf., 1682,* 
25 Mar. 1692. 13 Anatome compilatitia anima- 
lium terrestrium, $c, 1681. 
a Ersch and Gruber. b Biog. Woordenboek. 

Blaesing, David, mathematician, — fj. at 
Konigsberg, 29 Oct. 1660 — Prof. Mathematics 
there, 1690 — Member of Eoyal . Society of 
Sciences, Berlin, 1701 — "tf-, 9 Oct. 1719. ' JDe 
Sphccrarum coslestiwn symphonia, 1705. 

Blaesus, (1.) C. Sempronius, — [BC] — Consul 
with Cn. Servilius Carpio, (501, a. u. c.) 253 — 
Consul with A. Manlius Torquatus Atticus, 
(510,) 244. (2.) — [AD] — Q. Junius, governor 
of Pannonia, (767,) 14 — governor of Africa, 
21 — defeats Tacfarinas, 22 — Co/isul suffectus, 
28 — disgraced with Sejanus, 31 — kills himself, 

3 6 - 

Blaeuw, (Bluett-,) Willem Janszoon, charto- 
grapher, — fj. at Amsterdam, a Alkmaar, b 157 1 
— tf. at Amsterdam, 2i, ac 18, b Oct. 1638. 
Grand Atlas ge'ographiqtte ou Theatrum Mundi, 
1663-7. a Biog. Univ. 

b Biog. Woordenboek. c Ersch and Gruber. 

Blaeuw, Joan, chartographer, printer, — n. 
at Amsterdam, about 1600 — tf., 28 Dec. 1673. 
Novum ac magnum theatrum ciiitatum totius 
Belgii, 1649. 

Blagden, Sir Charles, physician, chemist, — 
ft., 17 Apr. 1748 — tf. at Arcueil, 26 Mar. 1820. 

Blagrave, John, mathematician, — fj., about 
1550 — tf. at Beading, 9 Aug. 161 1. The Ma- 
thematical Jewel, 1585 — Astrolabium Urcmi- 
cum Generale, 1596 — Art of Dialling, 1609. 

Blainville, Henri Marie Ducrotay de, zoolo- 
gist, — b. at Arques, 12 Sep. 1778^ 1777 b — goes 
to Paris, 1796 — M.D., College de France, 1808 



BLAIE— BLAND. 



i93 



— Prof. Zoology and Physiology, Faculty of 
Sciences, 1812 — in England, 18 16 — member of 
Academy of Sciences, 1825 — Prof. Nat. His- 
tory, Jardin des Plantes, 1830— Prof. Compar- 
ative Anatomy, 1832— F.R.S., 1832— tf. at 
Rouen, a at Paris, b 1 May 1850. Manuel de 
Malacologie, 1825-27 — Osteographie, 1839 — 
Sistoire des Sciences Naturelles cm Moyen Age, 
1845. a Engl. Cyc. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Blair, Hugh, theologian, #<?.,— ft. at Edin- 
burgh, 7 Apr. 17 1 8 — studies at the Univ., 1730 
-41— takes holy orders, 1742 — D.D., St An- 
drews, 1757 — minister of High Church, Edin- 
burgh, 1758 — Prof . Rhetoric and Belles Lettres, 
1762-83 — if., 27 Dec, 1800. lectures on 
Rhetoric, 1783 — Sermons, 1777. 

Blair, James, theologian, — missionary to 
Virginia, about 1684 — founds college at Wil- 
liamsburgh, 1693 — Principal, 1693-1743 — if. 
there, 1743. 

Blair, John, — chaplain and companion to 
"William Wallace, 1294 — obtains a benefice 
through Earl of Murray after Bannockburn, 
1312. 

Blair, John, chronologist, — F.R.S., 1755 — 
F.S.A., Prebendary of Westminster, 176 1 — 
accompanies Duke of York on the Continent, 
1763-4 — if., 24 Jun. 1782. Chronological 
Tables, 1754. 

Blair, Patrick, physician, anatomist, — ft. at 
Dundee, about 1680 ? — imprisoned on suspicion 
after the rebellion, 17 15 — if. at Boston, about 
1728. Pharmaco-Botanology, 1723-8. 

Blair, Robert, theologian, — ft. at Irvine, 1593 
■ — regent in Glasgow Coll., 1615 — licensed as 
minister, 16 16 — accompanies Scots army into 
England, 1640 — joint envoy to Cromwell, at 
Edinburgh, 1648 — if. at Aberdour, 27 Aug. 
1666. 

Blair, Robert, poet, — ft. at Edinburgh, 1699 
— parish minister, Athelstaneford, 5 Jan. 17 31 
■ — marries, 1738 — if. at Athelstaneford, 1746^ 
4 Feb. 1747. 11 The Grave, 1743. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Bees' Cyc. and Chalmers. 

Blaise, Barthelemi, sculptor, — ft. at Lyons, 
1738 — member of Academy of Painting, 1785 
— if. at Paris, Apr. 18 19. 

Blaisois, Blesois. [Blois.] 

Blake, John Bradley, naturalist, — ft. at 
London, 4 Nov. 1745 — supercargo, by East 
India Company, to China, 1766 — if. at Canton, 
16 Nov. 1773. 

Blake, Robert, admiral, — ft. at Bridgewater, 
Aug. 1599 — enters Oxford Univ., 1615 — leaves 
Oxford, 1624 — M.P. Bridgewater, 1640 — 
governor of Taunton, 1644 — member of the 
Naval Council, commander of the fleet, 1648-9 
— Warden of the Cinque Ports, 1651 — subjects 
Guernsey and Jersey to the parliament, 1652 — 
commands against the Dutch, 1652-54 — com- 
mands in the Mediterranean, 1654-57 — if. at 
sea, 17 Aug. 1657. 

Blake, William, (Pictor Ignotus,) painter, 
poet, engraver — ft. in London, 28 Nov. 1757 — 
apprenticed to engraver, 177 1 — student at 
Royal Academy, 1778 — becomes acquainted 
with Stothard, Flaxman, and Fuseli, about 1780 
— marries, 18 Aug. 1782 — introduced by Flax- 



man to Hayley, settles at Felpham, 1800 — 
returns to London, 1804 — 0". there, 12 Aug. 
1827. Songs of Innocence, 1789 — Gates of 
Paradise, 1793 — Songs of Experience, 1794 — 
Illustrations to Young's Night Thoughts, 1797 
— Jerusalem, 1804 — Illustrations to Blair s 
Grave, 1805 — to Book of Job, 1823 — to Dante's 
Inferno, 1827. 

Blancard, Pierre, traveller, — ft. at Mar- 
seilles, 21 Apr. 1 741 — arrives at Batavia, 
1772 — shipwrecked on the Maldives, 12 Apr. 
1777 — at Canton, 1792 — if. at Aubagne, 16 
Mar. 1826. Manuel du commerce des Incles 
orientates et de la Chine, 1806. 

Blancas, Geronymo de, historian, — if. at 
Saragossa, 2 Dec. 1590. Arragonensium rerum 
commentarii, 1588 — Coronaciones de los reyes 
de Aragon, §c, 1641. 

Blanchard, Jacques, painter, — ft. at Paris, 
1 Oct. 1600 — goes to Rome, 1624 — goes to 
Venice, 1626 — if. at Paris, 1638. 

Blanchard, Jean Pierre, a (Francois] ) aero- 
naut, — ft. at Andely, i753, a i738 b — makes his 
first ascent in balloon at Paris, 2 Mar. 1784 — 
crosses the Straits of Dover in balloon, 1788 — ■ 
arrested in the Tyrol, May 1793 — at New York, 
Aug. 1796 — struck with apoplexy on his 60th 
ascent, near the Hague, Feb. 1808 — if. at 
Paris, 7 Mar. 1809. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Blanchard, Laman, journalist, §c, — ft. at 
Yarmouth, 15 May 1803 — secretary to Zoolo- 
gical Society, 1827-31 — if., 15 Feb. 1845. Es- 
says and Sketches, 1849. ■ 

Blanchard, Marie Madeleine Sop. Arniant, 
aeronaut — ft. near Rochelle, 25 Mar. 1778 — 
killed by fall from burning balloon at Paris, on 
her 67th ascent, 6 Jul. 18 19. 

Blanche of Castile, — ft., about 11 86 — mar- 
ries Louis VIII. of France, 1200 — widow, 1226 
— regent for her son Louis IX., 1248-52— ft. 
at Melun, 1 Dec. 1252. 

Blanche of Artois, — marries Henry I., King 
of Navarre, 1270 — widow, assumes the govern- 
ment, 1274 — marries Edmund, Earl of Lancaster, 
1275—0". about 1300. 

Blanche of Bourbon, — ft. about 1338 — mar- 
ries Peter the Cruel, Ring of Castile, 3 Jun. 
1353 — abandoned by him, 4 Jun. 1353 — if. 
poisoned? in prison, 1361. 

Blanche, Queen of Navae.se, — marries 
Martin, Ring of Sicily, 1402 — marries John, 
son of Ferdinand I. of Aragon, 141 9 — succeeds 
Charles III., 1425— if., 3 Apr. 1441. 

Blanche of Navarre, — marries Henry, Prince 
of Asturias, 1440 — divorced, returns to court of 
Navarre, 1453 — arrested by her father, John 
of Navarre, and imprisoned, 1462 — if. poisoned 
by her sister, 1464. 

Blanchet, Thomas, painter, — ft. at Paris, 
1617- — member of Academy of Painting, 1676 
— if. at Lyons, 1689. 

Blanckhof, (Blankof) Antony, a Jan Teunisz, 
painter, — ft. at Alkniaar, 1628 — if. at Hamburg, 
l670, ac 1674. 15 a Biog. Univ. 

b Biog. Woordenboek. c Erscb and Gruber. 

Bland, Richard, — if., 1778. Inquiry into 
the Rights of the Colonies, 1766. 

13 



194 



BLAND-BLOEMAEKT. 



Bland, Theodore, statesman, physician, — 
b. in Virginia, 1701 — member of Congress, U.S., 
1780 — If. at New York, 1790. 

Blane, Sir Gilbert, Bart., physician, — b. at 
Blanefield, Ayrshire, 29 Aug. 1749 — accompanies 
Lord Bodneyto West Indies, 1780-3 — physician 
to St Thomas' Hospital, 1785— F.B.S., 1786— 
Pres. of Navy Medical Board, 1795 — Bart., 
1 8 1 2 — physician to Prince Begent, 18 12 — 
member of Institute of France, 1826 — first 
physician to William IV., 1830 — Xf. in London, 
26 Jun. 1834. Observations on the Diseases of 
Seamen, 178 3 — Elements of Medical Logic, 1 8 1 9 
— Select Dissertations, 1822 — Lecture on Mus- 
cular Motion, 1790. 

Blankaart, (Blancard, Blanckaert,) Niko- 
laas, philologist, — b. atLeyden, 11 Dec. 1624 — 
Prof. History at Gymnasium, Steinfurt, 1644- 
50 — Prof. History and Antiquities, Middelburg, 
1650-66 — -practises medicine in Friesland, 1666 
— Prof. Greek Language and History, Franeker, 
Not. 1669 — ij., 15 May 1703. 

Blankaart, Steven, physician, — b. at Mid- 
delburg, 24 Oct. 1650 — M.D., Franeker, 1678 
— tS. at Amsterdam, 23 Feb. 1702. Nieuwe 
Herform de Anatomie, 1678 — Lexicon medicum 
grceco-latinum, 1679 — Anatomia practica ra- 
tionalis, 1688. 

Blankenstein, Ernest, Count yon, general, 
— b. at Beinsdorff, 1733— serves against the 
French, 1793-4— "if. at Battelau in Moravia, 12 
Jun. 1 8 16. 

Blankof. [Blanckhof.] 

Blaru, Pierre de, {Petrus de Blarrorivo,) 
poet, — b.,6Apr. 1437 — fr. at St Diez, 23 Dec. 
1505 — Lnsigne JSfanceidos opus, §c, 151 8. 

Blasco Nunes Vela. [Vela.] 

Blasio, Cn. Cornelius, — [B cj — Consul with 
C. Genucius Clepsina, (484 a. u. c.) 270. 

Blasius. [Blaes.] 

Blasphemy, — prohibited by 9 and 10 Wm. 
III. c. 32, 1698, and 60 Geo. III. c. 8, 30 
Dec. 1 819 — Unitarians relieved from penalties 
by Act 53 Geo. III. c. 160, 1813. 

Blastares, Matthaeus, canonist, — Syntagma 
Alphabeticam, about 1335. . 

Blasting, — by electricity, first attempted by 
Gen. Pasley, Sep. 1839 — applied to removal of 
Bound Down Cliff, Dover, by Cubitt, Jan. 1843. 

Blau, Felix Anton, theologian, — b., 1754 — 
imprisoned at Konigstein, 1793 — ft. at Mentz, 
23 Dec. 1798. Tiber die Bilderverehrung, 1788 
< — Kritische Geschichte der kirchlichen Tlnfehl- 
barheit, 179 1. 

Blayney, Benjamin, Hebraist — M.A., Ox- 
ford, 1753 — Begius Prof. Hebrew, 7 Dec. 1787 
— o". at Polshot, 20 Sep. 1801, 

Blaze, Henri Sebastien, musician, — ft. at 
Cavaillon, 1763 — studies at Paris, 1779 — settles 
at Avignon, 1805 — ft. at Cavaillon, 11 May 1833. 

Bleaching, — use of sulphuric acid in, intro- 
duced by Home, about 1750 — use of chlorine 
first proposed by Berthollet, 1785 — chloride of 
lime [bleaching powder') adopted by Tennant, 
1798— the dash-wheel introduced by Wallace, 
before 1857. 

Bleaching and Dyeing Works, — placed under 
regulations of the Factories Act, by Act 23 and 



24 Vic. c. 78, 6 Aug. i860 — further regulated 
by Act 27 and 28 Vic. c. 98, 29 Jul. 1864. 

Bleda, — King of the Huns with his brother 
Attila, 434 — murdered by Attila, 444. 

Blefken, Bithmar, traveller, — embarks for 
Iceland, 1563 — goes to Lisbon, and into Africa, 
1565. Lslandia, 1607. 

Bleker, (Bleeker,) Jan Casper, painter, en- 
graver, — ft. at Haarlem, about 1608. ? 

Blemmidas. [Nicephorus Blemmidas.] 

Blenheim, near Hochstadt, in Bavaria, 
— Marlborough and Prince Eugene defeat 
French and Bavarians at, 13 Aug. 1704. 

Blenheim Palace,— built by Vanbrugh, 17 15 
— fire at, the Titian Gallery burnt, 5 Feb. 1861. 

Bles, Hendrik met de, painter, — b. at Bou- 
vignes, 1480 — ft., 1550. 

Blessington, Marguerite, Countess of, no- 
velist, §c, — b. near Clonmel, 1 Sep. 1789 — 
married to Earl of Blessington, Feb. 18 18 — left 
a widow, May 1829 — settles in London, 1829 — 
If. at Paris, 4 Jun. 1849. Conversations with 
Lord Byron, about 1832 — Ldler in Italy, 1839 
— Repealers, 1833 — Victims of Society, 1837 — 
Belle of a Season, 1840 — Country Quarters, 1850. 

Bletterie, J. P. Bene de la, historian, §e. f 
— b. at Bennes, 25 Feb. 1696 — If., 1 Jun. 1772. 
Histoire de Julien V Apostat, 1735 — Histoire 
de I'empereur Jovien, 1748. 

Bligh, William, maritime discoverer, — b. 
at Farningham, 1753 — accompanies Captain 
Cook on his third voyage, 1776-80 — sails in the 
Bounty for the Pacific, Dec. 1787 — quits 
Tahiti, 4 Apr. 1789 — cast adrift by mutineers, 
28 Apr. 1789 — commands expedition to Society 
Islands, 179 1-3 — Governor of New South 
Wales, 1 806 — expelled the country on account 
of his tyranny, 26 Jan. 1808 — tf. at London, 7 
Dec. 1 8 17. Narrative of the Mutiny on board 
of H.M. Ship Bounty, 1790. 

Blind, — printing for the, invented, and 
school founded, by Valentine Haiiy, at Paris, 
1784 — first British Asylum for the, established 
at Liverpool, 1791. 

Blioul, Jean du, Cordelier, — fl., about 1600. 
Oratio Philippica qua inter hujus sceculi tene- 
bras veritatis domvcilium demonstratur, 1597^*- 
Voyage de Hierusalem, 1602. 

Blitterswyck, Guillaume de, statesman, — 
member of Superior Council of Guelderland, 
Vice-chancellor, 1643-62 — member of Grand 
Council of Mechlin, 1662 — tf. there, 1680. Dis- 
sertationes de rebus publicis et Buremonda, 
vigens, ardens, renascens, 1666. 

Blizard, Sir William, surgeon, — b. at Barnes 
Elms, 1748 — teacher of Anatomy, London 
Hospital, 1785 — F.B.S., 1787 — examiner, 
B.C.S., 1 8 10 — founds Hunterian Society, 1819 
— tr., 28 Aug. 1835. 

Bloch, Marc Eliezer, naturalist,- — b. at Ans- 
pach, 1723 — tf. at Carlsbad, a Berlin, b 6 Aug. 
1799. Allgemeine Nattir geschichte der Fische, 
1782-95. a Ersch and Gruber. b Engl. Cyc. 

Block Books, — earliest specimen of, 1423.? 

Block Machinery, invented by M. I. Bru- 
nei, about 1800 — brought into use at Ports- 
mouth, 1804-8. 

Bloemaert, (Blomaer, Blomart, Blom) Abra- 



BLOEMAEET— BLOUNT. 



*95 



ham, painter, engraver, — b. at Gorcum, 1564,* 
^67 b — tr. at Utrecht, 1647,0 i657. d 

a Houbraken. b Sandrart and Van Mander. 

c Conv.-Lex. d Biog. Woordenboek. 

Bloemaert, Cornelisz, engraver, — ft. at Ut- 
recht, 1603 — goes to Paris, 1630— tf. at Eome, 
1680. 

Bloemaert, Frederick, painter, — ft. at Ut- 
recht, about 1600. 

Bloemen, {Bloom,) Jan a {Julius h ) Franz 
van, painter, — ft. at Antwerp, 1656 — member 
of Academy of St Luke, 1742 — tf. at Eome, 
1748 or 1749. 

a Ersch and Gruber. b Nagler. 

Bloemen, Norbert van, painter, — ft. at 
Antwerp, 1672 — tf. at Amsterdam, 1746. 

Bloemen, Pieter van, painter, — Director of 
the Academy, Antwerp, about 1699 — tf., 1719-? 

Blois, Blaisois, Blesois, in France,— head 
of a county, soon after 800 — united to crown 
of France on accession of Louis XII., 1498 — 
States- General held at, by Henry III., 1577 
and 1588 — Duke and Cardinal of Guise mur- 
dered by Henry III. at, 23 and 24 Dec. 1588 
— given by Louis XIII. to Jean Baptiste 
Gaston, 1635— reverts to crown on his death, 
1660 — given by Louis XIV. to his brother 
Philip, Duke of Orleans : seat of a bishopric, 
by Innocent XII. , 1694 — Maria Louisa holds 
her court at, 18 14 — occupied by Germans, 13 
Dec. 1870. Treaty of, between Louis XII. , 
the Emperor, the Archduke of Austria, and 
the Pope, for marriage of Princess Claude of 
France with Charles of Luxemburg, 1504 — re- 
voked by Louis, May 1506. 

Blois. [Blosius.] 

Blomefield, Francis,— ft. at Fresfield, Nor- 
folk, 23 Jul. 1705 — enters Cambridge Univ., 
1724 — rector of Fresfield, Sep. 1729 — tf., 15 
Jan. 1 75 1. History of the County of Norfolk, 
1739-69. 

Blomfield, Charles James, Bp of London — 
ft. at Bury St Edmunds, 29 May 1786 — enters 
Trin. Coll. Cambridge, Oct. 1804— B.A., 1808 
— Fellow of his Coll., 1809 — ordained priest, 
1810 — marries, 1810 — M.A., 1811 — chaplain 
to Bp of London, 18 15 — marries again, 18 19 — 
D.D., 1820 — Bp of Chester, 1824 — Bp of Lon- 
don, 1828 — resigns his See, 1856 — tf. at Ful- 
ham Palace, 5 Aug. 1857. Edition of the 
Prometheus of JEschylus, 18 10; Persce and 
Seven against Thebes, 1812 ; Callimachus, 1824. 

Blond, Guillaume le, mathematician, — ft. at 
.Paris, 1704 — mathematical master of the 
king's children, 1751 — tf. at Versailles, 178 1. 
Fssai sur la Castrametation, 174&—V Arithme- 
tique et la Geometrie de VOfficier, 1768 — Ele- 
ments de la guerre, des sieges, §c., 1768. 

Blond, {Blon,) Jaques Christophe le, painter, 
$c, — b. at Frankfort, 1670 — studies at Eome, 
1696 — at Amsterdam, before 17 11 — goes to 
Paris, 1737 — takes out patent for printing in 
colours, 1740 — tf. at Paris, 1741. H Colorito, 
1722. 

Blondel, (Blondiaux,) French minstrel, — dis- 
covers the prison of Eichard L, ? 1 193. 

Blondel, David, theologian, $<?., — ft. at 
Chalons-sur-Marne, 159 1 — Prof. History, Am- 



sterdam, 1650— tf. there, 6 Apr. 1655. Be 

formulae regnante Christo in monumentis usu, 
1646 — Amandi Flaviani commonitorium ad- 
versus Innocentii X. bullam in tractatum Monas- 
teriensem, 1651 — Genealogies Francicce plenior 
assertio, $c, 1655. 

Blondel, Francois, architect, — ft. at Bibe- 
mont, Picardie, 16 17 — ambassador to the Porte, 
1659 — member of Academy of Sciences, i666, a 
1669 b — Director and Prof. Academy of Archi- 
tecture, 167 1 — Marechal de camp, 1675 — tf. at 
Paris, i, b 22° Feb. 1686. Cours d' architecture, 
$c, 1675 — Resolution des quatre principaux 
problemes d' 'architecture, 1673 — Histoire du 
calendrier romain, 1682. a Biog. Univ. 
b Ersch and Gruber. c Chalmers. 

Blondel, Jacques Francois, architect, — ft. at 
Eouen, 8 Jan. 1705 — opens school of architect- 
ure at Paris, 1739 — member of Academy, 
1755 — tf., 9 Jan. 1774. Architecture francaise, 

¥-, i75 2 - 

Blondel, Jean, — ft. at Eheims, Apr. 1733 — 
advocate, 1760 — Secretary of the Seal Office, 
1787 — member of Court of Appeal, 1803 — tf. 
at Paris, 1 8 10. Loisirs philosophiques, 1756— 
Discussion des principaux objets de la legisla- 
tion criminelle, 1789. 

Blondel, Pierre Jacques,— ft. at Paris, 1674 
— contributes to the Memoires de Trevoux, 
1702-10 — tf., 30 Aug. 1730. Verites de la re- 
ligion enseigne'es par principes, 1705. 

Blondus, Flavius, {Flavio Biondo,) anti- 
quary, §c, — ft. at Forli, 1388 — secretary to 
Eugenius IV., Nicholas V., Calixtus III., and 
Pius II., about 1430-63 — tf. at Eome, 4 Jun. 
1463. Roma instaurata, probably 147 1, 1482? 
— Roma triumphans about 1472, 1482 ? — Italia 
illustrata, 1472. 

Blood, Circulation of the, — discovered by 
William Harvey, before 16 16 — his views pub- 
lished, 1628. 

Blood, Thomas, {Colonel Blood,) — ft. in Ire- 
land, about 1628 ? — joins in plot to surprise 
Dublin Castle and seize the Duke of Orniond, 
1663 — at the fight on Pentland Hills, 27 Nov. 
1666 — seizes Duke of Ormond, 6 Dec. 1670 — 
enters the Tower, carries off part of the regalia, 
and is taken, 9 May 1671 — tf. at Westminster, 
24 Aug. 1680. 

Bloody Assizes, {Jeffreys' Campaign?) — held 
in West of England, 1685. 

Bloomfield, Robert, poet, — 6. at Honnington, 
Suffolk, 3 Dec. 1766— tf. at Shefford, Bedford- 
shire, 19 Aug. 1823. Farmer's Boy, 1798— 
Rural Tales, 1802 — Good Tidings, 1804. 

Blore-heath, in Shropshire, —the Earl of 
Salisbury defeats Lord Audley and the York- 
ists at, 23 Sep. 1459. 

Blosius, {De Blois,) Francois Louis, Benedict- 
ine, — ft. at Liege, 1506 — enters Order of St 
Benedict at Liessies, 1520 — abbe, 1530 — gives 
rules approved by Paul III., 1545— tf. there, 
1563. Ouvrages ascetiques, 1632. 

Bloteling-, Abraham, engraver, — ft. at Am- 
sterdam, 1634 — goes to England, 1672 — tf. at 
Amsterdam, after 1690. 

Blount, Charles. [Mountjoy, Lord.] 

Blount, Charles, Deist, — ft. at Upper Hol- 
13 * 



:c)6 



BLOUNT— BOARD OF HEALTH. 



loway, 27 Apr. 1654 — commits suicide, Aug. 
1693. Anima mundi, 1679 — The two first 
books of Fhilostratus concerning the life of 
Apollonias of Tyana, 1680 — Great is Diana 
of the Ephesians, 1680 — Oracles of Reason, 
1693. 

Blount, Sir Henry, miscellaneous writer, — 
b. at Tittenhanger, 15 Dec. 1602— enters Ox- 
ford Univ., 16 1 6— travels in Italy and Tur- 
key, 1634-6 — Knt, by Charles L, 1639 — U. at 
Tittenhanger, 9 Oct. 1682. A voyage into the 
Levant, 1636. 

Blount, Sir Thomas Pope, miscellaneous 
writer, — b. at Upper Holloway, 12 Sep. 1649 
— Bart., by Charles II., 27 Jan. 1679— M.P., 
1675-6 — ft. at Tittenhanger, 3o, ab 9 c Jun. 
1697. Censura celebriorum authorum, 1690 — 
Essays, 1697 (3rded.)— Natural History, 1693. 
a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

c Rose's Biog. Diet. 
Blount, Thomas, miscellaneous writer, — b. 
at Bardesley, 1619,* 161 8 b — ft. at Orleton, 26 
Dec. 1679. Glossographia, §c, 1656 — Diction- 
ary of Laws, 16^1-^Boscobel, §c, 1660. 
a Biog. Univ. b Chalmers' and Eose's Biog. Diet. 
Blow, John, musician, — ft. at N. Colling- 
ham, 1648— choir-master of St Paul's, 1687-93 
— organist of Westminster Abbey, 1695 — com- 
poser to the Chapel Boyal, 1699 — tf., 1 Oct. 
1708. Amphion anglicus, 1700. 

Blow-pipe, — applied to analysis of metals 
by Anthony Swab, 1738. 

Blueher, Gebhardt Leberecht von, Prince 
of "Wahlstadt, field-marshal, — b. at Rostock, 
16 Dec. 1742 — enters regiment of Swedish 
hussars, 1757 — enters Prussian army, 20 Dec. 
1760 — Lieutenant, 1761 — retires, Jan. 1773 — 
reenters the army, 1786 — Colonel of Black 
Hussars, 1790 — takes part in invasion of Prance, 
1792 — Lieutenant-general, 1 801— governor of 
Munster, 10 Feb. 1803 — commands against 
French at Auerstadt, 14 Oct. 1806 — captured 
by French at Lubeck, 7 Nov. 1806 — and ex- 
changed for Marshal Victor : commands army 
of Silesia, 181 3— wounded at battle of Liitzen, 
2 May 1 8 13 — after battle of Bautzen retreats 
on Schweidnitz, 21 May 18 13 — defeats French 
on the Katzbach, 26 Aug. 18 13 — defeats the 
French and takes Leipsic, 17-19 Oct. 1813 — 
Field-Marshal, 20 Oct. 181 3 — crosses the 
Rhine, 1-3 Jan. 18 14 — defeated by Napoleon 
at Yauchamp, 16 Feb. 18 14 — defeats Napoleon 
at Laon, 9-10 Mar. 18 14 — commands centre of 
Allies in attack of Paris, 30 Mar. 18 14 — enters 
Paris, 3 1 Mar. 1 8 1 4 — resigns command, 2 Apr. 
1 8 14 — Prince of "Wahlstadt, accompanies allied 
Sovereigns to England, Jun. 18 14 — LL.D., 
Oxford, Jun. 18 14 — resumes command as 
general-in-chief on the Rhine, Apr. 18 15 — 
arrests Saxon mutineers at Liege, 3 May 1815 
— defeated at Ligny, 16 Jun. 18 15 — contributes 
to victory of "Waterloo, 18 Jun. 18 15 — enters 
Paris, Jul. 18 15 — Is. at Krieblowicz, 12 Sep. 
1819. 

Blue Coat School, {Christ's Hospital,) Lon- 
don, — founded by Edward VI., 26 Jun. 1553 — 
6econd charter by Charles II., 1676 — new Hall 
commence:!, 182^. 



Blue-Stocking Clubs, — established, about 
1780. ? 

Blum, Joachim Christian, poet, $c, — b. at 
Rathenau, 19 Nov. 1739 — &• there, 28 Aug. 
1790. Gedichte, 1776 and 1785. 

Blum, Johann, architect. Elements of Archi- 
tecture, 1596. 

Blum, Karl, musical composer, — b. at Berlin, 
about 1785 — manager of Royal Opera, 1822 — • 
director of Royal Theatre, 1827 — &., 2 Jul. 
1844. 

Blum, Eobert, — b. at Cologne, 10 Nov. 
1 807 — -secretary of the theatre to Ringelhardt, 
Leipsic, 1831-47' — founds the Schillerverein 
there, 1840 — allays popular excitement, Aug. 
1 845 — takes part in the movement in Saxony, 
1848 — arrested at Vienna, 4 Nov. — shot, 9 
Nov. 1848. 

Blumauer, Aloys, poet, satirist, — b. at 
Steyer, 21 Dec. 1755 — enters Order of Jesuits 
at Vienna, 1772 — If. there, 16 Mar. 1798. 
Werhe, 1801. 

Blumberg, Christian Gotthelf, theologian, — 
b. at Ophausen, 1664 — tf. at Zwickau, 1735. 
Fundamenta Ungues copticce, 17 16. 

Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich, naturalist, 
physiologist, — b. at Gotha, 1 1 May 1752 — M.D., 
Gbttingen, 1775 — Prof. Extraord. Medicine, 
1776 — Ordinary Prof., Medicine, 1778 — 'Super- 
intendent of Library and Museum, 1778 — visits 
Switzerland, 1783— visits England, 1788 and 
1792 — Secretary to Royal Society of Sciences, 
1 8 12 — Physician to King of Great Britain and 
Hanover, 181 6 — K. C. Guelphic order, 1821 
— member of Academy of Sciences, Paris, 1831 
— 5j., 22 Jan. 1840. De generis humani varie- 
tate nativa, 1775 — Veber den Bildungstrieb und 
das Zeugungs-gesehdft, 17 81 — Geschichte und 
Beschreibung der Knochen des menschlichen 
Korpers, 1786 — Lnstitutiones physiologies, 
1787 — Handbuch der vergleichende Anatomie, 
1805 — Decas collectionis suce Craniorum, §c, 
1791-1808 — Handbuch der Naturgeschichte, 
1779-80. 

Blunthli, (Bluntschli,) Johann Heinrich, 
topographer, — b. at Zurich, 1656 — fr. there, 23 
Jul. 1722. Memorabilia Tigurina, 1704. ? 

Bluteau, Raphael, lexicographer, — b. in Lon- 
don, 4 Dec. 1638 — ft. at Lisbon, 13 Feb. 1734. 
Vocabtilario portugaez e latino, 17 12-21 — Sup- 
plement, 1727-8. 

Blyenburg, Adrian van, poet, — b. at Dort, 
1560 — tf. there, 23 Feb. 1599. Foemata varia, 
1582. 

Blyenburg-, Damasus van, poet, — b. at Dort, 
1558 — sets out for Bohemia, 1616. Cento 
ethicus ex ducentis poetis, $c, 1599. 

Boadicea, (Bonduca, Bondicea,) — Queen of 
the Iceni, about 60-1 — heads insurrection 
against Romans ; defeated and slain, 62. 

Board of Control, (for Lndia,) — established 
by Act 24 Geo. III. s. 2, c. 25, 1784 — 
abolished by Act 21 and 22 Vic. c. 106, 2 Aug. 
1858. 
Board of Green Cloth. [Marshalsea.] 
Board of Health, — established by Act 11 and 
12 Vic. c. 63, 31 Aug. 1848— remodelled by 
Act 17 and 18 Vic. c. 95, 10 Aug. 1854 — 



BOABD OF TEADE— BOCMANK 



i97 



jurisdiction of, transferred to Privy Council, by- 
Act 2.1 and 22 Vic. c. 97, 2 Aug. 1858. 

Board of Trade and Plantations, — two 
Councils erected by Charles II., 1660 — united, 
1672 — abolished, 1675 — reappointed, 1695 — 
abolished by Act 22 Geo. III. c. 82, 1782— 
present Board established by Order in Council, 
1786 — [Railways, Merchant Seamen] — juris- 
diction of, regulated by Acts 8 and 9 Vic. c. 
116, 8 Aug. 1845 ; 13 and 14 Vic. c. 93, 14 
Aug. 1850; 14 and 15 Vic. c. 96, 7 Aug. 1851 
— office of Vice.-Pres. abolished, and Secretary 
substituted, with seat in Parliament, by Act 30 
and 31 Vic. c. 72, 12 Aug. 1867. 

Boate, {Boot,) Gerard, physician, $c, — b. at 
Gorcum, 1604— physician to the State in Ire- 
land, 1649 — ft. there, 1649 or 1650. Ireland's 
Natural History, 1652. 

Boat-making Machinery, — invented by 
Thompson, 1861. 

Bobart, Jacob, botanist, — first superintendent 
of Botanic Garden at Oxford, 1632 — ft. there, 
4 Feb. 1679. Catalogus Plantarum FEorti 
Medici Oxon., 1648. 

Bobart, Jacob, botanist, — Prof. Botany, Ox- 
ford, 1683 — ft., 17 19. 

Bobrof, Simon Sergeievitsch, poet, — ft. at 
St Petersburg, 1810. Khersonida, 1803 — 
Lyrics, 1804. 

Bobrowski. [Ali Bey.] 

Bocca Tigris, Bogue Forts, Canton, — taken 
by English, 7 Jan. and 26 Feb. 1841. 

Boccaccio, Giovanni, novelist, §c„ — b. at 
Paris or Florence, 1 3 1 3 — ambassador from 
Florence to Eavenna, 1 347 — ambassador to 
Innocent VI., 1353 — ambassador to Urban V., 
1365 and 1367 — commences lectures on Dante 
at Florence, 3 Oct. 1373 — ft. at Certaldo, 21 
Dec. 1375. Decamerone, about 1352. 

Boccadiferro, Girolamo, jurisconsult, — b. at 
Bologna, 1552 — ft., 1 Mar. 1623. 

Boccadiferro, (Bucca-Ferri,) Lodovico, 
physician and philosopher, — b., 1482 — Prof. 
Logic and Philosophy, Bologna, before 1527 — 
fr-> 3 May 1545. 

Boccage, Marie Anne Lepage, poetess, — b. 
at Eouen, 22 Oct. 17 10 — ft., 8 Aug. 1802. 
(Euvres, 1783. 

Boccage, Manuel Maria Barbosa du, poet, 
— h. at Setuval, 177 1 — ft., 1806. Obras, 1798- 
1805. 

Boccalini, Trajano, satirist, — b. at Loretto, 
15.56 — ft. at Venice, 16 Nov. 161 3. Ragguaglj 
di Pamasso, 16 12- 13 — Pietra del paragone 
politico, 1 6 15 — Commentari sopra Corn. Tacito, 
i66 9 . 

Boccanera, Egidio, admiral of Castile,— sent 
to aid Alfonso XL against Moors, 1340 — con- 
tributes to capture of Algesiras, 1344 — defeats 
Portuguese fleet at the Tagus, 137 1 — ft., about 
1372. 

Boccanera, Simone, first Doge qe Genoa, — 
elected, 1339 — takes part in wars with Turks, 
Tatars, and Moors; abdicates, 1344 — returns 
from Pisa and is reelected, 1351 — ft., poisoned, 
r 3 6 3- 

Boceherini, Luigi, musical composer, — b. at 
Lucca, 14 Jan. 1740,* 1736,^ 1730 or 1735° — 



at Paris, 1768-80 — ft. at Madrid, i8o6, a 
1805.C 

a Biog. Univ. b Bees' Cyc. c Conv.-Lex. 

Bocchi, Faustina, painter, — b. at Brescia, 
1659 — ft., about 1742. 

Bocchi Francesco, miscellaneous writer, — 
b. at Florence, 1548 — ft. there, 161 8. 

Bocchus, (1.) King- or Mauritania, — 
[B C] — gives up Jugurtha to the Eomans, (648, 
a. u. c.) beginning 106. (2.) King of Mauri- 
tania, — [BC] — with his brother Bogud aids 
Ca?sar against Pompeians, 46 — sides with Oc- 
tavianus after death of Csesar, 44 — assumes sole 
government, 38 — ft., about 33. 

Boccone, Paolo Sylvio, botanist, %c, — b. at 
Palermo, 24 Apr. 1633 — enters Cistercian Or- 
der at Florence, 1682 — ft. at Palermo, 22 Dec. 
1704. Museo di piante rare, 1697. 

Bocerus, {Jean Boedeker, or Bocker,) poet, 
§c, — b. Hausberge, 1525 — ft., 6 Oct. 1565. 

Boch, Jean, poet y — b. at Brussels, 27 Jul. 
1555 — ft. there, 13 Jan. 1609. Poesies, 1615. 

Bochart, Samuel, orientalist, — b. at Eouen, 
1599 — in England, 1621 — has public disputa- 
tion with Veron at Eochelle, Sep. and Oct. 
1629 — goes to Stockholm on invitation of 
Queen Christina, 1652- — returns to France, 
1653 — ft. at Caen, 16 May i667, ac i66i. b 
Opera, 17 12. a Biog. Univ. 

b Engl. Cyc. c Ersch and Gruber. 

Bochat, Charles Guillaume Loys de, phi- 
lologist, antiquary, — b. at Lausanne, 1695 — 
ft., 4 Apr. 1754. Memoires critiques sur Vhis- 
toire ancienne de la Suisse, 1747. 

Bocher, Joan, {Joan of Itent,) — condemned 
for heresy, spring 1549 — burnt at Smithfield, 
2 May 1550. 

Bock, Friedrich Samuel, theologian, — b. 
at Konigsberg, 20 May 17 16 — Prof. Theology 
and Greek Literature, Librarian of University, 
there, 1753 — ft., Sep. 1786. Specimen theo- 
logice naturalis, 1743 — FListoria Socinianismi 
Prussici, 1753. 

Bock, {Le Bouck,) Jerome, {Tragus,) botan- 
ist, — b. at Heidesbach, 1498 — ft. at Hornbach, 
1554. Neues Krdaterbuch, 1539.' 

Bock, Karl August, anatomist, — b. at Mag- 
deburg, 25 Mar. 1782 — Prof. Medicine, Leipsic, 
1 8 14 — ft. there, 30 Jan. 1833. Beschreibung 
des jiinften Nervenpaarcs, $c, 18 17 — Chirur- 
gisch-anatomische Tafeln, 1830-33. 

Bockenberg, Pieter Cornelisz, historian, 
%c, — b. at Gouda, 25 Dec. 1548 — historiogra- 
pher to States of Holland and W. Friesland, 
1591 — ft. at Leyden, 17 Jan. 1617. Catalogus, 
%c, regulorum PLollandim, §c, 1584 — Prisci 
Batavice et Frisice reges, 1589. 

Bockhorst, Jan van, {Langen-Jan,) painter, 
— b. at Munster, about 16 10. 

Bockhorst, Johannes de, painter, — ft. at 
Deutekoom, 1661 — ft. at Cleves, 1724. 

Bbcmann, {Bockmann,) Johann Lorenz, 
natural philosopher, — b. at Liibeck, 8 May 1741' 
— Prof. Physics and Mathematics, Carlsruhe, 
1764 — Privy Councillor, 1798 — ft., 15 Dec. 
1802. Frste Grunde der Mechanik, 1769 — 
TTeber die Blitz- ableiter, 1782 — Versuch iiber 
Telegraphik, 1794. 



198 



BOCTHOR— BOEHMER. 



Bocthor, Ellious,— 6. at Syout, Egypt, 12 
Apr. 1784 — tf., 26 Sep. 1 82 1. Pictionnaire 
francais et arabevulgaire, 1828. 

Bodasch, (Bohadsch,) Johann, naturalist, — 
Prof. Natural History, Prague, 1755 — tf. there, 
1772. De quibusdam animalibus marinis, 1761. 

Boddaert, Pierre, poet—b. at Middelburg, 
1694 — tf., 1760. 

Boddaert, Pierre, physician, naturalist, — ft. 
in Zealand, about 1730 — at Utrecht, 1770-72. 

Bode, Christoph August, orientalist,— b. 
at TTernigerode, 28 Dec. 1722 — Prof. Extraord. 
Oriental Languages, Helmstadt, 1754 — Prof. 
Ordinary, 1763 — tf., 7 Mar. 1796. Pseudo- 
critica Millio-Bengeliana, 1767. 

Bode, Johann Joachim Christoph, musical 
composer, translator, §c, — ft. at Brunswick, 16 
Jan. 1730 — studies at Helmstadt, 1749 — settles 
at Hamburg, 1757 — goes to Weimar, agent to 
Countess of Bernsdorf, 1778— deputy to Paris 
from Masonic Lodges of Germany, 1787 — tf. at 
TVeimar, 13 Dec. 1793. 

Bode, Johann Elert, astronomer, — ft. at Ham- 
burg, 19 Jan. 1747 — called to Berlin by 
Frederick II., 1772 — titular member of Acade- 
my of Belles Lettres, 1782 — tf. at Berlin, 23 
Xov. 1826. Anleitung zur Kenntniss des ge- 
stirnten Himmels, 1768 — Astronomische Jahr- 
biicher, §c, 1776-1829 — Prlduterung der 
JStemkunde, 1778 — TJranographia, 1801. 

Bode's Law of Planetary distances, — an- 
nounced by Titius, 1772. 

Bodenschatz, Johann Christoph Georg, 
orientalist, — ft. at Hof, 25 Mar. 17 17 — tf. at 
Baiersdorf, 4 Oct. 1797. Kirchliche Terfassung 
der hentigen, sonderlich der deutschen, Pnden, 
1748. 

Bodenstein, Adam, physician, — ft. at 'Witten- 
berg, 11 Carlstadt, b 1528 — tf., Feb. 1577. 
a Biog. Uniy. b Bees' Cyc. 

Bodenstein, Andreas. [Carlstadt.] 

Boderie, Lefevre de la. [Lefevre.] 

Bodin, Jean, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at 
Angers, about 1530 — enters service of Duke of 
Alencon, 1576 — retires to Laon, 1584 — deputy 
to States-General at Blois, 1588 — tf. at Laon, 
1596. Methodus ad facilem historiarum cog- 
nitionem, 1566 — Six litres de la republique, 
1577 — Pemonomanie, 158 1. 
'' Bodleian Library, Oxford, — refounded by Sir 
Thomas Bodley, 1597-99 — new building com- 
menced, 17 Jul. 1610 — finished, 1613 — aug- 
mented by libraries of Richard Gough and 
Edmund Malone, 181 2 — and of Francis Douce, 
1834. 

Bodley, Sir Thomas, — ft. at Exeter, 2 Mar. 
1544 — at Geneva, about 1556-58 — Fellow of 
Meiion Coll. Oxford, 1564 — travels on the 
continent, 1576-80 — employed in negotiations 
at the Hague, 1588-97 — refounds the public 
Library, Oxford University, 1597-99 — Knt, by 
James I., 1603 — tf. in London, 28 Jan. 1612. 
piliqi.no-: Bodleianee, 1703. 

Bodmer, Johann Jacob, poet, <fc., — b. at 
Zurich,* Greifensee, b 19 Jul. 1698 — Prof. 
History at Zurich, 1725-75— tf. there, 2 Jan. 
1783. Koachide, 1752 — Sammlung der Min- 



nesdnger, 1758 — Pcelvetische BibliotheJc, 1735- 
41. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Bodoni, Giambattista, printer, — ft. at 
Saluzzo, Sardinia, 16 Feb. 1740 — engaged in 
the printing office of the Propaganda, 1758 — 
settles at Parma, 1768 — visits Turin and 
Saluzzo, 1798 — presents his Homer, and receives 
pension from Napoleon, 18 10— tj. at Padua, 
20 Nov. 1 81 3. Saggio tipograjico di fregi e 
majuscole, 177 1 — Manuale tipograjico, 18 18. 

Boe. [Dubois de le Boe.] 

Boece, (Boethius,) Hector, historian, — ft. at 
Dundee, about i47o, a 1465-66 b — M.A., Paris, 
1494 — Prof. Philosophy, 1497 — Principal of 
King's Coll. Aberdeen, 1500 — D.D., 1528 — tf., 
about 1550,* 1536. b Scotorum historia, §c, 
1526 — Vita Ppiscoporum Murthlacensium et 
Aberdonensium, 1522. 

a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Boeckh, August, archceologist, philologist, §c, 
— ft. at Carlsruhe, 24 Xov. 1785 — studies at 
Halle, 1803 — goes to Berlin, 1806 — Prof. 
Extraord. Univ. of Heidelberg, 1807 — Prof. 
Ord., 1809 — Prof. Greek Language and Litera- 
ture, Berlin,. 1811 — member of Academy, 
1814 — tf., 3 Aug. 1867. Edition of Pindar, 
18 1 1-22 — Pie &t aatshausha.lt ung der Athener, 
1 817 — Metrologische Vrdersuchangen iiber Ge- 
icichte, Mimzfiisse, und Masse des Alterthums, 
1838 — Corpus Inscriptionum Grcecorum, 1824- 
62 — Ppigraphisch-chronol. Studien, 1856. 

Boeckh, Christian Gottfried, — ft. at Mem- 
mingen 8 Apr. 1732 — tf. at Xordlingen, 31 
Jan. 1792. Cooperates in the Allgemeine Bib- 
liothek fur das Schul- und Prziehungs- icesen, 
1774-86 — Kinderzeitung, 1780-3 — Chronih fiir 
die Jug end, 1785-88. 

Boeckler, Georg Andreas, architect, — £[., 
about 1660. Architectura curiosa, 1663 — Thea- 
trum mach'inarum, 1661. 

Boeder, Johann Heinrich, philologist, — ft. 
at Cronheim, about 161 1 — Prof. Eloquence, 
Upsala, 1648-52 — Prof. History, Strasburg, 
1652 — tf.,i692, a 1672. 15 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Boeder, Johann Wolfgang, theologian, — tf., 
17 17. Aberglaubische Gebrduche, §c., der Psth- 
Idnder, 1691. 

Boehm, (Bohme,) Jacob, Mystic, — ft. at Alt- 
Seidenberg near Goiiitz, 1575 — master shoe- 
maker, 1595 — ti. at Gorlitz, 18 Xov. 1624. 
Aurora, i6i2, a i6io b — Von drei Principien, 
161 9 — Works, 1675. 

a Biog. Tniv. b Engl. Cyc. 

Boehme, Johann Gottlob, historian, — ft. at 
"VTurtzen, 20 Mar. 17 17 — Prof. History, Leip- 
sic, 1758 — tf. there, 30 Aug., a JuL b 1780. 
Acta pads Olivensis, §c, 1764-5 — Sachsische 
Groschencabinet, 1765-8. 

a Biog. Univ. b Erscb and Gruber. 

Boehmer, Georg Bodolph, botanist, — b. at 
Liegnitz, 1 Oct. 1723 — tf., 4 Apr. 1803. Bib- 
lioth. scriptor. histor.naturalis, 1785-9 — Tech- 
nische Geschichte der Pjianzen, 1794. 

Boehmer, Johann Benjamin, anatomist, §c, 
— ft. at Liegnitz, 14 Mar. 17 19 — tf., 1753. 
Bibliotheca medico-philosophica, 1755. 



BOEHMER— BOGUE FOKTS. 



199 



Boehmer, Just Henning, jurist, — b. at 
Hanover, 1674 — Prof. Law, Halle, 1701 — rec- 
tor of Univ., 173 1 — Chancellor of Duchy of 
Magdeburg, 1743 — ft., Aug. 1749. Tractatus 
de jure parochially 1701 — Jus ecclesiasticum pro- 
testantium, 17 14. 

Boeotia. [Thebes.] 

Boerhaave, Hermann, physician, — b. at 
Voorhout near Leyden, 31 Dec. 1668 — studies 
at Leyden, 1682— Ph.D., 1689,* i6 9 o b — M.D., 
Harderwyck, 1693 — Associate Prof. Medicine, 
Leyden, 1701 — Prof. Medicine and Botany 
there, 1709 — Sector of Univ., 17 14 — Prof. Prac- 
tical Medicine, Dec. 17 15 — Prof. Chemistry, 
17 18 — foreign Associate of Academy of Sciences, 
1728 — retires from chairs of Botany and Chem- 
istry, 1729 — F.R.S., London, 1730 — ft. at Ley- 
den, 23 Sep. 1738. Instltutlones medics in 
usus exercitationis annua domestlcos, 1708 — 
Aphorlsmi de cognoscendls et curandls morbis in 
usum doctrine medlclnce, 17 15 — Index planta- 
rum, §c, 17 10 — Libellus de materia mcdlca, 
$C, 17 1 8. a Engl. Cyc. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Boerio, Giuseppe, jurist, — b. at Lendinara, 
1754 — Judge in the Court of Justice of the 
Adriatic, 1800 — ft., 25 Feb. 1832. Eaccolta 
delleleggi Venete, 1793 — Dlzionario del dlaletto 
veneziano, 1827. 

Boerner, Christian Friedrich, theologian, — 
b. at Dresden, 6 Nov. 1683 — Prof. Moral Philo- 
sophy, Leipsic, 1707 — Prof. Greek, 1708 — Prof. 
Theology, '17 10— librarian to the Univ., 17 11- 
36 — ft. at Leipsic, 19 Nov. 1753. De doctis 
hominibus gr. litter, grcec. in Italia instaurator- 
ibus, 1750 — De ortu et progressu philosophlce 
moralls, 1707 — Instltutlones theologice symbol- 
ics, 1751 — Dlssertat. sacrce, 1752. 

Boerner, Friedrich, physician, — b. at 
Leipsic, 17 Jun. 1723 — studies at "Wittenberg, 
1744 — settles at Brunswick, 1746 — Prof. 
Medicine, "Wittenberg, 1754-59 — ft. at Leipsic, 
30 Jun. 1 76 1. Helationes de libris meclica- 
physicls antlquis raris, 1756 — Nodes Guelphi- 
cce, 1755. 

Boeschenstein, Johann, orientalist, — b. at 
Esslingen, Suabia, 1472 — teaches Hebrew at 
Ingolstadt, 1505-^Prof. Hebrew, Wittenberg, 
15 1 8 — ft., after 1530. Hebraicce grammatics 
instltutlones, 15 18. 

Boethius, Anicius Manlius Torquatus 
Severinus, philosopher, — b. at Borne, about 
470 ? — his father consul, 487 — consul himself, 
(1263, a. u. c.) 5io, ab 508 or 510° — his two 
sons consuls, 522 — beheaded, 23 Oct. 524, ab 
526. d Arlstot. Comment., 510 — De Consolatlone 
Fhilosophlce, after 522. d 

a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. 

c Ersch and Gruber. d Biog.. Univ. 

Boethius, (Boetius,) Christian Friedrich, 
painter and engraver, — b- at Leipsic, about 
1706 — Prof, at Electoral Academy, Dresden, 
1764 — ft. at Dresden, 1778 or 1783. 

Boetie, Etienne de la,— b- at Sarlat, 1 Nov. 
1530 — councillor to the Parliament of Bordeaux, 
1550 — ft. at Germignat, 18 Aug. 1563. Dls- 
cours de la servitude volontaire, 1548 — Vers 
frangais, 157 1. 

Boettcher, {Bottger, Bbttiger,) Adolf, poet, 



— b. at Leipsic, 21 May 18 15 — enters the 
Univ., 1836 — ft. at Leipsic, Nov. 1870. 
Translations of Byron's Works, 1840 ; of Epe, 
1842; of Milton, 1846 — Gedichte, 1846 — 
Friihllngsmarchen, 1849 — Pllgerfahrt der Blu- 
mengelster, 1851 — Till Eulensplegel, 1850 — 
Agnes Bemauer, 1845. 

Boettcher, [Bottger, Bbttiger,) Johann 
Friedrich, inventor of Meissen porcelain, — b., 
4 Feb. 1682 — goes to Berlin, 1697— establishes 
porcelain factory at Meissen, 17 10 — ft. there, 
14 Mar. 17 19. 

Boffrand, Germain, architect, — b. at Nantes, 
7 May 1667 — member of the Academy, 17 19 — 
ft. at Paris, 18 Mar. 1754. livre d' architecture, 

!745- 

Bogaert, van den. [Desjardins.] 

Bogan, ZsLch&vi&h., philologist, — b. in Devon- 
shire, 1625 — enters Oxford Univ., 1640 — MA., 
1650 — ft. at Oxford, 1 Sep. 1659. Someri 
comparatio cum scrlptoribus sacris, 1658 — Ad- 
ditions to - Attic Archeology ' of Rous, 1685. 

Bogatzky, Karl Heinrich von, theologian, — 
b. at Jankowa, Silesia, 1690 — ft. at Halle, 1774. 
Tdgllches Schatzkdstlcln der Kinder Gottes, 
17 1 8 — Geistllche Gedichte, 1749. 

Bogdanowicz, Ippolyt Fedorowicz, miscel- 
laneous writer, — b. at Perevolotchno, 23 Dec. 
1743 — retires from government service, 1795 — 
ft. at Koursk, 6 Jan., ab 8 Dec. c 1803. Du- 
schenka, 1775 — Works, 1809. 

a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. c Engl. Cyc. 

Bogerman, Jan, theologian, — b. at Oplewert, 
Friesland, 1576— minister at Leeuwarden, 1604 
— President of Synod of Dort, 14 Nov. 16 18 — 
Prof, primarius, Franeker, 1633 — ft. there, 11 
Sep. 1637, ac 1633^ Van het Ketter straffen, 
1 60 1 — Spieghel der Jesulten, 1608 — Het christe- 
lyk overlyden van Mauritius van Nassau, 1625. 
a Biog. "Woordenboek. b Engl. Cyc. 

c Ersch and Gruber. 

Bogesund, — Sten Sture, administrator of 
Sweden, defeated by Christian II., king of 
Denmark, beginning 1520. 

Bogin, Giovanni Battista, statesman, — b. at 
Turin, 21 Jul. 1 7 01 — Grand Chancellor, 1730 
— first Secretary of War, 1742 — Minister of 
State, 1750 — ft. at Turin, 9 Feb. 1784. 

Bogomiles, Bogarmitee, — sect of, condemned 
by Council of Constantinople, 11 10. 

Bogoris, King of the Bulgarians, — his 
sister a captive at Constantinople, about 812 — 
succeeds Baldimir, about 850, ? 844 ? — declares 
war on the Greek Empress Theodora, 851,? 844? 
— makes peace, and procures the liberation of 
his sister, 85 1,? 844? — converted to Christianity, 
853, 863-4 b — suppresses a revolt and massacres 
the nobles ; sends embassies to the Emperor 
Louis and the Pope Nicholas I., 866 — retires 
to a monastery, about 885 a — ft., 907^ after 890.° 
a Finlay. b Neander. c Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Bogota, Santa Fe de Bogota, in S. America, 
— founded by Quesade, 1538 — capital of New 
Granada, till 1 8 1 1 — capital of republic of 
Cundinamarca, 1 8 1 1 — capital of republic of 
Columbia, 18 19— capital of republic of Nueva 
Granada, 1831. 

Bogue Forts. [Bocca Tigris.] 



BOGTTE— BOHNENBERGER. 



Bogue, David, theologian, — b. at Dowlan, 
Berwickshire, Feb. 1750 — M.A., Edinburgh, 
177 1 — pastor of Independent Church, Gosport, 
1777-1825 — superintendent of college there, 
1789 — takes part in formation of London 
Missionary Society, 1795 — tf. at Brighton, 25 
Oct. 1825. "With Bennett, History of Dissenters, 
1808-12. 

Boguslawski, Albert, dramatist, — b., 1752 
— director of theatres at Warsaw, i784, a 1789 13 
— jj. there, 1829. (Euvres dramatiques, 1819- 
21. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Boha-Eddyn, (Bohadin,) (Cadhi Yusue 
Abu'l-Mahasen Boha-ed-Deen Ebn Bafi,) 
historian, — b. at Mosul, (539, a. h.) 1145 — ft. 
at Aleppo, (633,) 29 Oct. 1235. 

Bohan, Francois Philippe Loubat, Baron 
de, lieutenant-general, — b. at Bourg-en-Bresse, 
22 Jul. 1751 — ts, there, 12 Mar. 1804. Examen 
critique du militaire Francais, 17 81. 

Bohemia, — [B C] — occupied by Boii, about 
600 ? 400 ? — [A D] — occupied by Marcomanni, 
about 1 ? — by Slaves, (Czechs,) between 500 and 
600 ? — duchy under Premislaus ; tributary to 
Charlemagne, about 800 ? — first Christian duke, 
Borzivoi, 890 — title of King given to "Wratis- 
lats by Emperor Henry VI., 16 Jun. 1086 — 
Ladislaus V., last Duke of, resigns in favour 
of his brother Premislaus, n 97 — erected into a 
kingdom under Premislaus II., (Ottocar I.,) 
1 198 — who is succeeded by Wenceslaus III., 
1230 — he makes his son Premislaus Duke of 
Austria, 1246 — defeats Bela IV. King of 
Hungary, 1252 — succeeded by his son Premis- 
laus Ottocar II., 1253 — he invades Prussia, 
1255 — conquers Bela IV., King of Hungary, 
1260 — again invades Hungary, and conquers 
Stephen, 1270 — refuses imperial crown, 127 1 — 
refuses to do homage to Budolph of Hapsburg, 
and is put under ban of the empire, 1275 — de- 
feated by Budolph, renounces Austria, Styria, 
and Carniola, 1277 — defeated by Budolph and 
killed at battle of Lora, 26 Aug. 1278— -his 
son AVenceslaus IV. succeeds, 1278— crowned 
by Abp of Mentz, 1297 — aids Albert Duke of 
Austria to get imperial crown, 1298 — becomes 
King of Poland, 1300— his son made King of 
Hungary, 1301 — succeeded by his son Wen- 
ceslaus V., last of the race of Premislaus, 1305 
— Henry, Duke of Carinthia, recognized King, 
1306 — deposed and succeeded by John of Lux- 
embourg, 1310 — cession of Silesia to, 1327-28 
—his son Charles I. succeeds, [Charles IV., Em- 
peror of the Romans,] 1346 — publication of the 
Golden Bull, 1356 — his son Wenceslaus VI., 
1 37 8 — [Wenceslaus, Emperor] — Ziska captures 
Prague, Aug. 141 9 — succeeded by Emperor 
Sigismund, 141 9 — wars with the Hussites, who 
are finally defeated, 31 May 1434 — Albert of 
Austria succeeds, 1438 — Ladislaus the Post- 
humous, 1440 — George Podiebrad elected 
king, 1458 — his son Ladislaus II. succeeds, 
147 1 — convention between him and Matthias 
Corvinus, King of Hungary, giving to the 
latter Lusatia, Moravia, and Silesia, 1473 — 
Ladislaus resumes them on death of Matthias, 
and seizes crown of Hungary, 1490— succeeded 
by his son Ludwig, 15 16 — who is killed at 



battle of Mohacz, 1526 — Ferdinand of Austria 
elected by the States, Dec. 1526 — he becomes 
Emperor,'Mar. 1558 — [Ferdinand I. Emperor 
of the Romans'] — Maximilian abolishes religious 
freedom, 1567 — Rudolph compelled to restore 
it, 1609 — the churches of the Protestants are 
destroyed and the Thirty Years' War begins, 
161 8 — battle of Prague, 8 Nov. 1620 — incor- 
porated with the Empire, by treaty of "Westpha- 
lia, 1648 — Provincial Diets established 1849. 
Bohemond, crusader, — b., about 1056 — ac- 
companies his father, Bobert Guiscard, to the 
East, 108 1 — twice defeats Emperor Alexius 
Comnenus, 1083 — besieges Larissa and is de- 
feated by Alexius, 1083 — joins crusaders at 
Bari, 1092 — assists at capture of Niceea, 1096 
— takes Antioch, and obtains the sovereignty, 
1097-8 — captured by Turks, Aug. 1101 a — re- 
turns to Italy, 1 103 — visits France, 1106 — 
marries Constance, Countess of Champagne, 
1 106 — besieges Durazzo, 1107 — makes peace, 
Sep. 1 108 a — ft. at Canossa, end of Feb. nn. a 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. 
Bohlen, Peter von, orientalist, — b. at "Wiip- 
pels, Jever, 13 Mar. 1796 — studies at Halle, 
1 821 — at Bonn, 1822 — Prof . Extraord. Oriental 
Languages, Konigsberg, 1825 — Prof. Ordinary, 
1830 — visits England, 183 1, and 1837 — ts. at 
Halle, 6 Feb. 1840. Das alte Indien, $c, 
1830-31 — Commentatio de Motenabbio, §c, 
1824 — Die Genesis historisch-critisch erldutert, 
1835 — Ritusanhara, 1840. 

Bohmer, Johann Friedrich, historian, — b. at 
Frankfort, 1795 — LL.D., Gottingen, 18 17 — 
visits Italy, 18 18 — assistant in the Library of 
the Stadel Institute, 1822 — secretary of Society 
for Early History of Germany, 1823 — first 
librarian, 1830 — ti., 22 Oct. 1863. Urkunden 
der Rom. Konige und Kaiser (911-1313), 1831 
— Reichsgesetze von 900-1000, 1832 — JJrhunden 
sdmmtlicher Karolinger, 1833 — Regcsten des 
Kaiserreichs (1246-1313), 1844; (1193-1254), 
1 847 -49 — Fontes rerum Germanicaram, 1 843-5 3. 
Boim, (Bohnhis,) Johann, physician, — b. at 
Leipsic, 20 Jul. 1640 — Prof. Anatomy at 
Leipsic Univ., 1668— public physician to the 
city, 1 69 1 — tf., 1718. Cir cuius anatomico- 
physiologicus, 1680 — Be officio rnedici duplici, 
1704 — Be renunciatione vulnerum lethalium 
examen, 1689. 

Bohnenberger, Gottlieb Christoph, me- 
chanician, §c, — b. at Neuenburg, 4 Mar. 1732 
— pastor at Simozheim, 1762 — pastor at Alt- 
burg, 1784 — tf. there, 29 May 1807. Be- 
sehreibung einer auf eine neue sehr bequeme Art 
eingerichteten EleJctrisirmaschine, §c, 1784 — 
Beitrdge zur theoretischen und praktischen 
Elektricitdts-Lehre, 1793-5 — Beitrdge zur hb- 
hem Brehl-unst, %c, 1799. 

Bohnenberger, Johann Gottlieb Friedrich. 
von, mechanician, §c., — b. at Simozheim, 
"Wurtemberg, 5 Jun. 1765 — engaged in Ob- 
servatory, Tubingen, 1796 — Prof. Mathematics, 
Tubingen, 1803 — tf. there, 19 Apr. 1831. 
Anleitung zur geographischen Ortsbestimmung, 
1795 — Beschreibung einer Maschine zur Er- 
Iduterung der Gesetze der TJmdrehung der Erde, 
1817 



BOHTOEI— BOISSY D'ANGLAS. 



k Bohtori, Al valid, poet,—b. at Maubedj, 
(Hierapolis,) (206, a. h.) 821 — ft. in Syria, 
about 900. 

Bohun, Humphrey. [Hereford, Earl op.] 

Bohusz, Xavier, historian, — ft. in Lithuania, 
1 Jan. 1746 — exiled to Siberia, 1794 — tf. at 
"Warsaw, 1825. Recherches sur les antiquites 
de Vhistoire et de la langue Lithuaniennes, 1808. 

Boiardo, [Bojardo.] 

Boichot, Guillaume, sculptor, — ft. at Cha- 
lons -sur- Saone, 1738 — member of Eoyal Acad- 
emy of Sculpture, 1789 — if. at Paris, 9 Dec. 
1 8 14. 

Boieldieu, Adrien Francois, musical com- 
poser,—^, at Eouen, 15 Dec. 1775 — Maitre de 
Chapelle to Emperor Alexander, 1 803-11 — 
member of Institute, 18 17 — tf. at Jarcy, 8 Oct. 
1834,* 3 Oct. 1835. b a Biog.Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Soigne, Benoit Leborgne, Count op,— 6. 
at Chambery, 8 Mar. 17.41 — commands at siege 
of Tenedos, and is captured by the Turks, 1780 
— goes to Delhi, about Dec. 1783 — settles in 
England, 1794 — fr. at Chambery, 21 Jun. 1830. 

Boii, Gallic tribe, — [BCj — at war with 
Eome, 238-236 — submit, 224 — war renewed, 
201 — defeated at Mutina, 193 — subdued by P. 
Scipio, cede half their territory, 191 — allowed 
by Caesar to settle among the iEdui, 58. 

Boileau, Etienne. [Boyleaux] 

Boileau-Despreaux, Nicolas, poet, %c, — ft. 
at Crone, or Paris, 1 Nov. 1636 — member of 
French Academy, and Academy of Belles Let- 
tres, 1684 — fr. at Paris, 13 Mar., a 13 May b 
17 1 1. Satires, 1666 — Fpitres, 1669-96 — Art 
poetique, 1673. a Jal. b Biog. Univ. 

Boileau, Grilles, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at 
Paris, 10 Mar. 163 1 — U., 1669. 

Boileau, Jacques, doctor of the Sorbonne, — 
ft. at Paris, 16 Mar. 1635 — D.D., 1662 — 
canon at la Sainte Chapelle, 1694 — tf., 1 Aug. 
17 16. Historia confessionis auricularis, 1684 
— Historia flag ellantium, %c, 1700 — Be Vabus 
des nudites de gorge, 1675. 

Boiling to death, — decreed for poisoners by 
Act 22 Hen. VIII. c. 9, 1530-1. 

Boillot, Joseph, architect, — ft. at Langres, 
about 1550 — o\, after 1603. Nouveaux por- 
traits et figures de thermes, about 1592 ? — 
Modeles d' artifices de feu et de divers instru- 
ments' de guerre, 1598. 

Boindin, Nicolas, dramatist, §c.,— ft. at 
Paris, 29 May 1676 — member of Academy of 
Inscriptions, 1706 — ft. at Paris, 30 Nov. 175 1. 
(Euvres, 1753. 

Bois. [Dubois.] 

Boisard, Jean Joseph Francois Michel, 
fabidist, — ft. at Caen, 1743 — tf. at Caen, 1831. 
Fables, 177 3-1806. 

Boisgelin, Jean de Dieu Raymond de Cuce, 
Abp op Aix, — ft. at Eennes, 27 Feb. 1732 — 
Abp of Aix, 1770 — member of Academy, 1776 
— member of Assembly of Notables, 1787 — 
deputy to States-General, 1789 — Abp of Tours, 
1802 — Cardinal, 1803 — o". at Angervilliers, 
near Paris, 22 Aug. 1804. 

Boisgelin, Louis Bruno, Count op, — ft. at 
Eennes, 1733 — enters the French Guards, 1748 
— Chevalier of St Louis, 1761 — Marechal de 



Camp, 1780 — arrested, 1794 — condemned to 
death by Revolutionary Tribunal, 7 Jul. 1794. 

Boisgelin de Kerdu, Pierre Marie Louis 
de, — ft. at Plelo, 1758 — travels in north of 
Europe, 1790-92 — at Malta, 1793 — returns to 
France,. 18 14 — tr. at Pleubihan, 10 Sep. 18 16. 
Ancient and modem Malta, 1 804 — Travels 
through Denmark and Sweden, 1810. 

Boisjolin, Jacques Francois Marie Vielh 
de, poet, §c, — ft. at Alen^on, 29 Jul. 1760 — • 
if. at Paris, 1832. 

Bois-le-Buc, s'Hertogenbosch, in Holland, 
— separates from States of Holland, 1579 — ^e- 
sieged by Prince Maurice, 1601 and 1603 — 
taken by Dutch, 1629 — the French defeat 
Duke of York near, Sep. 1794 — surrenders to 
Pichegru, Oct. 1794 — taken by Prussians, 18 14. 

Boisot, Louis de, admiral, — distinguishes 
himself at battle of Eomerswaal, 1574 — con- 
tributes to capitulation of Middelburg, 1574 
— compels Spaniards to raise siege of Leyden, 
I 575— **•> J 5 Jun. J 57 6 - 

Boisrobert, Francois Metel de, — ft. at Caen, 
about 1592 — enters holy orders, 1630 — If. at 
Paris, 30 Mar. 1662. Farnasse Royal, 1635. 

Boissard, Jean Jacques, antiquary, poet, — 
ft. at Besancon, 1528 — if. at Metz, 30 Oct. 
1602. Romance Urbis topographic/, et antiqui- 
tates, 1597 — De divinat. et magic, prcestig., 
$•<?., 161 1 — Parnassus biceps, 1601 — Foemata, 
1574 — Fannonicc historia chronol., 1596. 

Boissel de Monville, Thomas Charles Gas-; 
ton, peer of France, — ft. at Paris, Aug. 1763 — 
counsellor to the parliament, 1785 — member 
of Legion of Honour, 18 10 — Peer, by Louis 
XVIII. , 1 8 14 — assists at foundation of Society 
of the Prisons, 1819 — 3j., Apr. 1832. Voyage 
pittoresque, 1795 — Description des atomes, 18 13 
— Developpements, 18 15. 

Boisseree, Sulpiz, tcriter on Art, — ft. at 
Cologne, 2 Aug. 1783 — with his brother Mel- 
chior and their friend Bertram, collects works 
of early German artists, 1803-22 — the col- 
lection is purchased by Ludwig I. king of 
Bavaria, 1827 — conservator of works of plastic 
art, 1835 — Privy Councillor, by king of Prussia, 
1845 — tf., 2 May 1854. Geschichte mid 
Beschreibung des Doms von Kb'ln, 1823-31 — 
Die Denkmale der Baukunst am Niederrhein, 
§c, 1831-33. 

Boisseree, Melchior, — ft. at Cologne, 23 
Apr. 1786 — tf., 14 May 1851. [See Boisseree, 
Sulpiz.] 

Eoissier de Sauvages. [Sauvages.] 

Boissieu, Jean Jacques de, engraver, %c. — 
ft. at Lyons, 1736 — goes to Paris, 1760 — ft., 1 
May 1810. 

Boissy, Hilaire Etienne Octave Rouille, 
Marquis de, statesman, #<?., — ft. at Paris, 4 Mar. , 
1798 — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 1828 — ■' 
called to Chamber of Peers, 7 Nov. 1839 — ■ 
succeeds his father, 1840 — marries Countess 
Guiccioli, 1851^ — senator, 4 Mar. 1853 — officer 
of Legion of Honour, 14 Jun. 1856 — ft., 26 
Sep. 1866. 

Boissy D'Anglas, Francois Antoine, Count 
op, statesman, — ft. near Annonay, 8 Dec. 1756 
— deputy to States -General, 1789 — deputy to 



BOISSY— BOLIVAR. 



Convention, 1792 — opposes insurgents in the 
Hall, (1 Prairial,) 20 May 1795 — member of 
Council of Five Hundred, Oct. 1795 — president 
of Tribunate, 1803 — senator, commander of 
Legion of Honour, 1 805 — Peer, by Louis 
XVIII., 1 8 14 — member of Academy of In- 
scriptions, 18 16 — lj. at Paris, 20 Oct. 1826. 
Essai stir les fetes nationales, 1794 — JRecueil 
de discours sur la liberie de la pr esse, $c, 18 17 
■ — Essai sur la vie, §c, de M. de Males her bes, 
181 8 — Supplement, 1 8 2 1 — Etudes, litter aires 
et poetiques, d' un vieillard, 1825. 

Boissy, Charles Desprez de, — ft. at Paris, 
about 1730 — Ij. there, 29 Mar. 1787. Lettres 
sur les spectacles and Catalogue raisonne des 
outrages ecrits pour et contre les spectacles, 1777. 

Boissy, Louis de, dramatist, — ft. at Vie, 
Auvergne, 26 Nov. 1694 — member of French 
Academy, 1754 — tr., 19 Apr. 1758. 

Boiste, Pierre Claude Victorin, lexicographer, 
4'C, — 0. at Paris, 1765 — ft. at Ivry-sur- Seine, 
24 Apr. 1824. Eictionnaire universel de la 
langue fran ca ise, 1 8 00. 

Boivin, Francois de, Baron dtj Villars, 
— councillor and private secretary to Charles 
de Cosse-Brissac, marshal, 1550-59 — assists in 
negotiations for peace at Guise, 1559 — &*» 1618. 
Me'moires sur les guerres demelees tant dans le 
Pie'mont qu'au Montferrat, §e,, 1607. 

Boivin de Villeneuve, Jean, classical 
scholar, — h. at Montreuil-l'Argile, 28 Mar. 
1663 — obtains a place in the royal library, 1692 
— member of Academy of Inscriptions, 1705 — 
Prof. Greek, College Royal, about 1705 — mem- 
ber of French Academy, 1721 — }j., 29 Oct. 1726. 

Boizot, Louis Simon, sadptor, — b. at Paris, 
9 Oct. 1743 — member of Academy, 1778 — as- 
sistant Prof, in School of Design, 1785 — ft., 10 
Mar. 1809. 

Bojaca, New Granada, — Bolivar defeats 
Spaniards at, 7 Aug. 18 19. 

Bojador, Cape, TV. Africa, — doubled by 
Gilianes, about 1432. 

Bojardo, Matteo Maria, Count of Scandia, 
poet, — b., about 1434 — governor of Reggio, 
1478 — captain of Modena, 148 1 — ft. at Reggio, 
20 or 21 Dec. 1494. Orlando inamorato, 1495 
— Sonetti e Canzoni, 1499. 

Bokhara, — conquered by Caliph YValid, 699 
— conquered by Caliba of Khorassan, 706-12 
— invaded by Gengis Khan, the city burnt, 1219 
— invaded by Tamerlane, 1370 — Babur driven 
away by Scheibani Khan of the Uzbeks, 1498 
— visited by Burnes, 1832 — by Khanikoff and 
Lehmann, 1841 — by Dr Wolff, 1844 — by Vam- 
bery, 1863. 

1866 — unsuccessful attempt of Russians to 
occupy, Jan. — defeat of Russians at Djuzak, 
7 Feb. — victory of Gen. Romanoffsky at Indjar, 
20 May — siege of Khodjent, by Romanoffsky, 
begins 29 May — taken by assault, 8 Jun. — cap- 
ture of Oratepe by Russians, 14 Oct. — capture 
of Djuzak, end Oct. — peace with Russia, 11 Jul. 
1867. 

Bokhary, Abu Abdallah Mohammed, Mus- 
sulman theologian, — ft. at Bokhara, Jul. 810 
— U. near Samarcand, (256, a. h.) 870. 

Bol, {Boll,) Hans, (Jan,) painter, — fo. at 



Mechlin, 16 Dec. 1534 — goes to Antwerp, 1572 
— tf. at Amsterdam, 29, a 20 b Nov. 1583,^ 
I593. b a Biog. Univ. 

b Biog. "Wbodenboek. c Ersch. and Gruber. 

Bol, Ferdinand, painter, — fj. at Dort, 16 11 
— ft. at Amsterdam, 1681. 

Bolanus, Vettius, — governor of Britain, 69. 

Bolanus, M. Vettius, — Consul with C. 
Calpurnius Piso, (864, a. u. c.) hi. 

Boldetti, Marco Antonio, Hebraist, anti- 
quary, — 6. at Rome, 19 Nov. 1663 — U., 4 Dec. 
1749. Osservazioni sopra i cimiterj de' santi 
martiri ed antichi cristiani di Roma, 1720. 

Boldoni, Sigismondo, philosop>her, physician, 
— fj. at Milan, about 1597 — Prof. Philosophy, 
Pavia, 1623 — ts. there, 3 Jul. 1630. 

Boleyn, (Sullen, Bulleyne,) Anne, Queen 
of Henry VIII. , — h„ about 1507 ? — accom- 
panies Princess Mary to France, Oct. 15 14 — 
maid of honour to Queen Katherine, 1525 — 
Marchioness of Pembroke, 1532 — married 
privately to Henry VIII., Jan. 1533 — crowned, 
1 Jun. 1533 — birth of Queen Elizabeth, 7 Sep. 
1533 — charged with adultery, and committed 
to the Tower, 2 May 1536 — her trial, 15 May 
1536 — beheaded in London, 19 May 1536 — the 
marriage declared void by Act 28 Hen. VIII. 
C 7, i53 6 "7- 

Boleyn, Sir Thomas. [Wiltshire, Earl of.] 

Bolgeni, Giovanni Vincenzio, Jesuit, — fj. 
at Bergamo, 22 Jan. 1733 — tf. at Rome, 3 May 
181 1. Esame della vera idea della santa sede, 

1785- 

Bolingbroke, Henry St John, Viscount, 
statesman, — b. at Battersea, 1 Oct. 1678 — 
marries, 1700 — M.P., Wootton Basset, 1700 — 
Secretary of War, 1704-8 — Secretary of State 
for Foreign Affairs, 17 10 — Baron St John and 
Viscount Bolingbroke, Jul. 17 12 — attends at 
Paris signature of Peace of Utrecht, Apr. 17 13 
— Prime Minister, 17 14 — takes refuge in 
France, Mar. 17 15 — attainted of high treason, 
10 Sep. 17 15 — marries again, May 1720 — re- 
turns to England, 1723 — retires to France, 
1735-42 — settles at Battersea, 1742—11. there, 
15 Dec. 1 75 1. Letter on the Spirit of Patriot- 
ism, 1750 — Idea of a Patriot Xing, 1735? — 
Dissertation on Parties, before 1739 — letters 
on the Study and Use of History, 1752 — Letter 
to Sir William TVyndham, 1753 — Remarks on 
the History of England, 1743 — Letters and 
Correspondence, 1798. 

Bolivar, Simon, liberator of S. America, — 
fj. at Caracas, 24 Jul. 1783 — envoy to London 
from republic of Venezuela, Jun. 18 10 — Co- 
lonel, governor of Puerto Cabello, 18 n — con- 
vokes Assembly, resigns his authority, and is 
named Chief of the republic, 1 Jan. 18 14— • 
retires to Jamaica, May 18 15 — presents plan of 
republican constitution to Congress, and resigns 
supreme power, 18 19 — President of Colombia, 
Dec. 1 8 19 — defeats La Torre at Carababo, 24 
Jun. 1 82 1 — named President of Bolivia, 1826 
— publishes organic decree, new provisional 
constitution, 27 Aug. 1828— effects treaty with 
Peruvians, 22 Nov. 1829 — offers his abdication, 
27 Apr. 1830 — tf. near Carthagena, 17 Dec. 
1830,* 1831^ a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 



BOLIVIA— BOMBELLES. 



203 



Bolivia, S. America, — becomes independent 
republic, 6 Aug. 1824 — named Bolivia, 11 Aug. 
1825. 

Bollandists, Society of, — reorganized at 
Brussels, 1837 — continuation of the Acta com- 
menced, 1845. 

Bollandus, Jean, Jesuit, — b. at Tirlemont, 
13 Aug. 1596 — enters Society of Jesuits, 1612 
— tr., 12 Sep. 1665. Joint editor with. G-. Hen- 
schen of first 5 vols, of Acta Sanctorum, 1643- 

5 8 - 

Bologna, (Momma, Felsina,) Italy, — [B C] — 
Roman colony, i9i, a i8o b — [AD] — burnt 
down, 58 — forms part of the Exarchate of 
Ravenna, 568— taken by Lombards, about 570 
— given by Pepin to the Popes, 755 — separated 
from Ponthieu and erected into a county, 
about 880 — receives charter of municipal inde- 
pendence from Emperor Henry Y., n 12 — 
joins first Lombard League, 1167 — joins 
second, 1226 — resists Frederick II., 1238 — 
claimed by Borne, 1239 — war with Frederick 
II., 1239-40 — grand council held at, by Monte- 
longo, Dec. 1240 — passes to house of Auvergne, 
1260 — expulsion of the Lambertazzi, (Ghibel- 
lines,) 1274° — recall of Ghibellines, the Pope 
acknowledged suzerain, 1279° — the Pope's 
legate expelled ; Taddeo de Pepoli proclaimed 
lord, 17 Mar. 1334° — allied with Florence, 
1336 — sold to the Visconti of Milan, 1350° — 
conspiracy against the Visconti, the citizens 
disarmed, 1354 — Azzo Guidi heads insurrection 
and expels the legate, 1376 — sovereignty seized 
by Giovanni Bentivoglio, 140 1 — battle of, be- 
tween Florentines under Count of Urbino and 
Venetians under Bartolomeo Coleoni, 1467 — 
unsuccessfully attacked by Cesare Borgia, 1501 
—taken by Pope Julius II., 1506 — regained by 
the Bentivoglio, 151 1 — surrenders to Julius II., 
15 1 2 — conference of Leo X. and Francis I. at, 
concordat signed, 14 Dec. 15 15 — Charles V. 
crowned Emperor by Clement VII. at, 24 Feb. 
1529 — Council of. Trent removed to, 1547 — 
made seat of Abpric by Gregory XIII. , 1583 — 
occupied by French, Jun. 1796 — made capital 
of Cispadane Republic, 1797 — occupied by 
Austrians, 18 14 — restored to the Pope, 18 15 — 
insurrection breaks out and is suppressed by 
Austrians, Feb. and Dec. 1831 — revolts again, 
Aug. 1848 — bombarded by Austrians, 8-16 
May 1849 — surrenders, 16 May 1849 — evacu- 
ated by Austrians, 12 Jim. 1859 — Papal au- 
thority terminated by National Assembly, 3 
Sep. 1859 — annexed to Sardinia, i860. Coun- 
cil of, for excommunication of Barons of Eng- 
land, held, 1264. University, famous before 
1200. a Smith's Diet. b Engl. Cyc. c Sismondi. 

Bologna, Giovanni da, (John of,) sculptor, — 
f). at Douai, 1524 — goes to Genoa, 1580 — rj. 
at Florence, 1608. 

Bologna, Lorenzino da, {Lorenzo Sab- 
batini,) painter, — 0. at Bologna, about 1530 — 
assists Vasari at Florence, 1566 — Superintend- 
ent of works in the Vatican, by Gregory XIII. , 
1575 — tr. at Borne, 1577. 

Bologne, Pierre de, poet, — b. in Martinique, 
1706 — ft. at Angouleme, about 1789. (Euvres, 
1769. 



Bolognese, II. [Grimaldi, Giovanni Fran- 
cesco.] 

Bolognetti, Francesco, poet, — one of 'the 
forty' at Bologna, 1555 — Gonfaloniere, 1556 
— ft., after 1576. II Constante, 1566 — Rime, 
1566. 

Bologni, Girolamo, poet, — 6. at Trevisa, 26 
Mar. 1454 — tf. there, 23 Sep. 15 17. Apologia 
pro Flinio, 1479 — Mediolanum, 1626. 

Bolognini, Lodovico, jurist, — b. at Bologna, 
about 1447 — Chevalier, Councillor to Charles 
VIII. of France, 19 Jun. 1494 — Consistorial 
Advocate, by Alexander VI. , 1499 — ft. at Flor- 
ence, 10 Jul. 1508. 

Bolsec, Jerome Hermes, theologian, §c, — 
goes to Geneva, and is expelled, 155 1 — if. at 
Lyons, 1585. Ftistoire de J. Calvin, 1577 — 
Histoire de Th. de Beza, 1582. 

Bolsena. [Volsinii.] 

Bolsover Castle, Derbyshire, — taken from 
the Barons by William de Ferrers, Earl of 
Derby, 12 15 — given to Thomas Howard, Duke 
of Norfolk, 15 14 — garrisoned for Charles I., 
1643 — taken by Major-general Crawford, Aug. 
1644. 

Bolswert, (Folwert,) Schelte a, engraver, — 
b. at Bolswert, inFriesland, about 1586 — living 
at Antwerp, about 1550. 

Bolton-le-Moors, in Lancashire, — Flemish 
clothiers settle at, 1337 — garrisoned for the 
Parliament, taken by Prince Rupert and Earl 
of Derby, 1644. — surrendered to the Parliament, 
1651. 

Bolzano, Bernhardt, philosopher, theologian, 
— b. at Prague, 5 Oct. 17 81— Ph. D., Prof. 
Theology, at the tjniv., 1805 — deprived, 1820 
— rj., 18 Dec. 1848. Wissenschaftslehre, 1837 
— Abhandlungen zur Aesthetik, 1 843-9 — ' 
Athanasia, 1838. 

Bomare. [Valmont de Bomare.] 

Bomarsund, in Aland Isles, — bombarded by 
English and French fleet, 21 Jul. 1854 — cap- 
tured and fortifications destroyed, 16 Aug. 
1854. 

Bomb, — probably invented before 1472 a — 
used by Turks at siege of Rhodes, 1522 — first 
used in Netherlands, 1588 b — first used at siege 
of La Mothe, 1634.° 

a Grose. b Strada. c Blondel. 

Bombay, (Mumbai,)m Hindustan, — captured 
by Ahmed I. of the Deccan, about 1422 — re- 
covered by Ahmed of Guzerat, (833, a. h.) 
1429 — taken by Mahmud Begarra, (900,) 1494 
— first visited by Portuguese, 1509 — ceded by 
Moguls to Portuguese, 1530 — ceded to English, 
i662, a Jun. i66i b — taken possession of, Feb. 
1664 — transferred to East India Company, 26 
Mar. 1668 — mutiny at, 1674-5, and 23 Dec. 
1683. Presidency of, established, 1687, a 1686 c 
— besieged by Moguls, 1688-9 — evacuated by 
order of Aurungzebe, 22 Jun. 1690. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Hamilton. c Maeculloch. 

Bombelles, Henri Francois, Count of, 
general, — b., 1681 — enters the navy, 1696 — 
envoy to Cadiz and Naples, 1700 — quits the 
navy, 1701 — at siege of Belgrade, 1717 — mili- 
tary instructor to Duke of Chartres, 171 8 — tutor 
to Louis Philippe of Orleans, 1727 — Lieutenant- 



204 



BOMBELLES— BONAPARTE. 



general, Commander of St Louis, 1744 — tf., 29 
Jul. 1760. 

Bombelles, Marc Marie de, Marquis,— 5., 
8 Oct. 1744 — enters the army, 1757 — enters 
the diplomatic service, 1765 — ambassador to 
Portugal, 27 Jun. 1785 — Marechal de Camp, 
1788 — ambassador to Venice, Jan. 1789 — 
resigns, 1790 — reenters the army, 1800 — Bp of 
Amiens, 3 Oct. 18 19 — ft. at Paris, 5 Mar. 1822. 
La France avant et depuis la revolution, 1799. 

Bombelli, Raphael, mathematician. Trea- 
tise on Algebra, 1572. 

Bombelli, Sebastiano, painter, — ft. atUdine, 
1635 — living, 17 16. 

Bomberg^Daniel, printer, — settles at Venice, 
about 15 17 — tf. there, 1549. Hebreiv Bible 
with the Jlasora and Targums, 15 18 — Talmud 
of Babylon, 1520-35. 

Bompiano, Ignaeio, Jesuit, — b. at Frosinone, 
29 Jul. 1612 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1627 — 
tf., 1 Jan. 1675. Sistoria pontificatus Gre- 
fforii XIII., 1655 — Seneca Christianas, 1658. 

Bon, Louis Andre, general, — b. at Romans, 
Dauphine, 25 Oct. 1758 — serves in French 
campaigns, 1792-99 — falls at siege of Acre, 10 
May 1799. 

Bon de Saint Hilaire, Francois Xavier, 
miscellaneous writer — b. at Montpellier, 15 
Oct. 1678 — tf. at Narbonne, 18 Jan. 1761. 
Dissertation sur Varaignee, 1710. 

Bona, in Africa. [Hippo Regius.] 

Bona, Giovanni, Cardinal, — b. at Mondovi, 
12 Oct. 1609 — enters Order of Feuillants, 1625 
— General of the Order, 1651 — Cardinal, by 
Clement IX., 1669 — ft. at Rome, 25 Oct. 1674. 
De divina psalmodia. 1663 — Res liturgical, 
1671. 

Bonac, Jean Louis d'TJsson, Marquis of, 
diplomatist, — b., 1673 — ambassador to Charles 
XII., 1701 — envoy extraordinary to Philip V. 
of Spain, 17 11 — ambassador to Constantinople, 
17 16 — concludes treaty between Turkey and 
Russia, 1724 — ambassador to Switzerland, 1727 
■ — tf. at Paris, 1 Sep. 1738. 

Bonacina, Martin, theologian, — b. at Milan, 
about 1585 — settles at Rome, 1619 — tf. at 
Vienna, 1631. De morali thcologia, 1624. 

Eonald, Louis Gabriel Ambroise, Viscount 
of, political writer ; — b. at Monna, near Mil- 
hand, 1753^.1760 b — quits France, 1791 — re- 
turns, after 9 Nov. 1799 — councillor of Univ. 
of Paris, 18 10 — admitted to French Academy, 
1 816 — peer of France, 1823 — retires, 1830 — 
tf. at Monna, Dec. 1840. Theorie du pouvoir, 
1796 — (EuvreSy 1817-40. 

a Biog. UniT. b Conv.-Lex. 

Bonami, Franqois, physician, botanist, — b. 
at Nantes, 10 May 17 10 — founds Botanic Garden 
there, 1735 — tf., 1786. Floree Xannetensis pro- 
w, 1782-85. 

Bonamy, Charles Auguste Jean Baptiste 
Louis Joseph, general, — b. at Fontenay-le- 
Comte, 1764— serves in the army, 1791 to June 
1 800 — re-entersit, 1 809 — serves in Russian cam- 
paign, 18 12 — taken prisoner at Moscow, Sep. 
1812 — returns to France, 1814 — tf., Sep. 1830. 

Bonamy, Pierre Nicolas, antiquary, §c, — b. 
at Louvres, 1694— member of Academy of In- 



scriptions, 1727 — tf. at Paris, 8 Jul. 1770. 

Bonaparte, Charles, — b. at Ajaccio, 29 Mar. 
i744, a 1746 b — joins General Paolo at Corte, 
1768 — councillorof the king, assessor of Ajaccio, 
1773 or 1774 — deputy from the nobles to French 
court, 1777 — member of Council of Twelve, 
1781 — tf. at Montpellier, 24 Feb. 1785. 
a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Bonaparte, Jerome, King of Westphalia, 
— b. at Ajaccio, 15 Dec. 1784 — goes to France, 
1793 — marries Elizabeth Patterson, at Balti- 
more, U.S., 24 Dec. 1803 — commands squadron 
at Martinique, 1806 — Prince of the Empire, 
1806 — General of Division, 14 Mar. 1807 — 
marries daughter of King of Wiirternberg, 12 
Aug. 1807 — made King of "Westphalia, 18 Aug. 
1807 — takes part in Russian campaign, 18 12 
— surprised at Smolensk and dismissed from 
command, Aug. 181 2 — driven from his kingdom, 

27 Oct. 1813 — at Waterloo, 18 Jun. 18 15 — 
Marshal of France, Pres. of the Senate, by 
Louis Napoleon, Jan. 1850 — resigns, 1852 — tf. 
near Paris, 24 Jun. i860. 

Bonaparte, Joseph, King of Naples, and 
afterwards of Spain, — b. at Ajaccio, 7 Jan. 
1768 — studies at College of Autun, 1777-84 — 
received advocate at Bastia, 1788 — marries 
M mlle Clari at Marseilles, 1793 — commissary 
to army of Italy, 1796 — ambassador to the 
Pope, May 1797 — complains of violation of his 
residence by Papal officers, and quits Rome, 

28 Dec. 1797 — deputy to Council of Five 
Hundred, early in 1798 — Councillor of State, 
1799 — negotiates treaty with United States, 
Sep. 1800 — negotiates treaty of Luneville, 
1 801 — negotiates treaty of Amiens, 1802 — Im- 
perial Prince and Grand Elector, 1804 — regent 
for Napoleon I., Oct. 1805 — leads expedition 
to Naples, Jan. 1806 — appointed by Napoleon 
King of Naples and Sicily, 30 Mar. 1806 — 
enters Naples, 11 May 1806 — has interview 
with Napoleon at Venice, 2 Dec. 1807 — re- 
moved from Naples and appointed King of 
Spain by decree of 6 Jun. 1808 — enters Madrid, 
22 Jan. 1809 — defeated at Vittoria, retires to 
France, Jun. 18 13 — Lieutenant-general of the 
Empire, and head of Council of Regency, 25 Jan. 
1 8 14 — joins the empress at Blois, end of Mar. 
1 8 14 — returns to Paris, Mar. 18 15 — goes to 
United States, Jun. 18 15 — tf. at Florence, 28 
Jul. 1844. 

Bonaparte, Louis Napoleon, [Napoleon III.] 
Bonaparte, Louis Napoleon, King of Hol- 
land, — b. at Ajaccio, 4, a 21 b Sep. 1778 — dis- 
tinguishes himself at Areola, 1796 — serves in 
campaign of Egypt, 1798-99 — marries Hortense 
de Beauharnais, 4 Jan. 1802 — General of 
Division, and Councillor of State, Apr. 1804 — 
Prince of the Empire, 18 May 1804— governor 
of Piedmont, 1805— King of Holland, 5 Jun. 
1806 — is compelled by Napoleon to abdicate, 1 
Jul. 1 8 10 — retires to Styria as Count de St 
Leu, 18 10 — tf. at Leghorn, 25 Jul., a 15 Jun. b 
1846 — his remains transferred to St Leu, 29 
Sep. 1847. Documents historiques et reflexions 
sur le goKvcrnemcnt de la Sollande, 1820. 
a Nout. Biog. Gen. b Engl. Cyc. 

Bonaparte, Lucien, Prince of Canino, — 



BONAPAETE— BONGAES. 



205 



b. at Ajaccio, 1775 — goes to France, 1793 — 
member of Council of Five Hundred, 1797 — 
gets law adopted for creation of the Legion of 
Honour, 1802 — member of Institute, 3 Feb. 
1803 — settles at Eome, 1804 — embarks for 
America, Aug. 18 10 — captured and taken to 
England, Dec. 18 10 — returns to Eome, 18 14 — 
Prince of Canino, 18 Aug. i8i4, a 1808 c — re- 
turns to Italy, 1815-30 — settles in London, 
1 830-38 — ft. at Viterbo, a 29 Jun. 1 840. Sellina, 
1799 — Charlemagne, ou V Fglise delivree, 18 15 
— la Cymeide, 18 19. a Conv. Lex. 

b Biog. Univ. c Engl. Cyc. 

Bonaparte, Maria Letizia Ramolino, — b. at 
Ajaccio, 24 Aug. 1750 — married to Charles 
Bonaparte, 1767 — goes to the court of Napo- 
leon I., 1804 — resides at Eome, 1814-36 — ft. 
there, 2 Feb. 1836. 

Bonaparte, Marie Anne Elisa. [Baciocchi.] 

Bonaparte, Marie Pauline, Princess Bor- 
ghese. [Borghese.] 

Bonaparte. [Napoleon I.] 

Bonaparte, Napoleon Franqois Charles 
Joseph, {Napoleon II.) — b. at Paris, 20 Mar. 
181 1 — styled King of Eome; on abdication 
of his father, Napoleon I., goes to Vienna, 18 14 
■ — created Duke of Eeichstadt, 22 Jul. 181 8 — 
Lieut.-col., Jun. 1831 — ft. at Schonbrunn, 22 
Jul. 1832 — recognized as Napoleon II. by 
Napoleon III., 1852. 

Bonarelli della Rovere, Guidubaldi, poet, — 
b. at Urbino, 25 Dec. 1563 — ft. at Fano, 8 Jan. 
1608. Filli di Sciro, 1607. 

Bonarelli della Rovere, Prospero, dramatist, 
b. at Ancona, about 1588 — founds Academy of 
the Caliginosi, 1624. — ft. at Ancona, 9 Mar. 
1659. II Solimano, 167,0. 

Bonarelli della Rovere, Pietro, poet, — ft., 13 
Feb. 1669. Poesie drammatiche, 1651 — Poesie 
liriche, 1651 

Bonasio, Bartolomeo, sculptor, — architect of 
Modena, 1508 — ft. 1527. 

Bonasoni, Giulio, (il Bolognese,) painter, en- 
graver, — b. at Bologna, about 1498,* i5io b — 
ft. at Eome, about 1564,° i58o, b after 157 2. a 
a Engl. Cyc. b Ersch and Gruber. c Biog. Univ. 

Bonaventura, Federico, natural philosopher ; 
— fc. at Ancona, 1555 — ft., Mar. 1602. Be 
natura partus octomestris, 1600 — Anemologia, 

1594- 

Bonaventure, St, {Giovanni di Fidenza), 
[Doctor Seraphicus,) Card in al, Scholastic phi- 
losopher, — fj. in Tuscany, 1221 — enters Francis- 
can Order, 1243^ 1248 b — Prof. Theology, Paris 
Univ., 1253 b — D.D., 1255^ 1257° — General of 
his Order, 1256 — Bp of Albano, 1273 — Cardinal, 
by Gregory X., 1273,* 1274 b — preaches before 
Council of Lyons, 1274 d ^ft. at Lyons, 14 Jul. 
1274 — canonized, by Sixtus IV., 1482 — pro- 
claimed a doctor of the church, by Sixtus V., 
1587. Opera, 1588-96. a Biog. Univ. 

b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Engl. Cyc. d Milman. 

Bonaventure, le Pere. [Giraudeau.] 

Bonavera, Domenico Maria, engraver, — b. 
at Bologna, about 1660— ft. about 1700? 

Boncerf, Pierre Francois, jurist, — b. at 
Chasot, about 1745 — advocate to the parliament 
of Besanqon, 1770 — ft. about 1794. Les In- 



convenients des droits feodaux, 1776. 

Bonchamp, Charles Melchior Arthur de, 
Vendean general, — b. at Jouverdeil, 10 May 
1760— leads, with d'Elbee, the Vendean army, 
1793 — killed, at passage of the Loire, 18 Oct. 
1793- 

Bonciario, Marco Antonio, miscellaneous 
writer, — b. near Perugia, i555, a 1545 b — ft., 9 
Jan. 16 1 6. Grammatica, 1603 — Epistolce, 
1604 — Pia poemata, 1606 — Idyllia, 1607. 
a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Bondi, Clemenzo, Jesuit, poet, — b. at Mez- 
zano Superiore, 1742 — at Mantua, 1783 — libra- 
rian to Archduke Ferdinand, Brunn, 1797 — ft. 
at Vienna, 21 Jun. 1821. Conversazioni, 1783 
— Giornata villereccia, 1773. 

Bonding System. [Warehousing System.] 

Bondioli, Pietro Antonio, physician, — b. at 
Corfu, 1765 — M. D., Padua, 1789 — Prof. 
Materia Medica, Bologna, 1803 — Prof, clinical 
medicine, Padua, 1806 — ft. at Bologna, 16 Sep. 
1808. 

Bondt, (Bontius,) Geraert de, (Gerardus,) 
physician,^— b. at Eyswick, 1536 — Prof. Medi- 
cine, Leyden, 1575 — ft. there, 15 Sep. 1599. 

Bondt, (Pontius,) Jacob de, (Jacobus,) physi- 
cian, — ft. at Batavia, 163 1. Be medicina In- 
dorum, 1642. 

Bondt, Nicolas, historian, §c., — b. at Voor- 
burg, 1732 — ft., 1792. Histoire de la confede- 
ration des Provinces TJnies, 1756 — Be Poly- 
gamia, 1756. 

Bone, Henry, enamel painter, — b. at Truro, 
1755 — exhibits at Eoyal Academy, 1780 — ■ 
enamel-painter to Prince of "Wales, 1800 — 
A.E.A., 1 801— E.A., 1 81 1— ft., Dec. 1834. 

Bonelli, Francesco Andrea, naturalist, — ■ 
b. at Cuneo, Piedmont, 1785 — ft. at Turin, 18 
Nov. 1830. 

Boner, Charles, miscellaneous writer, — ft., 
1870. C.B.'s Book, 1848 — Chamois Hunting 
in Bavaria, 1853 — Forest Creatures, 186 1 — 
Transylvania, 1 865 . 

Boner, Ulrick, (Bonerius,) poet, — fl., about 
1324-49. Edelstein, 1461. 

Bones, — first used as manure, 1775 — crushed, 
used soon after 1800. 

Bonet de Bates, physician, astrologer, — ft., 
about 1490. Be annuli astronomici utilitatc, 
1506. 

Bonfadio, Jacopo, miscellaneous writer, — b. 
at Gazzano, about 1500 a — Prof. Philosophy, 
Genoa, 1545 — beheaded and burnt, 19 Jul. 
1550 or 1560. a Annales Genuenses, 1586 — ■ 
Letter e famigliari, §c, 1746. 

a Ersch. and Gruber. 

Bonfini, Antonio, (Bonjinius,) — b. at Ascoli, 
Dec. 1427 — goes to the court of Matthias Cor- 
vinus, king of Hungary, 1485. — ft. 1502. 
Pes HungariccB, 1568 — Symposia Beatricis, 
§C., 1572. 

Bonfrere, Jacques, (Bonfrerius,) Jesuit, He- 
braist, — b. at Dinant, 1573 — ft. at Tournay, 9 
Mar. 1643. Commentaire sur V Onomasticon, 
1707 — Pentateuchus Mosis commentario illus- 
tratus, 1625. 

Bongars, Jacques, — b. at Orleans, 1546^ 
1554 b — goes to Constantinople and forms col- 



206 



BONGO— BONN. 



lection of MSS., 1585— rj. at Paris, 1612. 
Gesta Dei per Francos, §c, 161 1 — Collect. 
FLungaric. rerum scriptorum, 1600 — Fpistolce, 
1 64 1. a Biog. Univ. b Erscb and Gruber. 

Bongo, (Bungus,) Pietro,— rj., 24 Sep. 1601. 
Da mystica numerorum signifcatione, 1583. 

Bonhomme, Jacqnes. [Caillot.] 
Bonhommes, Order of, — appears in England, 
about I250, a 1283. a Encyc. Mod. b Tanner. 

Boni, Mauro, archceologist, bibliographer, 
Jesuit, — b. at Genoa, 3 Nov. 1746 — enters 
Order of Jesuits, 18 14— rj. at Reggio, 4 Jan. 
1 8 17. — Degli autori classici, . . . biblioteca- 
portatile, 1793 — Series monetce Homana, 1801. 

Bonichon, Franqois, oratorian, — ft., 1662. 
Fompa episcopalis, 1650. 

Boniface, St, ( Winfrid,) Apostle of Ger- 
many, — rj. in Devonshire, 680 a — ordained 
priest, about 700 — sets out as a missionary, 
about 7i5, a 7i6 bc — visits Borne and is sent by 
Gregory II. into Thuringia, 718 — goes again 
to Friesland, 7 19 — visits Hessia and Thuringia, 
722— consecrated Bp by Gregory II., at Borne, 
723 — returns to Germany, 723 — Abp by Grego- 
ry III., 732 — visits Borne and is sent to or- 
ganize church in Bavaria, 738 — founds bishop- 
rics in Bavaria, 739 — acquires influence oyer 
Carloman and Pepin, 741 — regulates Frankish 
church, 742 — silences and arrests Adelbert and 
Clement, about 744 — procures their condemna- 
tion and deprivation by Pope Zacharias, 745 
— procures deposition of Gewillieb, Bp of 
Mentz, and is appointed Abp of Mentz, 745 a 
— consecrates Pepin le Bref, King of France, 
752 — massacred in Friesland, 5 or 9 Jim. 755.° 
a Neander. b Biog. Univ. c Ersch and Gruber. 

Boniface, Hyacinthe, advocate, — b. at For- 
calquier, 14 Oct. 161 2 — rector of Univ, of 
Aix, 1677 — rj. there, 28 Jul. 1699. Fecueil 
des arrets notables du parlement de Provence, 
1670. 

Boniface I., Bp of Rome, — succeeds Zosimus, 
28 Dec. 418 — rj., 4 Sep., a 25 Oct. b 422. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. 

Boniface II., Bp of Rome, — succeeds Felix 
IV., 15 Oct. 530— rj., 16 Oct., a 8 Nov. b 532. 
a Pagi. b Bianchini. 

Boniface III., Pope, — succeeds Sabinian, 
Mar. 6o7, a 25, 13 15 c Feb. 606 — lj., 12 Nov. 
6o7, a 606. bc a Engl. Gyc. 

b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Biog. Univ. 

Boniface IV., Pope, — elected i8, a 8 b Sep. 
607— ordained, 25 Aug. 608 c — if., about end 
of 6i3, a 7 May 615,° 6i4. b 

a Fleuri. b Biog. "Univ. c Pagi. 

Boniface V., Pope, — succeeds Deusdedit, 29, a 
25 c Dec. 617, 23 Dec. 619 b — &., about end of 
624, a 22, b 25 c Oct. 625. 

a Fleuri. b Pagi. c Biog. Univ. 

Boniface VI., Pope, — succeeds Formosus, 
and o". in 15 days, 11-26 Apr. 896. 

Boniface VII., Anti-Pope, (Francone,) — 
elected, 974? — expelled, 974 or 975 — returns 
to Rome and imprisons John XIV., Mar. 984^ 
985 b — rj., Mar., a Dec. b c 985. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Engl. Cyc. 

c Biog. Univ. 

Boniface VIII., {Benedetto Gaetano,) Pope, 



— rj. at Anagni, about 1228 — Cardinal, by 
Martin IV., 1281 — succeeds Celestine V., 24 
Dec. 1294 — consecrated, 2 Jan. 1295 — publishes 
the # bull Clericis laicos, 1296 — his dispute "with 
the' Colonna family begins, 1296 or 1297 — ex- 
communicates them and confiscates their pro- 
perty, Ascension Day, 1297 — canonizes St 
Louis, 2 Aug. 1297 — proclaims crusade against 
the Colonna, and takes Prseneste, 1298 — arbi- 
trates between Philip the Fair and Edward I., 
28 Jun. 1298 — proclaims a Jubilee at Rome, 2 
Feb. 1300 — quarrels with Philip the Fail-, 1301 
— excommunicates him, 5 Dec. 1301 — his bull 
burnt by Philip at Paris, 1 1 Feb. 1 302 — arrested 
by AVilliani of Nogaret, at Anagni, 7 Sep. 1303 
— rescued by the people, 9 Sep. 1303 — lj. at 
Rome, 11 Oct. 1303. 

Boniface IX., (Pietro Tomacelli,) Pope, — rj., 
about 1344 — Cardinal, 1381 — succeeds Urban 
VI., 2 Nov. 1389 — proclaims a Jubilee, 1400 — 
tf. at Rome, 1 Oct. 1404. 

Bonifacius, general, — defends Massilia 
against Ataulphus, 413 — commands against 
Vandals in Spain, 422 — goes into Africa, Aug. 
422 a — invites Vandals into Africa, at war with 
Rome, 427 — at war with Vandals, besieged in 
Hippo, May 430 to Jul. 431 — returns to Italy, 
regains favour of Placidia, and is killed by 
Aetius, 432. a Clinton. 

Bonifazio, Tr&ncesco,painter, — ft. at Verona, 
1491— rj., i543> a J 553- b a Biog. Univ. 

b Biog. Diet, and Italian Painters. 
Bonington, Bichard Parkes, painter,— ft. 
near Nottingham, 25 Oct. 1801 — studies in the 
Louvre, 1816 — rj. in London, 23 Sep. 1828. 
Column of St Mark, Venice, National Gallery, 
1826. 

Bonjour, Francois Joseph, chemist, — rj. near 
Sarins, 12 Dec. 1754 — M.D., Paris, 1781 — 
assistant to Berthollet, 1784 — serves at siege of 
Valenciennes, 1793 — member of Council of 
Agriculture and of Arts, 1795 — rj. at Dieuze, 
24 Feb. 1811. 

Bonjour, (Bonjours,) Guillaume, orientalist, 
— fj. at Toulouse, 1670 — goes to Rome, 1695 — 
missionary of Augustine Order to China, 17 10 
— Tj. in China, Feb. 17 14. Fxercitatio in 
monumenta Coptica, 1699. 

Bonn, in Prussia, (Bonna,) — Civilis and his 
confederates defeated by Cerialis near, 70 — de- 
stroyed by Germans, 355 — rebuilt by Julian, 
359 — destroyed by Northmen, 881 — the Em- 
peror Charles IV. crowned at, 1346 — taken by 
French, 1673 — surrendered to Prince of Orange 
and Montecuculi, 12 Nov. 1673 — again taken 
by French, 1688 — besieged and taken by 
Frederick III., Elector of Brandenburg, 1689 
— taken by Marlborough, 1703 — fortifications 
razed, 17 17 — occupied by French, Oct. 1794 to 
1 8 1 4. University founded, 1 8 1 8 . 

Bonn, Andrew, surgeon, — h. at Amsterdam, 
1738 — M.D., Ley den, 1763 — Prof. Anatomy 
and Surgery, Amsterdam, 177 1 — Chevalier of 
the Order of the Belgic Lion, member of the 
Academy of Brussels, 18 15 — rj. at Amsterdam, 
i8i9, a 2 Sep. i8i7. b De simplicitate naturce, 
1772 — Tabula ossium onorbosorum, 1789 — Ta- 
bula anatomico-chirurgicce doctrinam herniarum 



BONNATERRE— BONOSUS. 



207 



illustrantes, 1828. a Biog. Univ. (Brussels edit.) 
b Biog. "Woordenboek. 
Bonnaterre, Pierre Joseph, naturalist,—^. 
at St Geniez, 1747— *• at Rodez, 1804. Ta- 
bleau methodique des trots regnes de la Nature, 

I 7 88 -9 2 - ■. ,- 

Bonnay, Charles Francois, Makquis de, 
diplomatist,— §., 22 Jun. 1750— deputy to 
States-General, 1789— first to take the oath at 
Federation Fete, 14 Jul. 1790— plenipotentiary 
to Copenhagen, 18 14— Peer of France, 18 15 — 
plenipotentiary in Prussia, till 1820— Minister 
of State, Privy Councillor, 1820— governor of 
Fontainebleau, 1821— tf., 25 Mar. 1825. 

Bonne, Rigobert, hydrographer—b. at Rau- 
court, 1727— at siege of Berg-op-Zoom, 1747 
— tf. at Paris, 2 Dec. 1794. Atlas maritime 
des cotes de la France, 1762— with Desmarets, 
Atlas Encyclopedique, 1787-88. 

Bonnecarrere, Guillanme de, diplomatist, — 
b. at Muret, 13 Feb. 1754— envoy to East In- 
dies, 1783-86 — excluded from the Jacobin 
Club, 179 1— tf. at Versailles, 9 Nov. 1825. 

Bonnefoi, Jean Baptiste, surgeon,—^., 1756 

ft., 1790. Memoir es sur V influence des passions 

de V dm e dans les maladies chirurgicales ; et sur 
V application de V electricite, a V art de g tier ir, 

I7 8 3. 

Bonnefons, Jean, (Bonnefonius,) poet,—b. 
at Clermont, Auvergne, 1554— tf. at Bar-sur- 
Seine, 16 14. Pancharis, 1587. 

Bonner, Edmund, Bp of London,— b. at 
Hanley, about 14.95— enters Oxford Univ., 15 12 
— D.C.L., 1525— envoy to Rome, 1532— to Cle- 
ment VII. at Marseilles, 1533— Bp of Here- 
ford, 1538— Bp of London, 1539— ambassador 
to Charles V., 1547— imprisoned on refusing 
the oath to Edward VI., Sep. 1547— imprisoned 
and deprived, 1 Oct. 1549 — restored to his 
. diocese, Aug. 1553 — refuses to take oath of supre- 
macy, 30 May 1559— deprived, 20 Jun.— impri- 
soned in the Marshalsea, Apr. 1560 — tf. there, 
5 Sep. 1569. 

Bonnet, Charles, philosopher, naturalist, — 
b. at Geneva, 13 Mar. 1720 — L.L.D. and 
F.R.S., 1743 — honorary member of Academy 
of Sciences, Paris, and Berlin, 1783 — member 
of Grand Council, Geneva, 1752— tf., 20 May 
1793. Traite d'insectologie, 1745 — De V usage 
des feuilles, 1754 — Considerations sur les corps 
organises, 1762-68 — Contemplation de la nature, 
1764-65 — Essai de psychologie, 1754 — Essai 
analytique des faculte's de Vume, 1760-9 — Pa- 
lingenesie philosophique, 1769-70— Pccherches 
philosophiques sur les preuves du christianisme, 
1770-71. 

Bonnet, Theophile, physician, — b. at Geneva, 
5 Mar. 1620 — M.D., Bologna, 1643 — tf., 29 
Mar. 1689. Pharos Medicorum, 1668 — Sepul- 
chretum, &c, 1679. 

Bonneval, Claude Alexandre, Count de, 
(Achmed Pasha,) — b., 14 Jul. 1677 — enters the 
navy, 1687 — enters tbe army, 1698 — serves in 
Italy, 1 70 1 — passes into the service of the 
Emperor, 1706 — assists at interview of Prince 
Eugene and Marshal Villars at Rastadt, 17 14 
— Lieutenant-general, Aulic Councillor, 17 14 — 



wounded at Peterwaradin, 17 16 — loses the Em- 
peror's favour, 1720 — professes himself a Mus- 
sulman, 1720^ 1730 b — tf. at Constantinople, 
22, a 27 b Mar. 1747. 

a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Bonneville, C. de, engineer, — b. at Lyons, 
171 o — living, 1 7 7 1 . Esprit des lo is de tactique, 
1762 — Les Lyonnaises, protectrices des Etats 
souverains, 177 1 — Be V Amir i que, 1771. 

Bonneville, Nicolas de, miscellaneous writer, 
— b. at Evreux, 13 Mar. 1760 — travels in Eng- 
land, 1786 — tf., 9 Nov. 1828. Lettrcs a Con- 
dor cet, 1786 — Les jesuites ch asses de la macon- 
ncrie, 1788 — Histoire de V Europe moderne jus- 
qu'en, 1783, 1789-92 — Be V esprit des religions, 
1791. 

Bonnier d'Arco, Ange Elisabeth Louis An- 
toine, diplomatist, — b. at Montpellier, 1750 — 
deputy to Legislative Assembly, 1791 — to Con- 
vention, 1792 — assists at conference at Rastadt, 
1799 — assassinated by Austrian troops, 19 
Apr. 1799. Pecherches historiques et politiques 
sur Malte, 1798. 

Bonnivard, Francois de, — b. at Seyssel, 
1496 — prior of St Victor, Geneva, 15 14 — taken 
prisoner by Charles III. at Geneva, 15 19 — 
liberated, 152 1 — imprisoned by Duke of Savoy, 
in castle of Chillon, 1530-36 — gives his library 
to the city of Geneva, 155 1 — tf. at Geneva, 
1570 ? 

Bonnivet, Guillaume Gouffier de, admiral, 
— distinguishes himself at siege of Genoa, 1507 
— at the battle of Spurs, 15 13 — falls at Pavia, 
24 Feb. 1525. 

Bonnot. [Condillac and Mably.] 

Bonnycastle, John, mathematician, — tf. at 
"Woolwich, 15 May 1821. Scholar's Guide to 
Arithmetic, 1780 — General History of Mathe- 
matics, 1803 — Introduction to Algebra, 1782. 

Bono, Giovanni Battista Agostino, canonist, 
— b. at Verzuolo, 1738 — Prof. Canonical In- 
stitutions, Turin, 1767 — Prof. Canon Law, 
1768-92 — member of provisional government 
of Piedmont, Dec. 1798 — envoy to the Directory, 
8 Feb. 1799 — tf., Mar. 1799. 

Bonomi, Giovanni Francesco, Bp of Ver- 
celli, — b. at Cremona, 6 Oct. 1536 — Bp of 
Vercelli, 1572 — Papal legate to Switzerland and 
the Grisons, 1579 — Papal legate to Germany, 
158 1 — tf. at Liege, 26 Feb. 1587. Vita et 
obitus Caroli Borromcei, 1587. 

Bonomi, Giuseppe, architect, — b. at Rome, 
1739 — settles in England, 1767 — A.R.A., Nov. 
1789 — tf., 9 Mar. 1808. Poseneath Hall, Dum- 
bartonshire, 1803. 

Bononcini, (Buononcini,) Giovanni, musical 
composer, — b. at Modena, about 1672,* at 
Bologna, 1660 b — in England, 1720-33 — tf. at 
Venice, after 1752. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Bonone, Carlo, painter, — b. at Ferrara, 
1569— tf., 1632. 

Bononia. [Bologna.] 

Bonosus, Bp or Sardica ? — adopts views- 
of Helvidius and Jovinian, and is condemned 
by Council of Capua, 389-90. 

Bonosus, Emperor in Gaul, — proclaims 
himself, is defeated by Probus, and kills him- 
self, about 280. 



208 



BONOURS— BORDE. 



Bonours, Christophe de, captain, — b. at 
Vesoul, about 1590 — signalises himself at siege 
of Dole, 1636 — tf. about 1650. Siege memor- 
able d'Ostende, 1633. 

Bonpland, Aime, botanist, $c, — b. at La 
Rochelle, 22 Aug. 1773 — accompanies Alex.von 
Humboldt to America, 1799-1804 — super, 
intendent of the gardens of Empress Josephine- 
1804-14 — goes to America, i8i6, a i8i8 b — 
Prof. Natural History, Buenos Ayres, 1 817-21 
— arrested and detained by Francia, 5 Dec. 
1 82 1— liberated, 2 Feb. 1831^ Nov. 1829 b — 
tf. at Monte Video, 11 May 1858. Flantes 
equinoctiales recueilles au Mexique, §c., 1809-16 
— Description des plantes rares de Navarre et 
de la Malmaison, 1813-17 — Monographic des 
Milastomees, 1809-16. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. 

Bonstetten, Karl Victor von, philosopher, 
naturalist, — b. at Berne, 3 Sep. 1745 — visits 
England, 1769 — visits Paris, 1770— member of 
Grand Council, 1775 — settles at Geneva, 1802 
— tf. there, 3 Feb. 1832. EErmite, histoire 
alpine, 1788 — Voyage sur la scene du dernier 
livrc de VEneide, 1804,* 1813 b — Philosophic 
der Erf aiming, §c, 1827,* i828. b 

a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Bontekoe, Cornelisz, physician,— h. at Alk- 
maar, about 1647 — tf. at Berlin, 14 Jan. 1685. 
Schriften, 1689. 

Bonvicino, Alessandro, (IlMoretto,) painter, 
— b. at Bovato, about 1500 — tf., after 1556. 

Boodt, Anselm Boetius de, naturalist, — b. 
at Bruges, about 1600 — tf., 1634. Gemmarum 
et lapidum historia, 1609. 

Book of Sports. [Sports, Book of.] 

Boole, George, mathematician, — b. at Lin- 
coln, 1 8 15 — Prof. Mathematics, Queen's Coll., 
Cork, 1853 — tf. near Cork, Dec. 1864. In- 
vestigation of the Laws of Thought, 1854 — 
Differential Equations, 1859 — Mathematical 
Analysis of Logic, 1847 — Calculus of Finite 
Differences, i860. 

Boone, Daniel, — h. in Virginia, Feb. 1735 
— removes with his father to N. Carolina, 
about 1753 — sets out for Kentucky, 1 May 
1769 — founds the town of JBoonesborough, Apr. 
1775 a — removes to Upper Louisiana, 1798 — 
deprived of his estates by a United States Com- 
mission, Mar. 1805 — appeals to legislature of 
Kentucky and gets them restored, Feb. 18 14 — 
tf., 26 Sep. l820. a a Sparks. 

Boonen, Arnold, painter, — b. at Dordrecht, 
16 Dec. 1669 — tf. there, 2 Oct. 1729. 

Boorhanpoor, in BZindustan, — founded by 
Malik Nasir, about 14 14 — seat of government 
for soubah of Candeish, taken by Akbar, 1599 
— visited by Sir Thomas Roe, 161 1 — plundered 
by Mahrattas, 1685 — taken by them, about 
1760 — captured by English, 1803 — restored to 
Dowlut Bao Sindia, 1803. 

Boot, Arnold, physician, — 6., 1606 — goes to 
England, 1630 — tf. at Paris, 1653. Observ- 
ations medicce de affectibus a veteribus omissis, 
1649. 

Booth, Barton, actor, — b. in Lancashire, 
168 1— joins Betterton's company, 1701 — tf., 10 
May 1733. 



Booth, Felix, — assassinates Pres. Lincoln, at 
Washington, 14 Apr. 1865 — shot, in Maryland, 
26 Apr. 1865. 

Booth, Henry. [Warrington, Earl of.] 

Boothia Felix, iV. America, — discovered by 
Boss, 1830. 

Bopp, Franz, linguist, philologist, — b. at 
Mentz, 14 Sep. 179 1 — studies at Paris, 18 12- 
17 — visits London, 1 8 1 7 — Prof. Extraord. 
Sanscrit and Oriental Languages, Berlin Univ., 
1 82 1 — member of Academy of Sciences, 1822 
— Ord. Prof., 1825 — resigns, about Apr. 1867 
— IS., 23 Oct. 1867. Conjugation-System der 
Sanscrit -Sprache, §c, 18 16 — Kritische Gram- 
matiJc der Sanscrit-Sprache, 1834 — Vergleich- 
ende Grammatih, 1833-52 — re-written, 1856- 
61 — Verivandschaft der Malay isch-Folynes- 
ischen Sprachen mit den Indo-Germanischen, 
1 841 — Ueber die Kaukasischen Glieder des 
Indo-Europdischen Sprachsy stems, 1847. 

Boquin, (Bouquin,) Pierre, theologian, — 
retires from Carmelite Order and goes to Basel, 
1541 — Prof. Theology, Strasburg, about 1542 
— returns to Strasburg, 1555 — takes refuge at 
Lausanne, 1575 — tf. at Lausanne, 1582. F. 
Boquini Apodeixis antichristianismi, 1583. 

Bor, Pieter Christiaansz, historian, — b. at 
Utrecht, 1559— tf. at Haarlem, 1635. De 
Oorsprunk, begin en aanvang der Nederlandsehe 
Oorlogen, §c, 1595,* i6i7. b 

a Ersch and Gruber. b Biog. Woordenboek. 

Eorch, Michel Jean, Cotjxt de, naturalist, 
$•<?., — revisits Sicily, about Dec. 1776 — at 
Turin, 1780 — in Switzerland, 1798 — if., after 
1798. Lithographic Sicilienne, 1777 — Litho- 
logie Sicilienne, 1778 — Miner alogie Sicilienne, 
1780. 

Borcht, (Borgt,) Hendrik van der, painter, 
engraver, — b. at Brussels, 1583 — settles at 
Frankfort, 1627 — tf. at Antwerp, after 1685,* 
l66o. b a Biog. Univ. b Bees' Cyc. 

Borda, Jean Charles, mathematician, §c, — ■ 
b. at Dax, 4 May 1733 — member of Academy 
of Sciences, 1756 — conducts scientific expedi- 
tion, 1771-2 — serves in American war, 1777-8 
— tf. at Paris, 20 Feb. 1799. Voyage fait par 
ordre du roi en 177 1 et 1772, §c, 1778 — De- 
scription et usage du cercle de reflexion, 1787 — 
Tables trigonometriques decimales, 1804. 

Bordazar de Artagu, Antonio, printer, — b. 
at Artagu in Valencia, Nov. 167 1 — tf., Nov. 
1744. Ortografa espaiiola, 1728 — Ortografa 
latina, 1730 — Elantificacion de la imprenta de 
el Rezo sagrado, 1732. 

Borde, Andrew, {Ferforatus,) physician, — b. 
at Pevensey, about 1500 — M.D., Montpellier, 
1542 — tf. in Fleet prison, Apr. 1549. Booh of 
the Introduction of Knowledge, 1542 — Breviary 
of health, 1547 — Merrye tales of the madmen of 
Gotham, about 1565 ? — Compendyouse Eegi- 
mente or Dietary of BZealthe, 1562. 

Borde, Charles, miscellaneous writer, — b. at 
Lyon, i7ii, a 1731 13 — tf., 1781. Euvres, 1783. 
a Biog. Univ. b Ersch. and Gruber. 

Borde, Jean Benjamin de la, miscellaneous 
writer, §c, — b. at Paris, 5 Sep. 1734 — ex- 
ecuted at Paris, 22 Jul. 1794. Essai sur la 
musique, 1780 — Description de la France, 178 1 



BORDEAUX— BORGIA. 



209 



■ — Tableaux topographiques, §c, de la Suisse, 
1780-88. 

Bordeaux, in France, (Burdigala,) — burnt 
down, 260 — sacked by Visigoths, 415 — taken 
by Clovis, 509 — taken'by Saracens, 729,* 732 bd 
made a county, before 775 — capital of duchy 
of Guienne, about 911 — reduced by Alfonso 
I. of Aragon, 11 30 — passes by marriage to 
crown of France, 1137 — subject to kings of 
England, on marriage of Henry of Normandy 
•with Eleanor of Guienne, 18 May 115 2 — sub- 
mits to Charles VII., Jun. 145 1 — revolts and 
joins English, 1452 — submits to Charles, 19 
Oct. 1453 — insurrection breaks out about the 
gabelle, 23 Aug., and is suppressed by Mont- 
morenci, 8 Oct. 1548 — privileges restored, 
1550 — parliament removed to Condon, 1675 — 
parliament returns, 1690 — submits to English, 
12 Mar. 1 8 14 — refuses to support Duchess of 
Angouleme, 18 15 — adopts the revolution, 1830 
— government delegation removed from Tours 
to, 10 Dec. 1870 — National Assembly sits at, 
12 Feb. to 11 Mar. 1871 — preliminaries of peace 
with Germany ratified at, 1 Mar. 187 1. Uni- 
versity, founded, 1475 — Councils of, against the 
Priscillianists, about 384— for reestablishment 
of peace and reform of discipline, &c, 670 — 
respecting Berenger, 1080 — respecting remis- 
sion of usury by Jews, marriage of widows, &c, 
1 2 14 or I2i5, c and 13 Apr. 1255. 

a Encyc. Mod. b Moreri. 

c Nicolas. d Zedler Univ. Lex. 

Bordeu, Theophile de, physician, — b. at 
Iseste, Beam, 22 Feb. 1722 — Inspector of 
Mineral Waters, Prof. Anatomy, Montpellier, 
1745 — corresponding member of Academy of 
Sciences, 1747 — 3j. at Paris, 24 Nov. 1776. 
Be sensu generice considerato, 1742 — Chilifica- 
tionis historia, 1743 — Recherches sur le pouls 
par rapport aux crises, 1779. 

Bording, Jacob, physician, — fc. at Antwerp, 
151 1 — M.D., Bologna, about 1540 — physician 
to King Christian III., Denmark, 1556 — "is. at 
Copenhagen, 5 Sep. 1560. Physiologia,hygicna, 
pathologia, 1593. 

Bordone, Paris, painter, — b- atTrevigi, 1500 
— goes to court of Francis I., 1538 — ft. at 
Venice, about 19 Jan. 1570. Portrait of a 
Lady, National Gallery, 15 18. 

Bordoni, Benedetto, geographer, §c, — b. at 
Padua, about 1460 — &., about 1530. Isolario, 
1528. 

Bordoni, Placidio, miscellaneous writer, — 
b. at Venice, 1736 — Prof. Philosophy there, 
as late as 1807. Continuation (last 5 vols.) 
of Annali d' 'Italia of Muratori, 1790-1820. 

Borel, Pierre, physician, §c, — ft. at Castres, 
about 1620 — M.D., Montpellier, 1641 — goes to 
Paris, physician to the king, 1653 — member of 
Academy of Sciences, 1674 — tf. at Castres, 
1689,* 167 8. b Histories et obscrvationes medico- 
physicce, 1653 — Tresor des recherches et des 
antiquites gauloises et franc aises l 1655 — De vero 
telescopii inventore, 1655. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Borelli, Giovanni Alfonso, mathematician, 
— b. at Naples, 28 Jan. 1608 — Prof. Mathe- 
matics, Pisa, 1656-67 — assists in founding 



Academy of the Investiganti, Naples, 1669 — • 
Prof. Mathematics, Messina, 1667-74 — retires 
to Rome, 1674 — ft. there, 31 Dec. 1679. De 
motu animalium, 1680-81. 

Borger, Elias Annes, theologian, — b. in 
Friesland, 26 Feb. 1784 — D.D., Leyden, 1807 
— Prof. Theology, 1 8 1 1 — Prof. Greek Liter- 
ature and History, 18 17 — ft. at Leyden, Oct. 
1820. Zeerredenen, 1825 — De mysticismo, 1820. 

Borghese, Camillo. [Paul V., Pope.] 

Borghese, Camillo Filippolodovico, Prince, 
— b. at Rome, 19 Jul. 1775 — goes to Paris, 
1803 — marries Marie Pauline Bonaparte, 1803 
— serves in Imperial Guard, 1804 — Duke of 
Guastalla, 30 Mar. 1806 — governor of Imperial 
provinces beyond the Alps, fixes his court at 
Milan, 1806-14 — }j. at Florence, 10 Apr. 1832. 

Borghese, Marie Pauline Bonaparte, 
Princess, — b. at Ajaccio, 20 Oct. 1780 — mar- 
ried to Prince Camillo Borghese, 1803 — fo. at 
Florence, 9 Jun. 1825. 

Borghesi, Diomede, miscellaneous writer, — 
b. at Siena, about 1540 — Prof. Tuscan lan- 
guage there, 1589 — tf., 1598. Rime, 1566, 
157 1 — Letter e f ami gliari, 1570 — Lettere dis- 
corsive, 1584-1603. 

Borghesi, Paolo Giudotto, painter, sculptor, 
— b. at Lucca, 1559 — ti. at Rome, 1626. 

Borghini, Kaphael, miscellaneous writer. 
II Riposo in cui si tratta delta pittura e dclla 
scultura de pin illustri professori antichi e 
moderni, 1584. 

Borghini, Vincenzio, Benedictine, — b. at 
Florence, 29 Oct. 15 15 — enters Order of St 
Benedict, 153 1 — Director of the Hospital of St 
Mary of the Innocents, 1552-80 — tf. at Flor- 
ence, 15 Aug. 1580. Discorsi, 1584-5 — Libro 
di novelle, 1572. 

Borgia, Alfonso. [Calixtus III., Pope,~\ 

Borgia, Cesare, — student at Pisa, 1492 — 
Cardinal, 20 Sep. 1493 — accompanies Charles 
VIII. on his expedition against Naples, 1495 
— resigns the cardinalate, 1497 — envoy from 
Pope Alexander VI. to Louis XII. , 1498 — 
Duke of Valentinois, 1498 — marries Carlotta 
daughter of Jean D'Albret, 12 May 1499 — 
carries on war in the Romagna, 1499 — enters 
Rome in triumph, 26 Feb. 1500 — drives Gio- 
vanni Sforza out of Pesaro, 1500 — takes Rimini 
from the Malatesti, 1500 — conquers Faenza, 
1500-1 — unsuccessfully attacks Bologna, 1501 
Duke of Romagna, Gonfaloniere of the Holy 
See, 1501 — promises to restore the Medici, but 
is prohibited by Alexander VI., 1501 — accom- 
panies French army to Naples, 1501 — takes 
Urbino and Camerino, 1502 — forms alliance 
with Louis XII., 1502 — puts several of the 
princes of Italy to death, at Sinigaglia, end of 
1502 — driven from Rome, Aug. 1503 — im- 
prisoned in Spain, 27 May 1504 — killed at 
siege of Vicena, 12 Mar. 1507. 

Borgia, (Borja,) Francisco, Prince op 
Squill ace, — Viceroy of Peru, 16 14 — returns 
to Spain, 1621— ft., 26 Sep. 1658. Obras en 
verso, 1639. 

Borgia, Lucrezia, — marries Giovanni Sforza, 
1493 — divorced, 1497 — marries Alfonso, Duke 
of Bisceglia, 1498 — Alfonso assassinated, Jun, 

14 



2IO 



BORGIA— BORSIERI. 



1500 — marries Alfonso d'Este, end of 1501 — 
enters Ferrara, 2 Feb. 1502 — tf. there, 1523. 

Borgia, Rodriguez. [Alexander VI. , Pope.'] 

Borgia, St Francis de, Duke of Gandia, 
General of the Society of Jesus, — b, at Gandia, 
15 10 — page to the Infanta Catherine, 1525 — sent 
to court of Charles V., 1528 — made grand 
equerry to the Empress Isabella, and Marquis of 
Lombay ; directs funeral ceremonial of Isabella, 
1539 — on death of his wife, Eleanorade Castro, 
enters Order of Jesuits, 1546 — visits Julius III., 
1550 — consulted by Charles V. at the monas- 
tery of St Just, 1557 — pronounces his funeral 
oration, 1558 — General of his Order, 1565 — tf. 
at Rome, 30 Sep. 1572 — his remains transfer- 
red to Madrid, 16 17 — beatified by Urban VIII., 
1624 — canonized by Clement IX., 167 1. 

Borgia, Stefano, Cardinal, — h. atVelletri, 
3 Dec. 173 1 — governor of Benevento, 1759 — 
secretary of the Propaganda, 1770 — Cardinal, 
by Pius VII., 1789 — dictator of Rome, 1797-8 
— tf. at Lyons, 23 Nov. 1804. Istoria della 
cittd di Benevento, 1769 — Monumenti di Gio- 
vanni XVI., §c, 1750. 

Borgo, Pietro, mathematician, — tf., after 
149 1. Arithmetic^ 1484. 

Borgo, Pozzo di. [Pozzo di Borgo.] 

Borgognone, Ambrogio, (Fossano,) painter, 
■ — tf., after 1490. 

Borgognone, Jacopo Cortesi, painter,— h. 
in Burgundy, 162 1 — enters Order of Jesuits, 
1655 — tf., 14 Nov. 1676. 

Borgt. [Borcht] 

Borhan Eddin, Ibrahim, (Bacai,) poet, §c, 
—IS., (885, a.h.) 1480. 

Boris Godunov. [Godunov.] 

Borkhausen, Moritz Balthazar, naturalist, 



— h. at Giessen, 1760 — tf., 30 N< 



[806. 



Naturgeschichte der Europdischen Schmetter- 
linge, 1788-94 — Tentamen Florce Germanicce, 
1792 — Deutsche Fauna, 1797. 

Borlase, William, antiquary, naturalist, — 
ft. at Pendeen, Cornwall, 2 Feb. 1696 — enters 
Oxford Univ., 17 13 — rector of Ludgvan, Corn- 
wall, 1722— F.R.S., 1750— LL.D., Oxford, 
1766 — a"., 31 Aug. 1772. Antiquities of Corn- 
wall, 1754 — Natural History, 1758. 

Born, Bertrand de, Viscount de Haute- 
fort, troubadour, — fl. about 1 160-1200? 

Born, Ignatz Edler von, mineralogist, — b. 
at Carlsburg, 26 Dec. 1742 — in the service of 
the Empress, Maria Theresa, 1776 — F.R.S., 
London, 1774 — councillor of the Mines and 
Mint, Vienna, 1779 — tr. at Vienna, 28 Aug., a 
24 Jul. b 179 1. Lithophylacium Bornianum, 
1772-5 — Effigies virorum eruditorum atque 
artifcum Bohemice et Moravia, 1775 — Joannis 
Fhysiophili specimen monachologice, 1783. 
a Conv.-Lex. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Borne, Ludwig, publicist and humourist, — 
— b. at Frankfort, 18 May 1786— renounces 
Judaism and becomes a Christian, 18 17 — ft. at 
Paris, 13 Feb. 1837. Fie Wage, 181 8-21 — 
Fenkrede auf Jean Faul, 1826 — Brief en aus 
Far is, 1832-34 — Menzel der Franzosenfresser, 
1837. German translation of Lamennais' Pa- 
rol s d'un Croyant, 1834. 

Borneil, Giraud de, (Maitre des Trouba- 
dours,) — fl., about 1 190 ? 



Borneo, Indian Archipelago, — discovered by 
the Portuguese, 1530^ i52i b — "West Coast 
ceded to Dutch by king of Bantam, 1780 — 
South Coast, by Sultan of Banjermassin, 1787 
— Pontianak founded by Dutch, 1823 — visited 
by Sir James Brooke, 1839, 13 1838.° [Sarawak, 
Labuan.] a Ersch and Gruber. 

b Johnston's Diet. Geog. c Engl. Cyc. 

Borodino, in Russia, — Napoleon defeats 
Russians at, 7 Sep. 18 12. 

Boron, — discovered by Davy, 1807. 

Boroughbridge, in Yorkshire, — Edward II. 
defeats Earl of Lancaster and the barons at, 
16 Mar. 1322. 

Boroughs, in England, — first send repre- 
sentatives to parliament, Jan. 1265 — Rotten, 
disfranchised by Act 2 and 3 ¥m IV. c. 45, 7 
Jun. 1832. [Municipal Corporations.] 

Borri, [Borro,) Cristofero, Jesuit mission- 
ary, — enters Order of Jesuits, 1601 — tf. at 
Rome, 24 May 1632. Relazione della nuova 
missione, #c, al regno della Cocincina, 1631. 

Borri, {Borro,) {Burrus or Burrhus,) Giu- 
seppe a (Giovanni b ) Francesco, impostor, 
chemist, — ft. at Milan, 4 May 1627^ 1625 or 
1627 b — pretends to inspiration and founds So- 
ciety of Reasonables and Evangelicals, 1654 — ■ 
sentenced to be burnt as a heretic by the In- 
quisition, 3 Jan. 1 66 1 — goes to Amsterdam, 
1661 — to Denmark, 1663 — arrested in Moravia, 
and given up to the Pope, 1672^ i67o b — tf. in 
castle of San Angelo, 10 Aug. 1695. La 
chiave del Gabinetto di Borri, i68r. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Borrichins, Olaus, (Olaf) physician, — fr. 
at Borchen, 6 Apr. 1626 — studies at Univ. of 
Copenhagen, 1644-60 — Prof. Chemistry there, 
i666, a i66o b — librarian to Univ., 168 1 — mem- 
ber of Supreme Council, 1686 — councillor of the 
Royal Chancery, 1689 — tf., 3 Oct. 1690. Her- 
metis, Aigyptiorum et chemicorum sapientia 
vindicata, 1674 — Conspectus chemicorum scrip- 
torum illustriorum, 1696. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Borrisow, in Russia, — "Wittgenstein defeats 
Gen. Partonneaux at, 28 Nov. 1812. 

Borromeo, San Carlo, Cardinal, Abp of 
Milan, — fc. at the castle of Arona, in the 
Milanese, 2 Oct. 1538— goes to Rome, 1559— 
Cardinal, by Pius IV., 1561^ i56o b — conse- 
crated Abp of Milan, 8 Feb. i56o b — goes to 
reside in his diocese, 1565 — aids in preparation 
of Catechismus tridentinus, 1566 — distinguishes 
himself by his courage, energy, and kindness 
during the plague, 1576 — tf. at Milan, 3 or 4 
Nov. 1584/ b 1594 c — canonized by Paul V., 
16 10. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

c Chalmers and Engl. Cyc. 

Borromeo, Federico, Cardinal, Abp op 
Milan, — ft. at Milan, 1564 — Cardinal, 1587 
— Abp of Milan, 1595 — founds Ambrosian Li- 
brary, about 1610 — tf-, 22 Dec., b Sep. a 1631.* 
Sacra colloquia, 1632 — Fe Episcopo concionante, 
1632. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Borromini, Francesco, architect, — b. in the 
Milanese, 1599 — architect of St Peter's, under 
Bernini, 1629 — kills himself, 1667. Opus archi- 
tectonicum, i*ii~j. 

Borsieri de Kamfeld, Giovanni Battista, 



BOKY— BOSNIA. 



physician, — b. at Trent, 14 Feb. 1725 — Prof. 
Materia Medica, Pavia, 1770 — Prof. Practical 
Medicine, Pavia, 1772 — founder and Prof, of 
the Clinical Hospital, 1773-78 — court phy- 
sician, Milan, 1778-85 — ft., 21 Jan. 1785. In- 
stitutiones medicines practicce, 1781-88. 

Bory, Gabriel de — b. at _ Paris, 11 Mar. 
1720 — governor of St Domingo, 1761-62 — 
Associate of Academy of Sciences, 1765 — mem- 
ber of Institute, 1798 — If., 8 Oct. i8or. Me- 
moires sur V administration de la marine et des 
colonies, 17 89-90. ? 

Bory de Saint-Vincent, Jean Baptiste 
George Marie, naturalist, $c, — b. at Agen, 
1780— in the Mauritius, 1799 — accompanies 
Marshal Ney to Spain, 1808 — proscribed, 24 
Jul. i8i5, a 17 Jan. i8i6 b — head of scientific 
expedition to the Morea, 1829 — head of sci- 
entific expedition to Algiers, 1839 — tf. at 
Paris, 22 Dec. 1846. Essai sur les Ues for- 
tunees, 1803 — Voyage dans les quatre principals 
Ues des mers d'Afrique, 1 804 — Expedition scien- 
tifique de Moree, 1832 — L'homme, essai zoolo- 
gique,l%i']. a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. 

Borzoni, Luciano, painter, — b. at Genoa, 
1590— tr., 1645. 

Bos, Jerome, painter, — b. at Bois-le-Duc, 
about 1450 — tf., 1500. 

Bos, Lambert, philologist, — b. in Friesland, 
23 Nov. 1670 — studies at Franeker, 1694 
— Prof. Greek, 1704 — if. at Franeker, 6 Jan. 
17 17. Mysterii ellipseos grcecce expositi speci- 
men, 1702 — Antiquitatum grcscarum prcscipuo 
atticarum descriptio brevi, 1749. 

Bosc, Louis Auguste Guillaume, naturalist, 
■ — b. at Paris, 29 Jan. 1759— tf. there, 10 Jul. 
1828. Histoire naturelle des coquilles, 1802 — 
Dictionnaire d' agriculture, 1803-9. 

Boscan-Almogaver, Juan, poet, — b. at Bar- 
celona, about 1500 — returns from his travels, 
1526 — b\, before 1544. Obras, 1544. 

Boscawen, Edward, admiral, — b., 19 Aug. 
17 1 1 — distinguishes himself at attack on Porto 
Bello, 1740 — commander-in-chief of expedition 
to East Indies, Jul. 1747 — receives thanks of 
parliament for capture of two French ships, 
1755 — Vice-admiral, 1755 — Admiral, 1758 — 
commander-in-chief of expedition to Cape 
Breton, takes Louisburg, 1758 — defeats French 
fleet in bay of Lagos, and receives thanks of 
parliament, 1759 — Privy Councillor, 1760 — tf, 
near Guildford, 10 Jan. 1761. 

Bosch, Balthazar van den, painter, — b. at 
Antwerp, 1675 — tf., 17 15. 

Bosch, Bernard, poet, $c, — b. at Deventer, 
4 Sep. 1746 — Protestant minister, 1779 — 
elected representative of the Batavian people, 
1796 — tf., 1 Dec. 1803. Leerredenen, 1783 — 
Gedichte, 1803. 

Bosch, Johannes van den, statesman, §c, — 
b. at Herwynen, Guelderland, 1780 — goes to 
India, 1797 — returns, Nov. 1813 — defends 
Maestri cht, 18 15 — founds Society for establish- 
ment of Poor Colonies, 1818 — goes to India as 
commissary-general, 1827 — Governor-general, 
1 830-35 — If. at Bois-de-la-Haye, 1844. 

Boschini, Marco, painter, poet, $c, — b. at 
Venice, 16 13 — tf., 1678. II regno tutto di 



Candia delineato, 165 1 — La Carta del navegar 
pittoresco, 1658. 

Boschius, {Pierre van den Bossche,) Jesuit, 
— b. at Brussels, 1686— enters Order of Jesuits, 
1705 — tf., 24 Nov. 1736. Tractatus historico- 
chronologicus de patriarchis Antioehenis, 1724. 
Boschius, Jacques, Jesuit. Symbolographia, 
1702. 

Boscobel, in Shropshire, — Charles II. takes 
refuge at, after battle of Worcester, Sep. 1651. 
Boscowich, Roger Joseph, Jesuit^ mathema- 
tician, §c, — b. at Bagusa, 11 May 1711,=* 18 
May 1 70 1 b — enters Order of Jesuits at Rome, 
1725 — employed in measuring a degree of the 
meridian, 1750-52 — F.R.S., London, 1760 — 
Prof. Mathematics, Pavia, 1764 — Director of 
Naval Optics, Paris, 1773 — retires to Milan, 
1785 — tf. there, 12 Feb. 1787. Philosophies 
naturalis theoria, §c, 1758 — Opera pertinentia 
ad opticam et astronomiam, 1785 — De solis ac 
luncs defectibus, 1760. a Engl. Cye. b Lalande. 
Bose, Georg Matthias, natural philosopher. 
— b. at Leipsic, 22 Sep. 17 10 — M.D., 1729 — ■ 
Prof. Physics, Wittenberg, 1738 — tf- at Magde- 
burg, 17 Sep. 1 7 61. Tentamina electrica, 17 44 
— Kecherches stir la cause de V tlectricite , 1745 
— In eclipsin terrcs, 1733. 

Bose, Johann Andreas, philologist,— b. at' 
Leipsic, 1626 — Prof. History, Jena, 1656 — tf., 
29 Aug., a Apr. b 1674. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Bosio, Antonio, archceologist, — agent of Order 
of Malta, at Pome, 1594-1629 — tf. at Borne, 
1629. Roma sotterranea, 1632. 

Bosio, Francois Joseph, Baron de, sculptor, 
— b. at Monaco, 19 Mar. 1769 — tf. at Paris, 29 
Jul. 1845. 

Bosio, Giacomo, Knight op Malta, histo- 
rian, — secretary and agent of Order of Malta 
under Gregory XIII., before 1594. Istoria 
della sacra religione delV illustrissima militia di 
san Gioano Gierosolimitano, 1594- 1602. 

Bosio, Jean, painter,— b. at Monaco, about 
1767 — tf., Jul. 1827^ about 1832. b Traite 
elementaire des regies du dessin, 1801. 
a Biog. "Univ. (Brussels edit.) b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 
Bosnian, Willem, traveller, — b. at Utrecht, 
12 Jan. 1672 — returns from tbe East Indies and 
Guinea, 1702. Naauwheurige Beschryving van 
de Guinese goud-, tand- en Slaven-Kust, 1704. 

Bosnia, Bosna, in Turkey, — governed by 
independent princes till 640 — tributary to 
Hungary, ii27, a ii38 b — to Servia, 1359 — ■ 
erected into a kingdom by Twarkto, ban of 
Bosnia, 1376,° 1366^ i37o a — Twarkto defeat- 
ed by Turks at Kossowo, 1389 — conquered by 
Turks, 1480^ i40i ab — incorporated with 
Turkish Empire, 1463,^ i522, d 1465 b — given 
up to Turkey by Peace of Carlowitz, 1699 — 
part of, ceded to Austria by Treaty of Passaro- 
witz, 17 1 8 — unsuccessful attempt to break the 
power of the Sipahis, 1821 — insurrection 
breaks out and is suppressed by Beschid Pasha, 
1832 — Vedjihi Pasha, governor of, 1838-39 — 
Tabir Pasha, 1848 — rebellion, 1849 — rebels 
defeated by Omar Pasha, Apr. 1850. 

a Ersch and Gruber. b Meyer's Conv.-Lcx. 
c Engl. Cyc. d Macculloch. 

14* 



BOSOX— BOTALLT. 



[Provence.] 

Bosporic Era. [Mithridatic Era.] 

Bosporus, {Bosporos,) Thracian, — [BC] — 
crossed by Darius, about 508. 

Bosporus, Kingdom of, — [B C] — ruled by the 
Archjeaxactid^e, 480-43 8 — Spartacus founds 
second dynasty, 438, ab 442° — Seleucus suc- 
ceeds, 43i, a b 434 c — Spartacus, 427, a 429 c — 
Satyrus I., 407, a 41 1 c — slain at siege of Theo- 
dosia, 393, a 392° — Letjcon, his son, 393^ 
392 c — Spartacus II., bis son, 353 — Pary- 
sades, bis brother, 348, ab 349 c — Satyrus II., 
his son, 3io, a 304? — Prytaxis, his brother: 
deposed and succeeded by Eunielus, his brother, 
309 — Spartacus III. his son, 304-285,* 284 b — 
the kingdom given up to Mithridates the Great 
by Parysades II., about ii5, a about uo b — 
given by Koinans to Pharnaces, 63 — given 
by Caesar to Mithridates of Pergamus, about 
47 — [AD] — reduced by Trajan, 1 15 d — acquired 
by Goths, 259 — besieged by Turks, about 55o. d 
[Panticapasum, Theodosia.] a Clinton. 

b Bawlinson. c Erseh and Gruber. d Gibbon. 

Bosquet, Francois de, Bp of Montpellier, 
— ft. at Xarbonne, 28 May 1605 — Bp of Lo- 
deve, 1650 — Bp of Montpellier, 1657-76 — ij., 
24 Jun. 1676. Pontifcum Romanorum qui e 
Gallia oriundi in ea sederunt historia, (1305- 
1384.) 1632 — Specimen iconis historical cardinal- 
is Mazarini, 1660. 

Bosquet, Georges, historian, — fl., about 1555- 
65. Hugoneorum hereticorum Tolosai conjura- 
torum projiigatio, 1563. 

Bosredon de Ransijat, — ft. at Combraille, 
1743 — page to Grand Master of Malta, 1755-8 
— as administrator of finances of the Order, 
concludes capitulation with Bonaparte, 1798 — 
returns to France, 1801 — tJ. in Auvergne, about 
1 8 1 2. Journal du siege et blocus de Malte, 1 801. 

Bosschaerts, Thomas Willibrords, painter, 
— ft. at Berg-op-Zoom, 1613 — Director of 
Academy of Painting, Antwerp, 1649 — ft. there, 
23 Jan. 1656. 

Bosse, Abraham, engraver, — ft. at Tours, 
161 1 — tf. there, 1678. Traite de la gravure a 
V can forte, 1645. 

Bossi, Benigno, engraver, — ft. in the Milanese, 
1727 — studies at Xiirnberg, 1737 — settles at 
Parma, 1760. 

Bossi, Giuseppe, painter and poet, — ft. in 
the Milanese, 18 Aug. 1777 — studies at Eome, 
1 795- 1 800 — Under-secretary of Academy of 
Painting, Milan, 1800— tf. at Milan, 15, a 9 b 
Dec. 1 8 15. Del Cenacolo di Leonardo da Vinci, 
1 8 10 — Del tipo deir arte della pittura, 1816. 
a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Bcssi, Giuseppe Carlo Aurelio, Barost da, 
poet, diplomatist, — ft. at Turin, 15 Nov. 1758 — 
resident minister of Sardinia at Venice, 1797 — 
Baron of the Empire, prefect of La Manche, 18 10 
— naturalized in France, officer of Legion of 
Honour, 18 14 — ft. at Paris, 20 Jan. i823, a 
i8i8. b Poems, i8i6, a i8i4. b 

a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Bossi, Luigi, Count of, historian, — ft. at 
Milan, 28 Feb. 1758— retires to Venice, 1796 
— secularized by Pius VII., 1801 — o\ at Milan, 
10 Apr. 1835. * Translation of Roscoe's Life of 



Leo X, 1816-17 — Lstoria d' Jtalia, 1818-23 — 
Storia della Spagna, 1821. 

Bosso, Donato, historian, — ft. at Milan, 5 
Mar. 1436. Cronica Bossiano, 1492. 

Bosso, Girolamo, historian, poet, — ft. at 
Pavia, 1588 — Prof. Eloquence, there, 1629 — Jy., 
about 1650. De toga Romana, 161 2 — Epistolcc, 
1612-23. 

Bossu, traveller, — sent to Louisiana, 1750-7 
— again, 1757. Nouveaux voyages aux Lndes 
occidentales, 1768 — Nouveaux voyages dans 
VAmtrique scptentrionale, 1777. 

Bossu, Jacques le, (Bossulus,) theologian, — 
ft. at Paris, 1546 — promotes revolt of Xantes, 
1585 — ft. at Rome, 7 Jun. 1626. 

Bossuet, Jacques Benigne, theologian, — ft. 
at Dijon, 27 Sep. 1627 — studies at Paris, 1642 
— admitted to corporation of the College of 
Navarre, 1647 — D.D., enters holy orders, 1652 
— Bp of Condom, 1669-70 — tutor to the Dau- 
phin, 1670-81 — member of French Academy, 
8 Jun. 167 1 — Bp of Meaux, 1681 — presides in 
Assembly of Clergy and draws up propositions 
on extent of the Papal power in France, 1682 
— conducts with Leibnitz negotiation for union 
of Lutherans with the Church, about 1690 — 
has Madame Guyon arrested, 1695 — gets 
Fenelon exiled, about 1696 — Counsellor of 
State, 1697 — Xf. at Paris, 12 Apr. 1704. Ex- 
position de la doctrine de V Eg Use catholique, 
1 67 1 — Discours sur VLListoire imiverselle, 1681 
— Eistoire des variations cles Eglisesprotestantes, 
1688 — Relation sur le Quietisme, 1698. 

Bossut, Charles, mathematician, — ft. at Tar- 
taras, near St Etienne, 11 Aug. 1730 — Prof. 
Mathematics, Mezieres, 1752-68 — member of 
Academy of Sciences, 1752 — if., 14 Jan. 18 14. 
Cours complet de mathematiqucs, 177 1 — Eistoire 
generale de mathematiques, 1802. 

Boston, Massachusetts, If. S., — founded by 
English settlers, about 1630 — riots caused by 
Stamp Act, Oct. 1765 — the cargoes of tea 
thrown into the harbour, Dec. 1773 — occupied 
by General Howe, 1775 — invested by Washing- 
ton, Jul. 1775 — evacuated by British, 17 Mar. 
1776. 

Boston, Thomas, theologian, — ft. at Dunse, 
Berwick, 7 Mar. 1676 — ordained parish minister 
of Simprin, 21 Sep. 1699 — member of General 
Assembly, 1703 — 'translated' to Ettrick, 1707 
— lj., 20 May 1732. Human Nature in its 
Fourfold State, 1720 — Memoirs, §c., written 
by himself, 1776. 

Boston News Letter, first American news- 
paper, — appears, 24 Apr. 1704. 

Bostra, Bosra. [Bozrah.] 

Boswell, James, biographer, — ft. at Edin- 
burgh, 29 Oct. 1740 — introduced to Dr Johnson 
at London, 16 May 1763 — travels on the Con- 
tinent, 1763-66 — accompanies Johnson to the 
Hebrides, 1773 — settles in London, about 1783 
— Xf. in London, 19 Jun. 1795. Account of 
Corsica, 1768 — Journal of a Tour to the He- 
brides, 1785 — Life of Samuel Johnson, 1791. 

Bosworth Field, Leicestershire, — Bichard 
III. defeated and killed by Earl of Bichmond, 
(Henry VII.) 22 Aug. 1485. 

Botalli, {Botal,) Leonardo, physician,— 0,. 



BOTANY BAY— BOUCHER. 



213 



about 1550. De curandis vulneribus sclopetorum, 
1560. 

Botany Bay, Australia, — discovered by 
Captain Cook, 1770 — penal settlement at, 1788. 

Botello, Nuno Alvarez de, Viceroy of the 
Indies, — sets out from Lisbon, 1624 — assumes 
government of Portuguese Indies, 1628 — killed 
at sea, 1629. 

Both, Andries, painter, — b. at Utrecht, 
about 161 1 ?-^-drowned at Venice, 1650. 

Both, Jan, painter, — it. at Utrecht, about 
1610 — ij. there, 1656. 

Both well, James Hepburn, Earl of, — b. 
about 1526 — succeeds to the title, Sep. 1556 — 
one of the Lords of the Articles, Nov. 1558 — 
joint envoy to escort Queen Mary from France, 
15 6 1 — Privy Councillor, by Mary, 156 1 — 
ordered to quit Edinburgh, 8 Dec. 156 1 — in- 
dicted for treason and outlawed, 2 May 1562 
restored to favour and office, Oct. 1562— marries 
Lady Jane Gordon, spring, 1563 — wounded at 
Leddesdale, 8 Oct. 1566 — indicted for murder 
of Darnley, 28 Mar. 1567 — and acquitted ; 
attends the Queen to Parliament, and is named 
one of the Lords of the Articles, Apr. 1567 — 
carries off the Queen to Dunbar Castle, 24 Apr. 
1567 — pardoned for the abduction, 12 May 
1567 — Duke of Orkney, May 1567 — marries 
Queen Mary at Holyrood, 15 May 1567 — after 
defeat at Carberry Hill, leaves the Queen, and 
escapes to Dunbar, 14 Jun. 1567 — £f. at castle 
of Malmoy, 1576. 

Bothwell Bridge, in Lanarkshire, — Duke of 
Monmouth defeats the Covenanters at, 22 Jun. 
1679. 

Botin, Andreas von, historian, — b. in 
Smaland, 1724 — h". at Stockholm, 22 Sep. 1790. 
Om Svcnska Hemman, 1755 — Utkast til Svoiska 
Folkers Historia, 1757-64. 

Botta, Carlo Giuseppe Gugiielmo, historian, 
■ — b. at San Giorgio, Piedmont, 1766 — M.D., 
Turin, 1786 — arrested as partisan of France, 
1792-4 — goes to France, 1794 — physician to 
army of Italy, 1796 — sent to Isles of the 
Archipelago, Dec. 1798 — member of Consulta 
of Piedmont, 1800 — deputy to Corps legis- 
latif, 1804-14 — ft. at Pans, 10 Aug. 1837. 
Storia della GuerradelV Independenzad America, 
1 8 10 — Storia d' 'Italia dal 1789 al 1814, 1824 
■ — Storia a" Italia in Continuazione al Guicci- 
ardini, 1832. 

Botta, Paul Emile, archaeologist, — b. about 
i8o5, a 1794 b — accompanies expedition of dis- 
covery round the world, 1826-29 — visits Arabia, 
1837 — French consul at Mosul,-i 843 — explores 
mounds of Kouyunjik and Khorsabad, early in 
1 843 — officer of Legion of Honour, Apr. 1 845 a 
■ — if. near Poissy, Apr. 1870. With Flandin 
and others, Monument de Nineve, 1847-50. 
a Vapereau. b Conv.-Lex. 

Bottari, Giovanni Gaetano, archaeologist, §c, 
— {1. at Florence, 15 Jan. 1689 — D.D., 17 16 — 
charged by the Academy Della Crusca with the 
recasting of their Dictionary, 1729-35 — settles 
at Rome, 1730 — Prof. Ecclesiastical History, 
College of the Sapienza, 17 32— librarian of the 
Vatican to Clement XII., about 1735 ? — canon 
of Santa Maria d. Trastevere, by Benedict XIV., 



1740 — Is. at Rome, 3 Jun. 1775. Sculture e 
pitture sacre estratte da' cimeterj di Boma, 
J 7 37-47 -53 — Del museo Capitolino, 17 14 and 
1750 — Baccolta di lettere sidla pittura, §c, 
1754-9 — edition of Vasari, 1750-60. 

Ebttger, J. F. [Boettcher.] 

Botticelli, (Sandro Filipepi,) painter, — b. 
at Florence, 1437, 11 1447 b — employed by Sixtus 
IV. in the Vatican, 1480-84— tS. "at Florence, 
15 15. Hativity, about 1500 ? 

a Biog. Univ. b "Worntim. 

Bottiger, Karl August, archceologist, §c., 
— b. at Reich enbach, 8 Jun. 1760 — Director of 
Gymnasium, Weimar, 1791 — goes to Dresden, 
1804 — member of the French Institute, 1832 

— tf., 17 Nov. 1835. Sabina, §c, 1803 — 
Griechische Vasengemcilde, §c, 1797, 1800 — 
Ideen zur Archceologie der Malerei, 181 1 — Kos- 
mographische Erlaiderungen, §c., 18 18 — 
Amalthea, 182 1-5. 

Bottone, Giacomo Hugo Vincenzio Em- 
manuel Maria, Count of Castellamonte, 
statesman, — b. at Castellamonte, 1753 — D.C.L., 
1770 — intendant-general, Savoy, 1789— director 
of the War, member of provisional government 
Dec. 1798 — member of provisional government 
of Piedmont, by Berthier, 24 Jun. 1800— presi- 
dent of Tribunal of Appeal, Turin, Nov. 1801 

— commander of Legion of Honour, 1803 — 
counsellor to Court of Cassation, 1806-28 — ft. 
at Paris, 13 Mar. 1828. 

Bottoni, Alhertino, physician, — Prof. Logic, 
Padua, 1555 — Prof. Medicine, 1564 — Jr. 1596. 

Bottoni, Domenico, physician, — b. at Leon- 
tini, 6 Oct. 1641 — M.D., Messina, 1658 — 
F.R.S., London, 1697 — tf., 1731. Fyrologia 
lopographica, 1692. 

Bottrigari, Ercole, mathematician, poet, $c, 
— b. at Bologna, Aug. 1531 — "is., 30 Sep. 1612. 
JSl Desiderio, 1594. 

Bouchain, in France, — taken by Marl- 
borough, 13 Sep. 171 1 — retaken by Marshal 
de Villars, 19 Oct. 17 12. 

Bouchard, Alain, historian. Grandes chro- 
niques de la Bretagne, 15 14. 

Bouchardon, Edme, sculptor, — 5. at Chau- 
mont, 1698 — studies at Rome, 1722-32 — mem- 
ber of Academy of Painting, Paris, 1744 — Prof., 
1746 — ts. at Paris, 27 Jul. 1762. Fontaine de 
Grenelle, Paris, 1739-45 — Statue of louis XV., 

i75i- 6 3- 

Bouchaud, Mathieu Antoine, jurist, — b. at 
Paris, 16 Apr. 17 19 — member of Academy of 
Inscriptions, 1766 — Prof. Law of Nature and 
Nations, Coll. Royal, 1774 — ts. 1 Feb. 1804. 
Becherches historiques sur la police des Bo- 
mains concernant les grands chemins, §c, 1798 
— Antiqtcites poetiques, 1799. 

Boucher, Francois, painter, — b. at Paris, 
29 Sep. 1703^ 1704 b — if., 30 May, i77o. a 
a Jal. b Biog. Univ. 

Boucher, Gilles, Jesuit, — b. in Artois, 1576 
— tf. at Tom-nay, 8 Mar. 1665. Belgium Bo- 
manum ecclesiasticum et civile, 1665 — Anno- 
tatio de chronologia regum Francorum Mero- 
vcedeorum, 1633. 

Boucher, Jean, jurist,— b, at Paris, 1548 — 
Rector of the Univ. of Paris, 1580 — first assem- 



214 



BOUCHER— BOUILLET. 



bly of the Leaguers held at his house, 1585 — 
gives signal for revolt, 2 Sep. 1587 — canon of 
Tonrnay, 1594-1644 — ft. there, 1644 or 1646. 
J)ejusta Henri ci III. abdicatione, 1589. 

Boucher, Jonathan, philologist, — b- in Cum- 
berland, 12 Mar. 1737-8— goes to North Ame- 
rica, about 1756-75 — vicar of Epsom, 1784 — 
ft. at Epsom, 27 Apr. 1804. /Supplement to 
Johnson 's Dictionary, (letter A,) 1807. 

Boucherat, Louis, Chancellor of France, 
— b. at Paris, 19 or 20 Aug. 16 16 — member of 
Boyal Council of Finance, 1667 — Chancellor, 
1 Nov. 1685 — ft. at Paris, 2 Sep. 1699. 

Bouchet, Guillaume, printer, — fj. at Poitiers, 
1526 — if., about 1606 ? — Screes de Guillaume 
Bouchet, 1584. 

Bouchet, Jean, historian, poet, — ft. at Poi- 
tiers, 1476 — ft., 1555. Annates a" Aquitaine, 

i5 2 4- 

Boucicaut, Jean le Maingre, Marshal of 
France, — b. at Tours, 1364 — serves in the 
army under Duguesclin, 1376 — page to Charles 
VI. at the battle of Bosbecque, Chevalier, 1382 
■ — Marshal of France, by Charles VI., 1389 — 
commands French auxiliaries of Sigismond, 
king of Hungary, 1396 — taken prisoner at 
battle of Nicopolis, 25 Sep. 1 396— ransomed, 
returns to France, 1396 — called by Emperor 
Manuel to defend Constantinople, 1400 — 
governor of Genoa, 140 1-9 — taken prisoner at 
Azincourt, conducted to England, 1415 — ft. in 
England, 1421. 

Boucquet, Victor, painter,— b., 1619— ft., 
1677. 

Boudet, Jean, general, — ft. at Bordeaux, 19 
Feb. 1769 — enters the army, 1783 — serves 
against the English in the West Indies, 1794 
— at the battle of Marengo, 14 Jun. 1800 — 
arrives at St Domingo, 3 Feb. 1802 — serves in 
the revolutionary campaigns, 1805- 1808— ft., 
Count of the Empire, at Buchveiss, 14 Sep. 1809. 

Boudet, Jean Pierre, chemist, §c, — b. at 
Pheiras, 1748 — inspector of the saltpetre and 
powder works, 1793 — chemist-in-chief to the 
Commission of Sciences and Arts in the Expe- 
dition to Egypt, 1798 — ft. at Paris, Jan. 1829. 
Memoire sur le phosphor e, 18 15. 

Boudot, Jean, printer to the King of France 
and the Academy, — ft. at Paris, 1706. Diction- 
naire latin-frangais, 1704. 

Boudot, Jean, printer to the King of France 
and the Academy, — ft. at Paris, 9 Oct. 1685 — 
ft., 10 Mar. 1754. 

Boudot, Pierre Jean, — b. at Paris, 1689 — 
ft. there, 6 Sep. 177 1. Joint author of Bib- 
liotheque du Theatre Francais, 1768 — Catalogue 
des livres imprime's de la bibliotheque du roi, 
1739-42 — Fssai historique sur V Aquitaine, 

*753- 

Bouelles, {Bouilles, Bouvelles,) Charles de, 
(Bovillus,) — fc. at Sancourt, about 1470 — ft., 
about 1553. Liber de intellects : de sensu : de 
nihilo, 15 10 — Liber de differentia vulgarium 
Ungitamm et gallici sermonis varietate, 1533. 

Bouette de Blemur, Jacqueline, Benedict- 
ine— h., 8 Jan. 16 1 8 — enters Order of Bene- 
dictines, Caen, 1629 — ft., 24 Mar. 1696. L'An- 
n4e I'x'nedictine, §c., 1667-73. 

Bouflers, Louis Francois, Duke of, Mar- 



shal of France, — h., 10 Jan. 1644 — enters 
the army, 1662 — contributes to the victory of 
Fleurus, 1690 — Colonel of French Guards, 1692 
— Marshal of France, 1693 — defends Namur, 
1695 — defends Lille, 1708 — Duke, peer of 
France, 1708— conducts the retreat at Mal- 
plaquet, 1709 — ft. at Fontainebleau, 22 Aug. 
171 1. 

Bouflers, Stanislas Jean, Marquis of, 
miscellaneous writer, — fc. at Luneville, i737, a 
at Nancy, 31 May 1738 b — enters Order of 
Malta, about 1762? — Marechal de Camp, 1 
Jan. 1784 — governor of Senegal, 1785-91 — 
member of French Academy, 1788 — deputy to 
States- General, 1789 — at Berlin, 1792— returns 
to France, 1800 — member of Institute, 1804 — 
ft. at Paris, 18 Jan. 1815. GEuvres, 1815. 
a Biog. Univ. b Jal. 

Bougainville, Jean Pierre de, miscellaneous 
writer,— ft. at Paris, 1 Dec. 1722 — member of 
Academy of Inscriptions, 1746 — Secretary, 
1749 — Secretary to the French Academy, 1754 
— ft. at Loches, 22 Jun. 1763. 

Bougainville, Louis Antoine de, Count of 
the French Empire, Senator, — b. at Paris, 
11 Nov. 1729 — enters the army, 1753 — F.B.S., 
London, 1755 — rejoins the army, Sep. 1755 — 
aide-de-camp to Montcalm, sets out for Canada, 
27 Mar. 1756 — embarks for France, Nov. 1756 
— Colonel, Knt of St Louis, Feb. 1759 — re- 
turns to Canada, 1759 — aide-de-camp to Count 
of Stainville in campaign of Germany, 1761-63 
— embarks for the Falkland Isles, 15 Nov. 
1766 — Vice-admiral, 1 Jan. 1792 — member of 
bureau of Longitudes, 25 Jun. 1795 — member 
of Institute, 25 Nov. 1795 — senator, by Napo- 
leon I., Dec. 1799 — ft. at Paris, 31 Aug. 181 1. 
Voyage autour du monde, 177 1. 

Bouget, Jean, Orientalist, — ft. at Saumur, 
1692 — Prof. Greek Literature, Eoman Coll., 
1737 — ft. at Eome, 1775. Lexicon hebraicum 
et chaldaico-biblicum, 1737. 

Bouguer, Pierre, mathematician, §c, — b. at 
Croisie, Bretagne, 16 Feb. 1698— obtains prizes 
at the Academy, 1727, 1729, 1731 — measures 
degree of meridian in Peru, 1735-43 — ft-, 15 
Aug. 1758. Traite de la gradation de la lu- 
miere, 1729 — Traite du navire, 1746 — Figure 
de la terre, 1749. 

Bouhours, Dominique, miscellaneous writer, 
— b. at Paris, 1628 — enters Order of Jesuits, 
1644 — ft. at Paris, 27 May, 1702. Bemarques 
et doutes sur la langue francaise, 1674. 

Bouille, Francois Claude Amour, Marquis 
of, — ft. at Clusel, Auvergne, 19 Nov. 1739 — 
enters the army, 1753 — distinguishes himself at 
Grunberg, 21 Mar. 1761 — governor of Guada- 
loupe, 1768 — takes Dominique from English, 
1778— Lieutenant-general, 1783 — goes to Eng- 
land, 1784 — member of Assembly of the Not- 
ables, 1787, and 1788 — quells insurrections of 
Metz and Nancy, Aug. 1790 — awaits at Mont- 
medythe flight of Louis XVI., 21 Jun. 1791 — 
takes refuge in England, Dec. 1792— ft. at 
London, 14 Nov. 1800. Memoirs relating to 
the French Bevolution, 1797. 

Bouillet, Marie Nicolas, litterateur,— b. at 
Paris, 1798 — studies under Jouffroy and Cousin 
at the Normal School. 18 16 — Chevalier of the 



BOUILLON— BOULTON. 



215 



Legion of Honour, 1839 — Director of the 
College Bourbon, 1 840 — member of Boyal 
Council of Instruction, 1845 — officer of Legion 
of Honour, 1846 — honorary counsellor of the 
University, 1850 — Inspector-general of Public 
Instruction, 1861— ft., 28 Dec. 1864. Diction- 
naire Universal d'histoire et de geographie, 
1842 — Dictionnaire TJniversel des sciences, 
des lettres, et des arts, 1854 — edits the (Etwres 
de Bacon, 1834-35. 

Bouillon, Duchy and City of, Belgium, — sold 
by Godfrey, Duke of Bouillon, to Bp of Liege, 
1096— taken possession of by Princes of Sedan, 
1482 — restored to Bp of Liege by Charles V., 
1529 — seized by Louis XIV., 30 Sep. 1676 — 
given to Godfrey Maurice de la Tour, 1 May 
1678 — secured to him by Treaty of Nimeguen, 
1678 — adjudged to Duke of Luxembourg 
by Congress of Vienna, 18 15 — falls to Belgium 
on division of Duchy of Luxembourg, 1830. 

Bouillon, Emmanuel Theodose de la Tour, 
{Abbe, Due d'Albret,) Cardinal, — ft. at Tu- 
renne, 24 Aug. 1644,* 1643 b — Cardinal, 1669 
— envoy to Borne, 1698 — quits France, 17 10 — 
ft. at Borne, 2 Mar. 17 15. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Bouillon, Frederic Maurice de la Tour d' 
Auvergne, Duke of, — ft. at Sedan, 22 Oct. 
1605 — distinguishes himself at siege of Bois- 
le-Duc, 1629 — distinguishes himself at Maes- 
tricht, 1632 — Marechal de Camp, 1635 — at 
siege of Breda, 1637 — at battle of Marfee, 
6 Jul. 1641 — quits France, 1644-50 — ft. at 
Pontoise, 9 Aug. 1652. 

Bouillon. [Godfrey of Bouillon.] 

Bouillon, Henri de la Tour d' Auvergne, 
Duke of, — ft. in Auvergne, 28 Sep. 1555 — serves 
at siege of Bochelle, 1573 — declares for king 
of Navarre, 1576 — Lieut.-general in Guienne, 
&c, 1589— Marshal of France, 1592 — envoy 
from Henri IV. to Queen Elizabeth, concludes 
treaty offensive and defensive, 26 May 1596 — 
ambassador to England, 1612 — ft., 25 Mar. 1623. 

Bouillon, Pierre, painter, — ft. at Thiviers, 
.1777— *., 1833. 

Bouillon, Robert de laSlarcklV., Marshal 
of, — Captain of Swiss Guards, 1537 — Marshal 
of France, 1547 — ambassador to Julius III., 
1550 — at the taking of Metz, 1552 — Duke, 
Lieutenant- General, 1552 — taken prisoner at 
Hesdin by the Dutch, 1553— ft., Feb. 1556. 

Bouilly, Jean Nicolas, dramatist, §c;, — ft. 
at Tours, 1761^ 1763 b — ft. at Paris, 1841^ 24 
Apr. 1842. b L 'abbe de I 'epe'e, 1800. 

a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Boulainvilliers, Henri de, historian, — ft. at 
Saint Saire, Normandy, 11 Oct. 1658 — ft., 23 
Jan. 1722 — Memoires pre'sente's au due d' Or- 
leans, $c, 1727 — Histoire de Vancien gouverne- 
ment de Trance, 1727 — Mat de la France, 1727 
— Vie de Mahomet, 1730. 

Boulanger, Jean, engraver, — ft. at Amiens, a 
Troyes, b 1607 — ft., 1660. b 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Boulanger, Nicolas Antoine,— ft. at Paris, 
11 Nov. 1722 — ft. there, 16 Sep. 1759. An- 
tiquite devoilec, 1766 — Recherches sur Vorigine 
du despotisme oriental, 176 1. 



Boulay, Cesar Egasse du, {Bulceus,) his- 
torian, — ft. at St Ellier, about 1605 — ft. at 
Paris, 16 Oct. 1678. Historia Universitatis 
Parisiensis, 1665-73 — Tre'sor des antiquites 
Homaines, 1650. 

Boulay de la Meurthe, Antoine Jacques 
Claude Josse, — ft. at Chaumousey, 1761 — mem- 
ber of Council of Five Hundred, 1796 — Presi- 
dent of Section of Legislation, 1810 — arrested, 
quits France, 18 15 — returns, 1819 — ft. at Paris, 
2 Feb. 1840. Bourrienne et ses erreurs, 1830. 

Boulee, Etienne Louis, architect, — ft. at 
Paris, 12 Feb. 1728,* i7i8 b — member of In- 
stitute, 12 Dec. 1795 — If., 6 Feb. 1799^ 1795. 13 
a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Boulenger, Jules Cesar, Jesuit, — ft. at Lou- 
dun, 1558 — ft. at Cahors, Aug. 1628. His- 
toriarum sui temporis lib. XIII. , 16 19 — Opus- 
cules, 1621. 

Boullaye, de la. [Gouz de la Boullaye.] 

Boulliau, Ismael, a (Israel,) b {Bullialdus,) 
astronomer, §c, — ft. at Loudun, 28 Sep. 1605 
— ft. at Paris, 25 Nov. 1694. Philolaus, 1639 
— Astronomia philolaica, 1645 — De lineis 
spiralibus demonstrationes, 1657 — Opus novum 
ad arithmeticam injinitoncm, 1682. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Boullogne, Bon, painter, — ft. at Paris, 22 
Feb. 1649 — member of Academy, 1677 — ft. at 
Paris, 16 May 17 17. 

Boullogne, Louis, painter, — ft. at Paris, 10 
Nov. 1654 — member of Academy, 1680— first 
painter to Louis XIV., 1725 — ft., 21, Nov. 
1733- 

Boulogne, {Bononia, Gesoriacum,) — taken by 
Constantius Chlorus, 292 — head of a county, 
about 880— sacked by Northmen, 882, a 888 b — 
Count Eustace accompanies AVilliam of Nor- 
mandy to England, 1066 — improved and forti- 
fied by Philip Augustus, 1231 — passes to house 
of Auvergne, about 1260 — attempted by Henry 
III. of England, 1347 — taken by Henry VIIL, 
1544 — restored by Edward VI. to France, 1550 
— bishopric of Therouane removed to, 1553 — 
Napoleon I. assembles flotilla at, for invasion of 
England, Jul. 1801 — the flotilla unsuccessfully 
attacked by Nelson, 15 Aug. 1801 — army for 
invasion of England assembled at, 1804 — Louis 
Napoleon attempts to excite insurrection at, 6 
Aug. 1840. Cathedral, commenced, about 1826, 
consecrated, 24 Aug. 1866. 

a Encyc. Mod. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Boulogne, Etienne Antoine de, Bp of 
Troves, Peer of France, — ft. at Avignon, 

26 Dec. 1747 — almoner to Napoleon I., 1805 — 
Bp of Troyes, 1809^ 1808 b — ai-rested and 
imprisoned, 1809-14 — Abp of Vienne, 1822 — 
Peer, 1823 — ft., 13 May 1825. 

a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Boulter, Hugo, Abp of Armagh, — ft. in 
London, 4 Jan. 167 1 — as chaplain accompanies 
George I. to Hanover, 17 18 — Bp of Bristol, 
17 1 9 — Abp of Armagh, 1724 — provides relief 
in famines of 1729 and 1740-1 — ft. in London, 

27 Sep. 1742. 

Boulton, Matthew, mechanician^ — ft. at 
Birmingham, 3 Sep. 1728 — establishes his 
manufactory at Soho, 1765 — visited by James 



2l6 



BOTJXTY-BOURGES. 



Watt, 1768 — enters into partnership with Watt, 
1774 — commences coining by steam, 1783 — 
undertakes new copper coinage, 1797 — tt. at 
Soho, 17 Aug. 1809. 

Bounty, Mutiny of the,— breaks out, 28 
Apr. 1789 — three of the mutineers executed at 
Portsmouth, 24 Oct. 1792. [Pitcairn Island.] 

Bounty. [Queen Anne's Bounty.] 

Bouquet, Martin, Benedictine, — ft. at 
Amiens, 1685 — tt. at Paris, 6 Apr. 1754. He- 
rum Galli car um et Francicarum scriptores, 1738. 

Bourbon, {Bourbonnais,) Barony of — men- 
tioned before 900 — erected into a Duchy, for 
Louis, grandson of St Louis, by Charles the 
Fair, 27 Dec. 1327 — united to crown of France, 
by decree of the parliament, 6 May 1527. 

" Bourbon Line of sovereigns of France. 
[See France, Kings of.] 

Bourbon, Isle of, Indian Ocean, — discovered 
by Portuguese, 1542^ 1545 bc — colonized by 
French, 1642-49 — ceded by Louis XIV. to 
India Company, 1661 — regular government 
established, 17*10 — taken by English, 8 Jul. 
1 810 — restored to France, 6 Apr. 18 15— block- 
aded by English, 6 Oct. 18 15. a Engl. Cyc. 
b Unir. Pittoresque. c Encyc. Alod. 

Bourbon, Charles de, (Constable de Bour- 
bon,) — ft., 17 Feb. 1489 — marries Suzanne de 
Bourbon, 1505 — serves in expedition to Italy, 
1509 — Constable of France, by Francis I., 
early in 15 15 — contributes to victory of Mari- 
gnano, 14 Sep. 1515 — Lieutenant-general in 
Lombardy, 15 16 — first slighted by the king, 
15 16 — death of Suzanne de Bourbon, 28 Apr. 
152 1 — his property sequestrated, Aug. 152 j — 
escapes from France, 1522— enters into secret 
league with Charles Y. and Henry YIII. 
against Francis I., 1523 — Lieutenant-general 
of Charles V. in Italy, 1524 — contributes to 
defeat and capture of Francis I. at Pavia, 24 
Feb. 1525 — leads his army to Rome, and falls 
at the assault, 5 May 1527. 

Bourbon, Nicolas, {the elder,) poet, — ft. at 
Yandeuvre, 1503 — tt. at Cande, after 1550. 
Xugce, 1533. 

Bourbon, Nicolas, {the yotinger,) poet, §c, 
— ft. at Yandeuvre, 1574 — Prof. Greek, College 
Royal, 161 1 -20— member of French Academy, 
1637 — tt. at Paris, 7 Aug. 1644. Poemata, 1630. 

Bourbotte, Pierre,— ft. at Yaulh, near Aval- 
Ion, 5 Jun. 1763 — deputy to the Convention, 
1792 — sentenced to death, by military com- 
mission, 13 Jun. 1795. 

Bourchenu, Jean Pierre Moret de, Mar- 
quis de Yalbonnais, historian, — ft. at 
Grenoble, 23 Jun. 1651 — member of Academy 
of Inscriptions, 1728 — tt., 2 Mar. 1730. Sis- 
toire die Daaphine, §c, 1722. 

Bourchier, John. [Berners, Lord.] 

Bourchier, {Bouchier, Boursier, Burser, §c.,) 
Thomas, Abp of Canterbury, — ft. about 
1404-5 a — Dean of St Martin le Grand, London, 
1424^ 1433 b — takes part in convocation of 
Oxford Univ., 1428 — Chancellor of the Univ., 
1434-37 — Bp of Worcester, Mar. 1434 — Bp of 
Ely, Feb. 1443 — Abp of Canterbury, Apr. 
1454 — Cardinal priest, Dec. 1464 — Lord Chan- 
cellor, 7 Mar. 1455 b — crowns Edward IV.. 



146 1 — assists in the introduction of printing, 
1464 — not invested with the red hat till 1473,* 
1472 b — tf. at Knowle, near Sevenoaks, 30 
Mar., c 6 Apr. 3 i486. 

a Hook. b Foss. c Le Neve. 

Bourcier, Francois Antoine, Count, lieu- 
tenant-general, — ft. near Phalsbourg, 1760 — 
General of Division, 1794 — serves under Moreau 
in Germany, 1795-96 — distinguishes himself at 
Austerlitz, 1805 — at Wagram, 1809 — serves in 
the Russian campaign, 181 2 — retires, 18 16 — 
Councillor of State, 1817 — tt. near Pont-a- 
Mousson, 1828. 

Bourdaloue, Louis, theologian, — ft. at 
Bourges, 20 Aug. 1632 — enters Order of Jesuits, 
1648 — preaches before Louis XIY., 1670-72, 
&c. — rj. at Paris, 13 May 1704. (Euvres, 

i7 7-34- 

Bourdeaux. [Bordeaux.] 

Bourdeille, Helie de, Cardinal, Abp of 
Tours, — ft. in Perigord, about 1410 — Bp of Pe- 
rigueux, 1437 — Abp of Tours, Dec. 1468 — goes 
to Rome, 1482 — Cardinal, 15 Nov. 1483 — tt., 15 
Jul. 1484. Defensorium. concordatorum, 1520. 

Bourdelin, Claude, chemist, — ft. at Yille- 
franche, 1621 — member of Academy of Sciences, 
1668 — It., 15 Oct. 1699. 

Bourdelot, Jean, philologist, — tt. at Paris, 
1638. Editions of Lucian, 16 15 — of Seliodorus, 
16 19 — of Petronius, 1663. 

Bourdin, Maurice. [Gregory VIII., anti- 
pope.'] 

Bourdon, Leonard Jean Joseph, politician, 
— ft. at Longuy-au-Perche, 1758 — deputy to 
Convention, 1792 — contributesto triumph of the 
'Mountain,' 31 May 1793 — arrests Robespierre 
and his friends, 27 Jul. 1794 — tt-, about 18 15. 

Bourdon, Sebastien, painter, — ft. at Mont- 
pellier, 16 16 — first painter to Queen Christina 
of Sweden, 1652 — tt. at Paris, 167 1. 

Bourdonnais, de la. [Mahe.] 

Bourgelat, Claude, veterinary surgeon, — ft. 
at Lyons, 27 Mar. 17 12 — establishes at Lyons 
first veterinary school in Europe, 1761-2 — tt., 
3 Jan. 1779. Nouvcau Newcastle, 1747 — 
Elements d'Pdppiatrique, 1750-51-53. 

Bourgeois, Dominique Francois, — ft. at 
Pontarlier, 1698 — submits to the Academy 
model of his lantern, 1744 — obtains prize of 
Academy of Sciences for method of lighting 
streets, 1766 — constructs signal light, 1773 — ■ 
erects one at St Petersburg, 1778 — rj. at Paris, 
18 Jun. 1781. 

Bourgeois, Sir Francis, painter, — ft. in 
London, 1756 — painter to king of Poland, 1791 
— R.A., 1792 — landscape painter to king of 
England, 1794 — U. in London, 8 Jan. 181 1. 

Bourges, City and County of, Berri, in 
France, [Avaricum] — [B C] — taken by Caesar, 
52— [AD] — taken by Yisigoths, 475 — falls to 
Franks after victory of Yougle, 507 — governed 
by Counts dependent on Duke of Aquitaine, 
till 763 — conquered and united to the kingdom, 
by Pepin le Bref, 763 — plundered by Normans 
878 — the Yiscount made dependent on the 
crown, about 927 — sold to Philip I. by Eudes- 
Arpin, 1100 or 1101 — besieged by Charles VI., 
Jun., Jul. 141 2 — burnt, 1487 — seized by 



BOUKGOING— BOUT. 



217 



Huguenots, 1562 — regained by Boyalists, 1 Sep. 
1562. University of, founded by Louis XL, 1463 
— suppressed, 1789. Councils of, 473 — on dis- 
cipline, 1 Nov. 1031 — Christmas, 1145; 1225; 
respecting ecclesiastical jurisdiction, &c, 13 
Sep. 1276 — respecting trades exercised by 
clergy, Apr. 1280; 19 Sep. 1286; on discipline, 
14-17 Oct. 1336 — respecting authority of 
Council of Ferrara and the Pragmatic Sanction, 
26 Aug. to 1 1 Sep. 1440 — respecting doctrines of 
Luther and on discipline, 21 Mar. 1528. 

Bourgoing, Jean Francois, Baron de, 
diplomatist, — ft. at Nevers, 20 Nov. 1748 — 
enters military school of Paris, 1760 — first 
secretary to Spanish embassy, 1777-85 — 
minister plenipotentiary at Hamburg, 1787 
— minister plenipotentiary at Madrid, 179 1-3 
— to Denmark, 1801 — to Saxony, 1808 — if. 
at Carlsbad, 20 Jul. 181 r. Tableau de VEs- 
pagne moderne, 1807 — Mtmoires historiques et 
jphilosophiques sur Pie VI., 1798- 1800. 

Bourguet, Louis, naturalist, — ft. at Nismes, 
23 Apr. 1678 — Prof. Philosophy and Mathe- 
matics, Neufchatel, 1731-42 — if. there, 31 Dec. 
1742. Edits the Bibliotheque Ltalique, 1728- 
34 — Lettres philosophiques, §c, 1742. 

Bourgueville, Charles de, — ft. at Caen, 6 
Mar. 1504—11. 1593. Atheomachie, 1564 — 
Recherches et antiquite's de la Neustrie, $•<?., 1588. 

Bourienne. [Bourrienne.] 

Bourignon, Antoinette, religious enthusiast, 
— ft. at Lille, 13 Jan. 16 16 — placed in the con- 
vent of St Symphorien, about 1636 — governess 
of Hospital at Lille, 1648,* 1653, b 1662 c — if. 
at Franeker, 30 Oct. 1680. a Engl. Cyc. 

b Ersch and Gruber. c Cony. -Lex. 

Bourignon, Francois Marie, antiquary, §c, 
• — ft. at Saintes, 1753 — if., 1796. Recherches 
historiques, §c, sur les antiquite's de Saintes, 
1800. 

Bourlet de Vauxcelles. [Vauxcelles.] 

Bourmont, Louis Auguste Victor de Gaisne, 
Count of, general, — ft. in Anjou, or at Paris, 
1773 — enters the army, 1788 — emigrates, 1790 
— Major-general in Vendean army, 1793 — in 
England, 1793 and 1796 — heads a division of 
Chouans, gains possession of le Mans, 1799 — 
arrested, imprisoned by Fouche, 1803 — escapes 
to Portugal, 1 805— returns, serves under Na- 
poleon L, 1 8 10 — Lieutenant-general, 18 14 — 
retires, 15 Jun. 1815 — General of Division, Sep. 
1 8 15 — commands in Spain, 1823 — Minister of 
"War, 1829 — commander of expedition to Al- 
giers, takes the town, 1830 — Marshal of France, 
22 Jul. 1830 — in exile, 1830-40 — returns to 
castle of Bourmont, 1840 — if. there, 27 Oct. 
1846. 

Bourne, Hugh, tlveologian, — ft. at Stoke 
upon Trent, 3 Apr. 1772 — separates from 
Wesleyan Conference, and founds first society 
of Primitive Methodists, 18 10 — visits United 
States, 1 844 — ir. at Bemersley, 1 1 Oct. 
1852. 

Bourne, Vincent, Latin poet, — ft., probably 
about 1700 — enters Trin. Coll. Cambridge, 
1714 — M.A., 1721 — usher at "Westminster 
School, after 1721-47 — if., 2 Dec. 1747. 
Poemata, 1734. 



Bournon, Jacques Louis, Count de, miner- 
alogist, — ft. at Metz, 21 Jan. 1757 — Chevalier of 
St Louis, member of Legion of Honour, 18 15 
— director-general of royal cabinet of mineral- 
ogy, 1815-25 — if. at Versailles, 24 Aug. 1825. 
Essai sur la lithologie des environs de St Etienne 
en Eorez, 1785 — Traite complet de la chaux 
carbonatee, 1808 — Catalogue de la collection 
mineralogique du roi, 1815. 

Bournonville, Jean Valentin, musical com- 
poser, — ft. at Noyon, about 1585 — maitre de 
musique, Abbeville, 161 8 — maitre de musique, 
Amiens, 1629. 

Bourrienne, Louis Antoine Fauvelet de, 
secretary to Napoleon I., — ft. at Sens, 9 Jul. 
1769 — at military school of Brienne, 1778-88 
— studies at Leipsic, 1788 — has interview with 
Napoleon at Gratz, becomes his secretary, Jun. 
i797, a c Dec. 1796 b — Counsellor of State, 1801 
— envoy extraordinary to Hamburg, 1805 — 
Prefect of Police, 12 Mar. 18 15— Counsellor of 
State, 1 8 15— if. at Caen, 7 Feb. 1834. Mi- 
moires sur Napoleon, §c, 1829. 

a Biog. TJniy. b Engl. Cyc. c Conv.-Lex. 

Bourrit, Marc Theodore, Alpine traveller, 
— ft. at Geneva, 1739 — ascends Cramant, 1775 
— ascends Mont Blanc, 1787 — if. near Geneva, 
6 Oct. 1 8 19. Description des Alpes Pennines 
et Rhe'tiennes, 17 81 — Description des cols et 
passages des Alpes, 1803. 

Bourru, Edme Claude, physician, — ft. at 
Paris, 27 Mar. 1737, a 1741 b — librarian of the 
Faculty, 1771-75 — Dean, 1787-93 — Vice-pre- 
sident, Academy of Medicine, 181 3 — honorary 
member of Boyal Academy, 1821 — if. at Paris, 
19 Sep. 1823. 

a Biog. Univ. b Rose's Biog. Diet. 

Boursault, Edme, miscellaneous writer, — ft. 
in Burgundy, Oct. 1638 — goes to Paris, 1651 
if. at Montlucon, 15 Sep. 1701. Theatre, 1725 
— Lettres nouvelles, §c, 1709. 

Boursier, Laurent Francois, doctor of the 
Sorbonne,—h. at Ecouen, 1679 — D.D., 1711 — ■ 
if., 17 Feb. 1749. Action de Bieu sur les 
creatures, 17 13. 

Bousmard, A. de, military engineer, — ft., 
1747 — Captain of Engineers, 1789 — deputy to 
States-General, 1789 — enters Prussian army, 
1792 — killed at siege of Dantzic, 21 May 1807. 
Essai general de fortification et d'attaque, 
1797-1803. 

Boussard, Andre Joseph, general, — ft. at 
Binche, Hainaut, 1758 — serves in French army 
in campaigns of 1792-93 — serves in Italy, 
1796 — Chief of brigade, 7 Jan. 1797 — serves 
in Egypt, 1798-1800 — General of brigade, 23 
Sep. 1800 — commands division at battle of Jena, 
14 Oct. 1806 — General of division, 16 Mar. 
1 8 12 — if. at Bagneres, 11 Aug. 1813. 

Boussard, Geoffroi, theologian, — ft. at Mans, 
1439 — a ^ Council of Pisa, 151 1 — if. at Mans, 
about 1522. Be continentia sacerdotum, 1505. 

Bousseau, Jacques, sculptor, — ft. in Poitou, 
168 1 — if. at Madrid, 1740. 

Bousyry, poet,—b. (608, a. h.,) 1211— if., 
about (695,) 1298. 

Bout, Pieter, painter, — ft. at Brussels, 1660 
—if. 1740. 



zi8 



BOUTARD-BOY-BISHOP. 



Boutard, Jean Baptiste Bon, Marquis, 
journalist, §c, — ft. at Paris, 177 1 — tf. Dec. 
1833 — on the staff of the Journal des Debuts, 
about 1798-1833. Dictionnaire des Arts du 
Dessin, 1826. 

Boutaric, Francois He, jurist, — ft. at Figeac, 
10 Aug. 1672 — Prof. French Law, Toulouse, 
1704 — Capitoul, 1707 — tf., 2 Oct. 1733. Les 
Instituts de Justinien, confe're's avec le droit 
frangais, 1738 — Explication des ordonnances sur 
les matieres civiles, §c, 1753. 

Bouterone, Claude, antiquary, — tf., before 
1680. Pecherches curieuses des monnaies de 
France, §c., 1666. 

Bouterwek, Friedrich, philosopher, historian, 
§c, — ft. at Ocker, near Goslar, 15 Apr. 1766 — 
settles at Gottiugen, 1789— teacher of Philoso- 
phy, Helmstadt, 1793 — Prof. Philosophy, Gottiu- 
gen, 1796^ 1797 bc — Aulic Councillor, 1806 — 
tf. at Gottingen, 9 Sep., a 8 Aug., b 9 Aug. c 
1828. Geschichte der neuem Poesie tend Bered- 
samkeit, 180 1. a Biog. Univ. 

b Engl. Cyc. c Conv.-Lex. 

Boutiller, (Bouteiller or Boutillier,) Jean, — 
tf., about 1503. La Somme r urate, 1479. 

Boutin, Vincent Yves, — ft. near Nantes, 1 
Jan. 1772 — assists in defence of Constantinople, 
under Sebastiani, 1807 — captured by the Eng- 
lish, imprisoned at Malta, 1 808 — escapes, 
travels in Algiers and Tunis, 1808 — at battle of 
Wagram, 1809 — assassinated, in Syria, Aug. 
1 8 15 — his charts, plans, &c, used for the 
Apercu historique, statistique, et topographique 
sur t'e'tat d' Alger, 1830. 

Bouvet, Joachim, Jesuit missionary, — goes 
to China, Mar. 1685— tf. at Pekin, 28 Jun. 
1732. Etat present de la Chine, 1697 — Por- 
trait historique de V empereur Kang-hi, 1697. 

Bouvet de Lozier, Athanase Hyacinthe, 
Count, general, — ft. at Paris. 1769 — arrested, 
condemned to death, Jun. 1804 — escapes from 
prison, goes to England, 18 12 — Marechal de 
Camp, by Louis XVIII., 18 14— Chevalier of St 
Louis, and of Legion of Honour, 18 14 — Go- 
vernor of Isle of Bourbon, 18 15-19 — Count, 
18 1 9 — tf. at Fontamebleau, 31 Jan. 1825. 

Bouvines, in Flanders, — Philip Augustus 
defeats Emperor Otto and allies at, 27 Jul. 
1 2 14. 

Bouys, lean, painter, — ft., 1692. 

Bovadilla, (Bobadilla,) Francesco de, — sent 
by Ferdinand and Isabella to St Domingo, to 
investigate the conduct of Columbus, 1500 — tf. 
by shipwreck, 29 Jun. 1502. 

Bovelles, Charles de. [Bouelles.] 

Boverius, Zacharias, Capuchin, — ft. at 
Saluzzo, 1568 — tf. at Genoa, 31 May, a Mar. b 
1638 — Annates Fratrum Capucinorum, 1632. 
a Biog. Univ. b Zedler. 

Bovianum, in Italy, — [BC] — taken by Ro- 
mans, 304/ 443 b — colony, by Augustus, 45 d — 
[AD] — destroyed by earthquake, 853. c 

a Liddell. ' b Erscb. and Gruber. 

c Meyer, Conv.-Lcx. d Merivale. 

Bowdich, Thomas Edward, miscellaneous 
writer, — ft. at Bristol, 1790 — goes to London, 
about 1807 — embarks for Africa, 1814 — accom- 
panies embassy to Ashantee, and concludes a 



treaty, 18 15 — embarks for Lisbon, 1822 — tf. at 
Bathurst, Isle of St Mary, 10 Jan. 1824. Mis- 
sion to Ashantee, 18 19 — Excursions in Madeira, 
1825. 

Bowditch, Nathaniel, astronomer, — ft. at 
Salem, Massachusetts, 1773 — goes to sea, 1798- 
1804 — tf. at Boston, 16 Mar. 1838. Transla- 
tion of the ' Mecanique Celeste,' 1829-38 — 
Practical Navigator, 1802. 

Bowdler, Thomas, miscellaneous writer, — ft. 
at Ashley near Bath, 1754 — tf., 1825. Family 
Sha7cespeare, 1 8 1 1 . 

Bowdoin, James, statesman, — ft. at Boston, 
IT. S., 1722, a 1727 b — representative to the 
General Assembly, 1756 — President of Aca- 
demy of Arts and Sciences, Boston, 1780 — 
Governor of Massachusetts, 1785 — tf., 1790. 
a Biog. Univ. b Allibone's Diet. 

Bower, Archibald, miscellaneous ivriter, — ■ 
ft. at Dundee, 1686 — enters Order of Jesuits, 
1706 — quits it, 1726 — tf. in London, 1766. 
History of the Popes, 1748-66. 

Bowides, (Buyides,) Dynasty of, in Persia. 
[Dilemites.] 

Bowles, Caroline. [Southey, Caroline.] 

Bowles, William, naturalist, — ft., about 
1720— goes to Paris, 1752 — charged to make 
experiments on platinum, 1753 — tf., 1790,* 
1780. 13 Introduccion a la Historia natural y a 
la geografia ftsica de Espana, 1775. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Graber, 

Bowles, William Lisle, poet, — ft. at King's 
Sutton, Northamptonshire, 24 Sep. 1762 — at 
Winchester School, 1776 — enters Oxford Univ., 
1782 — D.D., 1792 — prebendary of Salisbury, 
1803 — vicar of Bremhill, Wilts, 1805 — chaplain 
to the Prince Regent, 1 8 1 8 — canon of Salisbury 
cathedral, 1828 — tf. at Salisbury, 7 Apr. 1850. 
Fourteen Sonnets, 1789 — Spirit of Discovery, 
1804 — Edition of Pope, 1807 — Missionary of 
the Andes, 18 15 — Scenes and Shadows, §c, 
Village Versebook, 1837. 

Bowyer, William, printer,— -ft. in London, 
19 Dec. 1699 — enters Cambridge Univ., Jun. 
17 16 — printer of the votes of House of Com- 
mons, 1729 — F.S.A., 7 Jul. 1736 — printer to 
Royal Society, 1760 — printer to House of 
Lords, 1767 — tf., 18 Nov. 1777. Selderis 
Works, 17 22-26 — Nov. Test. Grcecimn, 1763 — 
Origin of Printing, §c,, 1776 — Critical Con- 
jectures and Observations on New Testament, 
§C, i77 2 - 

Boxhornius, Marcus Zuerius, philologist, 
historian, — ft. at Bergen-op-Zoom, Sep. 1612 — 
Prof. Eloquence, Ley den, 1632 — Prof. Institu- 
tionum Juris, 1640 — Prof. History, 1648 — tf. 
at Leyden, 3 Oct. 1653. FListoria universalis, 
1675 — Obsidio Bredana, 1637 — Theatrum, seu 
Comitates FLollandice nova descriptio,§c, 1632 — 
Originum Gallicarum liber, 1654. 

Boxtel, in Holland, — the Duke of York 
defeated by the French, 14 Aug. 1794. 

Boy, Pierre, goldsmith, enameller, — tf . at 
Diisseldorf, 17 17. 

Boyadji-Keny, — Treaty of, between Austria 
and the Porte, respecting evacuation of Danu- 
bian Principalities, 14 Jun. 1854. 

Boy-Bishop, — mentioned as early as 1290 — 



BOYCE— BOTYE. 



prohibited by Council of Sens, 1485 — in Eng- 
land, election of, prohibited by proclamation of 
Henry YIIL, 1542 — election of, revived by 
edict of Bp of London, 13 Nov. 1554— custom 
abolished by Queen Elizabeth, 1558. 

Boyce, William, musical composer, — b. in 
London, 7 Feb. 17 10 — organist and composer 
in the Chapel Boyal, 1736 — Mus. D., Cam- 
bridge, 1749 — first organist of Chapel Boyal, 
1758 — if., 16 Eeb. 1779. Serenata of " Solo- 
mon? 1743 — Collection of Church Music, 1760. 

Boyd, Henry, poet, — h. in Ireland, about 
1750 — if., 17 Sep. 1832. Translation of 
Dante's Divine Comedy, 1785-1802. 

Boyd, Robert, Lord Boyd, — one of the 
Scottish plenipotentiaries for negotiating truce 
with England, 1459 — Justiciary, Lord of the 
Begency, 1460 — Lord High Chamberlain, 1467 
—escapes to England, 1469 — if. at Alnwick, 
1470. 

Boyd, Zachary, theologian, — b., before 1590 
— -goes to Saumur, 1607 — Begent of the Univ., 
161 1 — minister of the Barony Church, Glasgow, 
1623 — makes a speech before Charles I. at 
Holyrood, 1633 — rector of Glasgow Univ., 
1635 and 1645 — preaches before Cromwell, 
13 Oct. 1650 — Xf., 1653. Last Battell of the 
Soule in Death, 1629. 

Boydell, John, — h., 19 Jan. 17 19 — alderman 
of London, 5 Aug. 1782 — projects the Shakes- 
peare Gallery, 1786 — Lord Mayor, 1790 — if. 
in London, n Dec. 1804. Shakespeare Gallery, 
1803 — Collection of prints, §c, 1769 — The 
Thames, 1794-6. 

Boye, Johannes, philosopher, — h. at Copen- 
hagen, 1756 — if. at Copenhagen, 1830. Statens 
Yen, 1 793-1 8 14. 

Boye, Charles Joseph, general, — b. in 
Treves, 11 Feb. 1762 — enters the army, 1778 
— Captain, 1791 — General, June 1794 — dis- 
tinguishes himself at Zurich, 1799 — c ^ s " 
tinguishes himself at Hohenlinden, 1801 — 
Commander of Legion of Honour, 1805 — if., 
1808. 

Boyen, Herman von, general, — ft. at Ereuz- 
burg in East Prussia, 177 1 — enters the army, 
1784 — serves in Poland, 1794-96 — Lieutenant- 
general, 1818 — retires, 1819 — General of In- 
fantry, 1840 — Minister of "War, 1841 — 
Field-marshal, Governor of Hospital, Nov. 1847 
— if., 15 Feb. 1848. Der Preussen Losung, 3 
Feb. 1838. 

Boyer, Abel, lexicographer, §c, — ft. at 
Castres, 1664 — if. at Chelsea, 16 Nov. 1729. 
Dictionnaire anglais-francais, §c, 1702. 

.Boyer, Alexis, Baron, surgeon, — b. at Uzer- 
che, Limousin, 30 Mar. 1757 or 1760 — second 
surgeon in the Hospital de la Charite, 1794 — 
as first surgeon to Napoleon I., follows him to 
Poland, 1807 — consulting surgeon to Louis 
XYIIL, Charles X., and Louis Philippe, 1823- 
30 — member of Academy of Sciences, 1824 — 
member of Institute, 1825 — if. at Paris, 25 
Nov. 1833. Traite d'Anatomie, 1797-99 — 
Trait e des maladies chirurgicales, §c, 1815-27. 

Boyer de Bebeval, Joseph, Baron, general, 
— b. at Yaucouleurs, 20 Apr. 1768 — enters the 
army, 1787 — serves in the campaigns of 1792- 



I 96 — at battle of Marengo, 1800 — General of 
I brigade, 181 1 — serves in Bussian and Saxon 
campaigns, 181 2-1 3 — distinguishes himself in 
the attacks onMery-sur-SeineandCraonne, 18 14 
— Chevalier of St Louis, 18 14 — at Waterloo, 
1 8 15 — if. at Bebeval, 1822. 

Boyle, Charles, John, and Roger. [Orrery, 
Earls of.] 

Boyle, John and Richard. [Cork, Earls of.] 

Boyle, Robert, philosopher, — b. at Lismore, 
25 Jan. 1626 — studies at Eton, 1635-38 — 
studies at Geneva, 1639-41 — returns to Eng- 
land, 1644— member of Scientific Association, 
(afterwards Boyal Society,) 1645— resides at 
Oxford, 1654-68 — member of Council of Boyal 
Society, 1662 — invents or improves the air- ■ 
pump, before 1668 — settles in London, 1668 — 
if. there, 30 Dec. 169 1. New Experiments, 
physico-mechanical, touching the spring of the 
air, 1660 — Physiological Essays, §c, 1661 — 
Sceptical Chemist, 1662 — Considerations touch- 
ing the usefulness of experimental Natural 
Philosophy, 1663 — -Experiments and Considera- 
tions upon Colours, 1663 — Experiments and 
Observations upon Cold, 1665 — Discourse of 
Things above Reason, 1681 — Memoirs for the 
Natural History of Human Blood, 1684 — Free 
Inquiry into the vulgarly received notion of 
Nature, i6 r j^—Medicma Hydrostatica, 1690 — 
General History of the Air, 1692. 

Boyleaux, (Boileaue or Boylesve,) Etienne, 
— marries Marguerite de la Guesle, 1225 — 
accompanies St Louis to Egypt, 1248 — captured 
at siege of Damietta, 1249 — provost of Paris, 
by St Louis, 1258 — if., 1269. 

Boym, Michel, Jesuit missionary, — goes to 
India and China, 1643 — if. in China, 1659. 
Flora Sinensis, 1656. 

Boyne, The, in Ireland,— -the Northmen sail 
up, 838 — William III. defeats James II. on, 1 
Jul. 1690. 

Boyse, (Boys, Bois,) John, theologian, — b. at 
Nettlestead, Suffolk, 3 Jan. 1560 — assists in re- 
vision of English Bible, between 1604- 11 — 
prebendary of Ely, 1615 — if., 1643. 

Boyseau, Pierre de, Makquis of Chateau- 
fort, general, — b. near Namur, 1659 — distin- 
guishes himself at siege of Charleroi, 1693 — 
at battle of Oudenarde, 1708 — at Malplaquet, 
1709 — at battle of Saragossa, 17 10 — serves in 
expedition to Majorca, 17 15 — serves in expedi- 
tion to Africa, 1732 — Captain-general of Old 
Castile; if. at Zamora, 26 Jul. 1741. 

Boysen, Friedrich Eberhard, historian, $c, 
— b. at Halberstadt, 7 Apr. 1720 — if. at Qued- 
linburg, 4 Jun. 1800. Version of the Koran, 
1773 — Monumenta inedita rcrum germanica- 
rum, 1 76 1 — Allgemeine Geschichte, 1767-72. 

Boysen, Peter Adolph, theologian, classical 
scholar, — b. at Aschersleben, 15 Nov. 1690 — 
pastor at Halberstadt,. 1723 — Consistorial 
Counsellor, 1731 — if. at Halberstadt, 12 Jan. 
1743. Historia Michaelis Scrveti,!'] 12 — Dis- 
sertat. de Atheismi falso suspectis, 17 17 — Philo- 
sophumena Synesii Cyrenensis, 17 14. 

Boyve, Jean, a (Jacob, b ) Francois. Itemar- 
ques sur les lois du pays de Vaud\ 1756. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Grubcr. 



BOYYE— BRADLEY. 



Boyve, Jerome Emmanuel, — b., 17 3 1 — &•> 
1 8 10. Eecherches sur Vindigenat helvetique, 
1778. . . 

Boyvin, Jean, — b. at Dole, 1580— assists in 

defence of Dole against the French, 1636 — tf., 

13 Sep. 1650. Eiistoire du siege de Dole, 1637. 

Boyvin, Bene, engraver, — b. at Angers, 

about 1530 — tf. at Rome, 1598. 

Eoze, Claude Gros de, numismatist, §c.,— b. 
at Lyons, 28 Jan. 1680 — perpetual Secretary of 
Academy of Inscriptions, 1706 — member of 
French Academy, 17 15 — keeper of the cabinet 
of medals, 17 19— tf., 10 Sep. 1753. Medailles, 
1723 — Traite historique du jubile dcs Juifs, 
1702. 

Boze, Joseph, painter, — b., about 1746 — in 
England, 1794-1814 — tf., 1826. 

Eozio, Francesco, Oratorian, — tf , 1635. De 
temporali Ecclesice monorchia, 1602. 

Bozio, Tomaso, Oratorian, — rj. at Gubbio, 
1548 — enters Congregation of the Oratory, 
157 1 — tf. at Rome, 1610. De signis Ecclesice, 
159 1 — De imperio virtutis, 1593 — De autiquo 
et novo Italia statu, 1594. 

Eozrah, (Bosra,) in Syria, — beautified by 
Trajan and made capital of Arabia, about 115 — 
Roman colony by Alexander Severus, about 
200 — visited by Burckkardt, 18 14 — Council of, 
held, 244. 

Bozzaris, Marcos, — b. at Souli, Epirus, 
about 1800 — escapes with his father to the 
Ionian Islands, 1803 — commands under Ali 
Pasha against Turks, 1820 — defeats Ehourshid 
Pasha, May and Jun. 1822 — defeated at Petta, 
retires to Mesolonghi, Jul. 1822 — falls, in 
attack on Albanians, 20 Aug. 1823. 

Braani Houckgeest, Andreas Everard van, 
traveller, — ft. in Utrecht, about 1739 — goes to 
China, about 1765,* 1758 b — settles in United 
States, 1783 — member of Dutch embassy to 
Pekin, 1794 — returns to Philadelphia, 24 Apr. 
1796. Voyage de Vambassade, §c, vers V Em- 
pereur de la Chine, 1797-98. 

a Biog. Unir. b Biog. "Woordenboek. 

Brabant, Duchy of,— forms part of kingdom 
of Lorraine, 855 — forms part of duchy of 
Lower Lorraine, 959 — on death of Philip 
passes to Duke of Burgundy, 1429 or 1430 — 
passes to Austria on death of Charles the 
Bold, Duke of Burgundy, 1477— united -with 
crown of Spain, under Charles Y., 15 16 — North 
Brabant added to United Provinces, 1648 a — 
South Brabant becomes part of Austrian 
Netherlands, 1706, ? 1714 s — united to France, 
1794 — included in kingdom of the Netherlands, 
1806-10 — reannexed to France, 18 10 — forms 
part of kingdom of Holland, 18 15 — South 
Brabant revolts and forms part of kingdom of 
Belgium, 1830. a Ersch and Gruber. 

Braccesco dagli Orzi Novi, Giovanni, — fl., 
about 1550. La Espositione cli Geber, jilosofo, 
1544-51-62 — Legno della Vita, 1542. 

Bracci, Domenico Agostino, archaeologist, 
— b. at Florence, 11 Oct. 17 17 — tf. there, about 
1792. Commentaria de antiquis sculptoribus, 
#c, 1784-6. 

Braccio da Montone, Andrea, (B. Forte- 
bracci,) Condottiere, — b. at Perugia, 1 Jul. 1368 



— serves under Count Montefeltro, 1386 — ban- 
ished with his family, 1393 — arrests progress of 
Ladislaus, King of Naples, in Tuscany, 1409 — 
attacks territory of Perugia, becomes sovereign, 
Jul. 141 6 — takes Rome, 141 7 — defeats Sforza 
near Viterbo, 141 9 — concludes peace with 
Martin Y., Feb. 1420 — Prince of Capua, Count 
of Foggia, and Grand Constable of the kingdom 
of Naples, 142 1 — renews hostilities with Sforza, 
1423 — tf. from wound received before Aquila, 
5 Jun. 1424. 

Bracciolini alle Api, Francesco, poet,—h. 
at Pistoia, 26 Nov. 1566 — tf. there, 31 Aug. 
1645 or 1646. La Croce racquistata, 1605 — II 
Scherno degli dei, poem a piacevole, 1626. 

Bracciolini. [Poggio.] 

Bracelli, Jacopo, historian, — b. at Sarzano, 
about 1400 — tf., 1460. De bello' DZispanico, 
H7 7- 

Brachmann, Luise Karoline, poetess, — b. at 
Rochlitz, 9 Feb. 1777 — introduced to Novalis, 
at YTeissenfels, 1793 — commits suicide, 17 Sep. 
1822. Auserlcsenen Dictungen, 1824. 

Bracht, Tielman van, Mennonite, — b. at 
Dort, 1625 — tf., 1664. Theatre sanglant des 
Mennonites, §c, 1660. 

Bracton, Henry de, jurist, — appointed one 
of the judges itinerant by Henry III., 1245 — 
archdeacon of Barnstaple, Jan. 1263 — resigns 
the archdeaconry, 1264 — tf., probably 1267. 
De legibus et consuetudinibus Anglice, printed, 
1569. 

Braddock, Edward, general, — arrives with 
two Irish regiments in Virginia, Feb. 1755 — 
defeated and mortally wounded at the Monon- 
gahela, 9 Jul. 1755. 

Bradford, in Yorkshire, — unsuccessfully 
attacked by Royalists, 17-18 Dec. 1642 — taken 
and sacked by Earl of Newcastle, 2 Jul. 1643. 
Airedale Independent College founded at Idle, 
1800 — removed to Airedale, 18^34. Exchange 
built, 1864-67. St George's Sail, 1853. 

Bradford, John, theologian, — b. at Manches- 
ter, about 15 10? — enters the army, before 1544 
— M.A. and Fellow of Pembroke Hall, Cam- 
bridge, 1549 — takes orders, 1550 — chaplain to 
Edward VI., 1552 — committed to the Tower on 
a charge of sedition and heresy, 16 Aug. 1553 
— burnt at Smithfield, 1 Jul. 1555. 

Bradford, "William, one of the founders of 
New England, — b. at Austerfield, 1588 — 
elected governor of Plymouth Colony, 1621 — 
reelected annually, with three exceptions, till his 
death: tf., 1657. Ristory of Elymouth Colony, 
1856. 

Bradley, James, astronomer, — b. at Sher- 
bourne, probably Mar. 1692 — M.A., Oxford, 
Jan. 1 7 16-17 — F.R.S., 17 18 — Vicar of Brid- 
stow, 17 19-21 — Savilian Prof. Astronomy, Ox- 
ford, Oct. 1721 — discovers Aberration of Light, 
1727 — Astronomer Royal, and D.D., 1741-42 
— discovers Nutation, 1747 — member of Acad- 
emy of Sciences, Paris, 1748 — receives pension, 
1 75 1 — tf. at Chalford, Gloucestershire, 13 
Jul. 1/62. Astronomical Observations, 1798, 
1805. 

Bradley, Eichard, botanist, — b., about 1700 
— tf., 5 Nov. 1732. Flantce succulenta, 1716-27 



BRAD SHAW— BR AMHALL. 



■ — Neiv Improvement of Planting, §c., 17 17 — 
Pictionarium Botanicum, 1728. 

Bradshaw, Henry, Benedictine, — ft. at 
Chester, about 1450 — if., 15 13 or 1508. Life 
of St Werburgh, before 1500. 

Bradshaw, John, statesman, — ft. in Cheshire, 
i586, a 1602 b — called to the bar, at Gray's Inn, 
23 Apr. 1627 — Chief Justice of Chester, Mar. 
1647 — one of the Commissioners of the Great 
Seal, Oct. 1646 — Sergeant at Law, 12 Oct. 
1648 — President of High Court of Justice for 
trial of Charles I., Jan. 1649 — M.P., Cheshire, 
1654 and Jan. 1659 — member of the Council of 
State, Apr. 1659 — Commissioner of the Great 
Seal, 3 Jun. 1659 — tf. at Westminster, 31 Oct., a 
22 Nov. b 1659 — his body exhumed, exposed at 
Tyburn, and beheaded, 30 Jan. 1661. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Foss. 

Bradua, — Consul with Maternus, (938, 
a. u. c.) 185 — with Apronianus, (944,) 191. 

Bradua, Appius Annius Atilius, — Consul 
with T. Clodius Vibius Yarus, (913, a. u. c.) 
160. 

Bradua, M. Atilius Metilius, — Consul with 
Ap. Annius Treboiiius G alius, (861, a. u. c.) 108. 
Bradwardine, Thomas, Abp of Canter- 
bury, — ft. at Chichester, about 1290? — Proc- 
tor of Oxford Univ., 1325 — enters household 
of Richard of Bury, Bp of Durham, 1334 — 
Chancellor of St Paul's, 1337 — chaplain to 
Edward III., 1338 — accompanies the king to 
Coblentz, Aug. 1338 — consecrated Abp of Can- 
terbury at Avignon, 19 Jul. 1349 — arrives at 
Dover, 19 Aug. 1349 — tf. of the Plague, at 
Lambeth, 26 Aug. 1349. Pe Arithmetica 
Speculativa, 1495 — Pe Geometria Speculativa, 
1495 — Pe Proportionibus Velocitatum, 1505 — 
Pe Causa Pei contra Pelagium, 161 8. 

Brady, Sir Maziere, Bart., Lord Chan- 
cellor or Ireland, — ft., 1796 — called to 
Irish bar, 18 19 — Solicitor-general for Ireland, 
1837 — Attorney-general, 1839— Chief Baron of 
Exchequer, 1840 — Lord Chancellor, 1846 — 
Chancellor of Queen's Univ. in Ireland, about 
1853 — retires, Jul. 1866— Bart., Dec. 1868 — 
if. at Dublin, 14 Apr. 1871. 

Brady, Nicholas, theologian, §c, — ft. at 
Bandon, Ireland, 28 Oct. 1659— saves Bandon 
thrice from being burnt, 1690 — ir., 20 May 
1726. With Tate, Translation of Psalms, 1696. 
Brady, Robert, historian, §c, — enters Cam- 
bridge Univ., 20 Feb. 1643 — M.D., Sep. 1660 
— Master of Caius Coll., 1 Dec. 1660 — keeper 
of archives in the Tower, about 1670, 1685 ? 
— Regius Prof. Physic, Cambridge, 1677 — M.P. 
Cambridge Univ., 168 1 and 1685 — Physician 
to James II., 1685 ?— tf., 19 Aug. 1700. In- 
troduction to Old English History, 1684 — Com- 
plete History of England, 1685. 

Braganca, inPortugal, — erected into a duchy 
for Alphon^o, son of John I., 1442 — John II., 
Duke of, succeeds to crown of Portugal as 
John IV., 1640. 

Bragelongue, Christophe Bernard de, 
mathematician, — ft. at Paris, 1688 — pupil at 
the Academy of Sciences, 1711 — takes holy 
orders, 17 12 — rj., 20 Feb. 1744. Examen des 
lignes de quatrieme ordre, 17 30-1. 



Braham, {Abraham,) Maurice John, singer, 
— ft. in London, 1774 — appears at Covent 
Garden, Apr. 1787— appears at Drury Lane, 
1796 — reappears at Covent Garden, 1801— ■ 
opens St James's Theatre, 1836 — o\, 17 Feb. 
1856. 

Brahe, Peter, Count von, statesman, — ■ 
founds Univ. of Abo, 1640 — ti., 1680. 

Brahe, Tycho [Tyge) von, astronomer, — 
ft. at Kundstorp near Helsingborg, Dec. 1546 
— studies at Copenhagen, 1559 — studies at 
Leipsic, 1562-65 — travels in Germany and 
Italy, 1566-7 1 —observes new star in Cassiopeia, 
11 Nov. 1572— lectures at Copenhagen, 1574 
— founds Vranienborg on isle of Hwen, Aug. 
1576 — visited there by James VI. of Scotland, 
1590 — quits Denmark, 1597 — settles near 
Prague, 1599 — tf. there, 24 Oct. 1601. Pe 
nova Stella, 1573 — Astronomice instauratce me- 
chanica, 1598 — Progymnasmata, 1587-89 — 
Epistolce astronomicce, 1596 — Historia ccelestis, 
1666. 

Brahma Gupta, mathematician, — fi., 500- 
600. 

Braidwood, James, Pirector of the London 
Fire Brigade, — ft. at Edinburgh, 1799 — In- 



spector of the Fire Brigade, 



Director, 



in London, 1833 — killed by accident, 22 Jun. 
1861. 

Braidwood, Thomas, teacher of the deaf and 
dumb, — commences teaching at Edinburgh, 
1760 — tf. at Hackney, London, 1806. 

Brailow, Braila Ibrail, in Wallachia, — 
taken by the Russians, 1770 — the Russians 
defeat the Turks near, 19 Jun. 1773 — forti- 
fied, 1774 — besieged and taken by Russians, 
11 May to 18 Jun. 1828 — given up to Turks 
by Treaty of Adrianople, 14 Sep. 1829. 

Brainerd, David, missionary, — ft. at Had- 
dam, Connecticut, U. S., 17 18 — enters Yale 
College, 1739 — commences his labours among 
the Indians, Apr. 1743 — tf. at Northampton, 
U. S., 9 Oct. 1747. Journal, 1746. 

Braithwaite, William, — assists in transla- 
tion of Bible, under James I., 1604-11. 

Brakel, Jan van, admiral, — ft. at Rotter- 
dam, 16 1 8 — enters the navy, 1640 — takes an 
English frigate in the Thames, 1667 — killed 
in an engagement with the French, 1 1 Jul. 1690. 

Bramah, Joseph, mechanician, — ft. at Stan- 
borough, 13 Apr. 1749 — takes out patent for 
lock, 1784 — takes out patent for hydraulic 
press, 1796 — takes out patent for mains, 18 12 
— tf., 9 Dec. 1825,* i8i4, b 1815.° Pissertation 
on the Construction of Lochs, 1787. 
a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Rose's Biog. Diet. 

Bramante di Urbino, Francesco (Ponato) 
Lazzari, architect, — ft., 1444 — accompanies Ju- 
lius II. to Bologna, fortifies the town, 1504 — 
commences rebuilding of St Peter's, Rome, 
1506 — tf. at Rome, 15 14. 

Bramantino, (Bartolomeo Suardi,) paint- 
er, — fl., about 1500-29. 

Bramer, Leonard, painter, — ft. at Delft, 
1596 — goes to Rome, 16 14 — fj., 1650. 

Bramhall, John, Abp op Armagh, — ft. at 
Pontefract, about 1593 — M.A., Cambridge, 
1616 — D.D., 1630 — Archdeacon of Meath, 



BRAMHAM MOOR— BRANDES. 



1633 — Bp of Londonderry, 1634 — impeached, 
1640-1 — quits Great Britain, 1644 — Abp of 
Armagh, by Charles II., 1660 — tf., Jun. 1663. 
Works, 1677. 

Bramham Moor, Yorkshire, — defeat of Earl 
of Northumberland by Sir Thomas Rokeby at, 
28 Feb. 1408. 

Branca, Giovanni, architect, $c, — ft. at 
Rome, about 1570. Manuale d' architettura, 
1629 — Le machine artijiciose, 162c). 

Brancaleone, Dandolo, — appointed Dictator 
by the Romans, 1253— compels Innocent IY. 
to return to Rome, Oct. 1253 — deposed and 
imprisoned, 1256 — reinstated, 1257 — tf., 1258. 

Brancas. [Lauraguais.] 

Brancato, Francesco, Jesuit missionary, — 
arrives in China, 1637 — sent from Pekin, 1665 
— tf. at Canton, 167 1. 

Branchidee, (Didyma,) Oracle of Apollo 
Didymeus,—\BG] — first spoken of, after 700 — 
temple burnt by Persians, after 499, 480 ? — 
massacre of the Branchidse in Sogdiana, by 
Alexander the Great, 330. 

Branciforte, Michel de Grua y Valguarnera, 
Marquis of, — ft. in Sicily, about 1745 — 
follows Charles III. of Naples to Spain, 1759 

— governor of the Canary Islands, 1785 — 
grandee of Spain, 18 Jul. 1791 — Viceroy of 
Mexico, 1794-98 — Captain-general of Royal 
armies, 1798 — Councillor of State to Joseph 
Napoleon, 8 Mar. 1809 — tf. at Marseilles, 181 1. 

Brand, Christian, painter, — ft. at Vienna, 
15 Nov. 1722 — tf. there, 12 Jun. 1795. 

Brand, John, antiquary, — ft. at Newcastle- 
on-Tyne, about 1743 — secretary of Society of 
Antiquaries, 1784 — tf., 10 Sep. 1806. History 
and Antiquities of Newcastle, 1789 — Popidar 
Antiquities, 1776. 

Brandano, Alessandro, historian. Historia 
delle guerre di Portogallo, $$c, 1689. 

Brandano, (Brandao, Brandam.) Antonio, 
historian, — ft., 1584 — tf., Abbot of Alcobaqa, 
27 Nov. 1637. Continues the Monarquia 
L us it ana, 1632. 

Brandano, {Brandao, Brandam,) Francisco, 
historian, — ]}., 1601 — tf. at Lisbon, 1683. 
Continues the Monarquia Lusitana, 1650 and 
1672. 

Brande, William Thomas, chemist, — ft., 
1786— begins to lecture on Chemistry in London, 
1808 — F.R.S., 1809 — assistant to Sir Humphry 
Davy, at the Royal Institution, 1809 — succeeds 
him as Prof. Chemistry, 18 13 — receives the 
Copley Medal, and is named Secretary to the 
Royal Society. 18 13— D.C.L., Oxford, Super- 
intendent of Die Department of the Mint, 1825 
— Master of the Apothecaries' Company, 1851 

— tf. at Tunbridge Wells, 11 Feb. 1866. 
Manual of Chemistry, 18 19 — 'Elements of 
Chemistry, 1831 — Dictionary of Science, Litera- 
ture, and Art, 1842 — Dictionary of Materia 
Medica, 1839. 

Brandel, "Peter, painter,— ft. at Prague, 1660 
— tf. at Kuttenberg, 1739. 

Brandenberg, Johann, painter, — ft. at Zug, 
1660 — tf. there, 1729. 

Brandenburg, Margraviate and Electorate 
of, — occupied by Vandals, from about 260 — 



conquered by Charles the Great, 789 — erected 
into a county by him, 808 — erected into a mar- 
graviate by Henry L, King of Germany, 926 
— given to Albert the Bear by Emperor 
Lothaire, 11 34— seized by Henry the Proud, 
1138 — restored to Albert, 1142 — Otto I. 
succeeds his father, Nov. 1170 — succeeded by 
his son Otto IL, 1184 — his brother Albert 
II. succeeds, 1206 — succeeded by his sons 
John I. and Otto III., 1221 — they acquire 
Ukermark from Duke of Pomerania, 1250 — 
divided between the two margraves, about 1 265 ? 
— death of John I., and division between three 
sons, 4 Apr. 1266 — death of Otto III., 9 Oct. 
1267 — Otto IV., 1282 — succeeded by his 
brother Waldemar, i 309 — Henry the Young, 
1 3 19 — given as lapsed fief on his death to Louis 
I., son of Emperor Louis (of Bavaria), 1323 — ■ 
invaded by Poles, Russians, &c, 1326 — peace 
with Duke of Pomerania at diet of Frankfort, 
1338 — Louis I. cedes margraviate to his brothers 
Louis and Otto, 24 Dec. 1351 — declared 
electorate by Golden Bull, 1356 — Otto V. 
co-regent with Louis IL, 1360 — Otto V. alone, 
1365 — invaded by Duke of Pomerania, 1370-72 
— invaded by Emperor, 1373 — Wenceslaus of 
Luxembourg, 23 Aug. 1373 — Sigismund of 
Luxembourg, 1378 — Jossus (Jodocus), 1388 
— Sigismund again, 141 1 — sold by him to 
Frederick, margrave of Niirnberg, 1415 — in- 
vestiture of Frederick at Council of Constance, 
18 Apr. 141 7 — his son Frederick II. succeeds, 
1440— he buys the New Mark of the Teutonic 
Knights, 1454 — and abdicates in favour of his 
brother Albert III., 1470 — John Cicero, 
son of Albert, succeeds, 1476 — succeeded by his 
son Joachim L, 1499 — the Jews expelled, 15 10 
— Joachim II. , his son, succeeds, 1535 — Luther- 
anism established, 1539 — Jo^n George, 157 i 
— Joachim Frederick, 1598 — he marries 
Eleanora, daughter of Albert Frederick, Duke 
of Prussia, 23 Oct. 1603 — succeeded by his son 
John Sigismund, 1608 — duchy of Prussia 
united to, 16 18 — George William, 16 19 — 
siege of Magdeburg by Tilly, 1631 — Frederick 
William I. the Great, 1640 — part of Pomerania 
given in exchange to Sweden, 1648 — becomes 
independent of Poland, 1658 — Frederick III. 
succeeds his father, 1688 — and assumes title 
of King of Prussia, 17 01. 

Brandenburg, Friedrich Wilhelm, Count 
of, general, statesman, — ft. at Berlin, 24 Jan. 
1792 — Count, 28 Apr. 1794 — distinguishes 
himself in campaigns of 18 13-15 — Lieutenant- 
general, 1848 — head of the ministry, 3 Nov. 
1848 — Commissioner to Warsaw, Nov. 1850 — 
tf. there, 6 Nov. 1850. 

Brander, Georg Friedrich, mechanician, — 
ft. at Ratisbon, 1713 — settles at Augsburg, 
1734 — constructs first telescopes in Germany, . 
1737 — tf. at Augsburg, 1 Apr. 1783. 

Brandes, Ernst, statesman, §c, — ft. at 
Hanover, 3 Oct. 1758 — studies at Gottingen, 
1775-78 — signs capitulation to the French, 
1803 — Privy Councillor, 1805 — tf. at Hanover, 
13 May 1 8 10. Politische Betrachtungen iiber 
die Franzbsische Revolution, 1790 — Betrach- 
tungen iiber das weibliche Geschlecht, 1802. 



BRANDES— BRAUWER. 



223 



Brandes, Johann Christian, dramatist, — ft. 
at Stettin, 15 Nov. 1735 — goes to Hamburg as 
actor, 1756 — ft. at Berlin, 10 Nov. 1799. 
Bramatischc Schrifte, 1790-91. 

Brandi, Giacinto, painter, — ft. at Poli, 
1623 — ft. at Rome, 1691. 

Brandis, Christian August, philologist, his- 
torian of philosophy, — ft. at Hildesheim, i3, a 
i5, b 19 c Feb. 1790 — Ph.D., Copenhagen, 
1 8 12 — removes to Berlin, 18 16 — accompanies 
Niebuhr to Rome, as secretary of legation, 
18 1 6, but returns in a few months : associated 
with Bekker in preparing edition of Aristotle, 
from 1 81 8 — visits libraries of Italy, France, 
and England, 1 8 1 9 - 2 1 — Prof. Philosophy, 
Bonn, 1 82 1 — Councillor to King of Greece, 
1837-41 — resumes his chair, 1841 — foreign 
Associate of French Academy of Sciences, 10 
Feb. 1855 — ft. at Bonn, 24 Jul. 1867.° Works 
of Aristotle, (with Bekker,) 1831-36 — BTand- 
buch der Geschichte der griech.-rom. Bhiloso- 
phie, 1835-60 — Geschichte der Entwickelung 
der griech. Philosophic, 1862-64 — joint editor 
with Mebuhrof Rheinisches Museum, 1827-30. 
a Conv.-Lex. b Vapereau. c American Encyc. 

Brandis, Joachim Dietrich, physician, — ft. 
at Hildesheim, 18 Mar. 1762 — at Gottingen, 
1783— M.D., 1785— Prof, at Kiel, 1803— at 
Copenhagen, Councillor, physician to Frederick 
VI., 1809 — ft. there, 28 Apr. 1846. Versuch 
iiber die Lebenskraft, 1795 — TJeber psychische 
Heilmittel, 181 8 — TJeber Leben und Bolaritdt, 
1836 — TJeber humanes Leben, 1823. 

Brandmuller, Gregor, painter, — fj. at Basel, 
1661— goes to Paris, 1678 — ft., 169-1. 

Brandolese, Pietro, bibliographer, — fj. at 
Canda in the Polesina, 10 Jan. 1754 — settles at 
Padua, 1778 — ft. at Venice, 3 Jan. 1809. Ap- 
pendice alia Serie delle edizioni Aldine, §c, 
1790 — Pitture, sculture, $c, di Padova, 1795. 

Brandollini, Aurelio, {il Lippo,) — ft. at 
Florence, about 1440 — Prof. Eloquence, Univ. 
of Buda, 1482 — enters Order of St Augustin, 
Florence, 1490 — ft. at Parma, a Rome, b 1497. 
Paradoxorum christianorum libri duo, 15 31 — 
De ratione scribendi, 1498. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Brandon, Charles. [Suffolk, Duke of.] 

Brandt, Gaspard, theologian, — ft. at Meu- 
koop, 25 Jun. 1653 — ft. at Amsterdam, 1696. 
Historia vital Jac. Arminii, 1724. 

Brandt, Gerhard, theologian, — fj. at Am- 
sterdam, 25 Jul. 1626 — pastor there, 1667 — 
ft. there, 12 Oct. 1685. Historic der Reformatie 
en andere Kerkelijke Geschiedenissen, 167 1. 

Brandt, Heinrich Franz, medal-coiner, — ft. 
in Neuenburg, 13 Jan. 1789 — studies at Rome, 
1 8 14- 1 7 — first medallist, royal Mint, Berlin, 
1 8 17 — Prof, and Member of Academy of Arts, 
there, 1824 — ft., 9 May, 1845. 

Brandt, Joannes, — ft. at Antwerp, 30 Sep. 
i559, a 1554 b — secretary of that town, 22 Jan. 
1 59 1 -162 1 — senator, 1621 — ft. there, 28 Aug. 
1639. Vita Philippi Ruben ii, 16 15. Not a 
cum political turn critical in C. J. Caisaris et 
A. Hirtii Commsntaria, i6c6. 

a Biog. Univ. b Chalniers. 

Brandt, John, poet, musical composer, — ft. at 



Posen, about 1546 — enters Order of Jesuits, 
157 1 — ft. at Leopol, 1601. Chants, 1586. 

Brandt, Sebastian, jurist, poet, — ft. at 
Strasburg, 1454,* 1458 b — Prof. Law, Basel, 
about 1483-89 b — ft. at Strasburg, 10 May 
152 1. Varia carmina, 1498 — Narrenschijf, 
1497. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Brandy wine River, U.S., — Washington de- 
feated by Lord Howe, 11 Sep. 1777. 

Brantome, Pierre de Bourdeilles, Seigneur de 
VAbbaye de, — ft. in Perigord, about 1527,* 
i54o, b between 1527 and 1536° — Abbot, 1556 
— serves against Huguenots, 1562 — serves in 
Barbary, 1564 — serves in Malta, against Turks, 
1566 — chamberlain to Charles IX., 1568 — ft. 
at Richemont, 5, a 15 b c Jul. 16 14. Memoires % 
1666. a Biog. Univ. 

b Engl. Cye. c Ersch and Gruber. 

Braschi, Giam-Battista, antiquary, — fj. at 
Cesena, 1664— ft. there, 1727. Be vero Rubi- 
cone, §c, 1733 — Memorial Ccesenates sacrce et 
prof ana, 1738. 

Braschi, Giam-Angelo. [Pius IV.] 

Brasenose College, Oxford, — f ounded by 
William Smith, Bp of Lincoln, and Sir Richard 
Sutton, Knt, 1509. 

Brasidas, general, — [BC] — relieves Me- 
thone, 431— sent to aid Cnemon, 429— takes 
part with Alkidas in attack on Korkyra, 427 — 
trierarch in attack on Demosthenes at Pylos, 
425 — relieves Megara, 424 — marches through 
Thessaly into Thrace, summer 424 — arrives 
before Acanthus, 424 — takes Amphipolis, 
winter 424 — ft., 422 — honoured as a hero, 
(Brasideia,) 422. 

Brassavola, Antonio Musa, physieian, — ft. 
at Ferrara, 1500 — ft., 1555. Index refertissi- 
mus in Galeni libros, 1550 — JExamen simplicium 
medicamentorum, §c, 1536. 

Brasseur, Philippe, poet, — ft. at Mons, 
about 1597 — ft., 1650. Syderaillustrum Han- 
nonice scriptorum, 1637. 

Brasseur. [Le brasseur.] 

Brassicanus, {Johann Alexander Kohl- 
burger,) philologist, poet, — ft. at Wittenberg, 
1500 — ft. at Vienna, 27 Nov. 1539. 

Brathwayte, {Braithwaite,) Richard, poet, 
— ft. near Appleby, 1588 — ft. near Richmond, 
1673. 

Braun, George, theologian, §c., — ft., about 
1600. With Hogendorp, Theatrum terbium 
prcecipuarum mundi, 1572. 

Braun, {Braunius,) Johann, orientalist, — ft. 
in the Palatinate, 1628 — Prof. Theology and 
Hebrew, Groningen, 1680 — ft. there, 1709,* 
i7o8. b Be Vestitu Hebrceorumsacerdotum, §-c, 
i68o, a i7oi. b 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gi'uber. 

Braun, Johann Friedrich von, — ft. at Jena, 
9 Jan. 1722 — ft. at Langensalza, 1799. Ge- 
schichte der Kur- und Burst-lichen JELaiiser zu 
Sachsen, $•<?.,. 1778- 84. 

Braun, Joshua Adam, natural philosopher, 
— ft. in Brabant, 1702 — Prof. Philosophy, St 
Petersburg, 1746— ft. there, 3 Oct. 1768. 

Brauwer, {Brouiver,) Adrian, painter, — ft. 
at Haarlem or Oudenarde, 1608 — ft. at Ant- 
werp, 1640. 



224 



BKAVO— BREDAEL. 



Bravo, Bartolomeo, Jesuit, — b., 1550 — tf. 
at Madrid, 1607. Be conscribenclis epistolis, 
1 60 1 — .Thesaurus verborum ac phrasium, 161 1. 

Bravo, Jean, — b. at Segovia, about 1495 ? — 
commander in the League, against Charles V., 
15 1 9 — distinguishes himself at battle of Villa- 
lar, 1522 — beheaded, 1522. 

Bray, Francois Gabriel, diplomatist, — b. at 
Rouen, Dec. 1765 — charge d'affaires of the 
Order of Malta at diet of Ratisbon, 1797 — 
envoy to London, from Elector of Bavaria, 
i8co — envoy to Berlin, 1801 — : envoy to St 
Petersburg, 1808 — negotiates adhesion of 
Bavaria to Holy Alliance, 181 3 — returns to St 
Petersburg, 18 15 — ambassador to Paris, 1822-7 
— ambassador to Vienna, 1828 — tf. near Strau- 
bing, 2 Sep. 1832. Voyage aux salines de 
Saltzburg, 1807 — Essai critique sur Vhistoire 
de la Liuonie, 1817. 

Bray, Jacob de, painter, — tf., 1664,? after 
1680? 

Bray, Sir Reginald, statesman, architect, — 
ts., 5 Aug. 1503. St George's Chapel, Windsor, 
commenced, 1476— Henry VII.'s Chapel, West- 
minster Abbey , commenced, 1502. 

Bray, Thomas, theologian, — b. in Shropshire, 
1656 — M.A., Oxford, 1693 — commissary for 
organizing church of Maryland, 1696 — founds 
Society for Propagation of the Gospel, 1698 — 
in Maryland, Mar. 1700-1701 — tf., 15 Feb. 
1730. Bibliotheca Parochialis, about 1696. 

Bray, William, antiquary, — is. at Shere, 
Surrey, Nov. 1736 — F.S.A., 1771 — tf., 21 Dec. 
1832. History of the Coun ty of Surrey, 1 8 04- 1 4. 

Braybrooke, Richard Cornwallis Neville, 
Lord, — b., 17 Mar. 1820 — tf., 22 Feb. 1861. 
Antiqua Explorata, 1847 — Sepulchra Exposita, 
1848 — Saxon Obsequies, 1852. 

Brazil, — discovered by Pinqon, 26 Jan. 1500 
— discovered by Cabral, 3 May, a 25 Apr., h 24 
Apr. c 1500 — visited by Amerigo Vespucci, 1503 
— Portuguese settlements in, about 1530 — 
Portuguese governor sent, 1549 — French Pro- 
testants settle in, 1555 — the Portuguese expel 
them, 1565 — French settlement in Maranhao, 
161 2- 15 — Bahia occupied by Dutch, 1623-25 
— Pernambuco occupied by Dutch, 1629-54 — 
Dutch expelled from, 1654 — Dutch claims on, 
renounced, 1660 — discovery of mines in, by 
Portuguese, 1700-20 — Bio Janeiro seat of 
government, 1 7 7 3 — royal family of , Portugal 
arrive in, Jan. 1808 — made a kingdom, 18 15 — 
constitution proclaimed by the king, 26 Feb. 
1821 — independence of, proclaimed, 22 Apr. 
i82i, d 12 Oct. 1822 a — Pedko, Prince Regent, 
declared Protector, 13 May, a 13 Mar. d 1822 — 
the Prince crowned Emperor, 1 Dec. 1822 — 
constitution published, 9 Jan., e 25 Mar. d 1824 
— independence of , acknowledged by Portugal, 7 
Sep. 1825 — war with Buenos Ayres, 1826-8 — 
Monte Video independent, 1828 — Pedro II. 
succeeds on abdication of his father, 6 Apr. 
1 83 1 — Act for abolition of slave-trade passed, 
7 Nov. 1 83 1 — regency terminates, 6 Jul. 1841 
— another Act for abolition of slave-trade, 4 
Sep. 1850 — war with Buenos Ayres, 1851 — 
further law for suppression cf the slave-trade 



passed, 5 Jun. 1 854 d — treaty of commerce and 
navigation with Uruguay, ratified, Sep. 1857 
— treaty with Peru for regulation of navigation 
of the Amazons, Oct. 1857 — dispute with 
British Government referred to arbitration of 
Leopold I. King of the Belgians, Jan. 1863 — 
suspension of diplomatic intercourse with Great 
Britain, Jun. 1863 — resumed, Sep. 1865 — 
negroes captured during the slave-trade eman- 
cipated, 24 Sep. 1864 — war with Paraguay, 
1866 — total abolition of slavery in 1900 pro- 
vided for by law, 1867. il Engl. Cyc. 
b Macculloch. c Encyc. Mod. 

d Statesman's Year Book. e Conv.-Lex. 

Bread. [Assize of Bread.] 

Bread-making Machine, — patented by 
Stevens, 1856. 

Breakspeare, Nicholas. [Adrian IV.] 

Breakwater. [Cherbourg, Plymouth, Port- 
land.] 

Breard de Neuville, — b. at Dijon, Mar. 
1748 — ft. at Paris, 1818. Dictionnaire latin et 
francais de la langue des lots, 1807. 

Breaute, Fulk de, — bailiff of Glamorgan, 
1208 — distinguishes himself in the Barons' 
War, 1 2 15- 1 6 — plunders the Isle of Ely and 
desecrates the minster, early in 12 16 — imprisons 
the Justiciary in Bedford Castle, 1224 — on the 
surrender of the Castle to the king, is deprived 
of his estates and banished, Aug. 1224 — ts. in 
France, 1225. 

Brebiette, Pierre, painter, engraver, — b. at 
Mantes, 1598^? i593 b — at Paris, 1640 — tf., 
probably before i65o. a Opera, 1638. 
a Jal, b Ersch. and Gruber. 

Brechin Castle, Scotland, — Baliol resigns 
Scotland to Edward I. at, 1296 — taken by 
Edward L, 1303 — burnt by Montrose, 1645. 

Brecourt, Guillaume Marcoureau de, dra- 
matist, %c, — enters the company of Moliere, 
1658 — tf., 1685. La Noce de Village, 1666/ 
i66o b — Tim on, 1684. 

a Biog. "UniY. b Biog. "Woordenboek. 

Breda, in Holland,— sold to Dukes of Bra- 
bant, before i35o a — passes by marriage to 
Engelbert of Nassau, 1404 — annexed by Duke 
of Alva to crown of Spain, 1567 — taken by 
the Confederates, 1577 — given up to Duke of 
Parma by treachery, 158 1 — retaken by Prince 
Maurice, Mar. 1590 — capitulates to General 
Spinola, 5 Jun. a 1625 — recovered by Dutch, 
Oct. 1637 — confirmed to them by Treaty of 
Westphalia, 1648 — taken by Dumouriez, 25 
Feb. 1793 — French expelled, 18 13 — the French 
defeated by Sir Thomas Graham and General 
Bulow near, Jan. 1 8 14. Compromise of, formed, 
1566. Peace of, between England, France, and 
Denmark, 26 Jan., b 31 Jun., c 31 Jul. d 1667. 
Congresses of between Spaniards and Dutch, 
1575 — and between Holland, England, Den- 
mark, and France, 1746-7. 

a Zedler. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

c Encyc. Mod. d Meyer, Conv.-Lex. 

Breda, Jan van, painter, — b. at Antwerp, 
1683- — Director of the Academy there, soon 
after 1725 a — tf., 1750. a Nagler. 

Bredael, {Breda,) Pieter van, painter,— b. 



BEEDENBACH— BEEMEE. 



225 



at Antwerp, 1630 — Director of the Academy 
there, i689 a — if., i68i, b 1689.° 

a Nagler. b Kees' Cyc. c Biog. Univ. 

Bredenbach. [Breydenbach.] 

Bredenburg, Joannes. JEnervatio tractatus 
theologico-politici, una cum demonstrations ge- 
ometrico ordine disposita JSfaturam non esse 
Deum, 1675. 

Brederode, Frans van, — b., i466, a 4 Feb. 
1465 b — gains possession of Eotterdam, 1488 — 
if., prisoner at Dort, Aug. 1490. 

a Biog. Univ. b Biog. Woordenboek. 

Brederode, Hendrik van,— b. at Brussels, 
Dec. 1531 — allies himself with William of 
Nassau, and Counts Egmont and Horn, against 
the Spaniards, 1565— heads deputation and 
presents requisition to the Duchess of Parma, 
1566 — if. in exile, 15 Feb. 1568. 

Brederode, Pierre Corneille de, diplomatist, 
§c, — if., after 1592. Repertorium senientia- 
rum, §c., 1607. 

Bredow, Gabriel Gottfried, historian, — b. 
at Berlin, 14 Dec. 1773 — Prof. History, Helru- 
stadt, 1804 — at Paris, 1807 — Prof, at Frank- 
fort on the Oder, 1809 — Prof, at Breslau, 18 n 
• — if. there, 5 Sep. 18 14. Handbuch der alien 
Geschichte, Geographic unci Chronologie, 1803. 

Bree, Matthaeus Ignazius van, painter, — 
b. at Antwerp, 22 Feb. 1773 — obtains second 
prize at Academy of Paris, 1797 — Director of 
Academy of Fine Arts, Antwerp, 1827 — if. 
there, 15 Dec. 1839. 

Breenbergh, (Breemberg,) Barthel, painter, 
engraver, — b. at Utrecht, about 1614,3 b 1620° 
■ — if. i66o. ac a Biog. Univ. 

b Biog. Woordenboek. c Ersch and Gruber. 

Bregenz, in the Tyrol, — taken by French, 
11 Aug. 1796 — occupied by them, 11 May 
1800. 

Breguet, Abraham Louis, watchmaker, — 
b. at Neufchatel, 10 Jan. 1747 — member of 
French Institute, 18 16 — if. at Paris, 17 Sep. 
1823. 

Breguieres, Jean Guillaume, naturalist, — 
b. at Montpellier, about 1750 — accompanies 
expedition under Kerguelen to South Seas, 
J 773 - 77 — employed by Daubenton to collect 
materials for Natural History of Vermes, about 
1782 — if. at Ancona, 5 Dec. 1800. 

Brehon Laws, in Ireland, — reduced to 
writing, {Senchus Mor,) about 440 — exclusively 
in force before 1170 — ineffectually prohibited 
by Statute of Kilkenny, 40 Edw. III. 1366— 
ineffectually prohibited by Act IS Hen. VI. cc. 
1, 2, 3, 1440, and 28 Hen. VI. c. 1, 1450— 
finally abolished by James I., 1605 — commis- 
sion on, appointed by British Government, 
1852 — publication of the Senchus Mor com- 
menced, 1869. 

Breisach, Alt, in Baden, — taken by Em- 
peror Otto, 939 — held by Bps of Basel jointly 
with Emperors, from 11 85 — becomes inde- 
pendent, 1474 — attempted by Swedes, 1633-34 
■ — besieged and taken by Duke Bernhard of 
Saxe- Weimar, Aug. to 19 Dec. 1638 — ceded to 
the French, 1648 — restored to Austrians by 
Peace of Eyswick, 1697 — taken by Marshal 
Vauban, 1703 — restored to Austria by Treaty of 



Eastadt, 17 15 — occupied, and the fortifications 
destroyed by French, 1744 — partly burnt by 
French, 1793 — garrisoned by Moreau, 1796 — 
transferred by French to Duke of Baden, 1 806. 

Breisach, Nen,- — fortress built by Vauban, 
1699 — bombarded by Germans, 7-8 Oct. 1870 
— invested, 9 Oct. — Fort Mortier bombarded, 
surrenders, 2-6 Nov. — the town capitulates, 
10 Nov. 

Ereisgau, Brisgau, in Germany, landgraviatc, 
— held by Dukes of Zahringen, before 1000— 
passes to Margrave of Baden, 121 8 — sold to 
bouse of Hapsburg, 1367 — ceded to Elector of 
Baden by Peace of Presburg, 1805. 

Breislak, Scipione, geologist, §c, — b. at 
Eome, 1748- — returns to Eome, 1798 — takes 
refuge in France, 1799 — Inspector of Powder- 
works, &c, Milan, 1802 — member of Eoyal 
Italian Institute, 1805 — if. 15 Feb. 1826. 
Topograjia fisica delta Campania, 1798 — In- 
troduzione alia geologia, 1 8 1 1 — Descrizione 
geologica delta Lombardia, 1822. 

Breitenbach. [Breydenbach.] 

Breitenfeld {battle). [Leipsic] 

Breithaupt, Michael Christian, — b. at 
Ermsleben, 1 May 1689 — Prof. Philosophy, 
Helmstadt, 17 18 — Prof. Eloquence, 1740 — if., 
1 2. Oct. 1749. Ars decifratoria, §c„ 1737. 

Breitinger, Johann Jacob, philologist, — b. 
at Zurich, 1 Mar. 1701 — Prof. Hebrew, 1731 — ■ 
Prof. Greek, 1745 — if. at Zurich, 15 Dec. 1776. 
Edition of the Septuagint, 1730. 

Breitkopf, Johann Gottlob Emmanuel, 
printer, §c, — b. at Leipsic, 23 Nov. 17x9 — if. 
there, 28 Jan. 1794. Ueber die Geschichte der 
Erfindimg der Buchdrucherhunst, 1774. 

Breme, Louis Joseph Arborio Gattinara, 
Marquis de, diplomatist, %c, — b. at Paris, 28 
Aug. 1754 — enters Sardinian army, 1770 — 
envoy from Victor Amadeus to Naples, 1782 — 
at conferences of Pilnitz, 17 91 — hostage to 
France, 1798 — named Commissary-general for 
army of Italy by Napoleon, 1805 — returns to 
Turin, 18 14 — if. in Italy, 1828. 

Bremen, city, — made a Bishopric by Charles 
the Great, 788 a — erected into Archbishopric, 
1233, b 1223 ae — joins Hanseatic League, 1276,° 
1 374, d before 1260 e — embraces Protestantism, 
1522 — given to Sweden by Treaty of West- 
phalia, 1648 — Archbishopric suppressed; taken 
ty Danes, 17 12 — recovers its freedom, 17 31 — • 
occupied by the French, 1757 — annexed to 
French empire, 18 10 — recovers independence, 
18 1 3 — member of Germanic Confederation by 
Treaty of Vienna, 18 15. a Encyc. Mod, 

b Engl. Cyc. c Meyer, Conv.-Lex. 

J Zedler. e Erscb and Gruber. 

Bremen, Duchy of, — ceded to Sweden by 
Peace of Westphalia, 24 Oct. 1648 — conquered 
by Danes, 17 12 — sold to Elector of Hanover, 
17 15 — ceded to him by Treaty of Stockholm, 
22 Jul. 17 19. 

Bremer, Frederika, novelist, — b. at Abo, 
1802 — if. at Arsta, 31 Dec. 1865. Tehningar 
ur Hvardagslifvet, 1835-43 — JSfya Tekningar, 
1844-48 — Lif i Nordsn, 1849. 

Bremer, Sir James John Gordon, admiral, 
— b., Sep. 1786 — enters the navy, 1794 — dis- 
15 



226 



BREMOND— BRESCIA. 



tinguishes himself at defence of Castro, May 
1 813 — Post-captain, Jun. 18 14 — C.B., 4 Jun. 
1 8 15 — sent to form a settlement on Melville 
Island, Feb. 1824— K.C.H., 25 Feb. 1836— 
founds Port Essington, 1837 — Commander-in- 
chief in India, Dec. 1839 — distinguishes him- 
self in the Chinese War, 1840-41 — K.C.B., 
receives the thanks of Parliament, 1841 — com- 
mands the Channel Squadron, Apr. 1846 — 
Rear-admiral, 15 Sep. 1849 — &■ at Tunbridge 
Wells, 14 Feb. 1850. 

Bremond, Antoine, general of the Dominican 
Order, — b. at Cassis, Provence, 1692 — called to 
Rome, 1725— General, 1748 — tf. at Rome, 12 
Jun. 1755. Annates de son Ordre, 1756. 

Bremond, Francois de,— b. at Paris, 14 
Sep. 17 1 3 — member of Academy of Sciences, 
1739 — o". at Paris, 21 Mar. 1742. Traduction 
des Transactions philosophiques de la Societe 
Boy ale de londres, 1738. 

Bremont, Etienne, — b. at Chateaudun, 21 
Mar. 1 7 14 — Jy., 25 Jan. 1793. Be la raison 
dansl'homme, 1785-87. 

Bremser, Johann Gottfried, physician, na- 
turalist, — b. at Wertheim, 19 Aug. 1767 — 
serves as physician in Austrian army, 1797 — 
rj., 1827. TJeber lebende Wiirmer in lebenden 
Menschen, 18 19 — Icones helminthum, §c, 1824. 

Brendan, St, — a"., 16 May 578. 

Brendel, Johann Gottfried, physician, — b. 
at "Wittenberg, 171 3 — Prof. Medicine, Gottin- 
gen, 1738 — tf., 17 Jan. 1758. Opuscula mathe- 
matici et medici argumenti, 1769 — Medicina 
leg a I is, 1789. 

Brenkenhoff, Franz Balthazar Schonberg 
von, statesman, — b. near Halle, 15 Apr. 1723 
— Privy Councillor to Frederick II., 1762 — b\, 
21 May 1780. 

Brenkman, Hendrik, jurist, — b. at Rotter- 
dam, about 1680 — goes to Tuscany to examine 
MS. of the Florentine Pandects, 1709 — 5j. at 
Henvliet, Apr. 1736. Dissertatio de legum in- 
scription ibus, 1705 — Bandectce juris civilis 
auctoribus suis et libris restituti, 1709. 
a Biog. Woordenboek. 

Brenneisen, Enno Rodolph, jurist, his- 
torian, — b. at Essen, 1670 — Chancellor and 
first Minister of East Friesland, 1720 — tf. at 
Aurich, 22 Sep. 1734. Ostfriesische Historie, 
#c, 1720. 

Brenner, Elias, antiquary, — b., 1647 — ft., 
16 Jan. 1 7 17. Thesaurus nummorum Sueo- 
Gothicorum, 1691. 

Brenner, Heinrich, orientalist,—^, in West 
Bothnia, 1669 — accompanies Swedish envoy to 
Persia, 1697 — arrested at Moscow, imprisoned, 
1700-21 — Royal Librarian, Stockholm, 1722 — 
&., 1732. 

Brenner, Abbe. History of the Revolutions 
of Hungary (1100-1669), 1739. 

Brenneville, in France, — Henry I. of Eng- 
land defeats Louis VI., 20 Aug. 11 19. 

Brennus, (Brenhin, Bran,) Gallic chief, — 
[B C] — overruns Italy and sacks Rome, 390. 

Brennus, Gallic chief, — [BC] — leads Gauls 
from Pannonia into Greece, falls at Delphi, 
279. 
Brent, Sir Nathaniel, — b. at Little Wool- 



ford, 1573 — M.A., Oxford, 1598 — sent by 
Abbot, Abp of Canterbury, to Venice, to take 
a copy of Paul Sarpi's History of the Council 
of Trent, about 1618 — LL.D., 1623 — Kht, by 
Charles I., 1629 — rj. in London, 6 Nov. 1652. 
Translates into English and Latin, Sarpi's 
History of the Council of Trent, 16 19. 

Brenta, river in Italy, — Berenger defeated 
by Hungarians, 24 Sep. 899— Austrians de- 
feated by French near, 7 Sep. 1796. 

Brentano, Clemens, novelist, dramatist, — b. 
at Frankfort on the Main, 1777 — tJ. at Aschaf- 
fenburg, 28 Jun. 1842. Godivi, 1801 — Die 
Griindung Brags, 18 16 — Geschichte von bravtn 
Kaspar und dem schonen Annerl, 1851 — Gokel, 
Hinkel und Gakeleia, 1838. 

Brentel, Friedrich, painter, — b. at Stras- 
burg, about 1586. 

Brentford, in Middlesex, — Edmund Ironsides 
defeats Danes at, 1016 — Prince Rupert defeats 
Colonel Hollis at, 12 Nov. 1642. 

Brentzen, (Brentius, Brentz,) Johann, theo- 
logian, — b. at Weil, Suabia, 24 Jun. 1499 — 
takes part in conference at Marburg, 1529 — 
assists at Diet of Augsburg, 1530 — called to 
aid in direction of Univ., Tubingen, 1534 — 
returns to Halle, 1540 — takes refuge at Basel, 
about 1547 — provost of Stuttgard, 1553 — o\ 
there, 11 Sep. 1570. Opeva, 1576-90. 

Brequigny, Louis George Ondard Feudrix 
de, historian, §c, — b. at Granville, 17 16 — 
visits England, 1765 — fr. at Paris, 3 Jul. 1795. 
Edits with Laporte du Theil, Diplomata, 
chartce, epistolce, §c, 179 1 — with Mouchet, 
Table chronologique des Diplomes, $c, 1763-83. 
Histoire des revolutions de Genes, 1750. 

Brereton, Thomas, — b. in Ireland, 4 May 
1782 — Captain R.N. in the West Indies, 1804 — ■ 
takes part in expedition to Martinique, 1809 — ■ 
takes part in expedition to Guadaloupe, 18 10 — 
sent to Cape of Good Hope, 181 8 — returns to 
England, 1823 — tried before Court Martial for 
his conduct on occasion of Bristol riots ; com- 
mits suicide, 1831. 

Brerewood, Edward, antiquary, mathemati- 
cian,—^, at Chester, 1565 — M.A., Oxford, 
1590 — first Prof. Astronomy, Gresham College, 
1596 — ft. in London, 4 Nov. 1613. Deponder- 
ibus et pretiis veterum nummorum, 16 14 — In- 
quiries touching the diversity of languages and 
Beligions, §c., 16 14. 

Brescia, (Brixia,) in Italy, — [B C] — Roman 
colony, by Augustus, about 15 — [AD] — rebuilt, 
after being plundered by Attila, 452 — head of a 
Lombard duchy, about 574 — taken by Charles the 
Great, 774 — joins Lombard Leagues, 1167 and 
1226 — earthquake, Dec. 1222 a — joins in treaty 
with Henry, king of the Romans, against his 
father, Dec. 1234 a — siege of, by Frederick II., 
begins, 3 Aug. 1238 a — successful sortie ; the siege 
raised, 9 Oct. a 1238 — succours Parma, 1248 — 
submits to Venice, 1426 — taken by French, 1509 
— stormed by Gaston de Foix, 15 12 — recovered 
by Venetians, 15 17 — disturbances caused by 
proceedings of Inquisition, 1518 15 — taken by 
French, 1796 — passes to Austria, 18 15 — excava- 
tions, discovery of a temple, &c, 1820-26 — re- 
volt breaks out, 1848 — stormed by Haynau, 30 



BRESLAU— BRETEX. 



227 



Mar. 1849 — ceded to Sardinia by Treaty of 
Zurich, 1859. Cathedral commenced, 1604 — 
Completed, 1825. a Kington. b Lecky. 

Breslau, in Silesia, — seat of bishopric as 
early as 1000 — capital of independent duchy, 
1163-1335 — burnt by Mongols, 1200 — and 
again by Batu-Khan, spring 1 241 — passes to John 
of Bohemia, 1335 — burnt, 1342 and 1344 — 
insurrection of citizens, 141 8 — ceded to Austria, 
1527 — surrenders to Frederick II. of Prussia, 
2 Jan. 1 741 a — attempt of Austrians to deliver 
frustrated, 10 Aug. 1741 a - — Prince Charles of 
Lorraine defeated by Austrians, 22 Nov. 1757 
— occupied by Austrians, 24 Nov. 1757 — again 
taken by Frederick II., 6-26 Dec. 1757 s — unsuc- 
cessfully besieged by Laudon, 1-3 Aug. 1760 a 
— threatened by Russians, Jul. to Aug. 1761 — 
taken by French, 7 Dec. 1806 to 7 Jan. 1807 — • 
fortifications destroyed, 1807 — again occupied 
by French, Jun. 18 13. University of, founded, 
1 702 — Univ. of Frankfort-on-the-Oder incorpor- 
ated, 181 1 — Councils of, 1248 and 1 268 — Treaty 
of, between Austria and Prussia, for cession of 
Silesia, signed, 11 Jun. 1742 — confirmed by 
Treaty of Berlin, 28 Jul. 1742 — Church of St 
Elizabeth, commenced, 1253 — Cathedral, built, 
1148-1400 — partly burnt, 1540, 1632, and 1759 
— Townhall, 1864. a Carlyle. 

Bressani, Francesco Giuseppe, Jesuit mis- 
sionary, — h. at Borne, 161 2 — returns from 
North America, 1644— ft. at Florence, 9 Sep. 
1672. Eelazione de gli missionarj, §c, 1653. 

Bressani, Gregorio, philosopher, philologist, 
— 6. at Trevisa, 1703 — fr. at Padua, 12 Jan. 
177 1. II modo del Jilosofare introdotto dal 
Galilei, §c, 1753. 

Bresson, Jean Baptiste Marie Francois, — 
fc. at Darncy in the Yosges, 1760 — deputy to 
Convention, 1792 — proscribed, after 31 May 
1793 — member of Council of Five Hundred, 
I 795 _ 9^ ~ — head clerk, ministry of Foreign 
Affairs, Nov. 1799- 1825 — Chevalier of Legion 
of Honour, 1804 — tf. at Meudon, n Feb. 
1832. 

Brest, in France, — acquired by Dukes of 
Bretagne, 1240 — held by English, 1372-77 and 
15 Jun. 1378-97 — passes to French crown by 
marriage of Louis XII. with Anne of Brit- 
tany, Jan. 1499 — attacked by Sir Edward 
Howard, 15 13 — naval fight between French 
and English, near, 25 Apr. 15 13 — garrisoned 
by Spaniards, 1591 — recovered, 1594— fortifica- 
tions commenced by Richelieu, 1631 — and 
finished by Vauban, 1680 — attacked by Eng- 
lish, 1694 — Lord Howe defeats French fleet 
off, 1 Jun. 1794 — visit of English squadron to, 
Aug. 1865. 

Bret, Antoine, dramatist, critic, — fc. at 
Dijon, 17 17 — ft. at Paris, 25 Feb. 1792. Com- 
mentaire sur les (Euvres de Moliere, 1773. 

Bretagne, {Britanny, Armorica,) County 
and Duchy of, — occupied by emigrants from 
Britain, 284? 383 ? — Alain II., last king, dies, 
690 — subject to Franks, about 800 — Nomenoe 
governor under Louis le Debonnaire, 824 or 825 
— he takes title of King, 840 — his son Erispoe 
succeeds, 85 1 — divided between Counts of 
Vannes andRennes, 874 — subject to Northmen, 



912 — Geoffrey I. takes title of Duke, 992 — 
his son Alain is guardian of "William (the 
Conqueror), 1035-40 — Conan II. succeeds his 
father, 1040— Hoel V., 1066 — Alain Fer- 
gent, the Red, his son, 1084 — Conan III., son 
of Alain, 1 112 — succession disputed, division of, 
between Eudes and Hoel, 1148 — Hoel ex- 
pelled, (xeoftrey of Anjou elected, 1156 — Conan 
IV. deposes Eudes, 1156 — and seizes Nantes 
on death of Geoffrey, 1158 — is dispossessed 
by Henry II. of England, Sep. 1158 — affiances 
his daughter Constance to Geoffrey, son of 
Henry II., n 67 — Geoffrey II. succeeds on 
death of Eudes, 1171 — Constance, his widow, 
1 1 86 [Constance] — Arthur recognized Count, 
1196' — crowned Duke at Rennes, end of 1201 — 
Guy de Thouars, regent, 1203 — his daughter 
Alice marries Pierre de Dreux, 1212 — Pierre 
de Dreux succeeds on death of Guy de Thouars, 
121 3 — he abdicates, and his son John I. the 
Red succeeds, 1237 — succeeded by his son John 
II., 1286 — Arthur II., (son,) 1305 — John 
III., (son,) 1 3 12 — on his death, succession dis- 
puted by John de Montfort and Charles 
de Blois, 1 341 — invasion of, by king of 
France; capture of Montfort, autumn 1341 — 
defence of Hennebon by Jane of Montfort; 
siege raised by English, 1342 — truce between 
kings of France and England, 1 343 — John of 
Montfort escapes from prison, and dies, 26 
Sep. 1345 — Charles of Blois defeated and 
captured by English at Roche-Derrien, 1 8 Jun. 
1347 — liberated, 1356 — battle of Aurai, and 
death of Charles de Blois, 29 Sep. 1364 — 
John IV. (V.) of Montfort, 1364— alliance 
with English, 1372 — invasion of duchy by Du 
Guesclin, 1373 — John retires to England, 
1374 — is recalled, Aug. 1380 — John V. (VI.) 
under regency of his mother Jane, 1 399 — coasts 
ravaged by English, 1403 — invaded by Duke of 
Bedford, 1425-26 — Francis I., (son,) succeeds, 
1442 — his brother Pierre II., 1450 — Arthur 
III., 1457 — Francis II., grandson of John 
IV., 1458— joins League of the Public Good, 
1465— protects Earls of Richmond and Pem- 
broke, 1474 — alliance with Duke of Orleans, 
i486 — invasion of duchy by Charles VIIL, 
spring 1487 — defeat of Bretons and their 
allies at St Aubin, 28 Jul. 1487 • — peace 
signed, 21 Aug. 1487 — Anne, daughter of 
Francis II., 9 Sep. 1488 [Anne of Bre- 
tagne] — duchy united to crown of France, 
149 1 — given by Louis XII. to Claude, Countess 
of Angouleme, 17 Oct. 15 14 — ceded by her to 
her husband, Francis I., 20 Jun. 15 15 — death 
of Claude, 20 Jul. 1524 — re-united to crown of 
France, Aug. 1532 — the Grands Tours sup- 
pressed by Henry II., 1553. 

Breteuil, Louis Auguste le Tonnellier, 
Baron de, statesman, diplomatist, — b. in 
Touraine, 1733 — ambassador to Russia, 1760 
— ambassador to Sweden, 1769 — ambassador to 
Naples, 1771-75 — ambassador to Vienna, 1775- 
83 — Minister of State, 1783-87 — quits France, 
1 7 89- 1 802 — a", at Paris, 2 Nov. 1807. 

Breteuil, in Normandy, — occupied by Prus- 
sians, 13 Oct. 1870. 

Bretex, Jacques, trouvere, — attends tourna- 
15* 



BEETIGNY— BEEYD ENBACH. 



ment at Cliauvency, 1285. Les Tournois de 
Chauvency, printed, 1835. 

Bretigny, Treaty of, "between France and 
England, renunciation by Edward III. of his 
pretension to the crown of France, and his 
claim to Normandy, Anjou, and Maine, relin- 
quishment of his conquests except Calais and 
Guisnes, and retention of Guienne and Poitou, 
&c, signed 8 May 1360 — ratified at Calais, 24 
Oct. — King John set at liberty, 25 Oct. 

Breton, Cape, N. America, — discovered, 
1504 — settled by French, 17 12 — taken by 
English, 1745 — given up to France by treaty 
of Aix-la-Chapefle, 18 Oct. 1748 — evacuated 
by English, 23 Jul. 1749 — taken again by 
them, 27 Jul. 1758 — finally ceded to English 
by treaty of Paris, 10 Feb. 1763. 

Breton, le. [Lebreton.] 

Breton, Luc Francois, sculptor, — b. at 
Besangon, 17 31 — obtains first prize at school 
of St Luke, Rome, 1758 — tf., 1800. 

Breton, Eaimond, — b. at Beaune, 3 Sep. 
1609 — enters Order of Freres-Pecheurs, 1634 — 
missionary to America, 1635-54 — If.., 8 Jan. 
1679. Dictionnaire francais-caraibe,$c, 1665-7 
— Grammaire caraibe, 1667. 

Bretonne, de la. [Eestif.] 

Bretonneau, Guy, — If., about 1656. 3£ethode 
cur icuse pour acheminer a la langue latine par 
V observation de la langue frangaise, 1653 — 
Sisioire de Vorigine et fondation du vicarial de 
Pontoise, 1636. 

Bretschneider, Heinrich Gottfried, — if. at 
Gera, 6 May 1739 — vice-governor, Banat of 
Temesvar, 1778 — Aulic Councillor, 1809 — ft. 
near Pilsen, 1 Nov. 18 10. Beise nach London 
und Paris, §c, 18 17 — Almanack der Heiligen 
auf 1788 — Waller's Leben und Sitten, §c, 

1793. 

Bretschneider, Karl Gottlieb, theologian, — 
if. at Gersdorf, 11 Feb. 1776 — studies at Leip- 
sic, 1794 — Prof. Theology, Konigsberg, 1812- 
16 — General Superintendent, Gotha, 18 16 — 
High Councillor of the Consistory, 1840 — tf. 
there, 22 Jan. 1848. BLandbuch der Dogmatih 
der evang. Luth. Kirche, 18 14-18 — Der re- 
ligiose Glaube nach der Vernunft und der Of- 
fenbarung, fur denkende Leser, 1842 — Lexicon 
rnanuale Grceco- Latinam in libros Nov. Test., 
1824 — Ueber die Unkirchlichkeit dieser Zeit, 
1820. 

Brett, Bichard, theologian,' — if. in London, 
1 56 1 — rector of Quainton, Berks, about 1595 
— assists in translation of the Bible under 
James I., 1604-11 — tf. at Quainton, 15 Apr. 
1637. 

Bretzner, Christoph Friedrich, dramatist, 
— b. at Leipsic, 1748 — tf. there, 31 Aug. 1807. 
Schauspiele, 1792-6 — Singspiele, 1796. 

Breuck, Jacques de, the elder, sculptor, — fi., 
about 1540. 

Breuck, Jacques, the younger, architect, — 
fl., about 16 1 2. 

Breughel, Abraham, [Bhyngraf, the Neapo- 
litan,) painter,— if. at Antwerp, 1672 a — tf. at 
Naples, 1690^ 

a Biog. Univ. b Nagler. 

Ereughel, Jean, (van Vlours,) painter,— if. 



at Brussels, about 1568^ 1569^ 1589 or 1575 ° 
— tf. at Antwerp, about 1642^ i625. b 
a Biog. Univ. b Besta. 

c Other authorities. 

Breughel, (Breugel,) Pieter, the elder, 
painter, — if. at Breughel near Breda, i5io, a 
J^S ^ — member of Academy of Antwerp, 
1551 — tf- at Brussels, 1570^ d 1590, 15 1569.° 
Tower of Babel, Vienna, 1563^ a Biog. Univ. 
b Engl. Cyc. c Biog. Woordenhoek. d Nagler. 

Breughel, Pieter, the younger, [LLelsche 
Breughel^) painter, — b. at Brussels, 1567^ 
1569 b — tf., 1625. a Biog. Univ. b Nagler. 

Breugiere. [Brugiere.] 

Breuning, Johann Jacob, traveller, — b. at 
Buehenbach, 1552 — travels in the East, 1579- 
86 — tutor of Johann Friedrich, Duke of Wur- 
temberg, 1595 — tf., about 1620. Orientalische 
Beyss, §c, 16 12. 

Breventano, Stephano, historian, #<?., — t) , 
18 Jul. 1577. Lstoria dell' antichitd, nobiltd, 
$c, di Pavia, 1570. 

Breves, Francois Savary de, diplomatist, 
§c, — if., 1560 — accompanies his uncle, am- 
bassador to the Porte, 1582 — ambassador, 15 91 
— to Pome, from Henry IY., 1607-15 — charged 
with education of Gaston, brother to the king, 
about 1616-18 — tf., 1628. Voyages, 1628. 

Breviarium, {Aniani,) — ol Alaric II. for 
Visigoths, 506. 

Brewers Company, — incorporated by Henry 
VI., 22 Feb. 143?. 

Brewers, Licence for, — required by Act 24 
Geo. III. s. 2, c. 41, 1784. 

Brewster, Sir David, natural philosopher, — 
if. at Jedburgh, 11 Dec. 1781 — honorary M.A., 
Edinburgh, 1800— LL.D., Aberdeen. D.C.L., 
Oxford, and M.A., Cambridge, 1807— F.B.S.E., 
1808 — marries, 1810- — F.E.S., and receives 
Copley medal for discoveries on Polarization, 
181 5 — invents the kaleidoscope, 1 8 1 6 — receives 
Eumford medal for further discoveries on 
Polarization, 18 18 — Knt of the Guelphic Order, 
1 83 1 — receives Eoyal medal, 1830 — takes part 
in founding British Association, 1831 — Knt, 
by "William IV., 1832- — Principal of St Leo- 
nard's College, Aberdeen, 1841 — Knt of Prus- 
sian Order of Merit, 1 847— Pres. British As- 
sociation, 1849 — foreign Associate of French 
Institute, 1849 — death of his wife, 1850 — 
member of Legion of Honour, 1855 — marries 
again, 1857 — tf. at Allerly near Melrose, 10 
Feb. 1868. Edits Edinburgh Encyclopedia, 
1808-30 — Treatise on Burning Lnstruments, 
1 812 — (with Jameson,) Edinburgh Philosophi- 
cal Journal, 18 19 — New System of Lllumination 
for Lighthouses, 1827 — Life and Letters of 
Eider, 1823 — Treatise on Optics, 1831 — Letters 
on Natural Magic, 1831 — Life of Sir Lsaac 
Newton, 1831 — Martyrs of Science, 1841 — • 
More Worlds than One, 1 854 — Memoirs of Life, 
Writings, and Discoveries of Sir J. Newton, 

1855. 

Breydel, Franz, painter, — b. at Antwerp, 8 
Sep. 1679 — tf. there, 24 Nov. 1750. 

Breydel, Karl, painter, — b. at Antwerp, 1677 
— tf. at Ghent, 4 Nov. 1744. 

Breydenbach, Bernard von, — visits Jeru- 



BREYN— BRIDGET. 



229 



salem, &c, about 1484 — Opusculum sanctarum 
peregrination urn in montem St/on, i486. 

Breyn, Jacob, botanist, — ii. at Dantzic, 14 
Jan. 1637 — ft. there, 25 Jan. 1697. Exoti- 
carum aliarumque minus cognitarum plantarum 
centuria, 1678. 

Breyn, Johann Philipp, naturalist, §c, — b. 
at Dantzic, 1680 — travels in Italy, 1703 — b\, 
1764. Defungis officinalibus, 1702 — Historia 
naturalis cocci radicum tinctorii, §c, 17 31. 

Brez, Jacob, naturalist, — b. at Middelburg, 
17 7 1 — tf. there, 1798. Fiore des insectophiles, 
1791 — ECistoire des Vaudois, 1796 — Geschichte, 
§c. der Waldenser, 1798. 

Brial, Michel Jean Joseph, Benedictine, — b. 
at Perpignan, 26 May 1743 — enters Order of 
Benedictines, 1764 — • collaborateur with D. 
Clement in the Collection des Historiens de 
France, 1771-86 — member of the Institute, 
1805— ft., 24 May 1828. 

Brian Boroimhe, King of Ireland,— suc- 
ceeds his brother Mahon as King of Munster, 
97 8, a 965 h - — sovereign of Ireland, 1002 — ft. 
at battle of Clontarf, Good Friday, 1014. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Wright. 

Brianville, Claude Oronce Fine de, — ft., 
1675. Frojet de Vhistoire de France en tableaux, 
1665—Histoire sacree en tableaux, 1670-5. 

Briard, Gabriel, painter, — b. at Paris, about 
1725 — member of Academy, 1768 — ft., 8 Nov. 
1777. 

Bribery, — at elections, prohibited by Acts 2 
Geo. II. c. 24, 1729; 49 Geo. III. c. 118, 19 
Jun. 1809; 4 & 5 Vic. c. 57, 22 Jun. 1841 ; 

5 & 6 Vic. c. 102, 10 Aug. 1842; 15 & 16 
Vic. c. 57, 30 Jun. 1852 — laws respecting, con- 
solidated and amended by Acts 17 & 18 Vic. c. 
102, 10 Aug. 1854; 19 & 20 Vic. c. 84, 29 Jul. 
1856 ; 21 & 22 Vic. c. 87, 2 Aug. 1858— more 
effectual prevention of, provided 101*, by Act 31 

6 32 Vic. c. 125, 31 Jul. 1868. 

Brice, Germain, topographer, — b. at Paris, 
1652 — ft., 18 Nov. 1727. Description de 
Far is, 1685. 

Briche, Adrien Louis Elisabeth Marie de, 
Viscount, general, — b., 12 Aug. 1772 — enters 
the French army, 1789 — at battle of the Trebia, 
1799— at battle of Marengo, 1800 — Colonel in 
German campaigns, 1806-7- — serves in France, 
1 8 14 — receives Cross of St Louis, 18 14 — 
Viscount, commander of St Louis, 18 15 — ft. 
commander at Marseilles, 21 May 1825. 

Bricks, Tax on, — imposed by Act 24 Geo. 
III. s. 2,c. 24, 1784— repealed by Act 13 & 14 
Vic. c. 9, 17 May 1850. 

Briconnet, Guillaume, Cardinal op St 
Malo,— b. at Tours, 1445 ?— Bp of St Malo, 
149 1 — Abp of Bheims, 1494 — urges Charles 
VIII. to the conquest of Naples, and accom- 
panies the expedition, 1494-5 — Cardinal, by 
Alexander VI. , 1494 — convokes and opens Coun- 
cil of Pisa, Nov. 141 1 — excommunicated and 
deprived of the cardinalate, 15 12 — abbot of St 
Germain des Pres, and governor of Languedoc, 
I 5 I 3> a 1503 b — if- at Narbonne, 14 Nov. 1514. 
a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. 

Bridaine, (Brydaine,) Jacques, Jesuit mis- 
sionary, — b. in diocese of Uzes, 21 Mar. 1701 



— ft. at Boquemaure, 22 Dec. 1767. Cantiques 
spirituels, 1748 — Lectures et Meditations, 1821 
— Sermons, 1823. 

Bridan, Charles Antoine, sculptor, — b. at 
Euviere, Burgundy, 1750 — Prof, at the Aca- 
demy of Painting and Sculpture, 1773 — ft. at 
Paris, 28 Apr. 1805. L'Assomption, 1776. 

Bridel, Samuel Elisee de, poet, botanist, — 
b. at Crassies, canton de Vaud, 28 Nov. 17 61 
— tutor to the princes August and Friedrich of 
Saxe Gotha, about 1781- — secretary to embassy 
charged with negotiations with Napoleon, 1807 
— ft. near Gotha, 7 Jan. 1828. JJelassements 
poetiques, 1788 — Loisirs de Folymnie et d' Eu- 
terpe, 1800 — Muscologia recentiorum, 1797, 
1803. 

Bridewell, London, — built by Henry VIII., 
1522 — given for use of the poor and as House 
of Correction, by Edward VI., 1553— burnt 
down, 1666. 

Bridgeman, Sir Orlando, Chief Justice 
of the Common Pleas, and Lord Chan- 
cellor of England — b., about 1606 — enters 
Queen's Coll., Cambridge, 1619 — B.A., Jan. 
1624 — called to the bar, 10 Feb. 1632 — M. P. 
Vfigan, 1 640 — Knt, about 1 643 — Commissioner 
for the king at Lxbridge, Jan. 1645 — Serjeant- 
at-law and Chief Baron of the Exchequer, 
Jun. 1660 — Bart., Jun. 1660 — presides at the ( 
trial of the regicides, Oct. 1660 — Chief Justice 
of the Common Pleas, 22 Oct. 1660 — Lord 
Cbancellor, 30 Aug. 1667 — retires from the 
Chief Justiceship, May 1668 — sanctions the 
Declaration of Indulgence, Mar. 1672 — de- 
prived of the Great Seal, 17 Nov. 1672 — ft. at 
Teddington, 25 Jun. 1674. 

Bridge, Bridges, — [BC] — of boats, across 
the Hellespont, constructed by Xerxes, 482-1 
— of stone, at Bonie, by C. Fl. Scipio, about 
127 — [AD] — in England, repair of, provided 
for by Acts 22 Henry VIII. c. 5, 1530-1 ; 1 
Anne st. 1, c. 12, 1702 ; 12 Geo. II. c. 29, 
1739; 43 Geo. III. c. 59, 24 Jun. 1803; 52 
Geo. c. 110, 1 Jul. 1812; 55 Geo. III. c. 143, 
6 Jul. 1815 — first iron bridge, at Coalbrook 
Dale, 1779 — destruction of, punishable by 
transportation, by Act 7 and 8 Geo. IV. c. 30 
s. 13, 21 Jan. 1827 — liability of the county 
limited by Act 5 and 6 Vfm IV. c. 50, s. 21, 
31 Aug. 1835 — maintenance and building of, 
regulated by Act 13 and 14 Vic. c. 64, 14 
Aug. 1850. [Suspension, Tubular, Bridges.] 

Bridgenortli, in Shropshire, — castle of, re- 
built and defended against Henry I. by Eobert 
de Belesme, Earl of Shrewsbury, n 02 — be- 
sieged by Henry II., 1156 — besieged by par- 
liamentary army, and burnt, 1646. 

Bridges, John, antiquary, — 6. at Binfield, 
Berks, about 1666 — Commissioner of the Cus- 
toms, 17 1 1 — if. in London, 30 Jul. 1724. Sis- 
tory of the County of Northampton, 1762-1791. 

Eridges, Noah, — Secretary to the Parlia- 
ment, 1643. Art of short and secret writing, 
1659 — Lux mercatoria, Arithmetic natural and 
decimal, 1661. 

Bridget, St, — b. in Sweden, about 1302 — 
founds abbey of Wadstena, soon after 1348* 
— goes to Eome and Jerusalem, 1371'' — ft. at 



23° 



BRIDGEWATER— BRIGNOLE-SALE. 



Rome 23 Jul. 1373 — canonized by Boniface 
IX., 1 39 1 a — canonization confirmed by Council 
of Constance, 1415. Bevelationes, printed. i475, b 
148 8. a a Ersch. and Gruber. b Biog. Univ. 

Bridgewater, in Somersetshire, — taken by 
Royalists, end of Jul. 1643 — taken by Colonel 
Wymondhani for the Parliament, 23 Jul. 1645 
— Duke of Monmouth proclaimed king at, Jun. 
1685. 

Bridgewater, Francis Egerton, Duke op 
— fj., 1736 — succeeds to the dukedom, 1748 — 
obtains Act for construction of canal between 
Worsley and Manchester, 1758-9 — tf., 8 Mar. 
1803. 

Bridgewater, Francis Henry Egerton, Earl 
of, — ft., 11 Nov. 1758 — M.A., Oxford, 1780 — 
prebendary of Durham, 1780 — rector of Mid- 
dle, Shropshire, 17 81 — rector of Whitchurch, 
1797 — Earl, 1823 — tf. at Paris, 1829. 

Bridgewater, John, theologian, — M.A., Ox- 
ford, 1556 — enters Coll. of Douai, 1574 — tf. 
after 1594. Concertatio Ecclesice cath. in An- 
glia contra calvino-papistas et puritanos sub 
Flizabetha regina, 1694. 

Bridgewater Treatises, — endowment for, by 
will of Francis Henry Egerton, Earl of Bridge- 
water, 25 Feb. 1825 — published, 1834-39. 

Bridlington Bay,— Paul Jones captures two 
English ships in, 21 Sep. 1779. 

Bridport, Alexander Hood, Viscount, ad- 
miral,— Rear- Admiral, 1780 — commands under 
Lord Howe at Gibraltar, 1782 — commands 
under Lord Howe in Channel Fleet, 1794 — dis- 
tinguishes himself at victory over French, 1 
Jun. 1794 — defeats French Fleet off L' Orient, 
22 Jun. 1795 — commander of Channel Fleet, 
1796 to Apr. 1800 — Viscount Bridport, 10 Jun. 
1 80 1— tf. at Bath, 3 May 18 14. 

Brie, Jehan de. Le Bon Berger, 1379 — 
printed, about 1502. 

Briel, The Brill, in Holland, — taken by Con- 
federates, 1572 — given up in pledge to Queen 
Elizabeth, 1585 — restored to the Dutch by 
James I., 1616. 

Brienne, in France, — Napoleon defeats 
allies at, 29-30 Jan. 1814. 

Brienne, John of. [Joannes, Latin Em- 
peror op the East.] 

Brienne, Gauthier de, — distinguishes him- 
self at the defence of Acre, 11 88 — tf. of wounds 
received at siege of a castle in Naples, 1205. 

Brienne, Gauthier de, — captured and killed 
by Saracens, 1251. 

Brienne, Gauthier de, — sent to Florence, 
lieutenant to Prince Charles of Naples, 1326 — 
serves under Philippe de Valois against the 
English, 1340 — gets himself proclaimed sove- 
reign of Florence, 1342 — compelled to renounce 
the sovereignty and quit Florence, 26 Jul. 1343 
— Constable of France, May 1356 — killed, at 
battle of Poitiers, 19 Sep. 1356. 

Brienne-Lomenie. [Lomenie.] 

Briet, Philippe, Jeszcit,—b. at Abbeville, 
1601 — tf., 9 Dec. 1668. Parallela geograjjhice 
veteris et novce, 1648-9 — Annales muncli, 1660. 
Brieuc, St, — fj., about 409— founds monas- 
tery in Brctagne, 479 — tf. there, 502. 

Brieuc, (Brieux,) St, in France, — Alain 



Barbe-Torte and the Bretons defeat Northmen 
at, 937 — attacked by Chouans, 1799. 

Briga, Melchior della, mathematician, — fj. 
at Cesena, 1686 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1703 
— tj. at Siena, 25 Jul. 1749. Philosophies vete- 
ris et novce concordia, 1725 —Scientia eclipsium 
ex imperio et commercio Sinarum illustrata, 
I 744-5-7- 

Brigant, Jacques le, philologist, — fj. at Pon- 
trieux, 18 Jul. 1720 — tf. at Treguier, 3 Feb. 
1804. Elements de la langue des Celtes, <§c, 1779 
— Observations fondamentales sur les langues 
anciennes et modernes, $c, 1787. 

Brigantes, in Britain, — conquered by Peti- 
lius Cerealis, 71 — Calpurnius Agricola sent 
against, 162. 

Briganti, Filippo, economist, §c, — ft. at. 
Gallipoli, 1725 — Syndic, 1764 — member of 
Academy of Sciences, Naples, 1779 — tf., 1804. 
JSsame analitico del sistema legale, lm—Fsame 
economico del sistema civile, 1780 — Le quattre 
stagioni, 1795 — Frammenti lirici, $•<?., 1797. 

Brigenti, Ambrosio de, Capuchin. Glosso- 
graphia onomatographica, 1702. 

Brigenti, Andrea, poet, — ft. at Agua near 
Padua, 1680 — goes to Rome, 17 13 — tf., 1750. 
Villa Burghesia, 17 16. 

Brigettines, Nuns of our Holy Saviour, Order 
of, — founded by St Bridget, in Sweden, about 
1350 — appear in England, 1414. 

Briggs, Henry, mathematician, — n. near 
Halifax, Yorkshire, about 1556 — Fellow of St 
John's, Cambridge, 1588 — first Reader in Geo- 
metry, Gresham College, London, 1596- 1620 — 
Savilian Prof., Oxford, 1619 — tf. there, 26 Jan. 
1630. Trigonometria Britannica, 1633 — Arith- 
metica logarithmica, 1624. 

Briggs, Henry Perronet, painter,— §. about 
1793 — R.A., 1832— tf. in London, Jan. 1844. 

Briggs, 'William, physician, — rj. at Nor- 
wich, 1641^ 1650 b — M.D., Cambridge, 1677 
— Fellow of Benet Coll., 1682— physician to 
William III., 4 Mar. 1699 — tf. in Kent, 4 Sep. 
1704. Ophthalmographia, 1676. 

a Biog. Univ. h Chalmers. 

Brighton, Brighthelmstone, Sussex, — plun- 
dered and burnt by French, 15 14 — again 
attacked, Jul. 1545 — fortifications built by 
Henry VI1L, 1539 a — by Queen Elizabeth, 
1559 b — Charles II. embarks at, for France, 14 
Oct. 1 65 1 — visited by George IV., 1782 — Pa- 
vilion built, 1784-7 — chain pier built, Oct. 
1822 to Oct. 1823. 

a Grose. b Horsfield's Sussex. 

Brignais, in France, — Jacques de Bourbon 
defeated and killed by banditti, 2 Apr. 1361. 

Brignole-Sale, Antonio Julio, Marquis be 
Groppoli, poet, $c, — fj., 23 Jun. 1605 — enters 
Order of Jesuits, 11 Mar. 1652 — tf. at Genoa, 
24 Mar. 1665. Le Lnstabilita dell' ingegno, 
1635 — Tacito abburattato, 1636 — Bell' Lstoria 
Spagnuola, 1640 and 1646. 

Brignole-Sale, Giovanni Francesco, Doge 
op Genoa, — &., 6 Jul. 1695 — director of public 
monuments, 1728 — appeases revolt in Corsica, 
1730— ambassador to Paris, 1737 — signs treaty 
of amnesty for Corsica with France and Austria, 
at Fontainebleau, 1738 — state inquisitor, 1738 



BEIHTTEGA— BEISSOT. 



231 



— commands in war against Austria, &c., 1745 
— Doge, 4 Mar. 1746 — Superintendent of Forts, 
1749— if., 14 Feb. 1760. 

Brihuega, in Spain, — the Duke of Vendome 
captures General Stanhope and English division 
at, 9 Dec. 17 10. 

Bril, Matthew, painter, — ft. at Antwerp, 
1550 — 5y. at Borne, 1584. 

Bril, Paul, painter, — ft. at Antwerp, 1556^ 
1554,^ 1566 c — If. at Eome, i626, ac i622. d 
a Biog. Univ. b Chalmers. c Biog. Woordenboek. 
d Engl. Cyc. 

Brillat-Savarin, Anthelme, miscellaneous 
writer, — 6. at Belley, 1 Apr. 1755 — deputy to 
Constituent Assembly, 1789 — returns to France, 
1796 — Judge of Court of Cassation, 1801-26 — 
ft., 1826 — Physiologie du gout, 1825 — Essai 
historique et critique sur le duel, 18 19. 

Brillon, Pierre Jacques, Jurist, — ft. at Paris, 
15 Jan. 1 67 1 — tr, 29 Jul. 1736. Apologie de 
la Bruyere, 1701 — Dictionnaire des arrets, 17 11 
■ — Dictionnaire civil et canonique, §c, 17 17. 

Brindisi. [Brundisium.] 

Brindley, James, engineer, — ft. in Derby- 
shire, 17 16— apprenticed to millwright, about 
1733 — erects steam-engine near Newcastle- 
under-Lyne, 1756 — constructs the Bridgewater 
Canal, 1758-61 — marries, 1765 — commences 
the Grand Trunk Canal, 1766 — commences the 
Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal, 1772 
— tf. at Turnhurst, Staffordshire, 27 Sep. 1772. 

Brinkmann, Karl Gustav, Baron von, 
diplomatist, poet, — ft. in Sweden, 24 Feb. 1764 
— secretary of Legation, Dresden, 1792 — am- 
bassador to Paris, 1798 — ambassador to Berlin, 
1801 — ambassador to London, 1807-10 — mem- 
ber of Boyal Academy, 1829 — Baron, 1839 — 
if., 10 Jan. 1848. Gedichte, 1789 — Philosoph- 
ische Ansichte mid Gedichte, 1801 — Die Welt 
des Genius, 1821. 

Brinvilliers, Marie Madeleine d'Aubray, 
Marquise de, — ft. about 1630 ?— marries the 
Marquis de Brinvilliers, 20 Dec. 1651a — 
poisons her father, two brothers, and a sister, 
1666-70 — beheaded and burnt at Paris, 16 
Jul. 1676. ajal. 

Brion, Louis, admiral, — ft. at Curacao, 6 
Jul. 1782 — distinguishes himself in Holland 
against Anglo-Eussian forces, 1799 — settles at 
Curasao, 1804 — naval captain in service of 
republic of Caracas, 18 11 — assists the patriots 
in 1816 — assists in the conquest of Guyana, 
1 8 17 — captures St Marthe and Carthagena, 
1820 — ts., 20 Sep. 1821. 

Briosco, Andrea, (II Riccio,) architect, $c, 
— ft. at Padua, 1460 — tf., 1532. 

Briot, Nicolas, medallist, — invents the coin- 
ing-engine, about 1 6 15 ? liaisons, moyens, §c, 
pour /aire toutes les monnaies du royaume a 
Vavenir uniformes, <§c, 16 15. 

Briot, Pierre Joseph, statesman, — ft. at 
Orchamps-en-Venne, 17 Apr. 1771 — Prof. 
Ehetoric, Besanqon, 1791 — envoy to Paris to 
the Convention, 1793 — member of Council of 
Five Hundred, 1798 — goes to Naples, 1806 — 
Councillor of State to Joseph Bonaparte, 1810 
— returns to Paris, 18 15 — U. at Auteuil, 16 
May 1827. 



Briot, Pierre Francois, surgeon, — ft. at Or- 
champs-en-Venne, 1773— employed in army of 
the Ehine, 1792 — distinguishes himself at 
Marengo, 1800 — Prof. Medicine, Besanqon, 
1806- — &.* 29 Dec. 1826. Histoire des progres 
de la chirurgie militaire, 1 8 1 7 . 

Briquemaut, diplomatist, — envoy to Queen 
Elizabeth, 1562 and 1563 — hung, Oct. 1572. 

Briquet, Marguerite XJrsule Fortunee Ber- 
nier, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Mort, 16 
Jun. 1782 — "is. there, 14 May 18 15. Diction- 
naire historique et bibliographique des Eran- 
caises, §c, 1804. 

Brisach. [Breisach.] 

Briseux, Charles Etienne, architect,— ft. in 
Franche-Comte, about 1680— tr. at Paris, 23 
Sep. 1754. Architecture modeme, 1728 — 
Traits du beau essentiel dans les arts, 1752. 

Brissac, Albert de Grillet de, general, — 
distinguishes himself at battle of les Dunes, 
1652 — at sieges of Tournai and Douai, 1667 — 
serves in Franche-Comte, 1668 — at siege of 
Maestricht, 1673 — resigns office of Major of 
the Guards, 1708 — ft., 11 Feb. 17 15. 

Brissac, Louis Hercule Timoleon de Cosse, 
Duke oe, Peer of France, — ft., 14 Feb. 1734 
— commands constitutional Guard of Louis 
XVI., Mar. to May 1792 — massacred at Ver- 
sailles, Sep. 1792. 

Brissac. [Cosse.] 

Brisseau, Pierre, physician, — ft. at Paris, 
163 1 — ts. at Douai, 10 Sep. 1717. Nouvelles 
observations sur la cataracte, 1706. 

Brisson, Barnabe, jurist, — ft. at Fontenay- 
le-Comte, 153 1 — advocate-general, 1575 — 
president a mortier, by Henry III., 1583 — 
president of Parliament of Paris, by the 
Leaguers, Feb. 1589— hung, 15 Nov. 159 1. 
Code de Henri III., 1587 — De formulis et so- 
lemnibus populi Eomani verbis, 1583 — De ver- 
borum quce ad jus pertinent significatione, 
1557 - # 

Brisson, Mathurin Jacques, natural philoso- 
pher, — ft. at Fontenay-le-Comte, 30 Apr. 1723 
— Prof. Physics, College of Navarre, 1770 — 
Prof. Physics, Lyceum, 1795 — tf. near Ver- 
sailles, 23 Jun. 1806. Ornithologie, 1760 — 
Dictionnaire raisonne de physique, 178 1 — 
Pesanteur specifique des corps, 1787 — Transla- 
tion of Priestley s History of Electricity, 
177 1. 

Brisson, Pierre, historian, — ft., 1590. 
Histoire et vrai discours des guerres civiles es 
pays de Poictou, <§c, 1578. 

Brisson, Pierre Kaymond de, — ft. at Mois- 
sac, 22 Jan. 1745 — ts. there, about 1820. 
Histoire du naufrage et de la captivite de M. 
de Brisson, avec la description des deserts 
d'Afrique, §c, 1789. 

Brissot de Warville, Jean ab (Jacques ) 
Pierre, politician, — ft. at Ouarville, near 
Chartres, 14 Jan. 1754 — member of the Com- 
mune, Paris, Jul. 1789— with Laclos draws up 
Petition of the Champ -de-Mars, 179 1 — deputy 
to Legislative Assembly, Oct. 1791 — deputy to 
Convention, Sep. 1792 — proscribed, 31 May; 
beheaded, 31 Oct. 1793. Theorie des lois cri~ 
minelles, 1781 — Bibliotheque philosophique du 



BRISTOL— BRITO. 



legislateur, §c, 1782-6 — De la France et des 
Btats-Unis, 1787 — Borne jugee, §c., 1784. 
a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

c Engl. Cyc. 

Bristol, — Stephen imprisoned at, Feb. to Nov. 
1 141 — the castle surrendered to Henry II., 
1 175 — Princess Eleanor imprisoned at, 1201- 
41 — revolts against Edward II., 131 1 — made 
county of itself, by charter of Edward III., 1373 
— yisited by Edward IV., 1 46 1— city and bishop- 
ric, by Henry Till., 1542 — mint established, 
1546 — sends colony to Newfoundland, 1609 — 
garrisoned by Parliament, 2 Dec. 1642 — taken 
by Royalists, 25 Jul. 1643 — surrendered by 
Prince Rupert, n Sep. 1645 — castle destroyed", 
1656 — visited by Charles II., 1663 — riot on 
accession of George I., Aug. 17 14 — the 'bridge 
riots ' at, 19 and 28-30 Sep. 1793 — riots on visit 
of Sir Charles VTetkerell, 29 Oct. 1 831— In- 
dustrial Exhibition at, opens, 19 Sep. 1865. 
Cathedral, founded, 1142-48 — choir rebuilt, 
1306-22 — central tower, 148 1 -15 15 — restora- 
tion commenced, 1861 — Church of St Mary 
Bedcliff, commenced, 1292 — completed, 1376 — 
partly destroyed and rebuilt, about 1445-47 — 
restoration commenced, 1846 — Bristol College 
founded, 1830 — Bristol Institution opened, 
1823 — Guildhall opened, 1846 — Orphan Blouses 
established by Miiller, 1835. 

Bristol, John Digby, Easl of, — ft. at 
Coleshill, Feb. 1580 — enters Oxford Univ., 
1595 — Xnt, by James I., 1605 — ambassador to 
Spain, 161 1 and 16 14 — sent to Madrid to 
negotiate the Spanish marriage, Jul. 161 7 — 
created Baron Digby, 25 Xov. 161 8 — ambas- 
sador to the Emperor, May 1621 — ambassador 
extraord. to Philip IV. to conclude the mar- 
riage treaty, by commission of Mar. 1622 — 
created Earl of Bristol, 15 Sep. 1622 — not 
summoned to second Parliament of Charles I., 
Feb. 1626 — complains, is summoned, but 
ordered to keep on his estates, Mar. — appeals 
again ; impeached by the king, 1 May — im- 
peaches Buckingham, May — committed" to the 
Tower, 15 Jun. — one of the commissioners to 
treat with the Scots, Sep. 1640— member of the 
Long Parliament, Nov. 1640- — committed to 
the Tower, 28 Mar. 1642 — released in a few 
days ; goes to the king at York, Apr. — attends 
him at Edge-bill and Oxford, Oct. 1642 — retires 
to France at the close of the civil war : rj. at 
Paris, 21 Jan. 1652. 

Bristol, George Digby, second Earl of, — 
b. at Madrid, Oct. 1612 — enters Oxford Univ., 
1626 — M.A., 1636 — M.P., Dorsetshire, Apr. 
1640 — opposes bill of attainder of Strafford, 
Apr. 1641 — expelled the House, 10 Jun. — takes 
his place in Upper House, same day : his speech 
ordered to be burnt, 13 Jul. — advises Charles 
I. to -arrest the six members, Jan. 1642 — ap- 
pears in arms for the King, 12 Jan. — voted 
traitor by the Parliament, and escapes to the 
Continent : Lieutenant-general of the King's 
forces north of Trent, 1645 — defeated by 
Parliamentarians at Sherborne, Oct. 1645 — 
excepted from pardon by the Parliament, 24 
Oct. 1648 — retires to the Continent: returns at 
the Restoration, 1660 — installed K.G., Apr. 



1 66 1 — impeaches Lord Clarendon, 1663 — Jj. at 
Chelsea, 20 Mar. 1677. 

Britannia, (Tubular) Bridge, .Menai 
Strait, — built by Robert Stephenson, May 
1846 to Mar. 1850. 

Britannicus, Claudius Tiberius Germanicus , 
— b., 11 Feb. 42 — poisoned by 2s ero, beginning 
of 55- 

Britanny. [Bretagne.] 

British America, — boundary line of, settled 
by conventions with United States, 1839 and 
1846 — Congress respecting formation of a Con- 
federation, held at Quebec, 10 Oct. 1864 — Con- 
federation constituted as ' Bominion of Canada," 
by Act 30 Vic. c. 3, 29 Mar. 1867 — proclaimed, 
21 May 1867. [Canada, Hudson's Bay Ter- 
ritories, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, &c] 

British Artists, Society of, — first Exhibi- 
tion of, 1823 — incorporated by Royal charter, 
1847. 

British Association for the Advancement of 
Science, — founded by Brewster and others, 27 
Sep. 1 83 1. 

British Auxiliary Legion, — assists Queen of 
Spain against the Carlists, 1835-36. 

British Columbia, Is. America, — made a 
colony by Act 21 and 22 Vic. c. 99, 2 Aug. 
1 858 — gold discoveries in, 1 861 — boundaries of, 
defined by Act 26 and 27 Vic. c. 83, 28 Jul. 
1863 — first Legislative Council assembles, 21 
Jan. 1864 — united with Vancouver's Island, by 
Act 29 and 30 Vic. c. 67, 6 Aug. 1866— 
government of, further provided for, by Act 33 
and 34 Vic. c. 66, 9 Aug. 1870^ — incorporated 
with Dominion of Canada, Apr. 1871. 

British Guyana. [Guyana, British.] 

British India. [India, British.] 

British Institution, — chartered, 1 805 — last 
exhibition, summer 1867. 

British Museum, — the collections of Sir 
Hans Sloane purchased for the State, 1753 — 
trustees of, incorporated by Act 26 Geo. II. c. 
22, 1753 — purchase of Montague House, 1754 
— the ' Royal Library ' presented by George II., 
1757 — opened, 15 Jan. 1759 — Department of 
Antiquities created, 1807 — library of George 
III. presented by George IV., i82i, a 1823^ — 
built, by Smirke, 1823-47 — department of 
Botany created, 1827 — Parliamentary Com- 
mittee on management of, 1836 — Prints and 
Drawings made a separate department, 1837 — 
Grenville Library bequeathed to, 1 847 — Royal 
Commission on management of, 1848-49 — 
new reading-room, by Sidney Smirke, opened, 
20 May 1857 — military guard discontinued, end 
of 1863. [Townley, Elgin, Blacas Collections, 
Cottonian and Harleian Libraries, &c] 
a Engl. Cyc. b Guide to B. M. 

Brito, Bernardode, historian, — b. at Al- 
meida, 20 Aug. 1569 — fj., 27 Feb. 16 1 7. Ba 
Monarquia Busitana, 1597-1609 — Chronica de 
Cisters., 1602 — Elogios dos reys de Portugal, 
1603. 

Brito, Philip de, — b. at Lisbon, about 1570^ 
1550 b — authorized by king of Aracan to re- 
build Siriam, 1601 — disperses the king's fleet, 
1607 — betrayed and killed, 161 3. b 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 



BRITTON— BROGLIE. 



233 



Britton, — Compendium of English Laic, 
published about nyi-^, 3 - before 1275. 13 
a Nichols. b Coke. 

Britton, John, antiquary, topographer, — fi. 
near Chippenham, 7 Jul. 1771 — tf., Jan. 1857. 
Beauties of Wiltshire, 1801 — Architectural 
Antiquities of England, 1805 — Cathedral An- 
tiquities of England, 1814-35 — Dictionary of 
the Architecture and Archaeology of the Middle 
Ages, 1832-38. 

Britton, Thomas, ' the musical Small-coal 
man,' — b\, about 1650 — tf., Sep. 17 14. 

Brixen, Council of, — deposes Gregory VII., 
and elects Clement III., 25 Jun. 1080. 

Brixham, Devonshire, — William, Prince of 
Orange, lands at, 4 Nov. 1688. 

Brizio, [Bricci, Brizzi,) Francesco, painter, 
engraver, — b. at Bologna, i574, a 1575 b — tf. 
there, 1623. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Broad Bottom Administration, — formed by 
Pelham, Aug. 1743 — breaks up on his death, 
Mar. 1754. 

Brocard, [Borchard, BrucJiard, or Burcard,) 
Dominican, traveller, — enters Dominican Order, 
before 1232 — visits the Holy Land, 1232. 

Brccario, Arnaldo Gulielmo, printer, — 
prints the Complutensian Polyglott, at Alcala, 
1514-16. 

Brocchi, Giovanni Battista, geologist, #c, 
— b. at Bassano, 18 Feb. 1772 — Prof. Natural 
History, Brescia, 1802 — settles at Milan, 1808 
— visits the Tyrol, 181 o — visits Italy, 1 8 1 1 - 1 2 — 
goes to Egypt, Sep. 1822 — to the Lebanon, 
1823 to May 1824 — to Sennaar, Mar. 1825 — tf. 
there, Sep. 1826. Sulla scultura egiziaca, 1792 
— Conchiologia fossile subapennina, cy-c, 18 14 
— Catalogo ragionato cli una raccolta di rocce 
disposto, §c, 1 8 17 — Dello stato Jisico del suolo 
di Roma, §c, 1820. 

Brochard, Abbe Michel, ' bibliophile, ,' — tf., 
1728 or 1729. Edition of Catullus, Tibullus, 
Propertius, 1723 — Lexicon Philosophicum, 
1716. 

Brocklesby, Richard, physician, — b. at 
Minehead, Somersetshire, 11 Aug. 1722 — 
M.D., Leyden, Jun. 1745 — settles in London, 
1746 — F.R.C.P., 1756 — physician to the army, 
serves in Germany, 1758 — returns, before 1763 
— tf. in London, n Dec. 1797. 

Brockmann, Johann Franz Hieronymus, 
actor, — b. at Gratz, 30 Sep. 1745 — appears on 
the stage at Vienna, 1765 — goes to Vienna, 
1777 — tf., 12 Apr. 1812. 

Brocquiere, Bsrtrandon de la, traveller, — 
travels in the East, 1432-3. 

Brodeau, Jean, philologist, — h. at Tours, 
1500 — tf. there, 1563. Miscellanea, 1555. 

Brodie, Sir Benjamin Collins, Bart., surgeon, 
■ — b\ at Winterslow, Wiltshire, 1783 — assist- 
ant-surgeon to St George's Hospital, London, 
1808 — F.R.S., 1 8 10 —receives Copley Medal, 
181 1 — Prof. Anatomy and Surgery, Coll. 
Surgeons, 18 19 — full surgeon to St George's 
Hospital, 1822 — Serjeant- Surgeon to William 
IV., 1832— Bart., 1834 — Serjeant- Surgeon to 
Queen Victoria, 1837 — Pres. Coll. Surgeons, 
1844— D.C.L., Oxford, 1850— Pres. R.S., 1858 
— tf. at Betchworth, Surrey, 21 Oct. 1862. 



Pathological and Surgical Observations on Dis- 
eases of the Joints, 181 8 — Lectures on Diseases 
of the Urinary Organs, 1832 — Physiological Re- 
searches, 1 85 1 — Psychological Inquiries, 1854. 

Brodzinski, Kazimierz, poet, — b. in Poland, 
179 1 — enters the army, 1809 — serves with the 
French in Russia, 18 12 — officer of artillery, 
1 8 13 — tf. at Dresden, 10 Oct. 1835. Works, 
1842. 

Broeck, Barbe van den, painter,— b. at Ant- 
werp, 1560. 

Broeck, Crispin van den, painter, — ft. at 
Antwerp, 1530 — tf., 1601. 

Broekhuizen, Johan van, [Janus BroeJ:- 
htisius,) poet, §-c.,— h. at Amsterdam, 20 Nov. 
1649 — serves in the army in campaign of 
1672 — serves under de Ruyter in West Indies, 
1674 — retires to Amstelveen, 1697 — tf., 15 
Dec. 1707. Gedichte, 17 12 — Carmina, 1684. 

Broghill, Baron. [Boyle, Roger.] 

Brogiani, Bomenico, physician, — b. at Flor- 
ence, 17 16 — Prof, at Pisa, 1738 — Prof. Ele- 
ments of Medicine, 1747-54 — Prof. Anatomy, 
1754 — tf., after 1763. Miscellanea physico- 
medica, §c, 1747 — De veneno animantium na- 
turali, §c, 1752-5. 

Broglia, {Broglie,) Francois Marie, — b. at 
Chieri, 161 1— follows the Count d'Harcourt to 
Spain, 1642— distinguishes himself at siege of 
Lerida, 1646— follows the Prince de Conde to 
Paris, 1649 — made Governor of the Bastille : 
tf., 2 Jul. 1656. 

Broglie, Charles Francois, Count de, gen- 
eral, $c., — b., 20 Aug. 17 19 — ambassador to 
king of Poland, 1752 — Lieutenant-general, 
1760 — defends Cassel, 1761 — tf., 1781. 

Broglie, Claude Victor, Prince de, — b., 
about 1757 — deputy to States-General, 1789 — ■ 
Marechal de Camp in army of the Rhine, 1792 
— condemned to death by revolutionary tribunal, 
27 Jun. 1794. 

Broglie, Francois Marie, Marshal op 
France, — b., 11 Jan. 1671 — enters the army, 
1685 — Lieutenant-general, 17 10 — distinguishes 
himself in Flanders, 17 11 — Director-general of 
Cavalry, 17 19 — ambassador to London, con- 
cludes treaty between France, England, and 
Prussia, 3 Sep. 1725 — Chevalier, 17 31 — em- 
ployed in the army of Italy, 1733 — Marshal of 
France, 1734 — distinguishes himself at battle 
of Parma, 27 Jun. 1734 — governor of Strasburg 
and Alsace, 1739— compels Prince Charles to 
raise the siege of Braunau, 9 Dec. 1742 — tf. 
in exile at Broglie, 22 May 1745. 

Broglie, Maurice Jean Madeleine de, Br oe 
Ghent, — b.,5 Sep. 1766 — Almoner of Napoleon, 
before 1805 — Bpof Acqui, 1805— of Ghent, 1807 
— imprisoned at Vincennes, 181 1 — restored to 
the see of Ghent, refuses oath of allegiance to 
the king and constitution, 18 14 — sentenced to 
exile by court of Brussels, returns to France, 
Nov. 1 8 17 — tf. at Paris, 20 Jul. 1821. 

Broglie, Victor Francois, Duke de, Mar- 
shal of France, — b., 19 Oct. 17 18 — Captain 
of Cavalry, 1734 — escalades Prague, Dec. 1741 
— .Brigadier, 1742 — Major-general of Bavaria, 
1743 — serves in army of the Rhine, 1744-45 
— Marechal de Camp, Duke de Broglie, 1745— 



234 



BROGLTE— BRONZINO. 



Inspector-general of infantry, 1746 — at 
of Maestricht, Apr. to May 1748 — Lieutenant 
general, 1748 — serves in army of Soubise, 1758 
— contributes to victory of Lutzelburg, 10 Oct. 
1758 — Prince of the Empire, 1759 — com- 
mander-in-chief of army of Germany, 23 Oct. 
1759 — Marshal of France, 16 Dec. 1759 — 
commands in campaigns of 1760-61 — exiled, 
1762-64 — Governor-general of Messin, 1764 — 
Minister of War, by Louis XVI., 1789 — Com- 
mands body of emigrants in Champagne, 1792 
— iy. at Munster, 1804. 

Broglie, Victor Maurice, Count de, Mar- 
shal of France, — ft., 1639 — serves in cam- 
paign of Flanders, 1667 — at sieges of Dole and 
Gray, 1668 — at taking of Maestricht, 1673 
— wounded at Mulhausen, 1674 — Brigadier, 
serves under Prince de Conde at siege of Lini- 
bourg, 1675 — at sieges of Conde and Bouchain, 
1676 — Marechal de Camp, distinguishes himself 
at siege of Friburg, 1676 — at the storming of 
fort of Kehl, 27 Jul. 1678 — at siege of Luxem- 
bourg, 1684 — Lieutenant-general, commander 
inLanguedoc, 1688-1703 — Marshal of France, 
1724— tr., 4 Aug. 1727. 

Broglio, Andrea Maximiliano, Count, — ft. 
at Recanati, 31 May 1788 — enters guard of 
Viceroy of Italy, 1808 — distinguishes himself 
at Smolensko, 18 12 — member of Legion of 
Honour, 18 12 — captured by Russians at Malo- 
jaroslavitz, carried to Siberia, 18 12 — travels in 
the East, 18 15 — serves in Greece, 1827 — killed, 
at assault of Anatolico, 23 May 1828. 

Brogni, {Brognier, de Broniac,) Jean All- 
armet, Cardinal,- — ft. at Brogni, Savoy, 1342 
— Cardinal, by Clement VII., 1385 — President 
of Council of Constance, 1415-17 — crowns 
Cardinal Colonna, as Martin V., 14 Nov. 1417 
— accompanies Martin V. to Rome, 141 8 — 3j. 
there, 15 Feb. 1426. 

Brokers, — licensing of, in London, regulated 
by stat. 8 & 9 Will. III. c. 20, 1696-7. 

Brome, Alexander, poet, — ft., 1620 — ft., 
1666. Boons, 1660. 

Brome, Richard, dramatist, — o\, 1652. The 
Northern Lass, 1632 — Blays, 1653, 1659. 

Bromel, Magnus, physician, §c, — ft. at 
Stockholm, 1679 — tf„ 173 1. Lithographies 
suecance specimen, 1725-30 — Historia numis- 
matica senatorum et magnatum Suecice, 1730. 

Bromel, Olaus, botanist, §c., — ft., 1639. 
Chloris Gothica, 1694 — Catalogus generalis, §c., 
1698. 

Bromfield, William, surgeon, — ft. in London, 
17 1 2 — first surgeon to the Lock Hospital, Jan. 
1747 — first surgeon to the king, 1767 — ij., 24 
Sep. 1792. Syllabus anatomicus, 1748. 

Bromine, — discovered by Balard, 1826. 

Bromley, William, engraver, — ft. at Caris- 
brook, 1769 — tf. in London, 1842. 

Brompton, John, Benedictine, — fl., about 
1370. Chronicon, printed, 1652. 

Bromsberg, Treaty of, — between Sweden 
and Denmark, concluded, 23 Aug. 1645. 

Bron, (Brontius,) Nicolas de, poet, — ft. at 
Douai, about 1505. ? Libcllus, §c, 1541 — 
Carmina, 1541. 

Bronchorst, Jan van, philologist, — ft. at 



Nimeguen, about 1494 — • rector of school, 
De venter, about i55o, a 1546 b — tf. at Cologne, 
1570. Bedcepresbyteri, %c., opuscula, 1537 — C. 
Btolemcei,§c.,lib. VIII.de geographia,$c, 1540. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Bronckhorst, Jan van, painter, — ft. at 
Utrecht, 1603 — fr., about 1680. 

Bronckhorst, Pieter van, painter, — ft. at 
Delft, 16 May 1588— tj., 22 Jim. 1661. 

Br'ondsted, Peter Oluf, antiquary, — ft. in 
Jutland, 17 Nov. i78i, a i78o b — at Paris, 
1806-8 — travels in Greece, 18 10 — Prof. Greek 
Literature, Copenhagen, 18 13 — agent to Papal 
Court, 18 1 8 — in England, 1826 — Director of 
Royal Museum of Antiquities, Prof. Philology 
and Archaeology, 1832— rector of Univ. of Co- 
penhagen, 1842 — ft. there, 26 Jun. 1842. Eeisen 
und Untersttchungen in Griechenland, 1826-30 
— Beitrage zur ddnischen Geschichte, §c, 1817- 
18 — Denkivurdigkeiten cms Griechenland, §c, 
1833. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Bronevski, Semen, — ft., about 1764— tr. in 
the Crimea, 1831. Description geographique et 
historique du Caucase, 1823. 

Brongniart, Alexandre, chemist, mineralo- 
gist, — ft. at Paris, 5 Feb. 1770 — visits Eng- 
land, 1790 — Prof. Natural History, Ecole 
Centrale, 1797 — director of porcelain factory, 
Sevres, 1 800-47 — member of Academy of 
Sciences ; foreign member of Royal Society, 
London, 18 15 — visits Switzerland and Italy, 
1 817 — Prof. Mineralogy, Paris, 1822 — visits 
Sweden, 1824 — rj., 14 Oct. 1847. Traite ele- 
mentaire de Mineralogie, 1807 — Essai sur la 
Geographic mineralogique des environs de Boris, 
1 8 10 — Traite des arts ceramiques, 1 845 — Intro- 
duction d la Mineralogie, 1825 — Classification 
et caracteres miner alogiques des roches, ^c.,1827 
— Tableau des terrains qui composent V ecorce 
du globe, 1829. 

Brongniart, Alexandre Theodore, architect, 
— ft. at Paris, 15 Feb. 1739 — member of Royal 
Academy of Architecture, 178 i, a 1777 b - — lays 
first stone of the Bourse, 24 Mar. 1808 — tf. at 
Paris, 6 Jun. 18 15. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Bronkhorst, Jan van, painter, — ft. at Ley- 
den, 1648 — tf. at Hoorn, 1726. 

Bronkhorst, J anGr., painter, engraver, — ft. at 
Utrecht, 1603 — tJ., about 1680. 

Bronkhorst, Pieter van, painter, — ft. at 
Delft, 1588— tf., 1661. 

Bronner, Franz X&veT, poet, — ft. at Hoch- 
stadt, 23 Dec. 1758 — tf. at Aarau, 17 Aug. 
1850. Fischergedichte und Erzdhlungen, 1787 
-94 — Lebens-beschreibung, 1795-97 — Lustfahr- 
ten ins Idyllenland, 1833 — Der Canton Aargau, 
1844. 

Bronte, Charlotte, [Currer Bell,) novelist, — ■ 
ft. at Thornton, near Bradford in Yorkshire, 21 
Apr. 1 8 16 — removal to Haworth, 1820 — mar- 
ries Rev. Arthur Nicholls, 29 Jun. 1854 — ft. 
at Haworth, 31 Mar. 1855. Jane Eyre, 18 47 
— Shirley, 1849 — Villette, 1853. 

Bronzino, Agnolo, (Angelo,) painter, — ft. at 
Montechelli, near Florence, 1502, ab 1501 c — tf. 
there, 1570^ c 1572. b a Biog. Univ. 

b Biog. Catalogue. c Ticozzi. 



BROOKE— BROUGHAM. 



■35 



Brooke, Frances, novelist, $c, — If. at Slea- 
ford, 1789. History of Emily Montague, 1769 
• — Eosina, 1782. 

Brooke, Henry, poet, novelist, — fi. in Ire- 
land, 1706 — tf. at Dublin, 10 Oct. 1783. The 
Fool of Quality, 1767 — Farmer' '$ Letters, 1745 
— Fairy Tales, 1750 — Translation of Tasso, 

1737- 

Brooke, Sir James, Raja of Sarawak, — fc. 
near Bath, 29 Apr. 1803 — wounded in Bir- 
mese war, 1826 — visits China, 1830 — sails for 
Eastern Archipelago, Oct. 1838 — in Borneo 
assists Muda Hassim in suppressing insiuTection 
of Dyaks, and is named Raja of Sarawak ; title 
confirmed by Sultan of Borneo, 21 Sep. 1841 — 
his expeditions against pirates, 1842-46 — re- 
turns to England, 1847 — D.C.L., Oxford, 1847 — 
K.C.B., 1848 — appointed Governor of Labuan, 
1 848 — charges brought against him in parlia- 
ment, 1 85 1 — acquitted by Royal Commission at 
Singapore ; deprived of governorship of La- 
buan, about 1852 — his house attacked and 
burnt by Chinese pirates, 1857 — lj. in Devon- 
shire, 11 Jun. 1868. Private Letters, 1853. 

Brooke, (Broo/cesivorth,) Ralphe, antiquary, 
— ft., 1552 — tf., 1625. Catalogue of the Kings, 
Princes, Bukes, §c, of Fngland, 1619-22 — 
Discoverie of certain Errors in the much com- 
mended Britannia, 1694 — Second Discovery of 
Errors, 1724. 

Brooke, {BroJce,) Sir Robert, Chief Justice 
of the Common Fleas, — Reader at the Middle 
Temple, 1542 and 1551— Recorder of London, 
1545 — Serjeant, 1552 — Speaker of the House of 
Commons, Apr. 1554 — Chief Justice of the 
Common Pleas, Oct. 1554— Knt, by Philip, 
.27 Jan. 1555— tf., 6 Sep. 1558. La Graunde 
Abridgement, 1568. 

Brooke, Lord. [Greville, Sir Fulke.] 

Brookes, Joshua, anatomist, — ft., 24 Nov. 
176 1 — commences his public lectures on an- 
atomy, &c, 1787— retires, 1827 — >?. in London, 
10 Jan. 1833. 

Brooklyn, U.S., — fortifications thrown up, 
Aug. 1776. 

Brooks, Eleazar, general, — ft. in Massachu- 
setts, 1726 — member of Congress, 1774 — dis- 
tinguishes himself at battle of White Plains, 
1776 — at Stillwater, 1777 — tf. at Lincoln, 9 
Nov. 1806. 

Broschi, Carlo. [Farinelli.] 

Brosky, {Broscius,) Johann, mathematician, 
Frof Philosophy, Cracow,— b. at Kurzelow, 
1581 — M.D., Padua, Aug. 1623 — tf., 1652. 

Brossard, Sebastien de, musical composer, — 
b., 1660 — tf., 10 Aug. 1730. Bictionnaire de 
musique, 1703. 

Brosse, Gui de la, botanist, — first Intendant 
of Jardin des Flantes, Paris, 1626 — tf., 1641. 
Description du Jardin des Flantes, 1636 — Be la 
nature, vertu et utilite des plantes, 1640. 

Brosse, Jacques de, architect. Palais du 
Luxembourg, commenced about 1612 — Aqueduct 
of Arcueil, finished 1624 — Regies generates 
d' 'architecture, 16 19. 

Brosse, Jean de, [Marshal de Boussac,) — ft. 
about 1 375 — has Camus de Beaulieu assassin- 
ated at Poitiers, by order of the Constable de 



Richemont, 1427 — assists at coronation of 
Charles VII., Oct. 1422 — distinguishes himself 
at battle of Patai, 1 8 May 1429 — Lieutenant- 
general, 1430— tf., 1433. 

Brosse, Pierre de la, — chamberlain to 
Philippe le Hardi, 1270 — hung as a traitor, 
1276. 

Brosses, Charles de, — ft. at Dijon, 17 Feb. 
1709 — President a mortier, 1741 — member of 
Academy of Inscriptions, 1758 — tf. at Paris, 7 
May 1777. Lettres stir Vetat actuel de la ville 
souterraine d' Hercidaneum, 1750 — FUstoire des 
navigations aux terres australes, 1756 — Ftistoire 
du 7 e siecle de la republique romaine, 1777. 

Brossette, Claude, litterateur,- — ft. at Lyons, 
8 Nov. 1 67 1 — founds Academy there, and is 
named perpetual Secretary, 1700 — tf. at Lyons, 
16 Jun. 1743. Titres des droits civil et can- 
onique, 1705 — Eloge historique de la ville de 
Lyon, 17 1 1— QZuvres de Boileau, %c, 17 16. 

Brothers, Richard, religious enthusiast, — ■ 
quits the navy, 1789 — released from Lunatic 
Asylum, 14 Apr. 1806 — *j., 1824. A revealed 
knowledge of the prophecies and times, §c, 1794. 

Brotier, Gabriel, philologist, — fc. at Tannay, 
5 Sep. 1723 — retires, 1763 — member of Academy 
of Inscriptions, 178 1 — rj.at Paris, 12 Feb. 17S9. 
Corn. Taciti opera, 177 1 and 1776 — C. Flinii 
secundi BZistoria naturalis, 1779. 

Brouaut, Jean, [Brevotius,) physician, che- 
mist,— fl., about 1600. ? Traite de I'eaa de vie, 
printed, 1646. 

Brouerius, Daniel, theologian, missionary to 
the East Indies, — tf. there, 1673. Malay 
translation of Genesis and the New Testament, 
1662. 

Brouerius van Nyedek, Matthew, — h. at 
Amsterdam, 1667 — tf., 1735. Cabinet des an- 
tiquites des Fays-Bas, §c, 1727-33 — Be popu- 
lorum, veterum ac recentiorum adorationibus, 

17*3- 

Brougham and Vaux, Henry, Lord, Lord 
Chancellor of England, — fc. at Edinburgh, 
19 Sep. 1779 — enters the Univ., 1794 — admitted 
to Scottish bar, 1800 — joins the Specidative 
Club, about 1800 — joint-founder with Jeffrey 
and others of the Edinburgh Eeviciv, 1803 — ■ 
F. R. S., 1 803 — calledto the bar, at Lincoln' s Inn, 
1 808— M.P., Camelf ord, 1 8 1 o- 1 2— Winchelsea, 
18 16 — unsuccessfully contests Westmoreland, 
1818, 1820, and 1826 — procures appointment of 
Commission on Charities, 1818 — marries, 18 19 
— with Denman conducts defence of Queen Ca- 
roline, 1820-21 — assists in establishing London 
Mechanics' Institute, 1823 — quarrels with Can- 
ning, 1823 — rector of Glasgow Univ., 1825 — 
takes part in founding London Univ., 1825-6 — • 
Useful Knowledge Society, 1827 — King's coun- 
sel, 1827 — great speech on law reform, 7 Feb. 
1828— resigns his seat for Winchelsea, and is 
elected for Knaresborough, early in 1830 — ■ 
M.P. Yorkshire, summer 1830 — created Baron 
Brougham and Yaux, and appointed Lord Chan- 
cellor, 22 Nov. 1830 — great speech on parlia- 
mentary reform, 7 Oct. 1 83 1 — foreign Associate 
of Institute of France, 1833 — retires from office 
with the ministry, 22 Nov. 1 834 — excluded from 
Melbourne administration, Apr. 1835 — great 



2 3 6 



BROUGHTON— BROWN. 



speech on law reform, May 1845 — Chancellor 
of Edinburgh Univ., 1859 — tf. at Cannes, 7 
May 1868. Speeches, 1838 — Edition of Foley's 
Natural Theology, 1842 — Historic Sketches of 
Statesmen, 1839-43 — Dialogues on Instinct, 
1844 — Voltaire et Rousseau, 1845 — Lives of 
Men of Arts and Science, 1 845 — Experiments 
and Observations on Properties of Light, 1850 — 
•with Routh, Analytical View of Sir L. Neiv- 
ton's Frincipia, 1855 — Contributions to Edin- 
burgh Revieiv, 1856. 

Broughton, John Cam Hobhouse, Lord, 
statesman,— b. at Redland, near Bristol, 27 Jun. 
1786 — B.A., Cambridge, 1808 — travels with 
Byron in South Europe, 1809-10 — accompanies 
allied armies in Germany, 1 813- 14 — at Paris, 
spring 1 8 15 — arrested by warrant of the 
Speaker of House of Commons and com- 
mitted to Newgate, 13 Dec. 1819 — M.P., 
"Westminster, 1820 — marries Lady Julia Hay, 
1828 — succeeds to the baronetcy, 1831 — Se- 
cretary for War, Feb. 1832 — Chief Secretary for 
Ireland, Apr. 1833 — loses his seat, 1833 — Chief 
Commissioner of Woods and Forests, and M.P. 
Nottingham, 1834— Pres. Board of Control, 
Apr. 1835 to Sep. 1841 — again, 1846-52 — M.P., 
Harwich, 1847 — raised to the peerage, 1851 — 
tf., 3 Jun. 1869. Journey into Albania, 1812 — 
Letters of an English man, 1 8 1 6. 

Broughton, Richard, — ordained priest, 1593 
■ — tf., 1634. Ecclesiastical History of Great 
Britain, 1633 — Monasticum Britannicum, 

1655. 

Broughton, Thomas, — b. in London, 5 Jul. 
1704 — vicar of Bedminster, 1744 — tf. there, 21 
Dec. 1774. Collaborates in the Biographia 
Britannica, 1747-66 — Historical Dictionary of 
all Religions, 1756 — Defence of the commonly 
received Doctrines of the Human Soul, 1766. 

Broughton, William Robert, — b. in 
Gloucestershire, 1763 — Commander of the 
Chatham, accompanies Vancouver to the north- 
west coast of America, 1790-93 — embarks for 
the Pacific, 15 Feb. 1795 — at Trincomalee, 
1798 — Colonel of the navy, 1815 — tf. at Flor- 
ence, 12 Mar. 1822. Voyage of Discovery to 
the North Pacific Ocean, 1804. 

Broughton Archipelago, N. America, — 
discovered by Vancouver and Broughton, 1793. 
[Chatham Islands.] 

Brouncker, (Brounhcr,) William, mathe- 
matician, — b., about 1620 — Viscount of Castle 
Lyons, 1645 — M.D., Oxford, 1646 — first Pre- 
sident of Royal Society, 1662-77 — tf. at West- 
minster, 5 Apr. 1684. 

Broussais, Francois Joseph Victor, physi- 
cian, — b. at St Malo, 17 Dec. 1772 — goes to 
Paris, 1799 — M.D., 1805 — principal physician 
to army of Spain, 1808 — Prof, at Hospital of 
Val-de-Grace, 18 14 — Prof. Pathology and 
general Therapeutics at School of Medicine, 
1832 — tf. at Paris, 20 Nov. 1838. Histoire 
des phlcgmasies chroniqucs, 1808 — Examen de 
la doctrine medicate, 1816 — Traite de physiolo- 
gic appliquee a la pathologic, 1825. 

Broussier, Jean Baptiste, Count de, 
general, — b. at Ville-sur-Saulx, 10 May 1766 — 
enters the army, 17 91 — distinguishes himself 



at siege of Naples, 1799— General of Division, 
1 805 — distinguishes himself at blockade of 
Gratz, 1809 — at Wagrarn, 1809 — in Russian 
campaign, 1812 — commander of Strasburg, 
1 81 3 — tf. there, 13 Dec. 1814. 

Brousson, Claude, theologian, — b.atNismes, 
1647 — deputies of the reformed churches meet 
in his house, May 1683 — escapes to Geneva 
and Lausanne, 1684 — returns, 1689 — passes 
into Holland, 1693 — arrested at Oleron, 1698 — 
executed, 4 Nov. 1698. L'Etat des reforme's in 
France, 1684 — Lettres des Protestants de France, 
$c, 1688. 

Broussonnet, Pierre Marie Auguste, natur- 
alist, — b. at Montpellier, 28 Feb. 1761 — mem- 
ber of Academy of Sciences, 1785 — of Elector- 
al College, 1789 — quits France, 1793 — Prof. 
Botany, Montpellier, 1796- — deputy to Corps 
Legislatif, 1805 — tf., 27 Jul. 1807. Varies 
positiones circa respirationem, 1778 — Lchthyo- 
logiai sistens piscium descriptiones et icones, 
1782 — Annee rurale, 1787. 

Brouwer, {Brauwer,) Hendrik, — b. at 
Amsterdam, about 1580 — commander of a 
squadron sent to India, 161 3 — Governor-gen- 
eral of Dutch possessions in Asia, 1632 — leads 
expedition against Chili, 1641 — tf. there, 7 
Aug, 1644^ 1643^ 

a Biog. "Univ. *> Biog. "Woordenboek. 

Browallius, Johan, botanist, $c, — b. at 
Westeras, 30 Aug. 1707 — Prof. Natural His- 
tory, Abo, 1737 — Bp of Abo, 1749 — tf., 25 
Jul. 1755. Examen epicriseos in sy sterna plan- 
tarum sexuale clariss. Linncei, 1739 — Specimen 
de transmutaiione speeierum in regno vegetabili, 

1745- 

Brower, Christoph, Jesuit, — b. at Arnheim, 
about 1560 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1580 — tf. 
at Treves, 2 Jun. 16 17. Antiquitates annalium 
Trevirensiiun, 1626 — Fuldensium antiquitatum 
lib. IV, 1612. 

Brown, Andrew, journalist, — b. in Ireland, 
about 1744 — goes to America, 1773 — distin- 
guishes himself at battles of Lexington and 
Bunker Hill, 1775 — settles at Philadelphia, 
before 1788 — if. there, 4 Feb. 1797. Federal 
Gazette, 1 Oct. 1788. 

Brown, Charles Brockden, novelist, — b. at 
Philadelphia, 1771 — tf., 22 Feb. 1810. TVie- 
leend, 1798 — Ormond, 1799 — Edgar Huntley 
and Arthur llervyn, before 1801. 

Brown, George, Count, general, — b. in Ire- 
land, 15 Jun. 1698 — Major, in service of Rus- 
sia, 1730 — distinguishes himself in campaigns 
against the Turks, 1737-8 — Field-Marshal, 
by Peter III. ; Governor of Livonia, 1762 — 
tf., 18 Sep. 1792. 

Brown, Sir George, general, — b. near Elgin, 
1790 — enters the army, 1805 — serves in the 
Peninsula, 1 808-11, and Jul. 181 3 to May 18 14 
— accompanies Sir Hugh Ross on American 
expedition, 1814 — Major-general, 1841 — Lieu- 
tenant-general, 1 85 1 — commander of the Light 
Division in the Crimean War, 1854 — commands 
expedition to Kertch, May 1855 — leads the at- 
tack on the Redan, Sep. 1855 — Knt of the 
Medjidie, G.C.B., Chevalier of the Legion of 
Honour and of the Order of Savoy, 1 855 — Gen- 



BROWN— BROWNE. 



237 



eral, 1855 — commands in Ireland, Mar. i860 
to spring 1865 — ft. near Elgin, 27 Aug. 1865. 

Brown, John, miscellaneous writer, — b. at 
Rotkbury, 5 Nov. 1715 — M.A., Cambridge, 
1739 — rector of Great Horksley, 1754 — kills 
himself, 23 Sep. 1766. Barbarossa, 1755 — 
Essays on the Characteristics of the Earl of 
Shaftesbury, 175 1 — Estimate of the manners 
and principles of the times, 1757-8. 

Brown, John, theologian, — b. in Perthshire, 
1722 — Prof. Theology to the Associate Sy- 
nod, 1768 — ft. at Haddington, 19 Jun. 1787. 
Self-interpreting Bible, 1778— General History 
of the Church, 177 1 — History of British 
Churches, 1784. 

Brown, John, physician, — b. at Buncle, 
Berwickshire, 1736 or 1735 — President of 
Medical Society, Edinburgh, 1776— ft. in Lon- 
don, 7 Oct. 1788. Elementa medicines, 1779. 

Brown, John, Anti-Slavery enthusiast, — b. 
in Connecticut, U. S., 1800 — joins his sons in 
Kansas, autumn 1855 — seizes the arsenal at 
Harper's Ferry, 16 Oct. — taken prisoner, 17 
Oct. — hung at Charleston, 2 Dec. 1859. 

Brown, Lancelot, landscape gardener, — b. 
in Northumberland, 17 15 — Sheriff of Hunting- 
den, 1770— ft., 1773. 

Brown, Matthew, painter, — b. in America, 
about 1760 — ft., 1 Jun. 1831. 

Brown, Moses, naval commander, — b. in 
America, about 1741 — distinguishes himself 
during War of Independence, 1773-82 — ft., 
1 Jan. 1804. 

Brown, Robert, agriculturist, — b. at East 
Linton, about 1770 — ft. at Dry law hill. 14 Feb. 
1831. 

Brown, Robert, botanist, — b. at Montrose, 
21 Dec. 1773 — completes his medical studies 
at Edinburgh, 1795 — naturalist to Australian 
expedition, 180 1-3 — F.R.S., 1811 — keeper of 
the Botanical Department, British Museum, 
1827 — receives Copley medal of Royal Society, 
1839 — D.C.L., Oxford, 1832 — foreign Asso- 
ciate of Academy of Sciences, Paris, 1833 — 
Pres. Linn. Soc, 1849 — V.P., 1853 — ft. in 
London, 10 Jun. 1858. Prodromus Floree 
Nova Hollandice, 18 10 — Supplement, 1830 — 
edits Plantee Javanicee Rariores, 1838-52. 

Brown, Robert, theologian, — b. at North- 
ampton, about 1550 — imprisoned at Norwich, 
i58i, a 1580 b — goes to Zealand, 1582 — returns, 
before 1585 ? — ft. in prison ? after 1630. A 
treatise of Reformation, $<?., 1582. 

a Rose's Biog. Diet. b Engl. Cyc. 

Brown, Thomas, philosopher, poet, — b. at 
Kirkmabreck, near Edinburgh, 9 Jan. 1778 — 
studies in London, 1785 to Dec. 1792 — at Univ. 
of Edinburgh, 1793 — M.D., 1803 — adjunct 
Prof. Moral Philosophy, 1810-20 — ft. in- Lon- 
don, 20 Apr. 1820. Philosophy of the Human 
Mind, 1822 — Poetical Works, 1803. 

Brown, Thomas, engraver of gems, — b. in 
London, about 1750. 

Brown, William Lawrence, theologian, §c, 
■ — b. at Utrecht, 7 Jan. 1755 — minister of Eng- 
lish Church there, 1778 — D.D., St Andrews, 
1784a — p ro f < Church History and Moral Phi- 
losophy, Utrecht, 14 Feb. 1788 — Prof. Natural 



Law, 29 Mar. 1790 — Prof. Theology, Marischal 
College, Aberdeen, 1795 a — Principal, soon 
after: chaplain to the king, 1800 a — dean of 
the Chapel Royal and of the Order of the 
Thistle, 1804 — Gordon Reader, Marischal Col- 
lege, 1825 — ft., n May 1830. Essay on the 
Existence of a Supreme Creator, 18 16 — Com- 
parative View of Christianity and of other 
Forms of Religion, 1826. a Chambers. 

Browncker, William, — b. in Ireland, 1620 
— one of the first members of the Royal Society 
of London, 1662 — ft., 1684. Commercium 
epistolicum, 1658. 

Browne, Charles F., {Artemus Ward,) hu- 
mourist, — b. in Maine, U.S., about 1834 — 
visits California and Utah, 1862 — visits Eng- 
land, Jun. 1866— ft. at Southampton, 6 Mar. 
1867. 

Browne, George, primate of Ireland,—- -D .D ., 
Oxford, 1534 — Abp of Dublin, 1535 — assists 
in carrying the Bill for establishing the Royal 
supremacy, May 1536 — primate, Oct. 155 1 — 
deprived, by Queen Mary, 1554 — ft., about 

Browne, Isaac Hawkins, poet, — b. at Bur- 
ton-upon-Trent, 21 Jan. 1706 — enters Cam- 
bridge Univ., 1722 — M.P. Wenlock, 1744- 
48 — ft. in London, May 1760. Be animi im- 
mortalitate, 1754. 

Browne, John, anatomist, surgeon to Charles 
II., — b., 1642 — ft., about 1700 ? Myography, 
1681. 

Browne, Moses, miscellaneous writer, — b., 
1703 — vicar of Olney, 1754 — chaplain of Mor- 
den College, Kent, 1763 — ft. there, 13 Sep. 
1787. Poems, 1739 — edits Walton and Cotton's 
Angler, 1750. 

Browne, Patrick, naturalist, — b. at Cross- 
boyne, Mayo, about 1720 — studies at Paris, 
1737-42 — M.D., Leyden, about 1744 — returns 
from Jamaica, 1755 — returns from West Indies, 
1782 — ft. at Rushbrook, Mayo, 29 Aug. 1790. 
Civil and Natural History of Jamaica, 1756. 

Browne, Simon, theologian, — b. at Shepton 
Mallet, 1680 — ft., 1732. 

Browne, Sir Thomas, physician, antiquary, 
— b. in London, 19 Nov., a Oct. b 1605— enters 
Oxford Univ., 1623 — M.A., 1630 — M.D., Ley- 
den, about 1633 — settles in London, 1634 — at 
Norwich, i637, a 1636 b — Knt, by Charles II., 
167 1— ft. at Norwich, 19 Nov., a Oct. b 1682. 
Religio Medici, 1642 — Pseudodoxia Epidemica, 
1646 — Hydriotaphia, 1658,* i648. b 

a Eees' Cyc. b Engl. Cyc. 

Browne, "Ulysses Maximilian, Count von, 
field-marshal, — b. at Basel, 23 Oct. 1705 — serves 
against the French, 1734 — against the Turks, 
I 737"9 — Field-Marshal, 1739 s1 — takes com- 
mand against Frederick II. in Silesia, 1740 — 
at Mollwitz, Apr. 1741 — in Italy, 1744 — gains 
battle of Placentia, 15 Jun. 1746 — Governor of 
Prague, 1752 — defeats Frederick II. at Low- 
ositz, 1756 — wounded at battle of Prague, 6 
May 1757 — ft. at Prague, 26 Jun. 1757. 
a Biog. Univ. 

Browne, William, poet, — b. at Tavistock, 
1590 — enters Oxford Univ., about 1603 — tutor 
to Earl of Carnarvon, 1624 — ft., about 1645. 



2 3 8 



BROWNE— BRUEYS. 



Britannia s Pastorals, 1613-16 — Shepherd's 
Pipe, 1 6 14. 

Browne, William George, traveller, — ft. in 
London, 25 Jul. 1768 — embarks for Africa, 
Dec. 1 791 — returns, 16 Sep. 1798 — travels in 
the East, 1800-3 and 1812 — assassinated, about 
Aug. 1 8 13. Travels i)i Africa, §c, 1799. 

Brownikowski, (Bronikowki,) Alexander, 
novelist, §c, — ft. at Dresden, 1783 — captured 
by the French at Breslau, 1806 — enters Rus- 
sian service, about 18 15 — retires from Russian 
army, 1823— tr. in Prussia, Jan. 1834. Lui et 
elle, 1827 — Pologne au i^e siecle, 1829-30. 

Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, poetess, — 
ft., 1809 — marries Robert Browning, about 
1846, and accompanies him to Italy — tf. at 
Florence, 29 Jun. 1861. Translation of Prome- 
theus Bound, 1833 — Seraphim and other Poems, 
1838 — Drama of Exile, 1840 — Poems, 1844 — 
Casa Guidi Windows, 1 85 1 — Aurora Leigh, 
1856 — Poems before Congress, 1861. 
Brownists, — appear in England, about 1580. 
Brownrigg, Sir Robert, Governor of Ceylon, 
— ft. at Rockingham, about 1759 — enters the 
army, 1775 — Lieutenant-colonel, Quartermas- 
ter-general in Flanders, 1793 — Secretary to 
the Duke of York, 1795-1803 — Lieutenant- 
general, 1803 — Governor of Ceylon, 18 13 — 
G.C.B., Bart., 1820 — quits Ceylon, 1820 — tf. 
in Monmouthshire, 27 Apr. 1833. 

Brownrigg, William, physician, — b. in 
Cumberland, Mar. 17 11 — M.D., Leyden, 1737 
■ — F.R.S., 1748 — tf. at Ormathwaite, 7 Jan. 
1 800. Bepraxi medica ineunda, 1737 — Treatise 
on the art of making salt, 1748. 

Bru, Moses Vincent, painter, — ft. at Va- 
lencia, 1682 — -tr. there, 1703. 
Bruce, David. [David II.] 
Bruce, Edward, — takes Dundee Castle, 1313 
— commands at Bannockburn, 24 Jun. 13 14 — 
invades Ireland, May 13 15 — proclaimed King 
of Ireland, 1316 — defeated and slain by English 
near Dundalk, 5 Oct. 1318. 

Bruce, James, traveller, — ft. at Kinnaird, 
14 Dec. 1730— studies at Edinburgh, 1747 — 
consul at Algiers, 1763-5 — sets out for the 
sources of the Nile, 1768 — returns to England, 
1773 — tf. at Kinnaird, 27 Apr. 1794. Travels 
to discover the sources of the Nile, 1790. 

Bruce, John, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at 
Nuthill in Scotland, 1744 — tf. there, 16 Apr. 
1826. First Principles of Philosophy, 1780 
■ — Ethics, 1786 — Review of the Events and 
Treaties which established the Balance of Power 
in Europe, 1796 — Report on the Internal De- 
fence of England, 1798 — Annals of the East 
India Company, 18 10. 

Bruce, John, antiquary, %c, — ft. in London, 
1802— retires from profession of the law, 1840 
— tf. in London, 28 Oct. 1869. Edits Calendar 
of State Papers, (Charles I.,) 1858-68 — Hay- 
ward's Annals of Elizabeth, 1839 — Letters of 
Elizabeth and James VI, 1849 — Correspond- 
ence of James VI with Cecil, $•<?., 1861 — 
Works of Roger Hutchinson, 1841 — with Pe- 
rowne, Correspondence of Abp Parker, 1853 — 
Work* of Cowper, 1857. 
Bruce, Michael, poet, — ft. at Kinnesswood, 



Kinross, 27 Mar. 1746— studies at Edinburgh, 
1762-5 — tf. at Kinnesswood, 6 Jul. 1767 
Poems, 1770. 

Bruce, Robert, {Robert de Brus,) Earl 
of Annandale, — ft., 12 10 — joint Regent of 
Scotland for Alexander III., about 1255 — 
taken prisoner at battle of Lewes, 1264 — re- 
leased, 1265 — competes with Baliol for Scot- 
tish crown, 1290-92 — tf. at Lochmaben Castle, 
1295. 

Bruce, Robert, King of Scots, — ft., 21 Mar. 
1274 — Earl of Carrick, end of 1292 — swears 
fealty to Edward I. at Berwick, 1296 — joins 
Wallace, Jul. 1297 — appointed one of the 
guardians of Scotland, 1299 — forms alliance 
with Bp of St Andrews and Comyn, 1305 — ■ 
murders Comyn at Lochmaben Castle, 10 Feb. 
1305-6 — crowned at Scone, 27 Mar. 1306 — 
defeated by Earl of Pembroke at Methven, 19 
Jun. 1306 — his estates confiscated by Edward; 
excommunicated by Papal legate, at Carlisle, end 
of Feb. 1306-7 — defeats Earl of Pembroke at' 
Loudon Hill, 10 May 1307 — concludes truce 
with England, 30 Jul. 1309— his authority 
recognized by Provincial Council, early in 13 10 
— invades England, 1310— takes Perth, 8 Jan. 
1311-12 — obtains victory of Bannockburn, 24 
Jun. 1 3 14— expedition to Ireland, 1316-17 — 
excommunicated again, 13 18— treaty of peace 
with England concluded at Edinburgh, 17 
Mar., and confirmed at Northampton, 4 May 
1328 — tr. at Cardross, 7 Jun. 1329. 

Brucioli, (Bruccioli,) Antonio,— ft. at Flor- 
ence, about 1500— joins in conspiracy against 
Cardinal Giulio de' Medici, 1522 — returns to 
Florence, 1527 — tf., after 1554. Biblia tra- 
dotta in lingua Toscana, 1532. 

Brucker, Jacob, (Johann, ?) historian, $c, 
— ft. at Augsburg, 22 Jan. 1696 — M.A., Jena, 
17 1 8 — member of Academy of Sciences, Berlin, 
1731 — tf. at Augsburg, 1770. Historia critica- 
philosophic, §c, 1742-4 — Bildersaal beruhm- 
ter Schriftsteller, 1741-55. 

Bruckmann, Franz Ernst, physician, na- 
turalist, — ft. at Marienthal, near Helmstadt, 
27 Sep. 1697 — travels in Hungary, 1723 — tf. 
at Wolfenbiittel, 21 Mar. 1753. Specimen 
botanicum, 1720 — Historia naturalis curiosa 
lapidis tov ao-fitarov, 1720 — Bibliotheca nu- 
mismatica, 1729-41 — Epistolee itineraries cen- 
turies tres, 1742-56. 

Bruckner, Isaac, mathematician, — ft. at 
Basel, 1686 — mechanician of the Academy, St 
Petersburg, 1723 — visits Holland and England, 
1739 — tf. at Basel, 1762. 

Brueis, Francois de Paule de, admiral, — ft. 
at Uzes, 1760 — lieutenant in the royal navy, 
1789 — commands squadron in Egyptian expe- 
dition, 1798 — killed by a cannon-shot, at 
Aboukir, 1 Aug. 1798. 

Bruere, Charles Antoine Leclerc de la, 
dramatist, — ft. at Paris, 17 15 — accompanies the 
Duke of Nivernois to Rome, 1743 — tf. there, 18 
Sep. 1754. Bardanus, 1739 — Erigone, 1748. 

Brueys, David Augustin de, theologian, 
dramatist, — ft. at Aix, 1640 — tf- at Montpellier, 
25 Nov. 1723. Befense du culte exterieur de 
Veglise catholique, 1686 — Histoire du fanatisme 



BEUEYS— BEITN. 



2 39 



de notre temps, 1 692 — CSuvres dramatiques, 1735. 

Brueys, Pierre de. [Bruys.] 

Bruges, in Belgium, — fortified by Baldwin, 
Count of Flanders, 837 — burnt, 11 84, 12 15, 
1280 — expels French, 1302— joins Hanseatic 
League, Mar. 1349 — Order of Golden Fleece 
instituted at, by Philip II., 1430 — subject to 
Dukes of Burgundy, 1437 — passes to House of 
Hapsburg on death of Mary of Burgundy, 27 
Mar. 1.482 — revolts against Archduke Maxi- 
milian and imprisons him, 1488 — deprived of 
its privileges and fined by Emperor, Oct. 1489 
— made a bishopric, by Paul IV., 1560 — falls 
to Spain, taken by French, 1582 — surrendered 
to Spaniards, by Prince of Chimay, 20 May 
1584 — bombarded by Dutch, 4 Jul. 1704 — ■ 
surrenders to allies, 1706 — taken by French, 
5 Jul. 1708 — evacuated by them, 1709 — 
taken by French, 1745 — again, 29 Jun. 1794 
— and annexed to French republic : part of 
kingdom of the Netherlands, 1 8 1^ — of Belgium, 
1830. Townhall, founded, 1377 — spire removed, 
1 741. Treaty of, negotiated by Wolsey with 
Charles V., 24 Nov. 152 1. 

Bruges, Henri Alphonse, Viscount de, — 
ft., 1764 — enters the navy, 1780 — emigrates, 
1790 — receives cross of St Louis, 1796 — serves 
in English army in St Domingo, 1802— Mare- 
chal de Camp, 18 14 — tf. at Basel, 4 Nov. 1820. 

Bruges, Jean de, — Castellan of Bupelmonde, 
1478 — Chevalier, 1479— taken prisoner by 
French at battle of Guinegate, 1479 — supports 
revolted Ghentese, 1482 — governor of the 
Louvre, about 1595? — governor of Picardy, 
1502 — tf. at Abbeville, 1502. 

Bruges, Louis de, seigneur de la Gruthuyse, 
— ft., 1422 — accompanies Philip the Good of 
Burgundy to Cambrai, 1449 — governor of 
Bruges, 1452 — serves at battle of Gavre, 22 
Jul. 1453 — envoy to Paris, 1454 — Lieutenant- 
general of Duke of Flanders, 1456 — assists in 
negotiating peace with England, 1456 — envoy 
to England, 146 1 — Lieutenant-general in 
Flanders, &c, 1463 — takes command of fleet 
against Earl of Warwick, 1470 — receives Ed- 
ward IV. at Alkmaar, 1470 — General, by Duke 
of Burgundy, 147 1 — ambassador to England, 
1472 — made Earl of Winchester by Edward, 
1472 — assists at siege of Nuits, 1474 — quells 
revolt at Bruges, 28 Jan. 1477— renews truce 
with Louis XL, 1477 — compelled to resign 
governorship ; distinguishes himself at battle 
of Guinegate, 1479 — imprisoned by Maximilian, 
1482 — escapes and joins revolted Brugese ; 
one of the deputies to Charles VIIL, 1489 — 
enters service of France, 1489 — tf. at Bruges 
or Ghent, 24 Nov. 1492. His library removed 
to Fontainebleau, by Francis I., 1544. 

Bruges, Koger de, painter, — {L, about 
1445-62. 

Bruggen, Jan van der, engraver, — ft. at 
Brussels, 1649. 

Brugger, Friedrich, sculptor, — ft. at Munich, 
13 Jan. 1 8 15 — visits Italy, 1841-3 — tf. at 
Munich, Mar. or Apr. 1870. 

Brugiantino, {Brusantino,) Vincenzio, poet, 
■ — tf. at Ferrara, about 1570. Angelica in- 
namorata, 1550. 



Brugmans, Sebald Justin, physician, $c, — 
ft. at Franeker, 24 Mar. 1763 — M.D., Gronin- 
gen, 1785 — Prof. Botany, Leyden, 1786 — Prof. 
Chemistry, Leyden, 1795 — organizes service of 
health of the army, 1795 — tf. at Leyden, 22 
Jul. 18 19. 

Brugnatelli, Lodovico Gaspare, physician, 
chemist, — ft. at Pavia, 1761 — M.D., 1784 — • 
titular Prof. Chemistry, Pavia, 17 96-1818 — ■ 
tf. there, 24 Aug. 1818. General Pharmaco- 
poeia, 1802 — Litologia umana, 18 19 — Trattato 
delle cose naturali, 1837 — edits the Biblioteca 
jisica di Europa, 178 8-9 1 — the Annali di 
chimia, 17 90- 1805 — and the Giornale fisieo- 
medicale, 1792-6. 

Brugnone, Giovanni, veterinary surgeon, — 
ft. at Eicaldone near Acqui, 27 Aug. 1741 — ■ 
Prof, at the Univ. of Turin, 1780 — director of 
the Eoyal Studs, 1791 — tf., 3 Mar. 18 18. Trat- 
tato delle razze dei cavalli, 178 1 — Ippomatria, 
1802 — Bometria, 1802. 

Bruguiere, Antoine Andre, Baron be Sou- 
sum, translator, — ft. at Marseilles, Jul. 1773 — ■ 
tf. at Paris, 7 Oct. 1823. Chefs-d'oeuvre de 
Shakespeare, 1826 — CSuvres poetiques de Ro- 
bert Southey, 1820. 

Bruguieres, Jean Guillaume, naturalist, — 
ft. at Montpellier, 1750 — embarks for the 
South Sea, 1773 — tf. at Ancona, 1 Oct. 1799. 

Bruhl, Friedrich Aloysius, Count von, — ■ 
ft. at Dresden, 31 Jul. 1739 — tf. at Berlin, 30 
Jan. 1793. Theatralische Belustigungen, 1785- 
90. 

Bruhl, Henri, Count de, statesman, — ft. in 
Thuringia, Aug. 1700 — enters service of Au- 
gustus II. of Poland, 1720 — contributes to 
secure the throne to Augustus III., Feb. 1733 
—Cabinet Minister, Jun. 1733 — First Minister, 
1747 — tf. at Dresden, 28 Oct. 1763^ i764. b 
a Conv.-Lex. b Engl. Cyc. 

Bruin. [Bruyn.] 

Brulliot, Franz, engraver, $c., — ft. at Diis- 
seldorf, 16 Feb. 1780 — assistant-keeper of Eoyal 
prints., 1808 — tf. at Munich, 13 Nov. 1836. 
Dictionnaire des Monogrammes, §c., 1832-4. 

Brumoy, Pierre, Jesuit, — ft. at Bouen, 1688 
— Prof. Mathematics, 1725-31 — ordered to 
quit Paris, 1739 — tf. there, 16 Apr. 1742. 
Theatre des Grecs, 1730. 

Brun, (Bruen,) Antoine, miscellaneous writer, 
— ft. at Dole, 1600 — plenipotentiary from Philip 
IV. of Spain to Congress of Minister, 1643 — 
ambassador to Holland, Baron, about 1648 — ■ 
tf. at the Hague, 11 Jan. 1654. Pierre de 
touche des veritables interets des provinces unies 
du Pays-bas, §c, 1650. 

Brun, Le. [Lebrun.] 

Brun, (Brunn,) Malte Conrad, geographer, 
— ft. at Thisted, Jutland, 12 Aug. 1775-7- 
banished, goes to Paris, 1800— on the staff of 
the Journal des Bebats, 1806 — assists in found- 
ing the Geographical Society, 1821 — tf. 14 Dec. 
1826. Tableau de la Pologne, 1807 — Annates 
des voyages, 1808-14 — Precis de la ge'ographie 
universelle, 1810-29 — Melanges scientijtques et 
litteraires, %c, 1858. 

Brun, Rodolph, first burgomaster of Zurich, 
— ft., about 1300 — dictator, introduces new 



240 



BBUNACCI— BRUNINGS. 



form of government at Zurich, 1336 — "if., 18 
Oct. 1360. 

Brunacci, Vicenzo, mathematician, — ft. at 
Florence, 3 - Pisa, b 8, a 3 b Mar. 1768 — studies at 
Univ. of Pisa, 1784— Prof. Physics, 1788 — 
Prof. Mathematics, &c, Naval Institute of Li- 
vorno, 1790,* 1796 b — Prof. Mathematics, Pisa, a 
Pavia, b 1800 — Prof. Higher Mathematics, Pa- 
via, 1 801 a — member of National Italian In- 
stitute, 1803 — member of Legion of Honour, 
1804 — Inspector-general of rivers and roads, 
1 807 — correspondent of Academy of Berlin, 
18 1 1 — Inspector-general of public instruction, 
1 8 n — ft- at Pavia, 16 Jul. 18 18. Trattato di 
nautica, 1796 — Calcolo delle equazioni lineari, 
1798 — Corso di mathematica sublime, 1804-10. 
a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Brunanburg, battle of, — Athelstan defeats 
Anlaf, king of the Irish, 937. 

Brunck, Eichard Franz Philipp, philologist, 
• — ft. at Strasburg, 30 Dec. 1729 — imprisoned 
at Besan^on, 1793-4 — tf., 12 Jun. i8o5, a 1803^ 
Analecta veterum poetarwn grcecorum, 1776 — 
Gnomici poetce grceci, 1783^ 1784 b — Editions 
of Aristophanes, 1783 — Virgil, 1785 — Sop>ho- 
cles, 1786 — Terence, 1797. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Brundisiuin, (Brindisi,) in Italy, — [BC] — 
conquered and colonized by Ptomans, 245 a — 
seized, 267 b c — colonized, 244 c — Sulla lands at, 
83 — Octavius and Antony make peace at, 40 — 
[AD] — conquered by Saracens, 836 — sacked by 
X-ouis of Hungary, 1348 — destroyed by earth- 
quake, 1456 — present castle erected by Charles 
V., about 1520. a Smith's Diet. 

b Clinton. c Engl. Cyc. 

Brune, Guillaume Marie Anne, Marshal 
of Prance, — ft. at Brive-la-Gaillarde, 13 May, a 
Mar. b 1763 — civil commissary in Belgium, 
1792 — enters Bepublican army, 1793 — dis- 
tinguishes himself at Areola, 1796 — General of 
Division, 1796^ 1797 b — commands in Holland, 
1799— in la Vendee, 1800 — General-in-chief of 
the army of Italy, Aug. 1 800— ambassador to the 
Porte, 1803-5 — Marshal, Nov. 1804 — Governor- 
general of the Hanse Towns, 1807 — declares 
for Bonaparte, 18 15 — assassinated at Avignon, 
2 Aug. 1 8 15. Voyage pittoresque et senti- 
mental, $c, 1788. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Brunehaut, (Brunehilde,) — marries Sige- 
bert, king of Metz, 566 — Sigebert murdered, 
575 — with her son Childebert makes war on 
Fredegunda, 584-5 — regent for her grand- 
sons Thierry and Theodebert II., 596 — 
captured and put to death by Clotaire, 613. 

Brunei, Isambard Kingdom, engineer, — 
ft. at Portsmouth, 1806 — resident engineer, 
Thames Tunnel, 1826 — F.B.S., 1830 — engin- 
eer to Great Western Railway, 1833 — D.C.L., 
Oxford, 1857 — If., 14 Sep. 1859. Great West- 
ern, (steamship,) 1838 — Great Eastern, launch- 
ed, 1857 — Sung erf or d Suspension Bridge, 
opened, 1 May 1845 — Great Britain, (steam- 
ship,) 1845. 

Brunei, Sir Mark Isambard, engineer, — ft. 
at Hacqueville near Kouen, 25 Apr. 1769 — 
goes to sea, 1786-93 — surveys for canal con- 



necting-Lake Champlain with the Hudson, 1794 
— goes to London, 1799 — invents machinery 
formating block-pulleys, 1802 — F.R.S., 1814 
— Vice-President, 1832-33 — Knt, 1841 — ft., 12 
Dec. 1849. Thames Tunnel, 1825-43. 

Brunelleschi, (Brunellesco,) Filippo, archi- 
tect, — ft. at Florence, 1377 — member of the 
Council degli Signori, 1423 — ts., 1444. Dome 
of Santa Maria, Florence, commenced about 
142 1. 

Brunet, Claude, philosopher, — Xf., after 17 17. 
Projet d'tcne nouvelle metaphysique, 1703-4. 

Brunet, Francois Florentin, Iazarist,—h. 
in Lorraine, about 1750 — assistant-general to 
Cayla de la Garde, 1793 — returns to Paris, 1804 
— "&. there, 15 Sep. 1806. Par allele des re- 
ligions, 1792. 

Brunet, Hugo, troubadour, — tf., 1223. 

Brunet, Jacques Charles, bibliographer, — ft. 
at Paris, 2 Nov. 1780 — member of Legion of 
Honour, 1846 — tf., 16 Nov. 1867. Manuel du 
Libraire, 18 10. 

Brunet, Jean Baptiste, general, — ft. at 
Eheims, 7 Jul. 1765 — Captain of Volunteers, 
serves in Lorraine, 1792 — General of Brigade, 
1798 — distinguishes himself in Italy, 1800 — 
commands in expedition to St Domingo, 1801 — 
Lieutenant-general, 1 8 o 1 — captures Toussaint 
Louverture, 1802 — General of Division, 1803 
— captured by the English, receives Cross of 
St Louis, 1 8 14 — commands at Paris, Jun. 18 15 
— fr. at Vitry, 21 Sep. 1824. 

Brunet, Jean Louis, canonist, — ft. at Aries, 
1688 — If. at Paris, Apr. 1747. PListoire du 
droit canonique, §c, 1720 — JRecueil des liberies 
de V Eglise gallicane, 17 31. 

Brunetto Latini. . [Latini.] 

Brunfels, (Brunsfeld,) Otto, physician, 
botanist, — ft. at Mentz, about 1500 — M.D., 
Basel, 1530 — physician of Berne, 1534 — if. 
there, 23 Dec., b 10 Nov. a 1534. Ilerbarum 
vivce eicones ad natures imitationem, 1530-31-36 
— Onomasticon medicam, 1534. 

a Bees' Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Bruni, Antonio, poet, — ft. at Casal-Nuovo, 
about 1600 — tf. at Borne, 24 Sep. 1635. Selva 
di Parnaso, 1615 — Ppistole eroiche, 1626-7. 

Bruni, Antonio Bartolomeo, violinist and 
composer, — ft. at Coni, Piedmont, 2 Feb. 1759 
— goes to France, 1 78 1 — leader of the Orchestra, 
Theatre of Monsieur, 1789 — tf. at Coni, 1823. 

Bruni, Leonardo, {Aretino,) miscellaneous 
writer, — ft. at Arezzo, 1369 — Apostolic Secretary 
to Innocent VII., Gregory XII., Alexander V., 
and John XXIL, 1405-15 — attends John XXII. 
to Council of Constance, 1414 — Secretary to 
republic of Florence, 1427 — tf. at, Florence, 9 
Mar. 1444. De bello Italico adversus Gothos, 
lib. IV., 1470 — De bello punico, 1490 — Pcistori- 
arum Florentinarum, lib. XII, 1610 — Ppistolce, 
1472. 

Brunings, Christian, engineer, — ft. at 
Neckerau, 8 Nov. 1736 — ft., Inspector-general 
of rivers, 16 May 1805. Verhandeling over het 
bepalen der gemiddelde snelheid van stroomend 
water, 1786 — Verzameling van rapporten, $c. t 
1778. 
Brunings, Conrad Louis, engineer, — ft. at 



BRUNIQUEL— BRUNSWICK. 



241 



Heidelberg, 1775 — Secretary to Drainage 
Commission, Mydrecht, 1790 — Inspector of 
Waterstaat, 1800— tr. at Nimeguen, 18 16. 

Bruniquel, Cave of,— explored, 1 863— visited 
by Prof. Owen, and its contents purchased for 
British Museum, 1864. 

Brunn, Jean Jacques, physician, — 0. at 
Basel, 159 1 — Prof. Anatomy and Botany at the 
Univ., 1625-60 — tf. at Basel, 22 Jan. 1660. 
Sy sterna materia medicce, 1659. 

Brunn, in Moravia, — unsuccessfully besieged 
'by the Taborites, 1428— made seat of govern- 
ment, 1 641 — unsuccessfully besieged by Tors- 
tenson, 1645 — unsuccessfully besieged by 
Prussians, 1742 — Bpric, 1777 — head-quarters of 
Napoleon I., Nov. 1 805 — occupied by Prussians, 
13 Jul. 1866. 

Brunnemann, J dhana, jurist, — b. at Cologne, 
1608 — Prof. Logic,Frankfort-on-the-Oder, 1636 
— tt., 15 Dec. 1672. Tractatus de inquisitionis 
processu, 1648 — Tractatus de processu fori, 1659 
' — Commentarius in Codicem Justinianeum, 1663. 

Brunner, Andreas, Jesuit,— fc. in the Tyrol, 
1589 — if. at Deux-Ponts, 20 Apr. 1650. 
Annates virtutis et fortunes Boiorum, 1626-37. 

Bruno, St, founder of the Chartreuse, — ft. at 
Cologne, about 1030/ 105 1 b — accuser of Abp 
Manasses at Council of Autun, 1077 — retires 
with six companions to the desert of Chartreuse, 
io84, a 1086 c — called to Rome by Urban II., 
1089 — founds a second Chartreuse at Delia 
Torre, 1094 — ft. there, 6 Oct. 1101— beatified 
by Leo X., 1514 s — canonized, by Gregory XV., 
1623 a — by Leo X., 1513^ 

* Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

c Nouv. Biog. Gen. d Robertson. 

Biuno, Giordano, (Jordanus Brunus,) phi- 
losopher, — ft. at Nola, about 1550 — retires to 
Geneva, embraces Calvinism, probably about 
1580— goes to Paris, about 1582, a 1584 b — visits 
England, 1583 — returns to Paris, 1585 — at 
Helmstadt, 1589 — at Frankfort, 159 1 — returns 
to Padua, 1592 — imprisoned by the Inquisition 
at Venice, 1598 — burnt at Rome, 17 Feb. 1600. 
Spaccio delta bestia trionfante, 1584 — Delia 
Causa, Brincipio e JJno, 1584— Dell' Injinito, 
universo, e Mondi, 1584 — De monade, numero et 
Jigura, $c, 159 1. 

a Biog. TJniv. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Brunon. [Leo IX.] 

Brunquell, Johann Solomon, jurist, — ft. at 
Quedlimburg, May 1693 — Prof. Laws, Jena, 
1728 — Prof. Canon Law, Gottingen, 1735- — tJ. 
there, 21 May 1735. BListoria juris Momano- 
germanici, 1727. 

Bruns, Paul Jacob, orientalist, — ft. in Hol- 
stein, 18 Jul. 1743 — Librarian to the Univ., 
Helmstadt, 1787 — Prof. Oriental Languages, 
1796 — if. at Halle, 17 Nov. 1814. 

Erunschwyg, {Brunswick,) Jerom, surgeon, 
-~U., soon after 1500. Von dem Cgrurgicus, 
1497. 

Brunswick, city, — seized by Emperor Fred- 
erick II., but recovered by Otto I., 1227 — main- 
tains its independence against Duke Henry 
Julius, 1589-1613 — besieged and subdued by 
Duke Frederick Ulrich, 16 17 — by Rudolph 
Augustus, and made capital of the duchy, 1671 



— occupied by French, Jul. 1757 — fortifications 
destroyed, 1794 — insurrection, expulsion of 
Duke Charles Frederick, Sep. 1830 — Royal 
Palace burnt, 23 Feb. 1865. 

Brunswick, Lordship and Duchy of, — held 
by Bruno I., margrave in Saxony, 955 — his son 
Bruno II. succeeds, 972- — succeeded by his son 
Ludolph, 1006— Bruno III., son, 1038- suc- 
ceeded by his brother, Egbert I., 1057- -Eg- 
bert II., his son, 1068 — Gertrude, daughter 
of Egbert I., 1090 — she marries Henry, Count 
of Nordheim ; who Ij. , 1 o Apr. 1 1 o 1 — Richen s a, 
their daughter, marries Lothaire, Duke of Sax- 
ony, 1 1 13 — Lothaire, King oe Germany, 1125 
— Gertrude, daughter of Lothaire and Richensa, 
marries Henry the Broud, Duke of Bavaria, 
1 1 27 — Lothaire invests Henry with the lord- 
ship, 1 1 36— Henry the Bion succeeds on death 
of his father, Henry the Proud, 11 39 — deprived 
of his possessions by diet of Wurzburg, but 
retains Brunswick, 1 1 80 — succeeded by his son 
Henry, Count Palatine, 11 95 — Otto I. the 
Child, grandson of Henry the Lion, 121 3 — the 
city seized by Frederick II. and recovered by 
Otto, 1227 — raised to a duchy, and made fief of 
empire by Frederick II., 1235 — Albert I. the 
Great, succeeds his father, 1152 — Albert II., 
his son, 1278 — succeeded by his sons Otto, 
Magnus, and Ernest, 13 18 — Magnus I. alone, 
1334 — his son Magnus II., Torquatus, 1368 — 
wars with Duke of Saxony ; Frederick, his son, 
succeeds, 1388 — is elected Emperor, and killed 
in combat, 1400 — division of his estates between 
his brothers Bernard and Henry, 1409. 

Brunswick - Wolfenbuttel, Duchy of, — 
Henry I., 1409 — his sons William I. and 
Henry II. succeed, 141 6 — partition between 
them, William taking Calenberg, and Henry 
Brunswick- Wolfenbuttel ; duchy of Gottingen 
falls to them, 1463 — death of Henry II., and 
reunion of estates under William, Dec. 1473 
— his sons Frederick and William II., 1482 
— William alone, 1494 — succeeded by his sons 
Henry III. and Erick 1., 1495 — division of 
estates between them, Brunswick- Wolfenbuttel 
falling to Henry, 1498 or 1503 — Henry IV. 
succeeds on death of his father Henry III., 23 
Jun. 15 14 — Erick is defeated and captured by 
Duke of Luneburg at battle of Soltau, 28 Jun. 
1519 — death of Erick, 1540 — seized by Elector 
of Saxony and Landgrave of Hesse, 1542 — 
release of Duke Henry after battle of Muhl- 
berg, 1547 — Julius, son of Henry IV., 1568— 
succeeded by his son Henry Julius, 1589 — 
acquisition of duchy of Grubenhagen, 1596 — 
Frederick Ulrich, son of Henry Julius, 161 3 
— siege and submission of Brunswick, (city,) 
1617 — Grubenhagen reclaimed by Duke of 
Luneburg ; invaded by Imperialists, 1625 ? and 
1629 ? — death of Frederick Ulrich, and extinc- 
tion of branch of Brunswick-Wolfenblittel, 1 1 
Aug. 1634 — falls to Augustus, son of Henry, 
Duke of Luneburg, 1634 — peace with the 
Emperor, 1642 — evacuation of, by Swedes, 
after Peace of Westphalia, 1648 — Rudolph 
Augustus succeeds his father, 27 Sep. 1666 — 
Anthony Ulrich, brother, 1704 — .Augustus 
William, son, 17 14 — Louis Rudolph, brother, 

16 



242 



BRUXSWICK-BRUSSELS. 



17 3 1 — falls to his son-in-law Ferdinand 
Albert, i Mar. 1735 — whose son Charles 
succeeds, 2 Sep. 1735 — Charles William, 
son, 26 Mar. 1780. [Brunswick, Charles 
William Ferdinand, Duke of.] Frederick. 
William, son, 1806 — made part of kingdom of 
"Westphalia by Treaty of Tilsit, 1807 — restora- 
tion of Frederick William after battle of 
Leipsic, 1813 — he falls at battle of Quatre- 
Bras, 16 Jim. 1815 — succeeded by Charles 
Frederick, his son, under Regency of George, 
Prince Regent of England, 18 15 to 30 Oct. 1830 
■ — the Duke driven away by insurgents, 8 Sep. 
1830— his brother William, Prince of Oels, 
succeeds, under resolution of Diet of 2 Dec. 
1830, 25 Apr. 1 83 1 — sanctions new constitu- 
tion, 12 Oct. 1832 — constitution modified by 
law of 22 Nov. 1 85 1. 

Brunswick, Ferdinand, Duke of, — b., n 
Jan. 172 1 — enters service of Frederick II. of 
Prussia, 1740 — distinguishes himself in Seven 
Years' War, 1756-63 — defeats French at Cre- 
felt, j 75 8 — takes Minden, 1758 — drives the 
French out of Hesse, 1762— ft. at Brunswick, 
3 Jul. 1792. 

Brunswick-Gottingen, Duchy of, —separated 
from Duchy of Brunswick and assigned to 
Ernest, son of Albert II., 1334 — passes on 
the death of Otto II. to Wolfenbiittel branch, 
1463 — again detached and held by Eric the 
Younger, son of Eric I. of B. -Wolfenbiittel, 
1540-84. 

Brunswick-Grubenhagen, Duchy of, — falls 
to Henry, son of Duke Albert the Great, 1278 
— on the death of Philip II. seized by Henry 
Julius, Duke of B. -Wolfenbiittel, 1596. 

Brunswick-Luneburg, Duchy of, — as- 
signed to Bernard, son of Magnus Torquatus, 
on partition of Duchy of Brunswick, 1409 — 
his sons Otto II. the lame, and Frederick I. 
le Debonnaire, succeed, 1434 — death of Otto, 
1445— Henry I. succeeds his grandfather, 1478 
i — contributes to victory of Soltau, 15 19 — put 
under ban of the empire, takes refuge in France, 
1521-27 — Ernest I. succeeds his father, 1532. 
[Brunswick-Luneburg, Ernest I., Duke of.] 
Succeeded by his sons Henry and William, 
1546 — resignation of Henry, 1556 — Ernest 
II. succeeds his father, 20 Aug. 1592 — his 
brother Christian, 161 i — Augustus, 1633 — 
Frederick II., 1636 — Christian Louis, 
nephew, Dec. 1648 — George William, brother, 
1665 — whose brother Ernest Augustus is 
made Elector of Hanover, 19 Dec. 1692 — 
George Louis, son, 28 Jan. 1698 — becomes 
King of England on death of Queen Anne, 12 
Aug. 17 14. [George I., King of England.] 

Brunswick-Luneburg, Ernest I., Duke of, 
— b., 26 Jun. 1497 — signs the Protest of Spires, 
1529 — Confession of Augsburg, 1530— joins 
league of Smalkald, 153 1 — takes part against 
Anabaptists in Westphalia, 1535 — with Elector 
of Saxony and Landgrave of Hesse conquers 
duchy of B.- Wolfenbiittel, 1541 — 3j., 11 Jan., a 
Jun. b 1546. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. 

Brunswick-Luneburg, Karl Wilhelm Fer- 
dinand, Duke of, — b. at Brunswick, 9 Oct. 



1735 — distinguishes himself at battle of Has- 
tembeck, 1757 — in campaign of Lower Ehine, 
1758 — marries Augusta, Princess of Wales, 16 
Jan. 1764 — succeeds his father, Prince Charles, 
1780 — commands Prussian expedition against 
Holland and reinstates the Stadtholder, 1787 — ■ 
commander of Prussian and Austrian forces 
against the French, 1792 — publishes his mani- 
festo, 15 Jul. 1792 — defeated by Dumouriez 
and Kellermann at Valmy, 20 Sep. 1792— 
capitulates and retreats ; resigns his command, 
1793 — takes command against Napoleon, 1806 
—mortally wounded at Auerstadt, 14 Oct. 1806 
— ft. at Altona, a Ottensen, b 10 JSov. i8c6. 
a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Brunswick Clubs, — formed in Ireland, 1828. 

Brunton, Mary, novelist, — b. in Burra, 
Orcades, 1778— 5j., 19 Dec. 18 18. Self -control, 
1810. 

Brunus, physician. Chirurgia magna et 
parva, 1490. 

Brunus, {Brim,) Conrad, jurist, — h. at Kir- 
chen, Wurtemberg, 149 1 — charged by Charles 
V. to draw up rules for the Imperial Chamber, 
Augsburg, 1548 — fc. at Munich, Jun. 1563,* 
1565. b De legationibus, 154S — Be haireticis, 
1549. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch. and Gruber. 

Brunus, {Alberto Bruni,) jurist, — 6., 1467 — ■ 
LL.D., Pavia, 1496 — ft., 1541. Consilia feu- 
dalia, 1579. 

Brunus. [Bruni, Bruno.] 

Brusa, {Prusa, Broussa, Bursa,) (Cius,) in 
Bithynia, — [B C] — besieged and taken by Philip 
of Macedonia and Prusias of Bithynia, 203 — 
its name changed to Prusa : — [A D] — taken by 
Orkhan and the Osmanlis, after blockade for ten 
years, 1326 — capital of Turkish Empire, till 
1453 — destroyed by earthquake, 28 Feb. 1855. 

Brusantino. [Brugiantino.] 

Brusasorci. [Biccio.] 

Bruseh, {Bruschius,) Gaspard, historian, 
poet, — b. in Bohemia, 19 Aug. 1518 — poet-lau- 
reate, count palatine, by Ferdinand, King of 
the Romans, 1552 — murdered, 1559. De Ger- 
manics episcopatibus epitome, 1549 — Mqnas- 
teriorum Germanics prcecipuorum chrcnologia, 

I55 1 - 

Bruslart, Louis Guerin, Chevalier de, 
general, — b. at Thionville, 22 May 1752 — ■ 
enters the army, 1768 — serves in campaigns of 
1792-3-4 — Commander-in-chief of Boyal army, 
1 80c — Inspector-general of Infantry, 1816-22 
— Lieutenant-general, 20 Apr. 1823 — if. at 
Paris, Dec. 1829. 

Brusoni, Girolamo, historian, — b., 10 Dec. 
16 10 — takes part in negotiations between Spain 
and Duke of Parma, 1644 — U., after 1679. 
Istoria d' Italia, 1680. 

Brussels, {Bruxelles,) capital of Belgium, — ■ 
walled by Lambert Baldric, Count of Louvain, 
1044 — taken by English, 121 3 — burnt, 1326 — 
Jews banished from, 1370 — burnt, 1405 — taken 
by Philip of Cleves, 1488 — ravaged by plague 
and famine, 1489-93 — recovered and depriv- 
ed of its privileges by Maximilian, before 15 19 
— Charles V. abdicates at, 6 Feb. 1555 — the 
citizens demand freedom of conscience, 1566 — 
many of them driven away by tyranny of Alv?, 



BRUTO— BRYAN. 



243 



1567 — execution of Counts Egmont and Horn, 
1568— ravaged by plague, 1578— given up to 
House of Austria, 1598— bombarded by Mar- 
shal Villeroi, Aug. 1695— occupied by French, 
1701— keys of, delivered to Marlborough, 1706 
■ — besieged by Elector of Bavaria and relieved 
by Marlborough, 1708 — great fire, 1731— taken 
by Marshal Saxe, 20 Feb. 1746 — restored to 
Austria by Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748 — 
revolt and declaration of independence, Jun. 
1790 — submits to Austria, Dec. 1790 — taken 
by Dumouriez, 14 Nov. 1792 — entered by Na- 
poleon ; again taken by French under Pichegru, 
10 Jul. 1794 — occupied by Prussians, 1 Feb. 
1 8 14 — made one of the capitals of the Kingdom 
of the Netherlands, 18 14 — revolution begins, 
25 Aug. 1830 — made capital of Belgium, 1830 
— Peace Conference between Germany and 
France, meets at, 28 Mar. 1871. University 
of, founded, 1834 — Cathedral of St Gudule, 
founded, 1220 — Townhall, commenced, 1401 — 
completed, 1455. 

Bruto, {Bruti,) Giammiehele, historian, $c, 
— 6. at Venice, about 15 15 — in service of 
Prince of Transylvania, 1574 — historiographer 
to Emperor Rudolph II., 1593 — ft. in Transyl- 
vania, 1594. Epistolce, 1593 — Florentine his- 
toric lib. VIII., 1562. 

Brutus, Becimus Junius Albinus, — [BC] 
— serves under J. Caesar in Gaul, 56-50 — 
marries Paulla Valeria, 50 — takes Massilia, 49 
■ — commander in Gallia Ult. ; defeats the Bel- 
lovaci; joins in assassination of Caesar, (710, 
a. u. c.) 44 — besieged in Mutina by Antony, 
(710-709,) close of 44 to Apr. 43 — put to 
death by Antony, 43. 

Brutus, B. Junius, Gallsecus, {Callaicus,) 
— [BCJ — Consul with P. Corn. Scipio Nasica, 
(616, a. u. c.) 138— Proconsul His?. Ult., (617,) 
137 — wars in Spain, triumphs, 136 — serves 
against Iapydes, (625,) 129. 

Brutus, D. Junius, (Scceva,) — [B C] — 
magister equitum, (415, a. u. c.) 339 — Consul 
with L. Furius Camillus, defeats Vestini, (429,) 

3 2 5- 

Brutus, B. Junius,— [B c] — Consul with M. 
JEmilius Mamercus Lepidus, (677, a. tj. c.) 77. 

Brutus, B. Junius, {Scceva,) — [BC] — Con- 
sul with Q,. Fabius Max. Gurges ; conquers the 
Falisci, (462, a. it. c.) 292. 

Brutus, L. Junius, — [B C] — {mythic,) — Con- 
sul with Tarquinius Collatinus, 509, (507.) 

Brutus, M. Junius, (Q. Ccepio,)—[BG]—h. 
at Eome, (668, a. u. c.) 85, (86)— adopted by 
Q,. Servilius Caepio, before 59 — denounced as a 
conspirator against Pompey by L. Vettius, 59 
— accompanies Cato to Cyprus, 58 — with App. 
Claudius in Cilicia, 53-51 ? — defends App. 
Claudius, 50— joins Pompey, 49 — pardoned by 
Caesar, 48 — governor of Gallia Cisalpina, 46 — 
marries Portia, about 45 — praetor urb., (710,) 
44 — joins conspirators against Caesar, 44 — goes 
to Athens, Sep. 44 — to Macedonia, end of 44 
■ — besieges C. Antonius in Apollonia, beginning 
43 — in Thrace, autumn 43 — joins Cassius at 
Sardis, beginning 42— defeated at Philippi; 
kills himself, (712,) end of 42. 

Brutu3, M. Junius, — [BC] — trib. pleb., 



(559, a. tj. c.) 195— praetor, (563,) 191— one 
of the ambassadors sent into Asia, 189 — Consul 
with A. Manlius Vulso, war against the Istri, 
(576,) 178— one of the ambassadors sent into 
Asia, 171. 

Brutus, P. Junius, — [B C] — trib. pleb , 
(559, a. u. c.) 195 — curule aedile, 192— praetor, 
(564,) 190— pro-praetor in Further Spain, 189. 

Brutus, Pierre, Bp of Cattaro, — ft., 1498. 
Victoria contra Judceos, 1489. 

Bruyere, Jean de la, miscellaneous writer, — 
b. near Paris, 17 Aug. 1645 a — treasurer of 
France at Caen, 1673 — member of French 
Academy, 15 Jun. 1693 — ft. at Versailles, 10 
May 1696. Caracteres de Theophraste, 1687 — 
Dialogues posthumes sur le quietisme, 1699. 
a Jal. 

Bruyere, Louis, engineer, — b. at Lyons. 
1758 — Prof, at School of Bridges and Roads, 
1799 — Secretary of Council-general of Bridges 
and Roads, 1805 — member of Legion of Hon- 
our ,_ 1809 — Maitre des Requetes, 18 10 — ft. at 
Paris, 31 Dec. 1831. 

Bruyeres, Jean Pierre Joseph, general, — ■ 
b. in Languedoc, 22 Jun. 1772 — aide-de-camp 
to Berthier, 1800 — at Marengo, Jun. 1800 — 
distinguishes himself at Jena, Oct. 1806— 
General of Brigade, Dec. 1806 — Commander of 
Legion of Honour, Count, General of Division, 
1809 — takes part in Russian campaign, 18 12 — 
at battles of Liitzen and Bautzen, 181 3 — killed 
at Wutchen, 22 May 181 3. 

Bruyerin, Jean Baptiste, physician, — b. at 
Lyons, about 15 10— ft., after 1560. De re 
cibaria, 1560. 

Bruyn, Abraham de, painter, engraver, — b. 
at Antwerp, about 1540 — ft. there, about 1598. 
Imperii ac sacerdotii ornatus, 1577. 

Bruyn, Corneille de, painter, traveller,— 
ft. at the Hague, 1652 — at Rome, 1672/ i674. b 
Voyage to the levant, 1698 — Travels through 
Muscovy, i7ii, b 1718.° 
a Biog. Univ. b Erscli and Gruber. c Engl. Cyc. 

Bruyn, {Bruin,) Nicolas de, engraver, — b. 
at Antwerp, 1562 — ft., after 1634. 

Bruys, Francois, historian, §e., — b. in the 
Maconuais, 7 Feb. 1708 — ft. at Dijon, 21 May 
1738. Histoire des Papes, 1732. 

Bruys, {Brueys,) Pierre de, religious re- 
former, (head of the Petrobrussians,) — burnt at 
St Gilles, 1 147. 

Bruyset, Jean Marie, bookseller and miscel- 
laneous writer, — ft. at Lyons, 7 Feb. 1749 — 
Inspector of printing at Lyons, 1812 — ft., 16 
Apr. 18 17. Essai sur le contrat colly bisti que, 
$c, 1786. 

Brusen de la Martiniere. [Martiniere, 
de la.] 

Bry, Jean Theodore de, engraver, — b. at 
Liege, 156 1— ft. at Frankfort, 1623. 

Bry, Thierry {Theodore) de, engraver, — b. 
at Liege, 1528 — expelled from Litge as a Lu- 
theran, 1570 — travels in England, 1587 — ft., 
27 Mar. 1598. 

Bryan, {Bryant,) Sir Francis, Bart., 
Lord- Lieutenant of Ireland, — takes Mor- 
laix, 1522 — Ivnt, by Earl of Surrey, 1522 — am- 
bassador to France, 1528 — to Rome, 1529 — ■ 
16 * 



244 



BRYAN— BUCHANAN. 



commands light cavalry at Musselburgh, 1547 
— Bart., 1547 — Governor-general of Ireland, 
1548 — tf. at Waterford, 1550. 

Bryan, Michael, — ft. at Newcastle, 1757 — 
in Flanders, 1781-90 — tf., 21 Mar. 1821. 
Dictionary of Painters and Engravers, 18 16. 

Bryant, Jacoh, antiquary, $c, — ft. at Ply- 
mouth, 17 15 — B.A., Cambridge, 1740 — M.A., 
Fellow of King's Coll., 1744 — secretary to the 
Duke of Marlborough, 1756 — tf. near Windsor, 
14 Nov. 1804. Analysis of ancient Mythology , 
1774-6. 

Brydone, Patrick, naturalist, traveller, — ft., 
1741— visits Italy, Sicily, and Malta, 1767-71 
— lj., 1818. Voyage to Sicily and Malta, 1773. 

Bryennius, Joseph, theologian, — tf., about 

H35- 

Bryennius, Nicephorus, Emperor or the 
East, — revolts against Michael VII., usurps 
throne, 1077 — defeated by Alexis Comnenus, 
1080. 

Bryennius, Nicephorus, Byzantine historian, 
— friend to Emperor Alexis Comnenus, 108 1 — 
marries Anna Comnena, before 11 08? — con- 
ducts war against Bohemond of Antioch, 1107 
■ — negotiates peace, Sep. 1108 — conspires 
against John and banished to Oenoe, 11 18 — 
sent to relieve Antioch, n 37 — tf. at Constan- 
tinople, about 1 1 37-8. 

Buache, Jean Nicolas, (BuachedelaNeuville,) 
geographer, — ft. at Neuville-en-Pont, 15 Feb. 
1 741 — first geographer to the king; member 
of Academy of Sciences, 1782 — Prof. Geo- 
graphy, Normal School, 1794 — restored, after 
fall of Bobespierre, Aug. 1795 — tf., 21 Nov. 
1825. 

Buache, Philippe, geographer, — ft. at Paris, 
7- Feb. 1700 — first geographer to the king, 
1729 — member of Academy of Sciences, 1730 
— tf., 27 Jan. 1773. Considerations geographi- 
ques et physiques sur les nouvclles decouvertes de 
la grande mer, 1753 — Essai d'tine geographic 
physique, 1752 — Atlas physique, 1754. 

Buat-Nancay, Louis Gabriel, Count of, 
historian, — fj. in Normandy, 2 Mar. 1732 — tf. 
at Nanc,ay, 18 Sep. 1787. Origines, §c, 1757 
— Elements de la politique, 1773 — Maximes 
du gouvernement monarchique, 1778. 

Bubble Act, in Great Britain, — against 
speculative companies, 6 Geo. I. c. 18, 17 19 — 
repealed by 6 Geo. IV. c. 19, 5 Jul. 1825. 

Bubenberg, Adrian, Patrician of Beene, 
— deputy to Charles, Duke of Burgundy, 1740 
— recalled from exile, defends Morat against the 
Burgundians, 1746 — deputy to court of France, 
1747 — tf. at Berne, 1749. 

Bubna-Littiz, Ferdinand, Count of, gen- 
eral, — ft. at Zamersk, Bohemia, 26 Nov. 1768 
— at siege of Belgrade, 1784 — distinguishes 
himself at the attack of Manheim, 18 Oct. 
1705 — serves under Kray, 1800 — charged with 
defence of Bohemia, 1800 — Colonel, 1 Mar. 
1801 — at battle of Austerlitz, Dec. 1805 — ac- 
companies Emperor in campaign of 1 809 — 
ambassador to Napoleon, Jan. 1813 — serves at 
battle of Leipsic, Oct. 181 3 — Governor-general 
of Piedmont. <fcc, 18 14 — Governor of Lyons, 
by Louis XVIIL, 18 15 — Commander of Lom- 



bardy, 18 18 — quells insurrection in North 
Italy, 1 82 1 — tf. at Milan, 6 Jun. 1825. 

Bubulcus Brutus, C. Junius, — [B C] — Con- 
sul with Q. /Emilias Barbula, (437, a. u. c.) 
317 — Consul with L. Papirius Cursor, (441,) 
313 — mag. eq. to C. Sulpicius Longus, 312 — 
Consul with Q. iEmilius Barbula, (443,) 311 — ■ 
carries on Avar against Samnites, and takes 
Cluvia and Bovianum, 311 — mag. eq. to L. 
Papirius Cursor, (445,) 309 — censor, 307 — 
dictator, defeats JEquians, (452,) 302 — dedicates 
temple to Safety, 302. 

Bubulcus, C. Junius Brutus, — [B C] — Con- 
sul with L. Postumius Megellus, (463, a. u. c.) 
291 — Consul with P. Cornelius Bufinus, (477,) 
277. 

Buc, George, antiquary, — tf., before Aug. 
1629. Life and reign of Richard III., 1646. 

Buccaneers, {Flibustiers,) — commence their 
piracies, about 1525 — take possession of St 
Kitts, 1625 — of Tortuga, 1632 — disappear, 
after Peace of Byswick, 1697. 

Bucelin, (Butzlin,) Gabriel, Benedictine, — 
ft. in Turgovia, 29 Dec. 1599 — &• a ^ abbey °^ 
Weingarten, Suabia, 1691. Aquila imperii 
benedictina, 1651 — Annates benedictini, 1655 — 
Germania topo-chrono-stemmata-graphica sacra 
et prof ana, 1655, 1698. 

Bucelin, Jean, Jesuit, — ft., 157 1 — tf., 1629. 
Gallo-Flandria, 1625. 

Bucer, Martin, reformer, — ft. at Schelestadt, 
near Strasburg, 1491 — quits Order of Domini- 
cans, embraces doctrine of Luther, 152 1 — 
pastor and Prof. Theology, Strasburg, 1523 — 
takes part in conference at Marburg, 1529 — 
refuses to subsciibe Interim of Augsburg, 1548 
— called to England by Cranmer, Prof. Theo- 
logy, Cambridge, 1549 — tf. there, 27 Feb. 155 1 
— his remains, with those of Fagius, taken up 
and burnt at Cambridge, 1556. 

Buch, Leopold von, geologist, — ft. in Prussia, 
25 Apr. i774, a 1777 b — enters Mining Academy, 
Freiberg, 1790 — travels in Italy and France, 
1797-1805 — in Scandinavia, 1806-8 — -visits 
Canary Islands, 18 15 — foreign member of 
Boyal Society of London, 1828 — foreign As- 
sociate of French Academy, 1840 — tf. at 
Berlin, 4 Mar. 1853. Geognostische Beobacht- 
ungen auf Reisen durch Dcutschland und 
Italien, 1802-9 — Reise durch Fforwegen und 
Lappland, 1 8 10 — Fhysikalische Beschreibung 
der Canarischen Inseln, 1825. 

a Engl. Cyc. h Conv.-Lex. 

Buchan, Elizabeth, — ft. in Scotland, 1738 
— settles at Glasgow, 1759 — founds sect of the 
Buchanists, 1779 — assailed by mob, quits 
Irvine, settles with her followers near Thorn- 
hill, 1790 — tf., 1791* 

Buchan, William, physician, — ft. atAncram, 
Boxburgh, 1729 — tf. in London, 1805. Do- 
mestic Medicine, 1770. 

Buchanan, Claudius, theologian, — ft. at 
Cambuslang, near Glasgow, 12 Mar. 1766 — 
studies at Glasgow Univ., 1782 — enters Queen's 
Coll., Cambridge, 1791 — embarks for the East 
Indies, Aug. 1796 — Prof. Greek, Latin, and 
English, Coll. of Fort William, 1800— Prof, 
and D.D., Glasgow, 1805 — visits England and 



BUCHANAN— BUCKINGHAM. 



245 



Scotland, 1808-9 — D.D., Cambridge, 1809 — 
■ — tf. at Broxbourne, Herts, a at Cheshunt, b 9 
Feb. 1 8 15. Christian Researches in Asia, 
18 1 1 — Expediency of an Ecclesiastical Estab- 
lishment for India, 1805 — Colonial Ecclesiasti- 
cal Establishments, 1813. 

a Eng. Cyc. b Chambers' Biog. Diet. 

Buchanan, George, poet, historian, — fc. in 
Scotland, Feb. 1506 — studies at Paris, 1520-22 
— serves in campaign against English, 1523 — 
goes to St Andrew's Univ., 1524 — B.A., 3 Oct. 
1525 — accompanies John Major to Paris, 1526 
— M.A., Scots College of Paris, Apr. 1528 — Prof, 
at College of Ste Barbe, 1529 — tutor to young 
Earl of Cassilis, 1532 — returns with him to 
Scotland, 1536 — tutor to Earl of Murray, son 
of James V. of Scotland, about 1537 — im- 
prisoned on charge of heresy, Feb. 1539 — 
escapes to England: Prof, at College of Guienne, 
Bordeaux, 1540-43 — Regent at College de 
Bourbon, Paris, 1544-47 — accompanies Andrew 
Govea to Portugal, 1547 — imprisoned, about 
1549-51 — returns to France and is made regent 
of College of Boncourt, 1553-55 — tutor to son 
of Marshal de Brissac, 1555-60 — in Scotland, 
before Jan. 1562 — Principal of St Leonard's 
College, Aberdeen, i566^Moderator of General 
Assembly, 1567 — tutor to James VI., 1570 — 
Keeper of the Privy Seal, 1570— tf. at Edin- 
burgh, 28 Sep. 1582. Franciscanus, 1538 — 
Latin version of Psalms of David, about 1550? 
— Betectio Maries Regince, 157 1 — Be jure regni 
apud Scotos, 1579 — Serum Scoticarum historia, 
1582. 

Buchanan, James, President of United 
States, — b. in Pennsylvania, 22 Apr. 17 91 — 
graduates at Dickinson Coll., 1809 — admitted 
to Lancaster bar, 1812 — member of State 
legislature, 1814 — member of Congress, 1820 
— retires, 1831 — minister plenipotentiary to 
St Petersburg, 1831 — senator, 1834 — Secre- 
tary of State, 1845 — minister to Great Britain, 
l8 53-6 — Pres. U.S., 1856-60 — tf. near Lan- 
caster, Pennsylvania, 1 Jim. 1868. 

Buchanists, sect of, appears in Scotland, 1783 
— extinct, 1846. 

Bucharest, capital of Roumania, — threatened 
by Turks, Aug. 1595 — made the capital of 
Wallachia, 1698— pillaged by Servians, 17 16 — 
given up to Turkey by Peace of Belgrade, 1739 
— taken by Russians, 1769 — first Congress at, 
Oct. 1772 to Mar. 1773 — taken by Austrians, 
1774 and 1789 — taken by Russians, 1806 — 
second Congress at, 18 12 — great fire, 1847 — 
occupied by Russians, 1828-29 an( l Jul- I %53 
to Aug. 1854 — by Austrians, Aug. 1854 — be- 
comes capital of Roumania, 1862. Treaty of 
peace, between Turkey and Russia, signed, 28 
May 1 8 12. 

Buche, Henri Michel, (bon Henri,) founds 
Society of the Freres Cordonniers, 1645 — 
and Society of tbe Freres Taillcurs, 1647 — tf., 
9 Jun. 1666. 

Bucherius. [Boucher, Gilles.] 

Buchholz, Christian Friedrich, chemist, — 
6. at Eisleben, 19 Sep. 1770— M.D., 1808— 
Prof, at Erfurt, 18 10— If. there, 9 Jun. 181 8. 

Buchholz, Georg, naturalist, — h. at Kaes- 



mark, 3 Nov. 1688 — Rector of Coll. there, 1723 
— tf., 3 Aug. 1737. 
Buchholz, Wilhelm Heinrich Stephen, 

physician, $c, — b. at Bernburg, 23 Dec. 1734 
— tf. at Weimar, 16 Dec. 1798. Tractatus de 
sulphure minerali, 1762. 

Buchman. [Bibliander.] 

Buchner, Johann Andreas Elias, physician, 
— h. at Erfurt, 1701 — tf., 29 Jul. 1769. Mis- 
cellanea physico-medico-mathematica, 1727-33 — 
Fundamenta mater ice medicce, §c,, 1754 — His- 
toria Academics naturae Curiosorum, 1755 — • 
Ausfiihrliche Nachricht von des Em. Sel. Raths 
von Buchners Naturalien und Kunstcabinet, 
1771. 

Bucholtzer, Abraham, chronologist, — h. near 
Wittenberg, 28 Sep. 1529 — governor of Coll., 
Grunberg, in Silesia, 1555 — minister at 
Sprottau, 1563-73 — tf. at Freistadt, 14 Jun. 
1584. Chronologica Isagoge, 1580 — Index 
Chronologicus, 1585 — Catalogus consilium Ro- 
manornm, 1590. 

Buchot, Thilibert, statesman, — h. atMaynal, 
1748 — member of central administration of 
the department of the Jura, 1792 — Commis- 
sioner of Foreign Relations, 1794 — clerk at 
Coal Wharf, Paris, Nov. 1794 — tf., 181 2. 

Buc'hoz, Pierre Joseph, botanist, — fj. at 
Metz, 27 Jan. 1731 — advocate at Pont-a- 
Mousson, 1750 — M.D., Nancy, 1759 — tf. at 
Paris, 30 Jan. 1807. Histoire des Blantes de 
la Lorraine, 1762 — Le Jar din d' 'Eden, §c, 
1783-5 — Centuries de planches enluminees, §c, 

1775-9- 

Buckeldius, {BucJcehs). [Beuckels.] 

Buckinck, Arnold, map-engraver, — edition 
of Ptolemy, 1478. 

Buckingham, Humphrey Stafford, Earl 
of, — h., 1404 — present at coronation of Henry 
VI., at Paris, Dec. 143 1 — Captain of Calais, 
1440 — Duke of Buckingham, 14 Sep. 1444 
— declared first peer of the realm, and made 
first Constable of Dover and Warden of the 
Cinque Ports, about 1449 ? — wounded at the 
battle of St Albans, 1454 — killed at the battle 
of Northampton, 10 Jul. 1460. 

Buckingham, Henry Stafford, Duke of, 
— supports Richard, Duke of Gloucester, Apr. 
1483 — Chief Justice and Constable of the 
king's castles in Wales, 16 May 1483 — makes a 
speech in favour of Richard at the Guildhall, 
24 Jun. — Constable of England, 15 Jul. — con- 
spires with the Lancastrians against the king, 
Sep. to Oct. — betrayed to the king, Oct. — be- 
headed at Salisbury, Oct., a 1 Nov. 1, 1483. 

a Pict. Hist. England. b Annals of England. 

Buckingham, Edward Stafford, Duke of, 
— restored to his honours and estates, by Henry 
VII., i486 — intimate with Friar Hopkins, 
151 1 — commands Guard of Henry VIII. at 
the battle of the Spurs, 15 13— charged with 
treason, 152 1 — tried, 13 May, beheaded, 17 
May, 1521 — attainted by Act 14 and 15 Hen. 
VEIL c. 20, 1523. 

Buckingham, George Villiers, Duke of, — 
ft. at Brookesby, Leicestershire, 20 Aug. 1592 — 
in France, 16 10- 13 — introduced to James I. at 
Cambridge, 16 15 — Master of the Horse, K.G., 



24 6 



BUCKINGHAM— BUDDHISM. 



i Jan. 1616 — Baron of Whaddon, Viscount Vil- 
liers, Aug. 16 16 — Earl of Buckingham, Privy 
Councillor, Jan. 16 17 — Lord Admiral of Eng- 
land, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, 161 6 — 
marries daughter of the Earl of Rutland, 1620 
— accompanies Prince Charles to Spain, Feb. 
1623 — Duke, May 1623 — procures impeach- 
ment of Earl of Bristol, 1624 — sent to Paris 
to marry, as proxy for Charles I., Henrietta 
Maria, "May 1625 — impeached, Mar. 1626 — 
Chancellor "of Univ. of Cambridge, 1626 — 
fails in expeditions to Rochelle and Isle of 
Rhe, Jul. to Oct. 1627 — murdered by Felton 
at Portsmouth, 23 Aug. 1628. 

Buckingham, George Villiers, Dijke of, — 
b. in London, 30 Jan. 1627 — returns from the 
continent and serves in Royalist army, 1648 — 
at battle of Worcester, 3 Sep. 1651 — marries a 
daughter of Fairfax, 1657 — recovers his estates 
at the Restoration, 1660 — Privy Councillor, 
Lord-lieutenant of Yorkshire, 1660 — kills Earl 
of Shrewsbury in a duel, Feb. 1667-8 — mem- 
ber of the Cabal, 1670 — ambassador to France, 
1670 — Chancellor of Cambridge Univ., 167 1 — 
opposes Test Act, 1675 — ft. at Kirkby Moorside, 
17 Apr. 1688. Works, 1704. 

Buckingham, James Silk, traveller, — rj. in 
Cornwall, 1786— in the service of Mohammed 
Ali, 18 1 3-5— M. P., Sheffield, 1832-7— fr., 30 
Jun. 1855. Travels in Palestine, 1822 — in 
Arabia, 1825 — in Mesopotamia, 1827. 

Buckingham House, — built by John Shef- 
field, Duke of Buckinghamshire, 1703 — bought 
for Queen Charlotte, 1 761 — settled on her by 
Act 15 Geo. III. c. 33, 1775 — taken down, 
1825. 

Buckingham Palace, — built on site of Buck- 
ingham House, 1825 — enlarged by Queen Vic- 
toria, 1853. 

Buckinghamshire, John Sheffield, Duke 
oe, — b , 1649 — succeeds his father as Earl of 
Mulgrave, 1658 — serves in first Dutch war, 
1666 — distinguishes himself in second Dutch 
war, 1672 — K.G., 1674 — sent to succour Tan- 
gier against the Moors, 1680 — Privy Council- 
lor, Lord Chamberlain, Feb. 1685 — Marquis 
of Normanby, 10 May 1694 — Lord Privy Seal, 
1703 — Duke of Normanby, 9 Mar. 1703 — 
Duke of Buckinghamshire, 2 3 Mar , builds Buck- 
ingham House, 1703 — Lord Chamberlain of 
the Household, 17 10 — rj., 24Feb. 1721. Works, 

I7 2 3- 

Buckland, William, geologist, — ft. at Ax- 
minster, 1784 — enters Oxford Univ., 1801 — 
fellow of Corpus Christi Coll., 1808 — reader 
in Mineralogy, 1813 — F.G.S., 1813 — reader in 
Geology, 1818 — F.R.S., 181 8 — obtains Copley 
medal, 1822 — canon of Christ Church, Oxford, 
j 825 — on the Council of the Royal Society, 
1827-49 — Dean of Westminster, 1845 — trustee 
of British Museum, 1847 — &•> J 4 Aug. l8 5^. 
Vindicioe Geological, 1820 — Iteliquice JJilu- 
viance, 1823 — Geology and Mineralogy, §c, 
(Bridgewater Treatise,) 1836. 

Buckle, Henry Thomas, political and his- 
torical philosopher, — b., 1822— goes to the 
East, autumn 1861 — )j. at Damascus, 29 May 



1862. History of Civilization in Europe, 
1858-61. 

Bucoldianus, (Bucoldz, Bucholdz,) Gerhard, 
philologist, physician, — fj. at Cologne, about 
1500 — at Bologna, 1534 — at Spire, 1542. 
Edition of Quintilian, 1527. 

Bucquet, Cesar, mechanician, — fj., about 
1720 — obtains prize of the Academy for im- 
proved mills, 1785 — tf., about 1798. 

Bucquet, Jean Baptiste Marie, chemist, §c, 
— ft. at Paris, 18 Feb. 1746 — rj., 24 Jun. 1780. 
Introduction a V etude des corps naturels tires 
du regne mineral, 177 1 ; duregne vegetal, 1773. 

Bucquoi, Charles Bonaventure de Longue- 
val, Count de, general, — ft., 1561 — General of 
Artillery, 1598 — serves in the Netherlands, 1600 
— reenters service of the Emperor, 16 13 — - 
commands in Bohemia, 1620 — reduces Moravia, 
1 62 1 — serves in Hungary against Prince 
Bethlem-Gabor, 162 1 — killed before Neuhausel, 
10 Jul. 1 62 1. 

Bucquoy, Jacques de, traveller, — fj. at Am- 
sterdam, 26 Oct. 1693 — engineer to the Com- 
pany of the East Indies, 17 19 — at Cape of 
Good Hope, Mar. 1720 — in Eastern Africa, 
Mar. 1721- — taken by pirates to Madagascar, 
1722 — arrives at Batavia, 1725 — in Siam, 
1731-35 — rj. at Amsterdam, about 1760. 
Voyages, $c, 1745. 

Bucquoy, Jean Albert d' Archambaud, 
Count de, (abbe de Bucquoy,) litterateur,- — fj. 
in Champagne, about 1650 — imprisoned in the 
Bastille, 1707 — escapes, 4 May 1709 — at Han- 
over, pensioned by George I., 17 14 — rj., 15 Nov. 
1740. Evenement des plus rares, §c, 17 19. 

Buda, {Of en,) in Hungary, — founded about 
1250— royal residence by Ludwig I., 1351 — 
taken by Solyman, 1526 — retaken by Ferdinand 
of Bohemia, 1527 — by Solyman, 1529 — again 
taken by Turks, 1541 — taken and the fortress 
blown up by Duke of Lorraine, 1686 — seat of 
government, 1784 — partly burnt, 18 10 — insur- 
rection at, Sep. 1848 — occupied by Windisch- 
gratz, 5 Jan. 1849 — bombarded by Gorgey, 17, 
18, and 20 May 1849 — stormed, 20 May 1849 — 
occupied by Russians and given up to Austrians, 
Jul. 1849 — Diet meets at, 2 Apr. 1861 — As- 
sembly of the Comitat prevented by the Mili- 
tary, 29 Sep. 1861 — coronation of the Emperor 
Francis Joseph as King of Hungary, at, 8 Jun. 
1867. Suspension Bridge, 1849 — Councils of, 
1279 and 1309 — University of, transferred 
from Tyrnau by Maria Theresa, 1777 — trans- 
ferred to Pesth, by Joseph II., 1784. 

Buddseus, Johann Franz, theologian, — ft. at 
An clam, Pomerania, 25 Jun. 1667 — Prof. 
Greek and Latin, Coburg, 1692 — Prof. Moral 
and Political Philosophy, Halle, 1693 — Prof. 
Theology, Jena, 1705, 1729,* from 1695 b — ft. 
at Gotha, 19 Nov. 1729. Historia juris naturae, 
§c, 1695 — Historia ecclesiastica Vet. Test., 
17 15 — Theses theologicce, 17 17. 

a Ersch and Gruber. b Biog. Unir. 

Buddeeus, Karl Franz, — b. at Halle, 1695 
— advocate of the Court of Weimar, 17 19 — 
Vice-Chancellor ; rj. at Weimar, 5 Jul. 1753. 

Buddhism, — [BC] — established in India, 
about 25c — introduced into Ceylon, about 200 



BUDE LIGHT-BUHLER. 



247 



• — established in China, 65 — [A D] 310 — declines 
in India, about 400-450 — recovers for a time, 
700-1200. 

Bude Light, — invented by Goldsworthy Gur- 
ney, 1823. 

Bude, Guillaume, (Budceus,) philologist, $c, 
— b. at Paris, 1467 — secretary to Charles 
VIII., 1497— joint envoy to Eome, 1503-5 — 
provost of merchants of Paris, Aug. 1522 — 
librarian and maitre des requetes to Francis I., 
Aug. 1522 — b. at Paris, 23 Aug. 1540. An- 
notations in XXIV. libros Pandectarum, 1508 
— De Asse, 15 14 — Institution d'unprince, 1547 
■ — Commentarii lingute Grcecce, 1529. 

Buder, Christian Gottlieb, jurist, — b. in 
Lusacia, 29 Oct. 1693 — Prof. Jurisprudence, 
Jena, 1734-63 — b., 9 Dec. 1763. Bibliotheca 
juris Struviana adaucta, 1720 (5th ed.) — Vitce 
clarissimorum Jurisconsultorum, 1722 — Amce- 
nitntes juris feudalis, 1 741 . 

Budes, Jean Baptiste. [Guebriant] 

Budgell, Eustace, miscellaneous writer, — b. 
near Exeter, about 1685 — accompanies Addison 
to Ireland, 17 10 — Controller-general, Ireland, 
1717 — kills himself in London, 4;May i737, a 
I736. b a Rees' Cyc. b Engl. Cyc. 

Buee, Adrien Quentin, — b. at Paris, 1748 
— secretary to the Chapter of Notre-Dame, 
Oct. 1786 — goes to England, after 10 Aug. 
1792 — returns to France, Jul. 1814 — b. at 
Paris, n Oct. 1826. Dictionnaire des termes 
de la revolution, 1792 — Reflexions sur les deux 
editions des ceuvres de Voltaire, 18 17. 

Bueil, Jean de, Count de Sancerre, — 
distinguishes himself under Charles VII. at 
Mans, 1427 — takes part in liberation of Or- 
leans, 1428— attends coronation of Charles 
VII. at Rheims, 1429 — Chevalier, 1433 — com- 
mands against the English, 1438-50 — Admiral 
of France, 1450 — deprived, by Louis XL, after 
1460— b., after 1474. 

Buenos Ayres. [Argentine Confederation.] 

Buenos Ayres, City, — founded by Pedro de 
Mendoza, 1535 — abandoned, 1539 — resettled 
by Spaniards, 1580 — bishopric, 1620 — seat of 
vice-royalty, 1776 — taken by Sir Home Pop- 
ham, 27 Jun. 1806— recovered by Spaniards, 
12 Aug. 1807 — retaken by British, Oct. 1807 
■ — unsuccessfully attempted by them, 5 Jul. 
1808 — independent of Spain, 18 16— seat of 
government, 1826 — included in Argentine Con- 
federation, 1 83 1 — revolts against Urquiza and 
is unsuccessfully besieged, 1853 — declares itself 
independent: fleet and army of, defeated by 
Urquiza, 13 and 23 Oct. 1859 — joins Argentine 
Confederation, by treaty of 11 Nov. 1859 — 
the war renewed, i860— defeat of Urquiza, by 
Gen. Mitre, 17 Sep. 1861 — declared seat of 
government, May 1862 — [Argentine Confeder- 
ation] — government buildings burnt, 28 Jun. 
1867. University, founded, 1821. 

Buffalmaco, (Buonamico di Cristofano,) 
painter, wit, — b. at Florence, about 1273^ — b. 
there, i34o, b after 1351.* 

a Baldinucci. b Vasari. 

Buffalo, U.S., — taken and destroyed by 
British, 30 Dec. 18 13. 

Bulfon, Georges Louis Leclerc, naturalist, 



— b. at Montbar, Burgundy, 7 Sep. 1707 — 
travels in Italy, &c, 1727-32 — member of 
Academy of Sciences, 1733 — superintendent of 
Royal Garden, 1739 — b. at Paris, 16 Apr. 
1788. Histoire naturelle, 1749-88. 

Bugeaud de la Piconnerie, Thomas Robert, 
Duke of Isly, Marshal of France, — b. at 
Limoges, 15 Oct. 1784 — enters the army, 1804 
— Corporal, at Austerlitz, 1805 — wounded at 
Pultusk, Nov. 1806 — serves ^n the Peninsula, 
1808-14 — i n retirement, 1815-30 — member of 
Chamber of Deputies, 1 831— kills M. Dulong 
in a duel, 27 Jan. 1834 — sent to Algiers, con- 
cludes treaty with Abd-el-Kader, 1836-37 — 
Lieutenant-general, Jul. 1836 — Governor-gen- 
eral of Algeria, 1 Mar. 1840— defeats army of 
Morocco at Isly, 14 Jul. 1844 — reduces the 
Kabyles, spring 1847 — commands in Paris, 23 
Feb. 1848 — b. there, 10 Jun. 1849. 

Bugenhagen, Johann, (Pomeranus,) theo- 
logian, — b. inPomerania, 24 Jun. 1485 — settles 
at AVittenberg, 152 1 — Prof. Theology, 1522 — 
crowns Christian III. of Denmark, and assists 
him in establishing the Reformation, 1537 — 
reorganizes Univ., of Copenhagen, and is named 
Rector and Prof. Theology, 1538 — returns to 
Germany, 1542 — b- at Wittenberg, 21 Mar., a 
20 Apr. b 1558. Interpretatio Librum Psalm- 
orum, 1523. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Bugge, Thomas, astronomer, geographer, — 
b. at Copenhagen, 12 Oct. 1740 — Prof. Astro- 
nomy and Mathematics there, 1777 — envoy to 
Paris, 1798 — member of French Institute, 1798 
— Councillor of State, 1807 — b., 15 Jun. 1815. 
Erste Griinde der sphaerischen und theoreiischen 
Astronomie, 1796 — Erste Griinde der abstracten 
Mathematik, 1797 — Beschreibung der Ausmes- 
sungsmethode, 1787. 

Bugiardini, Giuliano, painter, — b. at Flor- 
ence, 1481 — b., 1556. 

Buglio, Luigi, Jesuit inissionaary , — b. at 
Palermo, 26 Jan. 1606 — enters Order of Jesuits, 
1623 — Chevalier of Order of Malta, 1633 — ar- 
rives at Goa, 1636 — at Macao, 1637 — at Pekin, 
1637*82 — b. there, 7 Oct. 1682. 

Buglioni, Francesco, sculptor, — b., 1520. 

Bugnyon, Philibert, {Bugnonius,) juris- 
consult and poet, — b., 1590. Legum abrogata- 
rum in curiis regni Erancice tractatus, 1564. 

Buhahylha-Byngezla, (Abou -Aly- Yahya, 
Ibn Bjazlah,) physician, — embraces Islamism, 

1073— b., 1099. 

Buhle, Johann Gottlieb, philosopher, §c, — 
b. at Brunswick, 29 Sep. 1763 — Prof. Extra- 
ord. Philosophy, Gottingen, 1786 — Ordinary 
Prof., 179 1— Prof. Philosophy, Moscow, 1804 
— librarian to Grand Duchess Catherine, 1 8 1 1 
— returns to Brunswick, Prof. Laws, Aug. 18 14 
— b. there, Aug. 1821. Grundziige einer all- 
gemeinen Encyklopcidie der Wissenchaften,^ 1790 
— lehrbuch der Geschichte der Philosophic und 
einer kritischen Liter atur derselben, 17 96 -1804 
— Geschichte der neuern Philosophic, 1800-5. 

Buhler, Franz Gregor, musical composer, — 
b. near Augsburg, 12 Apr. 1760 — enters Bene- 
dictine Order, 1784 — maitre de chapelle, Botzen, 
1 7 94- 1 80 1 — maitre de chapelle, Augsburg, 
1801-24 — b. there, 4 Feb. 1824. 



24S 



BUISERO— BULLIAKD. 



Buisero, Diderik, poet—h. at Flushing," at 
Gravenhage, b about 1640 — rj., i72i. a 

■ Biog. Univ. b Biog. Woordenboek. 

Bukowina, in Austria, ceded to Austria, 
i777, :i 12 May 1776 b — annexed to Galicia, 
Nov. 1786 — made crownland of Austrian Em- 
pire by patent, 31 Dec. 1851. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Meyer Conv.-Lex. 

Bulaeus. [Boulay, du.] 

Bularchus, painter, — [B C] — A- about 720. 

Bulbus, C. Atilius, — [BCj — Consul with 
M. Fabios Buteo, (509, a. it. c.) 245. 

Bulgaria, [Moesia.j Bulgarians, — con- 
quered by Bulgarians, about 650 — ■ conclude 
commercial treaty with Theodosius III., 716" 
— invade the Greek Empire and are defeated, 
757 a — Krumx defeats and kills Nicephorus L, 
802 — besiege Constantinople, and are defeated 
by Leo the Armenian, 813 — Christianity dif- 
fused in, by captives, about 813 — Mortagox 
makes peace with Leo V., 817 — commercial 
treaty renewed, 852 — conversion of the Prince, 
Bogoris, 853— disputes respecting their allegi- 
ance to the Greek Church begin, about 864 d — 
submit to the Greek Church, 870 — Symeox 
defeats Byzantine army under Leo Phocas at 
Achelous, 20 Aug. 917 a — compels Bomanus I. 
to conclude treaty with him before Constanti- 
nople, by which independence of national church 
is recognized, 924 — invaded by the Bussians 
under Swiatoslaff, and the Bulgarian army de- 
feated, 968 a — regain their independence ; again 
conquered by the Bussians, 970 — conquered by 
John Zimisces, 97 1 — conquered by Basilius II., 
10 1 9 — kingdom overthrown, and patriarchate 
reduced to archbishopric by Basilius II., 1018 
— Peter II. and Asax 1. throw off yoke of the 
Greek Empire, about n85, b 11 86 c — they defeat 
Isaac Sebastocrator, 1195 — Asan murdered, 
1 1 95 — Peter murdered, 11 96— Joaxxice (John 
I., Calo- Johannes,) succeeds his brother, n 96 — 
crowned by Papal legate at Trinova, 8 Nov. 
1204 — the Emperor Baldwin defeated and 
captured by Bulgarian army, 15 Apr. 1205 — 
Joannice defeats Emperor Henry, at Adrianople, 
23 Dec. 1 206 (1 205 ?)— takes Varna, Easter 1 206 
— threatens Constantinople ; succeeded by Vo- 
Jiylas, (Fhrorglas) his nephew, 1207 — who is 
defeated by the Franks, 31 Jul. 1208 — besieged 
in Trinova and captured by John Asax, who 
imprisons and succeeds him, 12 15 or 12 16 — 
war with Theodore Angelus, Emperor of 
Thessalonica, ended by treaty of alliance, 122 1 
— Theodore defeated and imprisoned, 1229 or 
1230— with John Vataces, Asan unsuccessfully 
besieges Constantinople, 1235 — Calomax I., 
son of Asan, succeeds, 1241 — Michael, 1245 
— cedes to John Vataces conquests in Thessaly 
and Thrace: Calomax II., 1258 — Mytzes, 
1258 or 1259 — the kingdom made tributary 
to Hungary by Stephen IV., 127 1 — partly 
conquered by Sultan Amurath, 1392 — made 
province of Ottoman Empire, by Biijazet, 1396 
— archbishopric abolished and church subjected 
to patriarch of Constantinople, 1767 — restora- 
tion of ecclesiastical independence demanded, 
about 1849 — again, 1856 and i860 — conver- 
sion of, to Itoinish faith, on consecration of 



the Archimandrite as Abp and Vicar Apostolic, 
14 Apr. 1 86 1 — commission for arrangement 
appointed by the Porte, 1862 — two projects 
submitted by the Porte to Greek Patriarch, 15 
Oct. 1868, both rejected. a Finlay. 

b Engl. Cyc. c Gibbon. d Milman. 

Bull, George, theologian,— ft. at Wells, 25 
Mar. 1634 — enters Oxford Univ., 1648 — Pre- 
bendary of Gloucester, 1678 — Archdeacon of 
Llandaff, i686, a 1679 b —Bp of St David's, 1705 
— tf., 28 Feb. 17 10. Defensio fidei licence, 
1685-8 — Judicium ecclesice catholicce, §c, 1694. 
a Bose's Biog. Diet. b Engl. Cyc. 

Bull, Golden. [Golden Bull.] 

Bull, John, musical composer, — ft. in Somer- 
setshire, about 1563 — organist to Queen Eliza- 
beth, 1591— Mus. D., Oxford, 1592 — Prof. 
Music, Gresham College, 1596-1607 — private 
musician to James L, 1607 — goes to the 
Netherlands, 1613 — tf. atLiibeck or Hamburg, 
about 1622 ? 

Bull Run, U.S., — the Federal forces defeated 
by Gen. Beauregard, 21 Jul. 186 1 — second 
defeat of Federals, 30 Aug. 1862. 

Bull, William, statesman, — ft., 1709 — 
member of Council, South Carolina, 1768 — 
Speaker of the Bepresentative Assembly, 1774 
— tf. in London, 4 Jul. 1791. 

Bullant, Jean, architect, sculptor, — ft., pro- 
bably 1520 — charged by Catherine de Medicis 
to build the palace of the Tuileries, 1564 — tf. 
at Ecouen, after i573, a 10 Oct. 1598^ Fteigle 
gcneralle d 'architecture des cinq manieres, §c, 
1564. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Bullart, Izaak, — ft. at Rotterdam, 5 Jan. 
1599 — tf., 17 Apr. 1672. Academie des sciences 
et des arts, 1682. 

Bull-baiting, in Great Britain, — common in 
England, before 1200 — bill to abolish, rejected 
by House of Commons, 1 8 Apr. 1 800, and 24 
May 1 802— prohibited by Act 5 and 6 Wm. IV. 
c. 59, 9 Sep. 1835. 

Buller, Charles, statesman, — ft. at Calcutta, 
1806 — B.A., Cambridge, 1828— M.P. West 
Looe, 1830 — called to the Bar, 1831 — M.P. 
Liskeard, 1832-48 — Secretary to Earl of Dur- 
ham, accompanies him to Canada, 1838 — Se- 
cretary to Board of Control, 1841 — Privy 
Councillor, 1847 — President of Poor Law 
Board, Nov. 1847 — tf. in London, 28 Nov. 
1848. 

Bullet, Jean Baptiste, theologian, philologist, 
—ft. at Besanc,on, 1699 — Prof. Theology there, 
1728 — tf., 6 Sep. 1775. Histoire de V etablisse- 
ment du christianisme, §c, 1764. — Me moires 
sur la langue critique, §c, 1754-59-70. 

Bullet, Pierre, architect, — ft., about 1650 — 
erects the Forte St Martin, 1674 — constructs 
the Quai Telletier, 1673. Architecture pratique, 
§e., 1 69 1. 

Bull-fights, — [B C] — known to Greeks, be- 
fore 300 — introduced at Borne by Julius Ca3sar, 
45 — [A D ] — introduced in Spain by the Moors, 
before 800. [Bull-baiting.] 

Bullialdus. [Boulliau.] 

Bulliard, Pierre, botanist,— %. at Aubepierre, 
24 Nov. 1752 — tf. at Paris, Sep. 1793. Flora 
Farisiensis, 1774 — Herbier de la France, 178c, 



BULLItfGER— BTOSEN. 



249 



1793 — Histoire des plantes ve'ne'neuses de la 
France, 1774. 

Bullinger, Heinrich, theologian, — ft. at 
Bremgarten, 18 Jul. 1504 — studies at Cologne, 
1520 — accompauies Zwingli to conference of 
Berne, 1528 — succeeds Zwingli as pastor there, 
1532 — receives freedom of the city, 1534 — pre- 
vents renewal of Swiss league with Henry II. 
of France, 1549 — tf. at Zurich, 17 Sep. 1575. 

Bullinger, Jean Balthazar, painter, — ft. at 
Langnau, Zurich, 31 Dec, 17 13 — first Prof. 
School of Design there, 1773. 

Bullion, Claude de, statesman, — maitre des 
requetes, hy Henri IV., 1605 — commissioner 
from Marie de Medicis to the Assembly at 
Saumur, 161 1 — at Conference of Soissons, 1614 
— superintendent of finances, 1632 — keeper of 
the seals, by Louis XIII., 1639 — tf., 22 Dec. 
1640. 

Bulls, Papal, in England, — declared void by 
stat. 28 Hen. VIII. c. 16, 1536 — publication 
of, made treason by stat. 13 Eliz. c. 2, 157 1. 
In Austria, without permission, prohibited by 
Joseph II., 178 1. 

Buhner, "William, printer, — ft. at JNWcastle- 
on-Tyne, 1758 — in partnership with Xicol, 
superintends printing of Shakspeare, 1787 — re- 
tires from business, 1819 — tf. at Clapham, 9 
Sep. 1830. Shakspeare, 1791-1805 — Milton, 
1793-7 — Museum Worsleyanum, 1798-1803. 

Biilow, Adam Heinrich Dietrich von, — mili- 
tary writer ', — ft. at Falkenberg, about 1757 — 
enters the army, 1772 — goes to the Netherlands, 
1789 — to America, 1791 — returns, 1792 — in 
England, Dec. 1801 — tf. in prison at Biga, Jul. 
1807. Geist des neuen Kriegssystems, 1799 — 
Geschichte dss Feldzugs von 1800, 1801 — Nunc 
permissum est, 1809. 

Biilow, Friedrich Wilhelm, Count von 
Dennewitz, general, — ft. at Falkenberg, 16 
Feb. 1755 — enters the army, 1769 — tutor of 
Prince Louis Ferdinand, 1792-5 — distinguishes 
himself at siege of Mentz, 1793 — Lieutenant- 
colonel, 1806 — distinguishes himself at Eylau 
and Friedland, 1807 — Major-general, 1807 — 
blockades Stettin, 1813 — defeats the French, 
at Lukau, 4 Jun. 18 13 — at Gross-Boern, 23 
Aug. — at Dennewitz, 6 Sep. — Count von Den- 
newitz, 1 8 1 3 — takes several French towns, 
1 8 14 — Commander- General of Prussian in- 
fantry, and Governor of East Prussia, 18 14 — . 
commands, under Bliicher, in the Netherlands, 
May 1 8 15 — brings up succour at Waterloo, 18 
Jun. 1 8 15 — titular Colonel of Infantry, 1815 
— tf. at Ivonigsberg, 25 Feb. 18 16. 

Biilow, Heinrich, Baron von, statesman, — 
ft. at Schwerin, 1790 — enters the army, 18 13 — 
accompanies, as Secretary of Legation, Wil- 
helm von Humboldt to London, 18 17 — 
ambassador to London, 1827 — to Frankfort, 
1 841 — Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1842-5 — 
tf. at Berlin, 6 Feb. 1846. 

Biilow, Ludwig Friedrich Victor Hans, 
Count von, statesman, — ft. at Espenrode, 14 
Jul. 1774 — enters service of Prussia, 1794— 
President of Chamber of Magdeburg, 1804 — 
Minister of Finance to Jerome, King of West- 
phalia, May 1808 — Minister of Finance to 



king of Prussia, 18 13-17 — tf. at Landek, Aug. 
1825. 

Bulow-Cummerow, Ernst von, publicist, — ft. 
in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 13 Apr. 1775 — set- 
tles in Pomerania, 1802 — tf. at Berlin, 26 Apr. 
1 85 1. Folitische tind Jinanzielle Abhandlung- 
en, 1844-5 — Das Bankwesen, 1846 — Der 
Zollverein, 1846. 

Bulteau, Louis, (Bultellus, Bultellanus,) his- 
torian, — ft. at Bouen, 1625 — secretary to the 
king, 1647-61 — tf. at Paris, 6 Apr. 1693. 
Essai sur V histoire monastique de V Orient, 1678 
— Abre'ge de Vhistoire de St Benoit et des 
moines d' Occident, 1684-94. 

Bulwer, John. Fhilocophus, 1648 — An- 
thropo - metamorphosis, 1653 — Chironomia, 
1644. 

Bulwer-Clayton Treaty, — between Great 
Britain and United States of America, respect- 
ing ship-canal between Atlantic and Pacific, 
signed at Washing-ton, 19 Apr. 1850 — ratified 
there, 4 Jul. 1850. 

Bumaldus. [Montalbani, Ovidio.] 

Bunau, Heinrich, Count von, statesman, 
— ft. at Weissenfels, 2 Jun. 1697 — called to the 
Court of Saxony, 17 17 — Privy Councillor, 
1734 — Count, 1742 — ft. at Ossmanstadt, 7 Apr. 
1762. Deutsche Kaiser- und Feichs-historie, 
1728-43 — Historic des Kriegs zivischen Frank- 
reich, England und Feutschland, 1763-7. 

Bundelcund, Hindustan, — partly ceded to 
the Peishwa, 1734 — partly ceded to E. I. 
Company by the Peishwa, 31 Dec. 1802 — dis- 
turbances in, suppressed, 1809 and 1812 — treaty 
of Poonah signed, 13 Jun. 1817. 

Bunderen, [Bundere,) Jean, {Bundcrius,) 
theologian,— -ft. at Ghent, 148 1 — tf. there, 8 
Jun. 1557. Compendium rerum theologicarum, 
1540 — Fetectio nugarum Lutheri, 155 1. 

Bunel, Pierre, — ft. at Toulouse, 1499 — tf. 
at Turin, 1546. Epistolce, 155 1. 

Eunemann, Johann Ludolph, bibliographer, 
§c, — ft. at Calb, 24 Jun. 1687— tf. at Hanover, 
1 Jul. 1759. F)e bibliothecis Mindensilus an- 
tiquis et novis, 17 19. 

Eunhill Fields, London, — consecrated as a 
cemetery, 1665 — preservation of, provided for, 
by Act 30 and 31 Vic. c. 38, 15 Jul. 1867. 

Buniva, Michel Francois, physician —h. at 
Pignerol, 1761 — M.D.,' Turin, 1781 — Prof, 
there, 1790— Prof. Pathology, 1 801 -14 — ex- 
cluded from Univ. and from Academy of 
Sciences, 18 14 — tf., Oct. 1834. Sur les insectes 
qui ravagent la recolte des ble's, 1793 — Fiscorso 
sulla vaccina, 1805 — Be' diversi metodi delta 
litotrizia, 1833. 

Bunker Hill, near Boston, U. S., — General 
Howe defeats Americans at, 17 Jun. 1775. 

Bunnik, Johan van, painter, — ft. at Utrecht, 
1654— tf., 1717^ 1727-° 
a Biog. UniY. and Biog. "Woordenboek. ° Nagler. 

Bunsen, Christian Carl Josias, Baron, 
philologist, theologian, diplomatist, — ft. at 
Corbach, in Waldeck, 25 Aug. 1791 — studies 
at Marburg, 1808-9 — at Gottingen, 1809-15 
— Ph.D., Jena, 1813 — goes to Berlin, INov. 1815 
— studies at Paris, 18 16 — goes to Florence and 
Borne, 18 16 — marries at Borne, 1 Jul. 18 17 — 



250 



BTJNYAN— BUONTEMPT. 



Secretary to tlie Embassy there, Dec. 1817— 
Counsellor of Legation, Dec. 1822 — Charge 
<T Affaires, Mar. 1823 — Privy Counsellor of 
Legation, Jan. 1828 — Secretary-general to 
Archaeological Institute, 1828 — mediates be- 
tween France and Pome, 1832 — leaves Pome, 
29 Apr. 1838— arrives in England, 25 Aug. 
1838— D.C.L., Oxford, 12 Jun. 1839— am- 
bassador to Swiss Confederacy, Jul. 1839 — 
leaves England, Oct. 1839 — ambassador to Eng- 
land, Jun. 1 84 1 — resigns bis post, Apr. 1854 — 
1 area England, 17 Jun. 1854— created a peer 
for life, 1858— visits Paris, Nov. 1859— tf. at 
Bonn, 28 Nov. i860. Pie Jieilige Peidensge- 
schichte unddiestille Woche, 1841 — Verfassung 
der Kirehe der Zakunft, 1845 — Basiliken des 
ehristlichen Boms, 1843 — Ignatius von Antio- 
chien, §c., 1847 — JEgyptens St rile in der Welt- 
geschichte, 1845 — Hippolytus und seine Zeit, 
1851. 

Bunyan, John, theologian, — b. at Elstow, 
Bedfordshire, 1628 — serves in the Parliament- 
ary army, at tbe siege of Leicester, 1645 — 
joins the Baptists, Bedford, 1653 a — imprisoned 
at Bedford after the Restoration, 1660 — ap- 
pointed pastor, 21 Dec. 1671* — licensed to 
preach, 15 May 1672 — liberated, Oct. 1672 — 
tf. in London, 31 Aug. 1688. Pilgrim's Progress, 
Part L, 1678, Part II., 1684— Holy War, 
1 682 — Grace abounding, 1666 — Posthumous 
Works, 1 69 1. a Offor. 

Euonaccorsi, Blaise, historian, poet. Piario 
de' successi piu importanti, 1568. 

Buonaccorsi, Filippo, {Callimachus Pxpe- 
riens,) historian, — b. in Tuscany, 1437 ? — 
escapes to Poland, about 1473 — ambassador of 
Casimir III. to the Porte, 1475 — to Vienna 
and Venice, i486— his library burnt, 1488 — tf. 
at Cracow, 1 Nov. 1496. Attila, 1489 ? — 
Historia de rcge Vladislav, 15 19. 

Buonacorsi. [Vaga, Perino del.] 

Buonafede, Appiano, philosopher, — ft. at 
Comachio, 17 16 — enters Celestine Order, at 
Bologna, 17 34— Abbot, 1752— tf. at Rome, 17 
Dec. 1793. Ritrattiti poetici, 1745 — La Storia 
critica e filosofica del suicidio, 1761 — Istoria cd 
indole di ognifdosofia, 1785. 

Buonamici, Castruccio, historian, — b. at 
Lucca, 18 Oct. 17 10 — distinguishes himself 
in war of Velletri, 1744 — receives cross of the 
Order of Malta, 1754 — tf., 22 Feb. or 6 Mar. 
1 76 1. Pc rebus ad Velitras gestis commen- 
torius, 1746 — Commentarii de bello Palico, 
1750-1. 

Buonamici, Francesco, physician, Prof. 
Philosophy, Pisa,— Is.} 1604. Pc viotu, 159 1 — 
Pc alimentis, 1603. 

Buonamici, Lazaro, — b. at Bassano, 1479 — 
goes to Rome, 1525 — Prof. Greek and Latin 
Eloquence, Padua, 1530 — tf. there, 11 Feb. 
1552. Carmina, 1552 — Concetti della lingua 
latina, 1562. 

Buonamico di Oristofano. [Buffalmaco.l 

Buonanni, Filippo, Jesuit, naturalist, — rj. 
:i f Homo, 7 Jan. 1638 — tf. there, 30 Mar. 1725. 
Ricreatione del occhio, $-c, 1681 — Histoire de 
Viglisedu Vatican, 1696. 

Buonanni, Giacomo, antiquary, — fj. at Syra- 



cuse, about 1600 — tf., 1636. P Antica Siracusa 
illustrata, 1624. 

Buonarroti, Filippo, antiquary, — fj. at Flor- 
ence, 1661 — tf., 8 Dec. 1733. 

Buonarroti, Michel Angelo, {Michelagnolo,) 
sculptor, painter, §c, — b. at Castel Caprese, 
near Arezzo, 6 Mar. (1474, o. s.) 1475 — begins 
to study under Domenico Ghirlandajo, 1 Apr. 
1488— removes to Bologna, 1492 — returns to 
Florence, 1494 — visits Rome, 1499-1501 — 
competes in painting with Leonardo da Vinci, 
{Cartoon of Pisa,) 1503-6 — his statue of Pavid 
erected at Florence, 1504 — invited to Rome by 
Julius II., 150401* 1505 — returns to Florence, 
1505 — reconciled to Julius at Bologna, middle 
of Nov. 1506 — returns to Rome, 1508 — com- 
mences the cartoons for the Sistine Chapel, 
1509 — completes the frescoes on the ceiling, 
1 5 1 2 — employed by Leo X. to rebuild the church 
of St Lorenzo, at Florence, after 15 13 — exe- 
cutes the fresco of the Past Judgment, 1533-41 
— succeeds Antonio da San Gallo, as architect 
of St Peter's, 1546 — executes the frescoes of 
the Paolina, 1549 — tf. at Rome, 17 Feb. 
(1563, o. s.) 1564. 

Buonarroti, Michel Angelo, the Younger, — 
fj. at Florence, 1568 — member of Academy, 
1585 — tf., 11 Jan. 1646. 

Buondelmonti, Giuseppe Maria, miscel- 
laneous writer, — b. at Florence, 13 Sep. 17 13 
— tf. at Pisa, 7 Feb. 1757. 

Buonfigli, Giuseppe Constant, historian, — 
tf., about 1613. Storia de Sicilia, 1613 — Mes- 
sina, 1606. 

Buoni, Jacopo Antonio, philosopher, phy- 
sician, — 0. at Ferrara, 1527 — tf., 17 Aug. 1587. 
Pel terremoto, §c, 157 1. 

Buoni, Silvestro de, painter, — tf., about 
1480. 

Buonincontro, Lorenzo, — b. at San Miniato, 
23 Feb. 141 1 — wounded at combat of Monte- 
fiascone, 1436 — at Rome, 1450 — at Naples, 
1456 — recalled to Florence, 1474 — settles at 
Rome, 1489 — tf. there, ? 1501. Commentaria 
in C, Manilii astronomicon, 1474 — Serum na- 
turalium et divinarum libri III^, 1540. 

Buonmattei, Benedetto, grammarian, — fj. 
at Florence, 9 Aug. 158 1 — member of Academy, 
1605 — takes orders, 1608 — Secretary to Acade- 
my Della Crusca, 1626 — rector of College of 
Pisa, 1632 — tf. at Florence, 27 Jan. 1647. 
Pella lingua Toscana, 17 14. 

Buono, architect, sculptor, — erects the cam- 
panile of St Mark, Venice, 1154. 

Buono, Bartolomeo, architect, — erects church 
of St Roch, Venice, 1495 — restores campanile 
of St Mark, 15 10 — tf., 1529. 

Buono, Paolo del, natural philosopher, — b. 
at Florence, 1625 — tf. at Vienna, 1662. 

Buontalenti, Bernardo, {dalle Girandole,) 
painter, scidptor, architect, — b. at Florence, 
x 53 6 — accompanies the Prince Francesco to 
Spain, 1563 — engineer in service of Duke of 
Alba, 1556— tf., 6 Jun. 1608. 

Buontempi, Gian-Andrea, (Angelini,) mu- 
sical composer, $c, — b. at Perugia, about 1630 
— musical director to Elector of Saxony, 1 654- 
94 — tf., after 1697. 



BUPALUS— BURGHE. 



251 



Bupalus, sculptor and architect, — [B C] — fi., 
about 540, a 500. b a Engl. Cyc. b Smith's Diet. 

Buraeus. [Bure.] 

Buratti, Pietro, satirist, — 6. at Bologna, 
about 1778— ft., 1822. 

Burcard, Johann Balthazar, theologian, — 
fc. at Basel, 17 10 — Prof. Rhetoric there, 1733 
— Prof. Hebrew, 1738 — Prof. Theology, 1740- 
79— ft., 1779. Bissertatio de Jadais Veteris 
Testamenti falso insimulatis, §c., 1732. 

Burchard, St, — accompanies St Boniface in 
Germany, 732 — envoy of Pepin le Bref to 
the Pope, 752 — Bp of "Wurzburg, by Pepin, 
about 752 — resigns, 790 — ft. at Hoymburg, 9 
Feb. 792, 

Burchard, (Bouchard,) canonist, — Bp of 
"Worms, by Otto III., 1006 or 1008 — assists 
at Council of Seligenstadt, 1022. Magnum 
volumen canonum, 1548. 

Burchard, Bp of Halberstadt, — Bp of 
Halberstadt, by Henry IV., 1060 — envoy to 
Rome, 1 06 1 — rebels against the Emperor, 1073. 

Burchard. [Brocard.] 

Burchelati, Bartolomeo, philosopher, §c, 
— h. at Trevisa, about 1548 — M.D., Padua, 
1572? — founds Academy de' Burchelata or 
de' Cospiranti, 1585 — }r., 29 Sep. 1632. Com- 
mentariorum memorabilium historice Tarvisina, 
16 1 6 — Charitas, §c, 1593. 

Burchiello, Domenico, poet,— if. at Florence, 
or Bibbiena, 1380 ? — ft. at Borne, 1448. Li 
Sonetti di Burchiello, 1475. 

Burckhard, Franz, statesman, — ft. at Bonn, 
6 Aug. 1584. Be autonomia, 1586. 

Burckhard, Jacob, bibliographer, $c, — 6. at 
Sulzbach, 168 1 — ft. at Wolfenbiittel, 23 Aug. 
1753. Vita equit. Ulrici de Hutten, 1717-23 — 
Histor. biblioth. augustce qua Wolfenbiittel est, 
1744-6. 

Burckhard, Johann Heinrich, botanist, §c, 
— fj. at Wolfenbiittel, 1672— ft., 1738. JDe 
charactere plantar, naturali, 1702. 

Burckhardt, Johann Karl, astronomer, — fj. 
at Leipsic, 30 Apr. 1773 — assistant to Lalande, 
1797 — naturalized in France, assistant to Board 
of Longitude, 1799 — obtains prize of the In- 
stitute, 1800— ft. at Paris, 21 Jun. 1825. Table 
des diviseurs pour tous les nombres du l er , 2 e , et 
3 e million, §c, 1817 — Table de la lune, 1812. 

Burckhardt, Johann Ludwig, traveller, — fj. 
at Lausanne, 24 Nov. 1784 — introduced to Sir 
Joseph Banks, 1806 — embarks for the East, 2 
Mar. 1809 — returns to Aleppo, 1 Jan. 18 n — 
discovers Petra, 18 12 — sets out from Cairo for 
Nubia, Feb. 181 3 — visits Mecca, 18 14, and 
Medina, 1815— ft. at Cairo, i5, a 17 b Oct. 1817. 
Travels in Nubia, 181 9 — in Syria, 1822 — in 
Arabia, 1829. a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. 

Burdett, Sir Francis, Bart., politician, — fc., 
25 Jan. 1770 — marries Miss Coutts, 1793 — 
M.P. Boroughbridge, 1796 — succeeds to the 
Baronetcy, 1797 — M.P. Middlesex, 1802-4 — 
M.P. "Westminster, 1807-37 — committed to the 
Tower, 18 10 — prosecuted for his letter respect- 
ing the meeting at Manchester, imprisoned and 
fined, 1819 — M.P. Wiltshire, 1837— ft. in 
London, 23 Jan. 1844. 

Bure, (Burccus,) Andreas, geographer, — fj. 



in Sweden, 157 1 — envoy to Russia, 1634— 
member of the Department of War, 1640 — ft., 
1646. Ot*bis Arctoi, $•<?., 1626. 

Bure, (Burceus,) Johan, antiquary, §c, — b. 
in Sweden, 1568 — ft., 22 Oct. 1652. Buna 
Kdnslones Ldrospan, 1599 — Libellus alpha- 
betarius runicus, 1608 — Buna Bedux, §c, 
1636. 
Bure, Guillaume Francois de. [Debure.] 
Bureaux de Pusy, Jean Xavier, — fj. at 
Port-sur-Saone, 1750 — deputy to Constituent 
Assembly, 1790— arrested by Austrians, 1792- 
97 — g° es t° America, 1797 — recalled to France, 
1799 — ft., 2 Feb. 1806. 

Burette, Pierre Jean, physician, miscel- 
laneous writer, — 6. at Paris, 21 Nov. 1665 — 
doctor regent, 1690 — first Prof. Materia Medica, 
1698 — member of Academy of Inscriptions, 
1705 — assistant in tbe Royal Library, 1718 — 
ft., 19 May 1747. Joint editor of the Journal 
des Savants, 1706-36, 

Burford, in Oxfordshire, — Ethelbald, king 
of Mercia, defeated by Cuthred, king of Wessex, 
752. 

Burg, Adrian van der, painter, — fj. at Dort, 
1693— ft., 30 May 1733. 

Burg, Johann Tobias, astronomer, — 6. at 
Vienna, 24 Dec. 1766 — Prof. Astronomy, 
Klagenfurth, 179 1 — assistant director of Ob- 
servatory, Vienna, 1792 — obtains prize of the 
Institute of France, 1798— retires, 18 19 — ft. 
near Klagenfurth, 25 Nov. 1834.. 

Burger, Gottfried August, poet, — h. at 
Wolmerswende, Halberstadt, 1 Jan. 1748 — 
studies at Gottingen, 1768 — ft., 8 Jun. 1794. 
Edits Almanack der Musen, 1779 — Gedichte, 
1796-7. 

Burgermeister De Deyzisan, Johann Ste- 
phan, jurist, — fj. at Geislingen, 10 Dec. 1663 
— LL.D., Tubingen, 1691 — Councillor, by 
Charles VI., 17 18 — ft., 1722. Bibliotheca 
Lquestris, 1720. 

Burgersdyck, Franco Petri, philosopher, — 
fj. near Delft, 3 May 1590 — Prof. Logic and 
Morals, Leyden, 1620 — Prof. Natural Philoso- 
phy, 1628 — ft., 19 Feb. 1629^ i635. b Idea 
philosophies moralis, 1626 — Idea philosophic 
naturalis, 1626 — Institutions logicce, 1626. 
a Biog. Univ. b Biog. "Woorclenboek. 

Burgesses, in England, — summoned to 
Parliament, by De Montfort, 1265. 

Burggrave, Johann Ernst, physician. Bio- 
lychnium, §c, 1610 — Be electro philosophorum 
magico-physico, 161 1 — Introductio in philoso- 
phiam vitalem, 16 12. 

Burggrave, Johann Philipp, physician, — fj. 
at Darmstadt, 1 Sep. 1700 — ft. at Frankfort, 
5 Jun. 1775. Lexicon medicum universale, 
A.-B., 1733 — Be existentia spirituum nervo- 
sorum, 1725. 

Burgh, James, miscellaneous xoriter, — fj. in 
Perthshire, 17 14 — ft. at Islington, 26 Aug. 
1775. Britain's Bemembrancer, 1745 — Crito, 
§c, 1766-*] — Bolitical Bisquisitions, 1774-5. 

Burghe, Hubert de, Earl of Kent, — 
royal chamberlain to King John, 1 199 — charged 
with custody of Prince Artbur at Falaise, 1203 
— Seneschal of Poitou, 12 14 — negotiates the 



2 5 2 



BTJEGHEES-BUBGUNDY. 



truce with France, Oct. 12 14 — present at the 
signing of Magna Charta, 15 Jun. 1215 — named 
Chief Justiciary, Jun. 12 15 — defends Dover 
Castle against the Dauphin and the Barons, 
Jun. 1 2 16— defeats the French fleet, 24 Aug. 
1 2 1 7 — regent of England, with Peter des 
Eoches, May 12 19 — takes part in siege and 
capture of Bedford Castle, Jun. to Aug. 1224— 
sole regent, Feb. 1227 — Earl of Kent, 1227 — 
deprived and imprisoned, 1232 — escapes to 
Wales, Oct. 1232 — admitted to the king's 
peace, 28 May 1234 — ft. at Banstead, Surrey, 

1*43- 

Burghers and Antiburghers,— dispute be- 
tween, begins, 1745 — union of, in United As- 
sociate Synod of the Secession Church, 1820. 

Burgkmair, Hans or Johann, painter, en- 
graver,— 6. at Augsburg, 1474— rj., 1559. 

Burgos, in Spain, — founded by Diego de 
Torcelos, 884 a — ceases to be capital of Castile, 
1085 a — first institution of popular represent- 
ation in Castile, 1169 — taken by French, 10 
]S T ov. 1808 — citadel of, unsuccessfully besieged 
by Wellington, Sep. 1812 — taken by him, Jun. 
1813 — fortifications destroyed by French, Jun. 
1 8 1 3 — assassination of civil governor, by mob 
of priests, 25 Jan. 1869. Councils of, 1080 and 
1 1 36. University, founded, 1550 — -restored, 
1776 — now extinct. Cathedral, commenced, 
20 Jul. 1 22 1 a — western facade, 1442 b — fall of 
the transept, 3 Mar. 1539 a — new transept com- 
pleted, 4 Dec. 1567^ a Ford. b Fergusson. 

Burgoyne, John, general, — as brigadier- 
general commands British troops in Portugal, 
1762 — sent to Canada, 1775 — commands against 
the Americans, 1777 — -capitulates to -Gen. 
Gates, at Saratoga, dismissed the service, 1779 
— M.P., 17 8 1 — restored to his rank in the 
army, and appointed Commander-in-chief in 
Ireland, 1782— tr. in London, 4 Aug. 1792. 

Burgsdorf, Friedrich August Ludwig von, 
naturalist, — ft. at Leipsic, 23 Mar. 1747 — rj. 
at Berlin, 19 Jun. 1802. Forsthandbuch, 1788 
— Versuch einer vollstandigen Geschichte der 
vorziiglichsfen Ilohartcn, §c., 1783-1800. 
_ Burgundian Code, (Loi Gombef.te,)—-puh- 
lished by Gundibald, at Lyons, 502. 

Burgundian Cross, Order of the, — instituted 
by Charles V., 22 Jul. 1535. 

Burgundians, Kingdom of the,— driven from 
their seats on the Vistula by the Gepidse, 245 — 
pass the Ehine, 275— driven back by Probus, 
277— reenter Gaul and are expelled by Max- 
imilian Hercules, 287 — part of them again 
cross the Rhine, under Gundicar, 406 — the 
others join them, 413 — Gundicar made king, 
413 or 414 — Aetius defeats them, 435 — de- 
feated and Gundicar slain by the Huns, on the 
Rhine, about 436 — Gundioc [Gtmderic) 
succeeds his father, 436 — assist Aetius against 
the Huns at Chalons, 451 — defeat the Suevi, 
456— invade Roman Empire, 457 — Chilpekic 
Bhares the kingdom with his father, 466 — suc- 
" eds him, 467, 473 or 476 — revolt of his son 
Gundebald, 477 — massacre of Chilperic and his 
family by Gundebald, who succeeds, about 
491— hf invades tin; JEmilia and Liguria, 491 
or 492— his niece Clotilda married to Clovis, 



493 — invade Italy, 494 — Clovis defeats Gunde- 
bald near Dijon, 500 — the Burgundian Code, 
{Loi Gombette,) published at Lyons, 502 — 
alliance of Clovis and Theodoric against Gunde- 
bald, about 506 — of Clovis and Gundebald 
against Theodoric, 507 — Sigismund succeeds 
on death of his father, 516 — is defeated and 
captured with his family by Clodomir, king of 
Orleans, 523 — put to death by him, 524 — suc- 
ceeded by his brother Godomar, {Gundemar,) 
523 — he defeats and kills Clodomir at Vese- 
ronce, 524 — invasion of Burgundy by Clo- 
taire and Childebert, 532 ? — disappearance of 
Godomar, and end of the ancient kingdom, 
534- 

Burgundio, {Borgondio,) Horatio, Jesuit, 
mathematician, — b. at Brescia, 1679 — rj., 
Eector of Eoman College, 1 Mar. 1741. Map- 
parum constructio, $•<?., 17 18 — Telescopium Geo- 
deticum, 1728 — Constructio calendarii Grego- 
riani, 1739. 

Burgundius, {Bourgoigne,) Nicolas, Count 
Palatine, historian, jurist, §c, — b. at Enghien, 
29 Sep. 1586 — Prof. Civil Law, Ingolstadt, 
1627 — member of Council of Brabant, 1639 — 
tj., 1639. Foemata, 1621—Sistoria Bavarica, 
1629 — Historia Belgica, 1629— Ad consuetu- 
dines Flandrice tractatus, 1634-5. 

Burgundus, {A. Burgundia, Antoine de 
Bourgogne,) — b. at Bruges, about 1594 — tf., 
1657. Lingace vitia et remedia emblematice 
expressa, 1631 — Mundi lapis Lydius, §c., 1639. 

Burgundy, Kingdom of, — Gontran, son of 
Clotaire, takes title of Xing of Burgundy, 561 
— the Lombards invade, 571 — and are defeated 
by the patrician Mommolus, 572, 573, 574, a or 
576 b — Childebert, son of Sigebert, king of 
Austrasia, adopted by Gontran, 577 — succeeds 
him, 593 — succeeded by his son Theodoric, 
{Thierry,) 596 — the kingdom becomes province 
of France on his death, 613 — divided between 
sons of Louis le Debonnaire, 843 — between 
sons of Lothaire, 855. 

a Plancher. c Pagi and Muratori. 

Burgundy, or Aries, Kingdom of, — Eudole 
first King of Aries, 933 — succeeded by his son 
Conrad the Peaceful, 937 — he gets rid of 
Saracens and Hungarians by stratagem, about 
950 — his son Budolf III. succeeds, 993 — • 
present at coronation of Emperor Conrad, 
Easter 1027 — confers his kingdom on Conrad 
by treaty made at Basel, 1027 — death of 
Budolf III., 1032 — Conrad elected king, 1033 
[Conrad, Emperor,~] — the kingdom forms part 
of the empire. 

Burgundy, or Provence, Kingdom of, — 
Charles, third son of Lothaire, becomes king of 
Provence, 855 — and dies, 863 — Boso, son of 
Theodoric L, Count of Autun, receives Provence 
from Emperor, 879, 877 a — tr., Apr. 887 — Louis 
the Blind, son of Boso, is crowned at Valence, 
890 — Hugo, Count of Provence, administrator, 
923 — death of Hugo, and end of the kingdom 
of Provence, 24 Apr. 947. a Bryce. 

Burgundy Transjurane, Upper Burgundy, 
Kingdom of,— Eudolf I., son of Conrad the 
younger, Count of Auxerre, recognized King by 
Emperor Arnulf, 888— succeeded by his son 



BURGUNDY. 



253 



Rudolf II., 911 or 912 — lie invades Italy, and 
is proclaimed King of Italy at Milan, 922 — 
defeats Berenger at Fiorenzuola, 923 — again, 
29 Jul. 923 — conspiracy against him, and he 
retires from Italy, 926 — invades Suabia, and 
acquires Basel, 927 — treaty with Hugo, king 
of Italy, and reunion of Provence to the kingdom 
of Burgundy, 933. 

Burgundy, Circle of, — established by 
Charles V., as administrative division of the 
Empire, 1548. 

Burgundy, County of, {Tipper Burgundy, 
Frauche-Comte',) — Hugh the Black, son of 
Richard the Justiciary, is first Count, 915 — 

GlSELBERT, 952 — LETALDUS, 95 I — AlBEEI- 

cus, son of Letaldus, associated with his father, 
952 — probably succeeds him, about 971 — 
Letaldus II. succeeds his father Albericus, 
975 — Albericus II., 979 — Otto, (Otto-Wil- 
liam,) son of Adalbert, king of Lombardy, 
about 995 — he contends for the duchy with 
King Robert, 1002 — Renaud I., son of Otto, 
1027 — he refuses to do homage to Henry III., 
king of Germany, 1038 and 1043— defeated by 
Count of Montbeliard, 1044— does homage, 
1045 a , at Solothurn, 1047 b — succeeded by his 
son, William I. the Great, 1057 — he receives 
Emperor Henry IV. at Besancon, and escorts 
him to Savoy, Christmas 1076 — Renaud II., 
his son, 1087 — sets out on crusade and dies, 
succeeded by his son, "William II. the German, 
1097^ 1099 b — William III. the Infant, son 
of William II., 1707 b — Renaud III., grand- 
son of William the Great, 11 27 — he refuses 
homage to Lothaire, is proscribed, and his 
estates given to Conrad, Duke of Zdhringen, 
nz'] — war with Conrad for several years; 
Renaud made prisoner, but set free and re- 
stored ; refuses homage to Conrad III., 1 138 — 
his daughter, Beatrice I., succeeds, 1148 — she 
marries the Emperor, Frederick I., at Wurz- 
burg, 1 156— death of Beatrice, at Spire, 15 
Nov. 1 1 85 — Frederick gives county to his 
son Otto, and makes Besanc.on imperial city, 
1 1 89— death of Frederick, 1190 — Beatrice 

II. succeeds her father Otto, 1200 — she mar- 
ries Otto II. or III. the Great, Marquis of 
Istria, 1208 — the county mortgaged to 
Theobald, Count of Champagne, 1227 — Otto 

III. or IV., about 1234 — Alice or Meranie, 
his sister, and Hugh of Chalons, 1248 — death 
of Hugh, 1266 —on death of Alice, her son, 
Otto IV. or V., succeeds, 1279 — succeeded by 
his son, Otto V., 1303 — Jane I. and Philip 
the Tall, 13 15 — Jane II. and Eudes (Otto) 
IV., (Duke of Burgundy,) 1330 — Philip de 
Rouvre, 1347 — Margaret of France, 1361 — 
Louis de Male, 1382 — united with the Duchy 
of Burgundy, under Philip the Bold, 1384 — 
annexed to crown of France, 1678.° 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Erscli and Gruber. 
c Bryce. 
Burgundy, Duchy of, (Lower Burgundy,) 
— Richard the Justiciary made Duke by Charles 
the Bald, 877^ 888 d — he takes Vienne after 
two years' siege, 882— joins confederation in 
favour of Charles the Simple, 893 — obtains 
victory over Normans near Argenteuil, 898 — 



his son Ralph (Raoul) succeeds, 92i, a 922 d — 
he is elected King of France and cedes duchy 
to Giselbert, (Gislebert,) 923 — Hugh the 
Black and Hugh the Great dispute the pos- 
session of, 936 — devastated by Hungarians, 
937 — divided by treaty between Giselbert and 
the two Hughs, 938— Giselbert cedes his share 
to his son-in-law Otto, 943/ 956 b (?) — Hugh 
the Black cedes his to Hugh the Great, 943 — 
death of Hugh the Black, 17 Dec. 952 — death 
of Giselbert, 8 Apr. 956 — death of Hugh the 
Great, 18 May or 15 Jun. 956 — his son Otto 
succeeds him, 956 — succeeded by his brother, 
Henry the Great, 965 — made proprietary 
Duke by his brother, Hugh Capet, king of 
France, 987 — death of Henry, 1002,'' 997,° 
iooi, cd 1003 c - — the title disputed between 
Otto, (Otto-William,) adopted son of Henry 
and King Robert, 1003-15 — treaty by which 
Robert takes the duchy, and Otto the county 
of Dijon ; Robert makes his son Henry Duke, 
1 015 — Henry is crowned King of France, 
1027 — transfers duchy to his brother Robert, 
1032, a 1031 d — his son, Hugh I., succeeds on 
his death, 1075— Eudes L, (Borel,) brother of 
Hugh, 1078 — assists Alfonso VI. of Castile 
and Leon against the Saracens, Jul. 1087 — 
sets out for the crusade, 1097 — tf. in Palestine, 
and is succeeded by his son, Hugh II., the 
Peaceful, 1102 — whose son, Eudes II., suc- 
ceeds, 1 142 — Hugh III., son of Eudes, 1162 — 
embarks with Philip Augustus for Palestine, 
1 190 — assists at taking of Acre, Jul. 1191 — 
assists at battle of Ascalon, 1192 — tf. at Tyre, 
1 193 — his son, Eudes III., succeeds, 1193 — 
he assists at Court of Peers which condemns 
John, king of England, for murder of Prince 
Arthur, 30 Apr. 1205 — takes part in crusade 
against Albigenses, May 1209 — his son, Hugh 
IV., succeeds, 121 8 — he acquires by exchange 
the counties of Chalons and Auxonne, 1237 — 
goes to Palestine, 1239 — accompanies St Louis 
to Egypt, 1248— acquires from Baldwin II. 
the kingdom of Thessalonica, 1265 — succeeded 
by his son, Robert II., end of 1272 — he assists 
at assembly at the Louvre respecting preten- 
sions of Boniface VIII. , 13 Jun. 1303 — suc- 
ceeded by his son, Hugh V., 1305 — whose 
brother, Eudes IV., succeeds on his death, 13 15 
— becomes Count of Burgundy and Artois, 
1330 — contributes* to victory of Montcassel, 22 
Aug. 1328 — with the Count of Armagnac de- 
fends St Omer against Robert d' Artois, 1340 
— treaty of alliance with Amadeus VI., Count 
of Savoy, 16 Jun. 1347 — succeeded by his 
grandson, Philip de Rouvre, 1350 — the Eng- 
lish ravage the duchy, 1356-60 — on death of 
Philip de Rouvre the succession disputed be- 
tween Charles, king of Navarre, the king of 
France, and Edward, Count of Bar, Nov. 1361. 
Dukes of the Second Race : Philip the Bold, 
son of John, king of France, made Lieutenant- 
general in Burgundy, 27 Jun. 1363 — Duke, 6 
Sep. 1363 — John ' Sans Peur,' (son,) 1404 — ■ 
his son, Philip the Good, succeeds, 141 9 — suc- 
ceeded by his son, Charles the Bold, 1467 — ■ 
whose daughter Mary succeeds, 1477 — she 
marries Maximilian, (afterwards Archduke,) 



254 



BURGUS— BURMANX. 



Aug. 1477 — is succeeded by her daughter Mak- 
gahet, Mar. 1482 — who is betrothed to the 
Dauphin, (Charles,) at Amboise, 23 Jun. 1483 
— Charles VIII. recognized as sovereign, Dec. 
1483 — he marries Anne of Brittany, 1491 — 
treaty of Senlis, 23 May 1493 — Philip the 
Fair, son of Maximilian and Mary, becomes 
sovereign, Aug. 1493 — Margaret of Austria 
again, 1506— Charles V., 1530— the province 
conquered by Louis XIV., i674, a i678. d 
:i Art de* Verifier les Dates. •, b Mabillon. 
c Other authorities. d Ersch and Gruber. 

Burgus. [Borgo.] 
Buri. [Bury.j 

Burial, — expanse of, regulated by Constitu- 
tion of Justinian, 537 — in England, in woollen 
cloth, ordered by stat. 18 Car. II. c. 4, 1666, 
and 30 Car. II. c. 3, 1678— registers of, ap- 
pointed by 30 Car. II. c. 3, 1678 — regulated 
by Acts 3*2 Car. II. c. 1, 1680, and 54 Geo. 
III. c. 108, 23 Jul. 1 8 14 — tax on, imposed by 
Act 6 and 7 Wra III. c. 6, 1694; and con- 
tinued by Act 8 and 9 ¥m III. c. 20, s. 14, 
1696-7 — f Registration] — intramural, pro- 
hibited in London, by Act 15 and 16 Tic. c. 
85, 1 Jul. 1852 — in England and Wales, by 
Act 16 and 17 Vic. c. 134, 20 Aug. 1853 — m 
Scotland, bv Act 18 and 19 Vic. c. 68, 23 Jul. 
1S55— in Ireland, by Act 19 and 20 Vic. c. 98, 
29 Jul. 1856 — of persons in Ireland not be- 
longing to Established Church, law respecting, 
amended by Act 31 and 32 Vic. c. 103, 31 Jul. 
1868. 

Buridan, Jean, philosopher, — Regent of 
Univ. of Paris, 1320 ? — deputy from Univ. to 
Philip of Valois, 1345 — If., after 1358. Quces- 
tiones sapor X. libros Ethicorum Aristotelis, 
15 1 8 — In Aristotelis metaphysial, 15 18. 

Eurigny, Jean Levesque de, miscellaneous 
writer, — b. at Rheims, 1692 — goes to Paris, 
17 1 3 — member of Academy of Inscriptions, 
1756— "0. at Paris, 8 Oct. 1785. Traite de V 
autoriti du pope, 1720 — Histoire de la philoso- 
phic pdienne, 1724 — Vie de Grotius, 1750 — ■ 
Vie d'Erasme, 1757 — edits V Europe Savante, 
1718-20. 

Burke, Edmund, statesman, — b. at Dublin, 
1 Jan. 1730, 1728 P — enters Trin. Coll., Dub- 
lin, 14 Apr. 1744 — enters Middle Temple, Lon- 
don, 23 Apr. 1747— B.A., 1748 — comes to 
London, 1750 — M.A., 1751 — marries, spring 
projects the Annual Register, 1758 — 
apanies Chief Secretary Hamilton to 
id, 1 761 — receives a pension, Apr. 1763 
— returns to London, 1764 — member of the 
t '>, 1764— resigns his pension, Apr. 
1765 — private secretary to Lord Rockingham, 
Jul. 1765 — M.l*. Wendover, 1765— his first 
speech, 14 Jan, 1766— agent for State of New 
York, 177 1 — makes his speech on American 
taxation, 19 Apr. 1774— M. P. Bristol, summer 
1774 -M.I\ Milton, 1780 — Paymaster-general 
Privy Councillor, spring 1782 — retires, Jul. 
1782 — again Paymaster-general, Feb. to Dec. 
1 7 S3 — Eector of Glasgow Univ., 10 Apr. 1784 
— conducts prosecution of Warren Hastings, 
-94 — LL.D., 1791— the 'Dagger Scene,' 
>T. 1792 — retires from parliament, Jun. 



1794 — loses his only son, 2 Aug. 1794 — re- 
ceives a pension, 1795 — if. at Beaconsfield, 9 
Jul. 1797. Vindication of Natural Society, 
1756 — Inquiry into Origin of our Ideas of the 
Sublime and Beautiful, 1756 — Thoughts on the 
cause of Present Discontents, 1773 — Reflections 
on the French Revolution, Nov. 1790 — Thoughts 
on a Regicide Eeace, 1796. 

Eurlamaqui, Jean Jacques, jurist, — b. at 
Geneva, 19 Jul. 1694 — Prof. Law there, 1723- 
40 — member of Sovereign Council, 1740-48 — ■ 
if., 3 Apr. 1748. Erincipes du droit nature!, 
1747 — Erincipes du droit politique, 1751. 

Burleigh, William Cecil, Baron, statesman, 
— h. at Bourne, Lincolnshire, 13 Sep. 1520 — ■ 
enters Cambridge Univ., 1535 — at Gray's Inn, 
1541 — introduced at Court, 1541 — Custos Bre- 
vium, about 1546 — Master of Bequests to the 
Protector Somerset, 1547 — present at battle of 
Musselburgh, 10 Sep. 1547 — Secretary of State, 
1548 — committed to the Tower, 1549 — restored 
to office, Oct. 155 1 — Knt, member of Privy 
Council, 155 1 — resigns office, 1553 — M.P. Lin- 
colnshire, 1555 — Secretary of State, Privy 
Councillor, 1558 — Master of the "Wards, 156 1 — 
Baron Burleigh, 157 1 — Knt of the Garter, 
1572 — Lord High Treasurer, 1572 — If., 4 May 
1598. 

Burley, Gauthier, (Doctor planus,) scholastic 
philosopher, — b. at Oxford, 1275 — tf., 1357. 
Be vita et moribus philosophorum, 1477. 

Burlingame, Anson, diplomatist, — b. in N. 
York State, 1822 — senator of Massachusetts, 
about 1850 — ambassador to Pekin, 1861 — • 
enters into service of China, and is sent special 
ambassador to the Great Powers, to procure re- 
vision of treaty of 1859; first, to U. S., Dec. 
1867 — to England, Sep. 1868 — to France, 
early in 1869 — to Eussia, 1869 — ft. at St 
Petersburg, 23 Feb. 1870. 

Burlington Fine Arts Club, London, — 
established, 1867. 

Burlington Heights, in New Jersey, U.S., — ■ 
the British defeat the Americans at, 6 Jun. 1 8 1 3. 
Burlington House, London,- — built, about 
1665 — remodelled, 1720 — transferred to Eoyal 
Academy, 1868 — colonnade and gateway re- 
moved, 1869. 

Eurlton, Peter Henry, geographer, — Lieu- 
tenant . of artillery, Bengal ; employed to 
unite the Brahmapootra and the Ganges, 1825-9 
— massacred, 1829. 

Burmah. [Birman Empire.] 
Burmania, Bouwe Bothnia van, naturalist, 
- — tf., 1726. Ee MetJwdo ratiocinandi de more 
cceli dubio, 17 13 — Nicuice Manier en Onderstel- 
linge over JVeer, 17 15. 

Burmann, Eric, mathematician, — b. in West 
Gothland, 23 Sep. 1692 — assistant Prof. Mathe- 
matics, Upsala, 1 7 19 — member of Eoyal Society 
of Sweden, 1728 — tf., 2 Kov. 1729. Specimen 
academician de Triade harmonia, 1727. 

Burmann, Franz, theologian, — h. at Ley- 
den, i628, a 1632 b — Prof. Theology, Utrecht, 
1662 c — Prof. Church History, 167 1 — "if., 12 
Nov. 1679. Synopsis theologica, 1671 — Ora- 
tiones, 1700. a yjiog. rjniv. 

b Chalmers. c Ersch and Gruber. 



BURMANN— BURR. 



*55 



Burmann, (Bormann.) Gottlob Wilhelm, 
poet, — b- in Lusace, 18 May 1737 — "0. at Ber- 
lin, 5 Jan. 1805. Gedichte ohne den Buchstaben 
R. t 178 8 — Fabeln und Erzdhlungen, 1769 — Lie- 
der in drei BUchern, 1774. 

Burmann, Jan, botanist, $c,, — b. at Amster- 
dam, 26 Apr. 1706— Prof. Botany there, 1738 
— if., 1780. Thesaurus Zeylandicus, fte., 1737 
— Africanarionplantarum decades decern, 17 38-9. 

Burmann, Kaspar, historian, — rj. at Leyden, 
22 Aug. 1755. Hadrianus VI., §c, 1727 — 
Trajectum erudition, 1738 — Utrechtsche Jaar- 
boe/cen, §c, 1 750-1. 

Burmann, Nicolas Laurent, botanist, §e., — 
b. at Amsterdam, 1734 — Prof. Botany, Amster- 
dam, 1780 — tf., 1793. Flora Indice, 1768. 

Burmann, Pieter, philologist, — b. at U- 
trecht, 6 Jul. 1668— LL.D., 1688— Prof. His- 
tory and Eloquence, Utrecht, 1696 — visits 
Paris, 17 14 — Prof. History, Eloquence, &c, 
Leyden, 17 15 — rj. there, 31 Mar. 1741. De 
vectigalibus populi Eomani, 1694 — editions of 
Ovid, 1756 — Virgil, 1746 — Quintilian, 1720 — 
Sylloges epistolarum a viris illustribus scrip- 
tar ion, 1717. 

Burmann, Pieter, philologist, — b. at Amster- 
dam, 13 Oct. 1714^ i7i3 b — Prof. Eloquence 
and History, Franeker, 1735 — Prof. Poetry, 
1 741 — Prof. History and Languages, Amster- 
dam, 1742 — Prof. Poetry, 1744 — keeper of public 
library, 1752 — inspector of Gymnasium, 1753 
— if., 24 Jim. 1778. Anthologia veterum Lati- 
norum epigrammatum, 1759-73 — editions of 
Aristophanes, 1760 — Fropertius, 1780. 

a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Burn, Richard, — b. at \Vinton, Westmore- 
land, about 1720 — LL.D., Oxford, 1762— vicar 
of Orton, 1736-85 — if. there, Nov. 1785. Just- 
ice of the Feace, 1755 — Ecclesiastical Law, 1760 
— joint author of History and Antiquities of 
Westmoreland and Cumberland, 1777. 

Burnes, Sir Alexander, colonel, — 6. at 
Montrose, 16 May 1805 — sets out for Bengal, 
1821 — envoy to Runjeet Singh, 1830 — political 
resident at Cabool, 1839 — assassinated, 2 Nov. 
1842. Travels into Bokhara, 1834 — Cabool, 
1842. 

Burnet, Gilbert, Bp of Salisbury, — b. 
at Edinburgh, 18 Sep. 1643 — studies in Hol- 
land, 1664— F.R.S., 1664— Prof. Theology, 
Glasgow, 1669 — resigns, goes to London, 1675 
— preacher at the Rolls, 1675 — retires to 
Prance, 1685 — goes to the Hague, 1687 ? — ac- 
companies Prince of Orange to England, 1688 
— Bp of Salisbury, by William III., 1689 — if., 
17 Mar. 17 15 History of the Reformation, 
1679-8 1 -1 7 14 — Life of Sir Matthew Hale, 
1682 — History of his own Time, 1723-34 — 
Exposition of the Thirty-nine Articles, 1669. 

Burnet, John, engraver, and writer on Art, 
— ft. at Edinburgh, 20 Mar. 1784 — comes to 
London, 1806 — studies in the Louvre, 18 13 — 
if. in London, 29 Apr. 1868. Education of the 
Eye, 1837 — Practical Treatise on Fainting, 
1 827 — Rembrandt and his Works, 1 849 — Turner 
and his Works, 1852 — Landscape Fainting in 
Oil Colours, 1849. 
Burnet, Thomas, physician, — if., 17 15. Hip- I 



pocrates contractus, §c, 1685 — Thesaurus me- 
dicines practice, 1673. 

Burnet, Thomas, theologian, §c, — b. in 
Yorkshire, about 1635 — M. A., Cambridge, 1658 
— senior proctor, 1661 — Master of the Charter- 
house, 1685 — if. in London, 27, a 7 15 Sep. 17 15. 
Telluris theoria sacra, 1680-9 — Archceologice 
philosophies, §c, 1692. 

a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Burnett, James, Lord Monboddo, — b. in 
Scotland, 17 14 — ir. at Edinburgh, 26 May 
1799. Ancient Metaphysics, 1778. 

Burney, Charles, musician, historian, — b. at 
Shrewsbury, 1726 — studies in London, under 
Dr Arne, 1744— Mus. D., Oxford, 1761,* i769 b 
— F.R.S., 1773 — organist of Chelsea Hospital, 
1790 — if.., 1 8 14. General History of Music, 
1776-89. a Conv.-Lex. b Engl. Cyc. 

Burney, Charles, — b. at Lynn, Norfolk, 4 
Dec. 1757 — LL.D., Aberdeen, 1792 — if., 1817. 

Burney, Frances. [D'Arblay, Madame.] 

Burney, James, — b., 1749 — accompanies 
Captain Cook on his second voyage, 1772-4 — 
and third, 1776-80 — if. in London, 17 Nov. 
1 82 1. History of Discoveries in the South Sea, 
1803 — History of North-Eastern Voyages of 
Discovery, 18 19. 

Burning' alive, — of women, altered to hang- 
ing, by Act 30 Geo. III. c. 48, 1790 — of 
heretics, abolished by Act 29 Car. II. c. 9, s. 1, 
1677. 

Burning- the dead, — [BC] — introduced at 
Rome, before Twelve Tables, 449 — general, 
about 100-80 — [A D] — discontinued, before 400. 

Burning Glasses, — [BCj — spoken of by 
Aristophanes in the ' Clouds,' 423-2 — [A3)]— 
constructed by Tschirnhausen, before 1699,^ 
1687 b — improved by Bulfon, 1747 — by Tru- 
daine, about 1774 — by Parker, about 1S01. 
a Engl. Cyc. " b Kees' Cyc. 

Burns, Robert, poet, — b. at Alloway, Ayr- 
shire, 25 Jan. 1759 — death of his father, 13 
Feb. 1784 — goes to Edinburgh, Nov. 1786 — 
returns to Ayrshire, spring 1788 — takes a farm 
at Ellisland, May 178S — marries Jean Armour, 
5 -Aug. 17 S 8 — appointed exciseman, 1789 — 
settles at Dumfries, about Dec. 1791 — if. there, 
21 Jul. 1796. Poems, 1786 — Works, 1800. 

Buronzo del Signore, Carlo Lodovico, 
theologian,-^,, at Vercelli, 23 Oct. 1731— D.D., 
1749 — Vicar-general, 1752 — Bp of Acqui, 1784 . 
— Bp. of Novara, 1791 — Abp of Turin, 1797— if. 
at Yercelli, 22 Oct. 1806. Attonis S. Vercellensis 
ecclesice episcopi opera, 1768. 

Burr, Aaron, Vice-President of the 
United States, — b. in New Jersey, 1756 — en- 
ters the army under Washington, 1775 — resides 
with Washington at New York, 1776— aide- 
de-camp to Gen. Putnam, distinguishes himself 
at Long Island, Aug. 1776 — Lieutenant-colonel, 
retires, 1779— senator of the United States, 1791 
— unsuccessful candidate for the Presidency, 1 8 co 
— Vice-President, 1800 — kills Gen. A. Hamilton 
in a duel, Jul. 1804 — arrested for conspiracy, 
1807 — acquitted, visits England, 1808 — seeks 
British aid against S. Americans, and is ordered 
to quit the kingdom ; returns to America, 181 2 
— 3X. at Staten Island, 14 Sep. 1836. 



256 



BURRA— BUSEMBAUM. 



Burra Burra, in Australia, — copper mines 
discovered at, 1845. 

Burrhus. [Borri, Burrus.] 

Burriel, Andrea Marco, Jesuit, — ft., 17 19 — 
fc., 19 Jun. 1762. Noticia de la California, 
1758. 

Bnrrough, Edward, Quaker,— h. at Kendal, 
about 1634 — goes to London ; imprisoned, 1654 
— tf. in prison, 1662. Works, 1612. 

Burrow, Sir James, — master of the Crown 
Office, 1724— F.R.S., 1737— F.S.A., 175 1 — 
Knt, 1773 — &., 5 Nov. 1782. Reports, 1766- 
71-76 — Reports, 1768-72-76. 

Burrus,— Consul with L. Aurelius Commo- 
dus Aug., (934, a. u. c.) 181. 

Burrus, Afranius, (Burrhus,) — proef. prset., 
52 — secures Xero's accession, 55 — poisoned, 63. 

Bursa. [Brusa.] 

Burtin, Francois Xavier de, physician, §c, 
— ft. at Maestricht, 1743 — if., 9 Aug. 1818. 
Oryctographie de Bruxelles, 1784 — Des ve'ge- 
taux indigenes qui peuvent remplacer les ex- 
otiques, 1783. 

Burton on Trent, — Abbey founded by 
Wuliric Spott, 1002 — restored by Abbot 
Nigel, 1 100 — church rebuilt, 1722— bridge im- 
paired, 1 15 1 -75 — town burnt, 1 255 — Trent 
made navigable to, 1698. 

Burton, Edward, theologian, — ft- at Shrews- 
bury, 13 Feb. 1794— enters Christ Church, 
Oxford, 15 May 1812— B.A., 1815 — M.A., 
18 1 8 — travels in France and Italy, 18 18-19 
—marries, 1825— B.D., 1828 — Beg. Prof. 
Divinity, 1829 — Bampton Lecturer, 1828 — 
D.D., 1829 — "0. atEwelme, Oxfordshire, 19 Jan. 
1836. Description of Antiquities of Rome, 
1 82 1 — Inquiry into the Heresies of Apostolic 
Age, 1829 — Attempt to ascertain Chronology of 
Acts of the Apostles, §c, 1830 — Greek Testa- 
ment, with notes, 1830 — Lectures on Ecclesi- 
astical History, 1833. 

Burton, Henry, theologian, — ft. at Birdsall, 
Yorkshire, 1759 — rector of St Matthew's, 
Loudon, 1625 — sentenced with Prynne and 
Bastwick, to fine, the pillory, loss of his ears, 
and imprisonment, 14 Jun. 1637 — restored to 
his rectory, 1640 — tf., 7 Jan. 1648. 

Burton, Robert, — ft. at Lindley, 8 Feb. 
1576 — enters Oxford Univ., 1593 — rj. at Ox- 
ford, Jan. 1639. Anatomy of Melancholy, 
1624 

Burton, William, topographer, §c, — ft. in 
London, 1609 — ft., 28 Dec. 1657. Commentary 
on Antoninus In's Itinerary, §c, 1658. 

Burton, William, antiquary, — ft. at Lindley, 
24 Aug. 1575 — enters Univ. of Oxford, 159 1 — 
Is. in Staffordshire, 6 Apr. 1645. Description 
of the county of Leicester, §c, 1622. 

Bury, Arthur, Principal of Exeter Coll., 
Oxford, — expelled the Univ., 19 May 1690. 
The Naked Gospel, condemned to bo burnt, 19 
May 1690 — Lalitudinarius orthodoxus, 1697. 

Bury, Guillaume, — ft. at Brussels, Dec. 16 18 
— tJ. at Mechlin, 30 Apr. 1700. Brcvis Roman- 
nrum pontifieum notitia, 1675. 

Bury, Richard de. [Richard de Bury.] 

Bury St Edmunds,— King Edmund mur- 
dered by the Danes at. 20 Nov. 870 — meeting 



of Earls and Barons at, 1205 — King John 
meets Barons at, 20 Nov. 12 14 — Henry 
III. assembles his Barons at, Feb. 1267 — 
Parliament held at, by Henry III., 1 Sep 1272 
— visited by Edward I. and Queen Eleanor, 
Aug. 1289 — Parliament at, by Edward I., 3 
Nov. 1296 or 1298 — Edward II. keeps Christ- 
mas at, 1326 — visited by Richard II. and his 
Queen, 1383 — Henry VI. resides at, Christmas 
1433 to Apr. 1434 — holds a Parliament at, 1446 
and 1448 — visited by Henry VII., i486— by 
Queen Elizabeth, 7 Aug. 1578 — partly burnt 
down, 1608. 

Bus, Cesar de, — ft. at Cavaillon, 3 Feb. 
1544 — founds Congregation of the Christian 
Doctrine, 1592 — ft. at Avignon, 15 Apr. 1607. 
Instructions familieres, $c, 1666. 

Busaco, in Portugal, — Wellington repulses 
Massena at, 27 Sep. 18 10. 

Busbecq, Augier Ghislain de, (Busbequius,) 
diplomatist, traveller, — ft. at Comines, 1522 
— goes to England, 1554 — ambassador from 
Ferdinand, King of the Romans, to Solyman 
II., 1555 — charged by Maximilian II. to 
accompany Archduchess Elizabeth to France, 
1570 — ambassador of Rudolph II. there, 1592 
— if. near Rouen, 28 Oct. 1592. Legationis 
Turcica epistola IV., 1589 — Epistolce ad 
Rodolph. II. Imp., §c, 1630. 

Busby, Richard, Head-Master of Westminster 
School, — ft. at Lutton, Lincolnshire, 22 Sep. 1606 
—enters Oxford Univ., 1624 — M.A., 1631 — 
rector of Cudworth, 1639 — Head-Master of 
Westminster School, 1640 — Prebendary of 
Westminster, 1660 — tf., 6 Apr. 1695. 

Busch, Johann Georg, economist, — ft. in 
Luneburg, 3 Jan. 1728 — Prof. Mathematics, 
Hamburg, 1756 — first President of Society of 
Arts and Trades, 1765 — founds School of Com- 
merce, 1767 — tf., 5 Aug. 1800. Handlungs- 
bibliothek, 1784-97 — Erfahrungen, 17 90-1 802 
— Lehrbuch der gesammten Handelswissenschaft, 
1796-8. 

Buschetto, architect, sculptor, — ft. at Duli- 
chio, probably about 1020 or 1030 — called to 
Pisa to direct reconstruction of the cathedral, 
1063 — ft., after 1080. 

Biisching, Anton Friedrich, geographer, — 
ft. at Stadthagen in Westphalia, 27 Sep. 1724 
— accompanies Count de Lynar to St Peters- 
burg, 1 740- 1— settles at Copenhagen, 1752 — 
Prof. Extraord. Philosophy, Gottingen, 1754 — 
his lectures prohibited, 1757 — Prof. Philosophy, 
1759 — pastor of German church at St Peters- 
burg, 1761-5 — director of Gymnasium, Berlin, 
1766 — is. there, 28 May 1793. Erdbeschrei- 
bung, 1754-92 — Magazin f'iir Historie und 
Geographic, 1767-93 — Beitriige zur Lebensge- 
schi elite merkwiirdiger Personen, 1783-9. 

Biisching, Johann Gustav Gottlieb, his- 
torian, antiquary, — ft. at Berlin, 19 Sep. 1783 — 
Prof. Philosophy, Breslau, 1822— tf., 4 May 
1829. Sammlung Deutscher Volkslieder, 1807 
— Leben Gotz von Berlichingen, 181 3 — Erzdh- 
lungen, Dichtungen, §c, 1814-15 — Lied der 
Nibelungen, 1 815 — Die heidnischen Alterthumer 
Schlesiens, 1 820-24. 

Busembaum, Herman, Jesuit, — ft. in West- 



BUSHEL— BUTLEE. 



2 57 



phalia, 1600 — Prof. Theology, Cologne, 1640 
— tf. at Munster, 1668. Medulla theologice 
moralis, §c , 1645. 

Bushel, — use of, regulated by 14 Edw. III. 
st. 1, c. 12, 1340; 12 Hen. VII. c. 5, 1496-7 5 
22 Car. II. c. 8, s. 1, 1670; 8 and 9 Wmlll. 
c. 22, s. 9, 1696-7 ; and 4 and 5 WmlV. c. 49, 
13 Aug. 1834 — repeal of statutes, and new 
regulation respecting the, by Act 5 Geo. IV. c. 
74, 17 Jun. 1824. 

Bushire, (Abu-shehr,) in Persia, — English 
factory established at, about 1620-30 ? — taken 
and held by British, 10 Dec. 1856 to 2 May 

1857- 

Busius, Paul, jurist, — Prof. Law, Franeker, 
1610 — tf-, 23 Sep. 1617. Comment. in Pandectas, 
1610 — Subtilium Juris libri VII., 1604. 

Buskagrius, Johann Peter, orientalist, — tf., 
Prof. Hebrew, Upsala, 1692. Dissertation (in 
Hebrew) on the Masora, 1651 — Be usu et ne- 
cessitate linguarum orientalium, 1654. 

Busleyden, (Buslidius,) Jerome, diplomatist, 
— ft. in Luxemburg, about 1470 — Councillor of 
State, 1503 — 1(. at Bordeaux, 27 Aug. 15 17. 
College of the three Languages, Louvain, found- 
ed and endowed by his will, 1517. 

Busmann, Johann Eberhard, theologian, — 
ft. at Verden, 1644 — M.A., Helmstadt, 1667 — 
visits France and Italy, 1670-3 — Prof. Orien- 
tal Languages, Helmstadt, 1673 — D.D. and 
Prof. Theology, 1684— tf. at Helmstadt, 18 
May 1692. 

Bussaeus, Andreas, antiquary y — ft. in Nor- 
way, 1679 — burgomaster of Elsinore, 17 18 — 
tf. there, 4 Jan. 1755. Arngrimi Jonce Grcen- 
landia in linguam Banicam translata, 1733 ? — 
Arii Frodce polyhistoris schedce, §c, 1733. 

Bussi. [Bussy.] 

Bussieres, Jean de, — ft. at Villefranche, near 
Lyons, 1607 — tf., 26 Oct. 1678. Scanderbergus, 
1662 — BZistoria Francica, §c, 1670 — Memoires 
de ce qu'il y a de plus remarquable dans Vil- 
lefranche en Beaujolais, 167 1. 

Bussolari, Jacopo de, — preaches at Pavia, 
Lent 1356 — heads a sortie and compels the 
Milanese to raise the siege of Pavia, 27 May 
1356 — defends Pavia against the Visconti, 

i35 6 -9- 

Bussone, Francois. [Carmagnole.] 

Bussy d' Amboise, Louis de Clermont de, — 
ft., about 1550 — joins in the massacre of St 
Bartholomew, 1572 — killed, 19 Aug. 1579. 

Bussy-Castelnau, Charles Joseph Patissier, 
Marquis be, general, — ft. near Soissons, 17 18 
■ — defends Pondicherry against tbe English, 
1748 — Lieutenant-colonel, 1752 — Marechal de 
Camp, 1765 — Commander of the Order of St 
Louis, 1782 — Grand Cross of the Order of St 
Louis, 1783 — tf. at Pondicherry, Jan. 1785. 

Bussy-Leclerc, Jean, governor of the Bas- 
tille, — arrests and imprisons several deputies in 
the parliament of Paris, 1589 — exiled, retires 
to Brussels, 1591 — tf. there, after 1630. ? 

Bussy-Rabutin, {Roger de Rabutin, Count de 
Bussy,) — ft. at Epiry, Nivernais, 3 Apr. 161 8 
— enters the army, 1630— tf. at Autun, 9 Apr. 
1693. Histoire amoureuse des Gaules, 1665. 

Busti, Agostino, {II Bambaia,) sculptor, — 



fi. at Milan ; tf., probably about 1540. Monu- 
ment to Gaston de Foix, commenced about 15 15. 

Busto, Alexis Vanegas, philosopher, §c, — ■ 
ft. at Toledo, about 1500. Biferencia de libros, 
que hay en el universo, 1546 — Tratado de orto- 
grafia, %c., 153 1. 

Buston, (Busten,) Thomas Stephen, Jesuit 
missionary,— $., 1549 — goes to the East Indies, 
1578 — tf. at Goa, 161 9. Arte da lingoa Cana- 
rina, 1640. 

Bute, Isle of, Scotland, — taken by Haco of 
Norway, 1263 — falls into possession of Bruce, 
1 31 2 — Earl of Argyle lands in, 1685. 

Bute, John Stuart, Earl of, statesman, — 
ft. in Scotland, 17 13 — enters House of Lords, 
1737— goes to London, offers his services to 
the Government, 1745— Privy Councillor, 27 
Oct. 1760 — Secretary of State, Mar. 1761 — 
Prime Minister, May 1762 — KG., Sep. 1762 
— concludes Peace of Paris, Feb. 1763 — resigns 
office, Apr. 1763 — tf. in London, 10 Mar. 1792. 

Eutel-Dumont, George Marie, miscellaneous 
writer, — ft. at Paris, 28 Oct. 1725— tf., about 
1800. Memoires historiques sur la Louisiane, 
§°i x 753 — Fssai sur les causes principals, qui 
ont contribue d de'truire les deux premieres races 
des rois de France, 1776. 

Buteo, Fabius, — [BC] — 1. N\, Consul with 
L. Caecilius Metellus, (507, a. tj. c.) 247. 2. 
M., Consul with C. Atilius Bulbus, (509,) 245 
— Dictator, 216. 

Buteo, Jean, mathematician, §c, — ft. at 
Charpey, 1492 — tf. at Canar, 1572. Opera 
geometrica et- juris civilis, 1554. 

Butet, Pierre Eoland Francois, grammari- 
an, — ft. at Tuffe, le Maine, 1769 — tf. at Paris, 
Mar. 1825. Abrege d'un cours complet de 
lexxcographie et de lexicologie, 1801 — Bisserta- 
tion philologique, 1 8 19. 

Butler, Alban, hagiographer, — ft. in North- 
amptonshire, 17 10 — goes to College of Douai, 
17 1 8 — ordained priest, 1 7 34 — sent on the Eng- 
lish Mission, 1745 — Principal of the College of 
St Omer, 1766 — tf., 15 May 1773. Lives of 
the Saints, 1745. 

Butler, Charles, jurist, §c, — ft. in London, 
1750— Secretary of Committee for the defence 
of Catholic interests, 1787 — called to the Bar, 
1791 — tf. in London, 2 Jun. 1832. BZorce 
BMicai, 1799 — FLorce juridicce subcessiva?, 1807. 

Butler, Charles, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at 
Wycombe, 1560 — tf., 29 Mar. 1647. Feminine 
monarchy, 1609. 

Butler, James. [Ormond, Duke op.] 

Butler, Joseph, Bp op Durham, theologian, 
— ft. at Wantage, Berks, 1692— enters Oxford 
Univ., 1714 — preacher of the Bolls, 1718-26 
— rector of Stanhope, 1724 — Clerk of the 
Closet, to Queen Caroline, 1736 — Bp of Bristol, 
1738 — Dean of St Paul's, 1740 — Clerk of tbe 
Closet to George II., 1746 — Bp of Durham, 
1750 — tf. at Bath, 16 Jun. 1752. Analogy of 
Religion, 1736 — Sermons, \*]i(>. 

Butler, Samuel, poet, — ft. at Strensham, 
Worcestershire, about 1612 — tf., 25 Sep. 1680. 
FLudibras, 1663-64-78. 

Butler, Thomas. [Ossory, Earl of.] 

Butler, William Archer, theologian, — ft. 
17 



258 



BUTRIO— BYNG. 



near Clonmel, about 1814 — first Prof. Moral 
Philosophy, Dublin Univ., 1837 — visits Words- 
worth, 1844 — tf-, 5 Jul. 1848. Letters on the 
Development of Christian Doctrine, 1850 — 
Sermons, 1849 — Lectures on the History of 
Ancient Philosophy, 1856. 

Butrio, Antonio, jurist, — b. at Bologna, 
about 1338 — envoy to Benedict XIII., 1407 — tf. 
at Bologna, 1408. Opera, 1575. 

Butron, Juan Alfonso, — b. in Old Castile, 
about 1600. Bialogos apologeticos por la pin- 
tura, 1626. 

Butterfield, mechanician, — b., about 1635 — 
settles in Paris, about 17 14 — visited by Peter 
the Great, 17 17 — tr., 28 May 1724. Niveau 
<Vitne nouvclle construction, 1677 — Odometre 
nouveau, 1681. 

Buttinghausen, Karl, historian, $c, — b. at 
Frankenthal, 1731— tf., 13 Jun. 1786. Ma- 
teriaux pour servir a FHistoire du Palatinat, 
1773-82 — Misccll. histories universitatis Heidel- 
bergensis inservientia, 1785-6. 

Buttington, — Ethelred defeats Danes at, 

894. 

Buttmann, Philipp, philologist, — b. at 
Frankl'ort-on-tke-Mame, 5 Dec. 1764 — studies 
at Gottingen, 1782 — tutor to hereditary Prince 
of Dessau, 1786-88 — at Berlin, assistant royal 
librarian, 1789 — secretary of Royal Library, 
1796 — Prof. Philology, 1800-8 — member of 
Academy of Sciences, Berlin, 1806 — Prof. 
Philology, Univ. of Berlin, 1808 — perpetual 
secretary to Philological class, Academy of 
Sciences, 1811 — classical tutor to the Prince 
Boyal, 1812 — Chevalier of the Bed Eagle, 18 14 
■ — chief librarian to the king, 1821 — tf., 21 Jun. 
1829. Griech. Grammatik, 1792 — Griech. 
Schulgrammatik, 18 16 — Lexilogus, §c, 181 8 — 
Ausfiihrliche Griech. Sprachlehre, 1819 — Myth- 
ologies, 1828. 

Buttner, Christian Wilhelm, philologist, 
naturalist, — b. at Wolfenbiittel, 17 16 — goes to 
Gottingen, 1748 — tf. at Jena, 8 Oct. 1801. 
Vergleichungstafelnder Schriftarten, 1771-79 — 
Tabula Alphabetorum hodiernorum, 1776. 

Button, Thomas, maritime discoverer, $c, — 
embarks for the North seas, 161 1 — Knt, about 
1612. 

Butturini, Matteo, — b. in Yenetia, 26 May 
1752 — LL.D., Padua, 1773 — Prof. Greek Li- 
terature, Pavia, 1 800-9 — P r °f' Civil Procedure, 
Bologna, 1809-14 — Prof. Greek Literature, 
Pavia, 1814 — If., 28 Aug. 1817. Carmina, 
1785. 

Buturlin, Dmitri Petrowicz, general, — fj. at 
St Petersburg, 1790 — enters the army, 1808 — 
Staff officer, 18 12— Colonel, 18 19— tf. at St 
Petersburg, 21 Oct. 1850. Relation de lacam- 
pagne en Ltalie 1799, 1810 — Tableau de la 
campagne de 1813 en Allemagne, 18 15 — History 
°f Napoleon's campaign in Russia, 1820. 

Buxar, {Bit jar,) in Hindustan, — Major Mun- 
ro defeats Nabob of Oude and Mir Casern, 23 
Oct, 1764. 

Buxbaum, Johann Christian, botanist, — b. 

fti Mcrseburg, Oct. 1694 — member of Academy 

iences, St Petersburg, 1724 — Prof. 

Botany, Coll. Imperial, 1724 — goes to Turkey, 



1726 — tf. in Saxony, 7 Jul. 1730. Centuries 
quinque plantarum minus cognitarum, $c, 
1728-40. 

Buxhowden, Frederick William, — Count 
of, general, — b. at Magnusthal, isle of Moen, 
14 Sep. 1750 — Major-general, 1789 — distin- 
guishes himself in campaign of 1790 — Go- 
vernor of Warsaw, 1794 to Jan. 1796 — Military 
Governor of St Petersburg, 1797— commands 
at Austerlitz, 1805 — in Finland, 1808 — tf. in 
Esthonia, 4 Sep. 181 1. 

Buxton, Sir Thomas Fowell, Bart., phi- 
lanthropist, — b. at Castle Hedingham, 1 Apr. 
1786— M.P. Weymouth, 1818-37— Bart., l8 4° 
— tf. at Northrepps, Norfolk, 19 Feb. 1845. 
The African Slave Trade, 1839. 

Buxtorf, Johann, Hebraist, — b. at Camen, 
Westphalia, 25 Dec. 1564 — Prof. Hebrew, 
Basel, about 159 1 — tr. there, 13 Sep. 1629. 
Manuale hebraicum et chaldaicum, 1602 — He 
abbreviations hebraicis liber, 1613 — Lexicon he- 
braicum et chaldaicum, 1607 — Biblia hebraica 
rabbinica, 1618-19 — Lexicon chaldaicum, thal- 
mudicum, et rabbinicum, 1639. 

Buxtorf, Johann, Hebraist, — b. at Basel, 13 
Aug. 1599 — P r °f- Hebrew there, 1630— tf., 16 
Aug. 1664. Lexicon chaldaicum et syriacum, 
1622 — Dissertationes philologico-theologicce, 
1659. 

Buxtorf, Johann, Hebraist, — b., 8 Jan. 1663 
— Prof. Hebrew, Basel, 1704 — tf., 19 Jun. 
1732. Catalecta philologico-theologica, 1707. 

Buy de Mornas, Claude, geographer,— ts. at 
Paris, Jul. 1783. Atlas methodique et ele- 
mentaire de geographie et cVhistoire, 1762-70 — 
Cosmographie, §c, 1770. 

Buyah. [Imad-Eddaulah.] 

Buyer, Barthelemi, printer, — syndic of the 
corporation of Lyons, 1490 — associates with 
himself, as printer, Guillaume Regis, 1472 — tf., 
in or after 1490. Compendium du Cardinal 
Lothaire, 1 47 3 — Legende doree, Le'gende des 
saints nouveaux, 1476 — Speculum vitcehumancB, 
1477 — Le Livre de Baudoin, 1478 — Le Mande- 
ville, 1480. 

Buzelin, Johann. [Bucelin.] 

Buzen, Gerard Servais, general, — b. in 
North Brabant, 23 Sep. 1784 — enters the army, 
1803 — wounded and taken prisoner at battle of 
Jena, 1 806 — at battle of Leipsic, 181 3 — mem- 
ber of Legion of Honour, 6 Aug. 18 13 — assists 
at Waterloo, 18 15 — aide-de-camp to Duvivier, 
1816-30 — commander of Mons, Sep. 1830 — 
General of Brigade, Jan. 1833 — governor of 
Brussels, 1834 — kills himself, 5 Feb. 1842. 

Buzot, Francois Leonard Nicolas, Girondist, 
— b- atEvreux, 1 May 1760 — deputy to States- 
General, 1789 — to Convention, 1792 — pro- 
scribed, 31 May 1793 — found dead, near Li- 
bourue, Jul. 1794. 

Bye, Cornells van, engraver, — b. at Ant- 
werp, 1620. Cabinet de peinture, 1661. 

Bye, Jacob van. [Bie.] 

Bye, Marc van, painter, engraver, — b. at 
the Hague, about 16 12 — tf., 1670. 

Bye Plot, Surprise, — against James L, dis- 
covered, Jul. 1603. [Main Plot.] 

Byng, George. [Torrington, Yisct.] 



BYXG— CABALLEEO. 



259 



Byng, John, admiral, — b., 1704 — commands 
squadron in the Mediterranean, defeated, 
near Minorca, 20 May 1756 — shot at Ports- 
mouth, by sentence of Court Martial, 14 Mar. 

1757. 

Bynkershoeck, Cornells van, jurist, — 0. at 
Middelburg, 29 May 1673 — President of Su- 
preme Council of Holland and Zealand, 1724 
— tf. at the Hague, 16 Apr. 1743. Opuscula 
varii argumenti, 17 19 — Observationes juris Bo- 
mani, 17 10 — Qucestiones juris publici, 1737. 

Byns, Anne, poetess, — Is., about 1548. Bit 
is een schoon eun sunerlyc boecken, about 1529 
— Gheestelycke refer eyn, 1566. 

Byrgius, Justus, (Jobst Burgi,) mathema- 
tician, — h. in Switzerland, 28 Feb. 1552 — 
enters the service of the Landgrave of Hesse, 
William IV., 1579 — mechanician to Emperor 
Eudolph II., 1604 — tf. at Cassel, 1633. 

Byrne, William, engraver, — h. at Cambridge, 
i746, a 1742,*" about 1740,° 1743 d — goes to 
France, after 1770 — tf. in London, 24 Sep. 
1805. Antiquities of Great Britain, 1807 — 
Britannia depicta, 1806-18. a Biog. Univ. 
b Chalmers. c Xagler. d Bryan. 

Byrom, John, poet, — fj. near Manchester, 
1 69 1 — enters Univ. of Cambridge, 1708 — 
F.E.S., 1724 — Is. at Manchester, 28 Sep. 1763. 
Foems, 1773. 

Byron, George Noel Gordon, Lord, poet, — 
b. in London, 22 Jan. 1788 — taken to Aber- 
deen, 1790-1 — to the Highlands, 1797 — suc- 
ceeds to the title, 1798 — removed to Newstead, 
1798 — enters Trim Coll., Cambridge, Oct. 
1805 — takes his seat in the House of Lords, 13 
Mar. 1809 — travels in Spain, Greece, the East, 
Jun. 1809 to Jul. 18 1 1 — his connection with 
Mr Murray begins, 181 1 — death of his mother, 
1 Aug. 1 81 1 — makes his first speech in House 
of Lords, 27 Feb. 18 12 — presented to the 
Prince Begent, spring 1812 — marries Miss 
Milbanke, 2 Jan. 18 15 — Lady Byron leaves 
him, Jan. 18 16 — quits England, Apr. 1816 — 
settles at Venice, Nov. 18 16 — becomes ac- 
quainted with Countess Guiccioli, Apr. 18 19 — 
removes to Eavenna, Dec. 18 19 — embarks at 



Genoa for Greece, 14 Jul. 1823 — arrives at 
Missolonghi, 5 Jan. 1824 — named commander- 
in-chief of expedition against Lepanto, Jan. 
1824 — rj. at Missolonghi, 1 8 Apr. 1824. Hours 
of Idleness, 1807 — English Bards and Scotch 
Reviewer s, Mar. 1809 — Childe Harold, Cant. I. 
and II., Feb. 1812 ; Cant. ILL, 1816; Cant. 
IV., 18 1 8— Giaour, May 1813— Bride of Aby- 
dos, Dec. 18 1 3 — Lara, 18 14 — Corsair, Jan. 
1 814 — Hebrew Melodies, 181 5 — Siege of Corinth 
and Barisina, Feb. 18 16 — Brisoner of Chil- 
lon, 1 8 16 — Manfred, 1817 — Mazeppa, 18 19 — 
Cain, 1822 — Bon Juan, 1820-24 — Letters and 
Journals, 1830. 

Byron, John, maritime discoverer, — b., 8 
Nov. 1723 — accompanies Anson to the Strait of 
Magelhaens, 1740 — serves against the French, 
1758 — undertakes voyage round the world, 1764 
— rj. in London, 10 Apr. 1786. 

Bys, Jean Bodolphe, painter, — b. at Soleure, 
1660 — rj. at Wurtzburg, n Oct. 1738. 

Bysant. [Pousant] 

Bywald, (Bivald,) Leopold, Jesuit, — fi. at 
Vienna, 17 31 — enters the Order, 1747 — tf. at 
Vienna, about 1796. Bissertationes ad his- 
toriam naturalem pertinentes, §c, 1764-9. 

Byzantine Empire. [Eastern Empire.] 

Byzantium,— [B cj — founded by Megarians, 
657,* 667, b 659^ (01. 30, 3,) 658-7 d — colonized 
by Megarians under Zeuxippus, (01. 38, 1,) 
628 — taken by Otanes, about 505 — by Pau- 
sanias, 477/ about 474, d 479 e — by Alkibiades, 
410, 408V 409 f — oligarchy changed to demo- 
cracy by Thrasybulus, 390 d — besieged by Leon, 
general of Philip of Macedon, 347 — by Philip, 
340-339 — war with Ehodes, about 221 b — 
[A DJ — taken by Emperor Severus after three 
years' siege, 197, 196 abe — besieged by Csesar 
Maximinus, 313 — taken by Constantine, 315. 
[Constantinople.] a Clinton. b Engl. Cyc. 
c Armen. Hieron. d Miiller. 

e Smith's Diet. f Zumpt. 

Bzovius, (Bzoivski,) Abraham, Bominican, 
— b. at Prosczovic, 1567 — rj. at Eome, 31 Jan. 
1637. Continues Baronii Annates, 1616-30, 
1672 — Historia ecclesiastica, §c, 1617. 



Caab. [Xaab.] 

Cab. [Hackney Coaches.] 

Cabades, King of Persia, — succeeds 
Palasch, 486 — expelled and succeeded by 
Zamasphes, son of Feroze, 497 — recovers the 
throne, 501 — invades Armenia, besieges 
Amida, 502 — takes it, beginning of 503— loses 
it and makes peace with Eomans, 505 — makes 
another treaty with them, 521 — persecutes 
the Manichees, 524 — defeated by Belisarius 
and Hermogenes, at Daras, Jun. 530 — has 
conference with Bufinus, Aug. 530 — ly., 13 
Sep. 531. 



Cabal Ministry, The, — formed in England, 
after 30 Aug. 1667 — dissolved, early in 1674. 

Caballero, (Cavallero,) Jerome, — saves Don 
Carlos at surprise of Velletri, 1774 — Minister of 
War, 1787 — Lieutenant-general, 1789— Mar- 
quis, 1794 — Counsellor of State, 1798— lj., 1807. 

Caballero, {Cavallero,) Jose Antonio, Mar- 
quis de, — b. at Saragossa, about 1760 — 
Minister of Grace and Justice, Jul. 1798 — 
member of Supreme Junta, May 1808— Coun- 
sellor of State, 8 Mar.' 1809 — follows Joseph 
Bonaparte to France, 18 13 — recalled to Spain, 
1820 — ft. at Salamanca, 1821. 



260 



CABALLEEO— CADELL. 



Caballero, (Cavallero,) Juan, general, — b. in 
Naples, 17 1 2— serves in the army, 1739-40 — 
accompanies Charles III. to Spain, 1759 — 
commander of engineers at Gibraltar, 1779 — 0". 
at Valencia, 28 jSov. 1791. 

Cabanis, Pierre Jean George, physician, 
philosopher, — b. at Conac, 1757 — goes to Paris, 
177 1 — returns from Warsaw, 1775 — member of 
Institute, 1794— member of Council of Five 
Hundred, 1796 — tr. near Meulan, 5 May 1808. 
Rapports (lit Physique et du Moral de V Homme, 
1803. 

Cabarrus, Francois, Count of, financier, — 
b. at Bayonne, 1752 — founder and director of 
Bank of St Charles, 2 Jun. 1782— arrested and 
imprisoned by Llerena, 24 Jun. 1790 — Minister 
Plenipotentiary at Congress of Rastadt, 1797 
— Minister of Finance, 1808— tf. at Seville, 27 
Apr. 1 810. 

Cabarrus, Tereza. [Fontenai, Madame de.] 

Cabasilas, Neilus, Abp of Thessalonica, 
polemical theologian, — fl., about 13 14 or 1340. 

Cabasilas, Nicolaus, Abp of Thessalonica, 
theologian, — ambassador from Joannes, Patri- 
arch of Constantinople, to Cantacuzenus, 1346. 

Cabel, (Kabel,) Adrian Vander, painter, — 
b. at Ryswick, 1631 — rj., 1695. 
■ Cabira, {Cabeira,) {Pontus,) — [BC] — Lu- 
cullus defeats Mithridates at, 71^72 b — Fabius 
shut up in, by Mithridates, 68. 

a Smith's Diet. b Clinton and Rawlinson. 

Cabiz, Mohammedan doctor, — suffers death 
for teaching that Christ was superior to Mo- 
hammed, (8 Safar 334, a, h.) 19 Sep. 945. 

Cables, Chain, — first patent for, by Slater, 
1808 — testing of. provided for by Act 27 and 
28 Vic. c. 27, 23 Jun. 1864. 

Cabot, Sebastian, maritime discoverer, — b. 
at Bristol, about 1477, a c 1467 b — included in 
patent for discovery granted by Henry VII. , 
5 Mar. 1496 — first sees coast of N. America, 
24 Jun. 1497 — second patent, 3 Feb. 1498 — 
third voyage, 1499— arrives in Spain, Sep. 1512 
— member of Council of the Indies there, 15 15 — 
returns to England, 15 16 — employed by Henry 
VIII. to find N.W. passage, 15 17 — attends 
Conference at Badajoz, Apr. 1524 — commands 
expedition to the Moluccas, Apr. 1526 — re- 
turns to Spain, 153 1— in England, 1548 — re- 
ceives pension from Edward VI., 1549 — ft., 
probably 1557. *Engl. Cyc 

b Bio£. Univ. c Ersch and Gruber. 

Cabral, {Cabrera,) Pedro Alvarez, maritime 
discoverer, — commands fleet sent by Emmanuel, 
king of Portugal, to East Indies, 1500— driven 
on coast of Brazil, 24 Apr. 1500 — returns, Jul. 
1501. 

Cabrera, Bernard de, statesman, — defeats the 
Genoese, 27 Aug. 1343 — beheaded at Saragossa, 
26 Jun. 1364. 

Cabul, (Caubal,) — invaded by Moham- 
medans, (44, a. n.) 664 — again unsuccessfully, 
(62,) 681— invaded by Abderrahman, (80,) 
699 — taken by Tamerlane, 1398, about 1394? 
— Baber, King of, 1504 — revolt of Moguls, 
Abdn Rizah, 1508 — Camran, son of Baber, 
holds it with Punjab and territories on the 
Indus, 1530 — taken possession of by Shir 



Shah, 1540 — recovered by Humayun, winter 
1545-6 — by Camran, who is driven out, Apr. 
1547 — Camran surrenders to Humayun, Aug. 
1548 — defeats Humayun and takes Cabul, 1550 
— recovered by Humayun, 155 1 — Camran blind- 
ed, Sep. 1553 — taken by Mirza Solimanof Ba- 
dakhshan, 1556 — recovered by Hakim's mother, 
1557 — Abul Maali manages affairs, who assas- 
sinates Begum, 156 1 — defeated and killed by 
Mirza Soliman, 1563 — Hakim expels Soliman 
and invades Punjab and is expelled, Nov. 1566. 
— reduced by Akbar, Hakim surrenders to Em- 
peror, 1581 — Hakim dies, Akbar takes possession 
of, 1585 — Eoushenia insurrection, 16 n — sup- 
pressed, before 16 14 — another revolt, 1625 — 
made seat of government by Timur Shah, 
1774. [Affghanistan.] 

Cacault, Francois, diplomatist, — b. at Nantes, 
1742— Prof. Mathematics at the Military School, 
1764-9 — secretary to Embassy at Naples, 
1785 — signs treaty of Tolentino, 19 Feb. 1797 
— member of Council of Five Hundred, 1798 — 
negotiates Concordat at Borne, 1801 — Senator, 
6 Apr. 1802 — Commander of Legion of Hon- 
our, 1804 — rj. at Clisson, 18 Nov., a 10 Oct. b 
1805. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Caccia, Ferdinando, philologist, $c., — b. at 
Bergamo, 31 Dec. 1689 — ft. there, 8 Jan. 1778. 
De cognitionibus, 17 19 — Lo stato presente della 
lingua latina, 1762. 

Caccia, Guglielmo, {Moncalvo,) painter, — b. 
at Montabone, 1568 — If., about 1625. 

Cachar, in Hindustan, — invaded by the Bur- 
mese, 1774 — annexed to British India, 1830. 

Cachet, Lettres de, — abolished in France, 15 
Jan. 1790. 

Cachin, Joseph Marie Francois, engineer, — 
b. at Castres, 2 Oct. 1757 — member of Com- 
mission on works at Cherbourg, 1792 — Chief 
Engineer of Calvados, 1795 — Inspector-general 
of Bridges and Boads, 1804 — Officer of Legion 
of Honour, 1812 — Baron and Chevalier, 1819 
— U., 20 Feb. 1825. 

Cadalso, Don Jose de, poet, — b. at Cadiz, 8 
Oct. 1 741 — enters the army, 1762 — killed at 
siege of Gibraltar, Feb. 1782. Sancho Garcia, 
1771 — Los eruditos a la violeta, 1772 — Poesias, 

1773- 

Cadalus, (Cadaloiis,) Bp of Parma, — elected 
Pope in opposition to Alexander II., and takes 
name of Honorius II., 28 Oct. 106 1 — con- 
demned by bishops of Germany and Italy, 27 
Oct. 1062 — deposed by Council of Mantua, 
1067. 

Cadamosto, Alois da, maritime discoverer, — 
b. at Venice, 1432 — voyage to the Gambia, Mar. 
1455 — second voyage to the St Dominic, 1456 
— returns to Venice, and o\, 1464. El libro de 
la prima JSfavigatione per V Oceano a le terre de 
Negri della bassa Ptiopia, $c, (first book of 
travels printed,) 1507. 

Cade, John, {Jack Cade,) — heads insurrection 
in Kent, May 1450 — encamps on Blackheath, 
1 Jun. — defeats and kills Sir Humphrey 
Stafford at Sevenoaks, 27 Jun. - — marches on 
London, 1 Jul. — captured and killed, n Jul. 
1450. 

Cadell, Robert, bookseller, — becomes pub- 



CADELL— C^SAR. 



26 r 



lislier of Sir W. Scott's works, 1826 — with 
Scott, repurchases the Waverley copyrights, 
1827 — tr. at Edinburgh, 20 Jan. 1849. 

Cadell, Thomas, bookseller, — ft. at Bristol, 
27 Oct. 1742 — retires from business, 1794 — 
Sheriff of London and Middlesex, 1800 — Sj., 
27 Dec. 1802. 

Cadesia, — Ysdegerd, king of Persia, defeated 
by Saracens at, (13 or 15, a. h.) 634 or 636. 

Cadet de Gassicourt, Charles Louis, chemist, 
■ — ft. at Paris, 23 Jan. 1769 — condemned to 
death by the Military Council, flees from Paris, 
Oct. 1795 — secretary of Council of Health, 
1806-21 — accompanies Bonaparte in campaign 
of 1809 — Member of Legion of Honour, 
1 8 14 — tf. at Paris, 2 1 Nov. 1 8 2 1 . Dictionnaire 
de Chimie, 1803 — Formulaire magistral et me- 
morial pharmaceut., 181 2 — Voyage en Autriche, 
§c, 1817. 

Cadet de Gassicourt, Louis Claude, chemist, 
• — ft. at Paris. 24 Jul. 17 31— member of 
Academy of Sciences, 1766 — ft., 17 Oct. 1799. 

Cadet de Vaux, Antoine Alexis, agricultur- 
ist, — ft. at Paris, 13 Sep. 1743 — President of 
Assembly of Department, 1791-2 — tJ., 29 Jun. 
1828. Observations surles fosses d'aisance, 1778 
■ — Me'moiresicr la gelatine des os, §c, 1803 — edits 
Journal d'e'conomie rurale et domestique, from 
1803. 

Cadiz, in Spain, — recovered from the Moors, 
by Alfonso the "Wise, 14 Sep. 1262 — blockaded 
by Blake, and the fleet destroyed, 19 Apr. 1587 
— taken and sacked by Earl of Essex, 21 Jun. 
1596— unsuccessfully attacked by English, 1625 
and Aug. 1702 — loses monopoly of trade with 
foreign possessions of Spain, 1778 — bombarded 
by Nelson, 1797 — blockaded by British, Jan. 
1805 — capture of French fleet at, by Span- 
iards, 14 Jun. 1808 — invested by French, 
6 Feb. 1 810 to 25 Aug. 18 12 — besieged by the 
Duke d'Angouleme, Aug. 1823 — given up to 
him, and held by French, Oct. 1823 to summer 
1828 — made a free port, 1829 — the privilege 
withdrawn, 1832 — insurrection at, 5 Dec. 1868 
— suppressed, 13 Dec. 1868 — state of siege 
proclaimed : raised, 4 Jan. 1 869. [Gades.] 

Cadmium,— metal, discovered by Stromeyer, 
1818. 

Cadmus {Kadmos) of Miletus, one of the 
earliest Greek historians or logographers, — [B C] 
— fl., not long before 55o, a about 540. b 
a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. 

Cadmus, son of Scythes, — [B C] — ambassador 
from Gelon of Syracuse to Delphi, 480. 

Cadogan, William, first Earl of, — dis- 
tinguishes himself at battle of Blenheim, Aug. 
1 704 — M.P., 1 705 — serves under Marlborough, 
1 7 05-6 — Minis ter-plenipotentiary to the Spanish 
Netherlands, 1707 — Lieutenant-general, 10 
Jan. 1708 — at siege of Mons, 1709— Peer, 30 
Jim. 17 16 — signs Treaty of the Hague between 
Great Britain, France, and Holland, 17 16 — 
Privy Councillor, 30 Mar. 17 17— Commander- 
in-chief, 18 Jun. 1722 — 5j. in London, 17 Jul. 
1726. 

Cadoudal, Georges, Vendean Chief, — ft. 
near Auray, 1769 — leader of Breton Royalists, 
Mar. 1793 — captured and imprisoned at Brest, 



1794 — heads insurrection, Aug. 1799 — joins 
Pichegru against Bonaparte, 1802 — goes to 
Paris, 21 Aug. 1803 — captured, 4 Mar. 1804— 
executed, 25 Jun. 1804. 

Cadsand, Zeeland, — taken and burnt by Earl 
of Derby, 1337 a — occupied by France, 1794 b 
— restored to Holland, i8i4. b 

a Froissart. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Cadwallader, British Chieftain, — ally of 
Penda, king of Mercia, and with him defeats 
Edwin, king of Northumbria, at Hatfield 
Chase, 14 Oct. 633. 

Caecilianus, — Bp of Carthage, 311 — opposed 
by Donatists ; confirmed by a Council at Rome, 
2 Oct. 313 — by Council of Aries, 1 Aug. 314 — 
and by Constantine, 316. [Majorinus.] 

Caecilius, Statius, comic poet, — [BC] — tf., 
(586, a. u. c.) i68, a 174^ 

a Ersch and Grubei\ b Biog. Univ. 

Caecina Largus, C, — Consul with Ti. Clau- 
dius Caesar Augustus, (795, a. it. c.) 42. 

Caedicius, Q., — [B C] — Consul with L. Man- 
lius Vulso Longus, (498, a. u. c.) 256. 

Caedmon, poet, [Paraphrase,] — tf. probably 
at monastery of Whitby, about 676 or 680. 

Caen, in Normandy, — siege and capture of, 
by Edward III., 1346 — by Henry V., 4 Sep. 
141 7 — retaken by French, 1449 — ^ s aDDe y 
sacked by the Protestants, 1562. 

Caepio, Cn. Servilius, — [BC] — 1. Consul 
with C. Sempronius Blassus, (501, a. u. c.) 253. 
2. praetor, 205 — Consul with C. Servilius, 
(551,) 203 — "if., 174. 3. praetor, 174 — Consul 
with Q,. Marcius Philippus, (585,) 169. 4. 
Consul with Q,. Pompeius Rufus, (613,) 141 — 
censor, 125. 

Csspio, Q. Servilius, — [BC] — 1. praetor, 
about no — propraetor Hisp. Hit., 109 — tri- 
umphs over Lusitanians, 108 — Consul with C. 
Atilius Serranus, (648, a. u. c.) 106 — procon- 
sul in Gallia Narbonensis, 105 — sack of Tolosa, 
defeated by Cimbri, 6 Oct. 105 — tried, 95. 2. 
quaestor urb., 100 — partisan contest with 
Drusus, 91 — social war, killed, 90. 3. Consul 
with C. Laelius Sapiens, (614,) 140. 

Caere, (Ccerites, Cceretes, Cceretani, Agylla,) 
(Cervetri,) — [BC] — Yestals take refuge at, on 
sack of Rome by Gauls, 390 — joins Tarquinii 
against Rome, 353. 

Caernarvon, — Edward II. born at, 1284 — ■ 
besieged by Welsh, 1294 — taken by the Par- 
liamentarians, 1640. Castle, commenced by 
Edward I., 1283 — completed by Edward II., 
1322. 

Caesalpinus, Andrew, botanist, physician, — 
ft. at Arezzo, 15 19 — tf. at Rome, 1603. Libri 
XVI. de Plantis, 1583. 

Caesar, C. Julius, — [BC]— Dictator, — ft., 
(654, A. u. c.) 12 Jul. 100— -flamen dialis, 87 
— divorces Cossutia, marries Cornelia, 83 — 
refuses to divorce Cornelia at command of 
Sulla, 82 — deprived of priesthood by Sulla, 82 
— serves at siege of Mifcylene, 81-80 — returns 
from Cilicia to Rome, 78 — accuses Dolabella, 
77 —and Caius Antonius, 76 — studies at Rhodes, 
76 — captured by pirates, winter 76 — serves in 
Mithridatic war, 74 — returns to Rome, pontiff, 
74 — trib. mil., 74 or 73 — qucestor, 68 — Cor- 



CJESAR— CAGLIOSTRO. 



nelia dies, 68 — qucestor, in Hisp. Ulterior, 68 
— returns to Rome, marries Pompeia, 67 — 
suspected in Catil. Bell. I., 66 — curule aedile, 
65— judex qtuest., 64 — condemns C. Rabirius, 
63 — pontifex max., 6 Mar. 63 — suspected in 
Catil. Bell. II., 63— (debate in Senate, 5 Dec. 
63) — prator, 62 — divorces Pompeia, about 
Clodius and Bona Dea, 62 — propraet. Hisp. 
Ult., 61 — so-called first triumvirate, 60— Con- 
sul with M. Calpurnius Bibulus, (695,) 59 — 
marries Calpurnia ; Gaul, &c, assigned to Mm 
by the Lex Vatinia, 59 — proconsul in Gaul and 
iilyria ; goes to his province, end of Apr. 58 
— Gallic Wars, 58-50 — meets Pompey and 
Crassus at Lucca, beginning 56 — Lex Tribonia 
extends his time of command, <^$ — invasion of 
Britain, 55 — second, 54 — crosses the Rubicon 
and begins the civil war, 49 — -reduces Hispania, 
49 — besieges Massilia, 49 — Dictator, 11 days, 
49 — sails from Brundisium to Epirus, 4, 5 Jan. 
48 — defeated by Pompey at Dyrrachium, 48 — 
Consul with P. Servilius Yatia Isauricus, (706,) 
48 — victory of Pharsalia, 9 Aug. 48 — Dictator, 
Sep. 48 — ends Alexandrine War, end Mar. 47 
— defeats Pharnaces, 2 Aug. 47 — at Rome, Dic- 
tatorship renewed, Sep. 47 — African war be- 
gins, before end of 47 — victory of Thapsus, 6 
Apr. 46 — at Rome, end of Jul. 46 — celebrates 
four triumphs, 46 — Dictator for 10 years ; 
JPrcef. Morwn ; his Legislation, reforms Calen- 
dar, 46 — war in Hispania, end of 46 — battle 
of Munda, 17 Mar. 45 — at Rome, Sep. 45 — 
Pater Patriae, Apotheosis, Imperator for life, 
Dictator, and P.M., 45 — Consul for 10 years, 
45 — rejects regal title, 15 Feb. 44 — assassin- 
ated, (Id. Mar.,) 15 Mar. 44. 

Caesar, C. Julius Strabo Vopiscus, — [B C] — 
orator, poet, — accuses T. Albucius, 103 — curule 
aedile, 90 — candidate for consulship, 88 — put 
to death by Marius, 87. 

Caesar, L. Julius,— [BC] — Consul with P. 
Rutilius Lupus, (664, a. u. c.) 90 — commands 
in Social War, 90-89 — proposes the Lex Julia 
dc Civit., 90 — censor, 89 — killed by Timbria, 
87. 

Caesar, L. Julius, — [BC]— Consul with C. 
Marcius Figulus, (690, a. it. c.) 64 — legate of 
C. Caesar in Gaul, 52 — proscribed by Antony, 
and pardoned, 43. 

Caesar, Sir Julius, statesman, — b. at Totten- 
ham, 1557— B. A., Oxford, 17 May 1575— 
D.C.L., Paris, 1581— D.C.L., Oxford, 5 Mar. 
I 5 8 3~ judge of the Court of Admiralty, 1584 
— treasurer of the Inner Temple, 1593 — master 
of Court of Requests, 1596— visited at Mitch- 
am, by Queen Elizabeth, 1598— Knt, by James 
I., 20 May 1603— Privy Councillor, 5 Jul. 
1607 — Master of the Rolls, Oct. 1614 — tf., 
28 Apr. 1636. 

Caesarea, (Strata's Tower, Casarea Stratonis, 
Kaiseriyeh,) in Palestine, — [BC] — built by 
Herod the Great, 22-13 — capital of Palestine, 
10 — [AD] — massacre of Jews, 66 — Roman 
colony, and Jus Italicum, by Vespasian, 70 ? — 
bishopric, about 315 — sacked by Saracens, (17, 
A. h.) 638 — taken by Crusaders, 1101. 

Caesarea Philippi, (Banio8> Faneas,) — [BC] 
— beautiliedby Philip,tetrarch, 3— [A D]— taken 



by Christians, n 29 — given as fief to Rayner 
Brus; taken by Sultan Ismail of Damascus, 
and recaptured, 1 132 — restored to Rayner Brus, 
and made Latin bishopric, n 39. 

Caesarean Era, {Era of Antioch,) — [B C] — ■ 
commences, 1 Sep. 48. 

Caesarius, Bp of Aries, — fj. at Chalons-sur- 
Saone, about 470 — enters monastery of Lerins, 
490 — Bp of Aries, 501 — President of Council 
of Agde, 505 — of second Council of Orange, 
529— tf., 27 Aug. 542 ? 

Caesarius, Flavius, — Consul with Nonius 
Atticus, (1150, a. u. c.) 397. 

Caesars, Era of the, {Spanish Era,) — [B C] 
— commences, 1 Jan. 38. 

Caesianus, L. Apronius, — Consul with C. 
Caesar Augustus Germanicus, (792, a. u. c.) 39. 

Caesoninus. [Piso.] 

Caffa, {Kaffa,) in the Crimea, {Theodosia,) 
— taken and refounded by Genoese, 1266 — 
by Venetians, 1297 — retaken by Genoese, soon 
after — captured by Turks, 1474 or 1475 — 
taken by Russians, 1770 — their possession re- 
cognized by Treaty of Jassy, 1792. 

Caffarelii, (Gaetano Majorano,) singer, — fc., 
about 1703 — goes to England, 1738 — tf. at 
Naples, 1783. 

Caffraria, {Kaffraria,) — explored by Barrow, 
between 1797 and 1803 — by Duncan, 1844 — by 
Ruxton, 1 845 — British, constituted a colony by 
Letters Patent, 7 Mar. 1854 — incorporated 
with Cape Colonv, by Act 28 Vic. c. 5, 27 Mar. 
1865. 

Caffre War, — Sir Harry Smith appointed 
governor of the Cape, 1850 — he meets the 
Chiefs at Fort Cox, 19 Dec. — despatches Col. 
Mackinnon to capture Sandilli, 24 Dec. — Caffre 
attack on Mackinnon in the Keiskamma defile, 
and general rising of the natives ; repulse of 
Colonel Somerset, 29 Dec. — 1851 : defeat of 
Caffres by Major Somerset before Fort Hare, 

21 Jan. — Hottentot insurrection, end of May 
— the rebels defeated by Major-general Somer- 
set, 3 and 5 Jun. — repulse of Caffres by Col. 
Fordyce, 8-9 Sep. — expedition against Macomo, 
Nov. — martial law proclaimed, 31 Dec. — 1852 : 
Major-general Cathcart appointed governor, 
Jan. — defeat of the Basitos, 20 Dec. — 1853: 
submission of Macomo, Sandilli, and Kreili, 27 
Feb. — terms of peace proclaimed, 2 Mar. — con- 
ference between Gen. Cathcart and the chiefs 
at Yellow Woods, 9 Mar. 

Cagliari, in Sardinia, (Carales,) — captured 
by Spaniards, 1330 — unsuccessfully bombarded 
by French, 1793 — residence of kings of Sar- 
dinia, 1798-1814. 

Cagliari, {Caliari,) Paolo, {Paolo Veronese,) 
painter, — rj. at Verona, 1528,* 1530, 13 ? 1532° ? 
— tf. at Venice, 20 Apr. 1588. 

a Eidolfi. b Zanetti. c Others. 

Cagliostro, Alessandro de, {Giuseppe Balsa- 
mo,) Count, impostor, — fj. at Palermo, Jun. 1 743 
— settles at Strasburg, Sep. 1780— goes to Paris, 

30 Jan. 1785 — implicated in affair of the dia- 
mond necklace, and imprisoned in the Bastille, 

22 Aug. 1785 — discharged, retires to England, 

31 May 1786 — ouits London for the Continent, 
1788 — arrested at Rome, 27 Dec. 1789 — con- 



CAGNIABD— CALAMY. 



263 



demned to death, 7 Apr. 1791 — tf. at Chateau 
of St Leo, 1795. 

Cagniard de la Tour, Charles, Baron, 
natural philosopher, — fo. at Paris, 1777 — enters 
the Ecole Poly technique, 1794 — attached to 
Ministry of the Interior, 181 1 — member of 
Legion of Honour, 18 15 — Baron, 1818 — ad- 
mitted to Academy of Sciences, 17 Jan. 1851 
— &., 5 Jul. 1859. Invents the Sirene, 1819 
— Suspension Aqueduct, Crouzol, 1826. 

Cagnola, Luigi, Marquis de, architect, — 6. 
at Milan, 1762,* 1759 b — studies at Univ. of 
Pavia, 1781 — member of State Council, 1799 
— If., 14, a 12 b Aug. 1833. Arco della Pace, 
i8o6, b 1807 a — Campanile of JJrgnano, 1824-9. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. 

Cagnoli, Antonio, mathematician, — 1). at 
Zante, ac Verona, b 29 Sep. 1743 — goes to 
Yerona, 1786 a — Prof. Mathematics, Modena, 
1798 — fr. at Verona, Aug. i8i6, ac i8i8. b 
Trigonometria piana e sferica, 1785, 13 i786. a 
a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Ersch and Gruber. 

Caille. [La Caille.] 

Caillet, Guillaume, {Jacques Bon-homme,) 
— heads insurrection of peasantry, (la Jacquerie,) 
1358 — captured and beheaded, 1359. 

Caillie, Bene, traveller, — ft. at Mauze, 19 
Nov. 1799 — sails for the Senegal, 18 15 — and 
again, 1824 — reaches Timbuctoo, Jan. 1828 — 
If. at Saintonge, May 1838. 

Cainan, — [BC] — b., summer 3679,* 3813 b — 
birth of Mahalaleel, summer 3069 a — "if., sum- 
mer 27 69. a a Ussher. b Clinton. 

Cainites, religious sect, — appear, about 160. 

Cairo, (Kahira,) in Egypt, — founded, (358, 
A. h.) 969 a — capital of Egypt, (362,) 973 a — 
threatened by Crusaders and partly burnt by 
the inhabitants, 1171 — fortified by Saladin, 
about 1 17 6 — army of Crusaders destroyed near, 
1 22 1 — unsuccessfully attacked by Louis IX., 
1249 — taken by Sultan Selim, 15 17 — entered 
by Napoleon, 23 Jul. 1798 — insurrections at, 
21 Oct. 1798 and 20 Mar. 1800 — taken by 
English and Turks, 22 May 1801 — massacre of 
the Mamelukes at, Mar. 18 11 — great fire, 13 
Feb. 1863. a Wilkinson. 

Cairo, Francesco, Cav. del, painter, — b. at 
Milan, 1598 — o\, 1674. 

Caius, (Kaye, Key,) John, physician, — h. 
at Norwich, 6 Oct. 15 10 — enters Gonville 
Hall, Cambridge, 12 Sep. 1529 — Fellow, 1533 
— M.D., Bologna, a Padua, b 1541 — lectures on 
Aristotle at Padua, 1542 — physician to Edward 
VI., Mary, and Elizabeth, about 1548-68 — 
F.B.C.P., 1547 — o\ at Cambridge, 29 Jul. 
1573. De Ephemera Britannica, 1556. 
a 'Rees' Cyc. b Rose's Biog. Diet. 

Caius Caesar, (Caligula,) Roman Emperor, 
— b., 31 Aug. 12 — succeeds Tiberius, (790, 
a. u. c.) 37 — expedition to Gaul and the Ocean, 
(793,) 40 — assassinated, (794,) 24 Jan. 41. 

Caius College, Cambridge, — [Gonville Hall,] 
— extended and endowed by Dr John Caius, 
1558. 

Cajetan, (Thomas da Vio,) Cardinal, — b. at 
Gaeta, 20 Feb. 1469 — enters the Dominican 
Order, 1484 — General of Dominican Order, 
1508 — Cardinal, by Leo X., 15 17 — legate in 



Germany, 15 18 — Bp of Gaeta, 15 19 — sent into 
Germany, 1523 — taken prisoner at sack of 
Borne, 1527 — recalled to Borne, 1530 — tf. 
there, 9 Aug. 1534. 

Cajetan, Constantine, Benedictine, — ft. at 
Syracuse, 1560 — enters Benedictine Order at 
Catania, 1586 — librarian of the Vatican to 
Clement VIII., 1592-1605 — tr. at Borne, 17 
Sep. 1650. 

Calabria, (Messapia,) — [BC] — conquered by 
Bomans, 272-68 — [AD] — conquered by Odo- 
acer, about 480— becomes part of Ostrogothic 
Kingdom under Theodoric, 493 — recovered by 
Belisarius for Justinian, 536 — taken by Autharis, 
king of the Lombards, and made part of Duchy of 
Beneventum, about 589 — ravaged by Saracens, 
about 820-30 — invaded by Normans in service 
of Melo, 1017 — conquered by Bobert Guiscard 
and his brother Boger, the former taking title 
of Duke of Apulia and Calabria, 1058 — the title 
confirmed by Nicholas II., 1059 — [Guiscard, 
Robert] — Boger, son of Bobert, succeeds him, 
1085 — succeeded by his son, William II., 1111 
— the Duchy seized by Roger II., Count of 
Sicily, 1 1 27 — [Sicily, Counts and Kings of] 
— overrun by Emperor Otto, aut. 121 1 — Saracen 
troops settled in, by Frederick II., 1250 — in- 
surrection under Cardinal Buffo, and expulsion 
of the French, 1799 — again in 1806-7 — great 
earthquake in, 6-14 Oct. 1870. [Apulia.J 

Calais, in France, — invested by Edward III., 
1 Aug. 1346 — entered by him, 29 Aug. 1347 — 
John of Gaunt lands at, Jul. 1373 — unsuccess- 
fully besieged by Duke of Burgundy, Jul., Aug. 
1436 — Earl of Warwick made captain of, 1455 
— Earl of Warwick and Duke of Clarence- re- 
fused entrance to, Apr. 1470 — Edward IV. 
with his army lands at, Jul. 1475 — Henry VII. 
lands at, 2 Oct. 1492 — Wolsey holds fruit- 
less conferences with Francis I. at, and 
forms league with Charles V., Aug. 152 1 — 
Henry VIII. lands at, Jul. 1544 — invested and 
taken by Duke of Guise, 1-7 Jan. 1558 — taken 
by Spaniards, Apr. 1596 — restored to France 
by Treaty of Vervins, May 1598 — unsuccess- 
fully besieged by Spaniards, 1657 — Louis 
XVIII. lands at, 18 14 — connected with Dover 
by submarine telegraph, 1851. 

Calame, Alexandre, painter,— b. at Neuf- 
chatel, 28 May 18 10 — visits Italy, 1845 — If. 
at Mentone, 19 Mar. 1864. 

Calamis, sculptor, — [BC] — fl. at Athens, 
about 467-429. 

Calamy, Edmund, theologian, — b. in Lon- 
don, Feb. 1600 — enters Pembroke Hall, Cam- 
bridge, 4 Jul. 1 6 15 — lecturer of Bury St 
Edmunds, 1626-36 — B.D., Cambridge, 1632 — 
minister of St Mary's, Aldermanbury, 1639 — 
attends the Savoy Conference, 1641 — one of the 
deputation sent to congratulate Charles II. on 
his restoration, 1660 — chaplain to Charles II., 
1660 — resigns his living, 15 Aug. 1662 — com- 
mitted to Newgate, Dec. 1662 — ft. in London, 
29 Oct. 1666. 

Calamy, Edmund, theologian,— ft. in Lon- 
don, 5 Apr. 1 67 1 — studies at Univ. of Utrecht, 
1688-91 — nonconformist minister in London, 
1692 — D.D., 1709 — U., 3 Jun. 1732. Account 



CALAXDRIXI— CALEXDAR. 



of Ministers, §c, ejected in 1662, 1727— De- 
fence of Moderate Nonconformity, 1703. 

Calandrelli. Joseph, the Abbe, astronomer, — 
b. at Zagarola, 1749 — Prof. Mathematics, 
Rome, 1774 — Director of Observatory, 1787- 
1S24— tf. there, 27 Dec. 1827. 

Calandrini, Jean Louis, mathematician, — ft. 
at Geneva, 1703 — Prof. Mathematics, 1724 — 
Prof. Philosophy, 1734-50— Councillor of State 
and Treasurer, 1750— tf. at Geneva, 30 Dec. 
1758. Theses de coloribus, 1722 — Theses de 
vyetatione, §c, 1734 — Theses de veritatis m- 
quisitione, 1734. 

Calanus, gymnosophist, — [B C] — tr. on funeral 
pile at Pasargada, (01. 113, 4,) 325. 

Calas, Jean, — b. in Languedoc, 1698 — mar- 
ries and settles at Toulouse, 173 1 — accused of 
strangling his son to prevent his entering the 
Romish Church, Oct. 1761 — his cause pleaded 
by Voltaire : broken on the wheel at Toulouse, 
9 Mar. 1762— declared innocent, 9 Mar. 1765. 

Calasio, Mario de, Franciscan, — ft. at 
Calasio near Aquila, about 1550— tf., 1620. Con- 
cordantice sacrorum Bibliorum hebraicce, 1621. 

Calatinus, A. Atilius, — [B C] — Consul with 
C. Sulpicius Paterculus, carries on the war in 
Sicily, (496, a. u. c.) 258 — again with Cn. 
Corn. Scipio Asina, and takes Panormus, (500,) 
254 — Dictator, carries on the war in Sicily, 
(505,) 249. 

Calatrava, Order of,— instituted in Spain by 
Sancho III. of Castile, 1158. 

Calcagnini, Celio, classical scholar, — ft. at 
Ferrara, 17 Sep. 1479 — accompanies Cardinal 
Hippolito d'Este to Hungary, 15 18 — Prof. 
Lelles Lettres, Lniv. of Ferrara, about 1520-41 
— tf. at Ferrara, 7 Apr. 1541. Opera, 1541. 

Calcar, (Kalkar,) John, painter, — b. at 
Calcar, in Cleves, 1499 — tf. at Xaples, 1546. 

Calceolari, Francesco, naturalist and phy- 
. — 9. at Verona, about 1550. Iter montis 
Baldi, 1 57 1. 

Calchi, Tristan, historian, — b. at Milan, 
about 1462 — historiographer to the city, 1502 
— arch-treasurer to Louis XII. , 1503 — tf., 
before 15 17. Historic/, patriae, 1628. 

Calcium, — discovered by Davy, 1808. 

Calculating-machine, — invented by Mor- 
land, 1666 — by Babbage, 1822— Swedish, by 
the Scheutzes, completed, 1853 — applied to the 
calculation of Lite-tables, by Farr, 1864. 

Calculus. [Differential Calculus.] 

Calcutta, — English factory removed from 
Hoogly to site of, 1698 — captured by Surajah 
lid Dowlah, who shuts up the prisoners in the 
B luck Hole, Jun. 1756 — retaken by Clive, Jan. 
1757 — Fort William built by Clive, 1757-73 — 
1 British Government, 1773 — bishopric, 
1 8 14 — the Supreme Court of, closed, 30 Jun. 
1862— new High Court opened, 1 Jul. 1862 — 
cyclone at, 5 Oct. 1864 — another, 1 Xov. 1867. 
rsity of, founded, 1857. Asiatic Society, 
founded by Sir W. Jones, 1784. 

Caldani, Leopold Marc-Antonio, anatomist, 
— b. at Bologna, 21 Xov. 1725 — Prof. Ana- 
tomy, Padua, 1771 — tf., 20 Dec. 1813. Icones 
anatomiete, 1 801-14 — ExpUcatio icontm ana- 
tomicarum, 1802-14. 



Caldani, Patrone Maria, mathematician, — 
Prof. Mathematics, Bologna, Dec. 1763 — am- 
bassador at Rome, 1795-9 — tf. at Padua, 1808. 
Delia proporzione Bernouilliana frd il diametro 
e la cir confer enza del circolo, 1782. 

Caldara, Polidoro, [Polidoro da Caravaggio,) 
painter, — ft. at Caravaggio, about 1495 — em- 
ployed as assistant by Raphael, about 15 12 — ■ 
visits Naples, 1527 — u\, 1543. 

Caldas, Francisco Jose de, natural philoso- 
pher, — b. at Popayan, about 1773 — director 
of Observatory of Santa Fe de Bogota, 1805-6 
— captured and executed by Morillo, 30 Oct. 
1816. Semenario de la Xueva Granada, 1807. 

Calder, Sir Robert, admiral, — b. at Elgin, 
2 Jul. 1745 — enters the navy, 1759 — com- 
mander of the Theseus under Lord Howe, 1794 
— distinguishes himself at battle of Cape St 
Vincent, 13 Feb. 1797 — Knt, 1797 — Rear- 
admiral, 1799 — Vice-admiral, Apr. 1804 — 
blockades ports of Brest and Corogne, 1805 — 
defeats Admiral Villeneuve off Cape Fmisterre 
and captures two vessels, 23 Jul. 1805 — tried 
by Court Martial and reprimanded, Oct. 1805 
— tf. at Holt, Hants, 31 Aug. 181 8. 

Calderari, Ottone, architect, — b. at Vicenza, 
1730 — -tf. at Vicenza, 26 Oct. 1803. Talazzo 
Cordellina, Vicenza, 1776 — Villa Porto, Vivaro, 
1778 — Palazzo Loschi, Vicenza, 1782 — Diseyni 
e scritti cli Architettura, 1808-17. 

Calderon delaBarca, Don Pedro, dramatist, 
— b. at Madrid, 17 Jan. 1600 — begins to 
write plays, 1614 or 1615 — leaves Univ. of 
Salamanca, 16 19 — gains a prize at poetical 
contest at Madrid, 1622 — attached to Court of 
Philip IV., 1636 — knighted, 1637 — serves in 
campaign against rebels, 1 640 • — takes holy 
orders, 165 1 — chaplain to the king, 1663 — 
priest of Congregation of St Peter, 1663 — 
head of the Congregation, about 1666 — tf., 25 
May 1681. Works, 1682-91. 

Calderwood, David, theologian, — b., 1575 ? 
— parish minister of Crelling, 1604 — protests 
against ecclesiastical measures of James I., 
16 1 7 — imprisoned and sentenced to exile, he 
goes to Holland, 16 19 — returns to Scotland, 
probably 1636 — tf. at Jedburgh, probably 
1651. Altare Damascenum, 1621-3. 

Caldiero, in Italy, — Xapoleon defeated by 
Alvmzi at, n Xov. 1796. 

Caldus, C. Coelius, — [B C] — Consul with L. 
Domitius Ahenobarbus, (660, a. tj. c.) 94. 

Caleb, — [BC] — b., 1530 a — goes as one of 
the spies from Kadesh Barnea, end of Aug. 
1490 a — obtains Hebron, 1445/ 
a Usslier. 

Caledonia, Caledonians, — invaded by Agri- 
cola, 83-4 — under Galgacus, defeated by Agri- 
cola, 84 — pass the Roman Wall and are defeated 
by Ulpius, 181 — conquered by Severus, 209. 

Caledonian Canal, — constructed by Telford, 
1803-23. 

Caledonian Mercury, — established, 1662 — 
discontinued, 20 Apr. 1867. 

Calendar, — [BC] — correction of, provided 
for, by Decree of Canopus, 238 — Roman: lunar 
months used to 448 — correction by Decemviri, 
450 — by M' Acilius Glabrio, 169 — by Julius 



CALENDARIO-CALLENBURGH. 



165 



Caesar, 46 — by Augustus, 8 — [A D]— by Gregory 
XIII., by Bull, 24 Feb. 1582 — [Gregorian 
Style] — French Revolutionary, used, 26 Nov. 
1793 to 31 Dec. 1805 — adopted by Commune 
of Paris, Apr. 187 1. 

Calendario, Filippo, architect and sculptor, 
— fl. at Venice, and constructs porticoes round 
Place of St Mark tbere, about 1350. 

Calenus, Q. Fufius — [B C]— trib. pleb., 61 
— praetor, 59 — legate to Caesar in Gaul, 51- — in 
Spain, 49 — in Pharsalian War, 48 — Consul 
vrith P. Vatinius, 3 last months (707, a. u. c.) 
47 — joins Antony, 44-3 — tf., 41. 

Calepino, (Da Calepio,) Ambrogio, philo- 
logist, — b. at Calepio, 6 Jun. 1435 — enters 
Augustine Order, 145 i, a 1458 b — tf. at Ber- 
gamo, 30 Nov. 15 1 1. Lexicon Latinum, 1502. 
a Biog. Univ. b Zedler Univ. Lex. 

Caletti, Giuseppe, painter, — b. at Ferrara, 
about 1600 — tf-, about 1660. 

Calhoun, John Caldwell, statesman, — b. at 
Abbeville, S. Carolina, 18 Mar. 1782 — graduates 
at Yule Coll., 1804— enters on practice of Law, 
1807 — member of House of Representatives, 
1808 — of Congress, 181 1 — Secretary of War, 
1 8 17— Yice-president, 1825- — re-elected, 1829 
■ — senator, 1831 — Secretary of State, 1843 — 
senator, 1845 — tf. at Washington, 31 Mar. 
1850. Works, 1853-4. 

Calico-printing, — practised in England/from 
1676,* 1696 b — introduced in Lancashire, 1768 
■ — printing of cotton cloth permitted by parlia- 
ment, 1774 — freed from taxation, 1831 — the 
Factories Act extended to print-works, by 8 
and 9 Vic. c. 29, 30 Jun. 1845. 

a Anderson. b Thomson. 

Calicut, (Malabar,) — sacked by Vasco de 
Gama, 1498 — taken by Hyder Ali, 1766— re- 
stored, when taken possesion of by the English, 

Calidasa, Indian dramatist, — $., before 500. 

California, V. S., — Hernando de Alarcon, a 
(Grixalva, b ) explores Gulf of, 1540-1,* 1534 b 
■ — visited by Cabrillo, 1542— visited by Drake, 
1578 — colonized by Spaniards, 1768 — gold dis- 
covered in, 1847 — ceded to tlnited States by 
treaty, Feb. 1 848 — sovereign State of the 
Union, 1850. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Engl. Cyc. 

Caligula. [Caius Caesar.] 

Calippic Cycle,— [B c]— begins, (01.112,3, 
beginning of,) evening 28 Jun. 330. 

Calippus, (Calhppus,) of Cyzicus, astronomer, 
— [B Cj — 9., about 330. 

Calixtus (Kallistas) I., St, Bp of Rome, 
■ — succeeds Zephyrinus, early 2i9, a 2 Aug. 217 b 
■ — martyred, 14,* 12 b Oct. 222, 223.= d 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. 

c Engl. Cyc. d Ersch and Gruber. 

Calixtus II., Pope,— Abp of Yienne, 1088 
—succeeds Gelasius II., 11 19 — concludes peace 
with Emperor at Diet of Worms, 23 Sep. 1122 
- — tf., 12 Dec. 1 124. 

Calixtus III., (Alphonzo Borgia,) Pope, — b. 
in Spain, 1379 — Cardinal, by Eugenius IV., 
1444 — succeeds Nicholas V., 8 Apr. 1455 — ap- 
points Commission which declares Joan of Arc 
a martyr, 7 Jul. 1456 — tf., 6 Aug. 1458. 

Calixtus III., Antipope, — elected, 1168; 



Calixtus, George, theologian, — b. inHolstein, 
14 Dec. 1586 — Prof. Theology, Helmstadt, 
1614 — tf., 19 Mar. 1656. Compendium Theo- 
logian, 1634 — Be conjugio clericorum, 1631. 

Caliyuga, (KaUyuga,) Era of, — [B C] — com- 
mences, (17-18 Feb. 1612, J.P.) 3102. 

Calkoen van Beck, Jan Frederick, theologian 
and natural philosopher, — b. at Groningen, 5 
May 1772 — Prof . Extraord. Astronomy, Leyden, 
1799 — Ordinary Prof., 1804 — Prof, at Utrecht, 
1805 — tf. at Utrecht, 25 Mar. 181 1. Onderzoek 
naarden oor sprung van den Mosaischenen Christe- 
lijlcen godsdienst, §c, 1797 — Euryalus over het 
schoone, 1802. 

Call, Jan van, engraver, — b. at Nimeguen, 
1655 — tf. at the Hague, 1703. 

Callaniar, Charles Antoine, sculptor, — b., 
1776 — member of the Philotechnic Society, 
181 1 — commits suicide, 1821. 

Callao, Peru, — destroyed by earthquake, 
1746 — surrenders to the patriots, Sep. 1821 — 
capitulates to the patriots, 1826 — bombardment 
of, attempted by Spanish fleet, defeated by 
Peruvians, 2 May 1866. 

Callcott, Sir Augustus Wall, painter, — b. 
at Kensington, 20 Feb. 1779 — first exhibits at 
the Royal Academy, 1799 — A.R.A., 1807 — 
R.A., 1 8 10 — marries Maria Graham, about 
1824 — Knt, 19 Jul. 1837 — Keeper of Royal 
pictures, 1844 — tf. at Kensington, 25 Nov. 
1844. The Brook, 1806 — Littlehampton Bier, 
181 8 — Return from Market, 181 8 — Raphael and 
the Fornarina, 1837. 

Callcott, (Maria Graham,) Lady, writer, on 
Art—i., 1788— marries Sir A. W. Callcott, 
about 1824— tf. at Kensington, 21 Nov. 1842. 
Memoirs of Boussin, 1820 — Essays toicards the 
History of Bainting, 1836 — Little Arthur's 
History of England, 1836. 

Callcott, John Wall, musical composer, — b. 
at Kensington, 1766 — assists in forming Glee 
Club, 1787 — studies under Haydn, 1790 — Mus. 
D., Oxon., 1790 — tf., May 1821. Musical 
Grammar, 1805. 

Calle, (Collet,) Jean Francois, mathematician, 
— b. at Versailles, 25 Oct. 1744 — goes to Paris, 
1768 — Prof. Hydrography at Yannes, 1788 — ■ 
Prof, des ingenieurs geographes, 1792 — presents 
plan of telegraph and telegraphic language, 
1797 — tf-, 14 Nov. 1798. Tables of Loga- 
rithms, 1795. 

Calleja, Don Felix del Key, Count of Cal- 
depon, — b. in Spain, 1750 — commands in 
Mexico against Hidalgo and defeats him, 7 
Nov. 18 10 — captures Hidalgo, 21 Mar. 181 1— 
returns to Spain, 18 17 — Count of Calderon, by 
Ferdinand VII., 181 8 — imprisoned by Col. 
Riego and the army, 1 Jan. 1820 — tf. in retire- 
ment, 1820. 

Callenberg, Johann Heinrich, orientalist,— 
b. inSaxe-Gotha, 12 Jan. 1694 — Prof. Philoso- 
phy, Halle, 1727 — Prof . Theology, Halle, 1739 
— tf., 16 Jul. 1760. 

Callenburgh, Gerard, admiral — b. at Willem- 
stadt, 8 Apr. 1642 — commands under de Ruyter 
against the French, 1676 — Commander-in-chief 
at Vigo, 1697 — bombards Gibraltar with the 
English, 1704 — tf. at Vlaerdingen, 8 Oct. 1722. 



266 



CALLEPIUS— CALO-JOANNES. 



Callepius, — Consul with Ardabures, (1200, 

A. U. C.) 447. 

Callet, Jean Francois. [Calle.] 

Calli, Pierre, philosopher and theologian, — 
Prof. Philosophy, Caen, 1660 — Principal of 
Coll. of Arts there, 1675 — exiled to Moulins, 
1686-8 — tj. at Caen, 31 Dec. 1709. 

Calliades,— [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
75, 1) 480. 

Calliarchus, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, 
(01. 119, 4) 301. 

Callias, architect, — [BC] — fl., about 290. 

Callias, {Calliades ?) comic poet, — [BC] — 
fl., about 432-402 ? 

Callias, — [BC] — 1. Archon at Athens, (01. 
81, 1,) 456. 2. Archon, (01. 92, 1,) 412, and 
(01. 93, 3,) 406. 3. Archon, (01. 100, 4,) 377. 

Callicles, sculptor, — [BC] — fl. at Megara, 
about 420. 

Callicrates, architect, — [BC] — fl. at Athens, 
and takes part in erecting the Parthenon, 
about 444. 

Callicrates, Adman strategus, — [BC] — am- 
bassador of Achaean League to Pome, 180 — 
as strategus maintains Eoman policy in the 
League, 179 — opposes alliance with Perseus, 
174 — denounces the partisans of Perseus to 
Home, 168 — bribed by Menalkidas, 150 — U. at 
Rhodes, 149. 

Callicratidas, — [B C] — supersedes Lysander 
as admiral of Spartan fleet, Sep. 406 — killed at 
Arginusaj, 406. 

Callieres, Francois de, statesman, — ft. at 
Thorigny, 14 May 1645 — Plenipotentiary of 
France at Congress of Eyswick, 1693 — member 
of French Academy, 7 Feb. 1689 — if., 5 May 
1717. 

Calliergi, (Calloergi,) Zacharie, printer, — ft. 
in Crete, — fl., about 1480-1520. Dictionnaire 
etymologique de la Ian g ae grecque, 1499. 

Calligenes, physician, — [B C] — aids Perseus 
to seize throne of Macedonia on death of Philip 
II., 179. 

Callimachus Experiens. [Buonaccorsi.] 

Callimachus, general, — [BC] — commands 
and falls at Marathon, 490. 

Callimachus, (Battiades,) poet, grammarian, 
§c, — [B C] — librarian at Alexandria, about 
260-240. 

Callimachus, — [BC] — fl., about 256 — lived 
to 230. 

Callimachus, — [B C] — 1. Archon at Athens, 
(01. 83, 3,) 446. 2. Archon, (01. 107, 4,) 349. 

Callimedes, — [B C]— Archon at Athens, (01. 
105, 1,) 360. 

Callimedon, (Carabus,) orator, — [BC] • — 
flees to Antipater, 323 — escapes with Demetrius 
Phalerens, Apr. to May 317. 

Callinghur, (luillcenjur,) Hindustan, — 
founded, about 600 — capital of a powerful state, 
about 1020 — besieged by Kutb-ud-deen, 1202 
— unsuccessfully besieged by Humayun, 1532 — 
jjed by Shir Shah, 1543 — seized by Rajah 
01 Punna, about 1750 — unsuccessfully blockaded 
by Ali Behadur, about 1790-1800 — besieged by 
tin British, 19 Jan. 1812 — stormed by them, 
20 Feb. 1 81 2 — ordered to be destroyed, 1854. 



Callinicus, — deserts service of Caliph, and 
communicates secret of the ' Greek fire ' to the 
Romans, 670. 

Callinicus, Seleucus. [Seleucus.] 

Callinus, of JEphesus, elegiac poet, — [B C] — 
fl., probably 736-7 i2, a 7oo, b 68o, c 634.° 
a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. c Others. 

Calliope, asteroid, — discovered by Hind, 16 
Nov'. 1852. 

Callisen, Henry, surgeon, — ft. in Holstein, 
11 May 1740 — visits Paris and London, 1767- 
71 — Prof. Surgery, Copenhagen, 1773 — Physi- 
cian to Royal Family, 1801 — tf., 5 Feb. 1824. 
Institutiones chirurgice hodiernce, 1777 — Sys- 
tema chirurgice hodiernal, 1 815-17. 

Callisthenes, philosopher, historian, — [B C] 
— ft. at Olynthus, Thrace, about 365 — ac- 
companies Alexander into Asia, 334 — put to 
death, about 328. 

Callistratus, orator, — [B C] — warns Leon- 
tiades of the attempt on the Cadmeia, 379 — ■ 
commands forces against Agesilaos with Cha- 
brias and Timotheus, 378 — with Iphicrates, 
prosecutes Timotheus, Nov. 373 — colleague of 
Iphicrates, in aid of Korkyra, autumn 372 — at 
Congress at Sparta, 37 1 — condemned to death, 
Jul. 361 — at Methone, Nov. 361 — in the Cher- 
sonese, 356 — put to death at Athens, 356 ? 
Speech on of air of Oropus, 366. 

Callistratus, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
106, 2,) 355. 

Callistratus, jurist, — fl., about 198-21 1. 

Callon, statuary, of JEgina, — [BC] — fl., 
about (01. 59) 544 ? 5 16. a a Smith's Diet. 

Callot, Jacques, painter, engraver, — ft. at 
Nanci, 1593,* 1592 b — goes to Italy, 1605 — . 
refuses pension offered by Louis XIII. , 1631 — 
U. at Nanci, 27 Mar. 1635-6. 

a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Calmar, Union of, — between Sweden, Den- 
mark, and Norway, formed, 13 Jul. 1397 — dis- 
solved by Gustavus Vasa, 1 Sep. 1524. 

Calmet, Augustin, theologian, historian, — 
ft. near Commerci, Lorraine, 26 Feb. 1672 — 
enters Benedictine Order, 23 Oct. 1689,* 1688 b 
— sub-prior and lecturer on Holy Scripture in 
Abbey of Munster, 1704 — Abbe and lecturer on 
Holy Scriptures in Abbey of St Leopold of 
Nanci, 17 18 — Abbe of Senones, 1728 — tj. at 
Senones, 23 Oct. 1757. Dictionnaire historique 
et critique de la Bible, 1730 — Histoire de 
VAncien et du Nouveau Testament, 1737. 
a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Calne, Wiltshire, — Synod held at, 978. 

Calogiera, Angelo, miscellaneous writer, — ft. 
at Padua, 1699 — enters Order of the Camal- 
dolesi, 17 16 — appointed Bevisore at Venice, 
1730 — Abbot, 1756 — o\, 29 Sep. 1768. Rac- 
colta d'Opuscoli Scientifici e Filologici, 1728-53, 
and 1754-68. 

Calo-Joannes, Joannes II. Comnenus, 
Emperor of the East, — ft., 1088 — succeeds 
his father Alexis Comnenus, 15 Aug. 11 18 — 
wars with the Turks, 11 19-43 — with Servians, 
1 1 23-4 — with Hungarians, 11 24 — with Ar- 
menians of Cilicia, 11 31 — Armenia annexed to 
Empire, 11 37— at Antioch, 11 38 — war with 



CALOMARDE— CALVINUS. 



267 



Raymond against Turks; defeats Sultan of 
Iconium, and returns to Constantinople, 1141 
—sets out for Cilicia, 1 142 — fc. at Anazarba, 8 
Apr. 1 143. 

Calomarde, Don Francisco Tadeo, Duke 
of, statesman,— b. in Galicia, a Aragon, b 10 
Feb. i773, b 1775 c — First Commissioner of 
Ministry of the Indies under Ferdinand VII., 
1814 — exiled, Sep. 1815 — Secretary of Pro- 
visional Regency, May 1823 — Minister of Grace 
and Justice, Jan. 1824— U. at Toulouse, 19,* 
21 b Jun. 1842. 

a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Conv.-Lex. 

Calonne, Charles Alexandre de, statesman, 
— fo. at Douai, 20 Jan. 1734 — Intendant of 
Metz, 1768— Minister of Finance, 3 Nov. 1783 
— makes his statement in Assembly of No- 
tables, 22 Feb. 1787 — dismissed and exiled to 
Lorraine, 1787 — joins the princes at Coblentz, 
1791 — returns from London to Paris, Sep. 
1802 — tf. at Paris, 29 Oct. 1802. 

Calotype Process, in Photography, — pa- 
tented by Fox Talbot, 1841. 

Calov, (Calovius,) Abraham, theologian, — 
h. in Brunswick, 16 Apr. 161 2 — D.D., Rostock, 
1637 — Rector of College, Dantzic, 1643 — Prof. 
Theology, Wittenberg, 1650 — rj. there, 25 Feb. 
1686. 

Calprenede, Gauthier de Costes, novelist, 
• — enters the army, about 1632— If., Oct. 1663. 

Calpurnian Laws, — [B C] — De repetanclis, 
carried by L. Calpurnius Piso, 149. Lex Acilia 
Calpurnia, carried, 67. 

Calpurnianus, M. Pupius Piso, — [BC] — 
Consul with M. Valer. Messalla, (693, a. u. c.) 
61. 

Calpurnius, (Calphurnius,) Titus Julius, a 
(Siculus, b ) poet, — fl., about 280,? 290. b ? 
a Engl. Cyc. b Smith's Diet. 

Calpurnius Flamma, Marcus, military tri- 
bune, — [B C] — rescues army of Atilius from the 
Carthaginians, about 259. 

Caluso, Tommaso Valperga de, de' Conti di 
Masino, astronomer, §c., — b. at Turin, 20 Oct. 
i737, a 1735 b — enters the Church, at Naples, 
1761 — Director of Observatory, Turin ; Prof. 
Greek and Oriental languages, to 18 14 — o\, 1 
Apr. 1 8 15. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch. and Gruber. 

Calvart, Denis, painter, — b. at Antwerp, 
I 5 6 5* l 555 b — *• at Bologna, 1619. 

a Biog. Univ. b Kees' Cyc. 

Calvena, C. Matius, miscellaneous writer, 
• — [B C] — joins Caesar at Brundisium, 49 — sides 
with Octavianus, 44. 

Calvert. [Baltimore, Lord.] _ 

Calvert, Leonard,— arrives with colonists 
in Maryland, 20 Mar. 1634. 

Calvi, in Com'm,— taken by Lord Hood, 
1794 — abandoned by English, 1795. 

Calvi, Lazzaro, painter, — b. at Genoa, 1502 
— ft., 1607. 

Calvin, (Cauvin,) Jean, theologian, — b. at 
Noyon, 10 Jul. 1509— goes to the High School 
of Paris, 1523 — removes to Montaigu Coll., 
1526 — obtains the living of Marteville, Sep. 
1527 — goes to study at Univ. of Orleans, 
autumn 1527 — goes to Bourges, 1528 — begins 



to teach the doctrines of the Reformation, 1528 
— preaches at Noyon, 1529 — returns to Paris, 
Jun. 1529 — assumes the name Calvinus, Apr. 
1532 — flies from Paris, suspected and pursued, 
close of 1533— meets Le Fevre d'Etaples at 
Nerac, 1533 — returns to Paris, May 1534 — 
resigns his benefices at Noyon, 4 May 1534 — 
contest with the Libertines begins, summer 
1534 — challenged by Servetus to a disputation, 
1534 — retires to Basel, autumn 1534 — visits 
Ferrara, 1536 — arrives at Geneva, summer 1536 
— appointed to lecture on Theology, Sep. 1536 
— accused of Arianism, Mar. 1537 — attends 
synod of Lausanne, mid-lent 1538 — banished 
from Geneva, 23 Apr. 1538 — attends synod of 
Zurich, 29 Apr. 1538 — becomes a pastor at 
Strasburg, 1538 — attends Diet at Frankfort 
and has interview with Melancthon, Mar. 1539 
— marries, 1540 — attends Diet at Hagenau, 
Jun. 1540 — at Worms, Nov. 1540 — at Ratisbon, 
Apr. 1 54 1 — visits Neufchatel, and mediates 
between Farel and his church, Sep. 1541- — re- 
turns to Geneva, 13 Sep. 1541 — his plan of 
Church Government published, 20 Nov. 1541 

— intercedes for the Waldenses, 1545 — his 
sentence on Ameaux excites disturbances, Mar. 
1546 — his life threatened, Jun. 1547 — im- 
prisons Perrin, Aug. 1577 — suppresses sedition 
thereby excited, 16 Sep. 1547 — admonished 
by the Council, 9 Jul. 1548 — reprimanded, 
18 Oct. 1548 — loses his wife, 5 Apr. 1549 

— draws up the Zurich ' Consensus,' May 
1549 — persecutes Bolsec, 1551 — invited to 
England by Cranmer, Mar. 1552 — sends evi- 
dence against Servetus to the Inquisition at 
Vienne, Mar. 1553 — appears against him at 
Geneva, 21 Aug. 1553 — visits him in prison, 1 
Sep. and 27 Oct. 1553 — Servetus is burnt, 27 
Oct. 1553 — disputes with the ministers of the 
Pays de Vaux, 1554 — controversy with Lu- 
therans begun, May 1554 — visits Frankfort, 
Aug. 1556 — corresponds with Knox, 1559 — 
suspected of originating conspiracy of Amboise, 
close of 1559 — invited to settle at Paris, but de- 
clines, 1 56 1 — prevented by illness from attend- 
ing the conference of Poissy, Aug. 156 1 — If. 
at Geneva, 27 May 1564. Institutio Christiana 
Religionis, 1536 — Commentarii in Novum 
Testamentum, 156 1 — Epistolcs, 1586, §c. 

Calvinus, Cn. Domitius,— [B C] — 1. Consul 
with A. Corn. Coss. Arvina, (422, a. u. c.) 
332. 2. Maximus — [B C] — unsuccessful can- 
didate for cur. 83d., 304 — cur. sed., 299 — Consul 
with P. Corn. Dolabella, (471,) 283— defeats 
Etrurians and Gauls on the Tiber, 283 — 
dictator, 280 — first pleb. censor, 280. 3. — 
[B C] — legate to L. Val. Flaccus in Asia, 62 — 
trib. pleb., 59 — candidate for consulship, 54 — ■ 
accusedof ambitus, Oct. 54 — Consul with M. Val. 
Messalla,(701,)53 — serves under Curio in Africa, 
49 — battle of the Bagradas ; in Macedonia, 48 — 
at Pharsalia, 48 — commands in Asia, defeated 
at Nicopolis by Pharnaces, 47 — at Rome, 45 — • 
Consul with C. Asinius Pollio, (714,) 40 — pro- 
consul in Spain, 39 — triumphs, 36. 

Calvinus, C. Sextius, — [BC] — Consul with 
C. Cassius Longinus, (630, a. u. c.) 124 — pro- 



2 68 



CALYIXUS— CAMBRIDGE. 



consul in Gaul, conquers the Salluvii and founds 
Aqua Sextice, 123,* I22. b 

a Zumpt. b Clinton. 

Calvinus, T. Veturius — [B C]— Consul with 
Sp. Postumius Albums, (420, a. u. c.) 334 and 
(433) 321. 

Calvisius, Sethus, (Calvitz,) chronologist, 
musician— b. in Thuringia, 21 Feb. 1556— 
chantor, Leipsic, 1582— tf. there, 23 Nov. i6i7, a 
1615. 13 Opus chronologicum, 1605—JElenchus 
Calendarii, 161 1 — Melopoia, 1592. 

a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Calvus. [Metellus, L. Csecilius.] 

Calvus. [Scipio, Cn. Corn.] k 

Calvus, C. Licinius Macsr,— : [B C] — orator, 
— b., 28 May 82— tf., 48. 

Calvus, C. Licinius Stole-,— [BC]— trib. 
pleb., 376-367 — carries Licinian Laws, 366 — 
Consul with C. Sulpicius Peticus, (390, a. u. c.) 
364— and again, (393,) 361 — fined for violating 
Licinian Laws, 357. 

Calypso, asteroid, — discovered by Luther, 4 
Apr. 1858. 

Camaldulensian Order, — founded by St 
Romuald, 1012 — approved by Alexander II., 
1072. 

Camarina, in Sicily, — [BC] — founded by 
Syracusans under Dascon and Menecolus, 599,* 
598, b (01. 39, 2,) 623°— destroyed by Syracu- 
sans, 553,* (01. 56, 3,) 554-3 — restored by 
Hippocrates of Gela, about 492,° 495 d — de- 
stroyed by Gelon, (01. 74, 1,) 484° — restored 
by Gelonus, (01. 79, 4,) 461 c — ravaged by 
Himilco, 405. d a Clinton. 

b Armen. Hieron. c Miiller. d Smith's Diet. 

Cambaceres.Etienne Hubert de, Cakdinal, 
Abp, — b. at MontpeUier, 11 Sep. 1756 — Abp 
of Rouen, 1802 — Cardinal, 1803 — member of 
Legion of Honour, 1803 — Senator, 1803 — Peer, 
1 8 14 — tf. at Rouen, 25 Oct. 1821. 

Cambaceres, Jean Jacques Regis, Duke of 
Parma, ecc, statesman, — ft. at Montpellier, 18 
Oct. i757, a 1753 bc — deputy to National Con- 
vention, 1792 — member of Committee of Pub- 
lic Safety, 26 Mar. 1793— Pres. Convention, 
Oct. 1793 — Pres. Commission on the Directory, 
22 Oct. 1796 — Minister of Justice, (30 Prairial 
an VII.,) Jun. 1799 — second Consul, 25 Dec. 
1799 — Duke of Parma, 1808 — receives offici- 
ally consent of Bonaparte and Josephine to 
their divorce, 15 Dec. 1809 — opposes the Aus- 
trian alliance, 10 Feb. 18 10 — joins in recall of 
the Bourbons, Apr. 18 14 — banished as regicide, 
Mar. 1 81 6 — recalled, 23 May 181 8 — tf. at 
Paris, 8 Mar. 1824. Projet clu Code Civil, 
1796. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Cambiaso, (Cangiajio,) Luca, {Luchetto da 
,) painter, — b. at Moneglia, 1527 — goes 
to Spain and paints in the Escurial, for Philip 
II., 1583 — tf. there, 1585. 

Cambini, Jean Joseph, musical composer, — 
b. at Leghorn, 13 Feb. 1746 — settles at Pans, 
1770 — leader of orchestra at the Theatre 
Louvois, 1791 — retires to Holland, 1810 — tf. 
at BicStre, ': before 181 8. 

Cambio, Arnolfo di. architect, — b., 1232 — 



assists Xicola Pisano at Siena, 1267 — architect 
to Charles of Anjou at Naples, 1277 — tf-, 1300,* 
i3io. b Church of Santa Croce, Florence, com- 
menced, about 1294 — Santa Maria del Fiore, 
commenced, about 1294. 

a Engl. Cyc. b CroTve and Cavalcaselle. 

Cambodia, — visited and described by a 
Chinese traveller, 1295-7 — conquered by Siam- 
ese, 1351-74 — discovery of ruined Naga tem- 
ples, by Mouhot, 1858-61 — ruins visited by 
Bastian, 1863. 

Cambon, Jean Louis Auguste Emmanuel 
de, statesman, — b. at Toulouse, 1737 — member 
of first Assembly of Notables, 1787 — and 
of second, 1788 — quits France, 1789— tf., 
1808. 

Cambon, Joseph, statesman, — b. at Mont- 
pellier, 17 Jun. i754, a 1756 b — member of 
Legislative Assembly, Sep. 1791 — opposes 
establishment of revolutionary tribunal, 10 
Mar. 1793 — member of Chamber of Repre- 
sentatives, 1 8 15 — quits France, 18 16 — tf. at 
Brussels, 15, a 2 b Feb. 1820. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Cambrai, in France, (Camaracum,)— held by 
the Franks, from 481 — Bishopric, probably 
before 500 — fortified by Charlemagne, 780- 
800? — ceded to its Bishops by Charles the 
Bald, 850-870? — taken by the Xormans, 870 
—ceded to Emperor Henry I. by Charles the 
Simple, 922 — attacked by Hungarians, 953 — 
unsuccessfully besieged by English, 1339 — oc- 
cupied by Louis XI., 1477 — restored to Bur- 
gundy, 1478 — taken by Charles V., 1543 — 
unsuccessfully besieged by Henry II., 1553 — 
archbishopric, 1559 — taken by Duke of Alen- 
con, 158 1 — unsuccessfully besieged by Prince 
of Parma, 1582 — taken by Spaniards, 1595 

— unsuccessfully attacked by Turenne, 1657 

— taken by Louis XIV., 1677 — reunited to 
France, by treaty of JSimeguen, 1678— be- 
sieged by Austrians, 1793 — taken by Eng- 
lish, Jun. 1 8 15 — bombarded by Germans, 23-4 
Jan. 1871. Councils of, 27 Dec. 1303, and 1 
Oct. 1383. League of, between the Pope, the 
Emperor, France, and Spain, against Venice, 
10 Dec. 1508. Peace of, ' Paix des Dames,' 
between France and the Emperor, 5 Aug. 1529. 

Cambrai, A. A. P., general, — defends St 
Florent, 1794 — represses disorders in La Man- 
che, 1797 — killed at battle of Trebia, 1799. 

Cambrensis, Giraldus. [Giraldus.] 

Cambrian Archaeological Association, — 
founded, 1846. 

Cambridge, {Grantabridge,) — burnt byXorth- 
men, 871 and 10 10 — castle built by William 
I., about 1067 — visited by Xing John, Sep. 
1 2 16— the castle taken by Barons, 1216 — the 
townsmen destroy the charters of the Univ., 
and are deprived" of their charter by Richard 
II., 1381 — occupied by Cromwell, 1643. Uni- 
versity of, first mentioned, in charter of 15 
Hen. III., 1 23 1 — its charters burnt by towns- 
men, 1 38 1 — declared to have ecclesiastical 
jurisdiction over its scholars by Martin Y., 
1430 — charter by Queen Elizabeth, 1561 — 
incorporated by Act 13 Eliz. c. 29, 157 1 — 



C AMBRID GKE— C AMMAS. 



269 



Statutes of, confirmed by Victoria, 31 Jul. 
1858. Fitzioilliam Museum, founded by be- 
quest of Richard Yiscount Fitzwilliam, 1816 
— built, 1837-47. Free Library, opened, 28 
Jun. 1855. [See names of Colleges.] 

Cambridge, Richard Owen, poet, §c.,— b. in 
London, 14 Feb. 17 17 — enters Oxford Univ., 
1734 — U. at Twickenham, 17 Sep. 1802. The 
Scribleriad, 1742 — Works, 1803. 

Cambronne, Pierre Jacques Etienne, Baron, 
&c, — b. at Nantes, 26 Dec. 1770 — enters the 
army, about 1792— distinguishes himself at bat- 
tle of Zurich, 1799 — and in campaigns of 1812- 
13 — accompanies Napoleon to Elba, 18 14 — 
Grand Cross of Legion of Honour and Lieu- 
tenant-general by Napoleon, Mar. 18 15 — dis- 
tinguishes himself at Waterloo, 18 Jun. 18 15 
■ — arrested at Paris, Sep. 18 15 — tried and ac- 
quitted, Mar. 1 8 16 — commander at Lille, 1820 
— 5j. at Nantes, 28 Jan. 1842,* 5 Mar. i826. b 
a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Cambry, Jacques, antiquary, $c, — 6. at 
Lorient, 1749 — Administrator of Department 
of Paris, 1799 — tf., 31 Dec. 1807. Monuments 
celtiques, 1805. 

Cambuskenneth, {Stirling Bridge,) — Wal- 
lace defeats the English at, 10 Sep. 1297. 

Cambyses. [Persia.] 

Camden, U. S., — Lord Cornwallis defeats 
General Gates at, 16 Aug. 1780. 

Camden, Charles Pratt, Earl, Lord Chan- 
cellor of England, — b., 17 13 — enters Middle 
Temple, 1728 — enters King's Coll., Cambridge, 
17 3 1 — Fellow of King's Coll., 1 7 34 — B. A., 1735 
■ — called to the bar, 1738 — M.A., 1740 — At- 
torney-general, Jun. 1757 — M.P., 1757 — Chief 
Justice of the Common Pleas, Dec. 1761 — 
created Baron Camden, 17 Jul. 1765 — Lord 
Chancellor, 30 Jul. 1766 — removed from office, 
17 Jan. 1770 — president of the Council, 1782-3 
■ — created Yiscount Baybam, Earl Camden, 
May 1786 — ft. in London, 18 Apr. 1794. 

Camden, William, herald and antiquary, — 
b. in London, 2 May 155 1 — enters Magdalen 
Coll., Oxford, 1566— *B. A., 1573 — Second Mas- 
ter of Westminster School, 1575 — travels in 
Suffolk, Yorkshire, and Lancashire, 1582 — 
in Devonshire and Wales, 1589, 1590 — Head 
Master of Yfestminster School, 1593 — Claren- 
cieux King at Arms, 1597 — travels in North 
of England, 1600 — founds a History Lecture 
at Oxford, 1622 — tf. at Chislehurst, 9 Nov. 
1623. Britannia descriptio, 1586 — Anglia 
Normanica, BZibernica, Camerica, 1603 — He- 
mains concerning Britain, 1604 — Annates rerum 
Anglicarum, §c, regnante Elizabetha, 1615. 

Camden Society, — established in London, 
1838. 

Camel, — [B C] — known to European Greeks, 
and many taken after battle of Platsea, 479. 

Cameniata, Joannes, Byzantine historian, 
— captured at taking of Thessalonica by Arabs, 
(189, a. h.) 904. 

Camera Lucida,' — invented by Wollaston, 
1807. 

Camera Obscnra, — invented by Baptista 
Porta (?), about 1550. 



Camerarius, Joachim (I.), classical scholar, 
— b. at Bamberg, 12 Apr. 1500 — studies at 
Leipsic, 15 15- 18 — Rector of the Univ., 1541 — 
ft. at Leipsic, 17 Apr. 1574. Commentarii 
Ungues Grcecce et Latince, 1551 — JEpistolcc, 
I583-95- 

Camerarius, Joachim (II.), physician, — b. 
at Niirnberg, 6 Nov. 1534 — M.D., Bologna, 
1562 — returns to Niirnberg, 1564 — Dean of 
Medical Coll. there, 1592-8 — if. there, n 
Oct. 1598. Kortus medicus et philosophicus, 
1588. 

Camerarius, Rudolph Jacob, botanist, — b. 
at Tubingen, 17 Feb. 1665 — M.D. there, 1687 
— Director of Botanic Garden, 1688 — ft., 11 
Sep. 1721. Be sexu plantarwn Epistola, 1694. 

Camerinus, Q. Sulpicius, — [B C] — 1. Consul 
with Sp. Larcius Flavus, (264, a. u. c.) 490. 
[AD] — 2. Consul with C. Poppaeus Sabinus, 
(762,) 9. 

Camerinus, Serv. Sulpicius, — [B C] — 1. 
Consul with M' Tullius Longus, (254, a. u. c.) 
500. 2. Consul with P. Yolumnius Amintinus 
Gallus, (293,) 461. 3. Consul with L. Lucre- 
tius Flavus, (361,) 393. 4. Consul with M. 
Fabius Dorso, (409,) 345. 

Camerinus, Sulpicius, — Consul with Qu. 



Nic 



•1, A. U. C.) 138. 



Cameron, John, theologian, — b. at Glasgow, 
about 1580 — goes to France, 1600 — minister 
at Bordeaux, 1608-18 — Prof. Divinity, Saumur, 
1618-21 — tf. at Montauban, from assault in the 
streets, 1625. 

Cameron, Kichard, Covenanter, — retires to 
Holland, 1677 — returns to Scotland, 1680 — 
surprised with bis followers by royal troops and 
killed, at Airds Moss, 20 Jul. 1680. 

Cameronians, The, — form a presbytery under 
M'Millan, (' Reformed Presbytery,') 1743. 

Camillus, L.Furius, — [BC] — 1. Consul with 
App. Claudius Crassus, defeats the Gauls, (405, 
a. u. c.) 349. 2. Consul with C. Msenius, 
takes Tibur, and with Maenius subdues Latiuni, 
(416,) 338 — Consul with D. Junius Brutus 
Scseva, (429,) 325. 

Camillus, M. Furius, — [B C]— 1. cons. trib. 
(rightly censor), 403 — cons, trib., 401 and 
398 — interrex, 398— dictator, commands against 
Yeii, the Falisci and Fidenates, 396 — cons, trib., 
394 — interrex, 391 — accused by L. Appuleius, 
goes into exile, 391 — dictator, recalled, 390 — ■ 
interrex, 3^9 — -dictator, 389 — cons, trib., 386, 
384, and 381 — dictator, opposes the Licinian 
rogations, 368 — dictator against Gauls, 367 — 
tf., 365. [A D] — 2. proconsul in Africa, defeats 
Tacfarinas, (770, a. it. c.) 17. 3. Scribonianus : 
Consul with Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, (785,) 
32 — conquered in Dalmatia and exiled, 42 — ft., 
53. 4. Consul with Sex. Nonius Quinctilianus, 
(761,) 8. 

Camilo, Francisco, painter, — b. at Madrid, 
about 1 6 10 — tf., 167 1. 

Camisards, The, — appear in France, 1702 — 
Marshal Montrevel sent against them, 1703 — 
Marshal Yillars, 1704 — Marshal M. de Bar- 
wick, 1705. 

Cammas, Lambert Francoise Therese, 



CAMOENS— CAMPEN. 



painter, architect, — b. at Toulouse, 1743 — tf., 
1804. 

Camoens, (Luis de Camb'es,) poet, — b. at 
Lisbon, 1517/ 1525 b — embarks for the Indies, 
1553— returns to Lisbon, 1569 — tf. there, 1579. 
Os Lusiados, 1572. 

a Biog. Univ. b Manoel de Faria. 

Campagnola, Domenico, painter, — b. at 
Padua, 1482 — tf. there, 1550. 

Campan, Jeanne Louise Henriette Genest, 
Dime, — b. at Paris, 6 Oct. 1752 — presented at 
Versailles, 1767 — marries M. Campan, enters 
service of Marie Antoinette, 1770 — establishes 
school at St Germain, 1794 — tf. at Mantes, 
16 Mar., a May b 1822. Memoires sur la vie 
priiee de Marie Antoinette, 1822. 

a Biog. Univ. b Erscb and Gruber. 

Campanella, Tomaso, Dominican, philo- 
sopher, — b. at Stillo, Calabria, 5 Sep. 1568 — 
enters Dominican Order, 1583 — imprisoned for 
treason and heresy, 1599-1629 — goes to Paris, 
1634 — tf. there, 21 Mar. 1639. Atheismus 
triumphatus, 1631 — Monorchia Messice Jest, 
1633 — Discorsi della Liberia, 1633 — Prodro- 
mes Philosophies Instaurandce, 16 17 — De 
monarch ia Hispanica Discursus, 1640. 

Campani, Gianantonio, Bp of Teramo, 
statesman, — b. at Carelli in Campania, 1427 — 
Secretary to Pope Calixtus III., 1458 — sent by 
Paul II. to diet of Ratisbon, 147 1— governor 
of Todi, by Sixtus IV., 147 1 — tf. at Siena, 15 
Jul. 1477. Opera, 1495. 

Campania, Campanians, — [B C]— surrenders 
itself to Rome, 343 — with the Latins, defeated 
near Mt Vesuvius, 340— submits to Hannibal, 
216-15 — recovered by Romans, 211. [Samnite 
Wars, Capua, Nola, &c] 

Campanus, Johann, theologian, — b., about 
1500 — teaches in Wittenberg, 1528 — disputes 
with Luther at Marburg, 1529 — imprisoned at 
Cleve, 1555-74 — tf. there, after i574, a about 
i58o. b Wider die ganze Welt nach den Apos- 
teln, 1 sii—Gbttliche und heilige Schrift, $c, 

I53 2 . 

a Conv.-Lex. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Campanus, John, — publishes Translation of 
Euclid, (from Arabic,) about 1030? 1200? 
1261 ? 

Campbell, Sir Alexander, lieutenant-general, 
b., 1760 — enters the army, 1776 — at siege of 
Gibraltar, 178 1 — goes to India, 1793 — at Ser- 
ingapatam, 1799 — Commander-in-chief, My- 
sore, 1805 — returns to England, 1808 — Major- 
general, 1 8 10 — Commander of forces at Isle of 
Bourbon, &c, 1 812- 16 — tf. at Calcutta, 11 Dec. 
1824. 

Campbell, Sir Colin. [Clyde, Lord.] 

Campbell, George, theologian, — b. in Argyle- 
shire, 1696 — Prof, of Church History, St 
Andrews, 1728. — tf., 1757. Defence of the 
Christian Religion, 1736. 

Campbell, George, theologian, — b. at Aber- 
(1 'ii, 25 Dec. 1 7 19 — enters Univ. of Edinburgh, 
1741 — Principal of Marischal Coll., 1759 — 
Prof. Theology, Jun. 1771-9-; — tf., Apr. 1796. 
Dissertation on Miracles, 1763 — Philosophy of 
Rhetoric, 1776. 

Campbell, John, historian, $c, — b. at 



Edinburgh, 8 Mar. 1708 — LL.D., Glasgow. 
1754 — Royal Agent for Georgia, U. S„ 1765- 
75 — tf. in London, 28 Dec. 1775 Lives of 
English Admirals, 1742-4 — Sermippus Redi- 
vivus, 1743 — Biographia Britannica, com- 
menced, 1745. Political Survey of Britain, 

*774- 

Campbell, John, Lord Campbell, Lord 
Chancellor of England, biographer, — b. 
near Cupar in Scotland, 15 Sep. 1779 — enters 
at Lincoln's Inn, Nov. 1800 — called to the 
bar, Michaelmas 1806 — M.P. Stafford, 1830 
— Solicitor-general, 1832 — Attorney-General, 
Feb. to Nov. 1834, and Apr. 1835 — Lord Chan- 
cellor of Ireland, Baron Campbell, Jun. to Sep. 
1 841 — Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, 
Jul. 1846 — Chief Justice of the Queen's Bench, 
1850— Lord Chancellor of England, 1859 — tf. 
in London, 23 Jun. 1861. Lives of the Lord 
Chancellors, 1846-7 — Lives of the Chief Jus- 
tices, 1849. 

Campbell, Sir Niel, lieutenant-colonel, — b., 
about 1770 — serves in TVest Indies, 1797-18 00 
— at siege of Dantzic, 181 3 — accompanies Na- 
poleon I. to Elba, 1 8 14 — travels on the Niger, 
1 8 15 — Governor of Sierra Leone, 1826 — tf. 
there, 14 Aug. 1827. 

Campbell, Thomas, poet, — b. at Glasgow, 
27 Jul. 1777 — settles in London, 1803 — lectures 
at Royal Institution, 18 12 — Rector of Glasgow 
Univ., 1827-8-9 — tf- at Boulogne, 15 Jun. 
1844. Pleasures of Hope, 1799 — Gertrude of 
Wyoming, 1809 — edits New Monthly Magazine, 
1820-30 — founds Metropolitan Magazine, 1831 
— Life of Petrarch, 1841. 

Campe, Johann a (Joachim b ) Heinrich, — 
b. at Deensen, Brunswick, 1746 — Director of 
Educational Institute of Dessau, 1776 — estab- 
lishes Educational Institute at Hamburg, 1777 
— retires from the Directorship, 1787 — tf. at 
Brunswick, 22 Oct. 18 18. Brief e aus Paris 
zur Zeit der Revolution, 1790 — Wbrterbuch der 
Deutschen Sprache, 1 807-1 1 — Sammtliche 
Kinder- und Jugendschriften, 1829-32. 

a Biog. Univ. b Erscb and Gruber. 

Campe, Peace of, — between Henry VIII. 
and Francis I., concluded, 7 Jun. 1546. 

Campeggio, Lorenzo, Cardinal, Abp, — b. 
at Bologna, a Milan, 5 1474 — Bp of Feltre and 
Papal Nuncio in Germany, 15 12 — Cardinal, by 
Leo X., 15 1 7 — legate to London, 15 19 — Bp 
of Bologna, 1524 — commissioned with Wolsey 
to try the question of Henry VIII. 's marriage 
with Catherine of Aragon, Jun. 1528 c — arrives 
in England, Oct. 1528 c — holds legatine court 
at the Black Friars, Jun. to Jul. 1529 — legate at 
diet of Augsburg, 1529 — tf. at Rome, 19 Jul. 

J539- 

a Biog . Univ. b Bees' Cyc. c Annals of England. 

Campeggio, Tomaso, Bp, — at Council of 
Trent, 1545 — tf. at Rome, 11 Jan. 1564. De 
auctoritate SS. conciliorum, 156 1. 

Campen, on the Loiver Rhine, — the Prince of 
Brunswick defeated by the Marquis de Castries, 
16 Oct. 1760. 

Campen, (Kampen,) Jacob van, Anabap- 
tist, — beheaded and burnt at Amsterdam, 
1534. 



CAMPEN— CANADA. 



271 



Campen, Jacob van, painter and architect, 
— tf. at Amersfort, 1657 or 1658. Town Hall, 
Amsterdam, 1648-55. 

Campen, Jan van, Hebraist, — b. at Campen, 
about 1490 — Prof. Hebrew, Louvain, about 
15 1 9-3 1 — travels in Germany, Poland, Italy, 
1531-8 — Ij. at Friburg, 7 Sep. 1538. De 
natura literarum et punctorum Hebraicorum, 
1520 — Psalmorum omnium jaxta Hebraicam 
veritatem paraphrastica Interpretatio, 1532. 

Camper, Peter, physician, naturalist, — b. at 
Leyden, 11 May 1722— M.D., Ph.D., 1746 — 
goes to England, 1748 — Prof. Philosophy, 
Medicine, and Surgery, Franeker, 1749-55— 
Prof. Anatomy, Medicine, and Surgery, Am- 
sterdam, 1755-61 — discovers air cavities in 
skeleton of birds, 177 1 — Foreign Associate, 
Academy of Sciences, Paris, 1785 — Councillor 
of State, Friesland, 1787 — tf. at the Hague, 7 
Apr.. 1789. Demonstrationum anatomico-patho- 
logicarum libri II, 1760-2 — Verhandeling 
van P. Camper over het natuurlik Vershilder 
Wezenstrekkan, 1791 — Icones herniarum, 
1801. 

Camperdown, — Admiral Duncan defeats 
Dutch fleet off, 11 Oct. 1797. 

Camphuys, Joannes, naturalist, — b. at 
Haarlem, 1634 — Governor-general of Dutch 
Indies, 1684-91 — tf. at Batavia, 18 Jun. 1695. 

Camphuysen, Dirk Rafaelz, painter, — b. at 
Gorcum, 1586 — tf., 9 Jul. 1627. 

Campi, Antonio, painter and architect, — tf., 
after 159 1. 

Campi, Bernardino,i?#m&r, — b. at Cremona, 
1522 — tf., about 1590^ i592. b Parere sopra la 
pittura, 1580. a Engl. Cyc. 

b Biog. Catalogue. 

Campi, Giulio, painter, — b. at Cremona, 
about 1500 — tf., 1572. 

Campi, Toussaint, Baron, general, — b. at 
Ajaccio, 1777 — enters the army, 1795 — defends 
Turin against Suwarrow, 1799 — captured, im- 
prisoned, 1799 — aide-de-camp to Massena, 
1805 — Lieutenant-general, 1820 — tf. at Lyons, 
1832. 

Campi Raudii, — [B C] — Marius and Catulus 
defeat the Cimbri at the, 101. 

Campian, (Campion?) Edmund, Jesuit, — b. 
in London, 1540 — Fellow of St John's Coll., 
Oxford, 1557 — M.A., 1564 — goes to Douai, 
1570 — to Borne, 157 1 — enters Order of Jesuits, 
Apr. 1572^-returns to Borne, 1579 — sent by 
Gregory XIII. to England, Jun. 1580 — im- 
prisoned in the Tower, Jun. — executed at 
Tyburn for treason, 1 Dec, 158 1. 

Campillo, — Treaty of, between kings of 
Castile and Aragon, for cession of part of 
Murcia to Aragon, 1305. 

Campistron, Jean Galbert de, dramatist, — 
b. at Toulouse, 1656 — member of French 
Academy, 1701 — tf. at Toulouse, 11 May 1723. 
(Euvres, 1750. 

Campo Formio, — Treaty of, between Napo- 
leon I. and Austria, Venice given to Austria in 
exchange for Lombardy and Flanders, 17 Oct. 
1797. 

Campolongo, Emmanuel, poe.t, archceologist, 



— b. at Naples, 30 Dec. 1732— Prof. Humanity 
there, 1765 — tf., Mar. 1801. 

Compomanes, Pedro Rodriguez, Count or, 
statesman, — b. in Asturias, 1 Jul. i7io, a 1723b 
— President of Supreme Council of Castile, 
1788 — tf., 3 Feb. 1802. Antiguidad mari- 
tima de la republica de Cartago, §c, 1756 — 
Discorso sobre la educacion popular, §c, 1775 — 
Apendice, §c, 1776-7. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Campredon, Jacques David Martin, gen- 
eral, — b. at Montpellier, 1761 — director of 
military works at Mantua, 1 805 — accompanies 
Massena to Naples, 1806 — serves in Bussian 
campaign, 181 2 — released and returns to France, 
1 8 14 — tf. at Montpellier, 1837. 

Camuccini, Vicenzo, painter — b. at Borne, 
about 1775 — tf. at Borne, 2 Sep. 1844. 

Camus, Armand Gaston, statesman, — b. at 
Paris, 2 Apr. 1740 — deputy to States-General, 
May 1789 — secretary of the Convention, 1792 — ■ 
arrested by Dumouriez, 3 Apr. 1793 — Pres. of 
Council of Five Hundred, 23 Jan. 1796 to Feb. 
1797 — tf. 2 Nov. 1804. 

Camus, Charles Etienne Louis, mathema- 
tician, — b. at Cressy en Brie, 25 Aug. 1699 — 
Associate of Academy of Sciences, 18 Apr. 1733 
— assists Clairaut, Maupertuis, and Le Monnier 
in measuring degree at north polar circle, 1736 
— F.B.S., London, 1765— tf., 2 Feb., ac 4May b 
1768. a Biog. Univ. b Hutton. 

c Ersch and Gruber. 

Camus, Etienne le, Cardinal, — b. at Paris, 
24 Sep. 1632 — Doctor of the Sorbonne, 1650 
— Bp of Grenoble, 167 1 — Cardinal, 1686 — tf. at 
Grenoble, 12 Sep. 1707. 

Camus, Jean Pierre, Bp of Bellay, — b. at 
Paris, 3 Nov. 1582 — Bp of Bellay, 1609-29 — 
tf. at Paris, 26 Apr. 1652. 

Canaan,— [B C] — conquest of, by Joshua ; 
the land divided amongst the 12 Tribes, i445, a 
i6o2, b 1579.° 

a Ussber. b Hales. c Clinton. 

Canachus, — [BC] — statuary, — fl., (01. 60- 
68,) 54<>5°8, a (01. 73,) 488-4 b 

a Thiersch. b Miiller. 

Canada, Dominion of, {Provinces of Upper 
and Lower,) — discovered by John and Se- 
bastian Cabot, 1497 — visited and claimed for 
France by Verazani, 1525 — visited by Jacques 
Cartier, 1535 — French settlement in, about 
1604 or 1605- — French under Champlain settle 
on site of Quebec, 1608 — first French settle- 
ments broken up by Sir Samuel Argal, 16 14 
— Quebec taken by English and restored to 
France, 1629 — made a royal government, 1663 
— Quebec taken by General Wolfe, Sep. 1759 
— ceded to England by treaty of Paris, 10 Feb. 
1763 — Legislative Council appointed by the 
Quebec Act, 1774 — invaded by Americans, 1775 
— evacuated by them, 1776— divided into tipper 
and Lower provinces, and constitution estab- 
lished by Act 31 Geo. III. c. 31, 1791 — in- ■ 
vaded by Americans, 18 12 — Peace of Ghent, 
24 Dec. 1 8 14 — insurrection in, constitution 
suspended, 1837-8 — the two provinces reunited 
by Act 3 and 4 Vic. c. 35, 23 Jul. 1840 — sale 
of Clergy Beserves provided for and regulated 



272 



C AN AD A— C AND IANO. 



by Act 3 and 4 Tic. c. 78, 7 Aug. 1840 — 
Geological Survey of, established, 1843 — To- 
ronto made seat of government, alternately 
with Quebec, 1849 — legislature of, authorized 
to make provision concerning Clergy Reserves, 
by Act 16 Yic. c. 21, 9 May 1853 — constitution 
modified under Act 17 and 18 Vic. c. 118, 11 
Aug. 1854 — visited by Prince of Wales, i860 — 
troops sent to, after affair of the Trent, Dec. 
1 861 — debates in House of Commons on the 
defences of, Feb., Mar., and Apr. 1865 — 
termination of Eeciprocity Treaty with United 
States, 17 Mar. 1866 — suspension of Habeas 
Corpus Act, 8 Jun. 1866 — [Fenians] — Do- 
minion of, (Confederation of British N. Ameri- 
can provinces,) proclaimed, 21 May 1867 — first 
parliament of the Dominion opened at Ottawa, 
6 Nov. 1867 — incorporation of British Co- 
lumbia with, Apr. 187 1. 

Canada Company, — incorporated, 1826. 
Canaletto, (Canale,) Antonio, painter, — b. 
at Venice, 18 Oct. 1697 — in England, 1746-8 
■ — 0". at Venice, 3 London, b 20 Aug. 1768. 
a Erscli and Gruber. b Conv.-Lex. 

Canaletto, Bernardino, [Bernardo JBellotto,) 
painter, engraver, — b. at Venice, 1724 — mem- 
ber of Academy, Dresden, 1764 — if. at "War- 
saw, 1780. 

Canani, Giambattista, anatomist, — 6. at Fer- 
rara, 15 15 — tr., 29 Jan. 1579. Musculorum 
humani corporis picturata dissectio, before 
1540. 

Cananore, Hindustan, — captured by General 
Abercrombie, 17 Dec. 1791. 

Cananus, Joannes, Byzantine historian. — 
fl., about 1425. 

Canara, Hindustan, — independent soon after 
A. D. 1 — overturned by Belall rajas, before 1200 
—conquered by Cafur, (710, a. h.) 1310, (712,) 
1312 — subdued by Hyder Ali, 1763, 1765-6 a — 
subject to British rule, 1799. 

a Macculloch's Diet. 
Canaries, Canary Islands, — discovered, 
about 1330 — granted to De Bethencourt by 
Henry III. of Castile and Leon, 1405 — claim- 
ed by Spanish crown, 146 1 — subjugation com- 
pleted, 1493 — made Spanish province, 1822. 

Canaye, Philippe, Sieur de Fresne de, states- 
man, — b. at Paris, 155 1 — travels through Ger- 
many, Italy, to Constantinople, 1566 — assists at 
Conference of Fontainebleau between Cardinal 
du Perron and Duplessis-Mornay, 1600 — ambas- 
sador to Venice, 1601 — Ij. at Paris, 17 Feb. 
16 10. Ambassades, 1635. 

Cancellieri, Francesco Girolamo, philologist, 
antiquary, — b. at Pome, 10 Oct. 1751 — Secre- 
tary of the Grand Penitentiary, Rome, 1798 — 
Director of Printing of the Propaganda, 1 802 
— accompanies Cardinal Antonelli to Paris, 
1804 — o". at Pome, 29 Dec. 1826. De Secre- 
tariis Basilica Vaticance, 1788 — II Mercato, il 
Lago dell' Acqua Vergine, t$c, 181 1. 

Canclaux, Jean Baptiste Camille, general, — 
b. at Paris, 2 Aug. 1740 — enters the army, 
1756 — Commander in Morbihan, 1791 — General 
in Chief of Army of the West, 1793 — ambas- 
sador at Naples, Dec. 1796 to Sep. 1797 — 
Inspector-general of Cavalry, 1800 — Grand 



Officer of Legion of Honour, 14 Jun. 1804 — 
Count of the Empire and Senator, 22 Oct. 
1804 — o\, 30 Dec. 1817. 

Cancrin, Georg, general, statesman, — b. at 
Hanau, 8 Dec. 1774 — studies at Giessen and 
Marburg, 1790-4 — enters the service of Pussia, 
1799 — Lieutenant-general, 1815 — Minister of 
Finance, 1823-45 — tf. at St Petersburg, 22 Sep. 
1845. JJeber die Militarbkonomie, §c, 1822-3 
— Weltreich thum, §c, 1 8 2 1 . 

Candace, Queen of Ethiopia, — [B C] — at- 
tacks Egypt, 22. 

Candahar, — conquered by Baber, 1505 — 
taken by Sheiban Khan of Uzbeks, 1506 ? — re- 
possessed by Arghums, 1507-22 — Camran suc- 
ceeds his father Baber, 1530 — taken by Hu- 
mayun and Persians, Mar. to Sep. 1545 — ceded 
to Persians, and recovered by Humayun at 
Morad Mirza's death, 1545 — reconquered by 
Persia, 1556 — recovered by Akber, (1003, 
a. h.) 1594 — taken by Persia, (1031) 1621 — 
taken by Ahmed Shah and made capital of Aff- 
ghanistan, 1754 — seat of government removed 
to Cabul by Timur Shah, 1774 — entered by 
British, 24 Apr. 1839. 

Candeish, Candesh, Khandeish, Hindustan, 
— NasirKhan, (first king,) (801, a. h.) 1399 
— Miran Adil Khan, (841,) 1437 — Miran 
Mobarik, (844,) 1441— Adil Khan I.. (861,) 
1457 — Daud Khan, (909,) 1503 — Adil Khan 
II., 1510 — Miran Mohammed Shah, . (926,) 
1520 — vassal to Guzerat, about 1530 — Miran 
Moberik, (II. ?) (942,) 1535 — Miran Moham- 
med Khan, (974,) 1566 — Eaja Ali Khan, 
(984,) 1576 — Bahadoor Shah, (1005,) 1596 — 
conquered by Akber and annexed to Delhi, 
(1008,) 1599 — ce( ied by Holkar to the British, 
1818. 

Candia, [Crete,] — city founded by Saracens, 
about 823 — blockaded by Turks, 1648 — siege 
commences, spring 1667 — surrenders, 16 Sep. 
1669 — revolt against Turks, begins Aug. 1866 
— cession of, to Greece, urged by France, 
Russia, Prussia, and Italy, and refused by Fuad 
Pasha, Mar. 1867 — fugitives removed to Greece, 
by French and Eussian ships, Jul., Aug. 1867 — ■ 
destruction of the Arkadi, Greek blockade 
runner, by Turks, 19 Aug. — suspension of hos- 
tilities, amnesty to insurgents, 13 Sep. — sur- 
render of provisional government, Dec. 1868. 

Candiano, Pietro, Doge of Venice, — suc- 
ceeds Giovanni Particiaco II., 17 Apr. 887 — 
killed in sea-fight against the Slaves, 6ep. 887. 
Candiano, Pietro II., Doge oe Venice, — 
succeeds Orso Particiaco II., 932 — his troops 
take and burn Comacchio, 935— tf., 939. 

Candiano, Pietro III., Doge of Venice, — 
succeeds Pietro Badoer, 942 — associates his son 
in the dogate, and suppresses his revolt, 955 — 
B., 959. 

Candiano, Pietro IV., Doge of Venice,— 
associated with his father, revolts against him, 
955 — excluded from the dogate by decree of the 
states, 955 — elected to succeed his father, 959 — ■ 
his palace besieged and burnt by conspirators, 
976 — captured and put to death, 976. 

Candiano, Vitale, Doge or Venice, — succeeds 
I Pietro OrseoloL, 978 — fc., about end of 979. 



CANDIDUS— CANO PUS. 



273 



Candidas, Tib. Julius, — Consul with A. 
Julius Quadratus, (858, a. u. c.) 105. 

Candish. [Cavendish.] 

Candito, [Candido,)[Eierre de Witte,) painter, 
— b. at Bruges, about 1548. 

Candles,— making and selling of, regulated 
by Acts 23 Geo. II. c. 21, 1750; 5 Geo. III. 
c. 43, 1765; 10 Geo. III. c. 44, 1770; 24 
Geo. III. s. 2, c. 36, 1784; 25 Geo. III. c. 74, 
1785 ; 26 Geo. III. c. 77, 1786 ; 42 Geo. III. 
c. 93, 1802; 43 Geo. III. c. 69, 1803 — annual 
licence for making, required by Act 24 Geo. 
III. s. 2, c. 41, 1784 — duty on, imposed by 
Act 8 Anne c. 9, s. 1, 1709 — repealed by Act 
1 and 2 fm IV. c. 19, 6 Sep. 1831. 

Candorier, Jean, — by stratagem recovers the 
citadel of Eochelle from English garrison, 8 
Sep. 1372. 

Candy. [Kandy.] 

Canes, Francois, orientalist, — b. at Valencia, 
about 1730 — if. at Madrid, 1795. Grammatica 
arabigo-espanola, 1775 — Biccionario espanola- 
latino-arabigo, 1787. 

Canga, Arguelles Jose, statesman, $c, — b. 
in Asturias, about 1770 — member of the Cortes, 
1813-14 — Ministerof Finance, 1820-2 — in Eng- 
land, 1822-9 — if., 1843. Diccionaria de Ha- 
cienda, 1827-8 — Observaciones sobre la Historia 
de la Guerra de Espana, 1829-30. 

Cange, Charles du Fresne, Sieur du. [Du- 
cange,] 

Canina, Luigi, architect, antiquary, — b. 
in Piedmont, 23 Oct. 1795 — graduates as civil 
architect at Univ. of Turin, 18 14 — goes to 
Eome, 1 8 1 8 — visits England, 1855 — if. at 
Florence, 17 Oct. 1856. Architettura antica 
descritta e dimostrata coi monumenti, 1832-44 
— Eicerche sulV architettura piu propria dei 
tempi cristiani, 1843 — Edifizii di Eoma antica, 
1848-51 — Storia e topografia di Eoma antica, 
1839-48. 

Canini, Angelo, philologist, — b. at An- 
ghiari, 152 1 — goes to Paris, 1550 — if. in Au- 
vergne, 1557. Institutiones Lingua} Assyriacce 
atque Thalmudicce, $c, 1554 — Hellenismi, 1555. 

Canini, Giovanni Angelo, painter, en- 
graver, — b. at Eome, 16 17 — if. there, 1666. 
With Marc Antonio Canini, Iconografia, 1669. 

Canisius, Henry, theologian, §c, — if., Prof. 
Canon Law, Ingolstadt, 1610. Antiques, 
lectiones, 160 1-3. 

Canisius, {de FEondt,) Petrus, First Pro- 
vincial of Jesuits in Germany, — b.at Ninieguen, 
8 May 152 1— enters Order of Jesuits, 1543 — 
at Council of Trent, 1545 — if. at Friburg, 21 
Dec. 1597. Summa Doctrines Christiana, 

1585- 
Canitz, Friedrich Rodolph Ludwig, Baron 

von, — poet, diplomatist, — b. at Berlin, 27 Nov. 
1654 — sent by Frederick I. to Congress of the 
Hague, 1698 — Baron of the Empire, by Leo- 
pold, 1698 — if. at Berlin, 16 Aug. 1699. 

Cannae, — [BC] — Hannibal defeats the Bo- 
mans under Varro at, (538, a. u. c.) summer 
216. 

Canning, Charles John, Earl, Governor- 
General of India, — b. in London, 14 Dec. 
1 8 1 2 — marries, 1835 — M.P. Warwickshire, 



1836 — Viscount, on death of his mother, Mar. 
1837— Under-secretary of State for Foreign 
Affairs, 1841 — Commissioner of Woods, &c, 
Jan. 1842 to Jul. 1846— Postmaster-general, 
Jan. 1853 to Jul. 1855 — appointed Governor- 
general of India, Jul. 1855— G.C.B., 1859— 
created Earl, May 1859— death of Lady Can- 
ning, Nov. 1 86 1— returns to England, 1862— 
K.G., May 1862— if. in London, 17 Jun. 1862. 

Canning, George, statesman, — b. in London, 
11 Apr. 1770— enters Christ Church, Oxford, 
Oct. 1787—M.P., 1793— Under-secretary of 
State, 1796-1801 — Treasurer of the Navy, 
1804-6 — Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 
1 807 — wounded in duel with Lord Castlereagh, 
and resigns office, 1809 — M.P. Liverpool, 
1 8 12 — ambassador extraordinary to Portugal, 
1 8 14 — Pres. Board of Control, 1816-20 — 
Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1822— 
First Lord of the Treasury, 12 Apr. 1827 — if. 
at Chiswick, 8 Aug. 1827. , 

Cannon, [Gynes, gonnes,) — use of, by Flo- 
rentines, mentioned, Feb. 1326 — in France, 

2 Jul. 1338 — in England, 1339 — cast, first, 
about 1450 — cast, first, in bronze, in England, 
T 535— [Eifled Cannon.] 

Cano, Alonzo, painter, §c, — b. at Granada, 
i6oo, a 1 60 1 b — -removes to Toledo, 1643— if., 
1676. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch. and Gruber. 

Cano, Sebastien del, maritime discoverer, — 
b. in Biscay, about 1500 ? — accompanies Magel- 
lan to Southern Seas, 1519-21 — after death of 
Magellan aids in establishing Spanish factory 
in the Moluccas, 1521- — returns to Seville, 
having circumnavigated the globe, 1522 — if. 
on second voyage to South Seas, 4 Aug. 1526. 

Canon of Scripture, — Melito's canon of 
Old Test, published, about 170 — settled by 
decree of Gelasius at Council of Eome, 494 (?) 
— controversy respecting, raised by Sender, 
1771. 

Canon Law, — collection of, by Dionysius 
Exiguus, 520 — collection of, begun by Ivo, 
Bp of Chartres, 11 14 — and completed by 
Gratian, 1150 — the Decretals published, 1234 
— the ' Sext,' 1298 — the Clementines, pub- 
lished at Council of Vienna, 1308 — the Ex- 
travagants, of John XXII., 13 17. 

Canonica, Luigi, architect, — b. at Milan, 
1742 — if. there, Feb. 1844. 

Canonization, — first example of, by John 
XVI. of Uldaric, Bp of Augsburg, 30 Jan., a 

3 Feb. b 993 — right of, restricted to the popes 
by Alexander III., about 1160. 

a Fleuri. b Pagi. 

Canons, Apostolical,— alleged to be drawn 
up by Clement, Bp of Eome, 93 — published, 
after 200. 

Canons, of the Church of England, — the 
king's licence for their promulgation made 
necessary by Act 25 Hen. VIII. c. 19, 1533-4 
— the Reformatio Lcgum Ecclesiasticarum pro- 
duced in parliament, 157 1 — prepared under 
letters-patent of James I., 1603 — alteration of, 
by commission under Great Seal, (but not in 
force,) 1640. 

Canopus, Decree of, [Tablet of San,) 
bilingual inscription on stone, — [BC] — synod- 
18 



274 



CANOSSA-CANZ. 



ical decree in honour of Ptolemy Euergetes 
I., and Berenice, and for reform of the Calen- 
dar, dated (7 Apell.,) (17 Tybi,) 3 Dec. 238— 
[AD] — discovered by Lepsius at San, 15 Apr. 
1 866— removed to Museum of Boulaq, close of 
1867. 

Canossa, in Modem, Gregory VII. accepts 
submission of the Emperor Henry IV. at, and 
absolves him, Jan. 1077. 

Canova, Antonio, sculptor, — b. at Possagno, 
1 Nov. 1747 — studies under Torretto, about 
1761 — goes to Rome, 1779 — accompanies 
Prince Rezzonico to Germany, 1798 — goes to 
France on the invitation of Napoleon, 1802 — 
ambassador of the Pope to Paris, 18 15 — returns 
to Rome, made Marquis of Ischia, 18 16 — lays 
foundation-stone of church at Possagno, 11 
Jul. 1819 — fr. at Venice, 13 Oct. 1822. Dce- 
dalus and Icarus, 1770 — Theseus and the 
Minotaur, 1787 — Monument to Clement XIII. , 
1792. 

Canovai, Stanislaus, mathematician, — h. at 
Florence, 27 Mar. 1740 — gains prize for Eloge 
of Amerigo Vespuccio, 1788 — tf. at Florence, 17 
Nov. i3ii. 

Canstein, Karl Hildebrand de, — b. at Lin- 
denberg, 15 Aug. 1667 — stereotypes New 
Testament, at Halle, 17 12 — stereotypes Bible, 
17 1 3 — tf., 19 Aug. 17 19. 

Cantabrian War, — [BC] — carried on by 
Augustus, 27-25 — renewed, 24 — finally termin- 
ated by Agrippa, 19. 

Cantacuzenus, John, Joannes V., Emperor 
of the East, Byzantine historian, — b., after 
1300 — great domestic to Emperor A ncu ' on icus 
III., 1332 — Regent for John, 15 Jun. 1341 — as- 
sumes the purple, at Demotica, 26 Oct. 1341 a 
— forms alliance with Umur Beg, 1343 — civil 
war, 1343-7 — takes Constantinople by surprise, 
8 Jan. 1 347 — re-crowned with his wife Irene, 1 3 
May 1347 — war with the Genoese, 1348-52 — 
sends envoys to Innocent VI. respecting re -union 
of the churches, 1353 — unsuccessful rebellion 
of Paheologus, 1353 — has his son Matthew 
Cantacuzenus crowned Emperor, Feb. 1354 — 
abdicates and retires to a monastery, Jan. 1355 
— tf., 20 Nov. 141CV 141 i. b History of the 
Eastern Empire, 1645 — Four Discourses, 
{Apologies,) 1543. a Art de Verifier les Dates. 
b Ducange. c Biog. Univ. 

Cantacuzenus, Matthseus, E.mperor of 
tiik East,— joint Emperor with Joannes V., 
Cantacuzenus, his father, Feb. 1354— defeated 
and exiled, 1354 — abdicates, 1355 — tf., before 
1400. 

Cantarini, Simone, (Pesarese, Simone da 
.Pesaro,) painter, — b. at Pesaro, 1612 — tf. at 
Verona, 1648. 

Canter, "William, linguist, philologist, — b. 
at Utrecht, 24 Jul. 1542 — studies at Paris, 
1559-62 — tf. at Louvain, 1575. JSovce. lectiones, 
1564-66-71. 

Canterbury, — Augustine baptizes Ethelbert 
at, 597 — archbishopric erected, 602 — taken by 
Northmen, 851 and ion — murder of Thomas 
;! Becket at, 29 Dec. 1170 — Queen Elizabeth 
holds her court at, 1573 — tne Cathedral oc- 
cupied by Parliamentary troops, Aug. 1642. 



Cathedral, rebuilt by Lanfranc, 1070-89 — . 
partly taken down and rebuilt by Priors 
Ernulph and Conrad, 1 100-30 — the choir burnt, 
1 1 74 — rebuilt, 1174-84 — new nave and tran- 
septs by Prior Chillenden, about 1 380-1410 — ■ 
central tower, by Prior Goldstone II., about 
H95- 

Canterbury, Charles Manners, Viscount, 
statesman, — ft., 20 Jan. 1780 — B.A., Cambridge, 
1802 — called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, 1805 
— M.P. Scarborough, 1807— Judge Advocate- 
general, 1 809 — marries, 1 8 1 1 — Speaker of 
House of Commons, Jun. 18 17 — M.P. Cam- 
bridge Univ., 1832 — K.B., 1832 —Viscount 
Canterbury, and Baron Bottesford, 1835 — tf. in 
London, 21 Jul. 1845. 

Canton, {city,) — Portuguese admitted to trade 
at, 15 1 7 — British ships first touch at, 1634 — 
besieged and destroyed, 1650 — English factory 
established at, 1680 — partly destroyed by in- 
undation, 1833 — British inhabitants imprisoned 
by Commissioner Lin, Mar. to May 1839 — 
opium given up by the merchants, 3 Apr. to 4 
May 1839 — besieged and taken by Sir Hugh 
Gough, 24 May 1841 — opened to British com- 
merce by treaty of Nankin, 26 Aug. 1842 — 
bombarded by the English, Oct. to Nov. 1856 
— taken by English and French, 28-29 -^ ec - 
1857 — evacuated by the allies, 21 Oct. 1861 — 
typhoon at, 27 Jul. 1862 — French cathedral 
founded at, end of 1863. 

Canton, John, natural philosopher, — b. at 
Stroud, 31 Jul. 17 18 — goes to London, 4 Mar. 
1737 — F.R.S., 22 Mar. 1750 — M.A., Aberdeen, 
21 Apr. 1750 — verifies Franklin's discovery by 
experiment, 20 Jul. 1752 — tf., 22 Mar. 1772. 

Canuleian Law, — [B C] — connubium between 
the patricians and plebeians established at Rome 

t>Y 445- 

Canute, (Cnut,) King of Denmark and Eng- 
land, — b., about 995 — lands in Scotland, and 
is defeated, 1012 — succeeds Sweyn as King of 
Denmark (?) and is chosen King of England by 
the Danish fleet, Feb. 10 14 — driven away by 
Ethelred, 1014 — returns and. subdues Wessex, 
1 01 5 — with Eadric wastes Mercia, 1016 — ■ 
unsuccessfully besieges London, 1016 — makes 
treaty with Edmund and obtains Mercia, 1016 
— chosen king on death of Edmund, and marries 
Emma, (JElfgiva,) widow of Ethelred, 1017 — 
visits Denmark, 1019-20 and 1025 — makes 
pilgrimage to Rome, 1031^ 1027 b — conquers 
Norway, 1028 — invades Scotland, 1031a — 
visits Glastonbury, 1032— tf. at Shaftesbury, 
12 Nov. 1035. a A.S. Chron. and Florence. 

b Lappenberg, after YVipo. 

Canuti, Doinenico Maria, painter, — b. at 
Bologna, 1620 — tf. there, 1684. 

Canvassing 1 , (Ambitus,) canvassing at elec- 
tions at Rome — [B C] — first law against wear- 
ing white, (322, a. tj. c.) 432 — another an- 
onymous law against, (595,) 159 — Sen. Cons, 
respecting, (3 Id. May 699,) 13 May =30 Apr. 
55. a [Calpurnian. Cornelian, Julian, Pceti- 
lian, Pompeian, Tullian Laws.] a Fischer. 

Canz, Israel Gottlieb, philosopher, theologian, 
— b. in "Wiirtemberg, 26 Feb. 1690 — 1 rof. 
Rhetoric and Poetry, Tubingen, 1734 — Prof. 



CAONABO— CAPITAL PUNISHMENT. 



275 



Logic and Metaphysics, 1739 — Prof. Theology, 
1747 — lj., 28 Jan. 1753. Philosophies Leib- 
nitzianee et Wolftance usus in theologia, §c, 
1728-39 — Compendium Theologies pur torts, 
J 752- 

Caonabo, {Seigneur de la maison d'Or,) Ca- 
nbbee Adventurer, — attains sovereignty of 
mountain tribes in St Domingo, about 1490 — 
puts to death the Spaniards left there by 
Columbus, 1492 — -captured by stratagem by 
Ojeda, on second voyage of Columbus, 1495 ? 
■ — embarks for Spain, 10 Mar. 1496 — ft. on voy- 
age, before n Jun. 1496. 

Caoutchouc. [India Rubber.] 

Cape Breton. [Breton, Cape.] 

Cape Coast Castle, Gold Coast, Africa, — 
Portuguese settlement, 16 10 — taken by Dutch, 
soon after: by English, 166 1 — ceded to them 
by treaty of Breda, 25 Jul. 1667. 

Cape Colony, — first charter, legislative, 1834 
— first charter, representative system, 23 May 
1850 — first charter suspended by order of Lord 
Grey, 13 May 1851 — first Cape parliament held 
at Graham's town, Apr. 1864 — British Caffraria 
incorporated with, by Act 28 Yic. c. 5, 27 
Mar. 1865 — diamonds discovered in, 1870. 

Cape Finisterre, — Admiral Anson defeats 
and captures French squadron near, 14 Jun. 
1747 — Admiral Hawke destroys French squad- 
ron off, 25 Oct. 1747. 

Cape of Good Hope, — discovered by Bartho- 
lomew Diaz, 1493— doubled by Yasco de Gama, 
Nov. 1497 — Dutch settlement at, 1650 — taken 
possession of by the British, 1795 — restored 
by Treaty of Amiens, 1802 — again taken by 
British, 1806 — finally ceded to them, 1815. 

Cape Horn, — discovered and named by 
Schouten, 16 16. 

Cape St Vincent, — Sir George Rooke de- 
feated by Admiral Tourville off, 17 Jun. 1693 
• — Sir John Jervis defeats Spanish fleet off, 14 
Feb. 1797. 

Cape Town, — founded by Dutch, 1650 — 
taken by English, 1795 — restored to Dutch by 
Peace of Amiens, Mar. 1 802 — again taken by 
English, 1806 — ceded to England, 1815. 

Cape Verd Islands, — discovered by Portu- 
guese, 1449. 

Capel, Arthur, Loud, — M.P., 1640 — Baron, 
1641 — raises body of cavalry for Charles I., 
1642 — Lieutenant-general, North Wales, 1643 
■ — one of the King's Commissioners at Uxbridge, 
1645 — holds Colchester during siege, 1648 — 
surrenders to Fairfax, 28 Aug. 1648 — im- 
prisoned in Tower ; beheaded in London, 9 
Mar. 1649. 

Capel, Arthur. [Essex, Earl of.] 

Capell, Edward, — b. at Troston, Suffolk, 1 1 
Jun. 1713 — if. in London, 24 Feb. 1781. 
Notes and various readings of Shakspeare, §c, 

1775- 

Capella, Galeazzo Flavio Capra, historian, — 
ft. at Milan, 7 Mar. 1487 — State Secretary to 
Charles V., 1536 — Xf. at Milan, 23 Feb. 1537. 
De bello Mediolancnsi, §c, 1532. 

Cupella, Martianus Milieus Felix, — encij- 
clopecdic writer,- — ft, before 500,* 240. b 
a Smith's Diet. b Others. 



Capellari, Cardinal. [Gregory XVI.] 

Capellen, Godard Alexander Gerard Philip, 
Baron van der, statesman, — b. at Utrecht, 15 
Dec. 1778 — Councillor of State, Minister of Inte- 
rior, 1 809 — quits Holland with King Louis, Jan. 
18 1 1 — commissioner to Brussels, May 18 14 — 
Governor-general of Dutch East Indies, Aug. 
1 8 14 — recalled, 1826 — ambassador to England 
on coronation of Queen Victoria, 1838 — &. 
near Utrecht, 10 Apr. 1848. 

Capellen de Marck, Robert Gaspard Burne 
van der, statesman, — b. at Zutphen, 30 Apr. 
1743 — member of the States of Guelderland, 
177 1 — persuades the States- General to form 
alliance with France, 1783 — sentenced to death 
as rebel and traitor, 8 Aug. 1788 — lj. at Paris, 
1798. 

Capellen, Thomas Francois van der, vice- 
admiral, — b., about 1750 — enters the navy, 
1772— serves in war with France, 1793-9 — sur- 
renders with his fleet to the English, 1799 — 
returns from England with Prince of Orange, 
18 13 — Vice-admiral, and Governor-general of 
Dutch East Indies, 18 14-^joins British squadron 
in attack on Algiers, 1816 — ft., Apr. 1824. 

Capello, Bianca, — b. at Venice, about 1542 
— elopes with Pietro Buonaventuri, Dec. 1563 — ■ 
privately married to Francis, Duke of Tuscany, 
5 Jun. 1578 — proclaimed Grand Duchess, 16 
Jun. 1579 — &• at Florence, 20 Oct. 1587. 

Capellus, (Cappel,) Lewis, the Younger, 
theologian, — b, at Sedan, a (Saumur, b ) 15 Oct. 
1585 — studies at Oxford, 16 10 — Prof. Hebrew, 
Saumur, 16 13 — Prof. Theology, 1633 — b". there, 
Jun. 1658. Critica Sacra, 1650 — Arcanum 
punctuationis revelatum, 1624. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Capet, Hugh, King of France, — elected 
on death of Louis V., at Noyon, May 987 — 
crowned at Bheims, 3 Jul. 987 — associates his 
son with him, 1 Jan. 988 — tj., 24 Oct. 996. 

Capilupi, Ippolito, diplomatist, — b. at 
Mantua, 15 11 — while secretary and minister at 
Borne of Cardinal Hercule de Gonzaga, im- 
prisoned by Paul IV. in Castle of St Angelo, 
1556-7 — Bp of Fano, 1560— Nuncio of Pius 
IV. to Venice, 1561 — -tf. at Rome, 1580. 

Capistranus, (Capistrano,) Johannes, monJc, 
— b. at Capistrano in the Abruzzi, 24 Jun. 
1385,* 1386 b — enters Franciscan Order at 
Perusia, about 141 5 — preaches in Italy, Ger- 
many, Hungary, Poland, legate in Germany, 
1450 — preaches against Hussites, about 1452 — 
aids in delivering Belgrade from Turks, 1456 — 
tf., 23 Oct. 1456 — beatified by Alexander VII., 
1690 — canonized by Benedict XIII. , 1724. 
a Biog. Univ. b Erseh and Gruber. 

Capital Punishment, — in England, laws in- 
flicting, for offences relating to the revenue, 
consolidated by Act 52 Geo. III. c. 143, 23 Jul. 
18 1 2— abolition of, for numerous offences, by 
Acts lGeo.IV.cc. 115, 116,117, 25 Jul. 1820; 
and 4 Geo. IV. c. 46, 4 Jul. 1823 — Courts en- 
abled, in capital felonies, (except murder,) to 
order judgment of death to be recorded, by 
Acts 4 Geo. IV. c. 48, 4 Jul. 1823; and 7 
AVm IV. and 1 Vic. c. 77, 17 Jul. 1837 — 
forgeries subjecting to, reduced into one Act by 



'.-6 



CAPITATION— CAPPADOCTA. 



11 Geo. IV. and 1 ¥m IV. c. 66, 16 Jul. 
1830 — [Forgeryl — abolished, in many cases, 
by Acts 4 and 5 Wm IV. c. 67, 13 Aug. 1834; 
5 and 6 Wm IV. c. 81, 10 Sep. 1835 ; 7 Wm 
IV. and 1 Vic. c. 84 and 91, 17 Jul. 1837 — 
transportation or imprisonment substituted for, 
in certain cases, by Acts 7 Wm IV. and 1 
Vic. c. 91, n Jul. 1837 ; 4 and Vic. c. 56, 
s. 1, 22 Jun. 1 841 ; and 6 and 7 Vic. c. 10, 11 
Apr. 1843 — law respecting, consolidated by 
Acts 24 and 25 Vic. cc. 95, 100, and 101, 6 Aug. 
1 86 1 — Report of Commission on, published, 
Dec. 1865 — carrying out, within prisons, pro- 
vided for and regulated by Act 31 Vic. c. 24, 
29 May 1868. In France, abolition of, recom- 
mended by Murat, 1778 — proposed by Lepelle- 
tier and Robespierre, 1790 — again proposed 
by Victor de Tracy and Lafayette, 17 Aug. 
1830 — law respecting, reformed, 1832. In 
Russia, abolished by the Empress Elizabeth, 
1742. In Saxony, abolished, 1868. 

Capitation. [Poll-Tax.] 

Capito, C. Ateius, jurist, — Consul sufFectus, 
5, (759, a. u. c.) 6 a — curator aqu. publ. 13 — 
lj., 22. a Zumpt. 

Capito, C. Fonteius, — Consul with German- 
icus Caesar, (765, a. u. c.) 12. 

t Capito, C. Fonteius, — Consul with C. Vipsa- 
nius, (812, a. u. c.) 59. 

Capito, L. Fonteius, — Consul with C. Julius 
Rufus, (820, a. u. c.) 67. 

Capito, "Wolfgang Fabricius, theologian, — 
b. at Hagenau, Alsace, 1478 — in the service of 
Cardinal Albert of Brandenburg, 1520-3 — 
assists at conference of Marburg, 1529 — Pro- 
testant delegate at diet of Ratisbon, 1541 — ti. 
at Strasbourg, 1541,* i542. b 

a Biog. Univ. b Rees' Cyc. 

Capitol, at Rome, — [BC] — rebuilt by Catu- 
lus, 69^ 62 b — [AD] — rebuilt, 21 Jun. 70 — 
burnt, 80. a Zumpt, Clinton. b Merivale. 

Capitoline Games, — [BC] — instituted at 
Rome, 387 — [AD]— restored by Domitian, 86. 

Capitolinus, C. Julius, — Consul with Aure- 
lian, (1027, a. u. c.) 274. 

Capitolinus, Cn. Manlius, — [BC]— Consul 
with M. Popillius Lamas, (395, a. v. c.) 359 — 
with C. Marcius Rutilus, (397,) 357. 

Capitolinus, M. Manlius, — [BC] — Consul 
with L. Valerius Potitus, (362, a. u. c.) 392 
■ — JEquian war; saves the Capitol from the 
Gauls, 390 — intcrrex, 387 — espouses plebeian 
cause, 385 — condemned for treason and thrown 
from Tarpeian rock, 384. 

Capitolinus, P. Cestius, — [BC] — Consul 
with 'J'. Menenius Lanatus, (302, a. u. c.) 452. 

Capitolinus, T. Quinctius, Barbatu3, — 
[BC] — Consul with Numer. Fabius Vibulan., 
(333, a. u. c.) 421. 

Capitolinus, T. Quinctius, Barbatus, — [B c] 
— Consul with App. Claudius Sabinus Regil- 
lensis, (283, a. u. c.) 471 — suppresses Pub- 
liliau law; war with JSquians; Consul with 
Q. Servilius Priscus, (286,) 468 — war with 
Volscians and JEquians; triumphs; Consul 
with Q. Fabius Vibulauus, (289,) 465— war 
with Volscians and iEquiaris; Consul with 
Agrippa Furius Fusus, (308,) 446— war with 



Volscians and JEquians ; Consul with M. Ge- 
ganius Macerinus, (311,) 443 — mediates in 
plebeian and patrician contests ; Consul with 
Agrippa Menenius Lanatus, (315,) 439— ob- 
tains acquittal of son of Dictator Cincinnatus, 

437- 

Capitolinus Crispinus, T. Quinctius Pen- 
nus, — [B C] — Consul with M. Fabius Ambustus, 
(400, a. u. c.) 354. 

Capivaccio, (Capo di Vacca,) Jerome, phy- 
sician, — h. at Padua, about 1525? — Prof. 
Medicine, 1552-82 — at Venice, on occasion of 
fever there, 1576 — tf., 1589. 

Capmany y de Montpalan, Antonio de, 
historian, archaeologist, — b. at Barcelona, 24 
Nov. 1742 — conducts colonists to the Sierra 
Morena, 1770 — perpetual secretary of Royal 
Academy of History, Madrid, 1790— escapes to 
Seville, 1808 — deputy to the Cortes, 1812-13 — 
tf. at Cadiz, 14 Nov. 181 3. Memorias his- 
toricas sobre la marina commercio y artes de la 
antigua ciudad de Barcelona, 1779-92 — Codigo 
de las costumbres maritimas de Barcelona, 1791 
— -Filosofia de la elocuencia, 1777 — Diccionario 
frances-espanol, 1805. 

Capmartin de Chaupy, Bertrand, — 6. near 
Toulouse, about 1720 — at Rome, 1756-76 — tf. 
at Paris, 1798. De'couverte de la inaison de 
camp agne d' Horace, 1767-9. 

Capo d'Istria, John, Count op, diplomatist, 
— b. at Corfu, 1780 — enters service of Russia, 
1806 — plenipotentiary of Emperor Alexander 
to Switzerland, 18 13: — at Congress of Vienna, 
1 8 15 — signs Treaty of Paris, 20 Nov. 18 15— 
Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Dec. 
1 8 15 — at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1818 — ■ 
arrives at JNauplia,- as President of Greece, 1 8 
Jan. 1828 — assassinated tbere, 9 Oct. 1831. 

Capodilista, Giovanni Francisco, Count, 
jurist, diplomatist, — Prof. Jurisprudence at 
Padua, about 1400 — one of the Paduan de- 
puties to Venice, 1405 — one of the Venetian 
ambassadors at Council of Easel, 143 1 — 
created Count Palatine, by Emperor Sigismund ; 
employed by Eugenius IV., 1440. 

Cappadocia, — [B C] — subject to Persia, after 
546-331 — Ariarathes I. asserts independence, 
about or after 331 — subjugated by Perdiccas, 
322— assigned to Eumenes, 322 — nominally in- 
dependent under Ariarathes II., 315 — 
Ariamnes II., about 280 — part conquered by 
Mithridates II. of Pontus, before 266— Aria- 
rathes III., 248 ? — Ariarathes IV., 220 — ■ 
marries Antiochis, 192 — takes part in battle of 
Magnesia, 190 — makes peace with Romans, 188 
— assists Eumenes in war against Pharnaces, 
183-179 — tf., winter 163-2 — Ariarathes V., 
(Philopator,) 162 — loses his kingdom to Oro- 
phernes, 158 — regains it, 157 — assists Attalus 
in war against Prusias, 156-4 — ally of Rome 
against Aristonicus, 133 — Ariarathes VI. and 
regency of Laodice, 131 — marries sister of 
]\] ithridates the Great, about 115 — put to death 
by Mithridates, 96 — Ariarathes VII., about 
96 — put to death by Mithridates, 94 — Aria- 
rathes VIII. , 94 — Ariarathes IX., 93 — pro- 
claimed independent of Rome, Ariobarzanes 
I. elected, 93 — expelled by Tigranes, 93 — re- 



CAPPEL— CABAVAGGIO. 



'■11 



stored by Sulla, 92— expelled, 90— restored by 
Aquillias, 89— expelled by Mithridates, 88— 
restored by Curio, 84— again expelled, 67 — 
restored by Pompey, 66— Ariobarzanes II., 
(Eusebes,) about 64— put to death by Cassius, 42 
— Ariarathes IX., 42— put to death by An- 
tony, 36 — Archelaus, 36 — part of Cilicia and 
Lower Armenia added to the kingdom by 
Augustus, about 31 — added to Galatia, about 

20 — [ad] — regent appointed by Augustus 
during the imbecility of Archelaus, 14 — and by 
Tiberius, 15— on death of Archelaus, made a 
Boman province by Tiberius, 17— Cilicia and 
Lycaonia added by Eome, about 1 30. 

Cappel, — the army of Zurich and Berne de- 
feated by the army of the five Catholic Cantons, 
and Zwingli killed, .11 Oct. 153 1. 

Cappelle, Jean Pierre van, historian, §c, — 
fc. at Flushing, 1783— gains gold medal of 
Scientific Society of Haarlem, for Memoir on 
the burning glasses of Archimedes, 1804 — Prof. 
National Literature, Amsterdam, 18 15 — Prof. 
National History, Amsterdam, 18 19 — ft. there, 
26 Aug. 1829. 

Capperonnier, Claude, philologist, — b. at 
Mont-Didier, 1 May 167 1— goes to Paris, 1688 
—Prof. Greek, Eoyal Coll., Paris, 1722— ft. 
there, 24 Jul. 1744. Quintilian, 1725 — An- 
tiqui Rhetores Latini, 1756. 

Capranica, Domenico, Cardinal, — b. near 
Palestrina, 31 May 1404— Cardinal, by Martin 
V., 1423 — envoy to Council of Sienna, 1424— 
legate of the March of Ancona, 1443 — Go- 
vernor of Perugia and Spoletto, 1445 — ft., 1 
Sep. 1458. 

Caprara, Giovanni Eattista, Cardinal, 
Abp, &c.,— 6. at Bologna, 29 May 1733— 
Nuncio from Clement XIII. to Cologne, 1767 
— Nuncio from Pius VI. to Lucerne, 1775 — 
Nuncio to Vienna, 1785-93 — Cardinal, 18 Jun. 
1792 — Legate a latere to French Government, 
4 Sep. 1 801-10 — celebrates mass at Notre 
Dame, 18 Apr. 1802 — crowns Napoleon King 
of Italy, at Milan, 28 May 1805 — ft. at Paris, 

21 Jun. 1810. 

Caprarius, C Csecilius Metellus, — [B C] — 
Consul with Cn. Papirius Carbo, (641, a. u. c.) 

Capreae, Capri, island. [Tiberius.] 

Capreolus, theologian, — Bp of Carthage, 
430— ft., before 439. Letter to Synod at Bphe- 
sus, 431. 

Capriata, Pier-Giovanni, historian, — b. at 
Genoa, about 1600. ? Bella istoria di P. G. 
Capriata libri dodici dal 1613 al 1634, 1638. 

Capua, {Vulturnum,) Capuanus, Capuen- 
sis, Campanus, — [B C] — conquered by tbe Sam- 
nites, 420 — again attacked, claims protection 
of Borne, 343 — revolts to Hannibal, who makes 
it his winter quarters, 2 1 6 — recovered by Borne, 
211 — and governed by a pisefect; receives a 
Boman colony, 59 — [AD] — receives a colony of 
veterans under Nero, 57 — destroyed by Gense- 
ric, 456 — by Saracens, about 840 — rebuilt on 
site of Casilinum, and head of an earldom, by 
Landulph, 856 — archbishopric, 968. 

Capuchins, Order of,— founded by Matthew 



Baschi, 1525 — confirmed by bull of Clement 
VII., 3 Jul. 1528. 

Caracalla, (Caracallus,) M. Aurelius An- 
toninus Augustus, {Bassianus,) Boman Em- 
peror, — b., 4 or 6 Apr. 188 — Csesar, 196 — 
pontifex, 197 — Augustus, trib. pot., 198 — takes 
part with Severus in expedition against Parthia ; 
receives toga virilis, 201 — Consul with his 
father Severus, (955, a. u. c.) 202 — with P. 
Septimius Geta Csesar, (958,) 205, and (961) 
208 — goes with Severus and Geta to Britain, 
208 — Emperor with Geta, (4) Feb. 211 — mur- 
dersGeta, 212 — visits imperial provinces, 213-14 
— Consul with D. Cselius Balbinus, (966,) 213 
— campaign against the Alamanni, 214 — mas- 
sacre at Alexandria, 215 — invasion of Parthia, 
sack of Arbela, 216 — assassinated near Edessa, 
8 Apr. 217. 

Caracas, S. America, — earthquakes at, 18 12, 
1826. [Venezuela, Colombia.] 

Caraccioli, Antoine, Prince oe Melfi, 
Marshal op France, — b. at Melfi, about 
1500? — Abbe of St Victor, 1543 — has con- 
ferences with Calvin and Bezaat Geneva, 1557 
— ft. at Cbateauneuf-sur-Loire, 1569. 

Caraccioli, Francesco, admiral, — b. at Na- 
ples, about 1748 — -enters the navy, 1764 — at 
Toulon, 1793 — commands one of the vessels 
convoying royal family to Sicily, 1798 — com- 
mander of the expedition against Procida and 
Ischia, 1799 — tried by court-martial and hung 
by Lord Nelson's orders, 1799. 

Caraccioli, Giovanni, — favourite of Jane II., 
Queen of Naples, 1414-32 — assassinated, 17 
Aug. 1432. 

Caractacus, (Caradoc,) King of the Si- 
lures,- — defeated by Ostorius Scapula, and be- 
trayed to the Bomans by Cartismandua, Queen 
of the Brigantes, 50 — taken prisoner to Borne, 

5 1 - 

Caraffa, Giovanni Pietro. [Paul IV., Pope.] 
Caraffa, Hector, Count op Buvo,— b. at 

Naples, 1767 — arrested for liberal opinions, 
1796 — escapes, and quits Naples ; returns with 
French army, 1799 — arrested at Pescara, tried, 
and executed, 1799. 

Caraglio, {Car alius,) Giangiacomo, engraver, 
— b. at Verona, or Parma, about 1500 — ft. at 
Parma, 1551. 

Caraman, Victor Maurice de Eiquet, Count 
of, — b., 16 Jun. 1727 — captain in the Berri 
Cavalry, 1743 — Grand Cross of St Louis, Com- 
mander-general of Provence, 1786 — joins French 
princes at Coblentz, 1792 — returns to France, 
1803 — ft. at Paris, 24 Jan. 1807. 

Caratal, in Guiana — gold mines on the 
Orinoco discovered by Plassard, 1849 — settle- 
ment formed, 1857. 

Carausius, M. Aurelius Valerius, Boman 
Emperor, — assumes title of Augustus in Bri- 
tain, 287 — colleague of Diocletian and Maxi- 
mianus, about 289, 292 a — murdered by Allec- 
tus, 293, bcd 294^ a Annals of England. 

b Smith's Diet. c Zumpt. d Clinton. 

Caravaggio, {Amerighi or Merigi,) Michel 
Angelo da, painter, — b. at Caravaggio, 1569 
— ft. at Porto Ercole, 1609. 

Caravaggio, Polidoro da. [Caldara.] 



2-S 



CARBAJAL-CARDS. 



Carbajal, (Carabajal,) Luis, painter— h. at 
Toledo, 1534— employed in the Escurial; rj , 
about 161 3. . 

Carberry Hill, near Edinburgh,— meeting of 
Mary Queen of Scots and Bothwell and the 
insurgents at, flight of Bothwell and capture of 
the Queen, 14 Jun. 1567. 

Carbines, {Carabines,)— employed by Henry 
II. of France, 1559. 

Carbo, C Papirius,— [BC]—b., about 164— 
trib. pleb., 131 — suspected of murder of Scipio 
Africanus, 129 — Consul with P. Manlius, 
deserts the Gracchi, (634, a. u. c.) 120— accused 
by L. Licinius Crassus, commits suicide, 119. 

* Carbo, Cn. Papirius,— [B C]— commands at 
the stockade of Borne by Marius, 87— Consul 
with L. Cornelius China, (669, a.u.c.) 85— self- 
appoiuted Consul with L. Cornelius Cmna, 
(670 } ) 84— procurator of Gaul, suspected of 
burning the Capitol, 83— Consul with C. Marius, 
carries on Avar with Sulla, slain in Sicily by 
Pompey, 82. 

Carbon Printing, in Ph otography, —practised 
by Poitevin, 1 855— improved by Pouncey, 1858 
— perfected by Swan, 1864. 

Carbonara, Lodovico, Count, statesman,— 
b. at Genoa, 11 Mar. 1753— senator, 1793— one 
of the deputies to Bonaparte at Milan, 1797 — 
member of Provisional Government of Genoa, 
Apr. 1799 — of commission of Government of 
Genoa, 1800 — Count of the Empire, officer of 
Legion of Honour, 1809 — one of the three 
delegates to Charles Felix, on the abdication of 
King Victor Emmanuel, 1821 — b. at Genoa, 
25 Jan. 1826. 

Carbonari, The,— Society of, formed (?) in 
Italy, 1 808 — take part in insurrection at Nola, 2 
Jul." 1820— -joined by the garrison of Naples; 
compel Ferdinand to grant a constitution, 7 
Jul. 1820 — establish themselves in France, 
close of 1820 — capitulate to Austrians at 
Naples, 24 Mar. 1821. 

Carbonic Acid, — described by Black, 1757-— 
liquified by Faraday, 1823 — solidified by Thi- 
lorier, about 1836. 

Carcauo, Giovanni Battista, anatomist, — b. 
at Milan, 1538 — Prof. Anatomy, Pavia, 1563. 

Carcassone, (Carcaso } Carcasum Volcarum 
Tectosagum,) in France, — passes under dominion 
of the Visigoths, about 420— unsuccessfully 
besieged by Clovis, 508 — taken by Burgundians, 
under Gontran, about 586 — retaken by Visi- 
goths, 587-8 — taken by the Moors of Spain, 
7 24 — retaken by Charles Martel, soon after ; 
governed by Counts, from 819 — passes to 
Counts of Barcelona, 1060 — taken by Crusaders, 
(Albigensian,) 1209 — recovered by Raymond 
Trencavel, the last Viscount, 1224 — conquered 
by Louis VIII., 1226 — unsuccessfully besieged 
by Raymond, 1 240 — given up by him to the king 
at Beziers, 7 Apr. 1247 — revolts, 1262 — partly 
burnt by Prince of Wales, 1355 — parliament of 
Toulouse established at, 1589 — falls into the 
hands of the Leaguers, 1591 — recovered by 
Henry IV., 1596. 

Cardano, Girolamo, (Cardan us,) physician, 
matlwnatician, fc, — b. at Pavia, 24 Sep. 1501 
— sent to Univ. of Pavia, 1520— M.D., Padua, 



1526— settles at Sacco, Sep. 1526 — marries, 
153 1 — lecturer on Mathematics, Milan, 1534 — ■ 
rector of Coll. of Physicians, 1541 — Prof. 
Physic, Univ. of Pavia, 1543 — resigns his chair, 
155 1 — visits Hamilton, Abp of St Andrews, at 
Edinburgh, Jun. to Sep. 1552 — presented to 
Edward VI. in London, 1552 — Prof. Medicine, 
Pavia, 1560-2 — at Bologna, 1562-70 — im- 
prisoned there, 13 Oct. 1570 — reaches Rome, 
Mar. 157 1 — tf. at Rome, 20 Sep. 1576. Prac- 
tica Arithmelice, 1539 — -®e Arte Magna, 1543 
— De varietate rerum, 1550 — Be subtilitate, 
1551 — Ars curandi parva, $•<?., 1566. 
Cardi. [Cigoli.] 

Cardigan, James Thomas Erudenell, Earl 
op,— b., 16 Oct. 1797 — M.P. Marlborough, 
1818-29— -enters the army, 1824 — M.P. Fowey, 
1829 — M.P. Northamptonshire, Dec. 1832 — 
succeeds his father, Aug. 1837— fights a duel 
with Capt. Tuckett, at Wimbledon, 10 Sep. 
1840 — as Major-general, takes command of 
Light Cavalry Brigade, in Crimean War, Jun. 
1854 — charge of his brigade at Balaklava, 25 
Oct. 1854 — K.C.B., 1855 — Inspector-general 
of Cavalry, 1856-60 — Lieutenant-general, Feb. 
1 86 1 — ft. at Deene Park, Northamptonshire, 
28 Mar. 1868. 

Cardinal, Pierre, troubadour, — b., about 
1 2 10 ? — tf., 1306. 

Cardinals, College of Cardinals, — term in 
use, 150 ? 300 ? — election of the pope from 
the, decreed by Council of Rome, 769 — term 
applied to priests accompanying the pope at 
celebration of mass, at Council of Rome, 853 — 
election of Nicholas II. by, 1058— their right 
to elect the pope established by bull of Nicholas 
II., 1059 — number of, 52 or 53, from 1125 — 
election of the pope by, decreed by Alexander 
III. at the Lateran Council, 1179^ n6o b — red 
hat given by Innocent IV. at Council of Lyons, 
1245 — expulsion of, from the Conclave, pro- 
hibited by bull of Clement V., 1310 — number 
reduced to 24 by Council of Constance, 1414 — ■ 
red dress in use, from about 1464 — number 
raised to 53 by Sixtus IV., about 1480 — ex- 
empted from all taxes by bull of Leo X., 16 
May 15 1 6 — number raised to 65 by Leo X., 
15 17 — their right to elect the pope again de- 
clared by Pius IV., 1562 c — number raised to 
70 by Sixtus V., 1587 — title of Eminence 
granted to, by Urban VIIL, 1630. 
a Ersch and Gruber. b Moreri. c Onuphrius. 

Cardon, Antoine, engraver, — b. at Brussels, 
1772 — receives gold medal of Academy there, 
1 79 1 — crowned by Royal Academy, London, 
1794 — b., 16 Apr. 1 813. 

Cardone, Denis Dominique, orientalist, — b. 
at Paris, 1720 — at Constantinople, 1729-49 — 
Prof. Turkish and Persian languages at Royal 
Coll., Paris, 1750 — King's interpreter for ori- 
ental languages, &c, 1750 — b., 25 Dec. 1783. 
Melanges de literature orientate, §c, 1770. 

Cardonnel, Pierre Salvy Felix de, states- 
man, — b. at Monestier, 1770 — member of 
Council of Five Hundred, 1795 — Juge d' 
Instruction, 1802— President of the Chamber, 
3 Sep. 1 8 14 — Secretary, 1815 — b\, Jul. 1829. 
Cards, Playing, — importation of, into Eng- 



CAEDUCHO— CAELETTI. 



279 



land, prohibited by Act 3 Edw. IV. c. 4, 1463 
— tax imposed on, by Acts 9 Anne, c. 16, s. 42, 
17 10, and 43 Geo. III. c. 60, 1802. 

Carducho, {Carduccio,) Bartolomeo, painter, 
—ft. at Florence, 1560 — accompanies Zucchero 
to Spain, 1585 — in service of Philip II. and 
III., 1585-1608— tr. at Madrid, 1608. 

Carducho, {Carduccio,) Vincenzio, painter, — 
6. at Florence, 1568 — accompanies his brother 
to Spain, 1585 — painter to Philip III., 1609 — 
fc., 1636. Dialogos sobrela Pintura, &;c., 1633. 

Cardusians, — [B C] — Persia makes war upon, 
during the Cyprian war of Artaxerxes Mnemon, 
about 377 ? 

Cardwell, Edward, ecclesiastical historian, 
§c, — fc. at Blackburn, 1787 — Fellow of Brase- 
nose Coll., Oxford, 1809 — Examiner, 18 14 — 
Camden Prof. History, 1826 — Principal of St. 
Alban's Hall, 1831— U. at Oxford, 23 May 
1 861. Edition of Aristotle s Ethics, 1828 — 
Coinage of the Greeks and Romans, 1832 — 
History of Conferences, §c, connected with the 
Book of Common Prayer, (1558-1690,) 1840 — 
Documentary Annals of the Reformed Church 
of England, 1839 — Synodalia,\%\% — Reformatio 
Legum Ecclesiasticarum, 1850. 

Carestini, Giovanni, singer,— appears on the 
stage at Pome, 172 1 — arrives in England and 
is engaged by Handel, 1733 — at Berlin, 1750- 

54-55- 

Carew, George, Eael op Totness, states- 
man, historian, §c, — ft., 1557 — enters Oxford 
Univ., 1572 — M.A., 1589 — commands in ex- 
pedition to Cadiz, 1596 — Pres. Munster, 1599 
— Lord Justice of Ireland, 1600-3 — Baron, by 
James I., 1605— Earl, by Charles I., 1 Feb. 
1625 — rj. in London, 27 Mar. 1629. Pacata 
Hibemia, 1633. 

Carew, George, statesman, — ambassador to 
king of Poland, 1597 — to court of France, 
1605-9 — ft., about 161 3. Relation of the state 
of France, §c, written, 1609, published, 1749. 

Carew, John Edward, sculptor,— b. at Tra- 
more in Wateriord, 1782— settles at Brighton, 
1830— if. in London, 30 Nov. 1868. 

Carew, Sir Nicholas, Knight op the 
Garter, — beheaded at London for conspiracy, 
3 Mar. 1539. 

Carew, Eichard, — fc. at East Anthony, 
Cornwall, 1555 — Sheriff of Cornwall, 1586 — 
member of Coll. Antiquaries, 1589 — fr., 6 Nov. 
1620. Survey of Cornwall, 1602. 

Carew, Thomas, poet, — fj., 1589 — "&., 1639. 
Ccelum Britannicum, 1634 — Poems, 1640. 

Carey, Henry. [Monmouth, Earl op.] 

Carey, "William, missionary, orientalist, — ft. 
in Northamptonshire, 1762 — sent as Baptist 
Missionary to Bengal, Jun. 1793 — settles at 
Serampore, 1800 — Prof. Sanscrit, Calcutta, 
1 801 — D.D., member of Asiatic Society, Cal- 
cutta, 1805 — ti. at Serampore, 2 Jun. 1834. 
Sanscrit Grammar, 1806 — Mahratta Grammar, 
1805 — Mahratta Dictionary, 18 10 — Bengalee 
Dictionary, 18 18. 

Carez, Joseph, printer, — invents stereotyping 
and prints liturgies by the new method, 1786 — 
deputy to Legislative Assembly, 1791 — ft. at 
Toul, 1801. 



Caria, Carians,— [B C] — possess naval empire 
of the Mediterranean, 732-672 — conquered by 
Lydia, about 570-560 — subject to Persia, 546 — 
revolts against Persia, with Ionian cities, under 
Pixodorus, 490— revolt of Amorges, 413-412 — 
Hecatomnus, 385-380— he commands Persian 
fleet in Cyprian war ; Mausoltjs, 377-6 — 353-2 
— alliance with satraps of Asia Aiinor, Sparta, 
and Egypt, revolts against Persia, 362— Mau- 
solus accompanies Artaxerxes in Egyptian war, 
362-1 — overruns Lydia and part of Ionia, about 
360— alliance with Chios, Rhodes, and Byzan- 
tium against Athens, 358 — instigates and leads 
in the Social War, 357-355 — Artemisia, 353 
-2 — 351-0 — subjects Ehodes, about 352 — 
Idricus, 351-0 — 344-3 — he shares in Cyprian 
War, about 350 — acquires Chios, Cos, and 
Ehodes, before 346 — Ada, 344-3 — 341-0 — 
Pixodorus, 341-0 — 335— alliance with Mace- 
donia, 340-337— Okontobates, 335 — Ada re- 
stored, 334 — war against Alexander the Great, 
Halicarnassus taken, before winter 334 — part 
of Macedonian Empire, 322 — subject to Ptolemy 
Philadelphus 285-47 — subdued by Antigonus 
Doson, about 229 — divided by Eome between 
Eumenes and Ehodes, 190 — added to the 
province of Asia, about 129. 

Caribbee Islands. [Antilles.] 

Carical, {Karical,) in Hindustan, — ceded to 
the French, by Eajah of Tanjore, 1739 — taken 
by English, 5 Apr. 1760 — given up to French, 
1763 — retaken ty English, 1803 — again re- 
stored to French, by Treaty of Paris, 18 14 — 
who resume possession, 17 Jan. 18 17. 

Carignan, in France, — defeat of Marshal 
MacMahon by Prussians, who occupied the 
town, 31 Aug. 1870. 

Carinus, M. Aurelius, Eoman Emperor, — 
C?esar Imperator, 282 — Emperor with his 
brother, 283 — assassinated, close of 284,* May 
285. 15 a Eckhel. b Gibbon. 

Carisbrook Castle, Isle of Wight, — at- 
tempted by the French, 1377 — Charles I. 
imprisoned in, Nov. 1647 to Nov. 1648. 

Carissimi, Giovanni Giacomo, musical com- 
poser, — h. at Padua, about 1582 — Maestro di 
Capella, church of St Apollinare, Eome, 1650 
— If., after 1672. ? 

Carizniians. [Kharism.] 

Carlaverock Castle, Scotland, — captured by 
Edward I., Jul. 1300. 

Carlerius, JEgidius, theologian, — ft., about 
or before 1400 — Dean of Cambray, 143 1 — 
opposes Hussites at Council of Basel, 1433 — Xf., 
23 Nov. 1473. 

Carleton, George, Bp of Chichester, — ft. 
at Norham, Northumberland, 1559 — enters 
Oxford Univ., 1576 — M.A., 14 Jun. 1585 — Bp 
of LlandafF, 161 8 — attends Synod of Dort, 
1618 — Bp of Chichester, Sep. 1619— tj., May 
1628. 

Carleton, Sir Guy, and Sir Dudley. [Dor- 
chester, Lord.] 

Carleton, William, novelist, — 6. in Ireland, 
1798 — goes to America, about 1855 — ft., 30 
Jan. 1869. Traits and Stories of the Irish 
Peasantry, 1830-2 — Tales, 1841. 

Carletti, Francisco Saverio, Count, — ft. in 



2So 



CARLETTI— CARMATHIANS. 



Tuscany, about 1750 — negotiates and signs 
Treaty of Peace between Tuscany and tbe 
French republic, 9 Feb. 1795 — banished from 
France by the Directory, Nov. 1795— tf., n 
Aug. 1803. 

Carletti, Niccolo, architect, — ft. at Naples, 
1723 — tf., 1800. Instituzioni d'architettura 
civile, 1772 — Topogrojia universale delta cittd 
di Napoli, 1776. 

Carli, Gian Rinaldo, Count op, antiquary, 
§c.,— b. at Capo d' I stria, Apr. 1720 — Prof. 
Astronomy and Nautical Science, Venice, 1744- 
49 — Pres. Supreme Council of Commerce and 
of Public Economy, Milan, 1765 — Privy Coun- 
cillor, 1769 — President of Council of Finance, 
Milan, 1771— tf. at Milan, 22 Feb. 1795. 
Delle Monete, §c, 1754-60 — Letter e Americane, 
1780 — JJcir antic/iite Italiche, 1788-91. 

Carlino, Carlo Antonio Bertinazzi, actor, — 
h. at Turin, 17 13 — goes to Paris, 1741 — tf. 
there, 7 Sep. 1783. 

Carlisle, in Cumberland,— visited by "Wil- 
liam Ruins, 1094 — See of, founded, Apr. 11 32 
— ceded to David I., king of Scotland, by 
Stephen, about n 36 — the pope's legate Alberic 
received by David at, n 38 — attempted un- 
successfully by William the Lion, 1 1 7 3 — and 
again, 11 74 — besieged by Alexander, king of 
Scotland ; surrendered by him to Henry III., 
12 17 — again attacked by the Scots, 1296 — 
parliament held at, by Edward I., 1307 — Mary 
Queen of Scots stops at, Jun. 1568 — espouses 
cause of Charles L, 1644— blockaded by Par- 
liamentary forces, 9 Oct. 1644 — surrenders to 
General Lesley, Jun. 1645 — surrenders to the 
Pretender, 14 Nov. 1745 — retaken by Duke of 
Cumberland, 30 Dec. 1745. Castle, built, 
1092 — Cathedral, the Choir partly burnt, before 
1286 — again, 1292 — the building restored, 

1853-7. 

Carlisle, Frederic Howard, Earl of, — fc., 
28 May 1748 — Privy Councillor, 1769 — one of 
the deputation to American Colonies, 1778 — 
Viceroy of Ireland, 1780-2 — tf. at Castle 
Howard, 4 Sep. 1825. 

Carlisle, George William Frederick How- 
ard, Earl of, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, 
— b. in London, 18 Apr. 1802 — M. P. West 
Riding of Yorkshire, 1833-41 and 1846-8 — 
Chief Secretary for Ireland, 1835-41 — Chan- 
cellor of Duchy of Lancaster, 1849-51 — Rector 
of Aberdeen Univ., 1853 — Lord-Lieutenant, 
1855-8 — again, Jun. 1859 to Aug. 1864 — if. 
at Castle Howard, 5 Dec. 1864. 

Carlisle, Sir Anthony, surgeon, — fj. at 
Stillington, in Durham, 1768 — surgeon to 
Westminster Hospital, 1793 — F.R.S., 1800 — 
Prof. Anatomy, R.A., 1808-24 — K nt > by George 
IV., 1820 — 11 unterian Lecturer, 1820 and 1826 
— Pres. R.C.S., 1829 and 1839 — **• in London, 
2 Nov. 1 840. Essay on the Disorders of Old 
Age, 1 81 7 — Alleged discovery of the Use of the 
Spleen and Thyroid Gland, 1829. 

Carloman, King of France, — b., 751 — 
succeeds his father Pepin, jointly with his bro- 
ther Charles (the Great,) 24 Sep. 768 — crown- 
ed at Soissons, 9 Oct. 768 — tf., 4 Dec. 771. 

Carloman, King of France, — succeeds his 



father Louis the Stammerer, jointly with his 
brother Louis, 879 — the kingdom divided be- 
tween them, Mar. 880— tr., 6 Dec. 884. 

Carloman. [Austrasia.] 

Carloni, Giovanni, painter, — 6. at Genoa, 
1591 — tf. at Milan, 1630. 

Carloni, Giovanni Battista, painter, — n. at 
Genoa, 1594^ 1592 b — tf., i68o, a i659. b 
a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Carlos, Don, — h. at Valladolid, 8 Jan. 1545 
— acknowledged heir to the crown of Spain by 
States at Toledo, 1560— imprisoned by his 
father, 18 Jan. 1568 — tf., 24 Jul. 1568. 

Carlos, Don, Pretender to the crown of 
Spain, — fj , 29 Mar. 1788 — compelled by Na- 
poleon I. to join in renunciation of the kingdom, 
1808 — protests against repeal of the Salic Law 
by Ferdinand, 1830 — insurrection in his favour 
against Queen Isabella, autumn 1833 — civil 
war, 1833-9 — retires to Bourges, Aug. 1839 — 
abandons his claim, 1845 — tf. at Trieste, 10 
Mar. 1855. 

Carlos, Don. [Charles III. of Spain. .] 

Carlow, — the Exchequer established at, by 
Lionel, Duke of Clarence, 1361 — the castle 
taken by Sir Edward Poynings, 1494 — be- 
sieged by the rebels, 1641 — taken by the Royal- 
ists, May 1647 — besieged and taken by Sir 
Hardress Waller, 24 Jul. 1650 — unsuccessfully 
attacked by the rebels, 25 May 1798. 

Carlowitz, Treaty of, — between the Em- 
peror Leopold and the Turks, the latter ceding 
Hungary, Transylvania, and Sclavonia to the 
Empire, concluded, 26 Jan. 1699. 

Carlsbad, — meeting of the Emperor of Austria 
and King of Prussia at, 22-24 ^ un - 1864. Con- 
gress of, meets, 1 Aug. 18 19. 

Carlstadt. [Carolostadt.] 

Carlstadt, {Carolostadt,) Andreas Boden- 
stein, reformer, — b. at Carlstadt, about 1483 
— settles at Wittenberg, 1504 — D.D., 15 10 — 
Dean of Hniv., 15 12— becomes adherent of 
Luther, 15 17 — disputation with Dr Eck at 
Leipsic, 15 19 — excommunicated by the pope, 
1520 — occasions tumult by suppressing private 
masses, removing images, &c, 1522 — opposes 
Luther in the Eucharist Controversy, 1524 — ■ 
expelled from Saxony, 1524 — recalled, 1525 — 
Prof. Divinity, Basel, 1534 — tf. there, 25 Dec. 

Carlyle, Alexander,— 6., 1722 — serves as 
volunteer in rebellion of 1745 — Presbyterian 
minister, Inveresk, 1747 — tf., 1805. Auto- 
biography, i860. 

Carlyle, Joseph Dacre, orientalist, — b. at 
Carlisle, 1759 — enters Cambridge Univ., 1775 — 
Prof. Arabic, 1794 — accompanies Lord Elgin 
to Constantinople, as chaplain, 1799 — returns 
to England, Sep. 1801 — tf. at Newcastle-upon- 
Tyne, 1 2 Apr. 1804. Maurad allatofat, §c, 1792. 

Carmagnola, Francesco Bussone di, con- 
dottiere, — rj. at Carmagnole, about 1390 — en- 
ters army of Duke of Milan, 141 2 — escapes 
from Milan, and goes to Venice, 1425 — defeats 
at Macalo the Milanese forces, 1 1 Oct. 1427 — 
arrested at Venice on suspicion of treachery, 
15 Apr. 1432 — beheaded, 5 May 1432. 

Carmathians, followers of Carmath, Mus- 



CARMEL— CARPENTER. 



sulman Reformer, — appear in Arabia and Persia, 
(277, a. h.) 890 a — defeat and capture general 
of the Caliph, (287,) 900 b — conquer Bahrein, 
about 900 — pillage Mecca, (317,) 929— take 
Baghdad, (318,) 930.^ 

a Gibbon. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Carmel, Mount, Order of Our Lady of— 
established by Henry IT. of France, 1607 — 
united with Order of St Lazarus of Jerusalem, 
1608. 

Carmelite Order, Carmelites, — founded in 
Syria, 1 1 7 1 a — rule of the Order confirmed by 
Honorius III., 1224 — driven from the Holy 
Land, about 1238 b — established in England, 
1240 — reformed by St Theresa, about 1533 a — 
the Bare-footed separated from the Ancient 
Observance by Gregory XIII., 1580. 

a Du Fresnoy. b Stevens. 

Carmontelle, miscellaneous writer, — fc. at 
Paris, 25 Aug. 17 17 — o - ., 26 Dec. 1806. Pro- 
verbes Dramatiques, 1768-81, 1811. 

Carnarvon. [Caernarvon.] 

Carnata. [Canara Bijayanaghur.] 

Carneades, — [B C] — -philosopher, — b., about 
213 — ambassador to Rome with Diogenes and 
Critolaos, 155 — "0., 129. 

Carneia, — [BC] — musical contests at the, 
instituted at Sparta, (01. 26,) 676-673. 

Carnot, Lazare Nicolas Marguerite, states- 
man, mathematician, — h. at Nolay, in Bur- 
gundy, 13 May 1753 — enters the army, 177 1 — 
member of Academy of Dijon, 1784— of Legis- 
lative Assembly, 17 91 — of deputation to Louis 
XVI., 10 Aug. 1792 — of National Convention, 
1792 — joins army of the North, 1793 — pro- 
scribed, 1795 — Minister of War, Apr. 1800— 
called to the Tribune, Mar. 1802 — Commander 
of Antwerp, 18 14 — if. at Magdeburg, May, a 
2 Aug. b 1823. Essai sur les machines en 
general, 1786 — Reflexions sur la metaphysique 
du calcul infinitesimal, 1797 — De la defense des 
places fortes, 1809 — Geometric de position, 1803. 



a Biog. Univ. 



Engl. Cyc. 



Caro, Annibale, poet, miscellaneous icriter,— 
I), at Civita Nuova, 1507 — secretary to Pier 
Luigi Farnese, 1543— o". at Frascati near Rome, 
21 Nov. 1566. Rime, 1569 — Letter e famigliari, 

i57 2 -75- 

Caro, don Ventura or Bonaventura, general, 
— 6. at Valencia, about 1742 — Commander of 
Minorca, 1782 — restores order in Galicia, 1790 
— commands in war against France, 1793 — re- 
signs office, 1794 — Captain-general of Valencia, 
1 801 — of the army, 1802 — a"., about 1808. 

Carolina, IT.S., — first colony in, on the 
Roanoke, by Raleigh, Jun. 1585 — first per- 
manent settlement, 1650 — given by Charles II. 
to Clarendon, Monk, Shaftesbury and others, 24 
Mar. 1663 — receives constitution, 1667 — 
constitution for, drawn up by Locke, 1669 
— but abrogated, 1693 — the colonists refuse 
submission to the proprietors, 17 19 — purchased 
by the Crown, and divided into North and 
South Carolina, May 1729, i7i9 a — territory 
extended by grant from the Cherokees, 1755 
— opposition to the Stamp Act, 1769 — 
[American War] — boundary between S. Caro- 



lina and Georgia adjusted by Commissioners, 
1787. a Maccullocb. 

Carolina, N., U.S., — admitted to the Union, 
27 Nov. 1789 — adopts ordinance of Secession, 
20 May 1 861 — proclaimed in rebellion and 
slaves declared free, by Pres. Lincoln, 1 Jan. 
1863 — [Confederate States] — readmitted tore- 
presentation in Congress by bill of 11 Jun. 
1868. 

Carolina, S., L T .S., — admitted to the Union, 
23 May 1788 — declaration that the encroach- 
ments of the Federal government justified 
secession adopted in a Convention, 2 Apr. 1852 
— ordinance of Secession passed at Charleston, 
20 Dec. i860— blockade of ports proclaimed by 
Pres. Lincoln, 19 Apr. 1861 — proclaimed in 
rebellion and slaves declared free, by Pres. 
Lincoln, 1 Jan. 1863 — [Confederate States, 
Charleston] — readmitted to representation in 
Congress by bill of 11 Jim. 1868. 

Caroline Amelia Augusta, {Elizabeth,) 
Queen of England,— h. at Brunswick, 17 
May 1768 — marries George, Prince of Wales, 
(George IV.,) 8 Apr. 1795 — birth of the 
Princess Charlotte, 7 Jan. 1796 — separated 
from her husband, 1 7 96 — commission appointed 
to investigate her conduct, 29 May 1806 — de- 
clared innocent ; quits England and travels, 9 
Aug. 1 8 14 — arrives in London, 6 Jim. 1820 — 
bill of pains and penalties introduced, 6 Jul. — ■ 
trial begins, 17 Aug. — bill abandoned, 10 Nov. 
— returns public thanks at St Paul's, 29 Nov. 
— is refused admission to Westminster Hall and 
Abbey at the coronation of her husband, 19 
Jul. 1 82 1 — tf. at Hammersmith, 7 Aug. 1821. 

Caroline Maria, Queen of Naples, — ft. at 
Vienna, 13 Aug. 1752 — marries Ferdinand 
IV., (or I.,) King of the Two Sicilies, 12 May 
1768 — her influence supreme, opposes French 
policy, 1792-5 — embarks for Sicily, 1798 — 
returns with the king, 27 Jul. 1799 — quits 
Naples and returns to Vienna, 18 11 — U. at 
Schonbrunn, 8 Sep. 18 14. 

Caroline, Wilhelmina, Queen of England, 
— 6., 1682 — marries Prince George of Hanover, 
(George II. of England,) 1705 — crowned Queen 
with her husband, 22 Oct. 1727 — o\, 1 Dec. 

J 737- 

Carotto, Gian Francesco, painter, — t>. at 
Verona, about 1470 — tf., 1546. 

Carpaccio, Vittore, painter, — fr., probably at 
Venice, about 1450 — o - ., after 152 1. St Ursula 
and her Companions, Venice, 1493-5 — Christ 
adored by Angels, Vienna, 1496 — Madonna and 
Child enthroned, National Gallery, about 1478. ? 

Carpenter, Lant, theologian, — h. at Kidder- 
minster, 2 Sep. 1780 — minister of Unitarian 
congregation, Exeter, 1805-17— LL.D., Glas- 
gow, 1806 — minister at Bristol, 1817-26, 1829- 
39 — drowned, on coast of Italy, 5 Apr. 1840. 
Introduction to the Geography of the New 
Testament, 1805 — Harmony of the Gospels, 
1835 — Principles of Education, <§c, 1820. 

Carpenter, Nathaniel, — b. in Devonshire, 7 

Feb. 1588 — Fellow of Exeter Coll., Oxford, 1607 

— cbaplain to Abp Ussher, about 1626 — ft. at 

Dublin, 1628^1635^ Philosophia libera, 1621. 

a Wood. b Fuller. 



CARPENTER— CARRE. 



Carpenter, William Hookham, art critic, — 
ft. in Loudon, 1792 — Keeper of Prints and 
Drawings, British Museum, 1845 — tr. at the 
Museum, 12 Jul. 1866. Fictorial Notices of 
) 'andykc and Rubens, 1 844. 

Carpentier, Pierre, Benedictine, — ft. at Char- 
leville, 2 Feb. 1697 — tr. at Paris, Dec. 1767. 
Alphabet ion tyronianum, 1747 — Glossarium 
novum, 1766. 

Carpentier, Pierre, Governor-general of 
Di/tch East Indies, — ft., probably about 
1 5S 8— goes to the Indies, 1616 — Director-gen- 
eral of commerce, Amboyna, 16 18 — Governor- 
general of Dutch East Indies, 1623 — returns to 
Holland, 1628— chief of the India Company, 
j 629-59— o\, 5 Sop. 1659. 

Carpi, in Italy, — Prince Eugene defeats the 
French at, 9 Jul. 1701. 

Carpi, Girolamo {Bianchi) da, painter, — ft. 
at Ferrara, 1488, a i5oi b — tJ. there, 1556. 
a Tiraboschi. b Vasari. 

Carpi, Hugo da, wood-engraver, — ft. at Rome, 
about i486 ? — ft, about 1518-32. 

Carpini, (Carpin,) Johannes de Piano, 
Franciscan, — ft. in Italy, about i220, a i2io b — 
envoy from Innocent IV. to the Tatars, 1246 
— to St Louis, to dissuade him from the cru- 
sade, 1247.° a Erscb and Gruber. 
b Engl. Cyc. c Kington. 

Carpov, Jacob, philosopher, — fj. at Goslar, 
29 Sep. 1699 — studies at Halle, 1721 — Prof. 
Mathematics, Weimar, 1742 — tf. there, 9 Jun. 
1768. Disputatio de rationis sufficient-is prin- 
cipio, 1725 — (Economia salutis novi Testamenti, 
§c, 1737. Fensees sur Vavantage de la gram- 
maire universelle, 1744. 

Carpzov, {Carpzovius^ "Benedict, jurist, — ft. 
at Wittenberg, 27 May 1595 — Prof. Laws, 
Leipsic, 1645 — tr. there, 30 Aug. 1666. Frac- 
tica nova nrum criminalism, 1635. Comment. 
ad legem regiam Ger manor um, 1640. Ftejini- 
tiones forenses, 1638. 

Carpzov, (Carpzovius,) John Benedict, philo- 
sopher, — ft. at Leipsic, 20 May 1720 — Prof. 
Philosophy there, 1747 — Prof. Greek, Helm- 
stadt, 1748— tf., 28 Apr. 1S03. Fhilosophorum 
de qui etc Bei placita, 1740 — Exercitationes sa- 
cra, 1758. 

Carr, Thomas, [Miles Finkney,) Catholic 
priest, — ft., 1599 — founds monastery of English 
Augustines at Paris : tr., 31 Oct. 16*74. Fietas 
parisiensis, 1666. 

Carra, Jean Louis, — ft. at Pont-de-Vesle, 1743 
— goes to Paris, 1789 — declares war at the 
Jacobin Club, on the Emperor Leopold, 22 Dec. 
1790 — recalled from mission to Blois, 12 Jun. 
1793 — beheaded, with the Girondists, 31 Oct. 

J 793- 

Carra-Saint-Cyr, Jean Francois, Count of, 
fft tu ral, — ft., 1756 — General of Brigade, 1794 
— accompanies Aubert Dubayer to Constanti- 
nople as secretary, 1796-8 — wounded at pass- 
age of the Mincio, Jun. 1800 — General of 
Division, 27 Aug. 1803 — serves in Prussian 
campaign, 1807 — in Austrian campaign, 1809 
— recalled from Illyria, 18 13 — Chevalier of St 
. and Governor of Guyana, 1817 — 1(. at 
Yely, 5 Jan. 1834. 



Carracci, Agostino, painter, engraver, %c, 
— ft. at Bologna, Aug. i559, a 1558 bc — teaches 
in the Academy there, 1589-1600 — goes to 
Rome, 1600 — tf. at Parma, 22 Mar. 1601. 
a Biog. rniv. b Erscb and Gruber. c V\*ornum. 

Carracci, Annibale, painter, — ft. at Bologna, 
1560 — studies works of Correggio at Parma, 
1580-2 — takes part in founding Academy at 
Bologna, 1589 — goes to Rome, 1600— employed 
in the Farnese Palace, till 1604 — tf. at Rome, 
15 Jul. 1609. 

Carracci, Antonio, painter, — ft. at Venice, 
1583 — tf. at Rome, 1618. 

Carracci, Lodovico, painter, — ft. at Bologna, 
21 Apr. 1555 — with his cousins founds and 
directs the Academy of Painting there, 1589- 
1600 — sole Director, from 1600 — tf. at Bologna, 
13 Dec. 1619. 

Carradori, Joachim, natural philosopher, — 
ft. at Prato, Tuscany, 7 Jun. 1758— Prof. Phi- 
losophy, Pistoia, about 1786 — tf., Nov. 18 18. 
Teoria del colore, 1787 — Sulla fertilitd delta 
terra, about 1801. 

Carranza, Bartolomeo de, ABr of Toledo, 
— ft. at Miranda-del-Ebro, 1503,* 1520 b — sent 
by Charles Y. to Council of Trent, 1545 — con- 
fessor to Queen Mary of England, 1554 — Abp 
of Toledo, by Philip II., 1557^ 1558 b — im- 
prisoned at Rome, 1566-76— tr., 2 May 1576. 
Comentarios sobre el catequismo cristiano, 1558 
— Summa conciliorum, 1546. 

a Biog. Univ. b Erscb and Gruber. 

Carrara, Francesco da, Sovereign of 
Padua, — commands army of the Lombard 
league, 1354 — assists Hungarians in the war 
against Venice, 1358 — compelled to makepeace 
with Venice, 21 Sep. 1373 — war of Chiozza, 
1378-81 — acquires Trevisa, Feltre, Belluna, 
&c, 1384 — attacked and defeated by Giovanni 
Galeazzo Visconti, 1388 — loses Padua and 
Trevisa to Visconti, 1388 — tr. at the castle of 
Como, 6 Oct. 1393. 

Carrara, Francesco II., (Kovello,) da, — be- 
comes sovereign of Padua, 29 Jun. 1388 — 
surrenders Padua to the Milanese, 23 JSov. 
1388 — reenters, and carries on war against the 
Visconti, 19 Jun. 1390 — reestablished, by peace 
concluded, 2 Feb. 1392 — seizes Verona and 
Brescia and is attacked by Venice, 1404 — capi- 
tulates, and is carried prisoner to Venice, ISov. 
1405 — strangled in prison, 17 Feb. 1406. 

Carrara, Giovanni Michel Alberto, his- 
torian, §c., — ft. at Bergamo, soon after 1400? — 
Count Palatine, by Emperor Frederick III., 24 
Feb. 1488 — tf. at Bergamo, 26 Oct. 1490. 

Carre, Guillaume Louis Julien, jurist, — ft. 
at Rennes, 21 Oct. 1777 — Prof. Law there, 
1806 — tf-, 13 Mar. 1832. Introduction ge- 
nerate d l' etude du droit, 1808 — les his de la 
procedure civile, 1824. 

Carre, Jean Baptiste, — ft. at Varennes, 12 
Apr. 1749 — goes to Paris, 1770 — Justice of 
Peace, 1793-1823 — Inspector of Forests, to 
Prince of Conde, 1815-32— tr. at Varennes, 16 
Feb. 1835. Panoplie, 1795. 

Carre, Louis, mathematician, — ft. in La 
Brie, 26 Jul. 1663 — member of Academy of 
Sciences, 1697 — tr., 11 Apr. 17 11. Meihode 



CAERE— CARTHAGE. 



283 



pour la mesure des surfaces, la dimension des 
solides, §c, par V application da calcul integral, 
1710. 

Carre, Robert. [Somerset, Earl of.] 

Carrel, Armand, historian, journalist, — ft. at 
Rouen, 8 Aug. i8oi, a 8 May 1800 b — enters the 
army, 18 17 — secretary to Augustin Thierry, 
about 1825 — if. of wound received in a duel, 24 
Jul. 1836. Joint editor of the National, from 
1 Jan. 1830 — Histoire de la Contre-Reoolution 
en Angleterre, 1827. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Carreno de Miranda, don Juan, painter, — 
ft. in Asturias, 16 14 — court painter to Philip 
IV., 165 1— if., 1685. 

Carrera, Pietro, historian, §c, — 6. at Mili- 
tello, Sicily, 157 1 — if. at Messina, 8 Sep. 1647. 
Varia epigrammata, 16 10 — II giuoco de'scacchi, 
1 6 1 7 — II mong ibello descritto, 1636 — Belle 
memorie istoriche della cittd di Catania, 1639- 

Carrere, Francesco, physician, — ft. at Per- 
pignan, 11 Mar. 1622 — M.D., Barcelona, 1654 
—first physician of the army, 1667-90 — if. at 
Barcelona, 14 May 1695. Be salute militum 
tuenda, 1679. 

Carrere, Joseph Barthelemi Francois, 
physician,— -ft. at Perpignan, 24 Aug. 1740 — 
settles at Paris, 1773 — sent to Spain, 1795 — if. 
at Barcelona, 20 Dec. 1802. Bibliotheque 
litteraire, historique, et critique, de la medecine 
ancienne et moderne, 1776 — Catalogue raisonne 
des ouvrages sur les eaux minirales, 1785. 

Carrey, Jacques, painter, — ft. at Troyes, 
Jan. 1646 — if. there, 18 Feb. 1726. 

Carrhse, Carrhene, Harran, in Mesopotamia, 
• — [B C] — Crassus defeated and slain by Par- 
thians at, 53 — [AD] — taken by Odenathus, 264 
— Narses defeats Galerius near, 297 — Julian 
reaches, 19 Mar. 363. 

Carrickfergus, in Ireland, — castle besieged 
and taken by Edward Bruce, 13 15 — burnt by 
Scots, 1386 — stormed and plundered by Earl of 
Arran, 1513 a — besieged by MacDonnell, 1555 
— relieved by Sir Henry Sidney, Jul. 1556 — 
surrenders to Schomberg, 29 Aug. 1689 — 
"William III. lands at, 14 Jun. 1690 — captured 
by the French, 21 Feb. 1760 — abandoned by 
them, 26 Feb. 1760 — Paul Jones captures the 
sloop Drake off, 24 Apr. 1778. a Tytler. 

Carrier, Jean Baptiste, Jacobin leader, — ft. 
in Auvergne, 1756 — deputy to National Con- 
vention, 1792 — aids in forming revolutionary 
tribunal, 10 Mar. 1793 — arrives at Nantes, 8 
Oct. 1793 — first noyade, 15 Nov. 1793 — exe- 
cuted by sentence of revolutionary tribunal, 16 
Dec. 1794. 

Carriera. [Rosalba.] 

Carrion, Louis, — ft. at Bruges, about 1547 — 
Prof. Royal of Civil Law, Louvain, 1 Dec. 
1586 — Prof. Canon Law, 10 Jun. 1589 — 
Director of Coll. of St Yves, 1587-93 — if. at 
Louvain, 23 Jun. 1595. Antiquarum lectionum 
commentarii tres, §c„ 1576 — Emendationum et 
observationum libri duo, 1583. 

Carron, Gui Toussaint Julien, abbe—h. at 
Rennes, 23 Feb. 1760 — founds there a sailcloth 
factory and a penitentiary, 1789 — exiled to 



Jersey, 1792 — comes to London, 1796 — returns 
to France and has direction of the Institute of 
Marie Therese, 18 14 — if. at Paris, 15 Mar. 
i820, a i82i. b Modeles du clerge, 1787 — Trois 
Heroines Chre'tiennes, 1790 — Bensees Eccle'sias* 
tiques, 1800. 

a Biog. Unh\ b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Carronade, — invented by General Melville, 
1752 — first cast and brought into use, 1779. 

Carstares, William, theologian, §c, — ft. at 
Cathcart, near Glasgow, n Feb. 1649 — arrested 
as conspirator, [Ryehouse Plot,] 1682 — chaplain 
to Prince of Orange, 1685 — confidential secre- 
tary to William III., 1688-1702 — Principal 
antl Prof. Divinity, Edinburgh Univ., 1704 — 
if., 28 Dec. 17 15. State Bapers, 1774. 

Carstens, Asmus Jacob, painter, — ft. at 
Sleswick, 10 May 1754 — goes to Rome, 1792 
— if., 25 May 1798. 

Carte, Thomas, historian, — ft. at Clifton, 
Warwickshire, Apr. 1686— enters Oxford Univ., 
1698 — M.A., Cambridge, 1706 — takes part in 
Stuart rebellion, and flees to France, 17 15 — 
returns to England, about 1729 — if. at Caldecot 
House, near Abingdon, 2 Apr. 1754. Life of 
James, Buke of Ormoncl, 1735-6 — History of 
England, 1747-55 — Catalogue of Gascon, Nor- 
man, and French rolls preserved in the archives 
of the Tower of London, 17 13 — Collection of 
Letters and Memoirs concerning the Affairs of 
England from 1641 ta 1660, 1738. 

Carte de Visite, Photographic,— patented 
by Disderi, 27 Nov. 1854. 

Carteaux, Jean Francois, general, — ft. at 
Aillevans, 1751 — enters the army, 1767 — takes 
part with National Guard, Paris, 10 Aug. 1792 
— General of Brigade, 1793 — defeats Marseillese 
and enters Marseilles, 25 Aug. 1793 — represses 
insurrection at Caen, 1795 — returns from 
Piombino, 1805 — if., Apr. 18 13. 

Carteia, (Tartessus ?) Carthaea, Carpia, 
Carpessus, — [B C] — C. Lselius defeats Adherbal 
at sea, off, 206. 

Cartellier, Pierre, scidptor, — ft. at Paris, 2 
Dec. 1757 — Chevalier of the Legion of Honour, 
1808 — member of Institute, 18 10 — Prof, at 
School of Fine Arts, 18 16 — ii., 12 Jun. 1831. 

Carter, Elizabeth, classical scholar, — ft. at 
Deal, Kent, 16 Dec. 17 17 — if. in London, 19 
Feb. 1806. Translation of Epictetus, 1758. 
Carteret, John. [Granville, Earl.] 
Carthage, Carthaginians, — [B C] — founded 
by Dido, {mythic,) 794,* 8i8, b 825,° 86i,d 
1025^ before 1200 f — acquire part of Sardinia, 
before 550 — destroy Phocsean fleet, about 550* 
— first treaty with Rome, 508 s — attempt con- 
quest of Sicily, and are defeated by Gelon at 
Himera, 480 — second treaty with Rome, 480- 
4io,s 345 k — second expedition to Sicily, be- 
ginning of a long war, 410 — destroy Selinus 
and Himera, 409 — war with Dionysius I. of 
Syracuse, 405-368 * — war with Dionysius II., 
346-340' — defeated by Timoleon at the Cre- 
misus, Jun. 339 — war with Agathocles, 311- 
304' — third treaty with Rome, 278 — defeat 
Pyrrhus and drive him out of Sicily, 276 
— aid Tarentum, 272 — first Punic War com- 
mences, 264 — ends with cession of Sicily to 



284 



CARTHAGENA— CARYAJAL. 



Rome, 241 — African (Libyan) War, between 
241-238 — send Hamilcar into Spain, 238 — 
second Punic War, begins with siege of Sagun- 
tnm, 218— ends, 201 — tbird begins, 149 — siege 
of three years, and tbe city razed, 146 — colo- 
nized by tbe Gracchi, 122 — by Augustus, 19 — 
[AD]— taken by Genseric, 439 — retaken by 
Eelisarius, 533 — destroyed by Saracens, 697 — 
excavations and researches of Davis on its site, 
1856-7. Councils of, respecting re-baptism of 
heretics, about 200 — on discipline, about 217 
— to confirm election of Cornelius as pope, to 
regulate readmission of apostates to the church, 
and to condemn the schism of Felicissimus, 
251 — respecting treatment of the fallen within 
the churcb, 252 — respecting baptism of infants, 
253 — respecting the deposition of Basilides and 
Martial, Spanish bishops, 254- -held by Cyprian 
on re-baptism, 255 — confirming the previous 
Council, two Councils in 256 — election of 
Csecilianus as Bp of Carthage, and his deposition 
bv the Donatists, 312 — under Donatus, the 
tradi tores received to communion, about 330 — 
on discipline, 348 or 349 — on discipline, con- 
firming synodal letter of Pope Siricius, 386 — 
on discipline, 390; 397 ; 398 — on the admission 
of Donatist clergy, 401 — on reunion of Dona- 
tists with the church, 403— on the Donatists 
and on discipline, 404; 405— on appeals, the 
Donatists, and new Sees, 407 — against pagans 
and heretics, 40S ; 409 — against the Donatists, 
410 — conferences between Donatists and Catho- 
lics, 411 — against Celestius, 412 — against Pela- 
gius and Celestius, 416, 417, and 418 — on the 
appeal of Apiarius to the Pope, 419, 425 — 
conference appointed by Hunneric between the 
Catholics and tbe Arians, not held, the Catho- 
lic bishops exiled, 484 — on the liberties of 
monasteries, 525 — for the restitution of the 
rights and possessions of the churches usurped 
by the Yandals, 535 — [Punic Wars, Kamilcar, 
Hannibal, &c] a Servius. b Yell. Paterculus. 
c Justin, and Orosius. d Josephus. e Eusebius. 
f Philistus. S Gi - ote. h Casaubon. 1 Eawlinson. 

Carthagena, {Carthago Nova,) in Spain, — 
[B C] — founded by Carthaginians under Has- 
drubal, 243, a 242 b — taken by Scipio Africanus, 
210 — [AD] — occupied by Sir John Leake for 
Charles III., summer 1706 — retaken by Duke 
of Berwick, 1707. 

a Smith's Diet. b Engl. Cyc. 

Carthagena, in S. America, — founded by 
the Spanish, 1533 — seized by the French, 1544 
— taken by Sir Francis Drake, 1585 — by the 
French, 1697 — unsuccessfully besieged by Ad- 
miral Yernon, 1 741 — besieged and taken by the 
patriots, under Bolivar, 18 15 — surrendered to 
royalists, 6 Dec. 18 15. 

Cartheuser, Friedrich August, mineralogist, 
§c, — b. at Halle, 1734 — Prof. Physics, 
Giessen, 1766 — Is. at Schierstein, 12 Dec. 1796. 
JSlementa mineralogies, 1755 — Jlineralogische 
Abhtmdltmgen, 177 1. 

Cartheuser, Johann Friedrich, naturalist, 
physician, $c, — b. at Hayn, 29 Sep. 1704 — 
Prof. Chemistry, &c, Frankfort-on-the-Oder, 
1740 — member of Academy of Sciences, Ber- 
lin, 1758 — is., first Prof. Medicine, there, 22 



Jun. 1777. JElementa chemicce medica dogmatico- 
experimentalis, 1736 — Rudimenta materia me- 
dicce rationalis, 1741. 

Carthusians, Order of, — founded at Char- 
treuse, by Bruno, 1084 — introduced in Eng- 
land, about 1 1 80 — [Charterhouse.] 

Cartier, (Quartier,) Jacques, maritime dis- 
coverer,- — b. at St Malo, about 1500 ? — embarks 
for coast of North America, 1534 — second time, 
10 May 1535 — arrives at St Malo, 16 Jul. 
1536 — third voyage, 1540-2. 

Cartridges, {Cartouches,) — 'invented, 1670. 

Cartwright, Edmund, mechanician, — b. at 
Marnham, Notts, 1743 — enters Univ. of Oxford, 
1760 — Fellow of Magdalen Coll., 1764 — settles 
at Doncaster, 1779 — invents his power-loom, 
1785 — takes out patent for combing wool, 1790 
— receives grant of £10,000 from parliament, 
1809 — Is., 30 Oct. 1823. 

Cartwright, George, traveller, — b. at Marn- 
ham, 1739 — in India, 1754-7 — makes six 
voyages to Labrador, 1766-82 — brings six Es- 
quimaux to London, 1772 — Is., 18 19. Jour- 
nal of facts and events during a stay of nearly 
16 years on the coast of Labrador, 1792. 

Cartwright, John, political writer, — b. at 
Marnham, 1740 — enters the navy, 1758 — Major 
in the militia, Notts, 1775-92 — convicted of 
political conspiracy and fined, Aug. 1820— tr., 
23 Sep. 1824 — statue erected to him in London, 
1 83 1. Independence of America considered as 
supremely useful and glorious to Great Britain, 

1774- 

Cartwright, Thomas, Bp of Chester, — b. 
at Northampton, 1 Sep. 1634 — dean of Ripon, 
1677 — Bp of Chester, Oct. 1686— one of the 
commissioners sent to Oxford, 1687 — follows 
James II. to France, 1688 — accompanies him 
to Ireland, early in 1689 — o\ in Ireland, 15 
Apr. 1689. 

Cartwright, Thomas, theologian, — b. in 
Hertfordshire, about 1535 — enters Cambridge 
Eniv., 1550 — Fellow of St John's Coll., 1560 — ■ 
Lady Margaret Prof. Divinity, 1570 — deprived 
by Whitgift, 157 1 — returns to England and is 
imprisoned, 1582 — imprisoned again, 1585 and 
1591 — is., 27 Dec. 1603. 

Cartwright, William, theologian and poet, — 
b. in Gloucestershire, 161 1 — enters Christ 
Church, Oxford, 1628— M.A., 1635— takes holy 
orders, 1638 — reader in Metaphysics, Oxford 
L T niv., 1643 — Is. at Oxford, 23 Dec. 1643. 
Poems and. Plays, 1651. 

Carus, M. Aurelius, Roman Emperor,— 
made prsefectus pwetorio, by Probus, about 
277 ? — succeeds Probus, 282 — defeats the Sar- 
niatae, end of 282 ? — war with Persia, takes 
Ctesiphon, 283 — is. near Ctesiphon, end of 283. 

Caruso, Giovanni Battista, historian, — b. at 
Polizzi, near Palermo, 27 Dec. 1673 — Is., 15 
Oct. 1724. Memorie istoriche delta ' Sicilie, §c, 
17 16-37. Bibliotheca historica Sicilice, 1720-3. 

Carvajal, Francesco de, captain, — distin- 
guishes himself at battle of Pavia, 1525 — and at 
the sack of Rome, 1527 — Major-general of 
royal army in Peru, 1540 — disperses the Royal- 
ists, gains la Plata and mines of Potosi, 1546 — 
hung, as a traitor, 1548. 



CARVAJAL— CASANATA. 



285 



Carvajal, Joseph Michael de. [San-Carlos.] 

Carvajal, {Caravajal,) Juan de, Cardinal, 
Bp,- b. at Truxillo, about 1400 ? — Cardinal, 
by Eugenius IV., 17 Dec. 1446 — contributes to 
victory over Turks, 22 Jul. 1456 — ft. at Borne, 
6 Dec. 1469. 

Carvajal, Tomas Jose Gonzalez, statesman, 
$c, — b. at Seville, 21 Dec. 1753 — Intendant of 
Colonies in the Sierra Morena, &c, 1795 — 
serves against the French, 1809- 11 — president 
of Junta of Finance, 1 8 1 2 — secretary of Min- 
istry of Finance, 1813 — imprisoned, 1815-20 
— Director of Studies, Madrid, 1820 — Councillor 
of State, 1821-23 — member of the Council of 
War, 1833 — tf., 9 Nov. 1834. Los salmos, 
18 19 — Los libros poeticos de la Santa Biblia, 
1827. 

Carvalho d'Acosta, Antonio, topographer, — 
b. at Lisbon, 1650 — ft., 17 15. Corografia Por- 
tugueza e descripgam topografica de reino de 
Portugal, 1706-8-12. 

Carve, Thomas, priest, — b. in Tipperary, 
about 1590 — "&., 1664. Ptinerarium, §c, 
1639-46. Lgra, 1666. 

Carver, Jonathan, traveller, — b. at Still- 
water, Connecticut, U.S., 1732 — explores inte- 
rior of North America, 1766-8 — -comes to 
England, 1769 — tt., 31 Jan. 1780. Travels 
through the interior parts of North America, 
1778 — Treatise on the Culture of the Tobacco 
Plant, 1779. 

Carvilius, Sp. Maximus, — [BC] — 1. Consul 
with L. Papirius Cursor, victories over the Sam- 
nites and Faliscans, (461, a. u. c ) 293 — Consul 
with the same, brings Samnite war to an end, 
(482,) 272, ab 273.° 2. Consul with L. Postumius 
Albinus, (520,) 234 — divorces his wife, 231 — 
Consul with Q,. Fab. Maximus Verrucosus, 
(526,) 228 — living, 216. 

a Clinton. b Zumpt. c Smith's Diet. 

Carwithen, John Bayly Somers, ecclesias- 
tical historian,— b. in Devonshire, 10 Apr. 178 1 
— enters Oxford Univ., 1796 — B.A., 1800 — 
M.A., 1803 — ordained priest, 1805 — Bampton 
Lecturer, 1809 — perpetual curate of Sandhurst, 
1 8 10 — tf. there, 24 Feb. 1832. Views of the 
Brahminical Religion, 18 10 — History of the 
Church of England, 1829-33. 

Gary, Felix, historian, — b. at Marseilles, 
24 Dec. 1699 — visits Paris, 1723 and 1734 — 
correspondent of Academy of Inscriptions, 175 1 
— If., 15 Dec. 1754. Dissertation sur la fonda- 
tion de Marseille, 1744 — Histoire des rois de 
Thrace et du Bosphore Cimmerien, eclairce'e par 
les medailles, 1752. 

Gary, Henry Francis, translator, — b. at 
Birmingham, 1772 — enters Christ Church, Ox- 
ford, 1790 — M.A., 1796 — vicar of Bromley 
Abbots, 1797 — assistant Librarian, British 
Museum, 1826-32 — ft. in London, 14 Aug. 
1844. Translation of P) ante, 1805-14. 

Cary, Lucius. [Falkland, Lord.] 

Cary, Robert, chronologist, — b. at Cooking- 
ton, Devonshire, 16 15 — enters Oxford Univ., 4 
Oct. 1631— M.A., 23 Feb. 1638-9-LL.D., 4 
Nov. 1644 — archdeacon of Exeter, 18 Aug. 
1662 — "3. at Fortlemouth, Sep. 1688. Pa- 
Iceologia chronica, 1677, 



Caryl, Joseph, theologian, — b. in London, 
1602 — appointed one of the 'triers,' 1653 — 
attends with Dr Owen on Cromwell in Scot- 
land, 1650 — lives in retirement, after 1660 — 
tf. in London, 7 Feb. 1673. Commentary on 
Job, 1644-66. 

Carvstius, — [B C] — grammarian, — fl., before 
100. 

Casa, Giovanni della, poet, §c.,— b. at Mu- 
gello, near Florence, 28 Jun. 1503 — Com- 
missary Apostolic at Florence to Paul ILL, 
and member of Academy there, 1541 — Abp of 
Benevento, Nuncio to Venice, 1544 — tf., 14 
Nov. 1556,* 1559. 15 Galateo, 1560 — Rime, 
1558. * a Biog. Univ. b Ughelli. 

Casa-Bianca, Lucien, naval officer,— enters 
French navy, about 1755 — member of National 
Convention, 1792— Captain of the Orient, killed, 
with his son, at battle of Aboukir, 1 Aug. 1798. 

Casa-Bianca, Count Raphael de, general, 
— b. at Vescovato, Corsica, 27 Nov. 1738 — in 
France, 1770-2 — Lieutenant-colonel, 1779 — 
commander in French army, 17 89- 18 14? — 
Chevalier of St Louis, 18 14 — member of Upper 
Chamber on return of Napoleon, 18 15 — re- 
stored to the peerage, 21 Nov. 1819 — ft. at 
Bastia, 28 Nov. 1825. 

Casa-Irujo, Carlos Maria Martinez, Mar- 
quis de, statesman, — b. at Carthagena, 4 Nov. 
1765 — serves in ministry of Foreign Affairs, 
1789-93 — first Secretary of Legation, London, 
1793 — minister plenipotentiary to United States 
of America, 17 95- 1807 — from Central Junta 
of Seville to the Prince Begent of Portugal, 
at Bio Janeiro, 1808 — named plenipotentiary 
to Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 28 Aug. 181 8 — 
provisional minister of Foreign Affairs, 14 Sep. 
1818 — minister plenipotentiary to Paris, 10 
May 1 82 1 — returns to Madrid, minister of 
Foreign Affairs and president of the Council, 
1822 — rj., 17 Jan. 1824. 

Casalanzio, Joseph de, — b. at Peralta, 
Aragon, 1556 — establishes at Borne the Pauline 
Congregation, 1617 — *&. at Borne, 25 Aug. 1648 
— canonized by Clement XIII. , 1757. 

Casale, in Piedmont, — taken from the 
Spaniards, 1640 — sold to France by Duke of 
Mantua, 168 1 — taken by the allies, 1695 — but 
recovered by the French : taken by king of 
Sardinia, 1706 — by the French, 1745 — retaken, 
1746 — by French, 1796. 

Casali, Giovanni Battista, antiquary, — {(., 
about 1640. Be profanis et sacris vcterum 
ritibus, 1644-5 — Be veteribus sacris Chris- 
tianorum ritibus, 1647 — Be urbis ac Romani 
olim imperii spkndore, 1650. 

Casali, Giuseppe, numismatist, §c, — b. at 
Borne, 1744 — tf. there, 4 May 1797. Be 
duobus Bacedcemoniortcm nummis ad Sen. San- 
Clementum epistola, 1793 — Lettera su una 
antiqua terra cotta trovata in Palestrina, 
nelV anno 1793, 1794 — Conjecturas de num- 
miculis privesa inscriptis, $•<?., 1797. 

Casalina, Lucia, painter— b. at Bologna, 
1677 — U., 1762. 

Casan. [Xasan.] 

Casanata, Girolamo, Cardinal, — b. at Na- 
ples, 1 3 Jun. 1620 — Chamberlain to Innocent X., 



286 



CASANATA— CASIMIR IV. 



1644 — inquisitor at Malta, 1658 — Cardinal, by 
Clement X., 1673 — Librarian of Vatican, by 
Innocent XII., 1693 — tf., 3 Mar. 1700. 

Casanata Library, — founded at Rome, 1700. 

Casanova, Francois Joseph, painter, — b. in 
London, 1727 — goes to Paris, spring 1751 — at 
Dresden, 1752-7 — member of Academy of 
Painting, Paris, 28 May 1763 a — settles at 
Vienna, about 1783 (1785?) — tf. at Briihl, 
near Vienna, Mar. i8o5, b 8 Jul. i8o2. a 
a Jal. b Biog. Univ. 

Casanova, {de Seingalt,) Jacopo, l franc- 
vaurien,' — b. at Venice, 12 Apr. 1725 — escapes 
from the Piombi there, 1757 — tf. in Bohemia, 
Jun. 1803. Me moires published, 1822. 

Casati, Paolo, Jesuit, mathematician, — b. at 
Placentia, 1617 — returns from Sweden, 1652 — 
tf. at Parma, 22 Dec. 1707. 

Casa-Tiily, Don Francesco Xavier Evrard 
de Tilly Garcia de Paredes, Marquis de, 
admiral, — b\, 1712 — serves in the navy, 1727- 
92 — Director-general of the fleets, 1792 — 
Captain-general of the naval forces, 1794 — tf. 
at Carthagena, 11 Dec. 1795. 

Casaubon, Isaac, theologian, philologist, — b. 
at Geneva, 18 Feb. 1559 — Prof. Greek there, 
1582-96 — Prof. Greek and Belles Lettres, 
Montpellier, 1596— takes part in conference at 
Fontainebleau, 1600 — librarian to Henry IV., 
1603-10 — comes to England, Oct. 1610 — pre- 
bendary of Canterbury and Westminster, Jan. 
161 1 — tf. in London, 1 Jul. 1614. De satyrica 
Grcecorum poesi et Romanorum satyr a, §c., 
1605 — Exercitationes in Baronium, 1614 — De 
libertate ecclesiastica, 1607 — Epistolce, 1709. 

Casaubon, Meric, — b. at Geneva, 14 Aug. 
1599 — M.A., Oxford, 14 Jun. 1621 — pre- 
bendary of Canterbury, 1628 — deprived, fined, 
and imprisoned, 1642 — tf. at Canterbury, 14 
Jul. 1 67 1. Pietas contra onaledicos patrii 
nominis et religionis hostes, 1621 — Vindicatio 
patris, 1624 — De verborum usu, 1647 — Of the 
necessity of the Reformation, 1664. 

Casaux, Charles, Marquis de, — ft. about 
1700? — by cession of the Isle of Granada to 
the English becomes English subject, 1763 — 
resides at Paris, 1788-91 — comes to London, 
after 10 Aug. 1792 — tf. there, 1796. Essai 
sur Vart de cultiver la cane et d'en extraire le 
sucre, 178 1 — Considerations sur quelques parties 
du mecanisme des socie'te's, 1785-8. 

Casa-Valencia, don Popayam, Count oe, 
statesman,— ft., about 1760 — accompanies Gen- 
eral Gonzalo O'Farril, as secretary of Em- 
bassy, to Berlin, 1799— secretary of Provisional 
Junta, 1808 — Councillor of State to Joseph 
Bonaparte, 8 Mar. 1809— accompanies him to 
Cordova, Jan. 18 10 — goes to Paris, 1812 — pre- 
sented to Napoleon I., 31 Jan. 1 813 — goes to 
North America, 18 15 — taken prisoner at Santa 
Fe de Bogota by Morillo, tried by a Council of 
War, and shot, 18 16. 

Casbois, Nicolas, mathematician, — Prior of 
St Symphorien, Metz, 1765— President of the 
Congregation of Saint Vanne, 1789. 

Casca, P. Servilius,— ^B C]—trib. pleb., 44— 
part in murder of Cx'sar, 15 Mar. 44 — at 
battles of Philippi, 42. 



Cascales, Francesco, historian, — tf., about 
1640 ? Diseurso historico de la ciudad de Car- 
tagena, 1598 — Tablas poeticas, 16 17 — Discursos 
historicos de la muy noble y muy leal ciudad de 
Murcia y su rcyno, 1624. 

Cascellius, A.., jurist, — [BC] — refuses to aid 
illegal proceedings of the triumvirs, 41. 

Case, John, physician, philosopher, — elected 
scholar of St John's Coll., Oxford, 1564 — Pre- 
bendary of Salisbury, 1589 — M.D., 1589 — tf. 
at Oxford, 23 Jan. i599, a !6oo. b Summa Vet- 
erum Interpretum in universam dialecticam 
Aristotelis, 1584 — Speculum Moralium quces- 
tionum, 1585 — Sphcera civitatis, 1588— Apolo- 
gia musices, 1588. 

a Rees Cyc. b Chalmers. 

Caselius, (Chessel,) Johann, — b. at Gottingen, 
1533 — goes to Italy, 1560 — Prof. Philosophy 
and Eloquence, Rostock, 1560 — second visit to 
Italy, 1566 — Prof. Philosophy, Helmstadt, 
1589- 1613 — tf. there, 9 Apr. 1613. 

Casenave, Antoine de, statesman, — b. at 
Lambeye, 9 Sep. 1763 — deputy to the Conven- 
tion, 1792 — reelected to Council of Five Hun- 
dred, 1799 — secretary of the Corps Legislatif, 
7 Mar. 1800-5, an( I 1810-15 — Deputy to 
Chamber of Representatives, 18 15 — tf. at Paris, 
27 Apr. 1 81 8. 

Caseneuve, Pierre de, antiquary, lexico- 
grapher, — b. at Toulouse, 31 Oct. 159 1 — tf. 
there, 31 Oct. 1652. Franc-alleu, 1641 — Ori- 
gines de la langue frangaise, 1694 — Catalogne 
frangaise, 1644 — Vie de saint Edouard, roi 
d' Anglcterre, 1644. 

Cashmir, (Cachemire,) — [BC] — first men- 
tioned, 1400 — [AD] — invaded by Mahmud of 
Ghazni, 1018 — invaded by Shah Rokh Mirza, 
(994, a. h.) 1586 — conquered by Akber, (995,) 
1587 — taken by Afghans, about 1750 — falls 
under dominion of Runjeet Singh, 18 19 — ceded 
to E. I. Company by treaty of Lahore, 8 Mar. 
1846 — transferred to Maharajah Gholab Singh, 
by treaty of Amritzur, 16 Mar. 1846. 

Casim, — conquers Sindh from Raja Dahir, 
(92, a. h.) 711 — put to death, 714. 

Casimir I., the Peaceful, King oe Poland, 
— succeeds his father Miecislaus II., under the 
regency of his mother, 1034 — she flees with 
him to Saxony, 1036 a end of 1037 b — recalled 
and crowned, 1041 — tf., 28 Nov. 1058. 

a Biog. Univ. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Casimir II., the Just, King of Poland, — b. 
1 1 38 — succeeds on deposition of Miecislaus III., 
his brother, 1177-— tf., 4 May, 1194. 

Casimir III., the Great, King oe Poland, 
— b., 1309 — elected on death of Vladislaus 
Loketek, 1333 — recognizes as successor his 
nephew Louis of Hungary, 1339 — invades 
Silesia, 1343 — defeats the Tatars on the Vis- 
tula, 1 344 — defeats king of Bohemia who be- 
sieged Cracow, 1345 — publishes his code, 1347 
— founds Univ. of Cracow, 1 364 — subdues part 
of Lithuania, 1366 — tf., 8 Nov. 1370. 

Casimir IV., King of Poland, — b., 29 Nov. 
1427 — elected, 1445 — elected again, 1446 — • 
crowned at Cracow, 26 Jun. 1447 — aids the 
Prussians against the Teutonic Knights, 1454- 
66 — acquires Pomerania and part of Prussia by 



CASIMIR V.— CASSEL. 



287 



t:eaty from the Teutonic Knights, 18 Oct. 
1466 — tf. at Grodno, 7 Jun. 1492. 

Casimir V. [John Casimir. J 

Casini, Antonio, Jesuit, — ft at Florence, 
about 1685 — tf., 1753. Encyclopedia sacrce 
Scripture, 1747. 

Casini, Giovanni, painter, sculptor, — ft. at 
Varlengo, 1689— tf., 1748^ 1728^ 

a Nagler. b Heinecke. 

Casino, Monte. [Monte Casino.] 

Casio de Medici, Girolamo, poet, — fj. at 
Bologna, about 1465 — captured by the Turks, 
1497 — receives the poetic laurel from Clement 
VII. , 1523 — charged with reform of Academy 
at Bologna, 1525 — tf. there, about 1530 ? 

Casiri, Michel, orientalist, — ft. at Tripoli in 
Syria, 17 10 — takes holy orders at Rome, 1734 
— returns to Syria with G. Assemani, 1735 — 
Prof. Oriental Languages, Rome, 1738-48 — 
librarian in the Escurial, member of Royal 
Academy of History, 1749 — royal interpreter 
for Oriental Languages, 1756— chief librarian 
of Escurial, 1763 — tf. at Madrid, 12 Mar. 1791. 
Bibliotheca arabico-hispana escurialensis, §c, 
1760-70. 

Caslon, William, typefounder, — fj. at Hales- 
Owen, 1692 — tf. in London, 23 Jan. 1766. 

Casmenae, — [B C] — founded bv the Syracus- 
ans, 644, a (01. 28, 1,) 668. b 

a Clinton. b Muller. 

Casoni, Filippo, Cardinal,— ft. at Sarzana, 
6 Mar. 1733 — Yice-legate to Avignon, by Pius 
VI., 1786 — ordered by the Municipality to 
quit the town, 1789 — Nuncio to Madrid, Dec. 
1792 — Cardinal, by Pius VII., 23 Feb. 1801 — 
tf., Dec? 1810. 

Caspian Sea, — [BC] — explored by Hera- 
clides, 323 — [AD] — explored by Jenkinson, 
1588 — survey of, by order of Peter the Great, 
17 1 8 — survey by WoodrofFe, 1743 — set on fire 
by naphtha streams, May 1869. 

Cass, Lewis, statesman, — ft. at Exeter, New 
Hampshire, U.S., 9 Oct. 1782 — admitted to 
the Bar, 1802 — marries, 1806 — member of 
Ohio Legislature, 1806 — Marshal of the State, 
1807-13 — serves in war with Great Britain, 
1812-13 — governor of Indian Territory, 1814- 
32 — projects and takes part in expedition of 
discovery in North-Western regions, 1820 — 
LL.D., Hamilton Coll., 1830 — Secretary of 
War, 1 83 1 — reports on military and naval 
defences, 1836 — Minister to France, 1836-42 
— unsuccessful candidate for Presidency, 1844 
—senator, U.S., Jan. 1845 to May 1848 — 
again, 1849-51 — reelected, Mar. 1851 — again 
candidate for Presidency, 1852 — Secretary of 
State, 1857 — resigns, Dec. i860 — tf. at Detroit, 
Michigan, 17 Jun. 1866. King, Court, and 
Government of France, 1840. 

Cassan, Armand Jules Leon, archaeologist, 
— ft. at Paris, i8o4, a 26 May 1803 b — aide-de- 
camp to General Lafayette, 1830 — tf. at Paris, 
3 Feb. 1837. Antiquites gauloises et gallo- 
romaines de V arrondissement de Mantes, 1835. 
a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Cassana, Giovanni Francesco, p> ainter i — &• 
at Cassana, 1511 — tf. at Mirandola, 1591. 
Ca3sana, Niccolo, {Nicoletto,) painter, — ft. 



at Venice, 1659 — tf. in London, Court painter 
to Queen Anne, 17 13. 

Cassander, — [BCj — King of Macedonia, 
— ft., about or before 354 — goes to Babylon to 
defend his father, 323 — made chiliarch by 
Polysperchon, 321 — by Antipater, 319 bc — 
ally of Ptolemaeus and Antigonus, war with 
Polysperchon, 319 — gains Athens and marches 
into Macedonia, 318 — besieges Olympias at 
Pydna, winter 3i6-3i5, a 317-316 b — founds 
(refounds ?) Thessalonica, 316? — captures and 
puts Olympias to death, by spring 315 — re- 
builds Thebes, before midsummer 315 — marries 
Thessalonike, daughter of Philip, 315 — carries 
on war in Peloponnesus, gains Polysperchon 
and Alexander, ? 314-313 — Antigonus detaches 
all the cities in Peloponnesus except Corinth 
and Sicyon, 313 — Peace concluded, 311 — puts 
to death Roxana and Alexander ; war renewed, 
310 — Corinth and Sicyon lost, 308 — Athens 
taken by Demetrius Poliorketes, 307 — takes 
title of king, 306 — takes part against Deme- 
trius at Rhodes and Athens, 305 — successes of 
Demetrius against him, 303-2 — makes peace 
with Demetrius, 302 — receives Macedonia and 
Greece by partition after battle of Ipsus, 301 — 
invades Korkyra, 299-8 — intrigues in S. 
Greece, 298 — tf., former part 297, autumn 
297^ 296. a a Clinton. 

b Smith's Diet. c Zumpt. d Droysen. 

Cassander, George, theologian. — ft. near 
Bruges, 15 15 — tf., 3 Feb. 1566. De officio pii, 
§c, in hoc dissidio religionis, 1561 — Consultatio 
de art i cults fidei, 1565. 
Cassandreia. [Potidaea.] 
Cassano, battle of, [Agnadello] — Suwarow 
defeats Moreau at, 27 Apr. 1799. 

Cassard, Jacques, — ft. at Nantes, 1672 — ac- 
companies Pointisto Cartkagena, 1697 — defeats 
English fleet near Sciily Isles, Sep. 1708 — en- 
voy to the Porte, 17 11 — embarks at Toulon for 
Portuguese colonies in the West Indies, Mar. 
17 1 2 — imprisoned by Cardinal de Fleury in the 
Castle of Ham, 1726-40 — tf. there, 1740. 

Cassas, Louis Francois, painter, architect, — ■ 
ft. at Azay-le-Feron, 3 Jun. 1756 — travels 
through Magna Grsscia, 1 7 84-6 — tf . at Versailles, 
1 Nov. 1827. Voyage pittoresque de V Istrie et 
de la Dalmatie, 1802 — Voyage pittoresque de la 
Fhenicie, de la Palestine, et de la basse Egypte, 
1799. 

Cassation, Court of, — at Paris, established, 
1790. 

Cassebohm, Johann Friedrich, physician, — ■ 
tf. Prof. Anatomy, Berlin, 7 Feb. 1743. Trac- 
tat. anatomici de aure humana, 1730-5. 

Cassel capital of Hesse-Cassel, — conference 
at, for union of Protestants, 1661 — capital of 
kingdom of Westphalia, 1807-14 — [Hesse-Cas- 
sel] — entered by Prussians, 16 Jun. 1866. 

Cassel, (Montcassel,) in Flanders, — sacked by 
the Northmen, 928 — Philip I. of France de- 
feated by Robert-le-Frison, Count of Holland, 
at, 20 Feb. 107 1 — taken by Philip Augustus, 
and retaken by Flemings, 12 13 — taken by 
Robert of Artois, 1297 — burnt, 131 1 — Philip 
VI. of France defeats the revolted Flemings at, 
23 or 24 Aug. 1328 — seized by the English, 



2S8 



CASSEL— CASSIUS. 



under Bp of Norwich, 1383— retaken and pil- 
laged by Clisson, soon after; pillaged and burnt 
by Louis XI., 1477 — the Prince of Orange de- 
feated by the Duke of Orleans at, n Apr. 1677 
— ceded'to France by treaty of Nimeguen, 1678 
— captured by Prince Frederick of Brunswick, 
1762. 

Cissel, Francois Pierre, botanist, §c, — 
Prof. Natural History and Botany, Ghent, 
1818-21 — tr. there, 1821. SJcizzen fur Zoono- 
mie, 1808 — Yermch iibcr die naturlichen Fami- 
lies 1S08 — Morphonomia botanica, 1820. 

Cassel, Hesse. [Hesse-Cassel.] 

Cassella, Giuseppe, astronomer, — fi. at Na- 
ples, about 1760 — tf. there, 1808. 

Casserio, Giulio, anatomist, — h. atPlacentia, 
1545 — Prof. Medicine and Anatomy, Padua, 
1609-16 — tf., 1616. Devocis auditusque organis 
hist, anatom., 1600 — Pentaesthesion, 1609 — Ta- 
bula Anatomicce, 1627 — Tabulce de formato foetu, 

1645- 

Cassiani, Giuliano, poet, — ft. at Modena, 25 
Jun. 1 7 1 2 — tf . , 2 3 Mar . 1778. Sagg io di rime, 
1770. 

Cassianus, Joannes Massilianus, Fremita, 
monastic theologian, — b., about 360 — visits the 
Thebais, about 390— ordained deacon at Con- 
stantinople by Chrysostoni, 403 — visits Inno- 
cent I. in behalf of Chrysostoni, 404 — presbyter 
at Marseilles, 414 or 415 — tf., 440, 11 434 or 
435, b 448 . c I)e Inst it. Coenob., before 418 — 
Collationcs, 419-27 — De Incarnatione Christi, 
about 430. 

a Dupin. b Dom Rivet. c Baillet. 

Cassini, Alexandre Henri Gabriel de, Peer 
of France, — b. at Paris, 9 May 178 1 — Judge 
of the tribunal of first instance, Paris, 18 10 — 
Vice-president, 18 15 — member of Academy of 
Sciences, 1827 — Peer of France, 19 Nov. 1*830 
— tf., 16 Apr. 1832. Opuscules phytologiques, 
1826. 

Cassini, Giovanni Domenico, astronomer, — 
b. at Perinaldo, Nice, 8 Jun. 1625 — Prof. As- 
tronomy, Bologna, 1650 — traces a meridian in 
the church of San Petronio, 1653-5 — Inspector- 
general of fortifications of Frbino, 1663 — dis- 
tinguishes the shadows of Jupiter's satellites on 
the planet, 1665 — Astronomer Poyal at Paris, 
1669 — naturalized in France, 1673 — mathe- 
matician to the king, before 1677 — discovers 
the Zodiacal Light, 1683 — discovers four satel- 
lites of Saturn, "1684— tr., 14 Sep. 17 12. Ephe- 
merides des Satellites de Jupiter, 1668 — Opera 
astronomica, 1666. 

Cassini, Jacques, astronomer, — fc. at Paris, 
18 Feb. 1677 — member of Academy of Sciences, 
1694 — F.R.S., 1696 — continues, with his father, 
nn asurement of meridian as far as Canigou, 
1 70 1 — Astronomer Poyal, Paris, 17 12 — com- 
pletes the meridian to Dunkirk, 17 18— super- 
intends measurement of longitude from Brest to 
Strasburg, 1733— tf. at Thury, 16 Apr. 1756. 
J) In grandeur et de la figure de la terre, 1720 
— Tables astronomiques, 1740. 

Cassini, Jean Dominique, astronomer, — b. 
at Paris, 30 Jun. 1748— member of the Acade- 
11. v, 1770 — resigns directorship of Observatory, 
Sep. 1793 — tf. at Paris, 17 Oct. 1845. 



Cassini de Thury, Cesar Francois, astro- 
nomer, — ft. at Paris, 17 Jun. 17 14— admitted to 
Academy of Sciences, 1735 — Director of Observ- 
atory, 1756 — tf., Sep. 1784. Cartede V Academie, 
or Carte de Cassini, presented to National As- 
sembly by Jacques Dominique Cassini, 13 Oct. 
1789 — Relation de deux voyages faits en 1761 
et 1762 en Allemagne pour determiner la figure 
de la terre, 1762 — Opuscules divers, 1771. 

Cassiodorus, {Cassiodorius,) Magnus Au- 
relius, statesman, historian, — b., about 468, a 
beginning 480 b — secretary to Theodoric, 497 b 
— Consid, (1267, a. u. c.) 514 b — magister, 
before 526 — withdraws from public life, 524 — - 
pra?fectus praetorio, 534-8 — founds monastery 
of Yiviers, and retires to it, about 545 — tf., 575-' b 
Computus Paschalis, ^c.,562 — Historia Gothica, 
before 533 — De orthographia, 573. 

a Smith's Diet. h Clinton. 

Cassiterides, {Tin Islands,) — [BC] — men- 
tioned by Herodotus, about 410 ? 

Cassito, Lodovico Vincenzio, theolcgian, 
antiquary, — b. at Bonito, 1765 — tf., 1 Mar. 
1822. 

Cassius Agrippa, theologian, — £(., about 632. 

Cassius Avidius, — carries on war with 
Parthia, 163-5 — serves on the Danube, about 
166 — quells insurrection in Egypt, 170 — go- 
vernor of Eastern Provinces ; has correspondence 
with Faustina ; claims the empire, May 175 — 
assassinated, Aug. 175. 

Cassius Longinus, ft, — [BC] — quaestor to 
Crassus in Parthian war, 53- — pro-quaestor, 
defeats Parthians, in Antioch, 52-51 — tribu. 
pleb., joins Pompey, 49 — commands fleet of 
Pompey in the Hellespont, 48 — surrenders to 
Caesar, and is pardoned, 48 — studies at Eome, 
46 — retires to Bmndusium, 45 — praetor pere- 
grinus, 44 — conspirator against Caesar, kills 
him, Mar. 44 — goes to Syria, after Jul. 44 — 
defeats Dolabella and is master of Syria, 43 — ■ 
joins Brutus at Sardis, beginning 42 — defeated 
by Antony at Philippi, and kills himself, 42. 

Cassius Longinus, ft, jurist, — governor of 
Syria, under Claudius, 50 — banished by ISTero, 
66 — recalled by Yespasiau, 70. 

Cassius Longinus, ft, — [BC] — Consid with 
P. Licinius Crassus, (583, a. ti. c.) 171 — censor, 

154- 

Cassius Longinus, L., — [BC]— 1. praetor, 
brings Jugurtha to Eome, 1 1 1 — Consid with 
C. Marius, defeated and killed by the Tigurini, 
(647, a. it. c.) 107. 2. Consid with Cn. Donii- 
tius Ahenobarbus, (658,) 96. 

Cassius Longinus, L., — Consul with M. 
Yinicius, (783, a. v. c.) 30 — proconsul in Asia, 
40. 

Cassius Longinus, Q., — [BC] — praetor ur- 
banus, 167 — Co«6«/with A. Manlius Torquatus, 
(590, a. tr. c.) 164— tf., 164. 

Cassius Longinus, Q,— [BC] — quaestor to 
Pompey in Hither Spain, 54 — trib. pleb. with 
Antony, 49 — joins Caesar, 6 Jan.- — accom- 
panies Caesar to Spain, 49 — puts down con- 
spiracy at Corduba, and engages in civil war, 
48 — escapes from Spain and is drowned, 47. 

Cassius Longinus Eavilla, L., — [B C] — trib. 
pleb., proposes the lex tabellaria, 137 — Consul 



CASSIUS-CASTELLI. 



- s 9 



with L. Cornelius Cinna, (627, a. u. c.) 127 — 
censor with Cn. Servilius Csepio, 125 — investi- 
gator of incest of Licinia, Marcia, iEmilia, 113. 

Cassius Longinus Varus, C. , — [B C] — Consul 
with M. Terentius Yarro Lucullus, proposes the 
lex Terentia Cassia, (681, a. u. c.) 73 — defeated 
by Spartacus near Mutina, 72 — put to death by 
triumvirs, 43. 

Cassius Parmensis, — [B C]— joins in con- 
spiracy against Caesar, 44 — joins Antony, 36 — 
put to death by Octavianus, about 30. 

Cassius Viscellinus, Sp., — [BC] — Consul 
with Opiter Verginius Tricostus, conquers the 
Sabines, (252, a.tj.c.) 502 — Consul with Post. 
Cominius Auruncus, makes a league with the 
Latins, (261,) 493 — Consul with. Proculus Ver- 
ginius Tricostus Rutilus, makes a league with 
the Hernicans, carries first agrarian law, (268,) 
486 — accused of treason, and put to death, 485. 

Cassivelaunus, British chieftain, — [BCJ — 
defeated by Csesar, summer 54. 

Cassova, — Amurath I. defeats army of the 
Christians at, (791, a. h.) 1389. 

Castaglione (Castiglione,) Giuseppe, anti- 
quary, poet, §c, — Governor of Corneto, 1598 
— tf. at Eome, 161 6. 

Castagno, Andrea del, painter, — b. in Tus- 
cany, 1390 — employed in Cathedral of Florence, 
1444 seqq. — tf. at Florence, 19 Aug. 1457. 

Castaing, Edme Samuel, — b. in Alencon, 
1796— M.D., Paris, Jul. 1 821— extorts 100,000 
fr. from Auguste Ballet, for suppression of a 
forged will, Oct. 1822 — poisons him, 30 May 
1823— executed at Paris, 6 Dec. 1823. 

Castalion, Sebastien, theologian, — b. in 
Daupkiny, 15 15 — introduced to Calvin at 
Strasburg, 1540 — Prof. Humanity, Geneva, 
1541-4 — banished from Geneva, goes to Basel, 
1544 — Prof. Greek there, 1544-63 — tf. at Basel, 
29 Dec. 1563. De hcereticis variorum senten- 
tice, 1554 — Colloquia sacra, 1545 — Moses la- 
times, 1546. 

Castaneda, (Castanhcda, Castagneda,) Fer- 
nando Lopez de, historian — fl., about 1500-60. 
Historia de descobrimento e Conquista da India 
per los Portuguezes, 1552-61. 

Castanos, don Francisco Xaver de, Duke 
of Baylen, general, — b. at Madrid, about 
I756, a 1753 b — enters the army, 1768 — Lieu- 
tenant-general, 1798 — defeats the French under 
Dupont at Baylen, 22 Jul. 1808— defeated by 
the French at Tudela, Nov. 1808 — General- 
in-chief of a division, 1 8 1 1 — distinguishes 
himself at Vittoria, 21 Jun. 18 13 — Duke of 
Baylen, 1813 ? — Captain-general of Catalonia, 
1 8 14 — again, 1823 — called to the Council of 
State, 1825 — in retirement, 1833-43 — guardian 
to Queen Isabella, 1 843 — Grand Cordon of the 
Legion of Honour, by Louis Philippe, 1844 — 
senator, 1845 — tt- at Madrid, 24 Sep. 1852. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex., and Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Castel, Louis Bertrand, mathematician, — b. 
at Montpellier, n Nov. 1688 — enters Order of 
Jesuits, 16 Oct. 1703 — settles at Paris, Dec. 
1720 — F.R.S., 1728 — tf. at Paris, 11 Jan. 1757. 
Traite de la pesanteur universelle, 1724 — 
Mathematique universelle, 1728 — Optique des 
couleurs, 1740. 



Castel, Rene Richard Louis, poet, botanist, 
— b. at Vii-e, in Normandy, 6 Oct. 1758 — enters 
Coll. Louis le Grand, Paris, 1770— member of 
Legislative Assembly, 1791 — Prof. Rhetoric, 
Coll. Louis le Grand, (Imperial Lyceum,) 1798 
— Inspector-general of the Univ., 1808-14 — 
if. at Rheims, 1832. Poeme des Plantes, 1792-7 
— Foret de Fontainebleau, 1805 — with Patrin, 
Sonnini, &c, Cows complet d'histoire naturellc, 
1799-1802 — Lettres, 1834. 

Castell, Edmund, orientalist, — b. in Cam- 
bridgeshire, 1606 — enters Cambridge Univ., 
1621 — chaplain to the king, Prof. Arabic, 
Cambridge, 1666 — prebendary of Canterbury, 
1668— tf. in Bedfordshire, 1685. Lexicon hep- 
taglotton, 1669. 

Castella, in Sjjain, — General Suchet defeated 
by the allies at, 13 Apr. 1813. 

Castella, Rodolphe de, general, — enters 
French army, 1723 — serves in campaigns on 
the Rhine and in Flanders, 1742— Marechal 
de Camp, 1748 — Colonel, 1756 — Grand Cross 
of St Louis, 1769 — tf., 1775. 

Castellamare, in Naples, — [Stabige] — sacked 
by Papal army, 146 1 — by Duke of Guise, 1654 
— excavations at, 1745. 

Castellan, Antoine Louis, painter, architect, 
antiquary, — b. at Montpellier, 1772 — member 
of Institute, Apr. 18 15 — tf. at Paris, 2 Apr. 
1838. Lettres sur la Iforee, §c, 1808 — la 
Grece, §c, 181 1 — Vltalie, 1 819 — Mceurs, usages, 
costume des Ottomans, §c, 18 12. 

Castellane, Esprit Victor Elisabeth Boni- 
face, Count de, Marshal of France, — b. at 
Paris, 21 Mar. 1788 — enters the army, Dec. 
1804 — aide-de-camp to Count Lobau in Spain, 
1807 — distinguishes himself at Eckmuhl, 22 
Apr. 1809 — at Wagram, 6 Jul. 1809 — receives 
cross of Legion of Honour, 18 10 — takes part in 
expedition of Russia, 18 12 — distinguishes him- 
self at the Beresina, 26 Nov. 181 2 — receives 
cross of St Louis, officer of Legion of Honour, 
1 815 — Marechal de Camp, serves in Spain, 1 824- 
27 — at siege of Antwerp, Nov. to Dec. 1832 — > 
Lieutenant-general, 9 Jan. 1833 — raised to the 
peerage, Oct. 1837 — serves in Algeria, end of 
1837 to Mar. 1838 — commander of Rouen, 
1847 — of Lyons, 1851 — Marshal of France, 
about 1854 — tf. at Lyons, 16 Sep. 1862. 

Castellanus, (Pierre Duchutel or Chatelan,) 
antiquary, physician,- — b. in Flanders, 5 Mar. 
1585 — Prof. Greek, Louvain, i6i6, a 1609 b — 
M.D., 161 8 — tf., 23 Feb. 1632. Ludus, 1616 
— Lortologion, 1617 — Vitce illustrium medi- 
corum, §c, 1618. 

a Biog. Univ. b Rces' Cyc. 

Castellanus. f Chatelain, George.] 

Castellesi, Adriano, (C'astellensis, Castellus,) 
Cardinal, miscellaneous writer, — envoy from 
Innocent VIII. to Scotland, 1488 — agent of 
Henry VII. at court of Rome, before 1503 — 
Bp of Hereford, 1503 — Cardinal, by Alexander 
VI., 1503-4 — Bp of Bath and Wells, 1504 — ■ 
takes part in conspiracy against Leo X., and 
flees from Rome; if., i5x8. a Le sermone 
latino, 15 1 3 — L>e vera philosophia, 1507. 
a Chacon. 

Castelli, (Castello,) Bartolomeo, physician, 
'9 



2QO 



CASTELLI— CASTILE. 



— ft., before 1607. Lexicon medicum grceco- 
latinum, 1607 — Totius Artis Medicce Com- 
pendium et Synopsis, 1597. 

Castelli, Benedetto, mathematician, — ft. at 
Brescia, 1577— Prof. Mathematics, Pisa, 1615- 
25 — Prof. Mathematics, Eome, 1625 — )J. there, 
1644. Bella misura delV acque correnti, 1638, a 
1628 b — Bimostrazioni geometriche, §c, 1628. 
a Biog. Univ. b Erscb and Gruber. 

Castelli, (Castello,) Bernardo, painter, — ft. 
near Genoa, 1557 — tf., 1629. 

Castelli, (Castello.) Giovanni Battista, 
painter— b. at Genoa, 152-7,* 1547 b — tf., 1637. 
a Erscb and Gruber. b Nagler. 

Castelli, Valerio, painter, — fj. at Genoa, 
1625 — Tt. there, 1652^ i6^g. hc a Biog. Univ. 
b Biog. Catalogue. c Erscb and Gruber. 

Castello, Gabriel Lancelot, antiquary,— fc. 
at Palermo, 18 Feb. 1727 — tf., 5 Mar. 1794. 
Storia de Alesa antica citta de Sicilia, 1753 — 
Le antiche inscrizioni de Palermo, 1762 — 
Sicilice vcterum inscriptionum descriptio, 1769. 

Castello, {Castillo, Castelli,) Gio-Battista, 
(II Bergamasco,) painter, — ft. at Bergamo, about 
1500— invited to Spain by Philip II., 1567— 3j. 
at Madrid, about 1570 ? 

Castelnau, Jacques de Castelnau Mauvis- 
siere, Makquis de, general, — ft., about 1620 — 
wounded at siege of Catelet, 1638 — wounded at 
Nordlingen, 1645 — Marechal de Camp, 1645 — 
at siege of Dunkirk, 1 646 — Lieutenant-general, 
1650 — serves under Turenne, 1653 — commands 
in Flanders, 1656 — Marshal of France, Jim. 
1658 — ft. at Calais, of musket wound, 15 Jul. 
1658. 

Castelnau, Michel de, Sieur de la ITauvis- 
siere, diplomatist, — ft. in Touraine, about 1520 
— serves under Brissac in Piedmont, about 
1553-7 — attaches himself to Francis of Lor- 
raine, Grand Prior of France, and returns to 
France, 1557 — employed on embassies to Mary 
Stuart, to Queen Elizabeth, to princes of 
Germany, &c, 1557-9 — contributes to election 
of Pope Pius IV., summer 1559 — discovers the 
Conspiracy of Amboise, Mar. 1560 — accom- 
panies Queen Mary to Scotland, Aug. 156 1 — 
attempts to make peace between her and Queen 
Elizabeth, 156 1-2— returns to France, 1562 — 
taken prisoner by the Protestants, but soon 
exchanged, 1562 — serves at siege of Rouen, 
Sep. to Oct. 1562 — distinguishes himself at 
Dreux, Dec. 1562 — reports a plot of Conde and 
Coligny to carry off the Royal Family, but is 
not believed, 1567 — made governor of Dizier 
and commander of a company by Catherine 
de' Medici, 1568 — takes part in battles of 
Jarnac, Mar. — and Moncontour, Oct. 1569 — 
ambassador to England, Germany, and Switzer- 
land, 1572 — again to England, 1574-84 — 
declares against the League and is deprived of 
his government, obtains confidence of Henry 
IV., 1589 — o". at Joinville, 1592. Memoir es, 
1 62 1— complete, 173 1. 

Castelnau, Raimond de, troubadour, — rj., 
about 1274. 1 il Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Castelnaudary, in France, — defeat of Ray- 
mond VI., Count of Toulouse, and the Count of 
Foil, by Simon de Montfort, 121 1 — burnt by 



the English, 1355 — the Duke of Montmorenci 
defeated and made prisoner by Marshal Schom- 
berg, 1 Sep. 1632. 

Castelvetro, Lodovico, miscellaneous writer, 
— ft. at Modena, 1505 — excommunicated, 156 1 
— rj. at Chiavenne, 21 Feb. 157 1. La Boetica 
d' Aristotile volgarizzata, 1570 — Opere critiche, 
1727. 

Casti, Giovan-Battista, poet, §c, — ft. at 
Prato in Tuscany, 1 721— goes to Vienna, 1769 
— to St Petersburg, 1778 — settles at Florence, 
1789^ after 1796 b — goes to Paris, 1798 — tr. 
there, 16 Feb. 1804/ 1803. b Gli Animali 
parlanti, 1802 — Novelle galanti, 1793 — I Tre 
Giuli, 1762. 
a Biog. TJniv. b Engl. Cyc. c Erscb and Gruber. 

Castiglione, — taken by the allies, 170.1 — 
defeat of Imperialists by the French, 1706 — 
Napoleon defeats General Wmanser at, 5 Aug. 
1796. 

Castiglione, Baldassarre, miscellaneous 
winter, — ft. in Mantua, 6 Dec. i478, ac 1468 b 
— enters service of Duke of Urbino, 1504 — 
envoy to Henry VII. , 1506 — to Leo X., 1513 
— Nuncio from Clement VII. to Charles V., 
1524 — Xf. at Toledo, 2 Feb. 1529. II Corte- 
giano, 1528 — Boems, 1533 — lettere, 1769. 
a Biog. TJnir. b Bees' Cyc. c Erscb and Gruber. 

Castiglione, Giovanni Benedetto, ill Gre- 
chetto,) painter, engraver, — ft. at Genoa, 1616 
— a", at Mantua, 1670. 

Castile, (Cast ilia,) in Spain, — after the 
death of Garcia, the last Count, is reunited to 
the kingdom of Navarre, 1028 — erected into a 
kingdom, for Ferdinand, son of the king of 
Navarre, 1033— Ferdinand defeats Bermuda 
III. of Leon, and reunites Castile and Leon, 
1037 — [Ferdinand I.] — his son, Sancho II., 
succeeds him in Castile, 1065 — he carries on 
war with Alfonso VI. of Leon, 1067— defeats 
him and seizes Leon, 1070 — seizes Galicia, 
107 1 — on his death, at siege of Zamora, the 
kingdom is reunited to Leon, under Alfonso 
VI., Oct. 1072 — his daughter, Urraca, suc- 
ceeds, with her husband Alfonso VII., 11 09 — 
war between Urraca and Alfonso, 1111 — Ur- 
raca convokes an assembly at Burgos to decide 
respecting her marriage, 11 13 — the marriage 
declared void by Papal legate, 1 1 14 — on death 
of Urraca, Alfonso Eadiond, (VIII. or II.,) 
(king of Galicia since 1112,) n 26 — he marries 
Berengaria of Barcelona, 1128 — assists Ramirez 
of Aragon and Garcia-Ramirez of Navarre, 
against the Moors, n 34 — gets himself crowned 
Emperor of Spain, 11 35 — receives Louis VII. 
of France at Burgos, 11 54— victorious over the 
Almohades, 1157 — ft., 21 Aug. 1157 — the 
kingdoms separated : succeeded in Castile by 
his son, Sancho III., 1 157 — his son, Alfonso 
(III. VIII. or IX.) succeeds, Aug. 1158 — 
succeeded by his son, Henry I., 12 14 — Fer- 
dinand III. the Holy, Aug. 12 17— the king- 
doms of Castile and Leon reunited : his son, 
Alfonso X. the Wise, 1252 — succeeded by his 
son, Sancho IV. the Great, 1284 — by treaty 
with Philip the Fair of France, resigns Murcia 
to the sons of Don Ferdinand, 13 Jul. 1289 — 
the princes refuse to ratii'y it : war with the 



CASTILHON— CASTRO. 



291 



Moors, 1290-2— succeeded by his son, Fer- 
dinand IV., Apr. 1295 — war with several 
rivals, 1296 — Ferdinand takes Gibraltar from 
the Moors, 1309 — his son, Alfonso XI., suc- 
ceeds, Sep. 1 312 — his son, Pedro the Cruel, 
Mar. 1350 — succeeded by Henry II. the Mag- 
nificent, natural son of Alfonso XI., 1368 — op- 
posed by the Duke of Lancaster and other 
rivals: his son, John I., succeeds, 1379 — holds 
the Cortes at Segovia, 1383 — makes war on 
Portugal, 1384 — defeated at Aljubarotta, 1385 
—the Duke of Lancaster proclaimed King of 
Castile, 1386 — treaty of peace with him, 1387 
— succeeded by his son, Henry III., Oct. 
1390 — war with Portugal, 1396-9 — conquers 
Tetuan, 1400 — sends embassy to Tamerlane, 
140 1 — receives embassy from him, 1402 — war 
with the Moors, 1406 — his son, John II., suc- 
ceeds, Dec. 1406 — Henry IV. the Feeble, son of 
John II., succeeds, Jul. 1454 — Ferdinand V. 
the Catholic, son of John II. of Navarre and 
Aragon, with Isabella of Castile, Dec. 1474 — 
union of Castile and Aragon : Philip I. the 
Fair, succeeds to Castile on death of Isabella, 
Nov. 1504— on death of Philip, Ferdinand 
V. becomes regent during minority of Charles, 
Sep. 1506 — Charles I., (V. Emperor,) succeeds 
his grandfather, Jan. 15 16 — his son, Philip 
II., succeeds on abdication of his father, Jan. 
155 6 — [Spain, Kings of.] 

Castilhon, Jean, miscellaneous writer, — fj. 
at Toulouse, 17 18 — tf., 1 Jan. 1799. Amuse- 
ments philosophises et litteraires cle deux amis, 
1754 — -Bibliotheque bleue, 1770 — edits Journal 
encgclope'dique, 1769-93— Journal de Trevoux, 
1774-8. 

Castilhon, Jean Louis, miscellaneous writer, 
— r/., about 1793. Essai sur les erreurs, §c, 
1765 — Fssai de philosophic, §c, 1770. 

Castiliejo, Cristofero (Cristoval) de, poet, — 
ft. at Ciudad Bodrigo, about i494 a — tf . at Toledo, 
about 1596,5 at Vienna, 12 Jim. 1556^ Obras 
poeticas, 1573. a Conv.-Lex. b Biog. Univ. 

Castillo, Augustin del, painter, — fj. at Se- 
ville, 1565 — ft., 1626. 

Castillo, Bernardo Diaz del, historian, — fc. 
at Medina del Campo, about 1500 — accompanies 
Cortez to Mexico, 1519 — tf. there, about 1560. 
Historia verdadera de la conquista de Nueva 
Fspaha, 1632. 

Castillo, Fernando del. Cancionero general 
de los mas principales trobadores de Fspana, 
1511. 

Castillo y Saavedra, Antonio del, painter, 
— fj. at Cordova, 1603 — tf., 1667. 

Castillo-Solorzano, don Alfonso del, poet, 
novelist, §c. Garduna de Sevilla, 1634 — 
Quinta de Laura, i649, a i6z$ h Sagrario de 
Valencia, 1635. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Castillon, in Guienne, — Talbot, Earl of 
Shrewsbury, defeated and killed by Charles 
VII., i7, a 23 b Jul. 1453. 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Annals of England. 

Castillon, Jean de. [Mouchan.] 

Castillon, Jean Francois Andre le Plane, — 
statesman, — b. at Aix, 9 Mar. 17 19 — deputy to 
Assembly of Notables, 1785 and 1788 — Jj. at 
Brignolles, 24 Feb. 1800. 



Castillon, Jean Francois Salvemini de, 
mathematician, miscellaneous writer, — f). at 
Castiglione, 16 Jan. 1709 — Prof. Philosophy 
and Mathematics, Utrecht, 175 1 — Prof. Mathe- 
matics, Berlin, 1763 — ft. at Berlin, 1 1 Oct. 1791. 

Castinus, — defeated by the Vandals in Spain, 
422— Consul with Victor, (1177, a.u.c.) 424 — 
banished for supporting Joannes, 425. 

Castlebar, in Ireland, — Generals Lake and 
Hutchinson defeated by General Humbert, 27 
Aug. 1798. 

Castlemaine, Robert Palmer, Lord, — tried 
for high treason and acquitted, 23 Jan. 1680 
— member of secret council of Romanists under 
James II., 1685 — ambassador to Pome, 1686. 

Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Viscount, 
Earl and Marquis of Londonderry, — fj. in 
County Down, 18 Jun. 1769 — enters St John's 
Coll., Cambridge, 1786 — member of the Irish 
Parliament, 1789 — marries a daughter of the 
Earl of Buckinghamshire, 1794— M. P., 1795 
— Viscount Castlereagh, 1796 — Keeper of the 
Privy Seal for Ireland, 25 Jul. 1797 — one of 
the Lords of the Treasury, 14 Oct. 1797 — chief 
secretary to the Lord-Lieutenant, Apr. 1798- 
1801 — Privy Councillor and Pres. Board of 
Control, 6 Jul. 1 802 — Secretary of War and 
the Colonies, Jul. 1805— retires on the death of 
Pitt, Jan. 1806- — reinstated, Apr. 1807 — duel 
with Canning, Oct. 1807 — and resigns office: 
Foreign Secretary, 1812 — plenipotentiary to 
the Allied Powers, 18 14 — to Congress of 
Vienna, 18 14 — receives the thanks of Parlia- 
ment and is created E.G., 18 15 — promotes the 
Holy Alliance, 18 15 — attends Congress of Aix- 
la-Chapelle, 1818 — succeeds to the title of 
Marquis, 1821 — kills himself, 12 Aug. 1822. 

Castor Philorornaeus, grammarian, rheto- 
rician, — fi., about 125-45^ about 150. b 
a Clinton. u Smith's Diet. 

Castracani. [Castruccio.] 

Castrejon, Antonio, painter, — h. at Madrid, 
1625 — tf., 1690. 

Castren, Matthias Alexander, philologist, — 
fj. near Torneo, Finland, 2 Dec. 181 3 — travels 
in Lapland, 1838 — in Lapland and in North 
Pussia, 1845-9— Prof. Finnish and old Scandi- 
navian languages, 1851 — tf. at Helsingfors, 7 
May 1852. Translation of Kalevala, 1841 — 
Vorlesungen iiber Finnische Mgthologie, 1853 — " 
Flementa Grammatics Tcheremissa, 1845 — ■ 
Flementa Grammatical Syrjanee, 1844. 

Castries, Charles Eugene Gabriel de la 
Croix, Marquis de, Marshal of Prance,— 
b., 25 Feb. 1727 — commands in Germany, 
1757-8 — distinguishes himself at Clostercamp, 
1760 — Marshal, 1783 — deputy to Assembly of 
Notables, 1787 — emigrates, 1790— tf. at "YVolf- 
enbiittel, 11 Jan. 1801. 

Castriot, George. [Scanderbeg.] 

Castro, Alvarez Gomez de, miscellaneous 
writer, — fj. in diocese of Toledo, i52i, a i5i4 b 
— Prof. Rhetoric and Greek, Toledo ; tf. there, 
17 Sep. 1586,* i58o. b Idgllia, 1558 — De re- 
bus gestis Francisci Ximenii, 1569. 

a Biog. Univ. b Erscn and Gruber. 

Castro, Cristoval Vaca de, — Governor of 
Peru, by Charles V., 1541 — defeats, captures, 
19 * 



292 



CASTRO— CATANIA. 



and beheads Almagro, 1542 — arrested by the 
new viceroy, 1544 — tf., 155^- 

Castro. Filippo de, sculptor,— %. in Galicia, 
1 7 1 1 — obtains first prize at Academy of St Luke, 
Koine, 1739— director of Academy of St Ferdi- 
nand, Madrid, 1752 — tf., 1775. 

Castro, Gabriel Pereira de, poet, — b. at 
Braga, 157 1 — tf., 1632. XTlyssea, {Lisboa edifi- 
cada,) 1636. 

Castro, Guilhen (Gislen) de, dramatist,— -b. 
at Valencia, 1580,* 1564^ 1569,° 1567^— mem- 
ber of the Noctumos, 159 i d — assists Lope at 
festival of canonization of San. Isidro, 1620 — 
if., about 1630,* 1626, b 1631.° d Comedias, 
1614-25. * Biog. Univ. b Meyer, Conv.-Lex. 

c Nouv. Biog. Gen. d Ticknor. 

Castro, Inez de. [Inez de Castro.] 
Castro, J'oao de,— b. at Lisbon, 7 Feb. 1500 
— serves in expedition to the Red Sea, 1540 — 
governor of the Indies, 1545— tf. at Ormuz, 6 
Jun. 1548. 

Castro, don Jose Rodriguez de, biblio- 
grapher, §c.,—b. in Galicia, 1739— librarian 
to Charles III. and Charles IV. ; tf. at Madrid, 
1799. Biblioteca espanola, 1781-6. 

Castro, Paul de, jurist,— Prof . Law, Padua, 
before 1429— tf. there, about 1436,* 1447, or 
1457. b Commentar. super codicem, §c, 1527 — 
Singularity 1596 — Responsa, 1607. 

a Bees' Cyc. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Castro, Rodriguez, (Roderic,) physician, — 
Prof. Philosophy and Medicine, Hamburg, 
1596-1627 — tf. there, 20 Jan. 1627. Medicus 
politicus, 16 14 — De universa muliebrum mor- 
borum medicina, 1666. 

Castro Sarmento, Jacopo de, physician, — b. 
in Portugal, about 1692 — tf. in London, 1762. 
Matiere medicate physico-historico-mecanique, 
1758. 

Castro, Stefano Rodriguez de, physician, — 
b. at Lisbon, about 1559 — Prof, at Univ. of Pisa, 
about 1615 '< — tf., 1637. De meteoris Micro- 
cosmi, 1 62 1 — De compdexu morboram tractatus, 
1624 — Qucc ex quibus, 1627 — Commentaria in 
Hipptocratem de alimento, 1635 — Medicce con- 
sultationes, 1644 — De animalibus Microcosmi, 
1661. 

Castruccio-Castracani, Ghibelline Chief, 
— b. at Lucca, about 1283 — visits England, about 
1303 — returns to Italy, 13 13 — chief of republic 
of Lucca, 1 3 16— defeats Florentine army at 
Alto Pascio, Sep. 1325 — accompanies Emperor 
Louis of Bavaria to Home, 1327 — Count Pala- 
tine, 1328 — tf., 3 Sep. 1328. 

Cat, Claude Nicholas le, physician, — b. in 
Picardy, 6 Sep. 1700 — correspondent of Acade- 
my of Sciences, Dec. 1739 — of Royal Society, 
London, 1740 — receives letters of nobility, 
1762 — tf. at Rouen, 20 Aug. 1768. Trait e des 
Sens, 1740 — Theorie do VOuie, 1758. 

Catacombs, at Rome, — adorned by Damasus, 
Bp of Rome, about 370-380 — abandoned as 
burial-places, by 410° — pillaged by Lombards 
under Astolphus, 756 s1 — translation of bodies of 
saints from, to city churches, by Paul I., about 
76o ;l — by i'aschal L, 20 Jul. 8 1 7 a — visited by 
Joannes Lonck, 1432 — by Pompouio Leto, be- 
tween 1460-90— re-discovered, 1578 — explored 



by Bosio, 1593-1629— destruction of antiquities 
in, stopped by Clement IX., about 1688 a — ex- 
plorations of Fabretti, 1688-1700 — of Boldetti, 
before 1720 — of Marangoni, before 1740 — of 
D'Agincourt, 1 825 — of Rao ul-Rochette, 18 26-27 
— of Marchi, 1841 — of De Rossi, 1840-60. 
a De Bossi. 
Catalan Grand Company, — formed and led 
by Roger di Flor, enter the service of the Em- 
peror Andronicus the Elder, Sep. 1303 — in 
winter quarters at Cyzicus, 1303-4 — obtain 
victories over the Turks and raise siege of 
Philadelphia, summer 1304 — besiege Magnesia 
unsuccessfully, 1305 — winter at Gallipoli, 
1305-6 — fortify themselves there, spring 1306 
— assassination of Roger at Adrianople, 4 Apr. 
1 306 — defeat Imperial forces at Apros ; pass 
into Greece, 1308 — enter service of the Duke of 
Athens, 13 10— defeat Walter de Brienne, Duke 
of Athens, in the battle of the Cephissus, 15 
Mar. 1 3 1 1 —conquer Attica, 1 3 1 1 — finally de - 
feated by Philes, near Bizyn, 13 15. 

Catalogues of New Books,— first published 
by Wilier of Augsburg, about 1554. 

Catalonia, (Cataluna,) — occupied by the 
Goths and Alans, about 470 — by the Moors, 
712 — conquered by Charles the Great, 788 — 
subject to Counts of Barcelona, 801 — annexed 
to Aragon, on marriage of Raymond Berenger 
with Petronilla of Aragon, n 37 — rebels against 
Pedro III., 1277 and 1283 — against Juan II., 
1460 — submits to France, 1640 — becomes pro- 
vince of Spain, by Treaty of the Pyrenees, 1659 — 
supports Archduke Charles in War of the Suc- 
cession, 1705 — deprived of its cortes and liber- 
ties by Philip V., 17 14 — occupied by the French, 
1808-13 — scene of civil war, 1823. 

Catana, Catina, (Catania,)— [BC] — founded 
by Naxos ? Chalcis ? 730, 704 a — taken by 
Hieron L, who removes inhabitants and settles 
Syracusans and Greeks in it, 476 — earthquake 
at, 475 — recovered by its inhabitants after 
Hieron's death, 467, 461 e — earthquake, 425 — 
conquered by Dionysius, 4oi-40o, b 403-6^ 
— victory of Carthaginian fleet under Magon 
near, 396, 395 b — [Agathocles] — submits to 
Pjrrrhus, 278 — to the Romans, 263 s — suffers 
from eruption of Mt Etna, 121 — suffers from 
the ravages of Sextus Pompeius, 38 — Ponian 
Colony by Augustus, after 30 — [AD"] — taken 
by Goths, 534— by Belisarius, 535 e — destroyed 
by earthquake, 4 Feb. 1169, 1173° — confer- 
ence between Richard I. and Tancred, 1190 — 
treaty between Frederick II. and Louis VIII. 
concluded at, Nov. i224 d — castle built by 
Frederick II., 1233 — reached by lava-stream, 
1669 — earthquakes, 1693 and 5 Feb. 1783 — 
bombarded and taken by Royalist troops, end 
Mar. to Apr. 1849 — conquered by Garibaldi, 
20 Aug. 1862. University, founded by Alfonso 
of Aragon, 1445 — [Sicily.] 

a Ersch and Gruber. b Grote. c Dufresnoy. 
d Kington. e Smith's Diet. 

Cataneo, Girolamo, architect, engineer. Opere 
nuova ' di fortificare, §c, 1564. 

Cataneo, Pietro, architect. Arclriteltara, 
1567. 

Catania. [Catana.] 



CATANI— CATHERINE. 



2 93 



Catani, Damiano, admiral, — takes Nicosia, 
Cyprus, i6Jun. 1373. 

Catanzaro, in Italy, — partly destroyed by 
earthquake, 1783 — republican insurrection at, 
8 May 1870. 

Cateau-Cambresis, — Peace of, between Eng- 
land, France, and Spain, signed, 2 Apr. 1559. 

Catel, Charles Simon, musical composer, — b. 
at l'Aigle, i77o, a 1773 b — Prof. Harmony, at 
the Conservatoire, Paris, 1795 — member of 
Academy of Fine Arts, 1827 — ft. at Paris, n, a 
29 b Nov. 1830. Traite d' harmonic, 1802. 
a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Catesby, Mark, naturalist,— h., about 1680 
— goes to America, 17 12-19 — again, 1722-6 — 
ft. in London, 1749. Natural History of Caro- 
lina, Florida, $c, 1731-43 — Hortus Europce 
jlmericanus, 1763. 

Catesby, Eobert, — takes part in insurrection 
under Earl of Essex, Feb. 1 601— originates 
the Gunpowder Plot, 1605 — shot, while at- 
tempting insurrection in Worcestershire, 8 
Nov. 1605. 

Catharine Hall, Cambridge, — founded by 
Dr Robert Wodelarke, 1473. 

Catharine, St, of Bologna, — b. at Bologna, 
141 3 — ft., 9 Mar. 1463 — canonized by Benedict 
XIII., 1724. Libretto composto da una beata 
religios. del corpo de Cristo, about 1474. 

Catharine, St, of Genoa, — b. at Genoa, 1448 
— ft., 14 Sep. 1510 — canonized by Clement XII., 

1737. 

Catharine, St, of Siena, — fj. at Siena, 1347 
■ — enters the Order of Sisters of St Dominic, 
1367 — attaches herself to the party of Urban 
VI., 1378 — ft., 29 Apr. 1380 — canonized by 
Pius II., 146 1. Opere della serafica S. Catarina, 
1707-21. 

Cathcart, Sir George, general,— b. in London, 
12 May 1784 — enters the army, 18 10 — present 
with the grand army in campaigns of* 181 3-14 
— aide-de-camp to Wellington, 18 15 — at Qua- 
tre-Bras and Waterloo, Jun. 18 15— serves in 
Canada, 1837-44 — Deputy-lieutenant of the 
Tower, 1846 — Governor of the Cape of Good 
Hope, 1852 — terminates the Kaffir war; Gener- 
al of Division, sent to the Crimea, 1 854 — killed 
at Inkermann, 5 Nov. 1 854. Commentaries on 
the Campaigns of 1813 and 1814, 1850. 

Cathelineau, Jacques, Vendean leader, — fj. 
near St Florent, 5 Jan. 1759 — heads insurrection 
against the Convention, 1793 — falls at attack 
on Nantes, 29 Jun. 1793. [Vendean "War.] 

Catheliniere, Ripault de la, Vendean 
leader, — b., about 1760 — commander of in- 
surgents of Retz, Mar. 1793 — distinguishes 
himself at attack of Machecoul, 20 Jun. 1793 
— executed at Nantes, 1794. [Vendean War.] 

Catherine of Aragon, Queen of England, 
— marries Arthur, Prince of Wales, 14 Nov. 
1501 — death of Arthur, 2 Apr. 1502 — betrothed 
to Henry, Prince of Wales, under dispensation by 
Pope Julius II. of 13 Mar. 1504 a — protest of 
Henry against the betrothal, 27 Jun. 1505 b — 
marries Henry VIII. , 3 Jun. 1509 — croAvned 
with her husband, 24 Jun. 1509 — the king 
ceases to live with her, 1524 — commission 
appointed by the pope to inquire into the law- 



fulness of the marriage, 1527— a new commis- 
sion to Wolsey and Campegio, Jun. 1528 ■ 

appears before legates, and is declared con- 
tumacious, 18 and 21 Jun. 1529 — the affair 
referred to Pome by bull of 15 Jul. 1529— 
obtains inhibition from the pope against 
further proceedings, autumn 1529 — another, 
Mar. i53o b — opinions of the Universities sent to 
the pope, 13 Jul. 1530— and laid before parlia- 
ment, 30 Mar. 153 1— refuses to withdraw her 
appeal, Jun. 15 31 a — finally leaves the king, 
mid. Jul. 153 1 » — takes up her residence at 
Ampthill, summer 1532 a — court at Dunstable 
opens, 10 May 1533 s — refuses to appear, and 
is pronounced" contumacious ; her marriage 
pronounced void by Cranmer, 23 May 1533 — ; 
protests against the sentence, and refuses title 
of Princess Dowager a few days later; the 
sentence reversed by the pope, 12 Jul. 153^ a 
— removes to Iftmbolton, Oct. 1535 — ft. at 
Kimbolton, 7 Jan. 1536. 

a Froude. b Lingard. 

Catherine of France, Queen of England, 
— b., 1401— marries Henry V. of England, at 
Troyes, 2 Jun. 1420 — crowned, Mar. 142 1— 
death of Henry, 31 Aug. 1422 — marries Owen 
Tudor, 1423 — ft. at Bermondsey, 4 Jan. 1438. 

Catherine, {Howard,) Queen of England, 
—marries Henry VIII., 28 Jul. 1540— charged 
with licentious conduct, and imprisoned in the 
Tower, Nov. 1541 — execution of two of her 
paramours, 10 Dec. — bill of attainder (33 Hen. 
VIII. c. 21) passed, Jan. 1542 — executed, 12 
Feb. 1542. 

Catherine, (Parr,) Queen of England, — 
marries Henry VIII., Jul. 1543 — death of 
Henry, 28 Jan. 1547 — marries Lord Seymour, 
Mar. 1547 — ft., Sep. 1548. 

Catherine de Medici, Queen of France, 
— b- at Florence, 15 19 — marries Henry (II.) 
of France, at Marseilles, 1533 — Henry succeeds 
to the throne, 1547 — he dies, 1559— Regent on 
accession of Charles IX., 1560 — permits con- 
ference of Poissy to be held, 157 1— grants 
freedom of worship to the Protestants, 1572— 
counsels the massacre of St Bartholomew, of 
Aug. 1572 — Regent on death of Charles IX. 
till return of Henry III., Oct. 1574 to Jan. 
1575 — ft. at Blois, 5 Jan. 1589. 

Catherine of Portugal, Queen of Eng- 
land, — b., 1638 — marries Charles II., 1661,* 
1662 b — -accused of favouring the Catholics, 
1678 — returns to Portugal, 1693 — Regent of 
Portugal, 1704 — ft., 31 Dec. 1705. 

a Biog. Univ. b Annals of England. 

Catherine I., Empress of Russia, — b., 
about 1689 — captured by Tcheremetof, in Li- 
vonia, 20 Aug. 1702 — becomes mistress of 
Peter the Great; marries him secretly, 1707 — 
accompanies him in Turkish war, 17 n — 
crowned as successor of her husband, 7 May 
1724 — succeeds to the throne, Jan. 1725 — 
founds Russian Academy of Sciences, 1725 — ft., 
27 May 1727. 

Catherine II., Empress of Russia, (Sophia 
Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst,) — b. at Stettin, 2 
May 1729 — marries Charles Peter Ulric, Duke 
of Holstein-Gottorp, 1 Sep. 1745 — he becomes 



; 94 



CATHERINE— CATO. 



Czar on death of Elizabeth, 5 Jan. 1762 — pro- 
claimed Empress on his deposition, 8 Jul. 1762 
— crowned at Moscow, 3 Oct. 1762 — insur- 
rection in favour of Prince Ivan, Jul. 1764 — 
suppresses it, and puts Ivan to death ; pro- 
motes election of Stanislaus Poniatowski to 
throne of Poland, Sep. 1764 — publishes in- 
struction for a new code, 1767 — assembly of 
the States at Moscow, 1768 — war with the Turks 
begins, 1768 — conquest of the Crimea, 1771 — 
unsuccessful negotiations at Tokshani and Bu- 
charest, 1772-3 — first partition of Poland, 1773 
— rebellion of Pugatchev, 1773 — which is 
suppressed, Aug. 1774 — peace of Kutchuk- 
Kainardji, 26 Jul. 1774 — founds Kherson, 
1778 — projects the Armed Neutrality, 1780 — 
conference with Emperor Joseph II. at Mohi- 
low or Moscow, May or Jun. 1780 — seizes the 
Crimea, 1783 — visits the Crimea, 1787 — war 
with Turkey begins, 1787 — Peace of Jassy, 
1792 — second partition of Poland, 1793 — in- 
surrection at Warsaw, 1794 — Suwarof sup- 
presses it, 1795 — third partition of Poland, 

1795 — *., 17 ^° v - i79 6 - 

Catherine, St, Order of, Russia, — instituted 
by Peter L, 17 14. 

Catholic Association, in Ireland, — formed, 
close of 1824 — abolished by Act 6 Geo. IV. c. 
4, 9 Mar. 1825 — dissolves itself, Feb. 1829. 

Catholic Emancipation, in United Kingdom, 
— bill for, brought in by Mr (Sir Ji.) Peel, 10 
Mar. 1829 — read a second time, 18 Mar. — 
third time, and passed by Commons, 30 Mar. — 
read first time by Lords, 3 1 Mar. — second time, 
4 Apr. — third time, and passed, 10 Apr. — re- 
ceives royal assent, 13 Apr. [Roman Cath- 
olics.] 

Catilina, L. Sergius, — [BC]- ft., about 109 
— partisan of Sulla, 82— quaestor, about 77 — 
legatus to Scribonius Curio in Macedonia, 75 — 
praetor, 68 (67) — propraetor in Africa, 67 — dis- 
appointed of consulate, forms a conspiracy, 
end of 66 — acquitted on trial for oppression in 
his province, 65 — for share in Sulla's pro- 
scription, spring 64 — begins his great con- 
spiracy, Jim. 64 — candidate for consulate, 63 
— denounced by Cicero, 8 Nov. 63 — leaves 
Rome ; killed in battle, beginning 62. [Catili- 
narian War.] 

Catilinarian War, — [B C] — first meeting of 
Catiline and conspirators, beginning Jun. 64 — 
Catiline fails to obtain the consulship, 64 — 
troops levied under superintendence of C. Man- 
lius, 63 — Cicero accuses Catiline in the senate, 
21 Oct. 63— dictatorial power given to the con- 
suls, 22 Oct. 63 — Catiline again unsuccessful 
at consular election, 63— meeting of the con- 
spirators at the house of M. Porcius Loeca, 
night of 6-7 Nov. 63 — the senate assembled by 
Cicero, who delivers his first oration against 
Catiline, 8 Nov. — Catiline refused a hearing, 
quits Rome in the night, 8 Nov. — Cicero as- 
sembles the people in the forum, delivers his 
second oration, 9 Nov. — Catiline and Manlius 
declared public enemies; arrest of Allobro- 
gian envoys with documents of the conspirators 
on the Milvian Bridge, night of 3 Dec. — arrest 
of Lentulus, Cethegus, &c, in the Temple of 



Concord, 4 Dec. — Cicero delivers his third 
oration in the forum, 4 Dec. — debate in the 
senate respecting punishment of the conspir- 
ators, Cicero's fourth oration delivered, and 
sentence of death passed, 5 Dec. — Lentulus and 
his accomplices strangled in prison, night of 5 
Dec. — Catiline endeavours to pass into Gaul, is 
intercepted by Metellus Celer ; the consul An- 
tonius sent against him, Catiline defeated and 
killed by M. Petreius, early in 62. 

Catinat, Nicolas, Marshal of France, — ■ 
ft. at Paris, 1 Sep. 1637 — distinguishes him- 
self at siege of Lille, 1667 — Lieutenant-general, 
1688 — Marshal, 1693— defeated by the Im- 
perialists at Carpi, 9 Jul. 1701 — If. near Mont- 
morenci, 25 Feb. 17 12. 

Catineau-Laroche, Pierre Marie Sehastien, 
— h. at St Brieux, 25 Mar. 1772 — Secretary- 
general of Customs in Austria, 1809 — Inspector- 
general, Illyria, 18 10 — sent on mission for the 
government into Italy, Switzerland, and Ger- 
many, 1811-12 — commissioner to explore 
French Guyana-, 1819 — -If., 22 May 1828. 
Nouveau Dictionnaire, $c, 1802 — Notice sur la 
Guyane Francaise, 1822. 

Cato, C Porcius, — |_ BC ] — Consul with M' 
Acilius Balbus, (640, a. u. c.) i 14. 

Cato, L. Porcius,— [B C] — Consul with Cn. 
Pompeius Strabo, (665, a. u. c.) 89 — killed in 
battle against the Marsi, 89. 

Cato, M. Porcius, — [B C] — Consul with Q. 
Marcius Rex, (636, a. u. c.) 118 — ft., 118. 

Cato, M. Porcius Censorius, (Prisms, Ma- 
jor,) — [BC] — ft., 234 — serves in campaign 
against Hannibal, 217— serves at Capua, 214 — ■ 
at siege of Tarentum, 209 — against Hasdrubal, 
207 — quaestor to Scipio in Sicily, 204 — aedile, 
199 — praetor, 198— propraetor in Sardinia, 197 
— Consul with L. Valerius Flaccus, (559, a. u. c.) 
195 — proconsul Hispaniae Citerioris, triumph, 
194 — military tribune against Antiochus, at 
Thermopylae, 191— legatus to M. Fulvius No- 
bilior, in iEtolia, 189 — censor, 184 — defends 
cause of Hispania Citerior, 171 — procures dis- 
missal of Greek philosophers (ambassadors) 
from Rome, 155 — ambassador to Carthage, 150 
— tf., 149. 

Cato, M. Porcius Licinianus, jurist, — [B C] 
— engaged in military service, 173-168 — tf. 
praetor, 152. 

Cato, M. Porcius TJticensis,— [B c]— fc., 95 
— serves in Avar with Spartacus, 72, 73 — tri- 
bunus militum, serves in Macedonia, 67 — 
brings Athenodorus from Pergamus ; quaestor, 
65 — visits Deiotarus ; trib. pleb., 63 — takes 
possession of Cyprus for Rome, 58-57 — settles 
affairs of Byzantium; unsuccessful candidate for 
praetorship, 55 — praetor, 54 — unsuccessful can- 
didate for consulate, 52 — at Dyrrachium with 
Pompey, 49 — goes to Cyrene, 48 — joins Scipio 
and the Pompeians, spring 47 — kills himself at 
Utica, 46. 

Cato Street Conspiracy, The, — formed by 
Thistlewood and others, to murder the cabinet 
ministers, 20 Feb. 1820 — arrest of several con- 
spirators, 24 Feb. — and of Thistlewood, 25 Feb. 
— execution of Thistlewood and four others, 1 
May, 



CATO— CAUSSIN. 



295 



Cato, Valerius, — [B C] — grammarian, poet, 
— K., about 8i. a a Fischer. 

Catron, Francois, Jesuit, — b. at Paris, 8 Dec. 
1659 — enters the Order of Jesuits, 1677 — lj. at 
Paris, 18 Oct. 1737. Edits Journal de Trevoux, 
1 701-13 — Histoire du fanatisme dans la religion 
protestante, 1706 — Histoire Jiomaine, 1725-37. 

Cats, Jacob, poet, — b. at Brouwershaven, 
Zealand, 10 Nov. 1577 — settles at the Hague, 
1621 — pensionary of Dort, 1625 — ambassador 
to England, 1627 — J£nt, by Charles I.; pen- 
sionary of Holland, 1636-51 — ambassador to 
England, 1652 — tf. atZorgvliet,nearthe Hague, 
12 Sep. 1660. Emblemata, 161 8 — Spiegel 
van den Ouden en Nieuwen Tijd, 1635 — Ouder- 
dom en Buitenleven, 1664 — Houwelyck, 1625. 

Cattani da Diacetto, Francesco, philosopher, 
— b. at Florence, 16 Nov. 1446 — tf. there, 1522. 
Opera, 1563. 

Cattaro, in Dalmatia, — submits to Venice, 
1420 — earthquake at, 1563 and 1667 — ceded to 
Austria by Treaty of Campo Formio, 1797 — 
ceded to France at Peace of Presburg, 1805 — 
held by Russians, from 4 Mar. 1806 — given up 
to France by Treaty of Tilsit, Jul. 1807 — cap- 
tured by allies, 16 Oct. 1813 — given up to Aus- 
tria, by Treaty of Vienna, 1815 — revolts, 1849 
■ — reduced, Jan. 1850. 

Catteau-Calleville, Jean Pierre Guillaume, 
historian, — b. at Angermunde, about 1760 — ft. 
at Paris, 19 May 181 9. Tableau des Etats 
Danois, 1802 — Histoire de Christine, reine de 
Suede, 1 8 15. 

Cattermole, George, painter, — b. in Norfolk, 
1 800 — member of Society of Painters in Water- 
colours, 1833 — resigns, 1851^ 1853 b — if., 24 
Jul. 1868. a AthenfEum. b Engl. Cyc. 

Cattier, Philippe, philologist. Gazophyla- 
cium Grcecorum, about 1650 — Gazophylacium 
Latinitm, 1665 — Jar din des racines Latines, 
1667. 

Cattle Disease, — spreads from steppes of W. 
Russia into Europe, 809 — rages in England, 
1745-67 — breaks out again, end of Jun. 1865 — 
removal of cattle from England to Ireland pro- 
hibited, 25 Aug. — Royal Commission appointed, 
4 Oct. — first report publisbed, 13 Nov. — Cattle 
JDiseases Act, 29 Vic. c. 2, 20 Feb. 1866 — 
amended by 29 and 30 Vic. c. 110, 10 Aug. 
1866. 

Catullinus, Aco, — Consul with Ulpius Lime- 
nius, (1102, a. u. c.) 349. 

Catullinus, Q. Fabius, — Consul with M. 
Flavius Afer, (883, a. it. c.) 130. 

Catullus, C. Valerius, poet, — [B C] — b. at 
Verona, 87 — ft., after 47. ■ 

Catulus, Lutatius,— 1. C., ab L. c — [BC]— 
Consul with A. Postumius Albinus, carries on war 
in Sicily, (512, a. xj. c.) 242 — proconsul in 
Sicily, defeats Carthaginians at the JEgates 
Islands, and ends first Punic War, 241 — triumph, 
6 Oct. 241. 2. Q.— [B C]— Consul with C. Ha- 
rms, (652, a.u.c.) 102 — proconsul, victory over 
the Cimbri, near Vercellse, 1 01— partisan of 
Sulla, proscribed by Marius, 87— kills himself, 
87. 3. Q.— [BC]— Consul withM. ^milius Le- 
pidus, (676,) 78 — defeats Lepidus at the Mil- 
vian bridge, 77 — opposes Gabinian and Mani- 



lian laws, 67-6 — Censor with M. Crassus, 65 — ■ 
ft., 60. a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. c Zumpt. 

Catus Decianus, — procurator of Britain, 
provokes the revolt under Boadicea, and escapes 
to Gaul, 6i, ab 62.° a Clinton. 

b Annals of England. c Smith's Diet. 

Catus, Sex. iElius Psetus, — [BC] — Consul 
with T. Quinctius Flamininus, (556, a. u. c.) 
198. 

Catus, Sex. iElius, — Consul with C. Sentius 
Saturninus, (757, a. u. c.) 4. 

Caucasus, The, — -Military line of, North, 
fixed by Catherine II., 1777 — first Russian set- 
tlements in, about 1786. [Circassia, Cossacks, 
Georgia, &c, Schamyl.] 

Cauche, Francois, traveller, — visits Mada- 
gascar, 1638-41. 

Cauchon, Pierre, Bp of Beauvais, — driven 
from his See, 1429 — condemns Joan of Arc, 30 
May 1431 — tf., 1443 — excommunicated by Ca- 
lixtus III., between 1455-58. 

Caudex, App. Claudius, — [B C]— Consul with 
M. Fulvius Flaccus, commences first Punic 
War, in Sicily, (490, a. it. c.) 264. 

Caudine Forks, (Furculce Caudina,) in 
Samnium, — [B C] — the Romans surrender to the 
Samnites and pass under the yoke, 321. 

Caudinus. [Lentulus.] 

Caulaincourt, Armand Augustine Louis 
de, general, — b. at Caulaincourt, 9 Dec. 1773, a 
1772 b — enters the army, 1788 — serves in cam- 
paign of Germany, 1798-9 — • General, officer 
of Legion of Honour, Duke of Vicenza, 1805 

— ambassador to St Petersburg, 1 807-11 — 
Minister of Foreign Affairs, b 181 3 — plenipoten- 
tiary of Bonaparte for treaty of 11 Apr. 18 14 
— ft. at Paris, 19 Feb. 1827. 

a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Caulaincourt, Auguste Jean Gabriel de, 
Count, general, — b. at Caulaincourt, 16 Sep. 
1777 — Lieutenant, 21 Jan. 1796 — wounded at 
Marengo, Jun. 1800 — aide-de-camp of Mar- 
shal Berthier, Jun. 1804 — General, 1806 — dis- 
tinguishes himself in Spain, 1809— commands 
in expedition to Russia, 181 2 — killed at battle 
of Moscow, 7 Sep. 1812. 

Cauliac, Gui de, (Guido de,) surgeon,— -phy- 
sician to Clement VI., 1348 — to Urban V., 
1362. Chirurgice tractatus scptem cum anti- 
dot aiiio, 1363. 

Caumont. [Force, la.] 

Caus, Salomon de, architect, engineer, — b. 
in Normandy, about 1600 — tf., 1630. Per- 
spective, dfc, 16 1 2 — liaisons des forces mou- 
vantes, 16 15. 

Causans, Joseph Louis Vincent de Mauleon 
de, mathematician, — b. at Avignon, about 17 10 
■ — rj., 1770. La vraie Geometric, <$c., 1754 — ■ 
Eclair cissements sur le peche originel, 1755. 

Caussin, Nicolas, Jesuit, confessor to Louis 
XJLL., — b. at Troyes, 1583 — enters Order of 
Jesuits, 1607 — ft. at Paris, 2 Jul. 165 1. 

Caussin de Percival, Jean Jacques Antoine, 

— b. at Montdidicr, 24 Jun. 1759 — Prof. 
Arabic, College de France, 1783 — Keeper of 
Royal MSS., 1787-92 — member of the Institute, 
1809 — of the Legion of Honour, 1814—13., 29 
Jul. 1835. 



296 



CAUSTIC— CAVE. 



Caustic Curve, — properties of, demonstrated I 
by Tchiruhausen, 1682. 

Cautionary Towns, {Flushing, Uriel, JRam- 
mekens,) — pledged to Queen Elizabeth, Jul. 
1585 — delivered up to the Dutch by James I., 
27 May 161 6. 

Cavaceppi, Bartolomeo, sculptor, — tf., about 
1795. Raccolta d'antiche statue, busti, §c, 
1768-72. 

Cavaignac, Jean Eaptiste, statesman, — fj. at 
Gordon, 1762 — deputy to Convention, 1792 — 
at Brest, May 1793 — contributes, with Barras, 
to triumph or' Convention, Sep. 1795 — member 
of Council of Five Hundred, 1797 — called to 
Naples, by Joseph Napoleon, 1806 — Counsellor 
of State; at Paris, Mar. 18 15 — retires to 
Brussels, 1816 — "&. there, 24 Mar. 1829. 

Cavaignac, Louis Eugene, general, — fj. at 
Paris, 15 Oct. 1802 — enters the Ecole Poly- 
technique, 1820 — serves in the Morea, 1828-9 
■ — signs the proj ect of Association Rationale, 1 8 3 1 
— sent into Africa, 1832 — distinguishes himself 
at capture of Tlemsen, Jan. 1 836 — and is named 
commander of the town : commands vanguard 
at battle of Isly, 1844 — General of Brigade, 
and governor of Oran, 1844^ 1847 b — Marechal 
de Camp, 16 Sep. 1844 — invades Morocco, Feb. 
1846 — General of Division, and Governor- 
general of Algeria, 2 Mar., a 24 Feb. 1 1848— 
member of Constituent Assembly, Apr. — quells 
insurrection at Paris, 23-26 Jun.— retires, 20 
Dec. — arrested, 2 Dec. 1851, but soon after 
released— tf., 28 Oct. 1857. 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Engl. Cyc. 

Cavalca, Domenico, — tf., Nov. 1342. El 
tractato dicto, pongie lingua, 1472 — Spccchio di 
Croce, 1480 — Frutti delta lingua, 1493. 

Cavalcabo, ITgolino, Marquis of, Guelpliic 
leader, — imprisoned by Giovanni Galeazzo 
Visconti, 1397- 1403 — captured by the Ghibel- 
lines at Manestrio, 14 Dec. 1404 — escapes from 
prison, 1406 — massacred, by Fondolo, 26 Jul. 
1406. 

Cavalcanti, Bartolomeo, — b. at Florence, 
1503 — tf. at Padua, 9 Dec. 1562. Trattaii, 
#*•» iSSS—Rettorica, 1559. 

Cavalcanti, Guido, poet, philosopher,—^, at 
Florence, probably 1230 a — tf- at Florence, 
1300. a Ersch and Gruber. 

Cavalier, Jean, Camisard chief, — b. at Ri- 
baute, in Languedoc, 1679,* i685, b between 
1679-81 c — driven by persecutions to Geneva, 
1701 — returns and is chosen one of the chiefs of 
insurgent Calvinists, Jul. 1702 — victorious on 
the Ardeche, 10 Feb. 1703 — defeated at Tour- 
de-Bellot, 30 Apr. 1703 — encounters Montrevel 
at Nages, 16 Apr. 1704— conference with Mar- 
shal Yillars at Nismes, and agrees to lay down 
his arms, 16 May 1704 — presented to Eouis 
XI V. ; distinguishes himself at battle of Al- 
manza, 25 Apr. 1707 — enters service of Eng- 
land, and is appointed governor of Jersey, after 
1707 — tf. at Chelsea, May 1740. 
a Some authorities. b Others. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Cavaliere, Battista del, sculptor, — b., 15 18 
-a., 1583. 

Cavalieri, (Cavalerius,) Buonaventura, ma- 
thematician,— b. at Milan, 1598 — enters the 
Order of Jesuits, 1613 — Prof. Mathematics, 



Bologna, 1629 — tf. there, 3 Dec. 1647. Spec* 
chio ustorio, §c, 1632 — Directorium generate 
uranometricum, 1632 — Geometria indivisibilibus 
continuorum nova quadam ratione promota, 
1635 — Sfera astronomica, 1690. 

Cavalieri, Giovanni Miehele, Cardinal,— 
tf., Abp Beneventum, 1701. Galleria de' summi 
pontifci, 1696. 

Cavalleriis, (Cavallerii,) Giovanni Battista, 
engraver, — fj. in Brescia, about 1530 — tj. at 
Pome, 1597. Antiques statuce urbis Fowce, 
1685-94 — Ecclesice militantis triumphus, 1585. 

Cavalli, Francesco, musical composer, — h. 
at Venice, about 1600— called to Paris by Car- 
dinal. Mazarin, 1660— tf., Apr. 1676. 

Cavalli, Giuseppe Francesco Alessandro, 
Count or Olivola, statesman, — b. at Turin, 
6 Jan. 1761 — LL.D., 1780 — accompanies Na- 
poleon, in campaign of 1800 — member cf Pro- 
visional Government of Piedmont, Jun. 1800 — ■ 
president of Court of Appeal, Turin, 1802 — 
member of Legion of Honour, 1804 — of Legis- 
lative body, 1808 — first president of Imperial 
Court of Pome, 1811 — tf. atCasal, 27 Jun. 1828. 

Cavalli, Jaccpo, orientalist, — b. at Verona, 
1678 — tf. at Pome, 1758. 

Cavallini, Bernardo, painter, — b. at Naples, 
10 Dec. i6i2, a 1622 bc — tf., 1656^ i654. b 
a Biog. Univ. b Biog. Catalogue. c Nagler. 

Cavallini, Pietro, painter, sculptor, — fj. at 
Koine, 1259 ?— tf., i344, a living 1364. 1 
a Baldinucci. b Vasari. 

Cavallo, Tiberio, natural philosopher, — b. 
at Naples, 1749 — goes to London, 177 1 — 
member of Academy of Sciences, Naples, 1779 
— F.P.S., London, 1779 — tf. in London, 26 
Dec. 1809 (o. s.). Treatise of Electricity, 1777 
— Essay on the theory and practice of medical 
electricity, 1780 — Treatise on the nature and 
properties of air, 1781 — Magnetism, 1787 — 
Mineralogical Tables, 1785. 

Cavalucci, Antonio, painter, — b. at Ser- 
moneta, 1752 — tf. at Rome, 1795. 

Cavanilles, Antonio Jose, botanist, — h. 
at Valencia, 16 Jan. 1745 — accompanies Spanish 
ambassador to Paris, 1777 — Director of Royal 
Garden, Madrid, 1801 — tf. there, Aug., b May a 
1804. Monadelphice classis dissertationes, 1785 
— Icones et descriptiones plantarum, §c, 1791-9 
— Observaciones sobro la historia natural, §c, 
del regno de Valencia, 1795-7. 

a Ersch and Gruber. b Biog. Univ. 

Cavazza, Giovanni Battista, painter, en- 
graver, — b. at Bologna, 1620. 

Cavazza, Pietro Francesco, painter, — b. at 
Bologna, 1675 — tf. there, 14 Oct. 1733. 

Cavazzi, Giovan- Antonio, missionary, — ft. 
in Modena, about 1600 — sent to Angola, 1654 
— returns to Rome, 1668 — tf. at Genoa, 1692. 
Descrizione dei tre regni de Congo, Matamba, ed 
Angola, §c, 1687. 

Cavazzone, Francesco, painter, — fj. at Bo- 
logna, 1559 — tf., after i6i2. a a Biog. Catalogue. 

Cave, Edward, printer, — fj. at Newton, War- 
wickshire, 29 Feb. 1 69 1 — projects the Gentle- 
man'' s Magazine, 1731 — tf., 10 Jan. 1754. 

Cave, William, theologian, — b. in Leicester- 
shire, 30 Dec. 1637 — enters Cambridge Univ., 
1653— M.A., 1660— D.D., 1672— D.D., Ox- 



CAVEDONE— CAXTON. 



297 



ford, 1 68 1 — canon of Windsor, 1684 — vicar 
of Isleworth, Nov. 1690 — tf. at Windsor, 4 
Aug. 17 13. Primitive Christianity, 1672 — 
Antiquitates apostolkce, 1676 — Apostolici, 1677 
■ — Ecclesiastici, 1682 — Scriptorum Ecclesiasti- 
coram historia literaria a Christo nato usque 
ad sceculum XIV., 1688-98. 

Cavedone, Giacomo, painter, — b. near Mo- 
dena, 1577 — tf. at Bologna, 1660. San Petronio 
and other saints, 16 14. 

Caveirae, Jean Novi de,— 5. at Nismes, 6 
Mar. 17 1 3 — tf., 1782. La Verite vengee, 1756 
— Apologie de Louis XIV., fye., 1758 — Appel a 
la raison des ecrits publies contre lesjesuites de 
tFrance, 1762. 

Cavelier, Robert. [Salle, La.] 

Cavendish. [Devonshire, Newcastle, Duk.es 

OF.] 

Cavendish, Henry, chemist, — b. in London, a 
at Nice, bc 10 Oct. 17 31 — enters Cambridge 
Univ., 18 Dec. 1749 — his controversy with 
Watt and Lavoisier respecting the discovery of 
the composition of water, begins Mar. 1784 11 — 
foreign Associate of French Institute, 1803 — tf. 
at Clapham, 24 Feb. 18 10. 

a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

c Chalmers. d Y, r ilson. 

Cavendish, (Candish,) John, Chief Justice 
of the King's Bench, — Chief Justice, 1365 a 
■ — Judge of the Common Pleas, 27 Nov. 137 i ab 
■ — Chief Justice of the King's Bench, 15 Jul. 



13"; 



-Chancellor of Cambridge Univ., 1380- 



1 — joint commissioner with Robert de Hales to 
suppress insurrection, 1381 — [his son kills Yv T at 
Tyler, Jim. 1381 (?)] — beheaded by insurgents, 
at Bury St Edmunds, 15 Jun. 1381. 
a Dugdale. b Foss. 

Cavendish, (Candish,) Sir Thomas, mari- 
time adventurer, — accompanies Sir R. Grenville 
to Virginia, about 1585 — embarks for S. 
America, 22 Jul. 1586 — enters Strait of 
Magellan, 6 Jan. 1587 — returns to Plymouth 
after circumnavigation of the globe, 9 Sep. 
1588. Knt, by Q,ueen Elizabeth ; embarks on 
second voyage, 6 Aug. 1591 — tf. at sea, 1593. 

Cavendish, Sir William, Gentleman Usher 
to Card. Wolsey, — b., about 1505 a — attends 
Wolsey on his embassy to France, 1527 b — 
attends him at his death, Nov. 1530 — enters 
service of Henry VIIL, close of 1530 — named 
one of the Commissioners for taking surrenders 
of the Monasteries, 1536 — one of the Auditors 
of Court of Augmentations, 1539 — Treasurer 
of the Chamber to the king, 1546 — Knt, Easter 
Day 1546 — Privy Councillor soon after: tf., 
1557. Life and Death of Cardinal Wolsey, 
1607, 1667. 13 a Chalmers. b Collins. 

Cavendish Spencer, Sir Robert, naval com- 
mander, — b., 24 Oct. 1 79 1 — follows Nelson to 
the East Indies, 1804 — assists at the blockade 
of Toulon, 1808 — serves in the United States, 
18 10 — Commander, 181 3 — serves in the Medi- 
terranean, 1 8 16 — tf. at Alexandria, 4 Nov. 
1830. 

Cavino, Giovanni, engraver, — b., 1499— tf., 
i57°- 

Cavolini, Filippo, naturalist, $c, — fc. at 
Naples, 1756 — tf., 25 Mar. 1810. Memoria 



sulla generazione de pesci et de granchi, 1777 — 
Nuove ricerche sulla Gorgonia e sulla Madre- 
pora, 1783. 

Cavour, Camillo Bensodi, Count, statesman, 
— b. at Turin, 10 Aug. 18 10 — Lieutenant of 
Engineers, 1828 — quits the army and travels, 
1831— visits France and England, establishes 
the journal II Risorgimento, Sep. 1847 — at Re- 
form Meeting at Genoa urges the demand of a 
Constitution, Jan. 1848 — loses his seat in the 
Chamber under the Gioberfci ministry, 1849 — 
reelected, 1849 — joins the Azeglio administra- 
tion, autumn 1850 — Minister of Agriculture 
and Commerce, Minister of Finance, beginning 
1 85 1 — President of the Council, 1852 — allies 
himself with Ratazzi as Minister of Jus dee, 1 853 
— promotes the alliance with Western Powers 
against Russia, 1854 — attends Congress of 
Paris, meets Napoleon III. at Plombieres, au- 
tumn 1858 — resigns after Treaty of Villa 
Franca, 1859 — returns to office, 21 Jan. i860 
— Minister of War and Marine, Sep. i860 — vote 
of confidence in his policy, 13 Oct. i860 — re- 
signs, 19 Mar. 1 86 1 — reappointed Pres. of the 
Council, Mar. 1861 — tf. at Turin, 6 Jun. 1861. 

Cawnpore, in Hindustan,— made British mi- 
litary cantonment, 1777. 1857 : mutiny of the 
Sepoys at, the Europeans retire to the entrench- 
ment, end of May — attack on the entrenchment 
by Nana Sahib, begins 7 Jun. — negotiation 
between General Wheeler and the Nana for the 
removal of the Europeans to Allahabad, 25 Jun. 
— the boats fired on by the Sepoys, 27 Jun. — 
massacre of the women and children, their 
bodies thrown into the well, 15 Jul. — the 
magazine blown up by the Nana, 1 8 Jul. — ■ 
taken possession of by General Havelock, 18 
Jul. — General Windham attacked by the rebels 
at, 26-28 Nov. — arrival of Sir Colin Campbell, 
evening 28 Nov. — removal of the women and 
children, 1-3 Dec. — unsuccessful attack by the 
rebels, 5 Dec. — defeat of the rebels by Sir C. 
Campbell, 6 Dec. 

Caxes, Eugenio, painter, — b. at Madrid, 
1577 — painter to the king, 16 12 — tf., 1642. 
Lady Chapel, cathedral of Toledo, 1616. 

Caxes, Patricio, architect, painter, — in serv- 
ice of Philip II. and Philip III., Spain, about 
1590-1600. 

Caxton, William, printer, — b. in Kent, a 
at Caxton, Cambridgeshire, 13 1412,° 1422.3 s1 — ■ 
apprentice to Bobert Large, mercer, London, 
1438— settles in the Low Countries, probably 
at Bruges, 1441 — freeman of the Mercers' Com- 
pany and begins business for himself, about 
1446 — visits London, 1453 — acting as ' Go- 
vernor of the English Merchants ' at Bruges, 
1462-3 — Governor, 1464 — ambassador with 
Sir B. Whitehill to Duke of Burgundy, Oct. 
1464 — ^joint-ambassador to the Duke again, 
Sep., Oct. 1468 — begins to translate 'Le Re- 
cueil des Histoires de Troye,' 1 Mar. 1469 — 
ceases to appear as Governor, after 12 May 
1469 — in service of Margaret, Duchess of 
Burgundy, about Mar. 147 1 — returns to Eng- 
land and establishes his printing press at West- 
minster, latter half of 1476 a — tf. there, be- 
tween 1490-2. The Recuyell, probably printed 



CAYENNE— CELEE. 



147 1 — Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers, 
Nov. 1477 — Cordyale, Mar. 1479 — Golden Le- 
gend, Nov. 1483 — JEsop, Mar. 1484 — King 
Arthur, Jul. 1485 — Dircctorium, 2nd ed., Jul. 
1489— ity/te of Arms, Jul. 1490. 

a Blades. b Fuller. c Biog. Brit. 

Cayenne, S. America, — colony of France, 
about 1635,* 1605, b 1604 and 1635° — held by 
the English, 1654-64° — again occupied by the 
French, 1664— taken by English, 1667 b — by 
Dutch, i6-]i, h 1676° — recovered by France, 
1674^ 1675° — taken by Portuguese, 1809^ — 
restored to France, 1814.° 

a Rees' Cyc., Maeculloca. 
b Diet, de la Conversation. c Diet. Geog. Univ. 

Cayet, Pierre Victor Palma, — b. at Mont- 
richard, 1525 — abjures Calvinism at Paris, 
1595 — Prof. Hebrew, College Royal, 1596 — 
priest, 1597 — tf., 10 Mar. 1610. Paradigmata 
de IV. Unguis orientalibus, 1596 — Chronologie 
novennaire, 1608 — Chronologie septennaire, 
1605. 

Caylus, Anne Claude Philippe de Tubieres, 
de Grimoard, de Pestels, de Levi, Count of, 
archceologist, §c, — b. at Paris, 31 Oct. 1692 — 
travels in Italy, Turkey, 17 14-7 — admitted to 
Academy of Painting, 17 31 — to Academy of 
Inscriptions, 1742 — tf. at Paris, 5 Sep. 1765. 
Jiecueil d'antiquite's egyptiennes, grecques, §c., 
17 52-67— Recueil de peintures antiques, 1757 
— (Euvres badines, 1787. 

Cayot, Auguste, sculptor, — b. at Paris, 1667 
■ — member of Academy of Sculpture, 17 11 — tf., 

i7 T 7- % 

Cazales, Jacques Antoine Marie de, orator, 
• — b. at Grenade sur Garonne, 1752 — deputy to 
States-General, 1789 — returns from England, 
Feb. 1792 — emigrates, after 10 Aug. 1792 — 
returns to France, 1803 — tf. at Grenade, 24 
Nov. 1805. 

Cazali, (Casali,) Giovanni Vincenzio, sculp- 
tor, architect, — b. at Florence, about 1540 — tf., 
1593- 

Cazali, Giuseppe, antiquary,— h., 1746 — ft. 
at Rome, 4 May 1797- Dissertations, 1793. 

Cazes, Pierre Jacques, painter, — b. at Paris, 
1676 — member of Academy of Painting, 1703 
— tf., 25 Jun. 1754. 

Cazotte, Jacques, miscellaneous writer, — b. 
at Dijon, 1720 — settles at Paris, 1768 — ar- 
rested with his daughter, Aug. 1792 — saved by 
her from massacre, Sep. 1792 — executed, 25 
Sep. 1792. Olivier, 1763 — le Lord impromptu, 
177 1 — le Liable amoureux, 1772. 

Ceadwalla. [Wessex, Kingdom of] 

Cean-Bermudez, Juan Augustin, — b. at 
Gijon, Asturias, 1749 — accompanies Jovellanos 
to Madrid, 1778— tf. at Madrid, a 1834^ 1829. a 
Diccionario historico de los mas illustres Pro- 
fessores de las Bellas Artes en Espana, 1 800 — 
Descripcion Artistica de la Catedral de Sevilla, 
1804 — Carta sobre el Estilo, §c, de la Escucla 
•'iia, 1806 — Xoticias de los Arquitectos y 
Arqnitectura en Espana, 1829 — Sumario de las 
autiqucdades romanas que hay en Espana, §c, 
1832. a Conv.-Lex. b Engl. Cyc. 

Ceawlin, Bretwalda of England, — King of 



Wessex, 560 — takes many towns in Gloucester- 
shire, and becomes Bretwalda, about 584 — de- 
feated by his brother Ceol and driven from his 
kingdom, 591 — killed, 593. [Anglo-Saxon 
Kings of England.] 

Ceba, Ansaldo, poet, — b. at Genoa, 1565 — ■ 
tf. there, 1623. Rime, 1611 — LI Gonzaga, 
162 1 — II Cittadino republicano, 16 17. 

Cebes, {Kebes,) moral philosopher, — [B C] — ■ 
ft., about 400. 

Cebornico, volcano in Mexico, — eruption 
begins, 22 Feb. 1870 — continuing, 1 Apr. 

Ceccati, Domenieo Francesco, sculptor, — b. 
at Stiano, 1642 — tf. there, 17 17. 

Ceechi, Giammaria, poet, — ft. at Florence,^ 
about 1510-50. 

Cecco d'Ascoli, (Francesco Stabili,) — b. at 
Ascoli, about 1257 — Prof. Astrology, Bologna, 
1322-5 — burnt by the Inquisition at Florence, 
1327. Acerba, 14.76. 

Cecil, Richard, theologian,—- -b. in London, 8 
Nov. 1748 — enters Oxford Univ., May 1773 — ■ 
B.A., 1777 — minister at St John's cbapel, Bed- 
ford Row, 1780 — tf. at Hampstead, 15 Aug. 
1 8 10. Works, 181 1. 

Cecil, Robert. [Salisbury, Earl of.] 

Cecil, William. [Burleigh, Baron. ]_ 

Cecilia, St, — martyred, 177 ? — translation of 
her body, by Paschal I., 821 a — the body dis- 
covered by Card. Sfondrati, 1599 a — crypt of, 
discovered by De Rossi, 1855. a De Rossi. 

Cecryphaleia, (Kekryphaleia,) — [B C] — 
battle of, spring 458. a a MUller. 

Cedar Creek, near Strasburg, IT. S., — defeat 
of Gen. Longstreet by Gen. Sheridan, 19 Oct. 
1864. 

Cedar Mountain, U. S., — Gen. Banks de- 
feated by Gens. Jackson and Ewell, 9 Aug. 
1862. 

Cedrenus, Georgius, Byzantine historian, — 
£(., about 1050. 

Cei, Francesco, poet, — tf., after 1523. 
Sonetti, capitoli, §c, 1503,* 1507 . b 

a Biog. Univ. b Erseh and Gruber. 

Ceillier, (Cellier,) Remi, Benedictine, — b. at 
Bar-le-duc, 1688 — tf., 17 Nov. 1761. Histoire 
generate des auteurs sacres et ecclesiastiques, 
1729-63. 

Celakowsky, Frantisek Ladislaw, poet, 
philologist, — b. at Strakonice, 7 Mar. 1799— 
Prof. Bohemian language, Prague, before 1831 
— Prof. Sclavonic literature, Breslau, 1842-8 
— Prof. Sclavonic Philology, Prague, 1849 — tf-, 
5 Aug. 1852. 

Celano, Lago. [Fucinus.] 

Celano, Thomas von, Franciscan, — keeper 
of the convents of Worms, Mentz, and Cologne, 
about 1 22 1 — living in 1250. 

Celebes, Eastern Archipelago, — Portuguese 
settlement at Macassar, 15 12 — conquered by 
the Dutch, and the Portuguese expelled, 1660 
— conquered by the English, 181 1 — ceded by 
them to the Dutch, i8i5, a i8i6 b — Macassar 
declared a free port, 1 846 — Menado and Kema 
made free ports, 1849. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Macculloch. 

Celer,— joint commander in Persian war, 503 
— recovers Aniida, and concludes peace with 



CELESIA— CENIS. 



299 



Cabades, 505 — Consul with. Venantius, (1261, 

A. U. C.) 508. 

Celesia, Pietro Paolo, statesman, — ft. at 
Genoa, 1 Oct. 1732 — ambassador to London, 
1755-9 — minister plenipotentiary to Court of 
Spain, 1784 — member of Legislative Commis- 
sion, 1800 — Dean, charged to instal constitu- 
tional government, Jun. 1803 — tf., 12 Jan. 
1806. 

Celesti, Andrea, painter, — ft. at Venice, 
1637 — tf. there, 1706. 

Celestine I., Bp of Eome, — succeeds Boni- 
face I., Sep. 422 — tf., 432. 

Celestine II., Pope, — succeeds Innocent II., 
26 Sep. 1 143— tf., 9 Mar. 1144. 

Celestine III., Pope, — succeeds Clement 
III., Mar. 1 19 1 — crowns Emperor Henry VI., 
14 Apr. 1191 — excommunicates Leopold, Duke 
of Austria, and the Emperor Henry VI., on 
account of imprisonment of Bichard I., 1194- — 
tf., 8 Jan. 1 198. 

Celestine IV., Pope, — elected to succeed 
Gregory IX., Oct. 1241 — tf., before consecra- 
tion, 17 or 18 Nov. 1 24 1. 

Celestine V., Pope, (Pierre de Moron,) — 
founds Order of Celestines, i274, a about i254 b 
- — elected at Perugia, 5 Jul. 1294 — abdicates, 
13 Dec. 1294 — tf., 19 May 1296 — canonized by 
Clement V., 1313. 

a Dufresnoy. b Engl. Cyc. 

Celestines, Order of, — founded by Pierre de 
Moron, (Celestine V.,) i274, a i264, b 1254° — 
suppressed in France by Pius VI., 1776-8. 
a Dufresnoy. b Rees' Cyc. c Engl. Cyc. 

Celestino, historian, — ft. at Bergamo, about 
1550. Istoria quadripartita di Bergamo, Qc., 
1617. 

Celestius, theologian, — publishes his doc- 
trine, about 402, 409 a — goes to 'Carthage, is 
condemned and excommunicated by the Synod, 
409, 412 a — the sentence confirmed by Innocent 
I., 416 — declared orthodox by Zosimus, 417 — 
Zosimus revokes his sentence and adheres to 
the condemnation of Celestius, 418— protected 
by Nestorius, about 430 — unsuccessfully appeals 
to Council of Ephesus, 431. a Gieseler. 

Celibacy of the Clergy. [Marriage.] 

Cellarius, Andreas, geographer, $c. Traite 
d' architecture militaire, 1656 — Harmonia ma- 
crocosmica, 1661. 

Cellarius, Christopher, philologist, — ft. at 
Smalkald, 22 Nov. 1638 — Prof. Philosophy and 
Oriental Languages, "VVeissenfels, 1668 — rector 
of Coll. of Weimar, 1673 — Prof. History and 
Rhetoric, Halle, 1693-1707 — tf. there, 4 Jun. 
1707. Notitia orbis antiqui, 1701 — Breviarium 
antiquitatum Roman arum, 17 10— Antibarbarus, 
§c, 1677 (ed. IV.) — Orthographia Latina, 
1704. 

Cellarius, Daniel, geographer. Speculum 
orbis terrarum, 1578. 

Cellarius, Solomon, physician, — ft. at Zeitz, 
1676 — tf., 1700. Origines et antiquitates me- 
dicce, 1 701. 

Celles, Antoine Philippe Fiacre Ghislain 
Vischer, Count or, statesman, — ft. at Brussels, 
10 Oct. 1779 — enters the French army, 1805 
— Count, member of Legion of Honour, 1808 — 



retires, 18 14 — deputy to States-General of the 
Netherlands, 1821 — concludes concordat with 
the Pope, Jun. 1827 — naturalized in France, 
1832 — tf. at Paris, 1 Nov. 1841. 

Cellini, Benvenuto, sculptor, engraver, §c. t 
— ft. at Florence, 1500 — goes to Borne, about 
151 8 a — defends Castle of St Angelo against 
Constable de Bourbon, 1527 a — imprisoned on a 
charge of theft, 1538 — in the service of Francis 
I. of France, 1540-5— tf. at Florence, 25 Feb. 
1570, 157 i, a 1572. b Vita de Benvenuto Cellini 
da lui medesimo scritta, §c, 1728 cd — Due trat- 
tati, §c, 1568. a Perkins. 

b Some authorities. c Conv.-Lex. 

d Ersch and Gruber. 

Celsius, Andreas, astronomer, — ft. at Upsala, 
27 Nov. 1701 — Prof . Astronomy there, 1730 — 
travels in Germany, 1732 — in Italy, 1733 — ■ 
goes to Paris, 1734 — tf., 25 Apr. 1744. Dis- 
sertatio de novo methodo dimetiendi distantiam 
solis a terra, 1730 — Bissertatio de chronologia 
ecclesiastica,i']\Q> — Bissertatio de origine artium 
mechanicarum, 1739. 

Celsius, Olaus, botanist, theologian, — ft. ,1670 
— tf. Prof. Theology, Upsala, 1756. Hiero- 
botanicon, 1745 — Be sculptura BTebrceorum, 
1726. 

Celsus, Epicurean philosopher, — fl., about 
180. 

Celsus, Aurelius (Aldus) Cornelius, phy- 
sician, — fl., about 20 ? 

Celsus, Juventius, jurist, — £(., about 75. 

Celsus, L. Puhlilius, — Consul with C. 
Clodius Crispinus, (866, a. u. c.) 113 — put to 
death for conspiracy by Adrian, 118. 

Celsus, P. Juventius, jurist, — ft., 67 — ■ 
prsetor, 101 — Consul II. with Q,. Julius Bal- 
bus, (882, a. u. c.) 129 — tf., about 135. 

Celsus, P. Juventius, — Consid with M. Pom- 
peius Macrinus, (917, a. u. c.) 164. 

Celsus, P. Marius, — Consul with L. Asinius 
Gallus, (815, a. tj. c.) 62. 

Celtes Protucius, Conrad, (Meissel,) poet, — 
ft. in Wurtzburg, 1 Feb. 1459 — tf- at Vienna., 
3 Feb. 1508. Ars versijicandi, 1487 — Amores, 
1502 — Odce, 15 1 3. 

Celtiherians, — [B C] — subdued by Hannibal, 
they assist him against the Bomans, about 220 
— defeated by Q,. Fulvius, 181 — pacification 
effected by Tib. Gracchus, 179 — defeat the 
consul Fulvius Nobilior, 153 — war against, 
carried on by Marcellus, 152 — by Lucullus, 
151 — Viriathus carries on the war with success 
against the Bomans, 149-146 — join the Lusita- 
nians, 145 — the war carried on by Metellus, 
143-142 — by Pompeius, 141 — Viriathus assas- 
sinated, 140 — Popillius conducts the war, 139- 
138 — defeat Mancinus, who makes treaty of 
peace, the treaty disowned by the senate, 137 — 
Scipio sent to conduct the war, 1 34 — siege and 
destruction of Numantia, 134-133— subject to 
Bome, 133 — insurrection of, suppressed by 
Didius, 97 — serve under Sertorius, about 
80-72. 

Cenci, Beatrice, — takes part in the murder 
of her father, 9 Sep. 1598 — beheaded at Bome, 
11 Sep. 1599. 

Cenis, Mont, — crossed by Frederick Barba- 



CENNINI— CEOLWTJLF. 



rossa, ii74 a — the pass of, improved by Catinat, 
1 69 1 — taken by the French, May 1794 — road 
over, constructed by the French, 1 802-11 — 
railway tunnel, construction of, authorized by 
law, and commenced, Aug. 1857 — boring com- 
pleted, 25 Dec. 1870. a Kington. 

Cennini, Bernardo, Dcmenico, and Pietro, 
printers, — introduce printing at Florence, 
about 1470? Virgilii opera, 147 1. 

Cennino- Cennini, painter. Trattato della 
pittura, §c, 1437. 

Censorinus, grammarian, §c. Be die natali, 
about 238. 

Censorinus, C Marcius,— [B C] — 1. accuses 
Sulla, 91 — shares in proscription by Harms, 87 
— defeated and killed by Sulla, 82. 2. Consul 
with C. Asinius Gallus, (746, a. u. c.) 8 — fr. in 
Asia, [AD] 2. 

Censorinus, C. Marcius Rutilus, — [BC] — 
Consul with Q. Fabius Rullianus, (444, a. u. c.) 
310— defeated and wounded in Samnite war, 
310 — Pontiff, 300 — Censor, 294 and 265. 

Censorinus, L. Marcius, — [B C] — 1. Consul 
wiili M' Manilius Xepos, conducts with him the 
war with Carthage, (605, a. v. c.) 149. 2. 
Brvtor, 43 — Consul with C. Calvisius Sabinus, 
(715,) 39. 

Censors, — [B C] — first appointed at Rome, 443 
— otiice limited to 18 months, {Lex JEmilia, of 
JEmilius Mamercintts,) 433 — plebeians admitted 
as, 351 — one to be a plebeian, (Publilian Laws,) 
339 — a plebeian censor performs lustration, 280 
— two plebeian censors, 131 — power of, limited 
by Clodius, 58 — his law repealed, 52 — last 
chosen, 22. 

Censorship of Books, —ordered by Berchthold, 
Abp of Mentz, i486 a — by Pope Alexander VI., 
1 50 1 — general, established by Council of the 
Lateran, 15 15 — [Index Expurgatorius.] In 
England, — importation and sale of bound books 
from the Continent prohibited by Act 25 Hen. 
VIII. c. 15, 1534 — Tyndale's Bible prohibited 
by Act 34 Hen. VIII. c. 1, 1543 — popish books 
prohibited by Act 3 and 4 Edw. Yl. c. 10, 1549 
— licence of council or ordinary made neces- 
sary by proclamation of Queen Elizabeth, 1559 
— books against the Queen prohibited by Act 
13 Eliz. c. 1, 1570 — licence of Abp of Canter- 
bury or Bp of London required by Ordinances 
of Star Chamber, 1585 b — royal proclamation 
against seditious and schismatical books, 1589 b 
— established by Ordinances of Star Cham- 
ber, 11 Jun. 1637 c — exercised by Commons 
House, Mar. 1642 — adopted and regulated 
by order of parliament, Jun. 1643 — attack- 
ed by Milton, {Areopagitica,) 1644 — publica- 
tion of news prohibited Avithout leave of Se- 
cretary of State, by order of the Council, 
Oct. 1653 a — committee appointed by parlia- 
ment to watch blasphemous publications, 1654 
— committee for regulating, appointed by parlia- 
mi nt, 1656 — BudisnaD.' BStstory of Scotland and 
l)i Jure Regni seized by order of Council, Jun. 
1 660 ''—the Licensing Act passed, 13 and 14 
II. c. 33, 1662— continued by Acts 16 
Car. II. c. 8, 1664; 16 and 17 Car. II. c. 7, 
1665 ; and 17 Car. II. c. 4, 1665 — expiration of 
the Licensing Act, 27 May 1679 — resolution of 



the Judges against unlicensed printing ; print- 
ing news without licence prohibited, May 1680 
— the Licensing Act revived for 7 years, by Act 
1 Jas. II. c. 17, 1685 — and for 2 years by Act 4 
AYm and Mar. c. 24, 1692 — attacked by Blount, 
1693 d — petition of booksellers and printers 
against, 1693 — censorship ceases, 1694 d — the 
Commons refuse to reestablish, 1 695 . In France, 
— delegated to the faculty of theology, by Francis 
L, 1520 — four royal censors created by the 
chancellor Seguiex*, i653, a 1648 e — abolished, 
1789 — the newspaper press subject to the 
government by decree of 17 Jan. 1801 — direc- 
tor-general of the press appointed, Feb. 18 10 
—all works under 20 sheets subject to censorship, 
and a council of 20 censors established, 18 14 — 
abolished by Charles X., 1 8 24 — revived by ordin- 
ance of 25 Jul. 1830 — abolished by Charter of 
1830 — reestablished, 9 Sep. 1835. In Russia, 
— abolished for books of a certain size, 6 Apr. 
1 865. In Germany, — works under 20 sheets sub- 
ject to, by Congress of Carlsbad, 18 19 — popular 
opposition to, and partially abolished, after Jul. 
1830 — abolished, 1848 — restored by Austria, 
Mar. 1849 — and by other states, before 1851. In 
Spain, — established by ordinance, 8 Jul. 1502 f 
— abolished by constitution of, 1837 a — partly 
revived, 1850. a Engl. Cye. b Hallam. 

c Lingard. d Macaulay. e Moreri. f Prescott. 

Census, in Great Britain, appointed to be 
taken by Act 41 Geo. III. c. 15, 31 Dec. 1800 
— first taken in Great Britain, 1801. 

Centenera, JDox Martin del Barco, poet, — 
accompanies expedition to S. America, 1573. 
Argentina y couquista del Bio de la Flat a, 1602. 

Centeno, Amaro. BTistoria de las cosas del 
Oriente, 1595. 

Centeno, Diego, — 6. in Castile, 1505 — accom- 
panies Pizarro to Peru, 15 31 — distinguishes 
himself at battle of Chupas, 1542— defeated by 
Gonzalo, at Cuzco, Oct. 1547 — tf., 1549. 

Centho, C. Claudius, — [BC] — Consul with 
M. Sempronius Tuditanus, (514, a. u. c ) 240. 

Centigrade Thermometer. [Thermometer.] 

Centlivre, Susanna, dramatist,— h., about 
i68o, a i667, bc — marries Joseph Centlivre, 1706 
— tf. in London, 1 Dec. 1723. The Berjured 
Husband, 1700 — The Busybody, 1708 — The 
Wonder, 1 7 1 4 — A Bold Stroke for a Wife, 1 7 1 7 . 

a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Chalmers. 

Central Criminal Cowct,Bondon, — established 
by Act 4 and 5 Wm IV. c. 36, 25 Jul. 1834. 

Centumalus,Cn.Fulvius, — [B C] — 1. Legatus 
to M. Valerius Corvus, 301 — Consul with L. 
Cornelius Scipio, (456, a. it. c.) 298 — defeats the 
Samnites ; — propraetor, defeats the Etruscans, 
295. 2. Consul with L. Postuniius Albinus, 
carries on Illyrian war, (525,) 229. 3. Curule 
tedile, 214 — praetor, 213 — Consul with E. Sul- 
picius Galba, (543,) 211 — killed in battle, 210. 

Cenwalch, King of "Wessex, — succeeds his 
father Cynegils, 643— driven from his kingdom 
by Penda, 645 — baptized, 646 — defeats the 
Britons at Petherton, 658 — ft., 672. 

Ceol. ["Wessex, Kingdom of] 

Ceolred. [Mercia, Kingdom of] 

Ceoiwulf. [Mercia, Northumbria, and 
Wessex, Kingdoms of] 



CEPEDA— CERISIER. 



301 



Cepeda, Joachim Romero de, poet. La De- 
struction de Troia, 1583 — metrical translation 
of JEsop's Fables, 1590 — Obras in verso, 1582. 

Ce^haioiia, Kephallenia, (Samos, Same,) — 
[B C] — taken by the .Romans, 189 — [AD] — 
captured by the Normans, 1146 — given to 
Venice by Gaio, 1224 or 12 13 — taken by the 
Turks, 1479 — recovered by Venice, about 1499 
— earthquakes, 1766 and 1767 — seized by the 
French, 1797 — forms part of republic of Ionian 
Islands, 1807 — earthquake at Argostoli and 
Lixure, 4 Feb. 1867. [Ionian Islands.] 

Cephalus, (Kephalos,) — [B C] — orator,— joins 
in overthrow of the Thirty Tyrants, 411 — moves 
decree to aid Theban exiles after recovery of the 
Cadmea, end of 379. 

Cephisodorus, (Kephisodoros,) — [BC] — 1. 
Archon at Athens, (01. 103, 3,) 366—2. Ar- 
chon at Athens, (01. 114, 2,) 323. 

Cephisodotus, (Kephisodotos,)—{& C] — Ar- 
chon at Athens, (01. 105, 3,) 358. 

Cephisodotus, — [B CJ — ambassador with Cal- 
lias and others to Sparta, 371— opposes pro- 
position of Sparta, 369 — commands the fleet at 
the Hellespont, about 359 — recalled, tried and 
mulcted for mismanagement; defends law of 
Leptines against Demosthenes, ? 355 — opposes 
Chares, ? 347. 

Cephisodotus, sculptor, — [BC] — fi., about 
(01. 102) 372. 

Cephisodotus, the younger, sculptor, — [B C] 
— fl., about (01. 120) 300. 

Cepi, (Kepi,) — [B C] — colony from Miletus, 
about 750. 

Cepion, (Coriolan Cippico,) historian, — b. in 
Dalmatia, 1425 — serves in Venetian navy 
against the Turks, 1470-4 — if., 1493. Gesta 
Petri Mocenici, 1477. 

Cepola. [Coepolla.] 

Ceporin, (Ceporinus,) Jacob, philologist, — b. 
in Zurich, 1499 — if., Prof. Theology, Greek, 
and Hebrew there, 20 Dec. 1525. 

Ceracchi, Giuseppe, sculptor, — 6. in Corsica, 
about 1760 — joins French army at Milan, 
1796 — takes part in establishing republic at 
Borne, 1798 — goes to Paris, 1799 — arrested as 
conspirator against Napoleon, 10 Oct. 1801 — 
executed at Paris, 10 Feb. 1802. 

Ceratin, Jacob, philologist, — if. at Louvain, 
20 Apr. 1530. Lexicon Grceco-latinum, 1524 
— Be sono Grcec. literarum, 1529. 

Cerceau. [Androuet] 

Cerceau, Jean Antoine du, poet, miscel- 
laneous writer, — b. at Paris, 12 Nov. 1670 — 
enters Order of Jesuits, 1688 — if. near Tours, 
4 Jul. 1730. Carmina, 1695-6 — Poesies fran- 
$aises, 1720 — Histoire de la derniere revolution 
de Perse, 1728 — Conjuration de Rienzi, 1733. 

Cerco, Q. Lutatius, — [BC] — Consul with A. 
Manlius Torq. Atticus, (513, a. u. c.) 241. 

Cerda, Bernarda Ferreira de la, poetess, — b. 
at Porto, 1595 — if., 1644. Fspaiia libertada, 
1618. 

Cerda, Jean Louis de la, Jesuit, — b. at 
Toledo, about 1560 — enters Order of Jesuits, 
1574 — Prof. Theology, Logic, &c, about 1592- 
1643— tf. at Madrid, 6 Aug. 1643. Commentary 
on Virgil, 1608-17 — Adversaria sacra, §c, 1626. 



Cerda, Melchior de la, Jesuit, — Prof. Belles 
Lettres, Philosophy, Theology, at Seville and 
Cordova; tf. at Seville, 16 15. Apparatus 
Latini Sermonis, 1598 — Campi eloquentice, 
1 6 14 — Consolatio ad BZispanos, $c. t 162 1. 

Cerdagne, (Ceritania,) — held as a countship, 
about 863 — given by Mirou, Count of Barcelona, 
to his son Oliba, about 928 — falls to Raymond 
Berenger III., Count of Barcelona, 11 17 — ■ 
freed from suzerainty of France by Treaty of 
Corbeil, n May 1258 — confiscated and united 
to Aragon by Pedro IV., by Pragmatic Sanction, 
29 Mar. 1 344— pledged to Louis XI. of France, 
by Juan II., 1462 — Juan attempts to recover it, 
1473 — restored by Charles VIII. to Ferdinand 
of Aragon, by treaty of Figuieres, Jan. 1493. 

Cerdic, Kixg of Wessex, — settles in the 
west of England, 495 a — establishes kingdom of 
Vfessex, 519 a — conquers Isle of Wight, 530 a 
— if., 534- a a A. S. Chron. 

Cere, Jean Nicolas, botanist,— b. in Isle of 
France, 1737 — officer in Royal Navy, 1757 — 
returns to Isle of France, 1759 — Director of 
Royal Garden there, 1775 — receives gold medal 
from Agricultural Society, Paris, 1788 — tj., 2 
May 1 8 10. 

Cerealis, — Consul with Loetus, (968, a. tj. c.) 
215. 

Cerealis, L. Tutius, — Consul with L. Cejonius 
Commodus Verus, (859, a. tj. c.) 106. 

Cerealis, Neratius, — Consul with Datianus, 

(1111, A. IT. C.) 358. 

Ceremonies, Master of the,— first appointed 
by James I., 1603. 

Ceres, — [B C] — first temple to, built at Rome 
by A. Postumius Albinirs, (258, a. v. c.) 496. 

Ceres, asteroid, — discovered by Piazzi, at 
Palermo, 1 Jan. 1801. 

Cereso, Matteo, painter, — b. at Burgos, 
1 6 35— if. at Madrid, 1685. 

Ceresola, (Cerasola,) Domenieo, Jesuit, poet, 
— b. at Bergamo, 1683 — if. at Rome, 1746. 
Rime sacre, 1747. 

Ceresuola. [Cerisoles.] 

Cerialis, (Cerealis, Ccerialis,) Petilius, — 
routed with the Ninth Legion by the Britons, 
61 — supports claim of Vespasian to the empire, 
69 — defeats Civilis on the Rhine, 70 — Lieu- 
tenant in Britain, 70, a 7i. b 

a Annals of England. b Smith's Diet. 

Cerignola, in Apulia, — Gonsalvo of Cordova 
defeats the French at, 28 Apr. 1503. 

Cerini, Giuseppe, poet, — b. at Solferino, 
1738 — tf. at Milan, 7 Sep. 1779. Dialogo fra 
Gracchi a e Mastr agora, 1760 — Dramas, 1773 
— Anacreontics, 1776. 

Cerinthus, theologian, — teaches at Antioch, 
before 100, after ioo. a a Basnage and others. 

Cerise, Doctor, (Lorenzo Alessandro Serisi,) 
physician, — fj. at Aosta, 1809^ 1807 b — M.D., 
Turin, 1828 — authorized to practise in France, 
1834 — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 25 Apr. 
1 845 — of Order of Merit of Savoy, 1 849 — tr. at 
Paris, 5 Oct. 1869. Examen critique du 
systeme phrenologique, 1836 — Medeein des salles 
d'asile, 1836 — Des Fonctions et des maladies 
nerveuses, 1842. 

Cerisier, Antoine Marie, historian, §c, — 



CEEISIEES— CETTI. 



b. at Chiitillon les Dombes, 1749 — deputy to 
States-General, 1789 — tf. at Chatillon, 1 Jul. 
1828. Tableau de V histoire generate des Pro- 
vinces Units, 1777-84 — Histoire de la fondation 
des colonies des anciennes republiqu.es, §c., 1778 
— founds Gazette unirerselle, Dec. 1790. 

Cerisiers, Rene de, Jesuit, — rj. at Xantes, 
1603. Innocence reconnue, Qc, 1647. 

Cerium, metal, — discovered by Hisinger and 
Berzelius, 1803. 

Cermenati, Giovanni di, historian, — living 
at Milan, 1336. PListoria de situ, origine et 
cultoribus Ambrosianee urbis, §c, after 13 13. 

Ceroni, Giovanni Antonio, sculptor, — b. at 
Milan, 1579 — tf. at Madrid, 1640. 

Ceroni, Giuseppe, poet, — fj. at Verona, about 
1775 — imprisoned, 1806 — tf. at Verona, 18 14. 

Cerquozzi. [Michel- Angelo delle Bat- 
taglie.] 

Cerretanus, Q,. Aulius, — [B C] — Consul with 
C. Sulpicius Longus, (431, a. d. c.) 323 — with 
L. Papirius Cursor, (-135,) 319. 

Cerretti, Luigi, poet, — b. at Modena, 1 ~Ko\. 
1738 — member of Commission of Public In- 
struction, 1796 — takes refuge in France, 1799- 
1801 — Prof. Eloquence, Pavia, 1804 — tf. Eector 
of the Univ. there, 5 Mar. 1808. Poesies, 1799 
— Instituzioni di eloqucnza, 1S11. 

Cersobleptes, (Kersobleptes,) Kixg of 
Thrace, — [B C] — with Berisades andAmadocus 
succeeds Cotys, 358 — cedes Chersonese to 
Athens, 357 — an object of jealousy, 356 s — en- 
deavours to gain sole power, 352 — attacked by 
Philip of Macedonia, 352 and 346 — reduced to 
a tributary by Philip, 343. a Clinton. 

Certon, Salomon, poet, — b., about 1550 — tf., 
about 16 10. V Odyssee d" Homere, 1604. 

Cerularius. [Michael I.J 

Cerutti, Giuseppe Antonio Gioachimo, 
Jesuit, — b. at Turin, 13 Juu. 1738 — allies him- 
self with Mirabeau, 1789 — tf., 3 Feb. 1792. 
Apologie de I' institution des jesuites, 1762 — 
(Euvres diverse*, 1793— Les jardins de JBetz, 
1792. 

Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel, — b. at Alcala 
dc Henares, Xew Castile, 9 Oct. 1547 — page to 
Cardinal Giulio Acquaviva, 1569— wounded at 
battle of Lepanto, 157 1 — captured by pirates, 
carried to Algiers, 1575 — released, 19 Sep. 
1580— settles at Madrid, and marries, about 
1585 ? — removes to Seville, 1588 — tf. at Madrid, 
23 Apr. 1616. I)on Quixote, 1605-15 — No- 
velas Exemplares, 16 13 — Galatea, 1584 — Yiage 
al Parnaso, 16 14. 

Cervantes de Salazar, Francisco. Obras 
que J'. Cervantes ete Salazar Ita hecho, glossado 
y traducido, 1546. 

Cervole, (Ccrrollc,) Arnaut de, (VArchi- 
pretre,) — ft. in Perigord, about 1300 — wounded 
and made prisoner at battle of Poitiers, 18 Dec. 
1356 — returns to France, 1357 — overruns, with 
his Rentiers, Provence and Burgundy, 1357-8 
lieutenant-general in French army, 1359 — 
forms and leads the compagnie blanche, 1360 — 
tj. in Provence, 1366. 

Cervoni, Jean Baptiste, general, — b. in 
I \ 176S— Lieutenant of Horse, 1792 — at 



negeof Toulon, 1793— General of l)ri 



igade, joins 



army of Italy, 1794 — distinguishes himself at 
Loano and Lodi, 1796 — General of Division, 13 
Feb. 1798 — killed at battle of Eckmuhl, 23 
Apr. 1809. 

Cesalpini, Andrea, physician, philosopher, 
— b- at Arezzo, 1519 — tf.,Prof. Medicine, Coll. 
of the Sapienza, and first physician to Clement 
VIII., 23 Feb. 1603. Qu&stiones peripatetics, 
1569 — Dcemonum invest igatio peripatetica, 1580 
— Qusstiones medics, 1595 — ALrs medica, 
(Catoptron,) 160 1-3. 

Cesari, Antonio, philologist, — b. at Verona, 
about 1750^ 1760 b — tf. at Bavenna, Oct. 1828. 
Edition of Yocabolario de la Crusca, 1806-9 — 
translation of theirs poetica, (Horace,) 18 16 
— Alcuni novelle, 18 10. 

a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Cesari, Bernardino, painter, — assists his 
brother Giuseppe, and tf. young, i6i4. a 
a Xagler. 

Cesari, Giuseppe, painter, — b. at Some, 
i57o, a 1560, 11 about 1568 c — tj. there, 1640 or 
1642. a a Nagler. 

b Ersch and Gruber. c Engl. Cyc. 

Cesaris, Angelo, first astronoemr of Milan 
Observatory, — b., about 1750 — tf. at Milan, 
18 Apr. 1832. 

Cesarotti, Melchiorre, miscellaneous writer, 
— b. at Padua, 15 May 1730 — Prof. Rhetoric 
there, 1749 — Knight of the Iron Crown, by 
Xapoleon I., 1807 — tf. at Padua, 3 ]STov. 1808. 
Poesie di Ossian, 1762 — Saggio della Filosofia 
delle Lingue, §c., 1785 — Ppistolario, 18 n. 

Cesi, Bartolomeo, painter, — b. at Bologna, 
1556 — tf., 1627 or 1629. 

Cesi, (Cesio,) Carlo, painter, engraver, — b. 
near Eieti, 1626 — tf. at Eieti, 1686. 

Cesi, Prince Federico, naturalist, — b. at 
Eome, 1585 — founds Academy of the Lincei, 
1603 — tf., 1630. Apiarium, 1625 — De Coelo, 
1630. 

Cespedes, Paolo de, painter, §c., — b. at 
Cordova, 1538 — canon, 1577 — tf. there, 1608. 

Cessart, Louis Alexandre de, engineer, — 
b. at Paris, 17 19 — engineer in chief, Tours, 
175 1 — assists in construction of bridge of 
Saumur, 1756 — Director of works at Cher- 
bourg, 1781 — tf. Inspector-general of Bridges 
and Eoads, 1806. 

Cestoni, Hyacinthe, naturalist, — b. in An- 
cona, 3 May 1637 — tf., 29 Jan. 17 18. 

Cethegus, Cornelius, — [BC] — 1. M., curule 
eedile and pontifex maximus, 213 — prsetor in 
Apulia, 211 — censor, 209 — Consul with P. 
Sempronius Tuditanus, (550, a. tj. c.) 204 — 
proconsul in Cisalpine Gaul, defeats Mago, 
203 — tf., 196. 2. C, proconsul in Spain, 200 — ■ 
aedile, 199 — Consul with Q. Minucius Eufus, 
(557,) 197 — defeats Insubrians and Cenoma- 
nians in Gaul, and triumphs, 197 — censor, 194. 
3. P., curule a?dile, 187 — praetor, 185 — Consul 
with M. Boebius Tamphilus, (573,) 181. 4. 
M., Consul with L. Anicius Gallus, (594,) 160. 
5. C, put to death for taking part in Catiline's 
conspiracy, Dec. 63. [AD] — 6. Ser., Consul 
with Visellius Varro, (777,) 24. 7. M., Consul 
with C. Erueius Clarus, (923,) 170. 

Cetti, Francesco, naturalist, — b. in the Mi- 



CEUTA— CBL2ER0NEIA. 



303 



lanese, 1726 — Prof. Philosophy, College of 
Sassari, 1760 — tf. there, about 1780. Quadru- 
pcdi di Sardegna, 1774 — Gli ucelli di Sardegna, 
1776. 

Ceuta, Septa, (Mons Abyla,) Africa, — taken 
by Eelisarius, 534 — by the Visigoths, 616 — 
occupied by the Moors, 930— taken from them 
by John I., king of Portugal, 1415, 1414,* 
1409 b — falls under dominion of Spain, 1580 
■ — confirmed to Spain by revolution of 1640 — 
ceded to Spain by Portugal by Treaty of Lis- 
bon, 1668 — besieged by Moors, 1697 — the 
Moors defeated and siege raised by Marquis of 
Leyden, 1720.° a Mellado. b Langlois. 

c Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Cevallos. [Zevallos.] 

Cevennes, The, in France, — Huguenot insur- 
rection in, 1703 — which is suppressed by Duke 
of Berwick, 1705. [Cavalier, Jean.] 

Ceylon, (Taprobane,) — [B C] — visited by 
Nearchus, 326-325 — [AD] — embassy from, to 
Koine, under Claudius, 41-54 — visited by Marco 
Polo, about 1292 — by Sir John Mandeville, 
about 1350? — the Portuguese settle in, about 
1505 — conflicts between Portuguese and Dutch, 
1632-56 — the coast districts taken by Dutch,. 
1656— conquered by the English, 1796 — ceded 
to them by Treaty of Amiens, Mar. 1802 — 
deposition of the native king, occupation of 
the whole island by the English, 18 15 — insur- 
rection, 1848. [Kandy, Trincomalee, Co- 
lombo.] 

Chabanel, Jean, — b. at Toulouse, about 
1560 — tf. there, about 1615. De Vantiquiik 
des eglises paroissiales, §c, 1608 — Sources de 
V elegance francaise, $•<?., 1612 — Be Vantiquite 
de Notre Dame de la Daurade a Toulouse, §c, 
1621. 

Chabannes, Antoine de, grand maitre de 
France, — distinguishes himself at siege of Or- 
leans, 1428 — escapes from the Bastille, 1465' — 
governor of l'lsle de France, 1485 — 1(., 25 
Dec. 1488. 

Chabannes. [Rochon de Chabannes.] 

Chabanon, Michel Paul Gui de, miscel- 
laneous writer, — b. at St Domingo, 1730 — 
member of Academy of Inscriptions, 1760 — 
of French Academy, 1780 — ft., 10 Jul. 1792. 
Observations sur la musique, 1779 — Floge his- 
torique de Fameau, 1764. 

Chabaud, Antoine, engineer, — b. at Nismes, 
23 Feb. 1727 — employed to fortify Constan- 
tinople, 1783 — "0. at Cette, 5 Aug. 1791. 

Chabaud de Latour, Antoine George 
Francois, — b. at Paris, 15 May 1767 — com- 
mander of National Guards, Nismes, 1791 — 
proscribed, 1793 — member of Council of Five 
Hundred, 1797 — deputy to Legislative Body, 
1813 — tf., 20 Jul. 1832. 

Chabeaussiere, La. [Lachabeaussiere.] 

Chabert, Joseph Bernard, Marquis de, — b. 
at Toulon, 28 Feb. 1723 — enters the navy, 
1 741 — receives Cross of St Louis, 1748 — mem- 
ber of Academy of Sciences, 1758 — returns 
from England, 1802 — member of Board of 
Longitudes, 1804 — rj. at Paris, 2 Dec. 1805. 

Chabert, Philibert, veterinary surgeon, — b. 
at Lyons, 6 Jan. 1737 — Inspector-general of 



Veterinary Schools, 1780 — member of Legion 
of Honour, 1 805 — correspondent of the In- 
stitute ; "a., 8 Sep. 1 8 14. TraitS du charbon 
ou anthrax dans les animaux, 1783 — Instruc- 
tions, §c, sur les maladies des animaux domes- 
tiques, 179 1-3. 

Chabot, Francois, — b. in the Bouergue, 1759 
— deputy to Legislative Assembly, 1791 — to 
Convention, 1792 — executed at Paris, 5 Apr. 
1794. Edits Journal populaire, §c, 1792. 

Chabot de PAllier, George Antoine, jurist, 
— b. at Montluc.on, 13 Apr. 1758 — deputy to 
Council of the Ancients, 1799 — President of the 
Tribunate, 1802 — Inspector-general of Law 
Schools, Feb. 1 806 — Judge of Court of Cassa- 
tion, 1807 — Inspector-general of Studies, 1815 
— b\ at Paris, 19 Apr. 1819. 

Chabot, Philippe de, admiral of France, — 
made prisoner at battle of Pavia, 1525 — com- 
mands in Piedmont, 1535 — deprived, 1540 — ft., 
1 Jun. 1543. 

Chabrias, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
91, 2) 415. 

Chabrias, — [BC] — succeeds Iphicrates at 
Corinth, 393, 392 a — commands mercenaries of 
Acoris of Egypt against Persia ; recalled, 
about 390 b — defeats Spartans at JEgina; assists 
Evagoras in Cyprus, 388 — sent with Timotheus 
and Callistratus to Thebes against Agesilaos, 
introduces his new manoeuvre, 378, 377 — gains 
sea-fight off Naxos, 9 Sep. 376 — joins Iphi- 
crates at Korkyra, autumn 373 — repulses Epa- 
minondas from Corinth, early 368 — accused re- 
specting loss of Oropus, 366 — commands army 
of Tachos of Egypt, early 361 — sent to 
arrange affairs of Thrace, latter part 360 — ■ 
succeeds Athenodorus in Thrace, 358 —Admiral, 
in Social "War, 357 — besieges Chios, before 
midsummer 357 — rj., 357. 

a Clinton. b Rehdantz. 

Chabrol de Crousol, Christophe Jean Andre, 
Count de, Peer oe France, — b. at Biom, 
177 1 — auditor to Council of State, 1.805 — I n ~ 
tendant-general of Finance, Illyrian provinces, 
Aug. 181 1 — Councillor of State, officer of 
Legion of Honour, 18 14 — Minister of Marine, 
1823-8 — of Finance, 1829 — rj., 1836. 

Chacon, Alfonso, (Ciaconias,) Dominican, — 
b. in Granada, 1540 — tf. at Borne, 14 Feb. 
1599. DZistoria utriusque belli Dacici a Tra- 
jano Ccesare gesti, 1576 — Vita et res gestae 
pontifcum, §c, 1601 — Bibliotheca, 1731. 

Chacon, Pedro, (Ciaco7iius,) philologist, — 
b. at Toledo, 1525 — employed by Gregory 
XIII. in correction of the Calendar, about 
1580 — tf. at Rome, 25 Oct. 1581. De triclinio 
Romano, 1588 — De ponderibus et mensuris, §c, 
1608. 

Cheeremon, tragedian, — [BC] — fl., about 
380. 

Chseremon, Stoic and grammarian, — librarian 
at Alexandria, between 1 and 50. 

Chserondas, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
110, 3,) 338. 

ChEeroneia, — [BC] — Philip of Macedonia 
defeats Athenians and Thebans at, (01. 110, 3, 
7 Metagitnion) Aug. 338 — Sulla defeats Arche- 
laos at, 86. 



3°4 



CHALNTTZA— CHALOXER. 



Chainitza, {Khainitza,)— b. in Albania, about 
1750— marries Castron d'Argyro, 1765 — tf. at 
Librovo, 1820. 

Chair of St Peter, at Home, — mentioned by 
Ennodius of Pavia, 500 — feast of, restored by 
Paul IV., 1558 — exposed for veneration of the 
faithful, by Pius IX., 1867. 

Chaise. [Filleau.] 

Chalais, Count de. [Talleyrand, Henri.] 

Chalcedon, — [BC] — founded bv Archias of 
Megara, 674^ (01. 26, 2,) 67 5-4^ 685 c — taken 
bv Otanes, 424 s — aided by Pharnabazus, revolts 
against Athens, about Jun. 41 1 — captured by 
Alkibiades and the Athenians, 408 — Avar of 
Zipoetes against, 3 15 — subject to kings of Bithy- 
nia, 140 — its inhabitants transferred to Nico- 
media, 140 c — 'besieged by Mithridates, 74 — 
[AD] — taken by Goths, 259— taken by Chos- 
roes, 616 — recovered by Heraclius, about 620 — 
assaulted by the Turks, 29 Jun., 8 Aug. 626 a 
— taken by "the Turks, about 1075. Council of, 
{General,) to reverse decisions of Council of 
Ephesus, Eutyches condemned, &c, 451. 
a Clinton. " b Muller. c Smith's Diet. 

Chalcidice, (Ohalkis, KhalkidiM,) in Thro.ee, 
• — [B C] — requests aid of Athens in Olynthian 
War, latter part of 349. [Bras^das, Olyn- 
thus, Potidsea, &c] 

Chalcidicene, in Syria, (ChalJcis.) — Ptole- 
M-Ers, tetrarch of, to 40 — Lysaxias, 40 — Hero- 
des, 41 — Herodes Agrippa, the younger, 48 
— Aristobulus, before 73 — incorporated in the 
Roman Empire, about 90. 

Chalcis,(Chalkis,) in Eubcea, — [B C] — cleruchs 
sent out to, from Athens, 509 — captured by 
Eomans, 192. [Eubcea.] 

Chalcocondyles, {Chalcondyles,) Laonicus, 
{Xicolaus,) Byzantine historian, — ambassador 
from John VII. to Sultan Murad II., 1446 — 
living, 1462,* (? I490 b ). a Hamberger. b Yoss. 
Chalcondyles, Demetrius, grammarian, — b. 
at Athens, about 1424 — Prof. Greek, Florence, 
about 147 i, a 1479 b — P r °f- Greek, Milan, 1492 



-tf. there, 151 i. b 1510. 



Greek Grammar, 
of 



about 1493 — editions of Homer, 14 

Isocrates, 1493 — and Suidas, 1499. 

a Bees' Cyc. b Biog. L'niv. c Ersch and Gruber. 

Chaldsea. [Babylonia.] 

Chaldaean Era, — [BC] — commences, spring 

3" - A 

Chales. [Dechales.] 

Chalgrin, Jean Francois Therese, architect, 
— b. at Paris, 1739 — first architect to Monsieur, 
about 1770 — member of the Institute; if., 20 
Jan. 181 1. 

Chalgrove, in Oxfordshire, — Hampden mor- 
tally wounded in a skirmish at, 18 Jun. 1643. 

Chalin de Vin'erio, Raymond, physician, — fl. 
at Avignon, about 1350-80. 

Challan, Antoine Didier Jean Baptiste, — b. 
at Menlan, 19 Sep. 1754 — member of Council 
of Five Hundred, 1798 — President of the Tri- 
bunate, 1802 — of Legislative body, 1807 — 
officer of Legion of Honour, Oct. 1815 — re- 
ceives patent of nobility, 29 Nov. 1815 — rj. at 
Meulan, 31 Mar. 1831. 

Challes, Claude Francois Milliet de, mathe- 
matician, — b. atChambery, 162 1 — enters Order 



of Jesuits, 1635 — tf. at Turin, 28 Mar. 1678 — ■ 

Cursus sett mundas mathematicus, 1674 — Eu- 
clid is elcmentorum lib. VIII., 1660. 

Challine, Paul, jurist, — fl., about 1650. Me- 
thode generate pour V intelligence des coutumesde 
France, 1666. 

Chalmel, Jean Louis, historian, — u.at Tours, 
1756 — deputy to Council of Five Hundred, 
1798 — to Chamber of Eepresentatives, 18 15 — ■ 
tf. at Tours, 26 Xov. 1829. Histoire de la 
Touraine, §c„ 1828. 

Chalmers, Alexander, biographer, $c, — ft. 
at Aberdeen, 29 Mar. 1759 — settles in London, 
1777 — F.S.A., 1805 — is. in London, 10 Dec. 
1834. General Biographical Dictionary, 18 12-7 
— British Essayists, 1803 — English Poets, 18 10 
— History of the Colleges, §c, of Oxford L'niv., 
1810. 

Chalmers, David, statesman, miscellaneous 
writer, — fj. in Rosshire, about 1530 — studies 
at Bologna, 1556 — Privy Councillor to Queen 
Mary, 1565 — employed in publishing the Acts 
of Parliament of Scotland, 1566 — retires to 
Spain, 1568 — restored to his estates and dig- 
nities, 4 Sep. 1583 — Lord of Session, 21 Jul. 
1586 — tf., 1592. Histoire abre'ge'e de tons les 
Boys de France, Angleterre et Ecosse, 1572 — 
Discours de la legitime'e succession des femmes, 
§ e -i J 573 — I* a recherche des singidarites, §c. y 
I 519- 

Chalmers, George, miscellaneous writer, — 6. 
in Elginshire, 1742 — clerk to Board of Trade, 
1 7 86- 1 825— tf., 31 May 1825. Political An- 
nals of the United Colonies, 1780 — Estimate of 
the comparative streyigth of Great Britain, 1782 
— Caledonia, 1807-24 — life of Defoe, 1790 — ■ 
Chronological Account of Commerce and Coinage 
in Great Britain, 1810. 

Chalmers, Thomas, theologian, — ft. at Ans- 
truther, Fifeshire, 17 Mar. 1780 — minister of 
Eilmany, May 1803-15 — minister of Tron 
parish, Glasgow, 1815-19 — D.D., Glasgow, 
1 8 16 — minister of St John's, 1819-23 — Prof. 
Moral Philosophy, St Andrews, Jan. 1823 — ■ 
Prof. Divinity, Edinburgh, 1828-43 — Royal 
Chaplain, 1830 — Moderator of General As- 
sembly, 1832 — F.R.S.E., 1834 — member of 
French Institute, 1834 — sanctions the 'Veto 
Act,' 1834 — LL.D., Oxford, 1835 — heads the 
secession from the Established Church, and 
founds the 'Free Church,' 18 May 1843— 
Moderator of General Assembly of Free Church, 
1843 — Principal, Prof. Divinity, New College, 
1843-7 — "0- at Edinburgh, 31 May 1847. Art. 
' Christianity,' Edinb. Encycl., 1809 — Christian 
and Civic Economy of large Towns, 1819-23-26 
— Astronomical Discourses, 1816 — Ecclesiasti- 
cal and Literary Endowments, 1827 — Political 
Economy, 1831 — Bridgeicater Treatise, 1833 — ' 
Lectures in Defence of Church Establishments 
1838. 

Chalmers, William, {Camerarius,) historian, 
theologian, — u. at Aberdeen, about 1600? — ■ 
enters Order of Jesuits at Eome, before 1625 
—returns to England, 1625 — tf. at Paris, 1678. 
Selectee disputationes philosopthic<2, 1630 — Ec- 
clesiastical History of Scotland, 1643. 

Chaloner, Sir Thomas, — b. in London, 



CHALONEE— CHAMBEAY. 



305 



about 15 15 — Knt, after battle of Musselburgb, 
1547 — ambassador from Queen Elizabeth to 
Emperor Ferdinand L, 1559 — ^° Philip U-> 
156 1 — tf. in London, 7 Oct. 1565, De repub- 
lica Anglorum instauranda, 1579. 

Chaloner, Sir Thomas, — ft., 1559 — Knt > 
159 1 — -Tutor to Prince Henry, 1603 — tf. at 
Chiswick, 17 Nov. 16 15. 

Chalons-sur-Marne, in France, (Catelauni,) 
— Tetricus defeated by Aurelianus near, sum- 
mer 274^ 273 b — Jovinus defeats the Alamanni, 
about Jun. 366 — Aetius defeats Attila, 451 — 
besieged and burnt by Herbert and Eobert de 
Yermandois, 963 — free State under its Bishops : 
reunited to the royal domain, 1360 — the de- 
puties of Eheims received by Charles VII. and 
Joan of Arc at, 1429 — besieged by the English, 
1430 and 1434 — bums bulls of Gregory XIV. 
and Clement VIII. against Henry IV., 1591-2 
• — occupied by Prussians, Aug. 1870. Cathedral, 
consecrated, 1147 — rebuilt, 1672. Camp of, 
head-quarters of Napoleon III., 17 Aug. 1870 
— retreat of Marshal MacMahon from, camp 
broken up, 20 Aug. 1870. 

a Clinton. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Chalons-sur-Saone, in France, (Cabillonum, 
§c.,) — burnt by Attila, 451 — ravaged by Sara- 
cens, 732 — head of a county under Pepin the 
Short, about 760 — sacked by Lothaire, 834 — 
taken by Huns, 937 — Lambert, first hereditary 
Count, 968 — passes by exchange to Duchy of 
Burgundy, 1237 — passes with Burgundy to 
kings of France, 1477. Council of, on disci- 
pline, 813. 

Chalotais, Louis Rene de Caradeuc de la, 
— ft. at Eennes, 6 Mar. 1701 — reads his Gompte 
rendu des constitutions des Je'suites, 1 Dec. 1761 
— reads a second, Mar. 1762 — arrested, 11 Nov. 
1765 — released, Nov. 1775 — tf. at Eennes, 12 
Jul. 1785. Essai d' education nationale, 1763 — - 
Trois Memoires, 1766-7. 

Chalus, in France, — Eichard I., king of 
England, mortally wounded at, 26 Mar. 1199. 
Chamberlain, Lord Great, of England, — 
office of, held by the De Veres, from about 
1 102 — ranks after the Lord Privy Seal by Stat. 
31 Hen. VIII. c. 10, s. 0, 1539— office of > 
passes to the families of Willoughby de Eresby 
and Cholmondeley, 1779. 

Chamberlayne, Edward,— ft. at Odington, 
Gloucestershire, 13 Dec. 1616 — M.A., Oxford, 
1641— returns to England, about 1660 — F.E.S., 
1668 — accompanies Lord Carlisle to Sweden, 
1670 — LL.D., Cambridge, 1670 — tf. at Chel- 
sea, 1703. Magna? Britannice notitia, i66$-']i. 
Chamberlayne, John, translator, — enters 
Oxford Univ. ?, 1685 — F.B.S., 1702 — tf., 1724. 
Oratio dominica in diversas omnium fere genti- 
um linguas versa, 17 15. 

Chamberlen, Hugh, surgeon, — ft., 1664 — 
M.D., Cambridge, 1690 — tf. in London, 17 
Jun. 1728. Translation of Mauriceau's Mid- 
wifery, 1683 — invents the Forceps, about 1692 ? 
Chambers, Ephraim, miscellaneous writer, — 
ft. at Kendal, probably about 1680 — F.E.S., 
6 Nov. 1729 — tf. at Islington, 15 May 1740. 
Cyclopaedia, 1728. 
Chambers, George, painter, — ft. at Whitby, 



about 1 800 — tf • marine painter to "William IV. 
and Queen Adelaide, Oct. 1840. Bombard- 
ment of Algiers, 1836 — Portobello taken, 1839. 

Chambers, Robert, publisher, historical and 
miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Peebles, 1802 — * 
begins business as a bookseller at Edinburgh, 
1 81 7 — marries, about 1829 — enters into part- 
nership with his brother William, 1832 — visits 
Switzerland, 1848 — Sweden and Norway, 1849 
— authorship of Vestiges of Natural History of 
Creation attributed to him, 1 844 — visits Iceland, 
1855 — LL.D., St Andrews, 1863 — death of his 
wife, 29 Sep. 1863 — marries again, 1867 — ■ 
death of his second wife, Jan. 1870 — tf. at St 
Andrews, 17 Mar. 1871. Traditions of Edin- 
burgh, 1823 — Popular Bhymes of Scotland, 
1826 — Picture of Scotland, 1827 — Histories of 
Scottish Rebellions, (for Constable's Miscellany,) 
1826 — Scottish Ballads and Songs, 1829 — Bio- 
graphical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen, 
1835 — with his brother, Gazetteer of Scotland, 
1832 — Cyclopedia of English Literature, 1844 
— Domestic Annals of Scotland, 1858 — Ancient 
Sea Margins, 1 848 — edition of Burns' s Works, 
1 85 1 — Booh of Bays, 1864 — Essays, 1866 — 
contributes to Chambers' 's Edinburgh Journal, 
from 1832 — -joint editor of Chambers's Encyclo- 
pedia, 1860-8. 

Chambers, Sir William, architect, — ft. at 
Stockholm, 1726— settles in London, 1744 — ■ 
Knt of the Polar Star, 177 1 — rebuilds Somerset 
House, 1775 — tf. in London, 8 Mar. 1796. 
Designs for Chinese Buildings, 1759 — Finns, 
Elevations, §c, of Gardens and Buildings at 
Keiv, 1765 — Treatise on Civil Architecture, 
1759-68. 

Chambers's Edinburgh Journal, — com- 
menced, 4 Feb. 1832. 

Chambert, Germain, painter, engraver, — ft. 
at Grisolles, 1784 — tf., 13 Feb. 1821. 

Chambery, Savoy, — ceded to Thomas L, 
Count of Savoy, 1220 — taken by the French, 
1690 — restored by Treaty of Utrecht, 17 13 — 
occupied by French and Spaniards, 1742-8 — 
entered by General Montesquiou, 25 Sep. 1792 
— taken by Austrians, 20 Jan. 18 14 — the 
Austrians driven out by the French, 19 Feb. 
1 8 14 — restored to Savoy by second Treaty of 
Paris, 20 Nov. 18 15 — Archbishopric, 18 17 — • 
ceded to France by Victor Emmanuel, 24 Mar. 
i860. 

Chambon de Montaux, Nicolas, physician, 
— ft. at Brevaimes, 1748 — settles at Paris, 1780 
— Maire de Paris, Dec. 1792 to 2 Feb. 1793 
— tf. at Paris, 1826. Maladies des files, 8$c., 
1799 — Trait e de V education des moutons, 
1810. 

Chambrai, Roland Freard, Sieur de, writer 
on art, — sent to Italy by Louis XIV. to collect 
objects of art, 1640 — examines projects for 
restoration of the Louvre, 1666— tf. at Mans, 
1676. Par allele de V architecture ancienne et 
moderne, 1650 — Idee de la perfection de la 
peinture, §c, 1662. 

Chambray, Georges, MAnauis de, — ft. at 

Paris, 1783 — serves in campaigns in Germany, 

1806-9 — captured by the Eussians at Wilna, 

1 81 2 — returns to France, 18 15 — Marechal de 

20 



306 



CHAMBRE— CHAMPAGNY. 



camp, 1829 — ft., 1850. Hisioire de V expedition 
de Bussie, 1833. 

Chambre Ardente, — established by Francis 
I. of France for trial of heretics, about 1535 — 
ceases to sit, about 1560. 

Chambre, Marin Cureau de la, miscellaneous 
writer, — fc. at Mans, about i594, a 1613 b — 
member of French Academy, 1635 — member of 
Academy of Sciences, 1666 — "Jj. at Paris, 29 
Nov. 1669. Caracteres des passions, 1640-62 — 
Art de connaitre les hommes, 1660 — Systeme de 
I'Ame, 1664. 

a Niceron. b Condorcet. 

Chambrier d'Oleyres, Jean Pierre, Baron 
de, statesman, — b., 1752 — member of Academy 
of Sciences, Berlin, 1792 — ft., 30 Dec. 1822. 
Notices preliminaires relatives a VFtat de 
Neuchatel et Vallengin, 1789 — Fssai sur le 
droit des Gens, 1795. 

Chambure, Laurent Auguste Lepelletier de, 
— b. in Burgundy, 30 Mar. 1789— distinguishes 
himself at defence of Dantzic, 1807 — surrenders 
himself prisoner to Prince of Wiirtemberg, 
1808 — Commander of Free Corps, 18 15 — 
Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 21 Mar. 1831 
— tf. at Paris, 12 Jul. 1832. Napoleon et ses 
contemporains, §c, 1826-7. 

Chamfort, Sebastien Roch Nicolas, miscel- 
laneous ivriter, — b. in Auvergne, 1741 — 
member of French Academy, 17 81 — is. at Paris, 
13 Apr. 1794. Floge de Moliere, 1769 — Floge 
de la Fontaine, 1774 — (Euvres, 1795. 

Chamier, Daniel, theologian, — b. at Monte- 
limart, about 1570 — Prof. Theology, Academy 
of Montauban, 1612 — killed at siege of that 
town, i6, a 2i b Oct. 1621. Tanstratia cutholica, 
§c, i6io, a 1626 13 — >Epistolce jesuiticce, 1599 — 
Corpus theologicum, 161 3. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Chamier, Frederick, Captain, B.N., novelist, 
— b. in London, 1796 — enters the navy, 1809 — 
leaves it, 1833 — ft., 1870. Life of a Sailor, 
1834 — Ben Brace, 1835 — Arethusa, 1836 — 
Tom Bowline, 1839 — edition with continuation 
of James's Naval History, 1837. 

Chamillard, Etienne, antiquary, — b. at 
Bourges, 1 1 Nov. 1656 — enters Order of Jesuits, 
1673 — ft. at Paris, 1 Jul. 1730. Brudentii 
opera, §c. } 1687 — Dissertations sur plusieurs 
medailles, §c, 171 1. 

Chamilly, Noel Bouton, Marquis de, 
Marshal of France, — b. at Chamilly, 6 Apr. 
1636 — serves under Schomberg in Portugal, 
1663 — distinguishes himself by defence of 
Grave, 1675 — Marshal of France, 1703 — ft., 8 
Jan. 1715,* 1705. b 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Chamir, Eleazar, Armenian, — b. near 
Ispahan, about 1720 — settles at Madras, 1748 
— ft. there, about 1790. Hortorag, 1772 — 
Map of Armenia, 1770^ 1778 b — History of 
the Remnant of the Armenians and Georgians, 
1775. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Chamisso, Adelbert von, (Louis Charles 
Adelaide de Chamisso de Boncourt,) poet, 
naturalist, §c, — b. at Boncourt in Champagne, 
27 Jan. 1781 — goes to Berlin, 1796 — returns 
to France, i8io, :l 1806 b — accompanies Russian 



expedition under Kotzebue round the world, 
1815-18 — b. at Berlin, 21 Aug. 1838. Beter 
Schlemil, 18 13 — Bemerkungen und Ansichten 
auf einer Beise urn die Welt, 1821 — Gedichte, 
1831. a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. 

Chamouni, Valley of, in Switzerland, — • 
visited by Windham and Pococke, Jun. 1741 — ■■ 
by Pierre Martel, and mapped, 1743 — by de 
Saussure, 1760. 

Champ de Mars. [Federation.] 

Champagne, in France, Counts of Cham- 
pagne, — conquered from the Bomans by Clovis 
and made part of his kingdom, 486 — forms 
part of Austrasia, 511 — governed by Counts of 
the House of Vermandois, from about 940 (?) 
to 1030,* 1019 b — by Counts of the House of 
Blois, 1019-1234 — EudesII. succeeds Stephen, 
1019 — Stephen II. succeeds, 1037 — succeeded 
by his brother, Theobald L, (III. of Blois,) 
1047 or 1048 — succeeded by his son, Hugh L, 
about 1089 (?) — he goes to Palestine, n 13, 
1121, and 1 125 — his nephew, Theobald II., 
succeeds, about 1 1 25 — who intrigues with 
Henry I. of England, and is attacked by Louis 
le GrOs, 11 35 — Henry I., the Liberal, son of 
Theobald II., Jan. 1152 — his son, Henry II., 
n8oorn8i, c ii97 d — Henry goes to Palestine, 
1 190 — and is named King of Jerusalem, 1192 
— tf. at Acre, 1197 — succeeded by his brother, 
Theobald III., 1197 — his son, Theobald IV., 
succeeds, 1201 — becomes part of kingdom of 
JNavarre by succession of Theobald, May 1234 
— Theobald V., his son, 1253 — his brother, 
Henry III., succeeds, 1270 — Joanna I., his 
daughter, under the guardianship of her mother 
Blanche, 1274 — Prince Edmund of England 
marries Blanche and receives title of Count of 
Champagne, 1275 — marriage of Joanna to 
Philip the Fair of France, 16 Aug. 1284— - 
Louis Hutin, their son, succeeds on his 
mother's death, 1305 — Joanna II., daughter 
of Louis, under the regency of Philip the Tall, 
1 316 — she marries Philip of Evreux, 131 8 — 
ceded by her and Philip to Philip of Valois by 
treaty of 15 Mar. 1335 — united to the crown 
of France by John II., 1361 — invaded by 
Charles V., 1544— entered by Prussians, 1792 
— held in pledge by Germans, 1871. 

a Pithou. b others. 

c Art de Verifier les Dates. d Pagi. 

Champagne, Jean Eaptiste, painter, — b. at 
Brussels, 1643^ 1645^ 1635?° — received at 
the Academy, 14 Sep. 1671° — ft. at Paris, 
i688, a 28 Oct. i68i. c 

a Biog. Univ. b Villot. c Jal. 

Champagne, Philippe de, painter, — b. at 
Brussels, 1602 — goes to Paris, 1621 — member 
of Academy of Painting, 1648 — ft. at Port- 
Boyal, a at Paris, b 12 Aug. 1674. Les Be- 
ligieuses, about 1662. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Champagny, Jean Eaptiste Nompere de, 
Duke of Cadore, statesman, peer of France 
§c, — b. at Boanne, 4 Aug. 1756 — deputy to 
States-General, 1789 — arrested, 1793 — member 
of Council of State, 1799 — ambassador to 
Vienna, 1801 — officer of Legion of Honour, 
Minister of the Interior, 1804 — assists at coron- 



CHAMPANEE— CHANDEENAGOEE. 



3°7 



ation of Napoleon I. at Milan, 1805 — Minister 
of Foreign Affairs, 1807-11 — Duke of Cadore, 
1808 — follows Napoleon in campaign of Wa- 
gram, 1809 — Senator, 5 Apr. 181 3— Peer, by 
Louis XVIII., Jun. 1814 — by Napoleon, 1815 
—retires, 1815 — tf., 3 Jul. 1834. 

Champanee, taken by Humayun, (Sefer 942,) 
Aug. 1535. 

Chainparty, {Champerty,) — defined by 33 
Edw. I. st. 1, 1304-5 — prohibited by Stat. 
3 Edw. I. c. 25, 1275 ; 13 Edw. I. c. 49, 
1285; 28 Edw. I. st. 3, c. 11, 1299-1300; 7 
Eic. II. c. 15, 1383; & 32 Hen. VIII. c 9, 
1540. 

Champeaux, Guillaume de, scholastic philo- 
sopher, —his disputation with Abelard, at Paris, 
about no8 a — discontinues teaching at Paris, 
and retires to chapel of St Victor, n 08 — founds 
Abbey of St Victor, 11 13 — Bp of Chalons-sur- 
Marne, 11 13 — consecrates Bernard abbot of 
Clairvaux, ni5 a — Cistercian, 11 19— represents 
Calixtus II. at Conference of Mousson, 1 1 1 9 — 
tf., 1121. a Morison. 

Champier, Symphorien, physician, historian, 
— h. in the Lyonnese, 1472 — physician to Duke 
of Lorraine, 1509 — tf. at Lyons, 1539. ^ es 
grans Chroniqueurs des princes de Savoy e, §c, 
15 16 — Vie du capitaine Bayard, 1525 — Be 
origine, §c, civitatis Bugdunensis, 1507 — Casti- 
gationes pharmacopolarxmi, 1532. 

Champion of the King, in England,— office 
held by the family of Dymocke from the coron- 
ation of Eichard II., 1377 — last appears at 
coronation of George IV., 1821. 

Champion de Nilon, Charles Francois, 
Jesuit, — ft. at Eennes, 1 Feb. 1724 — tf., 
about 1794. Morceaux choisis des prophetes 
mis en francais, 1777. 

Champion de Pontalier, Francois, Jesuit, — 
ft. at Eennes, 21 Oct 1731 — tf. there, 10 Sep. 
18 1 2. Varietes d'un philosophe provincial, 
1769 — Le Tre'sor du chre'tien, 1778 — Le The'o- 
logien philosophe, 1786. 

Championnet, Jean Etienne, general, — ft. 
at Valencia, 1762 — serves at siege of Gibraltar, 
1781 — distinguishes himself at the recapture of 
the lines of Weissenburg, 1793 — commands in 
army of the Ehine, 1794-95-97 — defeats Nea- 
politan army, takes prisoner General Mack, Jan. 
1799 — deprived, imprisoned, 1799 — tf. at Nice, 
9 Jan. 1800. 

Champlain de Brouage, Samuel, maritime 
discoverer, — goes to the East Indies, about 
1600 — sent to Canada, ascends the St Lawrence, 
1603 — returns to France, 1607 — embarks for 
Canada, 1608 — founds Quebec, Jul. 1608 — 
governor, 1620 — capitulates to the English, 
1627 — tf., Dec. 1635. Bes Sauvages, §c, about 
1606? 

Champlain Lake, in AT. America, — discover- 
ed by Samuel Champlain, 1608 — American 
flotilla defeated by the English, 1 1 and 1 3 Oct. 
1776 — English squadron defeated by the Ameri- 
cans, 11 Sep. 1 814. 

Champmesle, Charles Chevillet, Sietjk, de, 
actor, dramatist, — tf. at Paris, 22 Aug. 1701. 
(Euvres, 17.42. 

Champmesle, Marie Desmares, actress, — ft. 



at Eouen, 1644— goes to Paris, 1660— tf., i<r 
Mar. 1698. • ■ ' r 

Champollion, Jean Francois, the younger, 
archczologist, — ft. at Figeac, 23 Dec. 179V 
I 79°» b — studies at Paris, 1807 — Prof. History, 
Grenoble, 1809,* 18 1 i, b — studies in Italy, 
1824-6 — director of scientific expedition to 
Egypt, 1828-30— member of Institute, 1830— 
tf. at Paris, 4 Mar. 1832. B'Egypte sous les 
Fharaons, §c, 18 14 — Bettre d M. Bacier, 1822 
— Pantheon Egyptien, §c, 1823 — Precis du sys- 
teme hieroglyphique, $c. f 1824. 

a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Champollion-Figeac, Jacques Joseph., ar- 
chceologist, — ft. at Figeac, (Lot,) 5 Oct. 1778 — 
Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 1828 — deprived 
of keepership of charts, &c, at Imperial Li- 
brary, 1848 — librarian at Fontainebleau, 1849 
— officer of Legion of Honour, 1866 — tf., 9 
May 1867. Antiquites de Grenoble, 1807 — 
Annates de Bagides, 1819 — Egypte ancienne et 
moderne, 1840 — Palais de Fontainebleau, 1867 
— collaborates in the Paleographie Universale, 
1839-41. 

Champs, Etienne Agard de, Jesuit,— ft. at 
Bourges, 17 13 — thrice Provincial of his Order; 
tf. at la Fleche, 31 Jul. 1701. Be hceresi 
Janseniaca, 1654 — Qucestio Facti, 1660. 

Chancellor of France, — made first minister 
of the crown, 1223. 

Chancellor, Lord, of England, — declared 
treason to slay him, by 25 Edw. III. st. 5, c. 2, 
1 35 1 -2 — authority of, identical with that of the 
Lord Keeper, by 5 Eliz. c. 18, 1562-3 — salary 
fixed by Acts 39 Geo. III. c. 110, 1799 ; 2 and 3 
Wm IV. c. 122, 16 Aug. 1832 ; 14 and 15 Vic. 
c. 83, 7 Aug. 1 85 1. 

Chancellor, Eichard, maritime discoverer,— 
commands under Willoughby in expedition to 
explore Northern Ocean, 1553-4. 

Chancellors, Vice, in England, — first ap- 
pointed by Act 53 Geo. III. c. 24, 181 3 — ad- 
ditional, by Acts 5 Vic. c. 5, 23 Mar. 1842 ; 
14 Vic. c. 4, 1 Apr. 1851. 

Chancellorsville, U.S., — defeat of Gen. 
Hooker by Gens. Lee and Jackson, 2 May 1863. 

Chancery Commission, issued, Dec. 1850. 

Chancery, Court of, — remodelled and prac- 
tice regulated by Acts 15 and 16 Vic. cc. 86 and 
87, 1 Jul. 1852; 16 and 17 Vic. c. 98, 20 Aug. 
1853. 

Chancery, Lords Justices of Court of Appeal 
in, — appointed by Act 14 and 15 Vic. c. 83, 7 
Aug. 1 85 1 — further provisions, by Act 30 and 
31 Vic. c. 64, 25 Jul. 1867. 

Chancery, Masters in, —office regulated by 
Act 3 and 4 Wm IV. c. 94, 28 Aug. 1833. _ 

Chancery Offices, — laws relating to abolition 
of, 2 and 3 AVm IV. c. Ill, 15 Aug. 1832 ; 3 
and 4 Wm. IV. c. 94, 28 Aug. 1833 ; 5 and 6 
Vic. c. 103, 10 Aug. 1842. 

Chanderi, — besieged and taken by Baber, 
(934, a. h.) 20 Jan. 1528. 

Chandernagore, in Hindustan, — French set- 
tlement at, 1676 — taken by Clive, Mar. 1757 — 
restored to the French, 1763 — ragain taken by 
British, again restored, 1783 — retaken by the 
British, 1793 — given up to the French, 18 16. 
20 * 



3 o8 



CHAXDIEU— CHAPTAL. 



Chandieu, Antoine la Roche de, theologian, 
— b., about 1534 — pastor, Prof. Hebrew, Ge- 
neva, 1589 — tf. there, 23 Feb. 159 1. Opera 
theologica, 1592. 

Chandler, Edward, theologian ,— fj. at Dub- 
lin, ? about 1670 — Bp of Lichfield, 17 17 — of 
Durham, 1730— tf. in London, 20 Jul. 1750. 
Defence of Christianity, 1725 — Vindication of 
the Defence, 1728. 

Chandler, Richard, archceologist, — b. in 
Hampshire, 1738 — enters Queen's Coll., Oxford, 
May 1755 — travels in Asia Minor and Greece, 
1764-6 — D.D., 1773 — travels in Switzerland 
and Italy, 1785 — rector of Tilelrurst, 1800 — tf. 
there, 9 Feb. 1810. Edits Marmora Oxoniensia, 
1763 — with Revett and Pars, Ionian Antiqui- 
ties, 1769 — Inscriptiones Antique, §c, 1774 — 
Travels in Asia Minor, 1775 — Travels in 
Greece, 1776 — History of Ilium, 1802 — Life 
of William Waynjiete, 1811. 

Chandler, Samuel, theologian, — b. at Hun- 
gerford, in Berkshire, 1693 — minister of Presby- 
terian congregation, Peckhani, 17 16— of Presby- 
terian congregation, London, 1726 — tf. there, 
8 May 1766. Vindication of the Christian Re- 
ligion, 1725 — Reflections on the conduct of the 
modem Deists, 1727 — History of Persecution, 
1736 — Witnesses of the Resurrection, §c, 1744 
— Critical History of the Life of David, 1766. 

Chandos, John, general, — regent for king of 
England in France, 1360 — Constable of Gui- 
enne, 1362 — sent to assist Earl of Montfort, 
1364 — defeats Duguesclin at Auray, 29 Sep. 
(8 Oct.) 1364 — Constable to Prince of Wales; 
Seneschal of Poitou, 1369 — invades Anjou; 
killed in combat near Poitiers, 1369. 

Channel Islands, — as part of Duchy of 
Normandy, are attached to crown of England 
at the Conquest, 1066. 

Channing, William Ellery, theologian, ora- 
tor, — b. in Rhode Island, U. S., Apr. 1780 — 
minister of Unitarian congregation, Boston, 
1803 — tf. at Burlington, Vermont, 2 Oct. 1842. 
Reviews, Discourses, §c, 1830. 

Chantal, Jeanne Franchise Fremiot, Dame 
de, — b. at Dijon, 23 Jan. 1572 — places herself 
under direction of St Francis de Sales, 1604 — 
fomids Order of La Visitation Sainte Marie at 
Annecy, 1610 — tf. at Moulins, 13 Dec. 1641 — 
beatified, by Benedict XIV., 1751 — canonized 
by Clement XII., 1767. Lettres, 1660. 

Chantonay, (Chantonnay,) Thomas Perrenot 
de, diplomatist, — b. at Besan^on, 22 May 15 14 
— represents Philip II. of Spain at his marriage 
with Queen Mary of England, 1554 — ambassa- 
dor to France, 1560 — Captain of Besanqon, 
1564 — ambassador to Maximilian II., 1565 — 
tf. at Antwerp, 1575. 

Chantreau, Pierre Nicolas, miscellaneous 
writer, — b. at Paris, 1741 — charged to organize 
Schools in Catalonia, 1792 — tf. at Auch, 25 
Oct. 1808. Dictiomiaire national, §c, des mots 
et images introduits par la revolution, 1790 — 
Lettres e'erites de Barcelone, §c, 1792-6 — 
Science de Vhistoire, 1804-6. 

Chantrey, Sir Francis, sculptor, — b. at Xor- 
ton, Derbyshire, 7 Apr. 17 81 — apprenticed to 
Ramsay, the wood-carver, 1797 — exhibits at 



the Roval Academy, 1804 — marries, 181 1 — 
A.R.A., 1 8 16— R.A., 1818— visits Italy, 18 19 
— Knt, by William IV., 1835 — tf. in London, 
25 Xov. 1 841 . Statue of Lady Louisa Russell, 
Woburn, 181 8 — Sleeping Children, Lichfield, 
1 81 7 — his works presented to Oxford IJniv. 
by Lady Chantrey, 1842. 

Chantries, — suppressed in England by Acts 
37 Hen. VIII. c. 4, 1545, and 1 Edw. VI. c. 
14, 1547- 

Chanut, Pierre, diplomatist, — b. at Riom, 
about 1600 — ambassador to Sweden, 1645-50 — 
plenipotentiary at Liibeck, 1650-3 — tf-, Coun- 
cillor of State, at Paris, Jul. 1662. Memoires 
et Negotiations, 1676. 

Chao-yong", philosopher, — b., about 1000 — 
tf., 1077. 

Chapelain, Jean, poet, — fj. at Paris, 4 Dec. 
1595 — tf. there, 22 Feb. 1674. La Fuce?le,i6$6. 
Chapelle, Claude Emmanuel Lhuillier, poet, 
— b. near Paris, 1626— tf. at Paris, 12 Sep. 
1686. GEuvres, (with Bachaumont's,) 1755. 
Chapelle, de la. [Lachapelle.] 
Chaperon, Nicolas, painter, engraver,— b. 
at Chateaudun, about 1596 — tf. at Paris, 1647. 
Chaplains, — privileges as to holding bene- 
fices, reserved to, by Act 21 Hen. VIII. c. 13, 
1529 — number of, regulated by the above Act 
and Acts 25 Hen. VIII. c. 16, 1533-4, and 33 
Hen. VIII. c. 28, 1541-2. 

Chapman, George, dramatist, translator, — 
b-, 1557 — tf. in London, 12 May 1634. Iliads 
of Homer, 1603 — Odyssey, 1614. 

Chapman, Matthew James, poet, translator, 
— b., about 1786 — M.A., Cambridge, 1835 — tf. 
in London, 15 Xov. 1865. Barbadoes and 
other Poems, 1833 — translation of Theocritus, 
Dion, and Moschus, 1836 — Hebrew Idylls and 
Dramas, 1866. 

Chapman, Thomas, philologist, — b. at Bill- 
ingham, 17 17 — M. A., Cambridge, 1741 — Prin- 
cipal of Magdalen Coll., 1746 — chaplain in 
ordinary to the king, 1748 — tf. at Cambridge, 
9 Jun. 1760. JEssay on the Roman Senate, 1750. 
Chappe, Claude, mechanician, — b. at Brulon, 
Xormandy, 1763 — presents telegraphic inven- 
tion to Legislative Assembly, 1792 — receives 
from Convention title of Inye'nieur-te'legraphe, 
1793 — tf., 23 Jan. 1805. 

Chappe d'Auteroche, Jean, astronomer,— b. 
in Auvergne, 2 Mar. 1722, a 1728 b — assistant 
astronomer, Royal Academy, 1759 — sent by 
the Academy to Tobolsk, to observe transit of 
Venus, Jun. 1761 — sent to California, 1769— tf. 
there, 1 Aug. 1769. Relation de Voyage en 
Siberie, 1768 — -Voyage de Californie, 1772. 
a Biog. Univ. b Delambre. 

Chappelow, Leonard, orientalist, — b., 1683 — 
M.A., Cambridge, 17 16— Fellow of St John's, 
17 17 — Prof. Arabic, Cambridge, 1720 — tf., 14 
Jan. 1768. Llementa Ungues Arabicce, 1730 — 
Commentary on Boole of Job, 1752. 

Chaptal, Jean Antoine Claude, chemist, — b. 
at Xogaret, (la Lozere,) 5 Jun. 1756 — M.D. 
Montpellier, 1777— Prof. Chemistry, (Langue- 
doc.) 17 8 1 — head of Powder Works of Grenelle, 
1793 — member of Institute. 1798 — Minister of 
the Interior, 1 801-4 — grand-officer of Legion 



CHAPTERS— CHARLEROI. 



3°9 



of Honour, Senator, .1805 — Count of the Em- 
pire, 1806 — Director-general of Commerce, &c, 
Mar. 1 8 15 — Peer Imperial, Jun. 18 15— mem- 
ber of Academy of Sciences, Mar. 18 16 — Peer 
of France, 1819 — tf. at Paris, 30 Jul. 1832. 
Cmspectus physiologicus de fontibus differenti- 
artim, $c, 1777 — Elements de chimie, 1790 — 
la Chimie appliquee aux Arts, 1806 — Chimie 
appliquee a V agriculture, 1825. 

Chapters, The Three. [Three Chapters.] 
Chapters and Verses, in the Bible, — chapters 
in Cardinal Hugh of St Cher's Bible, 1262 — 
verses in Rabbi Nathan's Concordance, 1438-45, 
1450? — Arabic numerals affixed to verses by 
Pagninus in Latin Bible, 1528— adopted by 
Stephens in New Testament, 155 1 — in Bible, 

*555- 

Charas, Moise, physician, — ft. at TTzes, 16 18 
■ — quits France, 1680 — member of Academy of 
Sciences, 1692 — rj. at Paris, 17 Jan. 1698. 
JPharmacope'e royale galenique et chimique, 1676 
— Nouvelles experiences sur les viperes, 1669. 

- Charbonnier, Louis, general, — ft. at Clamecy, 
(Nievre,) 9 Oct. 1754 — enters the army, 1780 
— serves under Dumouriez in Belgium, 1792 — 
commands the army of Ardennes, 1793 — If., 
after 18 14. 

Chardin, JeanBaptiste Simeon, painter, — ft. 
at Paris, 1699 — admitted to the Academy, 1728 
— tf., 7 Dec. 1779. 

Chardin, Sir John, traveller, — ft. at Paris, 26 
Nov. 1643 — visits Persia and the East Indies, 
1664-70 — again, 1671-81 ? — Knt, by Charles 
II., 24 Apr. 1681 — F.R.S., 1682 — minister 
plenipotentiary to States of Holland, about 1682 

— ft. near London, 26 Jan. 17 13. Travels, 
1686-1711. 

Chardiny, Louis Armand, vocalist, composer, 
■ — ft. at Rouen, 1755 or 1758 — makes his debut 
at Paris, 1780 — member of Royal Academy of 
Music, 17 8 1 — o\, 1 Oct. 1793. 

Chardon, Mathias, Benedictine, — ft. in Lux- 
emburg, 1693 — Sj. at Metz, 1771. Histoire 
des sacrements, 1745. 

Chardon de la Eochette, Simon, philologist, 
■ — ft. in the Yivarais, 1753 — tj. at Paris, 18 Sep. 
1 8 14. Melanges de critique et de philologie, 
1812. 

Chares, Athenian general, — [BC] — relieves 
Phlius, 367 — aids oligarchy to overthrow de- 
mocracy at Korkyra, 361 — General in Thrace 
against Charidemus, 358 — with Chabrias be- 
sieges Chios, before midsummer 357 — com- 
mands with Timotheus and Iphicrates in Social 
War, 356 — sent with fleet to Samos, 355 — 
prosecutes Iphicrates, 355 — serves Artabazus, 
recalled, takes Sestos, 353, 354 s — sent to aid 
Olynthus, 349-348 — commands in Thrace, 346 
— a leading man, 341 — sent to Byzantium, 340 
—defeated by Philip at Amphissa, 338 — at 
Chaeroneia, 338 — demanded by Alexander, Nov. 
335 b — meets Alexander at Rium, 334 — com- 
mands Persians at Mytilene, 333— surrenders, 
332. a Thirhvall. b Clinton. 

Chares, — [BC] — 1. Archon of Athens, (01. 
77, 1,) 472. 2. Archon of Athens, (01. 86, 3,) 
434. 3. Of Lindus ; erects Colossus of Rhodes, 
292-280. 



Charette de la Contrie, Francois Athanase, 

Vendean general, — ft. near Ancenis, 21 Apr. 
1763 — enters the navy, 1779 — Lieutenant, 1789 
— shot, at Angers, a Nantes, b 29 Mar. 1796. 
a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Charicles, — [B C] — commissioned respecting 
mutilation of the Hernias, 415 — with Demos- 
thenes, Admiral in Peloponnesus, 413 — one of 
the Thirty Tyrants, 404 — put to death, 403. 

Chariclides, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
104, 2,) 363. 

Charidemus, orator, — [BC] —ambassador 
with Antiphon to Philip of Macedonia, about 
Amphipolis, 358 — envoy from Athens at Philip's 
Court, 336 — demanded by Alexander, Nov. 
335 — flees to Persia ; put to death by Darius, 
333- 

Charidemus, Greek leader of mercenaries, — 
[B CJ — serves under Iphicrates at Amphi- 
polis, 368-365 a — joins Cotys, 364 b — captured 
by Timotheos, aids at Olynthus, 364 s — re- 
turns from the service of Artabazus to that 
of Cotys, 360 a — serves Kersobleptes, 360-358 a 
—receives the freedom of Athens, and a gold 
crown for his supposed services in the Cher- 
sonese, 357 b — despatched against Philip in 
Thrace, Sep. 351 a — sent to aid Khalkidike, 
[Olynthian War,] latter part of 349 b — 
superseded by Chares, 348— banished at the 
demand of Alexander the Great, 335 c — put to 
death by Darius, 333.3- 

a Grote. b Smith's Diet. c Clinton. 

Charinus,— [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
U8, 1,) 308. 

Charisander, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, 
(01. 101, 1) 376. 

Charisi, Jehuda Ben Solomon, Hebrew poet, 
— rj. before 1235. 

Charisius, Flav. Sosipater, grammarian, — 
fl.-, about 400. 

Charitable Bequests, — [Mortmain] — com- 
missioners appointed to inquire into, by Stat. 
43 Eliz. c. 4, 1 601 — in Ireland, regulated by 
Act 7 and 8 Vic. c. 97, 9 Aug. 1844 — board of 
inquiry constituted by Act 16 and 17 Vic. c. 
137, 20 Aug. 1853 — further regulated by Acts 
18 and 19 Vic. c. 124, 14 Aug. 1855, and 23 
and 24 Vic. c. 136, 28 Aug. i860 — law re- 
garding Roman Catholic charities amended by 
Act 23 and 24 Vic. c. 134, 28 Aug. i860— laws 
respecting, further amended by 32 and 33 Vic. 
c. 110, 11 Aug. 1869 — again, by 33 and 34 
Vic. c. 34, 1 Aug. 1870. 

Charity, Brothers of, — congregation of the, 
founded by St John de Dieu ; refounded at 
Madrid, 1553 — confirmed by_ Pius V., (Gregory 
XIII., ?) 1572— introduced in France, 1601. 

Charity, Organization of, — Society for, 
established in London, 1870. 

Charity, Sisters of,— congregation of the, 
founded by St Vincent de Paul, 1634 — au- 
thorized by Louis XIV., 1657— confirmed by 
the pope, 1660. 

Charlemagne. [Charles the Great.] 

Charleroi, — ceded to the French by treaty of 

Aix-la-Chapelle, 2 May 1668— unsuccessfully 

besieged by Prince of Orange, Dec. 1672 — ana 

1 again, 1677— restored to Spain by Treaty of 



3io 



CHARLES (sovereigns). 



Ximeguen, i o Aug. 167 8 — taken by the French, 
11 Oct. 1693 — restored to Spain by Treaty of 
Ryswiek, 20 Sep. 1697 — taken by the French, 
2 Aug. 1746 — again, 25 Jun. 1794 — fortifica- 
tions demolished, 1794 — restored, 18 14. 

Charles I. the Bald, King of France, — b. 
at Frankfort-on-the-Main, 15 May, a 13 Jun. b 
823 — named king of Aquitaine, 838 — succeeds 
his father, 20 Jun. 840 — with Louis of Bavaria 
defeats Lothaire and Pepin at Fontenai, 25 
Jun. 841 — interview with Louis, and treaty of 
alliance against Lothaire at Strasburg, 842 — 
Treaty of Verdun, Jun. 843 — crowned king of 
Aquitaine at Limoges, 848 — ravages of the 
Normans; buys them off, 845 and 861 — his 
daughter Judith marries Ethelwulf, king of 
England, Oct. 856 — Ludwig, king of Germany, 
calfed by the nobles to defend France, 858 — ■ 
compels him to return to his kingdom, 859 — 
seizes on Lorraine on death of Lothaire, 869 — 
makes treaty of partition of Lorraine with 
Ludwig of Germany, Aug. 870 — crowned Em- 
peror on death of Ludwig II., Jan. 875 — at- 
tempts to seize dominions of Ludwig of Germany, 
and is defeated at Meyenfels near Andernack, 8 
Oct. 876 — called by the pope to assist him 
against the Saracens, 877 — marches into Italy, 
out on approach of Carloman retires ; tf. at 
Brios, Mont-Cenis, 6 Oct. 877. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. "Univ. 

Charles II. the Fat, King of France, — ft., 
about 832 — king of Suabia, 876 — of Italy, 879 
— crowned Emperor, Jan. or Feb. 881 — king 
of Saxony, 882 — succeeds Carloman, Jan. 885 
— siege of Paris by the Northmen, 885 — makes 
peace with them, 30 Xov. 886— deposed, 11 
Nov. 887 — rj. in Suabia, early in 888. 

Charles III. the Simple, Xing of France, 
— b., 17 Sep. 879 — crowned by Abp of Bheinis, 
28 Jan. 893 — shares the kingdom with Eudes, 
896 — sole monarch on death of Eudes, Jan. 
898— cedes part of Xeustria (Xorniandy) to 
Bollo, 911 — acquires Lorraine on death of 
Ludwig, king of Germany, about 912 or end of 
911 — loses it again, 920 — Bobert, Duke of 
France, elected king by the nobles, 922 — defeats 
and kills him near Soissons, 15 Jun. 923 — de- 
feated by Hugh, son of Bobert, and imprisoned 
by Herbert, Count of Yermandois, 923 — ft. at 
Peronne, 7 Oct. 929. 

Charles IV. the Fair, King of France, — 
fi., 1294 — marries Blanche, daughter of Otto 
IV., Cuunt of Burgundy, before 1307 — succeeds 
his brother, Philip the Tall, 3 Jan. 1322 — 
separates from his wife, Jun. 1322 — marries 
Mary, daughter of Emperor Henry VII., Sep. 
1322 — she dies, Feb. 1324 — summons Edward 
II. of England to do homage as Duke of 
Guienne, 1324 — marries Jeanne, daughter of 
Louis of France, Jul. 1324 — invades Guienne, 
Aug. 1324 — treaty of peace with Edward II., 
31 .May 1325 — hostilities resumed, 1325 — 'war 
of the bastards,' 1326 — 1j. at Yincennes, 1 Feb. 
1328. 

Charles V. the Wise, King of France, — b. 
at Yincennes, 21 Jan. 1337 — marries Jeanne, 
daughter of Peter I., Duke of Bourbon, 8 Aug. 
J 35° — present at the battle of Poitiers, 1356 — 



Lieutenant of the kingdom during captivity of 
John II., 1356-60 — succeeds his father, 8 Apr. 
1364 — peace with Duke of Brittany, 12 Apr. 
1365 — peace with Navarre, about same time ; 
war with England begins, May 1368 — found- 
ation of the Bastille, 22 Apr. 1370 — of the 
Boyal Library, about 1370 — truce for a year, 
concluded with the English at Bruges, 17 Jun. 
1375 — descent on England, 1377 — receives the 
Emperor Charles IV. at Paris, Jan. 1378 — 
death of his Queen Jeanne, 6 Feb. 1378 — tf., 

16 Sep. 1380. 

Charles VI. the Well-Moved, King of 
France, — ft. at Paris, 3 Dec. 1368 — succeeds 
his father, 16 Sep. 1380 — disputes respecting 
the regency arranged, and the king declared of 
age, 2 Oct. 1380 — peace with Duke of Brittany, 
15 Jan. 1 38 1 — assists Count of Flanders 
against insurgents under Philip van Artevelde, 
1382 — battle of Rosebecque, 27 Nov. 1382 — 
revolt of the ' Maillotins ' suppressed, Jan. 
1383 — with the Duke of Burgundy defeats 
Flemings, and drives English out of Flanders, 
Aug. to Sep. 1383 — marries Isabella, daughter 
of the Duke of Bavaria, at Amiens^ 17 Jul. 
1385 — unsuccessful attempt at invasion of 
England, 1386 — assumes administration, 1388 
— concludes truce for three years with England, 
1389 — visits south of France, 1389-90 — sets 
out for invasion of Brittany, Jul. 1392 — be- 
comes insane, Aug. 1392 — the government 
assumed by Dukes of Berri and Burgundy ; 
edict for banishment of Jews from France, 

17 Sep. 1394— truce with England for 28 
years, and betrothal of Princess Isabella to 
Bichard II. of England, 9 Mar. 1395— battle 
of Nicopolis, 28 Sep. 1396 — union of Genoa 
with France, 25 Oct. 1396 — civil war between 
Burgundians and Armagnacs begins, 1405 — ■ 
Henry V. of England invades France, Aug. 
1415 — battle of Agincourt, 25 Oct. 1415 — 
arrests and imprisons the Queen, 141 7 — the 
Burgundians liberate her, and make her Be- 
gent ; massacre of the Armagnacs at Paris, 12 
Jun. 141 8 — Bouen capitulates to the English, 
13 Jan. 141 9 — conferences between Henry V. 
and the Queen and Duke of Burgundy at Meu- 
lent, May to Jun. 141 9 — murder of the Duke of 
Burgundy at Montereau, 10 Sep. 141 9 — treaty 
of Troyes, 21 May 1420 — marries his daughter 
Catherine to Henry V., 2 Jun. 1420 — battle of 
Bauge, 22 Mar. 142 1 — if. at Paris, 22 Oct. 
1422. 

Charles VII. the Victorious, King of 
France, — fc., 22 Feb. 1403 — Dauphin, on 
death of his brother John, 1416 — rescued from 
the Burgundians by Tannegui du Chatel, close 
of May 141 8 — assumes title of Begent, 141 8 — ■ 
disinherited by Treaty of Trcyes, 1420 — marries 
Mary, daughter of Louis II., king of Sicily, 
1422 — succeeds his father, Oct. 1422 — crowned 
at Poitiers, 1422 — the Duke of Bedford made 
Begent by the English; battle of Crevant, 
1423 — of Verneuil, 1424 — siege of Montargis, 
1427 — of Orleans, 1428 — [Joan of Arc] — 
battle of Patay, 142.8 — crowned at Eheims, 
17 Jul. 1429 — Henry VI. of England crowned 
at Paris, Dec. 14 31 — conferences at Arras, 



CHARLES (sovereigns). 



HI 



open Aug. 1433 — peace with Duke of Bur- 
gundy, 21 Sep. 1433 — death of Queen Isabella, 
30 Sep. 1433 — Paris recovered from the Eng- 
lish, Apr. 1436 — enters Paris, 8 or 12 Nov. 
1437 — establishes the Pragmatic Sanction at 
Bourges, 7 Jul. 1438 — revolt headed by the 
Dauphin, 1439 — suppressed, 1440 — takes 
Pontoise, 17 Jul. 1441 — carries on war with 
English in Gascony and Languedoc, 1442- — 
truce with English concluded at Tours, 1 Jun. 
1444 — reforms the army, 1^4 — re-conquest of 
Normandy from the English, completed By cap- 
ture of Cherbourg, 12 Aug. 1450 — reduction of 
Guienne, 145 1 — o". at Mehun-sur-YeYre, 22 
Jul. 146 1. 

Charles VIII., King op France, — fi. at 
Amboise, 30 Jun. 1470 — succeeds his father 
under regency of his sister Anne of Beaujeu, 

30 Aug. 1483 — meeting of the States-General 
at Tours, 15 Jan. to 14 Mar. 1484 — the king- 
declared of age ; crowned at Rheims, 5 Jun. 
1484 — suppresses revolt under Duke of Orleans, 
1485 — suppresses revolt in Guienne, Jan. to 
Mar. i486 — invades Brittany, 1487 — and again, 
1488 — battle of St Aubin, 26 Jul. 1488 — mar- 
ries Anne of Brittany, 6, a 16 b Dec. 149 1 — 
Treaty of Narbonne, Jan. 1493 — of Senlis, May 
1493 — invades Italy, 1494 — met by Savonarola 
at Pisa, Jun. 1494 — enters Florence, 17 Nov. 
• — enters Borne, 31 Dec. — Treaty with the Pope, 
16 Jan. 1495 — enters Naples, 22 or 24 Feb. 
1495 — triumphal entry into Naples, 13 Mar. — 
league of the Pope, Emperor, Venetians, King 
of Castile, and Duke of Milan, against Charles, 

31 Mar. — quits Naples, 20 May — battle of 
Fornova, (the Taro,) 5 Jul. — Naples recovered by 
Ferdinand, 6 Jul. — a", at Amboise, 7 Apr. .1498. 

a Art de Verifier les Dales. b Biog. Univ. 

Charles IX., King of France, — b. at St 
Germain en Laye, 27 Jun. 1550 — succeeds his 
brother, Francis II., 15 Dec. 1560 — his mo- 
ther, Catherine de Medici, regent ; meeting of 
States-General at Orleans, 13-31 Dec. 1560 — 
crowned at Rheims, 15 Mar. 1561 — preaching 
prohibited by edict of St Germain, Jul. 156 1 — 
colloquy of Poissy, opens 9 Sep. 156 1 — limited 
toleration to Calvinists by ' Edict of Jan.' 1562 
■ — massacre of Huguenots at Vassy, 1 Mar. — 
civil war begins, Apr. — battle of Dreux, 19 Dec. 
assassination of the Duke of Guise, at Orleans, 
18, a 15 b (rj., 24) Feb. 1563 — Pacification of 
Amboise, 19 Mar. 1563 — declared of age, 17 
Aug. 1563 — makes a progress with his mother 
through France, 1564 — conferences of Bay- 
onne, May 1565 — holds Assembly of Notables 
at Moulins, Feb. 1566 — civil war renewed, 
1567 — battle of St Denis, 10 Nov. 1567 — Peace 
of Lonjumeau, 27 Mar. 1568 — battle of Jarnac, 
13 Mar. 1569 — of Moncontour, 3 Oct. 1569 — 
third peace, at St Germain, 15 Aug. 1570 — 
marries Elizabeth, daughter of Maximilian II., 
26 Nov. 1570 — his sister Margaret marries 
Henry, King of Navarre, at Paris, 18 Aug. 
1572 — massacre of St Bartholomew, 24-31 
Aug. 1572 — Rochelle successfully defended by 
the Huguenots, 1573 — Ij. at Yincennes, 30 May 

1574- 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog, Univ. 



Charles X., (Charles Philippe, Count op 
Artois,) King or France, — 6. at Versailles, 
9 Oct. 1757— marries Maria Teresa of Savoy, 
16 Nov. 1773— visits Madrid, Sep. to Oct. 1782 
— member of Assembly of Notables, 1788 — 
refuses election to the States-General, 1789— 
emigrates, 17 Jul. 1789— his allowance stopped 
by the Assembly, 19 May 1792— takes title of 
Lieutenant-general and goes to St Petersburg, 
early in 1793 — makes an attempt with English 
squadron on the coast of Brittany, and abandons 
it,_Oct. 1793— lives at Hartwell, Buckingham- 
shire, 1809-13 — enters Paris, 12 Apr. 18 14 — fol- 
lows the king to Ghent, Mar. 1 8 15 — returns after 
"Waterloo, Jun. 1815 — succeeds his brother, 
16 Sep. 1824 — enters Paris, 27 Sep. 1824 — 
crowned at Rheims, 29 May 1825 — dissolves 
the National Guard, and attempts to reestablish 
the censorship, 1827— dissolves Chamber of 
Deputies, Nov. 1827 — Prince de Polignac 
prime minister, 17 Nov. 1829 — opens the 
Chambers, 2 Mar. 1830 — address of the deputies 
and vote of want of confidence in ministers ; 
prorogues the Chamber, 19 Mar. — dissolves it, 

16 May — new elections, Jun. to Jul. — publishes 
the Six Ordinances, 25 Jul. — insurrection at 
Paris, 27 Jul. — state of siege proclaimed, 28 Jul. 
— attack of the people on the Louvre and the 
Tuileries, 29 Jul. — quits St Cloud, 30 Jul. — ■ 
the Duke of Orleans proclaimed Lieutenant- 
general of the kingdom, 30 Jul. — revokes the 
Ordinances, 30 Jul. — abdicates, in favour of the 
Duke of Bordeaux, 2 Aug. — escorted by com- 
missioners to Cherbourg ; embarks for England, 

17 Aug. — ft. at Goritz, in Styria, 6 Nov. 1836. 
Charles I., King of England, — b. at Dun- 
fermline, 19 Nov. 1600 — becomes Prince of 
Wales, on death of Prince Henry, 6 Nov. 161 2 
— created Prince of "Wales, 1 or 4 Nov. 1616— 
goes with the Duke of Buckingham to Madrid 
to conclude marriage with the Infanta, but fails, 
1623 — succeeds. his father, 27 Mar. 1625 — mar- 
ries Henrietta Maria of France by proxy, at 
Paris, 11 May 1625 — dissolves his first parlia- 
ment, 12 Aug. 1625 — crowned, 2 Feb. 1626 — 
imprisons Sir Dudley Digges and Sir John 
Eliot, 10 May 1626 — dissolves second parlia- 
ment, 15 Jun. 1626 — levies tonnage and pound- 
age and shipmoney, 1626 — Buckingham unsuc- 
cessfully attacks Isle of Rhe, Jul. to Oct. 1627 
— assents to Petition of Eight, 7 Jun. 1628 — ■ 
dissolves third parliament, 10 Mar. 1629 — pub- 
lishes a Declaration and Proclamation, 1629 — 
makes peace with France, 14 Apr. 1630 — and 
with Spain, 5 Nov. 1630 — visits Scotland and 
is crowned there, 18 Jun. 1633 — appoints 
Wentworth [Strafford] Lord Deputy of Ireland, 
Jul. — appoints Laud Abp of Canterbury, Aug. 
— republishes the ' Book of Sports,' 18 Oct. — 
issues proclamation against quitting the realm, 
21 Jul. 1635 — John Hampden refuses to pay 
shipmoney, 1636 — publishes proclamation 
against emigration, 30 Apr. 1637— [Court of 
Star Chamber] — Prynne, Burton, and Bastwick 
pilloried and mutilated, 30 Jun. — proclamation 
forbidding assemblies of the people for petition- 
ing, sent 7 Dec. 1637, published at Edinburgh, 
15 Feb. 1638— [Solemn League and Covenant] 



CHARLES (sovereigns). 



— levies troops against the Scots, early in 1639 — 
goes to York, Apr. — concludes pacification with 
Scots, 1 8 Jun. — meeting of fourth parliament, 
13 Apr. 1640 — dissolved, 5 May — meets the 
peers at York, 24 Sep. — the fifth or Long Par- 
liament meets, 3 Nov. — impeachment of Straf- 
ford, 11 Nov. — Laud sent to the Tower, 1 Mar. 
1 64 1 — consents to bill of attainder of Strafford, 
10 May — goes to Scotland, early in Aug. — in- 
surrection in Ireland, Oct. 1641 — goes to the 
House of Commons and demands the surrender 
of Lord Kimbolton and the Five Members, 4 
Jan. 1642 — retires from London, 10 Jan. — the 
queen goes to Holland ; refuses assent to Mili- 
tia Hill, 1 Mar.— goes to Y^ork, 19 Mar. — is re- 
fused entrance into Hull by Sir John Hotkam, 
23 Apr. — rejects propositions of peace, 2 Jun. — 
sets up his standard at Nottingham, 22 Aug. — 
makes Shrewsbury his head-quarters, 20 Sep. — 
battle of Edgehill, 23 Oct. — occupies Oxford, 

26 Oct.— battle of Brentford, 12 Nov.— fruit- 
less negotiations for peace, 30 Jan. to 15 Apr. 
1643 — besieges Gloucester, 10 Aug. to 6 Sep. — 
first battle of Newbury, 20 Sep. — the_ Scots 
enter England, Jan. 1644 — holds a parliament 
at Oxford, 22 Jan. to Apr. 1644 — defeats Waller 
at Cropredy-Bridge, 29 Jun. — battle of Mar- 
ston Moor, 2 Jul. — second battle of Newbury, 

27 Oct. — Abp Laud beheaded, 10 Jan. 1645 — 
conference at TJxbridge, Jan. to Feb.— relieves 
Chester, 15 May — takes Leicester, 31 May — 
defeated by Fairfax at Naseby, 14 Jun. — es- 
capes into '"Wales ; shuts himself up in Oxford, 
5 Nov. — opens secret negotiations with the 
Scots and the parliament, Nov.— quits Oxford 
in disguise, 26 Apr. 1646 — goes to the Scots 
army, near Newark, 5 May — given up by the 
Scots to the commissioners of the parliament, 
at Newcastle, 30 Jan. 1647 — taken to Holmby, 
in Northamptonshire, carried off thence by 
Joyce, 4 Jun. — placed at Hampton Court, 16 
Aug. — attempts to escapes, 11 Nov. — confined 
in Carisbrook Castle, 14 Nov.— negotiations at 
Newport, 18 Sep. to 27 Nov. 1648 — removed to 
Hurst Castle, 30 Nov. — to St James's, 18 Dec. 
—to Windsor, 22 Dec. — to Whitehall, 19 Jan. 
1649 — trial before High Court of Justice com- 
mences, 20 Jan. — condemned to death, 27 Jan. 
— beheaded at Whitehall, 30 Jan. — buried at 
Windsor, 8 Feb. 1649. 

Charles II., King of England, — b. at St 
James's, 29 May 1630 — created Prince of 
Wales ; commands royal body-guard at Y^ork, 
1642 — present at Edgehill, Oct. 1642 — General 
of Royal forces in the west of England, 1644 — 
quits England after the battle of Naseby, Jun. 
1645 — joins his mother at Paris, Sep. 1646 — 
receives news of his father's death, and assumes 
title of King, at the Hague, 1649 — proclaimed 
king of Scotland, at Edinburgh, 3 Feb. — takes the 
Covenant and is again proclaimed, 15 Jul. 1650 
■ — crowned at Scone, 1 Jan. 1651 — takes Car- 
lisle and is proclaimed there, Aug. — defeated by 
Cromwell at Worcester, 3 Sep. — escapes his 
pursuers; goes to France, Oct. — at Brussels 
hears of death of Cromwell, Sep. 1658— removes 
to Calais, Aug. 1659 — at Breda negotiates with 
Monk, Apr. 1660 — proclaimed in London, 8 



May — enters London, 29 May — crowned, 21 
Apr. 1 66 1 — Act of Uniformity, 19 May 1662 

marries Katherine of Braganza, 20 May — 
ejection of the clergy, 24 Aug. — sale of 
Dunkirk to the French, Nov. — Conventicle 
Act, 1664 — war with the Dutch, declared, 22 
Feb. 1665 — the Plague of London, 1665 — ■ 
Five-mile Act, 1665 — war with France, de- 
clared by Louis XIV., 16 Jan. 1666 — Great Fire 
of London, 2-6 Sep. — De Ruyter sails up the 
Thames, Jun. 1667 — Peace of Breda, 21 Jul. — 
Clarendon banished, Nov. — The Cabal minis- 
try ; Triple Alliance formed, 13 Jan. 1668— 
secretly negotiates with Louis XIY., obtains a 
subsidy, 1668 — publishes Declaration of Indulg- 
ence, 15 Mar. 1672 — war with the Dutch de- 
clared, 17 Mar. 1672 — Test Act, Mar. 1673 — 
peace with Holland, 9 F"eb. 1674 — prorogues 
parliament for 15 months, 22 Nov. 1674 — con- 
cludes secret treaty with Louis XIV. for a 
pension, 17 Feb. 1676 — Peace of Nimeguen, 
10 Aug. 1678 — the Popish Plot announced 
by Titus Oates, 13 Aug. — dissolves the parlia- 
ment, 24 Jan. 1679 — Habeas Corpus Act, 1679 
— insurrection of Covenanters in Scotland, May 
— battle of Both well Bridge, 22 Jun. — Ex- 
clusion Bill, rejected by the Lords, Nov. 1680 
— dissolves the parliament, 18 Jan. 1681 — new 
parliament meets at Oxford, 21 Mar.— dissolved, 
28 Mar. — Byehouse Plot, discovered, 1683 — 
execution of Algernon Sydney, 7 Dec. — ft. at 
St James's, 6 Feb. 1685. 

Charles Edward Stuart, Prince, the Young 
Pretender, — b. at Rome, 31 Dec. 1720 — bears 
title of Count of Albany, from 1734 — at Rome, 
receives from his father a commission as Prince 
Regent, 1743 — attempts invasion of England, 
1744— again embarks at Nantes, 2 Jul. 1745 
— lands in Scotland, 28 Jul. — enters Edinburgh, 
and proclaims his father as James VIII. , 17 
Sep. — defeats royal troops at Prestonpans, 22 
Sep.— takes Carlisle, 15 Nov. — advances to 
Derby, 4 Dec— retreats into Scotland, 20 Dec. 
— defeats royal troops at Falkirk, 28 Jan. 1746 
— besieges Stirling Castle unsuccessfully, Jan. 
— desultory fighting in north of Scotland, Feb. 
and Mar. — defeated at Culloden, by Duke of 
Cumberland, 1 6 Apr.— escapes pursuit, [Flora 
Macdonald,] arrives in France, 29 Sep., a 10 
Oct. b 1746 — expelled from France, 1748 — pre- 
sent at coronation of George III., ? 1761 — 
succeeds to his father's claims, 1765 — marries 
Princess Louisa of Stolberg Gedern, 1772 — ft. 
at Florence, 31 Jan. 1788. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Charles Martel, Duke of Atjstkasia, — fc., 
about 694? — imprisoned by Plectrude, widow 
of his father Pepin le Gros, 7 14 — escapes and 
is proclaimed Duke, 715 — defeated by Radb.od, 
Duke of the Frisians, 716 — defeats Chilperic, 
716, 717, and 719 — Mayor of the Palace to 
Chilperic, 719 — overruns Germany, 725 — 
victories over the Bavarians, 728 — defeats 
Eudes, Duke of Aquitaine, 731 — obtains victory 
over the Saracens near Tours or Poitiers, Oct. 
732 — defeats the Frisians, 733-4— acquires 
Aquitaine, 735 — takes Avignon from the 
Saracens, 737 — obtains victory over them on 



CHARLES (sovereigns). 



3*3 



the Berre in Languedoc, 737- — on death of 
Thierry IV., takes title of Duke of the 
Franks, 737 — suhdues the Saxons, 738 — re- 
ceives two nuncios from Gregory III., 741 — 
divides the monarchy hetween his sons Carloman 
and Pepin ; ft. at Q,uerci-sur-Oise, 22 Oct. 741. 

Charles Martel, titular King of Hungary, 
■ — ft., about 1272 — on death of Ladislaus III. 
(or IV.) is crowned King of Hungary by 
legates of Pope Nicholas IV. at Naples, 8 Sep. 
1290 a — opposed by Albert of Austria ; marries 
Clementia, daughter of Emperor Rudolph, 1 29 1 
— again crowned by Celestine V., 1294 b — "Q. at 
Naples, 1295. a Villani. b XIadius. 

Charles II., the Bad, King of Navarre, — 
ft., 1332 — succeeds his mother Joanna, Oct. 
1349 — crowned at Pampeluna, 27 Jun. 1350 — - 
marries Jeanne of France, 1353 — conspires 
with the Dauphin against John II., and is im- 
prisoned, 1354 — escapes, 1357 — joins the Eng- 
lish, and aims at crown of France, 1358 — 
renews his attempts, 1364 — concludes treaty of 
peace with king of France, 6 Mar. 1365 — sus- 
pected of poisoning his queen, 3 Dec. 1373 — 
attempts to poison the king and royal family of 
France, 1378 — tf., 1 Jan. 1387. 

Charles III., the Noble, King of Navarre, 
— ft. at Mantes, 1 361 — marries Leonora, daughter 
of Henry II., king of Castile, 1375 — succeeds 
his father, Charles the Bad, 1 Jan. 1387 — 
crowned at Pampeluna, 25, a 29 b Jul. 1390 — tf. 
at Olita, 8 Sep. 1425. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. 

Charles the Bold, Count of Charolais, 
Duke of Burgundy, — ft. at Dijon, 10 Nov. 
1433 — distinguishes himself at battles of 
Rupelmonde, 1452 — Morbeque, 1453 — an ^ 
Montlheri, 1465 — succeeds his father, Philip the 
Good, 15 Jun. 1467 — conquers Liege, Oct. 
to Nov. 1467 — marries Margaret of York, 3, a 
9 b Jul. 1468 — bribed by Louis XL to lay 
down his arms, Sep. 1468 — conference with 
Louis XL at Peronne, 3 Oct. — compels him to 
sign treaty of alliance against Liege; with 
Louis takes Liege, 30 Oct. — receives Order of 
the Garter from Edward IV., 1470 — receives 
Edward IV. in Flanders, and furnishes him 
with ships and money, 1470 — war with France 
recommences, about Dec. 1470 — passes the 
Somme, 1471 — makes league with Ferdinand, 
king of Sicily, against Louis XL, 1 Nov. 
147 1 — publishes his manifesto against Louis, 
22 Jun. 1472 — buys Duchy of Guelderland 
and County of Zutphen, 1472 — does, hom- 
age to the Emperor at Treves, 1473 — un- 
successful in his attempt to obtain title of king, 
1473 — allies himself with king of England to 
dethrone Louis, but fails ; conquers Lorraine, 
1475 — enters Nanci, 30 Nov. 1475 — invades 
Switzerland, and takes Granson, Feb. 1476 — 
defeated by Swiss near Granson, 3 Mar. 1476 
— and again, at Morat, 22 Jun. 1476 — loses 
Nanci, 6 Oct. 1476 — besieges Nanci; his 
general goes over to Duke of Lorraine, 4 Jan. 
1477 — defeated and killed in battle, 5 Jan. 
1477 — buried at Nanci; his remains removed to 
Bruges by Charles V., 1550. 
* Art de Verifier les Date6. b Annals of England. 



Charles I., Count of Anjou, King of 
Naples and Sicily, — ft., Mar. 1220 — marries 
Beatrice, daughter of Raymond Berenger, Count 
of Provence ; accompanies his brother St Louis 
to Egypt, and is taken prisoner with him, 1 250 
— engages, at instigation of the pope, in the 
conquest of Sicily, 1264 — proclaimed senator at 
Rome, 23 May 1265— proclaimed king of Sicily 
there, 28 Jun. 1265 — crowned with his wife at 
St Peter's, 6 Jan. 1 266 — defeats and kills Manfred 
near Beneventum, 26 Feb. 1266 — the crown of- 
fered by the people to Conradin, who takes title 
of king, 1267 — defeats Conradin at Tagliacozzo, 
23 Aug. 1268 — beheads him at Naples, 29, a 
26 b Oct. 1268 — takes Nocera from the 
Saracens, 1269 — conducts fleet to Africa to 
succour St Louis, Aug. 1270 — crowned king of 
Jerusalem, Jan. 1278— dictates the election of 
Martin IV., Feb. 1281 — John of Procida en- 
deavours to raise the people against his tyranny, 
128 1 — the Sicilian Vespers, 30 Mar. 1282 — 
besieges Messina, Jul. 1282 — Pedro, king of 
Aragon, and John of Procida received as 
liberators at Palermo, 1 Sep. 1282 — sends fleet 
to relieve Malta ; the fleet destroyed or 
captured by Roger de Loria, 1283 — his son, 
Prince of Salerno, defeated by Roger, 5 Jun. 
1284 — tf. at Foggia, 7 Jan. 1285. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Uniy. 

Charles II., the Lame, Prince of Salerno, 
King of Naples, — ft., 1248 — captured by 
Roger de Loria, 1284 — succeeds his father, 
Charles I., 7 Jan. 1285 — treaty for his liberation 
between King Alfonso, of Aragon, and Edward I. 
of England, 1 288 — released, takes title of King of 
Naples, Nov. 1288 — crowned at Rome, 29 May 
1289 — carries on war with his rival James, 
1289 — truce for two years negotiated by the 
king of England and the pope, Aug. 1289 — 
peace with Alfonso, at Aix, 1291 — invasion of 
Sicily by Roger de Loria, 1298 — ft. at Casa- 
nuova near Naples, 5 or 6 May 1309. 

Charles I. the Great, (Karl der Grosse,) 
(Charlemagne), Ktng of the Franks, Emper- 
or of the Romans, — ft. at Salzburg, Bavaria, 
742 — crowned by Pope Stephen II. at St 
Denis, 28 Jul. 754— succeeds on death of his 
father to Neustria, Burgundy, and Provence, 
latter part of Sep. 768 — crowned again at 
Noyon, 9 Oct. 768 — conquers Aquitaine, 769 — 
marries the daughter of Desiderius, king of 
the Lombards, 770 — repudiates her, and 
marries Hildegarde, 77 1 — becomes sole king on 
death of his brother Carloman, Dec. 771 — 
begins his wars with the Saxons, 772 — invited 
by Pope Adrian, invades Italy, 773 — besieges 
Desiderius in Pavia, about Oct. 773 — visits 
Rome, 2 Apr. 774 — takes Pavia, and sends 
Desiderius and his family prisoners to France, 
end of May 774 — proclaimed King of Italy, 
774 — defeats Saxons on the Weser, 775— re- 
turns to Italy, defeats and kills the Duke of 
Friuli, 776 — receives submission of Saxons at 
Worms, 776 — conquers Navarre and part of 
Aragon, 778 — defeated by Gascons at Ronces- 
valles, death of Hruodland (Roland,) 778 — war 
with the Saxons, 780 — goes to Rome, his two 
sons crowned by the pope, Easter 781 — revolt of 



3M- 



CHARLES (sovereigns). 



the Saxons, 782 — massacres 4500 of them,782 — 
defeats them in two battles, 783 — defeats Ari- 
gisus, Duke of Benevcntum, 787 — applies him- 
self to promotion of learning, 788 — publishes 
Theodosian Code, 788 — crosses the Elbe, 789 — 
defeats the Avars, 79 1 — holds a diet at Ratisbon, 
Easter 791 — revolt of the Saxons, Jul. 791 — 
projects canal to join North Sea and the 
Euxine, 792 — holds Council at Frankfort, 794 
— revolt of the Saxons, 794-5 — subdues them 
and disperses the chief families, 796 — another 
revolt suppressed, 797 — restores Pope Leo to 
his see, 799 — expels the Saracens from 
Majorca, Minorca, and Ivica, 799 — proclaimed 
and crowned Emperor at Rome, 25 Dec. 800 — 
concludes treaty with Emperor of the East, 
respecting limits of the two Empires, 803 — last 
revolt of the Saxons, 803 ■ — holds diet at 
Thionville, prepares plan for division of Em- 
pire between his sons, Jan. 806 — first descent 
of the Normans on France, 808 — associates his 
son Ludwig in the empire, 813 — ft. at Aix-la- 
Chapelle, 28 Jan. 814. 

Charles II., Emperor of the Romans. 
[Charles II., of France.'] 

Charles III., Emperor of the Romans. 
[Charles III., of France.'] 

Charles IV., Emperor of the Romans, 
— b. at Prague, 16 May 1316 — elected king of 
the Romans, at diet of Rentz, 19 Jul. 1346 — 
crowned at Bonn, Nov. — rejected by elect- 
ors on death of Louis V., and several rivals set 
up, close of 1347 — Rienzi, tribune of Rome, 
1347-8 — crowned again at Aix-la-Chapelle, 
1 349 —crowned King of Lombardy, at Milan, 6 
Jan. 1355 — crowned Emperor at Rome, 5 Apr. 
1355 — publishes the Golden Bull, 10 Jan. 
1356 — crowned King of Aries, 1365 — his wife 
crowned Empress at Rome, 1 Nov. 1368 — visits 
Paris, Jan. 1378 — ft. at Prague, 29 Nov. 1378. 
Charles V., (I., King of Spain,) Emperor of 
the Romans, — b.atGhent^Feb. 1500 — on the 
death of his father, Archduke Philip, is declared 
heir of the Netherlands and Franche Comte, 
1 506— succeeds Ferdinand, his grandfather, as 
King of Spain, under regency of Ximenes, 23 
Jan. 15 1 6 — quits the Netherlands for Spain, 
Aug. 15 1 7 — death of Ximenes, 8 Nov. 15 17 — 
crowned King of Castile, 7 Feb. 15 18 — of Ara- 
gon, at Saragossa, 151 8 — elected Emperor on 
death of Maximilian, 28 Jun. 1519 — visits 
Henry VIII. at Dover, 1520 — visited by him 
at Gravelines, Jun. 1520 — crowned at Aix-la- 
Chapelle, 23 Oct. 1520— Diet of "Worms, Jan. 
152 1 — begins war with Francis I., 152 1 — in- 
surrections in Spain, 152 1-2 — visits England 
again, May 1522— league with England against 
France, 1523 — Constable de Bourbon enters his 
service, 1523— battle of Pavia, 24 Feb. 1525 
— releases Francis I., Jan. 1526 — marries 
Isabella of Portugal, 10 Jan. 1526 — concludes 
truce with the pope, 15 Mar. 1527 — sack of 
Rome, by de Bourbon, and capture of Clement 
VII., May 1527— Diet of Spire, 1529— con- 
cludes treaty of peace with Clement VII. at 
Barcelona, 29 Jun. 1529 — crowned King of 
Lombardy, at Bologna, 22 Feb., and Emperor, 
24 Feb. 1530— opens Diet of Augsburg, 13 



Jun. 1530 — league of Smalkald formed, 31 
Dec. 1530 — embarks on expedition to Tunis, at 
Barcelona, 30 May 1535 — takes La Goulette, 
25 Jul. 1535 — takes Tunis, and restores Muley 
Hassem; ree'mbarks for Europe, 17 Aug. 1535 
— takes Fossano, 6 Jul. 1536 — invades Pro- 
vence and is repulsed, 1536-7 — concludes truce 
for 10 years with Francis I., 1538 — revolt 
breaks out in the Netherlands, 1539 — crosses 
France with his army ; visits Francis I. at 
Paris ; suppresses the revolt, early in 1540 — 
unsuccessful expedition against Algiers,- Oct. to 
Nov. 1541 — war breaks out with Francis I., 
1542 — battle of Cerisoles, Apr. 1544 — invades 
Champagne, 1544 — Peace of Crespy, 1545 — 
death of Luther, Feb. 1546 — defeats the Pro- 
testants at Miihlberg, and takes Jobn Frederick 
the Elector prisoner, Apr. 1547 — makes Maurice 
Elector of Saxony, 1547 — publishes the In- 
terim, at Diet of Augsburg, 15 May 1548 — ■ 
narrowly escapes surprise by Maurice, at Inns- 
priick, 1552 — war declared by Henry II. of 
France, 1552 — concludes Treaty of Passau, 15 
Aug. 1552 — besieges Metz, 31 Oct. 1552 — 
abandons the siege, 20 Jan. 1553— marries his 
son Philip to Mary, Queen of England, 1554 — • 
resigns the Netherlands to Philipj at Brussels, 
25 Oct. 1555 — resigns Spain and the Indies to 
him, early in 1556 — renounces the Empire and 
sends the crown to his brother Ferdinand, 7 
Sep. 1556 — embarks at Flushing for Spain, 17 
Sep. 1556 — retires to the monastery of St Just 
in Estremadura, 24 Feb. 1557 — celebrates his 
own obsequies in the chapel, 30 Aug. 1558 — ft. 
at the convent, 21 Sep. 1558. 

Charles VI., Emperor of the Romans, — ft., 
1 Oct. 1685 — proclaimed King of Spain at 
Vienna, 12 Sep. 1703 — lands at Lisbon with 
English troops, 9 Mar. 1704 — joined by king 
of Portugal; occupies Barcelona, 9 Oct. 1705 — 
besieged there by Philip V. and the French, 
5 Apr. to 12 May 1706 — gets himself proclaimed 
King at Madrid, 16 Jun. 1706 — battle of AI- 
manza, Apr. 1707 — on death of his brother 
Joseph, elected Emperor at Frankfort, 12 Oct. 
17 1 1 — crowned there, 22 Dec. 17 11 — crowned 
King of Hungary at Presburg, 21 Apr. 17 12 — 
refuses to accept Treaty of Utrecht, Apr. 17 13 
— Treaty of Rastadt, concluded 6 Mar. 17 14 — 
Barrier Treaty, 15 Nov. 17 15 — war with the 
Turks, 17 16 — Treaty of Passarowitz, 21 Jul. 
17 18 — joins the Quadruple Alliance, 2 Aug. 
17 1 8 — publishes the Pragmatic Sanction, 17 19 
— visits the provinces of the Empire, 1728 — war 
of the Polish succession, 1733-5 — war with the 
Turks, 1737 to Sep. 1739 — °". at Vienna, 20 
Oct. 1740. 

Charles VII., Emferor of the Romans, — 
B. at Brussels, 6 Aug. 1697,* 1696 b — succeeds 
his father as Elector of Bavaria, 1726 — makes 
himself master of Prague, 1741 — proclaimed 
King of Bohemia, 7 Dec. 1741 — King of the 
Romans, 24 Jan. 1742 — crowned Emperor at 
Frankfort, 12 Feb. 1742 — ft. at Munich, 20 
Jan. 1745. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. 

Charles I., King of Spain. [Charles V., 
Emperor.] 



CHARLES (sovereigns). 



3'5 



Charles II., King of Spain, — fc., 6 Nov. 
1 66 1 — succeeds his father, Philip IV., under 
the Regency of Anne of Austria his mother, 17 
Sep. 1665 — war with France, 1672 — declared 
of age, assumes the government, 1675 — shuts 
up the queen-mother in a convent and makes 
Don John of Austria first minister, 1677 — 
Peace of Nimeguen, 17 Sep. 1678 — marries 
Louisa of Orleans, 1679 — concludes truce for 
ten years with France, at Ratisbon, 10 Aug. 
1684 — death of his queen, 12 Feb. 1689 — 
marries Marie Anne of Neubourg, 1690— first 
Treaty of Partition of the monarchy signed, 
11 Oct. 1698 — second, 3 Mar. 1700 — appoints 
by his will Philip, Duke of Anjou, his success- 
or, 2 Oct. 1700— tf., 1 Nov. 1700. 

Charles III., King oe Spain, — fc., 20 Jan. 
17 16 — Duke of Parma and Placentia, 1731 — 
King of the Two Sicilies, 1735 — crowned at 
Palermo, 3 Jul. 1735 — marries Princess Maria 
Amelia of Poland, 9 May 1738 — confirmed in 
the throne by Peace of Vienna, 18 Nov. 1738 — 
prepares to take part in war with Imperialists, 
1 741 — compelled to neutrality by English fleet 
at Naples, Aug. 1742 — publishes the Caroline 
Code, 1754 — succeeds his brother, Ferdinand 
VI., 10 Aug. 1759 — declares his son, Don 
Ferdinand, his successor in Naple's, 5 Oct. 
1759 — enters Madrid, 9 Dec. 1759 — death of 
the queen, 27 Sep. 1760 — signs the Family 
Compact, 15 Aug. 1761 — war declared by 
England, 4 Jan. 1762 — declares war against 
England, 16 Jan. 1762 — invasion of Portugal, 
May 1762 — war Avith France, May 1762— pre- 
liminaries of Peace signed at Fontainebleau, 3 
Nov. 1762 — Peace of Paris, 10 Feb. 1763 — 
expels the Jesuits from Spain, by Pragmatic 
Sanction of 2 Apr. 1767 — founds Order of the 
Immaculate Conception, (or of Charles III.,) 
177 1 — war with the Moors, 1774 — declares 
war on England, 16 Jun. 1779 — siege of 
Gibraltar, 1779-82— Treaty of Versailles, 3 
Sep. 1783— tf. at Madrid, 14 Dec. 1788. 

Charles IV., King oe Spain, — ft. at Naples, 
11 Nov. 1748 — Prince of Asturias, 1759 — 
marries Maria Louisa of Parma, 1765 — pro- 
claimed, 17 Jan. 1789 — crowned at Madrid, 23 
Sep. 1789 — war with the Moors, 1790-1 — 
Godoy, first Secretary of State, Nov. 1792 — 
declares war against France, 27 Mar. 1793 — 
Peace of Basel, 22 Jul. 1795 — declares war on 
England, 5 Oct. 1796 — on Portugal, Apr. 1801 
— Peace of Amiens, 25 Mar. 1802 — war with 
England, 1804 — battle of Trafalgar, 21 Oct. 
1805 — furnishes troops to Napoleon I., 1806 — 
Treaty of Fontainebleau, 27 Oct. 1807 — 
Prince Ferdinand arrested for conspiracy 
against his father, 29 Oct. 1807 — French in- 
vasion, 1 808 — abdicates in favour of Ferdinand, 
1808 — meets Napoleon at Bayonne, receives 
back the crown and surrenders it to Napoleon, 
30 Apr. 1808 — tf., 20 Jan. 18 19. 

Charles VIII., (Canntson, )1Lixg of Sweden, 
— elected, 20 Jun. 1448 — King of Norway, 21 
Oct. 1449 — compelled to renounce crown of 
Norway, 1450— defeated by Abp of Upsala, 
escapes to Dantzic, 1457 — recalled, Aug. 1464 
— again deprived, and made governor of Fin- 



land, 1465 — resumes the crown, Nov. 1467— r 
tf., 15 May 1470. 

Charles IX., King of Sweden, — fc., 4 Oct. 
1 55? — administers government in absence of 
Sigismund, 1592 — succeeds Sigismund, 29 Mar. 
1604 — defeated by the Poles before Riga, 27 
Sep. 1605 — crowned at Upsala, 1606 — tf. at 
Nicoping, 8 Nov. 161 1. 

Charles X., Gustavus, King of Sweden, — ■ 
5., 8 Nov. 1622— named as successor to Chris- 
tina, 1649 — succeeds on her abdication, 16 Jun. 
1 654 — war with Poland, 1 655 — invades Prussia, 
1656 — victory over the Poles near Warsaw, 
Jul. 1656 — war with Denmark, 1658 — Treaty 
of Roeskild, 1658 — unsuccessfully besieges Co- 
penhagen, Aug. 1658 to Feb. 1659— tf. at 
Gothenburg, 13 Feb. 1660. 

Charles XL, King of Sweden, — b., 24 
Nov. i645, a 25 Dec. 1655 b — succeeds his 
father, Charles Gustavus, under Regency of his 
mother Hedwig, 23 Feb. 1660 — assumes the 
government, 1672 b — invasion of Brandenburg, 
Jan. 1675 — defeats king of Denmark at Lun- 
den, 14 Dec. 1675 — Treaty of St Germain, 2 
Sep. 1679 — declared absolute by the States, 
1680 — marries Ulrica Eleanora of Denmark, 
16 May 1680 — succeeds Frederick Louis as 
Duke of Deux-Ponts, 168 1 — tf. at Stockholm, 
15 Apr. 1697. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates, b Biog. Unir. 

Charles XII., King of Sweden, — b. at 
Stockholm, 27 Jun. 1682 — succeeds his fatber, 
Charles XL, 16 Apr. 1697 — declared of age, 
27 Nov. 1697 — crowns himself, 24 Dec. 1697 — 
league between Denmark, Poland, and Russia 
against him, 1699 — invades Denmark and pre- 
pares siege of Copenhagen, summer 1700 — ■ 
Peace of Travendahl, 8 Aug. 1700 — battle of 
Narva, 30 Nov. 1700 — passes the Dwina, Jul. 
1701 — defeats the Saxons; enters Warsaw, 
May 1702 — defeats the Poles at Clissow, 19 
Jul. — defeats Saxons at Pultusk, 1 May 1703 — 
procures election of Stanislaus Leczinski, king 
of Poland, Feb. 1704 — restores him after ex- 
pulsion by Augustus, Oct. 1704 — invades 
Saxony, 1706 — Treaty of Alt-Ranstadt, 24 
Sep. 1706 — gets possession of Patkul and puts 
him to death on the wheel ; quits Saxony, 
S*ep. 1707 — defeated by Peter I., at Pultawa, 
8-9 Jul. 1709 — takes refuge at Bender; en- 
gages the Porte to declare war on Russia, Nov. 
1710 — ordered to quit Turkey, 11 Feb. 17 13 
— refuses, is besieged in his palace of Varnitza, 
and taken prisoner, 17 13 — sets out in disguise 
for Sweden, 1 Nov. 1714 — reaches Stralsund, 
22, a n, b Nov. 17 14 — killed at siege of Fred- 
erickshall, 11 Dec., a 30 Nov. b 17 18. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. 

Charles XIII., King of Sweden,— fc., 7 
Oct. 1748 — Duke of Sudermania, 1772 — 
marries Hedwig Elizabeth Charlotte of Hol- 
stein-Gottorp, 7 Jul. 1774 — Commander-in- 
chief of the fleet in Russian war, 1778 — Go- 
vernor-general of Finland ; Regent during 
minority of Gustavus Adolphus, 1792-6 — . 
administrator of the kingdom, Mar. 1809 — 
elected king on abdication of Gustavus Adol- 
phus, 6 Jun. 1809— adopts Bernadotte as his 



3 i6 



CHARLES (sovereigns) 



successor, Aug. 1810 — government carried on 
by Bernadotte, 7 May 181 1 to 6 Jan. 1812 — in- 
vasion of Pomerania by the French, 17 Jan. 
1 812 — Treaty of Abo, 18 Aug. 18 12— joins 
coalition against Napoleon, 181 3 — reunion of 
Norway with Sweden, 18 14 — joins the Holy 
Alliance, 21 Jul. 1816— &., 5 Feb. 18 18. 

Charles XIV., (Charles John, Jean Baptiste 
Jules Bernadotte,) King or Sweden, — ft. at 
Pau, in France, 26 Jan. 1764 — enters tbe 
army, 1780 — as General of Division serves 
against Austrians, 1795-6 — distinguishes him- 
self at passage of the Tagliamento, 1797 — 
ambassador to Vienna, 1798 — Minister of War, 
1799 — Marshal of France, 1804 — sent to com- 
mand in Hanover, 1 804 — distinguishes himself 
at Austerlitz, Dec. 1805 — Prince of Ponte- 
corvo, Jun. 1806 — takes part in campaigns of 
1806-7 — Commander-in-chief in North Ger- 
many, Jul. 1807 — invades Denmark, Mar. 1808 
— takes part in campaign of Austria, 1 809 — 
deprived by Napoleon of his reserve division 
at Wagrain, Jul. 1809 — Governor-general of 
Roman States, Jan. 18 10 — chosen Prince Royal 
of Sweden by the Diet, 21 Aug. 1 810— en- 
ters Stockholm, 2 Nov. — resists the demands 
of Napoleon, 181 1 — French invasion of Pome- 
rania, Jan. 1 8 12 — interview with Emperor 
Alexander at Abo, Aug. 181 2 — lands at Stral- 
sund, May 1813— defeats Ney at Dennewitz, 6 
Sep. 181 3 — contributes to victory of Leipsic, 1 8 
Oct. 181 3 — Treaty of Kiel, 14 Jan. 18 14 — com- 
mands expedition against Norway, 18 14 — elect- 
ed Prince Royal of Norway, Nov. 18 14 — suc- 
ceeds Charles XIIL, 6 Feb. 181 8 — crowned at 
Stockholm, May 1 8 1 8 — crowned at Drontheim, 
Sep. 1 8 18— tf., 8 Mar. 1844. 

Charles I., the Good, Count or Flanders, 
— distinguishes himself in the crusade, 1096- 
1 100 — Regent during absence of Baldwin VII., 
1 1 18 — succeeds him, Jun. 11 19 — assists in de- 
fence of France against Imperialists, n 23 — 
refuses crown of Jerusalem, 11 24 — refuses Im- 
perial crown, 1 1 25 — accompanies Louis le Gros 
in expedition of Auvergne, 1126 — assassinated 
at Bruges, 2 Mar. 1127. 

Charles III., the Good, Duke op Savoy, — 
ft., 10 Oct. i486 — succeeds his brother Phili- 
bert II„ n Sep. 1504— joins League of Cam- 
bray, 1509 — allies himself with the Swiss, 
May 15 1 2 — negotiates alliance between France 
and the Swiss, 1516 — war with Francis L, 
15 1 8 — marries Beatrice of Portugal, 26 Mar. 
152 1 — his pretensions excite revolt of Genevese, 
1534 — war with Francis I. declared, Feb. 1535 
— loses Turin and retires to Vercelli, Apr. 1536 
— succoured by Charles 'V., 1536 — disastrous 
invasion of Provence, Jul. 1536 — death of his 
wife, 8 Jan. 1538 — retires again to Vercelli, 
J 543 — tt. there, 16 Sep. 1553. 
^ Charles Emmanuel I., the Great, Duke or 
Savoy, — ft. at Rivoli, 12 Jan. 1562 — succeeds 
his father Philibert Emmanuel, 31 Aug. 1580 — 
marries the Infanta Catherine of Austria at Sara- 
. 11 Mar. 1585— takes Chateau-Dauphin, 
but is defeated soon after by Lesdiguieres, 1588 — 
conquers the marquisate of Saluzzo, 1588 — takes 
Chateau-Dauphin after a siege, 20 Nov. 1588 — 



war with the Swiss and the Genevese ; puts in 
a claim to crown of France, 1589 — elected 
Count of Provence, Nov. 1590 — compelled 
to evacuate Provence, 1592— truce with Henry 
IV., 1 Sep. 1593 — war renewed, 1594 — treaty 
of peace with France, Oct. 1595 — war with 
France again, 1597 — Peace of Vervins, 2 May 
1598— goes to Paris, winter of 1599-1600 — 
engages with Biron in conspiracy against Henry 
IV.; French invasion of Savoy, summer 1600 
— treaty of peace signed at Lyons, 17 Jan. 
1601 — unsuccessful attempt on Geneva, 22 Dec. 
1602 — and again, 1609 — alliance with Henry 
IV. against Spain, 25 Apr. 16 10 — attempts 
conquest of Montferrat, 16 12 — is involved in 
war with Spain, 16 14 — treaty of peace signed 
at Pavia, 9 Oct. 16 17 — candidate for the em- 
pire, 1 61 9 — league with France and Venice 
against Spain respecting the Valteline, 1623 — 
French invasion of Savoy, Jan. 1629— Treaty of 
Susa, n Mar. 1629 — tr. at Savillan, 26 Jul. 
1630. 

Charles Emmanuel II., Duke or Savoy, — 
ft. at Turin, 20 Jun. 1634^ 1635 b — succeeds 
his brother, Francis Hyacinth, Oct. 1638 — dis- 
putes respecting the regency settled by treaty of 
14 Jun. 1642 — his majority declared by his 
mother the Regent Christine, 20 Jun. 1648 — 
civil war terminated by Treaty of the Pyre- 
nees, 7 Nov. 1659 — marries Frances of France, 
4 Mar. 1663 — death of Christine, 27 Dec. 
1663 — death of his Duchess, 14 Jan. 1664 — 
marries Marie Jeanne of Savoy, 11 May 1665 
— supports conspiracy of Raphael della Torre 
against Genoa, 1672 — if , 12 Jun. 1675. 

a Biog. Univ. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Charles Emmanuel III., King of Sardinia, 
— ft. atTurin, 27 Apr. 1701 — succeeds on abdi- 
cation of his father, 3 Sep. 1730— successfully 
resists temporal authority of the pope, 173 1 — 
joins France against Austria, 1733 — takes 
Pavia, 4 Nov. 1733 — battle of Guastalla, 19 
Sep. 1734— Peace of Vienna, 3 Oct. 1735 — con- 
vention with Queen of Hungary, Dec. 1741 — 
holds with her the Milanese ; takes Modena, 
27 Jun. 1742 — Savoy invaded by the Spaniards, 
Sep. — expels them, 1742 — defeated by French 
and Spaniards at Coni, 30 Sep. 1744 — Peace of 
Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748 — enfranchises the serfs, 
20 Jan. 1762— It., 20 Jan. 1773. 

Charles Albert, King of Sardinia,— ft., 2 
Oct. 1798 — joins conspiracy of the nobility 
against the government, Feb. 1821 — Regent on 
abdication of the king ; flees to Novara, Mar. 
1 82 1 — serves under the Duke of Angouleme in 
Spain, 1823 — succeeds Charles Felix, 27 Apr. 
183 1. 1848: proclaims a Constitution, Jan. — 
invades Lombardy, 23 Mar. — defeats Austrians 
at Goito, 29 May — takes Peschiera, 30 May — 
blockades Trieste, Jul. — retreats on Milan, 27 
Jul. — capitulation of Sardinians at Milan to 
Austrians, 4 Aug. — renews war with Austria, 
20 Mar. 1849 — defeated at Novara, by Radetz- 
ky, and abdicates in favour of his son, Victor 
Emmanuel, 24 Mar. 1849— "&. at Oporto, 28 Jul. 
1849. 

Charles de Saint Paul,— Bp of Avranches, 
1640 — &., 15 Sep. 1644. Geographia sacra, 



CHARLESTON— CHARRON. 



3i7 



1641 — Memoires du Cardinal de 'Richelieu, 
1649. 

Charleston, S.Carolina,V.S., — founded, 1680 
— burnt, 1700 — unsuccessfully attacked by 
French and Spaniards, 1706 — burnt, Nov. 1740 
— unsuccessfully bombarded by Sir P. Parker, 
28 Jun. 1776 — taken by Sir H. Clinton, 1 Apr. to 
4 May 1780— evacuated by the English, 14 Dec. 
1782 — seat of government removedto Columbia, 
1787— Convention at, ordains secession of S. 
Carolina from the Union, 20 Dec. i860 — bom- 
bardment and capture of Fort Sumter by Gen. 
Beauregard, 12-13 Apr. I ^6i — port left open, 
15 May 1 86 1 — great fire at, n Dec. 1861 — 
harbour blocked up by Federals, 28 Dec. 1861 
— siege of, by Federals, commenced, 7 Apr. 
1863 — unsuccessful bombardment and assault 
of Fort Wagner, by Gen. Gilmore, 1 8 Jul. 1 863 — ■ 
bombardment of Fort Sumter by Gen. Gilmore 
and Admiral Dahlgren, 17-22 Aug. 1863 — 
shelled with Greek lire by Gen. Gilmore, 24 
Aug. 1 863 — Forts Wagner and Gregg evacuated 
by Confederates, 6 Sep. 1863 — occupied by 
Federals, 18 Feb. 1865. 

Charlet, Nicolas Toussaint, painter, — ft. at 
Paris, 1792 — tf., 1845. 

Charleton, Walter, physician, — ft. at Shepton 
Mallet, 2 Feb. 16 19 — enters Oxford Univ., 
1635 — physician to Charles I., 1642 — accom- 
panies Charles II. in exile; F.R.S., 1660 — 
physician to Charles II., 1660 — President of 
College of Physicians, 1689-91 — o\ , 1707. 
Physiologia epicuro - gassendo - charletoniana, 
1654 — Natural History of Nutrition, §c, 1658 
■ — Onomasticon Zoicon, §c, 1668-71. 

Charlotte Augusta, Princess of Wales, 
— rft., 7 Jan. 1796 — marries Prince Leopold of 
Saxe-Coburg, [Leopold, King of the Belgians,'] 
2 May 1816 — tf., 6 Nov. 1817. 

Charlotte Sophia, (of Mechlenburgh Strelitz,) 
Queen or England, — ft., 1743 — marries 
George III., 8 Sep. 176 1 — ft. at Kew, 17 Nov. 
1818. 

Charlevoix, Pierre Francois Xavier de, 
Jesuit, — ft. at St Quentin, 1682 — missionary to 
America, 1720 — visits St Domingo, 1722 — If. 
at Fleche, 176 1. Histoire et description du 
Japon, 1 7 15 — Histoire de Vile de St Domingue, 
1730 — Histoire de la Nouvelle France, 1744. 

Charnace, Hercule Girard, Baron de, 
diplomatist — ambassador to Sweden, 1628 — 
negotiates treaty of Berwalde, 1631 — shot at 
siege of Breda, 1 Sep. 1637. 

Charnieres, de, — fr., about 1774. The'orie 
et pratiques des longitudes en mer, 1772. 

Charnock, John, miscellaneous writer, — ft., 
1756— enters Oxford Univ., 1774 — tf. in Lon- 
don, 1807. Biographia Navalis, 1794-8. 

Charnock, Stephen, theologian, — ft. in Lon- 
don, 1628 — -tr. there, 1680. Works, 1684. 

Chamois, Jean Charles le Vacher de, mis- 
cellaneous writer, — ft. at Paris, about 1750 
— massacred, 2 Sep. 1792. Recherches sur les 
costumes et sur les theatres de toutes les nations, 
1790. 

Charolais, Charles, Count op. [Charles 
the Bold, Duke of Burgundy.] 

Charolais, Charles de Bourbon, Count of, 



— ft. at Chantilly, 19 Jun. 1700— goes to Hun- 
gary, Italy, &c, 1717-20— member of Council 
of Regency, 16 Jun. 1720— governor of Tou- 
raine, 9 Sep. 1720 — represents Count of Toulouse 
at coronation of Louis XV., 25 Oct. 1722 — 
Chevalier, 27 Oct. 1722— guardian to Prince of 
Conde, 1741 — rj., 1760. 

Charon, of Lampsacus, historian, — [BC]— 
fl., as late as 465. 

Charondas,%?'s^or, — [B C] — ft.,before 494. 

Charops,— [B Cj— Archon of Athens, (01. 7, 
1,) 753- 

Charost, Armand Joseph de Eethune, Duke 
of, philanthropist, — ft. at Versailles, 1 Jul. 
1728 — member of Royal Society of Agriculture, 
1783 — rj., 27 Oct. 1800. Vues generates sur 
I' organisation de V instruction r urate, 179$. 

Charpentier, Francais, miscellaneous writer, 
— ft. at Paris, 15 Feb. 1620 — member of French 
Academy, 1651 — of Academy of Inscriptions, 
1664 — rj., 22 Apr. 1702. Defense de la langue 
francaise, 1676 — Be V excellence de la langue 
francaise, 1683 — Voyage du vallon tranquille, 
1673. 

Charpentier, Francois Philippe, mechani- 
cian, — 6. at Blois, 3 Oct. 1734 — ft. at Blois, 22 
Jul. 1817. 

Charpentier, Henri Francois Marie, general, 
— ft. at Soissons, 13 Jun. 1769 — enters the 
army, Sep. 179 1 — distinguishes himself on the 
Sambre, 1794 — General of Brigade in the army 
of Italy, 26 Mar. 1799 — commands under First 
Consul in Italy, 1800 — Count of the Empire, 
1809 — commands in Russian campaign, 1812 — ■ 
distinguishes himself at Lutzen, 181 3 — takes 
part in the campaign of 18 14— Chevalier de St 
Louis, 8 Jul. 1 8 14 — grand officer of Legion of 
Honour, 27 Dec. 1814 — If., 1833. 

Charpentier, Jacques, physician, — ft. at 
Clermont (Beauvoisis), 1524 — Prof. Mathema- 
tics, College Royal, 1566 — ft., 1 Feb. 1574. 
Orationes contra Ramum, 1566. 

Charpentier, Jean Frederic Guillaume, 
mineralogist, — ft. at Dresden, 24 Jun. 1738 — ■ 
ennobled, 1791 — Surveyor of Mines, 1801 — fr. 
at Dresden, 27 Jul. 1805. 

Charpentier, Pierre, jurist, — ft. at Toulouse, 
about 1500 ? — Prof. Law, Geneva, 1566 — goes 
to Paris, 1572 — abjures Protestantism, Dean of 
Faculty of Law, Pont-a-Mousson, Jan. i6o4 a — 
tf., May i6i2, a about i586. b Letlre adresse'e d 
F. Porte Candiois, §c, Sep. 1572 — Fium et 
christianum de retinendis armis, §c. , consilium, 
1575. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Charpentier, Rene, sculptor, — ft. at Paris, 
1680 — tf., 1723. 

Charpentier, Toussaint, naturalist, — ft. at 
Freiberg, 22 Nov. 1779 — studies at Leipsic, 
1797 — Counsellor of Mines, Waldenburg, 1806 
— Surveyor of Mines, Silesia, 1835-47 — }y. at 
Brieg, 4 Mar. 1847. Horce entomologicce, 1825 
— Orthoptra, 1841 — -Barstellung der Hohenver- 
schiecler Berge, Fliisse,und Orte Silesiens, 1812. 

Charpentier-Cossigny. [Cossigny.] 

Charriere, Joseph de la, surgeon, — ft. at 
Annecy, Savoy, about 1650. Trait e des opera- 
tions de chirurgic, 1690-2. 

Charron, Pierre, moralist, — ft. at Paris, 1541 



CHARTER— CHASTELEK. 



— Secretary of Assembly of the Clergy, 1595 — 
tf. at Paris, 16 Nov. 1603. Traite des trois 
Verites, 1594 — Traite de la Sagesse, 1595. , 

Charter, the Great. [Magna Charta.] 

Charter - house, {Chartreuse,) London, — 
founded as a monastery by Sir "Walter de 
Manny, 1371 — on suppression of monasteries 
surrendered to the king, 1537 — sold to Duke 
of Norfolk, 1565 — bought by Thomas Sutton, 
161 1 — incorporated as hospital and free school 
by charter of James I., Jun. 161 1. 
" Charter-house School. [Charter-house.] 

Chartier, Alain, — ft. at Bayeux, between 
1380-90 — secretary to Charles VII., about 
1420 — tf. at Avignon, ? i449, a i457, b 1458,° 
before i463. d CEuvres, 161 7. 

a Some authorities. b La Monnaie. 

c Duchesne and Pasquier. d Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Chartier, Jean, Benedictine, — historiogra- 
pher of France, by Charles VII., 1422 ? — tf., 
about 146 1 -2. Grandes Chroniques de France, 
147 6 — Histoire du regne de Charles VII., 
1476-93. 

Chartier, R,ene, physician, — ft. at Vendome, 
1572 — M.D., Paris, 1608— physician to the 
king, 161 2 — tf., 29 Oct. 1654. (Euvres reunies 
d ' Ilippocrate et de Galen, 1638-79. 

Chartists, in England, — name first used, 
about 1832 — great meetings of, autumn 1838 — 
proclamation against their meetings, Dec. 1838 
— petition of, presented to parliament by Att- 
"wood, 14 Jun. 1839 — insurrection of, at New- 
port in Monmouthshire, headed by Frost, 
AVilliams, and Jones, 4 Nov. 1839 — disturb- 
ances in the midland and northern counties, 
1842 — meeting on Kennington Common, their 
procession prevented and the petition taken in 
cabs to parliament, 10 Apr. 1848. 

Chartres, in Normandy, (Autricum, Carnu- 
tum civitas,) — besieged and taken by Thierry 
II., king of Orleans and Burgundy, about 600 
—burnt by Northmen, 852, 858 ? — rebuilt and 
taken by Hasting, but given up for a ransom : 
again besieged and taken by Northmen, 872 — 
capital of a county, held by Theobald, Count 
of Blois, about 890 — successfully holds out 
against Rollo, 911 — fortified, about 1090-1100 
— meeting of Innocent II. and Henry I. of Eng- 
land at, 1 1 30 — acquired by the crown, about 
1286 — taken by the Burgundians, 141 7 — re- 
covered from the English by Dunois, 1432 — 
erected into a duchy by Francis I., before 1547 
— unsuccessfully besiegedby Protestants, 1568 — 
taken by Henry IV., 19 Api\ 1591 — coronation 
of Henry IV. at, 27 Feb. 1594 — the duchy 
bought by Louis XIII. and made appanage of 
House of Orleans, 1623 — occupied by Germans 
under Gen. Wittich, 21 Oct. 1870. Cathedral, 
commenced by Bp Fulbert, ? 1020 — completed 
and dedicated, 17 Oct. 1260. 

Chartreuse, La Grande, in France,— founded 
by St Bruno, 1084. 

Chasles, Francois Jacques. Dictionnaire 
universel, §c, de justice, police, et finances, 1725. 
Chasot de Nantigny, Louis, genealogist, — 
ft. in Burgundy, 1692 — tf., 29 Dec. 1755. 
Gdnialogies histor'iques des anciens patriarches, 
§c, 1756-8 — Tablettes historiques, $c, 1749. 



Chasse, David Hendrik, Baron, general, — ■ 
ft. in Guelderland, 18 Mar. 1765 — enters the 
army, 1775 — entersthe French army, 1787 — dis- 
tinguishes himself in Prussian campaign, 1806 
— Baron of the Empire, 30 Jun. 181 1 — go- 
vernor of Antwerp, 18 15 — defends it against 
the French, 1832 — tf. at Breda, 2 May 1849. 

Chassel, Charles, sculptor, — ft. at Nancy, 
1612. 

Chassel, Remi-Francois, sculptor, — ft. at 
Metz, 1666 — goes to Paris, 1676 — tf., 5 Oct. 
1752. 

Chasseloup-Laubat, Francois, Count, Peer 
of France, general, — ft. at Saint-Sernin, 
(Oharente Inferieure,) 18 Aug. 1754 — Lieu- 
tenant, 16 Feb. 1781 — directs siege works at 
Montmedi, 1792 — distinguishes himself at 
Arlon, 1793 — assists at taking of Maastricht, 
Colonel, 1794 — at siege of Mentz, 1795 — com- 
mander of engineers in campaign of Italy, 1796 
— General of Brigade, 1796 — commands in 
Italy, 1799 — General of Division, 18 Sep. 1799 
— directs works of fortification in Italy, 1803, 
1804, 1805 — Commander of Legion of Honour, 
14 Jun. 1804 — commands in campaign of Prus- 
sia, 1806 — Chief Commander of Mantua, 1809 — 
Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, Councillor 
of State, 30 Jun. 1 8 1 1 — takes part in expedition 
of Russia, 1 81 2 — Count, Senator, 5 Aug. 1813 
— Peer of France, Chevalier of St Louis, grand 
cordon of Legion of Honour, 18 14 — Com- 
mander of St Louis, 3 May 18 16 — Marquis, 
1819 — tf. at Paris, 6 Oct. 1833. 

Chasseneux, Barthelemi de, jurisconsult, — 
&. in Burgundy, 1480 — president of Parlia- 
ment of Provence, 1532 — tf. at Aix, 15 Apr. 
1541. Consuetudines ducatus Burgundice, Qc, 
151 7 — Catalogus glories mundi, 1529 — Consilia, 

Chassepot Rifle, — adopted in French army 
by decree of Napoleon III., 30 Aug. 1866. 

Chassignet, Jean Baptiste, poet, — ft. at 
Besan^on, about 1578 — tf., after 1620. 

Chastel, Pierre Louis Aime, general, — ft. 
in Chablais, 1774 — enters the army, Dec. 1792 
— serves under Napoleon in Italy, 1796— takes 
part in expedition of Egypt, 1798 — serves in 
campaign of Austerlitz, 1805 — serves in Prussia 
and Poland, 1807-8 — in campaign of Austria, 
1 809 — General of Division, 1 809 — distinguishes 
himself at battle of Moscow, 18 12 — takes part 
in campaign of Saxony, 1813 — in defence of 
Paris, 1 8 14 — tf. at Geneva, 16 Oct. 1826. 

Chastelain. [Chatelain, George.] 

Chastelard. [Chastellet.] 

Chasteler, Jean Gabriel, Marquis du, gen- 
eral, — ft. at Mons, 22 Jan. 1763 — enters the 
army, 1776 — employed at fortifications of 
Theresienstadt, 1 7 8 1 -4 — Chamberlain, Lieu- 
tenant-colonel, by Leopold II., 1791 — dis- 
tinguishes himself at battle of Watignies, 1793 
— takes the French lines before Mentz, Oct. 
1795 — serves in campaign of Italy, 1799 — 
Field-marshal Lieutenant, 8 Jan. 1801 — in the 
Tyrol, 1805 — directs works at Comorn, 1808 — 
Commander of Order of Leopold, 1808 — com- 
mands in Silesia, 18 11- 12 — commands at battle 
of Dresden, 1 8 1 3 — military commander of 



CHASTELET— CHATELAIN. 



3*9 



Venice, Dec. 1814 — U. there, 7 May 18 15. 

Chastelet, Gabrielle Emilie le Tonnelier de 
Breteuil, Marquise du, — b. at Paris, 1706 — 
retires to Cirey with Voltaire, 1733 — U. at 
Luneville, 10 Aug. 1749. Frincipes de Newton, 
1756 — Institutions de physique, 1740. 

Chastelet, Paul Hay, Sieur du,— 6. in Bre- 
tagne, 1592 — first secretary of French Academy, 
1635 — tf., 6 Apr. 1636. Eecueil de diverses 
pieces pour servir d VMstoire, 1626 — FListoire 
de Bertrand Duguesclin, 1660. 

Chastellet, (Chastelard,) Pierre de Boscosel 
de, — h., about 1540 — accompanies Mary Stuart 
to Scotland, 1560 — returns to France ; again 
goes to Edinburgh, Nov. 1562 — surprised in 
the Queen's bedchamber, Jan. 1563 — again, 13 
Feb. — executed, 22 Feb. 1563. 

Chastellux, Claude de Beauvoir, Seigneur 
de, Marshal of France,— b. in Burgundy, 
about 1400 — chamberlain to Duke John sans 
Feur, 1409 — surprises Paris, 29 May 141 8 — 
Marshal, 2 Jun. 141 8 — Captain-general of 
Normandy, Sep. 141 8 — deprived of dignity of 
Marshal by Henry V. of England, 1422— dis- 
tinguishes himself at siege of Crevant, 1423 — 
takes part in assemblies at Auxerre, 1451 — tf., 
12 Mar. 1453. 

Chastellux, Francois Jean, Marquis or, 
miscellaneous writer, §c, — b. at Paris, 1734 — 
enters the army, 1749 — serves in Seven Years' 
War, 1756-63 — member of French Academy, 
1775 — serves under Rochambeau in American 
war, 1780-2 — tf., 28 Oct. 1788. De la Felicite 
publique, 1772 — Voyage dans VAmerique sep- 
tentrionale, §c, 1782. 

Chastenet. [Puysegur.] 

Chastillon, Alexis Madeleine Rosalie, 
Dure of, general, — b., 1690 — Marechal de 
Camp, serves in campaigns of Italy, 1733-4 — 
Lieutenant-general, 1734 — tutor to the Dau- 
phin, 1735 — Duke, Peer of France, 1736 — 
governor of Bretagne, 1739 — Ty., 1754. 

Chastillon, Eudes de. [Urban II.] 

Chastillon, (Chatillon,) Gaucher de, Se- 
neschal of Burgundy, — follows Philip 
Augustus to Palestine, 1190 — distinguishes 
himself at siege of Acre, 1191 — takes part in 
conquest of Normandy, 1200— accompanies the 
Count de Montfort against the Albigenses, 1209 
— ft., 1219. 

Chastillon, Gaucher de, Count of Crecy, 
— b., 1250 — Constable of Champagne, 1286 — 
distinguishes himself at battle of Courtrai, 1302 
— Constable of France, 1 302 — contributes to the 
victory of Mons-en-Puelle, 1304 — commands 
French army at battle of Mont-Cassel, 1328 — 

*., i3 2 9- 

Chastillon, (Chdtillon,) "Ren&ud de, — accom- 
panies Louis VII. to Palestine, 1147 — Prince 
of Antioch, by marriage with Constance, widow 
of Raymond of Poitiers, about close of 1152 — 
captured by Saracens, 23 Nov. 11 60 — liberated 
for a ransom, 1176 — unsuccessfully besieged by 
Saladin at Krac, (Petra,) 11 85 — captured by 
Saladin at battle of Tiberias, and put to death, 
Jul. 1 1 87. 

Chataigner, Alexis, engraver, — b. at Nantes, 
1772 — Ij. at Paris, Dec. 18 17. 



Chateaubriand, Edict of, (in France,) — re- 
neAving persecution of Huguenots, referring 
cases of heresy to civil as well as ecclesiastical 
judges, prohibiting heretical books, &c, pub- 
lished by Henry II., 27 Jun. 1554^ a Lebas. 

Chateaubriand, Francois Auguste, Vis- 
count de, statesman, miscellaneous writer, — b. 
at St Malo, 4, a 14b Sep. 1768,^ 1769 c — enters 
the army, 1786 — visits America, 1790 — returns 
to Paris and marries, about 17 91 — at London, 
1 7 92- 1 8 00 — returns to Paris, 1800 — secretary 
of embassy at Rome, 1803 — visits Jerusalem, 
1806 — Minister of State and Peer of France, by 
Louis XVIII. , 1 815 — ambassador extraord. to 
England, 1822— Minister of Foreign Affairs, 
1823-4 — tf. at Paris, 4 Jul. 1848. Fssai sta- 
les Revolutions, 1797 — Atala, 1801 — Genie du 
Christianisme, 1802 — Martyres, 1809 — Itine- 
raire de Faris a Jerusalem, 18 n — Be Bona- 
parte et des Bourbons, 1814 — Me moires d' Outre 
Tombe, 1849-50. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Nonv. Biog. Gen. c Conv.-Lex. 

Chateaubrun, Jean Baptiste Vivien de, 
dramatist, — b. at Angouleme, 1686 — member 
of French Academy, 1753 — ft., 16 Feb. 1775. 
Les Troyennes, 1754 — Fhiloctete, 1755. 

Chateaudun, in France, — the castle partly 
built, 935 — the town burnt, 1723 — taken by 
Germans, 18 Oct. 1870. 

Chateaufort, Marquis de. [Boyseau.] 

Chateau-Gaillard, in Normandy, — erected 
by Richard Cceur de Lion, 1195,* 1197 b — ex- 
changed with Abp of Rouen for Dieppe, soon 
after: taken by Philip Augustus, 1204 — Mar- 
guerite, queen of Louis X., confined in, 1314° 
— strangled there, Aug. 13 15 — asylum of David 
Bruce, 1334 — Charles the Bad imprisoned in, 
1356 — taken by the English, after a siege of 
seven months, 141 8 — retaken by the French, 
1449 — captured by Henry IV., 1589— recovered 
by the League, soon after : partly dismantled 
by Henry IV., 1603 — the keep partly de- 
molished by Louis XIIL, 1616. a Engl. Cyc. 
b Annals of England. c Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Chateau - Eegnaud, Francois Louis de 
Bousselet, Count of, admiral, — b., 1637— 
Captain, 1672 — defeats Admiral Eversen, 1678 
— Lieutenant-general, 1688 — conveys succours 
to James II. in Ireland, 1689 — Vice-admiral of 
the Levant, by Louis XIV., 1701 — Marshal of 
France, 1703 — fr. Commander of Bretagne, 15 
Nov. 17 16. 

Chateauroux, Marie Anne, Duchess of, — 
b., 17 19 — Duchess, by Louis XV., 1742— 
driven from the king, at Metz, 1744 — b\, 8 
Dec. 1744. 

Chatel, du. [Duchatel.] 

Chatel, Francois du, painter, — b. at 
Brussels, 1626. King of Spain receiving oath 
of fealty from States of Brabant and Flanders, 
1661. 

Chatelain, Georges, (Castellanus,) miscel- 
laneous writer, — b. at Ghent, 1404 — leaves 
military service, about 1443 — chronicler of 
House of Burgundy, after 1443 — Chevalier of 
Golden Fleece, 1473 — if. at Valenciennes, 20 
Mar. 1474. Recollection des merveilles advenues 
de mon temps, 153 1 — Histoire du bon chevalier 



CHATELAIN— CHAULXES. 



Jacques de Lalain, §c, 1634 — Grand Chronique, 
about 1474. 

Chatelain, Jean Baptiste, engraver,— ft. in 
London, 17 10 — if. there, 177 1. 

Chatelus. [Chastellux.j 

Chatham, in Kent, — dockyard of, founded 
by Queen Elizabeth, before 1603 — surprised by 
the Dutch, 1667 — mutiny of convicts at, 
suppressed by military, 8- 11 Feb. 1861. 

Chatham islands, in the Pacific, — discovered 
by Broughton, 1791. 

" Chatham, John Pitt, second Earl of, gen- 
eral, — ft., 10 Sep. 1756 — succeeds to the peerage, 
11 May 1778— captain in the army, Jun. 1779 
— serves in American war, 1779-83 — First Lord 
of the Admiralty, 6 Jul. 1788 to Dec. 1794 — 
Privy Councillor, 3 Apr. 1789 — E.G., 15 Dec. 
1790 — Major-general, 26 Feb. 1795 — Lord 
President of the Council, 24 Sep. 1796 — Master- 
general of the Ordnance, Jul. 1801 to Feb. 1806, 
and 31 Mar. 1807 to May 18 10 — Lieutenaut- 
general, 29 Apr. 1802 — commands the expedi- 
tion to Walcheren, Jul. 1809 — takes Flushing, 
16 Aug. 1809 — destroys the arsenal and har- 
bour, Nov. — abandons the island, Dec. 1809 — 
General, 1 Jan. 1812 — Governor of Gibraltar, 
1820 — ft. in London, 24 Sep. 1835. 

Chatham, William Pitt, first Eakl of, 
Prime Minister of England, — ft. at Bo- 
connoc, Cornwall, 15 Nov. 1708 — enters Trin. 
Coll., Oxford, 1726— M.P. Old Sarum, Jan. 1735 
— makes his maiden speech, 29 Apr. 1736 — de- 
prived of his commission in the army, and named 
groom of the bed-chamber to Frederick, Prince 
of "Wales, May 1736 — supports the Broad 
Bottom Administration, from Nov. 1744 — -joint 
Vice-treasurer for Ireland, 22 Feb. 1746 — 
Paymaster-general, 6 May 1746 — M.P. Sea- 
ford, Nov. 1747 — marries Hester, sister of 
George Granville, 1754 — M.P. Aldborough, 
Nov. 1754 — dismissed by the kiug, 20 Nov. 
1755— Secretary of State, Dec. 1756 — M.P. 
Oakhampton : resigns, Apr. 1757 — Secretary 
of State again, Jan. 1757 — M.P. Bath: re- 
signs, 5 Oct. 1761 — and receives a pension: 
maintains illegality of general warrants, 1763 — 
declines overtures of office, Sep. 1763, and May 
to Jun. 1765 — denies the right to tax the 
colonies, Jan. 1766 — accepts office of Lord 
Privy Seal, and is created Viscount Pitt, Baron 
Pynsent and Earl of Chatham, 1766 — resigns, 
15 Oct. 1768 — takes part in debates again, Jan. 
1770 — supports Bill for relief of Dissenters, 
May 1772 — opposes American policy of Lord 
North, 1774 and 1777— seized with illness in 
the House of Lords, 7 Apr. 1778— rj. at Hayes, 
Kernel 1 May 1778. Correspondence, 1838-40. 

Chatillon, in Trance, — German force sur- 
prised by Ricciotti Garibaldi at, 19 Nov. 1870. 
88 of, between France and the allies, 
without result, 5 Feb. to 19 Mar. 18 14. 

Chatillon. [Cha:tillon, and Ccligny.] 

Chatillon, Louis de, painter in enamel, en- 
graver, — b. at St Men mould, 1639— fr. at Paris, 

1734; 

Chatre, Claude, Baron de la, Marshal of 
France,— fr., 1526— at siege of Thionville, 
1 55$ — ut battle of Dreux, 1561 — commands 



under the Duke of Xevefs in Piedmont, 1567 — 
besieges and takes Sancerre, 1574 — 5y., 18 Dec. 
1614. 

Chatre, Edme, Count de la, — ft., about 
1600 — Colonel-general of the Swiss andGrisons, 
1643 — wounded and captured, at battle of 
Xordlingen, Aug. 1645 — if. at Philipsburg, 3 
Sep. 1645. Memoires, 1662. 

Chatre, Louis de la, — submits with his father 
to Henry IV., 1594 — Governor of Berri, 1614-16 
— Marshal of France, 1616 — if., 1630. 

Chattanooga, ~U. S., — evacuated by Gen. 
Bragg, Sep. 1863 — occupied by Gen. Bosecrans, 
10 Sep. 1863 — Gen. Bragg defeated by Gen. 
Grant, near, 24 ~Nox. 1863. 

Chatterton, Thomas, poet,— ft. at Bristol, 
20 Xov. 1752 — enters Colston's School there, 3 
Aug. 1760 — quits it, 1 Jul. 1767 — articled to 
John Lambert, attorney, 1767- — begins to pro- 
duce his Rowley series of poems, 1768 — goes to 
London, 1770— commits suicide, 24 Aug. 1770. 
Poems, 177 1. 

Chaucer, Geoffrey, poet, — ft., 1328 — serves 
in war with France, and is made prisoner, 
1359-60 — receives pension from Edward III., 
1367 — marries, about 1367 — envoy to Genoa 
and Florence, 1373 — comptroller of wool cus- 
toms, London, Jun. 1374 — sent on secret mis- 
sion to Flanders, Feb. 1377 — envoy to Lom- 
bardy, May 1378 — Knight of the shire for Kent, 
1386 — dismissed from office of comptroller, 4 
Dec. 1386 — clerk of the works at the royal 
palaces, 12 Jul. 1389 — retires, before end of 
Sep. 1 39 1 — receives increased pension from 
Henry IV., 1399 — if. in London, 25 Oct. 1400. 
The book of Tr otitis and Cresseidc, about 1369? 
— Parliament of Birds, 1 358 — Canterbury Tales, 
1383 — Conclusions of the Astrolabie, about 
1391-2. 

Chauci, (Cauci,) The, in Germany, — [B C] — 
attacked by Drusus, 1 1 a — [AD"j — form alliance 
with the Bomans, 5 — at war with them, about 
47. a Ziunpt. 

Chaudet, Antoine Denis, sculptor, — ft. at 
Paris, 31 Mar. 1763 — obtains the grand prize 
of the Academy, 1784 — returns from Borne, 
admitted to the Academy, 1789 — member of In- 
stitute, 1805 — If. at Paris, 19 Apr. 1810. 

Chaudon, Louis Maieul, miscellaneous writer, 
— ft. in Provence, 20 May 1737 — if., 28 May 
1 817. Nouveau PJictionnaire historique, 1766. 

Chaufepie, Jacques George de, — ft. at Leu- 
warden, 9 Xov. 1702 — pastor at Amsterdam, 
1743-86 — o". there, 3 Jul. 1786. Nouveau 
Dictionnaire historique et critique, 1750-6. 

Chauliac, Gui de, physician, — physician to 
Clement VI., Innocent VI., and Urban V., at 
Avignon, about 1348-70 — if., about 1370. 
Tnventariwm, §c, 1490. 

Chaulieu, Guillaume Amfrye, poet,—b. at 
Fontenai, 1639 — if. at Paris, 27 Jun. 1720. 
(Euvres, 1724. 

Chaulnes, Charles d' Albert d'Ailly, — ft., 
1625 — Lieutenant-general, 1653 — Chevalier, 
1661 — ambassador to Eome, 1667 — governor 
of Bretagne, 1670-95 — minister plenipotentiary 
at Cologne, 1673 — governor of Guienne, 1695- 
98— if., 1698. 



CHAULNES-CHAVIGNY. 



Chaulnes, Honore d'Albert, Duke of, 
Marshal of France, — b., about 1600 — 
Chevalier, Marshal, 1619 — Duke of Chaulnes, 
Peer of France, 162 1 — commands with Marshal 
de la Force in Picardy, 1625 — governor of 
Picardy, 1633-43— besieges Arras, 1640 — go- 
vernor of Auvergne, 1643-9 — tf., 1649. 

Chaulnes, Marie Joseph Louis d'Albert 
d'Ailly, Duke of,— b., 1741 — Colonel, quits 
the army, 1765 — travels in Egypt, 1765 — 
tf., about 1791. 

Chaulnes, Michel Ferdinand d'Albert 
d'Ailly, Duke of, Peer of France, — b. at 
Paris, 30 Dec. 17 14 — member of Academy of 
Sciences, 1743 — tf., 23 Sep. 1769. Nouvelle 
methode pour diviser les instruments mathe- 
matiques, $c, 1768. 

Chaumeix, Abraham Joseph de, miscel- 
laneous writer, — b. at Orleans, 1725 — tf. at 
Moscow, 1770. Prejuges legitimes contre 
VEncyclop e'clie, 1758. 

Chaumeton, Francois Fierre, physician, — 
b. inTouraine, 20 Sep. 1775 — tf., 10 Aug. 1819. 
Flore die Dictionnaire des sciences medicates, 
1813-20. 

Chauniette, Antoine, surgeon. Enchiridion 
chirurgicum, §c, 1560. 

Chaumette, Fierre Gaspard, Revolutionary 
leader at Paris, — b. at Nevers, 24 May 1763 — 
takes part in attack on the Tuileries, becomes 
member of Municipality, Aug. 1792 — executed, 
13 Apr. 1794. 

Chaumont, Charles d'Amboise, Seigneur 
de, — Lieutenant, by Louis XII., in Lombardy, 
1 501 — Grand Master of Artillery, 1502 — 
Marshal, 1504 — distinguishes himself at siege 
of Bologna, 1506 — subdues Genoa, 1506 — com- 
mands vanguard at battle of Castallaccio, 1507 
■ — takes Trevisa from the Venetians, 1509 — 
besieges Bologna, 1510—tf. Admiral of Graville, 
1511. 

Chaumont, Chevalier de, — b., about 1640 
— ambassador to King of Siam, 168 -6. Re- 
lation de son voyage, 1686. 

Chaumont, Treaty of, — between England, 
Austria, Russia, and Prussia, signed, 1 Mar. 1 8 14. 

Chauncy, Henry, antiquary, — b., 1632 — 
enters Cambridge Lniv., 1647 — Knt, by Charles 
II., 1681 — Serjeant at Law, 1688 — tf., Apr. 
1 7 19. Historical antiquities of Hertfordshire, 
1700. 

Chaupy, Bertrand Capmartin de. [Cap- 
martin.] 

Chaussard, Fierre Jean Baptiste, miscel- 
laneous writer, — b. at Paris, 29 Jan. 1766 — 
commissioner in Belgium, Dec. 1792 — Secre- 
tary of the Committee of Public Safety, 1793 
■ — tf., 30 Sep. 1823. Now eau Diablo boiteux, 
1799 — Fetes et courtisanes de la Grece, 1801 — 
Jeanne d 'Arc, 1806 — Theorie des lois crimi- 
nelles, 1789. 

Chausse, Michel Ange de la, antiquary, — 
b. at Paris, about 1660 — tf. at Pome, after 
1738. Romanitm Museum, 1690 — Pitture an- 
tiche delle grotte de Roma e del sepolcro de' Na- 
soni, 1706. 

Chaussee, Fierre Claude Nivelle de la, 
dramatist, — b. at Paris, 1692 — member of 



French Academy, 1734— if- at Paris, 14 May 
1754. (Euvres, 1762. 

Chaussier, Francois, physician— -b. at Di- 
jon, 13 Jul. 1746 — called to Paris to organize 
School of Health, 1794— Prof. Anatomy and 
Physiology there, about 1795-1823— tf., 9 Jun. 
1828. Methode de traiter les morsures des 
animaux enrages, $c, 1785 — Exposition som- 
maire des muscles, §c., 1789 — Tables synoptiques 
de la zoonomie, §c, 1799-1826 — Recueil de 
memoires, §c, 1824. 

Chauveau, Francois, painter, engraver, — b. 
at Paris, 16 1 3 — member of Academy of Paint- 
ing, 1663 — tf. at Paris, 1676. 

Chauveau, Bene, sculptor, architect, — b. at 
Paris, 1663 — tf. there, 1722. 

Chauvelin, Francois Bernard, Marquis de, 
politician, —b. at Paris, 29 Nov. 1766 — aide-de- 
camp to Eochambeau, 1791 — ambassador to 
London, about Apr. 1792 — ordered to withdraw, 
24 Jan. 1793 — imprisoned, about Aug. 1793 to 
Jul. 1794 — member of the Tribunate, after (18 
Brumaire) 9 Nov. 1799 — Intendant-general of 
Catalonia, 1 812- 14 — Honorary Councillor of 
State, by Louis XVIII. , 18 15 — member of 
Chamber of Deputies, 1817-24 — again, 1827-9 
— tf. at Paris, Apr. 1832. 

Chauvelot, Silvestre, — b. at Beaune, 1747 — 
serves in the army of the princes, 1792 — settles 
at Beaune, 1805 — tf., 1832. LeLivredesveriUs, 
#«•» J795- 

Chauvin, Etienne, theologian, §c, — b. at 
Nismes, 18 Apr. 1640 — escapes to Holland, 
1685 — Prof. Philosophy, and Inspector of 
French College, Berlin, 1695 — tf. at Berlin, 
6 Apr. 1725. Lexicon Rationale, 17 13 — Be 
naturali rcligione, 1693 — Kouveau Journal des 
sava)its, 1694-8. 

Chavagnac, Gaspard, Count of, — b. in Au- 
vergne, 1624. Memoires, 1699. 

Chaveau-Lagarde, Claude Francois, advo- 
cate, — b. at Chartres, about 1765 — defends Char- 
lotte Corday, Jul. 1793 — defends Marie An- 
toinette, Oct. 1793 — imprisoned, Oct. 1793 to 
Jul. 1794 — advocate to the Council of State, 
1806 — receives patent of nobility, 18 14 — coun- 
sellor to Court of Cassation, 1828 — tf. at Paris, 
20 Feb. 1 841. Notice historique sur le proces 
de Marie Antoinette, $•<?., 1816. 

Chaves, Diego de, and Francesco, — accom- 
pany Pizarro to the conquest of Peru, 1535. 

Chaves, Emmanuel de Silveyra Finto de 
Fonseca, Count of Amarante, Marquis of, 
— serves in Peninsular War, 1809-14 — opposes 
the revolutionary party, 1823 — restored to 
office, made Marquis of Chaves, Jun. 1823 — de- 
feated by Villaflor, near Coimbra, 1827 — tf. at 
Lisbon, 7 Mar. 1830. 

Chavigny . [Bouthillier- Chavigny . ] 

Chavigny, (Chavignard,) Theodore, diplom- 
atist, — b- at Beaune, about 1687 — named Resi- 
dent at Genoa, 1720— envoy to Spain, 1722 — 
minister in England, 17 31 — envoy to Denmark, 
1737 — ambassador to Portugal, 1740 — negoti- 
ates Treaty of Union signed at Frankfort, 22 
May 1744 — ambassador to Venice, 1749 — to 
Switzerland, 1751 — retires, 1762— tf. at Paris, 
26 Feb. 1771. 

21 



V 



CHAVIV— CHEBEAIT. 



Chaviv, Jacob Ben, rabbi, — expelled from 
Spain, 1492 — tf. at Salonica, about 1500. 
Sain Israel, 151 1. 

Chaviv, Levi Ben, rabbi, — tf., about 1550. 
Consultations, 1565. 

Chazal, Jean Pierre, revolutionary leader, — ft. 
at Pont-Saint-Esprit, 1 Mar. 1766 — deputy to 
the Convention, 1792 — member of Council of 
Five Hundred, 1795 — Prefect of the Upper 
Pyrenees, 1 802 — deprived, 1 8 14 — retires to 
Belgium, 18 16 — tf. at Brussels, 23 Apr. 1840. 

Chazars, (Khacars, Chozars,) — invited by 
Heraclius, remove to Georgia, form alliance 
with Romans, and take part in war with Per- 
sians, 626 — receive Justinian II., but betray 
him, 698, 695. a a Gibbon. 

Chazelles, Jean Mathieu de, astronomer,— 
ft. at Lyons, 24 Jul. 1657 — assistant to Cassini, 
1675 — Prof. Hydrography, Marseilles, 1685 — 
member of Academy of Sciences, 1695 — tf. at 
Paris, 16 Jan. 17 10. 

Chedel, Quentin Pierre, engraver, — ft. at 
Chalons-sur-Marne, 1705- — tf. there^ 1762. 

Cheesman, Thomas, engraver, — ft., about 
1760 — tf., about 1792. 

Cheffontaines, Christophe de, Franciscan, 
■ — ft. in Brittany, about 1532 — General of the 
Order of Friars Minor, 157 1 — Abp of Caesarea, 
1586,* 1579 b — tt- a ^ Borne, 1595. Defense de 
lafoi de nos ancetres, 1570, 157 1 — Varii trac- 
tatus et disputationes, 1586. 

a Biog. Univ. b Rees' Cyc. 

Cheilon, (Chilon,) one of the Seven Sages, — 
[B C]— fl., 596— Ephor. Eponym., (01. 56, 1,) 
S5&-* a Diog. Laert. 

Cheke, Sir John, statesman, scholar, — ft. at 
Cambridge, 16 Jun. 15 14 — enters St John's 
Coll., 153 1 — first Begius Prof. Greek, Cam- 
bridge, 1540 — incorporated M.A. Oxford, 1543 
— Latin tutor to Prince Edward, 1544 — Provost 
of King's Coll. Cambridge, 1549— chief gen- 
tleman of the King's Privy Chamber, 1550 — 
Knt, 1551 — Clerk of the Council, 1552 — 
Secretary of State, Privy Councillor, 1553 — 
imprisoned in the Tower, 155310 3 Sep. 1554— 
arrested in the Netherlands, 1556 — abjures 
Protestantism, 4 Oct. 1556 — tf., 13 Sep. 1557. 

Chelidonius, Benedictus, poet, — tf., about 
1529. De passione Domini Nostri I. C., 15 10 
— De vita Maria Virginis, 15 n. 

Chelsea College, Chelsea Hospital,— incor- 
porated by James L, 8 May 1610 — made a 
hospital by Charles II., 1682— completed by 
William and Mary, 1690 — new building erected 
by Sir C. Wren, 1682-90 — Boyal Military 
Asylum, instituted, 1801. 

Cheltenham, — salt springs discovered at, 
17 16 — visited by George III., 1788. Pro- 
prietary College, founded, 1843. 

Chemical Society, of London, — founded, 
1841. 

Chemistry, Royal College of,— founded in 
London, 1845. 

Chemnitz, Johann, botanist, — ft., 1610 — tf., 
1651. 

Chemnitz, Johann Hieronymus, naturalist, 
—ft. at Magdeburg, 10 Oct. 1739— &. at Co- 
penhagen, i2 Oct. 1800. Neues systematise! tes 



Conchylienkabinet, $c,, fortgesetzt, #<?., 1769- 

95- 

Chemnitz, Martin, theologian, — ft. atTreun- 
brietzen, Brandenburg, 9 Nov. I5i2, a 1522 bc 
— Bector of Cathedral School, Konigsberg, 
1548 — librarian to Duke Albert of Prussia, 
1550-3 — -goes to Wittenberg, 1553— pastor at 
Brunswick, 1554 — superintendent of diocese 
of Brunswick, 1567 — ft. at Brunswick, 8 Apr. 
1586, bc 1588. a Theologice Jesuitarum prceci- 
pua capita, 1562 — Examen Concilii Tridentini, 
1565 — loci theologici, 159 1 — Harmonia Evan- 
gelica, 1600^11. a Biog. Univ. 

b Engl. Cyc. c Erscb and Gruber. 

Chemnitz, Philipp Bogislav, historian, — ft. 
at Stettin, 1605 — tf. in Sweden, 1678. Der 
konigl. Sc/uved. in Deutschland gefiihrte Krieg, 
1648-52 — De ratione status in imperio nostro 
Romano-Germanico, §c, 1640. 

Chemnizer, Ivan Ivanowitch, fabulist, — ft. 
at St Petersburg, 1744 — tf. Consul-general, at 
Smyrna, 20 Mar. 1784. Basni i skaski, 1775. 

Chenedolle, Charles Pioult de, poet, — ft. at 
Yire, (Calvados,) 1769 — tf. there, 2 Dec. 1833. 
Genie de Vhomme, 1807 — Etudes poetiques, 
1820. 

Chenevix, Richard, chemist, $c.,— ft. in Ire- 
land, about 1760 — F.B.S., 1801 — tf. at Paris, 

5 Apr. 1830. 

Chenier, Louis de, — ft. at Montfort, 1723 — 
Consul-general at the Porte, 1753-64 — at Mo- 
rocco, 1767-84 — tf. at Paris, 25 May 1796. 
Recherches historiques sur les Maures, §c, 
1787 — Revolutions de V empire Othoman, §c, 
1789. ^ 

Chenier, Marie Andr6 de, poet, — ft. at 
Constantinople, 22 Oct. 1762^ 1763 b — ex- 
ecuted at Paris, 25 Jul. 1794. Foe'sies, 1819. 
a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Chenier, Marie Joseph de, poet,— ft. at Con- 
stantinople, 28 Aug. 1764— deputy to the Con- 
vention, &c, 1792-1802 — ft., 10 Jan. 1811. 
(Euvres, 1824. 

Chenu, Pierre, engraver, — ft. at Paris, 1730. 

Cheops. [Pyramids.] 

Cheques, stamp duty imposed on, by Act 21 
Yic. c. 20, 21 May 1858. 

Cheradame, Jean, Hellenist, — ft., about 
1500 — Prof. Greek, College Boyal, Paris, 
about 1540. Lexicopator etymon, 1543. 

Cherasco, Treaty of, — between Louis XIII. 
of France and Victor Amadeus I., Duke of 
Savoy, ratifying Peace of Batisbon, concluded, 

6 Apr. 1631. 

Cherbourg, in France,— its castle mentioned, 
1026— plundered by the English, 1295 — ceded 
with the Cotentin to Charles the Bad, king of 
Navarre, 1355 — taken by the English, 141 8 — 
retaken by Charles VII., 1450 — taken by the 
English and the works destroyed, 1758 — meet- 
ing of English and French fleets at, 15-16 
Aug. 1865. Breakwater, commenced, 1783 — 
fortifications completed, and inaugurated by a 
visit of Queen Victoria of England, 1854. 
Cherbury, Loud. [Herbert, Edward.] 
Chereau, Francois, engraver, — ft. at Blois, 
1680 — member of the Academy, 26 Mar. 17 18 
— tf. at Paris, 15 Apr. 1729. 



CHEREAU— CHESTER. 



323 



Chereau, Jacques, engraver,— b. at Blois, 
1694 — tf. at Paris, i759, a 1776. b 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Nagler. 

Cherin, Louis Nicolas Hyacinthe, general, 
■ — fj. at Paris, 1762 — serves in the Army of the 
North, 1792-3 — commands, under Hoche, in 
expedition of Quiberon, Jul. 1795 — takes part 
in expedition to Ireland, 1796 — General of 
Division, 1797 — commands under Massena in 
Switzerland, 1799 — tf-, 14 Jun. 1799. Abre'ge 
chronologique d' edits, §c, concernant le fait de 
noblesse, 1788. 

Cherisey, Louis, Count op, general, — b. at 
Metz, 1 Jun. 1667 — enters the army, 1685 — 
receives Cross of St Louis, at Versailles, May 
17 1 1 — Marechal de Camp, Feb. 1734 — Lieu- 
tenant-general, 1 Mar. 1738 — Commander of 
St Louis, 16 Mar. 1743 — wounded at battle of 
Ettingen, 27 Jun. 1743 — tf. at Metz, 8 Feb. 

i75°- 

Cheriton Down, near Alresford, — Sir Wil- 
liam Waller defeats Sir Ralph Hopton, 29 
Mar. 1644. 

Cheron, Charles, engraver, — b. at Luneville, 
1635 — tf. at Paris, 30 Jul. 1699. 

Cheron, Elisabeth Sophie, engraver, §c., — 
fj. at Paris, 1648? — admitted to Academy, 
1672,* 1676 b — tf. at Paris, 3 Sep. 1711. 
a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Cheron, Francois, — b., 1764 — proscribed, 
after 10 Aug. 1792 — Chevalier of the Legion 
of Honour, 1815 — tf. at Paris, 16 Jan. 1828. 

Cheron, Louis, painter, — fj. at Paris, i66o, a 
2 Sep. 1655 b — goes to London, 1695 — tf. there, 
1723,^ I7I3 or I 7 I5. b 
a Biog. Univ. b Jal. c Ersch and Gruber. 

Cheron, Louis Claude, miscellaneous writer, 
— b. at Paris, 28 Oct. 1758 — deputy to the 
Legislative Assembly, 1791 — tf. at Poitiers, 13 
Oct. 1807. Tartufe de mceurs, 1789 — transla- 
tion of Tom Jones, 1804. 

Cherries, — [B C] — introduced into Europe 
by Lucullus, 66. 

Cherson, in the Crimea, {Chersonesus BZera- 
cleiotica,) — [B C] — colony from Heracleia 
Pontica, about 450 ? — [Bosporus] — [A D] — 
assists Constantine against the Goths, about 
333 — Justinian II. banished to, 695-705 — his 
expedition against, about 7 10-7 11 — Bardanes 
proclaimed Emperor at, 711 — subdued by Em- 
peror Theophilus, between 829-42. [Trebi- 
zond.] 

Cherson, {Kherson,) on the Dnieper, — 
founded by Catherine II., 1778. 

Chersonesus, in Sicily, (Mylce,) — [BC] — 
founded, 716/ 7i5- b 

a Eusebius. b Hieron. 

Chersonesus Taurica (ScytMea). [Bosporus.] 

Chersonesus Thracica, {The Chersonesus,) — 
[B C] — occupied by Miltiades, son of Kypselus, 
(01. 55, 1,) 559 — on death of Stesagoras govern- 
ed by his brother, Miltiades, son of Kimon, 
(01.66,2,) 515-493 — attacked by Athenians, 47 9 
— fortified by Derkyllidas, 398 — restored to 
Athens, 358 — occupied by Antiockus the Great, 
196 — conquered by the Romans, and attached 
to the kingdom of Pergamus, 190. [Timotheos, 
Charidemus, Cotys, Kersobleptes, &c] 



Cherubini, Angelo Maria, — assists his 
father in compiling the Magnum bullarium, 
before 1617 — Const itutiones TJrbani VIII., 
1638. 

Cherubini, Laerzio, — tf., about 1626. Mag- 
num bullarium, 16 17. 

Cherubini, Maria Luigi Carlo Zenobio 
Salvador, musical composer, — b. at Florence, 8 
Sep. 1760 — studies under Sarti, at Bologna, 
1778-82 — visits London, 1784 — again, and is 
named composer to the Theatre Royal, 1 7 87 — 
settles at Paris, 1788 — at Vienna, 1805 — 
Chevalier of the Legion of Honour, 1814 — 
Superintendent of the Music of the King, 
1816-30 — Director of the Ecole Royale, 1822- 
42 — tf. at Paris, 16 Mar. 1842. Ifigenia in 
Aulide, 1788 — Lodoiska, 1791 — Faniska, 1805 
— Les Deux Joumees, 1800 — AH Baba, 1833. 

Cherusci, The, — [BC] — friendly to Rome, 
about 50 — [AD] — under Arminius, destroy the 
army of Varus, 9 — conquered by the Chatti, 
between 50 and 100 — belong to the Con- 
federation of the Franks, before 400. 

Chesapeake, The, United States frigate, — 
captured by the Shannon, under Sir R. Broke, 
off Boston, 1 Jun. 1 8 1 3. 

Chesapeake Bay,— explored by John Smith, 
summer 1608. 

Cheseaux, Johann Philipp de Loys de, 
natural philosopher, — b. at Lausanne, 17 18 — 
tf. at Paris, 30 Nov. 1751. Traite de la 
comete qui a paru en December, 1743, §c, 1744 
— Me moires posthumes, §c., 1754. 

Chesel, Jan van, painter, — b., 1644 — tf. at 
Paris, 1708. 

Cheselden, William, surgeon, anatomist, — 
fj. in Leicestershire, 19 Oct. 1688 — lectures on 
Anatomy, London, 1711-31 — F.R.S., 17 12 — ■ 
correspondent of Academy of Sciences, Paris, 
1729 — foreign Associate to Royal Academy of 
Surgery, 1732 — surgeon to Chelsea Hospital, 
1737-52 — o". at Bath, 10 Apr. 1752. Complete 
Treatise of Anatomy, 17 13 — Treatise of Osteo- 
graphy, 1733. 

Chesnaye - Desbois, Francois Alexandre 
Aubert de la, miscellaneous writer, — b. in 
Maine, 17 Jun. 1699 — tf. at Paris, 29 Feb. 
1784. Dictionnaire historique des mceurs, 1767 
— Dictionnaire de la noblesse, 1770. 

Chesne, Du. [Duchesne.] 

Chess, — introduced from India into Persia, 
before 600. 

Chessel, Jean. [Caselius.] 

Chester, — head-quarters of the 20th Legion 
under Agricola, about 61 — taken by Egbert, 
830 — by the Danes, 894 — Edgar receives hom- 
age of the kings at, summer 973 — erected 
into earldom by "William L, 1068 — seat of 
a bishopric, 1078 — see removed to Coventry, 
between 1086-1117 — earldom annexed to the 
crown on death of John Scot, Earl of, 1237 — 
ravaged by the Welsh, 1255 — Henry III. as- 
sembles army at, for invasion of Wales, 1257 — 
made a principality by Richard II., 1398 — 
seized by Henry IV., 1399— see founded, 1541 
— diocese of, transferred to Province of York, 
1542 — visited by James L, 1 6 1 7 — head-quarters 
of the Royalists, 1642 — attacked unsuccessfully 
21 * 



3M 



CHESTERFIELD-CHICHELEY. 



by Sir \V. Brereton, 24 Jul. 1643 — besieged 
by Parliamentarians, 20 Sep. 1544 — surrenders 
to them, 3 Feb. 1646 — visited try James II., 
Aug. 1687 — garrisoned against the Pretender, 
1745 — Castle threatened by Fenians, 11 Feb. 
1867. Cathedral, abbey church of St "Wer- 
burgh, from 1 095 — constituted a cathedral, 

I54i- 

Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope, 
fourth Earl of, — b. in London, 22 Sep. 
'1694 — enters Trin. Coll., Cambridge, 17 12 — 
travels on the Continent, 17 14-15 — M.P. St 
Gennains, 17 15 — Peer, 1726 — ambassador to 
Holland, 1728-32 — Lord-Lieutenant of Ire- 
land, 1745 — principal Secretary of State, 1746 
-8 — tf., 24 Mar. 1773. Letters to his Son, 1774 
— Miscellan ies, 1777-8. 

Chesterfield, Castle of, — occupied by Earl of 
Derby, autumn 1265— the Barons defeated by 
Royalist forces, spring 1266. 

Chester-le-Street, Durham,— see of Lindis 



fame transferred to, 875, 



b — taken bv the 



Danes and the see removed, 995. 

a Annals of England. b King. 

Chetham, Humphrey, — b. at Crumpsall, 
Lancashire, 1580 — tr., 12 Oct. 1653. Chetham 
College and Library, Manchester, founded under 
his will, 1654 — the trustees incorporated by 
charter of Charles II., 20 Nov. 1665. 

Chevalier, Antoine Rodolphe, (Cevallerius,) 
orientalist, — b. in Normandy, 1507 — Prof. 
Hebrew, Geneva, 1559-64 and 1565-7— tf. in 
Guernsey, Sep. 1572. Lingua hebraicce rudi- 
ment a, 1567. 

Chevalier, Nicolas, antiquary, — tf., about 
1720. Mistoire de Guillaume III, roi d'An- 
gleterre, par medailles, 1692 — Recherches 
eurieuses d'antiquites, 1709. 

Cheverny, {Chiverny,) Philippe Hurault, 
Count of, Chancellor of France, — b. at 
Chiverny, in Brittany, 25 Mar. 1528 — Coun- 
sellor to the Parliament of Paris, 1553-62 — 
Maitre des Requetes, 1562 — marries, 1566 — as 
Chancellor to Duke of Anjou attends him at 
Jarnac and Moncontour, 1569 — Keeper of the 
Seals, 1578 — Lieutenant-general of the Or- 
leanais, 1582 — falls into disgrace, 1588 — re- 
stored by Henry IV., 1589 — tf. at Chiverny, 
29 Jul. 1599- Memoires, §c, 1636. 

Chevert, Francois de, general,— Is. at Ver- 
dun, 21 Feb. 1695 — enters the army, 1706 — 
commands grenadiers at the taking of Prague, 
1741 — capitulates to Austrians, 1742 — Lieu- 
tenant-general, 1748 — distinguishes himself at 
battle of Hastembeck, 1757 — receives grand 
cross of St Louis, 1758 — tf. at Paris, 24 Jun. 
1769. 

Chevillet, Juste, engraver, — b. at Frankfort- 
on-tke-Oder, 1729 — tf-, after 1795. 

Chevillier, Andre, doctor and librarian of 
the Sorbonne, — b. atPontoise, 1636 — tf., 8 Apr. 
1700. Origine de V imprimerie de Paris, 1694. 

Chevret, Jean, miscellaneous writer* — b. at 
Menlan, 15 Mar. 1747 — employed in the Royal 
Library, Paris, from 1765 — tf. at Meulan, 15 
Aug. 1820. CEuvres philosophiques, §c, 
1789-93. 

Chevy Chase. [Otterburn.] 



Cheyne, George, physician, — b. in Scotland, 
1670 — goes to London, about 1700 — F.R.S., 
1705 — tf. at Bath, 1742. Theory of Fevers, 
about 1700 — On Fluxions, 1705 — Fssay on 
health and long life, 1724 — English Malady, 

1733- 

Cheynell, Francis, theologian, — b. at Oxford, 
1608 — probationer fellow of Merton Coll., 
1629 — member of Assembly of Divines, 1643 
— rector of Petworth, 1643 — attends Chilling- 
worth on his death-bed at Chichester, and 
refuses to bury him, Dec. 1643 to Jan. 1644 — ■ 
sent to preach at Oxford, 1646 — visitor of the 
Univ., 1647 — takes possession of the Margaret 
Professorship and Presidency of St John's 
Coll., 1648 — is soon removed: deprived of his 
living, 1660 — tf. in Sussex, 1665. Rise, Groivth, 
and Danger of Socinianism, 1643 — Chilling - 
vjorthi Novissima, 1644. 

Chezy, Antoine Leonard de, orientalist, — b. 
at Neuilly, 15 Jan. 1773 — attached to cabinet 
of Oriental MSS. in National Library, 1799 — 
Prof. Sanscrit, College de France, 1 8 15 — mem- 
ber of Academy of Inscriptions, 18 16 — retires 
from the Library, 1824 — tf. at Paris, 3 Sep., a 
31 Aug. b 1832. Translations of Medjnoim et 
Leila, 1807 — Yadjnadatta-Badha, 1814 — edi- 
tion and translation of Reconnaissance de Sacon- 
tala, 1830. a Biog. Univ. b Cony.-Lex. 

Chiabriera, Gabriello, poet, — b.at Savona, 8 
Jun. 1552 — tf. there, 14 Oct. 1637. Rime, 
1586-8. 

Chiappe, Giovanni Battista, .palter, — b. at 
Novi, 1723 — tf., 1765. 

Chiaramonti, Scipione, mathematician, $c, 
— b. at Cesena, 22 Jun. 1565 — founds Academy 
of the Offuscati ; tf., 6, a 3 b Oct. 1652. Anti- 
Tycho, 1621 — C<Bsen<B Historia, §c, 1641 — 
Anti-Philolaus, 1643 — De altitudine Caucasi, 
$c, 1649. 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. 

Chiari, Giuseppe, painter,— b. at Rome, 
1664 or 1670^ 1654 b — tf. there, 1727 or i733- a 
a Nagler. b NoUy. Biog. Gen. 

Chiarini, Mare Antonio, painter, — b., 1652 
— tf., 1730. 

Chiavistelli, Jacopo, painter, — b. at Flo- 
rence, 16 1 8 — tf., 1698. 

Chicago, in Illinois, H. S., settled, about 
1 83 1 — incorporated, 1836. 

Chicago Lake Tunnel, (from Michigan,) 
commenced, 17 Mar. 1864 — opened, 1867. 

Chicamauga, The, U. S., — Gen. Rosecrans 
defeated by Gen. Bragg, 19-20 Sep. 1863. 

Chicheley, Henry, Abp of Canterbury, 
founder of All Souls College, Oxford, — b. at 
Higham Ferrers in Northamptonshire, proba- 
bly 1362-3 — scholar of St Mary Winton Coll., 
Oxford, 1373? — B.C.L., Jan. 1389-90 — or- 
dained priest, 23 Sep. 1396 — archdeacon of 
Dorset and prebendary of Salisbury, 1397 — 
prebendary of Lichfield, 1400 — archdeacon of 
Salisbury, 1402 — canon of Lincoln, 1403 
— chancellor of Salisbury, 1404 — joint am- 
bassador to Innocent VII., 1406 — negotiates 
peace with France, 1406 — joint ambassador to 
Gregory XII., 1407— Bp of St David's, is con- 
secrated by the pope, 17 Jun. 1408 — arrives in 



CHICHESTER— CHINA. 



325 



England, Aug. — one of the delegates to 
Council of Pisa, Jan. 1409 — joint ambassador 
to France to negotiate renewal of truce, 141 o— 
Abp of Canterbury, Mar. 1414 — promotes the 
war with Erance, 1414 — head of the council, 
1414 — persecutes Lollards, 1415-16 — with the 
king in France, 141 8-19 — again in France, 
1420 — crowns Queen Catherine, 142 1 — takes 
part in proceedings against Card. Beaufort, 
143 1 -2 — founds All Souls College, 1437 — tf. at 
Canterbury, 12 Apr. 1443. 

Chichester,— seat of a bishopric, 1078 — 
taken by the Parliamentarians, early in 1643. 
Cathedral, founded, 11 08 — burnt, 11 87 — spire 
blown down, 21 Feb. 1861 — rebuilt and re- 
storation completed, 28 Jun. 1866— reopened, 
14 Nov. 1867. 

Chichester, Sir Arthur, Lord deputy of 
Ireland, — fills that office, Feb. 1604-16 — am- 
bassador to Germany, 1622 — tf., 1625. 

Chickahominy, IT. S., — battles of the, be- 
tween the Federals and Confederates, 25 Jun. 
to 1 Jul. 1862. 

Chieri, (Quiers,) Republic of, (Carea,) — 
founded by the Balbi, about 590 — city de- 
stroyed by Frederick Barbarossa, 11 54 — victory 
over him at Lignano, 29 May 1176 — truce 
granted to foreign enemies, 127 1 — submit to 
Duke of Savoy, reserving right of self-govern- 
ment, (interior,) 1347 — subjugated by Louis II., 
Duke of Savoy, 1455 — the French defeat 
Spaniards at, 1639. 

Chifflet, Jean Jacques, antiquary, physician, 
— ft. at Besanc,on, 21 Jan. 1588 — tf. first phy- 
sician to Philip IY. of Spain, 1660. Vesontio, 
16 1 8 — Opera politica et historica, 1652 — 
Anastasis Childerici I., 1655. 

Chifflet, Philippe, — ft. at Besancon, 10 May 
1597 — tf., 1657 or 1663. Thorn. A Kempis 
de Imitatione, ex recensione Chifflet, 1647 — Let- 
trcs touehant le venerable auteur, §c, 165 1 — 
Concilii Tridentini canones et deer eta cum 
prcef. et not., 1640. 

Chifflet, Pierre Francois, Jesuit, antiquary, 
— ft. at Besancon, 1592 — enters Order of 
Jesuits, 1609 — keeper of the medals to Louis 
XIV., 1675— tf. at Paris, 5 Oct. 1682. 

Chigi, Fabio. [Alexander VII.] 

Child, Sir Josiah, merchant, director of East 
India Company, — ft., 1630 — Bart., 1678- — tf-, 
1699. Brief observations concerning trade and 
the interest of money, 1668. 

Children, John George, natural philosopher, 
— ft. at Tonbridge, 18 May 1777 — enters 
Queen's Coll., Cambridge, 1794 — F.R.S., 1807 
— librarian, British Museum, 1816-39 — Se- 
cretary of Royal Society, 1826-7, 1830-7 — tf., 
1 Jan. 1852. 

Chili, — invaded and partly conquered by 
Almagro, 1536 — by Valdivia, who founds 
Santiago, 1541 — its conquest given up by 
Spain, i77i, a 1773 b — declares itself independ- 
ent, 18 Sep. 18 10 — the Spaniards victorious 
at Rancagua, 1 8 14 — freed by intervention of 
San Martin, Feb. 18 17 — battle of Chacabuco, 
12 Feb. 1 8 1 7— battle of Maypu, 5 Apr. 1818 — 
coast raised by earthquake, 19 Nov. 1822 — a 
Constitution proclaimed,! 830^ i833 c — revolt of 



Araucania, Nov. i860 — suppressed, Feb. 1862 
— war with Peru, 1836 — blockade of Valparaiso 
and coast towns by Spanish fleet, war declared 
against Spam, 29 Sep. 1865 — treaty of alliance 
with Peru, signed at Lima, 5 Dec. 1865 — bom- 
bardment of ports by Spaniards, 31 Mar. and 
.1 May 1866. a EllgL Cyc# 

b Encyc. Mod. c Statesman's Year Book. 

Chillianwallah, Hindustan, — Lord Gough 
defeats the Sikhs at, 13 Jan. 1849. 

Chillingworth, William, theologian, — ft. at 
Oxford, Oct. 1602— Fellow of Trim Coll., Ox- 
ford, 1628 — chancellor of Salisbury, prebendary 
of Brixworth, 1638 — at siege of Gloucester, 
Aug. 1643 — taken prisoner at Arundel Castle, 
Dec' 1643 — tf. at Chichester, Jan. 1644. Re- 
ligion of Protestants, 1638 — Unlawfulness of 
resisting the lawful Prince, 1642. 

Chilon. [Cheilon.] 

Chiltern Hundreds, Stewardship of, — ac- 
ceptance of, begins, 1750. 

Chimay, Jeanne Marie Ignace Therese de 
Cabarrus, Princesse de, — ft. at Saragossa, 
1773 — marries M. Devin, Marquis of Fontenay, 
1789 — imprisoned at Bordeaux, liberated by 
Tallien, 1793 — at Paris, excites Tallien to 
accuse Robespierre, Jul. 1794 — marries Tallien, 
26 Dec. 1794 — divorced, 8 Apr. 1802— marries 
Count Joseph de Caraman, 18 Jul. 1805 — tf. 
at Chimay, 15 Jan. 1835. 

Chimney-sweepers, — in England, regulations 
respecting, enforced by Acts 28 Geo. III. c. 
48, 1788 ; and 4 and 5 Wm IV. c. 35, 25 Jul. 
1834 — employment of boys prohibited by Act 
3 and 4 Vic. c. 85, 7 Aug. 1840 — further re- 
gulated by Act 27 and 28 Vic. c. 37, 30 Jun. 
1864. 

Chimney-tax, {Hearth-money ',) — levied by 
Act 13 and 14 Car. II. c. 10, 1662 — abolished 
by Act 1 Wm. and Mar. c. 10, 1689. 

China, — [B C] — mythic, astronomical observ- 
ations first made, 2249— Era of Emperor Yao, 
2083/ 2339, b 2357,° 2356 d — Hia dynasty 
founded by Yu-Ta, 2204, d 2i98 e — Shang 
dynasty, 1765/ 1 1766 e — Chow, ii2i, d ino e 
— Tsin, 22o, d 246 e — the Great Wall built, by 
first Tsin Emperor, about 220-210 d — authentic 
annals commence with Han dynasty, 205 de — 
reformation of the calendar, 104 — [AD] — pe- 
riod of the Chang Kio, (Three States,) about 
i84, e 221 d — Tsin dynasty, 265 — the three 
kingdoms united, 265 — Pih Sung dynasty, 
42i, e 420 e — Tse, 479 — Liang, 502 — Chin, 
557 — Tang founded by Kaowtsoo, who sub- 
jugates the whole Empire, about 620-26 — 
preaching of Nestorians in, before 700/ [636s] 
— between 778-820 11 — invasions of the Eitan, 
816 and 859— How Liang dynasty, 907 — 
How Tang, 923 — How Tsin, 937 — How 
Han, 947 — How Chow, 951 — Sung founded 
by Tae-tsoo, 960 — invasion of the Eitan, 999, 
1035 — their kingdom destroyed by Eastern 
Tatars, about 1 1 1 8 — invasions of the Mongols 
begin, about 12 12 — extinction of the Kin dynas- 
ty, 1234 — conquered by Mongols, about 1250- 
80 — visited by Marco Polo, 1275-90 — Yuen 
dynasty, (Tatar,) founded by Kublai Khan, 
1280 — unsuccessfully invaded by Mohammed 



326 



CHINCHA ISLANDS— CHIOS. 



Toghlak of Delhi, about 1335 — Ming dynasty, 
1368 — capital removed from Nanking to Pe- 
king, 1408 — mission and death of Xavier, 1553 
— Portuguese traders settle at Macao, 1586 — 
unsuccessful attempt of the English to trade 
with, 1596 — Jesuit missionaries expelled, i6i5, d 
■ — readmitted, soon after : invaded by the Mant- 
chous, about 16 18— English merchant ships 
fired on in Canton river, storm the fort at 
Canton, 1637 — dynasty of Ta-tsin founded by 
Mantchous, 1644^ 1649 e — toleration of Christ- 
ianity by Kang-hi, 1692 — survey of the Em- 
pire by Jesuit missionaries, for Xang-hi, com- 
menced, 1708 — completed, 17 16 — map by 
Father Jartoux, 17 18 — embassy of Lord Ma- 
cartney, 1792 — embassy of Lord Amherst, 18 16 
— trade with, thrown open on termination of 
East India Company's monopoly, Apr. 1834 — 
the trade suspended, two British ships silence 
and pass the batteries of the Canton river, 
fruitless negotiations, summer 1834— disturb- 
ances about opium -smuggling, 1838 — [Chinese 
War] — treaty of peace and commerce signed, 
29 Aug. 1842 — supplementary treaty, 8 Oct. 
1843 — rebellion of the Tae-pings breaks out, 
1 85 1 — [Chinese War, Second'] — Treaty of 
Tientsin, 1 858 — Peking- entered by French and 
English, 12 Oct. i860 — British subjects per- 
mitted to enter the service of, about Sep. 1 862 — 
fall of Nanking, end of Taeping rebellion, Jul. 
1864— rebellion of the Nienfei, 1864 — Chinese 
embassy to France, Apr. 1871. 

a Wilkinson. b Jackson. c Hales. 

d Medhuvst. e Art de Verifier les Dates. 

f Mosheim. s Tablet of Si-gnan-foo. h Neander. 

Chineha Islands — [Guano], — taken pos- 
session of, by Spain, 14 Apr. 1864 — restored 
to Peru, by treaty of 25 Jan. 1865. 

Chinese War, (First,) — appointment of com- 
missioners of Chinese trade, provided for by 
Act of Parliament, 1833 — arrival of Lord Na- 
pier at Macao, 15 Jul. 1834 — the mandarins 
refuse to recognize him ; British frigates pass 
the forts, 7 Sep. 1834 — the trade reopened, 
Sep. 1834 — British boat fired on by the forts, 
and satisfaction given, autumn 1838 — pro- 
clamation by local government of Canton to 
put down opium traffic, edict of Commissioner 
Lin to deliver up opium, Jan. 1839 — the fac- 
tories at Canton blockaded, Apr. 1839 — the 
opium delivered up, blockade ceases, 4 May- 
Captain Elliott removes from Macao to Hong- 
kong, 23 Aug. — edict of Commissioner Lin 
against importation of British goods, aut. — de- 
feat of Chinese by British squadrons, 3 Nov. — 
arrival of the British fleet at Singapore, Apr. 
1840 — unsuccessful attempt to burn British 
fleet, 9 Jun. — the port of Canton blockaded, 28 
Jun. — capture of Chusan, 5 Jul. — negotiations 
at Pe-che-lee, 30 Aug. to 15 Sep. — continued 
unsuccessfully at Canton ; attack on the Bogue 
forts, 7 Jan. 1 841— preliminary arrangements 
concluded by Captain Elliott, 20 Jan. — Hong- 
kong taken possession of by the English, cap- 
tun- of the Bogue forts, 7-8 Jan. — suspension 
of hostilities agreed to, 20 Mar. — advance of 
English upon Canton, 24 May— renewed sus- 
pension of hostilities, 27 May— arrival of Sir 



H. Pottinger as plenipotentiary, 9 Aug. — cap- 
ture of Amoy, by Sir W. Parker, 27 Aug. — 
capture of Chinghae, 10 Oct. — of Ningpo, 13 
Oct. — the Chinese repulsed in attacks on Ching- 
hae and Ningpo, 10 Mar. 1842 — Sir Hugh 
Gough defeats Chinese at Tse-kee, 15 Mar. — 
evacuation of Ningpo by English, 7 May — at- 
tack on Chapoo, 18 May — English squadron 
advance beyond Shanghai, 20 Jun.— capture of 
Chin-keang-foo by Sir Hugh Gough, 21 Jul. 
■ — preparations for attack on Nanking, but sus- 
pension of hostilities agreed to, 17 Aug. — treaty 
of peace concluded, 26 Aug. 1842. 

Chinese War, (Second,) — the lorcha Arrow 
seized by Chinese off Canton, 8 Oct. 1855— 
unsuccessful attempt at negotiation ; capture 
of several forts on Canton river by Admiral 
Seymour, 23-25 Oct. — Sir John Bowring de- 
mands free access to Canton for all foreign re- 
presentatives ; attack on Canton begins, 27 Oct. 
— capture of the Bogue forts, 12-13 Nov. — the 
Chinese burn the factories near Canton, 14 Dec. 
— destruction of piratical fleet by British, 19 
Mar. 1857 — the war-junks destroyed by Com- 
modore Elliott and Sir Michael Seymour, May 
— the Earl of Elgin arrives at Hongkong as 
plenipotentiary, beginning of Jul. — he com- 
municates British demands to Commissioner 
Yeh, beginning of Dec. — troops landed on the 
island of Honan, before middle Dec— bombard- 
ment of Canton begins, 28 Dec. — the town 
taken by British and French, 29 Dec. — capture 
of Yeh, 5 Jan. 1858 — capture or the Peiho forts, 
19 May — Treaty of Tientsin, 26 Jun. 1858. 

Chingleput, (town,) in Hindustan, — taken by 
the French, 175 1 — retaken by Clive, 1752 — 
besieged by Hyder Ali, 1780— siege raised by 
Sir Eyre Coote, Jan. 1781. 

Chin-hae, in China, — taken by English, 10 
Oct. 1 85 1 — unsuccessfully attempted by Chi- 
nese, 10 Mar. 1842. 

Chiniac de la Bastide, Mathieu, miscellan- 
eous writer, — fj. in Limousin, Sep. 1739 — ft. at 
Paris, Jun. 1802. Histoire de la litter ature 
Frangaise, §c, 1772 — Dissertation sur les Bas- 
ques, 1784. 

Chin-keang-foo, in China, — taken by Eng- 
lish, 21 Jul. 1842- — by the Taepings, 1 Apr. 
1853 s — the Taepings defeat the Imperialists 
near, 1 Jun. 1856 — abandoned by the Taepings, 
1858. a Brine. 

Chinsura, in Hindustan, — Dutch settlement 
at, 1657 a — the Dutch defeated by the English 
near, 1759 — blockaded by Nabob of Bengal, 
1769 — taken by English, 1795 — given up to 
the Dutch, 18 14 — exchanged with the English 
by treaty of 17 Mar. 1824. a Hamilton. 

Chioccarelli, Bartolomeo, — fc.atNaples,i56o 
— "ft., 1646. De Must, scriptoribus qui in civi- 
tate et regno Neapolis, §c.,floruerunt, 17 80-1. 

Chiocco, Andrea, physician, §c, — h. at Ve- 
rona, 1563 — If. there, 1624. De balsami natu- 
re/,, §c, 1596 — Fsoricon, 1593. 

Chion,— [B Cj— Archon at Athens, (01. 103, 
4,) 365. 

Chionides, comic poet, ■ — [BC] — fl., about 
487—460. 

Chios, (Scio,) — [B C] — falls under Persian do- 



CHIOZZA— CHOISEUL LA BAITME. 



327 



minion, 493 — freed, and becomes member of 
Athenian league, 479— revolts from Athens, 
spring 412 — revolts again, and is besieged by 
Chares and Chabrias, before midsummer 357 — 
acquired by the Persians, 333 — taken from them 
by Macedonians, summer 332 — besieged by Phi- 
lip of Macedonia, defeat of Philip by the allies, 
201 — submits to Rome, 86 — [AD] — conquered 
by Turks, 1306 — by Genoese, 1346 — taken by 
Solyman, 1566 — by Yenetians, 1694 — recovered 
by Turks, 1695 — joins in Greek insurrection, 
massacre of the people by the Turks, the town 
burnt, 1822. 

Chiozza, ( War of the Chioggia,) — taken from 
Venice by Genoese under Pietro Doria, 16 Aug. 
1379— recovered by Venetians, 24 Jun. 1380. 

Chippawa, — the English defeated by the 
Americans at, 5 Jul. 18 14. 

Chirac, Pierre, physician, — ft. in the Rou- 
ergue, 1652 — first physician to the army of 
Catalonia, 1692 — follows Duke of Orleans in 
campaigns of 1706-7 — first physician to him, 
17 15 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 17 16 — 
Superintendent of Jardindes Plantes, 1718— -tf. 
at Marly, 1 Mar! 1732. 

Chirinos, Pedro, Jesuit,— fc. at Ossuna, 1556 
■ — ft. at Manilla, 1634. Relation de Filipinas, 
§c,, 1604. 

Chishull, Edmund, antiquary, — fc. in Bed- 
fordshire, about 1680? — M.A., Oxford, 1693 — 
chaplain to Queen Anne, 171 1 — tf. at Waltham- 
stow, 18 May 1733. Antiquitates Asiatics, 
#c., 1728. 

Chitor, (Chittore,) in Hindustan, — taken by 
Ala-u-din, 1303 — held by Maldeo as tributary 
to him, about 1304-15 — retaken by Eajputs, 
Maldeo expelled by Hamir, 1 3 1 6 — besieged by 
Kutb Shah of Guzerat, (861, a. h.) 1457 — 
besieged by Bahadur Shah of Guzerat, (938,) 
1532; (941,) Nov. 1534/ 1 1533b — taken by 
Shir Shah, 1545 — taken by Akber, Udi Sing 
abandoning it, (Sheban 975,) Mar. 1568 — 
Rana Pertab deprived of territories by Akber, 
probably (986,) 1578 — Rana Pertab recovers 
dominions and founds Oudipur, about 1600 — 
taken by Aurungzebe, about 1676 — taken by 
Hyder Ali, 1780 — retaken by Sir Eyre Coote, 
end of 17 8 1 — restored to the Rana of Oudipur, 
1790. a Elphinstone. h Thornton. 

Chittenden, Thomas, statesman, — ft. at E. 
Guildford, Connecticut, U.S., 17 30 — first govern- 
or of Vermont, (New Hampshire,) 1777 — re- 
tires, 1796 — tf., 24 Aug. 1797. 

Chivalry, Court of, {Court of Constable and 
Marshall,) — jurisdiction of, limited by Act 13 
Ric. II. st. 1, c. 2, 1389-90. 

Chladni, Ernst Florens Friedrich, natural 
philosopher, — ft. at Wittenberg, 30 Nov. 1756 
• — invents his euphone, 1789-90 — his clavicy Un- 
der, 1800 — travels in Germany, Denmark, 
Russia, 1 79 1 -3 — presented to Napoleon I., Dec? 
1808 — ft. at Breslau, 4 Apr. 1827. Akustik, 
1802 — Neue Beitrdge zur Ahustik, 18 17 — 
XJeber Feuer meteor e, 18 19. , 

Chloral, — discovered by Liebig, 1832 — hy- 
drate of, investigated by Richardson, 1869. 

Chlorine, — discovered by Scheele, 1774 — 
applied to bleaching, about 1786. 



Chloroform, — discovered by Soubeiran, 
Guthrie, and Liebig, 183 1-2— used as anaesthet- 
ic by Simpson, 1847. 

Chmelnitzki, Nikolai Iwanowicz, dramatist, 
— h. at St Petersburg, 11 Aug. 1789 — serves 
against the French in campaign of 1 8 1 2 — 
governor of Smolensk, 1829 — of Archangel, 
l8 37— "&• at St Petersburg, 1846. Works, 
1849. 

Chnodomarius, {Chondomarius, Gundomar,) 
King op the Alemanni, — invited by Con- 
stantine, he invades Gaul, defeats Decentius 
Caesar, and ravages the country, 35i~3 a — 
defeated and captured near Argentoratum, by 
Julian, 35 7, b 356.C 

a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. c Zumpt. 

Chobham, — camp formed at, Jun. 1853 — 
forces reviewed by the Queen, 2 1 Jun. — camp 
broken up, 20 Aug. 

Chocolate, — introduced in Europe, by Span- 
iards, about 1520 — monopoly of, created, in 
France by Louis XIV., 28 Nov. 1659.* * Jal. 

Choczim, in Bessarabia, — Sobieski defeats 
the Turks at, 10 Nov. 1673 — taken by the 
Russians, 29 Aug. 1739 — recovered by Turks ; 
again taken by Russians, Jul. 1769— given up 
to Turkey by peace of Kutchuk-Kainarji, Jul. 
1774 — taken by Russians, 1788-9 — given up to 
Turks by Treaty of Jassy, 1792 — finally ceded 
to Russia, 1 8 12. 

Chodkiewicz, Charles, Count or, general, 
— h., 1560 — grand marshal of Lithuania, 1600 — 
obtains from the Muscovites cession of several 
districts to Poland, 1619 — defeats the Sultan 
Osman, 1621— tf. at Choczim, 23 Sep. 1621. j 

Chodowiecki, Daniel Nicolas, painter, 
engraver, — ft. at Dantzic, 16 Oct. 1726 — settles 
at Berlin, 1743 — tr., director of Royal Academy 
of Arts, there, 7 Feb. 1801. 

Chcerephanes, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, 
(01. 82, 1,) 452. 

Choerilus, tragic poet, — [B C] — fl. at Athens, 

523-483. 

Choerilus, of Samos, epic poet, — [BC] — b., 
about 479, a 470 b — tf., about 399. 

a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. 

Choffard, Pierre Philippe, engraver, — fc. at 
Paris, 1730 — tf. there, 7 Mar. 1809. 

Choffin, David Etienne, philologist, — ft. at 
Hericourt, (Franche-Comte,) 2 Oct. 1703 — tr., 
Jan. 1773. Amusements philologiques, 1749 — 
Dictionnaire franc ais-allemand, §c., 1759. 

Choiseul, Cesar, Duke of, general, — 6. at 
Paris, 12 Feb. 1598 — enters the army, 1612 — 
follows Louis XIII. to siege of St Jean d' 
Angely, Jun. 1614 — commander of Rochelle, 
1628 — Marechal de Camp, serves in Piedmont, 
1636 — besieges and takes Roses, (Catalonia,) 
1645 — Marshal of France, 1645 — tf. at Paris, 
23 Dec. 1675. 

Choiseul, Charles de, Count du Plessis- 
Peaslin, Marshal of France, — distinguishes 
himself at siege of La Fere, 1575 — Captain of 
the Guard, to Henry IV., 1594 — Marshal of 
France, 1619 — tf. at Troyes, 1 Feb. 1626. 

Choiseul, Duke of Praslin. [Praslin.] 

Choiseul la Baume, Claude Antoine Cleri- 
adus, Count de, general,— fc., 5 Oct. 1733— 



3 28 



CHOISEUL— CHORIER. 



enters the army, Jun. 1746 — serves in campaign 
of Germany, 1757-8— Brigadier, 20 Feb. 1767 
— distinguishes himself at battle of Johannis- 
berg, 30 Aug. 1762 — Lieutenant-general, 1781 
— executed, 4 May 1794- 

Choiseul, Claude Antoine Gabriel, Duke de, 
— ft., 1762 — Peer, 1787 — chosen with Marquis 
Bouille and Count Fersen to secure the escape of 
Louis XVI., and arrested at Yarennes, Jun. 1 7 9 1 
— Chevalier d'honneur to Marie Antoinette ; 
made prisoner, 1793— called to the peerage by 
Louis XVIII., Lieutenant-general, 1814 — 
member of the Provisional Government, 1830 — 
aide-de-camp to Louis Philippe, governor of the 
Louvre, 1830— tf., 1839. 

Choiseul, Etienne Francois, Duke of, 
statesman,—^., 28 Jun. 17 19 — ambassador to 
Rome, 1756— to Vienna, 1757 —Minister of 
Foreign Affairs, 1758-61— Duke and Peer of 
France, 1758 — Minister of War, 1761 — of 
Marine, 17 61 — concludes the Family Compact, 
Aug. 1761 — deprived, exiled, 24 Dec. 1770 — 
recalled by Louis XVI., 1774— tf., 7 May 1785. 
Choiseul-Francieres, Claude, Count de, 
Marshal of France, — ft., 27 Dec. 1632 — 
distinguishes himself in war of Hungary, 1 664 
— commands against Turks in Candia, 1669 — 
distinguishes himself at battle of Seneffe, 1674 
— Lieutenant-general, 1676 — Marshal, 1693 — 
tf. at Paris, 15 Mar. 171 1. 

Choiseul-Gcufner, Marie Gabriel Auguste 
Florent, Peer of France,— ft. at Paris, 27 
Sep. 1752— accompanies Chabert to the Medi- 
terranean, 1776 — Associate of Academy of 
Inscriptions, 1779— admitted to French Aca- 
demy, 1784 — ambassador to Constantinople, 
1785 — goes to St Petersburg, 1793— returns to 
France, member of Institute, 1802 — Peer, 18 14 
— tf. at Aix-la-Chapelle, 20 Jun. 1817. 
Voyage pittoresque de la Grece, 17 80-1 824. 

Choiseul-SIeuse, Henri Louis, Marquis 
de, general, — fj., 22 Jul. 1689 — enters the 
army, 1704 — serves under Marshal de Boufflers 
in Flanders, 1704 — aide-de-camp to Louis 
XV., 1744 — at battles of Fontenoy and Law- 
feld, 1747 — tf. at Paris, 11 Apr. 1754. 

Choiseul-Meuse, Jean Eaptiste Armand, 
Marquis de, general, — ft., 1735 — serves in 
Seven Years' War, 1756-63 — Marechal de 
Camp, 1780 — follows the Prince of Concle to 
Germany, 1789 — returns to France, 18 14 — tf. 
at Paris, 10 Dec. 18 15. 

Choisy, Francois Timoleon de, litterateur, 
— ft. at Paris, 16 Aug. 1644 — accompanies Chau- 
mont to Siam, 1685 — admitted to French 
Academy, 1687 — tf., 2 Oct. 1724. Journal du 
voyage de Siam, 1687 — Histoire de V 'Eg Use, 
1703-40 — Histoire de France, 1750 — Memoircs 
pour servir, §c, 1727. 

Chokier, Erasme Surlet, Baron de, Regent 
of Belgium, — ft. at Liege, 27 Nov. 1769 — 
member of Legislative Body of French Empire, 
18 1 2- 1 4 — deputy to second chamber of States- 
General, 18 15-18 — reelected, 1828 — Pres. 
National Assembly of Belgium, 10 Nov. 1830 
— head of commission to offer crown to the 
Duke of Nemours, Feb. 1831 — elected Regent 
of Belgium, 24 Feb. 1831 — resigns on in- 



auguration of Prince Leopold as king, 21 Jul. 
1 83 1— tf., 7 Aug. 1839. 

Chola, — its largest extent, about 750 a — re- 
duced to ancient limits, about ii5o a — Raja 
supplanted by Mahratta chief of Tanjore, in 
1800. a Ellis. 

Cholera, Asiatic, — appears at Jessore, Aug. 
18 17 — at Astracan, 1823 — spreads over Russia, 
1828-9 — at Moscow, Sep. 1830 — spreads in 
England, autumn 1831-1832 — again, Oct. 1848 
— appears again, Aug. 1853, autumn 1866 — 
ravages in Rome and South Italy, aut. 1867. 

Cholex, Koger Gaspard Jerome de, states- 
man, — b. inFaucigny, 1771 — settles at Geneva, 
1 80 1 — Minister of the Interior to king of Sar- 
dinia, 172 1 — tf., 24 Jul. 1828. 

Cholieres, Nicolas, litterateur. Zes neuf 
Matinees, 1585 — Apres~dine.es, 1587 — La Foret 
nuptiale, 1600. 

Chollet, (Cholet,) Francois Auguste, Count, 
statesman, — ft. at Bordeaux, 1747— member of 
Council of Five Hundred, Sep. 1795 — secretary 
of Council of Five Hundred, Apr. 1796 — re- 
elected, May 1799 — member of Commission for 
Revision of Constitution, Nov. 1799 — Peer of 
France, 4 Jun. 18 14 — tf., 5 Nov. 1826. 

Cholula, in Mexico, — massacre of natives at, 
by Cortez, 15 19. 

Chomel, Jean Eaptiste Louis, physician, — 
tf., 11 Apr. 1765. Fssai Mstorique sur la 
medecine en France, 1762. 

Chomel, Noel, agriculturist, — ft. at Paris, 
about 1640,* 1632 b — tf. at Lyons, 30 Oct. 
17 12. Eictionnaire economique, 1709. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Chomel, Pierre Jean Eaptiste, physician, 
botanist, — ft. at Paris, 167 1 — M.D., 1697 — 
physician to the king, 1707 — admitted to 
Academy of Sciences, 1720 — Dean of the 
Faculty, 1738 — tf., 1740. Abrege de V histoire 
des plantes usuclles, 1712-25. 

Chompre, Nicolas Maurice, mathematician, 
§c, — ft. at Paris, 23 Sep. 1750— head clerk to 
the Treasury, 1786 — consul at Malaga, 1795- 
1800 — member of the Conseil des prises, 1806- 
14 — tf. at Ivry, 24 Jul. 1825. Elements d'arith- 
metique, d'algebre, §c, 1776 — Trigonometric, 
§c, (translation,) 1808 — Commentaires sur les 
lois anglaises de TV. Blaclcstone, 1823. 

Chcmpre, Pierre, — tJ. at Paris, 18 Jul. 1760. 
Eictionnaire de la Fable, 1727 — Eictionnaire 
abrege de la Bible, 1755. 

Chopart, Francois, surgeon, — ft. at Paris, 
about 1750 — graduates in surgery, 1770 — tf. at 
Paris, Jun. 1795. Traite des maladies chirur- 
gicales, 1789 — Traite des maladies des voies 
urinaircs, 1 7 9 1 . 

Chopin, Frederick, musical composer, — ft. 
near V> r arsaw, 18 10 — goes to Paris, about 1832 
— tf. there, Oct. 1849. 

Choregos. [Liturgy.] 

Chorier, Nicolas, historian, #c, — ft. at 
Vienne, 1609 — tf- at Grenoble, 14 Aug. 1692. 
Recherches sur les antiquites de la ville de 
Vienne, 1659 — Histoire generate du Bauphiny, 
1661-72 — La jurisprudence de Guy-Eape, §c, 
1692 — Aloysice Sigcce Toletance satyra sotadica, 
i'C, 1670. 



CHORIS— CHRISTIAN. 



329 



Choris, Ludwig, — fi. in Little Russia, 22 
Mar. 1795 — accompanies M. de Riberstein to 
the Caucasus, 1813 — accompanies expedition 
under Kotzebue, 18 14 — goes to France, 18 19 
— embarks for Mexico, 1825 — assassinated, 
near Vera Cruz, 22 Mar. 1828. Voyage pit- 
toresque autour du monde, 182 1-3 — Vues et 
pay sages des regions equinoxiales, 1824. 

Choron, Alexandre Etienne, musician, — h. 
at Caen, 21 Oct. 1771 — director of the Opera, 
1 8 15 — founds School of Music, 1817 — Cor- 
respondent of Institute, 18 10 — tf., 29 Jun. 
1834. Dictionnair-e historique des musiciens, 
1 810-1 1 — Methode concertante de musique, 
1817. 

Chosroes, King op Parthia. [Arsaces.] 

Chosroes I., Nushirvan, (Khosrou,) King 
of Persia, — succeeds his father Cobades, 531 
— makes peace with Justinian, between 1 Jan. 
and 1 Apr. 533 — invades Syria, beginning of 
spring 540 — master of Antioch, Jun. 540 — 
Belisarius sent against him, 541 — invades Col- 
chis, 541 — marches towards Palestine but is 
compelled by Belisarius to return to Persia, 
542 — enters Mesopotamia, raises siege of Edes- 
sa, 544 — makes peace with Justinian for five 
years, Apr. 545 — negotiations with the Romans, 
Apr. 550 — siege and capture of Petra by Bes- 
sas, 550-1 — makes a truce with Justinian for 
5 years, autumn 551 — gains some advantages 
in Colchis, 554 — recalls Nacoragan and puts 
him to death, 557 — concludes another truce 
with Justinian, 557 — truce for 50 years, 562 — 
persecution and revolt of Armenians, the war 
with Romans renewed, spring 571 — takes Da- 
ras, winter 57 3-4 — truce for a year ; fresh ne- 
gotiations, 575-6 — invades Armenia, spring 
576 — defeated by Justinian at Melitene, 576 — 
tf. at Ctesipbon, Mar. 579. 

Chosroes II., {Khosrou Penvis,) King of 
Persia, — succeeds his father Hormisdas, (Hor- 
mouz,) 589^ Sep. 590 b — takes refuge with 
Emperor Maurice, 590 — Bahrain pro claims him- 
self, after Sep. 590 — defeats Bahram and is re- 
stored, summer 591 — declares war against 
Phocas, 603 — invades the empire, 604 — ravages 
Syria and Palestine, 607 — conquers Syria and 
takes Antioch, 6 1 1 — occupies Caesarea in Cappa- 
docia, 612 — takes Damascus, 614 — takes Jeru- 
salem, Jun. 614 — refuses to treat with Heraclius, 
615 — conquers Egypt, and occupies Alexan- 
dria, 616 — besieges and takes Chalcedon, re- 
fuses again to treat, 618 — takes Ancyra, 620 — 
Heraclius commands expeditions against him, 
622, 623, 624, 625 — collects three armies and 
sends one to cooperate with the Avars against 
Constantinople, 626 — defeat of Rhazates at 
Nineveh, 12 Dec. 627 — his palace of Dasta- 
gerd plundered by the Romans, 1 Jan. 628 — 
retires to Ctesiphon, Jan. 628 — his son Siroes 
rebels ; deposed and imprisoned, 25 Feb. 628 — 
murdered, 28 Feb. 628. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Clinton. 

Chouan, (Jean Cottereau,) — b., 30 Oct. 1757 
■ — head of royalist insurgents at St Ouen, Aug. 
1792 — killed in combat, 28 Jul. 1794. 

Chouans. [Vendean War.] 

Chouet, Jean Robert, philosopher,— b. at 



Geneva, 30 Sep. 1642 — Prof . Philosophy, Sau- 
mur, 1664 — at Geneva, Jul. 1669— councillor 
of the republic, 1686 — rj. there, 17 Sep. 1731. 

Chremes, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
113, 3,) 326. 

Chrestiens, (de Troyes,) romance-writer, — 3J., 
1191. 

Chrestus, rhetorician, — fl., about 179. 

Chretien, Florent, poet, — b. at Orleans, 26 
Jan. 1541 — a". atVendome, 3 Oct. 1596. Juge- 
ment de Paris, 1567 — Jephte, (translation,) 
1566. 

Christ, Johann Friedrich, — miscellaneous 
writer, — ft. at Coburg, 1700 — Prof. History, 
Leipsic, 1729 — Prof. Pcetry, Leipsic, 1739 — if. 
there, 3 Aug. 1756. Pictionnaire des Mono- 
grammes, 1747 — Nodes academics, 1727-9. 

Christ, Order of the Knights of, — founded 
by Dionysius, king of Portugal, 1317 — ac- 
quires the possessions of the Templars, 13 19 — 
grand mastership vested in John III. by Adrian 
VI., 1522 — vestedin the crown by Julius III., 

155*. 

Christ, Order of, in Livonia, — instituted by 
Albert, Bp of Riga, 1205. 

Christ Church College, Oxford, — founded as 
1 Cardinal College ' byAVolsey, 1524 — re-found- 
ed by Henry VI II., 27 Sep. 1532 — further en- 
dowed, and thus named, 1546. 

Christian (Christiem) I., King of Den- 
mark, — h., 1426 — elected, 1 Sep. 1448 — 
elected King of Norway, but dispossessed by 
Canutson, 1449 — crowned at Copenhagen, 28 
Oct. 1449 — marries Dorothea, widow of Chris- 
topher his predecessor, Oct. 1449 — goes to 
Norway, annuls election of Canutson, and is 
crowned at Drontheim, 29 Jul. 1450 — King of 
Sweden, on deposition of Canutson, Jun. 1457 
— claims succession to Schleswig and Holstein, 
but makes compromise with Count of Schauen- 
burg, 1459 — loses crown of Sweden, 1465 — sets 
out for Palestine, Jan. 1474— visits Rome, Apr. 
1474 — founds University at Copenhagen, 1478 
— founds Order of the Elephant, 1478 — "&. at 
Copenhagen, 22 May 1481. 

Christian (Christiem) II., the Cruel, King of 
Denmark, — n. at Copenhagen, 2 Jul. 148 1 — ■ 
recognized as successor to his father John, i486 
—succeeds him in Denmark and Norway, 15 13 
— crowned at Copenhagen, May 15 13— crown- 
ed King of Norway, at Opslo ; marries Isa- 
bella, sister of Charles V., 12 Aug. 15 15 — • 
unsuccessful expeditions against Sweden, 15 18 
and 15 1 9 — defeats and kills Sten Sture at 
Bogesund, Jan. 1520 — recognized King of 
Sweden, 6 Mar. 1520 — besieges Stockholm, 
held by Christina, widow of Sten Sture, middle 
of May to Aug. 1520 — enters Stockholm, 7 
Sep. — crowned there, 4 Nov. — massacres the 
leading families of Sweden at Stockholm, 8 
Nov. — perpetrates other massacres in the chief 
towns ; returns to Denmark, 152 1 — Gustavus 
Vasa raises an army in Dalecarlia, and takes 
title of administrator, spring 1522 — revolt in 
Jutland, Jan. 1523 — flies from Denmark, 24 
Apr. 1523 — makes a descent on Norway, 15 31 
— besieged in Opslo by the Danes, 1532 — im- 



35° 



CHRISTIAN III.— CHRISTINA. 



prisoned at Sonderburg, 1532 — ft. at Callan- 
burg, 25 Jan. 1559. 

Christian III., King of Denmark, — Ik, 
1502 — proclaimed, after interregnum, 4 Jnl. 
1534 — captures and puts to death Clement, 
general of the Count of Oldenburg, 1534 — 
besieges Assens and defeats rebels, 1535 — be- 
sieges Copenhagen and makes alliance with 
king of Sweden, 1535 — Copenhagen capitu- 
lates, 29 Jul. 1536 — establishes Lutheranism, 
30 Oct. 1536 — crowned at Copenhagen, 12 
Aug. 1537 — makes Norway province of Den- 
mark ; concludes treaty of alliance with Francis 
I. of France, 29 Nov. 1541 — has tbe Bible 
translated into Danish, 1545 — tf. at Colding, 
1 Jan. 1559. 

Christian IV., King of Denmark, — b., 12 
Apr. 1577 — succeeds his father Frederick II., 
Apr. 1588 — crowned, 19 Aug. 1596 — marries 
Anne Catherine of Brandenburg, 27 Nov. 1597 
— visits James I. of England, 1606 — war with 
Sweden, 161 1 — concludes peace, and restores 
his conquests, 28 Jan. 16 13 — sends expedition 
to India, acquires Tranquebar, 161 8— founds 
Academy at Soroe, 1623 — head of league for 
restoration of the Elector Palatine, 1625 — 
defeated by Tilly near Lutter, 27 Aug. 1626 — 
driven from Brandenburg, Silesia, &c, by 
\Vallenstein, 1626 — Holstein conquered by 
TVallenstein, 1627 — Peace of Liibeck, 27 May 
1629 — declares war against Sweden, 1643 — 
conquest of Jutland and part of Holstein by 
the Swedes, 1643 — defeated in naval fight by 
them, 23 Oct. 1644 — peace concluded by me- 
diation of France, 23 Aug. 1645 — tj., 9*Mar., 
(o. s.,) a 28 Feb.b 1648. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. 

Christian V., King of Denmark, — I)., 18 
Apr. 1646 — named successor of Frederick III., 
his father, 1655 — succeeds him, Feb. 1670 — 
acquires duchy of Holstein-Gottorp, 1675 — 
war with Sweden, 1675-9 — Peace of St Ger- 
main, 2 Sep. 1679 — treaty of commerce with 
France, 1691 — publishes his Code, 1693 — in- 
vades Holstein, 1697 — ft. at Copenhagen, 4 
Sep. 1699. 

Christian VI., King of Denmark, — ft., 10 
Dec. 1699 — marries Sophia Madeline of Bran- 
denburg-Culmbach, 7 Aug. 172 1 — succeeds his 
father Frederick IV., 13 Oct. 1730 — crowned, 
6 Jun. 17 3 1 — founds the Palace of Copen- 
hagen, 1732 — buys duchy of Schleswig, 1740 
— establishes India Company, 1740 — founds 
Academy of Sciences, Copenhagen, 1743— U. 
at Christianburg, 6 Aug. 1746. 

Christian VII., King of Denmark, — b., 
29 Jan. 1749 — succeeds his father Frederick 
V., 13 Jan. 1766— marries Princess Caroline 
Matilda of England, 1 Oct. 1766 — crowned 
with his queen, 1 May 1767 — travels in Ger- 
many, Holland, France, and England, May 
1768 to Jan. 1769 — makes Count Struensee 
first minister, 1770 — arrests Struensee, Brandt, 
and others, and imprisons the queen, 18 Jan. 
1772 — Struensee and Brandt executed, Apr. 
1772— death of the queen at Zell, 10 May 1775 
— names his son regent, 1784 — ("Frederick VI.] 
— tf. at Rcndsburg, 13 Mar. 1808. 



Christian VIII., King of Denmark,— fo., 
18 Sep. 1786 — marries Princess Charlotte 
Frederick of Mecklenburgh, 11 Jun. 1806 — 
sent to Norway as lieutenant of the king, 1 8 1 1 
— death of the Princess, 1812 — takes title of 
Prince-Governor, early in 18 14 — proclaimed 
King of Norway, i7, a 19 b May 1814 — dis- 
avowed by king of Denmark, about end of 
Jun. — abdicates crown of Norway, 15 Aug. — 
returns to Denmark, 26 Oct. — marries Princess 
Caroline Amelia of Augustenburg, i8i3, a 22 
May 18 15 b — visits the principal countries of 
Europe, 1819-22— member of the Council of 
State, 183 1 — succeeds his cousin, Frederick VI., 
3 Dec. 1839 — declares by letters patent the 
permanent imion of Schleswig, with Denmark, 
1846 — U. at Copenhagen, 20 Jan. 1848. 
a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Ann. Beg. 

Christian, first Bp and Apostle of Prfs- 
sia, — sets out with other monks to plant 
Gospel among the heathen, about 1209-10 — 
goes to Rome, 121 1 — again, 12 14 — primus 
Episcopus Pncssice generalis, from 12 14 — ft., 
about 1243. 

Christian, Abp of Mentz, — sent by Fred- 
erick Barbarossa to Italy, 1167 — defeats 
Romans near Tusculum, 30 May 1167 — com- 
mands Tuscan Ghibellines, 1171 — undertakes 
siege of Ancona, 1 1 74 — reconciles himself with 
Alexander III., 1177 — Jj. near Tusculum, 11 83. 

Christian, (Christ ien Reisen,) Charles, en- 
graver of gems, — ft. in London, about 1695 — tf. 
there, 1725, 

Christian, Thomas, physician, — fc. in the 
Ukraine, 17 Dec. 1735 — M.D. Vienna, 1771 — 
fr. there, 9 May 1800. Beytriige zur Geschichte 
und Behandlung der naturlichen Poclccn, §c., 
17 1 8 — Kurze Geschichte, §c, der neueren Epi~ 
demie, 1782. 

Christian, Wilhelm Ernst, historian, — I). 
at Kiel, 23 Apr. 17 31 — Prof. Eloquence and 
Public Law, there ; if., 1 Sep. 1793. Geschichte 
der Herzogthiimer Schlesivig und Kolstein, 

I775-84- 

Christian Era, [Nativity, &c.,] — first used 
by the monk Dionysius Exiguus, about 527 — 
introduced in Italy, before 600— propagated by 
Bede, who died, 7 35 — legal and popular, before 
1000. 

Christian Knowledge, Society for Promo- 
tion of, — incorporated, 1701. 

Christie, Charles, traveller, — accompanies 
Henry Pottinger on exploring expedition to 
Beloochistan and Persia, 18 10 — killed in attack 
by the Russians on Persian camp, 31 Oct. 1812. 
Christie, James, antiquary, — n., about 1773 
— tf. in London, 2 Feb. 1831. Inquiry into 
the Game of Palamedes, 1801 — Disquisition on 
Etruscan Vases, 1806 — Essay on the earliest 
species of Idolatry, 1 8 15. 

Christina, (Marie Christine,) Queen of 
Spain, — fc., (daughter of Francis I. of Naples,) 
27 Apr. 1806 — marries Ferdinand VII., 11 
Dec. 1829 — declared queen-regent, Oct. 1832 
— left a widow, 29 Sep. 1833 — privately 
marries Fernando Munoz, 28 Dec. 1833 — 
grants the Estatuto Real, 15 Apr. 1834 — re- 
nounces the Regency, 10 Oct. 1840 — and re- 



CHRISTINA— CHRYSOSTOMUS. 



33i 



tires to France ; returns to Spain, 1 843 — again 
withdraws to France, Jul. 1854. 

Christina, Queen op Sweden, — ft.,?$ Dec. 
1626 — succeeds her father, Gustavus Adolphus, 
14 Mar. 1633 — Oxenstiern head of the regency; 
assumes the government, 1644 — concludes 
treaty with Denmark, 1645 — takes part in 
Peace of Westphalia, Oct. 1648— names her 
cousin, Charles Gustavus, her successor, 18 Oct. 
1650— abdicates, 16 Jun. 1654 — received into 
Roman church by Nuncio Holstein at Inns- 
priick, Nov. 1656 — enters Rome as an Amazon, 
1656 — visits France, Sep. 1656 and summer 
1657 — has her equerry Monaldeschi murdered 
at Fontainebleau, 8 Nov. 1657 — returns to 
Rome, 1658 — visits Sweden, 1660 — tf. at Rome, 
19 Apr. 1689. Works, 1751. 

Christine of France, Regent of Savoy, — 
marries Victor-Amadeus, Duke of Savoy, 10 
Feb. 1619 — Regent on death of her husband, 
Oct. 1637 — her title disputed; renews al- 
liance with France, 3 Jun. 1638 — Regent 
again on accession of her second son, Charles 
Emmanuel, Oct. 1638 — hostilities with the 
princes of Savoy begin, Mar. 1639 — gives up 
the fortresses to the French, 1639 — her re- 
gency continued by treaty with France, 16 Jun. 
1642 — declares Charles Emmanuel of age, 20 
Jun. 1648 — tf. at Turin, 27 Dec. 1663. 
[Charles Emmanuel, Duke of Savoy.] 

Christine de Pisan, miscellaneous writer, — 
ft. at Venice, about 1363 — accompanies her 
father to France, and is brought up at the 
court, 1368 — marries, 1378^ left a widow, 
1397 — tf., soon after 1415, ? about 1431.? 
Cent histoires de Troie, 1497 — Le Livre des 
faits et bonnes moeurs du sage roi Charles V., 
written, 1404 — Le Tresor de la cite des dames, 
$c, 1497. 

Christmann, Jacob, orientalist, — ft. near 
Mentz, 1554 — Prof. Hebrew, afterwards Logic 
and Arabic, Heidelberg, about 1583-1613 — tf., 
16 Jun. 16 1 3. Alphabetum Arabicum, 1582 
■ — Muhammedis Alfragani Arabis chronologica 
et astronomica elementa, 1590 — Theoria Lunce, 
1611. 

Christodorus, epic poet, — fl., about 500. 

Christophe, Henri, King of Hayti, — ft., 
about 1767 — joins the insurgents, St Domingo, 
1790— defends Cape Town against Leclerc, 
1802 — heads insurrection, murders Dessalines, 
gets himself proclaimed Generalissimo, and 
President for life of republic of Hayti, Oct. 
1806 — King of Hayti, 1811 — crowned, 2 Jun. 
18 12 — kills himself, 8 Oct. 1820. 

Christophe, Joseph, painter, — ft. at Utrecht, 
1498 — tf. at Lisbon, 1557. 

Christopher's, St, St Kitts, island, — dis- 
covered by Columbus, Nov. 1493 — English set- 
tlement in, 1623 — French settlement in, 1625 
— attacked by Spaniards, 1629 — hostilities be- 
tween French and English, 1666 — the English 
expelled, 29 Jul. 1689 — reconquered by Eng- 
lish, Jun. to Jul. 1690— ravaged by the French, 
1706 — ceded to English by Treaty of Utrecht, 
Apr. 17 1 3— taken by the French, 1782 — re- 
stored to the English by Peace of Versailles, 
Jan. 1783 — ravaged by the French, 1805 — 



the capital, Basse Terre, burnt, 3 Jul. 1867. 

Christ's College, Cambridge, — founded by 
Margaret, Countess of Richmond, 1505. 

Christ's Hospital, Blue Coat School, Lon- 
don, — patent of foundation by Edward VI., 26 
Jun. 1553— partly burnt down, 1666— rebuilt 
by Wren: entirely rebuilt by Shaw, 1825. 

Christus, (Christophsen,) Petrus, painter, — 
ft., about 1393— visits Cologne, 1438 and after 
145 1. Madonna and Child, Frankfort, 141 7 
■ — Portrait of Edward Grimstone, 144.6. 

Christy, Henry, antiquary, naturalist, §c. y 
— ft., about 1811 — tf. in France, 4 May 
1865. * * 

Christyn, Jean Baptiste, jurist, historian, 
— ft. at Brussels, 1622 — Privy Councillor, 167 1 
— ambassador of king of Spain to Congress of 
Nimeguen, 1678 — first commissioner to the 
conferences at Courtrai, j 681— superintendent 
of military justice, 1685 — Baron, by letters 
patent, 11 Jan. 1687 — chancellor of Brabant, 
22 Apr. 1687 — tf., 28 Oct. 1690. Jurispru- 
dentia heroica, 1689— Basilica Bruxellmsis, 
1677 — Tabula chronologica ducum Loiharingice, 
§c, 1669. 

Chromatins, Bp of Aquileia, — fl., aboi.t 
370 — 1>., about 410. 

Chromium, metal, — discovered by Vauquelin, 
1797. 

Chronometer, — Harrison gains parliament- 
ary reward for his, 1765. 

Chroscinski, {Chroscienski, Chruscinski,) 
Adalbert Stanislaus, poet, — fl., about 1700. 
Traba wieJcopomney slawy Jana LLL., 1684 — 
Translations from Ovid, 1695? — Translations 
of Job, and Lamentations of Jeremiah, 1705. 

Chry sander, (Goldmann,) Wilhelm Christ- 
ian Justus, theologian, orientalist, $c, — ft. 
near Halberstadt, 9 Dec. 17 18 — tf. at Kiel, 10 
Dec. 1788. 

Chrysippus, Stoic philosopher, — [B C] — ft., 
280 — tf., 207. 

Chrysoberges, Lucas, theologian, — patriarch 
of Constantinople, 1 155 — presides at Synod of 
Constantinople, 1166 — tf., 1167. 

Chrysocephalus, Macarius, Abp of Phila- 
delphia, — fl., about 1290,* about 1351. 13 
a Oudin. b Fabricius. 

Chrysococces, Greorgius, physician, astrono- 
mer, — fl., about 1350. 

Chrysologue, Noel Andre, astronomer, %c, — 
ft. at Gy, (Franche-Comte,) 8 Dec. 1728 — tf. 
there, 8 Sep. 1808. Planisphere, 1778. 

Chrysoloras, Bemetrius, theologian, philoso- 
pher, astronomer,— -fl., about 1400. 

Chrysoloras, Manuel, (Emmanuel,) Greek 
scholar,— ft. probably at Constantinople, about 
1 355 — ambassador from Emperor of the East 
to European Courts, about 1389? 1396?— 
teaches Greek in Italy, about 1397 -141 3 — visits 
England, 1405 ? — ambassador from Martin V. 
to Emperor Sigismund, 141 3 — tf- at Constance, 
15 Apr. 1415. Greek Grammar, {Erotemata,) 
about 1480. 

Chrysostomus. [Bion.] 

Chrysostomus, Johannes, Patriarch of 
Constantinople, — ft. at Antioch, about 344> a 
354, b 347 c — baptized, 370 ? — retires to moun- 



33 2 



CHRYSUS— CIAMPIXI. 



tain solitude, about 374 4 — deacon at Antioch, 
381 b — presbyter, 386 c — succeeds Nectarius as 
patriarch, 26 Feb. 398 — promotes missions 
among the Goths, 398, Sec. — holds a council at 
Constantinople, 400 d — at Ephesus, winter 400 
-401 d — refuses to condemn Origen, 401-2° — 
deposed, by Theophilus, at synod of the oak, 
and goes into exile, about Jul. 403 e — recalled 
a few days after : another synod assembled 
against him, Dec. 403 e — again exiled, Jun. 
404 — arrives at Cucusus in Armenia, Sep. 
404 — removed to Arabissus, beginning 406 — 
ordered to be removed to Pityus, in Pontus, Jun. 
407 — tf. at Comana, 14 Sep. 407 — his remains 
brought to Constantinople, 43 8. e 

a Biog. Univ. b .£ngl. Cyc. c Neander. 

d Butler. e Clinton. 

Chrysus, — [ B C] — Asclepiad of Cos, (01. 47, 
3,) 590. a a Miiller. 

Chtcherbatov, Michel, historian, — ft., about 
1700 — rj., 12 Dec. 1790. History of troubles 
and revolutions of Russia, 1777. 

Chubb, Thomas, Deist, — fj. near Salisbury, 
Sep. 1679 — rj. there, 8 P'eb. 1746. Supremacy 
of God the Fatlur asserted, 17 15 — True Gospel 
of Jesus asserted, 1738 — Tracts, 1727 and 1730 
— Posthumous works, 1748. 

Chumnus, Nicephorus, theologian, philoso- 
pher, statesman, — forms alliance with Imperial 
family, 1295 — ft., after 1330. 

Chumpaner, (Champaner,) in Hindustan, — 
taken by Mahmud, king of Guzerat, (888, a. h.) 
1483, 1484 a — taken by Huniayun, (Safar 942,) 
Aug. 1535, 1534 a — taken by English, 17 Sep. 
1802 — annexed to Scinde, 1803. a Thornton. 

Chunar, in Hindustan, — attacked by J3en- 
galese Confederacy, 1529 — seized by Shir Khan, 
about 1530 — attacked by Humayun, but retained 
by Shir Khan, 1532 — besieged and taken by 
Humayun, Jan. to Jun. ? 1538,* 1539 b — recover- 
ed by Shir Khan, autumn 1538^ 1539 b — 
taken by the English, 1764 — ceded to them 
1768. Treaty of between East India Company 
and the Xabob of Oude, 19 Sep. i78i. c 

a Elphinstone. b Thornton. c Encyc. Brit. 

Chund, (Chand or Chandra-Bardai,) poet, — 
fl. at Delhi, about 1200. 

Church, States of the. [Papal States.] 

Church-building Commission, — established 
by Act 58 Geo. III., c. 45, 30 May 1818. 

Church Discipline, — better enforcing of, pro- 
vided for by Act 3 and 4 Tic. c. 86, 7 Aug. 
1840. 

Church of England, — separated from Church 
of Home, by Act 25 Henry VIII. c. 21, 1534 
— Henrv VIII, declared supreme head of, by 
Act 26" Hen. VIII. c. 1, 1534— [Articles, 
Thirty-Nine, &c] — Church of Ireland united 
with, 1800— [Irish Church.] 

Church-lands, — confirmed to lay holders by 
Stat. 1 and 2 Phil, and Mar. c. 8, "1554 — those 
held by the crown given up by Queen Mary, 
1555- 

Church-rates, — recovery of, by civil process 
provided for by Act 53 Geo. III. c. 127, 12 
Jul. 18 1 3 — time of imprisonment for non- 
payment limited by Act 12 and 13 Tic. c. 
li, 11 May 1849 — compulsory, abolished by 



Act 31 and 32 Vie. c. 109, 31 Jul. 1868. 
Churchill, Charles, poet, — fj. at Westminster, 
Feb. 1731 — ordained priest, 1756— curate of 
St John's, "Westminster, 1758 — contributes to 
North Briton, 1762 — fr. at Boulogne, 4 Nov. 
1764. Rosciad, 1761 — Apology, 1761 — Ghost, 
1762 — Author, 1763 — Epistle to Hogarth, 
Gotham, 1764 — Candidate, 1764 — Independ- 
ence, 1764. 

Churchill, John. [Marlborough, Duke of.] 

Churchill, Sir Winston,— 6., 1620— M.P., 

1661— Knt, by Charles II., 1663 — F.R.S., 

1664 — rj., 26 Mar. 1688. Divi Britannici, 

i 6 75. 

Churchyard, Thomas, poet, — ft. at Shrews- 
bury, about 1520 — rj. in London, Mar. or Apr. 
1604. Chippes, 1575 — Worthiness of Wales, 
1580 — Description of the wofull Warres in 
Flounders, 1578 — Hiserieof Flaunders,§c, 1579 
— Challenge, 1593. 

Churchyards, in United Kingdom, — consecra- 
tion of, newly regulated by Act 30 and 31 Tic. 
c. 133, 20 Aug. 1867— amended by 31 and 32 
Tie. c. 47, 13 Jul. 1868. 

Churruca y Elorza, Cosme Damian de, 
naval commander, — fj. at Motrico, (Guipuzcoa,) 
27 Sep. 176 1 — commands expedition to survey 
Gulf of Mexico, 1791 — falls, at Trafalgar, 21 
Oct. 1805. 

Chusan, Chusan Islands, — taken by the 
English, 5 Jul. 1840 — abandoned by them, 24 
Feb. 1 841 — again captured, 1 842— restored to 
the Chinese by Treaty of Nankin, 26 Aug. 
1842. 

Chytrssus, David, theologian, §c, — ft. at 
Ingelfingeu, 26 Feb. 1530 — Prof. Theology. 
Eostock, 155 1 — tf. first Prof. Theology there, 25 
Jun. 1600. De lectione historica recte institu- 
enda, 1565 — Historia Augustana confessionis, 
1578 — Chronicon Saxonice, 1593. 

Ciakeiak, Armenian, — ft., 177 1 — fj. near 
Venice, Jan. 1835. Italian and Armeno- 
Turhish Dictionary, 1804 — Armenian-Italian 
Dictionary, 1834. 

Ciamberlano, Lucas, painter, engraver, — ft. 
at Urbino, 1586 — rj. at Eome, 1641. 

Ciamciam, Michel, Armenian, — ft. at Con- 
stantinople, 1738 — 5j. there, 1823. Armenian 
Grammar, 1779 — History of Armenia, 1784-6. 

Ciampelli, Agostino, painter, — ft. at Flo- 
rence, 1578 — tf. at Rome, 1640. 

Ciampi, Sebastiano, archaeologist, — ft. at 
Pistoia in Tuscany, 30 Oct. 1769 — Prof, at 
Univ. of Pisa, 1803-18 — Prof, at Univ. of 
Warsaw, 1818-22 — returns to Italy, 1822 — 
ft. near Florence, 14 Dec. 1847. De usu 
linguce Italicce saltern a scecido quinto, 1817 
— Jlomimenti d'un manuscritto autograft) di 
Giov. Boccaccio da Certaldo, 1827-30 — Notizie 
inedite della Sagrcstia Fistoiesc, §c, 18 10 — 
Bibliografia critica delle antiche reciproche 
corrispondenze dell' Italia colla Russia, §c, 
1834-43. 

Ciampini, Giovanni Justin, miscellaneous 
writer, — ft. at Rome, 1633 — founds Academy of 
Ecclesiastical History, 1 67 1 — of Natural 
Science, 1677 — ft., 12 Jul. 1698. Vetera 
monumenta, §c., 1690-99 — Synopsis historica 



CIAMPOLI— C rGNANI. 



333 



de sacris mdificiis a Constantino Magna eon- 
strtictis, 1693. 

Ciampoli, Giovanni Battista, poet, — b. at 
Florence, 1589 — tf. at Jesi, 8 Sep. 1643. Mime, 
1648 — Prose, 1667. 

Ciantar, Jean Antoine, — b. at Malta, 1696 
— correspondent of Academy of Inscriptions, 
1745 — tf., Nov. 1778. Epigrammata, 1737 — 
De B. Paulo apostolo in Melitam, £$c., 1738. 

Cibalis, in Pannonia, — Constantine defeats 
Licinius near, 8 Oct. 314. 

Gibber, Cams Gabriel, sculptor, — ft. at 
Flensburg, Holstein, about 1630 — settles in 
London, about 1660— tf. there, 1700. 

Gibber, Colley, dramatist, actor, — b. in 
London. 6 Nov. 1671 — volunteer under Earl of 
Devonshire, in support of Prince of Orange, 
1688 — enters upon the- stage, 1689 — Poet 
Laureate, 1730 — tf., 12 Dec. 1757. Works, 1777. 

Gibber, Susanna Maria, {Mrs Charke,) 
actress, — ft., 17 16 — makes her debut on the 
stage, 1736 — tf., 30 Jan. 1766. 

Gibber, Theophihis, actor, — b., 26 Nov. 1703 
— tf. by shipwreck on coast of Scotland, Oct. 
1758. 

Cibot, Pierre Martial, Jesuit missionary, — 
ft. at Limoges, 1727 — arrives in China, Jul. 
1759 — at Pekin, Jun. 1760 to Aug. 1780 — tf. 
there, 8 Aug. 1780. 

Ciccione, Andrea, sculptor, architect, — tf., 
1455. Monument to King Ladislaus of Naples, 
between 1414-50. 

Cicero, M. Tullius, — [BC] — orator, philoso- 
pher, — b. at Arpinum, 3 Jan. 106 — receives 
toga vir., 91 — serves under Cn. Pompeius 
Strabo, 89 — begins to plead, 81 — marries Te- 
rentia, about 80-79 — travels and studies, Athens, 
Asia Minor, 79 — Rhodes, 78 — returns to Rome, 
77 — quaestor in Sicily, 75 — returns to Pome, 
beginning 74 — aedile, 69 — praetor, 66 — Consul 
with C. Antonius Hybrida, defeats conspiracy 
of Catiline, (691 a. u. c), 63 — retires to 
Thessalonica, by Apr. till Nov. 58 — recalled, 4 
Aug. — arrives, 4 Sep. 57 — admitted to College 
of Augurs, 53 — proconsul of Cilicia, &c, Jul. 
5 1 to Jul. 50 — at Formise, near Rome, 4 Jan. 49 
— leaves Italy for Greece, 7 Jun. 49 — re- 
turns to Brundusium, end Nov. 48 — pardoned 
by Caesar, 12 Aug. 47 — divorces Teren- 
tia; marries Publilia, close of 46 — divorces 
her, 45 — death of his daughter Tullia, begin- 
ning 45— sets out for Greece, soon after Mar. 
44 — returns to Rome, 31 Aug. 44 — acme of 
glory, beginning Apr. 43 — put to death, 7 
, Dec. 43. De Inventione Ehetorica, 87-84 — 
Partitio Orat., end 46 to beginning 45, 49 ? 
De Orator e, 91,? 55 s1 — Brutus, 46 — Orator, 
beginning 45 — Topica, Jul. 44 — De Eepublica, 
before 51 — De Legibus, mid. or end 52 — De 
Officiis, after Aug. 44 — Cato Major, end 45, 
beginning 44 — P)e Gloria, before 4 Jul. 44 — . 
De Consolatione, 45 — Academica, 45 — De Fini- 
bus, 45 — Tuscul. Disput., early 44 — Para- 
doxa, 52-46 — Hortensius, 45 — De Nat. Deor., 
early 44 — De Divinatione, early 44. Orations : 
Pro Quinctio, 81 — Pro Sex. Eoscio, 80 — Pro Q. 
Eoscio Com., 76? — Pro Scamandro, 74 a — In 
Q. Ccecilium^ 70 — In Verrem Actio, I., 5 



Aug. 70 — Pro M. Fonteio, 69 — Pro lege Ma- 
nilla, 66 — Pro A. Cluentio, 66 — Pro C. Cor- 
nelio, 65 b c (n.) — In Toga Candida, 64 — 
Pro C. Eabirio, 63 — In Catilinam, I., 8 Nov. 
— II., 9 Nov., -r- IY., 5 Dec. 63 — Fro Mu- 
rena, Nov. or Dec. 63 — Pro P. Comelio SiUla, 
62 — Pro Archia Poeta, 61 » — Pro I. Flacco, 
59 — Fro A. Thermo, 59 — Pro L. Bestia, 56 — ■ 
De Ftaruspicum Eesponsis, 56 — Pro P. Sextio, 
12 Mar. ^ — In Vatinium, 12 Mar. 56 — Pro 
M. Ccelio Eufo, 56 c — Pro I. Comelio Balbo, 
56 — De Frovinciis Consularibus, 56 — De Eege 
Alexandrino, 13 Jan. 56° — In I. Fisoncm, 55 
— Pro On. Flancio, 55* 54° — Pro C. Eabirio 
Fostumo, 54 — Fro Vatinio, 54 — Fro M. AiJmi- 
lio Scauro, 54 — Pro Crasso, 54 — Pro Druso, 
54 — Pro C. Messio, 54 — De Eeatinorum Causa 
contra Inter amnates, 54° — Pro T. Annio Mi- 
lone, 18 Mar. 52 c — Pro Saufeio, (2) 52 — In 
T. M. Plancum, 52 — Pro M. Marcello, 47, » 
46 bc — Pro Q. ligario, 46 — Fro Eege Deiotaro, 
45— Philippic®, I. to IV., 44— V. to XIV., 43. 
a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. c Fischer. 

Cicero, M. Tullius, {junior,)— [B Cj — b., 65 
— goes to Cilicia with his father, 5 1 — receives 
toga vir., Mar. 49 — joins Pompey, serves in 
Greece, 49-48 — studies at Athens, 45 — serves 
under Brutus in Macedonia, 42 — returns to 
Rome, 39. Consul by Octavianus, 13 Sep. 30 
— governor of Asia, (Syria,) 29-28. 

Cicero, Q. Tullius, — [BC] — b., about 102 — 
at Athens, 79 — sedile, 67 — praetor, 62 — govern- 
or of Asia, 61-58 ? — at Rome, 58 — legatus to 
Caesar in Gaul, 55-54 — defeats Ambiorix, 54 
— legatus to his brother in Cilicia, 51 — joins 
Pompey, 49 — joins Caesar, 47 — put to death, 43. 

Cicognara, Count Leopoldo, antiquary, — 
b. at Ferrara, 26 Nov. 1767— settles at Mo- 
dena, about 1 795-1 808 — President of Academy 
of Fine Arts, Venice, 1808 — tf. at Venice, 5 
Mar. 1834. Storia delta scultura, 18 13- 18 — 
Fabriche piu cospicue di Venezia, 1820 — Cata- 
logo ragionato dei libri d'arte e (V antichitd, 1 821. 

Cicurinus, C. Veturius, — [B C] — Consul with 
T. Romilius Rocus Vaticanus, (299, a. u. c.) 455. 

Cid, The, {Eodrigo Diaz de Bivar,)—b. at 
Burgos, about 1040 — Knt, by Ferdinand I. of 
Castille, about 1060 — serves under Sanchez II. 
at battle of Graos, 1063 — offends Alfonso VI., 
and retires from the court, 1085 — besieges and 
takes Valencia, 1094. — tf. at Valencia, about 
1099. 

Cieco da Ferrara, Francisco Bello, poet. 
Libro d'arme e d'amore nomato Maiubriano, 
1509. 

Cienfuegos, Mcasio Alvarez de, poet, — b. 
at Madrid, 14 Dec. 1764 — tf. at Orthez, Jul. 
1809. Works, 1 8 16. 

Cieza, Josef de, painter, — b. at Granada, 
1656— painter to the king, 1689 — tf. at Madrid, 
1692. 

Cieza, Miguel Geronimo, painter, — tf., 1677. 

Cieza, Vicente, painter, — painter to the king, 
16-92 — tf. at Granada, about 1701. 

Cigala, Lanfranc, troubadour, — ambassador 
to Raymond, Count of Provence, 1241 — assas- 
sinated, near Monaco, 1278. 

Cignani, Carlo, painter, — b. at Bologna, 25 



334 



CIGNAROLI— CIPRIAXI. 



May 1628 — ft. at Forli, a at Bologna, b 6 Sep. 
17 19. Cupola of church of the Madonna del 
Fuoco, Forli, about 1686- 1706. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nagler. 

Cignaroii, Giambettino, painter, — b. at 
Salo, near Verona, 1706 — fr. at Verona, 1770. 

Cigoli, Lodovico Cardi da, painter, — b. at 
Cigoli, ;l Empoli, b in Tuscany, 12 Sep. 1559 — rj. 
at Home, 8 Jun. 16 13. Martyrdom of St 
Stephen, Florence, 1587. 

a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Cilicia, — [BC] — given to Ambris, king of 
Tubal, by Sargon, about 711 a — invaded by 
Sennacherib, about 701 a — by Esarbaddon, 
about 685 a — Syennesis, with Labynetus of 
Babylon, mediates between Cyaxares and 
Alyattes (Croesus?), 6io bc — submits to Persia, 
546 ? — reduced by Alexander tbe Great, 333 — 
assigned to Pbilotas, 323 — to Philoxenus, at 
Triparadisus, 32o, a 321 c — to Pleistarchus, 
after battle of Ipsus, 301 — taken possession of 
by Demetrius Poliorketes, 300 b — acquired by 
Seleucus Nieator, for Syria, 286 b — by Ptolemy 
Pbiladelphus, before 247 — M. Antonius, pro- 
praetor : beginning of the war against the 
pirates, 103 — Sulla, proprsetor, 92 — taken in 
part by Tigranes, 83-76 c — held till 69 or 66 c 
— pirates and Tigranes conquered by Pompey, 
and reduced in part to a province, 67-66° — 
Cicero proconsul, 51-50 — Tarcondimotiis, 
aids Pompey, but has his dominions increased 
by Caesar, 48 — Polemon, made sovereign of 
part, by Antony, 39, 41 c — Tarcondimotus II. 
receives his paternal possessions from Augustus, 
20. [Armenia, Cilician Pontus.] 
a Rawlinson. b Fischer. c Smith's Diet. 

Cilo, L. Fabius Galerius Septiminus, — 
[B Cj — Consul with Fabius Libo, (957, a. u. c.) 
204. 

Cima da Conegliano, Giambattista, painter, 
— painted at Venice, 1489-15 17. 

Ciniabue, {Gualtieri,) Giovanni, painter, — 
b. at Florence, 1240 — employed in the Duomo 
at Pisa, 1 301 -2. 

Cimarosa, Domenico, musical composer, — b. 
at Aversa, 3 Naples, bc 1754,3 b 1755° — goes to 
St Petersburg, 1787-91 — to Vienna. 1792 — tf. 
at Venice, 11 Jan. 1801. Matrimonio Segreto, 
1792. a Biog. Univ. 

b Engl. Cyc. c Evsch and Gruber. 

Cimbri, The, — [BC] — migrate south ward, 
about 1 20 ? — the consul Carbo defeated by, 
near Noreia, 1 1 3 — retire from Italy into Gaul, 
113 — the consul Silanus defeated, in Gallia 
Transalpina, 109— M. Scaurus sent against, 
108— defeat Manlius, 105 — defeat proconsul 
Csepio, 6 (Jet. 105— invade Spain, 104 — re- 
pulsed by the Celtiberians, 103— Catulus holds 
command against, on the Athesis, 102 — over- 
thrown by Marine and Catulus at Vercellse, 30 
Jul. 101. 

Cimmerians. [Kimmerians.] 
Cimon. [Kimon.] 
Cinaethon. [ Kinaethon.] 
Cinaethus. [Kinsethus.] 
Cincinnati, Society of the, in United States, 
— founded, 1783. 

Cincinnato, Romulo, painter, — b. at Flor- 



ence, 1502 — goes to Madrid, 1567 — ft. at 
Madrid, 1593, ab i6oo. c 
a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. c Nagler. 

Cincinnatus, Cn. Manlius Vulso, — [BC] — 
Consul with M. Fabius Vibulanus, (274, a. tj. c.) 
480. 

Cincinnatus, L. Quinctius, — [BC] — &., 
about 519 — Consul suffectus with C. Claud. 
Sabinus Eegillens, (294, a. tj. c.) 460 — dictator, 
against the iEquians, 458 — unsuccessful can- 
didate for decemvirate, 450 — dictator, against 
Sp. Maelius, 439. 

Cincinnatus, T. Quinctius Pennus, — [BC] 
— Consul with C. Julius Mento, (323, a. u. c.) 
431 — Consul with A. Cornelius Cos'sus, (326,) 
428 — military tribune, 426 and 420. 

Cincinnatus Capitolinus, T. Quinctius, — 
[B C] — Consul with C. Sulpicius Peticus, (403, 
a. tj. c.) 351. 

Cincius. [Alimentus, L. Cincius.] 

Cinna, C. Helvius, poet, — [B C] — trib. 
pleb. ? murdered by the mob after Caesar's as- 
sassination, Mar. 44. 

Cinna, Cn., — Consul with L. Valerius Mes- 
salla Volesus, (758, a. tj. c.) 5. 

Cinna, L. Cornelius, — [B C] — Consul with L. 
Cassius Longinus, (627, a. tj. c.) 127. 

Cinna, L. Cornelius, — [BC] — prset. leg. in 
Marsic war, 89 — Consul with Cn. Octavius, 
(667, a. tj. c.) 87 — impeaches Sulla ; defeated 
in attack on the constitution, leaves Eome ; 
with Marius besieges and takes Eome, 87 
— [Marius] — Consul with C. Marius, (668,) 
%6— Consul with Cn. Papirius Carbo, (669,) 
85 and (670,) 84 — killed in a mutiny at Ancona, 
84. 

Cinnamus, {Cinamns, Smnamus,) Joannes, 
Byzantine historian, — fl., about 1143-80. 

Cino da Pistoia, poet, §c, — b. at Pistoia, 
1270 — Prof. Eaw, Florence, 1334 — ft. there, 
24 Dec. 1336. Rime, 1559. 

Cinq-Mars, Henri Coiffier de Ruse, Mar- 
quis de, — b., 1620 — Master of the Horse, 1639 
— executed for conspiracy, at Lyons, 12 Sep. 
1642. 

Cinque Ports, in England. — return each two 
barons to parliament, as early as 18 Edw. I., 
1290 — general charters of, given up to Con- 
stable of Dover Castle, 1685 — lord wardens lose 
power of nominating members by Act 2 Wm 
and Mar. c. 7, 1689— further changes effected by 
Reform Act, 1832 — and Municipal Corpor- 
ations Act, 1835. 

Cinqui, (del Cinque,) Giovanni, painter, — b. 
at Florence, 1667— tf., 1743. 

Cintra, Convention of, — between French 
and English, for evacuation of Portugal by 
French, signed, 30 Aug. 1808 — court of in- 
quiry respecting, Nov. — approved by the court, 
22 Dec. 

Ciocchi, Giovanni Mario, painter, — b. at 
Florence, 1658 — ft., 1725. La Fittura in 
Famasso, 1725. 

Cionacci, Francesco, grammarian. Saggio 
della Favellatoria, 1679. 

Cipriani, Giovanni Battista, painter, en- 
graver, — b. at Florence, 1732,* i727, b Pistoia, 
1716° — is at Eome, 1750 — goes to London, 



CIRCASSIA— CIVITA VECCHIA. 



335 



i755, b 1754° — R.A., 1769—0". in London, 14 
Dec. 1785. a Naglei\ 

b Engl. Cyc. c Ersch and Gruber. 

Circassia, Circassians, — first submit to Rus- 
sians, 1555 — incorporated with Russian Empire, 
by Treaty of Adrianople, 1829 — traffic in 
female slaves reestablished by treaty with 
Russia, 1845— defeated by Russians, escape to 
Turkey, 1864. [Schamyl.] 

Circe, asteroid, — discovered by Chacornac 
at Paris, 6 Apr. 1855. 

Circensian Games,— [BC~\ — mythic institu- 
tion by Romulus; — [AD] — pompa Gircensis 
abolished by Constantine, about 315 ? — games 
abolished by the Goths, 410. 

Circesium, {Carchemish,) in Mesopotamia, 
— [B C]— taken by Pharaoh Necko, 6io, a 608 b 
— retaken by Nebuchadnezzar, 605. b 
a Ussher. b Smith's Diet. 

Circignano, {Circiniani,) Antonio, [ilPomer- 
ancio,) painter, — ft., i56o, a 1559 b — tf. at 
Rome, 1619. a Tilkington. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Circignano, {Circiniani,) Niccola, {dalle 
Pomcrancio,) painter, — ft. near Vcltena, 15 16 — 
fo. at Eome, 1588,* after 1591. 13 

a Ersch and Gruber. b Lanzi. 

Circle, Squaring the, — problem proved im- 
possible by demonstration of incommensurability 
of diameter and circumference of circle, by 
Lambert, 176 1. 

Circuits, Judges', — England divided into six, 
by Henry II., 1176. 

Circulating Library, — first established in 
London, by Samuel Fancourt, 1740 or 1745. 

Circulation of the Blood, — discovered by 
Harvey, about 161 6. 

Circumcelliones. [Donatists.] 

Circumnavigation of the Globe, — by Ma- 
gellan's squadron, 1521-22. [Drake, Caven- 
dish, Anson, &c] 

Circus Factions, {Nika Sedition,) — outbreak 
of, at Constantinople, 13-18 Jan. 532. 

Circus Flaminius, Home, — [BC] — built by 
C. Flaminius, 221. 

Cirencester, {Corinium, Corinum, Burocor- 
novium,) — taken by West Saxons, 577 — battle 
of, between "West Saxons and Mercians, 628 — 
taken by Northmen, 878 — Guthrum stays with 
his army at, 879 — Council held at, by Canute, 
1020 ? — garrisoned for Empress Maud, 1150 — 
skirmish at, between the Earls of Kent, Salis- 
bury, and Iluntingdon, &c, and the townsmen, 
6 Jan. 1400 — garrisoned for the Parliament, 
and taken by Prince Rupert, 1642 — surrenders 
to Parliamentarians, 1643. 

Cirignuola. [Cerignuola.] 

Cirillo, Domenico, botanist, %c. } — ft. in 
Naples, 1734 — honorary member of Academy 
of Sciences, Naples, 1779 — President of Legis- 
lative Assembly, 1799 — arrested, executed by 
Xing Ferdinand, 13 Jul. ? 1799. Fundamenta 
botanica, 1787 — Be essentialibus nonnullarum 
plantarum characteribus, 1 7 84 — Plants rariores, 
$c, 1788-93. 

Cirillo, Niccolo, physician, natural philo- 
sopher, — ft. near Naples, 167 1 — Prof. Physics 
there, 1705 — Prof. Practical Medicine, 17 17 — 
F.R.S., 1718 — tr. at Naples, 1734. 



Cirino, Andrea, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at 
Messina, 16 r 8 — fo. at Palermo, 6 Sep. 1664. 
Be venatione et natura animalium, 16^3 — An- 
tique lectiones de urbe Roma, §c, 1665. 

Cirrhaean {Kirrhaan) War. [Sacred War.] 

Cisalpine Republic, — constituted by Napo- 
leon, 1 7 96 — the Valteline annexed to it ; recog- 
nized by Treaty of Campo Formio, 17 Oct. 1797 
— Napoleon Pres. of, and names it Italian Re- 
public, Jan. 1802 — forms part of kingdom of 
Italy, 1805-14 — given to Austria, as the 
Lombardo-Venetian kingdom, by Congress of 
Vienna, 1815. 

Cisinge, John de, {James Pannonius,) poet, 
— ft. in Hungary, 29 Aug. 1434 — Bp, about 1460 
— ft. in Carinthia, about Dec. 1472. Poems, 
1512. 

Cisneros. [Ximenes.] 

Cispadane Republic, — founded by Napo- 
leon, 1796— forms part of Cisalpine Republic, 
1797. 

Cistercian Order, Order of Citeaux, — found- 
ed by Robert de Molesme, 1098 — reconstituted 
by Stephen Harding, the Chapter-General in- 
stituted, 1 1 19 — introduced in England, 1128. 

Citadella, Alfonso, {Alfonso Lombardi, or 
Alfonso Ferrarese,) sculptor, §c, — ft., about 
1487 — tf. at Bologna, 1536. 

Citate, — occupied by Russians, 1853 — the 
Russian camp stormed by Turks, 6 Jau. 1 854. 

Cities of the Plain, {Pentapolis,) — [B Cj — • 
destroyed, spring 1897.' 1 a Ussher. 

Cittadini, Celso, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at 
Rome, 1553 — tf. at Siena, 1627. Rime pla- 
toniche, 1585— Tre orazioni, 1603. 

Cittadini, Pierfrancesco, {il Milanese,) 
painter, — ft. at Milan, i6i6, a i6i3 b — ft. at 
Bologna, 1 68 1. a Crespi. b Oretti. 

City Mission, — established at Glasgow, by 
David Nasmith, 1826. 

Ciudad Rcdrigo, in Spain, — held by Portu- 
guese, unsuccessfully attacked by Henry II. of 
Castile, 1370 — taken by the English, 1706 — ■ 
retaken by Spaniards, 1707— surrenders to the. 
French, 10 Jul. 18 10 — stormed by Wellington,- 
18 Jan. 1812. 

Ciullo D'Alcamo, poet, — 0., about 1190 ? 

Cius. [Kios.] 

Civil Engineers, Institute of, — founded, 2 
Jan. 18 1 8 — incorporated, 3 Jun. 1828. 

Civil List, — better regulation of, proposed 
by Burke, 11 Feb. 1780 — again, 15 Feb. 1781 
— regulated by Act passed, 1782 — settlement 
of the, by Act 1 Wm IV. c. 25, 22 Apr. 1831. 

Civil Rights Bill, U. S., — vetoed by Pres. 
Johnson, Mar. 1866 — passed by Congress, 10 
Apr. 1866. 

Civil Service Examinations, in England, — ■ 
instituted by Order in Council, 21 May 1855. 

Civilis, Claudius, — heads a revolt of the 
Batavi from Rome, 69-70. 

Civita Castellana, — the Neapolitans defeated 
by Macdonald at, 4 Dec. 1798. 

Civita Vecchia, {Centum Cellcc,) — port of, 
constructed by Trajan, about no — taken by 
Belisarius, 536 or 538 — by Totilas, 542-3 — by 
Narses, 553 — destroyed by Saracens, 812 — 
made boundary of Pisan territory by charter of 



CI VITALI— CLARENDON. 



Frederick II., 24 Nov. 1220 a — fortified by 
Urban YIIL, between 1623 and 1644 — taken by 
tbe English, 30 Sep. 1799 — French expedition 
lands at, 1849 — French troops evacuate Koine, 
and sail from, Aug. 1870. • a Kington. 

Civitali, Matteo, sculptor, — fl., about 1440. 

Clair, (Ci'airs,) St, first Bp of Nantes, — 
sent from Eome to Gaul, about 280. 

Clair, (Clo\) St— tf. abbe of St Marcel, 
Vienne, about 660 ? 

Clair, Jean Marie le, violinist, — ft. at Lyons, 
1697 — assassinated at Paris, 22 Oct. 1764. 

Clairac, Louis Andre de la Mamie de, en- 
gineer, — n., about 1690— brigadier of the armies, 
1748 — is. at Bergue, 6 May 1752. Ingenieur 
de campagne, 1750. £■ ey 

Clairambault, Pierre de, genealogist, — fc. in 
Champagne, 1651 — rj. at Paris, 1740. 

Clairant, Alexis Claude, mathematician, — 
is. at Paris, 7, a 13 b May 17 13 — admitted to 
the Academy, 17 31 — accompanies expedition to 
Lapland for" measuring degrees of the meridian, 
1735 — Is. at Paris, 17 May 1765. Mecherches 
sur les courbes a double courbure, 1731 — Memoire 
sur la theorie de la lime, 1752 — Traite de la 
figure de la terre, 1743 — Recherches sur les 
cometes, 1762. 

a Biog. Univ. b Erscli and Gruber, 

Clairon, Claire Josephe Hippolyte Leyris 
de la Tude, actress, — rj. in Flanders, 1723 — 
enters on the stage, 1735 — at the Theatre 
Francois, Aug. 1743-65 — rj. at Paris, 18 Jan. 
1803. 

Clairvaux, Abbey of, — founded by St Ber- 
nard, autumn 1 1 15— the site changed, larger 
buildings erected, n 35. 

Claissens, Anton, painter, — fl., about 1500? 

Clajus. [Clay.] 

Clanricarde, Marquis of, — ft. in London, 
1604 — governor of Galloway, 1641 — commis- 
sioner with Earl of Ormond and others to re- 
ceive the remonstrance of the Catholics, Jan. 
1642 — Lord Deputy of Ireland, 1648 — Is., about 
1659^ 1655. 13 Memoirs concerning the affairs 
of Ireland from 1640 to 1653, 1722. 

a Leland. h Clarendon. 

Claparede, Count, Peek, of France, gen- 
eral, — h. at Chignac, (Herault,) 1774 — enters 
the army, 1792 — accompanies expedition to 
St Domingo, 1802— General of Division, 1808 
— distinguishes himself at battle of Wagrani, 
1809 — wounded at the Beresina, 18 12 — Peer of 
France, 1819 — Is. at Montpellier, Oct. 1842. 

Clapies, de, engineer, astronomer, — rj. at 
Montpellier, 1671 — correspondent of Academy 
of Sciences, 1702 — director of the banks of the 
Phone, 17 12 — Prof. Mathematics, 17 18 — saves 
Tarascon from inundation, 1724 — Is., 19 Feb. 
1740. 

Clapperton, Hugh, African traveller, — fc. at 
Annan, Scotland, 1788 — Lieutenant in the 
British flotilla in Canada, 1814-17 — goes to 
Edinburgh, 1820— sets out with Dr Oudney 
and Major Denham for Timbuctoo, i823, a 
1 82 1 b — returns to England, Jnn. 1825 — second 
visit to Africa, Nov. 1825— tf. near Saccatoo, 
13 Apr. 1827. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 



Clara, St, monastic foundress, — ft. at Assisi, 
1 1 93— founds Sisterhood of St Clara, 1212— Is., 
11 Aug. 1253 — canonized, by Alexander IV., 

Clare, John, poet,— It. near Peterborough 
13 Jul, 1793 — is., 19 May 1864. Foems descript- 
ive of Rural Life, 1820 — Rural Muse, 1836. 

Clare, Nuns of St, — founded at Assisi, about 
12 1 2 — settle in England, about 1293. 

Clare, Richard de. [Pembroke, Earl of.] 

Clare Hall, Cambridge, — founded by Lady 
Elizabeth, sister of Gilbert, Earl of Clare, 1326. 

Clareniont, in Surrey, — built by Vanbrugh, 
between 1702 and 17 14 — bought by government 
as residence for Princess Charlotte, 181 6. 
[Louis Philippe, Marie Amelie.] 

Clarence, George, Duke of, — fi. at Dublin, 
1449 — created Duke of Clarence, summer 146 1 
— Lieutenant of Ireland, 28 Feb. 1462— marries 
Isabel, daughter of the Earl of "Warwick, at 
Calais, 11 Jul. 1469 — leagues with Warwick; 
denounced as traitor by Edward IV., Mar. 
1470 — retires with Warwick to France, Apr. 
1470 — lands with Warwick at Dartmouth, 13 
Sep. 1470 — the crown settled on him on failure 
of issue of Henry VI. by parliament of West- 
minster, 147 1 — joins Edward IV. at Coventry, 
30 Mar. 147 1 — on death of his wife, retires 
from court, 1477 — committed to the Tower, 16 
Jan. 1478 — tried and sentenced to death, 7 
Feb. — found dead, 18 Feb. 

Clarence, Lionel, Duke of, — b. at Antwerp, 
29 Nov. 1338 — marries Elizabeth, heiress of 
William de Burgh, Earl of Ulster, Lieutenant 
of Ireland, 1 Jul. 1361 — created Duke of 
Clarence, 1362 — marries Violante, daughter of 
Galeazzo, Duke of Milan ; holds parliament at 
Kilkenny, Feb. 1366 — tf. in Italy, 1368. 

Clarence, Thomas, Duke of, — fc., 1389 — 
Lieutenant of Ireland, 140 1 — Duke of Clarence, 
141 2 — takes part with Henry V., his brother, 
in French war, 1415 — defeated and killed at 
battle of Beauje, 22 Mar. 1421. 

Clarence, William Henry, Duke of. [Wil- 
liam IV., King of England.] 

Clarendon, Constitutions of, — subscribed 
by the bishops, Becket refusing, 25 Jan. 1164. 
[Henry II., Becket.] 

Clarendon, Edward Hyde, Earl of, Lord 
Chancellor of England, historian, — b. at 
Dinton near Salisbury, 18 Feb. 1608 — enters 
Oxford Univ., 1621— M. P. Wootton Bassett, 
spring 1640 — becomes one of the king's ad- 
visers, 1641 — attends the king at York, 1642 — 
Chancellor of the Exchequer, Knt, Privy Coun- 
cillor, 1643 — royal commissioner for Treaty of 
Uxbridge, 1644 — attends Prince of Wales, 
Mar. 1645-6 — rejoins him at the Hague, Sep. 
1648 — ambassador from Prince Charles to 
Madrid, 1649 — returns to Antwerp, 1651 — 
comes to England with Charles II., May 1660 
— Speaker of House of Lords, Lord Chancellor, 
Jim. 1660 — Earl of Clarendon, Apr. 1661 — 
takes part in negotiating marriage of^ Charles 
II. with Catherine of Braganza, 1662 — negoti- 
ates loan from Louis XIV., 1662 — negotiates 
sale of Dunkirk, Nov. 1662 — resigns the great 
seal, 30 Aug. 1667 — impeached by Commons, 12 



CLARENDON— CLAUDE GELEE. 



337 



Nov. — quits England, 29 Nov. — tf. at Rouen, 
9 Dec. 1674. History of the Grand Rebellion, 
1702 — His own Life, 1759. 

Clarendon, George William Frederick Vil- 
liers, 4th Earl of, statesman, — ft. in London, 
12 Jan. 1800 — negotiates commercial treaty 
with France, 1831 — -minister plenipotentiary at 
Madrid, 1833 — succeeds his father, and returns 
to England, 1838 — G.C.B., (civil,) 1838 — 
marries, 1839 — Lord Privy Seal, Jan. 1 840-1 
— Chancellor of Duchy of Lancaster, 1 840 — 
Pres. Board of Trade, 1 846 — Lord-lieutenant of 
Ireland, May 1847 to Feb. 1852— K.G., 1849 
— Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Jan. 
1853 — joint-plenipotentiary at Congress of 
Paris, Mar., Apr. 1856 — retires from office, 
early fn 1858 — Chancellor of Duchy of Lan- 
caster, Apr. 1864 — again Secretary of State 
for Foreign Affairs, 1865 — envoy to the pope 
and the king of Italy, 1868 — ft., 27 Jun. 1870. 

Clarendon, Henry Hyde, Earl op, states- 
man, — ft. in Wiltshire, 1638 — Privy Councillor, 
by James II., 1685 — Lord-lieutenant of Ire- 
land, 1685 — imprisoned in the Tower, on re- 
fusing oath of allegiance, 1689 — tr., 1709. 
Letters on the Affairs of the Time, 1763. 

Clarendon Press, Oxford,— established, 17 13. 

Claret. [Fleurrieu and Tourrette.] 

Clarici, Paolo Bartolomeo, botanist, — ft. at 
Ancona, 1664 — tf. at Padua, 22 Dec. 1724. 
Lstoria e cultura delle piante, §c, 1726. 

Clario, (Clarius,) Isidore, — ft. near Brescia, 
1495 — distinguishes himself at the Council of 
Trent, 1546 — Bp of Foligno, 1547 — ft. there, 
1555. Vulgata editio Veteris et Novi Testa- 
menti, 1542. 

Clark, Sir James, Bart., physician, — ft. in 
Banffshire, 14 Dec. 1788 — serves in the navy, 
1809-15— M.D. Edinburgh, 18 17 — practises at 
Rome, about 1818-26 — returns to England, 
1826— member of Senate of London Univ., 
1826 — F.R.S., 1832 — physician to Duchess of 
Kent, 1835 — physician in ordinary to Queen 
Victoria, 1837 — Bart., 1838 — ft. at Bagshot 
Park, 29 Jun. 1870. Sanative Influence of 
Climate, 1829 — Pulmonary Consumption, 1835. 

Clark, William Tierney, engineer, — ft. in 
Somersetshire, 23 Aug. 1783 — draughtsman to 
Rennie, London, 1 808-11 — engineer of West 
Middlesex Waterworks, 181 1-52 — F.R.S., 
1837 — tf-y 22 Sep. 1852. Hammersmith Sus- 
pension Bridge, 1824-7 — Suspension Bridge at 
Festh, 1839-49. 

Clarke, Adam, theologian, — ft. in Ireland, 
1762 — Wesleyan preacher, 1782 — LL.D. St 
Andrew's, 1806 — sub-commissioner of Public 
Records, 1807 — resides at Millbrook, Lanca- 
shire, 1815-23 — tf. in London, 26 Aug. 1832. 
Bibliographical Dictionary, 1802 — Commentary 
on the Holy Scriptures, 1810-26. 

Clarke, Edward Daniel, traveller, — ft. at 
Willingdon, Sussex, 5 Jun. 1769 — enters Cam- 
bridge Univ., 1786 — accompanies Lord Berwick 
in a tour on the continent, 1792-3 — Fellow of 
his College, 1798 — travels in North Europe, 
Asia Minor, &c, 1799-1802 — LL.D. Cam- 
bridge, 1802 — Prof. Mineralogy there, 1808 — 
&. in London, 9 Mar. 1822. Travels, 181 0-19. 



Clarke, Henri Jacques Guillaume, Duke 
of Feltre, Marshal of France, — ft. at 
Landrecies, 17 Oct. 1765 — enters military 
school, Paris, 1 7 Sep. 17 81 — Lieutenant-colonel, 
joins army of the Rhine, Feb. 1792 — General 
of Division, Dec. 1795— Governor of Vienna, 
Lower Austria, &c, 1805 — Grand Officer of the 
Legion of Honour, 1 805 — takes part in battle 
of Jena, Oct. 1806— Governor of Berlin, Oct. 
1806 — Minister of War, 19 Aug. 1807 — Duke 
of Feltre, 1809 — Peer, by Louis XVIII., 18 14 
—Marshal of France, 18 15— tf., 28 Oct. 181 8. 

Clarke, Jeremiah, musical composer, — ft., 
about 1668 — organist of St Paul's, about 1693 
— organist of Chapel Royal, 1704 — commits 
suicide in London, Jul. 1707. 

Clarke, John, engraver, — ft. in Scotland, 
about 1650 — if. in London, 1721. 

Clarke, Samuel, orientalist, — ft. at Brackley, 
1623 — enters Oxford Univ., 1638— assists in 
preparation of Walton's Polyglot, 1650 — tf. 
near Oxford, 27 Dec. 1667. 

Clarke, Samuel, philosopher, theologian, — ft. 
at Norwich, n Oct. 1675 — enters Cambridge 
Univ., 1 69 1 — Boylean lecturer, Oxford, 1704— 
chaplain to Queen Anne, 1706 — master of 
Wigston Hospital, 1724 — U. in London, 17 
May 1729. The Being and Attributes of God, 
1704 — Scripture doctrine of the Trinity, i^iz 
— Ctesar's Commentaries, 17 12 — Homer's Iliad, 
1729-32. 

Clarke, William, antiquary, — ft. in Shrop- 
shire, 1696 — Fellow of St John's, Cambridge, 
Jan. 1 7 16- 17 — M.A.,i7i9, a i735 b — prebendary 
of Chichester, 1738 — iy., 21 Oct. 177 1. Con- 
nexion of the Roman, Saxon, and English coins, 
1767. a Chalmers. b Rees' Cyc. 

Clarkson, Thomas, philanthropist, — ft. at 
Wisbeach, 26 Mar. 1760 — gains prize for Latin 
dissertation on Slavery, 1786 — cooperates with 
Wilberforce for abolition of the Slave Trade, 
1787-1807— U. at Playford Hall, Suffolk, 26 
Sep. 1846. Portraiture of Quakerism, 1806 — 
History of the Abolition of the Slave Trade, 
1808 — Memoirs of William Fenn, 18 13. 

Clarus, C. Erucius, — Consul with M. Cor- 
nelius Cethegus, (923, a. u. c.) 170. 

Clarus, C. Julius Erucius, — Consul with Q. 
Sosius Falco, (946, a. u. c.) 193. 

Clarus, Julius, jurist, — ft. at Alessandria, 6 
Jan. 1525 — LL.D. Pavia, 1550 — senator at 
Milan, by king of Spain, 1550 — tf. at Saragossa, a 
Carthagena, b 13 Apr. 1575. Receptarum 
Sententiarum opus, 1559. 

a Biog. Univ. b Erscli and Gruber. 

Clarus, Sex. Erucius, — Consul with Cn. 
Claudius Severus, (899, a. it. c.) 146 

Clastidium,— [BC]— Marcellus defeats and 
kills Viridomarus at, 222 — betrayed to Hanni- 
bal, 218. 

Clauberg', Johann, philosopher, — ft. at So- 
lingen, (Berg,) 24 Feb. 1622 — if. at Dinsburg, 
31 Jan. 1665. Opera, 1691. 

Claude, painter on glass,— -ft., about 1470 — 
employed by Julius II. in the Vatican, between 
1503 and 15 1 3 — tf. at Rome, about 1527. 

Claude Gelee, Claude Lorraine, painter, — ft. 
in Lorraine, 1600 — pupil of Agostino Tassi, pro- 
22 



338 



CLAUDE— CLAVITJS. 



bably between 1605 and 1621 — known as good 
landscape painter, by 1630 — tf. at Koine, 1682. 
Liber Veritatis, 1777. 

Claude, Jean, theologian, — ft. at Sauvetat, near 
Agen, 1619— pastor, 1645 — Prof. Theology, 
Nismes, about 1654-62 — member of the Con- 
sistory, Charenton, 1666-85— takes refuge in 
Holland, Dec. 1685— If. at the Hague, 13 Jan. 
1687. Reponse aux deux Traites intitules ; la 
Perpetuite cle la Foi, 1665 — Reponse aulivre de 
M. Arnaidd ; la Perpetuite de la Foi, $c, 1670 
— Defense de la Reformation, 1673 — Les plaintes 
des Protestants, $-c, 1686. 

Claudianus, Claudius, poet,— ft., 3 6 5~ begins 
to write, 395 — involved in Stilicho's fall, ? 
408. 

Claudini, [Chiodini,) Griulio Cesaie,physician, 
Prof. Medicine, Bologna,— tf., 2 Feb. 1618. 
Responsiones et considtationes medicinales, 1606 
— Be crisibus et diebus criticis tractatus, §c, 
16 1 2 — Be ingressu ad infirmos, 1627. 

Claudius, App. Cascus, poet and prose writer, 
— [BC] — censor, 312-308 — Consul with L. 
Volumnius Mamma, (447, a. u. c.) 307 — 
interrex, 298 — Consul with L. Volumnius 
Flamma, (458) 296 — defeats Etruscans and 
Samnites; prsetor, 295 — opposes proposition of 
peace with Pyrrhus, 280. 

Claudius, App. Pulcher,— [B C]— prosecutor 
of Terentius Varro, 75 — serves under Lucullus 
in Asia, 70 — collects paintings, &c, in Greece, 
61 — praetor, 57 — propraetor in Sardinia, ^6 — 
visits Caesar at Lucca ; Consul with L. Domitius 
Ahenobarbus, (700, a. u. c.) 54 — proconsul in 
Cilicia, Jul. 53 — acquitted on trial about 
Provincial Government, 51 — censor, 50 — joins 
Pompey, 49— tf. in Eubcea, before Pharsalia, 48. 

Claudius I., Brusus Nero Germanicus, 
Roman Emperor., — [B C] — ft. at Lyons, 1 Aug. 
10 — [AD] — Consuhvith Caligula, (790, a. it. c.) 
1 Jul. 37 — succeeds Caligula, 41 — Consul with 
C. Caecina Largus, (795,) 42- — Consul with L. 
Yitellius, (796,) 43 — visits Britain, 43 — Consul 
with L. Yitellius, (800,) 47 — marries his niece 
Agrippina, 49 (50) — Consul with Ser. Cornelius 
Aufitus, (804,) 51 — poisoned by Agrippina, 54. 

Claudius II., M. Aurelius Gothicus, Roman 
Emperor, — ft., 214 — succeeds Gallienus, 24 
Mar. 268 — defeats the Goths at Naissus, 269 — 
tf. at Sirmium, 270. 

Claudius Crassus, Appius, — [BC] — 1. 
Consul with L. Furius Camillus, (405, a. u. c.) 
349. 2. (Rufus ?) Consul with P. Sempronius 
Sophus,.(486,) 268. 

Claudius, C. Quintius, — [BC] — Con sul with 
L. Genucius Clepsina, (483, a. u. 0.) 271. 

Claudius, Matthias, (the Wandsbcch Mes- 
senger,) poet, theologian, §c., — ft. in Holstein, 
15 Aug. i743, a 1740 b — settles at Wandsbcck, 
near Hamburg, 1777 — tf. at Hamburg, 21 Jan. 
1815. Asmus omnia sua secum portans, $•<?., 
1774-18 12 — edits the ' Wandsbecker Bote] 
1 77°"75- a Conv.-Lcx. b Er.sch and Grubcr. 

Claudius Pulcher, P., — [B C]— Consul with 
L. J unius Pallus, (505, a. u. c.) 249— defeated 
at sea, near Drepana, by Adherbal, and the 
fleet destroyed, 249. 

Clausberg, Christlieb von, mathematician, 



— ft., 27 Dec. 1689 — tf., 6 Jun. 1751. Licht 
und Recht der Kaufmannschaft, 1724-26 — Be- 
monstrative Rechnenhunst , 1732. 

Clause!, {Clauzel,) Bertrand, Count of, 
Marshal of France, — ft. at Mirepoix, (Ar- 
riege,) 12 Dec. 1772 — enters the army, 1791 — 
serves in the campaign of the Pyrenees, 1793 
— follows General Perignon to Madrid, 1795 — ■ 
serves in the campaign of Italy, 1796 — accom- 
panies Leclerc to St Domingo, 1802 — Com- 
mander of the Legion of Honour, General of 
Division, 1 804 — takes part in Austrian campaign, 
1809 — distinguishes himself in Spain, 18 10- 11 
— Baron, Count of the Empire ; receives Order 
of St Louis, from Louis XVIII. , 18 14 — Peer, 
by Napoleon, 18 15 — declared traitor by royal 
ordinance, embarks for America, Jul. 18 15 — 
returns to France, 1820 — member of Chamber 
of Deputies, 1827 and 1830 — Marshal of 
France, 1831 — Governor-general of Algeria, 
1835^ 1832, 11 Dec. 1830 c — commands expedi- 
tion against Constantine, 1836 — visits Algeria, 
1838 and 1839 — &• at Secourieu, a Toulouse, b 
21 Apr. i842, a i84i. b 

a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cye. c Conv.-Lex. 

Clausewitz, Karl von, general, — ft. at Burg, 
1 Jun. 1780 — enters the army, 1792 — serves in 
the campaigns of the Rhine, 1793-4 — takes 
service in the Russian army, 18 12 — attached to 
the head-quarters of Blucher, 181 3 — reenters 
service of Prussia, 18 15 — Major-general, Di- 
rector of the Military School, Berlin, 181 8 — ■ 
tf. at Breslau, 16 Nov. 1831. 

Clauzel, Bertrand. [ClauseL] 

Claverhouse. [Graham.] 

Clavier, Etienne, — ft. at Lyons, 26 Dec. 
1762 — member of Institute, 1809 — Prof. His- 
tory, Coll. of France, 181 2 — tf., 18 Nov. 1 817. 
Histoire des premiers temps de la Grece, 1809 — 
Memoir es surles oracles des anciens, 1818. 

Clavigero, Francesco Saverio, Jesuit mis- 
sionary, — ft. at Vera Cruz, Mexico, i7i8, a 
about i72o b — goes to Italy, 1767 — tf. at Cesena, 
Oct. 1793. Storia anticadel Messico, §c, 1780- 
81/1783^ 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Clavijo, (near Calahorra,) in Spain, — Ramiro 
I., king of Oviedo, defeats Abderahman at, 844,* 
846. b a Dufresnoy. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Clavijo, Euy Gonzalez de, — heads embassy 
from Henry III. of Castile to Tamerlane, 
1403-6. Historia del gran Tamerlan e Itine- 
rario, §c, 1582. 

Clavijo y Faxardo, Joseph, miscellaneous 
ivriter, — ft. at Lanzarote, Canary Islands, about 
i730, a 19 Mar. i726 b — goes to Madrid, 1749 — 
his duel with Beaumarchais, 1764 — deprived of 
office of Keeper of Archives, 1764 — tf. at Ma- 
drid, 1806. Fl Pensador, 1762 — edits the 
Mercurio historico y politico, 1773-1806. 
a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Clavius, Christoph, mathematician, — ft. at 
Bamberg, 1538, a 1537 b — employed by Gregory 
XIII. in the reformation of the Calendar, 
1581-82 — tf. at Rome, 6 Feb. 1612. Fuclidis 
Flementorum lib. XV-, §c, 1574 — Romani Calen- 
dar ii a Greg. XIII. restituti explicatio, 1603. 
a Biog. Univ. b Erscb and Gruber. 



CLAY— CLEMENT III. 



339 



Clay, Kenry, statesman, — ft. in Virginia, 12 
Apr. 1777 — settles as a lawyer at Lexington, 
Kentucky, 1797 — marries, Apr. 1799 — member 
of the State Legislature, 1803 — Senator, 1806 
and 1 809-10 — Speaker of the House of Kepre- 
sentatives, 3 Nov. 181 1 — reelected, May 1 8 1 3 — 
resigns, 9 Jan. 18 14 — commissioner to negotiate 
treaty with England, 18 14 — visits Paris, early 
in 1 8 15 — again Speaker, 4 Dec. 18 15-19 and 
1823 — retires from Congress, and is appointed 
Secretary of State, Mar. 1823 — his duel with 
Randolph, 8 Apr. 1826— retires, 4 Mar. 1829 — 
U.S. Senator, Dec. 1831-42 and Dec. 1848 — 
tf. at Washington, 29 Jan. 1852. Speeches, $<?., 

1857. 

Clay, Johann, (Clajus,) philologist, — ft. at 
Herzberg, 1533 — tf. at Bendeleben, Thuringia, 
11 Apr. 1592. Grammatica Germanicce Ungues, 
$c, 1578. 

Clayton, John, botanist, — ft. in Kent, 1693 — 
goes to Virginia, 1705 — tf. there, 15 Dec. 1773. 

Clayton, Robert, theologian, — ft. at Dublin, 
1695 — Bp of Cork, 1735 — Bp of Clogher, 1745 
— proposes omission of Nlcene and Athanasian 
Creeds from the Liturgy, 1757 — ft. at Clogher, 
26 Feb. 1758. Introduction to History of the 
Jews, about 1746 — Chronology of Hebrew Bible 
vindicated, 1747 — Essay on Spirit, 175 1. 

Cleanthes, (Kleanthes,) Stoic, — [BC] — ft., 
about 300 — succeeds Zeno Kitieus, 263, (259 ?) 
— ft., about 220 (201?).- 

Clearchus, (Klearchos,) — [B C] — present at 
Congress of Corinth, 412 — serves under Minda- 
rus at battle of Cyzicus, 410 — serves at Byzan- 
tium, 410 — besieged thereby the Athenians, 408 
— at battle of Arginusse, 406 — sent to Byzan- 
tium, but recalled, 405-4 — in service of Cyrus, 
at battle of Cunaxa, made prisoner and put to 
death by Tissaphernes, 401. 

Clearchus, — Consul vfith. Eichomeres, (1137, 
a. u. c ) 384. 

Cleef, KendLrikveLTi, painter, — ft. at Antwerp, 
about 1520^ 1500 b — received at Academy of 
Antwerp, 1533— tf., 1589. 

a Nagler. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Cleef, Jan van, painter, — ft. at Vanloo, 1646 
— ft. at Ghent, 18 Dec. 17 16. 

Cleef, Joas (Joost, Josse) van, painter, — ft. 
at Antwerp, 1487,? 1479 a — member of Society 
of Painters, 15 11 b — living, 1525 c — rj., 1529. 11 
a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Van Mander. c Nagler. 

Cleef, Martin van, painter, — ft. at Antwerp, 
1520 a — received at Academy of Antwerp, 155 1 b 
— ft.,, i57C a a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Eees' Cyc. 

Cleeman, Friedrich Johann Christoph, mis- 
cellaneous writer,— b. near Schwerin, 16 Sep. 
1770 — tf. atParchim, (Mecklenburg-Schwerin,) 
26 Dec. 1826. Collections for History of Luther - 
an ism in Mecklenburg, 1809-10 — Historical, 
Genealogical, and Biographical Lexicon of the 
churches and churchmen of Mecklenburg, 1819. 

Cleghom, George, surgeon, — ft. near Edin- 
burgh, 28 Dec. 17 16 — surgeon to regiment in 
Minorca, 1736-49 — Prof. Anatomy, Dublin, 
1754— correspondent of Royal Society of Medi- 
cine, Paris, 1777 — ft. at Dublin, Dec. 1789. Ob- 
servations on the epidemical diseases in Minorca, 



Cleidemus, (Kleidemos, Kleitodemos,) histo- 
rian,— -[B CJ— fi., about 415. Atlas, published 
after 378-7. 

Cleisthenes, {Kleisthenes,) Tyrant of Sicijon, 
— [B CJ— succeeds Myron as Tyrant, about 6co 
— aids Amphictyons against Kirrha, 595,* ((31. 
4 ?,) 59 2 b — war with Argos, victor in chariot- 
race at Olympia, (Pyth. 2, 01. 49,) 584 b — gains 
chariot-race at Pythian games, (01. 49, 3) 582" 
—overthrown by' Sparta, after 580 (576). 

a Smith's Diet. b Muller. c Clinton. 

Cleisthenes, [Kleisthenes^) Reformer at 
Athens,— [BC J— reforms the Constitution of 
Athens, after the expulsion of the Peisistratidse, 
510-509 — banished at the demand of Sparta, on 
pretext of the murder of Cylon ; and im- 
mediately recalled, (01. 68, 1) 508. a [Alc- 
mseonidae, Cleomenes, Isagoras.] a Muller. 

Cleitomaehus, (Kleitomachos,) philosopher 
of Neio Academy,— {B C]— ft., about 185 — goes 
to Athens, before 146 — succeeds Karneades, 
129 — at Athens, hi. 

Clemangis, (Clamenges,) Mathieu Nicolas 
de, theologian, — ft. in Champagne, about 1350 
— Prof. Theology, Paris, 1386 — rector of the 
University, 1393— secretary to Benedict XIIL, 
between 1394- 1404 — takes part at Council of 
Basel, 143 1 — U. at the College of Navarre, 
1434. Opera, 1613. 

Clemencet, Charles, Benedictine, — ft. in Au- 
tun, 1703 — enters Order of Benedictines, 1723 — 
tf. at Paris, 5 Apr. 1778. Histoire general de 
Port Royal, 1755-6 — Histoire litteraire de 
Saint Bernard et de Pierre le Venerable, 1773 
— Art de verifier les Dates, 1750 

Clemencin, Diego, statesman, miscellaneous 
writer, — ft. at Murcia, 27 Sep. 1765 — Prof. 
Theology and Philosophy, about 1785— marries, 
1798— member of Academy of History, Madrid, 
1 801 — joins the patriots, 1808 — assists in 
drawing up Constitution of 1812 — in retire- 
ment, 1814-20 — member of the Cortes, 1820 — • 
president, soon after : banished from Madrid, 
1823-7 — ft. principal librarian to the Queen, at 
Madrid, 30 Jul. 1834. Commentary on Bon 
Quixote, 1833-9 — Lecciones de Grammatica y 
Ortografia Castellana, 1842. 
_ Clemens, T. Flavins, — Consul with Domi- 
tian, (848, a. u. c.) 95 — abdicates, and is put 
to death as a Christian, 95. 

Clemens, Titus Flavins Alexandrinns, 
Christian Father, — ft., about 150 ?■ — assistant 
to Pantamus, at Alexandria, 190 — retires from 
Alexandria, 202 — ft. at Alexandria, 220, a 2i3, b 
217,° after 211 and before 2i8. d 

a Cave, &c. b Guericke. c Biog. Univ. 

d Ersch and Gruber. 

Clemens, Tmeius, — Consul with Scapula 
Tertullus, (948, a. u. c.) 195. 

Clemens Komanus, Bp of Some, — succeeds 
Anacletus, 92 — if., 100. 

Clement II., Pope, — succeeds Gregory VL, 
Christmas-day, 1046 — crowns Henry III. Em- 
peror, same day : if. in Italy, 7, a 9 b Oct. 1047. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Clement III., Pope, — succeeds Gregory 
VIII., 19 Dec. 1 1 87 — has third crusado 
preached: ft., 27 Mar. 1191. 



34° 



CLEMENT. 



Clement III., Anti-pope, (Guibert, Abp of 
Ravenna,) — elected through the influence of 
the Emperor Henry IV., at Brixen, 25 Jun. 
1080 — tf., end of Sep. 1100. 

Clement IV., Pope, (Gui Foulquois, Fouques, 
or de Fuulques,) — succeeds Urban IV., 5 Feb. 
1265 — gives kingdom of Sicily to Charles of 
Anjou, by bull, 26 Feb. 1265 — Roger Bacon 
presents to him plan of reformation of the 
calendar, 1267 — tf. at Viterbo, 29 Nov. 1268. 

Clement V., Pope, — Abp of Bordeaux, 1298 
— succeeds Benedict XL, 5 Jun. 1305 — has 
conference with Philip the Fair, at Bordeaux, 
respecting the Templars, Jun. 1307 — convokes 
general Council at Vienne, Aug. 1308 — fixes 
his residence at Avignon, Mar. 1 309 —presides 
at Council of Vienne, 1311-12 — tf. near Avig- 
non, 20 Apr. 1 3 14. 

Clement VI., Pope, (Pierre Roger,) — Cardi- 
nal, 1337 — succeeds Benedict XII., 7 May 
1342 — fixes the Jubilee for every 50 years, 27 
Jan. 1 343 — deposes Emperor Louis of Bavaria, 
Maundy Thursday, 1346 — confirms election of 
Charles IV., Nov. 1346 — Rienzi, tribune of 
Rome, 1347 — buys Avignon of Joanna, Queen 
of Sicily, 9 Jun. 1 348— condemns the Flagel- 
lants, 1349 — tf. at Villeneuve d' Avignon, 6 
Dec. 1352. 

Clement VII., Pope, (Giulio de' Medici,) — 
Cardinal, by Leo X., his cousin, 15 13 — succeeds 
Adrian VI., 19 Nov. 1523 — leagues with 
Venetians, France and England against Charles 
V., 22 May 1526— sack of Rome by Constable 
de Bourbon, begins, 6 May 1527— capitulation, 
5 Jun. 1527 — confirms Order of the Capuchins, 
3 Jul. 1528 — concludes accommodation with 
Charles V., 26 Jun. 1529 — summons a commis- 
sion at Rome respecting divorce of Henry VIII. 
of England and Katherine of Aragon, 15 Jul. 
1529 — crowns Charles V. Emperor, 24 Feb. 
1530 — confirms Order of the Barnabites, 1 8 Feb. 
1533 — attends marriage of his niece, Catherine 
de' Medici, to Duke of Orleans, at Marseilles, 
2$ Oct. 1533 — declares the marriage of Henry 
VIII. and Katherine valid, and forbids the 
divorce, 23 Mar. 1534 — tf. at Rome, 26 Sep. 
1534- 

Clement VII., Anti-pope, (^Robert of Geneva,) 
— ft., about 1342 — Cardinal, 1371 — Legate to 
Bologna, by Gregory XL, 1376 — elected at 
Fondi in opposition to Urban VI., 21 Sep. 
1378 — makes Avignon his seat, summer 1379 
— tf., 16 Sep. 1394. 

Clement VIII., Pope, (Ippolito Aldobran- 
dini,) — Cardinal, by Sixtus V., 1585 — succeeds 
Innocent IX., 30 Jan. 1592— proposes corona- 
tion of Tasso at the Capitol, Apr. 1595 — 
receives abjuration of Henry IV. of France, and 
absolves him, at Rome, 17 Sep. 1595 — annexes 
duchy of Ferrara to the Papal States, 1598 — 
holds the Congregations^ Auxiliis, Jan. 1598 
to Jan. 1605 — tf., 3 or 5 Mar. 1605. 

Clement IX., Pope, (Giulio Rosjpigliosi,) — 
ft. at Pistoia, 1600 — Cardinal, 1657 — succeeds 
Alexander VII., 20 Jun. 1667 — terminates the 
disputes in French church respecting the 
formulary, 1668— contributes to Peace of Aix- 
la-Chapeile, 2 May 1668 — sends succours to 



Candia against Turks, 1669 — tf., 9 Dec. 1669. 

Clement X., Pope, (Giovanni Battista 
Emilio Altieri,) — ft., 1590 — Cardinal, 1669 — ■ 
succeeds Clement IX., 29 Apr. 1670 — tf., 22 
Jul. 1676. 

Clement XI., Pope, (Gian Francesco Al- 
bani,) — ft. at Pesaro, a Urbino, b 22 Jul. 1649 — 
Cardinal, 13 Feb. 1690 — succeeds Innocent 
XII., 23 Nov. 1700 — publishes the bull Vineam 
Domini, 15 Jul. 1705 — war with the Emperor 
Joseph I. respecting Comacchio, 1708 — con- 
cludes peace, Jan. 1709 — publishes the bull 
Unigenitus, 8 Sep. 17 13 — has dispute with Duke 
of Savoy about the tribunal Monarchia of 
Sicily, 17 15 — publishes the bull Ex ilia die, 
19 Mar. 17 15 — assists the Pretender, (James 
Edward,) 17 15 — assists in war against Turks, 
17 16 — tf., 19 Mar. 1721. Opera, 1729. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. 

Clement XII., Pope, (Lorenzo Corsini,) — ft. 
at Rome, 7 Apr. 1652 — Cardinal, 17 May 
1706 — Pp of Frascati, 1725 — succeeds Bene- 
dict XIII., 12 Jul. 1730 — restores its liberties 
to San Marino, 1740— tf., 6 Feb. 1740. 

Clement XIII., Pope, (Carlo Rezzonico,)— 
ft. at Venice, 7, a 17 b Mar. 1693 — Cardinal, 
1737 — Bp of Padua, 1743 — succeeds Benedict 
XIV., 6 Jul. 1758 — reconstructs port of Civita 
Vecchia, 1 761— publishes brief against Duke 
of Parma, Jan. 1768 — Avignon seized by 
France, 11 Jun. 1768 — Beneventum seized by 
Naples, 1768 — If., 3 or 4 Feb. 1769. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. 

Clement XIV., Pope, (Gian Vincenzo An- 
tonio Ganganelli,) — ft. near Rimini, 31 Oct. 
1705 — Franciscan, professed, 1723— Cardinal, 
24 Sep. 1759 — succeeds Clement XIIL, 19 
May 1769 — suppresses annual publication of 
the bull In Coena Domini ; pronounces disso- 
lution of Order of Jesuits, by brief, 21 Jul. 
1*773 — founds the Clementine Museum; tf., 22 
Sep. 1774 — his monument by Canova, 1787. 

Clement, Claude, Jesuit, — ft. in Franche- 
Comte, about 1594 — tf. Prof. Greek and 
Roman Antiquities, Madrid, 1642. Musei, 
$<>; 1635. 

Clement, David, bibliographer, — ft. in Hesse, 
16 Jun. 1701 — tf. at Hanover, 10 Jan. 1760. 
Bibliotheque curieuse, historique et critique, $c, 
1750-60. 

Clement, Francois, Benedictine, — ft. at Beze, 
near Dijon, 17 14 — enters the Order of Bene- 
dictines, 17 3 1 — member of Academy of Inscrip- 
tions, 1785 — tf., 29 Mar. 1793. Prepares the 
second edition of Art de Verifier les Dates, 
1770 — third, 1783-92 — Art de Verifier les 
Dates avant V ere Chretienne, 1820. 

Clement, Jacques, Dominican, — ft. in Cham- 
pagne, • about 1567 — assassinates Henry III. 
at St Cloud, and is massacred by the nobles, 1 
Aug. 1589. 

Clement, Jean Marie Bernard, critic, — ft. 
at Dijon, 25 Dec. 1742 — tf. at Paris, 3 Feb. 
1 8 12. Observations critiques sur les Foemes 
des Saisons, §c, 1771—Fssai de critique sur 
la litter ature, §c, 1785 — Lettres a Voltaire, 
1773-6. 

Clement, Jean Pierre, historian, economist, 



CLEMENTI— CLEOMENES. 



341 



• — ft., 2 Jun. 1809 — Chevalier of Legion of 
Honour, 3 May 1849 — member of Academy of 
Sciences, 1855— tr., 1870. Histoire de la vie 
et de V administration de Colbert, 1846 — Gou- 
vernement de Louis XIV., 1848 — Jacques Coeur 
et Charles VII., 1853 — Portraits historiques, 
1 $54.— let ires, instructions et memoir es de Col- 
bert, 1863-8. 

Clementi, Bartolomeo, sculptor, — tf., 1525. 

Clementi, Muzio, musical composer, pianist, 
— ft. at Rome, 1750 or 1752 — at Paris, 17 80-1, 
1783 and 1 7 84 — visits principal cities of Europe, 
1802-10 — assists in founding Philharmonic 
Society, 1813 — ^3j. at Evesham, 16 Apr., a 10 
Mar. b 1832. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Clementi, Prospero, sculptor, — ft. at Reggio, 
about 1500 — tf. there, 26 May 1584. 

Clementini, Cesare, historian, — tf. at Rimini, 
9 May 1624. Eaconto istorico delta fondazione 
de Rimini, §c, 1617-27. 

Clementinus, — Consul with Probus, (1266, 
a.u. c.) 513. 

Clementinus, Sex. Catius, — Consul with L. 
Virius Agrippa, (983, a. u. c.) 230. 

Clementone, Bocciardi, (II Clementone,) 
painter,— -ft. at Genoa, 1620. 

Clenard, (Kleinaerts,) Nicholas, philologist, 
— ft. in Belgium, 5 Dec. 1495 — goes to Sala- 
manca, 1532 — tf. at Granada, 1542. Tabula 
in grammaticam hebrceam, 1529 — Institutiones 
lingua Graca, §c, 1530 — Epistolce, 155 1. 

Cleobulus, (Kleoboulos,) lyric poet, one of the 
Seven Sages, — [BC] — fl., about 560, 58o, a 
(01. 50,) 580-576^ 

a Smith's Diet. b Muller. 

Cleobury, — Griffith, the "Welsh king, defeats 
and kills Leofgar, Bp of Hereford, at, 17 Jun. 
1056. 

Cleocritns, (Kleocritos,) — [BC] — Archon at 
Athens, (01. 91, 4,) 413. 

Cleombrotus, (Kleombrotos,)—\B C] — leads 
back Spartan army from the Isthmus on eclipse 
of the sun, 2 Oct. 480.* a Miiller. 

Cleomenes (Kleomenes) I., King op Sparta, 
— [B C] — succeeds Anaxandrides, his father, not 
later than 519, about (01. 64) 524 a — defeats 
Argives, 519 — expels Hippias from Athens, 
(01. 67, 3) 510 — endeavours to put down 
Cleisthenes, is besieged in the Acropolis, 
and compelled to retire, (01. 68, 1,) 508 ;i — 
third expedition against Athens, dispute with 
Demaratus, 506 — unsuccessful attempt to seize 
hostages at iEgina, 491, 492 a — deposes De- 
maratus, and seizes the iEginetan hostages, 
491 — banished, returns, and dies mad, (01. 72, 
2,) 49I. a a Muller. 

Cleomenes III., King of Sparta, — [BC] — 
marries Agiatis, 240 — succeeds Leonidas II., 
236 — seizes the Arcadian cities, and Belbina, 
beginning 227— defeats Aratus at Mount Ly- 
cseum, summer 226 — intrigues for revolution, 
226-225 — kills the Ephors and restores the 
Lycurgan institutions, 225— Cleomenic War, 
225 to spring 222 — death of his wife, Agiatis ; 
flies to Ptolemy Euergetes, 221 — charged with 
conspiracy, imprisoned, and commits suicide, 
221-220. 

Cleomenes, — [BC] — viceroy of Egypt, by I 



Alexander the Great, 331 — charged with the 
building of Alexandreia, late 332 — hy parch 
under Ptolemy, put to death by him, 323. 
_ Cleomenic War, — [B C] — Cleomenes be- 
sieges Mantineia, Tegea, and Orchomenos, 229 a 
— Cleomenes seizes and fortifies the Athenaeum 
in Belbina, Aratus attempts to surprise Tegea 
and Orchomenos, 228/ 227 b — Cleomenes re- 
called by the Ephors ; the Achaean League 
declare war on Sparta ; reduction of Caphyaa 
by Aratus, 228, a 227 b — Cleomenes takes Me- 
thydrium and overruns Argolis, 228, a 227 b — 
Aristomachus declines battle and retreats before 
Cleomenes at Pallantium, 227 — Aratus invades 
Elis. 227 — he is defeated by Cleomenes near 
Mt Lycaeum, 226 a — Aratus takes Mantineia, 
226 — murder of Archidamus at Sparta, 226— 
Cleomenes captures Leuctra, and defeats Aratus 
at Ladocea, 226 — the League refuse to support 
Aratus in carrying on the war ; Aratus defeats 
Spartans near Orchomenos ; revolution at 
Sparta, Cleomenes introduces his reforms, 225, b 
226 a — Cleomenes invades territory of Megalo- 
polis, early in spring 224, b 225 s — and sur- 
prises Mantineia, 224, b 225 a — he invades 
Achaia, and defeats Hyperbatas at Hecatom- 
baeon, 224, 15 225 a — restores Langon to Eleans, 
224, 13 225 a — proposes a truce with the League ; 
illness of Cleomenes delays ratification of the 
treaty, 2 24, b 225 a — Aratus sends embassy to 
Antigonus with proposals of alliance, 225, ? a 
224°? b — he breaks off negotiations with Cleo- 
menes, who invades Achaia, surprises Pellene, 
and makes himself master of Argos, 223 » — 
Corinth surrenders to Cleomenes, who blockades 
the citadel, 225, a 223 b — Aratus flies to Sicyon 
and is created Strategics Autocrator, 224, a 223 b 
— Cleomenes unsuccessfully attempts to make 
terms with him ; ravages Sicyon, 224, a 223 b 
— Aratus attends assembly at JEgium ; decree 
passed that the Acrocorinthus should be given 
up to Antigonus, 224, a 223 b — Cleomenes 
fortifies the Isthmus, iEtolians refuse passage 
to Antigonus by Thermopylae ; insurrection at 
Argos, supported by Aratus and the Macedo- 
nians, 224, a 223 b — Megistonous, sent to re- 
cover the city, is slain; Cleomenes quits his 
entrenchments and marches into Argolis, 
Corinth taken by Macedonians, 224, a 223 b 
—Cleomenes sends his mother and children 
hostages to Ptolemy Euergetes ; Argolis sub- 
mits to Antigonus ; Assembly at ' JEgium, 
Antigonus declared chief of the allies, 224, a 
223 b — Antigonus winters at Sicyon and Cor- 
inth, 223-2 — he besieges and takes Tegea, 
early in spring 222 — storms and pillages 
Orchomenos, 224, a 222 b — takes Mantineia, 
and sells citizens into slavery, 224, a 222 b — 
Heraea and Tilphusa submit to him, 224, a 222 b 
— puts his troops in winter quarters, 224-3 a — 
Cleomenes surprises Megalopolis, 223, 11 222 b — 
his terms rejected by the citizens, he destroys 
the city ; Antigonus retires to Argos for winter, 
222-i, b 223-2 a — invasion of Argolis by Cleo- 
menes, spring 221 — invasion of Laconia by 
Antigonus, summer 22i, b 222 a — defeat of 
Cleomenes by Antigonus and the Achaeans at 
Sellasia, end of the war, 221. [Cleomenes, 



142 



CLEOX— CLERMONT. 



Achaean League, JEtolian League, Arcadia, 
&C. ] a Brandstater. b Tbirlwall. 

Cleon, (Kleon,) — [BC] — begins to influence 
affairs at Athens, 429 — reduces Spbacteria,425, a 
424 b — goes into Thrace, 422 — defeated and 
killed by Brasidas, before Amphipolis, (Metagit. 
01. 89, 3,) end of summer 422.* 

u Clinton. b Smith's Diet. 

Cleopatra, {Kleopaira,) Queen of Egypt, 
— [BCJ — b., latter part 69 — succeeds her 
father, Ptolemy Auletes, 51 — driven from the 
kingdom, 49 — restored by Julius Caesar, 48 — 
visits Csesar at Rome, 4*6-44 ;i — meets Antony 
[Antonius, M.] at tbe Cydnus, 40, 41 a — receives 
part of Judrea from Antony ; causes the defeat 
at Actium, 31 — destroys herself, 30. 
a Smith's Diet. 

Cleophon, [JHeophon,) — [B C] — defeats nego- 
tiations for peace between Athens and Sparta, 
410, late in 406, 405 — put to death during siege 
of Athens by Lysander, 405. 

Cleostratus, (Kleostratos,) astronomer, — 
[BC]— fl., between (01. 58-87) 548-432. 

Clepsina, C. Genucius, — [B C] — Consul with 
Q. Fabius Gurges, (478, a. v. c.) 276 — Consul 
with Cn. Corn. Rlasio, (484,) 270. 

Clepsina, L. Genucius, — [BC] — Consul vith. 
C. Quintius Claudius, (483, a. u. c.) 271. 

Clepsydra, — [ Bc ] — in common use at 
Athens, before Aristophanes, 444-380 — public 
one at Rome, by P. Scipio Nasica, 159 — that 
of Ctesibius of Alexandria, about 135. 

Clere. [Leelerc, Jean.] 

Clerc. [Leclere, Sebastien.] 

Clerc, Jacques Gabriel Louis de, general, — 
fc., May 1727 — at battle of Dettingen, Jun. 
1743 — Marecnal de Camp, 25 Jul. 1762 — 
plenipotentiary to St Petersburg, Dec. 1774 — 
Lieutenant-general, 10 Mar. 178c — serves in 
campaigns of emigrants, 1792, &c. — if., 7 Aug. 
1807. 

Cierck, Karl, entomologist. Aranei Succici, 
1757 — iiecueil de figures coloriees de pavilions, 

1759; 

Clerembault, Philippe de, Marshal of 
France, — b., 1606 — enters the army, 1622 — 
at siege of Landrecies, 1637 — at the "taking of 
Arras, 1640— Marechal de Camp, 1642 — serves 
under Conde, 1644 — commands at Nordlingen, 
1645— takes part in conquest of Courtrai, 
Furnes, and Dunkirk, 1646 — Lieutenant- 
general, serves in Flanders under Conde, 1648 
—commands the army of Berri, 1651— Marshal 
of France, 165 1 — Governor-general of Berri, 
l6 55— Chevalier, 1661— &., 1665. 

Clerfayt, Francois Sebastien Charles 
Joseph de Croix, Count vox, field-marshal, 
— b. in Hainaut, 14 Oct. 1733 — distinguishes 
himself at battles of Prague, Liegnitz, &c, 
J 757-5 8 — Lieutenant-general, serves against 
the Turks, 1788-89— General of Artillery, 1790 
— commands against the French, 1792— con- 
ducts the retreat after the battle of Jemmapes, 
1-92 — distinguishes himself at Maestricht, at 
Neerwinden, 1793 — Field-marshal, commands 
on the Rhine, 1795— recalled to Vienna, 1796 
— K. there, 18 Jul. 1798. 

Clergy, in England, — [Marriage]— forbidden 



I to take lands to farm, by Act 21 Hen. Till, c- 
J 13, 1529 — disabled from sitting in Parliament 
by Act 41 Geo. III. c. 63, 1801 — permitted to 
hold lands to farm, by Act 57 Geo. III. c. 99, 
s. 2, 1 8 17 — limited freedom from arrest, by 
Act 9 Geo. IV. c. 31, s. 23, 27 Jun. 1828— dis- 
abled from being aldermen and councillors by 
Act o and 6 ¥m IV. c. 76, 9 Sep. 1835 — per- 
mitted to be shareholders in commercial 
company, by Act 1 Vic. c. 10, 20 Feb. 1838 — 
proceedings against, regulated by Church Uis- 
cipline Act, 3 and 4 Vic. c. 86, 7 Aug. 1840— 
relieved from disabilities by Act 33 and 34 Vic. 
c. 91, 9 Aug. 1870. 

Clergy, Festival of the Sons of the, — in- 
stituted, 1658 — the Society incorporated, 1 Jul. 
1678. 

Clergy Eeserves. [Canada.] 

Cleri. [Clery.] 

Clerical Subscription, to the Articles of 
Religion in England, — required by Act 13 Eliz. 
c. 12, 1570- 1 — law amended by Act 23 Geo. 
II. c. 28, s. 2, 1750 — again amended by Act 
28 and 29 Vic. c. 122, 5 Jul. 1865. 

Clerion, Jean Jacques, sculptor, — ft. in 
Provence, 1640 — pensionary of the King in 
Academy of Rome, 1668 — tr., 17 14. 

Clerisseau, Charles Louis, architect, — b., 
1720 — admitted to Academy of Painting and 
Sculpture, 1770 — tf. at Auteuil, 19 Jan. 1820. 
Antiquites de la France, §c, 1778. 

Clerk, John,— b. at Eldin, in Scotland, about 
1730 — tf. there, Jul. 1812. Essay on Naval 
Tactics, §c, 1782. 

Gierke, Charles, — h., 1741 — follows Com- 
modore Eyron in his voyages of discovery, 1764- 
66 — follows Captain Cook, 1768, 1772-76— if. 
in Kamtschatka, 22 Aug. 1779. 

Clernicnt, College of, Paris, — established by 
the Jesuits, under letters patent of 20 Aug. 
1610. 

Clermont en Beauvaisis, — head of a county, 
about 1654 — Ralph I., Count of, Constable of 
France, 1158 — he accompanies Louis VII. to 
Palestine, n 90 — and if. at siege of Acre, Jul. 
1 191 — county given by St Louis to his son 
Robert, 1269 — Robert succeeds to the lordship 
of Bourbon, with which the county is then 
held, 1283. 

Clermont, Jean de, Marshal op France, 
— Marshal, 1352 — employed to negotiate peace 
with the English, 1354 — Lieutenant of the 
king in Poitou, &c, 1355 — falls at Poictiers, 
19 Sep. 1356. 

Clermont, Louis de Bourbon-Conde, Count 
of, — b., 15 Jun. 1709 — receives the tonsure, 
17 1 8 — receives dispensation to enter the army, 
1733 — serves in Germany and the Netherlands, 
1733 — in campaign of 1747 — commands army 
of Hanover, 1758 — tf, at Versailles, .15 Jun. 
1770,* i7 7 i. b 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Clermont-Ferrand, in France, {Clarus lions, 
Augustonemetum,) — [Gergovia] — sacked by 
Vandals, 408 — by troops of Honorius, 412 — 
besieged by Euric, king of the Visigoths, 413 
— taken by him, 415 — conquered by Thierry, 
son of Clovis, 507 — seized by Childebert, 532 — 



CLEEMONT-GALLEEANDE— CLIGNETT. 



343 



retaken by Thierry, 532 — taken by Pepin, 761 
— plundered by Northmen, 853 and 916 — be- 
sieged by Louis le Gros, 11 00 — reunited to 
the crown by Philip Augustus, 1 2 1 2— capital 
of Duchy of Auvergne, till 1285 — Estates- 
General assemble at, 1374 — again made the 
capital, 1556. Councils of held by Urban II., 
publication of the first crusade, on discipline, &c, 
18-28 Nov. 1095 — held by Innocent II., 11 30. 
Clermont - Gallerande, Charles George, 
Marquis de, Peer of France,— ft. at Paris, 
30 Jul. 1744 — serves in Seven Years' "War, 
1756-63— imprisoned, Aug. 1792 — Peer, 4 Jun. 
1 8 14 — Lieutenant-general, 18 16 — ft., 19 Apr. 
1823. Memoires particuliers pour servir, $■<?., 
1826. 

Clermont-Mont-Saint-Jean, Jacques, Mar- 
quis de, — ft. in Burgundy, 25 Oct. 1752 — 
Chevalier of St Louis, 1 Apr. 1789 — deputy to 
States-General, May 1789 — retires to Savoy, 
1792— Marechal de Camp, 1800 — returns to 
France, 1801 — member of Chamber of Deputies, 
1815 — tf. at Vichy-les-Eaux, 1827. 

Clermont-Tonnere, Aime Marie Gaspard, 
Marquis and Duke of, general, — ft. at Paris, 
1780 — enters the Fcole Polytechnique, 1799 — 
aide-de-camp to Joseph, king of Naples, 1808 — 
Marechal de Camp, Officer of Legion of Honour, 
1 8 14 — Peer of France, 18 15 — Minister of Ma- 
rine, Dec. 1 821-3 — Minister of War, 1823 to 
May 1827— tr., Jan. 1865. 

Clermont-Tonnere, Erancois de, Bp and 
Count oe Noyon, — ft., 1629 — Bp of JNoyon, 
1 66 1 — Councillor of State, 1691 — member of 
French Academy, 1694 — if., 5 Feb. 1701. 

Clermont-Tonnere, Gaspard, Marquis de, 
Marshal of France, — ft., 1688 — distinguishes 
himself in the army of Bohemia, 1741 — at 
siege of Friburg, 1744 — at battle of Fon- 
tenoy, 1745 — at siege of Tournay, 1745— at 
Bocoux, 1746 — at Lawfeldt, 1747 — Marshal, 
1747 — i., Mar. 178 1. 

Clersellier, Claude, philosopher, — ft. at Paris, 
1 6 14 — ft., 1684. Lettres de Descartes, 1667 — 
Traite de Vhomme, 1677. 

Clervant, Claude Antoine de Vienne, Baron 
de, — ft. probably at Metz, about 1505 — exiled 
to Geneva, 1558 — arrested, imprisoned, at Metz, 
157 1 — takes part in treaty between the Ger- 
man princes, Duke of Alenqon, and Prince of 
Conde, 1575. 

Clerville, Louis Nicolas, Chevalier de, 
engineer, — distinguishes himself in Flanders, 
1643 — at Friburg, 1646 — before Cremona, 
j 647-8 — Marechal de Camp, 1652 — wounded at 
siege of Landrecies, 1655 — Commissary-gen- 
eral of fortifications, about 1658 — constructs 
citadel at Marseilles, 1660 — tf. at Oleron, Dec. 
1677. 

Clery, Jean Baptiste, {Cant Manet,) valet to 
Louis XVI., — ft. near Versailles, n May 1759 
— imprisoned, 21 Jan. 1793 to 27 Jul. 1794 — fr. 
near Vienna, 27 May 1809. Journal de ce qui 
s' 'est passe a la tour du Temple, 1798. 

Cleve, Corneiile van, sculptor, — ft. at Paris, 
1645 — admitted to the Academy, 1681— as- 
sistant rector of Academy, 17 11 — tf. at Paris, 
31 Dec. 1732. 



Cleveland, {Cleaveland, Cleiveland,) John, 
poet, — ft. at Loughborough, 1613 — M.A. Cam- 
bridge, 1635 — tr. in London, 1658* i6co. b 
Works, 1687. 

a Engl. Cyc. h Chalmers. 

Cleves, County and Duchy of, — a county, 
as early as 1000 — Adolph II. succeeds to 
county of La Marck, 1398 — made a duchy by 
Emperor Sigismund, Apr. 141 7 — John I. (II.) 
the Warlike, succeeds his father, Adolph II., 
1448 — goes to Palestine, 1450-51 — aids the 
Duke of Burgundy against the revolted Ghent- 
ese, 1452 — makes war with Adolph, Prince of 
Guelderland, 1466-69 — takes part with Duke 
of Burgundy in siege of Nimeguen, 1473 — 
succeeded by his son, John II. (III.), 148 1 — 
war with the Netherlands closed, 11 May 1500 
— John III. the Pacific, Duke of Berg and of 
Juliers, succeeds his father, 15 21 — introduces 
Lutheranism, 1533 — succours Minister besieged 
by Anabaptists, 1534 — his son "William recog- 
nized Duke of Guelderland and Zutphen, 1538 
— his daughter Anne marries Henry VIII. of 
England, 1540 — [Guelderland, Dukes of] — 
passes by marriage to House of Brandenburg, 
1609 — seized by the French, 1794 — part united 
to Duchy of Berg, by Napoleon, 1806 — restored 
to Prussia, 18 15. [Anne of Cleves. J 

Cleynaerts. [Clenard.] 

Clicquot-Blervache, Simon, economist, — ft. at 
Bheims, 7 May 1723 — Inspector-general of 
Commerce, 1765 — o\ near Bheims, 31 Jul, 1796. 
Dissertation sur I'e'tat du commerce en France, 
1756 — Memoire sur Vetat du commerce in- 
terieur et exterieur de la France, 1790. 

Clidicos,— [B C]— Archon at Athens, (01. 12, 
1.) 732. 

Clifford, Arthur,— ft., 1788 — tr. at Win- 
chester, 16 Jan. 1830. State Papers and 
official correspondence of Sir Ralph Sadler, 
1809 — Historical and topographical description 
of the parish of Tixall, §c, 18 17. 

Clifford, George, Earl op Cumberland, — 
ft. in "Westmoreland, 8 Aug. 1558 — one of the 
judges of Mary Queen of Scots, 1586 — ravages 
coasts of N.America, 1586 — distinguishes him- 
self in engagements with the Armada, 1588 — 
expedition against Azores, 1589 — E.G., 1591 
— aids in reducing Earl of Essex to obedience, 
1 60 1- — ft. in London, 30 Oct. 1605. 

Clifford, Jan, statesman,— -ft. at Amsterdam, 
11 Jan. 1769 — member of the Begency, 1788 
— of the Committee of Justice, 1795 — Beceiver- 
general of the Colonies, 1808 — retires, Jul. 
1810-14 — deputy to States- General, 1816-19— 
tr., 27 Mar. 1823. 

Clifford, Sir Thomas, statesman, — ft., 1630 
— follows Duke of York in naval campaigns 
against the Dutch, 1665-6 — Privy Councillor, 
1666 — member of the Cabal ministry, 1667 — 
created Lord Clifford of Chudleigh, 1672 — Lord 
Treasurer, 26 Nov. 1672 — deprived, by Test 
Act, 1673 — tf., 1673. 

Clifton, Gloucestershire, — Suspension Bridge 
{Hungerford Bridge) removed from London, 
and opened, 8 Dec. 1864. 

Clignett, Jacob Arnold, — ft., 1756 — member 
of the Institute of the Netherlands, 18 19 — ft., 



3+4 



CLIMACUS— CLOOTZ. 



30 Dec. i828, a 1827^ Bijdragen tot de oude 
Nederlandsche letter kunde, 1819. 

a Biog. Univ. b Biog. Woordenboek. 

Climacus, Joannes, theologian, — b., about 
505 — Abbot of Mt Sinai, about 560 — ft., 30 
Mar. 606 ? 

Climax, St John, {the Scholastic,) doctor of 
the Church,— b. in Palestine, about 525— re- 
tires into tbe desert of Sinai, 541-600 — abbot 
of monastery of Mt Sinai, 600 — ft., 30 Mar. 605. 

Clint, George, painter, engraver, — b. in 
London, 12 Apr. 1770— A.R. A., 1821— retires 
from tbe Academy, 1836— ft. at Kensington, 
spring 1854. Death of Nelson, after Drum- 
niond, 1807 — Kemble Family, after Harlowe, 
about 1808 — Portraits of Kean, Kemble, Liston, 
§c, after 1816. 

Clinton, De Witt, statesman, — ft. in New 
York State, 2 Mar. 1769 — admitted to tbe 
bar, at New York, 1788 — member of tbe State 
Legislature, 1797 — senator of U. S., 1801 or 
1802 — mayor of New York, 1803-7 — again, 
1809-10 and 1811-13 — Governor of tbe State 
of New York, 1817-22 and 1824 — ft. at Albany, 
11 Feb. 1828. 

Clinton, George, Vice - president of 
L'nited' States, — ft. in New York State, 26 
Jul. 1739 — Lieutenant of Militia, 1758 — serves 
under Gen. Amherst, 1760— member of Colo- 
nial Assembly, 1768 — member of Continental 
Congress, 1775 — Brigadier-general, 1777 — 
Governor of New York, 1777-1810 — Pres. 
Convention at Pougbkeepsie, 1788 — Vice- 
president of United States, President of the 
Senate, 1804 — ft. at Washington, 20 Apr. 
1812. 

Clinton, Henry Fynes, chronologist, — b. at 
Gamston, Nottinghamshire, 14 Jan. 178 1 — 
enters Westminster School, Sep. 1796 — en- 
ters Cbrist Church College, Oxford, 1799 — 
M.A., 1805— M.P. Aldborougb, 1806-26— tf. 
at Welwyn, Herts, 24 Oct. 1852. Fasti Hel- 
lenici, 1824-34 — Fasti Romani, 1845-50 — 
Fpitome of the Civil and Literary Chronology 
of Greece, 1851 — of Rome and Constantinople, 

1853. 

Clinton, Sir Henry, general, — captain in the 
army, 1758 — serves in American war, 1775 — 
takes command of the army, 1778 — captures 
Savannah and Charleston, 1779 — recalled, 
1782 — Governor of Gibraltar, 1795 — ft. there, 
24 Dec. 1795. 

Clio, asteroid, — discovered by Luther, at 
Diisseldorf, 25 Aug. 1865. 

Clissau, in Roland, — Cbarles XII. of Sweden 
defeats tbe Poles at, 19 Jul. 1702. 

Clisson, Olivier de, Constable of France, — b. 
in Brittany, about 1332 — brought up in Eng- 
land, between 1344 and 1352 — loses an eye at 
battle of Auray, 1364 — companion in arms 
of'Duguesclin, 1370 — Constable of France, 1380 
— commands at battle of Rosebecq, 1382 — 
marries his daughter to the Count de Ponthievre, 
1388 — arrested by Duke of Brittany, 1388 — 
attacked by brigands at Paris, 13-14 Jun. 1392 
— deprived of his offices, Nov. 1392 — ft. in 
Brittany, 24 Apr. 1407. 

Clitus, (Klcitos,) — [B C] — saves life of Alex- 



ander the Great at the Granicus, 334 — killed 
at a banquet by Alexander, 328. 

Clive, Robert, Lord, general, — b. at Styche, 
Shropshire, 29 Sep. 1725 — goes to India, in the 
civil service, 1744 — enters the army, 1747 — 
distinguishes himself at siege of Pondicherry, 
1748 — takes Arcot, 1751 — in England, 1753-5 
— Lieutenant-colonel, Governor of Fort St 
David, 1755 — captures Fort St William, Cal- 
cutta, Jan. 1757 — defeats Sujah-u-Dowlah at 
Plassey, 23 Jun. 1757 — Governor of Cal- 
cutta, 1757 — destroys Dutch armament, 1759 
■ — returns to England, 1760 — created Lord 
Clive, Baron of Plassey, 176 1 — M.P. Shrews- 
bury, 1760-74 — K.B., Major-general, 1764— 
sent to India, 1764 to Jul. 1767 — commits 
suicide, in London, 22 Nov. 1774. 

Clocks, — known as early as 1300 — first at 
Bologna, 1356 — palace-clock for Charles V. 
made by Henry de Wyck, about 1364 — used 
for astronomical observations, 1484 — made 
portable, before 1544 — pendulum applied to, by 
Harris, 1 641 —[Pendulum] — by Huyghens, 
about 1657 — electric, invented by Shepherd 
and others, 1851. 

Clodianus, Cn. Corn. Lentulus, — [BC] — 
Consul with L. Gellius Poplicola, (682, a. u. c.) 
72. 

Clodion, Claude Michel, sculptor, — fi. at 
Nancy, about 1745 — ft. at Paris, 1814. Groiqje 
du Deluge, 1801. 

Clodius, Christian August, philosopher, poet, 
— b. in Saxony, 1738 — Prof. Philosophy, Leip- 
sic, 1760 — Prof. Poetry and Eloquence, Leipsic, 
1784/ 1782b — ft. there, 30 Nov. 1784. Ver- 
suche aus der Literatur und Moral, 1767-69 — 
Neue vermischte Schriften, 1780 — Odeum, 1784. 
a Conv.-Lex. b Erscli and Gruber. 

Clodius, Heinrich Jonathan, bibliographer, 
— ft., 4 Aug. 1767. Specimen novce bibliothecce, 
1757 — Primes- linete bibliothecce lusarice, 1761. 

Clodius, Johann Christian, orientalist, — b., 
1676 — Prof. Arabic, Leipsic, 1724 — ft. there, 
23 Jan. 1745. De usu linguae Arabicce etymo- 
logico, 1724 — Theoria et praxis linguce 
Arabicce, 1729. 

Clodius, P. Pulcher, — [BC] — serves under 
Lucullus in Asia, 70 — impeaches Catiline, 6^ — • 
in Gallia Transalpina with L. Murena, 64 — pro- 
fanes the rites of Bona Dea, close of 62 — tried 
for impiety, beginning of 61 — quaestor, in Sicily, 
61 — adopted by P. Fonteius, end of 60 — trio. 
pleb., Dec. 59— leads brawls in Rome, 57— 
elected sedile, beginning of s^ — killed by Milo, 
20 Jan. 52. 

Clonas, poet, musician, — [B C] — fl., about620. 

Clonmel, R-eland, — taken by Cromwell, 1650 
— session of the Special Commission at, 24-31 
Jan. 1848 — trial of Smith O'Brien before Spe- 
cial Commission at, 28 Sep. to 9 Oct. 1848. 

Clontarf, Ireland, — Brian Boru defeats 
Northmen at, Good Friday 10 14. 

Clootz, Jean Baptiste du val de Grace, 
Baron, {Anacharsis Clootz,) — b. at Cleves, 24 
Jun. 1755 — returns to Paris, 1789 — deputy to 
the Convention, Sep. 1792 — executed at Paris, 
24 Mar. 1794. Certitude des prvuves du Ma- 
home 'tisme, 1780. 



CLOQUET— CLUYT. 



345 



Cloquet, Hippolyte, naturalist, physician, — 
ft. at Paris, 17 May 1787— M.D., 1815— ft. at 
Paris, 3 Mar. i84o, a i843. b Traite d' anato- 
mic descriptive, 18 15 — Osphresiologie, 1821 — 
JFaune des me'decins, 1822-28. 



Nouv. Biog. Gen. 



Vapereau. 



Clostercamp, on the Rhine, — the Hanoveri- 
ans defeated by the French, 16 Oct. 1760. 

Closter-Seven, Convention of, • — concluded 
with the French by Duke of Cumberland, (dis- 
avowed by English government,) 10 Sep. 1757. 

Clot, Antoine, {Clot-Bey,) physician, — ft. near 
Marseilles, Apr. 1795 — M. D. Montpellier, about 
1820 — enters service of Mehemet Ali, 1822 — 
created Bey, 1832 — member of Legion of Hon- 
our, 1832— physician to the staff of the army, 
1 8 36— settles at Marseilles, 1 849 — commander of 
Legion of Honour, 1 85 1 — gives up his Egyptian 
collection to French government, 1852— ly. at 
Marseilles, 1868. Apergu general sur VPgypte, 
1840 — De la Peste observe'e en JEgypte, 1840 — 
De V Ophthalmic, §c, 1864. 

Cloth, Clothiers, — in England, laws relating 
to, 11 Edw. III. cc. 2, 3, 1336-7 ; 4 Edw. IV. 
c. 1, 1464-5 ; 3 Hen. VII. c. 11, 1487 ; 3 and 
4 Edw. VI. c. 2, 1549 ; 5 and 6 Edw. VI. c. 6, 
1552 ; 39 Eliz. c. 20, 1597 ; 43 Eliz. c. 10, 1601 ; 
4 Jac. I. c. 2, 1606; 21 Jac. I. c. 18, 1623 ; 6 
Ann. c. 8, 1707 • 10 Ann., c 16, 17 1 1 ; 1 Geo. I. 
at. 2, c. 15, 1714; 12 Geo. I. c. 34, 1725 ; 13 
Geo. I. c. 23, 1726 ; 15 Geo. II. c. 27, 1742. 

Cloth-Workers' Company, — incorporated by 
Edward IV., 1482. 

Clotho, asteroid, — discovered by Tempel, 17 
Feb. 1868. 

Cloud, St. [St Cloud.] 

Clouet, Francois, painter, — ft., about 1510? 
1520 ? — first painter to Francis L, 1541 a — ft., 
before 1574. a Jal. 

Clouet, Jean Francois, chemist, — ft. near 
Mezieres, 11 Nov. 1751 — ft. at Cayenne, 4 Jun. 
1801. z 

Clough, Arthur Hugh, poet,— ft. at Liver- 
pool, 1 Jan. 1 819 — Fellow of Oriel Coll. Oxford, 
1842 — visits France and Italy, 1848-49 — visits 
America, 1852 — employed by Committee of 
Council on Education, 1852 — tf. at Florence, 
13 Nov. 1861. Poems, 1862. 

Cloveshoo, Synods of, — early in Sep. 742, 
822, and 824. 

Clovio, Giulio, painter, — ft. at Grisone, in 
Croatia, 1498 — rj. at Rome, 1578. 

Clovis, {Hludwig,) King of the Franks, — 
ft., 465^ 467 b — succeeds his father, Childeric, 
48i, a beginning 482° — defeats Syagrius at Sois- 
sons, 486 — marries Clotilda, daughter of Chil- 
peric, 493 — defeats Alemanni at Tolbiac, au- 
tumn 496 — baptized, Christmas Day 496 — 
union of Franks and Armoricans, 497 — makes 
war with Godegesilus on Gundebald, king of 
the Burgundians, 500 — besieges him at Avig- 
non; imposes tribute on him; defeats Alaric, 
king of the Visigoths, at Vougle, near Poitiers, 
507- — defeated by troops of Theodoric near 
Aries, 509 — raises siege of Carcassone, 509 — 
receives ambassadors from Emperor Anastasius, 
at Tours, and the titles of Patrician and Consul, 
409 — makes Paris seat of government, 51c — 



with the Burgundians besieges Aries, but is de- 
feated by Marobaudus, 510 — tf. at Paris, 27 Nov. 
511 — his remains discovered in church of St 
Genevieve, 10 May 1807. b a Art de Verifier 

les Dates. b Engl. Cyc. c Clinton. 

Clowes, John, Swedenborgian divine, — ft. at 
Manchester, 25 Oct. 1743 — tr. at Warwick, 29 
May 1831. 

Clowes, William, surgeon, — serving in the 
navy, 1570— sent to the English army in the 
Netherlands, 1586— *$., after 1596. Treatise 
touching the cure of Lues Venerea, 1585 — Ap- 
proved practice for all young chirurgeons, 159 1. 

Clowes, William, printer, — ft. at Chichester, 
1 Jan. 1779 — » oes *° London, 1802 — com- 
mences steam-printing, 1823 — ri., 26 Jan. 1847. 
Penny Cyclopcedia, 1833-43 — Penny Magazine, 
1832-46. 

Clowet, Albrecht, engraver, — ft. at Antwerp, 
1624 — fr. there, 1687. 

Clowet, {Clouet, Clouvet,) Pieter, engraver, — ■ 
ft. at Antwerp, 1606 — tj., 1677. 

Cioyne, in Ireland, — bishopric, about 600 ? — 
united to Cork, about 1430 — again separate, 
1638 — united with Cork and Boss by Act 3 and 
4 Wm IV. c. 37, 14 Aug. 1833. 

Clugny, {Cluny,) in France, — Benedictine 
Abbey founded by William I., Duke of Aqui- 
taine, 910 — abbey church built, 1090- 11 30 — its 
abbot, Pontius, disputes with abbot of Monte- 
Casino the monastic supremacy of Christendom, 
1 1 19 — visited, and the church consecrated, by 
Innocent II., n 30 — meeting of Innocent IV. 
and Louis IX. of France at, close of 1245 — 
again, 1246. 

Cluniacs, Order of, — introduced in England, 
by William, Earl of Warren, about 1077. 

Clusium, {Camers, Camars,) — [BCJ — taken 
by the Gauls, 391 — Scipio, propraetor, defeated 
and killed by Senones at, 295 — [AD] — occupied 
by Belisarius, 538. 

Clusius, {L'Pcluse,) Charles de, physician, 
botanist, — ft. at Antwerp, 18 Feb. 1526,* Arras, 
1524 or 1525 b — studies at Wittenberg, 1549 — 
M.D. Montpellier, 1559 — travels through Ger- 
many, Spain, &c, 1563, &c. — in England, 157 1 
— returns to Antwerp, 1573 — Curator of Bo- 
tanical Garden, Vienna, 1573-87 — Prof. Botany, 
Leyden, 1593- 1609 — 3j. there, 4 Apr. 1609. 
Histoire des plantes, $•<?., 1557 — Antidotarium, 
156 1 — Aromatum et simplicium aliquot mecli- 
camentorum apud Indos nascentium historia, 
1567 — Pariorum aliquot Stirpium per His- 
paniam obscrvatarum historia, §c, 1576 — - 
Notce in Garcice Aromatum Historiam, 1582. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Nouv. Biog. Gen, 

Clutterbuck, Kobert, topographical his- 
torian, — ft. at Watford, 2 Jun. 1772 — ft. at 
Watford, 25 May 1831. History of Hertford- 
shire, 1817-27. 

Cluverius, {Cluvier, Cluwer,) Philip, geo- 
grapher, — ft. at Dantzic, 1580— rj. at Leyden, 
1623. Germania antiqua, 161 6 — Italia an- 
tiqua, 1624 — Sicilia antiqua, 16 19 — Introductio 
in universam Geographiam, 1629. 

Cluyt, Auger, botanist, — ft. at Leyden, 
about 1600 — t}., about 1650. Calsuve sive 
dissertatio lapidis nephritici, §c. t 162^ — Me- 



34^ 



CLUYT— COBLENZ. 



moire pour indiquer la vraie maniere d'emballer 
et d'cnvoyer au loin les arhres, §c. f 1631 — Opus- 
cula duo singular/a, 1634. 

Cluyt, Theodor Auger, botanist, — Director 
of Botanical Garden, Leyden, 1577-89. Van 
dcr Ryen, §c, 1598. 

Clyde, Colin Campbell, Lord, field-mar- 
shal, — ft. at Glasgow, 20 Oct. 1792 — enters the 
army and serves in Spain, 1808 — serves in 
Walcheren expedition, 1809 — returns to Spain, 
end of 1809 — at battle of Barossa, Mar. 18 11 — 
at defence of Tarifa, 5 Jan. 1 8 1 2 — at Vittoria, 
Jun. 1813 — wounded at St Sebastian, Jul. 
1 813 — wounded at the passage of the Bidassoa, 
Oct. 181 3 — serves in N. America, 1 8 14 — in De- 
merara, 1823 — Lieut. -Colonel, 1832 — sent to 
China, 1842 — distinguishes himself in the 
Sikh war, 1848-9 — wounded at Chillianwallah, 
Jan. 1849 — K.C.B., 1852 — commander of 
Highland Brigade in the Crimea, 1854 — dis- 
tinguishes himself at the Alma, Sep. 1854 — 
Major-general: distinguishes himself at Balak- 
lava, Oct. 1854 — G.C.B., 1855 — Lieutenant- 
general, 4 Jun. 1856 — D.C.L. Oxford, 1856 — 
Commander-in-chief of British forces in India, 
3 Jul. 1857 — fights battle of Cawnpore, 3 
Nov. — relieves Lucknow, 17 Nov. — defeats the 
rebels at Futtehghur, 2 Jan. 1858 — recaptures 
Lucknow, 4 Mar. — General, 14 May 1858 — 
created a Peer, 16 Aug. — receives thanks of 
Parliament, 1859 — Colonel of Coldstream 
Guards, Jun. i860 — Ivnt of the Star of India, 
1 86 1 — Field -marshal, 9 Nov. 1862 — ft. at 
Chatham, 14 Aug. 1863. 

Clyde Canal, (Forth and Clyde,) — con- 
structed by Smeaton and Whitworth, 1764-90. 

Clytie, asteroid, — discovered by Tuttle, 7 
Apr. 1862. 

Cnidus, — [BC] — battle of, few days before 
14 Aug. 394. 

Coach. [Hackney, Stage, Coaches.] 

Coal, — first authentic mention of working it, 
in Charter of Henry III. to freemen of New- 
castle-upon-Tyne, 1259 — use of, prohibited in 
London, by Edward I., 1306 — exported to 
France, 1325 — tax imposed on, of 2d. per 
chaldron, before 142 1 — monopoly in, created 
by Charles I., 1638 — the ' Eichmond shilling ' 
imposed by Charles II., 1677 — commuted for 
perpetual annuity, 1799. Mines, employment 
of females in, prohibited by Act 5 and 6 Vic. 
c. 99, 10 Aug. 1842 — inspectors of, appointed 
by Act 13 and 14 Vic. c. 100, 14 Aug. 1850. 

Coalition, against France, — first, formed be- 
tween Austria and Prussia, 27 Aug. 1791 — 
dissolved by Treaty of Campo Formio, 17 Oct. 
1797 — second, by Great Britain, Russia, 
Austria, Turkey, Naples, Portugal, and Bar- 
bary States, 22 Jun. 1799 — broken by 
Treaties of Luneville, 1801, and of Amiens, 
1802 — third, by Great Britain, Russia, Aus- 
tria, Sweden, and Naples, 8 Sep. 1805 — 
dissolved by battle of Austerlitz, Lee. 1805 — 
fourth, by Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, and 
Saxony, 6 Oct., 1806 — dissolved by Peace 
01 Tilsit, Jul. 1807— fifth, by Great Britain 
and Austria, 9 Apr. 1809 — dissolved by battle 
of Wagram, Jul. 1809 — sixth, by Russia, 



Prussia, England, Sweden, and Austria, 1 Mar. 
18 13 — terminated by abdication of Napoleon 
at Fontainebleau, 11 Apr. 18 14 — seventh, (?) 
after return of Napoleon, 18 15. 

Coalition Ministry, — of Fox and North, 
formed, 2 Apr. 1783 — dismissed, 13 Dec. 1783 
— under Lord Aberdeen, formed, 27 Dec. 1852 
— resigns, 30 Jan. 1855. [Broad-Bottom 
Administration. ] 

Coast Survey, America, — commenced under 
direction of Hassler, about 18 15 — continued by 
Bache, 1843. 

Cobalt, — used for preparation of smalt, 
about 1550 — metal extracted by Brandt, 1733. 

Cobbett, William, political and miscellaneous 
writer, — ft. at Farnham in Surrey, 9 Mar. 
1762 — enters the army, 1784 — goes to America, 
1785-91 — in France, Mar. to Oct. 1792 — goes 
to New York, Oct. 1792 — returns to England, 
1800 — imprisoned for libel, 18 10- 12 — visits 
America, 1817-19 — M.P. Oldham, 1832 — tf. 
near Farnham, 18 Jun. 1835. Forciqrine's 
Works, 1 801 — Taper against Gold, 4-&J7 ? — )B16 
Weekly Register, 1802-35 — Legacy to Farsons, 
1835 — Cottage Economy, 1822 — Foor Mans 
Friend, 1826 — English Grammar, 18 19 — 
French Grammar, 1824 — Rural Rides, 1830 — ■ 
History of Frotestant ( Reformation ' in Eng- 
land, §c, 1824-7 — Parliamentary History of 
England, 1812-20. 

Cobden, Eiehard, political economist, — ft. at 
Dunford, Sussex, 1804 — partner in a Man- 
chester house, 1830 — travels in Egypt, Greece, 
Turkey, and the United States, 1834-5 — com- 
mences the agitation against the Corn Laws, 
1838 — M. P. Stockport, 1 841 — visits the 
Continent, 1846-7 — M.P. "West Riding, 1847 
— loses his seat, 1857 — visits America, 1857 
— M.P. Rochdale, 1857 — refuses Presidentship 
of Board of Trade, 1859 — negotiates Treaty of 
Commerce with France, signed, 23 Jan. i860 
— tf. in London, 2 Apr. 1865. 

Cobentzel, (Cobenzl,) Johann Karl Philipp, 
Count von, diplomatist, — ft. at Laybach, 21 
Jul. 17 1 2 — minister plenipotentiary of Aus- 
trian Netherlands, 1753 — tf. at Brussels, 20 
Jan. 1770. 

Cobentzel, (Cobenzl,) Johann Ludwig 
Joseph, Count von, diplomatist, — ft. at Brus- 
sels, 21 Nov. 1753 — enters service of Austria, 
1772 — ambassador to Catherine II., 1779-97 
— negotiates treaty between Austria, England, 
and Russia, 1795 — signs Treaty of Campo 
Formio, 17 Oct. 1797 — at Congress of Rastadt, 
Dec. 1797-9 — plenipotentiary at Luneville, 
1 801 — Vice-chancellor of State, Foreign Af- 
fairs, 1 80 1 — tr. at Vienna, 22 Feb. 1808. 

Cobentzel, (Cobenzl,) Johann Philipp, Count 
von, diplomatist, — ft. in Carniola, 28 May 
1741 — Councillor of State, 1767 — at Teschen, 
concludes peace with Prussia, 1779 — ambas- 
sador to Paris, 180 1-5 — tf. at Vienna, 30 Aug. 
1810. 

Cobham, Lord. [Oldcastle, Sir John.] 

Coblenz, in Frussia, (Confluentes,) — falls to 
Lothaire on division of French monarchy, 843 
— given by Emperor Henry II. to Abp of 
Treves, 1018 — visited by Frederick II., 12.17 



COBUBG— COCK. 



347 



■ — conference of Edward III. of England with 
Emperor Louis, autumn 1338 — rendezvous of 
French emigrant princes, 1792 — taken hy the 
Republican army, 23 Oct. 1794 — ceded to the 
French by Treaty of Campo Formio, 1797. 
Councils of 860, 922, 1012. 

Coburg. [Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.] 

Coburg, Friedrich, Prince of Saxe-, general, 
• — b., 1737 — contributes to defeat of the Turks 
at Fokshani, 21 Jul. 1789 — and again, with 
Suvarow, at Martinesti, 22 Sep. 1789 — com- 
mands Austrian army in Moldavia, 1789 — 
commands against the French, 1793 — defeats 
the French at Neerwinden, 18 Mar. 1793 — 
defeated by Moreau at Turcoing, 18 May 1794 
■ — by Jourdan at Fleurus, Jun. 1794 — quits 
his command, Oct. 1794 — tf. at Saxe, Feb. 
1815. 

Coccapani, Camillo, classical scholar,- — b. at 
Carpi, 1535 — Prof. Greek, Ferrara, 1570 — ft. 
there, Jim. 159 1, 

Cocceji, Heinricb von, (Cocceius,) jurist, — 
b. at Bremen, 25 Mar. 1644 — studies at Ox- 
ford, 1670 — Prof. Law, Frankfort-on-the-Oder, 
1 690- 1 7 19 — Baron, 17 13 — tf., 18 Aug. 17 19. 
Juris publici prudentia, §c., 1695 — Prodromus 
Justitice Gentium, 17 19 — Exercitationes cu- 
riosce, 1711. 

Cocceji, Samuel, Baron von, jurist, — b. 
at Heidelberg, 1679 — Prof. Law, Frankfort- 
on-the-Oder, 1702, a 1703 b — removes to Hal- 
berstadt, 1704 — to Berlin, 17 14 — Minister of 
State and War, 1727— curator of all Universi- 
ties, 1730 — Grand Chancellor, 1746 — tf. at 
Berlin, 22 Oct. 1755. Codex Fridericianus, 
1747-50 — Jus civile controversion, 17 13- 18. 
a Ersch and Gruber. b Conv.-Lex. 

Coccejus, Johannes, theologian, — b. at Bre- 
men, 9 Aug. 1603 — Prof. Hebrew there, 1630 
—Prof Theology, Leyden, 1649-69 — ft. there, 
4 Nov. 1669. Lexicon et Comment ar ins ser- 
ononis Hebraici et Chaldaici Veteris Testamenti, 
1669 — Summa doctrinal de foedere et testamento, 
1648. 

Cocchi, Antonio, physician, philologist, §c., 
■ — b. at Benevento, 1695 — Prof. Medicine, Pisa, 
1726 — tf. at Florence, 1 Jan. 1758. Trattato 
de bagni di Pisa, 1750 — De' Discorsi Toscani, 
1761-2 — Grcecorum Chirurgici Libri, 1754. 

Co-Cheou-king, astronomer, — fl., about 1 200 ? 

Cockerel, in Prance, — Bertrand Duguesclin 
defeats Navarrese and English at, 16 May 1364. 

Cochet, Claude Ennemond Balthazar, archi- 
tect, — b. at Lyons, 6 Jan. 1760 — obtains prize 
at Academy of Architecture, 1783 — obtains prize 
at Parma, 25 Jun. 1786 — member of Academy 
of Lyons, 29 May 1800 — Prof. Architecture, 
Lyons, Jan. 18 14 — correspondent of the Insti- 
tute, 21 Jul. 1 82 1 — tf. at Lyons, 14 Mar. 1835. 

Cochin, in Hindustan, — Portuguese settle- 
ment under Albuquerque, 1503 — taken by the 
Dutch, 1663 — by the British, 1795 — ceded to 
the British, 13 Aug. 18 14. 

Cochin, Charles Nicolas, engraver, — b. at 
Paris, 1688 — admitted to Academy of Painting, 
1731— tf., 1754. 

Cochin, Charles Nicolas, designer, engraver, 
— b. at Paris, 1715 — travels in Italy, 1749-51 — 



admitted to the Academy, 27 Nov. 1751 — 
Keeper of the Boyal Collections of Drawings, 
1752 — ennobled, Mar. 1757— admitted to Aca- 
demy of St Luke, 1769— tf. at Paris, 29 Apr. 
1790. Observations sur les Antiquites cVFLer- 
cidanum, 1751 — Voyage pittoresque d'ltalie, 
1756. 

Cochin-China, — conquered by Tonquin, 147 1 
— independent kingdom, 15 3 3 — the nominal so- 
vereign becomes supreme, 1748 — Gia-long re- 
stored by aid of the French, 1774 — his successor 
made Emperor of Tonquin and Cochin-China, 
1 82 1 — [Anam] — joint French and Spanish 
expedition to, 1858 — Lower, ceded to France, 
i860 — entirely annexed by France, 1867. 

Cochineal,- — imported into Europe, about 
1523 — in England, duty on, repealed by Act 8 
and 9 Vic. c. 12, 8 May 1845. 

Cochlseus, Johann, theologian, — b. near 
Niirnberg, 1479 — ^- canon of Breslau, 10 Jan. 
1552. Vita Theodorici regis quondam Ostro- 
gothorum, 1544 — Uistoria Ilussitarum, 1549 — ■ 
Commentaria de actis et scriptis 31. Zutheri, 
1549 — Lutherus septiceps ubique sibi contrarius, 
1529. 

Cochon de L'Apparent, Count Charles, — b. 
in la Vendee, Jan. 1750 — deputy to Constituent 
Assembly, 1789 — to Convention, 1792 — Com- 
missioner to Army of the North, 1793- — quits 
Valenciennes with the garrison, 1 Aug. 1793 — 
takes part in invasion of Holland, 1795 — 
member of Council of Ancients, 1795 — Minister 
of Police, 1796 — exiled, Aug. 1797 to Nov. 1799 
— member of Legion of Honour, 1 804 — Senator, 
1809 — retires to Louvain, 18 15-17 — tf. at 
Poitiers, 17 Jul. 1825. 

Cochran, William, painter, — b. in Clydes- 
dale, 12 Dec. 1738 — studies in Italy, 1761-6 — ■ 
tf. at Glasgow, 23 Oct. 1785. 

Cochrane, Archibald, and Lord. [Bun- 
donald.] 

Cochrane, John Dundas, traveller, — b., 
about 1780 — enters the navy, 1790 — travels in 
France, Spain, &c, 1820 — in Eussia and 
Siberian Tartary, 1820-24 — tf. at Valencia, 
(Colombia,) 12 Aug. 1825. Narrative of 
pedestrian journey through Russia and Siberian 
Tartary, §c., 1824. 

Cochrane, Sir Alexander Forester Inglis, 
admiral, — b., 22 Apr. 1758 — Lieutenant, E.N., 
1778 — Post-captain, Dec. 1782 — marries, 1788 
— serves in the French war, 1793 — engages 
French squadron off the Chesapeake, 17 May 
1795 — takes part in expedition to Egypt, 1800 
— M.P.,Feb. 1802— Bear-admiral, Apr. 1804 — 
takes part in destruction of French fleet at St 
Domingo, early in 1806 — E.B., 29 Mar. 1806 
— loses his seat in Parliament, 1806 — reduces 
Danish West India Islands, 1807 — takes part 
in reduction of Martinique, Feb. 1809— takes 
Washington, 1 8 1 4 — Admiral, 1 8 1 9 — Com- 
mander-in-chief at Plymouth, 1821-24— tf. at 
Paris, 26 Jan. 1832. 

Cock, Jerom, painter, engraver, — b. at 
Antwerp, 15 10 — tf. there, 1570. Pracipua 
aliquot Roman, antiquitatis monumenta, 155 1 
— Pictorum aliquot celebrium Germanic in- 
fer ioris effigies, 1572. 



348 



COCKBUEN— COEHOEN. 



Cockburn, Catherine, miscellaneous writer, 
— b. in London, 1679 — tl. there, 1749. Works, 
I75 1 - 

Cockburn, Sir George, G. C. B., admiral, — 
b. in London, 22 Apr. 1772 — enters the navy, 
Mar. 1781 — takes part in the capture and 
blockade of Leghorn, 1796 — takes part in battle 
off Cape St Vincent, Feb. 1797 — contributes to 
the reduction of Martinique, and signs the 
capitulation, 24 Feb. 1809 — cooperates in de- 
fence of Cadiz, 1 8 10 — Bear-admiral, 12 Aug. 
1 8 1 2 — distinguishes himself in American war, 
181 3- 14 — takes part in battle of Bladensburg, 
and capture of Washington, 24-25 Aug. 18 14 
— K.C.B., Jan. 1815 — conveys Napoleon to St 
Helena, Aug. 1815— G.C B., 20 Feb. 1818— 
Lord of the Admiralty, Mar. i8i8andSep. 1828 
— M.P. Portsmouth, 1818 — Vice-admiral, Aug. 
1819 — Privy Councillor, 1827— Admiral, 10 
Jan. 1837 — First Naval Lord, Oct. 1841 — 
M.P. Eipon, Oct. 1841 — retires from the 
Admiralty, 1846 — Admiral of the Fleet, 1851 — 
succeeds to the baronetcy ou the death of his 
brother, Feb. 1852 — tf. at Leamington, 19 Aug. 

1853- 

Cockburn, Henry Thomas, Lord Cockburn, 
— fj., 1779 — called to the bar, i8co — con- 
tributes to the Edinburgh Hevieic, 1802 — 
Solicitor-general for Scotland, 1830— Lord of 
Session, 1834 — tf. at Ayr, 26 Apr. 1854. Life 
of Lord Jeffrey, 1852 — Memorials of his 
Time, 1856. 

Cockburn, Patrick, orientalist, — b. at 
Langton, Scotland, about 1500? — tf. Prof. 
Oriental Languages, St Andrews, 1559. 

Cocker, Edward, teacher of arithmetic, §c, 

— b., about 1632 — tf., between 1671-75. 
Cocker's Arithmetic, 1677. 

Coekerell, Charles Robert, architect, — b. in 
London, 1788 — visits Italy, Asia Minor, &c, 
1 8 10- 1 7 — discovers JEginetan and Phigaleian 
marbles, 1811— A.B.A., 1829 — architect to 
Bank of England, 1832 — E. A., 1836— Prof. 
Architecture, Eoyal Academy, 1840 — foreign 
Associate of French Institute", 1841 — member 
of Academy of St Luke, Eome, 1843 — D.C.L. 
Oxford, 1845 — receives .gold medal of Institute 
of British Architects, 1 848 — tf. in London, 
17 Sep. 1863. New Library, Cambridge, 1840 

— Universities' Gallery, Oxford, 1845 — com- 
pletes St George's Hall and Assize Courts, 
Liverpool, 1852-54 — Lconography of the West 
Front of Wells Cathedral, 1851. 

Cockerill, John, — b. in Lancashire, 3 Aug. 
1790— accompanies his father to Belgium, 1 802 
— founds extensive coal and iron works and 
machine manufactory at Seraing, 1816 — tf. at 
Warsaw, 1840. 

Cock-fighting, — practised in England, before 
1200— prohibited by Edward III., 1366 — by 
Queen Elizabeth, 15*69 — by Cromwell, 31 Mar. 
1654 — by Cruelty to Animals Act, and 6 TVm 
IV. c. 59, 9 Sep. 1835 — prohibition extended to 
Ireland by Act 1 Vic. c. 66, 15 Jul. 1837— re- 
p< aled, and new provisions made, by Act 12 and 
13 Vic. c. 92, 1 Aug. 1849. 

Cock Lane Ghost, — trick performed, 1760-2 



— the performers convicted of conspiracy, 10 
Jul. 1762. 

Codes, Bartolomeo della Eocca, physician, 
astrologer, §c, — b. at Bologna, 9 Mar. 1467 — 
assassinated, 24 Sep. 1504. Bhysionomice ae 
chiromantice anastasis, 1504. 

Coco, Vincenzio, litterateur, politician, — b. 
in Naples, 1770 — takes part in the revolution, 
1799 — escapes to France, 1799 — Councillor of 
State to Joseph Bonaparte, 1808 — tf. at Naples, 
13 Dec. 1823. Revoluzioni di Napoli, 1800 — 
Blatone en Ltalie, 1806. 

Cocoa, — introduced in Europe, from Mexico, 
by Spaniards, 1520. 

Cocoli, Domenico, mathematician, — b. at 
Brescia, 12 Aug. 1747 — Prof. Physics and 
Mathematics there, 1774-1804 — Inspector- 
general of Waters and Ways, kingdom of Italy 
1805 — tf-, 27 Nov. 1812. 

Coconas, Annibal, Count of, — takes part 
in massacre of St Bartholomew, 1572 — be- 
headed at Paris, 30 Apr. 1574. 

Code. [Burgundian, Justinian, Theodosi- 
an, Code.] 

Code Napoleon, {Code Civil,) — formation of, 
intrusted by Napoleon I. to Commission of 
Council of State, 1802 — published, 1804— re- 
published, 1807. 

Codex. [Alexandrian, Argenteus, Sinaitic, 
Vatican, Codex.] 

Codinus, Georgins, Curopalates, Byzantine 
historian, — fl., before 1453. 

Codomannus. [Darius.] 

Codoury, AbulHcsein Ahmed, Mohammedan 
doctor, — b., (367, a. h.) 977-8 — tf., (428,) 
1036-7. 

Codrika, Panagioti, {Panagiotaki,) diplo- 
matic agent, — b. at Athens, about 1760 — goes 
to Paris, dragoman to Ali-Effendi, 1797 — tf. 
there, about 1830. 

Codrington, Sir Edward, G.C.B., admiral, 
— b., 1770 — enters the navy, 18 Jul. 1783 — 
takes part in victory over the French fleet off 
Brest, 1 Jun. 1794 — distinguishes himself at 
Trafalgar, 1805 — takes part in expedition to 
Walcheren, forces the Scheldt, 1809 — serves in 
Spain, 1 8 10- 1 2 — goes to America, Eear-ad- 
miral, takes part in attack on New Orleans, 
1 8 14 — K.C.B., 2 Jan. 18 15 — Vice-admiral, 10 
Jul. 1 82 1 — commands squadron in the Medi- 
terranean, Nov. 1826 — destroys the Turkish 
fleet at Navarino, 20 Oct, 1827— -K.G.C.B.; 
recalled, 1828 — M.P. Devonport, 1832, 1835, 
1837-39 — Admiral, 1837 — Commander-in-chief 
at Portsmouth, 22 Nov. 1839 — tf. in London, 28 
Apr. 1 85 1. 

Codronchi, Giovanni Battista, physieian, 
— b. at Irnola, about 1560. Ephemerides, 
1603 — L)e morbis venefcis, 1595 — JDe vitiis 
vocis, 1597 — Be rabie, 1610. 

Codrus Urcens, {Antonio Urceo,) miscellane- 
ous writer, — b. near Eeggio, 14 Aug. 1446— 
Prof. Humanities, Forli, 1469 — tf. Prof. Gram- 
mar and Eloquence, Bologna, 1500. Opera, 
1502. 

Coeberger. [Koeberger.] 

Coeck. [Koeck.] 

Coehorn, Louis Jacques, Baron de, general. 



COEHORN— COIMBRA. 



349 



■ — b. at Strasburg, 16 Jan. 177 1 — enters the 
army, 1783 — Captain, serves in America, 1792- 
93— serves in France, 1794-95 — in campaign 
of Germany, 1796 — aide-de-camp to Decaen, 
Jun. 1797 — distinguishes himself at Oster-Ach, 
22 Mar. 1799 — wounded at Liptingen, 25 Mar. 
1799 — at battle of Austerlitz, Dec. 1805 — 
serves in Prussia, 1806 — distinguishes himself 
at Auerstadt, 14 Oct. 1806 — General of Brigade, 
21 Mar. 1807 — wounded at battle of Friedland, 
14 Jun. 1807 — serves in Austria, 1809 — dis- 
tinguishes himself at Ebersberg and Aspern, 
May 1809 — at AVagram, Jul. — Commander of 
Legion of Honour, 30 Aug. — Baron of the 
Empire ; takes part in battle of Lutzen, 2 May 
18 1 2 — of Leipsic, 18 Oct. 1813 — ft. at Leipsic, 
29 Oct. 

Coehorn, Menno, Baron van, engineer, — b. 



in Friesland, 1632,* 1641 b 



Director- 



general of Fortifications, Governor of Flanders, 
defends fort of Namur, 1692 — employed at 
attack on Namur, 1695 — at siege of Bonn, 
1703 — Ij. at the Hague, 17 Mar. 1704. Ver- 
handeling over de versterckinge des vifhoeks met 
al syne buytenicerken, 1682 — JSfieime Vesting - 
boicw, 1685. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

c Ersch and Gruber. d Biog. Woordenboek. 

Ccelestius. [Celestius.] 

Coello, Alonzo Sanchez, painter, — b. in 
Portugal, 1525—0"., first painter to Philip II. of 
Spain, 1590. 

Coello, Claudio, painter, — b. at Madrid, 
162 1 — painter to the king, 1684- — cabinet 
painter to the king, 1686 — ij. at Madrid, 1693. 

Coelmans, Jacob, engraver, — b. at Antwerp, 
1670 — fr. at Aix, 1735. 

Coeln, Wilhelm von, (William of Co- 
logne, Meister Wilhelm,) painter, — settles 
at Cologne, 1358 — ft., 1378. Picture over 
tomb of Cuno von Falkenstein, at Coblenz, 1388. 

Coen, Jan Pieterszoon, Governor-general 
of Dutch E. Indies, — b. at Hoorn, 8 Jan. 
1587 — goes to India, 1607-1 1 — Director -general 
of Dutch India trade, 1613 — President of Ban- 
tam, 1617-19 — Governor-general, 1619-23 — 
founds city of Batavia, 16 19— returns to Europe, 
1623 — defends Batavia against the Javanese, 
1627 — ft. there, 20 Sep. 1629. 

Co'etivy, Pregent de, Admiral of France, — 
b., about 1400 — as Lieutenant of the King and 
the Dauphin, serves against the English, 142 1 
— Chevalier, 143 1 — assists at arrest of La Tre- 
mouille, 1433 — Councillor, Chamberlain of the 
King, Governor of Bochelle, 4 Kb v. 1436 — 
Admiral of France, Dec. 1439 — distinguishes 
himself at siege of Pontoise, 1441 — takes part 
at siege of Mans, 1447 — killed at battle of 
Forniigny, a Apr., or siege of Cherbourg, 15 Aug. 
1450. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Ccenr, Jacques, financier, statesman,- — b. at 
Bourges, about 1395- 1400 — visits Egypt and 
Syria, 1432 — Master of the Mint at Bourges, 
1435 — at Paris, 1436 — Controller-general 
{argentier) to Charles VII., about 1436-7 — en- 
nobled, Apr. 1440 — joint-commissioner to pre- 
side at States-General of Languedoc, Sep. 1444 
— envoy to Genoa, 1446 — to Bome, 1447 — to 
Lausanne, 1448 — arrested at Taillebourg, 31 



Jul. 1450 — and his property confiscated : fined 
and banished, 29 May 1453— at Pome, 1455— 
as Captain-general conducts Papal fleet against 
Turks, 1456 — tj, at Chio, 25 Nov. 1456. 

Coffee, — brought into Europe, soon after 
1500 — in England, duty imposed on, b\ T Act 12 
Car. II. c. 24, 1660. 

Cogan, Thomas, physician, — b. at Powell, 
Northamptonshire, 8 Feb. 1736 — founds, with 
Dr Hawes, the Royal Humane Society, London, 
1774 — fr. in London, 2 Feb. 1818. 

Cog-els, Joseph Karl, painter, — b. at Brus- 
sels, 1785 — settles at Munich, 1 810— member 
of the Academy there, 1 824 — ft. near Donau- 
werth, 1 831. 

Coggeshalle, Ealph of, chronicler, — ft., about 
1228? 

Cognac, Treaty of, {Holy League,) — between 
the Pope, Francis I. of France, Venice, Eng- 
land, the Swiss, and Florence, concluded, 22 
Mar. 1526. 

Cognatus. [Cousin, Gilbert.] 

Cohausen, Johann Heinrieh, physician, — 
b. at Hildesheim, 1665 — ft. at Minister, 13 Jul. 
1750. Neothea, 17 16 — Sermippus redivivus, 
1742. 

Cohen-Atthar, Abnlmeny ben Abu Nasr- 
Izrayli-Harouny, physician, — ft. at Cairo, 
about 1 150. 

Cohorn, Menno. [Coehorn.] 

Coignac, Joachim de, poet,—h. at Chateau- 
roux, about 1520 — If., about 1580 ? Le Bastion 
et rempart de chastett, 1550. 

Coignet, Gillis, (Egidius,) painter, — b. at 
Antwerp, 1530 — admitted to the Academy 
there, 156 1 — tf. at Hamburg, 1600. 

Coigny, Francois de Franquetot, Duke of, 
Marshal of France, — b. in Normandy, 16 
Mar. 1670 — obtains victory over the Imperial- 
ists, at Guastalla, 19 Sep. 1734 — at Parma, 29 
Jun. 1735 — Marshal, 1741 — commands in 
Germany, 1743 — Duke, 1747 — 5j., 18 Dec. 

1759. 

Coigny, Marie Francois Henri de Fran- 
quetot, Duke of, Peer, Marshal of France, 
— b. at Paris, 28 Mar. 1737 — enters the army, 
1752 — serves in Germany, 1757 — Marechal de 
Camp, 176 1 — distinguishes himself at combat of 
Oberens, 1761 — Governor of Cambray, 1773 — 
Chevalier, commander of Saint Esprit, 1 Jan. 
1777 — first equerry of the king, Lieutenant- 
general, 1 Mar. 1780 — Peer, 1787 — deputy to 
the States-General, 1789 — emigrates, 1791 — 
Peer, by Louis XVIII. , 4 Jun. 18 14— Governor 
of the Invalides, Jan. 1816 — Marshal of 
France, 3 Jul. 18 16 — ft. at Paris, 18 May 1821. 

Coimbatore, in Hindustan, — annexed to Brit- 
ish dominions, 1799. 

Coimbatore, {town.) — taken by the English, 
1 7 83 — restored, 1 7 84 — again taken by English, 
Jul. 1790 — retaken by Tippoo, 1791 — trans- 
ferred to British, 1799. 

Coimbra, Portugal, (Conimbrica,) — murder 
of Inez de Castro at, 1360 — partly destroyed by 
earthquake, 1 Nov. 1755 — the French defeated 
by the English at, 1810. University, trans- 
ferred from Lisbon to, 1308 — permanently, 



35° 



COIMBRA— COLBERT. 



Coimbra, Pietro, Duke of, — fj., 1395 — dis- 
tinguishes himself in expedition against Ceuta, 
1415 — ti-avels in Turkey, Germany, &c, 1417- 
21 — assumes the regency, 1440. 

Coin, Spurious, — a nuisance at Rome, 86. 

Coinage, Bronze, — first in England, 1861. 

Coinage, Copper, — first in England, 1672. 

Coinage, Gold, — [B C] — first at Rome, 207 — 
[AD" — first in England, 1344, 1257 ? 

Coinage, International, — Royal Commis- 
sion on, appointed in England, 1868 — Report 
published, 16 Oct. 1868. 

Coinage, Silver, — [B C ] — first at Rome, 
269. 

Coining, — counterfeit, prohibited by Acts 27 
Edw. I. c. 3, 1299 ; 17 Edw. III. c. 1, 1343; 
3 Hen. V. st. 1, 1415-16 ; 1 Mar. sess. II. c. 6, 
1553 ; 14 Eliz.c. 3, 1572 ; 8 and 9 Wm III. c. 
26, 1697; 15 Geo. II. c. 28, 1742; 11 Geo. 
III. c. 40, 177 1 ; 14 Geo. III. c. 42, 1774; 
37 Geo. III. c. 126, 1797 ; 39 Geo. III. c. 75, 
1799 ; 43 Geo. III. c. 139, 1803 — former Acts 
repealed by Act 2 \Vm IV. c. 34, 23 May 1832 
— last Act extended to the colonies by 16 and 
17 Vic. c. 48,4 Aug. 1853 — defacing coin by 
advertisements a misdemeanour by Act 16 and 
17 Tic. c. 102, 20 Aug. 1853 — laws conso- 
lidated and amended by Act 24 and 25 Yic. c. 
99, 6 Aug. 1 86 1. 

Coining-press, — invented by Brucker, 1553 
• — use of, established in England, 1662 — new, 
invented by Boulton, 1783. 

Cointe, Charles le, historian,— i. atTroyes, 
1611 — tf. at Paris, 1679^ i68i. b Annates 
ecclesiastics Francorum, 1665-83. 

a Biog. Univ. (Brussels edit.) b Biog. TJnjy. 

Coiny, Jacques Joseph, engraver— -b. at 
Versailles, 1761 — in Italy, 1788-92 — tf. at 
Paris, 28 May 1809. 

Coiter, (Koyter,) Volcher, physician, — b. at 
Groningen, 1534 — caUed to Niirnberg, 1569 
— IS. there, 1576 ? 1590 ? 1600 a ? De ossibus et 
cartilaginibus humani corporis tabulce, 1566 — 
Fxternarum et internarum principalium humani 
corporis partium tabulce, 1572. 

a Biog. "Woordenboek. 

Coke, Sir Edward, Chief Justice op Eng- 
land, — h. at Mileham, Norfolk, 1 Feb. 155 1-2 



— enters Tnn. Coll. Cambridge, 



1567— ad- 



mitted to the Inner Temple, 24 Apr. 1572- 
called to the Bar, 20 Apr. 1578 — recorder of 
Norwich, 1586 — recorder of London, Jan. to 
Jun. 1592 — Solicitor-general, Jun. 1592 — M.P. 
Norfolk, 1593 — elected Speaker, Apr. 1593 — 
Attorney-general, Apr. 1594 — conducts prose- 
cution of Essex and Southampton, Feb. 1601 — 
Km, by James L, May 1603 — conducts prose- 
cution of Raleigh, 1603 — Chief Justice of the 
Common Pleas, 30 Jun. 1606 — Chief Justice of 
the King's Bench, Oct. 16 13 — Privy Councillor, 
Nov. 1 6 1 3 — High Steward of University of Cam- 
bridge, Jun. 1 6 14 — dismissed from Privy Coun- 
cil, 30 Jun. 1616 —discharged from office of Chief 
Justice, 15 Nov. 1616 — reinstated as Privy 
Councillor, Sep. 1617— joint-commissioner for 
executing office of Lord High Treasurer, 21 
Jul. 161 8— M.P. Liskeard, 1620 — one of the 
managers of the impeachment of Bacon, 1621 



— imprisoned in the Tower, 27 Dec. 1621 to 6 
Aug. 1622 — M.P. Norfolk, Apr. 1625 — M.P. 
Buckingham, Mar. 1628 — suggests and gets 
carried the Petition of Right, Mar. to Jun. 
1628 — ts. at Stoke Pogis, Bucks, 3 Sep. 1633. 
Coke upon Littleton, or the First Institute, 1628 
— Second, Third, and Fourth Institutes, 1640 — 
Complete Copyholder, 1640 — Heading on Fines, 
1662 — Reports, 1600-15. 

Cola, Gennaro di, painter, — b., about 1320 
— tf., about 1370. 

Cola di Rienzi. [Rienzi.] 

Colardeau, Charles Pierre, poet, — b.at Jan- 
ville, 12 Oct. 1732^ i735 b — member of French 
Academy, 1776 — ts. at Paris, 7 Apr. 1776. 
(Euvres, 1779. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Colaud, Claude Silvestre, Count, general, — 
b. at Briancon, 11 Dec. 1754 — captain in the 
army, 1792 — aide-de-camp to Kellermann, 
serves in Prussian campaign, 1792— wounded 
at battle of Hondschoote, 1793 — General of 
Division ; distinguishes himself in the campaign 
of 1796 — commands under Hoche, invests 
Mentz, 1797 — commander in Belgium, 1798 — 
takes part under Moreau in campaign of Ho- 
henlinden, 1800 — Senator, Feb. 1801 — Peer of 
France, by Louis XVIII. , 4 Jun. 18 14 — ts. at 
Paris, 3 Dec. 1819. 

Colberg, in Prussia, — taken , by Gustavus 
Adolphus, 1630 — surrendered to Russians, 16 
Dec. 1761 — unsuccessfully attacked by French, 
1807. 

Colbert, Auguste Marie Francois, general, 
— b. at Paris, 18 Oct. 1777 — aide-de-camp to 
General Grouchy, 1795-6 — to Murat, follows 
him to Italy, 1796 — distinguishes himself in 
expedition of Egypt, 1798 — wounded at siege 
of Acre, May 1799 — distinguishes himself at 
Marengo, Jun. 1800 — General of Brigade, 
1805 — contributes to the victory of Jena, Oct. 
1806 — takes part in expedition of Spain, 1808 
— killed in battle, 3 Jan. 1809. 

Colbert, Jean Eaptiste, statesman, — b. at 
Rheims, 29 Aug. 16 19 — enters service of Car- 
dinal Mazarin, Nov. 1648 — Councillor of State, 
1648 — marries, 13 Dec. 1648 — follows Mazarin 
in campaigns of the Fronde, 1649-50 — Intend- 
ant of House of Duke of Anjou, 1652 — envoy to 
Rome, 1659 — Intendant of Finances, 1661 — 
founds Academy of Inscriptions, 1663 — founds 
Academy Royal of Painting, &c, 1664 — founds 
companies of the Indies, 1664 — projects canal 
of Languedoc, 1666-80 — founds Academy of 
Sciences, 1666 — founds Observatory of Paris, 
1667 — Controller-general, 1667 — Minister of 
the Navy, 1669 — founds Academy of" Architec- 
ture, 167 1 — promotes the treaty of Nimeguen, 
1678 ? — follows Louis XIV. to the Netherlands,- 
1679 — tf. at Paris, 6 Sep. 1683. 

Colbert, Jean Baptiste, Marquis de Seign- 
elay, — b. at Paris, 165 1 — Secretary of State, 
1676 — accompanies expedition to Genoa, 1684 
— accompanies fleet sent against allied English 
and Dutch, 1688 — again, 1690 — "is., 3 Nov. 
1690. 

Colbert, Jean Baptiste, Marquis de Torcy, 
diplomatist, — b. at Paris, 14 Sep. 1665 — ■ 



COLBY— COLIGNI. 



35 = 



Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1688— Superin- 
tendant-general of the posts, 1699 — honorary 
member of Academy of Sciences, 17 18 — ft., 2 
Sep. 1746. Me'moires pour servir d Vhistoirc 
ties negotiations, §c., 1756. 

Colby, Thomas, general, — ft. at Rochester, 1 
Sep. 1784 — Second Lieutenant of Engineers, 
1 80 1 — assistant to the Ordnance Survey, 1802 
— Captain, 1807 — employed in survey of Scot- 
land, 1813-16 — F.R.S., 1820 — superintendent 
of the Survey, 1820 — Major, 1821 — employed 
in survey of Ireland, 1824 — Lieutenant-colonel, 
1825 — resumes survey of Scotland, 1838 — 
Major-general, 1846 — ft. at Liverpool, 9 Oct. 
1852. 

Colchester, — besieged and takenby Royalists, 
1648 — surrenders to Fairfax, 28 Aug. 1648. 

Colchester, Charles Abbot, Lord, — b. at 
Abingdon, 14 Oct. 1757 — enters Oxford Univ., 
1775 — at Geneva, 1781 — B.C.L., Vinerian 
Scholar, 1783 — M.P. Helston, Jun. 1795 — 
chairman of Committee on Public Finances, 
Mar. 1797 — Superintendent of Eoyal Record 
Commission, 1800-17 — proposes a Census Bill, 
19 Nov. 1800 — Speaker of House of Commons, 
10 Feb. 1802 to 30 May 1817 — Baron Col- 
chester, 3 Jun.— "a", in London, 8 Way 1829. 

Golden, Cadwallader, natural philosopher, 
■ — b. at Dunse, Scotland, 1688 — settles in 
Pennsylvania, 1708 — Lieutenant-governor of 
New York, 1761-75 — ft. in Long Island, 1776. 
History of the five Indian nations, 1747 — 
Plantce Novceboracenses, (in Acta TJpsaliensia,) 

1743-4- 

Cole, William, antiquary, — b. in Cambridge- 
shire, 3 Aug. 17 14 — enters Cambridge Univ., 
25 Jan. 1733 — M.A., 1740 — takes holy orders, 
1745 — F.S.Ai, 1747 — accompanies Horace 
Walpole to France, 1765 — ft. at Milton, Cam- 
bridgeshire, 16 Dec. 1782. 

Colebrooke, Henry Thomas, orientalist, — b. 
in London, 15 Jun. 1765— enters service of the 
East India Company, 1782— Chief Justice of 
Supreme Court, 1805 — Pres. Asiatic Society of 
Bengal, 1806-15 — returns to England, 1815 — 
originator and President of Asiatic Society, 
1823 — ft. in London, 10 or 18 Mar. 1837. With 
Lambert, Remarks on the Agriculture and Com- 
merce of Bengal, 1794 — Digest of Hindu Laio 
on Contracts and Successions, 1797 — Grammar 
of the Sanscrit Language, 1 805 — Amera Cosha, 
§c, 1808 — Essays, 1837. 

Coler, Johanii Christoph, bibliographer, <$c, 
— b. in Thuringia, 169 1 — court preacher, 
"Weimar, 173 1 — ft. there, 7 Mar. 1736. 

Coleridge, Hartley, poet, — b. at Clevedon, 
near Bristol, 1796 — enters Merton College, 
Oxford, 1815 — ft. at Rydal, Westmoreland, 6 
Jan. 1849. Poems, 1851 — Biographia Borealis, 
1833. 

Coleridge, Henry Kelson, miscellaneous 
writer, — b., about 1800 — B.A. Cambridge, 
1823 --M.A., 1824 — called to the bar, 24 
Nov. 1826 — marries his cousin, Sara Cole- 
ridge, 1829 — ft., 26 Jan. 1843. Introduction 
to the study of the Greek Classic Poets, 1830 
■ — Specimens of the Table Talk of S. T. Cole- 
ridge, 1835 — edits Literary Remains of S. T. 



Coleridge, 1836 — edits Confessions of an In- 
quiring Spirit, 1840. 

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, philosopher, the- 
ologian, poet, — b. at Ofctery St' Mary, Devon- 
shire, 21 Oct. 1772 — enters Jesus College, Cam- 
bridge, 179 1 — quits the Univ., 1792— marries, 
and settles at Nether Stowey, 1795 — studies 
in Germany, 1798 — secretary to Sir Alexander 
Ball, Governor of Malta, May to Oct. 1804 — 
lectures at the Royal Institution, 1808 — settles 
in London, 18 10 — enters the family of his 
friend Gillman at Highgate, soon after — As- 
sociate of Royal Society of literature, 1825 — ■ 
ft. at Highgate, 25 Jul. 1834. Poems, 1794, 
1796 — The Friend, 1812 — Remorse, 181 3 — ■ 
Christabel, 18 16 — Biographia Literaria, 18 17 
— Constitution of Church and State, §c., 1830 
— Aids to Reflection, 1825 — Notes and Lectures 
upon Shakespeare, §c., 1849 — Confessions of 
an Inquiring Spirit, 1840 — Essays on his own 
Times, 1850 — Treatise on Method, 1848 — 
Theory of Life, 1849 — Specimens of his Table 
Talk, 1835. 

Coleridge, Sara, miscellaneous writer, — b. at 
Keswick, 1803 — marries Henry Nelson Cole- 
ridge, 1829 — ft. in London, 3 May 1852. 
Account of the Abipones, $■<?., (translation,) 1822 
— Phantasmion, 1837 — edits her father's (S. T. 
Coleridge's). ^hVfo to Reflection, 1843 — edits his 
Notes on Shakespeare, §c, 1849 — and his Essays 
on his own Times, 1850. 

Coles, Cowper Phipps, Captain, R. N, — ■ 
b., about 1819 — enters the navy, 1831 — takes 
part in assault on Sebastopol, Oct. 1854 — in- 
vents the turret-system, 1855-60 — superintends 
conversion of Royal Sovereign, 1863-4 — designs 
and constructs the Captain, 1866-70 — perishes 
with the Captain, off Cape Finisterre, night of 
6-7 Sep. 1870. 

Colet, John, theologian, — b. in London, 1466 
— enters Oxford Univ., 1483 — M.A., 1490 — 
travels in France and Italy, 1493-7 — pre- 
bendary of York, 1497 — of Salisbury, 1502 — 
D.D., 1504 — prebendary, dean of St Paul's, 
1505 — founds St Paul's School, 15 12 — ft. in 
London, 16 Sep. 15 19. Construction of the 
eight parts of Speech, §c, 1530 — Rudiment a 
Grammatices, 1539. 

Coleti, Nicolas, ecclesiastical antiquary, — b. 
at Venice, about 1680 — ft., 1765. Edits Italia 
Sacra of F. Ughelli, 1717-33 — edits Labbe's 
Collection of Councils, 1728. 

Colette, St, monastic reformer, — b. in Ti- 
cardy, 1380 — ft. at Ghent, 6 Mar. 1446 — ca- 
nonized by Pius VII., 3 Mar. 1807. 

Coligni, Francois de. [Bandelot.] 

Coligni, Gaspard de, Marshal of France, 
— follows Charles VIII. to Naples, 1494 — 
follows Louis XII. to Milan, 1499 — commands 
at battle of Agnadello, 1509 — at Marignan, 
15 15 — Marshal of France, by Francis I., 5 Feb. 
15 16 — assists at interview between Francis I. 
and Henry VIII., 1520— ft. at Acqs, 24 Aug. 
1522. 

Coligni, Gaspard de, admiral, — b. at Cha- 
tillou-sur-Loing, 16 Feb. 15 17 — Chevalier, at 
battle of Consoles, 1544 — Colonel-general of 
French infantry, 1547 — Admiral of France, 11 



352 



COLIGNI— COLLIN DE BAE. 



Nov. 1552 — distinguishes himself at battle of 
Rcnti, 1554 — captured by the Spaniards at St 
Quentin, 1557 — defeated by the Duke of Guise 
at Dreux, 1562 — commands with Conde at 
battle of St Denis, 1567 — defeated at Jarnac, 
1569 — at Moncontour, Oct. 1569 — massacred 
at Paris, 24-5 Aug. 1572 — his remains trans- 
ferred from the family tomb at Chatillon to the 
estate of the Marquis of Montesquiou-Fezenzac, 
1786. 

Coligni, Gaspard de, Marshal of France, 
— fc., 26 Jul. 1584 — Marshal, 1622 — commands 
in Savoy, 1630 — in Flanders and Picardy, 
1635-8 — in Piedmont, 1639 — defeated by 
Count Soissons at battle of Marfee, 1641 — ty., 
4 Jan. 1646. 

Coligni, Odet de, Cardinal, — rj., 10 Jul. 
1515,* I5i7 b — Cardinal, by Clement VII. , 7 
Nov. 1533 — Abp of Toulouse, 1524 — Bp, 
Count of Beauvais, embraces doctrine of Calvin, 
1525 — excommunicated by Pius IV., 31 Mar. 
1563 — takes part in battle of St Denis, 1567^ 
5j. at Hampton, 14 Feb. 157 1. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Colignon, Francois, engraver, — ft. at Nancy, 
about i6io, a i62i bc — goes to Rome, 1640 — 
Xf., i67i. ae a Biog. Univ. 

b Nagler. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Colin, Alexander, sculptor, — fj. at Mechlin, 
I520, a 1526 b c — called to Innsbruck by Fer- 
dinand I„ 1563 — court sculptor, 1566 — rj. at 
Innsbruck, 17 Aug. 1612. Mausoleum of 
Maximilian I., 1563-6 — Fountain at Vienna, 
1577 — Monument to Archduchess Philippine, 
158 1. a Biog. Univ. 

b Engl. Cyc. c Nagler. 

Colines, Simon de, printer, — Is. at Paris, 
about 1546. Grammatographia, 1541. 

Coliseum. [Colosseum.] 

Collado, Didace, a (Diego, b ) Dominican, — ft. 
in Estremadura, about 1590 — goes to Japan, 
i6i9, a 1621 b — fj. at Manilla, 1638. Ars 
gramm. Japonicce linguce, 1632 — Dictionnarium 
sive thes. linguce Japonicce compend., 1632. 
a Biog, Univ. b Chalmers. 

Collaert, Adrian, designer, engraver, — b. at 
Antwerp, about 1520 — Ty. there, 1567. 

Collaert, Jan, engraver, — b., about 1540 — rj., 
after 1622. 

Collalto, Antonio, mathematician, — ft. at 
Venice, about 1750 — Prof. Mathematics, Paris, 
1805 — rj. at Padua, 20/ 16 b Jul. 1820. 
Identitd del calcolo differ enziale, §c, 1802 — 
Geometria analitica a due e tre coordinate, 
1809. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gi-uber. 

Collantes,Francisco,i?^^r, — b. at Madrid, 
1599 — rj. there, 1656. 

Colle, Charles, dramatist, $c., — b. at Paris, 
1709 — is. there, 3 Nov. 1783. Theatre de 
Soeiiti, 1768 — Recueil de chansons, 1807. 

Colle, Jean Theodore, general, — b. in Lor- 
raine, 17 May 1734 — enters the army, Apr. 
1753 — distinguishes himself at affair of Ens- 
dorff, 16 Jul. 1760 — Chevalier of St Louis, 
1781 — General of Brigade, 19 May 1793 — 
member of Legion of Honour, 26 Mar. 1804 — 
if. at Nancy, 22 Sep. 1806. 

Colle, Raffaelino del, painter, — b. at Colle, 



near Borgo San Sepolcro, 1490 — enters service 
of Vasari, 1536 — ft. at Borne, after 1540,* 
1546^ 1530.° a Biog. Univ. 

b Biog. Catalogue. c Ersch and Gruber. 

Collega, Sex. Pompeius, — Consul with. Corn. 
Prisons, (846, a. tj. c.) 93. 

College de France, College Royal,— founded 
by letters patent of Francis I., 24 Mar. 1529. 

Collenuccio, Pandolfo, historian, $c., — ar- 
rested, killed by Sforza, n Jul. 1504. His- 
tory of the Kingdom of Naples, 1539 — Age- 
norice, 1497. 

Collerye, Roger de, poet, — b. at Paris, 
about 1460 — is., after 1536. (Euvres, 1536. 

Collet, Joseph, admiral, — fj. at St Denis de 
Bourbon, 29 Nov. 1768 — enters the navy, 
1790 — serves in Egyptian expedition, 1801 — • 
distinguishes himself in engagement near the 
Isle of Aix, against Lord Hood, 25 Sep. 1806 
— serves at Antwerp, 1811-14 — is. at Toulon, 
Oct. 1828. 

Colletta, Pietro, historian, — b. at Naples, 
23 Jan. 1775 — officer of Artillery, 1798 — im- 
prisoned, 1799 — Councillor of State, 18 14 — 
Major-general of the army, 18 15 — settles at 
Florence, 1820 — Is. there, 11 Nov. 1833. 
Storia del reame di Napoli, §c, 1834. 

Colli, Baron de, general, — b. at Alexandria, 
1760 — Lieutenant-general, 1792 — defeats 
French at Baus, Jun. 1793 — defeated by French 
at Loano, 1795 — Is., 1812. 

Collibus, Hippolytus A., jurist, — fj. at 
Zurich, 20 Feb. 1561 — Is., 21 Feb. 1612. 
Princeps consiliarius-palatinus, 1670 — Incre- 
ment a JJrbium, 167 1. 

Collier, Jeremy, theologian, — b. at Stow 
Qui, Cambridgeshire, 23 Sep. 1650 — enters 
Cambridge Univ., 1669 — M.A., 1676 — settles 
in London, 1685 — imprisoned, 1688 and 1692 
— outlawed, 1696 — rj. in London, 26 Apr. 1726. 
The Desertion discussed, 1688 — Essays upon 
several moral subjects, 1697, 1705, and 1709 — 
Short View of the immorality and profaneness 
of the English Stage, $c, 1698 — translation of 
Moreris Historical Dictionary, 1 701 -21 — Ec- 
clesiastical History of Great Britain, 1708-14. 

Collieries, [Coal,] — firing them made felony, 
by Act 10 Geo. II. c. 32, 1737 — 'limitation of 
the Vends,' agreed to, by owners in Durham 
and Northumberland, 1771 — comes to an end, 
1 845 — employment of females in, prohibited by 
Act 5 and 6 Vic. c. 99, 10 Aug. 1842 — in- 
spection of, provided for, by Act 13 and 14 
Vic. c. 100, 14 Aug. 1850 — new provisions by 
Acts 18 and 19 Vic. c. 108, 14 Aug. 1855, 
and 23 and 24 Vic. c. 151, 28 Aug. i860. 

Collimator, Floating, — invented by Captain 
Kater, horizontal, 1825 — vertical, 1828. 

Collin, Heinrich Joseph, poet, — rj. at 
Vienna, 26 Dec. 1772 — rj. there, 28 Jul. 181 1. 
Trauerspiele, 1828 — Gedichte, 1812. 

Collin, Richard, engraver, — b. at Luxem- 
burg, 1627 — Is., about 1690. 

Collin de Bar, Alexis Guillaume Henri, 
historian, — b. at Pondicherry, 1768 — goes to 
France, 1803 — Chevalier de St Michel, 1817- - 
tf. at Paris, 2 Jul. 1820. Histoire de V hide 
ancienne et moderne, 18 14. 



COLLIN D'HAELEVILLE— COLLOT D'HEEBOIS. 



353 



Collin d'Harleville, Jean Francois, dra- 
matist, — b. at Maintenon, 30 May 1755 — 
member of the Institute, 1796 — if. at Paris, 24 
Feb. 1806. Theatre et poesies fugitives, §c, 
1805. 

Collingwood, Cuthbert, Lord, admiral, — 
b. at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 26 Sep. i75o, a 
1748 b — enters the navy, 1761 — follows Admiral 
Graves to America, 1774— Lieutenant, after 
battle of Bunker Hill, 1775 — sent to the West 
Indies, 1783-6 — takes part in Lord Howe's 
victory over the French, off Ushant, 1 Jun. 
1794 — distinguishes himself at the battle of 
Cape St Vincent, 14 Feb. 1797 — Eear-admiral, 
1799 — Admiral, 1804— second in command at 
Trafalgar, 21 Oct. 1805 — Peer, 1805 — if. at 
sea, 7 Mar. 1810. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Collini, Cosmo Alessandro, miscellaneous 
writer, — b. at Florence, 14 Oct. 1727 — secre- 
tary to Voltaire, 1752-56 — to Elector Palatine 
of Bavaria, 1759 — if. at Manheim, 22 Mar. 
1806. Discours sur Vhistoire d Allcmagne, 
1 76 1 — Journal d'tm voyage, 8$c., 1776- — Mon 
sejour aupres de Voltaire, <§c, 1807. 

Collino, Ignacio Secondo Mario, sculptor, — 
b. at Turin, 1724 — if. there, Dec. 1793. St 
Sebastian, 1750. 

Collins, Anthony, 'free-thinker] — b. in 
Middlesex, 21 Jun. 1676 — visits Holland, 171 1 
— treasurer of the county of Essex, 1718— if. in 
London, 13 Dec. 1729. Triestcraft in per- 
fection, 1709 — Discourse on Free-thinking, 
17 1 3 — Philosophical Inquiry concerning Li- 
berty and Necessity, 17 15 — Grounds and 
Reasons of the Christian Religion, 1724 — 
Scheme of Literal Prophecy, 1726. 

Collins, Arthur, miscellaneous writer, — b., 
1682 — if. at Battersea, 16 Mar. 1760. History 
of the Peerage of England, 1709 — Baronetage^ 
1720. 

Collins, John, mathematician, — b. at Wood 
Eaton, 5 Mar. 1624— F. B. S., 1667 — if. in 
London, 10 Nov. 1683. Commercium epistoli- 
cum, §c, de analysi promota, 17 12. 

Collins, Samuel, physician. State of Rus- 
sia, 167 1 — System of Anatomy, 1685. 

Collins, William, poet, — b. at Chichester, 25 
Dec. 1720 — enters Winchester College, 1733 — 
enters Oxford Univ., 1739 — goes to London, 
1744 — if. at Chichester, 1756. Odes, 1746 — 
Persian Eclogues, 1742. 

Collins, William, painter, — b. in London, 
18 Sep. 1787 — student of Eoyal Academy, 
1807 — E.A., 1820 — visits Italy, 1836-9— if. in 
London, 17 Feb. 1847. Nutting Party, 1831 
— Shrimpers, 1831 — Prawn Fishers, 1843. 

Collinson, John, — if., 27 Aug. 1793. His- 
tory and Antiquities of the County of Somerset, 
1791. 

Collinson, Peter, natural philosopher ; §c, — 
b. in Westmoreland, 3 probably in London, b 14 
Jan. 1693-4— F.E.S., 1728— F.S.A., 1737— 
if. in Essex, 11 Aug. 1768. 

a Biog. Univ. b Bees' Cyc. 

Collodion process, in photography, — dis- 
covered and applied by Archer, 1847 — by Le 
Gray, 1 849 — published by Archer in the 



'Chemist,' Mar. 1851 — made public by Le 
Gray, Sep. 1852. 

Colloredo, Jerom, — b., 1582 — at battle of 
Liitzen, 1632 — commands in Bohemia, defeated 
by the Saxons, 3 May 1632 — killed at siege of 
St Omer, 1638.' 

Colloredo, Johann Baptist, Count Wald- 
see, — distinguishes himself under Archduke of 
Austria at battle of Leipsic, 1642 — enters the 
service of Venice, 1648 — falls, defending Candia 
against the Turks, Oct. 1649. 

Colloredo, Rudolph, Count Waldsee, 
Field Marshal, — b., 2 Nov. 1585 — charged 
by Wallenstein to occupy castle of Weissenfels, 
1632 — distinguishes himself at battle of Liitzen, 
1632 — defends Prague against the Swedes, 
1648 — if., Governor of Prague, 24,* 27 b Jan. 
1657. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Colloredo - Mansfeld, Franz Gundacker, 
Prince oe, statesman, — b., 28 May 17 31 — 
envoy to Court of France, 1760 and 1764 — ■ 
ambassador to Spain, 1767-70 — Vice-chancel- 
lor, 1789 — Grand Chamberlain of the Em- 
peror, 1796 — if., 27 Oct. 1807. 

Colloredo-Mansfeld, Hieronymus, Count 
von, general, — b. at Wetzlar, 30 Mar. 1775 — ■ 
enters the army, 1792 — serves in expedition 
under Duke of Brunswick against France, 1792 
— at siege of Conde, at blockade of Dunkirk, 
1793 — serves under Wiirmser in campaign of 
1796 — Major-general, 1 Sep. 1805 — com- 
mands under Prince Charles, in Venetia, 1 805 
— distinguishes himself at Verona, 12 May 1809 
— commands left wing of allied army at Leipsic, 
17-18 Oct. 1 81 3 — commander in Bohemia, 
Inspector-general of Infantry, 18 14 — if. at 
Vienna, 23 Jul. 1822. 

Colloredo-Melss und Waldsee, Joseph 
Maria, Count von, field-marshal, — b. at 
Eatisbon, 11 Sep. 1 7 35— distinguishes himself 
at battle of Looswitz, 1 Oct. 1756 — Lieutenant- 
colonel, Oct. 1756— wounded at battle of 
Prague, 6 May 1757 — at Gorlitz, 7 Sep. — 
Field-marshal Lieutenant, 177 1 — accompanies 
Joseph II. to Germany, France, &c, 1777 — 
Director-general of Artillery, 1778 — forms 
corps of Bombardiers, 1786 — Field-marshal, 
12 Oct. 1789 — Minister of State, 1805 — Min- 
ister of War, 1809-14 — if., 26 Nov. 18 18. 

Colloredo-Waldsee, Jerom Franz de Paula, 
Count von, Abp of Salzburg, — b.," 31 May 
1732 — Bp of Gurk, 1762 — Abp of Salzburg, 
14 May 1772 — if., 20 May 1812. 

Colloredo-Waldsee, Rudolph Joseph, Count, 
statesman, — b., 6 Jul. 1706 — Vice-Chancellor 
of the Empire, 1737 — assists at coronation of 
Francis I., 1745 — Prince of Holy Eoman Em- 
pire, 29 Dec. 1763— if., 1 Nov. 1788. 

Colloredo-Wenzel, Joseph, (Johann Ne- 
pomucene Franz, ?) Count von, field-mar- 
shal, — b. at Vienna, 3 Oct. 1738 — enters the 
army, 18 Jun. 1756 — Field-marshal Lieu- 
tenant, 1783 — distinguishes himself at siege of 
Belgrade, 1789 — at battle of Neerwinden, 18 
Mar. 1793 — Field-marshal, 1808 — commands 
army of Italy, 181 3 — if. at Vienna, 5 Sep. 1822. 

Collot d'Herbois, Jean Marie, — b. at Paris, 
about 1750 — deputy to the Convention, Sep. 
23 



354 



COLLUCCIO— COLONNA. 



1792 — envoy to Nice, Dec. 1792 — member of 
Committee of Public Safety ; sent with Fouche 
to Lyons, Nov. 1793 — shot at by Admiral, 23 
May 1794 — President of Convention, 19 Jul. 
1794 — sentenced to transportation, 2 Mar. 
1795 — U. at Cayenne, 8 Jan. 1796. Almanack 
du F. Gerard, 1792. 

Colluccio, Salutato. [Salutato.] 

Collyer, Joseph, engraver, — b. in London, 
14 Sep. 1748 — A.B.A., 1786 — ts. in London, 
24 Dec. 1827. 

Colman, George, dramatist, — b. at Florence, 
28 Apr. 1733 — M.A. Oxford, 1758 — If. in 
London, 14 Aug. 1794. Edits The Connoisseur, 
Jan. 1754 to Sep. 1756 — Plays, 1777. 

Colman, George, dramatist, — b., 21 Oct. 
1762^ 1767 b — ft. in London, 26 Oct. 1836. 
My nightgown and slippers, 1799 — John Bull, 
1805. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Colmar, in France, — raised to the rank of a 
town, 1220 — imperial free town, soon after 
1282 — ravaged by the plague, 1541 — fortified, 
1552 — taken by the Swedes, 1632 — by Louis 
XIV., 1673 — ceded to France by Treaty of 
Eyswick, Sep. 1697. Cathedral built, 1363. 

Colmenares, Diego de, topographical his- 
torian, — tf., Feb. 1 65 1. JFistoria de la insigne 
ciudad de Siegovia, §c, 1637. 

Cologne, (Colonia Agrippina,) — Eoman 
colony, by Claudius, 51— taken by the Franks, 
about 330,* 475, b 462,° 354 d — recovered by 
Julian, about 356 a — made archbishopric, pro- 
bably between 794 and 799 — annexed to the 
"Western Empire, 870 — imperial town, by Otto 
the Great, 95 7, b 949° — besieged by Emperor 
Henry V., 1106 — by Philip of Suabia, 1201 — 
expulsion of the Jews, 1349 and 1429^ 1439 d 
— sides with England against Hanseatic 
League, and is excluded from the League, 1452 
— readmitted to League, 1474 — the Protestants 
expelled, 161 8 — taken by the French, 1794 — 
ceded to them by Treaty of Luneville, 1801^ — 
restored to Prussia, 18 14 — insurrection at, Sep. 
1848 — Exhibition at, opens, 2 Jun. 1865 — 
Liberal Banquet suppressed by Prussian go- 
vernment, 22 Jul. 1865. Cathedral of, com- 
menced by Abp Conrad, 1248. Councils of: 
submission of the Saxons to Charles the Great, 
782 ; .843 — on discipline, 870 ; 887 — for reform 
of the clergy, 1057 ; 11 10 — renewal of excom- 
munication against Emperor Henry V., 11 15 
and 1 118; 1 1 86; 1187; 1247 — publication of 
statutes for the clergy and monks of the pro- 
vince, 1261 ; 1266 — on discipline, 1281 — against 
the Beghards and on discipline, 1307 — on dis- 
cipline, 1310; 1322; 1390 — on discipline, 
1423, 1452, and 1536. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Diet. Geog. Univ. 

c Ersch and Gruber. d Meyer, Conv.-Lex. 

Coloma, Carlos, historian, — b. at Alicante, 
1573 — tt-> I ^37* Guerras de los Estados Baxos, 
1625. 

Colombel, Nicolas, painter, — b. near Bouen, 
1646^ 1644 b? — at Borne, 1682-94? 1692? 
— admitted to the Academy, Mar. 1694 — tf. at 
Paris, 27 May 17 17. a Biog. Univ. b Jal. 

Colombia, 8. America, — republic of, con- 
stituted by union of New Granada and Vene- 



zuela, 17 Dec. 18 19 — Bolivar chosen dictator, 
Feb. 1824 — independence of, acknowledged by 
Great Britain, Jan. 1825 — Venezuela separates 
from, 1829 — resignation of Bolivar, and reunion 
with Venezuela, 1830 — separation into three 
republics, Nov. 1831. [Bolivar.] 

Colombier, Jean, physician, — b. at Toul, 2 
Dec. 1736 — M.D. Paris, 1764,1 1765 b — In- 
spector-general of Military Hospitals, 1780 — 
tf., 4 Aug. 1789. Code de medecine militaire, 
1772 — Medecine militaire, 1778. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Colombiere. [Vulson de la Colombiere.] 

Colombieres, Francois de Briqueville, 
Baron de, — engaged with the Protestants at 
Rochelle, 1568 — falls at defence of St Lo, 1574. 

Colombini, St John, monastic founder, — • 
obtains sanction of Urban V. to institution of 
the Order of Jesuates, Jun. 1367 — Is., 31 Jul. 
1367. 

Colombo, Domenico, poet, — b. near Brescia, 
Jan. 1749 — tf. there, 2 Apr. 1813. F piaceri 
della solitudine, 17 81 — Sciolti campestri, 1796. 

Colombo, Realdo, (Matthceus Realtus Colum- 
bus,) anatomist, — Prof. Logic, Padua, 1540 — 
Prof. Anatomy, Padua, 1544 — Prof. Anatomy, 
Pisa, 1546 — ft., probably 1577. FJe re anato- 
mica, 1559. 

Colomera, Count. [Alvarez, Martin.] 

Colomies, Paul,— b. at Bochelle, 2 Dec. 
1638 — tf. in London, 13 Jun. 1692. Gallia 
orientalis, 1665 — Bibliotheque choisie, 1731. 

Colonia, Domenico da, Jesuit, — b. at Aix, 
(Provence,) 25 Aug. 1660 — ft. at Lyons, 12 
Sep. 1 741. Antiquites de la ville de Fyon, 
1 70 1 — Histoire litter aire de la ville de Fyon, 
$c, 1728-30— Bibliotheque Janseniste, 1752. 

Colonies — [American "War, and names of 
British colonies'] — Secretary of State for the, 
established, 1768 — office abolished, 1782 — ■ 
joined with War department, 1794 — constituted 
third Secretary of State, 1801 — naval defence 
of, further provided for, by Act 28 Vic. c. 14, 
7 Apr. 1865. 

Colonna, JEgidius de, scholastic theologian, 
— b., 1247 — Prior-general of the Augustine 
Order, 1292 — Abp of Bourges, 1296 — )j. at 
Avignon, 22 Dec. 1316. F)e regimine principis, 
printed, 1473. 

Colonna, Antonio, — Prince of Salerno and 
Duke of Amalfi, 1419 — with his brothers, 
seizes the Papal'Treasury, 143 1 — deprived of 
his principality, 1431. 

Colonna, Fabio, {Fabius Columna,) botanist, 
— b. at Naples, 1567 — tf. at Naples, 165CV 1 
1630^ i66o. c Fhytobasanos, 1592 — Minus 
cognitarum rariorumque stirpium descriptio, 
16 1 6 — Sambuca lincea, 16 18. a Biog. Univ. 
b Cbalraers. c Rose Biog. Diet. 

Colonna, Fabrizio, general, — serves in army 
of Charles VIII. of France, 1494 — in Neapo- 
litan army, 1497 — Grand Constable, by Ferdi- 
nand the Catholic, 1507 — enters service of Pope 
Julius II., and is captured by Alfonso d'Este, 
Duke of Ferrara, at battle of Bavenna, 15 12 — 
rescues the Duke from the Papal troops, 15 13 — 
tS., 1520. 

Colonna, Filippi Alessandro, — b. at Rome, 



COLONNA— COLUMBAN. 



355 



1663 — Grand Constable of kingdom of Naples, 
1689— tf., 6 Nov. 17 14. 

Colonna, Fra Francesco, Dominican, — ft. at 
Venice, about 143 3, a 1449 b — D.D. Padua, 
1473 — &• there, JuL 1527. Foliphili hypnero- 
tomachia, 1499. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Colonna, Giovanni, — Cardinal, by Honorius 
III., 1216 — tf., 1245. 

Colonna, Giovanni, — tf. Abp of Messina, 
about 1285. 

Colonna, Guido Giudice delle, — judge at 
Messina, 1276 — follows Edward I. to England, 
1289 — tf., probably at Messina, about 1292. 
Ristoria Troy ana prosayce composita, (print- 
ed,) 1477. 

Colonna, Jacopo, — Cardinal, by Nicholas 
III. ; deprived by Boniface VIII., 1297 — re- 
established, 1305 — tf., 131 8. 

Colonna, Lorenzo Onofrio, Duke of Ta- 
gliaoozzo, Viceroy op Aragon, Viceroy of 
Naples, — marries Maria Mancini, 1 1 Apr. 
1661 — she leaves him, before 1678 — Viceroy of 
Aragon, before 1680 — Grand Cross of the Order 
of Malta, 1680 — tf. at Borne, 15 Apr. 1689. 

Colonna, Marco Antonio, general, — in service 
of Julius II. defends Bavenna, 15 12 — enters 
service of the Emperor Maximilian, and de- 
fends Verona against French and Venetians, 
15 15 — enters service of Erancis I., 1517 — 
killed, before Milan, 1522. 

Colonna, Marco Antonio, the younger, — n., 
1535 — contributes to the peace of Siena, 1557 
— takes command of Papal fleet, 1570 — under 
Don John of Austria contributes to the victory 
of Lepanto, 7 Oct. 157 1 — tf. Viceroy of Sicily, 
2 Aug. 1584. 

Colonna, Mario, poet, — 6. at Borne, about 
1540. Poems, 1589. 

Colonna, Michelangelo, painter, — b., 1600 
— if. at Bologna, 1687. 
Colonna, Ottone. [Martin V.] 
Colonna, Pompeo, — Cardinal, by Leo X., 
1517 — decides election of Clement VII., 1523 
—attempts to carry him off, 1526 — deprived, 
1526 — procures liberation of Clement, and is 
restored, 1527 — tf., 1532. 

Colonna, Prospero, general, — joins Charles 
VIII. in invasion of Naples, 1494 — reconciles 
himself with Frederick of Aragon and assists 
at his coronation, 1497 — charged by Gonsalvo 
to conduct Borgia to Spain, 1504 — obtains 
victory over Venetians near Vicenza, 151 3 — 
enters service of Duke of Milan ; captured by 
the French at Villa-Franca, 15 Aug. 15 15 — 
takes Milan from the French, 15 21 — defeats 
Marshal de Lautrec at La Bicoque, 22 Apr. 
1522 — takes Genoa, 1522 — defends Milan 
against Admiral Bonnivet, 1523 — tf., end of 1523. 
Colonna, Sciarra, — governor of Palestrina, 
surrenders it to Boniface VIII., 1299 — with 
William of Nogaret surprises Boniface at 
Anagni, 7 Sep. 1303 — exiled with the Ghibel- 
lines from Borne, 4 Aug. 1328. 

Colonna, Stephano, — Count of Romagna, 
about 1290 — Senator of Bome, 1328 — submits 
to Government of Rienzi, 1 347 — killed in 
attack on Romans, 1347. 



Colonna, Vittoria, poetess, — fc. at Marino, 
about 1490 — marries Ferdinand, Marquis of 
Pescara, 1507— left a widow, 1525 — meets 
Michel Angelo at Rome, 1536— follows Cardi- 
nal Pole to Viterbo, 1541— returns to Rome, 
autumn 1542— tf. at Rome, close of Feb. 1547. 
Rime spirituali, 1538. 

Colophon, in Asia Minor, — [B C] — taken by 
Gyges of Lydia, about 700 — by Lysimachus of 
Thrace, about 300. 

Colorado, N. America, — bill for the admission 
of, to the Union, vetoed by Pres. Johnson, 16 
May 1866. 

Colosseum, at Rome, — dedicated by Titus, 
80 — repaired by Antoninus Pius, about 150 — 
struck by lightning on the day of the Vul- 
canalia, in the reign of Macrinus, 218 — re- 
stored by Elagabalus, 220 — and by Alex. 
Severus, about 230 — struck again, in reign of 
Decius, 250— last show of wild beasts under 
Theodoric, about 500 — consecrated by Pope 
Benedict XIV., 1750 — arena excavated, 181 3. 

Colossus, of Rhodes, — [B C] — erected by 
Chares, about 290 — broken by earthquake, 224 
— [A D] — fragments bought and carried away 
by a Jew, 672. 

Colotes, Epicurean philosopher, — [B C] — fl.. 
277. 

Colpoys, John, admiral, — enters the navy, 
1766 — commands Boyal George in the Channel, 
1779 — Vice-admiral, 1795 — distinguishes him- 
self in resistance to mutineers at Portsmouth, 
K.B., 1797 — Admiral, 1 Jan. 1801 —Com- 
mander-in-chief, Plymouth, 1803 — Lord of the 
Admiralty, 1804 — Governor of Greenwich 
Hospital, 1 8 16 — tf., 4 Apr. 1821. 

Colquhoun, Patrick, political economist, — fi. 
at Dumbarton, 14 Mar. i745, a 1746 b — goes to 
Virginia, 1761 — returns, settles at Glasgow, 
1766 — Provost of Glasgow, 1782— settles in 
London, Nov. 1789— one of the stipendiary 
Justices of the Peace, 1792 — LL.D, Glasgow, 
1797 — tf., 25 Apr. 1820. Treatise on the Folice 
of the Metropolis, 1796 — Treatise on the Com- 
merce and Folice of the River Thames, §c, 
1800 — Treatise on the Population, §c, of the 
British Empire, 18 14. 

a Chambers' Biog. Diet, b Biog. Univ. 

Colson, Jean Francois Gille, painter, §c, 
— ft. at Dijon, 2 Mar. 1733— goes to Paris, 
1752— tf. there, 1 Mar. 1803. 

Colson, John, mathematician, — 6., about 
1700 — Lucasian Prof. Cambridge, 1739 — tf., 
1760. English edition of Newton's Fluxions, 
1736 — translation of Maria Agnesis Analytical 
Institutions, 1801. 

Colston, Edward, philanthropist, - — ■ ft. at 
Bristol, 2 Nov. 1636 — retires to Mortlake, 
Surrey, 1689— tf. there, 11 Oct. 1721. 

Colt, Samuel, inventor of Revolver,—^, in 
Connecticut, U.S., 18 14 — patents the Revolver, 
1835 — tf. at Hartford, Conn., 1862. 

Columba, St, founder of the Culdees, — ft. in 
Donegal, 521 a — arrives in Iona, 563 *— jfounds 
monastery in Iona, 565 b — tf., 597, ? c 615 ? * 
a Ewing. b Annals of England. c Engl. Cyc. 
d Biog Univ. 
Columban, {Columbanus,) St, founder of 



356 



COLUMBIA— COMENIUS. 



Zuxueil, — b. in Ireland, 543 a — enters monas- 
tery of Banchor; goes to preach in Ganl, 57 3 a 
■ — settles at Luxueil (Luxovium) in Elsass, 590 
— and founds the monastery : his conflict with 
Thierry II. of Burgundy and Brunehaut begins, 
607-8 — expelled from Luxueil, 610 — escapes 
from Besan^on and returns to Luxueil, and is 
again expelled, 610 — inLombardy, 612 — founds 
Abbey of Bobbio ; ft., 21 Nov. 6i5. a 
a Montalembert. 

Columbia, U.S., — occupied by Gen. Sher- 
man, 17 Feb. 1865. 

Columbium, — discovered by Hatchett, 1801. 

Columbus, Bartholomew, — b., about 1437 
— visits Cape of Good Hope, about i486 — ex- 
plains his brother's project to Henry VII., 
1488 — ennobled, by Ferdinand and Isabella, 
1493 — accompanies his brother to St Domingo, 
1494 — accompanies him on his fourth voyage, 
1502 — tf. at St Domingo, 15 14. 

Columbus, (Ital. Colombo, Span. Colon,) 
Christopher, maritime discoverer, — b. in 
Genoese territory, about i445, a i44i, b i447, c 
1436^ 1449^ 1455/ 1430,8 1446-7 11 — settles at 
Lisbon, 1470 — marries, soon after ; corresponds 
with Toscanelli, 1474 — sails beyond Iceland, 
Feb. 1477 (before 1470 ?) — discusses his pro- 
ject with Garcia Fernandez, at monastery of 
Palos, autumn 1484 — serves against Moors at 
siege of Baza, Dec. 1489— unfavourable report 
of committee on his scheme, 149 1 — obtains 
sanction of Ferdinand and Isabella, 17 Apr. 
1492 — sets sail, 3 Aug. 1492 — lands at San 
Salvador, 12 Oct. 1492 — arrives at Palos, 15 
Mar. 1493 — embarks on second voyage, at 
Cadiz, 25 Sep. 1493 — returns, 11 Jun. 1496 — 
embarks on his third voyage, 30 May 1498 — 
arrested at Hispaniola, brought home in chains, 
1 501 — embarks on fourth voyage, 9 May 1502 
— returns, 7 Nov. 1504 — tf. at Valladolid, 20 
May 1506 — his remains taken to St Domingo, 
1536 — removed to cathedral of Havana, 1796. 

a Bossi. b Charlevoix. c Robertson, &c. 
d Navarrete, Humboldt, &c. e Willard. 

f Others. S Ramusio. h Major. 

Columbus, Ferdinand, (Fernando Colon,) 
biographer, geographer, — rj., 15 Aug. 1488 — 
enters the church, about 1530 — &., 8 Jul. 1539. 
Historia del Amirante don Christoval Colomb, 
before 157 1. 

Columella, L. Junius Moderatus, writer on 
Agriculture, — fl., about 25-50. 

Column, — [BC] — beaked, in honour of 
Duilius, erected, 261 — tax on, levied in Syria, 
by Metellus Seipio, 49-8. 

Colvius, Pietro, philologist, — ft. at Brugee, 
1567 — U. at Paris, 1594. Edition of Apuleius, 
1588 — of Sidonius Apolliuaris, 1598. 

Comazon, Eutychianus, — Consul with M. 
Aurelius Antoninus, Aug. (973, a. u. c.) 220. 

Combat. [Gladiators, Wager of Battle.] 

Combe, Andrew, physician, — b. at Edin- 
burgh, 27 Oct. 1797 — commences practice there, 
1823 — Consulting Physician to the king of the 
Belgians, 1836 — ft., 9 Aug. 1847. Principles 
of Physiology applied to the preservation of 
health, 1834 — Physiology of Digestion, 1836 — 
Treatise on the physiological and moral manage- 
ment of Infancy, 1 840. 



Combe, George, phrenologist, §c, — b. at 
Edinburgh, 21 Oct. 1788 — Writer to the Signet, 
1812-37 — introduced to Spurzheim at Edin- 
burgh, 1 8 16 — travels in America, 1838-40 — 
tf., 14 Aug. 1858. Essays on Phrenology, §c, 
1 8 19 — founds Edinburgh Phrenological Jour- 
nal, 1823 — Constitution of Man, $c, 1828 — 
Notes on the United States, §c, 1 840 — Life and 
Correspondence of Dr Andrew Combe, 1 850. 

Combe, Michel, — b. at Feurs, (la Loire,) 
1787 — enters the army, 1802 — at battle of 
Wagram, 1809 — Lieutenant, 181 1 — commands 
battalion of Old Guard at Waterloo, 18 15 — 
goes to America, 1822-30 — Colonel, serves in 
Africa ; killed at taking of Constantine, 1837. 

Combefis, Francois, Dominican, — b. at Mar- 
mande, 1605 — goes to Paris, 1640 — rj. there, 
23 Mar. 1679. S. S. Patrum Amphilochii, 
Methodii, et Andrece Cretensis opera omnia, 
1644 — Dibliothecce Patrum concionatoria, 1662 
— Bibliothecce Grcec. Patrum auctuarium no- 
vissimum, $e. 3 1672. 

Combermere, Stapleton Cotton, Viscount, 
field-marshal, — b. in Denbighshire, 17 
JSov. 1773— enters the army, 26 Feb. 1790 — 
serves in Flanders, 1793 — takes part in con- 
quest of Cape of Good Hope, 1796 — in siege 
of Seringapatam, 1799 — sent to Spain, 1808 
distinguishes himself at Talavera, Jul. 1809 — • 
commander of cavalry of Allies, 18 10 — wound- 
ed at Salamanca, 1812 — Baron Combermere, 
17 May 1814 — declines a pension, 1814— 
Governor of Barbadoes, 18 17 — Commander-in- 
chief in India, 1822 — General, May 1825 — 
takes Bhurtpore, Dec. 1825 — created Viscount, 
1826 — Constable of the Tower, 1852 — Field- 
marshal, 2 Oct. 1855 — tf. at Clifton, 21 Feb. 
1865. 

Combes, Francesco, Jesuit, — b. at Saragossa, 
161 3 — £f. at Acapulco, 1663. Historia de las 
islas de Mindanao, §c., 1667. 

Comedie Francaise, La, — company founded, 
1680 — constitution revised by Acte de Societe, 
(27 Germinal an XII.,) 17 Apr. 1804 — modified 
by decree of Moscow, 15 Oct. 18 12 — again mo- 
dified, 1850 and 1859 — appear in London, 
May 1871. 

Comedy, (Greek,) — [BC] — prohibited at 
Athens, 440 — prohibition repealed, 437 — but 
revived for a short time, about 415 — silenced, 
411 — begins to decline, soon after 406 — only 
one prize, 388 — licence adverted to by Isocrates, 
de Pace, 356— restored by Lycurgus, orator, 
337 — introduced at Borne by Livius Androni- 
cus, 240. Old, lasts from Epicharmus, 500, or 
Cratinus, 458, to Theopompus, 404 (01. 80- 
94). Middle, from Eubulus, 375, to Simylus, 
353 (01. 94-110). New, from Philippides, 
335, to Posidippus, 289, or about 340-260. 

Comeiras, Victor Delpuech de, miscellaneous 
ivriter, — b. at St Hippolyte du Gard, 11 Sep. 
1733 — tr., 29 Mar. 1805. Abre'ge de Vhistoire 
generate des voyages, faits en Europe, 1 804-5 — ■ 
Tableau general de la Russie modcrne, §c, 1802. 

Comenius, Johann Amos, philologist— b. 
near Brunn, in Moravia, 28 Mar. 1592 — 
banished, 1624 — rector of School at Desna, 
Poland, visits England, i638, a 1641 13 — ft. at 
Amsterdam, 11 Kaarden, c 15 Oct. 167 1. Janua 



COMES— COMMON PEAYEE BOOK. 



357 



linguarum reserata, 1631 — Opera didaclica om- 
nia, 1657 — Orbis sensualium pictus, §c, 1659 
— Historiola Ecclesice Slavonivce, 1660. 
a Biog. Univ. 



b Rees' Cyc. and Chalmers. 
c Conv.-Lex. 



Comes, {Count,) — made an honorary title, 
about the time of Constantine, 306-337. 
Comes, Natalis. [Conti, Noel.] 
Comestor, Pierre, (le Mangeur,)—tl. .at Paris, 
ahout 1 1 80. Scolastica historia, §c, (printed,) 

H73- 

Comeyras. [Comeiras.J 

Comgall, {Congel,) $>t, monastic founder, — ft., 
516 — founds abbey of Bangor, (Benchor,) Ire- 
land, about 550 — ft., 10 May 601. 

Comiers, Claude, mathematician, §c, — be- 
comes blind, 1690— ft. at Paris, Oct. 1693. 
Duplication du cube, 1677 — Traite de la parole, 
1690 — Pratique curieuse avec les oracles des 
iSibi/lles, 1690. 

Comines, Philippe de, {Cominceus,) histo- 
rian, — ft. near Menin, Flanders, 1445 — medi- 
ates between Charles the Bold and Louis XI., 
1468 — enters service of Louis XL, 1472 — ar- 
rested, imprisoned at Loches, i486 — accom- 
panies Charles VIII. in expedition to Naples, 
1494 — does homage to Louis XII., 1498 — ft. at 
Argenton, 17 Oct. 1509. M'emoires, 1523-28. 

Comino, Giuseppe, printer, — head of the 
printing establishment of the Volpis at Padua, 
1717 — ft., 1762. 

Comitia Centuriata, of Some,— [B C]— elect 
magistrates without previous sanction of Senate, 
about 482 — shake oif power of the Curiae by 
Publilian Law, 337 — authority changed, by C. 
Flaminius, 22o, a 304, b as early as 396° — vote 
by voting-papers introduced by Lex Gabinia 
tabellaria, 139 — in trials also, by L. Cassius, 
137. [Sulla, Pompey, Julius Csesar, Augus- 
tus.] a Some authorities. 

b Niebuhr and others. c Smith's Diet. 

Cominagene, — [B C] — independent of Syria, 
about ioo. a Antiochus L, 6g h — makes war 
against Pompey, 65 — peace and addition to 
territory by Pompey, 64 — aids Pompey against 
Caesar, 48 — attacked by Ventidius, 38 a — Mi- 
thbidates I. ally of Antony at Actium, 3 1 — An- 
tiochus II. summoned to Eome and put to 
death by Augustus, 29 — Mithmdates II. 
made king, 20 — [A D] — made a Eoman province 
on death of Antiochus III., 17 — Antiochus 
IV., Epiphanes, made king by Caligula, 38 — 
deposed, 39 — restored by Claudius, 41 — serves 
under Corbulo against Tiridates, 59 — recovers 
part of Armenia, 61 — aids Titus against Jeru- 
salem, 70 — deposed, and Commagene finally 
made a Roman province by Vespasian, 72,°- 73- b 
a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. 

Commandino, Pederieo, mathematician, — 
ft. at Urbino, 1509 — ft. at Verona, 3 Sep. 1575. 
Latin translation of the Psammites and Statical 
Treatise of Archimedes, 1558 — Ptolemtfs Plan- 
isphere, (Latin,) 1558 — Archimedes on Floating 
Bodies, 1565 — Geodesy of Mohammed of Bagdad, 
1570 — Euclid in Latin, 1572 — Pappus, 1588. 

Commelin, Isaac, historian, — ft, at Amster- 
dam, 19 Oct. 1598— ft. there, 13 Jan. 1676. 
JLollondsch Placcaat Boek, 1644 — Frederik 
Mendrik van Nassau, $c, 1651 — Begin en voort- 



gang van- de vereenigde Nederlandsche Oost-Ln 
dische Maatschappij, $c., 1646. 

Commelin, Jan, botanist, — ft. at Amsterdam, 
23 Apr. 1629 — Director of Botanical Garden, 
there, 1682— ft. there, 19 Jan. 1692. Cata* 
logus plant arum BZorti medici Amstelodamen- 
sis, §c, 1689. 

Commelin, Jerome, printer, — ft. at Heidel- 
berg, 1598. 

Commelin, Kaspar, botanist, — ft. at Amster- 
dam, 1667 — ft., 25 Dec. 1731. JLorti medici 
Amstelod. rar. plant, descriptio, 1697-1701 — 
BZorti medici Amstelod. planted rariores exoticce, 
1706 — Flora Malabarica, 1696. 

Commendon, Giovanni Francisco, cardinal, 
— ft. at Venice, 1524 — Bp of Zante and Cepha- 
lonia, 1555— Cardinal, by Pius IV., 1565— en- 
voy from Pius V. to Emperor Maximilian, 1569 
— ft. at Padua, 26 Dec. 1584. 

Commerson, Philibert, botanist, — ft. at Cha- 
tillon-les-Dombes, 18 Nov. 1727 — studies 
medicine at Montpellier, 1747 — travels in the 
Alps, 1755— goes to Paris, 1764 — accompanies 
the expedition under Bougainville, Jan. 1767 — 
at the Isle of France, 1768 — ft. there, 1773. 

Commire, Jean, poet, — ft. at Amboise, 1625 
— ft. at Paris, 25 Dec. 1702. Poemata, 1678. 
Commissions of Inquiry, — said to have been 
used in the time of Henry VII., 1485- 1509. 

Committee of Safety, in England, — ap- 
pointed, 9 May and 23 Oct. 1659. 

Committee of Public Safety. [Public 
Safety.] 

Commodianus, poet, — $., about 270.* * cave. 
Commodus, L. lEiius Aurelius, Eoman 
Emperor, — ft., 31 Aug. 161 — Caesar, 12 Oct. 
166 — admitted to sacerdotal colleges, 20 Jan. 
175 — assumes the toga virilis, 7 Jul. 176 — col- 
league with his father in tribunician power, 23 
Dec. 176 — Consul with Qjuintillus, Augustus, 
Pater Patriae, (930, a. u. c.) 177 — serves on 
Upper Danube, Aug. 177, 1 7 8 -'—succeeds his 
father, M. Aurelius, 17 Mar. 180 — unsuccessful 
plot of Lucilla, 1 8 3 — deifies himself as Hercules 
Eomanus, 191 — strangled by Narcissus, 31 Dec. 
192. a Clinton. 

Commodus, L. iEIius Aurelius, — Consul 
with T. Sextius Lateranus, (907, a. u. c.) 154 
— and with M. Aurelius Caesar, (914,) 161. 

Commodus, L. Ceionius, — Consul with D. 
JSfovius Priscus, (831, a. u. c.) 78. 

Common Pleas, Court of, in England, — estab- 
lished as separate Court, and made stationary at 
Westminster, by Magna Charta, 12 15 — appeals 
from, to Exchequer Chamber, under Act 1 Win 
IV. c. 70, 23 Jul. 1830 — business consolidated 
and vested in masters, by Act 1 Vic. c. 30, 12 Jul. 
1837 — thrown open to all barristers of superior 
courts by Eoyal warrant, Apr. 1834 — confirmed 
by Act 9 and 10 Vic. c. 54, 18 Aug. 1846 — juris- 
diction over railway and canal companies con- 
ferred by Act 17 and 18 Vic. c. 31, 10 Jul. 1854. 
Common Prayer Book, — first sketch of, in 
the King's Primer, 1546- — first revision of, under 
Act of Uniformity, 2 and 3 Edw. VI. c. 1, 1549 
—second, under Act 5 and 6 Edw. VI. c. 1, 
1552 — revision, under Act 1 Eliz. c. 2, 1559 — 
under James I., 1604 — under Charles I., 1633 
— under Act of Uniformity, 14 Car. II. c. 4, 



358 



COMMONS— COMPREHENSION. 



1662 — revision of, proposed and rejected, 1689. 

Commons, House of. [Parliament.] 

Commons, Metropolitan, ■ — improvement, 
protection, and management of, provided for by 
Act 29 and 30 Yic. c. 122, 10 Aug. 1866. 

Commonwealth of England,— established on 
death of Charles I., Jan. 1649 — first charter of 
the, drawn up by Council of Officers, Dec. 1653 
— second, ' Petition and Advice,' by the Parlia- 
ment, May 1657 — ends with the Restoration, 29 
May 1660. [Cromwell, Oliver and Richard. J 

Commune, Communal Insurrection. [Paris.] 

Communion, — reduced to three times a year 
by Council of Agde, about 506 — and by Council 
of Tours, 8 1 3 —reduced to once a year (Easter) 
by Lateran Council, 1215 — in one kind, en- 
joined on the laity by Council of Constance, 
1415 — confirmed by Council of Cologne, 1536 
— and by Council of Trent, sess. XIIL, 155 1 
— in both kinds, allowed by Pius IY. in diocese 
of Mentz, 1564 — of children, prohibited by 
Odo, Bp of Paris, in his diocese, 11 75 — and by 
Council of Bordeaux, 1255 — still practised in 
some places, till about i4oo. a a Gieseler. 

Communism. [Owen, Robert ; Saint Simon ; 
Fourier, &c] 

Commutation. [Tithes.] 

Comnena, Comnenus. [Alexis, Anna, An- 
dronicus, David, Isaac, John, and Manuel.] 

Como, (Comum,) in Italy, — [B C] — occupied 
by M. C. Marcellus, 196— colony sent to, by 
C. Pompeius Strabo, 89 ? — and by Jul. Csesar, 
about 55 — obtains the lull Roman jus civitatis, 
49 — [AD] — besieged and burnt by Milanese, 
1 127 — engaged in destructive wars, 1241-1335 
— forms part of territory of Milan, from 

1335- 
Comorn, {Komorn,) in Hmgwy, — fortified by 

Mathias Corvinus, 1472 — taken from Zapolya 
by Archduke Ferdinand, 1527 — fortifications 
renewed by Ferdinand I., 1543 — unsuccessfully 
besieged by Turks, 1594 and 1663 — rebuilt and 
fortified, i8o5, a 1808 b — unsuccessfully at- 
tempted by Napoleon, 1809 — besieged by 
Austrians, Oct. 1848 — capitulates to them, 28 
Sep. 1849. a Engl. Cyc. b Meyer, Cony. -Lex. 

Compact, Family, — concluded by the Bour- 
bons, 15 Aug. 176 1. 

Compactata, of Basel, (or Prague,)— between 
Hussites and Council of Basel, concluded, 20 
Nov. 1433— rejected by Taborites ; accepted by 
Sigismund, 5 Jul. 1436 — declared null by Pope 
Pius II., 1462. 

Compagni, Dino, historian,— -$. at Florence, 
about 1250 — prior, 1289- — Gonfalonier of 
Justice, 1293 — tj. at Florence, 26 Feb. 1323. 
Istoria Piorentina, after 1311. 

Compagnoni, Giuseppe,— b. in Lombardy, 
1754 — member of Legislative Council of Cis- 
alpine Republic, 1796 — rj., 29 Dec. 1834. 
Edits Notizie del mondo, 1787 — Saggio sugli 
Ebrei, e sui Greei, 1792. 

Compagnoni, Pompeo, antiquary, — b. at 
Macerate, 11 Mar. 1693 — studies at Rome, 17 12 
— Bp of Osimo,by BenedictXIV., 1740 — founds 
Academy of Antiquities there, 1747 — »., 25 Jul. 
1 7 74- Memorie istorico-critiche della chiesa e 
aJ 1 vescovi d' Osimo, 1782. 



Compagnoni, Pompeo. Regia Picena, 166 1. 

Companies of Adventure. [Merchant Ad- 
venturers.] 

Companies' Clauses, in Acts of Parliament, 
— consolidation of, effected by Act 8 and 9 Vic. 
cc. 16 and 17, 8 May 1845. 

Compans, Jean Dominique, general, Peer 
of Fuajs t ce, — b. at Saliere (Haute Garonne), 
26 Jun. 1769 — distinguishes himself in the 
army of Italy, 17 98-1 801 — General of Brigade, 
1798 — wounded at battle of Austerlitz, Dec. 
1805 — member of Legion of Honour; dis- 
tinguishes himself at battle of Jena, Oct. 1806 
—in Russian campaign, 1812 — at battle of 
Leipsic, 1 8 1 3 — member of Council of War, 
1 8 14 — receives Cross of St Louis, 18 14 — taken 
prisoner at Waterloo, 18 15 — Peer, 17 Aug. 
181 8— rj., 1838. 

Comparetti, Andrea, anatomist, — ft. at 
Vicinale, (le Frioul,) Aug. 1746 — Prof. Medi- 
cine, Padua; n\ there, 22 Dec. 1801. Obser- 
vationes cle luce infiexa et coloribus, 1787 — 
Observationes anatomicee de aure interna com- 
parata, 1789 — Prodromo di un trattato cli 
fisiologia vegetabile, 1791-99. 

Compass, Mariner's,— mentioned by Guyot of 
Provence, 1 1 90— by Raymond Lully, 1286. 

Compass, Variation, — constructed by Gam- 
bey, Paris, before 1842 — another, invented by 
Swan, 1852. 

Compensation Balance, — invented by Har- 
rison, 1726 — improved by Berthoud, 1760 — ■ 
another, invented by Hardy, 1805. 

Compiegne, in Prance,- — Clotaire I. dies at, 
Xov. 561 — Parliament held, 757 — Louis the 
Debonnaire surrenders to his son Loth aire, 830 
— Louis le Begue crowned at, 8 Dec. 877 — 
Carloman assembles the nobles at, 884 — Louis 
V. crowned at, 986 — Hugh, son of Robert, king 
of France, crowned as associate with his father, 
9 Jun. 1017 — taken by Burgundians, 141 3 — 
surrendered by them to Charles VI., 1414 — 
entered by English and Burgundians, 141 7 — 
occupied by Charles VII., 1423 — besieged by 
English, defended by Joan of Arc, who is 
captured, May 1430 — residence of Charles IV. 
of Spain, 1808 — first meeting of jNapoleon I. and 
Maria Louisa at, 18 10. Councils of, on disci- 
pline, 22 Jun. 756 ; 816 ; 823 — against the Em- 
peror Louis, 1 Oct. 833; 871; 877; 1085 — to 
declare null the marriage of Philip II., king of 
France, with Ingelburga, 4 IS T ov. 11 93— re- 
specting some Royal Articles affecting liberties 
of the Church,- 5 Aug. 1235; 1270; 1278; 

i3 3; i3 2 9- 

Compitalia, — [B C] — public games suppressed 
by senate, 68 — celebrated by Piso, 58 — festival 
restored by Augustus, after 3 1 . 

Complutensian Polyglot. [Polyglot.] 

Compostella, Order of St James of, — in- 
stituted, Jul. 1 1 75 — administration of, assumed 
by Ferdinand and Isabella, 1493 — Grand 
Mastership vested in the crown of Spain by 
bull of Adrian VI., 12 May 1522. 

Comprehension, Scheme of, for Church of 
England, — proposed by Sir Orlando Bridgman, 
1667-8 — again proposed and abandoned, 1674. 
and 1689. 



COMPTON— CONDE. 



359 



Compton, Henry, Bp of London, — fc. at 
Compton, 1632 — enters Queen's Coll. Oxford, 
1649 — takes holy orders, about 1653 — canon of 
Christ-church, 1669 — Bp of Oxford, 1674 — 
Bp of London, Privy Councillor, 1676 — sum- 
moned for contempt by Ecclesiastical Commis- 
sion, 3 Aug. 1686 — suspended, 6 Sep. 1686 — 
joins in invitation to Prince of Orange, 1688 — 
reinstated by William III., 1688 — President 
of Convocation, 1689 — accompanies the king to 
the Hague, 1690 — tf. at Fulhain, near London, 
7 Jul. 17 1 3. 

Compurgation. [Wager of Law.] 

Comtat Venaissin. [Venaissin.] 

Comte, Auguste, philosopher, — b. at Mont- 
pellier, 12 Jan. 1798 — enters the Polytechnic 
School at Paris, 18 14 — becomes disciple of 
Saint-Simon, 18 15 — deserts the Saint-Simo- 
nians, 1825 — Prof. Mathematics at the Ecole 
Polytechnique, 1832 — tf., 5 Sep. 1857. Cours 
de Philosophic Positive, 1839-42 — Traite Ble- 
mentaire de Geometrie Analytique, 1843 — 
Biscours sur V Ensemble dit Posit ivisme, 1848 
— Culte Syste'matique de VPZumanite, 1849 — 
Catechisme Positiviste, 1852 — Systeme de Po- 
litique Positive, 1 85 1-4. 

Comte, Francois Charles Louis, publicist, — 
fc.at Sainte-Enimie, (Lozere,) 25 Aug. 1782 — 
condemned to imprisonment, escapes to Geneva, 
1820 — Prof. Natural Law, Lausanne, 1821 — 
in England, 1823-5 — member of Chamber of 
Deputies, 1831 — rj., 1837. Censeur, 1814-15, 
1818-19 — Traite de legislation crimiuelle, 1827. 

Comte, le. [Lecomte.] 

Comyn, John, Earl of Badenoch, — com- 
petitor for throne of Scotland on death of 
Queen Margaret, Oct. 1290 — joins in submis- 
sion to Edward I., May 1291 — joint Regent of 
Scotland with Bruce, 1299 — defeats the Eng- 
lish at Roslyn, 24 Feb. 1303 — concludes treaty 
with Edward, 4 Feb. 1304 — killed by Bruce at 
Dumfries, 29 Jan. or 10 Feb. 1306. 

Conca, Sebastiano, painter, — ft. at Gaeta, 
1679^ 1676 b — settles at Bome, 1716 — tf. at 
Naples, 1764. a Biog. Univ. b Biog. Catalogue. 

Concan, in Hindustan, — North, ceded to the 
British, 181 7 — South, partly conquered, partly 
ceded to them, 1817-18. 

Concepcion, Chili, — built, 1763 — destroyed 
by earthquake, 1835. 

Conception, Immaculate, of the Virgin, — 
feast of, established in Europe, about 1140 — 
condemned by St Bernard, about 1142 — and by 
Thomas Aquinas, about 1260 — controversy re- 
specting the, revived at Paris, 1384 — confirmed 
by Council of Basel, 143 1 — sanctioned by Coun- 
cil of Trent, 1545-63 — vow to defend, first taken 
by Spanish Orders of Knighthood, 1652 — made 
a dogma of the Bomish Church by Pius IX., 8 
Dec. 1854. 

Conchillos Falco, Joao, painter, — b. at 
Valencia, 1641 — "&., 17 11. 

Conchylius. [Coquille.] 

Concina, Daniel, theologian, — fc. in Friuli, 
about 1686 — tf. at Venice, 21 Feb. 1756. 
Disciplina apostolica monastica, 1739 — Bella 
storia del probabilismo, 1743 — Theolugia Chris- 
tiana dogmatico-moralis, 1746. 



Concini. [Ancre, Marshal D'.] 
Conclave, The, — constituted for election of 
the pope, by Council of Lyons, May to Jul. 
1274 — regulated by bull of Gregory XV., Nov. 
1621. 
Concord, battle of. [Lexington.] 
Concord, Formula of, — drawn up at Torgau, 
1576 — convocation respecting, at Quedlinburg, 
1583 — suppressed in Brandenburg, about 1614 
— new, published in Switzerland, {Consensus,) 

i 6 75- 

Concordance, to the Bible, — first, by Antony 
of Padua, who died, 123 1 — Hebrew, by Rabbi 
Nathan, 1523 — first English, by Marbeck, 
1550. [Cruden, Alex.] 

Concordat, — of Worms, between Calixtus II. 
and the Emperor Henry V., concluded, 8 Sep. 
1 1 22 — between Francis I. of France and Leo 
X. for abolition of the Pragmatic Sanction, 
signed at Bologna, 14 Dec. 1515, i5i6 a — be- 
tween the Emperor Charles V. and Clement 
VII., signed at Barcelona, 29 Jun. 1529 — 
between Ferdinand VI. of Spain and Bene- 
dict XIV., respecting collation to benefices, 
signed at Rome, 11 Jan. 1753 — between Napo- 
leon I. and Pius VII., respecting the organiz- 
ation of worship in France, signed, 15 Jul. 
1801 — ratified, 15 Aug. — between the same, 
signed at Fontainebleau, 25 Jan. 18 13 — re- 
jected soon after by the pope ; with the king of 
the Netherlands, 1827 — between Pius IX. and 
the Queen of Spain, signed at Madrid, 16 Mar. 
1 85 1 b — between the Emperor Francis Joseph 
of Austria and Pius IX., concluded at Vienna, 
18 Aug. 1855 b — abrogated, Jul. 1870. 

a Encyc. Mod. b Ann. Beg. 

Concordia, asteroid, — discovered by Luther, 
24 Mar. i860. 

Condamine, Charles Marie de la, mathema- 
tician, — u. at Paris, 28 Jan. 17 01 — serves at 
siege of Roses, 17 19 — accompanies Bouguer 
and Codin to the Equator to measure degree of 
meridian, 1736-43 — in Italy, 1757 — admitted 
to French Academy, 1760 — "0. at Paris, 4 Feb. 
1774. Relation abrege'e d'un voyage fait dans 
Vinterieur de VAmerique meridionale, 1745 — 
Ba figure de la Terre determinee, §c, 1749 — 
Journal du voyage fait, §c., a Vequateur, 1751 
— BTistoire des pyramides de Quito, 157 1. 

Conde, Jose Antonio, orientalist, historian, 
— h. at Paralija, (Cuen^a,) about 1765 — archi- 
vist of the Ministry of the Interior uuder 
Joseph Bonaparte, 1808— quits Spain, 18 13-17 
— rj. at Madrid, i82i, a 20 Oct. i82o. b Be- 
scripcion de Bspana, 1799— Ptistoria de la 
domination de los Arabes en Bspana, 1820-21. 
a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Conde, Louis I. de Bourbon, Prince of, — ■ 
ft. at Vendome, 7 May 1530— serves in expe- 
dition against English at Boulogne, 1550 — ■ 
serves under the Duke of Guise at defence of 
Metz, 1552 — distinguishes himself at St 
Quentin, 1557 — at sieges of Calais and Thion- 
ville, 1558 — quits the court and professes Cal- 
vinism, 1559— sentenced to death at Orleans, 
1560 — discharged by edict of the parliament, 
Dec. 1560^ — recognized as head of the Hugue- 
nots at Orleans, 12 Apr. 1562 — wounded and 



3 So 



CONDE-COKDILLAC. 



captured by Royalists at battle of Dreux, 18 
Dec. 1562 — liberated, 1563 — follows the Queen 
to the siege of Havre, May to Jul. 1563 — 
claims and is refused the post of Lieutenant- 
general of the kingdom, 1563 — unsuccessfully 
attempts to seize the king at Monceaux, 1567 
— blockades Paris, 1567 — indecisive battle of St 
Denis, death of Montmorenci, 10 Xov. 1567 — 
escapes to Eocbelle, 1568 — wounded and taken 
prisoner at battle of Jarnac, and put to death, 
13 Mar. 1569. 

Conde, Henri I. de Bourbon, Prince of, — 
b., 9, a 29 b Dec. 1552 — joins Protestant army, 
1569 — escapes to Germany, 1572 — present at 
siege of Eocbelle, 1573 — seizes Brouage, 1577 
— but loses it again: excommunicated, 1585 — 
takes part in battle of Coutras, 1587 — poisoned 
at St Jean d'Angely, 5 Mar. 1588. 

a Biog. Univ. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Conde, Henri II. de Bourbon, Prince of, — 
b. at St Jean d'Angely, 1 Sep. 1588 — declared 
a prince of the blood, and heir, presumptive of 
the crown, Nov. 1595 — imprisoned in the 
Pastille, 1 Sep. 161 6 — liberated, 20 Oct. 16 19 
— takes Sancerre, 1621 — at siege of Mont- 
pellier, 1622 — commands against the Protest- 
ants in Lauguedoc, unsuccessfully besieges 
Dole, 1636 — and Fontarabie, 1638 — takes 
Salces in Roussillon, 1639 — takes Erne, 1642 
— member of Council of Eegency, 1643 — ft. at 
Paris, n, a 26 b Dec. 1646. 

a Biog. TJniv. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Conde, Henri Jules de Bourbon, Prince of, 
— b. at Paris, 29 Jul. 1643— Grand Master of 
the King's House, 1660 — follows the king to 
sieges of Tournay, Douai, and Lille, 1665 — to 
siege of Dole, 1668 — Marechal de Camp, 1672 — 
Lie ut. -general of armies of the king, Apr. 1673 
— at siege of Pesancon, Apr. 1674 — of Dole, 
May 1674 — at battle of Senef, 1674 — takes 
Limbourg, Jun. 1675 — serves at sieges of Bou- 
chain, 1676 — of Valenciennes and Cambray, 
1677 — of Ghent, 1678 — succeeds his father, 
Dec. 1686 — at sieges of Mons, 1690 — ofNainur, 
1692 — commands army of Flanders, Apr. to 
May 1693 — if. at Paris, 1 Apr. 1709. 

Conde, Louis II. de Bourbon, Prince of, 
the Great. — b. at Paris, 8 Sep. 1 621— bears 
title of Duke d'Enghien till 1646 — enters the 
army, 1638 — at sieges of Arras, 1640 — of Hire, 
1 641 — marries a niece of Cardinal Eichelieu, 7 
Feb. 1 641— at siege of Perpignan, 1642 — de- 
feats Spaniards at Eocroi, 19 May 1643 — takes 
Thionville, 10 Aug. 1643 — seizes Sirek, 1643 
— attacks Imperialists at Friburg, 3-5 Aug. 
1644 — takes Pbilipsbuvg, AVorms, and Mentz, 
1644 — defeats Imperialists at Xordlingen, 3 
Aug. 1645 — takes Wimpfen, Nordlingen, &c., 
1645 — wounded at siege of Mardyck, 1646 — 
takes Dunkirk, 10 Oct. 1646 — succeeds to the 
title on bis lather's death, 26 Dec. 1646 — un- 
successfully besieges Lerida, 28 May to 17 Jun. 
1747 — sent into Flanders, takes Ypres, retakes 
S 1648 — defeats Archduke Leopold be- 
fore Lens, 20 Aug. 1648 — besieges and enters 
Paris, Aug. 1649 — arrested and imprisoned, 18 
Jan. 1650 to i6, a 13 c Feb. 1651 — retires to 
his government of Guienne, Sep. 165 1 — takes 
Montargis, 6 Apr. 1652— defeats Turenne and 



enters Paris, 5, c 2 d Jul. 1652 — retires to 
Flanders and is appointed generalissimo in 
service of Spain, Oct. 1652 — unsuccessfully be- 
sieges Arras, retreats safely, 25 Aug. 1654 — 
defeats and captures Marshal de la Ferte before 
Valenciennes, 16 Jul. 1656 — enters Cambrai 
and compels Turenne to raise the siege, 1657 — 
with Don John of Austria defeated by Turenne 
before Dunkirk, (battle of the Dunes,) 14 Jun. 
1658— restored to royal favour at the Peace of 
the Pyrenees, 1659 — subdues Franche-Comte, 
1668 — takes Dole, 1668 — wounded at the pas- 
sage of the Ehine, 12 Jun. 1672 — defeats 
Prince of Orange at Senef, 11 Aug. 1674 — 
raises siege of Oudenarde, 1674 — drives Monte- 
cuculli across the Ehine, Aug. 1675 — retires, 
1679 — ij. at Fontainebleau, 11 Dec. 1686. 
a Biog. UniT. b Engl. Cyc. 

c Art de Verifier les Dates. d Le Bas. 

Conde, Louis Joseph de Bourbon, Prince of, 
— b. at Paris, 9 Aug. 1736— Chevalier du Saint- 
Esprit, 1752 — governor of Burgundy and Bresse, 
May 1754 — distinguishes himself at battle of 
Hastembeck, 1757 — Marechal de Camp, Feb. 
1758 — Lieut. -general of armies of the king, n 
Aug. 1758 — distinguishes himself at battle of 
Minden, 1759 — at combat of Corbach, 10 Jul. 
1759 — takes Meppen, Sep. 1761 — defeats Duke 
of Brunswick at J ohannisberg, 30 Aug. 1762 — 
takes part in Assembly of Notables, 1787-8 — 
escapes to Brussels, 17 Jul. 1789 — publishes his 
project of rescuing Louis XVI., Jul. 1790— re- 
fuses invitation of the Assembly to return to 
France, his property sequestrated, 1791 — declar- 
ed a rebel, 1 Jan. 1792 — takes part in campaign 
of 1792 — takes village of Berstheim, 1793 — re- 
ceives subsidy from English government, 1795 
— saves Austrian army at Biberach, 1796 — en- 
ters service of Eussia, 1797 — rejoins Austrian 
army, end of 1799 — settles in England, Jun. 
1 80 1 — enters Paris with Louis XVIII. , 4 May- 
1 8 14 — accompanies him to Belgium, Mar. 1815 
— if. at Paris, 13 May 1818. JEssai sur la vie 
du grand Conde, 1806. 

Conde, Louise Adleai'de de Bourbon, Mar- 
chioness of, — b. at Chantiily, 5 Oct. 1757 — 
abbess of Eemiremont, 1786 — quits France, 17 
Jul. 1789 — enters monastery at Martiguy, 27 
Sep. 1797 — enters Benedictine monastery at 
Warsaw, Sep. 1802 — returns to France, 18 15 — ■ 
if. at Paris, 10 Mar. 1824. 

Conder, Josiah, miscellaneous writer, — b. in 
London, 17 Sep. 1789 — becomes proprietor and 
editor of Eclectic Review, 18 14— if., 27 Dec. 
1855. Protestant Nonconformity, 18 18 — Mo- 
dern Traveller, 1824 — edits Congregational 
Hymn-book, 1836 — edits the Patriot, 1832-55. 

Condianus, Sex. Quintilius, — Consul with 
Sex. Quintilius Maximus, (904, a. tj. c.) 151 — 
Consul with L. Fulvius Bruttius Preesens, (933,) 
180. 

Condillac, Etienne Bonnot de, philosopher, 
— b. at Grenoble, 17 15 — admitted to the Aca- 
demy, 1768 — if. near Baugenci, 3 Aug. 1780. 
Essai sur Vorigine des connaissances humaines, 
1746 — Traite des sensations, 1754 — Cours d' 
etudes, 1755 — Traite des systemes, 1749 — La 
Logique, 1780 — Langue des Calculs, 1798. 

Condivi, Ascanio, painter, — b. in Ancona 



CONDOTTIERI— CONFEDERATION. 



3 6r 



about 1520. Life of Michelangelo, 1553. 

Condorcet, Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas de 
Caritat, Marquis de, mathematician, philoso- 
pher, — h. at Saint Quentin, a Ribemont, b in Pi- 
cardy, 17 Sep. 1743 — enters Coll. of Navarre, 
1758 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 25 
Feb. 1769 — visits Voltaire, 1770 — perpetual 
secretary of Academy of Sciences, 177 1 — ad- 
mitted to French Academy, 21 Feb. 1782 — 
deputy to Legislative Assembly, Sep. 179 1 — 
president, 5 Feb. 1792 — deputy to Convention, 
Sep. 1792 — member of the Committee of the 
Constitution, 11 Oct. 1792 — proscribed as Gi- 
rondist, 1793 — D.in prison, at Bourg-la-Reine, 
28 Mar. 1794. Du calcul Lntegral, 1765 — Du 
probleme des trois corps, 1767 — Essai oV analyse, 
1768 — Lettres d'un theologien, 1774 — Esquisse 
des progres de V esprit humain, 1795 — Eloges 
des Acade'miciens, 1799 — Elements du calcul 
des probability, 1804. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen, 

Condottieri. [Grand Company, Sforza, &c] 
Conegliano, Giambattista Ckna da, painter, 
— fl. at Venice, 1493- 15 17. 

Confederate States, N. America, (1 861-66,) — 
constituted by delegates from S. Carolina, Geor- 
gia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, 
and Texas, in convention at Montgomery, 4 Feb. 
1 86 1 — Jefferson Davis elected President, same 
day : bombardment and capture of Fort Sumter, 
12-13 Apr. — denounced by Pres. Lincoln, 15 
Apr. — accession of Virginia, 17 Apr. — the 
ports blockaded, 19 Apr. — Act of Congress 
recognizes war with the United States, 4 May 
■ — accession of Arkansas, 6 May — accession 
of Tennessee, 8 May — neutrality of Great 
Britain proclaimed, 13 May — seizure of tele- 
grams received' in Free States, by Federals, 20 
May — accession of N. Carolina, 20 May — mail- 
service discontinued in, 31 May — neutrality of 
France declared, n Jun. — of Spain, 17 Jun. — 
recognition of, as belligerents, by Great Britain 
and France, 15 Jun. — seat of government trans- 
ferred to Richmond, 20 Jul. — battle of Bull 
Sun, 21 Jul. — commercial intercourse with 
Federal States prohibited by Pres. Lincoln, 16 
Aug. — introduction of passports in the Federal 
States, 19 Aug. — capture of Lexington, 20 Sep. 
— affair of the Trent, 8 Nov. — Davis elected 
Pres. for six years, 30 Nov. 

1862 — surrender of Fort Donnelson to 
Gen. Grant, 16 Feb. — evacuation of Nash- 
ville, 23 Feb. — the Merrimac in Hampton 
Roads, 8 Mar. — evacuation of Centreville and 
Manassas, 8 Mar. — battle of Pittsburg Land- 
ing, 6-7 Apr. — Conscription Act passed by 
Congress, 16 Apr. — capture of New Orleans, 
26 Apr. — evacuation of "Williamsburg, 6 May 
— destruction of Norfolk Navy Yard, 9 May — 
Pres. Lincoln takes possession of all the rail- 
roads, 25 May — evacuation of Corinth, 30 May 
■ — battle of Fair Oaks, 31 May to 1 Jun. — bat- 
tles of the Chickahominy, 25 Jun. to 1 Jul. — 
second battle of Bull Bun, (Manassas,) 28-29 
Aug. — battle of South Mountain, 14 Sep. — 
capture of Harper's Ferry, 15 Sep. — battle of 
Antietam, 1 7 Sep. — Emancipation Proclamation 
of Pres. Lincoln issued, 22 Sep. — Suspension of 
Habeas Corpus Act, 24 Sep. — second Conscrip- 



tion Act, passed, 27 Sep. — battle of Corinth, 3-4 
Oct.— Military exemption Act, passed, 4 Oct. — 
joint intervention of France and England pro- 
posed by Napoleon III., 10 Nov.— declined by 
England, 13 Nov.— battle of Fredericksburg, 
13 Dec. — battle of Murfreesborough, begins, 31 
Dec. 

1863 — proclaimed as being in rebellion, 
and slaves declared free, by Pres. Lincoln, i.Jan. 
— Western Virginia admitted as a State into 
tbe Union, 1 Jan. — siege of Charleston by 
Federals, begins, 7 Apr. — battle of Chancellors- 
ville, 2 May — battles of Gettysburg, 1-3 
Jul.^-surrender of Vicksburg to Gen. Grant, 4 
Jul. — Proclamation of Pres. Davis for putting 
in force the Second Conscription Act, 15 Jul. — ■ 
evacuation of Chattanooga, Sep.— battle of Chi- 
camanga, 19-20 Sep. — the British consuls sus- 
pended and expelled by Pres. Davis, close of Oct. 
— battle of Chattanooga, 24 Nov. — conditional 
amnesty proclaimed by Pres. Lincoln, 9 Dec. 

1864 — capture of Fort Pillow, 13 Apr. — 
battles in Virginia, between Gen. Grant and 
Gen. Lee, early in May — battle of Spottsylvania, 
1 2 May — invasion of Maryland, early in Jul. — 
battle of Petersburg, 30 Jul. — evacuation of 
Fort Powell, 5 Aug. — surrender of Fort Mor- 
gan, to Admiral Farragut, 23 Aug. — evacuation 
of Atlanta, 4 Sep. — battle of Winchester, 19 
Sep. — battles of Cedar Creek, 19 Oct. — march 
of Gen. Sherman through Georgia to Savannah 
begins, 12 Nov. — battle of Nashville, 16 Dec. — 
capture of Savannah by Sherman, 21 Dec. 

1 865— surrender of Fort Fisher, 15 Jan. — 
Conference of Confederate Peace Commissioners 
with President Lincoln and Mr Seward at Hamp- 
ton Roads, 3 Feb. — evacuation of Charleston, 17 
Feb. — of "Wilmington, 22 Feb. — battlebetween 
Gen. Early and Gen. Sheridan in the Sbenan- 
doah Valley, 1 Mar. — the Congress adjourned 
sine die, 18 Mar. — evacuation of Petersburg 
and Bichmond, 2 Apr. — surrender of Gen. Lee 
to Gen. Grant, 9 Apr. — evacuation of Mobile, 
12 Apr. — assassination of Pres. Lincoln, 14 
Apr. — Convention between Gen. Sherman and 
Johnston repudiated by Federals, 21 Apr. — 
surrender of Johnston to Sherman, 26 Apr. — 
restrictions on commerce with States east of 
Mississippi removed by Pres. Johnson, 29 Apr. 
— capture of Pres. Davis and his family, 10 
May — surrender of Confederate forces under 
Gen. Kirby Smith, 26 May — recognition of 
Confederates as belligerents in British ports 
ceases, 2 Jun. — blockade of the ports raised, r 
Jul. — repeal of Secession Ordinance by S. Caro- 
lina Reconstruction Convention, 15 Sep. — repeal 
of same by N. Carolina, 7 Oct. — excepted from 
ordinance restoring Habeas Corpus Act, 1 Dec. 

1866 — Proclamation of Pres. Johnson de- 
claring insurrection at an end, 2 Apr. — general 
amnesty proclaimed by Pres. Johnson, 8 Sep. 
1 867 — all Confederates pardoned and restored to 
constitutional rights, by Pres. Johnson, 25 Dec. 
1868 — end of the war fixed to 17 Aug. 1866 
by decree of Supreme Court, U.S., 28 Feb. 
1870 — general Amnesty Bill passed, Apr. 187 1. 
[Reconstruction.] 

Confederation,Germanic, — constituted, 8 Jun. 
1 8 15 — dissolved, 1866. [Seven "Weeks' War. 



162 



CONFEDERATION— CONQUEST. 



Confederation of the Rhine, — act of, signed 
at Paris, 12 Jul. 1806 — dissolved, Mar. 1813. 

Confession, — of Augsburg, presented by the 
Protestants to Charles V., 25 Jun. 1530. 
(Scotch) General, adopted, 158 1 — a second 
drawn up, 1660. Westminster, adopted, 1643 
— declared by Act of Parliament to be stand- 
ard of faith in Scotland, 1690. 

Conflans, Treaty of, — between Louis XI. of 
France and the League, to put an end to the 
* war of the public good,' signed, 5 Oct. 1465. 

Confucius, {Koong-foo-tse,) moralist, — [B C] 
■ — fl., about 550 ? 450 ? 

Conge d'elire, — for appointment of bishops, 
granted by the sovereign, under Act 25 Hen. 
VIII. c. 20, 1533-4. 

Congleton, Henry Brooke Parnell, Lord, 
statesman, — t>., 3 Jul. 1776 — succeeds to his 
father's estates, 1801 — marries Elizabeth, 
daughter of first Earl of Portarlington, 1801 — 
M.P. Portarlington, 1802 — resigns in a few 
weeks: M.P. Queen's County, 1806-32 — Lord 
of the Treasury in Ireland, 1806 — succeeds to 
baronetcy on death of his brother, 181 2 — 
chairman of Finance Committee, 1828 — Secre- 
tary at War, 1830 — resigns, 1832 — M.P. Dun- 
dee, 1833 — member of Commission on Excise, 
1833 — created Baron Congleton, Aug. 1841 — 
kills himself , 8 Jun. 1842. Principles of Cur- 
rency and Exchange, 1 805 — History of Penal 
Laws against Irish Catholics, 1808 — Financial 
Peform, 1830. 

Congo, Africa, — reached by Diego Cam, 
1484 — Portuguese settlements in, soon after 
1490 — explored by Captain Tuckey, 1816 — by 
Donville, 1832. 

Congregation of the Lord, — formed in 
Scotland, 1557. 

Congregational Union, of England and 
Wales, — established, 1830— -declaration of faith, 
Church order and discipline, adopted, 7, 8, and 
10 May 1833. 

Congregationalists, {Independents,) — rise of 
in England, about 1580. 

Congregations on the Aids, {de Auxiliis,) — 
polemical consultations (conferences) between 
Dominicans and Jesuits begin, 2 Jan. 1598 — 
fourth investigation, Jan. to Jul. 1601 — fre- 
quently renewed, 20 Mar. 1602 to 22 Jan. 
1605 — renewed by Paul V., 14 Sep. 1605 to 1 
Mar. 1606 — continuance of, prohibited by Paul 
V., Aug. 1607. 

Congreve, William, dramatist, — ft. near 
Leeds, Feb. 1670 — tr. in London, 19 Jan. 1729. 
Old Bachelor, 1691 — Love for Love, 1695 — 
Mourning Pride, 1697. 

Congreve, Sir William, Bart.,— fc. in Mid- 
dlesex, 20 May 1772 — invents the rocket, about 
1804 — F.R.S., 181 1 — obtains patent for manu- 
facture of gun-powder, 18 15 — Lieutenant- 
colonel of artillery, 18 16 — attends Grand 
Duke Nicholas on his tour through England, 
1 8 16- 1 7 — obtains patent for manufacture of 
bank-note paper, 18 19 — tr. at Toulouse, 14 
May 1 828. Elementary Treatise on the mount- 
ing of Naval Ordnance, 18 12. 

Congreve Rocket, — invented by Sir William 
Congreve, about 1804. 

Coni, Cuneo, in Piedmont, — unsuccessfully be- 



sieged by the French, 1691 — and by French 
and Spaniards, Sep. to Oct. 1744 — the king of 
Sardinia defeated by Don Philip and the Prince 
de Conti near, 30 Sep. 1744 — surrendered to 
Napoleon, 28 Apr. 1796 — besieged by Aus- 
trians, Nov. 1799— surrendered to them, 5 Dec. 
1799 — again given up to the French, by con- 
vention of Alessandria, Jun. 1800 — occupied 
by Austrians, 26 Jul. 1821 to Sep. 1822. 

Conington, John, classical scholar and trans- 
lator, — b. at Boston, Lincolnshire, 10 Aug. 
1825 — Fellow of Univ. Coll. Oxford, May 1847 
— Prof. Latin, Oxford, Jun. 1854 — tf. at Bos- 
ton, 23 Oct. 1869. Agamemnon of JEscJtylus, 
with translation inverse, 1848 — Works of Vir- 
gil, with commentary , 1858-63 — translations of 
Odes of Horace, 1863 — of JE-neid, 1866. 

Conlie, in Brittany, — Camp of, established 
by Col. Jieratry, Oct. 1870 — occupied by Ger- 
mans, 17 Jan. 1 87 1. 

Connaught, in Ireland, — ceases to be a king- 
dom and is divided into counties under Act 1 1 
Eliz. c. 39, 1590 — unsuccessfully claimed by 
Lord-deputy Wentwortk as belonging to the 
crown, 1634— a jury in Galway fined and im- 
prisoned for setting aside his claim, Aug. 1635.* 
a Lingard. 

Connor, Ireland, — See of, said to be founded 
about 514 — united with Down, by Eugenius 
IV., 1442 — united with Dromore, by Act 3 
and 4 Wm IV. c. 37, 14 Aug. 1833. 

Conolly, John, physician,- — b. in Lincoln- 
shire, 1794 — M.D. Edinburgh, 1821 — Prof. 
Principles and Practice of Medicine, Univ. 
Coll. London, 1828-31 — consulting physician at 
Hanwell Lunatic Asylum, 1839-43 — tr. at Han- 
well, 5 Mar. 1 866. Inquiry concerning the Indi- 
cations of Insanity , 1830 — Construction and Go- 
vernment of Lunatic Asylums, 1847 — Treatment 
of the Insane, 1856 — Study of Hamlet, 1863. 

Conon, naval and military commander, — ■ 
[B Cj — commander at Naupactus, 41 3 — Strate- 
gics at Korkyra, 410 — Strategus with Alki- 
hiades and Thrasybulus, 409 — Strategus to 
supersede Alkibiades, blockaded in Mitylene by 
Callicratidas, defeats him at Arginusae, 406 
— escapes from Lysander at iEgos-potami to 
Evagoras of Cyprus, end of 405 — appointed to 
command Persian fleet, 397 — Pharnabazus 
appointed his colleague, 395 — defeats Spartans 
under Peisander off Cnidus, before 14 Aug. 
394 — with Pharnabazus harasses Peloponnesian 
coast, takes Kythera, spring 393 — begins re- 
storation of Long Walls and fortifications of 
Peiraeeus, 393 — imprisoned by Tinbazus, 392 
— ft. at Cyprus, about 390. 

Conon, mathematician, astronomer, — [B C] — 
ft., about 283-222. 

Conon, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 79, 
3,) 462. 

Conon, {Quenes,) poet, captain, — goes to 
court of France, 11 80 — joinsihe Crusade, 1190 
— returns with the French knights ; joins the 
Crusade again, 11 98 — grand master of the 
wardrobe to Baldwin, Emperor of Constantin- 
ople, 1204 — Regent on death of Emperor 
Henry, 1216 — ft., soon after Mar. 1221. 

Conquest, John Trickey, physician, — h., 
about 1789— M.D. Edinburgh, 18 13— settles 



CONRAD I.— CONSTABLE. 



363 



in London, 18 14 — o% in Kent, 24 Oct. 1866. 
BToly Bible, with Emendations, 1841. 

Conrad I., King op Germany, — elected, 
while Count of Franconia, to succeed Louis IV., 
Sep., :l before 29 Oct. b 911 — tf. of wound re- 
ceived in battle with the Huns, 23 Dec. 918. 
a Biog. Univ. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Conrad II., {the Salic,) King of Germany, 
Emperor of the Romans, — succeeds Henry 
II., 1024— crowned at Mentz, 8 Sep. 1024 — 
crowned King of Italy at Milan, and again at 
Monza, spring 1026 — crowned Emperor, and his 
wife Empress, by the Pope at Rome, 26 Mar. 
1027 — crowned King of Burgundy on death of 
Rudolph, Feb. 1033 — war with Eudes, Count of 
Champagne, respecting succession to Burgundy, 
1033-7 — employed in suppressing revolts in 
Italy, 1037-8 — returns to Germany, summer 
1038 — gives up crown of Burgundy to his son, 
1038 — ft. at Utrecht, 4 Jun. 1039. 

Conrad III., King of Germany, Emferorof 
the Romans,—!)., 1093 or 1094 — competitor 
with Lothaire for crown of Germany, 11 25 — 
crowned King of the Romans at Monza and 
at Milan, 1128 — excommunicated and the 
coronation declared null ; defeated by Lo- 
thaire, 1 1 32 — elected to succeed Lothaire 
at Diet of Coblentz, mid-lent 11 38 — opposed 
by Henry the Proud, Duke of Bavaria and 
Saxony ; puts Henry under the ban of the 
empire, and deprives him of his estates, 11 38 — 
defeats Welf at Weinsberg, 1 140— restores La- 
dislaus to throne of Bohemia, 1 142 — protects the 
Jews against crusade preached by the monk 
Rudolph, 1 146 — persuaded by St Bernard, sets 
out on crusade, 28 May 1147 — returns from 
Palestine, 1149 — tf. at Bamberg, 15 Feb. 1152. 

Conrad IV., Emperor of the Romans, — fj. 
in Apulia, Apr. 1228 — Duke of Suabia and Al- 
sace, 1236 — crowned King of the Romans, Jan. 
1237 — defeated by William, Count of Holland, 
at Oppenheim, 1248 — succeeds his father, Dec. 
1250 — passes into Italy, 1251 — his claim con- 
tested by William, Count of Holland : excom- 
municated, 1252 — and again, Apr. 1254 — takes 
Naples, 1254 — poisoned (?) at Lavello, 27 May 
1254. 

Conrad. [Montferrat, Marquis of.] 

Conrad, {the philosopher,) Benedictine, — tf., 
1 241. Chronicon Schirense, published, 1623. 

Conrad, Bp. Chronicon vetus rerum Mo- 
guntinarum, (1140-1251,) published, 1530. 

Conrad, Minnesinger, — ft., 1280. 

Conrad, Frederik Willem, engineer, — ft. at 
Delft, 21 Dec. 1769 — geometrician of Hol- 
land, 1788 — rj. at Zwanenburg, 6 Feb. 1808. 

Conrad of Heresbach, classical scholar, the- 
ologian, — b. at Heresbach in Cleves, 2 Aug. 
1496 — Privy Councillor to Duke of Cleves, 
about 1546-76 — ts. at Wesel, 14 Oct. 1576. 
Relation de la prise de Munster par les Ana- 
baptistes, 1637 — Be educandis principum liberis, 
1592 — Psalmorum explicatio, 1578. 

Conradi, David Arnold. Cryptographic/, de- 
nudata, §c, 1739. 

Conradi, Georg Chri3toph, physician, — 6. 
in Hanover, 8 Jun. 1767 — ft. at Northeim, 16 
Dec. 1798. 

Conradin, — fc., about 125 1 — acknowledged 



Duke of Suabia on death of his father, the 
Emperor Conrad IV., 1254 — assumes title of 
King of the Two Sicilies, and goes into Italy, 
autumn 1267 — excommunicated, Easter 1268 
— at Rome, Aug. 1268— defeated by his rival 
Charles of Anjou, at Tagliacozzo, 23 Aug. 
1268 — beheaded at Naples, 26," 29 bc Oct. 
1268. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

c Art de Verifier les Dates. 
Conrart, Valentin, miscellaneous writer, — ■ 
n. at Paris, 1603 — first perpetual Secretary of 
French Academy, 1629 — ft., 23 Sep. 1675. 

Conring, Hermann, (Conringius,) physician, 
§c, — h. in Friesland, 9 Nov. 1606 — Prof. 
Philosophy, Helmstadt, 1632 — Physician to 
Queen Christina of Sweden, 1650 — tf., Senior 
of University of Helmstadt, 12 Dec. 1681. 
Opera, 1730. 

Conroux de Pepinville, Nicolas, Baron, 
general, — 6. at Douai, 17 Feb. 1770 — enters 
the army, 17 Feb. 1786 — aide-de-camp to 
Championnet, 1798- — distinguishes himself at 
combats of Fossano and Mondovi, 1799 — of 
Blankenberg, 16 May 1804 — serves in Austrian 
campaign, 1805 — General of Brigade, 1805 — 
serves in Prussian campaign, 1806 — wounded 
at battle of Jena, Oct. 1806 — serves at battle of 
Friedland, Jun. 1807 — Commander of Legion 
of Honour, 27 Jun. 1807 — Baron of the em- 
pire, 19 Mar. 1808 — General of Division after 
battle of Wagram, 1809 — serves in Spain, Sep. 
1810— at battle of Fuentes-de-Onoro, 5 May 
18 1 1 — defeats the Spaniards at Bornos, 31 
May 18 12 — falls at Sarre, Nov. 181 3. 

Consalvi, Ercole, Cardinal, — fj. at Rome 
8 Jun. 1757 — auditor of the Rota, 1792 — 
Secretary of State to Pius VII. , Aug. 1800 — 
concludes Concordat with First Consul at Paris, 
1801 — resigns office, 1806 — exiled, 1809 — re- 
instated, 1814-23 — tf. at Rome, 24 Jan. 1824. 
Consarbriick, in Germany, — defeat of Mar- 
shal de Crequi by the Allies, 11 Aug. 1675. 
Conscience, Courts of. [Requests.] 
Conscription, — law of the, adopted in France, 
5 Sep. 1798. 

Conscription Bill, U.S., — passed by Congress, 
Mar. 1863 — occasions riots at New York, 
which are suppressed by the military, 13-17 
Jul. 1863. 

Consecration,— of churches, practised soon 
after 300 — of church at Jerusalem by Synod of 
bishops of the East, 335. 

Consistory Court, — app?al from, to the Arch- 
bishop, by Act 24 Hen. VIII. c. 12, 1532-3. 

Consolidated Fund, of Great Britain, — 
formed by union of the Aggregate, General, and 
South Sea Funds, by Act 27 Geo. III. c. 13, 
1787 — combined with that of Ireland, under 
Act 56 Geo. III. c. 98, 1 Jul. 18 16. 

Conspiracy to murder, in Great Britain, — 
amendment of law relating to, proposed by 
Lord Palmerston, 8 Feb. 1858— bill rejected by 
House of Commons, 19 Feb. — consequent re- 
signation of ministry, 22 Feb. 

Constable, Archibald, bookseller and pub- 
lisher, — b. in Scotland, 24 Feb. 1776 — begins 
business at Edinburgh, 1795 — publisher of 
Edinburgh Review, 1802-26 — his connection 
with Sir Walter Scott begins with publication 



3^4 



CONSTABLE OF ENGLAND— CONSTANTINOPLE. 



* of the Lay of the Last Minstrel, 1 805 — quarrels 
with Scott, 1807 — reconciled, 18 13 — publishes 
Scott's Works, 1813-26 — becomes bankrupt, 
Jan. 1826 — tf. at Edinburgh, 21 Jul. 1827. 
His Miscellany of Original and Selected Works 
commenced, 1826. 

Constable of England, Lord High, — office 
of, forfeited by Edward Stafford, Duke of 
Buckingham, by attainder, 1522. 

Constable of France, — office abolished, Jan. 
1627^ 1607 b — revived by Napoleon, (an XII.,) 
1804 — again abolished, 18 14. 

a Eneyc. Mod. b Engl. Cyc. 

s Constable, John, painter, — ft. in Suffolk, 
1776— student at Royal Academy, 1800— settles 
at Hampstead, 1820 — E.A., 1829 — if. in Lon- 
don, 30 Mar. 1837. 

Constables, — in England, for the hundred, 
appointed by Statute of "Winchester, 13 Edw. I. 
st. 2, c. 6, 1285. Special, appointment of , pro- 
vided for by Acts 1 and 2 ¥m IY. c. 41, 15 Oct. 
183 1, and 5 and 6 Vm IV. c. 43, 31 Aug. 1835. 
Parish, appointment and duties of, regulated by 
Acts and 6 Yic. c. 109, 12 Aug. 1842 ; 7 and 
8 Vic. c. 52, 29 Jul. 1844; and 13 and 14 
Yic. c. 20, 31 May 1850. County and District, 
instituted and regulated by Acts 2 and 3 Yic. c. 
93, 27 Aug. 1839 ; 3 and 4 Yic. c. 88, 7 Aug. 
1840; 22 and 23 Yic. c. 32, 13 Aug. 1859. 
[Police, Metropolitan, &c] High, abolition 
of office provided for, by Act 32 and 33 Yic. c. 
47, 2 Aug. 1869. 

Constance, (Konstanz, Kostnitz,)'m Germany, 
■ — seat of a bishopric, 553 — visited by Charles 
the Great, 785 — walled, about 900 — free im- 
perial town, 1 1 92 — resists attempt of Charles 
IY. to subject to the bishops, 1380 — adopts Re- 
formed faith, 1526— refuses to submit to the 
Interim and is placed under ban of the empire 
by Charles Y., 15 Oct. 1548 a — annexed to 
Austria by Ferdinand I., 1549 — besieged by 
Swedes, 7 Sep. to 5 Oct. 1633— bishopric sup- 
pressed, 1802 — transferred to Baden by Treaty 
of Prcsburg, Dec. 1805. Cathedral, founded, 
1048 — tower erected, 1850-58. Treaty of, 
between the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa and 
confederate towns of Italy, confirming their 
privileges, signed, 25 Jun. "1183. Councils of, 
1005 ; for establishment of 'public and universal 
peace' in Germany, 1043 ; against simony and 
incontinence, and for regulation of Easter and 
Whitsuntide, 1094; for divorce of Emperor 
Frederick from Adelaide, 1153 ; against Wick- 
liffe, Huss, and Jerome of Prague, opens, 5 Nov. 
1414 — first session, 16 Nov. — second, 2 Mar. 
1415 — act of cession by the pope, John XXIIL, 
same day — retirement of the pope, 23 Mar. — 
thirdsession, 26 Mar. — fourth, 30 Mar. — fifth, 6 
Apr. — 7th, doctrines of Wickliife condemned, 2 
May — the pope deposed, 29 May — 14th session, 
abdication of Gregory XII., 4 Jul. — John Huss 
burnt, 6 Jul. 1415 — Jerome of Prague burnt, 
30 May 1416 — Benedict XIII. deposed, 26 Jul. 
1 41 7— 41st session, election of Otho Colonna as 
Martin V., 11 Nov. 1417 — 45th session closed, 
22 Apr. 141 8. a Menzel. 

Constance, Queen of the Two Sicilies, 
— ft., about 1 146 — marries Henry, son of the 
Emperor Frederick I., 1185,* 1 1 86 b — crowned 



with him at Rome, 15 Apr. 1190 — recovers the 
Two Sicilies from her cousin Tancred, 1194 — &., 
27 Nov. 1 198. 

• a Biog. Univ. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Constance, of Brittany, — marries Geoffrey, 
Duke of Brittany, son of Henry II. of England, 
1 1 81 — widow, 19 Aug. 1 1 86— birth of her son, 
Prince Arthur, 29 Mar., a 30 Apr. b 11 87 — mar- 
ries Ranulph, Earl of Chester, 11 87 — expelled 
from Brittany, 11 89 — imprisoned by order of 
Richard I., 1196-97 — marries Guy of Thouars, 
1 199 — places Arthur. under protection of Philip 
Augustus, 1 1 99 — ft., close of 1201. 
a Annals of England. 
b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Constance Faulkon, (PhaidJcon,) adventurer, 
— ft. in Cephalonia, about i55o, a 1648 b — enters 
service of king of Siam ; renounces Protestant- 
ism, May 1682 — takes part in negotiations be- 
tween king of Siam and Louis XI V., 1685 — 
gives up Bankok and Merguy to the French, 
Oct. 1-687 — beheaded, Jim. 1688. 

a Biog. TJnrv. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Constans I., Flavius Julius, Roman Em- 
peror, — appointed Ccesar, 23 Dec. 333 a — ■ 
governor of W. Illyricum, Italy, Africa, 335 a 
— Augustus, 337 — Emperor of West on the 
death of Constantine, his brother, 340 — -war 
with the Franks, 341-3 a — Magnentius as- 
sumes the Empire, Constans killed in the 
Pyrenees, early in 350. a a Clinton. 

Constans II., Flavius Heraclius, Emperor 
of the East, — ft., 7 Nov. 630 s — co-regent 
with usurper Heracleonas, early 641 — sole Em- 
peror, autumn 641 — war with Mohammedans, 
at Alexandria, in Syria, Tripolitana, Cyprus, 
Cilicia, 646-8 — publishes edict {Type) in fa- 
vour of Monothelites, 648 — truce with Moham- 
medans, 648-651 — war with them in Sicily and 
Rhodes, ^S 1 -^ ) 5S — defeated off Syrian coast, by 
Moaviyah, 6^^ — puts his brother Theodosius to 
death, 659 a — leaves Constantinople, end of 662 
— war in Italy, plunders Rome, Jul. 663 — Africa 
revolts and is lost to the Empire, 665 — drown- 
ed in the bath, at Syracuse, 15 Jul., b end of Sep. a 
668. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. 

Constant, Pierre, poet, — ft. at Langres, 
1560 — living at Dijon, 1595. Mepublique des 
Abeilles, 1582. 

Constant de Refteeque, Henri Benjamin, 
publicist,- — ft. at Lausanne, 23 Oct. 1767 — goes 
to Paris, 1795 — member of the Tribunate, Dec. 
1799 to Mar. 1802 — exiled, about 1803 — re- 
turns to Paris, 18 14 — member of Chamber of 
Deputies, 1819-30 — tf. at Paris, 8 Dec. 1830. 
De V esprit de conquete et de V usurpation, 18 14 
— De la religion considered dans sa source, ■ 
1823-31 — Dn polytheisine Somain, 1833. 

Constantin, Robert, physician, §c, — ft. at 
Caen, 1530 s1 — M.D., 1564 b — ft. in Germany, 
27 Dec. 1605. Lexicon Grceeo-Latinmn, 1562 
— A. Corn. Celsi de re medica libri, 1549. 

a Erscn and Gruber. b !S T ouv. Biog. Gen. 
Constantinople — [Byzantium]— begun by 
Emperor Constantine the Great, 328 — inaugur- 
ated, May 330 — besieged by Moawiyah, 654 — 
by Yezid, 667 — by Sonen ben Aouf, 672 — by 
Moslema and Omar Abd-el Aziz, 715 — taken 
by surprise by Theodosius 111., Jan. 716 — be- 



CONSTANTINOPLE— CONSTANTINUS VI. 



365 



sieged by Soleyman, son of Caliph Abd-el 
Melek, 739 — by Paganos, Krai of Bulgarians, 
764 — by Harun al Eashid, 780 — by Abd-el 
Melek for Harun al Eashid, 798 — by Kramus, 
despot of Slavi, 811 — by Slavian, Thomas, 
820 — by Oswald and Dir, Eussians, 866 — by 
Simeon, Krai of Bulgarians, 914 — by Thorni- 
cius, 1048 — taken by Alexius Comnenus, 1081 
— by Dandolo and the Crusaders, 1204 — by 
Michael Palseologus, 1261 — by Andronicus 
III. the Younger, 23 May 1328 — besieged by 
Bajazet Yilderim, 1356 and 1402 — by Musa, 
son of Bajazet, 1414 — by Amurath II., 1422 — 
taken by Mahomet II., 1453 — great fire, 2 
Aug. 1 83 1 — visit of Prince of Wales to, 20 
May 1862 — Old Seraglio burnt, 10 Aug. 1863 
— great fire, 6 Sep. 1865 — cholera Conference, 
opens, 13 Feb. 1866— great fire, British Em- 
bassy bmnt, 6 Jim. 1870. Imperial Academy 
of Sciences, founded, 1851. Councils of, in 
favour of Arians, 336 ; 339 ; 360 ; Second 
General Council, May to 30 Jul. 381; to ap- 
pease dissensions in the churches, 382 ; for 
reunion of schismatics, 383 ; 394; in favour of 
Chrysostom, 403 ; to depose Chrysostom, 404 ; 
426 ; to condemn Eutyclies, Nov. 448 and Apr. 
449 ; against dogmas of Nestorius and Eu- 
tyches, Aug. 450 ; against the Simoniacs, 459 ; 
478; to confirm Council of Chalcedon, 492; 
to depose Euphemius, 495 or 496 ; to condemn 
Council of Chalcedon, 516 ; for the restoration 
of the exiled partisans of Euphemius and 
Macedonius, 518 ; to ordain Epiphanius patri- 
arch, 520; 531; 532; to condemn heretical 
bishops, 536; to condemn Origen, 543; 547; 
551 ; Fifth General Council, respecting the 
three chapters, and against Origen, 4 May to 2 
Jun. 553 ; 588 ; 626 ; in favour of the Mono- 
thelites, 638 ; Sixth General Council, against 
the Monothelites, 680-681; ('in Trullo ') on 
discipline, 691 ; against the 6th General 
Council, 712; 715; 730; Iconoclast, 10 Peb. 
to 8 Aug. 754; against the Iconoclasts, dis- 
solved by their violence, 1 Aug. 786; 806; 
809; 812; 814; for deposition of the patri- 
arch Nicephorus, by the Iconoclasts, Feb. 815 ; 
for conference between Catholics and Icono- 
clasts, the former refusing to meet, 821 ; 829 ; 
to confirm second Council of Nice, condemn 
the Iconoclasts, &c, Feb. 842 ; 847 ; to depose 
Photius, 858 ; to depose St Ignatius and con- 
firm Photius, 861 ; to depose Photius, 867 ; 
Eighth General Council, to depose Photius, to 
Condemn Iconoclasts, &c, 5 Oct. 869 to 28 Feb. 
870; respecting Photius, the Nicene Creed, 
&c, Nov. 879 to 13 Mar. 880; 906; 911; 
920 ; 931 ; to confirm marriage of the Emperor 
Nicephorus Phocas with Theophanon, 963 ; 
1027 ; 1029 ; to anathematize legates of the 
pope, 1054 ; against incestuous marriages, 
1066 ; 1067 ; against the Bogomiles, 1110 ; to 
condemn the works of Constantine Chrysomale, 
1 140; 1 143; 1 144; 1 147 ; 1 157 ; respecting 
marriage, 1166; respecting union of the two 
churches, 1170 ; on elections of certain bishops, 
1186; 1222; 1275; for profession of Catholic 
faith by the patriarch Veccus, about Apr. 1277 ; 
to excommunicate opponents of reunion of the 
churches, 16 Jul. 1277; 1280; to condemn 



Veccus, Jan. 1283; to condemn the bishops 
who had promoted reunion of the churches, 
Easter 1283 or 1284; 1285; respecting ana- 
thema of the Emperor by Athanasius, 1297; 
1299; respecting doctrines of Barlaam and 
Palamas, Jun. 1341 ; 1345; 1347; against 
reunion of the churches decreed at Florence, 
1450. 
Constantinople, Mundane Era of, — [B C] — 

55°9- 

Constantinus, the ' Tyrant,' — Emperor of 
Britain, Gaul, Spain, 407-8 — acknowledged by 
Honorius, 409 — marches into Italy to aid 
Honorius, recalled by revolt of Gerontius, be- 
sieged by Gerontius and Constantius in Aries, 
taken, and put to death by Honorius, 411. 

Constantinus I., Flavins Valerius Aurelius, 
Magnus, Eoman Emperor, (306-337,)— n. in 
Mcesia, 27 Feb. 274,* 27 2 b — hostage with 
Diocletian and Galerius, 306 — serves under 
Galerius in Persian war, 296 — proclaimed 
Augustus on the death of his father, Constan- 
tius Chlorus, 25 Jul. 306 — marries Fausta, 
acknowledged as Augustus by Maximian and 
Maxentius, 308 — takes Maximian at Mar- 
seilles and puts him to death, 309-10 — his 
vision and conversion, 312 — defeats Maxentius 
at Turin, Verona, and at Eome, at the Mulvian 
Bridge, 27 Oct. 312 a — defeats Licinius at 
Cibalis and Hardin, 314 — peace concluded, 
314 a — war with Sarmatians in Illyricum, Pan- 
nonia, and Dacia, 322 — war with Licinius, 
defeats him at Adrianople, 3 Jul. 323 — and at 
Chrysopolis, 18 Sep. 323 — and becomes sole 
Emperor; Council of Nice, 325 — puts his son 
Crispus and his wife Fausta to death,. 326 a — 
dedicates Constantinople as metropolis, 1 1 Hay 
330 — divides his empire amongst his sons, and 
i. at Nicomedia, 22 Hay 337. 

a Clinton. b Biog. Univ. 

Constantinus II., Flavius Claudius, Eoman 
Emperor, (337-340) — 6., 7 Aug. 312 — Csesar, 
1 Mar. 317 — governor of Gaul, Britain, and 
Spain, 335 — Emperor of Gaul, Britain, and 
Spain, with part of Africa, 337 — invades terri- 
tory of Constans, and is defeated and killed at 
Aquileia, before Apr. 340. 

Constantinus IV., Flavius Pogonatus, 
[Barbatus,) Eoman Emperor, (668-685) — 
succeeds his father, Constans II., 668— quells 
insurrection in Sicily and puts Mizizus to death, 
669 — quells rebellion of his brothers ; besieged 
by Yezid in Constantinople, yearly, 672-9 — ■ 
holds Council at Constantinple, 680 — makes 
his son Justinian Augustus, 681 — rj., Sep. 685. 

Constantinus V., Copronymus, Emperor op 
the East, (741-775) — 6-, 719 — succeeds his 
father, Leo III., [the Isaurian,) 741 — dethroned 
by Artavasdes, recovers Constantinople, 2 Nov. 
743 — holds Iconoclast Council at Constanti- 
nople, 754 — war with Bulgarians, defeats them, 
765 — defeated, 766, 774— if., 14 Sep. 775. 

Constantinus VI., Flavius, {Porphyrogeni- 
tus,) Emperor of the East, (780-797) — fc., 
771 — succeeds his father, Leo IV., 780 — 
— troubles with his mother Irene ; banishes her, 
Sep. 790 — reinstates her, Jan. 792 — defeated 
by Bulgarians, 792 — conspiracy ol Nicephorus 



3 66 



CONSTANTINUS VII.— CONTARINI. 



suppressed, 792 — attempted assassination, 17 
Jim. 797— tJ., about 797 ? 

Constantinus VII., Flavius Porphyrogeni- 
tus, Emperor of the East, (911-959) — b., 
905 — succeeds his father, Leo VI., 911 — under 
Alexander and Romanus Lecapenus, till 944 — 

*>-, 15 ^OV. 959. 

Constantinus X., Monomachus, Emperor 
op the East, (1042- 1054) — marries Zoe and 
becomes Emperor, 1042 — war against Arabs, 
rebellion of Tomicius, 1047 — defeats Petche- 
negius, 1053 — lj., 1054. 

Constantinus XIII., Palaeologus, {Bra- 
gases,) Emperor of the East, (1448-1453) — 
6., 1394, Feb. 1403 a — despot in Chersonesus 
Taurica and Peloponnesus, before 1448 — suc- 
ceeds his brother, John VII., 1448 — besieged 
in Constantinople by Mahomet II., 6, 2 a Apr. 
1453 — killed at capture of the city and fall of 
the Empire, 29 May 1453. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Constantinus, jurist, — commissioner for the 
first code, 528 — for the Digest, 530. 

Constantinus Africanus, (Synesius,) phy- 
sician, — fl., 1050 — monk at Cassino, 1072 — Sj., 
1087. 

Constantius I., Flavius Valerius Chlorus, 
Roman Emperor, (305-306) — ft., 250? — 
governor of Dalmatia under Carus, 283 ? — 
Caesar, by Maximian, 1 Mar. 292 — acquires 
Britain from Allectus, 293-96 — Consul with C. 
Galerius Maximianus, (1047, a. u. c.) 294 — 
Consul with C. Aurel. Val. Diocletianus, (1049,) 
296 — defeats Alemanni in the country of the 
Lingones, 298, 300 a — and at Vindonessa : 
Consul with Maximianus, (1053,) 300, (1055,) 
302, and (1058,) 305 — Augustus and joint Em- 
peror, Apr., May 305 — Consul with Maxi- 
mianus, (1059,) 306 — lj. at York, 25 Jul. 306. 
a Clinton. 

Constantius II., Flavius Julius, (Fl. Claud. ; 
FL Valerius; Constantinus^) Roman Emperor, 
(337-3 61 ) — &., 6 Aug. 317— Consul with Fl. 
Jul. Crispus, (1077, a. u. c) 324— or with Fl. 
Val. Constantinus, (1079,) 326— Emperor of 
Greece, Asia, Egypt, &c, Sep. 337 — Consul 
with Fl. Jul. Constans, (1092,) 339 and (1095.) 
342 — defeated by Sapor II. at Singara, 343 — 
Consul with Fl. Jul. Constans, (1099,) 346 — 
defeats Vetranio, 351 — defeats Magnentius at 
Mursa, 28 Sep. 351 — Consul with Fl. Constan- 
tius, (1105,) 352 — defeats Magnentius at 
Mount Seleucus, 10 Aug. 353 — Consul with 
Fl. Jul. Constantius, (1106,) 353— sole Em- 
peror, 353 — marries Eusebia, before 10 Oct. 
353 — Consul-mtla. Fl. Jul. Constantius, (1107,) 
354 — Consul with Fl. Claudius Julianus, (1109,) 
356 and (1110) 357 — visits Rome, Apr. to May 
357 — Consul with Fl. Claudius Julianus, (1113,) 
360 — tf. at Mopsucrenas, 3 Nov. 36i. a a Clinton. 

Constantius III. , Emperor of the West, 
(421)— ft., before 400 — Consul with Fl. Constans, 
(1167, a. u. c.) 414 — overthrows Attalus, 416 
■ — marries Placidia, 417. Augustus and joint 
Emperor, 8 Feb., 421 — ft., m Sep. 421. 

Constitutional Amendment, U.S. [Slavery.] 

Consular Era, The, at Home,— [B C] — (245, 
A. U. C.) 509. 



Consulate, The, — in France, established, 
(19 Brumaire,) 10 Nov. 1799 — ends on estab- 
lishment of the Empire, 18 May 1804. 

Consuls, Consulship, at Rome, — [B C] — insti- 
tuted, (mythic,) 509 — judicial power transferred 
to prsetor, 366— opened to plebeians, bylaw of 
Licinius, 366 — plebeian right established, 342 
— attempts to exclude plebeians, as late as 297 — 
augurs oppose election of two plebeians, 215 — 
two plebeians elected, 172 — not to go to their 
provinces for 5 years, by a law of Pompey, 53 
— power of, abridged by Jul. Caesar, about 45 
— destroyed by Augustus, after 31 — [AD] — last 
consul at Rome, Dec. Theodoras Paulinus, 536 
— last at Constantinople, Flavius Basilius, 
Junior, 541. 

Contades, Louis George Erasme, Marquis 
de, Marshal of France, — b., Oct. 1704 — 
enters the army, 1720 — Colonel, distinguishes 
himself in Italy, 1734 — commands at battles 
of Parma and Guastalla, 1735 — Marshal of 
France, 24 Aug. 1758 — defeated by allies at 
Minden, 1 Aug. 1759— commander of Alsace, 
1762 — Dean of the Marshals, 1788 — tf. at 
Livry, 19 Jan. 1795. 

Contagious Diseases, in United Kingdom, — 
prevention of, at naval and military stations 
provided for, by Acts 27 and 28 Vic. c. 85, 25 
Jul. 1864, and 29 Vic. c. 35, n Jun. 1866 — 
amended by Acts 31 and 32 Vic. c. 80, 31 Jul. 
1868, and 32 and 33 Vic. c. 96, 11 Aug. 1869— 
Associations to procure repeal of Acts, formed, 
1870 — Commission on, appointed, Nov. 1870. 

Contagious Diseases, (Animals,) in Great 
Britain, — laws relating to, consolidated, amend- 
ed, and made perpetual by Act 32 and 33 Vic. 
c. 70, 9 Aug. 1869. 

Contarini, Ambrogio, diplomatist, traveller, 
— ambassador to king of Persia, 1473-77 — po- 
destat of Vicenza, 1482. Viaggio al Ussum- 
Cassan, re di Bersia, 1487. 

Contarini, Andrea, Doge of Venice, — 
succeeds Marco Cornaro, 20 Jan. 1367 — de- 
fends Venice against Genoese, recovers Chiozza, 
1380 — captures fleet of the enemy and reenters 
Venice, 24 Jun. 1380 — ft., 5 Jun. 1382. 

Contarini, Domenico, — Doge of Venice, 
1042 — ft., 1 07 1. 

Contarini, Domenico (II.,) Doge of Venice, 
— succeeds Giovanni Pesaro, Oct. 1659 — siege 
of Candia by the Turks, begins, May 1667 — ca- 
pitulation, 6 Sep. 1669 — tf.,26 Jan. i675, a i674. b 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. 

Contarini, Gasparo, Cardinal, — ft. at 
Venice, 16 Oct. 1483 — ambassador from Venice 
to Charles V., 152 1 — accompanies Charles V. to 
Flanders, England, and Spain, and returns to 
Venice, 1525 — ambassador to the Pope at 
Vlterbo, 1527 — negotiates peace between Venice 
and Charles V. at Bologna, 1529 — Cardinal, by 
Paul III., 21 May 1535 — receives pension from 
Charles V., 1536 — legate to Diet of Ratisbon, 
1541 — named legate of Bologna, J542 — tr. 
there, 24 Aug. 1542. Opera, 157 1. 

Contarini, Giovanni, painter, — ft- at Venice, 
1549— if. at Prague, a Venice, b 1605. 

a Biog. Catalogue. b Biog. Univ. 

Contarini, Vincenzo, — h. at Venice, 1577— 



CONTE— CONZ. 



367 



Prof. Greek and Latin, Padua, 1603-14— b". at 
Venice, 1617. Variarum lectionwn liber, §c, 
1606 — Be . frumentaria Romanorum largitione, 
1609 — Be militari Romanorum stipendio, 1609. 

Conte, Jacopino del, painter, — b. at Flor- 
ence, 15 10 — tf. at Borne, 1598. 

Conte, Nicolas Jacques, chemist, mechani- 
cian, — b. in Normandy, 4 Aug. 1755 — accom- 
panies the expedition to Egypt, 1798 — tf., 6 
Dec. 1805. 

Conte, Primo del, — b. at Milan, 1498 — 
charged to prepare questions to be submitted 
to Council of Trent, and assists at the Council, 

i545- 6 3— &• at Milan > J 595> a !593- b 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch. and Gruber. 

Contessa, Karl Wilhelm Salice, dramatist, 
$c, — b. at Hirschberg, 19 Aug. 1777 — studies 
at Halle, 1797 — ft. at Berlin, 2 Jun. 1825. 
S'dmmtliche Schriften, 1826. 

Conti, Antonio Schinella, miscellaneous 
writer, — b. at Padua, 22 Jan. 1677 — quits 
Congregation of the Oratory, 1708 — visits 
London, 17 15 — at Paris, 1718-26 — tf. at Padua, 
6 Apr. 1749. Prose epoesie, 1739-56 — Trage- 
dies, 175 1. 

Conti, Armand de Bourbon, Prince of, — b. 
at Paris, 1629 — takes part in war of the Fronde, 
1649 — imprisoned, Jan. 1650 — tf. Governor of 
Languedoc, 21 Feb. 1666. 

Conti, Bernardo de', painter, — b. at Pavia, 
about 1450 — tf., 1525. 

Conti, Francesco, painter, — b. at Florence, 
1680 — tf., 1760. 

Conti, Francois Louis de Bourbon, Prince 
of, — b., 1664 — distinguishes himself at siege 
of Luxemburg, 1684 — in Hungary, 1685 — in 
Flanders, 1692-3 — elected King of Poland, 
but deprived by Elector of Saxony, 1697 — tf., 
22 Feb. 1709. 

Conti, Giovanni Battista, translator, §c, — 
b. at Lendinara, 26 Oct. 1740 — tf., 7 Dec. 
1820. Colleccion depoesias Castellanas., con la tra- 
duccion en verso Toscano, 1782-90 — Opere, 18 19. 

Conti, Giusto de', poet, — tf. at Eimini, 19 
Nov. 1449. La Bella Mano, 1472. 

Conti, J. F. [Quinzano.] 

Conti, Michel- Angelo del. [Innocent XIII.] 

Conti, Niccolo, traveller, — visits the East, 
India, China, Ethiopia, &c, about 1419-44. 

Conti, Noel, — b. at Milan, about 1520 — tf., 
about 1580? Carniina,i$6o — Mythologies,! 551. 

Contile, Luca, miscellaneous writer, — b. near 
Siena, about 1505 — Spanish Commissary, 
Pavia, 1562-74. — tf., 28 Oct. 1574. LaBescara, 
la Cesar a Gonzaga, la Trinozia, 1550 — Rime, 
1560 — Littere, 1564. 

Continental System, of Napoleon, — first 
announced in armistice of Foligno, 9 Feb. 
1 80 1 — the Berlin Decree, against English Com- 
merce, 21 Nov. 1807 — accession of Austria to 
the, 24 Aug. 1807 — accession of Sweden, 17 
Sep. 1809 — introduced into the Boman States, 
Dec. 1809 — relaxation of, in Bussia, by ukase 
of 31 Dec. 1 8 10 — convention between France 
and Prussia for enforcing the, Feb. 18 12. 

Contractors, {Government^) — prohibited from 
sitting in parliament by Act 22 Geo. III. c. 
45, 1782 — prohibition extended to Ireland by 



Act 41 Geo. III. c. 52, 1801. 

Contreras, Juan Senen de, general, — b. at 
Madrid, 1760— in service of Charles III. visits 
England, France, Prussia, &c, 1787 — serves 
against the Turks, 1788— against the French, 
1 808— takes part in battle of Talavera, Jul. 1 809 
—charged with defence of Tarragona, taken 
prisoner there, sent to France, 181 1— returns 
to Spain, 18 14— tf. at Madrid, 1826. 

Contri, Antonio, painter, — b. at Ferrara, 
about 1660 — tf. at Cremona, 1732. 

Control, Board of. [Board of Control.] 

Contucci, Andrea, {Andrea Sansavino,) sculp- 
tor, architect, — b. at Sansavino, Tuscany, 1460 
— tf. there, 1529. 

Contucci, Archangelo Cintuccio de, archce- 
ologist, — b. in Tuscany, 21 May 1688 — enters 
Order of Jesuits, 15 Dec. 1704 — tf. Conservator 
of Kircher's Museum at Borne, 19 Mar. 1768. 
Muscei Kircheriani cerea notis illustrata, 1763-5. 

Conventicle Act, The,— 16 Car. II. c. 4, 
1664 — second, 22 Car. II. c. 1, 1670 — repealed 
by Toleration Act, 1 Wm and Mar. c. 18, 24 
May 1689. 

Conventicles, in England, — frequenting of, 
punishable by imprisonment and death by Act 
35 Eliz. c. 1, 1593. 

Convention, National, of France, — consti- 
tuted, 20 Sep. 1792 — dissolved, (4 Brumaire, 
an IV.,) 26 Oct. 1795. 

Convention Parliament, of England, — first, 
meets 25 Apr. 1660 — dissolved, 29 Dec. 1660 — 
second, convened by Prince of Orange, meets, 
22 Jan. 1689 — declared a parliament, 13 Feb, 
1689— prorogued, 27 Jan. 1690— dissolved, 29 
Jan. 1 69 1. 

Convocation, in England, — clergy summoned 
to, free from arrest by Act 8 Hen. VI. c. 1, 
1429 — cannot assemble or make canons with- 
out royal consent, by Act 25 Hen. VIII. c. 19, 
x 533"4 — l as t grant of subsidies by, 1662 — as- 
sembles at "Westminster for despatch of business, 
26 Feb. 1861. 

Convulsionists, The, — appear at Paris, about 
1730— the cemetery of St Medard closed by the 
government, 1732 — disappear, about 1750. 

Conway, — castle built by Edward I., 1283 — 
Edward I. besieged at, by Welsh, 1290 — 
Bichard II. takes refuge at, and is given up to 
Henry IV., Aug. 1399 — taken by Parliament- 
ary forces, Aug. 1646 — the castle surrenders, 
soon after. Tubular Bridge, by Stephenson, 1 848. 

Conybeare, John, theologian, — b. near Exe- 
ter, 31 Jan. 1692 — takes orders, 17 16 — D.D. 
Oxford, 1729 — Master of Exeter College, 1730 
— Dean of Christ-church, 1732 — Bp of Bristol, 
1750 — tf. at Bath, 13 Jul. 1755. Befence of 
revealed religion, §c, 1732. 

Conybeare, John Josias, antiquary,— h. in 
London, Jim. 1779 — Canon of York, 1805 — 
Prof. Anglo - Saxon, Oxford, 1 807 — Prof. 
Poetry, 18 12— Vicar of Bath-Easton, 1812 — ■ 
0". at Blackheath, 10 Jun. 1824. 

Conz, Karl Philipp, poet, §c, — b. in Wiir- 
temberg, 28 Oct. 1762 — Prof. Classical Litera- 
ture, Tiibingen, 1804 — Prof. Eloquence, 181 2 — 
a. there, 20 Jun. 1827. Morgenldndische Apo- 
logien, 1803 — Komodien von Schwaben, 1783 — 



3 68 



COOK— COOTE. 



Gcdichte, 1 8 19, 1824 — Analekten, 6,'C, 1793 
— Biblisehe Gemulde und Gcdichte, 18 18 — Kleine 
prosaische Schriften, 1821. 

Cook, James, {Captain Cool;) circumnaviga- 
tor, — fc. at Marion, Yorkshire, 27 Oct. 1728 — 
enters the navy, 1755 — a * siege of Quebec, 
Sep. 1759 — marine Surveyor of Newfoundland 
and Labrador, 1764-8 — Lieutenant, conducts 
expedition to the South Pacific, 1768 — sails 
round Xew Zealand, 1769-70 — reaches New 
Holland, 19 Apr. 1770 — arrives in England, 
Jun. 177 1 — commander in the navy, 177 1 — em- 
barks on second voyage, 13 Jul. 1772 — in New 
Zealand, Mar. 1773 — returns to England, 30 
Jul. 1774 — post-captain, Captain of Greenwich 
Hospital, 1774 — F.R.S., 7 Mar. 1775,* 29 Feb. 
1776 b — embarks on third voyage, 12 Jul. 1776 
— discovers Sandwich Islands, 18 Jan. 1778 — 
discovers Owhyhee, Dec. 1778— killed by the 
natives of that island, 14 Feb. 1779. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Cooke, Sir Antony, preceptor to Edward YI., 
— b. in Esses, about 1506 — lives in exile, 
1553-8 — &., n Jun. 1576. 

Cooke, Benjamin, organist, composer, — b. in 
London, 1739 — conductor of Academy of 
Ancient Music, 1752-89 — Organist of West- 
minster Abbey, 1762-93 — Mus. D. Cambridge, 
1777 — sub-director of Handel Commemoration, 
1784 — ft., 14 Sep. 1793. 

Cooke, Sir George, engraver, — b. in London, 
22 Jan. 1781— ft., 27 Feb. 1834. 

Cooke, George Frederick, actor, — b. at 
"Westminster, 17 Apr. 1755 — makes his debut, 
in London, 1778 — ft. at Xew York, 26 Sep. 
181 2. Memoirs, 181 3. 

Cooke, George Wingrove, litterateur, be, — 
b., about 1 81 3 — called to the bar, 1835 — 
Special Correspondent of the Times, in China, 
1857 — Copyhold and Enclosure Commissioner, 
1862 — ft. at Chelsea, 18 Jun. 1865. Memoirs 
of Lord Baling broke, 1835 — Historg of Part g, 
1836 — Conquest and Colonization of X. Africa, 
i860 — Inside Sebastopol, 1856 — China and 
Lower Bengal, 1858. 

Cooley, Thomas, architect, — b., 1740 — ft., 
1784. Rogal Exchange, Dublin, 1769 — com- 
mences the Four Courts, 1776. 

Coombe, William, novelist,— b. at Bristol, 
1741 — ft., 19 Jan. 1823. Devil upon Two 
Sticks in England, (2nd ed.,) 1810 — Tour of Dr 
Syntax, 1812. 

Cooninxloo, Giles van, painter, — fj. at Ant- 
werp, 1544 — ft. there, soon after 1600. 

Cooper, Abraham, painter, — b. in London, 
1787— exhibits at British institution, 1812 
— A.R.A., 1S17— R.A., 1820— retires, 1866 
— ft. at Greenwich, 24 Dec. 1868. Sketch of 
battle of Ligny, 18 16 — JIarston Jloor, 18 19. 

Cooper, Bransby Blake, surgeon, — b. at 
Great Yarmouth, 2 Sep. 1792 — assistant sur- 
geon in Koyal Artillerv, 1 8 1 2 — serves in Penin- 
sular War! 1812 — M.R.C.S., Dec. 1823 — 
prosecutes Wakley for libel, 1828 — Hon. Fellow 
R.C.S., 1843 — member of Council, 1848 — ft. in 
London, 18 Aug. 1853. Lectures on Anatomy, 
1829 — Lectures on the Principles and Practice 
of Surgery, 1851 — Life of Sir A. Cooper, 1843. 



Cooper, Charles Henry, topographical his- 
torian and antiquary, — b. at Great Mario w, 
1808— Town Clerk of Cambridge, 1849 — ft. 
there, 21 Mar. 1866. Annals of Cambridge, 
1842-52 — (with his son) At hence Cantabri- 
gienscs, 1858-61 — Memorials of Cambridge, 
1858. 

Cooper, Anthony Ashley. [Shaftesbury, 
Earl of] 

Cooper, Sir Astley Paston, surgeon, — b. at 
Brooke, Norfolk, 23 Aug. 1768 — goes to 
London, 1784 — studies at Edinburgh, 1787 — 
visits Paris, Aug. to Sep. 1792 — Prof. Anatomy, 
Surgeons' Hall, 1792-94-95 — surgeon to 
Guys Hospital, 1 800 — obtains Copley Medal 01 
Royal Society, 1802 — F.R.S., 1805 — assists in 
founding Medico-Chirurgical Society, 1805 — ■ 
Prof. Comparative Anatomy, College of Sur- 
geons, 1813 — surgeon to George IY., 1820 — 
Baronet, 1821 — member of Court of Exam- 
iners, College of Surgeons, 1822 — President of 
College of Surgeons, 1827 — Yice-president of 
Royal Society, 1830 — member of Institute of 
France, correspondent of Academy of Sciences, 
1832— D.C.L. Oxford, 1834— LL.D. Edin- 
burgh, 1837 — Surgeon to Queen Yictoria, 1837 
— ft. in London, 12 Feb. 1841. Medical Bc- 
cords and Researches, 17 98 — Treatise on Hernia, 
1804-7 — Treatise on Dislocations and Frac- 
tures, 1822 — Anatomy and Diseases of the 
Breast, 1829-40 — Anatomy of the Thymus 
Gland, 1832. 

Cooper, James Fenimore, novelist, — b. at 
Bui'lington, Xew Jersey, U.S., 15 Sep. 1789 — 
at Yule College, 1802-5 — enters the navy, 
1 805-1 1 — visits Europe, 1826-36 — ft. at Coop- 
erstown, 14 Sep, 1851. The Spy, 1821 — Pio- 
neers, 1823 — Pilot, 1823 — Last of the Mohicans, 
1 826 — Prairie, 1 8 27 — Pathfinder, 1 840— His- 
tory of the Xavy of the United States, 1839 — 
Ways of the Hour, 1850. 

Cooper, John Gilbert, poet, §c., — b. in Not- 
tinghamshire, 1723 — ft., 1769. 

Cooper, Richard, engraver, — b. in England, 
about 1736. 

Cooper, Samuel, painter, — h. in London, 
1609 — ft. there, 5 May 1672. 

Cooper- Walker, Joseph,— b. at St Yalery, 
Ireland, 1761 — ft., 18 10. Historical memoirs 
of the Irish bards, 1786 — Historical essay on 
the dress of the ancient and. modern Irish, 1788. 

Coorg, (Caduga,) in Hindustan, — conquered 
by British, 1834. 

Coote, Charles, miscellaneous writer, — b. in 
London, 1759 — ft. there, 1835. History of 
England, 179 1 -1803 — translation of Mosheim's 
Ecclesiastical History, 1 8 1 1 . 

Coote, Sir Charles,— governor of Dublin, 
1 641 — one of the Commissioners for manage- 
ment of Ireland, 19 Jan. 1659-60 — Baron, Yis- 
count Coote, Earl of Montrath, 6 Sep. 1660 — 
ft., Dec. 1661. 

Coote, Sir Eyre, general, — b. in Ireland, 
1726 — serves in the army, in Scotland, 1745 — 
goes to India, 1754 — governor of Calcutta, 
1757— contributes to tne victory of Plassey, 23 
Jun. 1757 — takes Pondicherry, 14 Jan. 1761 — 
Commander-in-chief to East India Company, 



COPENHAGEN— COQUEREL. 



3 6 9 



1769 — returns to England, Dec. 1770 — K.B., 31 
Aug. 177 1 — defeats Hyder Ali near Porto Novo, 
1 Jul. 1781— tr. at Madras, 27 Apr. 1783. 

Copenhagen, {Kjobenhafn,) — founded, 1168 
■ — made capital of Denmark, 1443 — besieged 
and taken by Frederick, Duke of Gottorp, 1523 

— capitulates to Christian III., 29 Jul. 1536 — 
unsuccessfully besieged by Charles X., winter 
of 1658-59 — -unsuccessfully besieged by Charles 
XII., 1700— great fire at,* 20 Oct. 1728 — royal 
palace of Christiansburg burnt, 26 Feb. 1794 
— defeat of Danish fleet by Nelson at, 2 Apr. 
1 80 1 — bombarded by the British, Aug. 1807 — 
capitulates, 7 Sep. 1807 — inundation at, 1824. 
University of, founded by Christian I., 1478. 

Copernican Theory, — prohibited by Congre- 
gation of the Index, 5 Mar. i6i6. a 
a Humboldt. 

Copernicus, (Kopemil;) Nicolaus, astrono- 
mer, — ft. at Thorn, Prussia, 19 Feb. 147 3, a 
19 Jan. 147 2 b — at Bologna, 1497 — at Eome, 
1500 — completes his great work, about 1530 — 
if., 24 May 1543. Be revolutionibus orbium 
cosiest turn, §c, May 1543. 

a Moestlinus. b Junctinus. 

Copineau, Abbe, litterateur. Essai synthe- 
tique sur Vorigine et la formation des langues, 
1774 — Ornithotropliie Artijicielle, 1780. 

Copleston, Edward, Bp of Llandaff, — 
ft. in Devonshire, 2 Feb. 1776 — enters Ox- 
ford Univ., 1791 — Fellow of Oriel, 1795 — Prof. 
Poetry, 1802 — Provost of Oriel, 1814 — D.D. by 
diploma; dean of Chester, 1826 — Bp of Llandaff, 
dean of St Paul's, 1827 — ft. near Chepstow, 14 
Oct. 1849. Frcelectiones A.cademicce, 18 13 — 
Enquiry into the doctrines of Necessity and 
Predestination, §c, 1821. 

Copley, John Singleton, painter, — ft. at 
Boston, U. S., 3 Jul. 1737 — settles in London, 
1775 — R.A., 1783 — o\, 9 Sep. 1815. Death 
of Lord Chatham, National Gallery, 1783. 

Copley, John Singleton. [Lyndhurst, 
Lord.'] 

Copper, — [B C] — coined at Athens, but re- 
called, 406. 

Coppetta, II. [Beccuti.] 

Coppi, Jacopo, painter, — ft. in Florence, 
1523— lj., 159 1. The Crucifixion, Bologna, 

1579- 

Copyholds, in England, — excepted from Stat. 
12 Car. II. c. 24, 1660 — made assets for payment 
of debts by Act 3 and 4 Win IV. c. 104, 29 Aug. 
1833 — Commissioners appointed, and enfran- 
chisement of, permitted by Act 4 and 5 Vic. c. 
35, 21 Jun. 1 841 — conveyance and enfranchise- 
ment of, under ' The Lands Clauses Conso- 
lidation Act,' 8 and 9 Vic. c. 18, 8 May 1845 

— Commissions consolidated and continued by 
Act 14 and 15 Vic. c. 53, 1 Aug. 1851 — en- 
franchisement of, facilitated and regulated by 
Acts 15 and 16 Vic. c. 51, 30 Jun. 1852 ; 16 
and 17 Vic. c. 57, 4 Aug. 1853 ; and 21 and 22 
Vic. c. 94, 2 Aug. 1858. 

Copying - machine, — invented by James 
Watt. 1780. 

Copyright, in England, — established by Act 
8 Ann. c. 19,1710 — perpetual, conferred on the 
Universities, by Act 15 Geo. III. c. 53, 1775 — 



regulated by Acts 41 Geo. III. c. 107, 2 Jul. 
1801 ; 54 Geo. III. c. 156, 29 Aug. 1814; 3 
and 4 Wm IV. c. 15, 10 Jun. 1833 ; 5 and 6 
Vic. c. 45, 1 Jul. 1842 — importation of foreign 
reprints prohibited or regulated by Acts 8 and 

9 Vic. c. 86, s. 63, and c. 93, s. 9, 4 Aug. 1845 ; 

10 and 11 Vic. c. 95, 22 Jul. 1847; and 16 
and 17 Vic. c. 107, 20 Aug. 1853 — Inter* 
national, provided for, by Acts 1 and 2 Vic. c. 
59, 31 Jul. 1838 ; and 7 and 8 Vic. c. 12, 10 
May 1844 — established with France, by Act 
15 and 16 Vic. c. 12, 28 May 1852— with 
Belgium, 1854 — with Prussia, 1855 — between 
France and Italy, by convention of Oct. 1862 
— between Italy and" Belgium, 25 Apr. 1867 — 
between France and Papal States, 21 Jul. 

Copyright in Designs for manufactures, — 
established by Act 27 Geo. III. c. 38, 1787 — 
extended and regulated by Acts 2 Vic. c. 13, 
4 Jun. 1839; 2 ^ic- c - 17> *4 ^ }m - l8 39 5 5 
and 6 Vic. c. 100, 10 Aug. 1842 ; 6 and 7 Vic. 
c. 65, 22 Aug. 1843; 13 and 14 Vic. c. 104, 

14 Aug. 1850; 14 and 15 Vic. c. 8, 11 Apr. 
1 85 1 ; 21 and 22 Vic. c. 70, (Copyright of 
Designs Act,) 2 Aug. 1858 ; and 24 and 25 
Vic. c. 73, 6 Aug. 1 86 1. 

Copyright in Engravings,— established by 
Act 8 Geo. II. c. 13, 1735 — confirmed and 
regulated by Acts 7 Geo. III. c. 38, 1767 ; 17 
Geo. III. c. 57, 1777 — extended to Ireland by 
Act 6 and 7 Wni IV. c. 59, 13 Aug. 1836 — ex- 
tended to foreign engravings, by Act 7 and 8 
Vic. c. 12, 10 May 1844 — law amended by Act 

15 and 16 Vic. c. 12, 28 May 1852. 
Copyright in Paintings, Drawings, and 

Photographs, — established by Act 25 and 26 
Vic. c. 68, 29 Jul. 1862. " 

Copyright in Sculpture, — established by 
Act 38 Geo. III. c. 71, 21 Jun. 1798 — extended, 
and regulated by Acts 54 Geo. III. c. 06, 18 
May 1 8 14; and 13 and 14 Vic. c. 104, 14 Aug. 
1850. 

Coquebert de Montbret, Ch. Etienne, Baron 
de, — b. at Paris, 3 Jul. 1755 — visits Great 
Britain, as agent of the navy, 1789-93 — cor- 
respondent of Academy of Sciences, 1802 — • 
charged by Champagny to collect materials for 
general Statistics of France, 1806-14 — Associate 
of Academy of Sciences, 1815 — tj., 9 Apr. 1831. 

Coqueley de Chaussepierre, Claude Gene- 
vieve, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Paris, about 
i7io, a 1730 b — tf. there, 1791. Editor of 
Journal des Savants, 1752 — Code de Louis XV.> 
§c, 1758 — Etudes du droit civil, §c, 1789 — 
le Roue vertueux, 1770 — AT. Cassandre, §c, 
1775-81. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Coquereau, Charles Jacques Louis, phy- 
sician, — ft. at Paris, 1744— admitted to Royal 
Society of Medicine, 1777 — tf. at Paris, 11 
Aug. 1796. With Jussieu, (Economiam inter 
animalem et vcgetabilem analogia, 1770. 

Coquerel, Athanase Laurent Charles, theo- 
logian, — ft. at Paris, 27 Aug. 1795 — ordained 
Pastor, 1 8 16 — Pastor of Reformed Church, at 
Paris, 1830 — member of Legion of Honour, 
1835 — deputy to Constituent and Legislative 
Assemblies, 1848-9 — retires from political life, 
24 



370 



COQJJILLART— CORDOVA. 



after 2 Dec. 1851 — if. at Paris, Jan. 1868. 
Biographic Sacre'e, 1837 — Histoire Sainte, 
1839-42 — Beponse a Br Strauss, 1841 — Or- 
thodoxie Moderne, 1842 — Christologie, 1858 — 
Meditations, 1859. 

Coquillart, Guillaume, poet— official of the 
Church of Rheims, 1478 — assists at conse- 
cration of Charles VIII., 1484 — if., about 
1490. (Euvres, 1493. 

Coquille, Guy, (Conchylim,) jurist, — ft. in 
the Nivernais, 11 Nov. 1523 — if. at Nevers, 11 
Mar. 1603. (Euvres, 1666. 

Coquille. [Dugommier.] 

Coram, Thomas, captain, — ft,, about 1688 — 
establishes the Foundling Hospital, Nov. 1739 
— if. in London, 29 War. 1751. 

Coran. [Koran.] 

Corancez, Louis Alexandre Olivier de,— ft. 
at Paris, 1770 — member of Scientific Commis- 
sion attached to the army of Egypt, 1798 — 
Consul-general, Aleppo, 1802 — Chevalier of 
Legion of Honour, 1810 — Correspondent of the 
Institute, 1811 — returns to France, 1812 — if. 
in Italy, 2 Jul. 1832. Histoire des Wahabees, 
§c, 1 8 10. 

Corax, of Syracuse, rhetorician, — [B C] — 
fl., after 467 . 

Coray, Adamante, (Biamant,) philologist, — 
ft. at Smyrna, 7 Apr. 1748 — goes to Amster- 
dam, 1772 — M.D. Montpellier, 1786 — if. at 
Paris, 6 Apr. 1833. Edits ' Characters' of Theo- 
phrastus, 1799 — ' Geography' of Strabo, (trans- 
lation,) 1805-19 — Collection des Classiques 
Grecs, 1805. 

Corbach, in Prussia, — defeat of Hanoverians 
by the French, 10 Jul. 1760. 

Corbeil, Treaty of, — between St Louis and 
Jayme I. of Aragon for exchange of count- 
ships, concluded, 11 May 1258. 

Corbet, Bichard, Bp of Norwich, poet, 
■ — b. at Ewell, Surrey, 1582 — M.A. Oxford, 
1605 — dean of Christ Church, 1627 — Bp 
of Oxford, Jul. 1629 — Bp of Norwich, 1632 
— if. there, 28 Jul. 1635. Boetica Stromata, 
1647. 

Corbieres, Pierre de. [Nicholas V., Anti- 
pope.'] 

Corbiesdale, in Scotland, — defeat of Mont- 
rose by Covenanters, 27 Apr. 1650. 

Corbineau, Jean Baptiste Juvenal, Count 
de, general, — ft. at Marchiennes, 1776 — enters 
the army, 1793 — distinguishes himself at battle 
of Eylau, 1 807 — officer of Legion of Honour, 
1808 — wounded at AVagram, 1809 — serves in 
Russian campaign, 18 12 — distinguishes him- 
self at passage of the Beresina, 18 12 — aide- 
de-camp general, serves in Saxony, 1813 — 
General of Division, 23 May 18 13 — saves life 
of Napoleon I., at Montmirail, 18 14 — receives 
cross of St Louis, 19 Jul. 18 14 — grand officer 
of Legion of Honour, 17 Jan. 18 15 — if., about 
1830. 

Corbinelli, Jacopo, — cd. of the Corbaccio of 
Boccaccio, 1569— Dante's Be vulgari eluquio, 
1577 — Conti's Bella Mano, 1595. 

Corbulo, Cn. Domitius,— praetor, before 37 
— Consul suffectus, 39— commands in Germany, 
47 — against Vologeses of JParthia, 54, 58, 63 



— against Tiridates, 58, 63 — commits suicide 
to avoid assassination by Nero, 67. 

Corcyra, (Korkyra,) — [B C] — [Corfu.] — 
founded by Chersicrates of Corinth, 734, (01. 
5, 3,) 758° — sea-fight with Corinth, 665,* 
664, b 668 c — Periander, of Corinth, tyrant of, 
625-585 a — [Peloponnesian War] — civil war 
in, summer 427-425 a — subjugated for Athens 
by Timotheos, 375 — attacked and ravaged by 
the Peloponnesians, 373 — seized by Cleonymus, 
303 — besieged by Cassander, taken possession 
of by Agathokles, 300 — acquired by marriage 
with Lanasse, by Demetrius Poliorketes, 288 
— recovered by Pyrrhus, 274 — surrendered to 
Borne, 229. 

a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. c Miiller. 

Corda, August Joseph, botanist, — b. at 
Reichenberg, Bohemia, 10 Sep. 18 10 — Custos 
of Zoological department of the Museum, 
Prague, 1834 — travels in Texas, 1847-9 — if. 
at sea, Sep. 1849. Bcones fungorum hucus- 
que cognitorum, 1837-42 — Brachtflora Burop. 
Schimmelbildungen, 1839 — Beitrage zur Flora 
der Y or welt, 1845. 

Cordara, Giulio Cesare, Jesuit, poet, — ft. at 
Alexandria, Piedmont, 16 Dec. 1704 — enters 
Order of Jesuits at Borne, 17 18 — if. at Alex- 
andria, 6 Mar. 1784. Opere, 1804. 

Corday D' Annans, Marie Anne Charlotte, 
— ft. at St Saturnin, near Seez, Normandy, 
1768 — goes to live at Caen, 1792 — assassinates 
Marat, at Paris, 13 Jul. 1793 — guillotined, 17 
Jul. 1793. 

Cordeliers, Order of — founded by Bernar- 
doni, about 12 10 — confirmed by Honorius III., 
1223 — suppressed in France, 1793. 

Cordeliers Club, Baris, — dissolved by Com- 
mittee of Public Safety, 24 Apr. 1794. 

Corder, {Corderius,) Balthasar, Jesuit, — ft. 
at Antwerp, 1592 — enters Order of Jesuits, 
1612 — if. at Borne, 24 Jun. 1650. Job elucida- 
tus, 1646 — Bxpositio patrum Grcecorum in 
psalmos, §-c, 1643-46. 

Cordonnier. [Saint-Hyacinthe.] 

Cordova, (Corduba), — [BC] — Roman colony, 
152 — partly destroyed by Jul. Csesar, 45 — 
[AD] — held by Goths, from 572 — taken by 
Moors, (92, a. h.) 711 — besieged and taken by 
Thalaba, (126,) 743 — taken by Samail ben 
Hattim, (127 or 128,) 745 — seat of Caliphate 
by Abderahman, (139,) 756 — great fire, (305,) 
917 — taken by Suleiman ben Alhakem, (403,) 
1 01 2 — on fall of the Caliphate becomes seat 
of a kingdom under the Giawarides, (422-52,) 
1031-60 — taken by Almoravides under Yussef. 
ben Taxfyn, (484,) 1091 — entry of auxiliary 
Christian army into, 1091 — insurrection against 
Almoravides, (515,) 1121 — entered by King 
Yussef, 1 121 — revolt at, (Ramazan 539,) 1144 
— surrenders to AbenGania, (541,) 1146 — taken 
from him by Almohades, (543,) 1148 — be- 
sieged by Alfonso of Toledo, (545,) 1149 — ■ 
taken by Ferdinand III. of Castile, (23 Shawal 
633,) 29 Jun. 1236 — unsuccessfully besieged 
by Moors, (745,) 1365 — pillaged by the French, 
8 Jun. 1808— again captured by Soult, end of 
Jan. 1 8 10 — entered by the Frencb, 11 Jun. 
1823 — by the Carlists, 1 Oct. 1836. Mosque 



COKDO\ r A— CORIOLANUS. 



37i 



{Cathedral) of , founded by Abderahman (170-8,) 
786-94. 

Cordova, general, — b. in New Grenada, 1797 
— enters the army, 1 8 1 2 — distinguishes himself 
at battle of Boyaca, 8 Aug. 17 19 — defeated by 
the forces of Bolivar, at Santuario, and mortally 
wounded, 17 Oct. 1829. 

Cordova, Luiz, admiral, — fi., 17 16 — com- 
mands Spanish squadrons in American War of 
Independence, 1775-80 — commander of the 
navy at Cadiz, Feb. 1780 — ft., Jun. 1796. 

Cordus, Enricius, poet, physician, — ft. at 
Simsthausen, (Hesse,) about i475, a i486 b 
— goes to Italy, 15 12— accompanies Luther to 
Worms, 152 1 — physician to town of Brunswick, 
1524 — physician to town of Bremen, 1534 — tf. 
there, 24 Dec. i538, a 1535. b Regiment tvie 
Mann sich von den neuen plage der Englisch 
Schweis genant bewahren solle, 1529 — Opera 
poetica, 16 14 — Botanologicon, 1534. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Cordus, Valerius, botanist, — b. at Simsthau- 
sen, (Hesse,) 18 Feb. 1515 — goes to Witten- 
berg, 153 1— tf. at Borne, 25 Sep. 1544. Dis- 
pensatorium pharmacorum omnium quae in usu 
potissimumsunt, 1533 — Historic stirpium, 1561 
— Stirpium descriptio, 1563. 

Cordwainers' Company, of London, — incor- 
porated by Henry IV., 14 10. 

Corean Archipelago, — discovered by Alceste, 
1816. 

Corelli, Arcangelo, musical composer, — b. at 
Fusignano, Feb. 1653 — visits Germany, 1680 
— tf. at Eome, 18 Jan. 17 13. Concerti Grossi, 
Dec. 17 12. 

Corenzio, 'BQlis&xio, painter, — b. in Greece, 
1558 — settles at Naples, about 1590 — tf. there, 
1643. 

Corfe Castle, in Dorsetshire, — Edward the 
Martyr assassinated at, by his mother, 18 
Mar. 979 — held for Charles I. by Lady 
Bankes, and betrayed to Parliamentary forces, 
Feb. 1645-6. 

Corfu, {Korkyra,) — becomes subject to Vene- 
tians, about 1390 — city unsuccessfully besieged 
by Turks, 17 16 — given up to the French by 
Treaty of Campo Formio, 1797 — blockaded 
by Russians and Turks, and united with Ionian 
Islands, 1798-99 — subjugated by the British, 3 
Oct. 1809 — [Ionian Islands] — fortifications 
destroyed by the English, Mar. 1864. 

Corinna, lyric poetess, - — [BC] — 9., about 
500. 

Corinth, — [BC] — mythical kingdom over- 
thrown, annual Frytanes appointed, from 745- 
6^6, 748 b — attention to naval affairs begins, 
triremes built, 704 — sea-fight with Korkyra, 
about 66^ — Kvpselos tyrant, the Bacchiadae 
expelled, 655, (01. 30, 3,) 658,*' 657 d_I>ERi- 
ander succeeds, 625, 627 d — Kypselid.^:, over- 
thrown by Sparta, (01. 49, 3,) 581 c — defeated 
by Megara and Argcs, about (01. 60) 540 b — 
battles with Athenians in the Megarid, 457 — 
sea-fight with Korkyra, 435 — [Peloponnesian 
War] — attempt of democrats to incorporate it 
with Argos, 395-4 — in alliance with Athens, 
defeated by Sparta near, midsummer 394 — 
[Coroneia] — makes separate peace with Thebes, 



about 366 — oligarchy established, (Dion,) 356 — 
Timophanes, attempting to become tyrant, is 
slain by Timoleon, 346, 344 d — delivered from 
Macedonians by Aratus, joins the Achsean 
League, 243 — surrendered to Antigonus Do- 
son, 223 — reunited to Achsean League, 196 
— pillaged and destroyed by Mummius, 146 — 
restored by Julius Caesar, about 46 — [AD] — 
sacked by Georgius Antiochenus, [Eoger I.] 
1 146?— besieged by Boniface of Thessalonica, 
1204-6 c — by Villehardouin and Otho de la 
Boche, spring 1209 — taken by Villehardouin, 
1247 « — taken by_ Morosini, 7 Aug. 1687 — taken 
by Ali Oomourgi, 25 Jun. to 3 Aug. 1715^ 
a Eratosth. b Mailer. c Clinton. 

d Smith's Diet. e Finlay. 

Corinth, V. S., — occupied and fortified by 
Gen. Beauregard, Mar. 1862- evacuated by 
Confederates, 29 May 1862— the Federals de- 
feated by Gen. Bosecranz at, 4 Oct. 1862. 

Corinth, Isthmus of, — fortified by Justinian, 
before 565 — fortifications repaired by Manuel 
II., 141 3 — demolished by Amurath II., 1445"- 
— restored by Venetians, i687. a a Finlay. 

Corinthian War,— [B C]— battle of Haliar- 
tus, 395 — Agesilaos recalled from Asia, 394 — 
battle of Corinth, about midsummer — of Cni- 
d.us, before 14 Aug. — on the borders of Bceo- 
tia, 12 Aug.— battle of Coroneia, after 14 
Aug. — sedition at Corinth, 393 — battle of 
Lechaeum, 393 — Pharnabazus and Conon ra- 
vage coasts of Peloponnesus, spring 393 — 
Athens restores the long walls of Corinth, 393 
— Teleutias cooperates with Agesilaos, 393 — 
Lacedaemonians invade Corinth, summer 392 — 
Iphicrates cuts off a mora, 392 — expedition of 
Agesilaos into Acarnania, summer 391 — Acar- 
nanians submit to Lacedaemonians, beginning of 
winter 390 — expedition of Agesipolis into Ar- 
golis, 390 — Teleutias captures Athenian ships 
sent to Cyprus, 390 — Thrasybulus sent to op- 
pose Teleutias, 390 — Thrasybulus slain at 
Aspendus, beginning 389 — Agyrrhius suc- 
ceeds him at Aspendus, beginning 389 — Iphi- 
crates sent to the Hellespont, 389 — Hierax 
Lacedaemonian commander, 388 — Antalkidas 
Lacedaemonian commander, 388 — Mcolochus 
besieged at Abydos by Iphicrates, 388 — 
Chabrias sent to Cyprus to aid Evagoras, 388 — 
Peace of Antalkidas, excepting Cyprus .. and 
Evagoras, about autumn 387. 

Corio, Bernardino, historian, — ft. at Milan, 
1459 — fr-> I 5 I 9- Milanese History, §-c, 1503. 

Coriolano, Eartolomeo, Cav., engraver, — h. 
at Bologna, 1590 — works at Bologna, 1630- 
47 a - — Cavaliere di Loretto, by Urban VIII., 
1636 — tf., 1654. Fall of the Giants, 1638.* 
a Nagler. 

Coriolano, Cristoforo, (Christoph Xederer,) 
engraver, — rj. at Hiirnberg, i56o, a about 1540 b 
— goes to Italy, about 1560° — tr. there, d at 
Bologna, e Venice/ 1600. Portraits in Vasari, 
1568. a Huber and others. b Malpe. 

c Ticozzi. d Nagler. e Biog. Univ. 

f Ersch and Gruber and Engl. Cyc. 

Coriolano, Giambattista, painter, engraver, 
— b. at Bologna, 1595? — tf., 1649. 

Coriolanus, C. (Cn.) Marcius, — [B c] — 
24* 



37* 



CORIPPUS— CORNELIUS. 



mythical hero, 470-450^ about 48 8. b 

a Niebuhr. h Visscher. 

Corippus, Flav. Cresconius, poet, — fl., 550- 
580. 

Cork, city, in Ireland, — English colony and 
royal garrison, 1172— taken by Marlborough, 
1690. Diocese of, united to Cloyne, about 1464 
— with Cloyne annexed to Ross, 1586 — separ- 
ated with Ross from Cloyne, 1678 — the three 
united again, by Act 3 and 4 Wm IV. c. 37, 
14 Aug. 1833. 

Cork, Richard Boyle, Eaul of, statesman, 
— ft. at Canterbury, 3 Oct. 1566 — goes to Dub- 
lin, Jun. 1588 — Ivnt, by Sir G. Carew, Lord- 
deputy of Ireland, 1603 — Privy Councillor for 
province of Minister, 1606 — for Ireland, 16 12 
— raised to the peerage, 16 16 — created Earl of 
Cork, 1620 — Lord Justice of Ireland, 1629 — 
Lord Treasurer, 163 1 — raises and maintains 
two troops of horse, 1642 — tf., 15 Sep. 1643,* 
l644. b a Chalmers. b Engl. Cyc. 

Cork and Orrery, John Boyle, Earl of, — 
ft., 2 Feb., a Jun. b 1707 — D.C.L. Oxford, and 
F.R.S., 1743 — Earl of Cork, 1753 — in Italy, 
1754-5 — tf. at Marston, 16 JS"ov. 1762. Pliny's 
Letters, 175 1 — Letters from Italy, 1774. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Chalmers. 

Cormontaingne, Louis de, military engineer, 
■ — fj., about 1695 — enters corps of Engineers, 
17 1 3 — engaged at principal sieges, 1713-45 — 
tf. Marechal de Camp, 20 Oct. 1752. (Euvres, 
1806-9. 

Corn Laws, in England, — prohibition of ex- 
portation, by Stat. 34 Edw. III. c. 20, 1 360-1 
— exportation permitted by Stat. 17 Ric. II. c. 
7, 1394, and 4 Hen. VI. c. 5, 1425 — export 
limited according to price by Act 15 Hen. VI. 
c. 2, 1436, and 23 Hen. VI. c. 5, 1444 — import 
limited according to price by Act 3 Edw. IV. 
c. 2, 1463 — export prohibited except by licence 
from the crown, by Act 25 Hen. VIII. c. 2, 
1534— regulated by Acts 1 and 2 Ph. and Mar. 
c. 5, 1554, and 5 Eliz. c. 5, s. 26, 1562 — per- 
mitted on payment of certain duties, by Act 13 
Eliz. c. 13, 1570 — prices raised by Acts 2 Jac. 

I. c. 25, 1604; 21 Jac. I.e. 28, 1624; 12 Car. 

II. c. 4, 1660; 15 Car. II. c. 7, 1663 — per- 
mitted on payment of duties, by Act 22 Car. II. 
c. 13, 1670 — encouraged by bounties, by Act 
1 Wm and Mar. c. 12, 1689— duties abolished 
by Act 11 and 12 ^\ T m III. c. 20, 1700— pro- 
visions against fraudulent importation, by Act 
5 Geo. II. c. 12, 1732 — violent attempts to 
hinder exportation or transport, made punish- 
able by Act 11 Geo. II. c. 22, 1738 — importa- 
tion at nominal duties allowed and former 
bounties repealed by Act 13 Geo. III. c. 43, 
1773 — new system introduced by Act 31 Geo. 

III. c. 30, 1791, and by Act 44 Geo. III. c. 
109, 1804 — bounties and duties abolished by 
Act 54 Geo. III. c. 69, 17 Jun. 18 14— gradu- 
ated scale of duties (Peel's ' Sliding Scale ') 
established by Act 9 Geo. IV. c. 60, 15 Jul. 1828 
—new scale of duties, under Act 5 and 6 Vic. 
c. 14, 29 Apr. 1842 — abolished, by Act 9 and 
10 Me. c. 22, 26 Jun. 1846. 

Corn Laws, at Home,— [BC]— Lex Frumen- 
taria of C. Sempronius Gracchus, for sale of 



wheat at low prices, 123 — Lex Appuleia, lower- 
ing the price, 100 — Lex Octavia, raising it, about 
9 1 — Lex Cornelia of Sulla, abrogating the 
former laws, 82 — Lex Terentia Cassia, restoring 
Lex Sempronia, 73 — Lex Clodia, gratis distri- 
bution of corn, 58 — number of recipients 
diminished by Jul. Caesar, 45 — increased at his 
death, 44 — diminished by Augustus, 2 — [AD] 
— wheaten bread distributed, before 270. 

Cornacchini, Tomaso, physician, — ft. at 
Arezzo, about 1550 — tf. Prof. Medicine, Pisa, 
1605. Tabulce medicce, $c, 1605. 

Cornaro, (Corner Cornelio,) Flaminio, ar- 
chcsoloyist, — ft. at Venice, 4 Feb. 1693 — senator, 
1730 — tf. at Venice, 27 Dec. 1778. Ecclesice 
Venetce antiquis monumentis, $c, illustratce, 
1749 — Creta sacra, §c., 1755. 

Cornaro, Luigi, centenarian, — ft. at Venice, 
1467 — tf. at Padua, 26 Apr. 1566. JDiscorsi 
della vita sobria, 1558. 

Cornaro Piscopia, Lucrezia Helena, — ft. at 
Venice, 5 Jun. 1646 — crowned Ph D. Padua, 
1678— tf., 26 Jul. 1684. Opere, 1688. 

Cornax, Matthias, physician. Historia 
quinqliennis fere gestationis, §c, 1550 — Medicce 
consultationis, §c, enchiridion, 1564. 

Cornazzano, Antonio, miscellaneous writer, 
— *ft. at Placentia, 143 1 — goes to Ferrara, 1480 
— tf. there, about 1500. Be re militari, 1493 
■—Proverbii in facetie, §c, 1523. 

Corneille, Jean Baptiste, painter, engraver, 
—ft. at Paris, 1646,* 2 Dec. 1 649 b — received at 
the Academy, 3 Jan. 1675 b — tf. at Paris, 12 
Apr. 1695. a Biog. Univ. b Jal. 

Corneille, Michel, painter, engraver, — ft. at 
Orleans, i6oi, a 1603 b — one of the founders of 
Academy of Painting, 1648 — tf. rector of the 
Academy, 13 Jun., c 16 Jul. d 1664. 
a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. c Jal. d Yillot. 

Corneille, Michel, engraver, — ft. at Paris, 
1642, a 1 644 b — admitted to Academy of Paint- 
ing, 19 Sep. 1663° — tf. at Paris, 16 Aug. 
1708.° a D'Argenville. b Michaud. c Jal. 

Corneille, Pierre, dramatist, — ft. at Rouen, 6 
Jun. 1606 — admitted to French Academy, 1647 
— tf. dean of the Academy, 1 Oct. 1684. Me- 
lite, 1625 — Le Cid, 1636 — Les Horaces, Cinna, 
1639 — Folyeucte, 1640 — (Edipe, 1659. 

Corneille, Thomas, dramatist, §c, — ft. at 
Rouen, 20 Aug. 1625 — admitted to French 
Academy, 1684 — pensionary of Academy of 
Inscriptions, 1701 — if. at Andelys, 1709. 
(Em-res dramatiques, 1722 — Lictionnaire des 
arts et de sciences, §c, 1694 — Lictionnaire 
universe], ge'ographique et historique, 1708. 

Cornejo, Pedro, historian, — tf. at Salamanca, 
31 Mar. 161 8. Compendio y b'reve relacion de 
la liga, 1590. 

Cornelia, ' mother of the Gracchi] — [B C] — 
marries T. Sempr. Gracchus, 169. 

Cornelianus, — Consul with Perpetuus, (990, 

A. U. C.) 237. 

Cornelisz, Cornells, (Cornelius van Haarlem,) 
painter, — ft. at Haarlem, 1562 — assists in 
founding Academy of Painting, 1595— tf. there, 
1638. 

Cornelisz. [Vermeyen.] 

Cornelius a Lapide, (Ccrneille van den 



CORNELIUS— CORONEIA. 



373 



Stecn,) theologian, — ft. in Liege, about 1570 — 
' enters the Order of Jesuits, 1592 — Prof. He- 
brew and Theology, Louvain, about 1596— Prof, 
at Rome, 16 17— tf. at Rome, 12 Mar. 1637. 
Commentarius in sacram Scripturam, 1614- 

45- 

Cornelius, Peter von, painter, — ft. at Diis- 
seldorf, i6, a 23 b Sep. i787, a 1783 b — removes 
to Frankfort, 1810 — goes to Rome, 181 1 — with 
Overbeck applies himself to fresco-painting ; 
as Director, reorganizes Academy of Dlissel- 
dorf, 1 8 19 — Director of Academy of Munich, 
1825 — visits Rome, 1833 — visits Paris, 1839° 
— called to Berlin by Frederick William IV., 
1 841 — visits England, aut. 1841 — visits Rome 
again, 1853 — tf-, 7 Mar. 1867. Designs for 
the Villa Massimi, before 1820 — Frescoes of 
the Glyptothek, 1820-30 — Frescoes of Luclwigs 
Kirche, 1830-35 — Frescoes of the Campo Santo, 
Berlin, 1841 — Frescoes in the Finacothek, fin- 
ished, 1 841 — Cartoon of the Four Horsemen, 
1848. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. c Vapereau. 

Cornet, Mathieu Augustin, Count de, 
Peer op France, — ft. at Nantes, 19 Apr. 
1750 — imprisoned at Paris, Jan. 1794 — member 
of Council of Ancients, 1797 — President, 19 
Aug. 1799 — Senator, 24 Dec. 1799 — Com- 
mander of Legion of Honour, 14 Jun. 1804 — 
Count of the Empire, 18 10 — Grand Officer of 
Legion of Honour, 30 Jul. 181 1 — Peer of 
France, 4 Jun. 18 14 — tf. at Paris, 4 May 1832. 

Corneto, Adriano. [Castellesi.] 

Corney, Bolton, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at 
Greenwich, 1784— tf. there, 1 Sep. 1870. New 
Curiosities of Literature, 1838 — editions of 
GolcUmitlis Foetical Works, 1846 — Voyage of 
Sir LL. Middleton to Bantam, §c, 1855 — and 
Locke's Conduct of the Understanding, 1859. 

Cornhert, (Coornhert,) Diedrich, (Dirk,) 
Volkertszoon, engraver, miscellaneous writer, — 
ft. at Amsterdam, 1522 — imprisoned at the 
Hague, 1568^ 1567 b — Secretary of State, 1572 
— tf. at Gouda, 29 Oct. 1590. Werken, 1630. 
a Biog. Univ. b Biog. Woordenboek. 

Corniani, Giovanni Battista, miscellaneous 
writer, — ft. near Brescia, 1742 — tf. at Brescia, 
Oct. 1 81 3. Secoli della letteratura Ltaliana, 
§e., 1804-13. 

Cornicen, Postumus iEbutius Elva, — [B C] 
— Consul with M. Fabius Yibulanus, (312, 
a. u. c.) 442. 

Cornides, Daniel von, historian, fc, — ft., 
1732 — studies at Erlangen, 1754 — librarian, 
Prof. Diplomacy and Heraldry, Univ. of Pesth, 
1784 — tf., 4 Oct. 1787. Reges Hungarice, qui 
seculo XL. regnavere, 1778 — Bibli&theca Run- 
garica, §c, 1792 — Commentatio de religione 
veterum Rungarorum, 1791. 

Cornificius, L., — [BC]— commands for Oc- 
tavianus against Sex. Pompeius, 38-36 — Consul 
with Sex. Pompeius, (719, a. u. c.) 35. 

Cornificius, Q., — [B C]— quaestor _ to Caesar, 
48 — augur, 47 — governor of Syria, 45 — of 
Africa Vetus, 44 — defeated and killed by T. 
Sextius. 

Cornille, (Comeille,) Engelbrechtsen,i?aw£- 
er, — 3b. at Leyden, 1468— tf., 1533. 



Cornille, Kunst, painter, — ft. at Leyden, 
about 1493 — tf., 1544. 

Cornuti, Jacques Philippe, botanist, — ft. at 
Paris, about 1600— tf., 23 Aug. 1651. Ca- 
nadensium plantarum, §c, historia, 1635. 

Cornutus, L. Annaeus, Aristotelian com- 
mentator and philosopher,— banished by Nero, 
68. a a Hieron. 

Cornwall, Duchy of, — settled on Prince of 
Wales for the sovereign's life, 1337. 

Cornwall, Richard, Earl of, Ring or the 
Romans, — ft. at Winchester, 5 Jan. 1209 — ■ 
commands expedition to Guienne, 1225 — takes 
the cross, 1236 — sets out for Palestine, 1240 — 
returns to England, Jan. 1242 — accompanies 
Henry III. to France, 1242 - — deprived of- 
Guienne, 1242 — escapes to England, 1242 — 
marries Sanchia of Provence, 1243 — crowned 
King of Germany at Aix-la-Chapelle, 17 May 
1257 — returns to England, Jan. 1259 — revisits 
Germany, 1260 and 1262 — taken prisoner by 
De Montfort at the battle of Lewes, 13 May 
1264 — returns to Germany, 1268 — holds diet 
at Worms, 1269 — marries Beatrice von Falken- 
stein, and returns to England, 1269 — tf., 2 Apr. 
1272. 

Cornwallis, Charles, Marquis, Governor- 
general of India, — ft., 31 Dec. 1738 — aide- 
de-camp to Marquis of Granby, serves in 
Seven Years' War, 1761 — succeeds to the 
peerage, 1762 — aide-de-camp to the king, 1765 
— governor of the Tower, 1770-82 — serves in 
America under Howe and Clinton, 1776-79 — 
defeats General Gates at Camden, 16 Aug. 
1780 — and General Green at Guilford, 15 Mar. 
17 81 — besieged at York Town, surrenders, 19 
Oct. 17 8 1 — again governor of the Tower, 1784- 
1 805 — K.G., 1786 — Governor-general and 
Commander-in-chief, Bengal, 17 86 — invades 
Mysore, and captures Bungalore, Mar. 1791 — 
attacks Seringapatam, and concludes treaty 
with Tippoo Saib, Mar. 1792 — returns to 
England, created Marquis, and appointed Mas- 
ter-general of the Ordnance, 1792-3 — Lo d- 
lieutenant of Ireland, 1798-1801 — Plenipo- 
tentiary to France, negotiates Treaty of Amiens, 
1 80 1 -2 — Governor-general of India, 1804 — tf. 
at Ghazipore, 5 Oct. 1805. 

Cornwallis, William, Admiral, — ft., 25 Feb. 
1744— Lieut. R.N.,i 761 — Captain, 1765— com- 
mands under Sir S. Hood, in the West Indies, 
1781-82 — commander of English station in the 
East Indies, 1783 — takes Pondicherry, Aug. 
1793— Vice-admiral, 4 Jul. 1794— engagement 
with French off Brest, 17 Jun. 1795 —Ad- 
miral, Feb. 1799 — K.C.B., 1816 — tf., 5 Jun. 
1819.. ft 

Corcebus, {Koroibos,) Victor at Olympia, 
mythic,— [BC]- (01. 1,) 776. 

Corcebus, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
118, 3,) 306. 

Coronation, — first performed by a clergy- 
man ; Leo I. crowned by Anatolius, 457. 

Coronation Oath, in England, — new, ap- 
pointed by 1 Wm and Mar. c. 6. 1689. 

Coroneia, — [B C] — defeat of the Athenians 
by Boeotians, 447 — Agesilaos defeats allied 
Greeks at, few days after 14 Aug. 394, 



"4 



CORONELLI— CORTEZ. 



Coronelli, Marco Vincenzo, geographer, — 6. 
at Venice, 1650 — cosmographer to the republic, 
1685 — General of the Order of Minimes, 1702 
— tf. at Venice, Dec. 17 18. Memorie istorico 
gcografche del regno della Morea, $c, 1685 — 
Atlante Veneto, 1690 — Isolario, 1696. 

Coroner, in England, — empowered to hold 
inquests in cases of sudden death by Act 4 Edw. 
I. st. 2, 1276. 

Corporation Act, — 13 Car. II. st. 2, c. 1, 
1661 — repealed by Act 9 Geo. IV. c. 17, 9 
May 1828— [Municipal Corporations.] 

Corr, Erin, engraver, — b. at Brussels, 1803 
— tf. at Paris, 1862. 

Corrado, Giaquinto, a ( Carlo, h ) painter, — 6. at 
Molfetta,* Xaples, b 1693- — goes to Madrid, 
1753— rj. at Naples, 1765,* 1768. b 

a Biog. Catalogue. b Xagler. 

Corrado, Quinto Mario, — b. at Oria, 
(Naples,) 1508' — tf. there, 1575. Epistols, 
1565 — Be lingua lalina, 1569. 

Corrado, Sebastiano,— Prof. Ancient Litera- 
ture, Bologna, 1545 — tf. at Reggio, 19 Aug. 
1557. In M. T. Ciceronis qusstura, 1537 — 
Qusstura, §c., 1538 — Pgnatius, 1555. 

Correa, Louis, historian. Conquista del 
regno de Navarro, 15 13. 

Correa, Manoel, — tf. at Lisbon, about 1600. 
Commentary on Camoens, 161 3. 

Correa de Serra, Jose Francisco, botanist, — 
ft. at Serpa, Portugal, 1750 — perpetual secre- 
tary of Academy of Sciences, Lisbon, 1779 — 
retires to France, 1786 — F.R.S. London, before 
1797 — correspondent of the Institute, about 
1 8 10 — visits United States, 181 3 — Plenipo- 
tentiary to the government of the U.S., 1816- 
20— member of Council of Finance, Lisbon, 
1819 — Deputy to the Cortes, 1823 — tf. at 
Calclas da Rainha, n Sep. 1823. Collecedo de 
livros ineditos da historia Pcrtugueza, 1790- 
1816. 

Correggio, {Antonio Allegri,) painter, — B. 
at Correggio, 1493-4 ? — in reputation at 
Parma, 15 19 — marries, 1520 — tf. at Correggio, 
5 Mar. 1534. Ascension, Parma, 1520-4 — 
Assumption, 1522-30 — St Jerome, 1524 — 
Madonna della Scodella, 1530 — Penitent Mag- 
dalen, 1533. 

Corresponding Society, — established at Lon- 
don, about 1792 — meetings of, in Copenhagen 
Fields, Oct. to Nov. 1795 and 12 Nov. 1796 — 
the leaders arrested, 28 Jul. 1797. 

Corrodi, Heinrich, philosopher, theologian, 
— h. at Zurich, 1752 — Prof, of Natural and 
Moral Law there, 1786— tf., 14 Sep. 1793. 
Kritische Geschichte des Chiliasmus, 17 8 1-3 — 
Versuch eincr Belcuchtung dcr Geschichte des 
Judischcn und Christlichen Bibelkanons, i*]()i — 
Philosophische Aufsatze und Gcsprdche, 1786- 
91 — Beitriige zur Befdrderung des vcrnunftigen 
Denkens in Religion, 1780-93. 

Corsica,— [B C] — ravaged by the Romans, 
259 — subject to Rome, 238 — subjugated, 236- 
230 — [AD] — ravaged by Vandals, about 456-70 
— conquered for Eastern Empire by Belisarius, 
533 — coasts ravaged by Lombards, 580 — con- 
quered by Franks, about 754 — invaded by 
Saracens, 806 — conquered by them, 850 — in- 



surrection, independent government established, 
1002 — annexed to Holy See, by Gregory VII. , 
1077 — administration of, entrusted by him to 
bishops of Pisa ; sold to bishops of Pisa by 
Urban II., 1091 — seizure of Bonifazio by the 
Genoese, H95 a — the Pisans defeated and ex- 
pelled by Genoese, 1284 — offered by the pope 
to James II., a (Alfonso, b ) of Aragon, 1297 ;i — 
submits to Genoese, 1 347 — revolts against them, 
1380 — transferred to Duke of Milan, 1466 — ■ 
given up to Genoese, 1480 — subject to the 
Company of St George, 1485 — ceded to Genoese 
by Treaty of Cateau Cambresis, 1559 — begins 
revolt, 1729 — Theodore von Neuhof king, 
1736— subdued by the French, 1739 — evacuated 
by them, 1741 — freed from Genoese by Pas- 
quale Paoli, 1755 — claims of Geneose resigned 
to French, 1768 — conquered by the French, 
May 1769 — the French expelled, "placed under 
protection of England, 1793 — retaken by 
French, 1796 — occupied a few months by Eng- 
lish, 18 14. a Engl. Cyc. b Eneyc. Mod. 

Corsini, Bartolonieo, poet, — tf., 1675. Tor- 
rachione desolato, 1768 — translation of Ana- 
creon, 1672. 

Corsini, Edward, antiquary, — fc. in Modena, 
4 Oct. 1702 — Prof. Logic, Pisa, 1735 — Prof. 
Metaphysics and Moral Philosophy, 1746 — tf. 
at Pisa, 27 Nov. 1765. Fasti Attici, 1744-61 
— Dissertatio IV. Agonistics, 1747 — Inst it u- 
tiones philosophies, §c, 1731 — Plementi di 
matematica, 1735. 

Cort, Cornells, engraver, — fc. atHoorn, 1536 
— tj. at Rome, 1578. Martyrdom of St Law- 
rence, 157 1 — Diana and Callisto, 1566. 

Corte, Girolamo dalla, historian, — tf., about 
1600. History of Verona, 1594. 

Corte, Juan de la, painter, — ft. at Madrid, 
1587 — tf. there, 1660. 

Cortenuova,— Frederick II. defeats Milanese 
at, 27 Nov. 1237.* a Kington. 

Cortereal, {Corte Peal.) Gasparo, maritime 
explorer,- — explores Labrador, «fcc, 1500 — em- 
barks at Lisbon for Arctic seas, 15 May 1501 — 
his brother Miguel sent in search of him, 1502 
— another searching expedition, 1503. 

Cortereal, Jeronymo, poet, — commands expe- 
dition against Moors of Africa and Asia, 157 1 
— tf. at Evora, before 1593. Austriada, 1578. 
Cortes, The, of Spain, — deputies from the 
towns to, about 11 88 — dissolved by Charles V., 
1538 — abolished by Philip II., 1556-98 — as- 
semble at Cadiz, 24 Sep. 18 10 — proclaim a con- 
stitution, 1 812 — abolish the Inquisition; dis- 
solved by Ferdinand VIL, spring 18 14 — re- 
stored by him, 1820 — again dissolved by the 
French, 1823 — restored, 10 Apr. 1834 — assem- 
ble, early in 1837 — publish a constitution, 16 
Jun. 1837 — suspended, 27 Dec. 1843— sum- 
moned again, 1 844 — reestablished by Espartero, 
1848. 

Cortesi, Giovanni Battista, physician, — n. 
at Bologna, 1554 — Prof. Anatomy, Messina, 
1598 — tf. at Bologna, 1636. Miscellaneorum 
viedicinalium decades dens, §c., 1625 — Practica 
Medic ins, 1635. 

Cortez, Hernando, conqueror of Mexico, — fc. 
at Medellin, in Estremadura, 1485 — goes to St 



COETI— COSMAS. 



375 



Domingo, 1504 — distinguishes himself under 
Velasquez in the conquest of Cuba, 15 11 — as 
captain-general of the Armada, embarks at Sant 
Iago for Mexico, 18 Nov. 15 18 a — defeats Indi- 
ans and takes Tabasco, 15 19 — founds Vera 
Cruz, 15 19 — destroys his fleet, i5i9 a — massacre 
at Cholula, 1519 — ascent of Popocatepetl, 1519 
— captures Mexico, Montezuma submitting to 
him, 8, a i8 b Nov. 15 19 — defeats and captures 
Narvaez, 1520— storms the great temple, i52o a 
— evacuates Mexico, beginning Jul. — great 
slaughter of the Spaniards : defeats the Mexi- 
cans at Otumba, 8 Jul. 1520a — returns in 
triumph to Tlascala, Dec. 1520 — begins siege 
of Mexico, May 152 1 — the city surrenders, 15 
Aug. 15 2 1 — a commissioner sent to arrest him, 
Dec. 152 1 — confirmed in his powers by the 
emperor, 15 Oct. 1522 a — goes to Honduras, 
1524 — returns to Mexico, Jun. 1526 — returns 
to Spain, May 1528 — created Marquis of the 
Valley of Oaxaca, 6 Jul. 1529a — returns to 
Mexico, spring 1530— discovers California, 1533 
— returns to Spain, 1540 — follows Charles V. 
to Algiers, 1541 — xj. near Seville, 2 Dec. 1547 a 
— his remains removed to Tezcuco,i562 — again, 
to Mexico, 1629. a Prescott. b Engl. Cyc. 

Corti, Matteo, (Curthcs,) physician, — ft. at 
Pavia, 1475— Prof. Medicine there, 1497-1515 
— Prof. Medicine, Pisa, 1515-24 — Prof. Medi- 
cine, Padua, 1524 — Physician to Grand Duke 
of Tuscany, 1541 — Prof. Medicine, Pisa, 1543 
— o\ there, 1544. Qucestio de phlebotomia in 
pleuresi, §c, 1534 — Be curandis febribus, §c, 
1561. 

Corticelli, Salvadore, miscellaneous writer, 
— ft. at Bologna, 1690 — enters Order of Barna- 
bites, 1718 — xj., 5 Jan. 1758. Begole ed osser- 
vazioni della lingua Toscana, 1745 — Bella Tos- 
cana Bloquenza, 1752 — edition of the Became- 
rone, 1751. 

Cortona, Fietro da, (Berrettini,) painter, — 
ft. at Cortona, 1 Nov. 1596 — xj., 16 May 1669. 

Coruna, {Corunna,) in Spain, — Spanish Ar- 
mada refitted at, May 1588— repulse of Soult 
by Sir John Moore, death of Sir John 'Moore, 
16 Jan. 1809. 

Coruncanius, Tib., jurist, — [B C] — Consul 
with P. Valerius Laevinus, commands in Etruria, 
(474, a. u. c.) 280 — triumphs over Vulsini and 
Volci, 28o, a — censor, 270 — pontifex maximus, 
about 254 — dictator, 246 — ft., soon after. 

Corvetto, Lodovico Emmanuelo, statesman, 
— ft. at Genoa, 11 Jul. 1756 — Councillor of State, 
Officer of Legion of Honour, by Napoleon L, 
1 805 — goes to Paris, 1 806 — Minister of Finance, 
18x5-18 — Minister of State, 18 18 — ft. at Genoa, 
23 May 1822, a i82i. b 

a Biog. Univ. b Erscb. and Gruber. 

Corvinus. [Matthias Corvinus.] 

Corvinus, Johann Arnold, jurist, — ft. at 
Leyden, about 1590— xj. Prof. Jurisprudence at 
Amsterdam, 1650. Enchiridion juris civilis, 
1640 — Elementa juris civilis, 1645. 

Corvinus, M. Valerius, — [BC]— Consul vifh 
Q. Coedicius Noctu*, (465, a. u. c.) 289. 

Corvinus, M. Valerius Messalla. [Mes- 
salla.] 

Corvinus, T. Statilius Taurus, — Consul 



with M. Vinicius, (798, a. u. c.) 45. 

Corvinus de Belderen, Arnold, jurist. 
Bosthumus Bacianus, 1643 — Jurisprudentice 
Bo?nance summarium, 1655. 

Corvisart-Desmarets, Jean Nicolas, physi- 
cian, — ft. at Dricourt, (Champagne,) 15 Feb. 
1755 — received Doctor-regent of the Faculty, 
1782— Prof. Clinical Medicine, Hospital of La 
Charite, 1788— Prof. Practical Medicine, Col- 
lege de France, 1797— surgeon to Napoleon I., 
1802-14 — Officer of Legion of Honour, 1803 — 
member of Institute, 181 1 — honorary member 
of Boyal Academy of Medicine, 1820 — ft., 18 
Sep. 1 82 1 . Bssais sur les maladies et les lesions 
organiques du cceur, §c, 1806. 

Corvus, M. Valerius,— [BC] — ft., about 371 
— trio, milit. under Camillus against the Gauls, 
349 — Consul with M. Popillius Lsenas, (406, 
a. u. c.) 348 — Consul with C. Poetilius Libo 
Visolus, war and triumph over Volsci, (403,) 
346 — Consul with A. Corn. Cossus Arvina, de- 
feats Samnites at Mount Gaurus and Suessula 
and triumphs, (411,) 343 a — dictator, war in 
Campania, 342 — Consul with M. Atilius Begu- 
lus, storms Cales, (419.) 335 s — interrex, 332 — 
legatus to dictator Papirius Cursor, serves 
against Samnites, prastor 4th time, 309 — dic- 
tator against Marsians and Etruscans, 301 — 
Consul with Q. Appuleius Pansa, (454,) 300 — 
Consul sitffectus (in place of T. Manilas Tor- 
quatus) with M. Fulvius Ptetinus, (455,) 299 — 
Xj., about 271. a Visscber. 

Coryat, Thomas, traveller, — ft. at Odcombe, 
in Somersetshire, 1577 — travels in Em-ope, 1608 
— sets out for the East, 161 2— rj. at Surat, 
Dec. 1617. Coryat' 's Crudities, 161 1. 

Cos, — [BC]— given to Skythes, tyrant of 
Zancle, by Persian king, 497 — taken "by Arte- 
misia, about 484 — [AD] — made free state by 
Claudius, between 41-54. 

Cosa, — [BC] — colony from Eome, 273. 

Cosenza, (Consortia,) in Italy, — death and 
burial of Alaric at, autumn 410. 

Cosimo, Piero di, painter, — ft. at Florence 
1462 — assists Cosimo Eoselli at Eome, about 
1480, seqq. — tf., 152 1. 

Cosimo Eoselli. [Eoselli.] 

Cosin, John, Bp of Durham,— ft. at Nor- 
wich, 1594 — D.D. Cambridge, 1628 — Master 
of Peterhouse, 1634 — Vice-chancellor of the 
Univ., 1640 — Dean of Peterborough, 1640 — ■ 
deprived and impeached, 1642— joins in sending 
the Univ. plate to Charles I., and is ejected 
from his mastership, 1642 — retires to France, 
1642 — Bp of Durham, Nov. 1660 — xj., 15 Jan. 
1672. 

Cosmao-Kerjulien, Admiral, — ft. at Cha- 
teaulin, 1759 — Captain, 1793 — distinguishes 
himself at Trafalgar, 21 Oct. 1803— xj., Feb. 
1816. 

Cosmas, of Jerusalem, hymnologist, — Bp Mai- 
uma, (Palestine,) about 743, 73o. a a Zedler. 

Cosmas, of Prague, chronicler, — ft., 1045 — 
xj., 21 Oct. 1 1 26. 

Cosmas Indicopleustes, maritime discoverer, 
— makes his voyage to the Indies, about 522 a 
— writes his Topograph ia Christiana, 535- 
547. a a Gibbon. 



37 6 



COSME— COSTELLO. 



Cosme, Jean Baseilhac, (& Frere,) surgeon, 
— b., 5 Apr. 1703— enters the Order of Feuil- 
LTnts, 1729— tf. at Paris, 8 Jul. 17 81. Recucil 
des pieces importantcs conccrnant la taille par 
le lithotome cache, 1751 — JSfouvclle methode 
d 1 extra ire la pierre par-dessus le pubis, 1779. 
Cosmo de' Medici. [Medici.l 
Cossa, Balthasar. [John XXIII.] 
Cossacks, — accompany Ivan IV. against 
Turks, 1570 — settle a colony on the Don, 
I57 o — serve as guards of the frontier under 
Stephen Bathori, king of Poland, 1592 — revolt, 
under Chraielnicki, 1648— put themselves under 
protection of Russia, 1654. [Mazeppa.] 

Cossali, Pietro, mathematician, — b. at 
Verona, 29 Jim. 1748 — Prof. Astronomy, 
Parma, 1785-1807— Prof. Mathematics, Padua, 
1807^ 1806 ll — "0. there, 20 Dec. 18 15. Storia 
critica delV origine, #c, delV algebra, 1797. 
a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Cosse de Brissac, Artus de, Marshal of 
France, — distinguishes himself at siege of 
Lens, 155 1 — at defence of Metz, 1552 — super- 
intendent of finances, 1563 — Marshal of Prance, 
1567 — distinguishes himself at battle of St 
Denis, 1567— imprisoned in the Bastille, 4 May 
I574 — Chevalier du Saint-Esprit, 31 Dec. 1578 
— tf. at Chateau de Gonnor, Anjou, 15 Feb. 
1582. 

Cosse, Charles de, Count of Brissac, — b., 
about 1505 — at siege of Naples, 1528 — Grand 
Falconer of France, 1540 — commands cavalry 
in Piedmont, 1543 — Grand Master of Artillery, 
1547 — Marshal of France, 1550 — Governor- 
general of Piedmont, 1550 — governor and 
Lieutenant-general of Picardy, 1559 — com- 
mander at Paris, 1562 — commands in Nor- 
mandy under the king at siege of Havre, 1563 
— 1». "at Paris, Dec. 1563. 

Cosse, Charles II. de, Marshal of France, 
— serves in royal army, 1582-8 — resigns 
government of Paris, Marshal of France, 22 
Mar. 1594— "a"., 1621. 

Cosse, Jean Paul Timoleon de, Marshal, 
Duke of Brissac, — b., 12 Oct. 1698 — at 
siege of Corfu, 17 16 — serves in the army, till 
1768 — Marshal of France, 1768— tf., 1784. 

Cosse, Timoleon de, Count of Brissac, — b., 
1545 — Colonel-general of infantry, 1561 — at 
siege of Bouen, at defence of Paris, 1562 — at 
siege of Lvons, Mar. 1563 — serves against the 
Turks in Malta, 1565 — commands at battle of 
St Denis, 1567 — at Jarnac, 1569 — killed at siege 
of Mucidan in Perigord, 28 Apr. 1569. 

Cossigny, Joseph Francois Charpentier de, 
— b. in the Mauritius, about 1731,° 1735 b — 
member of Academy of Sciences, 1773 — named 
deputy extraordinary at Paris, 1789 — tf. at 
Paris, 29 Mar. 1 809. Lcttre a Lcmonier sur la 
culture du cafe, 1773 — Essai sur la fabrication 
de V indigo, 1779 — Voyage a. Canton, 1798. 
a Biog. Univ. b Erscb and Gruber. 

Cossin, Louis, engraver, — b. at Troyes, 
about 1633, 1 1635 b — tf. at Paris, 1682. 
'* Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Cossova. [Kossova.J 

Cossus, — [BC] — 1. Ser. Cornelius Malu- 
ginensis, Consul with Q. Fabius Vibulanus, 



(269, a. u. c.) 485. 2. L. Cornelius Malu- 
ginensis, Consul with Q. Fabius Vibulanus, 
(295,) 459. 3. A. Cornelius, Consul with T. 
Quinctins Pennus Cincinnatus, (326,) 428. 4. 
M. Cornelius, Consul with L. Furius Medul- 
linus, (341,) 413. 0. Cn. Cornelius, Consul 
with L. Furius Medullinus, (345,) 409. 6. A. 
Cornelius, (Arvina,) Consul with M. Valerius 
Corvus, (411,) 343 — with Cn. Domitius Cal- 
vinus, (422,) 332. 7. Cn. Cornelius Lentulus, 
Consul with L. Calpurnius Piso, (753,) 1. 

Costa de Beauregard, Joseph Henri de, 
Marquis,— b. in Savoy, 20 Apr. 1752 — enters 
the army, May 1772 — signs armistice with the 
French, at Cherasco, Apr. 1796 — chief of the 
permanent staff, Jan. 1797 — tf., n Nov. 1824. 
Memoires historiques sur la liaison royale de 
Savoie, §c, 18 16. 

Costa, George da, Cardinal, — b. in Portu- 
gal, 1406 a — receives oath of Edward I. and 
Henry IV. of Castille for execution of treaty, 
1464 — Cardinal, by Sixtus IV., 1476 — tf. Bp 
of Tusculum, 19 Sep. 1508. a a Biog. Univ. 

Costa (da). [Gonzaga.] 

Costa, Lorenzo, painter, — b. at Ferrara, 
1460 — tf. at Mantua, 5 Mar. 1535. Madonna 
Enthroned, Bologna, 1488. 

Costa, Manoel da, Jesuit, — tf., 1604. His- 
toire des missions de V Orient, 157 1. 

Costaeus, {Costco,) Giovanni, physician, — 
teaches medicine at Bologna, 1581— tf. there, 
1603. De venarum mesaraicarum tisu, 1565 — 
Annotationes in Avicennm canonem, §c, 1595 
— De humani conceptus, formationis, motus et 
partus tempore, 1596 — De igneis medicines Frce- 
sidiis, 1595. 

Costanzi, Carlo, engraver of gems, — b- at 
Naples, 1703. 

Costanzo, Angelodi, historian, — b. atNaples, 
about 1507 — tf. there, 159 1. Istorie del regno 
di Xapoli, §c, 1582. 

Costard, George, astronomer, %c.,— b., about 
17 10 — M.A. Oxon., 1753 — vicar of Twicken- 
ham, 1764 — tf. there, 10 Jan. 1782. History 
of Astronomy, §c, 1757, 11 1767 . b 

a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Costaz, Louis, Baron, statesman, — b. at 
Belley, (l'Ain,) 17 Mar. 1767 — goes to Paris, 
1787 — Prof. Mathematics there, 1789 — mem- 
ber of Commission of Arts and Manufactures, 
1794 — accompanies expedition to Egypt, 1798 
— Intendant of buildings of the Crown, 1809 — 
Councillor of State, 3 Apr. 181 3- 15 — Officer of 
Legion of Honour, Apr. 181 3 — Director-gen- 
eral of Roads and Bridges, Nov. 181 3 — reenters 
Council of State, 30 Jan. 1820 — Vice-presi- 
dent of Geographical Society, 1829— admitted 
to Academy of Sciences, 1831 — tf., 9 May 1842. 

Coste, Jean Francois, physician, — b. at 
Villebois-Bugey, 4 Jun. 1741 — first physician 
to army sent to America, 1780 — physician-in- 
chief to Hotel des Invalides, 1796 — fr. at Paris, 
8 Nov. 1 8 19. Du service des hopitaux mili- 
taires ramene aux rrais principes, 1790. 

Costello, Dudley, journalist, miscellaneous 
writer, — b., 1803 — assistant to Cuvier, 1829- 
31 — returns to London, 1833 — tf. there, Sep. 
1865. Stories from a Screen, 1855 — Million- 



COSTELLO— COTTIUS. 



377 



naive, 1858 — Holidays ivith Hobgoblins, i860 
— Italy, 1 86 1. 

Costello, Louisa Stuart, miscellaneous writer, 
— b. in Ireland, about 18 15 — rj. at Boulogne, 
22 Apr. 1870. Pilgrimage to Auvergne, 1842 
— Lives of Eminent Englishwomen, 1844 — Me- 
moirs of Mary, Duchess of Burgundy, 1853 — 
Memoirs of Anne of Brittany, 1855. 

Coster. [Koster.] 

Coster, Samuel, dramatist, — fi. at Amster- 
dam, about 1590 — tf., after 1646. 

Costha Ben Luka, philosopher, — fl. at 
Heliopolis, about (250, a. h.) 864 — ft., about 
890,* about 250. b a Abulfaragius. b Casiri. 

Costs, in Law, — allowed to defendant in case 
of wardship by Stat, of Marlbridge, 52 Hen. 
III. c. 6, 1267 or 1269 — made recoverable by 
demandant by Stat, of Gloucester, 6 Edw. I. c. 
1, s. 2, 1278 — allowed to defendant in personal 
actions by Stat. 23 Hen. VIII. c. 15, 1531-2 — 
taxing, regulated by Act 2 Geo. II. c. 23,1729 
■ — double or treble costs abolished by Act 5 
and 6 Vic. c. 97, 10 Aug. 1842 — the crown to 
pay or receive in civil cases, by Act 18 and 19 
Vic. c. 90, 14 Aug. 1855. 

Cosway, Richard, painter, — ft. at Tiverton, 
1740 — E.A., 1771 — ft., 1821. 

Cota, Rodrigo, poet, — writes first Act of 
Celestina, forerunner of Spanish secular drama, 
1480. 

Cotelier, Jean Baptiste, (Cotelerius,) Hel- 
lenist,— b. at Nismes, 1629,* 1627 b — Fellow of 
the Sorbonne, 1649 — assists Ducange in pre- 
paring catalogue of Greek MSS. in Eoyal 
Library, 1667 — Prof. Greek, College de France, 
1674,8 1676 b — rj., 12 Aug. 1686. SS. Batrum 
qui temporibus apostolicis fioruerunt opera, 
1672 — Ecclesice Grcecce monumenta et analecta, 
1672-86. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gvuber. 

Cotes, Francis, painter, — ft. in London, 
1725 — takes part in founding Eoyal Academy, 
1768 — o". in London, 20 Jul. 1770. 

Cotes, Roger, mathematician, — ft. at Eur- 
bage, in Leicestershire, 1 o Jul. 1 682 — enters Trin. 
Coll., Cambridge, Apr. 1699 — Fellow of his 
Coll., 1705 — M.A., Plumian Prof. Astronomy, 
1706 — takes orders, 1713 — tf., '5 Jun. 1716. 
Harmonia Mensurarum, §c., 1722 — edits New- 
ton* s Brincipia, 17 13. 

Cothb-Eddyn, Mohammed, historian, — tf., 
(988, a. h.) 1580-1. 

Cothb-Eddyn-Shirazy, Mahmoud Ben Ma- 
soud, philosopher,- — 1>. at Shiraz, (634, A. h.) 
1236-7 — tf., (710,) 1310-11. 

Cotman, John Sell, artist, engraver, — b. at 
Norwich, about 1780 — goes to France, 1817 — 
teacher of Drawing, King's College, London, 
about 1834 — ft. there, 28 Jul. 1842. Miscel- 
laneous etchings of Architectural Antiquities in 
Yorkshire, 1812 — Architectural Antiquities of 
Norfolk, 1 812-17 — Sepulchral brasses in Nor- 
folk, 1813-16 — Architectural Antiquities of 
Normandy, 1820. 

Cotta, C. Aurelius, — [B C] — 1. Consul with 
P. Servilius Geminus, (502, a. u. c.) 252 — 
again, (506,) 248 — victories over Carthaginians 
in Sicily, 252 and 248. 2. Consul with P. 
Sulpicius Galba Maximus, (554,) 200. 3. 



Orator, o., 124— goes into voluntary exile, 91- 
82 — Consul with 0. Octavius, (679,) 75 — Pro- 
consul in Gaul, 74 — Xf. before his undeserved 
triumph. 

Cotta, L. Aurelius, — [BC] — 1. Consul -with 
Ser. Sulpicius Galba, (610, a. tj. c.) 144. 2. 
Consul with L. Caecilius Metellus, (635,) 119. 
3. Consul with L. Manlius Torquatus, (689,) 65. 

Cotta, M. Aurelius,— [BC]— 1. Consul with 
L. Licinius Lucullus, (680, a. tj. c.) 74 — 
defeated by Mithridates. 2. [A D] — Consul with 
M. Valerias Messala, (773,) 20. 

Cotta, Giovanni, poet, — h. near Verona, 
about 1483,* 1479 b — l° ses his MSS. at battle 
of Agnadello, 1509 — envoy to Pope Julius II. ; 
ft. at Viterbo, about 151 i, a i5io. b Carmina, 
1527. a Chalmers. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Cotta, Giovanni Battista,i?o^,— b. atTende, 
(Nice,) 20 Feb. 1688 — Prof. Logic, Florence, 
1693 — if. at Tende, 31 May 1738. Bio, sonetti 
ed inni, con note, 1709. 

Cotta, Johann Friedrich, theologian, — b. at 
Tubingen, 1701 — Prof. Theology and Oriental 
Languages, Gottingen, 1736 — at Tubingen, 
1739 — Chancellor of University, 1777 — **• 
there, 31 Dec. 1779. Edition of Gerhard's 
Loci Theologici, 1762-77 — translation of 
Josephus, 1736 — Entwurf einer ausfiihrlichen 
Kirchenhistorie des Nenen Testaments, 1768-73. 

Cotta de Cottendorf, Johann Friedrich, 
bookseller, statesman, — h. at Stuttgard, 27 Apr. 
1764 — settles at Tubingen, 1787 — envoy from 
the States of Wurtemberg to France, 1799 — 
settles at Stuttgard, 1810 — deputy to the Diet 
of Wurtemberg, 18 15— at Congress of Vienna, 
1 8 15 — member of Second Chamber, 18 19 — 
Vice-president of Second Chamber, 1824 — sent 
to Berlin to conclude Treaty of Commerce, 
1828 — Privy Councillor of Prussia, 1828 — If. at 
Stuttgard, 29 Sep., a Dec. b 1832 — founds the 
Allgemeine Zeituug, 1798. 

a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Cotte, Robert de, architect, — b. at Paris, 
1656 — Director of Academy of Architecture, 
1699 — first architect of the king, vice-pro- 
tector of Academy of Painting, 1708 — tf. at 
Passy, 1735. 

Cottenham, Charles Christopher Pepys, 
Earl of, Lord Chancellor of England, 
— b. in London, 29 Apr. 1781- — LL.B. Cam- 
bridge, 1803 — called to the bar at Lincoln's 
Inn, 23 Nov. 1804— Solicitor-general to Queen 
Adelaide, 1830 — to the King, Feb. 1834 — Knt ; 
M.P. High am Ferrers, Jul. 1831 — Master of 
the Eolls, Sep. 1834 — Commissioner of the 
Great Seal, Apr. 1835 — Lord Chancellor, 16 
Jan. 1836 — raised to the Peerage, same time : 
resigns, Sep. 1 841 —reinstated, Aug. 1846 to 
Jun. 1850 — Earl, Jun. 1850 — ft. in Italy, 29 
Apr. 1 85 1. 

Cottereau, Thomas Jules Armand, jurist,— 
b. at Tours, 1733 — 3?. there, 28 Nov. 1809. 
Broit generate de la France, §c, 1778-88. 

Cottin, Sophie Ristaud, novelist, — h. at 
Tonneins, 1773 — "0. at Paris, 25 Aug. 1807. 
Malvina, 1801 — Mathilde, 1805 — Elisabeth, on 
les exiles de Sibevie, 1806, 

Cottius, M. Julius; Cottian Alps, — [BC] 



378 



COTTLE— COURIER. 



— Ligurian cliief, made praefect of Cottian Alps 
by Augustus, about 40 — makes roads, triumphal 
arch, &c, 8 — [AD] — 011 bis death his son, 
M. Jul. Cottius, made king by Claudius, 44 — 
reduced to province by Nero, about 60. 

Cottle, Joseph, publisher, litterateur, — ft., 
1774,* about 1770 b — gives up book trade, 
autumn 1798 — "Cf. near Bristol, 7 Jun. 1853. 
Recollections of Coleridge, 1837. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Gent. Mag. 

Cotton, Charles, poet, translator, — ft. at 
Beresibrd Hall, Staffordshire, 1630 — tf. at 
Westminster, 1687. Scarronides, 1678 — trans- 
lation of Montaigne's Essays, (4th ed.,) 17 11 
■ — Complete Angler, 1676. 

Cotton, George Edward Lynch, Bp of Cal- 
cutta, — ft. at Chester, 181 3 — B.A. Cambridge, 
1836— Head Master of Marlborough Coll., 
1852 — Bp of Calcutta, 1858 — drowned at 
Kooshtea, 6 Oct. 1866. 

Cotton, (Coton,) Pierre, Jesuit, — ft. at Ne- 
ronde, near the Loire, 1564 — Confessor to 
Henri IV., before 1610 — to Louis XIII., 
1610-1617 — provincial of the Order, in Aqui- 
taine, 1623 — in Isle of France, 1626 — tf. at' 
Paris, 19 Mar. 1626. 

Cotton, Sir Robert Bruce, antiquary, — ft. at 
Denton, Huntingdonshire, 22 Jan. 1570 — B.A., 
Trin. Coll. Cambridge, 1585 — accompanies 
Camden to Carlisle, 1600 — Knt, by James I., 
1603 — appointed one of the commissioners on 
state of the navy, 1608 — Bart., 161 1 — M.P., 
1625 — if. at Westminster, 6 May 1631. 

Cotton Manufacture. [Spinning Jenny, 
Power-loom, Steam-engine, &c] 

Cottonian Library, — formed by Sir R. B. 
Cotton, who died, 1631 — partly burnt, 1731 — 
transferred to British Museum, 1757. 

Cotugno, Domenico, physician, — ft. at Ruvo, 
29 Jan. 1736 — ft-, 6 Oct. 1822. Deaqueducti- 
bus auris humance internee dissertatio, 1761 — 
Letter a riguardante V electricitd d'wt sorcio, 1 7 84. 

Cotys, King op Thrace, — [B C] — begins to 
reign, 382 — obtains aid of Charidemus against 
Athens, 364 — Athens denies citizenship to him, 
362 — bribed by Philip against Pausanias, 359 
■ — assassinated, 358. 

Cotys. [Paphlagonia.] 

Coucy, Robert de, architect, — ft., about 
1250 ? a about i2oo c — completes church of St 
Nicasius, at Rheims, 1229 b — tf., 131 i. a Com- 
pletes rebuilding of Cathedral of llheims, by 1 247 . 
a Xouv. Biog. Gen. b Nagler. c Biog. Univ. 

Coudray, du. [Tronson.] 

Coulmiers, (or Baccon,) near Orleans, — Gen. 
D'Aurelles de Paladine defeats Gen. von der 
Tann, 9-10 Nov. 1870. 

Coulomb Charles Augustin {Auguste) de, 
natural philosopher, — ft. at Angouleme, 1736 
— admitted to Academy of Sciences, 1782^ 
1 7 86 b — Intendant-general of waters and foun- 
tains of France, 1784 — member of Institute, 
1796 — 0., 23 Aug. 1806. liecherches sur les 
moyens d'ezecuter sous Veau toutes sortes de 
travaux hydrauliques, $•<?., 1779. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Coulon, Louis, geographer, — ft. at Poitiers, 
1605 — q\, 1664. Rivieres de France, $c, 1644. 



Councils. [See names of places where held, 
Privy Council, $cJJ 

f> County Courts, in England, {ancient,) — to be 
held monthly, by Acts 9 Hen. III. c. 35, 1224-5 5 
and 2 and 3 Edw. VI. c. 25. 1548 — {new,) es- 
tablished by Act 9 and 10 Vic. c. 95, 26 Aug. 
1846 — jurisdiction extended by Acts 10 and 11 
Vic. c. 102, 22 Jul. 1847 ; 13 and 14 Vic. c. 61, 
14 Aug. 1850; 15 and 16 Vic. c. 54, 30 Jun. 
1852 ; 17 and 18 Vict. c. 16, 2 Jun. 1854 ; 19 
and 20 Vic. c. 108, 29 Jul. 1856; 24 and 25 
Vic. c. 134, 6 Aug. 1861 — regulated by Acts 
12 and 13 Vic. c. 101, 1 Aug. 1849; 15 and 
16 Vic. c. 54, 30 Jun. 1852 ; 21 and 22 Vic. c. 
74, 2 Aug. 1858 — limited jurisdiction in Equity 
conferred on, by Act 28 and 29 Vic. c. 99, 5 
Jul. 1865 — offices of Treasurer and of High 
Bailiff of, abolished by Act 29 Vict. c. 14, 23 
Apr. 1866 — Admiralty jurisdiction conferred on, 
by Act 31 and 32 Vic. c. 71, 31 Jul. 1868— 
amended by 32 and 33 Vic. c. 51, 2 Aug. 1869. 

Cour de Balleroy, Charles Auguste, Count 
de la, general, — ft., 25 Feb. 172 1 — enters the 
army, 1738 — serves in Flanders, 1742 — distin-* 
guishes himself atLawfeld, Jul. 1747 — at Berg- 
op-Zoom, 1747 — atMaestricht, 1748 — Marechal 
de Camp, 1758— executed, 26 Mar. 1794. 

Courayer, Pierre Francois le, theologian, 
translator, — ft. at Vernon, a Rouen, b in Nor- 
mandy, 17 Nov. 1 68 1 — canon of St Genevieve, 
1706 — librarian, 17 11 — corresponds with Abp 
Wake, 1721-2 — excommunicated for his 
work on English ordinations, 1727 — D.D. Ox- 
ford, Aug. 1727 — retires to England, 1728 — ft. 
in London, 17 Oct. 1776. Dissertation sur la 
validite des ordinations des Anglais, §c, 1723 — 
Defense de la dissertation, 1726 — French trans- 
lations of Father Faul's History of Council of 
Trent, 1736 — and Sleidan's History of the Re- 
formation, 1769-77 . a Chalmers. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Courbiere, Guillaume Rene, Baron de 
l'Homme de, field-marshal, — ft. at Groningen, 
25 Feb. 1733 — enters the army, 1747 — at the 
defence of Berg-op-Zoom, 1747 — enters service 
of Prussia, as engineer, 1757 — distinguishes 
himself at siege of Schweidnitz, 1758 — com- 
mander of free corps, 1759 — distinguishes him- 
self at siege of Dresden, 1760— Lieutenant- 
general, 1787 — Governor of Graudenz, 1798 — 
receives Order of the Black Eagle, 1802 — • 
defends Graudenz against French, 1806-7 — ■ 
Field-Marshal, Governor of West Prussia, 1807 
— tf., Jul. 181 1. 

Coureelles, near Metz, — Prince Frederick 
Charles of Prussia defeats the French at, 14 
Aug. 1870. 

Coureelles, Jean Baptiste Pierre Jullien 
de, genealogist, — ft. at Orleans, 14 Sep. 1759 — 
settles at Paris, 1807 — tf. at Saint Brienne, 24 
Jul. 1834. Joint editor of Art de verifier les 
Dates, 1 82 1 — Armorial general de la chambre 
des pairs, 1822 — Histoire ge'ne'alogique des 
pairs de France, 182 1. 

Courier, Paul Louis, political and miscel- 
laneous writer, — ft. at Paris, 4 Jan. 1773,* 
i774, b 1772° — officer of artillery, 1793 — serves 
in campaigns of Rome, 1798-9 — of Italy, 1806 
— of Austria, 1809 — marries, 12 May 18 14 — 



COURLAND— COUSIN. 



379 



settles at Paris, 1814 — mui'dered, at Veretz, 10 
Apr. 1825. (Euvres, 1834 — translation of 
Longus, 18 10. a Biog. Univ. 

b Engl. Cyc. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Courland, Duchy of, — separated from Li- 
vonia, and constituted by Gothard Kettler, 
1559 — he receives investiture from Sigismund 
Augustus, king of Poland, 156 1 — seized by 
Peter the Great on death of Duke Frederick 
"William, 17 11 — Maurice of Saxony elected by 
the States, 28 Jun. 1726 — but expelled by 
Russians, 1727 — Biren elected, by influence of 
the Empress Anne, 1737 — he is exiled, Nov. 
1740 — governed by the States till 1759— given 
to Charles Christian, son of king of Poland, 
Jan. 1759 — restoration of Biren, expulsion of 
Charles Christian, 1763 — Biren' s son Peter 
succeeds, Nov. 1769 — annexed to Bussia, 1795. 

Court, {de Gebelin,) Antoine, — fc.atNismes, 
1725 — goes to Paris, 1760^ 1763 c — joint 
founder and president of the Museum, 1780 — 
if. at Paris, 10, ac 13 b May 1784. Monde 
primttif, 1773-84. a Biog. Univ. 

b Ersch and Gruber. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Court Journal, London, — commenced, 1829. 

Courtenay, {Courtney,) "William, Abp of 
Canterbury, — b. at Exeter, (or Exminster,) 
about 1342,* 1327 b — studies at Oxford: 
Chancellor of the Univ., 1367 — Bp of Hereford, 
17 Aug. 1369 — enthroned, 5 Sep. 1370 — Bp 
of London, 1375 — member of the Council of 
Regency, soon after ; publishes a bull of Gre- 
gory II. at Paul's Cross, 1376 — summoned be- 
fore Court of Chancery and compelled to 
recall his words, 1376 — opposes in Convocation 
the grant of a subsidy to the king, 3 Feb. 
1377 — Wickliffe appears before him at St 
Paul's, 19 Feb. 1377 — saves the palace of the 
Duke of Lancaster from destruction by the 
mob, Lent 1377 — Abp of Canterbury, 5 Aug. 
1381 — Chancellor of England, 10 Aug. 1381 — 
resigns the seals, 30 Nov. 1381 — officiates at 
marriage of Richard II. and Anne of Bohemia, 
14 Jan. 1382 — crowns the Queen at West- 
minster; holds a synod against Wickliffe at 
the Grey Friars, 17 May 1382 — issues a com- 
mission against heresy at Oxford, 28 May 
1382 — obtains the king's authority to im- 
prison WicklifHtes, 12 Jul. 1382 — obtains royal 
brief against the Univ., in support of his in- 
junctions, 1382 — commences his provincial 
visitation, 1382 — crowns Richard II. a second 
time, 1388 — excommunicates Lollards at 
Leicester, and lays the town under an inter- 
dict, 1 Nov. 1389 — publishes his constitution 
against choppe-churches, 5 Mar. 1391 — if. at 
Maidstone, 31 Jul. 1396. a Hoot. b Foss. 

Courtenay. [Peter, Kobert, Baldwin de, 
Emperors of the East.~) 

Courtepee, Claude, n. at Saulieu, 1721 — if., 
1782. Description historique et topographique 
du duche de Bourgogne, 1774-85. 

Courtin, Eustache Marie Pierre Marc An- 
toine, b. at Lisieux, 1770 — if. at Paris, 1839. 
Encyclopedic moderne, 1824. 

Courtois, Edme Bonaventure, politician, — 
b. at Arcis-sur-Aube, 1756 — deputy to National 
Convention, 1792 — member of Council of An- I 



cients, 1795 — president, 20 Apr. 1797— his 
papers seized by order of Louis XVIII. , 1816 — 
if. at Brussels, 6 Dec. 18 16. Rapport fait au 
nom de la commission chargee de V examen des 
pa.picrs trouves chez Robespierre, §c, 1795 — Ma 
Catilinaire, $•<?., 1795. 

Courtois, Guillaume, painter, — h. in 
Franche-Comte, 1628 — if. at Rome, 1679. 

Courtois, {Cortesi,) Jacques, {le Bourgui- 
gnon,) painter, — b. in Franche-Comte, 1621 — 
if. at Rome, 1676. 

Courtois, Richard Joseph, naturalist, — u. 
at Venders, 17 Jan. 1806 — M.D. Liege, 1825 
— if., 14 Apr. 1833. Compendium Florae Bel- 
gicce, 1827-36. 

Courtrai, in Flanders, — fortified, about 1290 
— the Count of Artois defeated by John Count 
of Namur, ('battle of Spurs,') 1302 — pillaged 
by the French, 1382 — taken by the French, 
1643, 1646, 1667, 1683 — restored to Spain by 
Treaty of Ryswick, 1697 — fortifications destroy- 
ed by French, 1744 — occupied by them, 1744-48 
— the French defeat the English near, 1793—' 
occupied by the French a few days after — part 
of kingdom of the Netherlands, 18 15. 

Courts-martial, in England, — instituted, 
1686 — jurisdiction of, conferred by Mutiny Act, 
1 Wm and Mar. c. 5, 1689 — naval, jurisdiction 
defined by Acts 22 Geo. II. c. 23, 1749; 19 
Geo. III. c. 17, 1779 ; and 10 and 11 Vic. c. 
59, 2 Jul. 1847. 

Courvoisier, Jean Joseph Antoine, states- 
man, — b- at Besanc,on, 30 Nov. 1775 — emi- 
grates with his father, 1792 — member of 
Chamber of Deputies, 1816-24 — Keeper of the 
Seals, 8 Aug. 1829— if. at Lyons, 10 Sep. 1835. 

Cousin, Gilbert, (Cognatus,) — b- in Franche- 
Comte, 21 Jan. 1506— if. in prison at Besan^on, 
1672. Brevis Burgundice comitatus description 
1552 — Narrationum Sylva, 1567. 

Cousin, Jacques Antoine Joseph, mathema- 
tician, — b. at Paris, 29 Jan. 1739 — Pro.fi 
Mathematics, Military School, 1769-89 — ad- 
mitted to Academy of Sciences, 1772 — arrested 
by order of Convention, 25 Jan. 1793 — member 
of Institute, 1795 — member of Central Board, 
1796 — member of Legislative body, 1798 — ■ 
Senator, 9 Nov. 1799 — if. at Paris, 29 Dec. 
1800. Legons de calcul differential, §c, 1777 — ■ 
Introduction a l' astronomic physique, 1787. 

Cousin, Jean, painter,— b. at Soucy in Cham- 
pagne, 1530 — if., about 1589. Livre de Per- 
spective, 1560 — Livre de Pourtraicture, 1625. 

Cousin, Louis, translator, — b- at Paris, 12 
Aug. 1627 — admitted to French Academy, 1697 
— if. at Paris, 26 Feb. 1707. Histoire de Con- 
stantinople, $c, 1672 — Histoire de V Eglise, 
1675-76. 

Cousin, Victor, philosopher, — b. at Paris, 28 
Nov. 1792 — maitre de conferences de philo- 
sophie, at the Normal School, 18 14 — deputy 
Prof. Philosophy, Sorbonne, Dec. 18 15 — visits 
Germany, 18 17 — suspended from his chair, 
1 82 1 — visits Germany again, 1824 — imprisoned 
at Berlin six months, 1824 — returns to France, 
1825 — reinstated in his Professorship, 1827 — 
Councillor of State, member of the Council of 
Public Instruction, after Jul. 1830 — member of 



3 8 ° 



COUSINEEY— COWLEY. 



French Academy, 1830 — member of Academy of 
Sciences, 1832 — Peer of France, 1832 — Minister 
of Public Instruction, 1 Mar. to Oct. 1840 — 
withdraws from public life, 1849— tf. at Cannes, 
15 Jan. 1867. Translation of Proclus, 1820- 
27 — of Plato, 1825-40 — edition of Descartes, 
1826 — Fragments PMlospphiques, 1826-28 — 
edition of Maine dcBiran, 1834-41 — Abailard, 
1836 — Cours de Philosophic Morale, 1840-41 — 
Coicrs de VHistoire de la Philosophie, 1828-9 — 
Philosophic Scolastique, 1840 — Defense de 
V Universite et de la Philosophic, 1844 — Des 
Pensees de Pascal, 1 842 — Jacqueline Pascal, 
1842 — Madame de Longueville, 1853. 

Cousinery, Esprit Marie, numismatist, §c, 
— u. at Marseilles, 8 Jun. 1747 — Consul at 
Salonica, 1786-93, and 18 14-19 — member of 
Legion of Honour, 1 May 1821 — tf-, 1833. 
JSssai historique et critique sur les monnaies 
d' argent de la ligue Acheenne, 1825 — Relation 
d'un voyage en Mace'doine, 1 832. 

Coustant, Pierre, Benedictine, — fc. at Com- 
piegne, 1654 — tf. at Paris, 18 Oct. 172 1. S. 
Ililurii Pietavorum episcopi opera, 1693 — 
Epistolce Romanorum pontificum, §c, 172 1. 

Coustou, Guillaume, sculptor, — fj. at Lyons, 
25 Apr. 1677 a — received at the Academy, 
Paris, 26 Oct. 1704 a — tf. Director of the 
Academy, 20 Feb. 1746.* a Jal. 

Coustou, Guillaume, sculptor, — fj. at Paris, 
17 16 — admitted to the Academy, 28 Jul. 1742 
— tf. treasurer of the Academy at Sens, 13 Jul. 
1777. 

Coustou, Nicolas, sculptor, — h. at Lyons, 9 
Jan. 1658 — obtains grand prize of the Academy, 
1 68 1 — at Borne, 168 1-4 — received at Academy 
of Paris, 1693 ? 1690 ? — tf., Eector and Chan- 
cellor of Academy at Paris, 1 May 1733. 

Couthon, George, revolutionary leader, — fj. 
at Orsay, in Auvergne, 1756 — deputy to Legis- 
lative Assembly, 1791 — to Convention, 1792 — 
sent to Lyons, orders its demolition, 1794 — 
executed, 28 Jul. 1794. 

Couto, Diego de, historian, — fj. at Lisbon, 
1542 — tf. at Goa, 10 Dec. 1616. Continuation 
of Earros' Asia Portugueza, 1645. 

Coutras, in France, — the Duke of Joyeuse 
defeated and slain by Henry king of Xavarre at, 
20 Oct. 1587. 

Couture, Guillaume, architect, — fc. at Eouen, 
1732 — admitted to Academy of Architecture, 
1775 — tf., 29 Dec. 1799. Church of La Made- 
leine, begun 1777. 

Couza, Alexander John, — rj. at Galatz, 1820 
— studies at Paris, 1834-39 — elected Hospodar 
of Moldavia, 17 Jan. 1859 — Hospodar of 
Wallacbia, 5 Feb. 1859 — on union of the 
Principalities becomes Prince of Eoumania, 23 
Dec. 1 86 1 — gets a new Constitution established, 
May 1864 — visits the Sultan, Jun. 1864 — com- 
pelled to abdicate, 22 Feb. 1866. 

Covelli Niccolo, natural philosopher, — rj. at 
Cajazzo, 20 Jan. 1790 — tf., 15 Dec. 1829. 
"With Monticelli, Prodrome de la mineralogic 
Viswoienne, 1825. 
Covenant. [Solemn League and Covenant.] 
Coventry, — the Dukes of Hereford and Nor- 
folk meet at, for single combat, 16 Sep. 1398 



— parliament held at, by Henry IV., 1404 — ■ 
performance of ' mysteries ' at, as early as 1416 
—equips 600 armed men for the king, 1448 — 
visited by Henry VI. and his queen, 1455 — 
parliament held at, by Henry VI., 1459 — ■ 
visited by Prince Edward, 1474 — by Henry 
VII., 1485 — by Prince Arthur, 1498 — espouses 
cause of the parliament, 1642 — walls de- 
molished by Charles II., 166 1 — the Coventry 
Procession begins, 1677 — Industrial and Art 
Exhibition at, opens, 19 Jun. 1867. 

Coventry, Sir John, — M. P., offends Charles 
II. by a remark in the House, 1670 — attacked 
in the streets and his nose slit by a party of the 
royal guard, 21 Dec. 1670. [Coventry Act.] 

Coventry, Thomas, Lord Coventry, Lord 
Keeper of the Great Seal, — fc. in Wor- 
cestershire, 1578 — Eecorderof London, 1616 — 
Knt, Solicitor- General, 161 7 — Lord Keeper, 
1 62 1 — Baron, Apr. 1628 — tf. in London, 13 
Jan. 1640. 

Coventry, Sir William, — Knt, 1665 — Com- 
missioner of the Treasury, 1667 — member of 
the ' Cabal,' 1667 — offends Buckingham and is 
forbidden to appear at court : 'tf., 1689. 

Coventry Act, — against malicious wounding 
and maiming, 22 and 23 Car. II. c. 1, 1670 — 
repealed by Acts 7 and 8 Geo. IV. c. 27, 21 
Jun. 1827 ; and 9 Geo. IV. c. 31, 27 Jun. 1828. 

Coverdale, Miles, Bp of Exeter, translator 
of the Bible, — h. in Yorkshire, 1487 — takes 
holy orders, 15 14 — friend of Cromwell and 
More, 1527 — meets Tyndale at Hamburg, 1529 
— assists Tyndale in his translation of the 
Bible, ? 1532 — summoned before Inquisitors at 
Paris, Dec. 1538 — escapes : Bp of Exeter, 14 
Aug. 155 1 — deprived, imprisoned, 1553 — 
returns from Geneva, 1558 — tf. in London, 
Feb. 1568. Translation of the Bible, 1535 — 
Latin-English Testament, 1538 — superintends 
preparation of The Great Bible, 1539 — assists 
in translation of Geneva Bible, 1557-60. 

Coverte, Robert, traveller, — ■ embarks at 
London for the Indies, 14 Mar. 1607 — arrives 
in England, Apr. 161 1. True and almost in- 
credible Narrative, §c., 161 2. 

Covilham, Pedro de, maritime discoverer, — 
fj. in Portugal, about 1450 — embarks at Lisbon, 
May 1487 — tf. in Abyssinia, about 1520 ? a 
a Ersch and Gruber. 

Cowell, John, jurist, — fj. in Devonshire, 
a'bout 1554 — Prof. Civil Law, Master of Trin. 
Coll. Cambridge, about 1600 — tf. there, n 
Oct. 161 1. The Interpreter, i6o7, a 1605 b — 
Institutiones Juris Anglicani, §c, 1605. 
a Biog. Univ. b Chalmers. 

Cowley, Abraham, poet, — fj. in London, 
16 1 8 — enters Trin. Coll. Cambridge, 1636 — 
M.A., ejected from Trin. Coll., 1643 — removes 
to Oxford, 1643 — follows the Queen to Paris, 
1646— returns, 1656,? 1658 ?— M.D. Oxford, 
2 Dec. 1657— takes part in founding the Eoyal 
Society, 1660 — tf. at Chertsey, Surrey, 28 Jul. 
1667. Poetical Blossoms, 1633 — Puritan and 
Papist, 1643 — Mistress, 1647 — Pindaric Odes, 
1656 — Carmina; Books of Plants, 1662-78 — 
Four Ages of England, 1675 — Poem on the 
Civil War, 1679. 



COWPENS— CEAIG. 



381 



Cowpens, S. Carolina, IT. S., — the English 
defeated by the Americans at, 11 Jan. 18 11. 

Cowper, Edward, mechanician, ft., 1790 — rj. 
at Kensington, London, 17 Oct. 1852. 

Cowper, William, anatomist, — ft. in Hamp- 
shire, 1666 — tf., 8 Mar. 17 10 — Anatomy of 
human bodies, 1697 — Myotomia reformata, 1694. 
Cowper, "William, Earl, Lord Chancellor 
of England, — ft. at Hertford, 1664 — called to 
the bar, 1688— M.P. Hertford, 1695— pro- 
motes Bill of Attainder against Sir John Fen- 
wick, 1696-7 — Lord Keeper and Privy Coun- 
cillor, Oct. 1705 — named a commissioner to 
treat for the Union with Scotland, 1706 — made 
a Peer and Lord Chancellor of Great Britain, 
1707 — retires, 23 Sep. 17 10 — resumes office, 
22 Sep. 17 14 — presides at trial of Earl of Der- 
wentwater, 17 16 — Viscount Fordwich and Earl 
Cowper, Mar. 1718 — resigns, 15 Apr. 17 18 — 
tf. at Colne Green, Herts, 10 Oct. 1723. 

Cowper, William, poet, — ft. at Great Berk- 
hampstead, Herts, 15 (26) Nov. 17 31 — death 
of his mother, Nov. 1737 — at Westminster 
School, 1742-8 — enters Middle Temple, 29 
Apr. 1748 — called to the bar, Jun. 1754 — 
death of his father, Jul. 1756 — appointed read- 
ing-clerk to House of Lords, spring 1763 — 
resigns and is placed under the care of Dr 
Cotton at St Albans, Dec. 1763 to Jun. 1765 
— at Huntingdon meets the Unwins, 1765 — 
goes to live with them, 11 Nov. 1765 — settles 
at Olney, Sep. 1767 — meets Newton : becomes 
insane, Jan. 1773 — removes to Weston, Nov. 
1786 — resumes literary work, 1787 — again 
insane, Feb. 1794 — removes to Norfolk, 1795 
— death of Mary Unwin, 17 Dec. 1796 — tf. at 
East Dereham, Norfolk, 25 Apr. 1800. Olney 
Hymns, (with Newton,) 1779. Progress of 
Error, Truth, Table Talk, §c, 1782— The 
Task, 1785 — Translation of Homer, 1791 — 
Letters, §c, 1836. 

Cox, David, painter, — ft. at Birmingham, 
1793, a 1783 b — tf. near Birmingham, 7 Jun. 
1859. a Engl. Cyc. b Gent. Mag. 

Cox, Richard, Bp of Ely, — ft. in Bucking- 
hamshire, 1499 — M.A. Oxford, 1526 — D.D. 
Cambridge, 1537— Chancellor of Oxford Univ., 
May 1547 — Canon of Windsor, Jul. 1548 — 
Dean of Westminster, 1549 — imprisoned, Aug. 
1553 — Bp of Ely, Jul. 1559 — tf., 22 Jul. 1581. 
Cox, Sir Richard, Baronet, historian, — ft. 
at Bandon, 1650 — Lord Chancellor of Ireland, 
1703-6 — Bart., Oct. 1706 — tf. there, 1733. 
Hibernia Anglicana, $c, 1689-1700. 
Coxcie. [Coxie.] "* 

Coxe, William, historian, — ft. in London, 7 
Mar. 1747 — Fellow of King's Coll. Cambridge, 
1768 — rector of Bemerton, 1788 — Archdeacon 
of Wilts, 1805 — tf. at Bemerton, 8 Jun. 1828. 
Travels into Poland, 1784 — History of House 
of Austria, 1807 — Memoirs of John, Duke of 
Marlborough, 181 7-1 9 — Memoirs of Sir Robert 
Walpole, 1798. 

Coxie, (Coxcie,) Michiel van, painter, — ft. at 
Mechlin, 1497^ 1500 b — tf. at Antwerp,* Mech- 
lin, 1 ' 1592. Copy of Van Lyric' s Adoration of 
the Lamb, 1557-9. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Woordenbock. 



Coypel, Antoine, painter,— -ft. at Paris, 12 
Apr. 1 66 1 — admitted to the Academy, 1681 — 
director, 17 14 — painter to the king, 17 16 — 
ennobled, 17 17 — tf., 8 Jan. 1722. 

Coypel, Noel, painter,— -ft. at Paris, or in 
Normandy, 25 Dec. 1628 or 1629 — admitted to 
the Academy, 31 Mar. 1663— director of the 
School of France, Borne, 1672 — tr. at Paris, 24 
Dec. 1707. 

Coypel, Noel Nicolas, painter, — ft. at Paris, 
7 Jan. i688, a 1692, b 18 Nov. 1690° — received 
into the Academy, 1720 — ft., 14 Dec. 1734. 
a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Jal. 

Coysevox, Antoine, sculptor, — ft. at Lyons, 
29 Sep. 1640 — member of the Academy, Paris, 
11 Apr. 1676— if. at Paris, 10 Oct. 1720. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Cozens, John, painter, — ft., 1752 — visits Italy 
with Beckford, about 178 1 — rj., 1796 or 1799. 
Crabbe, George, poet, — ft. at Aldborough, 
Suffolk, 24 Dec. 1754 — goes to London, Apr. 
1780 — takes holy orders, 1782 — receives the 
two gold medals of Royal Society of Literature, 
14 Apr. 1828 — tf. at Trowbridge, 3 Feb. 
1832. Library, 17 81 — Village, 1783 — Parish 
Register, 1807 — Borough, 1810 — Tales of the 
Hall, 1 8 19. 

Crabbe, Pierre, (Crabbius,) Franciscan, — ■ 
ft. at Mechlin, 1470 — tf. there, 30 Aug. 1554. 
Concilia, 1538. 

Crabeth, Dirk, (Theodor,) painter on glass, 
— fl. at Gouda, 1557-72 a — tf., i6oi. ;,b 

a Nagler. b Biog. Woordenboek. 

Crabeth, Wouter, (Walther,) painter on 
glass, — fi. at Gouda, 1557-64.* a Nagler. 

Cracow, — taken from Bohemians and made 
capital of Poland, 999 — taken by Charles XII. 
of Sweden, 1702 — the castle fortified by Du- 
mourier, 1768 — Kosciusko proclaims insurrec- 
tion at, 3 Mar. 1794 — captured by Russians, 
spring 1794 — passes to Austria at third parti- 
tion of Poland, 1795 — occupied by Poles, 6 
Jul. 1 8 10 — secret convention respecting, be- 
tween Austria and Russia, 29 Mar. 18 13 — 
erected into a republic, 3 May 1815- — gar- 
risoned by Austrian troops, from 1826 — incor- 
porated with Austria, 11 Nov. 1846 — burnt, 
18 Jul. 1850 — the Public Library and other 
Collections burnt by the Russians, Sep. 1863 — ■ 
state of siege proclaimed, end of Feb. 1864. 
University of, founded by Casimir the Great, 
1364. 

Craesbeke, Joseph van, painter, — ft. at Brus- 
sels, 1608— tf., i668, a i64i. b 

a Biog. Univ. b Erscli and Gruber. 

Craig", John, mathematician, — ft., 1685-1718. 
Bejigurarum, §c.,quadraturis, 1693 — Be cal- 
culo fluentium, 1 7 1 8 — Theologies Christiana 
principia mathematica, 1699. 

Craig, Nicholas,— ft. in Jutland, about 1549,* 
1546 b — tf., Principal of College of Sora, 14 
May 1602. Be republica Lacedemoniorum,%c, 
1593 — Annates quibus res Banicce . . enarran- 
tur, 1737. 



Biog. Univ. 



Ersch and Gimbev. 



Craig, (Sir) Thomas, jurist— b. at Edin- 
burgh, probably 1538/ 1 1548 b — enters Univ. of 
St Andrews, 1552 — B.A., 1555 — goesto France, 



3 82 



CEAIK— CRANZ. 



I 555 — returns, 156 1 — called to the bar, Feb. 
J563 — justice depute to Archibald, Earl of Ar- 
gyle, Jul. 1563-73 — advocate for Church of 
Scotland, 1606 — ft. at Edinburgh, 26 Feb. 
160S. jusfeodale, §c, completed, 1603 ; pub- 
lished, 1655. 

a Chambers' Biog. Diet. b Chalmers. 

Craik, George Lillie, miscellaneous writer, — 
b. in Fifeshire, 1798 — settles in London, 1826 
— Prof. English Literature, Queen's Coll. Bel- 
fast, 1849 — tf. at Belfast, 25 Jun. 1866. Pur- 
suit of Knowledge under Difficulties, 1844 — 
Compendious History of English Literature 
and the English Language, 1861 — Romance of 
the Peerage, 1848-50 — Spenser and his Poetry, 
1845 — joint editor of Pictorial History of 
England, 1837-44 — Bacon: his Writings and 
his Ph ilosophy, 1 846-7 . 

Crakanthorpe, Kichard, theologian, — b. in 
"Westmoreland, 1567— Fellow of Queen's Coll. 
Oxford, 1598 — if., 1624. Dcfensio Ecclesice 
Anglicance contra M. Antonii de Dominis in- 
jur i as, 1625. 

Cramer, Andreas Wilhelm, philologist,— fj. 
at Copenhagen, 24 Dec. 1760 — Prof. Laws, 
Kiel, 1782 — Councillor of State, Denmark, 
1810 — tf., 23 Jan. 1833. Ln Juvenalis satiras 
commentarii vetusti, «£•<?., 1823 — Divus Vespa- 
sian us, $•<?., 1785. 

Cramer, Gabriel, mathematician, — ft. at 
Geneva, 31 Jul. 1704 — obtains prize at the 
Academy of Sciences, 17 31 — Prof. Philosophy, 
Geneva, 1750 — tr. at Bagnols, 4 Jan. 1752. 
Introduction d Vanalyse des lignes courbes et 
algebriques, 1750 — Johannis Pernoullii opera, 
174.2 — Jacobi Pernoullii opera, 1744 — Leibnit- 
tii it Pernoullii Commercium epistolicum, 1745. 

Cramer, Johann Andreas, mineralogist, — 
fi. at Quedlinburg, 14 Dec. 17 10 — fr. near 
Dresden, 6 Dec. 1777. Element a art is docimas- 
ticce, §c, 1744. 

Cramer, Johann Andreas, miscellaneous 
vrritcr, — fj. in Saxony, 29 Jan. 1723 — Prof. 
Theology, Copenhagen, 1765— rj. Chancellor 
of the Univ., Kiel, 12 Jun. 1788. Gedichte, 
1782-83, and 1791 — Piographie Gcllerts, 1774. 

Cramer, John Antcny, philologist, — b. in 
Switzerland, 1793 — public orator of Oxford 
Univ., 1 83 1 — Prof. Modern History, 1842 — fj. 
at Brighton, 24 Aug. 1848. Dissertation on 
the passage of Hannibal over the Alps, 1820 — 
Description of Ancient Ltaly, 1826 — Description 
of Ancient Greece, 1828. 

Cranach, Lucas, {Lucas Sunder,) painter, — 
ft. at Cranach, near Bamberg, 1472— accom- 
panies Frederick the ^Vise to Palestine, 1493 — 
Court painter to Elector of Saxony, 1495 — 
Burgomaster of Wittenberg, 1537, 1540-44 — 
shares the captivity of John Frederick at 
Iiinspriick, 1547-52— rj. at Weimar, 16 Oct. 
1553- 

Cranganore, in Hindustan, — colony of 
Syrian Christians at, (?) 345 — Portuguese 
settlement, shortly before 1500— taken by the 
Dutch, 1662 or 1663 — purchased from 'them 
by Rajah of Travancore, 1789 — taken posses- 
sion of by Tippoo Sultan, 8 May 1790— captured 
by the British, 15 Dec. 1790. 



Cranmer, Thomas, Abp op Canterbury, 
— b. at Aslacton, Notts, 2 Jul. 1489,* 1484 b 
— enters Jesus Coll., Cambridge, 1503, 1498 b 
— Fellow of Jesus Coll., 15 10 or 151 1 — marries, 
and loses his wife and child in a year, before 
1523 — ordained priest, 1523 — D.D., 1523 — 
tutor to sons of Mr Cressy, Waltham Abbey, 
1528 — summoned to the court by Henry VIII. , 
1529 — sent as one of the embassy to Kome, 
1530 — appointed 'Penitentiary of England,' 
1530 — minister-plenipotentiary to the Emperor, 
Jan. 1532 b — marries the niece of Osiander, at 
Niirnberg, 1532 — appointed Abp of Canterbury, 
Jan. 1533 — consecrated, 30 Mar. 1533 — opens 
his court at Dunstable, n May 1533 — pro- 
nounces the marriage of the king and Catherine 
of Aragon null, 23 May 1533 — officiates at the 
coronation of Queen Anne, 1 Jun. — sponsor to 
the Princess Elizabeth, Sep. — made Vicar- 
general, 1535 — pronounces Anne Boleyn's 
marriage void, 10 Jun. 1536 — takes part in 
conference with embassy of German Protestants 
in London, 1538 — consents to the Six Articles, 
May 1538 — sends his wife to Germany, 1538 
— celebrates marriage of the king and Ann 
of Cleves, 1540 — presides at convocation which 
dissolves the marriage, Jul. 1540 — one of the 
executors of Henry VIII., and one of the 
Regents of the kingdom, end of Jan. 1547 — 
crowns Edward VI., 20 Feb. 1547 — head of 
commission for compiling English liturgy, May 
1548 — engaged in revision of the Service-book, 
1550-52 — committed to the Tower, 8, c i4 b Sep. 
1553 — removed to Oxford, Mar., c Apr. b 1554 — 
appears before the judges, between 13 and 20 
Apr. 1554 — again examined under new com- 
mission from the pope, 12 Sep. 1555 — excom- 
municated and deprived, 14,° 4 b Dec. 1555 
— degraded, 14 Feb. 1556 — writes a recanta- 
tion, 16 Feb. — his sixth recantation, 18 Mar. 
— renounces it, and is burnt, 21 Mar. 1556. 
Remains, 1833. 

a Foxe. b Hook. c Lingard. 

Cranon, (Crannon,) battle o/-[BC] — 6 Aug. 
322. 

Crantor, philosopher, Old Academy, — [B C] — ■ 
fi., after 315 — "0., before 278. 

Crantz, (Krantz,) Albert, chronicler, — Doctor 
of Canon Law, &c, 1490 — ft., 7 Dec. 15 17. 
Saxonia, 1575 — Wandalia, 1575. 

Crantz, Heinrich Johann Nepomucene, 
botanist, §c, — fj., 1722. Materia medica et 
chirurgica, §c, 1762 — Classis nmbeiliferarum 
emendata, 1 767 — Classis cruciferarum emendata, 
1769 — Stirpes Austriacce, 1769. 

Cranworth, Robert Mousey Kolfe, Baron, 
Lord Chancellor or England, — b. at Cran- 
worth, in Norfolk, 18 Dec. 1790 — called to the 
bar at Lincoln's Inn, 18 16 — M.P. Penryn, 
1832-9 — Solicitor-general, Jul. to Nov. 1834 
and Apr. 1835-9 — Baron of Exchequer, 1839 
— Vice-Chancellor and Baron Cranworth, 1850 
—Lord Justice of Appeal in Chancery, 1851 — 
Lord Chancellor, Dec. 1852 — again, "1865-6 — 
tf. in London, 24 Jul. 1868. 

Cranz, David, Moravian missionary, — fj. in 
Pomerania, 1723 — visits Greenland, 1761 — tr. 
in Silesia, 6 Jun. 1777. Historic von Grbn- 



CRAON— CRAUFURD. 



333 



land, 1765 — Alte und neue Briiderhistorie, §c, 
1771. 

Craon, Pierre de, seigneur de la Suze, — be- 
sieges and takes Roche-Derien, 1350 — besieged 
in chateau of Romorentin, surrenders to the 
English, 1356 — taken prisoner at battle of 
Poitiers, 1356 — "if., 1376. 

Craon, Pierre de, — follows the Duke of Anjou 
to Naples, 1384 — expelled from court, 1391— 
assassinates the Constable de Clisson at Paris, 
14 Jun. 1 39 1 — places himself under protection 
of Richard II. of England, 1396. 

Craone, in France, — repulse of the allies by 
Napoleon I., 7 Mar. 18 14. 

Crapelet, Charles, printer,— fj. near Chau- 
mont, Nov. 1762— U. at Paris, Oct. 1809. 
Fables de la Fontaine, 1796 — Oiseaux dor is, of 
Audebert, 1802. 

Crashaw, Richard, poet,— enters Cambridge 
Univ., Mar. 1632 — Fellow of Peterhouse, 1637 
— M.A., 1638 — expelled from the Univ., goes 
to France, 1644 — rj. at Loretto, about 1650. 
Fpigrammata sacra, 1634 — Steps to the Temple, 
$c, 1646 — Sacred Poems, 1652. 

Grassier, Guillaume, Baron de, antiquary, 
g c . f — ft. at Liege, 1662 — ft., 1751. Series 
numismatum antiquorum, §c. f 1721. 

Crasso, Lorenzo, miscellaneous writer, — "if., 
about 1683. Epistole heroiche, 1655 — Flogj 
d'uomini letterati, 1656, a 1666 b — Istoria di 
poeti greci, $c, 1678. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Crasso, Niccolo, historian, jurist, — rj. at 
Venice, 2 Jul. 1586 — ft., after 1652. Flogia 
patriciorum Venetorum, §c, 161 2 — LePisaurce 
gentis origine, §c, 1652. 

Crassus, C. Licinius, — [B C] — praetor, 172 — 
Consul with L. iErnilius Paullas, (086, a.u.c.) 
168. 

Crassus, L. Furius Camillas. [Camillus.] 

Crassus, L. Licinius, orator, — [BC]— fc., 
140 — accuses C. Carbo, 119 s — proposes colony 
of Narbo, 118 b — defends the Vestals, Licinia, 
&c, 1 14 — quaestor, in Asia and at Athens, 1 1 i a 
■ — trib. pleb., 107 — defends Lex Servilia of 
Caepio, 106 — M&. cur., 103 — Consul with 
Q,. Mucius Scsevola, defends Q,. Servilius 
Csepio, (659, a. u. c.) 95 c — proconsul in Gallia 
citerior, 94 — defends M' Curius, 93 — censor, 
suppresses rhetoricians, 92 — attacks L. Marcius 
Philippus, and tf., 9i. b 

a Clinton. b Visseher. c Smith's Diet. 

Crassus, L. Papirius, — [BC] — 1. Consul 
with M. Cornelius Maluginensis, (318, a. tj. c.) 
436 — with L. Julius lulus, (324-,) 430. 2. 
Consul with Cseso Duillius, (418,) 336 — with 
L. Plautius Venno, (424,) 330. 

Crassus, M. Licinius, — [BC] — 1. Consul 
with C.Julius Caesar Octavianus, (724, a.u.c.) 
30. 2. Consul with Cn. Cornelius Lentulus, 
(740,) 14. [AD]— 3. Consul with L. Calpur- 
nius Piso, (780,) 27. 

Crassus, M. Licinius, Dives, triumvir, — 
[BC] — b., about 115 — escapes to Spain, 85 — 
joins Metellus Pius in Africa, 84 — joins Sulla 
in Italy, 83 — campaign in Umbria ; defeats 
Spartacus and ends the Servile War, 71 — Con- 
sul with Cn. Pompeius Magnus, (634, a. u. c.) 



70 — censor, 6$ — member of (first) triumvirate, 
60 — Consul with Cn. Pompeius Magnus, (699,) 
55 — proconsul in Syria, 55— defeated, killed, 
and his army destroyed by the Parthians, at 
Carrhse, (5 Id. Jun. 701,) 6 May 53.* 
a Visseher. 

Crassus, M' Otacilius, — [B C] — Consul with 
M' Valerius Maximus, (491, a. u. c.) 263 — 
with M. Fabius Licinus, (508,) 246. 

Crassus, M. Papirius, — [B C] — Consul with 
C. Furius Pacilus Fusus, (313, a. u. c.) 441. 

Crassus, P. Licinius, — [BC] — 1. Lives, 
pontifex maximus, 212 — curule sedile, 211 — 
praetor, 208 — Consul with P. Cornelius Scipio, 
(Africanus,) (549, a. u. c.) 205 — rj., 183. 2. 
Consul with C. Cassius Longinus, carries on 
war with Perseus, (583,) 171. 3. Mucianus, 
Consul with L. Valerius Flaccus, and pontifex 
maximus, (623,) 131 — carries on war in Asia 
against Aristonicus ; defeated and slain, begin- 
ning 130. 4. Consul with Cn. Cornelius 
Lentulus, (657,) 97. 

Crassus, T. Otacilius, — [B C]— Consul with 
L. Valerius Flaccus, (493, a. tj, c.) 261. 

Crastoni, (Crestoni,) Giovanni, — lexico- 
grapher. Greek-Latin Lexicon, about 1478? 

Craterus, — [BC] — with Alexander in his 
Persian expedition, 334 — conducts veterans 
back to Macedonia, 324 — joined in the adminis- 
tration of Macedonia and Greece with Anti- 
pater, 323 — brings reinforcements from Asia 
to Antipater in Lamian War, 322 — battle of 
Cranon, 6 Aug. 322 — war with Antipater in 
JEtolia, winter 322 — called into Asia, before 
321 — falls in Asia, before midsummer 321. 

Crates, comic poet,—[B C]— fl., (01. 82, 4,) 
449-8, 450 a — fr., before (01. 88, 4,) 424. 
a Hieron., Euseb, 

Crates, Cynic philosopher, — [BC] — {J., 328 
— at Athens, 317 — at Thebes, 307. 

Crates, Academic philosopher, — [B C]— suc- 
ceeds Polemon, about 270. 

Crates, of Mallus, Stoic philosopher, gram- 
marian, — [B CJ — ambassador from Attalus to 
Rome, introduces study of grammar, about 157. 

Cratesipolis, — [B C] — maintains the govern- 
ment of Cassander in Sicyon, 314 — betrays 
Corinth and Sicyon to Ptolemaeus Lagos, 308 
— meets Demetrius Poliorketes at Patrae, 307. 

Cratinus, comic poet, — [BC] — rj., 519 — be- 
gins to exhibit, (01. 81, 3,) 454-3 a — Archilochi, 
about 448 — gains second prize for the Cheima- 
zomeni, 425 — and for Satyr i, 424 — gains first 
prize for the Fytine, 423 — a\, 422. 
a Clinton. 

Cratinus, the Younger, comic poet, — [B C] — 
fi., about 324. 

Cratippus, historian, — [B C] — lived to 400. 

Cratippus, Peripatetic, — [B C] — with Poru- 
pey after Pharsalia, 48 — instructs Cicero, &c, 
at Athens, 44-43. 

Craufurd, Quintin, miscellaneous writer, — is. 
in Ayrshire, Scotland, 22 Sep. 1743 — rj. at 
Paris, 25 Nov. 1819. Sketches chiefly relating 
to the history, §c, of the Hindoos, 1791- — Fssais 
historiqaes stir le docteur Swift, §c, 1808 — ■ 
Researches concerning the laws, §c, of ancient and 
modern Lndia, 1817. 



3^4 



CRAWFORD— CRESCIMBENI. 



Crawford, Adair, chemist, — b., 1749 — tf. at 
Lymiugton, 29 Jul. 1795. Experiments and 
observations on animal heat, §c., 1779. 

Crawford, David, historian, §c., — b. near 
Glasgow, 1665 — tf., 1726. Memoirs of S-coi- 
land under the reign of Mary, 1706 — Peerage 
of Scotland, (?) 1716. 

Crawfurd, John, philologist, ethnologist, — b. 
at Edinburgh, 1783 — tf. in London, 11 May 
1868. History of Indian Archipelago, 1820 — 
Descriptive Dictionary of Indian Islands, §c, 
1856 — Malay Grammar and Dictionary, 1852. 
Grayer, Kaspar de, painter, — b. at Antwerp, 
1582 — tf. at Ghent, 27 Jan. 1669. Virgin and 
Child enthroned, M/on'ch, 1646 — Martyrdom of 
St Blaise, Ghent, 1668. 

Creation, Era of, — [BC] — of the LXX, ac- 
cording to Pezron, 5872 — Constantinopolitan 
and Russian, 5508, 3 mo. — Eusebius, 5200 — 
Josephus, {corrected,) 4698 — Riccioli, according 
to the Vulgate, 4184 — Clinton, 4138 — Msestlin, 
4079, 3 mo. — Moses Maimonides, 4058 — Re- 
giomontanus, 4053 — Ussher, 23 Oct. 4004 — Pe- 
tavius, 3983 — Sc'aliger, 3950 or 3947 — Calvi- 
sius, 3949, 3 mo. — Arias Montanus, 3849 — the 
Jews, (ordinary reckoning,) 3760; (another 
reckoning) 3670. 

Crebillon. Claude Prosper Jolyot de, novelist, 
• — b. at Paris, i2, a i4 b Feb. 1707 — ft. there, 12 
Apr. 1777. Rontons, 1779. 

a Biog. TJniv. b Jal. 

Crebillon, Prosper Jolyot de, dramatist, — 
b. at Dijon, 15 Feb. 1674 — admitted to French 
Academy, 1731 — tf. at Paris, 17 Jun. 1762. 
(Euvres, 1750. 

Creci, (Cre'cy,) in France, — Edward III. de- 
feats Philip VI., 26 Aug. 1346. 

Credi, Lorenzo di, painter, — b. at Florence, 
I453, a 1459 b — contributes to the Carnival 
bonfire, 1497— "ft. at Florence, 12 Jan. i537- b 
a Biog. Catalogue. b Le Moimier. 

Credit Mobilier, La Societe Generale de, 
— established in France by Imperial decree, 
18 Nov. 1852. 

Creech, Thomas, translator, — b. at Bland- 
ford, Dorsetshire, 1659 — enters Oxford Univ., 
1675 — M.A., Jun. 1683 — kills himself, Jun. 
1701. Translation of Lucretius, 1682 — of 
Horace, 1684. 

Crellius, Johann, theologian, — b. near 
Niirnberg, 1590 — tf. at Racow, 11 Jun. 
1633. 

Crema, in Italy, — captured by the Emperor 
Frederick I. after seven months' siege, 27 Jan. 
1 160 — demanded of the Lombards by Frederick 
II., Jul. 1237 — entered by the French, Mar. 
1797— ceded to Cisalpine Republic by Treaty 
of Campo Formio, 18 Oct. 1797. 

Cremera, in Italy, — [B C j — (mythical ?) — 
the Fabii fortify themselves at, 479 — and are 
slain by the Veientes, 16 Jul. 477. 

Cremona, in Italy, — [B C] — Roman colony, 
219 — Scipio winters at, after battle of the 
Trebia, 218 — L. Furius defeats the Gauls at, 
200 — second colony settled at, 190 — pillaged by 
Octavianus, [Augustus Caesar,] and divided 
among his veterans, 42— [AD] — pillaged and 
burnt by army of Vespasian, 69 — destroyed by 



Lombards under Agilulphus, 605— ravaged by 
the Goths, 630— receives the Emperor Fred- 
erick II., 1 21 2 — becomes head-quarters of the 
Ghibelline cause, 1226 — obtains charter from 
Frederick, Jul. 1226 — his triumph at, after 
Cortennova, ,Nov. 1237 — his Council at, 1238 — - 
his Parliament at, 1 May 1247 — winter-quar- 
ters of Marshal Villeroi, 1702— capture of 
Marshal Villeroi by Prince Eugene at, 1702 
— occupied by the French, May 1796 — incor- 
porated with Cisalpine Republic, Apr. 1797 — 
occupied by Austrians, 16 Apr. 1799 — retaken 
by French, forms part of kingdom of Italy, 
1800-14. 

Creon, (Kreon,) — [B C] — (mythic,) first an- 
nual archon at Athens, (01. 24, 2,) 683. 

Crepu, Nicolas, painter, — b. at Brussels, 
1680 — tf. there, 176 1. 

Crequi, Antoine de, — commands at battle 
of Ravenna, 15 12 — defends Terouane against 
Henry VIII. and Emperor Maximilian, 15 13 
— distinguishes himself at battle of Bicoqne, 
1523 — tf- in Picardy, 1525. 

Crequi, Francois de Bonne de, Duke op 
Lesdiguieres, Marshal of France, — dis- 
tinguishes himself at siege of Lille, 1667 — 
Marshal of France, 1668 — besieged in Treves, 
surrenders, 6 Sep. 1675 — defeats Charles, Duke 
of Lorraine, takes Friburg, 1677-8 — defeats the 
Elector of Brandenburg, near Minden, 1679 — 
besieges and takes Luxemburg, 1684 — tf-, 4 
Feb. 1687. 

Crequi, Jean de, — defends Paris against Joan 
of Arc, 1529 — at siege of Compiegne, 1430 — 
tf., 1473- 

Crequi, Renee Caroline de Froulay, Mar- 
quise de, — b- at chateau of Montflaux, 19 Oct. 
1 7 14 — tf. at Paris, 3 Feb. 1803. 

Crequi de Blanchefort et de Canaples, 
Charles I. de, Duke of Lesdiguieres, Mar- 
shal of France, — at siege of Laon, 1594 — 
wounded at battle of Molettes, 1597 — takes 
command of French guards, 1605 — Marshal of 
France, 1622 — defeats Duke of Feria, in Pied- 
mont, 1625 — takes Pignerol, 1630 — ambassador 
to Rome, 1633 — to Venice, 1634 — commands 
under Duke of Savoy, in Italy, 1635 — killed, 
by cannon-shot, at fort of Breme, 17 Mar. 
1638. 

Crescentius, — seizes and murders Pope Bene- 
dict VI., 973— ruler (Prince) of Rome, about 
980 — refuses John XV. admission to Rome, 
985 — expels Gregory V. and sets up a rival, 
John XVII. , 997 — besieged and put to death by 
Otto III., 998. 

Crescenzi, Giovanni Battista, architect, 
painter,— b. at Rome, 1595,* about 1597 b — tf. 
at Madrid, i66o. c a Some authorities. 

b Others. c Nagler. 

Crescenzi, (Crescenzo, Crescenzio,) Niccolo, 
physician. Tractatus physico-medicus, §c, 17 n 
— Raggionamenti intomo alia nuova medicina 
delV acqua, §c, 1727. 

Crescenzi, Pietro, agricultural writer, — b. 
at Bologna, 1230 — tf. Senator there, 1307. 
Opus ruralium commodorum, 147 1. 

Crescimbeni, Giovanni Mario, miscellaneous 
writer, — b. at Macerata, (Ancona,) 9 Oct. 1663 



CRESPI— CRILLON. 



385 



— custos of Arcadian Academy, 1690-1728 — tf., 
8 Mar. 1728. Rime, 1695 — Istoria della vol- 
gar poesia, 1698 — le Vite degli Arcadi illustri, 
£c, 1708. 

Crespi, Treaty of, — between Charles V. and 
Francis I. of France, 17 Sep. 1544. 

Crespi, Daniele, painter, — b. near Milan, 
1 59°> a J 59 2b — &• a * Milan, 1630. 

a Biog Catalogue. b Biog. UniY. 

Crespi, Giovanni Battista, (II Cerana,) 
painter, — b. at Cerano, 1557 — rj. at Milan, 1633. 

Crespi, Giuseppe Maria, (Do Spagnuolo,) 
painter, — b. at Bologna, 16 Mar. 1665 — &., 17 
Jul. 1747. 

Crespin, Jean, printer, — goes to Geneva 
with Beza and establishes a printing press, 1548 
— tf. there, 1572. Livre des martyres, §c, 
1554-70 — Marchand converti, 1558 — assists 
Bob. Constantin in his Lexicon Grceco-Latinum, 
1562. 

Cressey, (Cressy,) Hugh. Paulin, (Serenus,) 
theologian, — b. at Wakefield in Yorkshire, 1605 
— enters Oxford Univ., 1619 — Fellow of Merton 
College, 1626 — chaplain to Lord Falkland, 
accompanies him to Ireland, about 1638 — canon 
of Windsor, 1642 — abjures Protestantism, at 
Rome, 1646 — enters the Benedictine Order, at 
Douai; chaplain to Queen of Charles II., 
about 1660— tf. at East Grinstead, Sussex, 10 
Aug. 1674. Church History of Brittany, 1668. 

Crestin, (Cretin,) Guillaume Dubois, 
(Pierre ?) poet, — tf. at Paris, about 1525. 
Chants royaulx, oraisons, §c, 1527. 

Creswell, Sir Creswell, Judge of the Court 
of Divorce, — b., 1794 — called to the bar, 18 19 
— M.P. Liverpool, 1837 — Justice of the Com- 
mon Pleas, 1842 — first Judge of the Divorce 
Court, 1858— tf., Jul. 1863. 

Creswick, Thomas, painter, — b. at Sheffield, 
Mar. 181 1 — removes to London, about 1826 — 
first exhibits at Royal Academy, 1828 — A.R.A., 
1842 — R.A., 1 85 1 — tf. at Bavswater, 28 Dec. 
1869. 

Crete, — [BC] — subdued by Amphoteros for 
Alexander the Great, 333 — a Roman province, 
(01. 178, 2,) 67. [Candia.] 

Creutz, Gustaf Philipp, Graf von, poet, 
statesman, — b. in Finland, i726, a i729 b — am- 
bassador from court of Sweden to Madrid, 
1763— negotiates (with Franklin) a treaty be- 
tween Sweden and United States, at Paris, 3 
Apr. 1783 — Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1783 
— tf., Chancellor of Univ. of Upsala, 1785. 
Atis og Camilla, 17 61. 

a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Creutziger, (Cruciger,) Gaspard, theologian, 
— b. at Leipsic, 1 Jan. 1504 — Prof. Theology, 
Wittenberg, 1528 — assists Luther in translating 
Bible ; accompanies him to Conference of Mar- 
burg, 1529 — to Worms, 1540— at Diet of Augs- 
burg, 1548 — tf. at Wittenberg, 16 Nov. 1548. 

Creutziger, Georg, — b., 1575 — &■> 8 Jul- 
1637. Karmonia linguarum quatuor car- 
dinalium, $c, 16 16. 

Creuz, Friedrich Karl Kasimir, Baron von, 
poet, — b. at Homburg, 24 Nov. 1724 — tf., 6 
Sep. 1770. Die Grdber, 1760 — Oden tend 
andere Gedichte, 1769. 



Creuzer, Georg Friedrich, philologist, arch- 
ceologist, — b. at Marburg, 10 Mar. 177 1 — Prof. 
Eloquence there, 1802 — Prof. Philology and 
Ancient History, Heidelberg, 1804 — founds 
Philological Seminary at Heidelberg, 1807 — 
foreign member of French Academy of In- 
scriptions, 1825 — retires from Professorship, 
1845— tf. at Heidelberg, 16 Feb. 1858. Sym- 
bolic und Mythologie der alien Vblker, 18 10- 
12 — edition of Plotinus, 1835 — BZistorische 
Kunst der Griechen, 1803 — Dionysus, $c, 1808 
— Abrissder Rom. Antiquitdten, 1824. 

Crevant, in France, — the English and Bur- 
gundians defeat the French and Scotch at, 31 
Jul. 1423, 

Creveldt, on the Rhine, — the Count of Cler- 
mont defeated by Prince Ferdinand of Bruns- 
wick, 23 Jun. 1758. 

Crevenna, (Bolongaro Crevenna,) Pietro 
Antonio, ' bibliophile^ — tf. at Rome, 8 Oct. 
1792. Catalogue raisonne de la collection de 
livres de Crevenna, 1776. 

Crevier, Jean Baptiste Louis, historian, — 
Prof. Rhetoric, College of Beauvais, — b. at 
Paris, 1693 — tf. there, 1 Dec. 1765. BZistoirt 
des empereurs Romains jusqiC d Constantin, 1756 
— Histoire de Vuniversite de Paris, 1761 — 
Rhetorique Prancaise, 1765 — edition of Livy, 
I( 735-42. ^ * 

Crewe, Nathaniel, Bp of Durham,— b., 
1633 — M.A., 1658 — in holy orders, about 1664 
— Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford, 1666 
Rector of Lincoln Coll., 1668 — Bp of Oxford, 
167 1 — Bp of Durham, 1674 — excepted from 
Act of Indemnity, 1690 — Baron Crewe of 
Stean, 1691 — tf., 18 Sep. 17 21. 

Crichton, James, (the Admirable,) — b. in 
Scotland, 1561^ Aug. i56o b — M.A., St 
Andrews, 1575 — goes to Paris, about 1578 — at 
Padua, 15 8 1 — assassinated by Prince of Mantua, 
at Mantua, 3 Jul. 1582. 

a Engl. Cye. b Chalmers. 

Crillon, Francois Felix Dorothee, Duke or, 
Peer op France, — b. at Paris, 22 Jul. 1748 
— deputy to States-General, 1789 — Lieutenant- 
general, 1 Feb. 1792 — Peer of France, 17 
Aug. 1 8 15 — tf. at Paris, 27 Jan. 1820. 

Crillon, Louis de Balbe (Balbis de Berton) 
de, general, — b. at Murs, (Provence,) 1541 — 
aide-de-camp to Duke of Guise, 1557 — dis- 
tinguishes himself at siege of Calais, 1558— 
defeats conspirators of Amboise, 1560 — dis- 
tinguishes himself at siege of Rouen, 1562 — 
wounded at battle of St Denis, 1 567 — at battle of 
Jarnac, Mar. 1569 — at siege of Poitiers, Jul. to 
Sep. 1569 — at battle of Moncontour, Oct. 1569 — 
and at siege of St Jean d'Angely, Oct. to Dec. 
1569 — assists Venetians against Selira II. in 
Cyprus, 1570-71 — distinguishes himself and is 
wounded at siege of Rochelle, 1573— receives ci- 
tizenship of Venice ; Governor of Boulogne, about 
1574— commands and is wounded at siege of la 
Fere, 1580 — Chevalier de l'ordre du St Esprit, 
158 1 — Lieutenant-colonel-general of Infantry ; 
commands under d'Espernon in Provence, 1586 
— defends Tours against the Leaguers and is 
wounded, 1588 — distinguishes himself at battle 
of Ivry, Mar. 1590— at siege of Paris, 1590— 



3 86 



CRILLON-MAHON— CRIMEAN WAR. 



commands in Savoy, 1600 — tf. at Avignon, 2 
Sep. 1615. 

Crillon-Mahon, Louis Antoine Francois de 
Paule, Duke of, — fc. at Paris, 1775— exiled 
from the court, Aug. 1798 — governor of Tortosa, 
1803 — Lieutenant-general, 1808 — Viceroy of 
Navarre, by King Joseph Bonaparte, about 1808 
— tf. at Avignon, 5 Jan. 1832. 

Crillon-Mahon, Louis de Berton des Balbes 
de Quiers, Duke of, — fc..., 17 18 — enters the 
army, 1731 — serves in campaign of Italy, 1733 
— taken prisoner at Landau, 1742 — receives 
Cross of St Louis, 1744 — at battle of Fontenoy, 
1745 — distinguishes himself at battle of Mesle, 
10 Jul. 1745 — Marechal de Camp., 1745 — 
wounded at Rosbach, named Lieutenant-general, 
3 Nov. 1753 — commands at battle of Liitzel- 
berg, 10 Oct. 1758— enters service of Spain, 
1762 — takes Minorca, 1782 — Duke of Mahon, 
1782 — tf. at Madrid, 1796. 

Crimea, The, — [B CJ — Greek colonies in, 
about 550 — [Bosporus, Kingdom of ~\-—[A.T)']-— 
conquered by Hungarians, 464 — the Hungari- 
ans expelled by Justinian, about 530 — con- 
quered by the Khozars, 679 — invasion of, and 
capture of Cherson, by Vladimir, Grand Duke of 
Russia, 988 — invasion of, by Tatars, 1237 — in- 
corporated with Empire of Captchak by Batu 
Khan, 1240 — the Genoese obtain privileges for 
trade with, from the Emperor Michael Palseolo- 
gus, 1261 — they establish themselves in, 1270 — 
warbetweenGenoeseandTatars,i342 — Khanate, 
about 1407 — Hadji-Gherai becomes sovereign, 
1440 — succeededbyhissonMengly-Gherai, 1467 
■ — conquered by Mahomet II., Jun. 1475 — the 
Khan joins the Cossacks in making war on Po- 
land, 1 647 , 1 649, and 1 65 1 — alliance of the Khan 
with Poland, and of the Cossacks with Russia, 
1652 — invasion of the Muscovites repelled by 
Selym Khan, 1689, and again, 1692 — war with 
Russia, ends with Peace of Azof, 171 1 — Russian 
invasions, 1736-7-8 — seized by Russians, 1770 
— Treaty of Kainardji, 1774 — again seized by 
Russians, 1776 — they engage to evacuate it, by 
treaty of 21 May 1779 — Sahim abdicates in 
favour of Russia, 1783 — sovereignty confirmed 
to Russia by Treaty of Constantinople, 1784 — 
visited by Catherine II. and the Emperor Joseph 
II., 1787. [Crimean War.] 

Crimean War, (1853-5) — the Porte publishes 
a firman denying the exclusive right of the 
Latins to the guardianship of the Holy Places, 
Mar., a mid. Feb. c 1852 — Russia claims the pro- 
tectorate of the Greek Church in the Turkish 
Empire, Nov. — the key and silver star delivered 
to the Latin Patriarch, 22 Dec. c — Russian 
troops advance to the Pruth, close of 1852. — 
1 853 : secret correspondence between Sir George 
H. Seymour and the British Government, Jan. 
to Feb. — Prince Menschikoff arrives at Con- 
stantinople as plenipotentiary, 28 Feb. — French 
squadron sent to Salamis, Mar. — arrival of 
Lord Stratford de Redcliffe at Constantinople, 
5 Apr. — Prince Menschikoff addresses a note 
of Russian claims to the Porte, 19 Apr. — pub- 
lication of two firmans by the Porte, making 
-concessions, beginning of May — Prince Men- 
schikoff delivers an ultimatum demanding 



signature of convention within 5 days, (23 
Apr.) 5 May— the Porte refuses to enter into 
the convention, 10 May — final rejection of 
Russian proposal, 20 May — Menschikoff quits 
Constantinople, 2 i, ac 28 b May — firman confirm- 
ing privileges of the Greek Church, published, 
end of May — note of Count Nesselrode threaten- 
ing that Russian troops would cross the frontier, 
31 May — Admiral Dundas ordered to proceed 
with the fleet to the Dardanelles, 2 Jun.— 
manifesto of the Emperor Nicholas, 26 Jun. — ■ 
Prince Gortschakoff occupies the Principalities, 
2-3 Jul. — protest of the Porte against the in- 
vasion, 14 Jul. — the Porte requires the Hos- 
podars to quit the Principalities, 25 Jul. — the 
Vienna Note agreed to by the Four Great 
Powers, end of Jul. — but rejected by the Porte, 
19 Aug. — fruitless negotiations at Olmutz, end 
of Sep. — declaration of war by the Porte, 5, a 
23 c Oct. — English and French fleets enter the 
Dardanelles, i4, a 22° Oct. — Russian manifesto, 
1 Nov., a 3i Oct. c — the Turks cross the Danube, 
between 28 Oct. and 4 Nov. — battle of 01- 
tenitza, 4 Nov.— General von Berdberg appoint- 
ed Commissary in the Principalities, 8 Nov. — 
the Turks evacuate Oltenitza and recross the 
Danube, 1 3 Nov. — arrival of General Baraguay 
d'Hilliers at Constantinople, middle of Nov. — 
destruction of the Turkish fleet by the Rus- 
sians at Sinope, 30 Nov. — Vienna protocol of 
the Four Great Powers, 15 Dec. — 1854: the 
French and English fleets enter the Black Sea, 
4 Jan. — the French and English governments 
announce to Russia that their combined fleets 
must have command of the Black Sea, 12 Jan. 
— suspension of diplomatic relations of Russia 
with Great Britain, 4 Feb. — Baron Brunnow 
quits London a few days later ; fruitless mission 
of Count Orloff to Vienna, 28 Jan. to 8 Feb. — 
and of Baron de Budberg to Berlin, same time : 
circular of M. Drouyn de Lhuys, 5 Mar. — 
English squadron sails for the Baltic, 1 1 Mar. 
— Treaty of alliance between England, France, 
and the Porte, signed 1 2 Mar. — passage of the 
Danube by Russians, 23, a 24° Mar. — declara- 
tion of war by France, 27 Mar. — by England, 

28 Mar. — French forces land at Gallipoli, 30 
Mar. — English, 5 Apr. — Treaty of alliance 
between France and England, 10 Apr. — de- 
claration and war manifesto of the Czar, 11 
Apr. — bombardment of Odessa, 22 Apr. — 
Lord Raglan arrives at Constantinople, 29 
Apr. — Marshal St Arnaud, 8 May : council of 
war of the allies at Varna, 19 May — siege of 
Silistria, begins about 19 May — raised, 18- 
19/ 22 c Jun. — the allied armies land at Varna, 

29 May — convention between Austria and the 
Porte, 14 Jun. — Captain Parker destroys tbe 
batteries at Sulina, 26-27 Jun. — the Turks 
recross the Danube, beginning of Jul. — Cap- 
tain Parker destroys inner Sulina batteries, 8 
Jul. — battle of Giurgevo, 8 Jul. — cholera at 
Varna, 2 1 Jul. — fire at Varna, 1 1 Aug. — Aus- 
trian occupation of the Principalities, begins 
about 23 Aug. — council of war at Varna, 26 
Aug. — order to embark for the Crimea issued, 
3 Sep. a — embarkation begins, 24 Aug. c — 
French fleet sails, 5 Sep. — English fleet, 7 Sep; 



CEIMESUS— CEOFT. 



387 



— the allies land in Eupatoria Bay, 14 Sep. — 
they begin the march from Old Fort, 19 Sep. 
— battle of the Alma, 20 Sep. — occupation of 
Balaklava, 26 Sep. — earthworks for defence of 
Balaklava constructed, 7-12 Oct. — bombard- 
ment of Sebastopol begins, 17 Oct. — battle of 
Balaklava, 25 Oct.— battle of Inkermann, 5 
Nov. — great storm on the Black Sea, 14 Nov. 
— Miss Nightingale takes management of the 
hospital at Scutari, 5 Nov. — cholera at 
Balaklava, 28 Nov.— Treaty of alliance between 
Austria, France, and England, signed at Vienna, 
2 Dec. — 1855 : Sardinia joins the allies, 26 Jan. 
— Eussian attack on Eupatoria repulsed, 17 
Feb. — death of the Emperor Nicholas, 2 Mar. 
— Conference at Vienna, opens 15 Mar. — ends, 
4 Jun.— expedition to Kertch leaves Sebasto- 
pol, 22 May — death of Lord Eaglan, 28 Jun. 
—storming of the Malakhoff, and the Redan, 
8 Sep. — Sebastopol evacuated by Eussians ? 8-9 
Sep. — expedition to Kinburn leaves Kamiesch 
Bay, 7 Oct. — [Kars, Siege of] — mission of 
Count Esterhazy to St Petersburg, middle of 
Dec. — 1856 : Conference of Paris, opens 26 Feb. 
— an armistice concluded, 26 Feb. — Treaty of 
Paris signed, 30 Mar. — evacuation of the 
Crimea by the allies, 12 Jul. 

a Ann. Reg. b Encyc. Mod. c Kinglake. 

Crimesus, in Sicily, — [B C] — Timoleon de- 
feats Carthaginians at the, Jun. 339. 

Criminal Law, in England, — improvement 
of administration of, provided for by Acts 7 
Geo. IV. c. 64, 26 May 1826; 7 and 8 Geo. 
IV. c. 28, 21 Jun. 1827 ; lWffl. IV. c. 70, 23 
Jul. 1830 ; 9 and 10 Vic. c. 24, 26 Jun. 1846 ; 
11 and 12 Vic. c. 46, 14 Aug. 1848, and c. 78, 
31 Aug. 1848 ; 14 and 15 Vic. c. 100, 7 Aug. 
1851; 18 and 19 Vic. c. 126, 14 Aug. 1855; 
19 and 20 Vic. c. 118, 29 Jul. 1856; 24 and 
25 Vic. cc. 94-100, 6 Aug. 1861 ; and 30 and 
31 Vic. c. 35, 20 Jun. 1867. 

Criminals, — Convention for mutual sm> 
render of, between Queen of England and King 
of Denmark, signed, 1862 — carried into effect 
by Act 25 and 26 Vic. c. 70, 29 Jul. 1862. 

Criminals, Habitual, in Great Britain, — 
registration, supervision, and punishment of, 
provided for and regulated by Act 32 and 33 
Vic. c. 99, 9 Aug. 1869. 

Crinagoras, epigrammatist, — [BC] — ft., 31 
to [ADJ 9. a a Jacobs. 

Crinesius, Christoph, orientalist, — 6. at 
Schackenwald, 1584 — Ij. Prof. Theology, Alt- 
dorf, 1630. Lexicon Syriacum, $c, 16 12 — 
Gymnasium Syriacum, <$;c, 161 1 — Gymnasium 
Chaldaicum, §c, 1627-8. 

Crinito, (Crinitus,) Pietro, miscellaneous 
writer, — ft. at Florence, about 1465 — ft., about 
1505. De honesta disciplina, 1504 — De poetis 
Latinis, 1505. . 

Criscuolo, Gio.Filippo, painter, — ft. at Gaeta, 
about 1509 — o\, about 1584. 

Crisp, Tobias, theologian, — ft. in London, 
1600 — if. there, 27 Feb. 1643. Sermons, 1646. 

Crispinus, — 1. Consul with iElianus, (940, 
a. u. c.) 187. 2. Consul with. Julianus, (977,) 
224. 

Crispinus, C. Clodius, — Consul with L. 



Publilius Celsus, (886, a. tj. c.) 113. 

Crispinus, L. Quinctius (II.),— Consul with 
M. Statilius Taurus, (797, a. u. c.) 44. 

Crispinus,T. Quinctius,— [B C]— Consul with 
M. Claudius Marcellus, (546, a. u. c.) 208 — 
killed in ambuscade by Hannibal at Venusia, 
208. 

Crispo, Giovanni Battista, poet, § c .,—t!., 
1595. Vita di Sannazaro, 1583 — De ethnicis 
philosophis caute legendis, 1594 — De Medici 
laudibus, $e., 159 1. 

Crispus, Fl. Julius, {son of Constantine,) — 
Csesar, 1 Mar. 317 — Consul, 318 — destroys fleet 
of Licinius at the Hellespont, 323 — put to 
death by his father, 326. 

Cristall, Joshua, painter, — ft. in Cornwall, 
1767 — assists in founding Society of Painters 
in Water Colours, 1804 — Pres., 1 821 -31 — lj. in 
London, 18 Oct. 1847. 

Cristofano, B. di. [Buffalmaco.] 

Critias, — [B C] — endeavours to excite rebel- 
lion in Thessaly, 406— one of the 30 tyrants at 
Athens, 404 — slain at Munychia, 404. 

Critolaos, Peripatetic philosopher, — [B C] — 
ambassador from Athens to Eome, 155 — U., be- 
fore in. 

Critolaos, — [BC] — strategus of Achaean 
League, 147 — defeated by Metellus, in Scar- 
phea, 146. 

Crivellari, Bartolomeo, sculptor, engraver,— 
ft. at Venice, 1725 — ft. there, 1777. 

Crivelli, Antonio, natural philosopher, — ft. 
at Milan, 2 Feb. 1783 — assistant- engineer to 
Council of Mines, 18 10 — visits Turkey, 1817— 
tf. at Bergamo, 18 Aug. 1829. Art de fabri- 
quer les lames de sabre de Damas, 18 18 — De- 
scription d'une nouvelle serrure, §c, 1821 — De- 
scription d'une hydro-barometro statique, 1837.. 

Crivelli, Carlo, painter, — ft. at Venice, before 
1436 ? — paints, 1468-95 — Cav., by Ferdinand 
II. of Naples, 1490. Annunciation, National 
Gallery, i486. Madonna and Child enthroned, 
National Gallery, 1476 — -another, 149 1. 

Crivelli, Giovanni, mathematician, §c., — ft. 
at Venice, 20 Sep. 169 1 — lj., 14 Feb. 1743. 
Elementi di arimetica, §c, 1728 — Elements de 
physique, 17 31 — Algorismo, $c, 1739. 

Croatia, — occupied by Goths, 489 — by Croa- 
tians, 640 — annexed to Hungary, about 11 00, 
n8o a — passes with Hungary to Austria, 1526. 
Banal frontier to Austria, formed by Leopold 
I., 1696. Military, ceded to France at Peace 
of Vienna, 1809 — restored to Austria, 18 15— 
incorporated with Hungary, 11 Apr. 1848 — 
separated, after Aug. 1849 — Diet protests 
against Imperial Patent of 26 Feb. 1861 — Diet 
dissolved by Eoyal Eescript, 25 May 1867 — de- 
clared to be incorporated with Hungary, Jun. 
1867 — visited by Emperor and Empress, Mar. 
1869. a Macculloch. 

Croese, Gerard, — ft. at Amsterdam, 26 Apr. 
1642 — if. at Dort, 10 May 17 10. Kistoria 
Quakeriana, §c, 1695-6 — BZomerus ELebrceus, 
1704. 

Croesus. [Lydia.J 

Croft, William, musical composer, — ft. in 
"Warwickshire, 1677^ 1657 b — organist of Cha- 
pel Eoyal, 1707— organist of Westminster Ab- 
25 * 



388 



CHOKER— CROMWELL. 



bey, composer to Chapel Royal, 1708— Mus. D. 
Oxford, 17 15 — Tr. in London, 14 Aug. 1727. 
Musica Sacra, 1724. 

* Biog. Univ. and Rose's Biog. Diet. b Chalmers. 
Croker, John Wilson, miscellaneous writer, 
— b. in Galway, 20 Dec. 1780— enters Trin. 
Coll. Dublin, Nov. 1796 — studies at Lincoln's 
Inn, 1800 — called to Irish bar, 1802 — M. P. 
Downpatrick, 1808 — secretary to the Admiral- 
ty, 1809-30— M.P. University of Dublin, 1827- 
32 — Is. at Hampton, 10 Aug. 1857. Edition 
of Boswell's Life of Johnson, 1831 — Contribu- 
tions to the Quarterly Review, from 1809. 

Croker, Thomas Crofton, litterateur, anti- 
quary, — b. at Cork, 15 Jan. 1798 — clerk in the 
Admiralty, Feb. 1819-50 — takes part in found- 
ation of Camden Society, 1839— of Percy So- 
ciety, 1840 — tf. in London, 8 Aug. 1854. 
Researches in South of Ireland, 1824 — Fairy 
legends and traditions of South of Ireland, 1825 
— Legends of the Lakes, 1829 — Popular Songs 
of Ireland, 1839. 

Croll, Oswald, alchemist, — b. in Hesse, about 
1580 — is., 1609. Basilica chimica, §c, 1609. 

Croly, George, theologian, poet, §c, — b. at 
Dublin, Aug. 1780 — rector of St Stephen's, 
"Walbrook, 1835 — a", in London, 24 Nov. i860. 
Angel of the World, 1820 — Salathiel, 1827 — 
Modem Orlando, 1846 — Personal History of 
George IV., 1830 — Political Life of Burke, 
1840 — edition of Jeremy Taylor's Works, 1838 
— Historical Sketches, §c, 1842. 

Crome, August Friedrich Wilhelm, statis- 
tician, — b. in Oldenburg, 6 Aug. 1753 — goes 
to Berlin, 1774 — Prof. History and Geography 
at Dessau, 1778 — Prof. Political Economy at 
Giessen, 1786-1830— ti. near Frankfort-o -the- 
Maine, 11 Jun. 1833. TJeber Leutschland und 
Europa's Staats und National-Interesse, 18 14 
and 1 817 — Geographisch-statistische Darstel- 
lung der Staatskrafte der sammtlichen zum 
deutschen Bunde gehorigen Lander, 1820-27. 

Crome, John, (Old Crome,) painter, — b. at 
Norwich, 1769 — assists in founding the Nor- 
wich Society of Artists, 1803 — o". there, 22 
Apr. 1 82 1. Norfolk Picturesque Scenery, (etch- 
ings,) 1834. 

Cromer, Martin, historian, — b. at Biecz, 
Poland, 15 1 2 — Bp of Ermland, 1579 — &•> 2 3 
Mar. 1589. De origine et rebus gestis Polono- 
rum, 1558. 

Crompton, Samuel, mechanical inventor, — 
b. near Bolton, 1753 — completes his 'Mule,' 
1779 — if. at Bolton, 26 Jun. 1827. 

Cromwell, Henry,— b. at Huntingdon, Jan. 
1627-28 — Colonel, accompanies his father to 
Ireland, 1649 — member of Barebone's Par- 
liament, 1653 — M.P. Univ. of Cambridge, 
Lord Deputy of Ireland, 1654 — Lord-Lieu- 
tenant, Sep. 1658 — compelled to resign, 1659 — 
fc. at Soham, Cambridgeshire, 1673-4. 

Cromwell, Oliver, Lord Protector of the 
Commonwealth op England, — b. at Hunt- 
ingdon, 25 Apr. 1599 — enters Cambridge Univ., 
23 Apr. 1616 — quits it after his father's death, 
Jun. 16 1 7 — marries Elizabeth Bourchier, 22 
Aug. 1620— M.P.Huntingdon, 1628— Justice of 
the Peace, 1630 — prevented from emigrating by 



Order in Council, (?) 1637 — successfully op- 
poses the king in council in respect to a public 
wrong in the draining of the fens, 1638— '. LP. 
Cambridge, Apr. or May 1640 — and in the 
Long Parliament, Nov. 1640 — Captain of Par- 
liament horse, Sep. 1642 — present at Edgehill, 
23 Oct. 1642 — Colonel, Jan. 1643 — takes Low- 
estoff, 17 Mar. 1643 — takes Stamford, Jul. 
1643 — defeats Royalists at Gainsborough, 27 
Jul. 1643 — governor of the Isle of Ely, end of 
Jul. 1643 — narrowly escapes killing at Winceby 
Fight, 11 Oct. 1643 — distinguishes himself at 
Marston Moor, 2 Jul. 1644 — at second battle 
of Newbury, 27 Oct. 1644 — Lieutenant-general 
of the Horse, Jun. 1645 — exempted from the 
Self-denying Ordinance of 3 Apr. 1645 — with 
Fairfax defeats Charles I. at Naseby, 14 Jun. 
1645 — at storming of Bristol, 10 Sep. — takes 
"Winchester, 5 Oct.— takes Basing House, 14 
Oct. — his daughter Bridget married to Ireton, 

15 Jun. 1646 — charged with ordering arrest of 
the king by Joyce, Jun. 1647 — suppresses a 
mutiny at "Ware, 15 Nov. 1647 — suppresses 
Royalist insurrection in London, Apr. 1648 — 
takes Pembroke, 11 Jul. 1648 — defeats the 
Scots at Preston, 17 Aug. 1648 — at "Wigan, 18 
Aug., and at "Warrington, 19 Aug. — enters 
Scotland, 20 Sep. 1648 — concludes treaty with 
Argyle, 22 Sep. — occupies Berwick, 30 Sep. — 
occupies Carlisle, about same time — Pride's 
Purge, 6 Dec. — returns to London, 7 Dec. 1648 
—signs the order for the king's execution, 29 
Jan. 1649 — visits the royal remains in the 
coffin: member of Council of State, 13 Feb. 
1649 — named commander in Ireland, 15 Mar. 
1649— chases and disperses the Levellers, at 
Burford, 13-14 May 1649 — received at Oxford 
Univ., 17 May 1649 — lands at Dublin, 15,* 

18 b Aug. 1649 — storms Drogheda, 10- 11 
Sep. — puts the townsmen to death, c 12 Sep. 
storms "Wexford, n, a 9, b 12 c Oct. — takes Ross, 

19 Oct. — recalled to London, arrives there, 31 
May 1650 — Captain-general, 26 Jun. 1650 — 
enters Scotland, 22, a i6 bc Jul. — defeats the 
Scots under Leslie at Dunbar, 3 Sep. 1650 — 
takes Edinburgh Castle, 19 a Dec. — Chancellor 
of Oxford Univ., beginning of Feb. 1651 — ill- 
ness at Edinburgh, Feb. to Mar. 1651 — takes 
Perth, 2 Aug. 1651 — pursues Charles (II.) to 
Worcester, where he arrives 28 Aug. — defeats 
Charles at Worcester, 3 Sep. — arrives in Lon- 
don, 12 Sep., a Oct. c — takes up his residence at 
Hampton Court, 12 Oct. c — Dutch war begins, 
9 Jul., a 14 May b 1652 — expels the ' Rump,' 20 
Apr. 1653 — forms Council of State, 30 Apr. — 
summons the Little Parliament, (Barebone's,) 6 
Jun. 1653 — which ends, 12 Dec. — becomes Lord 
Protector under the Instrument of Government, 

16 Dec. 1653 — removes to "Whitehall, 14 Apr. 
1654 — opens his first parliament, 4 Sep. — death 
of his mother, 16 No v. — dismisses his parliament, 
22, a 31 b Jan. 1655 — Royalist insurrections, 
spring 1655 — sends assistance to Protestants in 
Piedmont, Jun. 1655 — appoints Major-generals, 
middle of Aug. 1655 — meets his second parlia- 
ment, 17 Sep. 1656 — interferes on behalf of the 
Yaudois, 1656 — declines title of King, 8 May 
1657 — installed in Protectorship, 26 Jun. 1657 



CROMWELL— CRUQUIUS. 



389 



■ — falls ill, early in Aug. 1658 — death of Lady 
Claypole, 6 Aug. 1658 — third interview with 
George Fox, Aug. 1658 — rj. at Whitehall, 3 
Sep. 1658 — buried in Westminster Abbey, 23 
Nov. 1658 — his remains exhumed by Charles 
II., beheaded and burnt at Tyburn, 30 Jan. 
1 66 1. a Carly!e. b Engl. Cyc. c Lingard. 

Cromwell, Richard, Protector, — ft. at 
Huntingdon, 4 Oct. 1626 — studies at Lincoln's 
Inn, 1647 — M.P., 1654 — Chancellor of Oxford 
Univ., 1657 — becomes Protector of the Com- 
monwealth, 4 Sep. 1658 — resigns, 22 Apr. 1659 
— tf. at Cheshunt, 17 12. 

Cromwell, (Crumwell,) Thomas, statesman, — 
ft. at Putney, near London, probably about 1490 
— at Florence, 15 15 a — enters service of Wolsey, 
about 1525 — employed in breaking up the lesser 
monasteries, 1525-27 — present at sack of Rome, 
1527 b — attends Wolsey at Esher, 1529-30 — 
defeats attempt to impeach Wolsey, Dec. 1529 
— enters the service of Henry VIII. as Secre- 
tary, 1530 — Knt, Privy Councillor, 153 1 — 
Secretary of State, Master of the Polls, Chan- 
cellor of Cambridge Univ., 1534 — visitor-gen- 
eral of English monasteries, summer 1535 — 
Keeper of the Privy Seal, 1536 — Baron, k vice- 
gerent,' and Vicar-general of the king, 1536 — 
K.G,,Dean of Wells, 1537 — Constable of Caris- 
brook Castle, 1538 — procures bill of attainder 
against the Countess of Salisbury, 1539 — Lord 
High Chamberlain, 1539 — dismissed from the 
Privy Council, 1539 — created Earl of Essex, 
Apr. 1540 — arrested for treason and imprisoned, 
10 Jim. 1540 — Act of attainder passed, (32 Hen. 
VIII. a ) Jun. 1540 — beheaded in London, 28 
Jul. 1540. a Froude. b Fox. 

Cronaca, Simon Pollaiolo, II, architect, — ft. 
at Florence, 1454 — tr., 1509. 

Cronstadt, (Kronstadt,) in Russia, — founded 
by Peter the Great, 17 10 — blockaded and 
attacked by the English fleet, May 1855. 

Cronstedt, Axel Friedrich von, mineralogist, 
■ — ft. in Sweden, 1722 — member of Academy of 
Stockholm, 1753 — $., 19 Aug. 1765. Fbrsbk 
til mineralogie, §c, 1758. 

Crook, (Croke,) Richard, {Crocus,) Greek 
scholar, — ft. in London, about 1490 ? — enters 
King's Coll., Cambridge, 4 Apr. 1506 — studies 
at foreign universities, about 1508-14 — Prof. 
Greek, Leipsic, 15 14-17 — public orator and 
Prof. Greek, Cambridge, 1519 — D.D., 1524 
—sent by Henry VIII. to obtain sanction of 
Universities of Padua and Bologna for the 
divorce, 1530 — Prof. Greek, Oxford, 1532 — rj. 
in London, 1558. Grammatica Grceca, 1520 — 
Orationes de utilitate Linguce Grcecce, 1520. 

Cropani, Giovanni Fiore da, Franciscan, 
historian, — ft. at Cropani, in Calabria, 1622 — 
tr. there, 1683. Calabria illustrata, con inscri- 
zioni e medaglie, 1691-1743. 

Cropredy-Bridge, (near Banbury,) — Charles 
I. defeats Waller at, 29 Jun. 1644. 

Crotch, William, musician, composer, — ft. at 
Norwich, 5 Jul. 1775 — Prof. Music, Oxford, 
1797 — Mus. D., soon after — Principal of Royal 
Academy of Music, 1822 — fc. at Taunton, 29 
Dec. 1847. Elements of musical composition, 



Crotona, Croton, — [B C] — founded by 
Myscellus and Achseans, (01. 5, 4,) 757, a (01 
17, 3,) 7 io- 9 ,b (01. 18, 1,) 708-7,° (01. 19, 2,) 
703 d — battle of Sagras, 560/ 48o e — destroys 
Sybaris, 510 — dissensions respecting division 
of territory of Sybaris, 510 a — Cleinias tyrant, 
504 a — attacked by Dionysius, 389 e — taken by 
Agathocles, 299 s1 — taken by Pyrrhus, 278 — 
retaken by Corn. Rufinus, 277 — taken by Aris- 
todemus and Hanno, 2i5 e — colonized from 
Rome, 194.° a Muller. b Dion. Halic. (Euseb.) 
c Euseb. d Scaliger. e Smith's Diet. f Grote. 
Crousaz, Jean Pierre de, philosopher, — ft. at 
Lausanne, 13 Apr. 1663 — Rector of Academy, 
Lausanne, 1706-22 — Prof. Philosophy and 
Mathematics, Groningen, 1724 — Associate of 
Academy of Sciences, about 1725 — Prof. Philo- 
sophy, Lausanne, 1737^ 1738° — &., 22 Mar. 
I750, a 1748. b Logique, 17 12.— Traite du beau, 
§c, 17 15 — Examen du pyrrhonisme, §c, 1733 
— Traite de l' esprit hi/main, 1741. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

c Erscb and Gruber. 
Crowe, Eyre Evans, historian, — ft. about 
1799 — &., 25 Feb. 1868. Lives of Eminent 
Foreign Statesmen, 1830 — The Greek and the 
Turk, 1853 — Reigns of Louis XVTII. and 
Charles X, 1854 — History of France, 1858-68. 
Crown Point, AT. America, — French fortress 
at, 1731 — General Johnson defeats the French 
near, 8 Sep. 1755 — taken by the English, 1759 — 
surprised by Americans, May 1775 — abandoned 
by them, summer 1776. 

Croy, Charles Alexandre, Duke of, general, 
— ft. inFlanders, 1580 — follows Archduke Albert 
to Amiens, 1597 — to Italy, 1598 — commands 
cavalry at siege of Ostend, 1604 — distinguishes 
himself at battle of Prague, 1620 — killed, by 
musket-shot, 24 Nov. 1624. Memoires guerriers 
de ce qui s'ept passe aux Fays-Fas, §c, 1619. 

Crozat, Joseph Antoine, — ft. at Toulouse, 
1696 — visits Italy, 17 14 — reader to the king, 
1719— tf., 1740. Recueil d'Estampes d'apres 
les plus beaux tableaux, §c, qui sont en France 
dans le Cabinet du Roi, §c, 1729. 

Crucifix, — in general use, before 800 — de- 
clared necessary to every altar by decree of 
Benedict XIV., 1754. 

Crucifixion of Our Lord, — assigned to 29, a 
30, b 20 Mar. 31,° 23 Mar. 32, d 33. e 

a Lactantius, Augustine, Clinton, &c. 
b Africanus. c Epipbanius, &c. 

d Pascb. Cbron. e Euseb. 

Crudeli, Tommaso, poet, — ft. in Tuscany, 
1703 — ts., 1745. Rime e prose, 1805. 

Cruden, Alexander, {The Corrector,) — ft. at 
Aberdeen, 31 May 1700^ 1701 b — settles in 
London, 1732 — fc. there, 1 Nov. 1770. Con- 
cordance of Old and FFeiv Testaments, 1737. 
a Chambers' Biog. Diet. b Chalmers. 

Cruikshank, William, anatomist, — ft. at 
Edinburgh, 1746 — goes to London, 177 1 — 
F.R.S., 1797 — tf. in London, 27 Jun. 1800. 
Anatomy of the absorbing vessels of the human 
body, 1786 — Memoirs on the yellow fever, §c, 
1790 — Experiments on the insensible perspira- 
tion, §c, 1795. 
Cruquius, (de Crusque,) Jacques, philolo- 



; 9 o 



CRUSADE— CRYOPHORUS. 



gist, — Prof. Greek and Latin, at Bruges, 1544. 
Horatius cum com men tar its, §c, 1578. 

Crusade, Crusaders, — conquest of Palestine 
by the Caliphs of Egypt, 969 — persecution of 
the Christians by Hakem, between 996 and 
102 1 — Sylvester II. preaches crusade against 
Turks, about 1 002— Peter the Hermit visits 
Palestine, 1093 — he obtains sanction of Pope 
Urban II. and preaches the crusade, 1094. 
First : Proclaimed by Urban II. at Council of 
Placentia, Mar. 1095 — and at Council of Cler- 
mont, Nov. 1095 — general indulgence to, pro- 
claimed at Council of Clermont ; departure of 
first bands under Walter the Pennyless, Peter 
the Hermit, &c, spring 1096— defeat and death 
of Walter at Nicaea ; the army under Godfrey 
of Bouillon sets out, Aug. 1096 — meet at Con- 
stantinople, close of 1096 — do homage to the 
Emperor Alexius ; Nicsea invested by Godfrey, 
15 May 1097 — captured, 28, a 20 b Jun. 1097 — 
battle * of Dorylaeum, 4 Jul. — capture of 
Edessa, 1097 — siege of Antioch, begins, 21 b 
Oct. — capture of Antioch, by Godfrey, 3 Jun. 
1098 — battle of Antioch, capture of the citadel, 
28 Jun. — set out from Antioch, May 1099 — 
siege of Jerusalem, 7, b 9 a Jun. — capture, 15 
Jul. — [Jerusalem, Kingdom of] — battle of 
Ascalon, 12 Aug. — [Baldwin, Daimbert, 
Godfrey of Bouillon, Assize of Jerusalem, 
Knights of St John of Jerusalem, Knights 
Templars.] Second : Proclaimed by Eugenius 
III., 1145 s — promoted by St Bernard, 1146 — 
Louis VII., his queen, and nobles receive the 
cross from St Bernard at Yezelay, Easter 
1 146 — the Emperor Conrad sets out, May 1147 
— Louis sets out, beginning of Oct. — Louis re- 
ceived by Emperor Manuel at Constantinople, 
Oct. 1 147 — Conrad defeated by Saracens, Nov. 
1 147 — and returns to Constantinople ; passage 
of the Maeander by the French, defeat in the 
defiles of the Taurus, Jan. 1 148 — reach Antioch, 
Mar. — at Jerusalem, 1148 — siege of Damascus 
undertaken and raised, 1148 — return to Europe, 
1 149. Third: Conquest of Palestine by Sala- 
din, 1 187 — promoted by Gregory Till. , n 87 — 
the ' Saladin tenth' imposed, n88 a — one 
division sets out, under Frederick Barbarossa, 
1 1 89 — siege of Acre commenced by Duke of 
Suabia, Aug. — another division under Philip 
Augustus of France and Richard I. of Eng- 
land, 1 1 90 — meeting of Philip and Richard at 
Tezelay, Jun. — arrive at Acre, Philip, 2 Apr., 
and Richard, 8 Jun. 1191 — surrender of Acre, 
1 2 Jul. — Philip sets out for Europe, 3 Aug. — 
march to Azotus, 22 Aug. — defeat Saladin at 
Adsoof, 6 Sep. — occupy Jaffa, soon after — 
abandon the march on Jerusalem, and winter at 
Ascalon, Jan. 11 92 — advance towards Jeru- 
salem, May — abandon the enterprise, 6 Jul. — 
Jaffa attacked by Saladin, 26 Jul. — relieved by 
Richard, Aug. — truce with Saladin for 3 years 
and 8 months, autumn 11 92 — Richard quits 
Palestine, 25 Oct. — death of Saladin, 1194. 
Fourth : Preached by Fulk of Neuilly, 1198 — 
' Saladin tax ' imposed by Innocent III., 1200 
— capture of Zara, for Tenetians, 10-15 Nov. c 
1202 — excommunicated by the pope, but soon 
absolved; storm and pillage Constantinople, 



io, a 17 c Jul. 1203 — war renewed by Alexis 
Angelus, 1204 — again take Constantinople, 12 
Apr. — election of Baldwin, Count of Flanders, 
May. Fifth : Under Andrew, king of Hun- 
gary, land at Ptolemais, 1217 — join John of 
Brienne ; siege and capture of Damietta, 
12 1 8- 19 — the Sultan Melek el Earned recovers 
Damietta, 1221. Sixth : The Emperor Frede- 
rick II. takes the cross, 25 Jul. I2i5 d — Greg- 
ory IX. excommunicates him for not going to 
Palestine, 29 Sep. i227 d — again, 1228 — set out 
under Frederick, 1228 — arrive in Palestine, 
Sep. 1228— truce of 10 years concluded with 
Sultan of Egypt, 18 Feb. 1229 d — Frederick 
crowned King of Jerusalem, 18 Mar. d 1229. 
Seventh : Palestine conquered by Sultan of 
Egypt, 1244 — led by Louis IX. of France, em- 
bark, 25 Aug. 1248 — winter in Cyprus, 1248-9 
— capture of Damietta, Jun. 1249 — Louis made 
prisoner by the Saracens, 1250 — truce of 10 
years, Jun. 1250 — in Palestine, repair fortifi- 
cations, 1 25 1 -4 — Louis arrives at Tincennes, 5 
Sep. 1253. Eighth: Led by St Louis and 
Prince Edward of England against Tunis, 1270 
— death of St Louis, 25 Aug. 1270 — arrive at 
Acre, Apr. 127 1 — take Nazareth, after Easter 
1271 ? — truce of 10 years concluded, Jul. 1272 
— new crusade unsuccessfully proclaimed by 
Gregory IX. at Council of Lyons, May 1274. 
a Dufresnoy. b Gibbon. c Mills. d Kington. 

Crusade, The Childrens' , — preachedin France 
by Stephen, a peasant boy, spring 121 2 — con- 
demned by Univ. of Paris, and by royal edict : 
muster at Tendome, mid. Jun. — embarkation at 
Marseilles, Aug. — part perish by shipwreck on 
island of St Pietro, Aug. — the 'rest sold into 
slavery to Mohammedans : tidings of their fate 
reach Europe, 1240 — church built to their 
memory on St Pietro, by Pope Gregory IX., 
1230 — ruins of the church discovered, 1867. 
Preached in Germany by Nicholas, a peasant 
boy, spring 1212 — muster at Cologne, Jun. — 
reach Genoa, before end of Aug. — ends in dis- 
persion of the band and various disasters, before 
spring 1213. 

Crusius, Christian August, philosopher, — h. 
at Leuna, Merseburg, 1712^ i7i5 bc — 5j., first 
Prof. Theology, Leipsic, 18 Feb. 1775-6. Fnt- 
wurf der nothivendigen Vernunftwahrheiten, <£-c, 
1745 — logik, oder Weg zur Gewissheit, §c, 
1747. a Engl.Cyc. 

b Biog. Univ. ■ c Ersch and Gruber. 

Crusius, Gottlieb Lebrecht, engraver, — ft. 
near Zwickau, 1730 — goes to Paris, 1764 — tf. 
at Leipsic, 1769. 

Crusius, Martin, philologist, — b. in Bam- 
berg, 19 Sep. 1526 — Prof. Greek, &c, Tubin- 
gen, about 1556 — tf. there, 25 Feb. 1607. 
Poemata Grceca,orationes, 1567 — Turko-Grcvcia, 
Germano-Grcecia, 1584 — Annates Suerici, 1596. 

Cruz, Agostino da, poet, — h. in Portugal, 
1540 — lj., 14 Mar. 161 9. 

Cruz, Juana Ines de la, poetess, — b. in 
Mexico, 12 Nov. 1651 — enters convent of St 
Jerome, Mexico, about 1668 — ft. there, 17 
Apr. 1695. 

Cryophorus, — invented by Wollaston, about 
1813. 



CRYSTAL PALACE— CUMBERLAND. 



39i 



Crystal Palace, in Hyde Park, — opened, i 
May 1 85 1 — closed, 11 Oct. 1851. 

Crystal Palace, at Sydenham, — opened, 10 
Jim. 1854 — north wing burnt, 30 Dec. 1866. 

Csokonai, Mihaly Vitez, poet, — fc. at De- 
breczin, 17 Nov. 1773,* 1774 b — tf. there, 28 
Jan. 1 805 . Works, 1 8 1 3 . 

a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. , 

Csoma de Kbrb's, Alexander, philologist,— h. 
at Korcs, Transylvania, about 1790 — studies at 
Gottingen, 18 15 — sets out for the East, 1820 — 
at Buddhist monastery of Kanam, 1827-30 — 
goes to Calcutta, 1830 — tf. at Darjeeling, 11 
Apr. 1842, Essay towards a Dictionary, Tibet- 
an and English, §c., 1834. 

Ctesias, (Ktesias,) physician, historian, — 
[B CJ — made prisoner and kept as court physi- 
cian to king of Persia 17 years, 415, ? 401 ? — 
returns to Cnidus, 398. Persika, brought 
down to 398. 

Ctesibiu3, (Ktesibios,) mechanician, — [B C] 
— fl., about 250. 

Ctesiphon, (Ktesiphon,) — taken by the Em- 
peror Trajan, 115 — by Severus, 198 — Julian 
defeats Persians near, 363 — taken by Saracens, 
Mar. 637. Council of, to confirm canons of 
Council of Selencia, 420. 

Cuba, — discovered by Columbus, 28 Oct. 
1492 — its conquest by Spaniards completed. 
15 1 1 — negro slaves introduced, 1524 — occupied 
by them, 1762 — restored to Spain, 1763 — com- 
mercial monopoly of Spain terminated, 1801 — 
attempts of American filibusters against, 1850- 
1— conference of U.S. Ministers about, held at 
Ostend, Aug. 1854 — insurrection breaks out, 
30 Nov. 1868 — troops sent from Spain, 18 Feb. 
1869 — Captain-General compelled by Volun- 
teers to resign, 2 Jun. — additional troops sent 
from Spain, 24 Aug. and 16 Sep. — religious 
liberty established by decree of Spanish govern- 
ment, 24 Oct. 

Cubieres, Simon Louis Pierre, Marquis de, 
naturalist, — h\ at Boquemaure, 12 Oct. 1747 — 
accompanies Louis XVI. to Paris, 27 Jul. 
1789 — imprisoned, Mar. 1794 — tf., 10 Aug. 
1 82 1. Histoire abregee des coquillages de mer, 
$c, 1800 — Mtmoire sur les abeilles, 1800. 

Cuddalore, in Hindustan, — ceded to East In- 
dia Company by Kajah of Gingee, 168 1 — taken 
by the French, 1758 — taken from them by Colo- 
nel Coote, Apr. 1760 — taken by Baja of Mysore 
and the French, Apr. 1782 — attempted by 
General Stuart, Jun. 1783 — restored to British, 
1795 a — comes into possession of the English 
by treaty, 180 1. b a Maccullocb. b Engl. Cyc. 

Cudena, Pedro, — fc. at Villena, 1602. De- 
scription of Brazil, 1634. 

Cudworth, Ralph, philosopher, — fc. at 
Aller, Somersetshire, 16 17 — enters Emmanuel 
Coll., Cambridge, 1630 — Fellow of his Coll., 
about 1639 or 1640 — M.A., 1639 — D.D., 1651 
— Master of Christ's College, 1654— vicar of 
Ashwell, Herts, 1662 — prebendary of Glou- 
cester, 1678 — tf. at Cambridge, 26 Jun. 1688. 
True intellectual system of the Universe, 1678 
— Treatise on eternal and immutable morality, 
i73i- 

Cuesta, Gregorio Garcia de la, general, — 



b. in Biscay, 1740 — serves in the army in cam- 
paign of 1793 — Marechal de Camp, Dec. 1793 
— president of Council of Castille, 1798 — Cap- 
tain-general of Old Castille, Mar. 1806 — de- 
prived, Oct. 1809 — tf. in Majorca, 18 12. 

Cueva, Juan de la, poet, — fj. at Seville, 
about 1550 — tf., after 1607. Obras, 1582 — la 
Conquista de la Betica, 1603 — Primer a parte 
de las cmnedias y tragedias, 1583-88. 

Cujas, (Cujacitcs,) Jacques, jurist, — ft. at 
Toulouse, 1520,* 1522 b — lectures on Justin- 
ian's Institutes there, 1547 — Prof. Law, Bourges, 
J 555> a Jul- I 55^ h — Prof- Law, Valentia, 1567- 
75 — returns to Bourges, 1577 — &• there, 4 Oct. 
1590. Opera, 1577-1614. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Culant, Louis, Baron de, Admiral of 
France, — bailiff of Melun, 141 7 — Admiral of 
France, 1422 — distinguishes himself at siege of 
Orleans, 1429 — tf-, 1444. 

Culant, Philippe de, Marshal op France, 
— distinguishes himself in Normandy, 1436 — 
at siege of Meaux, 1439 — a ^ siege of Pontoise, 
1441 — Marshal of France, 1441 — commands 
under Charles VII., in Guienne, 1442 — at 
siege of Mans, 1447 — contributes to conquest 
of Normandy, 1450 — distinguishes himself at 
battle of Castillon, 1453 — assists at reduction 
of Bordeaux, 1453 — tf., i454, a Dec. 1453. b 
a Biog. Univ. b Erscb and Gruber. 

Cullen, William, physician, — b. in Lanark- 
shire, Scotland, 1712^ 15 Apr. i7io b — studies 
at Edinburgh Univ., 1734-6 — M.D. Glasgow, 
1740 — marries, 17 41 — lecturer on Chemistry, 
Univ. of Glasgow, 1746 — on Materia Medica, 
1747 — Prof. Medicine, 1751 — Prof. Chemistry, 
Edinburgh, Jan. 1756-66 — Prof. Materia 
Medica, 1763 — Prof. Theoretical Medicine, 
Nov. 1766 — Prof. Practical Medicine, Feb. 
1773-89 — death of his wife, 1786 — tr. at Edin- 
burgh, 5 Feb. 1790. First lines of the practice 
of Physic, 1775 — Institutions of Medicine, 1777 
— Synopsis Nosologic Methodicce, 1780 — 
Treatise of the Materia Medica, 1789. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Tbomson. 

Culloden, in Scotland, — the Duke of Cum- 
berland defeats the Pretender at, 16 Apr. 1746. 
Culm, in Prussia, — the French defeated by 
the allies, 29-30 Aug. 1813. 

Culpeper, Nicholas, astrologer, — h. in Lon- 
don, 18 Oct. 1 616 — tf. in London, 1654. Her- 
bal, 1653, 

Cuinee, in Italy, — [B C] — Aristodemus, 
tyrant of, 502 — pillaged by Samnites, 420 — 
taken by Campanians, 417— successfully de- 
feuded by Gracchus against Hannibal, 215 — 
Octavius defeats Sextus Pompeius near, 38 — 
— [AB] — taken by Narses, 553 — ruined and 
forsaken, by 1207 — discoveries at, by Prince of 
Syracuse, 1853. 

Cumberland, Richard, theologian, — ft. in 
London, Jul. 1632 — enters Cambridge Univ., 
^49 — D.D., 1680 — Bp of Peterborough, 1692 
— tf., 9 Oct. 17 1 8. I)e legibus natures dis- 
quisitio philosophica, 1672 — Essay on Jewish 
Weights and Measures, 1686 — Fragment of 
Sanchoniathon on Phoenician history, 1720. 
Cumberland, Richard, dramatist, §c, — ft. 



39 2 



CUMBERLAND— CURETON. 



at Cambridge, 19 Feb. 1732 — enters Cambridge 
Univ., 1746 — accompanies Earl of Halifax, as 
secretary, to Ireland, 1760 — Secretary to Board 
of Trade, 1775-82 — envoy to Madrid, 1780 — 
tf. in London, 7 May 181 1. The West Indian, 
177 1 — Anecdotes of eminent painters in Spain, 
1782 — The Observer, 1783. 

Cumberland, William Augustus, Duke of, 
general, — ft., 15 Apr. 172 1 — wounded at battle 
of Dettingen, 1743 — commands in chief at 
battle of Fontenoy, 1745 — takes Carlisle, Nov. 
1745— defeats the Young Pretender at Cullo- 
den, 27 Apr. 1746 — defeated at battle of Law- 
feldt, 1747 — again, at Hastembeck by Marshal 
d'Estrees, 1757 — signs capitulation of Closter- 
Seven, 8 Sep. 1757 — tf. at Windsor, 31 Oct. 

I?65 ' 

Cumming, Roualeyn George Gordon, ' Af- 
rican Lion-Hunter,' — b. in Scotland, Mar. 
1820 — quits the army and begins his hunting 
expeditions in S. Africa, 1843 — exhibits his 
collection in London, 1 85 1 — tf. at Fort Augustus, 
in Scotland, 24 Mar. 1866. Hunter's Life in 
S. Africa, 1850. 

Cunaeus, Pieter, — ft. at Flushing, 1586 — 
Prof. Rhetoric, Leyden, 1611 — tf. , 1638. 
Sardi venales, §c, 1612 — Be republica He- 
brceorum, 161 7 — Lpistolce, 1725 or 1732. 

Cunaxa, — [B C] — battle of, between Cyrus 
the Younger and his brother Artaxerxes 
Mnemon, Cyrus killed, autumn 401. 

Cunego, Domenico, engraver, — ft. at Verona, 
1727 — settles at Rome, 1761 — tf. there, 1794,'" 1 
i8oo. b Last Judgment of Michael- Angelo, 
1780. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Cuneiform (Cuneatic) Inscriptions, — [B C] 
— date from about 2000-340 ?— [AD] — first 
specimens of, in Europe, published by Taver- 
nier, 1676 — and by Chardin, 1686 — imperfectly 
deciphered by Grotefend, 1802 — decipherment 
of, advanced by St Martin, 1822 — by Rask, 
1826 — by Burnouf and Lassen, 1836— at Be- 
histun, copied by Colonel Rawlinson, 1837 — 
Assyrian, discovered by Botta, 1843 — by 
Layard, 1845 — Behistun, facsimile and transla- 
tion of, by Rawlinson, 1846. 

Cunersdorf, — the Russians and Austrians 
defeat Frederick II. of Prussia at, 12 Aug. 

1759- 

Cunha, Joseph Anastasius da, mathemati- 
cian, — ft. at Lisbon, 1744 — Prof. Mathematics, 
Coimbra, 1774 — imprisoned by the Inquisition, 
1778-80 — Is., 31 Dec. 1787. Principles of 
Mathematics, 1782. 

Cunha, Nuno da, — ft., 1487 — follows his 
father to the Indies, 1508 — Governor-general 
of the Indies, 1528 — tf. at sea, about 1538. 

Cunha, don Pedro, — distinguishes himself 
in expeditions to Tangier and Azamor, 1532- 
34 — accompanies dom Garcia de Noronba to 
India, 1538 — returns to Europe, 1544 — general 
of the galleys, 1550-57— governor of Ceuta, 
1572 — commandant of Lisbon, Aug. 1580 — 
taken prisoner at battle of Alcantara, 25 Aug. 
1580. 

Cunha, donRodrigo, — ft. at Lisbon, 1577— 
Abp of Lisbon, 1635 — contributes to restora- 
tion of John IV., 1640 — tf., 1643. Historia 



ecclesiastica de Braga, §c, 1624-35 — Historia 
ecclesiastica da igreja de Lisboa, 164.2. 

Cunha, Tristam da, maritime discoverer, — 
embarks at Lisbon, commander of expedition to 
the Southern Ocean, Jan. 1508 — chief of em- 
bassy from Emmanuel, king of Portugal, to Leo 
X., 15 15 — tf., before 1550. 

Cunitz, Maria, astronomer, — ft. in Silesia, 
about 1600 — tf. there, after 1669 ? Urania 
propitia, 1650. 

Cunningham, Alexander, historian, — ft. at 
Ettrick, Selkirkshire, 1654 — ambassador to 
Venice, 1715-20 — tf. probably 1737. History 
of Great Britain, §c, 1787. 

Cunningham, Allan, poet, miscellaneous 
writer, — ft. at Blackwood, Dumfriesshire, 
i785, ac 7 Dec. 1784 b — goes to London, 1810 
— assistant to Chantrey, 1814-42 — tf. in Lon- 
don, 5 Nov., a 29 Oct. b c 1842. Songs of Scot- 
land, §c, 1825 — Lives of British Fainter s, 
Sculptors, and Architects, 1829-33 — Life and 
works of Burns, 1834 — Life of Sir David 
Wilkie, 1843 — Poems and Songs, 1847. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Ann. Reg. 

c Chambers' Biog. Diet. 

Cunningham, John, poet, — ft. at Dublin, 
1729 — tf. at Newcastle, 1773. Boons, 1766. 

Cunningham, Peter, antiquary and miscella- 
neous writer, — ft. in London, 7 Apr. 18 16 — ob- 
tains post in Audit Office, 1 834 — one of the chief 
clerks, 1854 — retires, i860 — tf. at St Albans, 
18 May 1869. Life of Drummond of Haw- 
thornden, 1833 — Songs of England and Scotland, 
1835 — Handbook of London, 1849 — edition of 
Goldsmith's Works, 1854 — edition of Johnson's 
Lives of the Foets, 1 854 — Life of Lnigo Jones. 
1848 — Story of Nell Gwynn, 1852. 

Cunningham Lecture, — at Edinburgh, 
founded by Webster, 1862. 

Cunyngham, William, engraver, §c, — ft. at 
Norwich, about 1520 — tf. in London, 1577. 
A Cosmographical Glass, 1559. 

Cuper, Ghisbert, philologist, — ft. in Guelder- 
land, 14 Sep. 1644— Prof. History, Deventer, 
1669 — Burgomaster, 1675 — tf. there, 22 Nov. 
17 16. Observations, 1670 — Harpocrates, §c, 
1676 — Be elephantis in nummis obviis, 17 19 — 
Letters, 1743. 

Curacoa, Curacao, island, — settled by the 
Spaniards, before 1600 — taken by the Dutch, 
1632— by the English, 1798 — restored to the 
Dutch by Treaty of Amiens, 1802 — taken by 
the English, i8o6, a 1807 b — given up to Hol- 
land, 18 14. a Eng. Cyc. b Macculloch. 

Curadi, Domenico. [Ghirlandajo.] 

Curaudau, Francois Rene, chemist, §c., — ft. 
in Normandy, 1765 — tf. at Paris, 25 Jan. 18 13. 

Cureau. fChambre, de la.] 

Cureton, William, orientalist, — ft. at West- 
bury, Shropshire, 1808 — enters Oxford Univ., 
1826 — sub-librarian of the Bodleian, 1834 — 
assistant-keeper of the MSS. in the British 
Museum, 1837-50 — chaplain to the Queen, 
1847 — canon of Westminster, 1849 — corre- 
sponding member of French Institute, 1 855 — 
Crown Trustee of British Museum, 1859 — 
chairman of Oriental Translation Fund, 1863 
— tf., 1 7 Jun. 1 864. Catalogue of Arabic MSS. 



CURETTS— CUSTRIN. 



393 



in British Museum, 1846 — edits Syriac version 
of Epistles of Ignatius, 1845 — Vindicice Ig- 
natiance, 1846 — Spicilegium Syriacum, 1855. 

Cureus, Joachim, historian, §c, — b. in Si- 
lesia, 1532 — tf., 21 Jan. 1573. Annates Si- 
lesia, $c, 157 1. 

Curial, Philibert Jean Baptiste Joseph, 
Peer of France, general, — b. in Tarentaise, 
2r Apr. 1774 — distinguishes himself in cam- 
paign of Egypt, 1798 — at Austerlitz, 1805 — at 
Eylau, Feb. 1807 — at Friedland, Jun. — Ge- 
neral of Division, commands in Eussian cam- 
paign, 1 8 1 2 — Chevalier de St Louis, Peer 
of France, 18 14 — at battle of Waterloo, Jun. 
1 8 15 — Inspector-general of Infantry, 18 15 — 
commands in Spain, 1823 — assists at consecra- 
tion of Charles X. at Eheims, 1825 — tr. at Paris, 
29 May 1829. 

Curio, C Scribonius, — [B C]— 1. Trib. Pleb., 
90 — war against Archelaus, besieges Aristion 
m Acropolis of Athens, 88 — praetor, 82 — Con- 
sul with Cn. Octavius, (678, a. u. c.) 76— war 
against Dardanians and Masians, 75 — triumphs, 
71 — Pontifex Maximus, 57 — tf., 53. 2. Tri- 
bune, 50 — Propraetor in Sicily, by Ca?sar, 49 — 
defeated by Juba, before Utica, and killed, 49. 

Curne, la. [Sainte-Palaye.] 

Curran, John Philpot, — b. in Ireland, 24 
Jul. 1750 — studies at the Temple, London, 
1773 — member of Irish House of Commons, 
1784 — Master of the Rolls in Ireland, 1806 — 
resigns, 18 15 — tf. in London, 14 Oct. 181 7. 
Speeches, 1805. 

Currie, James, physician, — b. in Dumfries- 
shire, 31 May 1756 — M.D. Glasgow, 1780 — 
settles in Liverpool, 1781 — F.R.S., 1792 — tr. 
at Sidmouth, 31 Aug. 1805. Medical Reports 
on the effects of water, cold and warm, as a 
remedy in febrile diseases, 1797 -1804 — edition 
of Works of Robert Burns, §c, 1800. 

Cursor, L. Papirius,— [B C] — 1. Magister 
equitum to L. Papirius Crassus, 340 — Consul 
with C. Poetelius Libo, (421, a. u. c.) 333 — 
again, ( ?) 326— dictator, war against Samnites, 
325-324 — triumphs, 324 — Consul with Q. Pub- 
lilius Philo, (434,) 320 — blockades Luceria, 
triumphs, 319 — Consul with Q,. Publilius Philo, 
(439,) 315— with C. Junius Bubulcus, (441,) 
313 — dictator, war against Samnites, triumphs, 
309. 2. Consul with Sp. Carvilius Maximus, 
war against Samnites, and triumph, (461,) 293 
— again with same, (482,) 272. 

Curtatone, in Italy, — stormed by the Austri- 
ans, 29 May 1848. 

Curti, Francesco, engraver, — b. at Bologna, 
1603. 

Curti, Girolamo. [Dentone.] 

Curtis, "William, botanist, — b. at Alton, 
Hampshire, 1746 — ft. in London, 7 Jul. 1799. 
Flora londinensis, $c, 1777 — Botanical Maga- 
zine, 1787-98. 

Curtius. [Corti and Curtz.] 

Curtius, Michael Conrad, historian, — b. in 
Mecklenburg, Aug. 1724 — Prof. History, Mar- 
burg, 1767 — Principal of the Faculty of Philo- 
sophy, 1795 — tf., 22 Aug. 1802. Commentarii 
de senatu Romano, §c, 1768 — edition of Aris- 
totle's Poetics, 1753. 



Curtius, Q. Rufus, historian, — fl., about 75, a 
about 200. b a Some authorities. b Others. 
Curtz, Albert, (Curtius,) Jesuit, — b. at 
Munich, 1600 — ft. there, 1671. Novum cceli 
sy sterna, 1626 — Amussis Ferdinandea, 1651 — 
Sylloge Ferdinandea, 1657. 

Curvus, L. Fulvius, — [_B C] — Consul with Q. 
Fabius Max. Rullianus, (432, a. u. c.) 322. 

Curzola, (Korkyra Nigra,) island, — ceded by 
Ragusa to Venetians, 1386. 

Cusa, Nicolas de, (Cusanus,) cardinal, — b. 
at Cusa, (Treves,) 1401 — assists at Council of 
Basel, 143 1 — Cardinal, by Nicolas V., 1448 — ft. 
at Todi, (Umbria,) n Aug. 1464. 

Custine, Adam Philippe, Count op, general, 
— b. at Metz, 4 Feb. 1740 — distinguishes him- 
self at the taking of York-Town, America, 17 81 
— deputy to States-General, 1789 — commands 
army of the Rhine, 1792 — arrested, 29 Jul. 
1793 — executed at Paris, 28 Aug. 1793. 

Custine, Astolphe, Marquis de, travelltr 
and miscellaneous writer, — b. at Paris, about 
1793 — visits England, Scotland, Switzerland, 
Calabria, 181 1-22 — Spain, 1835 — Russia, 1839 
— ft., end of Sep. 1857. Memoires et Voyages, 
1830 — I'Fspagne sous Ferdinand VII, 1838 
-^-la Russie en 1839, 1843 — Romuald, 1848. 

Custine, Renaud Philippe, diplomatist, — ■ 
charged with mission to Duke of Brunswick, 
1792 — executed at Paris, 3 Jan. 1794. 

Custis, Charles Francois, — b. at Bruges, 28 
Aug. 1704 — if., 26 Feb. 1752. Annates de la 
ville de Bruges, §c., 1738. 

Customs, — [B C] — on exports and imports of 
subject states imposed by Athens, 415 — on ex- 
ports and imports of the Euxine, by Alkibiades 
and others, 410, 405, 391 — [AD] — in England, 
first granted by parliament, 3 Edw. I., 1274 — 
new ones granted by ordinance of 31 Edw I., 
1305 — [Tonnage and Poundage] — 'book of 
rates ' under authority of House of Commons, 
1642 — second, 1660 — laws respecting, con- 
solidated by Acts 27 Geo. III. c. 13, 1787, and 
43 Geo. III. c. 68, 1803 — again, by Act 6 
Geo. IY. cc. 106-116, Jul. 1825— again, by 
Act 3 and 4 ¥m IY. cc. 50-57, 28 Aug. 1833 
— laws amended by Acts 5 and 6 Yic. c. 47, 9 
Jul. 1842; 8and9 Yic. cc. 84-91, 4 Aug. 1845; 
12 and 13 Yic. cc. 29, 90, 26 Jun. and 1 Aug. 
1849, an d 13 and 14 Yic. c. 95, 14 Aug. 1850 
— laws consolidated by Acts 16 and 17 Yic. cc. 
106 and 107, 20 Aug. 1853 ; 18 and 19 Yic. cc. 
96 and 97, 14 Aug. 1855. 

Gustos, Dominique, engraver, — b. at Ant- 
werp, 1560 — tr. at Augsburg, 16 12. Atrium 
hcroicumCcesarum,regum, §c, 1600 — Fuggero- 
rum et Fug ger arum imagines, 1593. 

Custos Brevium, — office abolished by Act 1 
Wm IV. c. 58, 23 Jul. 1830. 

Custos Rotulorum,— appointment of, regu- 
lated by Acts 37 Hen. VIII. c. 1, 1545 ; 3 and 
4 Edw. VI. c. 1, 1549 ; and 1 Wm and Mar. s. 
1, c. 21, 1688. 

Custozza, in Italy, — Radetzky defeats the 
Piedmontese at, 23 Jul. 1848 — Victor Emman- 
uel defeated by Archduke Albert of Austria, 24 
Jun. 1866. 

Ciistrin. [Kiistrin.] 



394 



CUTCH-CYPRUS. 



Cutch, in Hindustan, — enters into agreement 
■with East India Company, 1809— the Rao 
concludes treaties with Great Britain, Jan. and 
18 Jun. 1 8 16— the Rao deposed for nrisgovern- 
ment, 18 19 — treaty with. Great Britain, 13 Oct. 
1 8 19 — another, May 1822. 

Cuthbert, St, — Bp of Lindisfarne, 685 — re- 
signs soon after ; a", at his hermitage off coast of 
Northumbria, 20 Mar. 687 — his remains re- 
moved from Lindisfarne, 875 — and translated 
to Durham Cathedral, 11 04. 

Cuttack, in Hindustan,— becomes subject to 
Mohammedans, 1592 — invaded by Mahrattas, 
tributary to Rajah of Nagpore, 1750— passes to 
Mahrattas, 1756— conquered by the British, 
Oct. 1803. 

Cuvier, George Leopold Chretien Frederic 
Dagobert, Baron, — b. at Montbeliard, 23 Aug. 
1769 — assistant Superintendent of the Jardin 
des Plantes, Paris, 1795 — member of the Insti- 
tute, 1796— Prof. Natural Philosophy, College 
de France, 1800— appointed one of the Inspec- 
tors-general for establishing public schools, 
1802— charged with the organization of the 
new Academies, 1809-10 — organizes the Uni- 
versities at Rome, 1813 — Councillor of State, 
1 8 14 — Chancellor of the University, 18 15 — 
visits England, 18 18 — member of French 
Academy, 181 8 — President of Committee of the 
Interior, Baron, 18 19— Grand Master of the 
Faculties of Protestant Theology, 1822 — Grand 
Officer of Legion of Honour, 1826 — visits Eng- 
land, 1830— Peer of France, 1832,* 19 Nov. 
i83i b — ft. at Paris, 13 May 1832. Tableau 
elementaire de Vhistoire naturelle des animaux, 
1798-99 — Discours sur les revolutions de la 
surface du globe, §c., 1818 (oth ed.) — Recherches 
sur les ossements fossiles des quadrupedes, 1812 
— le Regne animal, §c, 18 16 — Histoire naturelle 
des poissons, 1828 — Description geologique des 
environs de Paris, 1812 — Rapport historique 
sur les sciences naturelles depuis 1789, <$;c., 1810 
— Eloges historiques des membres de I'Academie 
des Sciences, §c, 1819-27. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. 

Cuvier, Frederic, natural historian, — b. at 
Montbeliard, 28 Jun. 1773 — tf. at Strasburg, 
17 Jul. 1838. Histoire naturelle des Mam- 
mi feres, 1824. 

Cuyp, Albert, painter, — b. at Dort, 1605 — 
living, Jan. 1683. 

Cuzco, in Peru, — taken by Pizarro, 1534. 
Cyanogen, — discovered by Guy Lussac, 
1815. 
Cyaxares. [Media.] 

Cybele, (Kybele, Kybele,) — [B C] — "Wor- 
ship of, introduced at Rome from Phrygia, 
204, 

Cyclades, — [B c l — conquered by Ampho- 
terics for Alexander the Great, 333. [Archi- 
pelago.] 

Cycloid, The, — properties of, investigated by 
Galileo, about 1599 — observed by Mersenne, 
about 1615. 

Cydias, (Kijdias,) orator,— [BC]- fl., 352. 
Cydonia, (Kydonia,) — [BC]— colonized by 
JEgina, (01. 65, 2,) 519.* "Miiller. 

Cylon, (Kg Ion,) — [B C] — victor in the diau- 



lus at Olympia, (01. 35, 1,) 640 — seizes the 
Acropolis in an attempt to make himself tyrant 
of Athens, and is killed, 62o, a (01. 42, 1,) 
6i2. bc a Clinton. b Casini. c Muller. 

Cyme, (Kyme,) — [BC] — founded, 977, 1033.* 
a Eratosth. 

Cynoscephalae, (Kynoskephalai,) — [BC] — 
Philip of Macedonia defeated by Flaminius at, 
197. 

Cynossema, (Kynossema,) — [B C] — the 
Athenians defeat Mindarus at, 411. 

Cyprian "War, — [BC] — Evagoras becomes 
master of almost all Cyprus, 391 — Teleutias 
aids him against the Persians, 391 — Athens 
aids him with two fleets, Thrasybulus sent 
with the second, 390 — Chabrias sent to aid 
him, 388— Cyprus excluded from Peace of 
Antalkidas, 387 — Tyrians aid Evagoras; Evag- 
oras defeated in a sea fight, Salamis besieged, 
385— assisted by Acoris of Egypt, 380 — Sala- 
mis given up by Evagoras to Orontes, war ends, 

37 6 . 

Cyprianus, St, Thascius Csecilius, Bp of 
Carthage, Christian Father, — b. at Carthage, 
about 210 — converted, about 246 —presbyter, 
247 — Bp of Carthage, 248 — retires before 
persecution of Decius, 250-251 — assembles 
Council at Carthage, 251 — exiled by Paternus 
to Curubis, Sep. 257 — recalled by Galerius 
Maximus, 258 — beheaded, (Oct. kal. 18,) 14 
Sep. 258. He Gratia Dei, 24.6 ? — De Disci- 
plina et Habitu Virginum, 248 — De TJnitate 
Ecclesiee Catholicce, 252 — De Lapsis, Nov. 252 
— De Oratione Dominica, about 252 — De Mor- 
talitate, 252, 253 s — Ad Demetrianum, 151 — ■ 
De Exhortatione Marty rum, 252 — De Opere et 
Eleemosynis, 253 or 254 — De Patientia, about 
256. a Clinton. 

Cyprus, (Kupros,) — [BC] — held by Phoeni- 
cians, about 1000-725 e — mythic dominion of 
the sea, 880-858,* 865-833 b — rebels against 
Tyre, about 720,° 725 e — divided into petty 
kingdoms, Salamis, Paphos, Citium, Soli, &c. : 
subdued by Amasis I. of Egypt, about 550 c e — 
by Cambyses of Persia, about 525 c e — revolts, 
499 — recovered by Persia, 498 a — Pausanias 
subdues great part of the island, 477 a — Evag- 
oras II. of Salamis drives out Abdemon and 
acquires almost all the island, 391 d — [Cyprian 
War] — ceded to Persia by Peace of Antalkidas, 
387* — subdued by Persia, 380 — submits to 
Macedonia, 333 e — joins Alexander the Great 
at siege of Tyre, 332 c — conquered by Ptolemy 
Soter of Egypt, 315^ 313° — conquered by 
Antigonus and Demetrius, 3o6, d 307 c — re- 
covered by Ptolemy, 294 c — betrayed to Antio- 
chus Epiphanes, about 171 c — given to Ptolemy 
Physcon by Rome, after 164° — defeat and ex- 
pulsion of Ptolemy Physcon, 154 d — who re- 
covers it, 146-1 17 d — Alexander rules for Egypt, 
117 — makes himself king, 1 14-107 d — Ptolemy 
Lathyrus king, 107-81° — Ptolemy king, 80- 
57 d — reduced to Roman province by Cato of 
Utica, 57 — given to Cleopatra by Antony, 37 
— Imperial province, by Octavianus, 27 — handed 
over to Senate by Augustus, 22 — [AD] — falls 
to Byzantine Emperors at division of Empire, 
365— captured by Arabs under Moawiyah, 648 



CYPSELTTS-CYZICUS.' 



395 



% — regained by Constantine Copronymus, about 
746 — recaptured by Saracens, about 805 — re- 
gained by Mcephorus II., 964-75 — seized by 
Isaac Comnenus, who makes himself king, 
1182-91 — taken by Eichard I. of England, 
1 191 — given to Guy of Lusignan, who be- 
comes king, 1 192 — Amauri succeeds, 1194 — 
Hugh L, 1205 — Henry I., 12 19 — Hugh II., 
1253— Hugh III., 1267 — John L, 1284 — 
Henry II., 1285— Hugh IV., 1324— Petron, 
1369— James I., 1382 — James, (John II.,) 
1398— John II., (III.,) 1432-1439 ?— Char- 
lotte and Louis of Savoy, 1458— civil wars 
in which the Sultan of Egypt and Venice take 
part, 1458 — James II., 1464— James III., 
1473 — Catherine Cornaro, 1475 — she abdi- 
cates, and the island is acquired by Venice, 
1489— the Turks under Selim II. invade and 
seize the island, 1570-1 — ceded by Venice to 
the Turks, 1573. 
a Clinton. b Blair. c Heeren. d Smith's Diet. 
e Rawlinson. 

Cypselus, (Kypselos,) King or Corinth, — 
[BC] — expels Bacchiadse and becomes king, 
(01. 30, 3,) 658.* a Miiller. 

Cyrenaica, (Kyrene,) — [B C] — colonized 
from Thera, Platea founded, (01. 35, 4,) 639- 
8, a b 640 c — Azius founded, 637,* 638 c — Ky- 
rene, 63i, a (01. 37,) 632— Battus L, sovereign, 
63i-59i, a 640-599 c — Arkesilaos I„ 591-576,* 
59 1_ 575> dh 599 - 5 8 3 c — Battus II., (Eudamon,) 
575? a 554. de 5 8 3-57°-6° ? c — ne defeats Apries 
in Irasa and conquers Libya, about 570 dh — 
Arkesilaos II., {Burns,) 554-544> 55°, d 57°- 
60-550 c — he loses Libya, defeated at Leucon, 
about 550 — is assassinated, 570-60,° 544 d — 
Battus III., (Claudus,) 544-529^ 550-530 c — 
popular supremacy given by legislation of De- 
monax, about 540, 538 h — Arkesilaos III., 
529-5 i6, d 530 to about 514° — becomes tributary 
to Persia, about 524^ 525 h — Arkesilaos at- 
tempts to regain regal supremacy, and is assas- 
sinated, about 5i6, d 514 c — Pheretima regent 
for Battus IV., about 512, 11 before 514 11 — he 
takes revenge on Barca, about 5i2, d 514 11 — 
Battus IV., (Calus,) adopts Medizing policy, 
about 512 c — Arkesilaos IV., about 466",° 
47o, h about 431 f — popular government estab- 
lished, about 457, 13 before 460-400 c — insur- 
rection of Ariston, 403,° 400 d — submits to 
Alexander, and becomes dependency of Egypt, 
332 h — Thimbron attempts to get possession of, 
324-2 c — subject to Egypt by Ophelias, 321 d 
— revolt supported by Agis, 313° — revolt of 
Ophelias, after 313-308 c — subdued by Magas, 
308 c — revolt of Magas, 283-258 c — Demetrius, 
(Calus,) 258, before 247 c — subject to Egypt 
under Ptolemy Euergetes, before 247 — Ptoiemy 
Physcon, after 1 64-1 17 e — independent govern- 
ment, after 164-96 — Apion, 117-96° — be- 
queathed to Rome by Apion, 96,° 97 d — Pom an 
province, about 65 a — [AD] — Greek colonies 
extirpated by Chosroes, 6i6.g 
a Clinton. b Miiller. c Smith's Diet. d Heeren. 
e Larcher. f Eusebius. 8 Gibbon. h Rawlinson. 

Gyrene, (Kyrene,) [Cyrenaica,] — [BC] — 
founded by Battus I., (01. 37,) 631,* 597 b — 
besieged by Thimbron, 322 c — [AD] — ruins 



explored by Dr Delia Cella, 1817 — byBeechey, 
1821-2 — by M. Pacho, 1826 — by Smith and 
Porcher, 1860-61 — marbles from, added to 
British Museum, 1861. 

a Clinton. b Solinus. c Smith's Diet. 

Cyril Lucar, (Kurillos Loukaris,) Patriarch 
oe Constantinople, — b. inCandia, 1572 — op- 
poses union of Greek and Latin Churches, 1595 — 
Patriarch of Alexandria, 1602 ? — administrator 
of Church of Constantinople during exile of 
Neophytus, 1611-13 a — Patriarch of Constanti- 
nople, 5 Nov. 1 62 1 a — preaches Protestant 
doctrines, and projects union of Greek and Re- 
formed Churches, 1622 — deposed and banished 
to Ehodes through influence of the Jesuits, 
1622 — reinstated, 1623 — sends Alexandrian 
Codex to England, 1628 — banished to Tenedos 
by Sultan Amurath, 1631 — again restored, 1633 
— again driven away, 1634 — recalled, 1634 — 
banished to Rhodes, 1636 — restored a fifth 
time, 1637 — seized and sent away, end of Jun. 
1637, b 1638, a and put to death : his name and 
doctrines anathematized by his successor, Cyril 
of Berea, Sep. 1638 a — again condemned by 
Synod of Constantinople, May 1642." 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Notw. Biog. Gen. 

Cyvilhis, jurist, — ft., before 535. 

Cyrillus, St, (Constantine,) Apostle of the 
Slaves, — sent with Methodius to preach in 
Bulgaria, about 860 ? — ft. at Rome, 882, ? about 
869? 

Cyrillus, (Kyrillos,) St, Bp of Jerusalem, 
— b. at Jerusalem, about 315 — Deacon, about 
334-5 — Presbyter, 345 — succeeds Maximus as 
Bp, 348, a 350 b — vision of luminous cross, 7 
May 351 — deposed, retires to Tarsus, 358 — 
restored, by Council of Seleucia, 359 — de- 
posed and banished by Constantius, 360 — 
restored, 362 — restored by Theodosius, ? Dec. 
380 a — banished by Valens, 367 — returns, 378 
— restored by Council of Constantinople, 381 a 
— 0"., 388, a 386.^ Lectures to catechumens 
§C, about 347. a Clinton. b Engl. Cyc. 

Cyrillus, St, Bp of Alexandria, Christian 
Father, — succeeds Theophilus as Bp of Alex- 
andria, 412 — holds Synod at Alexandria, 430 
— presides at Gen. Council at Ephesus against 
Nestorius, 23 Jun. 431 — ft., 28 Jun. 444. 

Cyrus, King of Persia, — [B C] — defeats 
Astyages (?) and becomes king of Media and 
Persia, 559 — defeats Croesus, takes Sardis, 
and conquers Lydia, 546 — takes Babylon, 538 
— issues decree for the return of the Jews to 
Jerusalem, 536 — killed in battle against the 
Massagetse, 529^ a Clinton. 

Cyrus, the Younyer, — [B C] — satrap of Lydia, 
&c, 407 — visits the court, 404 — expedition 
against Artaxerxes, killed at Cunaxa, spring 
401. [Xenophon.] 

Cysat, Jean Baptiste, mathematician, — b. 
at Lucerne, 1588 — enters Order of Jesuits, 
1604 — if. at Lucerne, 3 Mar. 1657. Mathe- 
matica astronomica de loco, §c, cometce annorum 
1618^ 1619, 1619. 

Cythera, (Kythera,) — [B C]— occupied by 
the Athenians, summer 424. 

Cyzicus, (KyziJcos,) — [BC] — colonized by 
Milesians, 756*— byMegarians, 675 b — Arista- 



39 6 



CZACKI— DADDI. 



goras tyrant of, by Darius, about 500 ? — re- 
covered by Athens, after revolt, 411 — given up 
to Persia by Peace of Antalkidas, 387— makes 
itself independent of Persia, about 365 — be- 
sieged by Mithridates, 75 — made a free city by 
Ro me, about 75 — [AD] —deprived of its freedom 
by Tiberius, 25 — earthquake at, 443 — con- 
quered by Saracens, 675. ».. 

a Some authorities. b Others. 

Czacki, Tadeusz, statesman, historian, — fj. 
in Volhynia, 28 Aug. 1765 — member of Con- 
stitutional Diet, 1788-91 — his property confis- 
cated by Catherine II., 1795— joint founder of 
Society of Friends of Science, "Warsaw, 1800 — 
founds Polish Commercial Society, 1802 — 
founds High School at Krzemieniec, 1805 — tf. 
at Dubno, 8 Feb. 18 13. litewskich i polskich 
prawach, 1800 — his scientific institutions sup- 
pressed by Nicholas I., and their treasures 
carried off to St Petersburg, 1832. 

Ozarniecki, Stephan, general, — ft., 1599 — 
castellan of Kiow, serves against Sweden, 1655 
— surprises van-guard of the Swedes, 20 Mar. 
1656 — compels Prince of Transylvania to sign 
treaty, 23 Jul. 1657 — contributes to victory 
over 'Kussians atPolonka, 27 Jun. 1660 — enters 
Warsaw, 7 Jun. 1661 — If. in Yolhynia, 1664* 
1665* 

a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Czarnowo, in Poland, — the French defeat the 
Russians at, 23 Dec. 1806. 



Czartoryski, Adam Casimir, — fj. at Dantzic, 
1 Dec. 1734— Marshal of supreme tribunal of 
Lithuania, 178 1 — assists at Constituent Diet, 
Warsaw, 1788 — envoy extraordinary to Dres- 
den, 1 79 1 — at Vienna, 1794— Marshal of the 
Diet, Jun. 181 2 — retires from public life, 18 13 
— tf. in Galicia, Mar. 1823. 

Czartoryski, Adam George,— fj. at "Warsaw, 
14 Jan. 1770 — serves under Zabiello, against 
Russia, 1792 — ambassador to Sardinia, by Em- 
peror Paid, 1797 — assistant to Minister of 
Foreign Affairs, 1802 — curator of University 
of W r ilna, 1803 — at battle of Austerlitz, 1805 
— takes part in conferences of Tilsit, 1807 — 
accompanies Emperor Alexander to Vienna and 
Paris, 1 81 3- 14 — President of Provisional Go- 
vernment in Poland, 1830 — elected President of 
National Government, 30 Jan. 1831 — escapes 
to Paris, Aug. 1831 — tf. at Paris, 15 Jul. 1861. 

Czaslau, — Frederick II. of Prussia defeats 
Prince Charles of Lorraine at, 17 May 1742. 

Czerni - George, {Black - George,) (FLenri- 
George,) Hospodab, op Seevta, — fc. at Nancy , a 
near Belgrade, 15 about 1775 ? — enters French 
army, about 1791 ? — captain of banditti, about 
1800 — Hospodar, 1803 — takes arms against 
Turks, 1 806 — concludes armistice with them, 
Aug., a Jul. b 1808 — defeats Turks on the Dvina, 
24 Jul. 1 8 14 — named Prince and General by 
Emperor Alexander : beheaded, Jul. 1817. 
a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Les. 



D 



Dabelow, Christoph Christian, Baron von, 
jurist, — ft. in Mecklenburg- Schwerin, 19 Jul. 
1768— Prof. Law, Halle, 1793 — Prof. Law, 
Derpt, (Livonia,) 1819-30 — tf. there, 27 Apr. 
1830. Meletematum Juris Feodalis Collect io, 
1 79 1 — Geschichtes6.mmtlicherQuellendesgemein- 
en deutschen positiven Rechts, 1797 — Handbuch 
der Pandecten, 18 16-18. 

Dach, Simon, poet, — fi. at Memel, 1605 — 
Prof. Poetry, Konigsberg, 1638^ 1639 b — tf. 
there, 15 Apr. 1659. Werke, 1696. 

a Biog. Univ. -' b Ersch and Gruber. 

Dacia, the Daci, Daeians, (Getce,) — [B C] — 
invaded by Alexander the Great, 335 — by Ly- 
simacbus, who is defeated and captured, 292 — 
invaded by the Romans, 10 — [AD] — cross the 
Danube under their king Decebalus, and de- 
feat Ap. Sabinus, 86 — Domitian sends forces 
against, 86— defeat and kill Cornelius Fuscus, 
88 — make peace with Domitian on his agreeing 
to pay annual tribute, 90 — Trajan sets out on 
expedition against, 100 — refuses to pay the 
tribute, and takes their chief town Zarmize- 
gethusa, ior — the war renewed, 104 — made 
a Roman province, 106 — overrun by the Goths, 
250 — abandoned by Aurelian, 270 — conquered 
by the Huns, 376— ravaged by Attila, 447 b — 
conquered by the Gepidse after death of Attila, 



453 — by Lombards and Avars, 566 — the Mag- 
yars settle in, about 900. [Hungary.] 
a Zumpt. b Clinton. 

Dacier, Andre, translator, §c, — fc. atCastres, 
6 Apr. 1 65 1 — admitted to Academy of In- 
scriptions and French Academy, 1695 — tf. at 
the Louvre, 18 Sep. 1722. QZuvres d' Horace, 
1 68 1-9 — Reflexions morales de Vempereur Marc- 
Antonin, 1690 — Poetique dAristote, 1692 — 
Vies des homines illustres de Plutarque, §c., 172 1. 

Dacier, Anne, (Anne Lefevre,) philologist, 
translator, — rj. at Saumur, 1651 — goes to Paris, 
about 1672 — marries M. Dacier, 1683 — re- 
nounces Protestantism, 1685 — tf-,i7 Aug. 1720. 
Callimachi hymni, $c., 1674 — L. A. Flori his- 
toria Romana, 1674 — Comedies de Terence, 
1688 — Iliade d 'Home? -e, 1699 — Odysse'e, 1708 
— Des causes de la corruption du gout, 17 14. 

Dacier, Bon Joseph, miscellaneous writer, 
— fc. at Valogne, 1 Apr. 1742 — admitted to 
Academy of Inscriptions, 1772 — perpetual Se- 
cretary, 1782 — member of Institute, 1795 — 
keeper of MSS. of the Bibliotheque Rationale, 
1800 — admitted to French Academy, 1822 — 
tf. at Paris, Feb. 1833— translation of JElian, 
1772 — of Xcnophon's Cyropcedia, 1777. 

Dacosta. [Acosta, Costa, da.] 

{Bernardo of Florence,) 



DAEHNEET— DAINE. 



397 



painter, — living at Florence, 1346 — ft., 1380. 
Madonna, Church of Or San Michele, Florence, 
1346.7. 

Daehnert, Johann Karl, jurist, miscellaneous 
writer, — b. at Stralsund, 17 19 — Prof. Philoso- 
phy, Greifswald, 1748 — Prof. Swedish Law, 175 8 
— ft. , 5 Jul. 1 7 85 . Edition of Erickson' s Bibli- 
otheca Runica, i~ t 66 — Historische Finleitung in 
das Fommersche Biplomawesen, 1786 — Acade- 
mics Grypeswaldensis bibliotheca, 1775. 

Daendels, Herman Willem, general, — b. 
in Guelderland, 21 Oct. 1762 — serves under 
Dumouriez in Holland, 1793 — General of 
Brigade, 1794 — serves under Pichegru in Hol- 
land, 1795 — takes part in aristocratic revolu- 
tion there, 1797 — retires, 1803 — enters service 
of Xing Louis Bonaparte, 1 806 — Marshal of 
Holland, 1807 — Governor-general of Dutch 
East Indies, 1808- 11 — General of Division in 
French army, takes part in Eussian campaign, 
1 8 12-13 — Governor of Dutch possessions on 
the Gold Coast, Oct. 1 815— ft., Aug., a 2 May b 
1 818. a Biog. Univ. b Biog. Woordenboek. 

Dagalaiphus, — (1.) Consul with Flavius 
Gratianus, (1119, a. u. c.) 366 — sent to oppose 
Alemanni in Gaul, delays, and is recalled, he- 
fore 1 Jan. 366. (2.) Consul with Fl. Severi- 
nus, (1214,) 461. 

Daghistan. [Derbend] — ceded by Persia 
to Eussia, 1812, i8i3. a a Encyc. Mod. 

D'Agincourt, Jean Baptiste Louis George 
Seroux, antiquary and art-historian, — b. at 
Beauvais, 1730 — visits Italy, 1778 — ft. at 
Eome, 1 8 14. BZistoire de V Art par les Monu- 
ments, 1810-23. 

Dagomari, Paolo, geometrician, — b. near 
Florence, about 1300 — ft. at Florence, 1366. 

Daguerre, Louis Jacques Mande, inventor, 
— b. at Cormeille, (Seine et Oise,) 1789 — 
invents the diorama, 1822 — discovers the da- 
guerreotype process, 1839 — Officer of Legion 
of Honour, Jun. 1839 — ft. at Petit-Brie-sur- 
Marne, 12 Jul. 1851. Sistoire et description 
des procedes du Daguerreotype, et du Diorama, 
1839. 

Daguerreotype. [Daguerre.] 

Daguesseau. [Aguesseau, d'.] 

Dahl, Johann Conrad, historical and topo- 
graphical writer, — b. at Mentz, 19 Nov. 1762 
— canon of Mentz, 18 19 — ft. there, 10 Mar. 

1833- 

Dahl, Johann Christian Clausen, painter, 
— b. at Bergen, Norway, 24 Feb. 1778 — visits 
Italy, 1820 — admitted to the Academy, Dres- 
den, 1820 — Prof. Painting there, 1821 — ft. at 
Dresden, 14 Oct. 1857. 

Dahl, Michael, painter, — b. at Stockholm, 
1656 — visits England, 1678 — Paris, 1679 — 
Italy, 1680-3 — settles in England, 1688 — ft. in 
London, 1743. 

Dahlberg, Eric, Count of, field-marshal, 
$c, — b. at Stockholm, 10 Oct. 1625 — Director- 
general of fortresses, 1648 — Count, Field-mar- 
shal, 1693 — Governor-general of Livonia, 1696 
— ft. at Stockholm, 16 Jan. 1703. Suecia antiqua 
et hodierna, about 1700. 

Dahlgren, John A., admiral, inventor of the 
Dahlgren Gun, — enters U.S. navy, 1826 — em- 



ployed on ordnance duty, from 1847 — com- 
mander, Sep. 1855 — ft. at Washington, 12 Jul. 
1870. System of Boat Armament, 1852 — 
Shells and Shell Guns, 1856. 

Dahlgren, Karl Johann, poet, — b. in East 
Gothland, 1791 — ft., May 1844. Samlade 
Arbeten, 1847-9. 

Dahlmann, Friedrich Christoph, historian, 
— b. at Wismar, 13 May 1785 — goes to Univ. 
of Halle, 1803 — teaches at Dresden, 1809 — 
Ph.D. Wittenberg, 1 8 10 — Prof. Extraord. 
History, Kiel,. 18 12 — Prof. Political Science, 
Gottingen, 1829 — protests against suspension 
of Hanoverian constitution by Ernest August, 
and is banished, 1837 — Prof. History, Bonn, 
1 842 — member of Assemblies of Frankfort and 
Liibeck, 1846 and 1847 — takes part in liberal 
movement, deputy to National Assembly, 1 848 
— ft., 5 Dec. i860. Quellenkunde der deutschen, 
Geschichte, 1830 — Geschichte Bdnemarks, 
1840-3 — Geschichte der Fnglische Revolution, 
1 844 — Geschichte der Franzbsischen Revolution, 
1845. 

Dahomey, Dahomans, in Africa, — becomes 
known to Europeans, soon after 1700 — King 
Trudo destroys the European forts, 1724 — con- • 
quers kingdom of Whyda, 1727 — visited by. 
Snelgrave, 1727 and 1729 — Trudo destroys-. 
European forts at Jaquin, Mar. 1732 — visited 
by Norris, 1772 — by McLeod, 1803 — unsuc- 
cessfully attack Abbeokuta, 1848 — visited by 
Forbes, 1849-50 — defeated at Abbeokuta, 3 
Mar. 1 85 1 — British mission to, to remonstrate 
against human sacrifices and the Slave Trade, 
Dec. 1862 — visited by Burton, Dec. 1863 to 
Feb. 1864 — again defeated, 15 Mar. 1864. 

Dahra, Dahara, in Algeria, — the French 
massacre the Kabyles in caverns of, 18-19 ^ xm ' 
1845. 

Daille, Jean, (Ballceus,) theologian, — b. at 
Chatellerault, 6 Jan. 1594 — tutor to grandsons 
of Duplessis Mornay, 161 2-1 9 — settles at Paris, 
1626 — ft. there, 15 Apr. 1670. Traite de 1 
Vemploi des SS. Feres, pour le jugement des 
differ ends de la religion, 1632 — Apologie des 
Eglises reforme'es, 1633 — La Foi fonde'e sur les 
saintes Fcritures, 1634 — Be sacramentali sive 
auriculari Latinorum confessione, i66j. 

Dailly. [Ailly, Pierre d\] 

Daily Courant, first daily newspaper in 
England, — commenced, 11 Mar. 1702. 

Daily News, London, — commenced, 21 Jan. 
1846. 

Daily Telegraph, London, — commenced, 29 
Jun. 1855. 

Dalmachus, {Be'imachus,) — [BC] — histo- ' 
rian, — ambassador to Allitrochades, king of 
India, about 312. 

Daimbert, (Bagobert,) Abp of Pisa,— Abp 
by Urban II., 1092 — assists at Council of 
Clermont, 1095 — commands Pisan and Genoese 
army and fleet in first crusade, 1099 — Latin 
patriarch of Jerusalem, autumn 1099 — unsuc- 
cessfully claims kingdom of Jerusalem on death 
of Godfrey of Bouillon, 11 00 — ft. in Sicily, 
Jun. 1 107. 

Daine, Nicolas Joseph, general,— b. in Bel- 
gium, 13 Oct. 1782 or 1780 — enters the French 



39* 



DAIRVAL— DALLAS. 



army, about 1796 — passes into the service of 
Grand Duke of Warsaw, 1807 — member of Le- 
gion of Honour, 7 May 1807 — at defence of 
Dantzic, 18 13 — taken prisoner by Russians, 2 
Jan. 1814— General of Brigade, 24 Nov. 1816 — 
commander of province of Limbourg, 20 Dec. 
1826 — takes Yenloo, n Nov. 1830 — com- 
mander-in-chief of the army of the Meuse, 16 
Jun. 1 83 1 — Chevalier of Order of Leopold, 2 
Oct. 1833 — commander of Yenloo, 31 Dec. 
1838— tf. at Charleroi, 14 Jun. 1842,* 18 Oct. 
1843.* 

a Biog. Univ. b Biog. "Woordenboek. 

Dairval, Baudelot de. [Baudelot.] 

Dalayrac, Nicolas, musical composer, — b. in 
Comminge, 13 Jun. 1753 — goes to Paris, 1774 
— composer for theatre of the Opera Comique, 
1 7 8 1 - 1 809 — member of Academy of Stockholm, 
1798 — tf. at Paris, 27 Nov. 1809. 

Dalberg, Emmeric Joseph Frank Keinrich 
Felix Dismas, Duke vox, statesman, peer of 
France, — b. at Mentz, 30 May 1773 — studies at 
Gottingen, 1792 — minister of Baden to Paris, 
1803-8 — Councillor of State, Duke, 1810 — 
one of the French plenipotentiaries at Congress 
of Vienna, 1815 — Peer, 1815 — ambassador to 
Turin, Grand Cross of Legion of Honour, 18 16 
— recalled, 1820 — tf. at Hernsheim, 27 Apr. 
1833. 

Dalberg, Johann Friedrich Hugo, Baron 
von, musical composer, — b. at Coblentz, 1752 — 
tf. at Aschaffenburg, 181 2. 

Dalberg, Johann Kamerer von, (Dalbur- 
gius,) Bp of Worms, — b. at Oppenheim, 1445 
— visits Italy, 1467 ? — founder and president 
of the Societas literaria Bhenana, Heidelberg, 
1480 — Bp. of Worms, 1482 — ambassador to 
Innocent VIII., 1485 — tf. at Ladenburg, Jul. 

i5°3- 

Dalberg, Karl Theodor Anton Maria von, 
Baron, Elector and Abp of Mentz, — b. 
near Worms, 8 Feb. 1744 — LL.D. Heidelberg, 

, 176 1 — Vicar-general of Mentz and Worms, 
1770 — governor of Erfurt, 1772— coadjutor of 

, Elector of Mentz, 1787 — of Bp of Constance, 
1788 — Elector and Abp of Mentz, 25 Jul. 1802 
— assists at coronation of Napoleon I., 1804 — 
correspondent of Institute, 1804 — Prince-prim- 
ate of Bhenish Confederation, 1805 — Grand 
Duke of Frankfort, by Napoleon, 1 Mar. 18 10 
— abdicates, 30 Oct. 1813 — tf. at Begensburg, 
10 Feb. 1 817. Betrachtung iiber das Univer- 
sum, 1777 — Grundsasse der Aesthetik, 1791 — 
Von dem Einjiusse der Wissenschaften, §c, 
1793 — Per ikies, iiber den Einjiuss.der schbnen 
KUnste, $c, 1806. 

Dalberg, Wolfgang Heribert, Baron von, 
poet, §c, — b. near Worms, 1750 — tf. at Mann- 
heim, 27 Sep. 1806. 

Dalby, Isaac, mathematician, — b. in Glou- 
cestershire, 1744 — goes to London, 1772 — as- 
sistant to Major-general Roy in trigonometrical 
survey, 1787 — carries on survey of England, 
1790 — Prof Mathematics, Royal Military Col- 
lege at High Wycombe, 1799-1820 — tf. at 
Favnham, Surrey, 14 Oct. 1824. 
Dale. [Van Dale.] 
Dale, Samuel, physician, §c, — b. at Brain- 



tree, Essex, 1659 — tf. at Booking, 6 Jun. 1739 
— Pharmacologia, 1693. 

Dale, Thomas, Dean of Rochester, poet, 
— b. at Pentonville, 22 Aug. 1797 — enters 
Corpus Christi Coll. Cambridge, 18 17 — B.A., 
1822 — ordained priest, 1823 — Prof. English 
Language and Literature, Univ. Coll. London, 
1828-30 — Prof. English Language and Litera- 
ture, King's Coll. London, 1836-39 — canon 
of St Paul's, Oct. 1843 — fr., 14 May 1870. 
Translation of Sophocles, 1824 — Sermons 
preached before University of Cambridge, 1832-36 
— Poetical Works, 1836 — Edition of Cowper's 
Poems, 1867. 

Dalecarlia, in Sweden, — joins in revolt 
against Eric XII., 1433 — Gustavus Vasa takes 
refuge in, 152 1 — joins in revolt, expels Chris- 
tian II., and makes Gustavus king, 1523 — op- 
poses the Reformation, 1527 — revolt, suppressed 
by Gustavus, 1533. 

Dalechamps, Jacques, botanist, — b. at Caen, 
1513— tf. at Lyons, 1586,3 i588. b BZistoria 
generalis plantarum, Qc., 1586 — edition of 
Pliny, 1587. 

a Biog. Unrv. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Dalemille, poet, chronicler, — canon of Prague, 
1308 — tf., probably 13 14. Chronicle of Bohe- 
mia, finished, 13 14. 

Dalen, Cornells von, {the younger]) engraver, 
— b. at Haarleni, a Antwerp, d 1640,3 b 1626.° 
a Biog. TJniY. b Biog. Woordenboek. 

c Erscb and Gruber. d Nagler. 

Dalgarno, George, — b. at Aberdeen, about 
1627 ? — tf. at Oxford, 28 Aug. 1687. Ars 
signorum vulgo character universalis et lingua 
philosophica, 1661. 

Dalhousie, James Andrew Brown Ramsay, 
Earl and Marquis of, Governor-general 
of India, — b. at Dalhousie Castle, 22 Apr. 
1 81 2 — B.A. Oxford, 1833 — marries, 1836 — 
M.P. East Lothian, 1837— M.A., 1838— suc- 
ceeds to the peerage, 1838 — V.-Pres. Board of 
Trade, Jun. 1843 — Pres., Feb. 1845 — Governor- 
general of India, close of 1847 — arrives at 
Calcutta, 12 Jan. 1848 — annexes the Punjab to 
British possessions, Mar. 1 849 — Marquis, 1 849 
— annexes Pegu, 1852 — Lord Warden of the 
Cinque Ports, 1852 — annexes Oude, 1856 — 
leaves Calcutta, Mar. 1856 — tf. at Dalhousie 
Castle, 19 Dec. i860. 
Dalimkote. [Bhootan.] 
Dalin, Olaus van, historian, $&, — b. in Swe- 
den, 1708 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 
1743 — librarian to the king, 1737,3 1747 b — 
Chancellor of the Court, 1759 — tf. at Drotling- 
holm, 12 Aug. 1763. Svea rikes historia, 
1747-62. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Dallaeus. [Daille.] 

Dallas, Charles Robert, miscellaneous writer, 
— b. in Jamaica, 1754 — tf. at Havre, 20 Nov. 
1 824. Recollections of the Life of Lord Byron, 
1824 — History of the Maroons, 1803-4. 

Dallas, George Mifflin, statesman,— b. at 
Philadelphia, 10 Jul. 1792 — graduates at 
Princeton, 18 10 — admitted to the bar, 1813 — ■ 
U. S. Senator, 1831 — Minister to Russia, 1837- 
39 — Vice-Pres., U. S., 1844-49 — Minister to 
Great Britain, 1856-61 — tf. at Philadelphia, 



DALLAS— DAMASCUS. 



399 



31 Dec. 1864. Letters from London, 1869. 

Dallas, Sir George, miscellaneotis writer, — 
ft. in London, 6 Apr. 1758 — enters service of 
East India Company, 1776 — Bart., 1798 — 
M.P. Newport, 1799-1801— Xf. at Brighton, 14 
Jan. 1833. 

Dallaway, James, antiquary, §c, — ft. at 
Bristol, 20 Feb. 1763— M. A. Oxford, 1784— 
F.S.A., 1789 — chaplain and physician to em- 
bassy at the Porte, about 1795 — official secre- 
tary to Duke of Norfolk, Earl Marshal, 1797 
— vicar of Leatherhead, 1801 — tf. there, 1834. 
Edits Bigland's Collections for Gloucestershire, 
1791-96 — Constantinople, §c, 1797 — Enquiries 
into the origin and progress of Heraldry in 
England, 1792 — History of Western Sussex, 
1815-32. 

Dallemagne, Claude, Baron, general, — ft. 
near Belley, 1754 — enters the army, 1773 — 
aids in suppression of revolt of Nancy, 1790 — 
receives cross of St Louis, 1792 — distinguishes 
himself in campaign of Italy, 1796 — retires, 
1802 — tf. at Nemours, 25 Jun. 1810. 

Dalmasio, Lippo di, {Lippo dalle Madonne,) 
painter, — fl., 1376-1410. 

Dalmatia, Delmatia, Dalmatians,— [B C] — 
revolts from Gentius, king of Illyricum, and 
becomes independent, i88, a 180 b — at war with 
Borne, Delminicum taken by C. Marcius Figu- 
lus, 156 — the war closed by Scipio Nasica, 155 
— invaded by L. Csecilius Metellus, 119 — 
defeat of Gabinius, 48 — successes of Vatinius, 
45 — defeated by Asinius Pollio, 39 — subdued, 
and their capital Salona burnt, by Octavius, 
34, b 36 c — made an Imperial Province, after 3 1 
— subdued by Statilius Taurus, 23 — revolts 
against Eome, 16 and 11 — [AD] — the insur- 
rection of Baton, 6 — Tiberius defeats Baton 
and closes the war, 7-8-9 — attacked by the 
Suevi, about 461 b — conquered by Theodoric, 
489 c — overrun by the Sclavonians and other 
tribes, 548 c — occupied by Servians and Croats, 
about 650— under protection of Charles the 
Great, 806 — coasts occupied by Croats, about 890 
— Crescimir Peter takes title of King of, 1052 — 
conquered and annexed by Hungarians, 1 103-5 
— part acquired by Venice, 11 15 — given up by 
Venetians to Hungary, 20 Feb. 1358 — con- 
quered by Venetians, about 1412-20 — Turks 
first appear here, 1429 — in part conquered by 
the Turks, about 1537 — given up to Venetians, 
1573 — reconquered by Turks, 1669— given to 
Austria by Treaty of Campo Formio, 1797 — 
seized by Napoleon, and annexed to kingdom of 
Italy, 1805 — restored to Austria, 18 14 — insur- 
rection breaks out at Cattaro, 18 Oct. 1869 — 
leaders of insurrection submit, 23 Dec. 1869. 
a Enyc. Mod. b Smith's Diet. 

c Ersch and Gruber. 

Dalmatin, George, theologian, orientalist, — 
Pastor at Saint-Khaziam, 1585 — banished by 
Catholics, 1598. Sclavonic translation of the 
Bible, executed, 1568 — printed, 1584. 

Dalmatius. [Delmatius.] 

Dalrymple. [Stair, Viscounts and Earls of ] 

Dalrymple, Alexander, hydrographer,—b. 
at New Hailes, Scotland, 24 Jul. 1737 — enters 
service of East India Company, about 1753 — 



visits Eastern Archipelago, 1759 — returns to 
England, 1765 — member of Council, Madras, 
I 775"7 — hydrographer to the Admiralty, 1795- 
1808 — tf. in London, 19 Jun. 1808. 

Dalrymple, John, surgeon, — ft. at Norwich, 
1804 — settles in London, 1827 — F.B.S., 1850 
— member of Council of Boyal College of Sur- 
geons, 1851 — iy., 1852. Anatomy of the Human 
Eye, 1834. 

Dalton, John, chemist, — ft. near Cocker- 
mouth, Cumberland, 5 Sep. 1766 — Prof. 
Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, New 
College, Manchester, 1793-99 — President of 
Literary and Philosophical Society, 1817-44 — 
F.B.S., about 1821 — visits Paris, 1822 — re- 
ceives gold medal of Boyal Society, 1826 — 
D.C.L., Oxford, 1832 — LL.D., Edintmrgh, 
F.E.S.E., 1834 — ir. at Manchester, 27 Jul. 
1844. Meteorological Observations and Essays, 
1793 — New System of Chemical Fhilosophy, 
1808-10-27. 

Damas, Francois Etienne, general, — ft. at 
Paris, 22 Jun. 1764, 11 1769 b — serves under 
Jourdan, 1795— forces passage of the Bhine, 
at Neuwied, 2 Jul. 1796 — distinguishes him- 
self in campaigns of Egypt and Syria, 
1798-99 — General of Division; commands in 
Bussian campaign, 181 2 — U. at Paris, 23 Dec. 
1828. a Biog. Univ. b Conv-Lex. 

Damas, Joseph Francois Louis Charles 
Cesar, Duke or, Peer or France, general, 
— ft., 1758 — enters the army, 177 1 — serves 
under Count Bochambeau in American War, 
1780-81 — charged by Bouille to secure the 
passage of royal family to Varennes, 179 1 — ■ 
emigrates soon after ; serves in expedition of 
Champagne, 1792 — Marechal de Camp, 1795 — . 
Peer of France, Lieutenant-general, and Com- 
mander of St Louis, 1 8 14 — follows Louis 
XVIII. to Belgium, 18 15— Duke, 1825— tf. at 
Paris, 5 Mar. 1829. 

Damascenus, Joannes, ecclesiastical writer, 
— ft. about 700 — If., not earlier than 756. 

Damascenus, Nicolaus, — [B C] — historian, 
intercedes in behalf of Ilium, i6, a 14 b — aids in 
securing the ethnarchy to Archelaus, 4. a 
a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. 

Damascius, the Syrian, Neo-platonic philo- 
sopher, — ft., before 500 — taught by Isidorus of 
Alexandria, before 525 — goes into Persia, 529, 
beginning of 532 a — returns, beginning of 533.* 
a Clinton. 

Damas-Crux. Louis Etienne Francois, 
Count de, general, — ft. in the Nivernais, 
about 1750 — emigrates, 1792 — takes part in de- 
fence of Maestricht, Feb. 1793 — enters service of 
Duchess of Angouleme, 1799 — follows her to 
Bussia, Poland, and England, 1799-1814 — 
Lieutenant-general, Peer of France, 18 14 — Jj. 
at Paris, 18 14. 

Damascus, (Es Sham,) in Syria, — [B C] — . 
place of note in time of Abraham, about 1850 ? 
— taken by David, 1044 s — sea ^ 0I a kingdom 
under Bezon, before 1015 — taken by Jeroboam 
II. , 825 — taken and destroyed by Tiglath 
Pileser, the inhabitants carried captive into 
Assyria, about 74o, b about 732 d — surrendered 
to Parmenio, 333 — seat of kingdom of Antiochus 



400 



DAMASCUS— DAMPIERRE. 



Cyzicenus, in — submits to Pompey, 64 — [AD] 
— seat of a bishopric, before 325 — besieged and 
taken by Khalid and Abu Obeidah, 635 — made 
seat of the Caliphate under the Ommeyades, by 
Moawiyah, 661 — seized by Ahmed the Tu- 
lanide, 877 c — becomes subject to the Seljuks, 
1075 c — unsuccessfully attacked by crusaders, 
1 148 — submits toNoureddin, 1154 — surrenders 
to Hulagu, the castle besieged and taken, 1260 
— taken and burnt by Timur, massacre of the 
inhabitants, 1401 — taken by Sultan Selim I., 
autumn 1516 — earthquake, 1759° — seized by 
Mehemet Ali, 1832 — ceded to him, 1833 — re- 
stored to the Porte, 1840 — Protestant mission 
established at, 1843 — massacre of Christians, 
9-1 1 Jul. i860. Great Mosque, built by 
Walid ben Abdelmalik, 707.° 

a Ussher. b Robinson. c Ersch and Gruber. 
d Ra-wlinson. 

Damascus, Roger, Count of, general, — b., 
1765 — enters the army, 1777 — Colonel in 
Russian army, serves against Turks, 1789 — 
distinguishes himself at battles of Akerman and 
Klia, 1790 — at taking of Ismael, 1790 — aide- 
de-camp to Count of Artois, 1791 — commands 
under the Prince of Conde, 1796-97 — enters 
service of king of Naples, 1798— returns to 
France, 18 14 — if. at Cirey, Sep. 1823. 

Damasius, — [BC] — 1. Archon at Athens, 
(01. 35, 2,) 639. 2. Archon at Athens, (01. 48, 
3,) 586. 

Damask, Silk, — weaving of, introduced into 
England by Flemings, 1567. 

Damastis, historian, — [B C] — fl., about 450. 

Damasus, Bp of Rome, — b. about 305 — 
succeeds Liberius at Rome, 1 Oct. 366 — rj., 10 
Dec. 384. 

Damasus II., Pope, — succeeds Clement II., 
16 Jul. 1048 — ft., 8 Aug. 1048. 

D'Amboise. [Amboise.] 

Dambray, Charles Henri, Chancellor op 
France, — b. at Rouen, 1760 — Advocate- 
general to Court of Aids, Paris, 17 88 -1829 — 
Chancellor of France, 18 14 — President of 
Chamber of Peers, Minister of Justice, 1814 — 
ft. near Dieppe, 13 Dec. 1829. 

Darner, Anne, sculptor, — b., 1748 — marries 
Mr Darner, 1767 — ft. in London, 28 May 1828. 

Damery, Jacques, painter, engraver, — b. at 
Liege, 1622 — b. at Rome, 1678. 

Damery, Simon, painter, — b. at Liege, about 
1600 ? — b. at Milan, 1640. a a Nagler. 

Damery, Walter, painter, — b. at Liege, 
1 6 14 — tf. there, 1678. 

Damhouder, (Pamhauder,) Joost, (Jodocus 
Damhouderius,) jurist, — b. at Bruges, 1507 — b. 
at Amiens, a Antwerp,* 5 22 Jan. 158 1. En- 
chiridion rerum criminalium, 1544 — Patro- 
cinium piqrillorum, minorum, et prodigorum, 
1544 — Praxis rerum criminalium, 1562. 

a Biog. Univ. b Biog. "Woordenboek. 

Damiano, (Damiani,) Pietro,— Cardinal, 
Bp op Ostia, — b. at Ravenna, about 98 8, a 1 002, b 
1007 c — abbot of Font-Avellana, 1041 — Car- 
dinal, Bp of Ostia, 1057, b 1058 b — opposes 
election of Benedict X., 1058 — legate to Milan, 
with Anselm, 1059 d — supports Alexander II. 
against Emperor, 1062 — retires to Font-Avel- 



lana, 1062 — attends Council of Augsburg, 1062 
— legate to France, 1 06 3, a 1069 b — to Germany, 
1069 — sent to reestablish order at Ravenna, 
107 1 — b. at Faenza, 22 Feb. 1072. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

c Robertson. d Milman. 

Damiens, Robert Francois, — b. near Arras, 
1 7 15 — attempts assassination of Louis XV. at 
Versailles, 5 Jan. 1757 — executed, at Paris, 28 
Mar. 1757. 

Damietta, (Thamiatis,) in Egypt, — fortified, 
858 a — seized by Roger, king of Sicily, 1155 — 
besieged by crusaders, May 12 18 — taken, 5 
Nov. I2i9 b — given up to the Sultan, Sep. 
1 22 1 b — taken by St Louis, late in 1249 — re- 
covered by Turan Shah, early in 1250 — destroy- 
ed by the Saracens, 1250 — rebuilding com- 
menced, 1250° — fortified by Napoleon, 1798 — 
the Turks defeated by Kleber, near, 1 Nov. 
1799 — capture of detachment of Turks at, by 
Gen. Belliard, Apr. 1800 — evacuated by the 
French, May 1801 — occupied by the English, 
Mar. 1807 — given up to Viceroy of Egypt, 
I 833. d ... a Encyc. Mod. b Kington. 

c Ersch and Gruber. d Conv.-Lex. 

Damin, Christian Tobias, Hellenist, %c, — 
b. near Leipsic, 1699 — prorector of Gymnasium, 
Berlin, 1742 — ft., 27 May 1788. Novum Lexi- 
con Gr cecum, $c, 1765-78. 

Damini, {Domino,) Pietro, painter, — b. at 
Castelfranco, Venice, 1592 — ft. at Venice, 1631. 

Damini, Vincenzo, painter, — comes to Lon- 
don, about 1720 — returns to Italy, 1730. 

Dampier, William, maritime discoverer, — b. 
in Somersetshire, 1652 — takes part in buc- 
caneering expedition in the Pacific Ocean, 1679 
— sails round the world, 1684-91 — commands 
expedition of discovery in South Seas, 1699- 
17 01 — goes to sea again, 1 708-11. Voyages, 
1697-1709. 

Dampierre, Guy of, Count op Flanders, 
Peer of France, — associated in the govern- 
ment with his mother, Margaret II., does hom- 
age to Louis IX., 1251 — taken prisoner by the 
Count of Holland, at Walcheren, 4 Jul. 1253 — 
liberated, 1256 — becomes Count of Namur, 
1263 — accompanies St. Louis to Africa, 1270 — 
receives oath of fealty by Flemish towns and 
nobles, 11 Sep. 1279 — succeeds his mother, 
Feb. 1280 — attacks Walcheren and takes pri- 
soner Florent, Count of Holland, 1288— negoti- 
ates the marriage of his daughter Philippa with 
Prince Edward of England, 1294 — arrested 
with his countess at Paris, by Philip the Fair, 
1 295 — liberated on giving his daughter as host- 
age, 1295 — declares Avar on France, 1296 — de- 
feated by Robert, Count of Artois, at Furnes, 
13 Aug. 1297 — concludes truce with France for 
two years, 1297 — on renewed invasion by the 
French, goes to Paris with his sons and is kept 
prisoner, 1300 — sent into Flanders to arrange 
a peace, 1 303 — fails, and returns to his prison 
at Compiegne, Apr. 1304 — ft. in the prison of 
Pontoise, 7 Mar. 1305. 

Dampierre, Henri du Val, Count de, 
general, — b. in Champagne, 1580 — enters serv- 
ice of Rudolph II. ; defeats Turks and Tran- 
sylvanians, 1604 — rescues Archduke Ferdinand 



DAMPIERRE— DANES. 



401 



from Protestant insurgents, Vienna, 1 6 1 9 — com- 
mands in Bohemia and Hungary, 1620— -Gen- 
eral-in-Chief of Cavalry, 1 1 Apr. 1620 — killed by 
musket-shot near Presburg, 9 Oct. 1620. 

Bampierre, Auguste Henri Marie Picot de, 
general, — b. at Paris, 19 Aug. 1756 — aide-de- 
camp to Marshal Rochambeau, 1 791— serves in 
the expedition of Mons, 1792 — contributes to 
the victory of Jemappes, 6 Nov. 1792 — com- 
mands at battle of Neerwinden, 16 Mar. 1793 
— killed by cannon-shot, 8 May, 1793. 

Bampmartin, Anne Henri de, miscellaneous 
writer, — b. at Uzes, 30 Jun. 1755— tutor to 
son of Countess of Lichtenau, 1 Apr. 1797 — 
censor imperial, Paris, 10 Feb. 18 10 — deputy 
to the Corps Legislatif, 1 8 1 3 — Viscount, officer 
of Legion of Honour, 18 14 — librarian to the 
Depot de la Guerre, 20 Apr. 1816 — if. at Paris, 
12 Jul. 1825. Histoire de la rivalite de Car- 
thage et de Home, 1789 — Evenements quese sont 
passes sous mes yeux durant le cours de la revo- 
lution Francaise, 1799 — -^ a France sous ses 
rots, 1 8 10. 

Dan, Pierre, — sent to Barbary to redeem 
captives, Jul. 1634 to Mar. 1635 — if., 1649. 
Histoire de Darbarie et de ses corsaires, 1637. 

Banae, asteroid, — discovered by Goldschmidt, 
9 Sep. i860. 

Banbury, Connecticut, U.S., — burnt by the 
English, 26 Apr. 1777. 

Danby, Earl of. [Leeds, Duke of.] 
Banby, Francis, painter, — b. at Wexford, 
Ireland, 16 Nov. 1793 — settles at Bristol, 1820 
— A.R.A., 1825— if., 17 Feb. 1861. Upas Tree 
of Java, 1 820 — Sunset at Sea after a Storm, 
1824 — Delivery of Israel out of Egypt, 1825-— 
Embarkation of Cleopatra, §c, i%i^ — Morning 
at Rhodes, 1841. ' 

Bance, George, architect, — if., 8 Feb. 1768. 
Mansion House, London, 1739-40. 

Bance, George, architect, §c, — b., 1740 — 
E.A., 1768 — Surveyor to City of London, 
1768-1816 — if. in London, 14 Jan. 1825. 
Newgate, begun 1770 — Series of portraits, 
1811-14. 

Banckerts, Cornelis, engraver,— b. at Am- 
sterdam, 1 56 1. 

Banckerts, {Danckert,) Pieter, engraver, — b. 
at Antwerp, i6oo, a 1605 b — if. at Stockholm, 
1659. a Eiog. Univ. b Biog. "Woordenboek. 

Bancourt, Florent Carton, dramatist, — b. 
at Fontainebleau, 1 Nov. 1661 — enters com- 
pany of the king's comedians, 1685 — retires, 
1723,* 17 18 b — if., 6 Dec. 1726. 

a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Bandelot, {Frangois de Coligni,) general, — 
b. at Chatillon-sur-Loing, 152 1 — Chevalier, at 

battle of Cerisoles, 1541 Inspector-general 

of Infantry, 1547 — taken prisoner at siege of 
Parma, 1556 — takes part in defence of St 
Quentin, 1557 — at battle of Dreux, 1562 — de- 
fends Orleans, 1563 — directs siege of Chartres, 
1568' — at battle of Jarnac, Mar. 1569 — if. at 
Saintes, 27 May 1569. 

Bandini, Cesare, painter, — b. at Florence, 
about 1595 — if. there, 1658. 

Bandini, Ereole Francesco, jurist, — b..at 
Ancona, 4 Nov. 1695 — if. there, 7 Mar. 



1747. De servitutibus prcediorum, 1741. 

Bandini, Girolamo, Jesuit, — b. at Cesena, 
1554— sent by Clement VIII. to visit the 
Maronites, 1596-7 — if. at Forli, 29 Nov. 1634. 
Missione apostolica al patriarca e Maroniti de 
monte Libano, 1656 — Ethica sacra, 165 1. 

Bandini, Pietro, painter, — b. at Florence, 
1647^ 1646 b — if., 1712. 

a Biog. Univ. b Biog. Catalogue. 

Bandini, Vincenzio,i?aw«^r, — b. at Florence, 
1607 — if., 1675. 

Bandolo, Andrea, Doge and historian of 
Venice, — b., about 1306 — proctor of St Mark's, 
1330— Doge, 4 Jan. 1343 (1342, Florentine 
style,) — war with Louis, king of Hungary, 1345 
— capture of Zara by Venetians after a long 
siege, Jan. 1347— war with the Genoese begins, 
*IS°— *•> 7 Oct. 1354. 

Bandolo, Enrico, Doge of Venice, — b. at 
Venice, 1 108 — ambassador to the Emperor Man- 
uel, 1 17 1 — elected Doge, 1192 — concludes a 
treaty with the chiefs of the crusade to furnish 
them with a fleet, 1202 — with the aid of the 
crusaders takes Zara, 24 Nov. 1202 — takes 
Constantinople, and restores Isaac Angelus, 18 
Jul. 1203 — takes it again, refuses the Imperial 
crown (?), and is named despot of Bomania, 
Mar. 1204 — if. at Constantinople, Jun. 1205. 

Bandolo, Francesco, — ambassador to Cle- 
ment V., 1313 — elected Doge of Venice, 8 Jan. 
1328— if., 31 Oct. 1339. 

Bandolo, Giovanni, — elected Doge of Venice, 
Mar. 1279 — carries on war with the patriarch 
of Aquileia, 1283-9 — °"-> Nov. 1289. 

Bandolo, Vincenzio, chemist, — b. at Venice, 
26 Oct. 1758, a 1759 b — Prof. Chemistry there, 
before 1796 — Pres. of new government estab- 
lished by the French, 1796 — takes refuge in 
France, 1799 — returns to Milan, 1800 — pro- 
vediteur -general of Dalmatia, 1805 — Count and 
Senator, by Napoleon I., 1805 — deprived of his 
offices, 1 8 14 — if. at Varesa, 13 Dec. 1819. 
Fondamenti delta fisica chimica, before 1796 — 
Del governo delle pecore, 1 804 — II buon govemo 
de' bachi da seta, 1806 — Enologia, §c„ 1820. 
a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Bandre-Bardon, Hichel Francois, painter, 
— b. at Aix, Provence, 1700— if., Director of 
Academy, Marseilles, 14 Apr. 1783. Traite 
de peinture, <$;c., 1769 — Costume des anciens 
peuples, 1772. 

Banedi, Giovanni Stefano, {Montalto,) 
painter,- — b. at Treviglio, 1608 — if., 1689. 

Banedi, Gioseffo, {Montalto,) painter, — b. 
at Treviglio, 161 8 — if., 1689. 

Banegelt, {Denagyld,) in England, — pay- 
ment of, proposed, 865 — first paid by Ethelred 
II., 991. [Heregeld.] 
Banelagh. [Banes.] 

Banes, {Northmen,) The, — first ravage 
England, 787 — first land in Ireland, 795 
— defeat Egbert at Carrum, (Charmouth,) 
833 — defeated by him at Hengestesdun, 
(Hengston,) 835 — winter in Thanet, take 
Canterbury and London, 851 (853) — take 
"Winch ester, and are defeated by Osric and 
iEthelwulf, 860 — defeat and kill Eadmund, 
and subdue E. Anglia, 870-1 — battles with 

26 



402 



DANES— DANNECKER. 



JEthered and Alfred, 871 — conquer Mercia, 
874 — naval victory of iElfred, 875 — occupy 
Northumbria, 876 — occupy part of Mercia, 
877 — conquer Normandy, under Rolf, 876-7 
— conquer Wessex, 878 — battle of Ethandun; 
Guthrum defeated ; the kingdom divided into 
England and Danelagh., 878 — occupy E. 
Anglia, 880 — invade France, 881 and 882 — 
siege of Rochester, 885— ^winter at Paris, 886- 
7 — invade N. Wales, 895 — battle of Tetten- 
hall, 910 — break the peace in Northumbria, 
and are defeated by Eadward, 911 — invade 
Ireland, autumn 915— defeated by Eadward, 
921 — submit to him, 922-4 — baptism of Anlaf, 
943 — tribute first paid to, 991 — receive tribute 
from iEthelred, 1002 — massacre of, by his 
order, 1002 — invade E. Anglia, 1004— tribute 
paid to, 1007 — take Canterbury and murder 
Abp iElfeah, Sep. ion — tribute paid to, 1012 
— under Sweyn, (Svein,) conquer England, 
10 1 3 — choose Cnut king, 10 14 — besiege Lon- 
don, 1 01 6 — land in Italy, 101 6— tribute paid 
to, 1 01 8 — -join Hereward and plunder Peter- 
borough, 1070. 

Danes, Pierre, (Danesius,) — ft. at Paris, 
1497 — first Prof. Greek, College Royal, 1530 
— visits Venice, 1535 — joins in condemnation 
of Ramus, 1543 — ambassador of France to 
Council of Trent, 1545 — tutor to Dauphin, 
(Francis II.,) 1547 — Bp of Lamour, 1557 — ft. 
at Paris, 23 Apr. 1577. 

Danet, Pierre, (Danetius,) lexicographer, — 
ft. at Paris, about 1640 — tr. at Paris, 1709. 
Dictionnaire Latin -Frangais, 1685 — Diction- 
naire Francais - Latin, 1691 — Radices, §c, 
1677- 

Dangeau, Louis de Courcillon, abbe de, gram- 
marian, §c, — ft., Jan. 1643 — reader to the king, 
2671a — received at the French Academy, 26 
Feb. 1682 — ti. at Paris, 1 Jan. 1723. a jal. 

Dangeau, Philippe de Courcillon, Marquis 
de, — ft., 21 Sep. 1638 — serves in Flanders, 
under Turenne, 1657 or 1658 — member of 
French Academy, Jan. 1668 — abjures Protest- 
antism, Oct. 1668 — aide-de-camp to the king, 
1672 — envoy to England, negotiates marriage 
of James, Duke of York, with Princess Mary 
of Este, 1673 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 
1704 — rj. at Paris, 9 Sep. 1720. 

Dangerfield. [Meal-Tub Plot.] 

Danican. [Phillidor.] 

Daniel,— [B C]— taken captive to Babylon, 
6o6, a 6o5, b 604 c — Nebuchadnezzar's dream of 
the image, 603 — made Governor of Babylon, 
602 a — Nebuchadnezzar's dream of the great 
tree, 57 o a — vision of 4 beasts, (cap. 7,) 555, a 
558 d — vision at Susa, (cap. 8,) 553, a 556 d — 
the ' handwriting on the wall,' 538 a — delivered 
from the lions' den, 538,* 537 — prayer, (cap. 
9,) 53 8 > b 537, a 553 d — ^sion at the Tigris, 
(cap. 10,) 534- ac a Ussher. b Clinton. 

c Smith's Diet. d Hales and Jackson. 

Daniel, Gabriel, Jesuit, — b. at Rouen, 1649 
■ — enters Order of Jesuits at Paris, 1 667 — tJ. his- 
toriographer of France, at Paris, 23 Jun. 1728. 
Voyage au Monde de Descartes, 1699 — Histoire 
de France, 17 13 — Histoire de la milice Fran- 
gaise, 1721. 



Daniel, Samuel, poet, — ft. near Taunton, 
Somersetshire, 1562 — enters Oxford Univ., 
1579 — becomes tutor to Lady Anne Clifford ; fr. 
in Somersetshire, Oct. 1619. History of the Civil 
Wars between the Houses of York and Lancas- 
ter, 1595 — Musophilus, 1599 — Epistles, 1601 
— History of England, 1613-34 — Hymen's Tri- 
umph, 1623. 

Daniele, Francesco, historian, antiquary, — - 
rj. near Caserta, 11 Apr. 1740 — historiographer 
royal, Naples, 1778 — of Order of Malta, 1782 — 
perpetual secretary of the Academia Ercolanese, 
1787 — deprived of offices, &c, 1799 — director 
of royal printing-press, perpetual secretary of 
Academy of History and Antiquities by King, 
Joseph, 1806 — fc. near Caserta, 13 Nov. 18 12. 
Le Forche Caudine illustrate, 1778 — Eegali 
sepolcro, del duomo di Ealermo, 1784 — Monete 
antiche di Capua, 1802. 

Daniell, John Frederick, chemist, — ft. in Lon- 
don, 12 Mar. 1790— F.R.S., 1814— Prof. Che- 
mistry, King's Coll., London, 1831 — receives 
Rumford medal of Royal Society for his Pyrome- 
ter, 1832 — receives Copley medal for improve- 
ment in voltaic battery, 1836 — foreign Secre- 
tary to Royal Society, 1839 — obtains Royal 
Medal of Royal Society, 1842— D.C.L. Oxford, 
1843 — rj. in London, 13 Mar. 1845. Edits 
with Prof. Brande, Quarterly Journal of Science 
and Art, 1816— Meteorological Essays, 1823 — 
Introduction to Chemical Fhilosophy, 1839. 

Daniell, William, painter, engraver, — ft., 
1769 — visits India, 1783-93 — if. in London, 16 
Aug. 1837. Oriental Scenery, 1808 — Voyage 
round Great Britain, 1813-25. 

Dankelman, Eberhard Christoph Bal- 
thazar, Baron von, statesman, — ft. in Prussia, 
Nov. 1643 — principal Minister to Frederick, 
Elector of Brandenburg, 1695 — tf. at Berlin, 
31 Mar. 1722. 

Dankelmann, Heinrich Wilhelm August 
Alexander, Count von, statesman, — ft. at 
Cleves, 10 May 1768 — Count, president of re- 
gency, Tipper Silesia, 1800 — president of re- 
gency, "Warsaw, 1803-6 — of Glogau, 1808-25 
— Minister of Justice, 23 Apr. 1825 — charged 
with revision of Prussian laws, 11 Jul. 1825 — ■ 
tf., 29 Dec. 1830. 

Dankers de Ry (Danc/certs,) Cornells, archi- 
tect, — ft. at Amsterdam, 156 1 — tf. there, or at 
Antwerp, 1634. The Exchange, Amsterdam, 
1608-13 — Architectural moderna, 1631. 

Dannebrog, Order of the, — said to be found- 
ed by Waldemar II., 1 2 1 9 — founded or restored 
by Christian V., 12 Oct. 167 1 — new statutes 
of, 1693 — reconstituted by Frederick VI., 28 
Jun. 1808. 

Dannecker, Johann Heinrich, sculptor, — 
ft. at Stuttgard, 15 Oct. 1758 — studies at Lud- 
wigsburg, 1 77 1 — sculptor to Duke of Wiirtem- 
berg, 1780 — studies at Paris, 1783-85 — at 
Rome, 1785-90 — Prof. Sculpture, Stuttgard, 
1790 — tf. at Stuttgard, 8 Dec. i84i, ac Oct. 
i834. b Mourning Friendship, Ludicigsburg, 
1804 — Ariadne reclining on a leopard, Frank- 
fort, 1809 — figure of Christ, 1816-24 — Fsyche, 
1 82 1 — John the Baptist, 1826 — bust of Schiller, 
1797. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Conv.-Lex. 



DANNENMAYEE—D'AEBLAY. 



403 



Dannenmayer, {Bannemayr,) Mathias, his- 
torian, — b. in Suabia, Feb. i74-i, a 1744 b — Prof. 
Theology and Ecclesiastical History, Vienna, 
1786— First Keeper of the University Library, 
1803 — ft. there, 8 Jul. 1805. Introductio in 
historiam ecclesm Christians universam, 1778 
— Institutiones historice ecclesiasticce, $c, 1783, 
1788. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Dannewerk, The, in Sehleswig-Holstein, — 
rebuilt by Queen Thyra, about 936-950 a — 
strengthened by "Waldemar, 1157" — by Mar- 
garet, about 1261 s — the Danes defeated by 
Prussians near, 23 Apr. 1848 — evacuated by 
Danes, 6 Feb. 1864. a Conv.-Lex. 

Dante, {Bur-ante, Burando,) Alighieri, {Alli- 
ghieri) poet, — b. at Florence, 8 May 1265 — first 
sees Beatrice, 1274 — studies at Bologna and 
Padua, about 128 1 — contributes to victory of the 
Guelfs at Campaldino, 11 Jun. 1289 — death of 
Beatrice, 1290 — serves in expedition against 
Pisa, 1290 — marries Gemma Donati, 1291 — 
appointed chief of the priori of Florence, 15 
Jun. to 15 Aug. 1300 — ambassador to Eome on 
behalf of the Bianchi, 1301 — sentenced to 
exile and fine, 27 Jan. 1 302 — condemned to be 
burnt alive, 16 Mar. 1302 — joins in unsuccessful 
attack on Florence, 1304 — visits Padua, about 
1306 — wanders in Italy, visits Paris, 1308 — 
takes refuge at Verona, a Bavenna, b 1313 — 
goes to Bavenna, a 13 19 — ts. there, Jul., b 14 
Sep. c 1 32 1 — his bones removed by Father 
Antonio Santi, 1677 — the coffin rediscovered, 
1865 — Sexcentenary of his birth celebrated at 
Florence, May 1865. Bivina Commedia, com- 
menced about 1 300 ? — Be monarchic, about 
1310 — Vita Nuova, 1294. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Cary. c Sismondi. 

Dante, Egnazio, mathematician, — fc., 1537 
— ft., 19 Oct. 1586. Be Scienze matematiche 
ridotte in tavole, 1577 — Anemographia in 
anemoscopium verticale instrumentwn, 1578. 

Dantines. [Antines, Maur Francois.] 

Danton, George Jacques, revolutionary 
leader,— b. at Arcis-sur-Aube, 28 Oct. 1759 — 
advocate to the Council, 1789 — Pres. of Cor- 
deliers District, 1789 — presents to Louis XYI. 
petition of the Sections against ministers, 1790 
■ — member of departmental administration of 
the Seine, Mar. 1791 — promotes Assembly of the 
Champ de Mars, 1791 — Minister of Justice, Aug. 
1791 — organizes massacres of September, 1792 
— arrested, 31 Mar. 1794 — condemned by 
Eevolutionary Tribunal, 2 Apr. — guillotined, 5 
Apr. 1794. 

Dantz, {Banz,) Johann Andreas, orientalist, 
- -b. near Gotha, 1 Feb. 1654 — Prof. Oriental 
Languages, Jena, 1685 — D.D., Prof. Theology, 
17 10 — rj. there, 20 Dec. 1727. 

Dantzic, {Banzig,) — place of importance as 
early as 997 — taken and rebuilt by Teutonic 
Knights, 1 3 10 — obtains the Calmer Recht, 1378 
— independence recognized by kings of Poland, 
1454 — recovery of, unsuccessfully attempted by 
Teutonic Knights, 1456 and 1462 — given to 
Poland by Peace of Thorn, 1466 — receives the 
Beformation, 1523 — revolts, 1526 — ravaged by 
pestilence, 1709— receives Stanislaus, king of 
Poland, 1733 — bombarded by Eussians and 



Saxons, and taken, Mar. to Jun. 1734 — incor- 
porated with Prussia, 1793 — garrisoned by 
Prussians under convention of 8 Mar. 1793— 
capitulates to the French, 24 May 1807 — re- 
established as free state by Treaty of Tilsit, 
but still garrisoned by the French, 9 Jul. 1 807 
— capitulates to Eussians after 8 months' siege, 
Dec. 1 81 3 — restored to Prussia, 3 Feb. 18 14 — 
cholera rages at, 1831. 

Danube, The, {Ister,) — [B C] — formsnorthern 
boundary of the Eoman Empire under Augus- 
tus, 29 — [AD] — and under Aurelian, 270 — free 
navigation of, by Austria and Bavaria, agreed 
to by Peace of Teschen, 1779 — confirmed by 
treaty of 14 Apr. 18 16 — islands at the nioutn 
of, ceded to Eussia by Treaty of Adrianople, 14 
Sep. 1829 — steam navigation introduced on, 
1830 — Society for promoting navigation of, 
established, 1836 — opened to British commerce 
by treaty with Austria, 7 Jul. 1838 — navi- 
gation free by Treaty of Paris, 30 Mar. 1856 — 
placed under regulation of European Commis- 
sion, and Commission of the Danubian-shore 
States, 1856 — Navigation- Act signed, 7 Nov. 
1857 — ratified at Vienna, 9 Jan. 1858 — regu- 
lation of course of, at Vienna, commenced, 16 
May 1870 — European Commission on, extended 
for 12 years by Treaty of London, 13 Mar. 
1 87 1 — [See articles on battles in vicinity of the 
Eiver, Darius, Trajan's Bridge, &c] 

Danubian Principalities, [Moldavia and 
WallachiaJ — constituted by Convention of 
Paris, between the Great Powers, 19 Aug. 1858 
—united provisionally by firman of the Sultan, 
12 Nov. 1 86 1 — union of, as Roumania, pro- 
claimed, 23 Dec. 1 861 — Conference on, at Paris, 
opens, 10 Mar. 1866. 
D'Anville. [Anville, D\] 
Daoyz, Etienne, Benedictine, — ft., 1619. In- 
dex du droit civil, 1610 — Index du droit canon- 
iqiie, 161 3. 

Daphne, near Antioch, — [BC] — Temple of 
Apollo at, built by Antiochus Epiphanes, about 
170 — [AD] — Olympic games celebrated at, 44 
— visited by the Emperor Verus, 163 — Christ- 
ian church built by the Caesar Gallus, about 
352 — visited by the Emperor Julian, 362-3 — 
the temple burnt, 22 Oct. 362 — heathen wor- 
ship revived by Julian, 362. 

Daphne, asteroid, — discovered by Gold- 
schmidt, 22 May 1856. 

Dapper, Olfert, {Olivier,) geographer, §c, — 
rj. at Amsterdam, 1690. Ilistorische beschrij- 
ving der stad Amsterdam, 1664 — Beschrijving 
van Afrika, 1676. 

Dappes, Valley of the,— dispute respecting, 
settled by treaty between France and Switzer- 
land, 8 Dec. 1862. 

Daran, Jacques, surgeon, — fj. in Gascony, 6 
Mar. 1701 — ennobled byLoxds XV., 1755 — )J., 
1784. Observations chirurgicales &tir les mala- 
dies de I'uretre, 1745. 

Daras, in Mesopotamia, — fortified by the 
Emperor Anastasius, 506 or 507— strengthened 
by Justinian ; captured by Chosroes, winter of 
573-4 — captured by Saracens, 641.* 
a Ersch and Gruber. 
D'Arblay, Madame, {Frances Barney,) — b., 
26 * 



4°4 



DARBOY— DAENAIT. 



13 Jun. 1752 — lady of the "Wardrobe to Queen 
Charlotte, 1786 — marries M. d'Arblay, 1793 — 
resides in France, 1802-12 — becomes a widow, 
1 8 1 8 — ft. at Bath, 6 Jan. 1 840. Eveline, 177 8 — 
Madame d' ' Arblay 's Diary and Letters, 1842-46 
— Memoirs of Br Burney, 1832. 

Darboy, George, Abp of Paris, — b. at 
Fayle-Billot, (Haute Marne,) 16 Jan. 1813 — 
ordained priest, 1836 — Prof. Philosophy, Sem- 
inary of Langres, 1839 — Prof. Dogmatic Theo- 
logy, 1841 — almoner to Coll. Henri Grand, 
Paris, 1846 — honorary canon of Notre Dame, 
1846— accompanies Abp Sibour to Pome, and 
is named Protonotary Apostolic, Nov. 1854 — 
titular Vicar-general of Paris, 1 855 — Bp of 
Nancy, 1859 — member of Legion of Honour, 
12 Aug. i860— Abp of Paris, Jan. 1863 — Grand 
Almoner to Napoleon III., 8 Jan. 1864— sena- 
tor, 5 Oct. 1864 — member of Council of Public 
Instruction, Aug. 1866 — Grand Officer of Le- 
gion of Honour, 15 Aug. 1868 — takes part in 
Council of the Vatican, 1869-70 — arrested and 
imprisoned by Communal insurgents, 5 Apr. 
1871 — shot, 27 May 1871. (Euvres de Saint- 
Deny <s V Areopagite, 1845 — Imitation de Jesus- 
Christ, (translation,) 1852 — Vie de Saint Thomas 
Becket, 1859. 

Darcet, Jean, chemist, — b. in Guienne, 7 
Sep. 1725,* 1727 b — accompanies Montesquieu 
to Paris, 1742° — assists him in preparing the 
'Esprit des Lois,' before 1748 — Prof. Chemis- 
try, College de France, 1774 — member of Aca- 
demy of Sciences and director of manufactory of 
Sevres, 1784 — member of Institute, 1795 — fc. 
at Paris, 13 Feb. 1801. Memoires stir Taction 
d'un feu, §c, 1766 — BZistoire geologique des 
Pyrenees, 1776. a Biog. Univ. 

b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Ersch and Gruber. 

D' Arcon. [Arcon, D\] 

D'Arcy, Patrick' Count, mathematician, §c., 
— t). at Galway, 18 Sep. 1725 — sent to Paris 
to study, 1739 — captured in Scotland in 
service of the Pretender, 1746 — serves in Ger- 
many and the Netherlands, 1746 — admitted to 
Academy of Sciences, 1749 — serves as colonel, 
at ftossbach, 1757 — Marechal de Camp, 1770 — 
Count, 1777— tr. at Paris, 18 Oct. 1779. Pssai 
sur V Artillerie, 1760 — Memoire sur la duree 
des sensations de la vue, 1765. 

Dard Languages, — investigated by Leitner, 
1866. 

Dardanelles, The, — passage of, forced by Sir 
John Duckworth, 19 Feb. 1807 — repassed, 1 
Mar. 1807 — blockaded, summer 1807 — entered 
by Greek fleet, Jun. 1821 — navigation of, open 
to Pussia, by Treaty of Adrianople, 14 Sep. 
1829 — closed" by secret article of Treaty of Un- 
kiar-Skelessi, 8 Jul. 1833 — open to British 
merchant ships by treaty of 7 Jun. 1838 — 
closed against foreign vessels of Avar, by treaty 
of 13 Mar. 1 841 — entered by British fleet, Dec. 
1853 — j Crimean War] — fruitless conferences 
respecting, at Vienna, Mar. to Apr. 1855. 

Daret, Pierre, engraver, — b. at Pontoise, a 
Paris," 1610 — received at the Academy of 
Painting, 15 Sep. 1663c — &• at Dax, 1675,1 
29 Aug. 1678.° Tableau historique, 1652-56. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. c Jal. 



D'Argenville. [Dezalliers.] 

Darics, — [B C]— gold coin struck by Darius 
Hystaspis, 521-485. 

Darien, Isthmus of, — crossed by Balboa, 
who discovers Pacific Ocean, 25 Sep. 15 13. 

Darien Company, — projected by "William 
Paterson, about 1694 — incorporated by Act of 
Parliament of Scotland, 1695 — address of Lords 
and Commons to the king, against, 13 Dec. 
1695 — first colonists land, 2 Nov. 1698 — but 
abandon the settlement, about Jnn. 1699 — 
settlement blockaded by Spaniards, Feb. 1700 
— and is surrendered to them, 30 Mar. 1700 — 
enterprise finally abandoned, 11 Apr. 1700 — 
compensation to sufferers voted by parliament, 
1706. [Paterson, W.] 

Daries, Joachim George, jurist, — b. in 
Mecklenburg, Jun. 17 14 — teaches Philosophy 
and Theology at Jena, 1738,* i744 b — Prof. 
Law, Frankfort-on-the-Oder, 1763 — rector of 
the University, 1772 — tf. there, 17 Jul. 1791. 
Institutiones jurisprudential universalis, 1740 — 
Institutiones jurisprudential Romano-german i- 
cce, 1749 — Meditationes ad Pandectas, 1765. 
a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Darigrand, Jean Baptiste, — advocate to 
parliament of Paris, 17 61. Antifnancier, §c, 
1763. 

Darius I., Hystaspis, King of Persia, 
— [BC] — b., about 550 — obtains the kingdom 
after the assassination of Smerdis, 521 — takes 
Babylon, 516 — invades Scythia, 513, 508 a 
— Ionian War, 499-494 — First Persian War, 
492-490— tf., 485. 

a Clinton and "VVesseling. 

Darius II., Eothus, (Ochus,) King of Per- 
sia, — [B C] — obtains the kingdom after the 
murder of Sogdianus, 7 Dec. 424 a — tf., Dec. 



405, a 404. 



Clinton. 



Zumpt. 



Darius III., Codomannus, King of Persia, 
- — [BC] — b., about 380 — made king by Bagoas 
after the murder of Arses, 336 — war with 
Alexander the Great, 334-330— murdered by 
Bessus in Parthia, Jul. 330. 

Darling, Grace, — b. at Bamborough, about 
18 16 — saves crew of the Forfarshire, 6 Sep. 
1838 — if., 20 Oct. 1842— death of her father, at 
Bamborough, 28 May 1865. 

Darling Eiver, Australia, — discovered by 
Sturt, 1828. 

Darlington, Charlotte Sophia, Baroness 
Kilmansegg, Countess of,— created Countess 
of Leinster by George I., 1721 — Countess of 
Darlington, 1722 — 3y„ 1730. 

Darluc, Michel, naturalist, — b., 1707 — Prof. 
Botany, Aix ; ft. there, 1783. BZistoire natur- 
elle de la Provence, 1782-6. 

Darmstadt, — entered by Prussians, 18 Jul. 
1866. [Hesse-Darmstadt.] 

Darnau, Jacques, Baron, general, — b. near 
Orleans, 8 Apr. 1768 — assists at the raising of 
blockade of Maubeuge, 1794 — occupies Frank- 
fort, 1796 — wounded at blockade of Mentz, 1797 
■ — serves in Italy, 1799 -General of Brigade, 
1799 — commander of Genoa, 1799 — com- 
mander of Hotel des Invalides, i8o8, a 181 1 b 
— retires, 18 14 — b\ 3 Mar. 1830. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 



DARNLEY— DAUBENY. 



405 



Darnley, Henry Stuart, Lord, — ft., 1541 — 
marries Mary Queen of Scots, 29 Jul. 1565 — 
sides with the Reformers, 1566 — with associates, 
murders David Rizzio, 9 Mar. 1566 — murdered, 
near Edinburgh, 10 Feb. 1567. [Bothwell; 
Mary, Queen of Scots.] 

Darrican, Auguste, general, — ft. at Tartas, 
(Landes,) 5 Jul. 1773 — enters the army, 23 
Aug. 1 79 1 — serves in campaigns of Italy and 
Germany, 1794-7 — distinguishes himself in 
campaign of Egypt, 1798-9 — commands in 
Germany, Prussia, and Poland, 1805-7 — General 
of Brigade, 15 Feb. 1807 — contributes to 
victory of Friedland, 14 Jun. 1807 — assists at 
taking of Madrid, 3 Dec. 1808— Governor of 
Seville, 10 May 18 10 — General of Division, 31 
Jul. 1 81 1 — wounded at battle of Vittoria, 21 
Jun. 18 13 — defends Toulouse against English, 
1 8 14 — Chevalier de St Louis, 18 14 — tf. at Dax, 
7 May 1 819. 

Dartmouth, Devonshire, — Richard I. as- 
sembles crusading fleet at, spring 11 90— incor- 
porated by charter of Edward III., 1342 — 
attacked by the French, 1404 — taken by Prince 
Maurice, autumn 1643 — retaken by Fairfax, 
Jan. 1645-6. 

Dartmouth, George Legge, first Lord, 
naval commander, — ft., 1647 — serves under 
Sir Edward Spragge in first Dutch war, 1666- 
7 — under Duke of York and Prince Rupert in 
second Dutch war, 1672-3 — governor of Ports- 
mouth, 1673 — Privy Councillor, Mar. 16 80-1 
■ — created Baron of Dartmouth, 2 Dec. 1682 — 
governor of Tangier, destroys the fortifications, 
1683 — Master of the Horse, Master-general of 
the Ordnance, 1685 — Admiral of the fleet, 1688 
— committed to the Tower, Jul. 1691 — tf. there, 
21 Oct. 1691. 

Dartmouth, William Legge, first Earl 
or, — ft., 14 Oct. 1672 — Privy Councillor, 18 
Jun. 1702 — Secretary of State, and Keeper of 
the Signet of Scotland, 17 10 — created Earl of 
Dartmouth, 5 Sep. 17 11 — Lord Keeper of 
Privy Seal, 17 13 — tf. at Blackheath, 15 Dec. 

Dartmouth, William Legge, Earl of, — 
succeeds to the peerage, Dec. 1750 — Privy 
Councillor, 26 Jul. 17 65 —Secretary of State 
for the Colonies, Aug. 1772 — rejects the 
' Olive Branch ' of the American Congress, 4 
Sep. 1775 — Privy Seal, 10 Nov. 1775 to Mar. 
1782 — tf., 15 Jul. 1801. 

Daru, Pierre Antoine Noel Bruno, Count, 
Peer of France, — ft. at Montpellier, 12 Jan. 
1767 — enters the army, 1783— Intendant of 
army in Switzerland, 1799 — Councillor of 
State, 1 805 — Intendant-general in Brunswick, 
1806 — member of the Institute, 13 Aug. 1806 — 
admitted to Academy of Berlin, 1 808 — Secretary 
of State, 181 1 — Minister of "War, 1813 — ac- 
companies Russian expedition, 181 2-13 — In- 
tendant-general, by Louis XVIIL, 18 14 — Peer 
of France, 18 19 — tf., 5 Sep. 1829. Histoire 
de la republique de Ve'nise, 18 19 — La Cleopedie, 
§c., 1800 — Histoire de Bretagne, 1826. 

Darwin, Erasmus, physician, poet, — ft. at 
Elton, Nottinghamshire, 12 Dec. 1731 — tf. at 
Derby, 18 Apr. 1802. Botanic Garden, {Loves 



of the Flants,) 17 81 — Zoonomia, 1793-6— 
Phytologia, 1800 — Temple of Nature, 1803. 

Dashkov, Ekaterina Komanova, Princess, 
— ft., 1744— marries Prince Dashkov, 1759 — 
takes principal part in insurrection and de- 
thronement of Peter III., 1762 — travels in 
Germany, England, France, &c, 1768-82 — 
Director of Academy of Arts and Sciences, St 
Petersburg, 1782 — suggests foundation of Rus- 
sian Academy, and is first President, 1783 — 
dismissed from her offices by Paul I., 1796 — tf. 
at Serpugk, near Moscow, 4 Jan. 18 10. 

Dassier, Jacob Antoine, engraver of medals, 
— ft. at Geneva, 1715 — tf. at Copenhagen, 1759. 

Dassier, Jean, engraver of medals, — ft. at 
Geneva, 1677 — tf- there, 1763. 

Dasypodius, Conrad, Prof. Mathematics, 
Strasburg, — TJ., 26 Apr. 1600. Design for 
clock of Cathedral, Strasburg, 1580 — Analysis 
geometrica sex lib. Euclidis, 1566 — Lexicon 
Mathematicum, 1579. 

Datames, Satrap of Cilicia, — [BC] — 
revolts against Artaxerxes II., and is assas- 
sinated, about 362. a a Smith's Diet. 

Dathe, Johann August, orientalist, — ft. at 
"Weissenfels, Jul. 173 1 — Prof . Hebrew, Leipsic, 
1762-91 — tf. there, Mar. 1791. Liber Veteris 
Testamenti, Latine versi, §c, 1773-89. 

Dati, Carlo Eoberto, miscellaneous writer,-— 
ft. at Florence, 2 Oct. 1619 — member of 
Academia della Crusca, 1640 — Prof. Greek and 
Latin literature, 1648 — tf. at Florence, n Jan. 
1676. Vite de pittori antichi, 1667 — Pane- 
gyrique de Loicis XLV., 1669 — Prose Fiorentine, 
1 66 1 — Lettere, 1825. 

Dati, Leonardo, theologian, §c, — ft. at 
Florence, about 1360 — sent to Council of. 
Constance, 1400 — ambassador from Florence to 
king of Bohemia, 1409— to Emperor Sigis- 
mund, 1413 — General of Dominican Order, 14 14 
— ambassador to Martin V., 141 8 and 1422 — 
tf., Apr. 1425. 

Datianus, — Consul with Neratius Cerealis, 
(1111, a. it. c.) 358. 

Daub, Karl, theologian, — ft. at Cassel, 1765 
— Prof. Theology, Heidelberg, 17 94- 18 36— tf. 
there, 22 Nov. 1836. Theologumena, 1806 — 
Judas Lscharioth, §c, 1816 — Die dogmatische 
Theologie jetziger Zeit, 1833. 

Daubenton, Louis Jean Marie, naturalist, 
anatomist, — ft. at Montbard, in Burgundy, 29 
May 1 7 16 — M.D. Rheims, 1741 — assistant to 
Button at Paris, 1742 — admitted to Academy 
of Sciences, 1744 — keeper and demonstrator of 
Cabinet of Natural History, 1745 — Prof. 
Natural History, College of Medicine, 1778 — ■ 
Prof. Mineralogy, Museum of Natural History, 
about 1795? — member of the Senate, 1799 — 
tf. at Paris, 31 Dec. 1799. Contributes to first 
15 vols, of Buffon's Histoire Naturelle, 1749 — 
LnMruction pour les bergers, 1782 — Tableau 
methodique des miner aux, 1784. 

Daubeny, Charles Giles Bridle, botanist, 
chemist, — ft. in Gloucestershire, 1795 — B.A. 
Oxford, 1 8 14 — visits Auvergne, 181 8 — F.R.S., 
1822 — Prof. Chemistry, Oxford, 1822-55 — 
retires from the medical profession, 1834 — 
visits United States, 1837 — Prof. Botany, Ox- 



406 



DAUBUY— DAVENANT. 



ford, 1834 — Prof. Rural Economy, 1840— Pres. 
British Association, at Cheltenham, 1856 — tf. 
at Oxford, 12 Dec. 1867. Description of Vol- 
canoes, 1826 — Introduction to Atomic Theory, 
1 83 1 — Supplement, 1840 — Lectures on Agri- 
culture, 1 841 — Final Causes of the Sexuality of 
Plants, i860 — Climate, 1863 — Christianity and 
nationalism, 1867. 

Daubuy, Charles,— fc. in Guienne, 1674— 
driven out of France, 1686 — studies at Queen's 
College, Cambridge, 1689 — Head Master of 
Grammar School, Sheffield, 1696— Vicar of 
Brotherton, 1699— tf. there, 14 Jun. 17 17. 

Daude, Adrien, historian, — fc. in Franconia, 
9 Nov. 1704— withdraws from Order of Jesuits, 
1738 — Prof. Philosophy, Bamberg, 1738— tf. 
Prof. Polemics and History, "Wurtzburg, 12 
Jun. 1755. Historia universalis et pragmatica 
Eomani imperii, §c, 1748-58 — Majestas hier- 
archies ecclesiasticce, 1760. 

Daudet, Robert, engraver, — fc. at Lyons, 
1737 — tf. at Paris, 2 Jun. 1824. 

Daudin, Francois Marie, naturalist, — fc. at 
Paris, 1774,* 177*6 b — tr. there, 1804. Histoire 
naturelle des reptiles, 1802. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Daugnon, Count de. [Foucauld.] 
Daulier des Landes, Andre, traveller, — 
accompanies Tavernier to Persia, 1664. Beautes 
de la Perse, §c, 1673. 

Daulle, Jean, engraver, — fc. at Abbeville, 
1703^ i7ii b — admitted to the Academy, 30 
Jun. 1742 b — tf. at Paris, 23 Apr. 1763. 
a Biog. "Univ. b Jal. 

Daumesnil, Pierre, general, — fc. at Peri- 
gueux, 14 Jul. 1777 — serves in campaign of 
Italy, 1796 — follows Napoleon to Egypt, 1798 
— saves life of Napoleon at siege of Acre, 1799 
— commands cavalry at Madrid, 2 May 1808 — 
distinguishes himself in Austrian campaign, 
1809 — wounded atWagram, 6 Jul. 1809 — Gen- 
eral of Brigade, Feb. 1812 — governor of Yin- 
cennes, 2 Mar. 1 8 1 2 — Commander of Legion of 
Honour, Mar. 18 12 — defends chateau of Vin- 
cennes against allies, 18 14 — receives cross of 
St Louis, 1 8 14 — defends Yincennes a second 
time, 1 8 15 — superannuated, 8 Sep. 18 15 — Com- 
mander of Yincennes, 1830 — Lieut.-gen., Feb. 
1831 — tf. there, 17 Aug. 1832. 

Daun, Leopold Joseph Maria, Count von, 
Field-marshal, — fc. at Vienna, 25 Sep. 1705 — 
serves in Turkish war, 17 18 — Major-general, 
serves in Italy, 1734 — distinguishes himself at 
battle of Krozka, 1737 — at taking of Dingel- 
fingen, 1740 — serves against the French in the 
Netherlands, 1746-8 — Knt of the Golden 
Fleece, 1748 — introduces military reform, 1749, 
seqq. — organizes military Academy, 1751 — 
Field-marshal, Privy Councillor, 1754 — defeats 
Frederick II. at Kollin, 18 Jun. 1757— first 
chief of Order of Maria Theresa, Jun. 1757 — 
Commander-in-chief, Dec. 1757— defends 01- 
miitz, Jun. to Jul. 1758 — obtains victory over 
Frederick II. at Hochkirch, 14 Oct. 1758 — 
captures General Finck and his army at Maxen, 
21 Nov. 1759 — defeated by Frederick II. at 
Liegnitz, 15 Aug. 1760 — defeated by Frederick 



II. near Torgau, 3 Nov. 1760 — Pres. Aulic 
Council, 1762 — tf., 5 Feb. 1766. 

Daunou, Pierre Claude Francois, historian, 
statesman, — fc. at Boulogne, 18 Aug. 1761 — 
Prof. Theology, Montmorency, 1789 — deputy 
to National Convention, 1792 — Secretary, 21 
Dec. 1794 — Pres., 3 Aug. 1795 — member of 
Committee of Public Safety, Aug. 1795 — mem- 
ber and first Pres. Council of Five Hundred, 
Oct. 1795 — retires, 20 May 1797 — reelected 
member of the Council, 20 Mar. 1798 — Pres. 
again, 20 Aug. 1798 — member of Tribunate, 
1800 — keeper of archives of Corps Legislatif, 
1804 — Archivist of the Empire, 1807-15 — Prof. 
History, College de France, 18 19 — member of 
Chamber of Deputies, 1819-23 and 1828 — ad- 
mitted to Academy of Sciences, 1832 — per- 
petual secretary of Academy of Inscriptions, 
1838 — called to Chamber of Peers, 7 Nov. 
1839 — tf., 20 Jan. 1840. Floge de Boileau, 
1787 — Analyse des opinions diverses sur Fori- 
ginede V imprimerie, 1802 — edition of Boileau' s 
Works, 1809 — Essai historique sur la puissance 
temporelle despapes, 1810 — Cours d' histoire, §c, 
1819-22. 

Dauphin, — title of, borne by eldest son of 
king of France, since 1349. [Dauphiny.] 

Dauphin, Fort, {Anossi, Carcaussi, Androba,) 
in Madagascar, — permission to Bievault by 
Card. Eichelieu to form settlement, 1642 — ■ 
built, 1644 — burnt, 1656— new settlement, 1768. 

Dauphiny, (Pauphine,) in France, — under 
dominion of the Burgundians, 413 — united 
with kingdom of France, 613 — invaded by 
Saracens, 7 34 — forms part of kingdom of 
Provence, 879 — part of the Empire, from 1032 — 
governed by its own Counts, from about 1044 
— ceded by Humbert II. to France by Treaty 
of Vincennes, 30 Mar. 1 349 — granted by 
Charles VII. to dauphin Louis, 1426 — parlia- 
ment of, constituted by letters-patent of dau- 
phin, 29 Jul. 1453 — and confirmed by edict 
of Charles VII., 4 Aug. 1455. 

Daurat. [Dorat.] 

Daurier, Charles, general, — fc. at Saint 
Paulin, (Haute Loire,) 29 Jun. 176 1 — dis- 
tinguishes himself at passage of the Nahe, 1791 
— as General of Brigade, contributes to victory 
of Fleurus, 1794 — Commander of Legion of 
Honour, 1804 — Chevalier de St Louis, 18 14 — 
kills himse]f at Nancy, 30 May 1833. 

Dausque, Claude, philologist, — fc. at St 
Omer, 5 Dec. 1566 — tf., 17 Jan. 1644. Tra- 
duction latine des Homelies de Saint Basile de 
Se'leucie, 1604 — Antiqui novique Latii ortho- 
graphia, 1632. 

Davanzati Bostichi, Bernardo, historian, 
dfc, — fc. at Florence, 30 Aug. 1529 — tf., 29 
Mar. 1606. Opere di C. Tacito volgarizzate, 
1637. 

Davenant, John, Bishop of Salisbury, — 
fc. in London, about 1570 — enters Cambridge 
Univ., 1587— M.A., 1594 — Prof. Theology, 
Cambridge, 1609 — Master of Queen's College, 
1 6 14 — sent by James I. to Synod of Dort, 
161 8 — Bp of Salisbury, 1621 — tf. at Cam- 
bridge, 20 Apr. 1 641. 

Davenant, Sir William, poet,—b. at Oxford, 



DAVID— DAVID'S. 



407 



1605 — Poet Laureate, 1637 — Knt, by Charles 
I. at siege of Gloucester, 1643 — follows the 
Queen to France, 1644 — tf. in London, 17 Apr. 
1668. Works, 1673. 

David, King of Israel,— [B C] — ft. spring 
1085 a — anointed by Samuel, spring 1063 a — 
flees to Achish, king of Gath, spring 1060 a — 
war on the Amalekites, spring 1055 a — con- 
stituted king of Judah in Hebron, io55, a io$6, h 
1070° — war with Ishbosheth, spring 1053 a — 
Abner joins him, summer 1048 a — made king 
of Israel, summer 1048 a — takes Jerusalem, 
autumn 1048 a — attacked by Philistines, 1047 a 
- — rebuilds Zion, winter 1047-6 a — makes league 
with Hiram, 1046 a — removes Ark to Zion, 
1045 a — war against Syrians, Amalekites, &c, 
1044 a — sends embassy to Hanun the Ammon- 
ite, 1038 a — war against Ammonitish League, 
1037 a — adultery with Bathsheba, 1035 a — 
Solomon born, autumn 1034 a — rebellion of 
Absalom, spring 1023 a — slaughter of Saul's 
children, in Gibeah, ioi8 a — war with Philis- 
tines, ioi8 a — census taken, summer 1017 a — 
Solomon made king, spring 1015 a — tf., autumn 
ioi5, a ioi6, b 1030.° 

a Ussher. b Clinton. c Hales. 

David, Armenian philosopher, — fi., about 
450. a a Ersch and Gruber. 

David, (brother of Llewellyn, Prince of 
Wales,) — surrenders to Edward L, 1283 — exe- 
cuted, 20 Sep. 1283. 

David I., King of Scotland, — succeeds 
Alexander I., 27 Apr. 11 24 — visits Henry I., 
1 1 26 — takes oath of future allegiance to 
Henry's daughter Maud, 25 Dec. 11 26 — in- 
vades England to support her, Feb. 11 36 — 
makes a truce with Stephen : invades Eng- 
land again and is defeated near Northaller- 
ton, 22 Aug. 1 1 38 — visited by Henry, son of 
Maud, and knights him, 1149 — tf., 24 May 

"53- 

David II., Bruce, King of Scotland, — ft. 
at Dunfermline, 5 Mar. 1323^ i324 b ~-marries 
Joan, sister of Edward III., before 7 Jun. 1329 
— succeeds his father, 7 Jun. 1329 — crowned 
at Scone, 23 Nov. 1331 — dispossessed by Ed- 
ward Baliol, summer 1332 — [Baliol, Edward,] 
— takes refuge in France, 1332 — returns to 
Scotland, May, c June a 1341 — invades England, 
is defeated and captured at Nevill's Cross, 17 
Oct. 1346 — confined in the Tower, 1346 to 
Nov. 1357 — death of his queen, 1362 — marries 
Margaret Logy, 1363 — makes a pilgrimage to 
"Walsingham, 1363 — divorces his queen, 1369 
■ — tf. at Edinburgh, 22 Feb. 1370. 

a Tytler. b Burton. c Scott. 

David, Charles, engraver, — ft. at Paris, 
about 1600 — tf.., before 1639. a »ja]. 

David, Francois Anne, engraver, — ft. at 
Paris, 1 74 1 — tf. at Paris, 2 Apr. 1824. Monu- 
ments inedits de Vantiquite, 1806 — Antiquites 
a" Herculannm, 1780-1803 — Antiquites Etrus- 
ques, Grecques, §c, 1785-8 — Museum de Flo- 
rence, 1 7 8 3- 1 805 — Histoire d' Angleterre, 1784- 
1800. 

David, Jacques Louis, painter,— \), at Paris, 
3i,a 30 b Aug. 1748^ 1750 c — unsuccessful com- 
petitor at the Academy, 177 1 and 1773 — 



obtains the grand prize, 1774 — studies at 
Rome, 1775-80 — marries, 1782 — painter to the 
king, 1782 — received at the Academy, 23 Aug. 
1783 b — visits Eome, 1784— deputy to Con- 
vention, 1792 — imprisoned 5 months, 1794 — 
receives Cross of Legion of Honour, May 1 802 
— officer, 22 Oct. 1808 — visited by Napoleon I. 
and named Commander, 6 Apr. 18 15 — tf. at 
Brussels, 29 Dec. 1825. La mort de Socrate, 
1787 — Brutus, 1789 — Teste, 1781 — Belisairc, 
1 78 1 — Marat, 1793 — Leonidas aux Thermo- 
pyles, 1 8 15 — Serment des Horaces, 1784. 
a Biog. Univ. b Jal. c Bouillet. 

David, Maurice, — 6., 16 14 — tf., 11 Nov. 
1679. Animadversiones in observationes chro- 
nologicas Possini ad Pachywerem, 1679. 

David-Cohen, Rabbin, — tf. at Hamburg, 
1674. Corona sacerdotum, §c, 1667. 

David-George, (David- Jorisz,) founder of 
sect of Davidists, — b. at Delft or Ghent, 1501 
— enters service of Lord Treasurer Howard and 
comes to England, about 1522-3 — returns to 
Delft, 1524 — becomes acquainted with doctrines 
of Luther, about 1525 — imprisoned, about 1530 
— banished for 6 years, 1530 — joins the Ana- 
baptists, about 1534 — visits Strasburg, 1535 — 
his mother beheaded at Delft, 1539 — settles at 
Basel, spring 1544 — pleads for Servetus, 1553 
— tf. at Basel, 26 Aug. 1556. Wonderboek, 
1542. His followers persecuted in Holstein, 
1642. 

Davidowich, Paul, general, — n. m Servia, 
about 1750 — serves in Austrian army against 
Belgians, 1790 — distinguishes himself at battles 
of Neerwinden and Wattignies, 1793 — Field- 
marshal-lieutenant, commands in army of Italy, 
1796 — distinguishes himself at Novi, 1799 — 
in the retreat into Hungary, 1805 — tf. at Co- 
morn, about 1820. 

David's, St, South Wales, (Menevia,) — arch- 
bishopric transferred to, from Caerleon, ? about 
519— see and monastery of, founded probably 
soon after 600 a — destroyed by Danes, 906 — 
retirement of Abp Sampson to Brittany, 930 — ■ 
attacked by Godfrey the Northman, 983 — at- 
tacked by Danes, about 998 — burnt by them, 
1000 — devastated by Saxons, 1 013(F) — by 
Eilaf, (Eglaf,) 1022 — by Danes, 1077 and about 
1089 — Henry I. appoints his chaplain, Bernard, 
to the see, 11 15 — Bernard swears obedience, 
and then refuses it, to Abp of Canterbury : 
question discussed before Council at Bheims, 
1 148 — at 3rd Lateran, n 79 — and at London, 
1 185 — independence of see maintained by 
Giraldus at Kome, about 1200 — its subjection 
to Canterbury decreed by Innocent III., 1203 
— the shrine visited by Edward I., 26 Nov. 
1384 — Owain Glyndwrdy asks the French to 
aid him in restoring independence of the see, 
31 Mar. 1404. Cathedral of, (present build- 
ing,) commenced by Bp Peter de Leia, 11 80 
— fall of the tower, 1220 — damaged by earth- 
quake, 1 248 — alterations, by Bp Gower, 1 328-47 
—by Owen Pole, 147 2- 1509— by Bp Vaughan, 
1509-22 — west front rebuilt, 1793. St Mary's 
College, founded by Bp Houghton, 1377 a — by 
John of Gaunt, 1365^ 

a Jones and Freeman. b Encyc, Brit. 



4o8 



DATIES— DAY 



Davies, John, — enters Oxford Univ., 1589 — 
D.D., 1616. Antiques lingua Britannicce ru- 
dimenta, §e., 1621—Dictionarium Latino-bri- 
tannicum, 1632. 

Davies, Sir John, poet, statesman, — ft. in 
"Wiltshire, 1570 — enters Oxford Univ., 1585 — 
M.P., 1601 — Serjeant-at-law, 1606 — Knt, 1607 
— tf. in London, 7 Dec. 1626. Poems, about 
1622 — Reports of Cases, 1615. 

Davila, Henrico Caterino, historian— h. 
at Saco, (Padua,) 30 Oct. 1576— enters the 
French army, 1594 — at siege of Honfleur, 1594 
— wounded at siege of Amiens, 1597 — goes to 
Padua, 1599— visits Parma, 1606 — assassinated 
near Verona, about Jul. 163 1. Historic* clelle 
guerre civili di Francia, 1630. 

Davila y Padilla, Augustin, Dominican, — 
fr. Abp of St Domingo, 1604. PZistoria cle la 
p>rovincia de Santiago de Mexico, ^c.,1590. 

Davis, Edward, engraver, — n. in Wales, 
about 1640. 

Davis, Jefferson, President of the Con- 
federate States, Ff. America, — h in Ken- 
tucky, 3 Jun. 1808 — studies at Westpoint, 
1824-28 — Lieutenant in the Cavalry of the 
United States, 1829 — quits the army, Jim. 
1 835 — joins the Democratic party, 1 843 — mem- 
ber of Congress, 1844,* Nov. 1845 — Colonel, 
commands volunteers in Mexican war, 1846-7 

— distinguishes himself at battle of Buena 
Vista, Feb. 1847 — senator, for Mississippi, 
Jan. 1848— Secretary of War, 1853— senator 
again, 1857 to Jan. 1861 — Pres. Confederate 
States, 4 Feb. 1 861— elected Pres. for six 
years, 30 Nov. 1861 — his private library and 
correspondence seized by Federals, at Jackson, 
Mississippi, 29 Jul. 1863— reward for arrest 
of, offered by Pres. Johnson, 4 May 1865 — 
captured at Irwinsville, Georgia, 10 May 1865 

— imprisoned in Fortress Monroe, 22 May 
1865 — released on bail, 20 May 1867. 

a Statesman's Year Book. b Yapereau. 

Davis, John, maritime discoverer, — conducts 
three expeditions for discovery of North-west 
passage, 1585-7 — accompanies expedition of 
Cavendish to the Pacific, 159 1-3 — makes 
several voyages to the East Indies, 1598-1605 
— killed near Patana, Straits of Malacca, 29 
Dec. 1605. The World's hydrographical de- 
scription, §c, 1595 — The Seaman s secrets, §c, 

I 595- 
Davis's Strait, — discovered by John Davis, 

I585-7- 

Davison, John, theologian, — h. at Morpeth, 
in Northumberland, 28 May 1777 — enters 
Christ Church, Oxford, 27 Oct. 1794 — B.A., 6 
Jun. 1798 — Fellow of Oriel, 1800— M.A., 9 
Jul. 1 801 — ordained deacon, 20 Dec. 1801 — 
priest, 6 Mar. 1803 — tutor of Oriel, about 
1 8 10 — vicar of Sutterton in Lincolnshire, Nov. 
1 817 — marries, 20 Jul. 1819 — prebendary of 
"Worcester, 1826 — rector of Upton -upon - 
Severn, 1826 — ft. at Cheltenham, 6 May 1834. 
J(emai>is, 1841. 

Davison, William, statesman, — ambassador 
from Queen Elizabeth to the Netherlands, 
1757 — recalled, 1578 — sent again, Mar. 1584 
— ambassador to Scotland, Apr. 1584 — again 



sent to Holland, Jan. 1585 — concludes treaty 
of alliance Avith the Netherlands, Jul. 1585— 
returns, Feb. 1586 — Privy Councillor, Secre- 
tary of State, 1586 — presents warrant for 
Queen Mary's execution to Queen Elizabeth, 1 
Feb. 1587— deprived, imprisoned in the Tower, 
Feb. 1587 — tried and acquitted, Mar. 1587. 

Davoust, (Davout ?) Louis Nicolas, Peer 
and Marshal of France, — fc. at Annoux, 10 
May 1770 — sub -lieutenant of cavalry, 1787 — 
distinguishes himself under Dumouriez, at 
battles of Jemappes, Nov. 1792 — and Neerwin- 
den, Mar. 1793 — Adjutant-general, Jun. 1793 

— deprived, 1793 to Jul. 1794 — distinguishes 
himself at siege of Luxemburg, 1795 — taken 
prisoner at Mannheim, 1795 — takes distin- 
guished part at passage of the Shine, 1797 — ■ 
accompanies Napoleon to Egypt, 1798 — defeats 
the Turks, takes Aboukir, Jul. 1799 — General 
of Division; Marshal of France, 19 May 1804 

— Grand Cross of Legion of Honour, 1804 
— commands right wing at Austerlitz, 1805 — 
defeats Duke of Brunswick at Auerstadt, 14 
Oct. 1806 — created Duke of Auerstadt, 1806 — 
distinguishes himself in Austrian campaign, 
1 809 — commands right wing at Wagram, 1 809 
— commander in Poland ; wounded at battle 
of Borodino, Sep. 18 12 — fixes his head-quar- 
ters at Hamburg, 30 May 1 8 1 3 — surrenders 
the place to General Gerard, Apr. 18 14 — 
Minister of War, 18 15 — submits to Louis 
XYIIL, and resigns his command, Jul. 1815 — 
fl\, 4, a 1 b Jun. 1823. a Biog. Tjniv. b Engl. Cye, 

Davy. [Duperron.] 

Davy, Sir Humphrey, Baronet, chemist, — ft. 
at Penzance, Cornwall, 17 Dec. 1778 — director of 
Pneumatic Institution, Bristol, 1798 — goes to 
London, 1801 — Prof. Chemistry, Boyal Insti- 
tution, 31 May 1802 — F.B.S., 1803 — discovers 
composition of the fixed alkalies, 1807 — obtains 
prize of French Institute, 1807 — Knt, 8 Apr. 
1 812 — invents the Safety Lamp, 18 15- 17 — 
created a Baronet, 181 8 — President of Boyal 
Society, 1820 — £f. at Geneva, 28 May 1829. 
Researches, Chemical and Philosophical, i8co 
— Elements of Chemical Philosophy, 1810 — ■ 
Elements of Agricultural Chemistry, 1813 — 
Salmonia, 1828 — Consolations in Travel, 1830. 

Dawe, George, painter, — ft. in London, 
about 1781 — A.B..A., 1810 — B.A., 1814 — at 
St Petersburg, painter to the Emperor Alex- 
ander, about 1 8 19 to Aug. 1829 — member of 
Academy of Fine Arts there ; ft. in London, 
15 Oct. 1829. Life of George Morland, 1807. 

Dawes, Eichard, philologist, — 6. at Market 
Bosworth, Leicestershire, 1708— enters Em- 
manuel College, Cambridge, 1725 — Fellow, 
17 3 1 — Master of Grammar School, Newcastle, 
1738-49 — "a. at Haworth, 21 Mar. 1766. Mis- 
cellanea Critica, 1745. 

Day, {Page, Paie,) John, printer, — com- 
mences printing in London, 1544 — Master of 
the Stationers' Company, 1580 — ft. in London, 
23 Jul. 1584. Fox's Acts and Monuments, 
1562— folio Bible, 1549 — Boohe of Christian 
Prayers, (' Queen Elizabeth's Prayer Book,') 
J 5^9 — Cunningham 's ' Cosmographical Glasse,' 
*559- 



DAY— DE CANDOLLE. 



409 



Day, Thomas, miscellaneous writer, — ft. in 
London, 1748 — enters Oxford Univ., 1764 — ft., 
28 Sep. 1789. Dying Negro, 1773 — The de- 
voted Legions, 1776 — History of Sandford and 
Merton, 1783-9. 

Deaconesses,— ordination of, prohibited by 
Council of Laodicea,* 314, b 319,° 352° — by 
first Council of Orange. 441 — by Council of 
Epaon, 517 — and second Council of Orleans, 
533 — office of, continued in Eastern Church, 
till after 11 00— Institute of, originated in Ger- 
many, by Fliedner, 1836. 

a Bingham. b Baronius. c Others. 

Deacons, — prohibited from celebrating Holy 
Communion by Act of Uniformity, 14 Car. II. 
c. 4, 19 May 1662. 

Dead Sea, Salt Sea, Sea of the Arabah, — 
visited by Seetzen, 1807 — by Irby and Mangles, 
181 8 — depression of, below Mediterranean, as- 
certained by Moore and Beck, Mar. 1837 — 
visited by Dr Eobinson, May 1838 and 1851 — 
surveyed by Count Bertow, 1838 — by Busseg- 
ger, 1838 — by Lieut. Symonds, 1841— Ameri- 
can exploring expedition, Apr. 1848 — visited 
by Lieut. Lynch, May 1848 — by De Saulcy, 
1850-51 — by Holman Hunt, 1854 — by Poole, 
Nov. 1855 — by Clowes, Apr. 1863 — observ- 
ations on, by Terrell, 1865. 

Deaf and Dumb Persons, (Deaf-mutes,) — 
declared incapable of making wills, giving free- 
dom to slaves, &c, by Justinian, 534 — method 
of teaching, practised by Pedro de Ponce, before 
1584— [Wallis, Dr; L'Epee, Abbe; Sicard, 
Abbe] — school for, at Edinburgh, commenced 
by Braidwood, 1764 — government institution 
for, established at Leipsic, 1772— London 
Asylum for, established, 1792. 

Deal, in Kent, — annexed to Cinque Ports, as 
member of Sandwich, between 1200-30 — castle 
built, by Henry VIII., 1539. 

Dean and Chapter, — appointment of, &c, 
regulated by Acts 3 and 4 Vie. c. 113, 10 Aug. 
1840, and 4 and 5 Vic. c. 39, 21 Jun. 1841. 

Dean, Forest of, — exempted from taxation 
by Edward the Confessor, who *&., 1065 — Wil- 
liam I. hunts in, 1069 — royal licence required for 
moveable forges, by Henry III., 1216-72 — first 
perambulation of, 1282 — first Justice Seat for, 
j 2 82 — the ' Miners' Laws and Privileges ' com- 
piled, about 1300 — destruction of, said to be 
purposed by Spaniards, 1588 — mining restricted 
to foresters, 161 3— survey of, 1635 — last Justice 
Seat, 1635 — sale of, to Sir John Winter, 20 
Feb. 1640 — care of, entrusted to Committee of 
Commons, 1649 — laws amended by Act of Par- 
liament, 1656 — Commission for survey of, 1662 
— first session of Court of Mine Law, 1 8 Mar. 
1663 — new enclosures ordered by Act 20 Car. 
II. c. 3, 1668 — riots in, 1688 — Commission on 
management of, 1692 — survey of, 1763 — last 
Court of Mine Law, about 1777 — Commission 
of Inquiry, by Act 26 Geo. III., 1786 — ' Bread 
Biots ' in, Oct. to Nov. 1795 — new plantations 
authorized, and Commissioners appointed, by 
Act 48 Geo. III. c. 72, 1808— riots in, May to 
Jun. 1^31 — Commission appointed by Act 1 
and 2 Win IV. c. 12, 23 Aug. 1831 — peram- 
bulation, 30-14 Sep. 1833 — Commission, 



under Act 2 and 3 Vic. c. 42, 27 Jul. 1838. 

Dean, Rural, — instituted before 900 — facili- 
ties for reviving office of, by Act 3 and 4 Vic. 
c. 113, 10 Aug. 1840. 

Death. [Registration.] 

Death, Punishment of. [Capital Punish- 
ment.] 

Debraux, Paul Emile, poet, — ft. in La 
Meuse, 30 Aug. 1798 — rj., 12 Feb. 1831. 
Chansonnettes, 1819-22 — Chansons nouvelles, 
1825, 1826 — Passage de la Berezina, 1825. 

Debt. [Arrest, Imprisonment.] 

Debtors, Absconding, in Great Britain, — 
arrest of, facilitated by Act 33 and 34 Vic. c. 
76, 9 Aug. 1870. 

Debts of deceased persons in Great Britain, 
— distinction as to priority of payment between 
specialty and simple contract, abolished by Act 
32 and 33 Vic. c. 46, 2 Aug. 1869. 

Debucourt, Louis Philibert, painter, en- 
graver, — ft. at Paris, 1755 — ly. at Belleville, 
1832. 

Debure, Guillaume, bookseller, bibliographer, 
— ft. at Paris, 10 May 1734 — imprisoned in the 
Bastille, 23 Jan. 1778 — "0. librarian to Academy 
of Inscriptions, 4 Feb. 1820. Catalogue de la 
bibliotheque du due de la Valliere, 1783 — Cata- 
logue de la bibliotheque de Ran don de Boisset, 
1777 — Catalogue de la bibliotheque de Goutard, 
1780. 

Debure, Guillaume Francois, bibliographer, 
— ft. at Paris, Jan. 1731 — ij., 15 Jul. 1782. 
Musceum typographicum, 1755 — Bibliographic 
instructive, 1763-68. 

Decaduchi, Council of Ten, — [B C] — succeed 
the Thirty Tyrants at Athens, (01. 94, 2,) 403. 

Decaen, Charles Mathieu Isidore, Count, 
general, — ft. near Caen, 13 Apr. 1769 — enters 
the army, 179 1 — at siege of Mentz, 1793 — 
charged with reconnaissance on frontier of 
Switzerland, 1795 — General of Brigade, 1796 — 
effects passage of the Bhine, 1796 — contributes 
to victory of Ettingen, 11 Jul. 1796 — General 
of Division, 16 May 1 80c — contributes to victory 
of Hohenlinden, Dec. 1800 — Inspector-general 
of Infantry, Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, , 
1 80 1 — goes to India, Captain-general of French 
establishments there, May 1 803 — surrenders 
the Mauritius to the English, Dec. 18 10 — ■ 
Chevalier de St Louis, 2 Jun. 18 14 — Grand 
Cordon of Legion of Honour, 19 Jul. 18 14 — ■ 
imprisoned at Paris, 23 Oct. 18 15 to Jan. 1817 
— o\, 11 Sep. 1832. 

Decamps, Gabriel Alexandre, painter, — ft. 
at Paris, 3 Mar. 1803 — visits Switzerland, 1824 
— visits the East, probably 1 827 — member of the 
Chamber of Deputies, 1848 — Pres. National 
Society of Artists, 1848 — ts. at Fontainebleau, 
21-2 Aug. 1866. Lapwing Hunting, 1827 — 
Defeat of the Cimbri, 1834 — The Connoisseurs, 
Joseph sold by his Brethren, 1839 — Drawings 
for the History of Samscn, 1845. 

De Candolle, Augustin Pyrame, physician, 
botanist, — ft. at Geneva, 4 Jun. 1778 — escapes 
with his mother to the Jura, 1792 — goes to 
Paris, 1796 — Prof . Medicine, Montpellier, i8o8, a 
i8o7 b — Prof. Botany, Montpellier, 1810 — ■ 
travels in France, 1810, 1812, 1813 — returns to 



4io 



DECCAN— DEFENCE. 



Geneva, i8i6 b — Prof. Natural History there, 
1816 — visits England, 18 16 — tr., 9 Sep. 1841. 
Flore Fraucaise, i8o5 a -i5, i8o3 b — Organo- 
graphie vegetale, 1827 — Frodromus systematic 
naturalis regni vegetabilis, 1824. 

a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Deccan, (Feckan, Fekkan,) in Hindustan, — 
invaded by Ala u din, Desgiri taken, (693, a.h.) 
1294 — conquered by Cafur, (706,) 1306 — in- 
surrection of Harpal, 13 16 — reduced by Mo- 
barik, 1318 — completely conquered by Moham- 
med, about 1330 — general revolt, an Afghan, 
Ismael Khan, proclaimed king, and then Hasan 
Gangu, (748,) 1347 — [Bahmani Kings] — inde- 
pendence acknowledged bv Firuz Toghlak, 1356 
—Mohammed I., (759,) 1*358— Mujahid, (776,) 
1375 — Daud, (780,) 1378— MahmudL, 1378— 
Ghciasu din, (799,) 1397 — Shamsudin, 1397 — 
Firuz, (800,) 1397 — Ahmed Shah takes "Waran- 
goL 142 1 — Ahmed L, (825,) 1422 — Ala u din, 
(838,) 1435 — Humayun, (862,) 1457 — Nizam, 
(86-5,) 146 1— invasion of Kajas of Orissa and Te- 
lingana, 1461 — King of Malwa invades, 1461- 
62 — Mohammed II., (867,) 1463 — partly reduces 
the Concan, (876,) 147 1 — conquers Raj amandri 
and Masulipatam, (882,) 1477— Mahmud II., 
(887,) 1482 — broken up during his reign — 
[Bejapoor, Ahmednugar, Golconda, Berar, 
Beeder] — Nominal kings, — Ahmed II., (924,) 
15 1 8— Ala u din II., (927,) 1520— Wali, 1522 
- — Kalim, [526. 

Decebalus, (Fiurpaneus, Forphaneus,) KrxG 
of Dacia, — carries on war with Domitian, 
86-91 a — with Trajan, 101-103 — renews "war 
"with Trajan, 104 — kills himself , 106. a Clinton. 

Deceleian War, (Fekeleian,) — [BC] — oc- 
cupation of Dekeleia suggested to Spartans by 
Alkibiades, 415-4— Dekeleia seized and fortified 
by Agis, spring 413 — held by Spartans till the 
end of the Peloponnesian war, 404 

Decembrio, Pietro Candido, miscellaneous 
writer, — b. at Pavia, 1399 — President of 
republic of Milan, 1447 — rj. there, 12 Nov. 
1477. Vita Fhilipjpi Maria, duels Mediola- 
oicnsis, 1625. 

Decemviri, at Borne, (Fegislators,) — [BC] — 
appointed, 451 — abolished, 449. 

Decemviri, (Civil Magistrates,) — [B C] — 
instituted, 292. 

Decemviri, (Curators of Sibylline Books,) — 
[B C] — at first 2 (Duumviri) appointed by Tar- 
quin, mythical: — increased to 10 by Licinian 
Laws, 366 — to 15 by Sulla, ? after 82 — to 16 by 
Julius Caesar, after 46. 

Dechales, Claude Francois Milliet, mathe- 
matician, — b. at Charubery, 161 1 — tf. at Turin, 
1678. Cursus mathematicus, 1674 — Fyrotech- 
nie, 1695. 

Decianus, C. Plautius, — [BC] — Consul with. 
L. JEmilius Mamercinus, (425, a. u. c.) 329. 

Decimal Fractions,— probably invented by 
P.egiomontanus, about 1464 — first treatise on, 
by Stevinus, 1582. 

Decimal System. [Metric System.] 

Decius, — 1. Consul with Longinus, (1239 
a. u. c.) 486. 2. Consul, 529. 

Decius, C. Messius Quintus Trajanus, 
Emperor of PtOME, — commands on the 



Danube, 245 — proclaimed Augustus in Mcesia, 
249 — defeats Philippus at Verona, and succeeds 
him, Sep. or Oct. 249 — persecution of the 
Christians begins, Jan. 250 — defeated by the 
Goths and killed at Forum Trebonii, Nov. 251. 

Decius Mus. [Mus.] 

Decius Sabellius,— [BC] — seizes Rhegium, 
281 — taken by Fabricius and imprisoned, kills 
himself, 271. 

Decker, Jeremias de, poet,— b. at Dort, 
about 1610 — tf. at Amsterdam, Nov. 1666. 
Bijmbefeningen, 1656. 

Decker, Karl von, writer on the Art of TFar, 
— b. at Berlin, 1784 — enters the army, 1800 — 
serves in campaigns of 1 813-15 — Prof, at the 
School of Artillery, 181 8 — Colonel, 1835 — 
Major-General, 1842 — tf., 29 Jun. 1844. Fie 
Artillerie fur alle Waffen, 18 16 — Versuch 
einer Geschichte des Geschiitzwesens, §c., 18 19 — ■ 
Bonaparte's Feldzug in Fallen, 1825. 

Decker, Paul, architect, $c, — rj. at Niirn- 
berg, 1677 — tf., 17 13. Fiirstlicher Baumeister, 
171 1 — Architectura theorico-practica, 1720. 

Decker, Sir Matthew, Bart., — naturalized in 
England, 1703 — Bart., 1716 — if., 18 Mar. 1749. 
Serious considerations on the several high duties 
which the nation, §c., labours under, §c, 1743. 

Decker, (Fekker,) Thomas, dramatist, — • 
publishes his Flays, and Gull's hornbook, about 
1600-35. 

Declaration of Independence,— by Congress 
of United States, 4 Jul. 1776. 

Declaration of Rights, — tendered by Con- 
vention and accepted by William and Mary, 1 3 
Feb. 1689. 

Declaration of Rights of Man, — adopted by 
National Assembly at Paris, 18 Aug. 1789. 

Declaration of Title, — obtainable by Act 25 
and 26 Tic. c. 67, 29 Jul. 1862. 

Declination of the Magnetic Needle, — line 
of no variation in, first observed by Columbus, 
13 Sep. 1492. [Variation.] 

Decretals, Isidorian,— forged, between 835- 
845 — appealed to as authority for universal 
jurisdiction of the pope, by Nicholas I., about 
865 — by Leo IX., 1048-54— form basis of the 
Hildebrandine system, 1073-80 — appealed to 
by Abbot Barlaam, 1341 — at Council of Flor- 
ence, 7 May 1437 — by Council of Trent, 1563 
— proved to be forgeries by Contius, before 
1586 — his evidence suppressed : again proved 
forgeries by Blondel, 1628 — his book placed on 
the Index : the fraud admitted by Pius VI., 
1789. 

Decula, M. Tullius, — [BC] — Consul with 
Cn. Corn. Dolabella, (673, a. u. c.) 81. 

Dee, John, astrologer, — fj. in London, 13 
Jul. 1527 — enters St John's College, Cambridge, 
1542 — Fellow of Trinity College, about 1548 — 
visits Louvain and Rheims, 1548-51 — released 
from prison, Aug. 1555 — sent to Germany by 
Queen Elizabeth, 1578 — warden of Manchester 
College, 1595 — ft. at Mortlake, Surrey, 1608. 
Works, 1659. 

Defamation. [Libel.] 

Defence of the Realm, — purchase of lands 
for, authorized and regulated by Acts 5 and 6 
Vic. c. 94, 10 Aug. 1842; 18 and 19 Vic. c. 



DEFENDER— DEIRA. 



117, 14 Aug. 1855 ; 23 and 24 Yic. c. 112, 28 
Aug. i860; 27 and 28 Vic. c. 89, 29 Jul. 
1864; and 28 and 29 Vic. c. 65, 29 Jan. 1865. 

Defender of the Faith, (Fidei Defensor,) — 
title conferred on Henry VIII. by bull of Leo 
X., 11 Oct. 1521. 

Defenders, Catholic faction, — organized in 
Ireland, cause disturbances in 1794-5 — combat 
with Peep-o'-Day Boys at the Diamond in 
Armagh, Sep. 1795. 

Defenders, Church officers, — mentioned, 407 
— appointed to each patriarchal church, about 
420. 

Defiant, [Deffand,) Marie de Vichy-Cham- 
ron, Marquise dtj, — b., about 1696 ? — marries 
the Marquis du Defiant, 17 18 — separated, 1728 
— widow, 1750 — tf. at Paris, 23 Sep. 1780. 
Correspondance avec M. Walpole, §c, 18 10 — 
avec D'Alembert, Montesquieu, §c, 1809. 

Deflection. [Diffraction.] 

Defoe, {De Foe,) Daniel, political and miscel- 
laneous writer, — b. in London, 166 i, a 1663 b 
— joins insurrection under Duke of Monmouth, 
1685— escapes and begins business, 1685 — free- 
man of the city, 26 Jan. 1688 — joins army of 
Prince of Orange, Nov. 1688 — his controversy 
with John Howe on Occasional Conformity, 
1700 — imprisoned, Mar. 1703 — set in the 
pillory, 29-30-31 Jul. 1703 a — liberated, about 
Jul. 1704 — sent to Scotland to promote the 
Union, 1 7 06 — sent again, 1 7 1 o — again im- 
prisoned, spring 1 7 1 3 — secretly engages in 
service of the government, Nov. 17 15 — ft. in 
London, 24, b 26 a Apr. 1731. /Speculum 
Crape-Gownorum, 1682 — True-born English- 
man, 1701 — Shortest way with the Dissenters, 
1702 — Hymn to the Fillory, 1703 — Revieiv, 
1704-13 — Jure Divino, 1706 — Religious Court- 
ship, 1722 — Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, 
Apr. to Aug. 17 19 — Journal of the Plague 
Year, 1722 — Fortunes of Moll Flanders, 1722 
— History of John Sheppard, 1724 — Account of 
Jonathan Wild, 1725 — Folitical History of the 
Devil, 1726 — History of Apparitions, 1727. 
a Lee. b Chalmers. 

Defrance, Jean Marie Antoine, Count, 
general, — b. at Vassy, 21 Sep. 177 1 — as Gen- 
eral of Brigade serves in Austrian campaign, 
1805 — iu Prussia, 1806-7 — distinguishes him- 
self at Wagram, 1809 — General of Division, 
1 8 1 1 — commands under Murat in Eussian cam- 
paign, 18 12 — distinguishes himself at combat 
of Montmirail, 18 14 — Count, Inspector-general 
of cavalry, 18 14 — fr. at Epinay, 1835. 

Degeer, Karl, Baron, naturalist, — b. in 
Sweden, 1720 — Knt of the North Star, 1761 
— Commander of Order of Vasa, 1772 — Baron, 
1773 — a., 8 Mar. 1778. Memoires pour servir 
a V histoire des insectes, 1752-78. 

Degerando. [Gerando, De.] 

De Grasse. [Grasse.] 

Degrave, Charles Joseph,— b. in Flanders, 
24 Oct. 1736 — member of the Council of An- 
cients, Paris, 1797 — ft. at Ghent, 2 Aug. 1805. 
La republique des Champs-Elysees, $e. 9 1806. 

Degree of Meridian, — [BC] — first measured 
by Eratosthenes, between Syene and Alexandria, 
before 196— by Posidonius, between Alexandria 



and Ehodes, 112-50 — [AD] — by the brothers 
Ben Shaku, by order of the Caliph Al Mamun, 
in the plain south of Damascus, 813-33 — D T 
Norwood from London to York, 1633, 1635 a — 
by Picard, between Amiens and Malvoisine, 
1669-71 — his measurement continued through 
France by the Cassini, 1683-17 18 — by Mau- 
pertuis, Clairaut,and others in Lapland, 1735 — 
by Bouguer and others in Peru, 1735 — by La- 
caille, at the Cape of Good Hope, 1752^ 1751* 
— arc from Dunkirk to Barcelona, by Mechain 
and Delambre, 1792-1806 — English arc, by 
direction of Board of Ordnance, commenced, 
1791 — first Indian arc, by Lambton, commenced, 
1 801 — second Indian arc, by Everest, com- 
menced, 1823 — Busso- Scandinavian arc, by 
Struve, 1819-27 — Prussian arc, by Bessel, 
1831-38. a Brande and Cox's Diet. b Engl. Cyc. 

Deidier, Abbe, mathematician. Arithme- 
tique des Geometres, Science des Geometres, 1739 
— La mesure des surfaces et des solides, 1740 — 
Mecanique generate, 1 741 . 

Deidier, Antoine, physician, — M.D. Mont- 
pellier, 1691 — Prof. Chemistry, 1696-17 32 — • 
F.B,. S. London, about 1720 — ft. at Marseilles, 
Apr. 1746. Fhysiologia, 1699 — Fathologia, 
17 10 — Lnstitut. medicince theoretics, §c> 17 16 
— Matiere medicate, §c, 1738 — Chimie raison- 
nee, 17 15. 

Deilemites, {Bowides,) Dynasty of the, — 
conquer western provinces of Persia from the 
Samanis, seize Baghdad, and rule in name of 
the Caliph, (321, a. h.) 932 — conquered and 
dispossessed by the Seljukides, under Togrul 
Begh, (448,) 1055. 

Deiman, Jan Rudolph, physician, chemist, — 
b. in Friseland, 29 Aug. 1743 — M.D. Halle, 
settles at Amsterdam, 1770 — physician to king 
of Holland, 1806 — ft. at Amsterdam, 15 Jan. 
1808. Verhandeling over het mit van den groei 
der boomen en planten, §c, 1780 — Over den 
steen- en metaalregen, $c., 1804. 

Deimier, Pierre de, poet,— b. at Avignon, 
about 1570. Lllustres Aventures, 1603 — Aus- 
triade, 1600 — Nereide, 1605. 

Deinarchos, orator, — [BC] — b., about 361 
— commences oratory, about 336 a — his greatest 
activity, under Demetrius Phalereus, 321-307 a 
— accuses Demades, 318 — goes into exile to 
Chalcis, (01. 118, 2,) Sep. 307 a — returns to 
Athens, (01. 122, 1,) Sep. 292^ De Donis, 
adversus Fhiloclem, adv. Demosthenem and adv. 
Aristogitonem de Harpalicis, 324^ a Clinton. 

Deinocrates, architect, — [BC] — builds 
temple of Artemis, at Epbesus, after 356 — 
accompanies Alexander the Great into Egypt 
and is employed in building Alexandreia, 332. 

Demon, {Dinon,) historian, — [BC] — fl., 
about 360. 

Deiotarus, King of Galatia, — [B C] — 
defeats generals of Mithridates in Phrygia, 74 — 
named ' King ' by the Senate : his dominions 
increased by Gadilonitis and Armenia Minor, 
63 — present with Pompey at Pharsalia, 48 — 
aided by Caesar against Pharnaces, 47 — deprived 
of Armenia by Csesar, 47 — defended by Cicero 
before Csesar, 45— joins Brutus and Cassius, 42. 

Deira, in England, — separated from North- 



412 



DEJEAN— DELAROCHE. 



umbria and seized by Ella, 560 — reunited to 
Nortlnmibria by Ethelfrith, 593 — on death 
of Edwin, seized by Osric, who is expelled by 
Oswald, 634 — Oswine, 644 — Adelwald, 
Aug. 651 — reunited to Bernicia, by Oswy, 

6 55- , „ 

Dejean, Jean Francois Aime, Count, Peer 
or France, — b. at Castelnaiidary, 6 Oct. 1749 
— Engineer-in-chief, Picardy, 17 81 — General of 
Division, 1795 — Minister of War, 1802 to Jan. 
1 8 10 — senator, treasurer of Legion of Honour, 
1 8 10 — Peer of France, governor of Polytechnic 
School, 1 8 14 — deprived, 18 15 — reenters Cham- 
ber of Peers, 18 19 — if. at Paris, 12 May 1824. 
Dejoux, Claude, sculptor, — b. near Artois, 
173 1 —admitted to the Academy, 1779 — tf. 
member of the Institute, 18 Oct. 18 16. St 
Sebastian, 1779 — Ajax and Cassandra, 1787. 

Le la Beche, Sir Henry Thomas, geologist, 
■ — b near London, 1796 — F.G.S., 1817 — 
F.R.S., 1819 — travels on the continent, 1820 
— visits Jamaica, 1824 — director of Geological 
Survey of England, 1832— Pres. G. S., 1847 
— Knt, 1848 — corresponding member of Aca- 
demy of Sciences, Paris, 1853 — a", in London, 
13 Apr. 1855. Geological Manual, 1831 — Re- 
searches in theoretical Geology, 1834 — How to 
observe in Geology, 1835 — Geological Observer, 
1851. 

Delaborde, Henri Francois, Count, general, 
— b. at Dijon, 21 Dec. 1764 — distinguishes 
himself at combat of llhinzabern, 17 May 1793 
— serves against Federalists, General of Brigade, 
1793 — commands in army of the Pyrenees, 
1794 — passes the Rhine, occupies Brisgau, Jul. 
1796 — Officer of Legion of Honour, 1804 — 
governor of Lisbon, 1807 — commands under 
Marshal Moitier, 18 12 — Chevalier de St Louis, 
7 Jun. 1 8 14 — ij. at Paris, 3 Feb. 1833. 

Delacroix, Ferdinand Victor Eugene, 
painter, — b. at Charenton, near Paris, 26 Apr. 
1799 — studies under Pierre Guerin, 18 16 — 
visits England, 1826 — Chevalier of Legion of 
Honour, Mar. 1831 — visits Morocco, 1831 — 
Officer of Legion of Honour, 1 846 — com- 
mander, 1 855— member of Institute, 1857 — fc. 
at Paris, 13 Aug. 1863. Dante and Virgil, 
1822 — Massacre of Scio, 1824 — Death of the 
Doge Marino Faliero, 1826 — Milton dictating 
his Paradise Lost, 1827 — Cardinal Richelieu, 
1828 — Liberty guiding the People on the 
Barricades, 1831 — Women of Algiers, 1834 — 
Medea, 1838 — Library of the Luxembourg, 
1845 — Library of the Corps Le'gislatif 1847 
■ — Chapel of the Holy Angels, St Sidpice, 
1861. 

Delahaye, Guillaume Nicolas, engraver, — 
b. at Paris, 1725—0". at Charenton, 1802. 

Delaistre, Francois Nicolas, sculptor, — b. 
at St Germains, 9 Mar. 1746 — obtains first 
prize of the Academy, Aug. 1772 — Associate of 
the Academy, 1784 — tf. at Paris, 23 Apr. 1832. 
Philoctetes in Lemnos, 1785 — Figure of the 
Virgin, 1787 — Peace, 1800 — Phocion, 18 13 — 
Psyche, 18 14. 

Delambre, Jean Baptiste Joseph, astrono- 
mer, — b. at Amiens, 19 Sep. 1749 — obtains 
prize of Academy of Sciences, for his Tables 



of Jupiter and Saturn, 1792 — appointed with 
Mechain to measure arc of the meridian in 
France, 1792— perpetual secretary of the In- 
stitute, 1803 — member of Legion of Honour, 
1803 — Prof, at the College of France, 1807 
— treasurer of University, 1808 — member 
of Council of Public Instruction, 18 14-15 — 
Chevalier of St Michael, 1817 — Officer of 
Legion of Honour, 1821 — tf., 19 Aug. 1822. 
Traite complet d' astronomic, \%\\—Histoire de 
Vastronomie, §c, 1 817-21, 1827 — Methodes 
analytiques pour la determination d'un arc du 
Meridien, 1799 — Tables du Soleil, 1806 — Base 
du Systeme metrique decimal, 1806-10. 

Belandine, Antoine Francois, bibliographer, 
— b. at Lyons, 6 Mar. 1756 — correspondent of 
Academy of Inscriptions, 1780 — imprisoned, 
1793 — librarian to city of Lyons, 1803 — ft., 
1820. Supplement au Dictionnaire historique 
de Chaudon, 1804 — L'enfer des peuples anciens, 
1784 — Tableau des prisons de Lyon, 1799. 

©dangle, Claude Alphonse, statesman, — b. 
at Varzy, (Nievre,) 6 Apr. 1797 — Advocate- 
general to Court of Cassation, 1840-6 — member 
of Chamber of Deputies, 1846 — Procureur- 
general to Royal Court of Paris, 1847 — de- 
prived by Provisional Government, Feb. 1848 
— member of Consultative Commission, Dec. 
1 85 1 — Procureur-general to Court of Cassation, 
Jan. 1852 — first Pres. Imperial Court, 30 Dec. 
1852 — Senator, 31 Dec. — Minister of Interior, 
5 Jun. 1858 — member of Academy of Sciences, 
5 Mar. 1859 — Minister of Justice, (Keeper of 
the Seals,) 5 May 1859 — resigns, 23 Jun. 1863 
— Yice-Pres. Senate, 18 Oct. 1863 — again 
Procureur-general, 14 Nov. 1865 — fr., 21 Dec. 
1869. 

Belano, Amasa, traveller, — b. in United 
States, 21 Feb. 1763 — tS. there, about 1817. 
Narrative of voyages and travels, §c, 18 17. 

Belany, Mary, painter, $c., — b. in Wilt- 
shire, 14 May 1700 — marries Dr Delany, 1743 
— tS. in London, 15 Apr. 1788. The Flora, 
1774-88 — Autobiography and Correspondence, 
1861-2. 

Delany, Patrick, theologian,— -b. in Ireland, 
about 1686 — "H. at Bath, May 1768. Revela- 
tion examined with candour, 1732-6 — History 
of the Life and Reign of David, 114.0-z. 

Delaram, Francis, engraver, — b. in London, 
1590 — tf. there, 1627. 

Delaroche, Hippolyte, called Paul, painter, 
— b. at Paris, 16 Jul. 1797 — receives Cross of the 
Legion of Honour, 26 Apr. 1828 — member of 
the Institute, 3 Nov. 1832 — Officer of Legion 
of Honour, 1 Mar. 1834 — visits Italy, 1834 — 
marries Louise Vernet, at Rome, 28 Jan. 1835 
— employed to paint the hemycycle of the 
Palais des Beaux Arts, 1837-41-F-visits Rome, 
1843 — death of his wife, 15 Dec. 1845 — ft. at 
Paris, 4 Nov. 1856. St Vincent de Paid, 1824 
— Death- of the President Duranti, 1827 — 
Cromwell contemplating the corpse of Charles 
L., 1 83 1 — Children of Fdicard LV., 1831 — 
Lady Jane Grey, 1834 — Assassination of the 
Duke of Guise, 1834 — St Cecilia, 1835 — Straf- 
ford, 1837 — Napoleon at Fontainebleau, 1845 
— Marie Antoinette after her condemnation, 



DELAUNY— DELIUS. 



4*3 



iS$i — The Young Martyr, 1855 — The Giron- 
dists, 1856. 

Belauny, Louis, mineralogist, — ft. in the 
Netherlands, about 1740 — admitted to Acade- 
my of Brussels, 1770 — tf., after 1805. Mine- 
ralogie des anciens, 1803. 

Delavigne, Jean Francois Casimir, poet, — 
ft. at Havre, 4 Apr. 1793 — librarian of the 
Chancery, 1815 — librarian to Duke of Orleans, 
1822 — admitted to the Academy, 7 Jul. 1825 
— ft. at Lyons, 11 Dec. 1843. (Euvres, 1832-40. 
Delaware, U. 8., — visited by Lord Delaware, 
1610 — settled by Swedes, 1627 — passes to the 
Dutch, 1655— ceded by them to English, 1664 
— separate colony, 1704 — becomes one of the 
United States, 4 Jul. 1776 — constitution amend- 
ed, 183 1. 

Delcour, Jean, sculptor, — ft. at Liege, 4 
Apr. 1707. 

Delcour, Jean Gilles, painter, — ft. at Liege, 
1694. 

Delegates, Court of,— established by Act 25 
Hen. VIII. c. 19, 1533-4— jurisdiction trans- 
ferred to Privy Council, bv Act 2 and 3 ¥m 
IV. c. 92, Aug. 1832. 

Deleuze, Joseph Philippe Francois, na- 
turalist, — ft. at Sisteron, Mar. 1753 — librarian 
of Museum of Natural History, 1828 — tf. at 
Paris, 31 Oct. 1835. Translation of Darwin's 
Loves of the Plants, 1799 — Thomson's Seasons, 
1 80 1 — Histoire critique du magnetisme natural, 
181 3 — Histoire et description du museum d 'his- 
toire paturelle, 18 19. 

Deleyre, Alexandre, miscellaneous writer, — 
ft. near Bordeaux, 1726— deputy to National 
Convention, 1792 — member of the Institute, 
1795 — of Council of Ancients, 1795 — &., Mar. 
1797. Analyse de la philosophic de Bacon, 
1755 — Genie de Montesquieu, 1758. 

Delfico, Melehiorre, jurist, — ft. at Teramo, 
(Naples,) 1 Aug. 1744 — imprisoned, 1798 — 
Councillor of State, by Joseph Bonaparte, 1806 
— President of Commission of Archives, 1815- 
23 — tf. at Teramo, 21 Jun. 1835. Saggio 
fdosojico nel matrimonii), 1774 — Hiccrche sul 
vero carattere delta giurisprudenza Eomana, 
§c, iiyi—Memorie storiche delta republica di 
Sanmarino, 1804 — Pensieri su' la storia e su 
V inccrtezza ed inutilitd delta medesima, 1806. 

Delfi.no, Federico, physician, astronomer, — 
ft. at Padua, 1477— Prof, Astronomy there, 
1521-47 — ft. there, 1547. 

Delfino, Girolamo, — proveditore-general of 
Venetians, commands in Dalmatia, 1694-9 — 
defeated by the Turks, loses the Morea, &c, 
1714. 

Delfino, Giuseppe,— Captain -general of Ve- 
netian fleet, defeats the Turks at the Darda- 
nelles, 6 Jul. 1654. 

Delft, {Delff, Van Delphus,) Jacob, engraver, 
— ft. at Delft, 24 Jan. 16 19 — ft. there, 12 Jun. 
1661. Portrait of Hugo Grotius, 1652. 

Delhi, in Hindustan, — Visal, ancestor of 
Pritwi Raja, takes the throne, 1050 — Puitwi 
Raja, conquered by Mohammedans under 
Shahab u "din, 1 192 — [Afghan Dynasty at 
Delhi, Mogul Empire] — Delhi (and Agra) in- 
dependent of Mohammed Sur Adili, aids Ibra- 



him Sur, (961,) 1554 — taken by Secander Sur, 
J 554 or 1555— by Humayun, Jul. 1555— by 
Hema, 1555 — by A-kber, near end of 1556— 
city taken by Nadir Shah, 8 Mar. 1739 — eva " 
cuated by him, 14 Apr. — taken by the Abdallees, 
1756 — taken by the Mahrattas, 1760— entered 
by Mogul Emperor, with the Mahrattas, 25 
Dec. 177 1 — Delhi taken by the Rohillas, 1788 
—Lord Lake defeats Dowlut Rao Scindiah, 
and takes the city and territory of Delhi, 1 
Nov. 1803 — successfully defended against Hol- 
kar, 14 Oct. 1804 — death of Shah Alum, 
1 806 — succeeded by his son, Akbar, : Moham-. 
med Bahadur succeeds on death of Akbar, 
1837 — seized by Sepoy mutineers, 11 May, 1857 
— king of Delhi proclaimed Emperor, 12 May — 
siege of, by Gen. "Wilson, begins early in Jun. 
— bombardment, begins 1 1 Sep, — taken by as- 
sault, 20 Sep. — the king and his two sons cap- 
tured, and the latter shot by Lieut. Hodson, 2 1 
Sep. 

Delille, Jacques, poet, — ft. at Aigue-Perse, 
in Auvergne, 22 Jun. 1738 — admitted to French 
Academy, 1774 — Prof. Latin Poetry, College de 
France, before 1780 ?— accompanies Choiseul 
Gouffier to Constantinople, 1 7 84 — quits Paris, 
1794-1801 — tf. there, 1 May 1813. Transla- 
tion of the Georgics, 1769 — Les Jar dins, 1782 
— L Homme des Champs, 1800 — translation of 
Paradise Lost, about 1801 — Trois Eegnes de la 
Nature, 1808. 

Delinquents, in English History, — denounc- 
ed by the Long Parliament, early in Nov. 1640. 
Delisle, Claude, geograpiher, §c., — ft. at 
Vaucouleurs, 5 Nov. 1644 — ft. at Paris, 2 May 
1720. Abre'ge de V histoire universelle, 173 1 — ■ 
Traite de chronologie, 1730 — Lntroduction d la 
geographic, §c., 1747. 

Delisle, Guillaume, geographer, — ft. at Paris, 
28 Feb. 1675 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 
1702 — tf., 5 Jan. 1726. 

Delisle, Joseph Nicolas, astronomer, — ft. at 
Paris, 1688 — member of Academy of Sciences, 
17 14 — visits England, chosen F.R.S., 1724 — 
called to St Petersburg, astronomer to the czar, 
1727-48 — Prof. Astronomy, College Royal, 
Paris, 1748 — a", there, 11 Sep. 1768. Memoir e 
pour servir a V histoire de V astronomic, 1738. 

Delisle de Sales, (</. B. Claude Isoard De 
Lisle,) miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Lyons, 1743 
— member of Institute, 1795 — ft. at Paris, 22 
Sep. 1816. BarcUnadc, 1765 — Ma Republique, 
1 79 1 — Histoire philosophique du monde pri- 
mitif 1793 — Histoire des hommes, 1781. Phi- 
losophic de la nature, 1804. 

Delium, (Delion,) — [B C] — Athenians de- 
feated by Boeotians, beginning of winter 424. 

Delius, Christoph Traugott, mineralogist, 
— ft. in Saxony, i73o, a i728 b — ft. at Florence, 
21 Jan. 1779. Anleitung zur Bergbaukunst, 
1773. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Delius, Heinrich Friedrich, physician, 
natural philosopher, — ft. in Saxony, 8 Jul. 1720. 
— studies at Halle, 1740 — M.D., 1743 — Prof. 
Medicine, Erlangen, 1749 — member of the 
Royal Society of Gottingen, 1750 — Privy Coun- 
cillor, 1775 — 0"., 2.2 Oct. 1791. Adversaria 
arguments pltysico-mcdici, 1778-90 — Amceni- 



4i4 



DELLA CRUSCA— DELWARDE. 



tates medico;, 1745-7 — Synopsis introduction-is 
in medicinim universam ej usque historiam lite- 
rar/'am, 1779. 

Delia Crusca, Academia, — instituted at 
Florence, 1582. 

Delia Robbia. [Robbia.] 

Dellard, Jean Pierre, Baron, general, — b. 
at Cahors, 8 Apr. 1774 — takes part in the 
affair of Hondschoot, 1793 — captured by the 
Croats, at Tournai, 22 Apr. 1793 — serves under 
General Hoche, 1797 — distinguishes himself in 
campaign of Switzerland, Aug., Sep. 1799 — 
Colonel, 10 Feb. 1807 — contributes to the 
victory of Friedland, 14 Jun. 1807 — serves in 
Spain, 1808 — in Russian campaign, 18 12 — 
General of Brigade, Aug. 1 8 1 3 — C ommander of 
Valenciennes, 1 8 14-15 — Lieutenant of the king, 
Cherbourg, Sep. 1 8 1 8 — Lieutenant of the 
king, BesanQon, 1823 — ft. at Bourg, 12 Jul. 
1832. 

Dellius, Q. historian, — [B C] — joins Dola- 
bella, 44 — Antony; sent by him to summon 
Cleopatra to Cilicia, 41 — serves in Parthian 
"War, 36 — ambassador to Artavasdes of Armenia, 
34 — joins Octavianus, before the battle of 
Actium, 31. 

, Dellon, Claude, physician, — b., 1649— goes 
to East Indies, 1668 — arrested by Inquisition, 
1674— returns to France, 1677 — ft., after 1709. 
Relation d'un voyage fait aux Indes Orientates, 
1685 — Relation de £ Inquisition de Goa, 1687. 

Delmas, Antoine Guillaume, general, — b. 
near Tulle, 21 Jan. 1768 — enters the army, 
1779 — distinguishes himself at combat of 
Stromberg, 17 Mar. 1793 — General of Brigade, 
1793 — distinguishes himself at affair of Rehut, 
29 May 1794 — imprisoned, May 1794 — takes 
Creve-Cceur, 27 Nov. 1794 — commands in army 
of the Rhine, 1795 — wounded at passage of the 
Adige, 26 Mar. 1796 — distinguishes himself in 
campaign of Italy, 1801 — commands at battle 
of Liitzen, 1813 — ij. at Leipsic, 18 Oct. 18 13. 

Delmas, Jean Francois Bertrand, statesman, 
— b. at Toulouse, 1754 — secretary to Legis- 
lative Assembly, 26 Jan. 1792 — deputy to Con- 
vention, 1792 — commander of armed forces 
under the Committees, May 1795 — member of 
Council of Ancients, 1795 — ft., 1798. 

Delmatius, Flav. Julius, (Dalmatius,) 
Rom ax Emperor, — Consul with Zenophilus, 
(1086, a. v. c.) 333 — suppresses revolt of Calo- 
cserus in Cyprus, 334 s — appointed Caesar, 18 
Sep. 335 — assassinated, beginning 338/ 337. b 
a Clinton. b Zmnpt. 

Delmont, Deodat, painter,— b. at St Trond, 
158 1 — ft. at Antwerp, 25 Nov. 1634. 

Delolme, Jean Louis, — b. at Geneva, 1740 
— comes to England before 177 1 — returns to 
Geneva, 1775 — ft. in Switzerland, 16 Jul. 
1806. Constitution de V Angleterre, 177 1. 

Delom, Joseph, — b. at Marambat, (Gers,) 
26 Jan. 1768 — enters the army, 3 Aug. 1792 — 
distinguishes himself at passage of bridge of 
Elchingen, 14 Oct. 1805 — member of Legion of 
Honour, 1806 — distinguishes himself before 
Salamanca. Jun. to Jul. 1812 — ft. at Yie- 
Fezenzac, 28 Jun. 1826. 

Delorme, Philibert, architect, — b. at Lyons, 



1518 — studies at Rome, 1533-6 — Aumonier du 
roi, 1559 — ft. at Paris, 157 7, a living .157 8. b 
Chateau des Tuileries, begun 1564 — (Eavres 
d' Architecture, 1567. a Biog. Univ. b Jal. 

Delos, in the Egean — [B Cj — lustration of, 
winter 436 — made a free port by Rome, soon 
after battle of Pydna, 168. 

Delpech, Francois Seraphin, lithographer, 
— b. at Paris, 1778 — ft. at Paris, 25 Apr. 1825. 
Iconographie des Contemporains, commenced 
1823. 

Delpech, Jean, surgeon, — b. at Toulouse, 
1772 — assassinated at Montpellier, Oct. 1832. 
Chirurgie clinique de la faculte de medecine de 
Montpellier, 1824. 

Delphi, in Greece,— [V C]— [Sacred War, 
Pythian Games.] Temple burnt, (01. 58, 1,) 
548 — rebuilt by Spintharus of Corinth, (01. 
75,) 548 a — attacked by Xerxes, 480 — inde- 
pendence restored by Sparta ; put under 
Phocis by Athens, 449 a — seized by Phocians, 
357 — [Sacred War] — attacked by the Gauls, 
279 — plundered by Sulla, 87 — [AD] — oracle 
suppressed by Theodosius, about 390-5. 
a Miiller. 

Delphin Classics, — prepared for son of Louis 
XIV., {in usum Delphini,) under direction of 
Montausier, Huet, and Bossuet, about 1670-80 
— republished by Valpy in 183 vols., 1819-30. 

Delporte, Francois, — b. at Boulogne, 1746 
— ft. there, 18 19. Description topographique 
du district de Boulogne-sur-mer, §c, 1798. 

Delrio, Martin Anton,— b. at Antwerp, 17 
May 1551 — LL.D. Salamanca, 1574 — enters 
Order of Jesuits, at Valladolid, 1580 — ft. at 
Louvain, 19 (29) Oct. 1608. Disquisitiones 
magical, 1599 — C. Solini Folyhistor a Delrio 
emendatus, 1572. 

Deluc, Jean Andre, geologist, §c, — b. at 
Geneva, 1727 — reader to the Queen of England, 
1773 — Prof. Philosophy and Geology, Got- 
tingen, 1798 — returns to England, about 1806 
— ft. at Windsor, 8 Nov. 1817. Lettres ge'o- 
logiques sur I'histoire de la terre, 1798 — Traite 
elementaire de ge'ologie, 1808 — Geological travels 
in the north of Europe and in England, 18 10 — 
Recherches sur les modifications de V atmosphere, 
Sf'c, 1772 — Lettres physiques et morales, 1778- 
1800. 

Deluge of Noah, — [BC] — 7 Dec. 2349 to 18 

Dec. 2348^ 2482^ 2344,° 25 Nov. 2329 to 5 

Dec. 2328^ 3170^ 3155/ 2698,? 2352, 11 2293,' 

2l04. k a Ussher. b Clinton. c Marsham. 

d PetaTius. e Jackson. f Hales. S Howard. 

h Playfair. * Straucliius. 

k Vulgar Jewish Computation. 

Delvaux, Laurent, sculptor, — b. at Ghent, 
1695 — ft. at Nivelle, 24 Feb. 1778. 

Delvaux, Remi-Henri Joseph, engraver,— 
b., 1748 — ft. at Paris, 21 Sep. 1823. 

Delvincourt, Claude Etienne, jurist,— b. at 
Paris, 4 Sep. 1762 — L.L.D., 1785 — Prof. Law, 
Paris, 1805 — head of the Faculty, 1810 — mem- 
ber of Legion of Honour, 18 14 — censor royal, 
Oct. 1814 — ft., 23 Oct. 1831. Cours de droit 
civil, 1808 — histitutes de droit commercial, 
1810. 

Delwarde, (Delewarde,) Michel, historian y 



DELZONS— DEMETRIUS I. 



4i5 



—ft. at Mons, 1650 — tf. there, 18 Nov. 1724. 
Histoire generate de Hainaut, 1768. 

Delzons, Alexis Joseph, general, — 6. at 
Aurillac, 26 Mar. 1775 — enters the army, 1791 
— serves under Lannes, in the Pyrenees, 1792-3 
— distinguishes himself in campaign of Italy, 
1796 — in Egypt, 1798 — contributes to victory 
of Mount Kitta, 1809 — at battle of Wagram, 
"wounded at Znaim, 1809 — General of Division, 
181 1 — commands in Russian expedition, 1812 
— falls, at Malojaroslawetz, 24 Oct. 18 12. 

Demachy, Jacques Francois, chemist, 8$c, 
— h. at Paris, 30 Aug., a Apr. b 1728 — tf. at 
Paris, 7 Jul. 1803. Art du distillateur d'eau- 
forte, 1773 — Art du distillateur liquoriste, 1775 
— Art du vinaigrier, 1780. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Demades, orator, — [BC] — opposes Demo- 
sthenes, 349 — taken prisoner at Chseroneia, 338 
— propitiates Alexander respecting the Athenian 
orators, Nov. 335 — administers a theoricon, 
331 — administers affairs at Athens 12 years, 
before 326 — ambassador with Phokion, &c, to 
Antipater, 322 — put to death, about midsum- 
mer 318. 

Demandre, Claude Francois, mechanician, 
— fc. at Amance, (Vesoul,) about 1728 — invents 
his moteur, 1774 — a", at Paris, 3 Dec. 1803. 

Demanne, Louis Charles Joseph, biblio- 
grapher, — b. at Paris, 11 Sep. 1773 — employed 
in the royal Cabinet of Medals, 1791 — conserv- 
ator and administrator of department of printed 
books, Nov. 1820 — Chevalier of Legion of 
Honour, 1823 — tf. at Paris, 23 Jul. 1832. 
Nouveau recueil d'ouvrages anonymes et pseudo- 
nymes, 1834. 

Demaratos, King- of Sparta, — [B C] — 
succeeds Ariston, about 510 — commands in ex- 
pedition into Attica, dissensions wdth Cleomenes, 
507 — dethroned by intrigues of Cleomenes, 
goes to Persia, 491 — accompanies Xerxes in his 
expedition against Greece, 480 — tf., after 465. 

Demarcay, Marc Jean, general, — ft. in Poi- 
tou, 11 Aug. 1772 — Captain of Artillery, 1793 
— distinguishes himself at taking of Quesnoy, 
1794 — takes part in expedition of Egypt, 1798 
— Colonel, at battle of Marengo, 14 Jun. 1800 
— Commander of Legion of Honour, at Aus- 
terlitz, Dec. 1805 — first inspector of artillery 
and engineers in Holland, 1807 — General of 
Brigade, 1808 — member of Chamber of Depu- 
ties, 1 8 19 — tf. at Paris, May 1839. 

Demarne, {Be Marne,) Jesuit,— ft. at Douai, 
26 Nov. 1699— tf. at Liege, 9 Oct. 1756 — BZis- 
toire du comte de Namur, 1754. 

Demarne, Jean Louis, painter, — a. at Brus- 
sels, 1752 — tf., 1829. 

Demarne, Louis, painter, — ft. at Brussels, 
1744 — tf. near Paris, 23 Mar. 1829. 

Demarteau, Gilles, {the elder,) engraver, — 
fc. at Liege, 1729,* n22 b — tf. at Paris, 1776. 
a Biog. Univ. b Ersch. and Gruber. 

Dembarrere, Jean, Count, general, — fc. at 
Tarbes, 3 Jul. 1747 — enters the army, 1768 — 
Commander-in-chief of engineers, serves in 
army of the North, 1792 — at defence of Valen- 
ciennes, May to JuL 1793 — General of Brigade, 
serves in la Vendee, 1793 — of Division, 17 Jan. 



1794 — Commander of Legion of Honour, Jun. 
1 804— Senator, 1 Feb. 1805 — Chevalier de St 
Louis, Peer of France, 4 Jun. 18 14 — Grand 
Officer of Legion of Honour, 23 Aug. 1814 — tf., 
Jan. 1828. 

Dembowski, Jean, general, — fc. at Gora, 
(Warsaw,) 1773 — serves against Russia under 
Kosciusko, takes refuge in France, 1794 — aide- 
de-camp to General Dombrowski, distinguishes 
himself in campaign of Italy, 1796 — in Spain, 
1809 — General of Brigade, 1810 — serves in 
Russian campaign, 181 2 — tf., 1823. 

Dembowski, Louis Mathieu, general,— ly. at 
Gora, (Warsaw,) Aug. 1769 — enters the French 
army, 19 Feb. 1795 — distinguishes himself in 
campaign of Italy, 1796 — Colonel of Polish 
Legion, 5 Apr. 1799 — follows Rochambeau to 
St Domingo, 1802 — serves in the Peninsula, 
1809 — General of Brigade, 8 Jan. 18 10 — tf. at 
Yalladolid, 12 Jul. 181 2. 

Demerara, {British Guiana,) in S. America, 
— surrenders to the English, 1796 — restored to 
the Dutch, 1802 — retaken by the British, 1803. 

Demetrius, {Bemetrios,) comic poet, {old Co- 
medy,) — [BC] — fl., after 410-405. 

Demetrius, comic poet, {new Comedy?) — [B C] 
— fl., after 299. 

Demetrius, statuary, — [B C] — fl., about 400. 

Demetrius, Platonic philosopher, — [BC] — ■ 
fl., about 85. 

Demetrius, of Pharos, — [BC] — surrenders 
Korkyra to Rome, and acquires part of Illyria, 
228 — aids Antigonus Doson against Cleomenes, 
223 — driven out of his dominions by L. JEmi- 
lius Paullus, 219 — advises Philip of Macedonia 
to make alliance with Hannibal, 215 — killed in 
assault of Ithome, 205^ a Liddell. 

Demetrius, {Bmitri,) the False Bemetrius, 
Czar of Russia, — appears in Poland, pretends 
to be son of Ivan IV., 1603 — invades Russia, 
close of 1604— on death of Boris Gudunof, con- 
ducted in triumph to Moscow, Jun. 1605 — ■ 
crowned soon after : marries Marina Mniszek, 
May 1606 — murdered by the mob, (17) 28 May 
1606. 

Demetrius, {Bmitri,) second False Bemetrius, 
— appears near Moscow, 1609 — besieges Mos- 
cow; takes refuge with Tatars, and is killed 
by Tatar chieftain, 16 10. 

Demetrius Cydonius, theologian, §c, — 
enters monastery with Joannes Cantacuzenus, 
1355— *•> after 1384. 

Demetrius Pepanus, {Pepano,) theologian, 
— studies at Rome, about 1637-44. Opera, 
1781. 

Demetrius Phalereus, — [B C] — b., about 
(01. 108-9,) 345 — begins to take part in public 
affairs at Athens, 325 a — begins to govern 
Athens, Sep. 317 a — Archon, 309 — expelled 
from Athens by Demetrius Poliorketes, with- 
draws to Thebes, (ThargeL) May, b Sep. a 307 — 
and to Egypt, 296 a — tf- in prison, after 283. 11 
H Clinton. b Grote. 

Demetrius I., Soter, King of Syria,— [B C ] 
— b., about 187 a — hostage at Rome, through- 
out reign of Antiochus Epiphanes, 175-164 — ■ 
escapes and gains throne of Syria from Antio- 
chus Eupator, 162 — expels Ariarathes from 



4 i6 



DEMETRIUS— DEMOSTHENES. 



Cappadocia, 158 — defeated and killed by Alex- 
ander Balas, 150. a Smith's Diet. 

Demetrius I., Poliorketes, King of Mace- 
donia, — [B C] — b., about 338 — commands 
hetairoi at Gabiene, 317 — commands right wing 
at Gabiene, 316 — chief command in Syria, 314 
— defeated at Gaza by Ptolemy and Seleucus, 
alter midsummer 312— recovers Babylon, 311 
— acquires Athens, Jim. 307 — defeats Ptolemy 
at sea, before midsummer 306 — besieges Rhodes, 
spring 304 to spring 303 — opposes Cassander in 
Greece, after midsummer 303, a late in 304 b 
— campaign against Cassander in Greece, 302, a 
303 b — Commander-in-chief of Greece at 
Corinth, 303 b — initiated in Eleusinian Mys- 
steries, Apr. 3oi, a 302 c — joins Antigonus at 
Ephesus, 301, a 302 bc — defeated at Ipsus by 
Lysimachus and Seleucus, Aug. 301 — alliance 
with Seleucus, 301 — occupies Cilicia, 301 — 
takes Athens by blockade, 299,* 295 b c d — at- 
tempts Athens in vain, 267 b c — assassinates 
Alexander and succeeds him. 294 e — takes 
Thebes, 292 b — again, after a siege, 291-290"° 
— celebrates Pythian games at Athens, autumn 
290 — war with Pyrrhus, 289 — prepares for 
recovering Asia, 288 — driven from Macedonia 
by Pyrrhus, 287 — war in Asia, surrenders to 
Seleucus, 286 — ft., 283,* b de 284.= a Clinton. 
b Smith's Diet. c Thirl wall. d Zumpt. e Grote. 

Demetrius II., Nicator, King of Syria, — 
[B C] — sent to Cnidus, 150— invades Syria, 
148-7 — defeats Balas at the CEnoparas, 146 — 
loses Antioch, [The Maccabees, Tryphon,] 
145 — taken prisoner by Parthians, 138 — re- 
established in his kingdom by Phraates, 128 — 
defeated by Alexander Zebina, and assassinated, 

Demeunier, (Desmeunier,) Jean Nicolas, 
statesman, miscellaneous writer, — b. in Francbe- 
Comte, 15 Mar. 1751 — deputy to States-Gen- 
eral, 1789 — member of Tribunate, Dec. 1799 
■ — Pres., Jan. 1800 — Senator, Jan. 1802 — >f. at 
Paris, 7 Feb. 18 14. Esprit cles usages et des 
coutumes des differents peuples, 1780. 

Demide, armourer, — discovers mines of Koli- 
wan, Siberia, 1725 — establishes first iron 
foundry there, 1726. 

Demidow, Anatoli, Prince, art critic, — b. 
at Florence, about i8io : ' — marries Princess 
Matilda de Montfort, at Florence, 1840,'° 1841 a 
■ — separates from his wife, 1845 — ft. at Paris, 
29 Apr. 1870. Voyage dans la Russie Meri- 
dionale, $c, 1839. a VaJ>ereau. b Engl. Qye. 

Demidow, Nicolay Nikitich, Count of, 
philanthropist, — b. near St Petersburg, 3 Nov. 
1773 — aide-de-camp to Prince Potemkin, 1789 
■ — Lieutenant-colonel, 1792 — gentleman of the 
chamber to Empress Catherine, 1794 — equips 
and commands regiment against French, 1812 
■ — settles at Paris, 18 15 — if. at Florence, 22 
Apr. 1828. 

Deranie, Hermann Christoph Gottfried, 
miscellaneous writer, — b. at Miihlhausen, 7 
Sep. 1760 — first pastor, Cathedral of Saxe- 
Altenburg, 1801 — tj. there, 26 Dec. 1822. 
JPachtef Martin und sein Voter, 1792-3- — 
Erzdhlimgen, 1792-3. 

Demmen, Fomerania, — besieged by German 



crusaders, 1 148 — stormed by Henry the Lion, 
1164 — occupied by Yfaldeniar II., 1210-27 — 
taken by the Swedes, 1631 — by the Imperial- 
ists, 1637 — recovered by the Swedes, 1639 — 
taken by the Great Elector, 11 Nov. 1659 — 
retaken by the Swedes, 12 Oct. 1676 — given 
up to Prussia by Peace of Stockholm, 1720 — ■ 
the fortifications demolished, 1759 — occupied 
for a short time by the French, Apr. 1807. 

Demochares, Athenian orator, — [BC] — b., 
about 380 — is engaged in public affairs at Athens, 
322 — supports Sophocles' law against philoso- 
phers, 316 — head of patriot party, 307-303 — • 
banished, 302 — returns, 298 — fortifies Athens, 
297 — ambassador to Philip and Antipater, 296 — 
concludes treaty with Bceotia and is exiled, 296 
— returns to Athens, 287 or 286 — ambassador 
to Lysimachus, 282 — proposes statue to De- 
mosthenes, 280 — rj., between 280-270. 

Democles, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
125, 3,) 278. 

Democlides, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
116, 1,) 316. 

Demoeritus, philosopher, — [B C] — b., (01. 
80, 1,) 460,* (01. 77, 3,) 470 b — visits Persia 
and Egypt in his travels, between 423-405 — #., 
(01. 105, 4,) 357. a a Clinton. b Thrasyllus. 

Demogenes, — [B C] — Arch on at Athens, (01. 
115, 4,) 317. 

Demoivre, Abraham, mathematician, — b. 
at Yitry, Champagne, 26 May 1667 — settles in 
London, 1685 — if. there, 27 Nov. 1754. Mis- 
cellanea Analytica, de Seriebus et Quadratures, 
1730 — The doctrine of Chances, §c, 17 18 — 
Annuities on Lives, 1724. 

Demokedes, Greek physician, — [B C] — taken 
prisoner with Polycrates of Samos, and sent to 
Susa, 522 — accompanies Persian exploring ex- 
pedition, escapes, and settles at Crotona, about 
518. 

Demonax, Cynic philosopher, — [BC] — fl. 
about 125. 

Demophilus, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
99, 4,) 381. 

De Morgan, Augustus, mathematician, — b. 
at Madura, E. Indies, Juii. 1806 — B.A., fourth 
wrangler,Cambridge, 1827 — marries, abouti828 
— Prof. Mathematics, London Univ., 1828-31 — ■ 
again appointed, 1836 — begins to contribute to 
Athenceum, 1840 — resigns his professorship, 
1866 — tf. in London, 18 Mar. 1871. Elements 
of Arithmetic, 1830 — Elements of Algebra, 
1835 — Connection of Number and Magnitude, 
1836 — Elements of Trigonometry, 1837 — -Essay 
— on Probabilities, 1838 — Differential and Inte- 
gral Calculus, 1842 — Formal Logic, 1847 — 
Arithmetical Books, 1847 — Trigonometry and 
Double Algebra, 1 849 — Book of Almanacs, 
1 85 1 — contributes to Fenny Cyclopaedia, 1833- 
43 — to Companion to the Almanac, from 
1828. 

Demosthenes, — [BC] — [Peloponnesian 
Y/ar] — Admiral with Procles, 426 — seizes 
Pylos and blockades the Spartans in Sphacteria, 
425 — takes Nicaea, 424 — conducts reinforce- 
ments to Sicily, 413 — taken and put to death, 

4i3- 

Demosthenes, orator, — [BC]— b., 385^ Jul. 



DEMO STRAT S— DENMARK. 



4i7 



382^ (01. 99, 4,) 381,° 3 8 4 d_ieft an orphan, 
378, a Sep. to Oct. b 376 — admitted to citizen- 
ship after examination, (01. 103, 3,) 366 b — 
accuses his guardian, (01. 104,) 364— quarrel 
with Meidias, 361-353— begins his career as a 
statesman, (01. 106,) 356 — acts as choragus 
voluntarily, 354, e Feb. 350 b — with JEschines 
and others ambassador to Philip, Mar. 346 b — 
ambassador with others to Peloponnesus and 
Ambracia, (01. 109, 2,) 343 — at Chseroneia, (7 
Metag. 01. 110, 9,) 338— demanded by Alex- 
ander, Nov. 335 — prosecuted for receiving 
bribes from Harpalus, fined and withdraws 
to Trcezene and JEgina, summer 324 — recalled, 
after Jun. 323 — flies from Athens and is 
sentenced to death, Sep. 322 — tf. at Calauria, 
(16 Pyaneps. 01. 114, 3,) 13 Oct. 322.^ 
Orations: In ApJwb. I. II., 364 — Contra 
Aphob., 364 — In Onetor. I. II., 364 — In 
Calippum, 364 — In Poly clem, after 361 — Be 
Corona Naval., after 361 — In Euerg. et Mne- 
sibul., after 356 — In Androtionem, 355 — In 
Beptinem, 355 — In Zenothemim, after 355 — In 
Timotheum, before 354 — Be Classibus, 354 — 
Pro Megalopol., 353 — In Timocratem, 353 or 
early in 352 — Philippic, I., latter part 352 — In 
Aristocratem, 352 or early in 35 1 — Pro Rhodiis, 
latter part 351 — In Boeotum, before midsummer 
350 — Pro Phormione, 350 — Olynthiac, I. II. 
III., latter part 349 and early 348 — In Mei- 
diam, before midsummer 348, 355 s — In Boeotum 
de Bote, 347 — In Pantcenet., after 347 — Be 
Pace, latter part 346 — In Eubulid., after 346 — 
Philippic, II., 344 — In Stephanum, I. II., be- 
fore 343 — Be Haloneso, 343 — Be Falsa Begat., 
Jun. 343, b 342 e — In Cononem, about 343 — In 
Olympiodor., after 343 — Be Chersoneso, spring 
341 — Philippic, III. IV., about midsummer 
341 — In Epistolam, beginning 339 — In Phor- 
mionis paragr., after 336, 332 ? e — In Biony- 
siodor., after 331, 329 ? e — Be Corona, after 
midsummer 330. 

a Becker, Thirlwall, &c. b Clinton. 

c Dionys. Halic. d Others. e Smith's Diet. 

Demostratos, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, 
(01. 96, 4,) 393,* and (01. 97, 3,) 390.* 
a Clinton. 

Demotion, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
77, 3,) 470. 

Demours, Antoine Pierre, oculist, — b. at 
Paris, 16 Dec. 1762 — ft. ,4 Oct. 1836. Memoire 
sur V operation de la cataracte, 1784 — Traite 
des maladies des yeux, §c, 18 18 — Precis his- 
torique et pratique sur les maladies des yeux, 
1821. 

Demoustier, Charles Albert, miscellaneous 
writer, — b. at Villers-Cotterets, 11 Mar. 1760 
— lj. there, 9 Mar. 1801. Bettres a Emilie sur 
la mythologie, 1786 — Conciliateur, 1791 — Tole- 
rant, 1794. 

Dempster, Thomas, archceologist, §c, — b. at 
Muiresk, Aberdeenshire, 23 Aug. 1579 — enters 
Cambridge Univ., 1589 — regent of College of 
Navarre, Paris, 1596 ? — lj. near Bologna, 6 Sep. 
1625. Be Etruria regali, 1723 — Kistoria ec- 
clesiastica gentis Scotorum, 1627. 

Denain, — Marshal Villars defeats Earl of 
Albemarle at, 24 Jul. 17 12. 



Denarius, — [B C] — first coined at Rome, 269 
— gold denarius, first, about 205 ? — half dena- 



rius first coined, under Lex Clodia, ? 



-77 



Denbigh, in N. Wales, — castle built, about 
1283 — Charles I. takes refuge at, Sep. 1645 — 
surrendered to Parliamentary troops alter several 
months' siege, Nov. 1646 — dismantled by order 
of Charles II., after May 1660. 

Denderah, Egtjpt, — one of the Zodiacs of, 
removed to Paris, 1 8 2 1 . 

Dendermonde, (Termonde,) in E. Flanders, 
— citadel built, 1584 — unsuccessfully besieged 
by Louis XIV., 1667 — taken by Marlborough, 
1706 — falls into hands of the French, 1745. 

Denham, Dixon, traveller, — b. in London, 1 
Jan. 1786 — enters the army, 181 1 — sets out for 
Africa, 1821 — returns, 1825 — Lieutenant-col- 
onel, superintendent of free Africans, Sierra 
Leone, Dec. 1826 — tf. vice-governor of Free- 
town, 9 May 1828. Narrative of travels and 
discoveries, §c, 1823. 

Denham, Sir John, poet, — b. in Dublin, 
1615 — enters Trin. Coll. Oxford, 1631 — Sur- 
veyor-general of Royal Buildings, 1660 — K.B., 
1660— o\, Mar. 1688," 1668 b . Coopers Hill, 
1643 — The Sophy, 1641. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Chalmers. 

Denina, Carlo Giovammaria, historian, $c, 
— b. at Revello, Piedmont, 28 Feb. 173 1 — 
Prof. Humanities and Rhetoric, Pignerol, 1754 
— Turin, 1758 — goes to Berlin, 1782 — librarian 
to Napoleon, 1804 — fr. at Paris, 5 Dec. 181 3. 
Biscorso sopra le vicende della letteratura, 1760 
— Istoria delle Rivoluzioni d' Italia, 1769-91 — 
Ba clef des Langues, §c, 1805 — Rivoluzioni della 
Germania, 1804 — Istoria delV Italia Occiden- 
tale, 1809. 

Denis, Michel, bibliographer, poet, — b. in 
Bavaria, 1729 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1747 — 
first keeper of Imperial Library, Vienna, 179 1 
— Tf. there, 29 Sep. 1800. Ossians und Sineds 
Bieder, 1784 — Carmina, 1794 — Grundriss der 
Bibliographie und Biicherkunde, 1774— Grund- 
riss der Eiterar-geschichte, 1776 — Wiens Buch- 
drucker-geschichte, 1782-93. 

Denman, Thomas, Lord, Chief Justice op 
England, — b. in London, 23 Feb. 1779 — ' 
enters St John's College, Cambridge, 1796 — 
B.A., 1800 — M.A., 1803 — enters Lincoln's Inn, 
1803 — marries, 1804 — called to the bar, 1806 
— M.P. Wareham, 1818— M.P. Nottingham, 
1820-6 — Solicitor-general to Queen Caroline, 
1820-1 — M.P. Nottingham, 1830-1 — Attor- 
ney-general, 26 Nov. 1830— Chief Justice of 
the Queen's Bench, and Privy Councillor, 4 
Nov. 1832 — raised to the peerage, Mar. 1834 — 
retires from the bench, Mar. 1850 — loses his 
wife, 1852 — tf. at Stoke Albany, 22 Sep. 1854. 

Denmark, (Chersoncsus Cimbrica,)—[BC] — 
Cimbri inhabit, and become known to the Ro- 
mans, about 100 — [AD] — overrun by Goths 
under Odin, about 250 — [Danes, Northmen]— 
Christianity introduced by Anscharius, 826 — 
Gorm, the Old, subdues Jutland, about 863 — he 
unites the country under his rule, before 900— 
Harold II. Bluetooth, (son,) succeeds, 935 — 
goes to assist Richard, Duke of Normandy, 
against king of France, 945 — makes a descent 
2 7 



4 i8 



DENMARK. 



on Norway and restores Harold Grafeld to the 
throne, 950 — partitions Norway and makes it 
tributary to Denmark, 962 — again aids the 
Duke oi' Normandy, 962 — ravages Schleswig, 
964 — driven hack by Otto I., 965 — assists 
Henry of Bavaria against Otto II., 974 — revolt 
of his son, Sweyn, retires for several years to 
Normandy, and is reestablished by aid of the 
duke : killed in fresh revolt of Sweyn, 985 — 
Sweyn I. Forhbeard, (son,) elected, 985 — Cnut 
II. the Great, (son,) 1014 — Cnut III. (Hartha- 
cnut,) (son,) 1036 — Norway independent under 
Magnus, 1036 — Magnus the Good, succeeds, 
1042 — revolt of Sweyn, invasion of Yandals, 
1043 — divides Norway with Harold, brother of 
St Ohms ; tf., 1047 — Sweyn II., (son of Ulph,) 
1047 — carries on war with Harold, 1049-64 — 
descent on England hy his brother, 1069 — 
enters the Humber and the Thames, makes 
treaty with William I., and withdraws, 1070 — 
massacre of nobles in church of Roeskild, 1072 — 
does penance : joins league of the emperor 
Henry IV. against Saxons, 1073 — rj., 28 Apr. 
1074 — Interregnum, 1074-77 — Harold III. 
elected, 1077— tf., 17 Apr. 1080 — Cnut IV., 
the Saint, (brother,) 1080 — conquers and an- 
nexes Livonia ; revolt excited by imposition of 
tithes, 1086 — Olaus, {Olaf,) IV., (brother,) 
1086 — tf., 18 Aug. 1095 — Eric I., the Good, 
(brother,) 1095 — victorious over the Vandals; 
visits Rome and ohtains from Pascal II. erec- 
tion of Lunden into archbishopric : tf . in Cyprus, 
n Jul. 1 103 — Interregnum, 1103-1105 — Ni- 
cholas, {Niels,) (brother of Eric,) 11 05 — de- 
posed in favour of Eric, (brother of Cnut,) 1131 
— war with him, 1 1 31-4 — acknowledges himself 
vassal of the empire, 1 1 34 — hattle with Eric, 4 
Jun. 1 1 34 — murdered in Schleswig, 25 Jun. 1 1 35 
— Eric II., {Fmund,) (nephew,) 11 35 — mur- 
dered, 18 Sep. 1137— Eric III., the Lamb, 
(grandson of Eric the Good,) elected, 11 37 — war 
with his rival Olaf, defeats and kills him, 1 143 — 
unsuccessfully attacks the Vandals, 1 144 — abdi- 
cates and tf., 1 147 — Sweyn III., (son of Eric 
Emund,) and _ Cnut, (son of Magnus,) elected 
hy rival parties, 1147 — war between them; 
refer claims to the emperor Frederick I., 1152 
— appear at Diet of Mersehurg ; crown ad- 
judged to Sweyn, isle of Zealand to Cnut; in- 
vasion of Sweden, 1154 — new rival in AValde- 
mar, (son of St Cnut,) 1 156— alliance of Walde- 
mar with Cnut ; treaty for partition of Den- 
mark hetween the three, signed at Roeskild, 
1 1 57 — Cnut assassinated by Sweyn ; war with 
Waldemar ; Sweyn defeated and killed, 23 Oct. 
11 57 — Waldemar I., the Great, 1157 — Cnut 
VI., the Pious, (son,) succeeds", 12 May 11 82 — 
Waldemar II., the Victorious, (brother,) Christ- 
mas Day 1202 — Norway made tributary, 1203 
— conquest of E. Pomerania, 12 10 — Eric IV., 
(son,) Mar. 1241 — murdered, night of 9-10 
Aug. 1250— Abel, (brother,) elected, 1250 — 
defeated and killed hy the Frisians, 29 Jun. 
1252 — ChristopherI., (brother,) 1252 — quar- 
rel with Abp Lunden begins, 1256 — Abp 
arrested, and interdict laid on kingdom, 1258 
— tf. at Rypen, 29 May 1259 — Eric V., 



(son,) succeeds, under regency of his mother, 
1259— Eric VI., (son,) Nov. 1286 — Interreg- 
num, 13 Nov. i3i9to25 Jan. 1320 — Christo- 
pher II., (brother,) 1320 — revolt suppressed, 
1323 — driven away, 1326 — regency of Ger- 
hard, Count of Holstein ; recovers the throne, 
1330 — tf., 15 Jul. 1334 — Interregnum, 1334-40 
— Waldemar III., (son,) 1 340— Interregnum, 
24 Feb. 1375 to 13 May 1376 — Olaf, (grand- 
son,) 1376 — regency of his mother Margaret, 
queen of Norway; tf., 3 Aug. 1387 — Margaret, 
(mother,) queen of Denmark and Norway, 1387 
— and of Sweden, 1388— Eric VII., (grand- 
nephew,) king of Denmark, Norway, and Swe- 
den, under administration of Margaret, 1 3 Jun. 
1397 — [Calmar, Union of,] — Eric alone, on 
death of Margaret, 27 Nov. 141 2 — deposed, 1439 
— Christopher III. of Bavaria, (nephew,) 
elected, 9 Apr. 1440 — king of Sweden, 8 Sep. 
1441 — king of Norway, 1442 — tf., 6 Jan. 1448 
— Dissolution of the Union of Calmar, 1448. 
Oldenburg Family : Christian I., Count of 
Oldenburg, elected king of Denmark, 1 Sep. 
1448 — crowned king of Norway, 1450 — Uni- 
versity of Copenhagen founded, 1478 — John I., 
(son,) May 148 1 — king of Norway, Jan. 1483 — 
king of Sweden, Aug. 1483 — Triple Alliance he- 
tween Denmark, France, and Scotland, 1498 — 
Sweden separated, May 1502 — Christian II. suc- 
ceeds his father, in Denmark and Norway, 15 13 
— recognized in Sweden, 6 Mar. 1520 — revolt of 
Sweden under Gustavus Vasa, 1522 — revolt of 
Danes, Christian deposed, 1523 — Frederick I., 
the Peaceful, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, pro- 
claimed king of Denmark and Norway, Jan. 
1523 — religious liberty established by royal 
edict, 1525 — confirmed by Diet of Odensee, 
1527 — Interregnum after death of Frederick I., 
3 Apr. 1533 to 4 Jul. 1534— Christian III., 
(son,) proclaimed, 4 Jul. 1534 — siege of Copen- 
hagen, 1535-6 — the Reformation established, 
30 Oct. 1536 — incorporation of Norway, 1537 
— the Bible translated into Danish, 1545 — 
Frederick II., (son,) Jan. 1559 — subdues 
Dithmarsh, 1559 — war with Sweden, 1563 to 
Nov. 1570 — tf., 4 Apr. 1588— Christian IV., 
(son,) succeeds, 1588 — war with Sweden, 161 1 
to Jan. 161 3, and 1643 to 23 Aug. 1645 — 
Frederick III., (son,) Mar. 1648 — war with 
Sweden, Jun. 1657 to Jun. 1660 — declared 
absolute sovereign, and the throne hereditary, 
23 Oct. 1660 — the law of settlement {Konge- 
Lov) promulgated, 1665 — Christian V., (son,) 
succeeds, Feb. 1670 — war with Sweden, 1675-9 
— Frederick IV., (son,) 4 Sep. 1699 — war 
with Charles XII., begins, 1699 — renewed, 
1709 — treaty of peace, at Stockholm, 14 Jun. 
1720 — Christian VI., (son,) succeeds, Oct. 1730 
: — Frederick V., (son,) h. 1723 — marries 
Princess Louisa of England, 11 Dec. 1743 — ■ 
succeeds, Aug. 1746 — crowned, 4 Sep. 1747 — 
maries Julia Maria of Brunswick Wolfenbiittel, 
8 Jul. 1752 — tf., 13 Jan. 1766 — Christian 
VII., (son,) succeeds, 13 Jan. 1766 — affair of 
Count Struensee and Brandt, 1772 — attack on 
Copenhagen, by Lord Nelson, 1801 — war with 
England begins, Aug. 1807 — bombardment of 



DENNER— DERBY. 



419 



Copenhagen, by Lord Gambier, 4-7 Sep. 1807 
— the fleet carried to England ; Frederick VI., 
(son,) succeeds, 13 Mar. 1808 — war with Eng- 
land, continued : war with Sweden, Mar. 1808 
to Dec. 1 809 — Swedish Pomerania accepted in 
exchange for Norway, by Treaty of Kiel, 14 
Jan. 1 8 14 — religions toleration complete by 
admission of Jews to equal civil rights, 29 
Mar. 1 8 14 — electoral districts formed, bylaw 
of 28 May 1 83 1— further regulations by decree 
of 15 May 1834— Christian VIII., (cousin,) suc- 
ceeds, Dec. 1839 — sale of East Indian and 
African colonies to England, 1845 — by letters 
patent Schleswig declared inseparable from 
crown of Denmark, 1846 — Frederick VII., 
(son,) 20 Jan. 1848 — promulgation of Con- 
stitution, before end of Jan. — insurrection or- 
ganized, Mar. — revolt of Duchies of Sehles- 
wig-Holstein, spring 1849 — relations with 
Schleswig - Holstein settled by decree of 28 
Jan. .1852 — Treaty of London, 8 May 1852 — 
of Copenhagen, abolition of Sound Dues, 14 Mar. 
1857 — on extinction of Oldenburg line by death 
of Frederick VII., Christian IX., {Prince of 
Sonderburg^Glucksburg,) succeeds, 15 Nov. 
1863 — sanctions new Constitution, 18 Nov. 1863 
■ — the Schleswig-Holstein War, Feb. to Oct. 
1 864 — loss of the Duchies of Schleswig-Holstein 
and Lauenburg, by Treaty of Vienna, 1 Aug. 
1864. 

Denner, Balthazar, painter, — ft. at Ham- 
burg, 1685 — ft. at Rostock, or Hamburg, 1747 
or 1749. 

Dennewitz, — the Crown Prince of Sweden 
defeats Marshals Ney and Oudinot at, 6 Sep. 
1813. 

Dennis, John, critic,—^, in London, 1657— 
enters Caius College, Cambridge, 1675 — M.A., 
1683 — tf., 6 Jan. 1733. Select Works, 1718. 

Denon, Dominique Vivant, Baron, traveller, 
writer on Art, — ft. at Chalons sur Saone, 4 Jan. 
1747 — admitted to Academy of Painting, 1787 
— accompanies Napoleon to Egypt, 1798 — 
directeur-general des Musees, about 1802-14 — 
fr. at Paris, 1825. Voyage dans la Saute et 
Basse Egypte pendant les campagnes du General 
Bonaparte, 1 802 — Monuments des Arts du 
dessin, 1829. 

Dentatus, L. Sicinius, — [BC] — trib. pleb., 
454 — assassinated, 450. 

Dentatus, W Curius, — [BC] — Consul with 
P. Corn. Rufinus, (464, a. it. c.) 290— con- 
quers Samnites and triumphs : conquers Sa- 
bines : ovation over Lucanians, 286 or 285 a — 
praetor, 283 — Consul with L. Corn. Lentulus, 
(479,) 275 — defeats Pyrrhus, and triumphs 
over him and Samnites ; Consul with. Ser. Corn. 
Merenda, (480,) 274 — censor, 272 — builds 
aqueduct, {Aniensis Vetas,) 272 — duumvir, 270 
— tf., 265. a Niebuhr. 

Denter, M. Livius,— [B C]— Consul with M. 
JEmilius Paullus, (452, a. u. c.) 302. 

Dentzel, George Frederic, general, — ft. at 
Turkheim, (Linange,) 25 Jul. 1755 — enters the 
French army, 1774 — deputy to Convention, 
1792 — secretary to Convention, 1795 — serves 
in Prussian campaign, 1806 — General of 



Brigade, 1 8 1 3 — Officer of Legion of Honour ; 
Marshal of Infantry camp, 3 Apr. 18 14 — re- 
ceives Cross of St Louis, 21 Aug. 18 14 — at 
"Waterloo, 18 15 — rj., about 1820. 

Denys le Chartreux, — ft. in Liege, 1394 
— 0"., 12 Mar. 147 1. Speculum conversionis 
peccatorum, 1473 — Contra Alcoranum, §c, } 

1533- 

Deodands, — abolished by Act 9 and 10 Vic. 
c. 62, 18 Aug. 1846. 

Deogiri, (Loivlatabad,) [Mahrattas,] — sub- 
mits to Ala u din, 1294 — taken by Cafur, 1312 
— made seat of government by Mohammed 
Toghlak, about 1340-50? — besieged by Nizam 
Shahi, King of Ahmednagar, and relieved by 
Mahmud Begara of Guzerat, (905, a. h.) 

1499/ 

Deparcieux, Antoine, mathematician, — ft. 
near Nismes, 18 Oct. 1703 — admitted to 
Academy of Sciences, 1746 — tr., 2 Sep. 1768. 
Traite de trigonometric, 1.741 — Essai sur les 
probabilites de la duree de Ihviehumaine, 114-6. 

Departments, — division of France into, pro- 
posed in Constituent Assembly, 1789 — effected, 
1790. 

Depping, George Bernard, historian, — ft. 
at Miinster, n May 1784 — goes to Paris, 1803 
— obtains prize at the Institute, 1826 — na- 
turalized in France, 1827 — "rj. at Paris, 5 Sep. 
1853. Expeditions maritimes des Normands, 
§c, 1826 — Histoire du commerce entre le Le- 
vant et V Europe, $c, 1830 — Histoire de la 
Normandie, 1835 — Les Juifs dans le Mot/en 
Age, 1840. 

Depres, (JDespres,) Josquin, musical coon- 
poser, — ft. in Hainault, 1450 or 1455 — 3j. at 
Conde, 153 1. 

Deptford, in Kent, — Royal dockyard closed, 
13 Mar. 1869. 

Deputies, Chamber of, French, — constituted 
by Charter of Louis XVIII. , 4 Jun. 18 14 — 
payments to deputies suppressed, Feb. 1 8 1 7 — 
dissolved by Charles X., Nov. 1827 — prorogued 
by him, 19 Mar. 1830 — dissolved, soon after: 
new elections, Jul. — dissolved before meeting, 
by ordinance of 25 Jul. — distinctive costume of 
members discontinued, 1830 — personal pre- 
sentation of petitions to, prohibited, by De- 
claration of 7 Aug. 1830. 

De Quincey, Thomas, miscellaneous writer, 
ft. at Manchester, 1786— enters Oxford Univ., 
Dec. 1803 — makes the acquaintance of Cole- 
ridge, Wordsworth, and Southey, 1807 — settles 
at the Lakes, 1809 — removes to London, about 
1820 — settles near Edinburgh, 1843 — tf. there, 
8 Dec. 1859. .Confessions of English Opium 
Eater, 1822 — Logic of Political Economy, 1844 
— Works, 1856-60. 

Derand, Francois, — ft. at Metz, 1588 — tr. 
at Agde, 26 Oct. 1644. Architecture des 
voutes, 1643. 

Derbend, in JDaghcstan, (Albana, Albinian 
Gates,) — occupied by Peter the Great, 1722 — 
restored to Persia, 1735 — again seized by Rus- 
sia, 1795. 

Derby, in England, — recovered from the 
Northmen by Ethelfleda, 917 — again taken by 
27 * 



420 



DERBY— DERMOT. 



them ; retaken by Edmund I., 941 a — reached 
by Prince Charles Edward, (the Young Pre- 
tender,) 4.Dec. 1745. a Annals of England. 
Derby, Henry, Earl of. [Lancaster, Earl 

OF.J 

Derby, Robert Ferrers, Earl of, — takes 
part in the Barons' War, 126 1-5 — seizes the 
castle of Chesterfield, 1265 — captured and im- 
prisoned ; "&., 1278. 

Derby, Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of,— 
summoned to parliament, 24 May 146 1 — Chief 
Justice of Chester, 1462 — serves in the war in 
France, 1474 — marries the Couutess of Rich- 
mond, 1482— has a command in the Scottish 
expedition, 1483 — imprisoned by Richard III., 
Jun. 1483 — released and made Lord Steward 
of the Household ; Constable of England, 16 
Dec. 1483 — E.G. ; goes over to the side of 
Richmond at Bosworth Field, 22 Aug. 1485 
—proclaims him king on the field : created Earl 
of Derby, 27 Oct. 1485 — a commissioner for 
executing the office of Lord High Steward at 
the coronation, 30 Oct. 1485 — takes part in 
concluding peace with France, at Etaples, 3 
Nov. 1492 — holds a chapter of the Garter at 
Windsor, 7 May 1503 — tJ., 1504. 

Derby, Thomas Stanley, 2nd Earl of, — 
succeeds his grandfather in the title, 1504 — 
attends Henry VIIL to France, 15 13 — one of 
the peers at the trial of Buckingham, 13 May 
1521 — &., 23 May 1521. 

Derby, Edward Stanley, 3rd Earl of, — 
fc., about 1510 — succeeds his father, 1521— 
attends Henry VIIL in his interview with 
Francis I., Oct. 1532 — K.B., 1533 — aids in 
suppression of the 'pilgrimage of grace,' 1536 
— takes part in invasion of Scotland, 1542 — 
elected E.G., 17 Feb. 1547 — Lord High 
Steward of England, 1 Oct. 1553 — sent against 
the Scots, 1557 — Privy Councillor, by Queen 
Elizabeth, 1558— tf. at Lathom House, 4 Dec. 

1574. 

Derby, Henry Stanley, Uh Earl of, — 
K.G., Apr. 1574 — succeeds his father, Dec. 
1574 — summoned to parliament, Feb. 1576 — 
ambassador to France, invests Henry III. with 
Order of the Garter, Feb. 1584-5 — one of the 
commissioners for trial of Mary Queen of Scots, 
1586 — sent to Flanders to treat for peace with 
the Prince of Parma, 1589 — Lord High Stew- 
ard at the trial of the Earl of Arundel, Apr. 
1589— *•> 25 Sep. 1592. 

Derby, James Stanley, Lord Strange, 
7th Earl of, — summoned to parliament as 
Lord Strange, Feb. 1628 — succeeds his father, 
Sep. 1642 — attempts to seize Manchester, 1642 
— defeated by Lilburne, and wounded, at Wigan, 
25 Aug. 1 65 1 — taken prisoner at Worcester, 
3 Sep. 1651 — beheaded at Bolton, 15 Oct. 
1651. 

Derby, Charlotte de la Tremoille I., (Tre- 
mouille,) Countess of, — b. at chateau of 
Thouars, 1601 — marries James, Lord Strange, 
at the Hague, Jul. 1626 — arrives in England, 
Aug. 1626 — besieged in Lathom House by Sir 
Thomas Fairfax, 27 Feb. 1644 — relieved by 
Prince Rupert, 27 May 1644 — retires to Isle 



of Man, 1644 — execution of her husband, 15 
Oct. 165 1 — comes to England, Dec. 165 1 — 
imprisoned with her children, 1651-60 — ir. at 
Knowsley, 31 Mar. 1663. 

Derby, Charles Stanley, 8th Earl of, — 
succeeds his father, 1 651— takes part in the 
Royalist rising in Cheshire, and is taken prison- 
er, Aug. 1659 — Lord-lieutenant of Lancashire, 
1660 — &., 21 Dec. 1672. 

Derby, Edward Geoffrey Smith Stanley, 
14iAEARL of, — fc.at Knowsley, 29 Mar. 1799 — 
M.P. Stockbridge, 1820 — first speech, 1824 — 
marries, 1825 — Under-Secretary of State for 
Colonies, 11 Mar. 1827 to Jan. 1828 — Chief 
Secretary for Ireland, 1830 — M.P., N. Lanca- 
shire, 1832 — Secretary of State for Colonies, 
1833-4 — takes courtesy-title of Lord Stanley 
1834 — joins Conservative party, 1834 — Co- 
lonial Secretary again, 1841-5 — created Baron 
Stanley, 1844 — head of Protectionist party, 
1846 — succeeds his father, 30 Jun. 1851 — 
First Lord of the Treasury, Feb. to Dec. 1 852 — 
Chancellor of Oxford Univ., 1852 — again First 
Lord of the Treasury, Feb. 1858 to 11 Jun, 
1859 — third time, 26 Jun. 1866 to 25 Feb. 
1868 — visited by Queen of the Netherlands, 
1867 — if., 23 Oct. 1869. Translation of the 
Iliad, 1864. 

Dercyllidas. [Derkyllidas.] 

Dereeyah. [Wahhabees.] 

Derfflinger, Georg, Baron von, Field- 
marshal, — b. in Brandenburg, Mar. 1606 — 
enters the Swedish army, before 1635 — serves 
under Gustavus Adolphus ; contributes to vic- 
tory of Leipsic, 1642 — Major-general in service 
of the Elector Frederick William, 1 654 — Lieu- 
tenant-general, 1656 — Field-marshal, 1670 — 
Baron, 1674 — Governor of fortresses in Pome- 
rania, 1677 — takes Stralsund, 1678 — com- 
mands against the Swedes, 1678-9 — tr., 4 Feb. 
1695. 

Derham, William, theologian, — b. at Stow- 
ton, near Worcester, Nov. 1657 — enters Trin. 
Coll. Oxford, May 1675 — rector of Upminster, 
Essex, 1689 — F.R.S., 1702 — canon of Windsor, 
1716 — D.D. Oxford, 1730 — rj. at Upminster, 5 
Apr. 1735. Physico -theology, 1713 — Astro-the- 
ology, 17 14 — Christo-theology, 1730. 

Derkyllidas, — [B C] — excites revolt in Aby- 
dos and Lampsacus, 41 1 — supersedes Thimbron 
in Asia, 399- — winters inBithynia, 399-8— goes 
to Lampsacus, 398 — makes a truce Avith Phar- 
nabazus, 398 — makes a wall in Chersonesus, 
spring 398 — besieges Atarneus 3 months, 398 
— ordered to invade Caria, 397 — meets Pharna- 
bazus and Tissaphernes in vale of Mseander and 
makes armistice, summer 397 — ratifies armistice 
with Tissaphernes, 396 — carries news of battle 
of Corinth to Agesilaos, and is sent into Asia, 
394- 

Dermody, Thomas, poet, — b. at Innis, Clare, 
1774 — goes to Dublin, 1783 — tf. in London, 15 
Jul. 1802. 

Dermot, (Dermond,) MacMurragh, — becomes 
King of Leinster, 11 40 — expelled, unsuccess- 
fully seeks aid from Henry II. , 1168 — obtains 
aid from Richard de Clare, Jun. 1169 — besieges 



DEROI— DESEZE. 



42: 



and takes Wexford, n 70— marries his daugh- 
ter Eva to Strongbow, 1170 — tf., 1170. 

Deroi, Bernard Erasme, general, — b. at 
Manheim, 11 Dec. 1743 — Major-general, 1792 
—commands at Manheim against French, 1794 
— taken prisoner at Hohenlinden, 1801 — Lieu- 
tenant-general, 1 804 — contributes to deliverance 
of Bavaria, 1804 — distinguishes himself at 
battle of Abensberg, 20 Apr. 1809 — General of 
Infantry, 1811 — % of wound received at battle 
of Pultusk, Aug. 1 8 12. 

Berossi, Giovanni Gerardi, poet, — b. at 
Rome, 12 Mar. 1754 — corresponding member 
of Institute of France, 1 8 1 2 — director of Royal 
Academy of Naples at Rome, 18 16 — tf., 28 
Mar. 1827. Opere, 181 8. 

Berwentwater, James Ratcliffe, Earl of, — 
b. in London, 28 Jun. 1689 — companion of the 
Pretender at Court of St Germains, till 17 10 — 
marries, 17 12 — remains in concealment, end of 
Aug. to beginning Oct. 17 15 — takes arms for the 
Pretender, 6 Oct. 17 15 — defeated, taken prisoner 
at Preston, 13 Nov.— imprisoned in the Tower, 
early in Dec. — impeached, pleads guilty, 16 
Jan. 17 16 — his countess intercedes for him with 
the king, 19 Feb. — last interview with his 
countess, 23 Feb. — beheaded on Tower Hill, 
24 Feb. 17 16 — his estates given to Greenwich 
Hospital, by Act 8 Geo. II. c. 29, 1735. 

Berzhavin, (Derzawin,) Gabriel Romano- 
vich, (Romanowicz,) poet, statesman, — b. at Ka- 
zan, 3 Jul. 1743 — enters the army, 1760,* 
1762 b — Councillor of State, 1784 — Secretary 
of State, 179 1 — Minister of Justice, 1802 — tf. 
in Novogorod, 6 Jul. 1816. Works, 1810-15. 
a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Besaguliers, Jean Theophile, natural philo- 
sopher, — b. at Rochelle, 12 Mar. 1683 — Prof. 
Experimental Philosophy, Oxford, 1702^ i7io b 
— settles in London, I7i2, a I7i3 b — F.R.S.,Jul. 
17 14 — tf., i743, c i744, b 1749. a Course of lec- 
tures on Experimental Philosophij, 1734. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Chalmers. c Biog. Univ. 

Besaix de Voygoux, Louis Charles Antoine, 
general, — b. at St Hilaire d'Ayat, Auvergne, 17 
Aug. 1768— enters the army, 1783 — aide-de- 
camp to Victor de Broglie, 1792 — General of 
Division, 2 Sep. 1794 — defeats allies, takes 
Frankenthal, 8 Oct. 1794 — commands at pas- 
sage of the Rhine at Kehl, Jan. 1796 — capitu- 
lates to Austrians, 9 Jan. 1797 — Commander- 
in-chief of army of England, Dec. 1797 — ac- 
companies Napoleon to Egypt, 1798 — subdues 
Upper Egypt; arrives at Toulon, 3 May 1800 — 
killed at Marengo, 14 Jun. 1800. 

Besault, Pierre Joseph, surgeon, — • b. in 
Franche Comte, 6 Feb. 1744 — goes to Paris, 
1764 — Surgeon-in-chief, Hotel Dieu, 1788 — 
Prof. Clinical Surgery at School of Health, 
1794 — tf. at Paris, 1 Jun. 1795. Traite des 
maladies chirurgicales, 1780 — Journal de chir- 
urgie, 1791-95. 

Besbillons, Francois Joseph Terrasse, poet, 
— b. in Berri, 171 1 — tf. at Manheim, 19 Mar. 
1789. Fabulcs JEsopicce, 1754 — Eclaircisse- 
ments sur la vie et les outrages de Guillaume 
Tostel, 1773 — Miscellanea posthuma, 1792. 



Besbois. [Chesnaye-Besbois.] 
Bescamps, Jean Baptiste, painter, $c, — b. 
at Dunkirk, 17 14 — tf. at Rouen, 30 Jul. 1791. 

Vies des peintres Flamands, Allemands, §c. t 
*7 53-65 — Voyage pittoresque de la Flandre, 
§c, 1769. 

Bescartes, {Des Quartes,) Rene, {Cartesias, 
De Quartis,) philosopher, — b. at La Haye, in 
Touraine,3i Mar. 1596 — studies in the Jesuits' 
school at La Fleche, 1604-12 — serves in the 
army in Holland and Bavaria, 1616-19— at 
battle of Prague, 1620 — visits Rome, 1624-25 
— retires to Holland, Mar. 1629 — visits France, 
1644, 1 647, and 1648 — receives a pension from 
the king, 1 647 —goes to court of Sweden, aut. 
1649 — tf. at Stockholm, n Feb. 1650. Prin- 
cipes de la philosophic, 1644 — Meditationes de 
primaphilosophia, 1 641 — Discoursde la methode, 
$•<?., 1637 — Traite de I'homme, 1664 — Traite 
des passions de I'Ame, 1649. a Biog. Univ. 
b Engl. Cyc. c Erscb. and Gruber. 

Beschamps, Bom, philosopher, — b. at Ren- 
nes, 10 Jan. 17 16 — enters the Benedictine 
Order; tf. at convent of Montreuil-Bellay, 19 
Apr. 1744. La Ve'rite, discovered in MS. at 
Poitiers, 1865. 

Beschamps, Emile, journalist, dramatist, — b. 
at Bourges, 20 Feb. 1791 — establishes the 
Muse Francaise, 1823 — tf-, May? 1871. E- 
tudes Francaises et Etrangeres, 1828 — Poesies, 
1840 — translations of Macbeth and Romeo and 
Juliet, 1848 — Causeries litte' r aires, 1843. 

Beschamps, Joseph Francois Louis, surgeon, 
— b. at Chartres, 14 Mar. 1740 — goes to Paris, 
1759 — member of the Institute, 1811 — tf., 8 
Dec. 1824. Traite historique et dogmati que de 
V operation de la taille, 1796-97. 

Beschizaux, Pierre, botanist, — b. at Macon, 
1687 — tf., about 1730. Memoire pour servir d' 
V instruction de Vhistoire naturelle desplantes de 
Russie, §c, 1725. 

Beseine, Louis Pierre, sculptor, — b. at Paris, 
1750 — obtains grand prize of Academy, 1780 — 
admitted to Academy, 1785 — tf., 13 Oct. 1822. 
Hotices historiques sur les anciennes academies 
de peinture, $c, 1814. 

Beseriz, (Desericius,) Joseph Innocenz, 
Cardinal, — b. atNeitra, 1702 — tf. atWaizen, 
(Vacz,) 1765. De initiis et majoribus Hunga- 
rorum commentaria, 1748-58. 

Besessarts, Jean Charles, physician, — b. in 
Champagne, 1729 — Dean of the Faculty, Paris, 
1796 — member of Institute, 1796 — tf., 13 Apr. 
181 1. Traite de V education corporelle des en- 
fants en bas age, 1760 — Recueil de memoires, §c, 
1811. 

Besessarts, Nicolas Lemoyne, bookseller and 
litterateur, — b. at Coutances, 1 Nov. 1744 — tf. 
there, 5 Oct. 18 10. Causes celebres, 1773-89 — 
Choix de nouvelles causes celebres, 1785-87 — 
Essai sur Vhistoire generale des tribunaux des 
peuples, 1778-84 — Nouvelle bibliotheque d'un 
homme de gout, 1798-99. 

Beseze, (De &eze,) Raimond, (Romain,) 
Count, advocate, — b. at Bordeaux, 26 Sep. 1748 
— admitted advocate, 1767 — assists in defence 
of Louis XVI., 26 Dec. 1792 — arrested, 20 



422 



DESFONTAINES— DESMOULINS. 



dent of Court of Cassation, Feb. 1815 — Peer 
of France, 18 15 — member of the French Aca- 
demy, 1 8 16 — tf. at Paris, 2 May 1828. 

Desfontaines, Pierre Francois Gurgot, mis- 
cellaneous writer, — fj. at Eouen, 1685 — goes to 
Paris, 1724 — tf. there, 16 Dec. 1745. Eic- 
tionnaire ne'ologique, 1756 (7th ed.) — JELenriade, 
avec des observations critiques, 1728 — transla- 
tions of Gulliver, 1727 — and Virgil, 1743. 

Desfontaines, Bene Louiche, botanist, — b. 
in Brittany, end of 1751 or beginning of 1752 
— M.D., 1782— member of the Academy, 1783 
— Prof. Botany, Jardin des Plantes, 1786 — 
Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 1804 — tf. at 
Paris, 16 Nov. 1833. Flora Atlantica, 1798. 

Desforges, Pierre Jean Baptiste Choudard, 
dramatist, — rj. at Paris, 15 bep. 1746 — tf., 13 
Aug. 1806. Tom Jones d Londres, 1782 — La 
femme jalouse, 1785 — Tom Jones et Fellamar, 
1787 — Le Toete, 1798. 

Desgenettes, Rene Nicolas Dufriehe, Baron, 
physician, — rj. at Alencon, 23 May 1762 — M.D. 
Montpellier, 1789 — physician to army of Italy, 
1793 — physician-in-chief to army of the East, 
1798 — to 'Hospital of Val-de-Grace, 1802 — 
sent to Spain, 1805 — accompanies expedition to 
Eussia, 18 12 — captured by Russians, 10 Dec. 
1812 — liberated, 25 Mar. 18 13 — at "Waterloo, 
1 815 — physician of the Invalides, Mar. 1832 — 
tf., 3 Feb. 1837. 

Desgodets, Antoine, architect, — rj. at Paris, 
16.53 — Prof, at Academy of Architecture, 17 19 
— tf., 20 May 1728. Edifices a>itiques de Rome 
dessines et mesure's, §c, 1682 — Lois des buti- 
ments, 1748. 

Deshais (Eeshays) de Colleville, Jean 
Baptiste, painter, — ft. at Bouen, 1729 — member 
' of Academy of Painting, 1758,* 26 May 1759 b 
— tf. at Paris, io, a n b Feb. 1765. 

a Biog. Univ. b Jal. 

Deshauterayes, Michel Ange Andre le 
Koux, orientalist, — ft. near Ponioise, 10 Sep. 
1724 — Prof. Arabic, College de France, 1763 
— tf. at Ruel, 9 Feb. 1795. Edits Ristoire 
generate de Chine, §c, 1777. 

Deshoulieres, Antoinette du Ligier de la 
Garde, poetess, — ft. at Paris, about 1633 or 
1634 — marries Deshoulieres, 1651 — arrested 
at Brussels, Feb. 1657 — escapes from prison, 
Oct. 1657 — tf. at Paris, 17 Feb. 1694. Eoesies, 
1687. 

Desiderins, (Eidier,) [Lombards, Kingdom 
of] Last King of the Lombards, Duke of 
Istria(?) — proclaimed, 8 Dec. 756 (?) — opposed 
by llatchis, 756-7 — associates his son Adalgisus 
in the government, 769 — marries his daughter 
Desiderata to Charles the Great, and Ger- 
berge to Carloman, 770 — Desiderata repudi- 
ated and returns ; quarrel with Pope Adrian 
I. respecting Ferrara and other towns, 772 
— Charles on' the request of the Pope invades 
Italy, summer 773 — defeat of Adalgisus at 
Mont-Cenis; blockaded by Charles in Pavia, 
Oct. — capitulates, May 774 — carried with 
his wife and daughter to France, 774, and tf. 
there. 

Desiderius, Tope. [Victor III.] 



Design, School of,— founded at Edinburgh, 
1760— Central, establishedin London, beginning 
1837 — reconstituted as Department of Practical 
Art, and merged in Department of Science and 
Art, 1853. 

Desjardins, Martin van den Bogaerts, 
sculptor, — ft. at Breda, about 1640 — admitted 
to Academy, Paris, 1671 — ft. at the Louvre, 
1694. 

Desmahis, Joseph Francois Edonard de 
Corsembleu, poet, — ft. at Sully sur Loire, 3 
Feb. 1722 — goes to Paris, 1740 — tf., 25 Feb. 
1761. CEuvres, 1778. 

Desmaillot, Antoine Francois Eve, dra- 
matist,— b. at Dole, 1747 — tf. at Paris, 18 Jul. 
1 814. La file garcon, 1787 — La Chaumiere, 
1797 — Tableau historique des prisons, d 'Etat en 
France, §c, 18 14. 

Desmaizeaux, Pierre, miscellaneous writer, 
— ft. in Auvergne, 1666 — in England, 1692- 
1745 — F.R.S., 1720 — tf. in London, Jun. 
i745, a i743- b Vie de Boileau, 17 12 — Vie de 
Bayle, 1722-32 — edition of Works of Saint 
Evremont, 17 03-1709 — translation of Kcemp- 
fers Japan, 17 29 — collaborates for the Biblio- 
theque Raisonnee des Ouvr ages des Savants, 1728- 
53 — and the Bibliotheque Britannique, 1733-47. 
a Biog. "Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Desmarets, (Ecsmarais,) Jean Seraphin 
Kegnier, Sieur, grammarian, — ft., 1632, (?) 
1654 (?) — tf. Perpetual Secretary of the French 
Academy, 6 Sep. 1713.* a Jal. 

Desmarets, Nicolas, statesman, — Intendant 
of Finances, 1683— Director of Finances, 1702 
— Controller-general of Finances, 1708-15— tf., 
1721. 

Desmarets, Nicolas, naturalist, — ft. in 
Champagne, 16 Sep. 1725 — sent to Holland to 
examine the paper-mills, 1768 —admitted to 
Academy of Sciences, Jan. 177 1 — inspector of 
manufactures of Champagne, 177 1 — Inspector- 
general, director of manufactures of France, 
1788-92 — imprisoned, 1792 — tf., 28 Sep. 18 15. 
Eictionnaire de la geographic physique, 1798- 
1828. 

Desmarets, Samuel, [Maresius,) theologian, 
— b. in Picardy, 9 Aug. 1599 — **• at Gronin- 
gen, 18 May 1673. Joanna papissa restituta, 
1658. 

Desmarets de Saint Sorlin, Jean, — b. at 
Paris, 1595 — member of French Academy, 
1635 — tf., 28 Oct. 1667. Theatre, 1641 — 
Morales d'Epictete, §c., 1653 — Eelices de V es- 
prit, 1658. 

Desmasnres, Louis, (Masurius,) poet, — h. 
at Tournai, about 1523 — secretary to Cardinal 
John of Lorraine, before 1550 — tf. probably at 
Strasburg, about 1580. CEuvres poetiques, 1553 
— Ene'ide de Virgile, 1560 — Eavid combattant, 

$c-* *555- 

Desmoulins, Camille, revolutionary leader, 
— b. at Guise, Picardy, 1762^ 1760 b — studies 
at Coll. of Louis le Grand, 1776 — harangues 
the people on the dismissal of Keeker, 12 Jul. 
1789 — takes part in attack on Bastille, 14 Jul. 
1789 — takes the title of Frocureur-general de 
la lanterne, and commences his journal Zes Re- 
volutions de France et de Brabant, 1789— joins 



DESNOYERS— DESSAU. 



423 



the club of the Cordeliers with Danton, 1790 — 
marries, 29 Dec. 1790° — takes part in insur- 
rection, 10 Aug-. 1792 — deputy to Convention, 
1792 — arrested by Committee of Public Safety, 
30 Mar. 1794 — tried, 2 Apr. — executed, 5 Apr. 
■ — his wife executed, 13 Apr. Histoire des 
Brissotins, 1793 — Le Vieux Cordelier, 1794. 
a Biog. Univ. b Carlyle. c Jal. 

Desnoyers, Auguste Gaspard Louis Bouch- 
er, Baron, engraver, — ft. at Paris, 20 Dec. 
1779— pupil of Lethiere, 1791 — of A. Tardieu, 
1799— member of the Institute, 1816 — chief 
engraver to the king, 1825 — Baron, 1828 — 
Officer of Legion of Honour, 1835 — tf. at 
Paris, 15 Feb. 1857. La belle Jardiniere, after 
Baphael, 1801 — La Vierge a la chaise, 18 14 — 
Transfiguration, 1 840. 

Desnoyers, Louis Claude Joseph Florence, 
journalist and litterateur, — fj., 1805 — goes to 
Paris, 1828 — founds the Charivari, 1 Dec. 
1832 — founds the Siecle,iS^6 — rj.,i6Dec.i868. 

Desodoarts. [Fantin.] 

Desolation Island, Kerguelen's Land, — 
discovered by Kerguelen, 1772 — visited by 
Captain Cook, 25-30 Dec. 1776. 

Desormeaux, Joseph Louis Ripault, his- 
torian, — ft. at Orleans, 3 Nov. 1724 — admitted 
to Academy of Inscriptions, 177 1 — tf. at Paris, 
21 Mar. 1793. Abrege chronologique de F his- 
toire d'Espagne, 1758 — Histoire de Louis de 
Bourbon, prince de Conde, 1766-8 — Histoire de 
la maison de Bourbon, 1772-88. 

Despard, Edward Marcus, colonel, — ft. in 
Ireland, about 1755 — sent to Jamaica as en- 
gineer, 1779— superintendent °^ English estab- 
lishments in Honduras, 1783-90 — imprisoned, 
1794 — forms conspiracy against the king, 1802 
— arrested, 16 Nov. 1802 — executed with six 
of his associates, in London, 21 Feb. 1803. 

Despautere, Jean, {van Pauteren,) gram- 
marian, — ft. in Brabant, about 1460 — tf. Prof. 
Humanity, Comines, about 1520." Commentarii 
Grammatici, 1537 — Orthographia, 1530. 

Despenser. [Spenser.] 

Desplaces, Louis, engraver, — ft. at Paris, 
1682 — tf., 1739. 

Desplaces, Philippe, astronomer, — ft. at 
Paris, 1659 — tf., Apr. 1736. Epkeme'rides, 

i7!5-34- 

Desportes, Francois, painter, — ft. in Cham- 
pagne, 1 66 1 — admitted to the Academy, 1 
Aug. 1699 — tf. at the Louvre, 20 Apr. i743, a 
I745. b a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Desportes, Philippe, poet, — ft. at Chartres, 
1546 — tf. at Bonport, 5 Oct. 1606. Premieres 
(Euvres, 1575 — Psaumes, 1603. 
Despreaux. [Boileau.] 
Despremenil. [Espremenil, D\] 
Desprez, Alexandre Francois, general, — ft. 
at Amiens, 22 Nov. 1778 — enters the army, 22 
Dec. 1 801 — aide-de-camp to Joseph Napoleon, 
1809 — serves in Peninsular war, 1809- n — in 
campaigns of 18 12-13 — reenters service of 
France, 18 13 — Marechal de Camp, 18 14 — tf., 
Lieutenant-general, in Belgium, 6 Aug. 1833. 
Desprez, Jean, poet, chronicler, §c, — ft. at 
Liege, 1338 — writes his Chronique en rimes 
francaises: tf., 1399. 



Desprez, Louis Jean, painter, architect, — ft. 
at Lyons, about 1740 — tf. at Stockholm, 1804. 

Despuig y Daneto, Antonio, Cardinal,— ft. 
in Majorca, 31 Mar. 1745 — Bp of Orihuela, 
179 1 — Abp of Yalentia, 1 Jun. 1795 — Abp 
of Seville, 1796 — Councillor of State, 1798 — 
Cardinal, n Jul. 1803 — pro-vicar of Rome, 
follows Pius VII. to Paris, 18 10 — imprisoned 
there, 18 10- 12 — tf. at Lucca, 30 May 18 13. 

Desrey, (Besray, Berrey, or Besrez,) Pierre, 
— tf., after 15 14. Postilles et expositions des 
epitres, §c, 1492 — Genealogies, faits et gcstes 
despapes, 15 19. 

Desroches, Jean, historian, — ft. at the 
Hague, 1740 — goes to Antwerp, 1757 — per- 
petual secretary of Imperial Academy, 1776-87 
— tf. there, 20 May 1787. Epitome histories 
Belgicce, 1783 — Histoire ancienne des Pays Bos 
Autrichiens, 1787. 

Desroches, Jean Baptiste, {de Parthenay,) 
miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Rochelle, about 
1695-1700 — tf., 1766,* after Jan. 1763^ His- 
toire de Banemark, §c, 1730 — Histoire de Po- 
logne, <S;c, 1733. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

b Biog. Univ. 

Desrotours, Noel Francois Mathieu Angot, 
— ft. at Falaise, 25 Mar. 1739 — tf. in Norman- 
dy, Jun. 1 821. Almanack des monnaies, 1784- 
89 — Observations sur . . . V augmentation pro- 
gressive du prix des matieres d'or et a" argent, 
%c, 1787. 

Dessaix, Joseph Marie, general, — ft. at Tho- 
non, Savoy, 24 Sep. 1764 — captain in National 
Guard, Paris, takes part in the insurrection of 
10 Aug. 1792 — employed against the Marseil- 
lese, Jun. 1793 — wounded at siege of Toulon, 
1794 — defeats Sardinians at Saint- Jean, Jan. 
1796 — distinguishes himself at Bridge of Lodi, 
May 1796 — wounded, captured by the Austrian?, 
at Rivoli, Jan. 1797 — deputy to Council of Five 
Hundred, Mar. 1798 — Commander of Frank- 
fort, 1800 — General of Brigade, 1803 — distin- 
guishes himself in campaigns of 1805-7 — 
wounded at passage of the Tagliamento, May 
1809 — General of Division, Jul. 1809 — at battle 
of Wagram, 6 Jul. 1 809 — Count of the Empire, 
a few days later : — Commander of Amsterdam, 
Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 30 Jun. 
18 1 1 — wounded at combat of Mohilow, 181 2 — 
occupies Chambery, 19 Feb. 18 14 — Chevalier 
de St Louis, 27 Jun. 18 14 — arrested at Thonon, 
May 1 8 16 — Commander of National Guard of 
Lyons, 1830 — tf., about 1825,* 26 Oct. 1834^ 
a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Dessalines, Jacques, Emperor or Hayti, 
— ft. in Africa, about 1760 — made free with all 
the slaves at St Domingo, by decree of Conven- 
tion, Feb. 1794 — serves under Touissant L' 
Ouverture in the insurrection against the whites, 
1795 — distinguishes himself against the French 
under Bigaud and Leclerc, spring 1802 — sub- 
mits to the French, May 1802 — contributes to 
victory of the blacks at St Marc, Oct. 1803 — 
proclaimed Emperor, as James I., 8 Sep. 1804 
— assassinated, 17 Oct. 1806. 

Dessau, — Wallenstein defeats Count Mans- 
feld at, 25 Apr. 1626. 

Dessau. [Anhalt-Dessau.] 



424 



DESSENIUS— DEVAINES. 



Dessenius, (Dessen de Croyienburg,) Bernard, 
physician, — b. at Amsterdam, 1510 — M.D. 
Bologna, 1539— If. at Cologne, 1574. De com- 
positions medicamentorum, 1555 — De peste com- 
ment art us, §c., 1564. 

Dessolle, Jean Joseph Paul Augustin, Mar- 
quis, general, — 6. at Auch, 3 Jul. 1767 — serves 
in army of the Pyrenees, 1792 — serves under 
Bonaparte in Italy, 1796 — General of Brigade, 
31 May 1797 — contributes to conquest of Pied- 
mont, 1798— defeats Austrian s at Glurns and 
Taufers, 16 Mar. 1799— General of Division; 
distinguishes himself at battle of Novi, 16 Jul. 
1799 — in campaign of the Ebine, 1800 — at 
battle of Hohenlinden, 3 Dec. 1801 — Councillor 
of State, Dec. 1801 — Secretary of War, 21 Dec. 
1 80 1 — Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 14 
Jun. 1804 — governor of chateau of Versailles, 
Feb. 1805— commands in Spain, 1808 — distin- 
guishes himself at combat of Toledo, Aug. 1809 
— occupies Cordova, 18 Jan. 18 10 — military 
governor of Cordova ; General-in-chief of Na- 
tional Guard of Paris, 2 Apr. 18 14— Minister 
of State, Chevalier de St Louis, and Peer of 
Prance, 18 14 — Grand Officer of Legion of 
Honour, 18 14 — retires, Oct. 18 15 — reporter of 
Commission of Finance, 18 17 — Marquis, 31 
Aug. 1 8 17 — Commander of St Louis, 25 Mar. 
18 18 — Minister of Foreign Affairs, president of 
Council of Ministers, 28 Dec. 1818 — ft. atMont- 
luchet, Nov. 1828. 

Destaing, Jacques Zacharie, general, — b. 
at Aurillac, 1764 — Lieutenant-colonel in army 
of the Pyrenees, 1792-3 — serves in cam- 
paigns of Ptaly, 1796-7 — of Egypt, 1798 — 
General of Brigade after battle of the Pyramids, 
Jul. 1798 — quells revolt at Cairo, 21 Oct. 1798 
— distinguishes himself at battle of Aboukir, 
Jul. 1799 — General of Division, 1801 — killed 
in a duel, at Paris, 5 May 1802. 
D'Este. [Este.] 

Destouches, Philippe Nericault, dramatist, 
— b. at Tours, 1680 — accompanies Cardinal 
Dubois to England, 17 17— admitted to French 
Academy, 1723 — ti. near Melun, 4 Jul. 1754. 
Le Curieux Impertinent, 17 10 — Le Thilosophe 
Marie, 1727 — Le Glorieux, 1732. 

Destournelles, Louis Greg. Deschamps, — 
b. at Rouen, 1736 — president of the Council of 
the Commune, 10 Aug. 1792 — minister of 
public contributions, 13 Jun. 1793 — denounced, 
retires, Feb. 1794 — tf. at Passy, 1794. 

Destree, Jacques, miscellaneous writer. 
Publishes his Memorial de chronologie genealo- 
gique ct historique, 1752-5 — Europe vivante et 
mourante, 1759-60. 
D'Estrees. [Estrees.] 
Destutt de Tracy. [Tracy.] 
Desvignoles, Alphonse, chronologist, — b. in 
Languedoc, 29 Oct. 1649 — director of Academy 
of Berlin, 1727— ft., 24 Jul. 1744. Chrono- 
logie de I histoire sainte et des histoires e'tran- 
geres, §c, 1738. 

De Thou. [Thou, De.] 
Detournes, Jean, (Tor •nasius,) printer,— b. at 
Lyons, 1504 — establishes printing-press there, 
about 1540. Petrarch, 1545 — Dante, 1547 — 
Vitravius, 1552 — Froissart, 1559-61. 



Detournes, Jean, printer, — b., about 1539 
— exiled from Lyons, establishes himself at 
Geneva, 1585 — citizen of Geneva, 1596 — mem- 
ber of Council of Two Hundred, 1604 — U., 
1 6 15. Petronius, 1575. 

Detroit, U.S.,-*— founded by French settlers 
from Canada, 1683,* 1670 b — taken by the 
English, 1759 — incorporated as a city, 18 15 c 
— ceases to be capital of Michigan, 1847. 
a Engl. Cyc. b MacCulloch. c Johnston. 

Detroit, Fort, Canada, — Gen. Brock defeats 
Americans at, 15 Aug. 181 2. 

Detroy, Francois, painter, — b. at Toulouse, 
1645 — admitted to Academy of Painting, 1674 
— tf. at Paris, 1730. 

Detroy, Jean Francois, painter, — b. at 
Paris, 1676 — tf. at Eome, 1752. 

Dettingen, — defeat of the French under 
Marshal Noailles by George II., 26, a 27, b d 13 c 
Jun. 1743 — the Bavarians defeated by Prus- 
sians at, 26 Jul. 1866. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

c Dufresnoy. d Lord Mahon. 

Deucalion, Deluge of, mythic, — [BC] — 
I377, a I54l, b 1548.° a Clinton. 

b Eusebius. c Parian Marbles. 

Deusing, Anton, (Deusingius,) physician, — 
6. in Westphalia, 15 Oct. 1612 — M.D. Leyden, 
1637^ 1634^ 1635 or 1637 c — tf. Prof. Medicine, 
and Rector of the University, Groningen, 29 
Jan. 1666. De vero systemate mundi dissertatio 
mathematica, 1643 — Synopsis medicince univer- 
salis, 1649 — Anatome parvorum naturalium, 
1 65 1. a Biog. Univ. 

b Chalmers. c Biog. Woordenboek. 

Deusing, Hermann, theologian, — b. at Gro- 
ningen, 14 Mar. 1654 — tf. there, 3 Jan. 1722. 
FListoria allcgorica Vet. et Nov. Testamenti, 
$c, 1690 — Jloses evangelizans, 17 16. 

Deutsch, Nicolas Emmanuel, engraver, — b. 
at Berne, 1484— lj. there, 1530. 

Deutschmann, Johann, theologian, — b. in 
Germany, 1625 — Prof. Theology, Wittenberg, 
1662 — tf. there, 12 Aug. 1706. De libris 
Scriptures apocryphis, 1682 — Theologia positiva 
Adami Protoplasti, 1709. 

Deux-Ponts, [Zweibrucken, Bipontium, Ge- 
minus Pons,) in Bavaria, — mentioned as a 
County, ii97 a — ceded to Buprecht I., Count 
Palatine of the Rhine, by Count Everhard, 
1385 b — Stephen, son of Buprecht III., Duke 
of, 1410 — falls to Louis L, the Black, Count 
Palatine, 1459 c " — occupied by Imperialists 
during Thirty Years' War, evacuated at Peace 
of Westphalia, 1648 — Charles Gustavus, son of 
Duke John Casimir, succeeds to throne of 
Sweden on resignation of Christina, 1654 — 
occupied by the French, 1676-97 — falls to 
Charles XII. of Sweden after Treaty of Rys- 
wick, 1697 — sequestrated during disputed suc- 
cession, 1731-3 — Duke Christian II. commands 
Imperial army, 1758 — several times occupied 
by the French, 1793-4 — ceded to France by 
Treaty of Luneville, 1802 — annexed with other 
territories to Bavaria, as Palatinate of the Rhine, 
1 8 14. a Engl. Cyc. 

b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Encyc. Mod. 

Devaines, Jean, statesman^ — b. about 1740 



DEVATJLT— DEXTER. 



425 



— Commissioner of the Treasury, 1793 — 
Councillor of State, 1800— member of French 
Academy, 1803— tf., 16 Mar. 1803. 

Devault, Francois Eugene, general, — b.near 
Vesoul, 6 Feb. 17 17 — enters the army, serves 
in campaign on the Rhine, 1733 — serves in 
Flanders, 1743 — at sieges of Menin, Ypres, and 
Furnes, 1744— at siege of Mons, 1746 — ac- 
companies Marshal d'Estrees to Vienna, 1756 

— wounded at battle of Rossbach, 1757 — 
Brigadier, 1759 — Marechal de Camp, 1762 — 
Lieutenant-general, 1780 — Commander of St 
Louis, 1787 — if. at Paris, Oct. 1790. 

Devaux, Pierre, Baron, general, — b. at 
Vierzon, 26 Nov. 1762 — enters the army, 
1782 — distinguishes himself at battle of 
Fleurus, 26 Jun. 1794 — contributes to the 
victory of Convention over the Sections, 5 
Oct. 1795 — follows Bonaparte to Egypt, 1798 

— wounded at siege of Acre, May 1799 — 
captures fort St Iago, Jan. 1801 — takes part in 
expedition to St Domingo, 1802 — General of 
Brigade, 26 Mar. 1802 — Commander of La 
Mayenne, 1804 — takes part in German cam- 
paign, 181 3 — member of Legion of Honour ; 
Chevalier de St Louis, 20 Aug. 18 14 — tf. at 
Paris, 1 81 8. 

De venter, in Holland, — besieged by Philip 
of Burgundy, 1478 — falls to Charles V., 1528 
— seat of a bishopric, by Philip II., 1559-91 — 
betrayed to the Spaniards by Stanley, 29 Jan. 
1587 — retaken by Prince Maurice, 1591 — held 
by Bp of Munster, 1672-74 — -unsuccessfully be- 
sieged by Russians and Prussians, 1 8 1 3 — 
Observatory founded, 1839. 

Deventer, Hendrik van, physician, — b. at 
Deventer, 11 the Hague, b 16 Mar. 1651 b — tf. at 
Voorburg, after 1730,* 12 Dec. 1724. 13 Manuale 
operation, $c, 1701 — Dageraad der Vroed- 
vroiaven, 1696. 

a Biog. Univ. b Biog. Woordenboek. 

Devereux. [Essex, Earls of.] 

Deverite, Louis Alexandre, historian, — b. 
at Abbeville, 26 Nov. 1746 — deputy to Con- 
vention, 1792 — tf., 31 May 1 818. Histoire du 
comte de Ponthieu, 1767 — Essai sur V histoire 
generate de la Picardie, §c., 1770 — Notice pour 
servir a Vhistoire de la vie et des ecrits de 
Linguet, 1780. 

Deveze, Jean, physician, — ft. at Rabastens, 
(Hautes Pyrenees,) 4 Dec. 1753 — Surgeon-in- 
chief of national troops in St Domingo, 1778 — 
settles at Philadelphia, Aug. 1793 — tf. at 
Fontainebleau, 14 Sep. 1829. Traite de la 
Jievre jaune, 1820. 

Devi-Cotta, Hindustan, — captured by Clive, 
1749 — taken by the French, 1758 — retaken by 
the British, soon after. 

Deville, Antoine, engineer, — b. at Toulouse, 
1596 — tf., about 1657. Pyctomachia Veneta, 
§c, 1633 — Descriptio portus et urbis Polce 
antiquitatis, 1633 — Les fortifications d' 'Antoine 
P/eville, 1629. 

Devillers, Charles, naturalist, — b., 1724 — 
tf., 1809. Journe'es physiques, 1761 — Caroli 
Linncci entomologia, $c, 1789. 

Devizes, {Bevisai, Be Vies, Bevisis,) — 
castle built by Roger, Bp of Salisbury, 1132 ? 



—garrisoned by his nephew, Nigel, Bp of Ely, 
and surrendered to Stephen, 1138 — seized by 
Robert Fitzherbert, 25 Apr. 1 141 —dismantled, 
about 1376 — unsuccessfully besieged by Sir 
William Waller, Jul. 1643— [Round way Down] 
— taken by Fairfax and Cromwell, 23 Sep. 1645. 

Devonius. [Iscanus.] 

Devonshire, — insurrection in, against the 
Reformation, Jan. 1549 — suppressed by Lord 
Russell, Aug. 1549. 

Devonshire, Charles Blount, Earl of. 
[Mountjoy, Lord.] 

Devonshire, Edward Courtenay, Earl of, 
— released from the Tower by Queen Mary, 
Aug. 1553 — suspected of favouring Wyatt's 
rebellion, and again imprisoned, 12 Feb. 1554 
— his release procured by Philip II. of Spain, 
Jul. 1554 — tf. in Italy, 1556. 

Devonshire, William Cavendish, Duke of, 
— b., 1640— M.P. Derby, 1661 — M.A. Ox- 
ford, 1663 — declares for Prince of Orange, 
1688 — Privy Councillor, 1689 — Marquis of 
Hartington, Duke of Devonshire, 1694 — re- 
ceives confession of Sir John Fenwick, 1697 — 
opposes Bill of Attainder against him, 1697 — 
LL.D. Cambridge, Apr. 1705 — tf., 18 Aug. 1707. 

Devos, Martin, painter, — b. at Antwerp, 
about 1534 — admitted to Society of Painters, 
1559 — tf. there, 1604. 

Devoti, Giovanni, canonist, — b. at Rome, 
11 Jul. 1744 — Prof. Canon Law, Coll. of the 
Sapienza, 1765 — Bp of Anagni, 1789 — Bp of 
Carthage, 1804 — accompanies Pius VII. to 
France to the coronation of Napoleon, Dec. 
1 804 — member of Congregation of the Index, 
1 8 16 — tf. at Rome, 18 Sep. 1820. Pnstitu- 
tiones canonicce, 1785-9. 

Dewangiri. [Bhootan.] 

D'Ewes, Sir Symonds, — b. at Coxden, Dor- 
setshire, 18 Dec. 1602 — enters Cambridge 
Univ., 1618— Knt, by Charles I., 1639— M.P. 
Sudbury, Nov. 1640 — Bart., Jul. 1641 — tf., 18 
Apr. 1650. Journals of all the parliaments in 
the reign of Queen Elizabeth, 1682 — Auto- 
biography and Correspondence, 1845. 

Dewez, Louis Dieudonne Joseph, historian, 
§c„ — b. at Namur, 4 Jan. 1760 — Prof. Rhetoric, 
Coll. of Nivelles, about 1780-90 — Inspector- 
general of Athenseums and Colleges in Belgium, 
1 8 15 — perpetual Secretary of Academy of 
Brussels, 1821 — tf., 28 Oct. 1834. Histoire 
generate de la Belgique, 1805-7 — Geographic 
du royaume des Pays-Pas, 1819 — Histoire du 
pays de Liege, 1822. 

De Wint. [Wint, Peter de.] 

De Winter. [Winter, Jan Willem de.] 

De Witt. [Witt, Jan de.] 

Dexicrates, — Consul with Volusianus, (1256, 
a. v. c.) 503. 

Dexippus, P. Herennius, rhetorician, his- 
torian, — opposes the Goths at Athens, 262 — tf., 
about 280 

Dexitheus, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
98, 4,) 385. 

Dexter, — 1. Consul with Fuscus, (978, 
a. u. c.) 225. 2. Consul with Albinus, .(1016,) 
263. 3. C. Domitius, Consul with L. Valerius 
Messalla Thrasea Priscus, (949,) 196. 



DEYEUX— DIBDIN. 



Deyeux, Nicolas, chemist, — ft. at Paris, 
about 1753 — member of the Institute, soon 
after 1 800 ? — deprived of his chair at the School 
of Medicine, Nov. 1822 — rj. at Passy, 27 Apr. 
1837. Precis d' 'experiences et observations sur 
les differentes especes de lait, §c, 1800. 

Deyling, Solomon, orientalist, — ft., 1677 — 
tf., Prof. Theology, Leipsic, 5 Aug. 1755. Ob- 
servations saerm, 1708 — Observationes miscel- 
lanece, 1736 — Observationes excgeticce, 1732 — 
Lt/stitutiones prudentice pastoralis, §c, 1734. 

Deyns, Jacques, painter, — ft. at Antwerp, 
1645 — tf- there, 1704. 

Deyster, Luis van, painter— ft. at Bruges, 
1656 — rj. there, 17 n. 

Dezallier d'Argenville, Antoine Joseph, 
naturalist, — ft. at Paris, 4, a i b Jul. 1680 — 
F.B.S. London, 1750 — tf. at Paris, 29 Nov. 
1765. L'histoire naturelle eclaircie dans . . 
V oryctologie, §c., 1753 — L'histoire naturelle 
eclaircie dans la conchyologie, 1757 — Ab- 
re'ge de la vie de quelques peintres ce'lebres, 1742. 
a Biog. Univ. b Jal. 

Dharwar, in Hindustan, — taken from the 
Mahrattas by Hyder Ali. 1778— retaken by 
the British and the Mahrattas, 1791. 

D'Hilliers, Louis Baraguay, general, — ft. at 
Paris, 13 Aug. 1764 — serves in Italian cam- 
paigns, 1796-7 — General of Division, 10 Mar. 
1797 — accompanies Bonaparte to Egypt, 1798 
— Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 14 Jun. 
1804 — distinguishes himself in Austrian cam- 
paign, 1805 — governor of Venice, 1808 — takes 
part in Peninsular "War, 1810-n — taken pri- 
soner by Russians, 18 12 — tf. at Berlin, 18 12. 

D'Hozier, Charles Rene, genealogist, — fj. at 
Paris, 1640 — tf., 13 Feb. 1732. Recherches 
sur la noblesse de Champagne, 1673. 

D'Hozier, Louis Pierre, genealogist, — ft., 
about 1685 — tf. at Paris, Sep. 1767. Armorial 
de France, 1738-68. 

D'Hozier, Pierre, genealogist, — ft. at Mar- 
seilles, 10 Jul. 1592 — in the service of the 
king, 1620 — Chevalier of St Michael, 1628 — 
juge d'armes de France, 1641 — Councillor of 
State, 1654 — tf. at Paris, 1 Dec. 1660. Histoire 
et milice du benoit St Esprit, §c, 1634 — Genea- 
logie de la maison de la Rochefoucauld, 1654. 

Diadumenianus, (Biadumenus,) M. Opelius, 
— ft., 19 Sep. 208 — Caesar, Antoninus, Princeps 
Juventutis, after n Apr., a n Mar. b 217 — -Im- 
perator, May 218 — sent to Artabanus of Par- 
thia, and put to death, Jun. 218. 

a Clinton. b Gibbon. 

Diaeos, — [B C] — strategics to Achaean 
League, 150, 149 a — goes to Pome, against Spar- 
tan exiles ; strategics, 147 — succeeds on death of 
Critolaos as strategus, 146 — defeated by Mum- 
mius at Corinth, kills himself, 146. a Clinton. 

Diago, Francesco, Dominican, — if. histori- 
ographer of Aragon, 16 15. History of Counts of 
Barcelona, 1603 — Annals of Kingdom of Va- 
lencia, §c, 161 3. 

Dia,gora.s,2ioet, philosopher, — [B C] — fl., 466 a 
— at Athens, 424 — prosecuted, and leaves 
Athens, 411. a Clinton. 

Diagoridae, (Acusilaos and Damagetos,) — 
[B C]— victors at Olympia, (01. 79,) 464. 



Dial, (Sun-dial, Horohgium,) — [B C] — in- 
troduced at Rome by L. Papirius Cursor, 293 a 
— brought from Sicily by M. Valerius Messaiia, 
263 a — set up at Rome by Q. Marcius Philip- 
pus, i64. b a Liddell. b Smith's Diet. 

Dialysis, in Chemistry, — term adopted by 
Prof. Graham, 1861 — investigations of Graham 
respecting, published, 1861. 

Diamond, — mentioned by Pliny, about 50- 
70 — art of cutting introduced in Europe, by 
Louis Berghem of Bruges, about i486 — first 
engraved by Clement Birague, living 1580 — 
inflammability of, conjectured by Boetius de 
Boodt, 1607 — proved by Florentine academi- 
cians, 1694 — discovered in Brazil, 1728,3 17 18 b 
— composition investigated by Lavoisier, 1772 
— discovered in Siberia, 1824 b — ignited in 
oxygen by electric light, by Tyndall, 1870 — 
discovered in S. Africa, 1870. [Koh-i-Noor, 
Pitt Diamond.] a TJre's Diet. b Encyc. Mod. 

Diamond Boring Machine,— patented by 
Leschot, 1862. 

Diamond Necklace,— Intrigue of the, at 
Paris, 1783-4— trial respecting, 1785. [Rohan, 
Card, de ; Lamotte, M me de.] 

Diana, asteroid, —discovered by Luther, 15 
Mar. 1863. 

Diana, Temple of [Ephesus.] 

Diana of France, Duchess of Angotjleme, 
— ft., 1538 — marries Francois de Montmorency, 
1557 — procures his escape from massacre of St 
Bartholomew, 1572 — widow, second time, 1579 
— effects reconciliation of Henry III. and the 
king of Navarre, 1589 — has great influence 
throughout reign of Henry IV., 1589-16 10 — 
tj. r n Jan. 1619. 

Diana Mantuana. [G-hisi.] 

Diana of Poitiers, — ft., 3 Sep. 1499 — mar- 
ries Louis de Breze, 15 12 — left a widow, Jul. 
15 3 1 — her influence predominant at court of 
Henry II., 1547 — Duchess of Valentinois, Oct. 
1548— if. at Anet, 22 Apr. 1566. 

Diarbekr, (Biyarbekr, Kara Amid,) — 
[Amida] — taken by Sapor II., 359 — pillaged 
and burnt by Tamerlane, 1393 — conquered by 
Shah Ismael, (908, a. h.) 1502 — taken by 
Sultan Selim, and made capital of a province, 
(921,) 1515. 

Dias, Bartolomeo, maritime discoverer, — 
sent in search of country of Prester John, Aug. 
i486 — discovers Cape of Good Hope ; returns 
to Lisbon, Dec. 1487 — tf., by shipwreck, off 
Cape of Good Hope, 29 May 1500. 

Dias Gomez, Francesco, poet, — ft. at Lisbon, 
1745— tf-, 1795- Works, 1799. 

Diaz del Bivar. [Cid, The.] 

Dibdin, Charles, song-writer, %c, — ft. at 
Southampton, 1745 — goes to London, 1761 — 
musical manager, Covent Garden, 1778 — if., 25 
Jul. 1 8 14. Sea Songs, 1790. 

Dibdin, Thomas Frognall, bibliographer, — 
ft. at Calcutta, 1776 — brought to England, 
1780 — studies at Oxford: takes holy orders, 
1804 — founds Roxburghe Club, 18 12 — tf., 18 
Nov. 1847. Bibliomania, 1809 — Bibliographi- 
cal Becameron, 181 7 — Bibliographical, Anti- 
quarian, and Picturesque Tour in France and 
Germany, 1821 — Library Companion, 1824 — 



DICEARCHUS— DIEDERICHS. 



427 



Reminiscences of a literary life, 1836 — Biblio- 
graphical, <$;c„ Tour in northern counties of 
England and in Scotland, 1838 — Typographical 
Antiquities of Great Britain, 18 10-19. 

Dicsearchus, (Bikaiarchos) Peripatetic phi- 
losopher, geographer, historian, — [B C] — ft., 
about 285. 

Dicasts, — [B C] — paid by Pericles, between 
469-461 ?— pay increased by Cleon, about 421. 

Dice, in England, — duty on, imposed by Act 
44 Geo. III. c. 98, 28 Jul. 1804. 

Diceto, Ralph de, historian, — Dean of St 
Paul's, London, — ft., 1210? 

Dick, Thomas, miscellaneous writer, — b. at 
Dundee, 24 IS T ov. 1774 — studies at Edinburgh 
University, 1794 — ft. there, 29 Jul. 1857. 
Christian Philosopher, 1823 — Celestial Scenery, 
1838 — Sidereal Heavens, 1840. 

Dickens, Charles, novelist, — fc. at Ports- 
mouth, Feb!\i8i2 — marries, about 1837 — visits 
America, 1841 — visits Italy, 1844 — editor of 
Daily News, 1 Jan. 1 846— originates House- 
hold Words, 1850 — resides at Gad's Hill near 
Rochester, from 1856 — originates All the Year 
Round, 1859 — visits America, Nov. 1867 — dis- 
continues his public readings, Mar. 1870 — ft. at 
Gad's Hill, 9 Jun. 1870. Sketches by Boz, 
1836 — Pickwick Papers, 1837 — Oliver Twist, 
1838 — Nicholas Nickleby, 1839 — Master Hum- 
phrey's Clock, 1840-41 — American Notes, 1842 
— Martin Chuzzlewit, 1844 — Bombey and Son, 
1847-48 — Bavid Copperfield, 1850 — Child's 
History of England, 1852 — Hard Times, 1854 
— Mystery of Edwin Brood, 1870. 

Dickinson, Edmund, physician, — rj. in Berk- 
shire, 1624 — M.D. Oxford, 1656 — settles in 
London, 1684—0"., 1707. Belphi phcenicizan- 
tes, 1655. 

Dickinson, John, publicist, — ft., 1732 — 
member of general Congress, New York, 1765 
— member of Congress from Pennsylvania, 1774 
and 1779 — ft., 1808. Works, 1801. 

Dickinson, John, paper manufacturer , — ft., 
29 Mar. 1782 — patents machinery for cutting 
and planing paper of indefinite length, 30 Jun. 
1807 — begins business as paper-manufacturer, 
about 1807 — patents new process of manufac- 
ture of paper, 1809 — devises plan of introduc- 
ing coloured threads on paper, 1829 — F.R.S., 
1845 — Master of Stationers' Company, 1857 
and 1858 — ft. in London, 11 Jan. 1869. 

Dickinson, Philemon, general, — $., about 
1740 — member of first Congress, U.S., 1774 — 
distinguishes himself at battle of Monmouth, 
1778 — ft. at Trenton, 4 Feb. 1809. 

Dickson, Adam, agriculturist,— ts., 25 Mar. 
1776. Treatise on Agriculture, 1762 — Treatise 
on Agriculture of the Ancients, 1788. 

Dickson, James, botanist, — ft. in London, 
1822. Easiculi Quatuor Plantarum cryptogami- 
carum Britannia, 17 85-1 801 — Collection de 
plantes diverses, 1789-99. 

Dictatorship, — [BC] — instituted at Rome, 
501 — first plebeian dictator, 356 — office abolish- 
ed, fallen into desuetude, after 202 — revived by 
Sulla, 82 — by Julius Ceesar, 48 — finally abol- 
ished by the Consul Antonius, 44 — offered to 
Augustus, and declined, 23. 



Dicuil, geographer, — ft. in Ireland, about 
780. 

Diderot, Denis, ' Encyclopedist^ — fc. atLan- 
gres, 6 Oct. 17 13 a — sent to Jesuits' College at 
Langres, 1722— introduced to Rousseau, 1742 — ■ 
marries, 6 Nov. 1 743 — imprisoned at Yincennes, 
1749 — visits court of Catherine II., 1773 — ft. 
at Paris, 30 Jul. 1784. Pensees philosophic} ties, 
1746 — Lettre sur les aveugles, §c, 1749 — pro- 
jector and chief editor of the Encyclopedic, 
il5 1 - 6 5- a JaI. 

Didius, M. Salvias Juliamis, Roman Em- 
peror, — h, about 133 — Consul with Calp. Piso, 
(928, a. u. c.) 175 — ConsulII. {suffectus*) with 
Helv. Pertinax, Jul. 179, 13 (Kal. Oct. 931,) 
178 a — buys the empire, on the death of Per- 
tinax, 28 Mar. 193 c — assassinated, 1 Jun. 193. 
11 Zumpt. b Smith's Diet. c Clinton. 

Didius, T., — [BC] — pnetor, defeats and 
triumphs over the Scordiscans, 100 — Consul 
with Q. Caecilius Metellus, 98 — proconsul in 
Spain, defeats and triumphs over Celtiberians, 
93 — falls in Marsic war, 89. 

Didot, Firmin, printer, — rj., 1764 — member 
of Chamber of Deputies, 1829 — ft. at Mesnil, 
24 Apr. 1836. Edition of the Lusiad, 1817 — of 
la Henriade, 18 19 — of Sallust, 1819. 

Didot, Francois Ambroise, printer, — n. at 
Paris, Jan. 1730— ft., 10 Jul. 1804. 

Didot, Pierre Francois, printer, — ft., 7 Dec. 
1795. Imitation de Jesus-Christ, 1788. 

Didymium, — metal, discovered by Mosander, 
1839,* 1 841 .<<> a Conv.-Lex. b Ure's Diet. 

Didymus, grammarian, — [B C] — fl., about 
46- a a Clinton. 

Didymus, of Alexandria, theologian, philoso- 
pher, grammarian, §c, — 6., 301 — ft., 396. 

Diebitsch-Sabalkanski, Hans Karl Fried- 
rich Anton von, field-marshal, — fo. in Silesia, 
13 May 1785 — enters the Prussian army, 1797 
— passes into service of Russia, 1801 — wounded 
at battle of Austerlitz, 1805 — distinguishes 
himself at battles of Eylau and Friedland, Feb. 
to Jun. 1807 — Lieutenant-colonel, 18 12— saves 
the corps of Wittgenstein in retreat, 18 Oct. 
18 12— Major-general, 181 2 — Quartermaster- 
general of Barclay de Tolly, 1 8 1 3— concludes 
secret treaty of Reichenbach, 14 Jun. 181 3 — at 
battle of Dresden, Aug. 1 813— at battle of 
Leipsic, Lieutenant-general, Oct. 1813 — advises 
march of the Allies on Paris, 18 14 — member of 
Congress of Yienna, 18 15— chief of Imperial 
staff, 1820 — present at death of Alexander, at 
Taganrog, Dec. 1825 — distinguishes himself in 
war against Turkey, 1828-29 — takes Varna; 
Commander-in-chief, 27 Feb. 1829 — passes the 
Balkan; occupies Adrianople, Aug. 1829 — 
concludes Treaty of Adrianople, 14 Sep. 1829 — 
Field-marshal, envoy to Berlin, Jul. 1830 — 
commander of army for suppression of Polish 
insurrection, Dec. 1830 — defeated by the Poles 
near Praga, 25 Dec. 1830 — ft. nearPultusk, 10 
Jun. 1 83 1. 

Diecmann, Johann, philologist, — n. at Stade, 
30 Jun. 1647 — D.D. Kiel, 1683 — ft. at Stade, 
4 Jul. 1720. Be naturalismo, 1683 — Specimen 
glossarii MSS. Batino-theotisci, §c, 172 1. 

Diederichs, Johann Christen Wilhelm, 



428 



DIEDO— DIETRICH. 



orientalist, — ft. at Pyrmont, 1750 — tf. Prof. 
Oriental Languages, Konigsberg, 28 Mar. 
1781. Spicilegium observationes quarumd. . . . 
ad loca nonnidla Vet. Test., 1774 — Specimen 
variant, lectionum . . . in psalmos, 1775. 

Diedo, Francisco, jurist, — LL.D. Padua, 
about 1458 — ambassador from Venice to king 
of Hungary, 1474 — to Sixtus IV., 148 1 — 
podestat of Verona, 1483 — tf. there, 1484. 

Diedo, Giacomo, historian, — b. at Venice, 
1684 — tf. there, 1748. History of Venetian 
republic, 1751. 

Dielhelm, Johann Hermann, antiquary, $e., 
— b. at Frankfort- on-the- Main, about 1708 or 
17x1 — tf., 1764/ 1781 or 1784. 13 Benkwiir- 
diger Antiquarius des Bheinstroms, 1744 — 
Benkwurdiger Antiquarius des Elbstromes, 
1748 — Allgemeines hydrographisches JVbrter- 
bach, §c, 1741. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Diemen, Anton van, Governor- general 
of Dutch East Indies, — b. at Culemburg, 
1593 — member of Supreme Council of Dutch 
East Indies, 1625 — Governor-general, 1 Jan. 
1636 — sends Tasman on exploring expedition, 
1642 — tf., 19 Apr. 1645. 

Diemerbroeck, Isbrand van, physician,— b. 
at Montfort, Holland, 13 Dec. 1609 — dis- 
tinguishes himself by his services during the 
plague, at Nimeguen, 1636-37 — Prof. Medicine, i 
Utrecht, 1642, a 1649 b — tf. there, 17 Nov. 
1674. Be peste, 1644 — Anatome corporis 
humani, 1672. 

a Biog. Univ. b Biog. Woordenboek. 

Diepenbeke, Abraham van, painter,— b. at 
Bois-le-Duc, 1607 — Director of Academy, Ant- 
werp, 1641-75 — tf. there, 1675. Tableaux du 
Temple des Muses, 1655. 

Dieppe, France, — castle built by Henry II. 
of England, 11 88 — destroyed in war between 
Richard I. and Philip Augustus, 11 95 — cap- 
tured by tbe English, and soon retaken by the 
French, 1433 — invested by Talbot, Nov. 1442 
■ — relieved by the dauphin, Aug. 1443 — taken 
by Henry IV., 1589 — desolated by the plague, 
1668 —bombarded by the English and Dutch, 
22 Jul. 1694 — occupied by Germans, 9 Dec. 
1870 — evacuated, 10 Dec. — again occupied, 14 
Dec. 

Diericx, Charles Louis Maximilien, topo- 
grapher, — b. at Ghent, 1 Jan. 1756 — tf. near 
Tournai, 1 Apr. 1823. Topographie de Van- 
cienne ville de Gand, 1808 — Memoires sur la 
ville de Gand, i%i^-i$—Het Gend's Charter- 
Boekje, 1826. 

Diersheim, — passage of the Rhine at, by 
Moreau, 19-20 Apr. 1797. 

Dies, Albrecht, painter, engraver, — b. at 
Hanover, 1755 — goes to Pome, 1775 — settles 
at Vienna, 1796 — tf. there, 1822. 

Dies, Gasparo, painter, — studies at Pome, 
under Raphael, before 1520 — tf. at Lisbon, 157 1 . 

Diesbach, family, — settled in Switzerland, 
about 1 1 90. 

Diesbach, Johann Friedrich von, general, — 
b. at Freiburg, 1677 — enters Imperial army, 
17 10 — Major-general, 17 14 — Count of Jhe 
Empire, 17 18 — at siege of Messina, 17 19 — 



Prince of the Empire, 1722 — Governor of 
Syracuse, and Field-marshal general, 1723 — 
serves in Italy, 1733 — wounded at battle of 
Parma, 1734— tf. at Freiburg, 1751. 

Diesbach, John de, — distinguishes himself 
at battle of Marignano, 1515 — commands 
auxiliaries in service of Francis L, 152 1 — 
Marechal de Camp, Councillor of State ; falls 
at Pavia, 1525. 

Diesbach, Nicolas de, — b. at Berne, 1430 — 
member of the Council, 1454 — avoytr, 1463 — 
tf., 1475- 

Diesbach, Sebastian de, — in service of 
France, at battle of Novara, 15 13 — councillor 
at Berne, 15 14 — signs treaty of alliance with 
France, 152 1 — commands auxiliaries in service 
of France, 1523 — avoyer of Berne, 1529 — tf., 
about 1540. 

Diest,in S. Brabant, — taken by Marlborough, 
and retaken by the French, who demolish the 
fortifications, 1.705 — fortress erected at, 1838. 

Diest, Henrik van, theologian, — b. at 
Altona, "Westphalia, 19 Dec. 1595 — D.D. 
Basel, 1 62 1 — Prof. Theology and Hebrew, 
Harderwyck, 1629-41,* i627~39 b — Prof. Theo- 
logy and Hebrew, Deventer, 1641,* i639, b 1673 
— tf. there, 17 Jun. 1673. Be ratione studii 
theologici necessaria instructio, 1634 — Gram- 
matica BZebrcea, $c. t 1665. 

a Biog. Univ. b Biog. "Woordenboek. 

Dietenberger, Johann, theologian,— tf., 30 
Aug. 1534. German translation of the Bible, 

!534- 

Dieterich, Helvicus, physician, — b. in Hesse 
Darmstadt, 1601 — tf., 13 Dec. 1655. Elogium 
planetarum celestium et terrestrhmi macrocosmi 
et microcosmi, 1627 — Vindicice adversus Ottomen 
Tackenium, 1655. 

Dieterich, Johann Conrad, miscellaneous 
writer, — b. in Wetteravia, 19 Jan. 1612 — tf. 
at Giessen, 24 Jun. 1669. Edits Eistoria 
imperator. German, familice Saxonicce, 1666 — 
Antiquitates Biblicce, 1671 — Antiquitates Nov. 
Test., 1680. 

Dieterich, Johann Georg Nicolas. [Wein- 
mann.] 

Dietpold, {Theobald,) Bp of Passau, — 
follows Emperor Frederick Barbarossa to 
Philippopolis, May 11 89 — tf., 1190. 

Dietrich, Christian Wilhelm Ernst, painter, 
— b. at "Weimar, 30 Oct. 17 12 — studies at 
Dresden, 1724 — in service of Count Briihl, 
1730 — court-painter to king of Poland, 1734,^ 
1730 b — studies in Italy, 1745,* 1743 bc — In- 
spector of Picture Gallery, Dresden, 1746 — 
Prof. Painting, Academy of Arts, 1763—13. at 
Dresden, 24 Apr. 1774. 

a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Conv.-Lex. 

Dietrich, Friedrich Gottlieb, botanist, — b ., 
15 Mar. 1768 — Prof. Botany, Eisenach, 1823 — 
tf. there, 2 Jan. 1850. Vollstdndige Bexikon 
der Gdrtnerei und Botanik, 1802-10 — Mand- 
buch der botanischen Lustgdrtnerei, 1826-28. 

Dietrich, Philipp Friedrich, Baron von, — 
b. at Strasburg, 1748— imprisoned at Paris, 
Nov. 1792^ — condemned to death by Revolu- 
tionary tribunal, 28 Dec. 1793. Translation 
of Berber's Betters on Mineralogy, $c. t 1776 — 



DIETTERLIN— DILKE. 



429 



translation of Scheele's Treatise on Air and 
Mre, 178 1 — Description desgites de minerai, §c. } 
1786. 

Dietterlin, Wendelin, painter, architect, — h. 
at Strasburg, about 1540 — &., 1599. Treatise 
on Architecture, 1593. 

Dietz, (Diez,) Heinrich Friedrich von, ori- 
entalist, — b. at Bernburg, 2, a 22 b Sep. 1751 — 
ambassador extraordinary to tbe Porte, 1786^ 
1784 b -90 — tf. at Berlin, 8 Apr. 1817. JJeber 
Inhalt und Vortrag . . des honiglichen Buches, 
18 1 1 — Buch des Kabus, 181 1 — Wesentliche Be- 
trachtungen, 18 13. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Bieu, St Jean de, monastic founder, — b. in 
Portugal, 1495 — founds Hospital of La Charite, 
Granada; tf., 8 Mar. 1550 — beatified, by Ur- 
ban VIII., 1630 — canonized, by Alexander 
VIII., 1690. 

Dieu, Louis de, orientalist, — b. at Flushing, 
7 Apr. 1590 — preacher at Leyden, 1619 — "&. 
there, 23 Dec. 1642. Critica sacra, 1693 — 
Grammatica Linguarum Orientalium, §c, 1628 
— Rudimenta linguce Persicce, 1639. 

' Dieu et mon Droit,' — assumed as motto by 
Richard I., 1189-99 — revived by Edward III., 
about 1340. 

Dieze, Johann Andreas, historian, — b. at 
Leipsic, 1729 — Prof. Ancient and Modern Li- 
terature, Gottingen, 1764 — first librarian to the 
University, Mentz, 1784 — tf. there, 14 Sep. 
1785. Uebersetzung von Velasquez ' Origines 
de la poesia,' 1754. 

Differential Calculus, — [Fluxions] — in- 
vented by Leibnitz, 1684 — systematized by 
James and John Bernoulli, 1684-90 — made 
known in France by L'Hopital, 1696. 

Differential Thermometer, — suggested by 
Sturm, 1672 — invented and applied by Leslie, 
about 1795. 

Diffraction, (Deflection of rays of light,) — 
discovered and described by Grimaldi, before 
1665 — investigated by Newton, 1674- 17 04 — by 
Young, 1802 — by Fresnel, 1821. 

Digby, Sir Everard, — b., 158 1 — Knt, by 
James 1., 1603 — takes part in the Gunpowder 
Plot, 1605 — arrested at Dudley, Nov. 1605 — 
executed in London, 30 Jan. 1606. 

Digby, George and John. [Bristol, Earls 

OF.] 

Digby, Kenelm, — b. in Buckinghamshire, 1 1 
Jun. 1603 — enters Oxford Univ., 1618 — Knt, by 
James 1., Oct. 1623 — Governor of the Trinity 
House ; equips and commands a squadron 
against the Algerines and Venetians, 1628 — 
enters Church of Rome, 1636 — settles in Eng- 
land, 1661 — tf. in London, 11 Jun. 1665. Ob- 
servations on Religio Medici, 1 643 — Five books 
of Peripatetic Institutions, 1651 — Discourse on 
Vegetation, 1661 — Private Memoirs, 1827. 

Digeon, Alexandre Elisabeth Michel, gen- 
eral, — b. at Paris, 26 Jun. 177 1 — enters the 
army, 1 Jan. 1792 — serves in Italy, 1796 — in 
campaign of Austria, 1805 — General of Bri- 
gade, distinguishes himself at Friedland, 1 807 
— sent to Spain, 1808 — Governor of provinces 
of Cordova and Jaen, 1812 — distinguishes him- 
self in Andalusia, 181 3 — General of Division, 



3 Mar. 1 813 — wounded at battle of Vittoria, 
Jun. 1 813 — Inspector-general of Cavalry, 18 14 
— Peer of France, 5 Mar. 18 19 — interim Min- 
ister of War, 1823 — Minister of State, Privy 
Councillor, Commander-in-chief of army of 
occupation of Spain, 1824 — lj. near Paris, 2 
Aug. 1826. 

Digest, — [Pandects] — of Justinian, com- 
piled by Tribonian and others, published, 533 — 
MS. of, discovered at Amalfi, (?) 11 37 — carried 
from Pisa to Florence, 1411. 

Digest of the Law of Fngland, — Commis- 
sion on, appointed, 1866 — first Report, 13 May 
1867. 

Digges, Sir Dudley, statesman, — b., 1583 — 
enters Oxford Univ., 1598 — ambassador to 
Russia, 16 1 8 — M.P., 1621 — compelled to go to 
Ireland on king's service, 1622 — named one of 
the Commissioners to conduct impeachment of 
Buckingham, 3 May 1626— sent to the Tower 
with Sir John Eliot, io, a 11 b May — released a 
few days later : Master of the Rolls, Apr. 
1636 — lj., 8 Mar. 1639. Defence of Commerce, 
1615 — Compleat ambassador, 1655. 

a Annals of England. b Guizot. 

Digges, Leonard, mathematician, — o\, about 
1573. Tectonicum, 1556 — Pantometria, 1591 
— Prognostication everlasting of Right Good 
Effect, %e., 1555. 

Digges, Thomas, mathematician, — tf. in 
London, 1595. Alee sive scalce mathematicce, 
1573 — Arithmetical Military Treatise, 1579 — ■ 
Stratioticos, 1579. 

Dijon, {Dibio, Divio, Divionense Castrum,) 
in France, — enlarged by Aurelian, about 274 a 
— burnt by the Saracens, 731 — sacked by the 
Normans, 888 — head of a County, 900 — taken by 
RobertofVermandois,959 — retaken by Lothaire, 
960 — annexed to Duchy of Burgundy on death 
of the last Count, 1082 — burnt, ii27, a ii37 b 
— rebuilt about 20 years later : residence of 
the Dukes of Burgundy, 1 179-1477 — fortified 
by Philip de Rouvres, 1357 — castle com- 
menced by Louis XL, completed by Louis 
XII., 15 1 3 — besieged by the Swiss, saved by a 
treaty, 15 13 — bombarded and taken by Ger- 
mans, 29 Oct. 1870 — evacuated, 28 Dec. 1870 
— head-quarters of Gen. Bourbaki, early in Jan. 
1 87 1 — reoccupied by Germans, 1 Feb. 187 1. 
Treaty of, between the citizens and the Swiss, 
which Louis XII. refused to ratify, 15 13. 
Councils of, against simony, Jul. 1077 — on dis- 
cipline, 1 1 16 — respecting marriage of Philip 
Augustus with Ingeburga, 1199 or I200 « 
a Univevs Pittoresque. 
b Encyc. des Gens du Monde. 

Dilettanti Society, — established in England, 
1760. 

Dilherr, Johann Michael, philologist, $c, — 
b. in Henneberg, 14 Oct. 1604 — Prof. Elo- 
quence, Jena, 1631 — Prof. History and Poetry, 
1634 — Prof. Theology and Philosophy, Nurn- 
berg, 1642 — if. at Niirnberg, 8 Apr. 1669. 
Atrium linguce sanctce, 1660 — Apparatus phi- 
lologicus, 1632. 

Dilke, Sir Charles Wentworth, Bast.,— b. 
in London, 18 Feb. 18 10 — LL.B. Cambridge, 
1834 — promotes the first Great Exhibition, 



43° 



DILLEN— DION. 



1 85 1 — visits America as English Commissioner 
at Industrial Exhibition, N. York, 1853 — one 
of the Commissioners of Great Exhibition, 
1862— Bart., 22 Jan. 1862— M. P. Walling ford, 
Jul. 1865 to Nov. 1868 — U. at St Petersburg, 
10 May 1869. 

Dillen, {Dillenius,) Johann Jacob, botanist, 
—ft. at Darmstadt, i687, ac 1681 b — Prof. 
Botany, Oxford, 1728— tf. there, 2 Apr. 1747. 
If ort us Elthamensis, 1732 — Historia muscorum, 
1 741. a Biog. Univ. 

b Chalmers. c Ersch and Gruber. 

Dillon, Arthur, Count, general, — b., 1670 — 
Brigadier in service of France, 1702 — Lieuten- 
ant-general, 17 06 — contributes to victory of Cas- 
tiglione, 1706 — retires, 1730 — tf., 5 Feb. 1733. 

Dillon, Arthur, Count,— b. in Ireland, 3 
Sep. 1750 — serves in French army, and dis- 
tinguishes himself in West Indies, 1777 — 
deputy to States-General, 1789 — condemned 
to death by revolutionary tribunal, 14 Apr. 
1794. 

Dillon, Roger Henri de, Abbe, publicist, — 
b. at Bordeaux, 11 Jun. 1762 — emigrates, 
1790-1804 — exiled to Dijon, 1806-14 — keeper 
of the Mazarin Library, about 1817 — tf., 1829. 
Guide des etudes historiques, 181 2 — Histoire 
tmiverselle, 1814-22. 

Dillon, Theobald, Count, — Mareehal de 
Camp, 13 Jun. 1783 — serves under Rochambeau, 
1792 — massacred by his soldiers, Apr. 1792. 

Dillon, Wentworth. [Roscommon.] 

Dimsdale, Thomas, physician, — b. in Essex, 
17 1 2 — Counsellor of State, physician to 
Empress Catherine of Bussia, 1768 — tf. at 
Hertford, 30 Dec. 1800. Tracts on Inocula- 
tion, 178 1. 

Dinant, in Belgium, — belongs to bishops of 
Liege, 559 — comes into possession of Charles 
the Bald, 870 — taken, pillaged, and burnt by 
Philip the Good, Aug. 1466 — taken and pillaged 
by the French, 1554 — by Marshal de Crequi, 
29 May 1675 — the fortress destroyed by the 
French, 1690 — restored to Bp of Liege by 
Treaty of Byswick, 1697 — taken by the French, 
27 May 1794 — occupied by the allies, 1813. 

Dinge, Antoine, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at 
Orleans, 2 May 1759 — ft. at Paris, 23 Apr. 
1832. Figures de I'histoire de France, 1785 — 
Histoire de la maison de Bourbon, 1772-88. 

Diniz da Cruz, Antonio, .port, — b. at Ca-stello 
de Vide, 1730 — tf. Chancellor of Supreme 
Court, Bio Janeiro, 1798. 

Dinner, Conrad, philologist, — b. in Fries- 
land, 1540 — tf., about 1600. Epithetorum 
Grcecoruni farrago locupletissima, 1589. 

Dinophilos, — Archon at Athens, 49. 

Dinter, {Dinterus,) Edmond,— Tj. at Brussels, 
17 Feb. 1448. Genealogia ducum Burgundies, 
Brabantice, §c, 1529. 

Dinter, Gustav Friedrich, — b. near Leipsic, 
29 Feb. 1760 — director of normal school, near 
Dresden, 1797 — Councillor of Schools and the 
Consistory, Konigsberg, 18 17— Prof. Theology, 
1822— tf. there, 29 May 1831. S&mmtlichen 
■"•■ hi if ten, 1 841 -5 1. 

Dio, — Consul with Tibcrianus, (1044, a. u.c.) 
291. 



Diodes, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
92, 4,) 409. 

Diocles, legislator, — [BC] — proposes the 
death of Nikias and Demosthenes, 413 — gives 
laws to Syracuse, 412 — commands against 
Hannibal at Himera, 409— banished, 408. 

Diocles Carystius, physician, — [B C] — fl., 
about 325. 

Diocletian, Era of, {Era of the Martyrs,) — 
commences, 29 Aug. 284. 

Diocletianus, C Aurelius Valerius, (Diodes,) 
Roman Emperor, — b., 245 — serves under 
Probus in Mcesia, 278 — -under Cams against 
Persia, 283 — proclaimed Emperor at Chalcedon, 
on death of Numerianus, (15 Kal. Oct.) 17 
Sep. 284 — defeated by Carinus, and proclaimed 
Emperor by his army, May 285 — appoints 
Maximianus Augustus, Kal. Apr. 286 — appoints 
Galenus Caesar, Kal. Mar. 292,^ 291 c — defeats 
Achilleus in Egypt, 297^ 299 or 303 c — makes 
peace with Narses, 298^ 297 c — publishes edict 
against Christians, Feb. 303 — triumphs at 
Rome, before Oct. 302, b Nov. 303,° Nov. 304 d 
— abdicates, 1 May 305— tf., Jul. 313, Nov., 
Dec. 3i6. d a Gibbon. 

b Clinton. c Others. d Tillemont. 

Diodati, Domenico, — b. at Naples, 31 Oct. 
1736 — tf., 1801. De Christo grace loquente, 
1767 — Illustrazione di varie monete Siciliane, 
1788. 

Diodati, Jean, theologian, — ft. at Geneva, 6 
Jun. 1576— Prof. Hebrew, 1597 — Theology, 
1609-45 — charged to draw up Acts of Synod of 
Dort, 161 8-19 — tf. at Geneva, 3 Oct. 1649. 
Italian translation of the Bible, 1603 — French 
translation of the Bible, 1644 — French transla- 
tion of Sarpi's History of the Council of Trent, 
1 62 1 — Annotationes in Biblia, 1607. 

Diodorus, jurist, — -commissioner in compila- 
tion of Theodosian Code, 435. 

Diodorus, Peripatetic philosopher, — [B C] — 
fi., in. 

Diodorus Siculus, historian, — [BC] — in 
Egypt, (01. 190,) 20 — writes his History, 
about 8. 

Diogenes, Cynic philosopher, — [BC] — ft., 
about 412 — tf. at Corinth, May or Jun. 323. 

Diogenes Apolloniates, natural philosopher, 
— [B CJ— fi. after 468. 

Diogenes Babylonius, Stoic philosopher, — 
[B C] — ambassador from Athens to Rome with 
Carneades and Critolaos, 155 — tf., before 151. 

Diogenes Laertius, historian, philosopher, 
— fi. about 200 ? a — tf-, about 222. b 

a Smith's Diet. b Blair. 

Diogenianus, of Heracleia, grammarian, §c, 
— £{., about 125. 

Diognetos, — [BC] — 1. Archon at Athens, 
(01. 72, 1,) 492. 2. Archon at Athens, (01. 
129, 1,) 264. 

Diomedon, — [B C] — commands in Ionia, &c, 
412-41 1 — opposes the 400, and recalls Al- 
kibiades, 411 — one of the ten generals, 407 — 
at Arginusse, 406 — condemned to death, 406. 

Dion,TvRANTor Syracuse, — [B C] — b., about 
408 a — becomes acquainted with Plato, about 
387 a — banished from Syracuse, 367-6 a — leaves 
Zakynthus, after eclipse, 9 Aug. 357 b — reaches 



DION CASSTUS— DIPLOMATICS. 



43i 



Sicily, Sep. 357 — despot of Syracuse, 356 — 
killed, before midsummer 353. [Dionysius, 
the Elder and the Younger.] 

a Grote. b Clinton, 

Dion Cassius Cocceianus, historian,— ■%., 
about 155 — goes to Rome, about 180— senator, 
190 — -praetor, 194 — at JSTicomedia with Caracal- 
la, 17 Dec. 214 — appointed by Macrinus Go- 
vernor of Pergamus and Smyrna, about 218 — 
\Consul, 219*26] — inBithynia, 222 — proconsul 
in Africa, 224 — legate to Dalmatia, 226 — 
legate to Pannonia, 227 — Consul with. Alexan- 
der, (982, a. u. c.) 229. 

Dion (Prusceus,) Chrysostomus Cocceianus, 
rhetorician and sophist,- —b., about 50 — with- 
draws from Rome, 90 — returns to Rome, about 
97 — returns to Prusa, about 100 — tf. at Rome, 
about 117. 

Dionis,. Pierre, surgeon, — u. at Paris, about 
1640 — Demonstrator Royal of Anatomy and Sur- 
gery at the Jar din des Plantes, 1673 — first sur- 
geon to Queen Marie Therese, 1 680 — tf. at Paris, 
Dec. 1718. Anatomie de Vhomme, §c, 1690 
■ — Cours d' operations de chirurgie, §c, 1707 — 
Traite general des accouchements, 1718. 

Dionis du Sejour, Achille Pierre, astrono- 
mer, — b. at Paris, 11 Jan. 1734 — member of 
Academy of Sciences, 1765 — F.R.S. London, 
1775 — tf. at Angerville, 22 Aug. 1794. Traite 
analytique des mouvements apparents des corps 
celestes, 1786-9 — Recherches sur la gnomonique, 
1761. -> 

Dionisi, Filippo Lorenzo, antiquary, — fc. at 
Rome, 17 1 1 — tf., 11 Mar. 1789. Sacrarum 
Vaticance basilicce cryptarum monumenta, 

1773- 

Dionisi, Giovanni Giacomo, antiquary, phi- 
lologist, — c. at Verona, 1724 — tf. there, 14 
Apr. 1808. Delia zecca di Verona, $c, I773, a 
I l%5 h — Dei santi Veronesi, 1786 — Prepara- 
zione istorica e critica alia nuova edizione di 
Dante Ali ghieri, 1806. 

a Biog. Univ. b Erscb and Gruber. 

Dionysius L, {the Elder,) Tyrant op Syra- 
cuse, — [BC] — b., about 431-0 — attempts the 
restoration of Hermocrates, 407 — serves against 
Hannibal, 406 — accuses the generals, and is 
named one of their successors ; becomes tyrant, 
Dec. 406 a — Strategics autocrator, spring 405 — 
defeated by Himilco at Gela, makes peace, 405 
— puts down Khalkidian cities, 403 — unprosper- 
ous war against Carthage, 397-6-5 — defeats 
Mago at Abacsena, 393 — treaty with Carthage, 
392 — war with Italian cities, 390-387 — ally of 
Sparta, 387-367 — [Korkyra, Thebes] — disad- 
vantageous war and peace with Carthage, 383 b 
— war renewed, 368 b — gains prize for tragedy 
at the Eenaea, {Redemptio BZectoris,) Feb. 367 
— tf., Feb. 367."- a Clinton. b Grote. 

Dionysius II., {the Younger,) Tyrant or Sy- 
racuse, — [B C] — b., before 372 ? a about 395 b — 
succeeds his father, Dionysius I., Feb. 367 — 
aids Sparta against Thebes, 366 — banishes 
Dion, [Plato,] 367-6 a — expelled on return of 
Dion, establishes himself at Locri, about Aug. 
356 c — regains Syracuse, 346 — expelled again 
by Timoleon, goes to Corinth, after midsummer 
343. a Grote. b Smitb's Diet. c Clinton. 



Dionysius, of Colophon, painter, — [B C] — fl., 
about 450. 

Dionysius, Epicurean philosopher, — [B Cj — 
after Poly stratus, and is succeeded by Basilides, 
about 200. 

Dionysius, of Salicamassus, historian, — ■ 
[BC] — b., between 78 and 54a — goes to Italy, 
about (01. 187, 3,) 29 b — completes his History, 
after 7. b a Dodwell. b Clinton. 

Dionysius, of Byzantium, poet, — fl., before 
197. 

Dionysius, of BZeracleia, {Metathemenus,) 
philosopher, — [B C] — tf., after 263. 

Dionysius Periegeta, geographer, — [B C] — ■ 
fl., about I. a a Clinton. 

Dionysius Periegetes, poet, geographer, — ft., 
about 28o-3oo. a a Clinton. 

Dionysius Thrax, grammarian, — [BC] — 
teaches at Rome, about 80. 

Dionysius, Bp of Alexandria, — head of 
theological school, about 232 — Bp after Hera- 
clas, beginning 249 s — imprisoned in Decian 
persecution and escapes, 250-1 — exiled under 
Valerian's persecution, 257-260 — tf., 265. 
a Clinton. 

Dionysius, Bp of Rome, — succeeds Sixtus 
II., 259 — tf., 269. 

Dionysius, — Consul with Florentius, (1182, 
a. u. c.) 429. 

Diopeithes, — [B C] — leads Athenian cleruchs 
to Thracian Chersonesus, about 344 — Athenian 
general at Hellespont, 342-341 — accused for his 
proceedings against Philip and defended by 
Demosthenes, 341. 

Diophantos, orator, — [BC] — fl., about 372. 

Diophantos, of Alexandria, algebraist, — ft., 
about 365, a after 6oo. b 

a Abulfar. Colebrooke. b De Morgan. 

Dioscorid'es Pedacius, {Pedanius,) writer on 
Materia Medica, — £(., before 200. 

Dioscorus, — Consul with Eudoxius, (1195, 

A. U. C.) 442. 

Dioscorus, Bp of Alexandria, — succeeds 
Cyrillus, /\\ \ — accuses Theodoret, 447 — pre- 
sides at second Council of Ephesus, [Robber 
Synod,) 8 Aug. 449 — excommunicates Leo, Bp 
of Rome, 451 — condemned and deposed, by 
Council of Chalcedon, and banished by the em- 
peror, 451. 

Dioscurias, — [B C] — colony from Miletus, 
about 750. 

Diotimos, — [B C] — 1. Archon at Athens, (01. 
88, 1,) 428. 2. Archon, (01. 106, 3,) 354. 

Diphilos, of Sinope, comic poet, — [BC] — • 
(New Comedy) — fl., about 320. 

Diphilos, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
84, 3,) 442. 

Diplomatic Service, in England, — salaries 
and allowances provided for, by Civil List Act, 
2 and 3 ¥m IV. c. 116, 1832 — provisions re- 
pealed, salaries and pensions to be paid out of 
money annually voted by parliament, by Act 32 
and 33 Vic. c. 4-3, 2 Aug. 1869 — Select Com- 
mittee on, appointed, Feb. 1871 — first report, 
18 May 1871. 

Diplomatics, — science of, originated by 
Papebroch, about 1675 — reduced to scientific 
form, by Mabillon, {De Re Diplomatica,) 168 1 — ■ 



43 2 



DIPCENOS— DITMARSH. 



further developed by Benedictine fathers, Tous- 
saint and Tassin. [Nouveau Traite de Diploma- 
tique,) 1750-60. 

Dipcenos and Skyllis, sculptors, — [B C] — 
(mythic?) — fl., before 550 :i — in Peloponnesus, 
(01. 50,) 580-576. b a Pliny. b MUller. 

Dippel, Johann Conrad, theologian, chemist, 
— b. at Frankenstein, 1673 — goes to Berlin, 
1706 — M.D. Leyden, 171 1 — fc. at Wittgenstein, 
25 Apr. 1734. Works, 1747. 

Dipping Needle, — invented by Eobert Nor- 
man, 1576. 

Diratzou-Baghdassar, Armenian historian, 
— b\, about 17 1 9. 

1 Directions for Public Worship,'— prepared 
by Westminster Assembly of Divines, 1643 — 
substituted for the Liturgy, by parliament, Jan. 

1645. 

Directory, French, — established by decree of 
Convention, 22 Aug. 1795 — installed, 27 Oct. 
— abolished by Napoleon, (18-19 Brumaire,) 
9-10 Nov. 1799. 

Discipline, Book of, — First, compiled by 
General Assembly of Church of Scotland, 1560 
— Second, Apr. 158 1. 

Disney, John, theologian, §c, — b. at Lin- 
coln, 1677 — takes priest's orders, 1719 — fr. 
vicar of St Mary's, Nottingham, 1730. 

Dispensation, Papal, — prohibited in England, 
and power to grant, given to the two arch- 
bishops, by Act 25 Hen. VIII. c. 21, 1534. 

Dispensing Power, in England, — abolished 
by Bill of Rights, 1689. 

Dispersion of Mankind. [Babel.] 

Disraeli, {1)' Israeli,) Isaac, miscellaneous 
writer,— h. at Enfield, May 1766— D.C.L. Ox- 
ford, 1831 — ts. at Bradenham House, 19 Jan. 
1848. Curiosities of L iter a ture, 1791- 3 — Mis- 
cellanies of Literature, iZiz-ii — Life and 
Reign of Charles I., 1828-31 — Amenities of 
Literature, 1841 — Genius of Judaism, 1833. 

Dissection, ( Anatomical^) — [B Cj — practised 
by Democritus of Abdera, about 400 — by 
Erasistratus and Herophilus at Alexandria, 
about 280-260 — [AD] — of human subjects 
publicly practised by Mondino at Bologna, 
1 3 15 — authorized in school of Montpellier by 
royal ordinance, May 1 396— practice of, re- 
vived by Leonardo da Vinci, 1495 — by Vesa- 
lius, about 1550. 

Dissen, Georg Ludolf, philologist, — b. near 
Gottingen, 17 Dec. 1784 — enters the Univ., 
1804 — founds Philological Society there, 181 x 
— Prof. Classical Philology, Marburg, 1812 — 
Prof. Classical Literature, Gottingen, 1813 — 
if., Sep. 1837. Be Temporibus et Modis Verbi 
Graci, 1809 — edition of Pindar, 1830 — of Tibul- 
lus, 1835 — of Demosthenes, {De Corona,) 1837. 

Dissenters, in England, — the Savoy Confer- 
ence, 1 66 1 — excluded from municipal offices 
by Corporation Act, 13 Car. II st. 2, c. 1, 
1 66 1 — become a distinct body after ejection 
from the Church of England under Act of Uni- 
formity, 14 Car. II. c. 4, 1662 — assemblies 
of, prohibited by Conventicle Act, 16 Car. II. 
c. 4, 1664— the Five-mile Act, 17 Car. II. c. 
2, 1665 — Comprehension of, unsuccessfully 
attempted, 1668 — second Conventicle Act, 22 



Car. II. c. 1, 1670 — Declaration of Indulgence 
by Charles II., 15 Mar. 1672 — withdrawn, 
on complaint of parliament, 8 May 1673 — ex- 
cluded from government offices by the Test 
Act, 25 Car. II. c. 2, 1673 — royal proclama- 
tions for enforcing laws against, early 1675 — 
favour shown to, by James II., 1686— Declara- 
tions for liberty of conscience published by 
James II., Feb. and Apr. 1687 — and again, 
25 Apr. 1688— [Seven Bishops] — Bill for re- 
peal of Corporation Act defeated by prorogation 
of parliament, 10 Jan. 1681 — exempted from 
certain penalties by Toleration Act, 1 Wm 
and Mar. c. 18, 24 May 1689— motions for relief 
of, negatived by House of Commons, 28 Mar. 
1787 and 8 May 1789 — the Corporation and 
Test Acts repealed by Act 9 Geo. IV. c. 17, 9 
May 1828 — chapels exempted from church and 
poor rates by Act 3 and 4 Wm IV.. c. 30, 24 
Jul. 1833— authorized to solemnize marriages 
by Act 6 and 7 Wm IV. c. 86, 17 Aug. 1836 
— titles to trust property for purposes of wor- 
ship simplified by Act 13 and 14 Vic. c. 28, 15 
Jul. 1850. 

Dissidents, in Poland, — appear during reign 
of Sigismund Augustus, 1548-72 — freedom of 
worship secured to, by the ' Pacta Conventa ' of 
Henry of Valois, 10 Sep. 1573 — unsuccessfully 
oppose his coronation, 24 Feb. 1574 — perse- 
cution of, 17 17-18 and 1733 — intervention in 
favour of, by Empress of Russia and the King 
of Prussia, Sep. 1764 — unsuccessful appeal of 
England, Denmark, Sweden, Prussia, and Rus- 
sia, to the Diet of 1766 — forma Confederation, 
1767 — which is dissolved by the Diet, Mar. 
1768 — Confederation of Bar and other associ- 
ations formed, 1768 — take the name of crusaders 
and occasion great disorders, 1770— intervention 
of Russia, Prussia, and Austria, and the first 
Partition of Poland, 1772 — partly restored to 
their rights, 1775. 

Dissolution of Monasteries. [Monasteries.] 

District Parishes, — constituted under Acts 
58 Geo. III. c. 45,30 May 181 8; 59 Geo. 
c. 134, 12 Jul. 1819; 1 and 2 Win IV. c. 38, 
s. 23, 15 Oct. 1831 ; 1 and 2 Vic. c. 107. s. 
10, 15 Aug. 1838; 6 and 7 Vic. c. 37, 28 Jul. 
1843 ; 7 and 8 Vic. c. 94, 9 Aug. 1844; 13 
and 14 Vic. c. 94, s. 27, 14 Aug. 1850 ; 19 and 
20 Vic. c. 104, 29 Jul. 1856 — further regulated 
by Acts 7 and 8 Geo. IV. c. 72, 1827 ; 7 Wm 
IV. and 1 Vic. c. 69, ss. 2 and 3, 15 Jul. 1837; 
8 and 9 Vic. c. 70, 31 Jul. 1845; 9 and 10 
Vic. c. 68, 26 Aug. 1846; 11 and 12 Vic. c. 
37, 31 Aug. 1848; 14 and 15 Vic. c. 97, 7 
Aug. 1 85 1 — annexation of tithes to, facilitated 
by Act 28 Vic. c. 42, 19 Jun. 1865. 

Ditmar, (Dithmar, Diethumur,) Bp of 
Mehseburg, chronicler, — b., 25 Jul. d 978^ 
976 bc — Bp of Merseburg, Apr. 1009° — )j., 1 
Dec. 1 01 8. a Biog. Univ. 

b Chalmers. c Ersch and Gruber. 

Ditmar, Theodor Jacob, historian, — fc. at 
Berlin, 1734.— ■&. there, 7 Jul. 1791. De 
methodo qua BZistoria universalis doceri queat, 
177 9 — Geschichte der Israeliten, 1788. 

Ditmarsh, (Dithmarsh,) Holstein, — seized 
by Waldemar II. of Denmark, 1203 — given 



DITMER— DOBRO. 



433 



up as part of his ransom, 1225 — reconquered 
by him, 1226 — lost again, 1227— united to 
Holstein Proper, 1459 — unsuccessfully invaded 
by John I. of Denmark, 1500. 

Ditiner, {Ditmar,) Jan, engraver, — 6. in the 
Netherlands, about 1538— &. at Antwerp, 1603. 
Christ dans les nues, 1574. 

Ditters von Dittersdorf, Karl, musical com- 
poser, — fj. at Vienna, 1739 — ti., Oct. 1799. 

Bitton, Humphrey, mathematician, — ft. at 
Salisbury, 29 May 1675 — 3j. Mathematical 
Master of Christ's Hospital, 15 Oct. 17 15. 
General Laws of Nature and Motion, 1705 — 
Institution of Fluxions, $c, 1706 — Treatise on 
Perspective, 17 12 — Discourse on the Resur- 
rection of Jesus Christ, 17 14 — New Law of 
Fluids, 17 14. 

Diu, in Hindustan, — its temple destroyed 
and pillaged by Mahmud of Ghizni, 1025 — 
the Portuguese defeated, and afterwards defeat 
combined fleet of Mamelukes and Guzerat near, 
(913, a. h.) 1508 — taken possession of by Por- 
tuguese, 15 15 — Portuguese obtain permission 
to build a factory, on aiding Bahadur Shah, 
1535— fortified, 1536— pillaged by the Arabs of 
Muscat, 1670. 

Diveeus, {Van JDieven,) Pieter, antiquary, — 
ft. at Louvain, 1536 — investigates charters and 
privileges of Louvain, 1575-82 — ft. at Mechlin, 
159 1, a i58i. b Be antiquitatibus Gallia Bel- 
gicce, 1566 — Berum Brabanticarum lib. XIX., 
16 10. a Biog. TJniT. b Biog. Woordenboek. 

Dividends, on Fublic Stocks, in Great 
Britain, — payment of, facilitated and regulated 
by Act 32 and 33 Vic. c. 104, 11 Aug. 1869— 
amended and extended to Ireland by Act 33 
and 34 Vic. c. 47, 1 Aug. 1870. 

Divine Eight of Kings, — maintained in the 
Book of Canons of the Convocation, 1604. 

Diving Armour, — devised by Klingert, 1798 
— by Tonkin, 1804. 

Diving Bell, — experiment with, before 
Charles V., at Toledo, before 1558 — improved 
by Halley, about 1715,* I7i7 b — by Triewald, 
1732 — by Spalding, 1775 — by Smeaton, and 
applied to engineering operations, 1779 and 
1788 — used to examine the 'Royal George,' 
May 1 8 17 — improved by Jones, 1838. 
a Encyc. Brit. b Engl. Cyc 

Divino, El. [Morales, Louis de.] 
Divo, {Divus,) Andrea, translator, — ft. at 
Capo d'Istria, about 1500. Latin translations 
of Homer, 1537 — Aristophanes, 1538 — and 
Theocritus, 1539. 

Divorce, — [B C] — first case in Rome, of L. 
Antonius, before or in 307 — case of Sp. Car- 
vilius Ruga, 234. [AD] — In England, right 
to, by Act of Parliament, established by cases 
of the Countess of Macclesfield, 1697, and the 
Duke of Norfolk, 1700 — Commission on the 
law of, appointed, Dec. 1850 — Court for, and 
Matrimonial Causes, established by Act 20 and 
21 Vic. c. 85, 28 Aug. 1857 — amended by Act 
21 and 22 Vic. c. 108, 2 Aug. 1858— further 
provisions by Acts 22 and 23 Vic. c. 61, 13 
Aug. 1859; 23 and 24 Vic. c. 144, 28 Aug. 
i860; 25 and 26 Vic. c. 81, 7 Aug. 1862 ; 27 
and 28 Vic. c. 44, 14 Jul. 1864; and 29 Vic. c. 



32, 11 Jun. 1866 — law relating to appeals, 
amended by Act 31 and 32 Vic. c. 77, 31 Jul. 
1868. In France, established by law of 20 
Sep. 1792 — law amended by the Code Civil, art. 
229-305, (an XII.,) 1803-4— abolished, 28 May 
1816. 

Dixmerie, Nicolas Bricaire de la, miscel- 
laneous writer, — ft. in Champagne, about 1731 
— tf. at Paris, 26 Nov. 1791. Contes philoso- 
phiques et moraux, 1769 — L'Fspagne litteraire, 
1744 — Floge analytique et historique de 
Michel de Montaigne, §c, 1780. 

Dizier, St, in France, — taken by Charles V., 
1544 — Marshal Victor defeated by allies at, Jan. 
1 8 14 — Napoleon repulses the allies, 27 Jan. 
1 8 14. 

Djami, (Moulla Nouheddin Abdukrah- 
man ben Ahmed,) poet, — ft. in Khorassan, 
(817, a. h.) 1414— &., (898-9,) 1492-3. 
Djuzak. [Bokhara.] 

Dlugosz, John, historian, — ft. in Poland, 
1415 — tutor to the sons cf Casimir IV., about 
145 1 — if. at Cracow, May 1480. Historia 
Folonice, 1711-12. 
Dmitri. [Demetrius.] 
Dmitri, {Demetrius,) Abp op Rostof, — ft., 
1651 — tr., 28 Oct. 1709 — canonized, 1732. 
Lives of Saints honoured by the Greco-Russian 
Church, 1 689- 1 705 — Inquiries concerning the 
heresy of Raskolniki of BruinsJc, 1745. 

Dmitriev, Ivan Ivanovich, poet, — ft. in 
Russia, 1760 — ft., 15 Oct. 1837. 

Dmochowzki, Francis Xavier, poet, trans- 
lator, <$rc, — ft. in Poland, 1762 — enters congre- 
gation of Fiarists, 1779 — member of Supreme 
Council, takes part in Polish insurrection, 1794 
— If. at Warsaw, 20 Jun. 1808. Translation 
of Homer's Iliad, 1800 — of Homer's Odyssey, 
1806 — of Epistles of Horace, 1802 — of Virgil's 
JEneid, 1809 — of Milton's Paradise Lost, 1803. 
Doab, in Hindustan, (between Ganges and 
Jumna,) — southern part acquired by the Eng- 
lish from king of Oude, 1801 — northern part 
ceded to them by Dowlat Rao Scindia, 1803. 

Dbbereiner, Johann Wolfgang, chemist, — 
ft. at Hof, 13 Dec. 1780 — Prof. Chemistry, 
Jena, 1810-49 — tf. there, 24 Mar. 1849. ^ ur 
pneumatischen Chemie, 1821-25 — Zur Gdhrungs- 
chemie, 1822 — Ueber neuentdeckte hbchst merJc- 
wiirdige Eigenschaften des Platins, %c, 1824. 

Dobner, Gelasius, {Felix Job,) historian, — 
ft. at Prague, 17 19 — if, there, 24 May 1790. 
Wenceslai Hugek annates Bohemorum, §c, 
1762-82 — Monument a historica Bohemia, §c, 
1764-86 — Examen criticum . . . originem Czech- 
orum a Zechis Asice petitam, §c, 1770. 

Dbbrentei, Gabor, {Gabriel,) poet, antiquary, 
§c, — ft. in Hungary, 1786 — tutor to Count 
Louis Gyulay, Transylvania, 1807 — settles at 
Pesth, 1820— Secretary of Hungarian Academy, 
1831-37 — If., 27 Mar. 1851. 

Dobrizhoffer, Martin, Jesuit missionary, — 
ft. at Gratz, Styria, 17 17 — enters Order of 
Jesuits, 1736 — sent to Paraguay, 1749-67 — "&. 
at Vienna, 17 Jul. 1791. Historia deAbiponi- 
bus, §c, 1784. 

Dobro, in the Ukraine, — defeat of the Swedes 
under Rosen, by Prince Galitzin, 29 Aug. 1708. 



434 



DOBEOWSKI— DOES. 



Dobrowski, Joseph, philologist, — b. near 
Baub, Hungary, 17 Aug. 1753— enters Order 
of Jesuits at Brunn, Oct. 1772 — tutor to family 
of Count von Nostitz, Prague, 1776 — Rector of 
Seminary of Olmiitz, 1789 — visits Denmark, 
Sweden, and Bussia, 1792-93 — rj. at Brunn, 6 
Jan. 1829. Fragment urn Pragense ewngelii 
S. Marci, §c, 1778 — Institutiones lingua 
Slavonics dialecti veteris, 1822 — Scriptores 
rerum Bohemicarum, 1783-4 — Geschichte der 
B'dhmische Sprache, §c, 1792 — Entwurf zu 
einem allgemeinen Etymologikon der slaio. 
Sprachen, 1813 — Slawin, 1806 — Glagoliti/ca, 
1807. 

Dobrudscha, The, in Turkey, — occupied by 
the Eussians, Apr. 1854. 

Dobson, 'William., painter, — b. in London, 
16 10 — tf. there, 1646 or 1647. 

Docks, in England, — provisions respecting, 
consolidated, in Act 10 and 11 Yic. c. 27, n 
May 1847. 

Dockyard. [Chatham, Portsmouth, Wool- 
wich, &c] 

Doctor, — title of, in use, about ii4o a — in 
England, about 1207. a a Sp-elman. 

Doctors' Commons, London, — founded by 
Harvey, (Hervie,) about 1570 ? — the College 
incorporated, 1768 — the building taken down, 
Apr. 1867. 

Doctrinaire, — term first used as political de- 
signation in France, 18 15. 

Dodart, Denis, physician, — b. at Paris, 1634 
— admitted to Academy of Sciences, 1673 — b\, 
5 Nov. 1707. Statica medicina Gallica, 1725. 

Dodd, Charles, {Richard Tootle,) historian, — 
Jj. in Worcestershire, about 1745. Church 
History of England, 1737-42. 

Dodd, Robert, engineer, — b. at Cheltenham, 
about 1755 — tf., 11 Apr. 1822. 

Dodd, William, miscellaneous writer, — b. 
at Bourne, Lincolnshire, 1729 — B.A. Cam- 
bridge, 1750 — takes holy orders, 1753 — tutor to 
Philip Stanhope, (Earl of Chesterfield,) 1763— 
executed for forgery, 27 Jun. 1777. Reflec- 
tions on death, 1763 — Thoughts in prison, 
1777 — Beauties of Shakespeare, 1752. 

Doddridge, Philip, theologian, — b. in Lon- 
don, 1702 — minister at Kibwortk, 1722 — founds 
Theological Academy, 1729 — ft. at Lisbon, 26 
Oct. 1 75 1. Rise and Progress of Religion in. the 
Soul, 1745 — Family Expositor, 17 39- 56 — Coiirse 
of Lectures, #<?., 1763 — Passages in the Life of 
the Hon. Col. James Gardiner, 1747. 

Doderidge, {Doddridge,) Sir John, Justice 
or the King's Bench, — b. at Barnstaple, 
1 555 — enters Exeter Coll. Oxford, 1572— B.A. , 
1576 — Serjeant, at Law, Jan. 1604 — Solicitor- 
general, Oct. 1604 — principal Serjeant to the 
King, Jun. 1607 — Knt, 5 Jul. 1607 — Justice of 
the King's Bench, 25 Nov. 1612 — M.A. Ox- 
ford, Feb. 161 3 — tf. near Egbam, Surrey, 13 
Sep. 1628. English Lawyer, 1631 — Laiv of 
Nobility and Peerage, 1642 — Compleat Parson, 
1602. 

Dodington, George Bubb, Lord Melcombe 
Regis, statesman, — b. in Dorsetshire, 1691 — 
M.P. Winchelsea, 17 15 — envoy to Spain, 17 15- 
16 — opponent of Walpole, 1741 — Lord Mel- 



combe, Mar. 1761 — tf., 1762. Diary, 1784. 

Dodo, {Didus,) — seen in the Mauritius by 
the Portuguese, 1499 — seen by the Dutch, 1598 
— figured by De Bry, 1601 — by Clusius, 1605 — 
by Bontius, 1658 — bones of, discovered in the 
Mauritius, by Clark, 1865. 

Dodoens, Rambert, {Dodonceus,) physician, 
botanist, — b. at Malines, 29 Jun. I5i8, a 15 17 b 
— licentiate in medicine, Louvain, 1535 — first 
physician to Emperor Maximilian II., 1574 — to 
Eodolph II., 1576 — Prof. Medicine, Leyden, 
1582 — tf. there, 10 Mar. 1585. Stirpium his- 
toria, 1553-83 — Frumentorum, leguminum, §c, 
historia, 1565 — Medicinalium observationes ex- 
empla rara, 15 81. 

a Biog. Univ. b Biog. "VVoordenboek. 

_ Dodona, — [B C] — Temple destroyed by iEto- 
lians, 219 — [AD] — oracle ceases, before 300. 

Dodsley, Robert, publisher, miscellaneous 
writer, — b. at Mansfield, in Nottinghamshire, 
1703 — settles as bookseller in London, about 
1735 — b". at Durham, 25 Sep. 1764. Muse in 
Livery, 1732 — The King and the Miller of 
Mansfield, 1737 — Public Register, 1741-42 — 
Economy of human Life, 1750 — Select Collection 
of old Plays, 1780 — Museum, 1746 — World, 
1754-57 — Annual Register, commenced 1758. 

Dodson, James, mathematician, — if., 23 Nov. 
1757. Antilogarithmic Canon, 1742 — Calcula- 
tor, 17 47— Mathematical Repository, 1748-55. 

Dodsworth, Roger, antiquary, — b. at St Os- 
wald, Yorkshire, 24 Jul. 1585 — projects and 
assists in compiling Dugdale's Monasticon, 
about 1645-54 — 5j., Aug. 1654. His ./¥#. Collec- 
tions for History of Yorkshire bequeathed by 
Fairfax to the Bodleian, 1671. 

Dodwell, Henry, philologist, — b. at Dublin, 
1641 — enters Trin. Coll. Dublin, 1656 — settles 
in London, 1674 — Camden Prof. History, Ox- 
ford, 1688 — tf. at Shottesbrooke, Berkshire, 7 
Jun. 17 1 1. Dissertations, §c, on the Greek 
geographers, 1698-1712 — Annales Thucydidei 
et Xenopho7itei, 1696 — Chronologia Grceco-Ro- 
mana pro hypothesibus Dion. Halicarnassei, 
1692 — De Veteribus Grcecorum Romanorumque 
Cyclis, $c., 1 70 1. 

Doederlein, Johann Alexander, historian, 
antiquary, — b. at Weissenburg, 1675 — F.E.S. 
London; tf., 23 Oct. 1745. Commentatio 
historia de nummis Germanice, §c., 1729 — 
Antiquitates gentilismi nordgaviensis, 1734 — 
Programme/, de nummorum antiquorum . . . 
prcestantia, 1741. 

Doederlein, Johann Christoph, theologian, 
— b. in Franconia, 20 Jan. 1746 — Prof. Theo- 
logy, Jena, 1782 — ft. there, 2 Dec. 1792. 
Esaias ex recensione textus PLebraici, §c, 1775. 

Doering, George Christian Wilhelm Asmus, 
poet, novelist, — b. at Cassel, 11 Dec. 1789 — 
settles at Frankfort-on-the-Maine, 18 15— If. at 
AViesbaden, a Frankfort, b 10 Oct. 1833. Phan- 
tasiegemulde, 1822-33 — Novellen, 1831 — Roland 
von Bremen, 1832. 

a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Does, van der. [Dousa.] 

Does, Jacopo van der, painter, — b. at Am- 
sterdam, 4 Mar. 1623 — U. there, 17 Nov. 1673. 

Does, Simon van der, painter, — b. at Anister- 



DOGE— DOLE. 



435 



dam, 1653— :&. at the Hague, a Antwerp, 13 17 17. 

a Ersch and Gruber. b Biog. Woordenboek. 

Doge, — of Venice, first created, 697 — of 
Genoa, 23 Sep. 1339 — office limited to 2 years, 
at Genoa, 1528 — abolished by Napoleon, 1797. 

Doggerbank, The, — indecisive action be- 
tween English and Dutch fleets near, 1781. 

Dogget, Thomas, actor, — comes into notice, 
about 1692 — institutes the rowing-match on 
the Thames, for Coat and Badge, 17 15 — tf. in 
Kent, 22 Sep. 1721. Country Wake, 1696. 

Dogiel, Matthew, historian, — tf., 1764? 
Codex diplomaticus regni Polonice, $•<?., 1753-64. 

Doglioni, Giovanni Niccola, (Dolesnus,) his- 
torian, — tf., soon after 1600. Origine ed an- 
tichitd della cittd di Belluno, 1588 — Istoria 
Venetiana, 1598 — Cose maravigliose della cittd 
di Venezia, 1603. 

Dogs, in England, — tax imposed on, by Act 
36 Geo. III. c. 124, 19 May 1796— extended 
to Ireland, by Act 48 Geo. III. c. 42, 27 May 
1808 — use of, as draught-animals, prohibited 
in London, and provision against injuries by, 
by Act 2 and 3 Vic. c. 47, 17 Aug. 1839 — 
prohibition extended to the United Kingdom, 
by Act 17 and 18 Vic. c. 60, s. 2, 31 Jul. 1854 
— stealing, law consolidated by Act 24 and 25 
Vic. c. 96, 6 Aug. 1861 — owners of, (in Ireland,) 
liable for damages to sheep, by Act 25 and 26 
Vie. c. 59, 29 Jul. 1862; (in Scotland,) by 
Act 26 and 27 Vic. c. 100, 28 Jul. 1863 ; (in 
England,) by Act 28 and 29 Vic. c. 60, 29 Jun. 
1865 — assessed taxes on, repealed, and excise 
duty imposed, by Act 30 and 31 Vic. c. 5, 26 
Mar. 1867. Stray, (in London,) to be seized by 
police, by Act 30 and 31 Vic. c. 134, 20 Aug. 
1867. ... 

Dohm, Christian Wilhelm von, diplomatist, 
— ft. at Lemgo, (Lippe,) n Dec. 175 1 — enters 
service of Prussian government, 1779 — Privy 
Councillor, 1 7 8 3 — plenipotentiary to the Elector 
of Cologne, 1786 — sent on secret embassy to 
Holland, 1787 — takes refuge at Munster, Dec. 
1792 — returns to Cologne, 1793 — attends con- 
gresses of Hildesheim and Rastadt, 1796-7 — 
ambassador from king of Westphalia to court 
of Dresden, Feb. 1808 — retires, 18 10 — tf. at 
Brunswick, 29 May 1820. Denkiviirdigkeiten 
meiner Zeit, 18 14- 19 — Die liittiger Revolution 
im Jahre 1789, 1790. 

Dohna, Bur graves of, — the town given as 
hereditary fief to Frederick and Otto Heyden, 
by John of Bohemia, 1341 — conquered by Mis- 
nians, 1402. John von, beheaded by King 
Sigismund, and his possessions divided among 
his brothers, 1423. Christoph von, landvogt of 
Upper Lusatia, 1549 — General of Frederick II. 
of Denmark, 1569 — "ft., 158 1. Abraham II. 
von, tf., 161 3. Karl Hannibal von, tf., 1633. 
Karl Hannibal II. von, last of Silesian line, tf ., 
17 1 1. Prussian line: Stanislaus von, distin- 
guishes himself as a military commander, 1454. 
Fabian von, b., 1550— enters service of John 
Casimir, about 1582 — commands German aux- 
iliaries in service of Henry IV. of France, 1591 — 
made Burgrave, by Joachim Frederick, Elector 
of Brandenburg, 1604 — resigns his dignity, 
1612 — if., 1621. Achatius II. von, &., 1581 



—in the service of Frederick V. Elector Pala- 
tine ; retires into Prussia, about 1623 — ts. 
1647. Dietrich von, b., 1580 — Jj., 1620! 
Christoph von, b., 1583— &., 1637. ChristianAl- 
bert von,h.atCustrin, 162 1 — serves under Prince 
of Orange against Bp of Munster and against 
France; rj., n Dec. 1677. Alexander, Count 
von, Field-marshal, tutor to Prince Royal of 
Prussia, exiled; first minister of Frederick Wil- 
liam I. ; if. at Konigsberg, 1728. Christoph 
von, General, h., 1702 — distinguishes himself 
at battle of Zorndorf, 1758 — tf. at Berlin, 19 
May 1762. 

Doissin, Louis, poet, — b. in America, 1721 
— tS., 21 Sep. 1753. Poemata, 1752-53. 

Dol, {Dole,) in Brittany, — unsuccessfully 
besieged by William I. of England, 1075 — 
Rossignol defeated by the Royalists near, 1793. 

Dolabella, Cn. Cornelius, — [B C] — 1. Consul 
with M. Fulvius Nobilior, (595, a. u. c.) 159. 
2. Consul with M. Tullius Decula, (673,) 81. 

Dolabella, P. Cornelius, — [BC]— 1. Consul 
with Cn. Domitius Calvinus, (471, a. u. c.) 
283 — defeats the Senones and the Etruscans. 
2. b., about 70 — one of the quindecemviri, 51 
— goes to Csesar's camp, 49 — trib.., 48 — serves 
in Africa and Spain, 46-45 — Consul, self-elected, 
15 Mar. 44 — outlawed for his proceedings in 
Asia Minor, 43— killed, 43. 3. [AD] — Consul 
with C. Junius Silanus, (763,) 10 — defeats 
Tacfarinas in Africa, 24. 

Dolabella, Ser. Cornelius, {Petroniacus,) — 
Consul with Domitian, (839, a. u. 0.) 86. 

Dolben, John, Abp of Yokk, — b. in North- 
amptonshire, 1625 — enters Oxford Univ., 1640 
— wounded at battle of Marston Moor, 1644 — 
and at defence of York: M.A., 1647 — takes 
holy orders, 1656 — D.D., canon of Christ 
Church, 1660 — prebendary of St Paul's, 1661 — 
Dean of Westminster, 1662 — Bp of Rochester, 
1666 — Abp of York. 1683 — tf. at Bishopthorp, 
11 Apr. 1686. 

Dolce, Luigi, miscellaneous writer, — b. at 
Venice, 1508 — U. there, 1566 or 1569. Trage- 
dies, 1560 — Comedies, 1560 — Dialogo della pit- 
tura, 1557. 

Dolci, Agnese, painter, — tf., about 1690. 

Dolci, Carlo, (Carlino,) painter, — b. at 
Florence, 25 May 1616 — tf. there, 17 Jan. 
1686. 

Dolci, Sebastiano, miscellaneous writer, — 6. 
at Ragusa, 1699—0"., about 1770. Maximus 
Hieronymus vitce suce scriptor, 1750 — De Illy- 
ricce lingum vetustate, 1754. 

Dolcino, (Dulcinus,) Fra, of JSfovara, — suc- 
ceeds Sagarelle as head of the Apostolic Bre- 
thren, 1300 — tortured and burnt, with Mar- 
garita, at Vercelli, 1307. 

Dole, in France, (Dola Sequanorum et Di- 
dattium,) erected into a commune, 1274 a— un- 
successfully attacked by Duke of Bourbon, 
1435 — taken and burnt by Louis XL, 1479 — 
parliament transferred to Safins, 1480 — fortifi- 
cations strengthened by Charles V., 1530 — 
unsuccessfully besieged by Conde, May to 15 
Aug. 1636 — taken by Louis XIV., 10-14 Feb. 
1668 — restored to Spain, by Treaty of Aix-la- 
Chapelle, 2 May 1668 — taken again by Louis, 
28 * 



43 6 



BOLENDO— DOMBROWSKI. 



fortifications demolished, Jun. 1674 
with Franche-Comte to France, by Treaty of 
Nimeguen, 1678 — occupied by Germans, 13 
Nov. 1870. University of, founded, 1422. 
a Bouillet. 

Dolendo, Bartholomeus, engraver, — ft. at 
Leyden, 1566,* about 1560* a Biog. UniT. 
b Biog. Woordenboek and Nagler. 

Dolendo, Zacharias, engraver, — ft. at Haer- 
lem, a Leyden, b 1561. a Biog. Univ. b Nagler. 

Dolet, Etienne, miscellaneous writer, printer, 
ft. at Orleans, about 1509 — burnt as atheist at 
Paris, 3 Aug. 1546. Commentarium lingua 
Latina, 1536-38 — Garmina, 1538 — Francisci 
primi fata, 1549. 

Dolgorouki, George, general, — commands 
against Poles, in Lithuania, takes Wilna, 1794 
— commissary of army in Finland, 1795 — com- 
mands at Corfu, 1804 — envoy to Vienna, 1806 
ambassador to king of Holland, 1807 — settles in 
France, 1815 — ft. at Courbevoie, 27 Jun. 1829. 

Dolgorouki, Ivan, Prince, — procures the 
marriage of his sister Catherine to Peter the 
Great, 30 Nov. 1729 — promotes elevation of 
Anne to the throne, 1730 — banished to Siberia, 
through Biren's influence, put to death, 1737. 

Dolgorouki, James Fedorovitch, — ft., 1639 
— sent ambassador to Louis XIV., and to 
Madrid, 1687 — captured by Swedes at first 
battle of Narva, 1700 — liberated, 17 10— ft, at 
St Petersburg, 24 Jun. 1720. 

Dolgorouki, John Michaelovitch, poet, — 
ft. at Moscow, 1764 — civil governor of Wladi- 
mir, 1802-12 — ft., Dec. 1823. Poems, 1806. 

Dolgorouki, Michael Petrovitch, general, — 
serves in campaign against France, 1805 — 
serves in campaign of Moldavia, 1806 — Major- 
general, serves in Finland, 1808— Lieutenant- 
general, killed by cannon-shot, 15 Oct. 1808. 

Dolgorouki, Pierre Petrovitch, general, — 
6., 1778— distinguishes himself in war with 
France, 1805— ft., 1806. 

Dolgorouki, Vassili Vladimirovitch, field- 
marshal, — ft., 1667 — Major-general, 1715 — 
arrested and banished, Feb. 17 18 — recalled, 
and named General-in-chief, 1726 — commands 
expedition against Persia, 1726-8 — Field-mar- 
shal, Feb. 1728 — Councillor of War, Jun. 1728 
— Pres. Council of War, 1729— imprisoned, 
1739 — restored, Pres. of Council of War, 1741 
— ft,, n Feb. 1746. 

Dolivar, Juan, engraver, — ft. at Saragossa, 
1641 — ft. at Paris, 1701. 

Doll, Friedrich Wiihelm, sculptor, — ft. at 
Hildburghausen, 175 1 — studies at Paris, 1770 
— ft., Prof. Sculpture, at Gotha, 30 Mar. 1816. 

Dbllinger, Ignaz, physiologist,— ~\), at Bam- 
berg, 24 May 1770— M.D., 1794— Prof. Phy- 
siology, Wurzburg, 1 803 — member of Bavarian 
Academy, 1823 — Prof. Anatomy, Univ. of 
Munich, 1826 — Councillor for Medicine, 1837 
— ft., 14 Jan. 1 841. Grundriss der Naturlehre 
dts menschlichen Organismus, 1805 — Grundziige 
der Physiologic, 1835. 

Dollond, George, mathematical instrument 
maker, — ft. in London, 1774 — apprenticed to 
Fairbone, 1788 — partner with his uncle, Peter 
Dollond, 1805 — conducts the business alone. 



from 1 8 19 — assists in founding Astronomical 
Society, 1 831— exhibits his Atmospheric Re- 
corder, 1 85 1 — ft., 1852. 

Dollond, John, optician, — ft. in London, 10 
Jun. 1706 — invents the achromatic object- 
glass and obtains Copley medal of Royal So- 
ciety, 1758 — F.R.S., optician to the king, 1761 
— ft. in London, 30 Sep. 1761. 

Dollond, Peter, optician, — ft., 1730 — ft. at 
Kensington, 2 Jul. 1820. 

Dolomieu, Deodat Giu Sylvain Tancrede de 
Gratet de, geologist, mineralogist, — ft, at Dolo- 
mieu, (Dauphiny,) 24 Jun. 1750 — correspond- 
ent of Academy of Sciences, before 1778 — 
visits Portugal, 1777 — Sicily, 17 81 — the Pyre- 
nees, 1782 — Prof, at School of Mines, member 
of Institute, 1796 — accompanies expedition to 
Egypt, 1798 — imprisoned in Naples, 1799 t:> 
Mar. 1 801 — Prof. Mineralogy, Museum of 
Natural History, 6 Jan. 1799 — ^- a ^ Chateau - 
neuf, 26 Nov. 1 80 1. Philosophie miner alogique, 
1802 — Voyage aux ties de Lipari, %c, 1783 — 
sur le tremblement de terre de la Calabre, 
1784 — sur les ties Ponces et les produits vol- 
caniques de V Etna, 1788. 

Dolscius, Paul, theologian, — ft. at Plauen, 
1526 — ft., 9 Mar. 1589. Psalmi Bavidis Grcecis 
versibus elegiacis redditi, 1555. 

Domairy, (Demiri,) Kemal Eddin Abulbaca 
Mohammed, naturalist, jurist, — ft., (808, a. h.) 
1405. 

Domat, (Poumat,) Jean, jurist, — ft. at Cler- 
mont, (Auvergne,) 30 Nov. 1625 — ft. at Paris, 
14 Mar. 1696. Lois civiles dans leur ordre 
naturel, 1689-97 — Legum delectus, 1703. 

Dombasle, Christophe Joseph Alexandre 
Mathieu de, agriculturist, — ft. at Nancy, 26 
Feb. 1777 — founds Agricultural Institute at 
Eoville, 1822 — ft. at Nancy, 27 Dec. 1843. 
Faits et observations sur la fabrication du sucre 
de better aves, 1818-23 — Calendrier du bon culti- 
vateur, 1821, 24, 30. 

Dombay, Franz von, orientalist, — ft. at 
Vienna, 1758 — employed as interpreter at 
Marocco, Madrid, &c, 1783-92— Councillor of 
State, court interpreter at Vienna, 1792 — ft. 
there, 21 Dec. 18 10. Geschichte der Konige 
von Mauritanien, 1794-5 — Populdre Philoso- 
phie der JLraber, Perser, und Turhen, 1797 — 
Grammatica linguce Mauro-arabicce, 1800. 

Dombes, (Pombarum Principatus,) — given 
by Edward II., Count of Beaujeu, to Louis II. 
of Bourbon, 23 Jun. 1400 — passes to Louisa of 
Savoy, 1522 — confiscated by Francis I. and 
united to Crown, 1557 — restored to Louis of 
Bourbon by Charles IX., 1560 — given up to 
the Duke of Maine, 1682 — ceded in exchange 
to Louis XV., 1762. Parliament of, established 
by Francis I., 1523 — suppressed, 1771. 

Dombey, Joseph, botanist, — ft. at Macon, 
Feb. 1742 — goes to Paris, 1772 — visits South 
America, 1778^85 — ft. in prisons of Montserrat, 

i793> a i795- b 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Dornbrowski, Jan Henryk, general, — ft. in 

Cracow, 29 Aug. 1755 — serves in army of 

Saxony, 1770-91 — distinguishes himself at 

defence of Warsaw, 1794 — leads expedition 



DOMENICHI— DOMINICI. 



437 



against Prussia, Sep. 1794 — capitulates _ at 
Badoszyce, 18 Nov. — organizes Polish ^ legion 
for service of France, 1796 — takes part in con- 
quest of Naples, 1799— captures the post of 
Casa-Bianca, 15 (13?) Jan. 1801 — commands in 
Poland, 1806-7 — distinguishes himself at 
siege of Dantzic, 1807 — commands against the 
Austrians, 1809 — takes part in llussian cam- 
paign, 18 12 — wounded at the Beresina, 26 Nov. 
18 12 — distinguishes himself at battle ol'Leipsic, 
1813 — charged to reorganize Polish army, 18 14 
— Colonel-general of Cavalry, 1815 — tf. in 
Posen, 16 Jul., a 6 Jun. bc 1818. a Biog, Univ. 
b Ersch and Gruber. c Conv.-Lex. 

Domenichi, Lodovico, miscellaneous writer 
and translator, — b. at Piacenza, about 15 14 — 
tf. at Pisa, 1564. Istoria del suo tempo, 1558 
■ — Polibio tradotto, 1546 — Opere morali di 
Plutarco, 1 560 — Istoria naturale di Plinio, 
156 1 — Orlando innamorato del. Bojardo, rifatto 
da L.I)., 1545. 

Bomenichino, {Bomenico Zampieri,) paint- 
er, architect,— b. at Bologna, 21 Oct. 1581,* 
1582 b — goes to Borne, about 1600-5 — marries 
at Bologna, 1619 a— again at Borne, 1621 — 
architect of the Vatican, 1621 — goes to Naples, 
spring 1636 s1 — tf. at Naples, 15 Apr. 1641. 
Communion of St Jerome, the Vatican, about 
16 14 — Martyrdom of St Agnes, Rome, about 
1622-3 ? — Madonna del Rosario, Bologna, about 
1624. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Nagler. 

Bomenico, of Pistoia, and Pietro, of Pisa, 
printers, — fl. at Florence, 1476-83. La legenda 
delta mirabile vergine heata Catarina da Siena, 
§-c, 1477. 

Bomenico, Alexis, painter, engraver, — b., 
about 1547 — tf. at Toledo, 1625. 

Bomenico degli Camei, (des Camees,) (Com- 
pagni,) engraver of gems, — b. at Milan, about 
1400 ? — tf., about 1490. 

Bomenico del Barbiere, (D. Fiorentino,) 
painter, sculptor, engraver, — b. at Florence, 
about 1506. 

Bomesday Book, — the Survey ordered by 
"William L, 1085 — completed, Easter 1086 — 
publication of, ordered by George III., 1767 — 
publication of, completed, 1783 — fac-simile, by 
photozincography, by Topographical Dep. of 
the War Office, 1864-5. 

Bomingo, St, (BTayti, LTispaniola,) — dis- 
covered by Columbus, 5 Dec. 1495, a Nov. 
1492,° i493, b Jan. 1493 d — attacked by Drake, 
1586 — French occupation of part begins, 1664 
— cultivation of sugar-cane commences, 1690 e 
— western part ceded to France by Treaty of 
Byswick, 1697 — French and Spanish boundaries 
fixed by treaty, 3 Jun. 1777 c — Bodney defeats 
and captures De Grasse near, 12 Apr. 1782 — 
y revolt of the slaves breaks out, 22 Aug. 1791 — 
the blacks declared free by Legislative As- 
sembly, 4 Apr. 1792 — commissioners of the Con- 
vention arrive, Nov. 179 1, and Jun. 1792 — Eng- 
lish intervention, Jan. i794, e Sep. 1793° — ceded 
to France by Treaty of Basel, 1795 — evacuated 
by the English, 1798 — Toussaint L'Ouverture 
master of, Dec. 1800 — French expedition, 
under Villaret-Joyeuse and Leclerc, arrives at, 
1 Feb. 1802 — Cape Town burnt by the natives, 



4 Feb. — defeat of Toussaint by Bochambeau, 
at Couleuvre, 17 Feb.— general pacification, 
May — insurrection breaks out again, Oct. — 
expulsion of the French, Nov. 1 803 — independ- 
ence of, proclaimed, 29 Nov. — its ancient name, 
Hayti, restored, 1 Jan. 1804 — [Bessalines, 
Christophe, Petion, Boyer,] — recovered by 
Spain, 1809, 1808 d — confirmed to Spain by 
Treaty of Paris, 18 14 — insurrection, throws off 
the Spanish yoke, 1821 — united under govern- 
ment of Boyer, 1822 — independence recognized 
by France, 1825 d — Spanish part seized by the 
blacks, who form a republic under Santana, 
Feb. 1 844 — Faustin Soulouque, President, 
Mar. 1847— Emperor, Aug. 1 849— [Soulouque] 
— independence of the republic recognized by 
England, 1850 — conspiracy of Geffrard, Dec. 
1858 — siege and capture of Port-au-Prince by 
Geffrard, Jan. 1859 — abdication of Soulouque; 
Geffrard Pres. of Bepublic; Spanish flag hoisted 
at, by emigrants from Cuba, 16 Mar. 1861 — 
declared reannexed to Spain, 5 Apr. — protest 
of the President, 6 Apr. — reincorporated with 
Spain by decree of Spanish Government, 19 
May — insurrection in Spanish portion, 18 Aug. 
1863 — bill for abandonment of, passed by 
Spanish Chamber of Deputies, 1 Apr. 1865— 
Committee of Public Safety established by 
Salnave, May — abdication of Geffrard, Feb. 
1867 — Salnave Pres. from 15 May — Pres. Sal- 
nave defeated and captured by allied rebels and 
Dominicans, n Jan. 1870 — tried by court- 
martial and shot, 15 Jan. — treaty for annexa- 
tion of, to United States, rejected by Senate, 
30 Jun. 1870. a McCulloch. b Conv.-Lex. 

c Encye. Mod. d Engl. Cyc. e Alison. 

Bominic, St, founder of Bominican Order, 
— b. at Caluhorra, Old Castile, 11 70 — canon of 
Osma, 1 193 — priest and archdeacon, 1198 — 
preaches in Languedoc ; instigates the cnijade . 
against the Albigenses, 1208 — founds Bomini- 
can Order at Toulouse, 12 15 — Master of the 
sacred palace, about 1216 — tf. at Bologna, 6 
Aug. 1 22 1 — canonized, by Gregory IX., 3 Jul. 
1234. 

Bominica, island of the West Indies, — dis- 
covered by Columbus, 3 Nov. 1493 a — LordWil- 
loughby named Governor, by Charles II. 1673 a 
— declared neutral by Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 
1748 a — taken from the French by the English, 
6 Jun. 176 1 a — their claim recognized by Treaty 
of Paris, 1763 — taken by the French, Sep. 
1778 — Boseau, the capital, burnt by the French, 
178 1 — restored to England, 1783 — unsuccess- 
fully attacked by the French, 22-27 Feb. 1805* 
— devastated by hurricane, 9 Sep. i8o6. a 
a Bayley. 

Bominican Order, Black Friars, Preaching 
Friars, Jacobins, — founded by St Dominic, 12 15 
— approved by Honorius III., 12 16 — introduced 
in France, 121 8 — establish themselves at Ox- 
ford, 1 22 1 — obtain direction of University of 
Paris, 1229-31 — become the most zealous agents 
of the Inquisition, 1233. 

Bominican Republic. [Bomingo, St.] 

Bominici, Bernardo de' ', painter, — b. at 
Naples, 1684. Vite dei Piitori, Scultori, ed 
Architetti Napolitani, 1742-3. 



438 



DOMINIS— DONATISTS. 



Dominis, Marco Antonio de, theologian, 
natural philosopher, — b. at Arba, in Dalniatia, 
i566, ab 156 1 c — enters Order of Jesuits, about 
1580 — secularized and is made Bp of Segni, 
about 1600 — Abp of Spalatro, 1602 — resigns 
his See, 16 15 — visits England, 1616 — Master 
of the Savoy, 26 Mar. 161 8 d — Dean of Wind- 
sor, 13 May i6i8 e — expelled by James I., early 
in 1622— "0. in prison, at Bonie, Sep. i624, ab 
1625.° Be republica ecclesiastica, 16 17 — cen- 
sured by the Sorbonne, 15 Dec. 1618 — Beradiis 
visits et lucis in vitris perspectivis et iride, 161 1. 
a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Chalmers. 

d Fuller. e Le Neve. 

Domitian Road, in Gaul, — [BC]— con- 
structed by Cn. Domitius Abenobarbus, 122-1. 
Domitianus, T. Flavius, Augustus, Bom an 
Emperor, — b. at Eome, 24 Oct. 52, (9 Kal. 
Nov.) 5 1 a — Ca3sar, and consular praetor, winter 
69-70 — Consul with M. Valerius Messalinus, 
(826, a. u. c.) 73— Consul with Titus, (833,) 
80— succeeds Titus, (Id. Sep.,) 13 Sep. 81— 
leads expedition against the Cbatti, 83* — 
triumphs, is named Germanicus, and made 
censor for life, 84 — Dacian War, 86-91 — de- 
feated by Decebalus, makes peace, 87 — expels 
the philosophers from Eome, 90 — Sarmatian 
War, May 93 to Jan. 94 — persecutes the 
Christians, 95 — assassinated, (14 Kal. Oct.) 18 
Sep. 96. a Clinton. 

Domitius, Cn. and L. [Ahenobarb.us, Cal- 

vinus.J 

Dommartin, Elzeard Auguste, general, — b. 
26 May, 1768 — enters French army, 1785 — 
General of Brigade, 1793— at siege of Verona, 
Aug. 1794 — distinguishes himself in campaign 
of Italy, 1796 — General of Division, takes part 
in expedition of Egypt, 1798 — wounded at 
battle of the Nile, Aug" 1798 — killed at Eosetta, 
9 Aug. 1799. 

Dommerieh, Johann Christoph, theologian, 
%c, — b- at Buckeburg, 1723 — studies at Halle, 
1740 — Prof. Philosophy, Helmstadt, 1759 — rj. 
there, 28 May 1767. Be seholis veterum, §c., 
1749 — Meditationes philosophies et theologicce, 

J 744- 
Domna Julia, Eoman Empress, — marries 

Sept. Severus, about 175 — starves herself, 217. 

Domnizo (Bonizo). Writes his Vita Comi- 

tissce Mathildis, about 1100. 

. Domnus {Bonus) I., Pop , — succeeds 

Adeodatus, Nov. 676 — puts an end to the 

schism of Bavenna, 677 — rj., 11 Apr. 678. 

Domnus {Bonus) II., Pope, — succeeds on 

expulsion of Boniface VII., 974 — a\, 974 or 

975- 

Don, David, botanist, — b. at Forfar, 1800 — 
librarian to Linna^an Society, 1822 — Prof. 
Botany, King's College, London, 1836-40— -ft., 
8 Dec. 1840. Prodromus Flora Nepalensis, 
1825. 

Donald. [Scotland, Kingdom of.] 

Donald VII. [Duncan.] 

Donald (VIII.) Bane, King of Scotland, 
— escapes to the Hebrides on the murder of 
Duncan his father, 1039 — succeeds his brother 
Malcolm Cean-mohr, Nov. 1093 — expels 
foreigners, 1093 — deprived by Duncan, 1094 



— restored, shares the throne with Edmund, 
1095 — again expels foreigners, and is imprisoned 
and blinded by his nephew Edgar Atheliug, 
1098 — tf. in prison, 1098. 

Donaldson, John William, philologist, — b., 
about 1 812 — B.A. Cambridge, 1834 — Fellow of 
Trin. Coll., 1835 — tf. in London, 10 Feb. 1861. 
New Cratylus, 1839 — Theatre of the Greeks, 
1827 — Jashar, 1854 — Comparative Grammar 
of the Hebrew Language, 1853 — Greek Gram- 
mar, 1848 — Latin Grammar, 1852. 

Donalitius, Christian, poet, — b. in Lithuania, 
17 14 — ft., 1780. Poems, 1 81 8. 

Donatello, (Bonato di Betto Bardo,) sculptor, 
§c., — b. at Florence, 1 383,3- 1386 15 — goes to 
Eome, about 1403 — returns to Florence, 1406 ? 
— goes to Eome, 1433 — at Padua, 1451-6 — 
goes to Ferrara, Mar. 1457 — returns to Flo- 
rence, 1463 — fc. there, 13 Dec., a Mar. b 1466. 
Monuments of Pope John XXIIJ., at Florence, 
and of Card. Brancacci, at Naples, 1425-7 — 
St John, Judith and JLolofemes, Bavid, St 
Cecilia, §c, between 1434-51. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Perkins. 

Donati, Alessandro, Jesuit, — b. at Siena, 
1584 — rj. at Eome, 23 Apr. 1640. Pomavetus 
ac recens, §c., 1639 — Constantinus Pomce 
liberator, 1640. 

Donati, Corso de', — contributes to victory 
over the Aretins, at Campaldino, 1289 — heads 
party of the Neri against the Cerchi, at Flo- 
rence, 1300 — arrested, and kills himself, 1308. 
Donati, Vitaliano, naturalist, — b. at Padua, 
I7i3, a 17 17 b — ft. at Bassora, i763 b . Bella 
Storia Naturale Marina delV Adriatico, 1750. 
a Biog. Univ. b Chalmers. 

Donati' s Comet, — discovered by Dr Donati, 
at Florence, 2 Jun. 1858 — seen in England, 
Sep. to Oct. 1858. 

Donatists, Sect of, — arise in Africa, in op- 
position to Csecilianus, Bp of Carthage, about 
311 — Donatus accuses Csecilianus, who is ex- 
communicated by Synod of Carthage, 313 — the 
cause remitted to Eome by the proconsul, 15 
Apr. 313 — Melchiades, Bp of Eome, decides in 
favour of Csecilianus, Oct. 313 — condemned by 
Council of Aries, Aug. 314 — Donatus becomes 
head of the party, on death of Majorinus, 315 
— appeal to the Emperor Constantine, 316 — 
condemned by him, Oct. 316 — imperial laws 
passed against, 316— the Circumcelliones take 
up arms, 317^ about 340 b — petition the Em- 
peror, 321 — rescript of toleration by Constantine, 
321 — Constans sends Ursacius and Leontius to 
win them over, 340 — failure of attempt by 
Paul and Macarius to win over, 347 — revolt 
of Circumcelliones, and persecution, 347 — 
condemned by Constans, 348 — petition Julian 
and are reinstated in their churches, 362 — 
edicts against, by Valentinian I., 373 — by 
Gratian, 377—7 division among, on death of 
Parmenian, 392 — Augustine begins to write 
against, 393 — invited to a discussion, by 
Council of Carthage, Aug. 403 — penal laws 
against, demanded by Council of Carthage, 
Jun. 404 — fresh laws against, Feb. 405, 408, 
and 410 — conferences of, with Catholics, at 
Carthage, under presidency of Marcellinus, 1, 



DONATO— DONNELSON. 



439 



3, and 8 Jim. 41 1— condemned by the commis- 
sioner : again persecuted, by Honorius, 412 and 
414 — Dulcitius sent to persecute, 420 — exist as 
a party till after 500. 

a Some authorities. b Others. 

Donato, Francesco, Doge of Venice, — suc- 
ceeds Pietro Lando, Nov. 1545 — tf., May 1553. 
Bonato, Leonardo, Doge of Venice, — am- 
bassador to Eome, 1605 — elected on death of 
Grimani, 10 Jan. 1606 — excommunicated, with 
the senate, by Pope Paul Y., 17 Apr. 1606 — 
Paul Sarpi writes in defence of the republic, 
1606 — effects accommodation with the pope, 21 
Apr. 1607 — if.', 1612. 

Donato, Nicolo, Doge of Venice, — Mar. to 
Apr. 161 8. 

Donatus, Bp of Casa Nigra, Numidia, 312 
— opposes Caecilianus, Bp of Carthage, 3i3 a — 
fl., 328. a [Donatists.] a Clinton. 

Donatus, Bp of Carthage, 316 — tf. in ex- 
ile, 355- 

Donatus, iElius, grammarian, rhetorician, 
— fc., about 333 a — teaches at Eome, about 356, b 
354. <• a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Clinton. 

Donatus, Junius, — Consul with P. Cornelius 
Secularis, (1013, a. u. c.) 260. 

Donauwerth, Bavaria, — belongs to the Ho- 
henstaufen family, 1191 — seat of the dukes of 
Upper Bavaria, about 1250 — Duke Louis the 
Strong has his wife, Mary of Brabant, beheaded 
at, 18 Jan. 1256 — free imperial city, by Albert 
I., 1308 — put to ban of the empire, and seized 
by Duke Maximilian, i6o6, a 1609 b — restored 
to privileges of imperial city, 16 10 — stormed 
by Gustavus Adolphus, 1632 — conquered by 
King Ferdinand, 1634 — besieged by Prince 
Louis of Baden and the Duke of Marlborough, 
Jul. 1704 — free city again, by Joseph I., 9 Jun. 
1705 — given to Bavaria by the Peace of Baden, 
17 14 — Soult defeats Mack near, 6 Oct. 1805. 
a Conv.-Lex. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Dondi, {Bondus or Be Bondis,) Jacopo, 
physician, §c, — ft. at Padua, about i300 b — tf., 
after 1 355, a about i37o. b Promptuarium medi- 
cines, 85c, 148 1. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Dondi dall' Orologio, Carlo Antonio, na- 
turalist, — fc., about 1750 — visits Naples, 1788 
■ — tf., May 1 801. Prodromo dell' istoria na- 
turale de' monti Euganei, 1780 — Saggi di 
osservazioni fisiche, §c, 1782. 

Dondi dall' Orologio, Francisco Scipione, 
Bp of Padua, — h. at Padua, Jan. 1756 — Bp 
of Padua, 1807 — assistant Bp of Holy See, 
1809 — at Council of Paris, 181 1 — tf. at Padua, 
6 Oct. 1829. Bissertazioni sopra V istoria ec- 
clesiastica di Padova, 1702-17 — Serie storico- 
cronologica dei canonici di Padova, 1805. 

Dondi dall' Orologio, Giovanni, mathema- 
tician, physician,— b. at Chioggia, 131 8 — Prof. 
Astronomy, Padua, 1352 — reader in Medicine, 
Florence, 1368 — returns to Padua, 1370 — If. 
at Genoa, i38o, a Feb. 1389^ Planetarium, 
written, 1364. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 
Dondini, Guglielmo, historian, — fc., 1606— 
enters Order of Jesuits, 1627 — tf., after 1675. 
Be rebus in Gallia gestis ab Alexandro Par- 
nesio, §c, 1673. 



Doneau, Hugues, (Bonellus,) jurist, — b. at 
Chalons-sur-Saone, 23 Dec. 1527 — LL.D. 
Bourges, 1551 — teaches Law there, 1551-72 — 
Prof. Law, Leyden, 1575 — tf. at Altorf, 4 May 
159 1. Comnientarii de Jure Civili, 1596. 

Dongelberge, (Bonghelberge,) Henri Charles 
de, — fc. at Brussels,? 18 Aug. 1593 — Coun- 
sellor to Sovereign Council of Brabant, 1641- 
59 — Baron of Reves, 1651 — tf. at Brussels, 3 
Apr. 1660. 

Dongola, in Africa, — unsuccessfully at- 
tacked by Mohammedans, (31, a. h.) 651 a — seat 
of a kingdom, about 693-1290 a — conquered 
and destroyed by army of Sultan Bibars, (674,) 
1275 a — visited by Ibn Batuta, about 1340 ? — 
by Makrizi, between 1400-40 — by Poncet, 
1698 — ravaged and subjugated by the Sheygia 
Arabs, between 1700 and 1800 — the Mamelukes 
settle in, 18 12 — made a dependency of Egypt 
by Ibrahim Pasha, 1820. a Bitter. 

Doni, Antonio Francisco, miscellaneous 
writer, — fc. at Florence, about 1503,* 1513 b — 
quits Florence, 1540 — tf. at Monselice, near 
Padua, Sep. 1574. La Zucca, 155 1-2 — Imondi 
celesti, tervestri, ed infernali, §c., 1552 — / 
mar mi, 1552 — La Libraria, 1550 — La seconda 
Libraria, 155 1. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Doni, Giovanni Battista, antiquary, musi- 
cian, — ft. at Florence, 1593 — studies at 
Bourges, 16 13- 18 — LL.D. Pisa, 16 18 — visits 
Paris, 162 1 -2 — Secretary of the Sacred Col- 
lege, about 1624 — Prof. Eloquence at Florence, 
1640 — member of Academy of Florence ; tf. at 
Florence, 1646,* 1647. b Be prcestantia musics 
veteris, 1647 — Lira barberina, 1763 — Lnscrip- 
tiones antiquce, 17 31. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Donizetti, Gaetano, musical composer, — b. at 
Bergamo, 25 Sep. i798, a 1797 b — Prof. Coun- 
terpoint, Eoyal College of Music, Naples, 1835 
—Chapel-master, composer to Imperial Court, 
Vienna, 1842 — tf. at Bergamo, 8 Apr. 1848. 
Anna Bolena, i83o, a 1831 b — Lucia de Lam- 
mermoor, 1835 — Linda di Chamouni, 1842 — 
Bon Pasquale, 1843. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. 

Donne, John, poet, — ft. in London, 1573 — 
enters Oxford TJniv., about 1584 — removes to 
Cambridge, 1587 — admitted to Lincoln's Inn, 
about 1590 — travels abroad with Earl of Essex, 
1596-7 — secretary to Lord Chancellor Egerton, 
about 1597 — marries daughter of Sir G. More ; 
dismissed from his secretaryship, and im- 
prisoned, about 1602 — takes orders, chaplain 
to James L, i6i3, a i6i4 bc — incorporated 
M.A. Oxford, 1610 — D.D. Cambridge, 1613° 
— death of his wife, Aug. 16 17 c — Dean of St 
Paul's, Nov. i62i, ac 1620 b — tf. in London, 31 
Mar. 1 63 1. Poems, 17 19 — Sermons, 1640-49- 
60 — Essays in Bivinity, 1651 — Ignatius his 
Conclave, 1626. 

a Biog. Univ. b Chalmers. c Walton. 

Donneau. [Vise.] 

Donnellan, Lectureship, — in Dublin Univ., 
instituted under will of Anne Donnellan, 1794. 

Donnelson, Fort, U.S., — surrendered by 
Gen. Floyd to Gen. Grant, 16 Feb. 1862. 



44° 



DONNINI— DORCHESTER. 



Donnini, Girolamo, painter, — ft. at Cor- 
reggio, 1 68 1 — tf. at Bologna, 1743. 

Donop, Friedrich Wilhelm, general, — ft. at 
Cassel, 3 Jun. 1773 — enters the army, 1789 — 
member of Legion of Honour at Austerlitz, 
Dec. 1805 — serves in campaigns of 1806- 1807 
— distinguishes himself at combat of Las Rosas, 
1809 — -O nicer of Legion of Honour, n Aug. 
18 1 2 — Marechal de Camp, 25 Dec. 1813 — falls 
at battle of Waterloo, 18 Jun. 18 15. 

Donoso Cortes, Juan Francesco Maria de la 
Salud, Marquis de Valdegamas, diplomatist, 
§c, — ft. in Estremadura, 6 May 1809 — enters 
Univ. of Salamanca, 1 821— receives appoint- 
ment in Ministry of Grace and Justice, 1832^ 
1833 b — royal commissioner to Estremadura, 
1 835 — enters service of Queen Christina, 1 840 — 
accompanies her to Spain, 1 843 — promotes the 
Spanish Marriages, and is named Grand Officer 
of Legion of Honour, Marquis de Yaldegamas, 
1844 — ambassador to Prussia, 1848 — tf. at 
Paris, 3 May 1853. Coleccion escogida de los 
escritos, Qc, 1848 — Gonsideraciones sobre la 
diplomacia, 1834 — La ley electoral, 1835 — 
Essai sur le Catholicisme, le Liberalisme, et le 
Soeialisme, 1851. *• Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. 

Donoso, Josef, Ximenez, painter, architect, 
— ft. in Castile, 1628 — if. 1686. 

Donoughmore, John Hely Hutchinson, 
Earl op, general, — ft., 15 May 1757 — enters 
the army, 1774 — member of Irish parliament 
for Cork, 1777 — Colonel, 1794 — aide-de-camp 
to General Abercromby, serves in Flanders, 
1794 — wounded in the expedition of the Helder, 
1799 — distinguishes himself under Abercromby 
in Egypt, 1801 — succeeds to command of Eng- 
lish forces there, 21 Mar. 1801 — takes Cairo, 
Jun. — takes Alexandria, Aug. — envoy to king 
of Prussia and emperor of Russia at Memel, 
1806 — General, 1813 — deputy to Queen Caro- 
line at St Omer, 1820 — succeeds his brother in 
the earldom, 1825 — tf., 1832. 

Donoughmore, Richard Hely Hutchinson, 
Earl of, — ft. at Dublin, 29 Jan. 1756 — mem- 
ber of Irish parliament for Cork, 1779 — Baron 
of Donoughmore, 1788 — Viscount of Suirdale, 
1797— charged with suppression of rebellion 
in Cork, 1798 — Colonel, Earl of Donough- 
more, 1800 — Major-general, 1805 — Councillor 
of State, 1 806 — Peer of United kingdom, Jul. 
1 82 1 — tf. in London, 25 Aug. 1825. 

Donovan, Edward, naturalist, — tf., 1 Feb. 
1837. Natural History of British Insects, 
1 7 9 2 - 1 8 1 6 — of British Birds, 1 7 94-7 — Epitome 
of Insects of China, 1798 — of India, 1800 — of 
Asia, 1798-1805 — Naturalists' Repository, 
1823, &c. 

Donzelli, Giuseppe, Baron de Digliola. 
Synopsis de opobalsamo orientali, 1640 — Par- 
tenope liber ata, §c, 1647. 

Donzello, Ippolito, painter, — visits Florence, 
after 1463, 1468^ a Zani. 

Donzello, Pietro, painter,— b. at Naples, 
about 1405 ? — tf., about 1470^ i468. b 
a Domenici. b Zani. 

Donzelot, Francois Xavier, Count, general, 
■ — ft. at Mamirolle, (Doubs,) 7 Jan. 1764 — 
enters the army, 1783 — serves in army of the 



Rhine, 1793 — in Holland, 1794 — in Italian 
campaign, 17.96 — in Egyptian campaign, 1798 
— Governor of Ionian Isles, by Napoleon I., 
Apr. 1810-14 — Grand Cordon of Legion of 
Honour, by Louis XVIII., 18 14 — distinguishes 
himself at Waterloo, 18 15 — chief of the staff, 
1 8 15 — Count, 1 8 17 — Governor of Martinique, 
Oct. 1817-25 — tf. at Mamirolle, 11 Jun. 1843. 

Doolittle, Amos, engraver, — ft. near New- 
haven, Connecticut, about 1755 — tf., 31 Jan. 
1833. 

Doppelmayer, Johann Gabriel, mathema- 
tician, — ft. at Niirnberg, i67i, abe 1677,° 1667^ 
— visits England, 1701 — Prof. Mathematics and 
Astronomy, Niirnberg, 1704-50 — F.R.S. Lon- 
don, 17 1 3 — member of Academies of Sciences 
of Berlin, 1739 — of St Petersburg, 1741 — tf., 
1 Dec. 1750. Physica experimentalis illustrata, 
173 1 — Nachrichten von den Nilrnberger Mathe- 
maticis und Kiinstlem, 1730 — Neu-entdeckte 
Phamo?nena von Bewundernswiirdigen Wiirck- 
ungen der Natur, $c., 1774. 

a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Chalmers. 

d Rees' Cyc. e Ersch and Gruber. 

Doppert, Johann, antiquary, — ft. at Frank- 
fort-on-the-Maine, 167 1 — tf., 1735. Be an- 
tiquitate super stitiosm ignis venerationis, 1709 
— Be tribus minimis, §c, 1708-13. 

Dorat, Claude Joseph, poet, — ft. at Paris, 
31 Dec. 1734 — tf., 29 Apr. 1780. (Euvres, 
1786. 

Dorat, (Baurat,) Jean, (Auratus,) poet, — ft. 
in the Limousin, about 1508 (?) — Prof. Greek, 
College Royal, 1560 — tf. at Paris, 1 Nov. 1588. 
Poemata, 1586. 

Dorchester, in Oxfordshire, — seat of a 
bishopric, by Birinus, 635 — See removed to 
"Winchester, 676 — refounded, by Alfred, 886 — 
united with Sidnacester ; removed to Lincoln, 
1078. 

Dorchester, (Burnovaria, Burinum, Born- 
ceaster,) capital of Borsetshire, — mints estab- 
lished at, by Athelstan, about 925 — walls partly 
demolished by Sweyn, 1003 — burnt, 6 Aug. 
161 3 — fortified for the Parliament, 1642-3 — 
reduced by Royalists, 1643 — taken possession of 
by Essex, 15 Jul. 1644 — Cromwell at, end of 
Mar. 1645 — assizes, by Jeffreys, for trial of 
Monmouth's adherents, 3-4 Sep. 1685. 

Dorchester, Carleton Guy, Lord, states- 
man, general, — ft. at Strabane, 3 Sep. 1724 — 
Lieutenant - colonel in the Guards, 1748 — 
wounded at siege of Havannah, Feb. 1762 — 
Major-general and Governor of Quebec, 1772 — ■ 
Ia.B., Jul. 1776 — Lieutenant - general, Aug. 
1777 — succeeds Sir Henry Clinton as Com- 
mander-in-chief of American colonies, 1781 — 
Governor of Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New 
Brunswick, Apr. 1786 — created Peer, Aug. 
1786— tf. at Maidenhead, 10 Nov. 1808. 

Dorchester, Dudley Carleton, Viscount, 
statesman, — ft. in Oxfordshire, 10 Mar. 1573 — 
enters Oxford Univ., about 159 1 — M.A., 1600 
— ambassador to Venice, Sep. 16 10- 15 — to 
Holland, 1616-28 — Viscount, and Secretary of 
State, 1628 — tf., 15 Feb. 1631-2. Letters to 
and from Sir B. Carleton during his embassy to 
Holland, 1757. 



DORDONI— DORPAT. 



441 



Bordoni, Antonio, engraver of gems, — fo. m 
Parma, 1528 — rj. at Rome, 1584. 

Dordrecht. [Dort.] 

Dorfling, Georg, Baron von, field-marshal, 
— h. in Bohemia, 1606 — Major-general, 1642 — 
in service of Elector of Brandenburg, 1648 — 
Field-marshal, 1670 — Governor -in-chief of 
forts in Pomerania, 1677 — Governor of Lower 
Pomerania, 1678 — r/., 4 Feb. 1695. 

Doria, Andrea, Liberator of Genoa, — b. at 
Oneglia, ab Can«ascosa, c 1466,* 1468 bc — Captain- 
general of Genoese galleys, 15 13 — Admiral of 
French galleys, 1524-25 — re-enters service of 
Francis I., 1527 — of Charles V., 1528 — re- 
covers Genoa from the French, 12 Sep. 1528 — 
reorganizes the government, Censor for life with 
title of Father and liberator of his country, 
1528— escorts Charles V. to Tunis, takes part 
in capture of the town, 1535 — commands expe- 
dition against Algiers, i54i, a 1542 c — commands 
fleet against Turks, 1552 — resigns, 1556— "&. at 
Genoa, Nov. 1560. a Engl. Cyc. 

b Biog. Univ. c Ersch and Gruber. 

Doria, Laniba, admiral, — defeats Yenetians 
under Andrea Dandolo,near Corzola, 8 Sep. 1298. 

Doria, Luciano, admiral,— commands Vene- 
tian fleet, captures Rovigno, &c, 1358 — falls at 
battle of Pola, 29 May 1379. 

Doria, Paganino, admiral, — commands 
Genoese fleet in Archipelago, 1351 — defeats 
Venetians under Pisani, near Constantinople, 
13 Feb. 1352 — captures Pisani and Venetian 
fleet at Porto Longo, 1354. 

Doria, Paolo Matteo, philosopher, — b. at 
Naples, 1675 — ft., 1743. Trattato della vita 
• civ He, 172 9 — Esercitazioni geometriche, 172 9 — 
J)iscorsi critici filosofici intorno allafilosofia, $•<?., 

*733- 

Doria, Pietro, admiral, — captures Chiozza, 
16 Aug. 1379 — killed by cannon-shot there, 22 
Jan. 1380. 

Doria, Uberto, (Oberto,) admiral, — commands 
Genoese fleet, destroys Pisan fleet, at battle of 
Meloria, 1284. 

Dorians, — migration of, to Peloponnesus. 
[Return of the Heracleidae.] 

Dorieus, of Rhodes, — [B C] — pancratiast, 
victor at Olympia, (Ols. 87 ? 88, 89 a ) 432, 428, 
424 — leads fleet from Thurii to Cnidus in aid of 
Sparta, 412 — at Miletus, 41 1 — puts down demo- 
cratic revolt at Rhodes, 41 1 — at battle of Rhse- 
teium, Oct. 411 b — taken by Phanosthenes and 
released by Athenians, 407, b 406 a — put to death 
by Spartans, about 396. b a Clinton. b Grote. 

Dorieus,. of Sparta, — [BC]— goes to Libya, 
(01. 64, ) 524 a — to Sicily, founds Heraclea ; killed 
in battle, (between Carthaginians and Egesteans,) 
(01. 65, 2,) 5i9, a 5o8. b a Mttller. b Smith's Diet. 

Dorigny, Louis, painter, — n. at Paris, 1654 
— painter to the king, 1672 — tf. at Verona, 
1742. 

Dorigny, Michel, painter, engraver, — 0. at 
St Quentin, 161 7 — received at the Academy of 
Painting, 3 Mar. 1663 — ft. at the Louvre, 
i663, a 22 Feb. 1665^ a Biog. Univ. b Jal. 

Dorigny, Sir Nicolas, engraver, — fj. at Paris, 
1657 — still living at Rome, 1702 a — arrives in 



returns to Paris, 1724 — admitted to Academy 
of Painting, i725, b 17263 — rj. at Paris, 1 Dec. 
1746. Cartoons of Raphael, i703-i4, b 17 11- 
19 a — Volterra's Descent from the Cross, 17 10 
-^-Transfiguration, after Raphael, 1705. 
a Jal. b Engl. Cyc. 

Dorimachos, — [BC] — sent to Phigaleia, 221 
— defeats Aratus at Caphyse, 220 — strategics 
of JEtolian League, autumn 219 — invades 
Thessaly 218 — concludes treaty with M. 
Valerius Leevinus against Philip, 211 — with 
Scopus, draws up new laws for jEtolians, 204 
— goes to Egypt to negotiate peace with 
Ptolemy Epiphanes, 196. 

Db'ring, (Forink, Foringk,) Matthias, 
Franciscan, chronicler, — b. at Kiritz, about 
1415 — assists at Council of Basel, and is elected 
there General of his Order, 1443 — 5j. at KMtz, 
probably before 1465. 

Dorion, Claude Auguste, miscellaneous 
writer, — n. at Nantes, about 1770 — rj. at Paris, 
29 May 1829. Foe'sies lyriques, 1820 — Ferkin 
War beck, 18 19. 

Doris, asteroid — discovered by Goldschmidt, 
19 Sep. 1857. 

Dorival, Claude Francois, jurist, — b. at 
BesanQon, 1656 — rj. there, 4 Sep. 1733. Usages 
et coutumes de JBesangon, 1721. 

Dorland, Pieter, Carthusian, — b. in Bra- 
bant, 1449 — tf. at Zeclem, 21 Aug. 1507. 
Chronicon Carthusianum, 1608. 

Dorleans, Pierre Joseph, Jesuit, historian, 
— fc. at Bourges, 1644 — rj. at Paris, 1698. 
Fcistoire des revolutions d'Angleterre, 1693 — 
FListoire des revolutions d' Espagne, 1734. 

Dorn, Johann Christoph, bibliographer, $c, 
tf. librarian at Wolfenbuttel, 12 Aug. 1752. 
Fe doctis impostor ibus, 1703 — Fe ruta Saxoniea, 
1705 — edition of Fe Scriptoribus historice phi- 
losophicce, 17 16. 

Dornau, Gaspard, {Fomavius,) physician, 
miscellaneous writer, — rj. at Ziegenruck, 1577 
— rj. at Brieg, 28 Sep. 1632. FLomo diabolus, 
§c, 161 8 — Amphitheatrum sapientice Socraticce 
joco-serice, 16 19. 

Dornmeyer, Andreas Julius, philologist, — 
ft., 26 Oct. 17 17. Fhilologia sacra, 1699. 

Dorochoff, John, general, — &., 1762— enters 
Russian army, 1782 — serves in Poland and 
Moldavia, 1788 — commands against insui-gents 
at Warsaw, Apr. 1794 — distinguishes himself 
at siege of Warsaw, Nov. 1794 — Major-general, 
Aug. 1803 — serves in campaigns against 
French, till 1807 — charged with defence of 
fortresses on Gulf of Finland ; commands on 
frontier against tbe French, 18 12 — distinguishes 
himself at Smolensk, Aug. — at Borodino, 7 Sep. 
— Lieutenant-general, Sep. — takes Wereyha 
by assault, 11 Oct.— -rj. at Toula, 7 May 1813. 

Dorotheus, theologian, — Archimandrite of 
Palestine and Bp of Brixia, about 600. 

Dorotheus, jurist, — employed on second 
edition of tbe Code of Justinian, 534. 

Dorpat, in Livonia, — founded by Russians, 
1030 ? — taken by the Teutonic Knights, 1223 — 
conquered by Ivan IV., 1558 — falls into the 
power of Poland, 1582 — falls to the Swedes, 1625 
— taken by Peter the Great, 3-13 Jul. 1704 — 



442 



DORPIUS— DOUAI. 



town and cathedral burnt, i775, a i777- b ' Uni- 
versity of, founded, by Gustavus Adolphus, 
1632— suppressed by Alexis Michaelovich, 1656 
— reestablished by Swedes, 1690 — transferred to 
Pernau, 1699 — reconstituted by Emperor Alex- 
ander, Dec. 1802. Observatory, founded, 1811 
— the Fraunhofer Refractor erected, 1824-5. 
See, founded, 1224 — sovereignty of bishops 
ends, 1558. a Dict. Geog. b Conv.-Lex. 

Dorpius, Martinus, — ft. in Holland, 1480 — 
D.D., 1515 — tf. at Louvain, 31 May 1525. 

Dorsanne, Antoine, doctor of the Sorbonne, 
— D.D., 1695 — o\ at Paris, 13 Nov. 1728. 
Journal qui contient tout ce qui s'est passe d 
Home et en France au sujet de la bulle * TJni- 
ffcnitus,' 1753. 

D'Orsay, Alfred, Count,— ft. at Paris, 1798 
— becomes acquainted with Lord Blessington 
at Valence, Nov. 1822 — meets Lord Byron at 
Genoa, Mar. 1823 — marries Lady Harriet 
Gardiner, 4 Dec. 1827 — settles in England with 
Lady Blessington, 1829 — named Direct eur des 
Beaux Arts, by Napoleon III., 1852 — ij. at 
Paris, 4 Aug. 1852. 

Dorsch, Christoph, engraver on gems, — ft. at 
Niirnberg, 1676 — ft. there, 17 Oct. 1732. 

Dorset, Charles Sackville, Earl op, and Earl 
op Middlesex, — ft., 1637 — M.P. East Grin- 
stead, about 1 66 1 — volunteer in the Dutch war, 
1665 — succeeds his uncle as Earl of Middlesex, 
1674 — Earl of Dorset, 1677 — supports the 
Prince of Orange, 1688 — K.G., 1691 — attends 
William III. to the Congress of the Hague, 
Jan. to Apr. 1691 — rj. at Bath, 16 Jan. 1706. 

Dorset, Edward, Earl op, statesman, — ft., 
1590 — commands troops sent to Elector Pala- 
tine, 1620 — ambassador to France, 1621 — Earl,. 
on death of his brother, 1624 — one of the 
regents during absence of Charles L, 1640 — 
distinguishes himself at battle of Edgehill, Oct. 
1642 — rj. at Withyham, Sussex, 17 Jul. 1652. 

Dorset, Thomas Sackville, Lord Buckhurst, 
and First Earl of, statesman, — ft. in Sussex, 
1536 — M.P. Westmoreland, about 1557 — im- 
prisoned at Rome, 1566 — Knt., 1566 — created 
Lord Buckhurst, 1567 — ambassador to Paris, 
1570 — one of the judges of Mary Queen of 
Scots, Oct. 1586 — ambassador to the Nether- 
lands, 1587— K.G., 1589— Chancellor of Ox- 
ford Univ., 1589 — Lord High Treasurer, 1599 
— Earl of Dorset, by James L, 1603 — rj. at 
Whitehall, 19 Apr. 1608. Induction to the 
' Mirror of Magistrates,' about 1557 — Gorboduc, 
(Ferrex and Ion-ex,) 156 1. 

Dorsey, John Syng, physician, — ft. at Phila- 
delphia, 23 Dec. 1783 — assistant Prof, at Univ. 
of Pennsylvania, 1807 — rj., 12 Nov. 18 18. 
Elements of Surgery, 1813. 

Dorso, — [BC] — 1. C. Fabius, Consul with 
C. Claudius Canina, (481, a. u. c.) 273. 2. M. 
Fabius, Consul with Ser. Sulpicius Camerinus, 
(409,) 345. 

Dort, Dordrecht, in Holland, — fortified, 
123 1 — residence of Counts of Holland, from 
1231 — unsuccessfully besieged by John II., 
Duke of Brabant, 1 304 — made an island by the 
inundation of 142 1— burnt, 1457 — seized by 
John, Count of Egmont, 1480 — independence 



of United Provinces declared at, 1572 — op- 
poses the French alliance, 163 1 — seized by 
the French, winter 1794. Synod of, condemns 
Arminius and Barneveldt, 13 Nov. 161 8 to 
29 May 1619. 

Dortous. [Mairan.] 

Dorylaeum, in Ihrygia, — the crusaders de- 
feat Kilidge Arslan at, 1 Jul. 1097. 

Dosa, George, — proclaimed king of Hun- 
gary, 1513,* 1514 13 — taken prisoner by John, 
vaivode of Transylvania, and executed, 15 14. 
a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Dosi, Girolamo, architect, — ft. at Carpi, 
Modena, 1695 — goes to Rome, 17 10 — architect 
to Clement XII., between 1730-40 — rj. at 
Carpi, 23 Nov. 1775. 

Dosio, Glo van- Antonio, sculptor, — ft. at 
Florence, 1533. 

Dositheus, geometrician and astronomer, — ■ 
[B C] — £(., about 200. 

Dositheus Magister, grammarian, — ft., 
about 207. 

Dosma Delgado, Eoderico, theologian, — ft. 
at Badajoz, 21 Jul. 1533— rj., historiographer 
to Philip. II., about 1607. Ad sanctorum 
quatuor evangeliorum cognitionem spectantia 
opera, 1601. 

Dossi, Dosso, painter, — ft. at Dosso, near 
Ferrara, i474, a 1490 b — r/., about 1560.° 

a Biog. Univ. b Biog. Catalogue. c Nagler. 

Dossi, Giambattista, painter, — rj., 1545.* 
a Baruffaldi. 

Dossonville, Jean Baptiste,— ft. near Char- 
tres, 1753 — envoy from Louis XVI. to Eng- 
land, Jan. 1792 — arrested, after 10 Aug.1792 — 
agent of Committee of General Safety, 1793 — 
agent of police, 1795-7 — exiled, 1797 — returns to 
France, 1801 — rj. at Batignolles, 10 Jan. 1833. 

Dost Mohammed Khan, Sovereign op 
Afghanistan, — makes himself master of Ca- 
bul, and most of the kingdom, about 1824 — 
war declared against him by British govern- 
ment, 1 Oct. 1838 — expelled, end of Jul. 1839 
— escapes from confinement in Bokhara, 1 840 — 
takes part in insurrection, Aug. 1840 — sur- 
renders to Sir W. Macnaghten, 3 Nov. 1 840 — 
released, Oct. 1842 — recovers the throne, 1843 
— takes Herat, 26 May 1863 — xj., 9 Jun. 1863. 
[Afghan War.] 

Dotrenge, Theodore, statesman, — ft. at Brus- 
sels, 1 76 1 — member of commission to prepare 
fundamental laws of kingdom of the Nether- 
lands, 1 8 15 — Councillor of State, 1828 — fc. at 
Brussels, 15 Jun. 1836. 

Dotteville, Jean Henri, translator, — ft. near 
Versailles, 22 Dec. 17 16 — rj. there, 25 Oct. 
1807. Salluste, 1806 — (Eicvres completes de 
Tacite, 1792. 

Dotti, Bartolomeo, poet, — ft. in Brescia, 
1642 — assassinated at Venice, Jan. 17 12. Rime 
e sonetti, 1689. 

Dottori, Count Carlo &e',poet, — ft. at Padua, 
1624— tr., 1686. Aristodemo, 1657 — L'Asino, 
1652. 

Douai, in France, — attacked by the Northmen, 
870— taken by Hugh the Great, 932 — taken 
by Lothaire, 965 — recovered by Counts of 
Flanders, 988— seized by Robert le Frison, 



DOUBDAN— DOUGLAS. 



443 



1072 — given up by him to Baldwin, Count of 
Hainault, 1097 — again seized by Robert, and 
held against Bald-win, 1107 — taken by Philip 
Augustus, 12 1 2 — taken by Philip the Fair, 
1297 — falls into the power of the Flemings, 
1302 — ceded to Philip the Fair, 1304 — restored 
to the Count of Flanders by Charles V., 1368 
— unsuccessfully attacked by troops of Louis 
XL, 1479 — P asses under domiuion of Spain, 
(Charles V.,) 1506 — unsuccessfully attacked by 
Coligny, 1557 — taken by Louis XIY., 6 Jul. 
1667 — by Marlborough and Prince Eugene, 26 
Jun. 17 10 — retaken by the French, 8 Sep. 
1 7 1 2 — confirmed to France by Treaty of 
Utrecht, 17 13. University of founded by 
Philip II., 1552,* 1563^ College of, for Eng- 
lish Catholics, founded by William Allen, 1567.° 
a Engl. Cyc. b Dufresnoy. c Annals of England. 

Doubdan, Jean, — goes to Palestine, 1651 — 
tf., about 1670. Voyage de la Terre Sainte, 
1661. 

Doubleday, Edward, naturalist, — fj., about 
1 8 10 — visits America, 1835 — curator in Zoolo- 
gical Department of British Museum, about 
1 841 — rj. in London, 14 Dec. 1849. 

Douce, Francis, antiquary, — fc., about 1757 
— if. in London, 30 Mar. 1834. Illustrations 
of Shakespeare, §c., 1807 — J) a nee of Death, 
1834. 

Doucin, Louis, Jesuit, — ft. in Normandy, 
1652 — tf., at Orleans, 21 Sep. 1726. Histoire 
du Xestorianisme, 1698 — Histoire de I'Ori- 
genisme, 1700. 

Douffet, Gerard. [Buffet.] 

Douglas, Sir Archibald, Lord of Gallo- 
way, — surprises Edward Baliol at Annan, 16 
Dec. 1332 — Begent of Scotland for David 
Bruce, and marches to the relief of Berwick, 
1333 — killed at Halidon Hill, Jul. 1333. 

Douglas, David, botanist, — b. at Scone, 
Perthshire, 1798 — botanical collector to Horti- 
cultural Society of London, sent to United 
States, 1823 — sent to Columbia river, 1824-7 
— revisits Columbia river, 1829 — ft. at the 
Sandwich Islands, 12 Jul. 1834. 

Douglas, Lord James, {the Good Sir James,) 
— joins Robert Bruce, 1306 — surprises Douglas 
Castle, held by Lord Clifford, spring 1307 — 
takes Boxburgh Castle by assault, 7 Mar. 131 3 
— commands centre of Bruce' s army at Bau- 
nockburn, 24 Jun. 13 14 — takes part in the 
capture of Berwick, Apr. 131 8 — tutor to the 
heir to the crown, 1318 — with Randolph, Earl 
of Moray, invades England and ravages York- 
shire, Sep. 1 3 19 — defeats Abp of York at Mit- 
ton, 28 Sep. 1 3 19 — again invades England 
with Randolph, summer 1327 — crosses the 
"Wear and surprises the tent of Edward III., 4 
Aug. 1327 — commissioned to carry the heart of 
Bruce to Jerusalem, sets out, Jun. 1330 — killed 
by the Moors in Spain, 1331. 

Douglas, Sir William, — surrenders Berwick 
Castle to Edward L, 1296 — comrade of Wal- 
lace, 1297 — submits to Edward at Irvine, 1297. 

Douglas, Sir William, Kxight or Liddis- 
dale, — takes Edinburgh Castle, spring 1341 — 
attacks and takes prisoner Sir Alexander 
Ramsay, governor of Roxburgh, in Hawick 



church, 1 342 — taken prisoner at battle of 
Durham, Oct. 1346 — deserts the Scottish cause, 
1352 — killed by William, first Earl of Douglas, 
in Ettrick forest, 1353. 

Douglas, William, 1st Earl of, — slays the 
Knight of Liddisdale, 1353 — recovers Douglas- 
dale and other districts from the English, 1 355 
— drives Edward III. out of Scotland, Nov. 
1355 — fights at Poitiers and is knighted on 
the field, 19 Sep. 1356 — quits Scotland, 1366 — 
*., 1384. 

Douglas, James, 2nd Earl of, — receives 
the French army, 1385 — besieges Newcastle 
and is repelled by Hotspur, summer 1388 — 
killed at Otterburn, Aug. 1388. 

Douglas, Sir William, {the Black Douglas,) 
Lord of Nithisdale, — makes a descent on 
the coast of Ireland, and burns Carlingford, 
1387 — murdered by Earl of Clifford, 1390. 

Douglas, Archibald, 4th Earl of,— con- 
spires against the Duke of Rothesay, 1401 
— takes part in defence of Scotland against 
Henry IV., 140 1 — invades Northumberland, 
Jul. 1402 — wounded and made prisoner by 
Hotspur at Homildon Hill, 14 Sep. 1402 — 
liberated, and joins the Percies in their re- 
bellion, 1403 — captured at Shrewsbury, Jul. 
1403 — conducts auxiliaries to France "for the 
service of the Dauphin, 141 8 — killed at battle 
of Yerneuil, 16 Aug. 1424. 

Douglas, Archibald, oth Earl of, and 
Duke of Tolraeste, — Knt, by James I., 1430 
— Lieutenant-general of the kingdom, under 
James II., 1438 — tf. at Restalrig, 26 Jun. 

1439- 

Douglas, William, 6th Earl of, — u., 1422 
— succeeds to the title, 26 Jun. 1439 — seized 
and put to death with his brother on a charge 
of treason, by Crichton and Livingston, at 
Edinburgh, 24 Nov. 1440. 

Douglas, William, 8th Earl of,: — Lieu- 
tenant-general of the kingdom, 1443 — marries 
the Maiden of Galloway, and becomes possessed 
of all the family estates, 1443 — besieges Edin- 
burgh Castle, 1444 — reconciled with Crichton, 
1444 — forms a league against James II., 1445 
— visits France and Italy, 1449 — returns to 
Scotland, 1451- — murders Maclellan, 145 1 — 
corresponds with the Yorkists in England, 145 1 
— murdered by James II. at Stirling, 22 Feb. 
1452. 

Douglas, James, 9th Earl of, — corresponds 
with the Yorkists, 1452 — takes up arms to 
avenge murder of his brother William, Feb. 
1452 — burns and pillages Stirling, is besieged 
in his castle by James II., submits, and is 
pardoned, Aug. 1452 — obtains a dispensation 
from the pope, and marries his brother's widow, 
1453 — negotiates with the Yorkists, 1454 — his 
castles stormed by the king, he is deserted and 
becomes a fugitive, 1454-5 — collects fresh 
forces, invades Scotland, and is defeated by the 
Earl of Angus at Arkinholrne, 1455 — declared 
a traitor by the parliament, and his estates for- 
feited, Jun. 1455 — unsuccessful attempt by 
Donald, Lord of the Isles, to aid him, 1455 — 
takes refuge with the Duke of York, 1456 — his 
countess forsakes him, and is married to Sir 



444 



DOUGLAS— DOYLE. 



John Stewart, 1456 — with Percy, invades the 
Borders, and is defeated by the Earl of Angus, 
Oct. 1458— the lordship and estates given by 
the king to Angus, 1458 — supported by Edward 
IV. in other attempts, 146 1-2 — defeated and 
captured at Lochmaben, 22 Jul., a Jun. b 1484 
— tf. at the Abbey of Lindores, a few years 
later. a Tytler. b Annals of England. 

Douglas. [Angus and Morton, Eakls of.] 

Douglas, Gawin, [Gavin,) Bishop of Dun- 
keld, poet, — u. at Brechin, about 1474 — rector 
of Hawick, 1496 — removes to Edinburgh, 1509 ? 
— abbot of Aberbrothick, about 15 14 — Bp of 
Dunkeld, 15 15 — retires to England, about 
1520- 1 — rj. in London, 1521 or 1522. Transla- 
tion of the JEneicl completed, 15 13 — publ. 1553 
— Palace of Honour, 1553. 

Douglas, Sir Howard, Bart., general, — ft. at 
Gosport, 1776 — present at Coruna, Jan. 1809 
— serves in the Walcheren expedition, Jul. 1809 
— serves in the Peninsula, 1811-12 — K.C.B., 
1 8 14 — Governor of New Brunswick, 1823-29 — 
D.C.L. Oxford, 1829 — Lord High Commissioner 
of Ionian Islands, 1835-40 — G.C.B., 1841 — 
M.P. Liverpool, 1842-47 — General, 1851 — if. at 
Tunbridge Wells, Nov. 1861. Essay on Mili- 
tary Bridges, 181 6 — Treatise on Naval Gunnery, 
1 8 1 9 — Naval Evolutions, 1832. 

Douglas, James, physician, — h. in Scotland, 
about 1677^ 1675 b — rj. in London, 1742. Myo- 
graphies comparatee specimen, 1707 — Biblio- 
graphies anatomicce specimen, 17 15 — History of 
the lateral operation, 1726 — Arbor Yemensis, 
1727. a Biog. Univ. b Chalmers. 

Doujat, Jean, philologist, $c, — h. at Tou- 
louse, about 1606 — received at French Aca- 
demy, 1650 — Prof. Canon Law, College de 
France, 1651 — Doctor Regent in the Faculty of 
Law, 1655 — tr. at Paris, 27 Oct. 1688. Dic- 
tionnaire de la langtce Toulousaine, 1638 — His- 
toire du Droit Canonique, 1677 — edition of 
Livy, 1679. 

Doulatabad, (Dowlatabad,) in Hindustan, — 
taken by Moguls, 1599 — seat of government re- 
moved to Aurungabad, 1634. 

Douro, river in Portugal, — passage of, defeat 
of Soult by "Wellington, 12 May 1809. 

Dousa, ( Van der Does,) Jan, philologist, poet, 
$c, — b. at Noordwyck, near Leyden, 6 Dec. 
1545 — goes to Paris, 1563 — ambassador to Eng- 
land, 1572 — conducts defence of Leyden 
against Spaniards, 1574 — first curator of Ley- 
den University, 1575 — keeper of archives, 1585 
— "0. at Noordwyck, 12 Oct. 1604. Pocmata, 
1575 — Commentaries on Horace, 1580 — on Ca- 
tullus, 1581 — on Tibullus, 1582. Annates, 1599. 

Dover, (Bub/is,) — combat between Eustace 
of Boulogne and the townsmen, 1051 — one of 
the Cinque Ports, before 1066 — unsuccessfully 
attacked by Eustace of Boulogne, 1067 — King 
John received by Pandulph at, and does homage 
to the pope, 13, 15 May 1213 — unsuccessfully 
besieged by the Dauphin Louis, Jun. 12 16 — 
Edward I. lands at, on return from Palestine, 2 
Aug. 1274 — attacked by the French, 1 Aug. 
1295— made sole port of embarkation for the 
continent, 1337— meeting of Henry VIII. and 
Charles V. at, 1520 — first pier erected by 



Henry VIII., 1525 — castle surprised by the 
townsmen, for the parliament, 1 Aug. 1642 — 
Van Tromp defeated by Blake off, 19 May 
1652 — secret treaty between Charles II. and 
Louis XIV. signed at, 22 May 1670 — fortifica- 
tions extended, 1745. 

Dover, George James Welbore Agar Ellis, 
Lord, — ft., 14 Jan. 1797 — M.P. Heytesbury, 
1 8 18 — Chief Commissioner of Woods and 
Forests, Nov. 1830 — resigns a few weeks later: 
raised to the peerage, spring 1831 — Pres. Royal 
Society of Literature, 1832 — r/., 1833. His* 
torical Inquiries respecting the Character of 
Clarendon, 1828 — Ellis Correspondence, 1829 — 
Life of Frederick the Great, 1832. 

Dow, Alexander, orientalist, — rj. in India, 
1779. History of Hindustan, 1767-72. 

Dow, (Douw,) Gerhard, painter, — rj. at Ley- 
den, 7 Apr. 161 3 — studies under Rembrandt, 
1628-31 — rj. at Leyden, i68o, ab Feb. 1675.2 

a Descamps. b Erscli and Gruber. c Wornmn. 

Dower, in England, — widow entitled to third 
part of her husband's lands, by charters of 
Henry III., 1217 and 1224 — forfeited by aliena- 
tion of the lands assigned, by stat. 6 Edw. I. c. 
7, 1278 — lost by elopement, by 13 Edw. I. st. 
1, c. 34, 1285 — may be barred by jointure un- 
der Act 27 Hen. VIII. c. 10, 1535-6— allowed 
to widow of a traitor or felon, by stat. 1 Edw. 
VI. c. 12, 1547; but barred, as to treason, by stat. 
5 and 6 Edw. VI. c. 11, 1552 — arrears of, not 
recoverable after six years, by Act 3 and 4 Wm 
IV. c. 27, s. 41, 24 Jul. 1833 — equitable estate 
made subject to, methods of barring or restrict- 
ing provided, &c, by Act 3 and 4 Wm IV. c. 
100,29 Aug. 1833 — recoverable by action under 
Act 23 and 24 Vic. c. 126, s. 26, 28 Aug. i860. 

Down, See of, — united with Connor, 1442. 
[Droniore.] 

Downing College, Cambridge, — funds for 
establishing, bequeathed by Sir George Down- 
ing, 17 1 7 — establishment authorized by Privy 
Council, 1800 — opened, 1821. 

Downman, Hugh, poet, — rj. near Exeter, 
1740 — rj. 23 Sep. 1809. Land of the Muses, 
1768 — Infancy, 1771. 

Downshire, Marquis of. [Hillsborough.] 

Doxipater, Joannes, grammarian, rhetori- 
cian, — fl., after 1041. 

Doyen, Gabriel Francois, painter, — rj. at 
Paris, 20 May 1726 — admitted to Academy of 
Painting, 1758^ 23 Aug. 1759 b — &• at St 
Petersburg, 5 Jun. 1806. Death of Virginia, 
1759 — Miracle des Ardents, 1767. 

a Biog. Univ. b Jal. 

Doyen, Pierre Gabriel, painter, — rj., 2 Feb. 
1723 — admitted to Academy of St Luke, 1754 
— tf. at Paris, 15 Jul. 1799. 

Doyle, John, (H.B.,) political caricaturist, — 
b., 1798 — distinguishes himself, 1829-40 — ft. 
in London, 2 Jan. 1868. 

Doyle, Sir John, Bart., general, — rj. at 
Dublin, 1756 — enters the army, 177 1 — distin- 
guishes himself in American War, 1775-83 — 
Lieutenant- colonel, serves under Duke of York 
in Netherlands, 1794 — Minister of War for 
Ireland, 1796 — Brigadier-general, sent to Gib- 
raltar, 1799 — serves under Abercromby in 



'DEACON—DRESDEN. 



445 



Egypt, 1 800 — distinguishes himself at battle of 
Alexandria, 1801 — Governor of Guernsey, 1804 
—Bart., Oct. 1 805 — Lieutenant-general, 1 808- 
KB., 181 2— General, 1 81 9— tf. in London, 8 
Aug. 1834. 

Bracon, legislator, (mythical) — [B C] — ft. , 
(01. 39,) 62 1, a 624. 13 a Clinton. b Grote. 

Braconites, Johann. [Carlstadt.]. 

DmcontivLS, poet, — composes poems in prison, 
about 425 — tf., about 450. 

Bragonnades, — against Protestants of 
France, follow revocation of the Edict of 
Nantes, 1685. 

Bragut, corsair, — taken prisoner by Vene- 
tians under Andrea Doria, about 1540 — falls at 
siege of Malta, 23 Jul. 1565. 

Brainage, [Pontine Marshes, Bedford 
Level] — of land, cost of, chargeable on settled 
estates, by Acts 3 and 4 Vic. c. 55, 4 Aug. 
1840; 8 and 9 Vic. c. 56, 31 Jul. 1845 — public 
loans for, authorized by Acts 9 and 10 Vic. c. 
101, 28 Aug. 1846 ; 10 and 11 Vic. c. 11, 25 
Mar. 1847; 12 and 13 Vic. c. 100, 1 Aug. 
1849; 13 and 14 Vic. c. 31, 15 Jul. 1850— 
facilitated by Acts 10 and 11 Vic. c. 38, 21 
Jun. 1847 ; and 24 and 25 Vic. c. 133, 6 Aug. 
1 86 1. Souse, regulated by Acts 11 and 12 
Vic. c. 123, 4 Sep. 1848, and 18 and 19 Vic. 
cc. 121 and 132, 14 Aug. 1855. Metropolitan, 
regulated by Acts 18 and 19 Vic. c. .120, 14 
Aug. 1855; 19 and 20 Vic. c. 114, 29 Jul. 
1856; 21 and 22 Vic. c. 104, 2 Aug. 1858; 
and 26 and 27 Vic. c. 68, 21 Jul. 1863. 

Brake, Francis, antiquary, — F.S.A., 1735 — 
F.R.S., 1736 — tf. at York, 1770. Eboracum, 

I73 6 - 

Brake, Sir Francis, maritime discoverer, — 
ft. in Devonshire, 154.5,* 1539 or after b — ob- 
tains commission from Queen Elizabeth, cruises 
in West Indies, 1570 — takes and plunders 
Nombre de Dios, 1572 — embarks for South 
Seas, 13 Dec. 1577 — returns, 26 Sep. i579, b 3 
Nov. i58o ac — commands fleet against Spanish 
West Indies, 1585 — commands expedition 
against Spain, destroys ships of war at Cadiz, 
19 Apr. 1587 — as Vice-admiral, commands un- 
der Lord Howard of Effingham against Armada, 
1588 — with Norris, commands expedition to 
Portugal, to establish Don Antonio on the throne, 
Apr. 1589 — commands, with Hawkins, expe- 
dition against Spanish West Indies, 1595 — tf. at 
Nombre de Dios, 27 Dec. 1595. 

a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Chalmers. 

Brake, Nathan, physician and miscellaneous 
writer,- — fj. at York, 1766 — M.D. Edinburgh, 
1789 — settles at Hadleigh, Suffolk, 1792 — tf. 
there, 7 Jun. 1836. Literary Hours, 1798 — 
Essays illustrative of the Tatler, Spectator, and 
Guardian, 1805 — Shakespeare and his Times, 
1817 — Memorials of Shakespeare, 1828. 

Brakenborch, Arnold, philologist, — ft. at 
Utrecht, 31 Dec. 1684 — -Prof. History and 
Eloquence there, 1716 — tf. there, 16 Dec. i747, a 
16 Jan. i748. h De Frafectis JJrbis, 1704 — edi- 
tion of Silius Italicus, 17 17 — of Livy, 1738-46. 
a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Bramatic College, — at Maybury near Wo- 
king, founded 23 Apr. i860. 



Bramatic Copyright. [Copyright.] 
Braparnaud, Jacques Philippe Raymond, 
naturalist, — ft. at Montpellier, 3" Jun. 1772 — tf. 
Director of Botanic Garden there, 1 Feb. 1 804. 
Histoire naturelle des mollusques, §c, 1805. 

Braparnaud, Victor Marc Xavier, poet, — 
ft. at Montpellier, 3 Dec. 1773— settles at Paris, 
1820 — tf. there, 4 Oct. 1833. Le Troconsul, 
1797 — Savoir et courage, 1822 — Zouis ledebon- 
naire, 1822 — Thomas Morus, 1827. 

Brapers' Company, London, — founded, 1439. 

Brapier's Letters. [Swift, Bean.] 

Braud, George, (Lraudius,) — ft. in Hesse, 9 
Jan. 1573 — if. at Butzbach, 1630 or 1635. 
Duodenarius historico-biblicus, 1605 — Biblio- 
theca Classica, 161 1 — Typographicus discursus 
experimentalis, $c, 1625. 

Brayton, Michael, poet, — ft. at Hartshill, 
Warwickshire, 1563— poet-laureate, 1626 — tf., 
1631. Shepherd's Garland, 1593 — The Barons* 
Wars, England's heroical Epistles, before 1598 
— Folyolbion, 16 13. 

Brayton, William Henry, statesman, his- 
torian, — ft. in South Carolina, U.S., 1742 — • 
Privy Councillor for the province, 177 1 — 
Assistant Judge, 1774 — Pres. Provincial Con- 
gress, 1775 — Chief Justice of the colony, 1776 
— delivers his charge, on the necessity of inde- 
pendence, to the Grand Jury of Charleston, 23 
Apr. 1776— Pres. of South Carolina, 1777 — 
member of National Congress, Philadelphia, 
1778 — tf. at Philadelphia, 1779. Memoirs of 
the American devolution, 1821. 

Brebbel, Cornells van, natural philosopher, 
— ft. at Alckmaer, 1572 — invents thermometer, 
about 162 1 — tf. in London, 1634. Tractatus 
duo, de natura elementorum, . . . de quinta 
essentia, . . . 1621. 

Brelincourt, Charles, theologian, — ft. at Se- 
dan, 1595 — goes to Paris, 1620 — tf. there, 1669. 
Consolations against the terrors of death, 4th Eng- 
lish edition, 1 701 — 9th, accompanied by De Foe's 
Relation of the Apparition of Mrs Veal, 17 19. 

Brelincourt, Charles, physician. — ft. at 
Paris, 1633 — rj. Prof. Anatomy, Ley den, 31 
May 1697. Be partu octimestri vivaci dia- 
tribes, 1662 — Be fceminarum ovis, $c, 1687 — 
— Homer icus Achilles, 1692. 

Brepanius, Latinus Pacatus, poet, — de- 
livers his panegyric on Theodosius, Aug., 389. a 
a Clinton. 

Brepanum, in Sicily, — [B C]— Adherbal de- 
feats P. Claudius in sea-fight off, 249. 

Bresden, capital of Saxony, — mentioned as 
a place of trade, i2o6, a 1266 b — seat of the 
Margraves of Misnia, 1270 — falls to the 
Albertine line, 1485 — burnt, 149 1 — fortified, 
about 1520-8 — the Reformation introduced, 
1539 — capital of Electorate of Saxony, about 
1548 — plague rages at, 163 1-5 — taken by Fred- 
erick the Great, 1745 and 1756 — bombarded by 
Frederick, 14-30 Jul. 1760 — occupied by 
Austrians, Jun. 1 809 — occupied by French, Mar. 
181 3 — evacuated by French, 25 Mar. — reenter- 
ed by Napoleon, 8 May — Napoleon defeats the 
allies at, 26-27 Aug. — invested by allies, Oct. 
— capitulates to allies, 19 Nov. — fortifica- 
tions destroyed, 1815,° 1817 d — insurrection at, 



4+6 



DRESS— DROGHEDA. 



9 Sep. 1830 — another, May 1849 — bombarded 
by Prussians and Saxons, 7 May 1849 — cleared 
of insurgents, 10 May — occupied by Prussians, 
18 Jun. 1866 — evacuated by them, 27 May 
1867 — visited by king of Prussia, 7 Sep. 1868 
—disturbances, suppressed by military, 16 Oct. 
1868. Museum built, 1847-54. Treaty of, 
between Austria, Prussia, and Saxony, for 
assurance of Silesia to Prussia, concluded, 1745. 
Congress of, held by Napoleon I., 18 12. 
a Conv.-Lex. b Ersch and Gruber. 

c Bouillet. d Bescherelle. 

Dress, laws respecting, in England, — 11 
Edw. III. c. 4, 1336-7; 37 Edw. III. cc. 8- 
15, 1363—38 Edw. III. st. 1, c. 2, 1364; 3 
and 4 Edw. IV. c. 5, 1463-4-5 ; 22 Edw. IV. 
c. 1, 1482-3; 1 Hen. VIII. c. 14, 1509-10; 
6 Hen. VIII. c. 1, 1514-15; 7 Hen. VIII. c. 
6, 1515; 24 Hen. VIII. c. 13, 1532-3; 1 and 
2 Ph. and Mar. c. 2, 1554 ; 5 Eliz. c. 6, 1562 ; 
8 .Eliz. c. 11, s. 5, 1565 — all expired, or re- 
pealed by Acts 1 James I. c. 25, s. 45, 1603 ; 
and 17 Geo. III. c. 55, s. 1. 1777. 

Dresser, (Bresserus,) Matthaeus, theologian, 
§c, — ft. at Erfurt, 1536 — Prof. Humanity, 
Leipsic, 1581 — If. there, 5 Oct. 1607. Rhe- 
torics lib. IV., 1585 — Isagoge historica per 
millenarios distributa, 1587 — BZistoria Martini 
Lutheri, 1598. 

Dreux, in France, — head of a County, before 
1000 — seized and burnt by the English, 1188 
• — Conde and Coligny defeated by Montmorency 
at, 19 Dec. 1562 — taken from the League by 
Henry IV., 7-18 Jun. 1593 — occupied by Ger- 
mans, 9 Oct. 1870 — evacuated; retaken by Ger- 
mans, 17 Nov. 1870. 

Dreux, County op, [Burocasses, Drogce, 
Brocce,) — possessed by Landry, about 950 — 
given by Louis le Gros to Count Robert I., 
1 1 32 or 1 1 37 — Robert II., (son,) 11 84 — Robert 
III., (son,) 1218 — John I., (son,) 1234 — Robert 
IV., (son,) 1249 — John II., (son,) the Good, 
1282 — Robert V., (son,) 1309 — John III., 
(brother,) 1329 — Peter, (brother,) 1331 — Jane 
I., (daughter,) 1345 — Jane IL, (aunt,) 1346 — 
Simon, (son,) 1355 — Peronelle and Margaret 
of Thouars, 1365 — sold by them to Charles V., 
and reunited to the crown, 1377 and 1378 — 
given by Charles to Arnaud, sire d'Albret, 
1382 — to Louis, Duke of Orleans, 1407 — and 
after his murder to Charles, son of Arnaud : 
possessed by the English, 141 8-41 — Charles 
II., &., 147 1 — seized by his grandson, Alain, 
147 1 — after long law-suit awarded to the 
crown, 155 1 — obtained by Catherine de'Medici, 
1559 — given up by her and erected into a Duchy 
for the Duke of Alencon, 1569 — on his death 
passes as a County to the Orleans family, 1584. 

Dreux, Henri de, Abp of Rheims, — excom- 
municates St Louis at Council of Senlis, 1235. 

Dreux, Pierre de, {Mauclerc,) Duke of 
Rrittany, — follows St Louis to Palestine, 
1248 — rj., 1250. 

Dreux, Philippe de, Bp of Beauvais, Peer 
of Fra>-ce, — taken prisoner at siege of Acre, 
1 1 90 — taken prisoner by English, near Milli, 
1 196 — takes part with Philip Augustus in battle 
of Bouvines, 12 14 — q\, 4 Nov. 12 17. 



Dreux-Breze, Henri Evrard, Marquis of, 
— ft., 1762 — succeeds to office of Grand Master 
of Ceremonies of France, 17 81 — Chevalier de 
St Louis, 1 8 14 — Peer of France, 17 Aug. 
1815 — Officer of Legion of Honour, 19 Aug. 
1823 — Chevalier des Ordres du Roi, 30 May 
1825 — rj. at Paris, 27 Jan. 1829. 

Dreux du Radier, Jean Francois, miscel- 
laneous writer, — ft. at Chateauneuf, 10 May 
17 14 — fr. there, 1 Mar. 1780. Bibliotheque 
historique et critique du JPoitou, 1754 — V Europe 
illustree, 1755 — Tablettes historiques et anecdo- 
tiques des rois de France, 1759. 

Drevet, Imbert, engraver, — ft. at Paris, 23 
Jun. 1697 — engraver to the king, 1729 — fr. at 
the Louvre, 2 8 Apr. 1739. Portrait of JBossuet, 
1721 or 1727. 

Drevet, Pierre, engraver, — ft. at Lyon, 1664 
— received at the Academy of Painting, 7 Oct. 
1707 — o". at the Louvre, 9 Aug. 1738. 

Drew, Samuel, theologian, — ft. at St Austell, 
Cornwall, 3 Mar. 1765— settles in London, 
1819 — rj. at Helston, 29 Mar. 1833. Fssay on 
the immateriality and immortality of the soul, 
1802 — Fssay on the identity and the general 
resurrection of the human body, 1809 — BZistory 
of Cornwall, 1820-4. 

Drexel, (Brexelius,) Jeremias, — ft. at Augs- 
burg, 1581 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1598 — ri. 
at Munich, 19 Apr. 1638. Zodiacus Chris- 
tianus, 1622 — Trismegistus Christianus, 1626 
— Keliotropium, 1627 — Orbis Phaeton, 1629. 

Dreyer, Johann Karl Heinrich, jurist, 
antiquary, — ft. at AVahren, 13 Dec. 1723 — rj. 
at Liibeck, 15 Feb. 1802. Sammlung von 
Abhandlungen zur Frluuterung der Teutschen 
Rechte, §-c., 1754-63-8 — B eitr age zur Liter atur 
und Geschichte des Teutschen Rechts, 1783 — ■ 
Antiquarische Anmerkungen, $c, 1792. 

Dreyse, Nicholas von, inventor of Needle- 
Gtin, — ft. at Sommerda, near Erfurt, 1787 — 
employed at Paris under Col. Pauly, 1809-14 

— constructs the Needle-Gun, 1836 — rj. at 
Sommerda, 9 Dec. 1867. 

Driedo, (Bridceus,) Jan, theologian, — Prof. 
Philosophy, Coll. of Faneou, 1499 a — D.D. 
Louvain, 1512 — ft. there, 4 Aug. 1535. Be 
Scripturis et Bogmatibus Fcclesiasticis, 1533 — 
Be Gratia et liber Arbitrio, 1547 — Be Libertate 
Christiana, 1552. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Driesche, van der. [Drusius.] 

Drillenbourg, "Willem van, painter, — ft. at 
Utrecht, about 1625 — settles at Dort, 1668 — 
&., probably 1697 ? 

Drivere, Jeremias, (Briverius or Thriverius,) 
—physician, — ft. in Flanders, 1504— tf., Prof, 
at Univ. of Louvain, Dec. 1554. Bisceptatio 
de securissimo victu, 153 1 — Universal medicine 
brevissima . methodus, 1592. 

Drogheda, (Trcdagh,) in Ireland, — synod 
held at, by Cardinal Paparo, 1 152 — submission 
of four Irish princes to Richard II., at, 1394 — 
seat of Poyning's Parliament, 1494 — invested 
by Sir Phelim 0'iN"eil, 1 Dec. 1641 — siege 
raised, 28 Feb. 1642 — stormed by Cromwell, 
12 Sep. 1649 — garrisoned for James II., 1690 

— James II. encamps near, 16 Jun. 1690 — 
surrenders to William III., 2 Jul. 1690. 



DROLLING -DRUMMOND. 



447 



Drolling, Martin, painter, — b. at Oberg- 
heem, (Upper Rhine,) 19 Sep. 1752 — tf. at 
Paris, 16 Apr. 181 7. 

Dromoclides, — [B CJ — archon at Athens, 
(01. 76, 2,) 475. 

Dromore, Ireland, — See of, incorporated with 
Down and Connor, under Act 3 and 4 Win IV. 
c. 37, 14 Aug. 1833. 

Drontheim, (Trondhjem,) Norway, — found- 
ed by Olaf I., 997 a — seat of archbishopric, 
1 152 — the kings crowned at, from Magnus V., 
1 1 64— conquered by the Swedes, 1658— retaken 
by the Danes, 21 Dec. 1658 — confirmed to 
Denmark, by Peace of Copenhagen, 1660 — 
visited by Christian V., Jul. 1685. Cathedral, 
founded, n83 b — burnt, 1530.° 

a Conv.-Lex. b Bouillet. e Rees' Cyc. 

Dropides, — [BC] — archon at Athens, (01. 
46, 4,) 593. 

Dropilos, — [BC] — archon at Athens, (01. 
34, 1,) 644. 

Droste-Hiilshoff, Annette Elisabeth, Freiin 
von, poetess, — b. near Munster, 12 Jan. 1798 
— tf., 24 May 1848. Gedichte, 1844 — Das 
geistliche Ja.hr, §c, 1852. 

Droste-Hiilshoff, Clemens August Maria 
Antonius Aloysius Paulus de, jurist, — b. in 
"Westphalia, 2 Feb., a Apr. b 1793 — studies at 
Berlin, 1817 — Prof. Laws, Bonn, 1823 — tf., 

13 Aug. 1832. Grundsdtze des gemeinen 
Kirchenrechts der Katholiken und Evangelisch- 
en, 1828-33. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gvuber. 

Drouais, Francois Hubert, painter, — b. at 
Paris, 14 Dec. 1727 — admitted to the Academy, 
25 Nov. 1758— tf., Oct. 1775. Portraits of the 
Dulce of Berri [Louis XVI.) and the Count of 
Provence, (Louis XVIII.,) 1757 — Portraits of 
Coustou and Bouchardon, 1758. 

Drouais, Germain Jean, painter, — b. at 
Paris, 24 Nov. 1763 — obtains first prize of the 
Academy, 1784 — goes to Rome, 1785 — tf. at 
Rome, 13 Feb. 1788. Christ and the woman of 
Canaan, 1784. 

Drouais, Hubert, painter, — b. at La Roque, 
1699 — received at the Academy of Painting, 
29 Nov. 1730 — tf-, 9 Feb. 1767. 

Drouet d'Erlon, Jean Baptiste, Marshal 
of France, — b. at Rennes, a Rheims, b 29 Jul. 
1765 — enters the army, 1792 — aide-de-camp 
to General Lefebvre, 14 Aug. 1794 — serves in 
campaigns of 1793-6 — distinguishes himself at 
Hohenlinden, 3 Dec. 1800 — General of Di- 
vision, 1803 — wounded at battle of Friedland, 

14 Jun. 1807 — Grand Officer of Legion of 
Honour, 29 May 1808 — aide-de-camp to Mar- 
shal Soult, 1 8 14 — Chevalier of St Louis, 18 14 
— Peer, 2 Jun. 18 15 — at Waterloo, Jun. 18 15 
— Governor of Algeria, 1834 — Marshal of 
France, 1843 — tf., 25 Jan. 1844. 

a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Drouet, Etienne Francois, litterateur, — b. 
at Paris, 17 15 — tf. there, 11 Sep. 1779. Fdits 
Dictibnnairede Moreri, 1759 — and Methode pour 
e'ticdier Vhistoire (of Lenglet-Dufresnoy), 1772. 

Drouet, Jean Baptiste, maitre de poste, — 
b., 8 Jan. 1763 — recognizes Louis XVI. at St 
Menehould, and procures his arrest at Varennes, 



21 Jun. 1 79 1 — deputy to Convention, 1791 — 
taken prisoner by Austrians, 1793-5 — tf., n 
Apr. 1824. 

Drouin, sculptor, — b. at Nancy, about 1600 
— tf. there, 1647. 

Drouot, Antoine, Count, general, — b. at 
Nancy, 1774 — Lieutenant of Artillery, serves 
at Fleurus, 1794 — at Hohenlinden, 1800 — 
distinguishes himself at Trafalgar, 1805 — at 
Wagram, 1809 — at the Moskwa, 1812 — Com- 
mander of the Legion of Honour ; dis- 
tinguishes himself at Liitzen and Bautzen, 
1 8 13 — General of Division, Sep. 1813 — aide- 
de-camp to Napoleon, 181 3 — follows him to 
Elba, 1 8 14 — fights at Waterloo, 18 15 — retires 
to Nancy, 18 15 — Grand Cross of the Legion of 
Honour, Oct. 1830 — tf. at Nancy, 24 Mar. 
1847. 

Drowning, Punishment of, — obsolete in 
England, by 1600 — inflicted in Switzerland, as 
late as 1652 — in Scotland, 1685 — abolished in 
Russia, soon after 1700 — inflicted in Saxony, 
as late as 1734— in Austria, 1776 — in Iceland, 
1777. 

Droz, Francois Xavier Joseph, miscellaneous 
writer, — b. at Besanqon, 31 Oct. 1773 — Prof. 
Belles Lettres there, about 1796 — settles at 
Paris, 1802 — member of French Academy, 
1825 — Prof. Moral and Political Science at 
the Institute, 1832 — tl., 4 Nov. 1850. Lina, 
1804 — Eloge de Montaigne, 1811 — Histoire 
du regne de Louis XVI, 1839. 

Droz, Jean Pierre, mechanician, — b. in 
Neufchatel, 1746 — tf. at Paris, 1822. 

Droz, Pierre Jacques, mechanician, — b. in 
Neufchatel, 28 Jul. 17 21 — tf. at Bienne, 28 
Nov. 1790. 

Druids, — slaughter of, at Mona, by Sueto- 
nius, 61. 

Drumclog', in Scotland, — Graham of Clavcr- 
house defeated by the Covenanters at, 1 Jun. 
1679. 

Drummond, James, statesman, — b., 1638 — 
Councillor of State, 1670 — Grand Justiciary of 
Scotland, 1680 — Grand Chancellor of Scotland, 
1684 — joins James II. at Rome, after 1688 — 
tf. at St Germain, 10 May 17 16. 

Drummond, Thomas, mathematician, §c, — 
b. at Edinburgh, Oct. 1797 — studies at the 
Univ., 1 8 1 o — cadet at Woolwich, 1 8 1 3 — enters 
the Royal Engineers, 18 15 — assistant in the 
Ordnance Survey, 181 9 — invents the Lime 
Light, (Drummond Light,) and the Heliostat, 
1825 — superintendent of the Boundary Com- 
mission, 1832 — Under-Secretary of State for 
Ireland, 1835 — Chairman of Commission on 
Railways in Ireland, 1836 — tf. at Dublin, 15 
Apr. 1840. 

Drummond, William, poet, — b. at Haw- 
thornden, 13 Deo. 1585 — tf. there, 4 Dec. 1649. 
Works, 1 7 1 1 . 

Drummond, Sir William, statesman, anti- 
quary, §c, — M.P. St Mawes, 1795 — Envoy 
Extraord. to Naples, 1796 — ambassador to the 
Porte, Knt of the Crescent, 1801 — tf. at Rome, 
1828. Review of the Governments of Sparta 
and Athens, 1794 — Academical Questions, 1805 
— withWalpole, Herculanensia, 18 10 — (Edipus 



448 



DRURY— DUBLIN. 



Judaicus, printed, 1811; published, 18 16 — 
Origines, 1824. 

Drury, Robert, traveller, — rj. in London, 
1687 — shipwrecked on coast of Madagascar, 
1702. Madagascar, 1729. 

Drary Lane Theatre, London, — established 
as The Phoenix, before 1623— burnt, 1672 — 
rebuilt by Wren, 1672-4 — burnt, 24 Feb. 1809 
— rebuilt by Wyatt, and opened, Oct. 1812 — 
interior remodelled, 1822. 

Druses, {of the Lebanon,) — appear in Egypt 
as followers of Hakem-Bamr Allah, are perse- 
cuted by the Caliph and take refuge in the 
Lebanon, (386, a. h.) 996 — mentioned by 
Benjamin of Tudela, about 11 50 — made tribu- 
tary by Amurath III., 1588 — under the Emir 
Fakr-ed-din, become masters of Syria, between 
1600-13 — chief power devolves on the house of 
Shehab, about 1650 (?) — dissensions with the 
Maronites begin, 1 840 — allowed by the Porte 
to have a chief of their own nation, 1842. — 
i860 : Massacre of the Maronites, begins in the 
villages, 28 May — attack Hasbeya, and dis- 
arm the Christians, 29 May — massacre at 
Hasbeya, 5 Jun. — attack Zahleh, 19 Jun. — 
massacre at Deir-el-Kammar, 21 Jun. — at 
Damascus, 9-10 Jul. — European intervention 
agreed on by Convention of Paris, 3 Aug. — 
French troops sail for Syria, beginning of Aug. 
— 1 86 1 : the country evacuated by the French, 
5 Jun. — a Christian (Daoud Effendi) appointed 
governor of the Lebanon, 22 Jun. 

Drusius, Jan, ( Van den Driesche,) orientalist, 
— ft. at Audenarde, 28 Jun. 1550 — goes to 
England, 1567 — Prof. Oriental Languages, 
Oxford, 1572 — Prof. Hebrew, Franeker, 1585- 
1616 — tf. there, 12 Feb. 1616. Alphabetum 
Hebraicum vet as, 15%7—Grammatica linguce 
sanetce nova, 1612 — Proverbia Ben Sirce, 1597. 

Drusus Caesar, junior, — Quaestor, 10 — quells 
mutiny of legions in Pannonia, autumn 14 — 
Consul with C. JSTorbanus Flaccus, (768, 
a. u. c.) 15 — campaign against Maroboduus, in 
Germany, 19 a — -Consul with Emperor Tiberius, 
(774,) 21 — tribunicia potestas, 22 — poisoned by 
Sejanus, 23. a Clinton. 

Drusus, M. Livius, — [BC] — 1. trib. pleb. 
with C. Gracchus, 122 — Consul with L. Cal- 
purnius Piso, (642, a. u. c.) 112 — drives the 
Scordisci across the Danube, 112 — censor, and 
ft., 109. 2. sides with Saturninus and Marius, 
100 — trib. pleb., 91 — assassinated, after (Id. 
Sep.) 91. 

Drusus, Nero (Pecimus) Claudius, senior, 
— [BC] — &., 38 — permitted by decree of senate 
to fill magistracies before le^al age, 19 — quaestor, 
defeats Rhaetians, 15— left by Augustus in 
Germany, 13 — 1st campaign in Germany, pene- 
trates to the German Ocean, 12 — aedile, 11 — 
2nd campaign in Germany, 11 — praetor 
urbanus, 10 — 3rd campaign in Germany, 10 — 
Consul with T. Quinctius Crispinus Yolcanus, 
(745, a. u. c.) 9 — 4th campaign, and tf. early 
in 9. 

Dryander, Jonas, naturalist, — fj. in Sweden, 
1748 — librarian to Sir Joseph Banks, 1782 — rj. 
F.L.S. London, 1810. Catal. biblioth. hist, 
nat. Josephi Banks, 1796-1800. 



Dryden, {Priden,) John, poet, — ft. at Ald- 
winckles, in Northamptonshire, 9 Aug. 163 1 — 
enters Trin. Coll. Cambridge, 11 May 1650 — 
B.A., Jan. 1654 — M.A., 1657 — goes to London, 
1657 — begins to write for the stage, 1660 — 
marries Lady Elizabeth Howard, in London, r 
Dec. 1663 — poet laureate, and historiographer 
royal, 1668 — assaulted by Rochester, 17 Dec. 
1679 a — ft. in London, 1 May 1700. Heroic 
Stanzas on the death of Cromwell, 1658 — Astrcea 
redux, 1660 — Wild Gallant, 1663 — Annus 
Mirabilis, 1667 — Rehearsal, 167 1 — All for 
Love, 1678 — Spanish Fryar, 1681 — Mae 
Flecknoe, 1682 — Absalom and Achitophel, 1681- 
82 — Puke of Guise, 1682 — Religio Laid, 1682 
— Hind and Panther, 1687 — Ode on St Cecilia's 
Pay, 1687 — translation of the JEneid, 1697 — 
Alexander's Feast, 1697. a VVood. 

Dual Arithmetic, — invented by Byrne, 
1863. 

Duaren, (Pouaren,) Francois, jurist, — h. in 
Brittany, about 1509 — rj. at Bourges, 1559. 
Opera, 1579. 

Dubet, A., naturalist, — ft at Chateauroux, 
1730. Muriographie, 1770. 

Dubienka, — Kosciusko defeats the Russians 
at, 17 Jul. 1792. 

Dublin, (Pubh-linn, Fblana,) taken by the 
Danes, about 840-50 — fortified, 1000— burnt 
by Malachy, king of Leinster, 1005 — taken by 
Strongbow, n 70 — unsuccessfully attacked by 
the Danes, 1171 — delivered up to Henry II. by 
Strongbow,' Oct. 117 2 — burnt, 11 90 — castle 
built, 1205-20 — King John holds his court at, 
12 10 — burnt, 1283, 1 30 1, and 1304 — attacked 
by Edward Bruce, 13 16 — desolated by the 
plague, 1348, 1361, 1370, and 1383 — visited by 
Richard II., 1394-5, and Jun. 1399 — par- 
liament held at, by Earl of Ormond, 1404 — 
plague rages, 1447 — mint established, 1459 — ' 
plague, 1466, 1470, 1477, and 1484 — corona- 
tion of Lambert Simnel, as Edward VI., at, 2 
May 1487 — plague, 1525 and 1528 — rebellion 
of Lord Thomas Fitzgerald, 1534 — the mass 
suppressed by Queen Elizabeth, 1559 — plague, 
1575 and 1604 — conspiracy of Tyrone and 
Tyrconnel to surprise the castle frustrated, 
1607 — parliaments held at, May 1613-14-15, 
Jul. 1634, May 1 641, and Jul. 1642 — threatened 
by the Irish, 1646 — taken by Parliamentarians 
under Col. Jones, 18 Jun. 1647 — threatened by 
Prince Rupert, summer 1649 — besieged by 
Ormond, Jun. to Aug. 1649 — plague, 1650 — • 
High Court of Justice for trial of rebels at, 
1652 — castle seized for Charles II., Jan. 1659 
— taken by Sir Hardress Waller for the Par- 
liament, but again taken by the Royalists, 
1660 — occupied by Tyrconnel, 1688 — James 

II. enters, 24 Mar. 1689 — and holds a par- 
liament, Mar. to Jul. — occupied for William 

III. by Duke of Ormond, Jul. 1690 — National 
Congress held at, 1784-5 — British standard dis- 
played on the castle, 1 Jan. 1801 — Emmett's 
insurrection, Jul. 1803 — visited by George IV., 
12 Aug. to 3 Sep. 1 82 1 — meeting of British 
Association at, 1 835 — visited by Queen Victoria, 
Aug. 1849 — Industrial Exhibition at, opens 
12 May 1853 — visited by the Queen and the 



DUBLIN SOCIETY— DUC. 



449 



Prince Consort, 29 Aug. — visited by the Queen, 
22 Aug. 1861 — International Exhibition opened 
by Prince of "Wales, 8 May 1865 — closes, 9 
Nov. [Fenians]. Archbishopric founded, 1 152 
— See of Glendalough annexed to, 12 14 — Kil- 
dare consolidated with, by Church Tempor- 
alities Act, 3 and 4 Will. IV. c. 37, 14 Aug. 
1833. St Batrick's Cathedral, founded by Abp 
Comyn, 1 190 — restored by Guinness, 1860-5. 
University of Trinity College, — founded by 
Queen Elizabeth, 1593 — represented in parlia- 
ment, 16 1 3 — building erected, 1759— professor- 
ships regulated and other provisions made by Act 
30 Vic. c, 9, 5 Apr. 1867. Queen's University 
in Ireland, founded by letters patent of Queen 
Victoria, 15 Aug. 1850. Council of, on dis- 
cipline, 1 35 1. National Gallery, established 
under Act 17 and 18 Vic. c. 99, 10 Aug. 1854. 

Dublin Society, Uoyal, — incorporated by 
George II., 1749. 

Dubois, traveller, — visits Madagascar, Isle of 
Bourbon, &c, 1669 to Jan. 1673. Voyages, 
$c, 1674. 

Dubois, Antoine, Baron, physician, — b. 
near Cahors, 17 Jul. 1756 — Prof. Surgery, 
Paris, 1790 — accompanies expedition to Egypt, 
1798 — ft. at Paris, 1837. 

Dubois, {Be le Bo'e,) Francois, {Sylvius,) 
physician, — b. at Hanau, 16 14 — ft. Prof, at 
Univ. of Leyden, 1672. Opera medica, 1679. 

Dubois, Guillaume, Cardinal, — b. in Li- 
mousin, 6 Sep. 1656 — goes to Paris, 1668 — ac- 
companies the Duke of Chartres to battle of 
Steenkerk, Jul. 1692 — follows Tallard ambas- 
sador to England, 1700 — secretary to Duke of 
Orleans, 1701— Councillor of State, 17 15 — 
conducts negotiation for Triple Alliance of 
France, England, and Holland, 17 17— takes 
holy orders, Abp of Cambray, 1720 — Cardinal, 
by Innocent XIIL, 172 1— first Minister of 
State, 20 Aug. 1722 — ft., 10 Aug. 1723. 

Dubois, Guillaume. [Crestin.] 

Dubois, Jacques, {del Bo'e or Sylvius,) phy- 
sician, — b- at Amiens, 1478 — Prof. Medicine, 
College Royal, 1550 — ft., 13 Jan. 1555. 
Opera medica, 1630 — CEuvres poetiques, 1534. 

Dubois, Jean, sculptor, — b. at Dijon, 1626 — 
ft. there, 29 Nov. 1694. 

Dubois, Philippe Goibard, miscellaneous 
writer, — b. at Poitiers, 1626 — admitted to 
French Academy, 12 Nov. 1693 — ft., 1 Jul. 
1694. Lettres de Saint Augusiin, 1684 — Bes 
Confessions, 1686. 

Dubois, Philippe, philologist,— \s. at Caen, 
about 1636 — ft. canon of St Etienne des Grez, 
17 Feb. 1703. Edition of Catullus, Tibullus, and 
Bropertius, in Usum Belphini, 1685 — Biblio- 
theca Telleriana, 1693. <- 

Dubois de Crance, Edmond Louis Alexis, 
statesman, general, — b. at Charleville, 1747 — 
deputy to States- General, 1789— Marechal de 
Camp, 1789— takes part in insurrection of 10 
Aug. 1792 — deputy to Convention, Sep. 1792 
— sent against Lyons, Aug. 1793— member of 
Council of Five Hundred, 1795-7 — Inspector- 
general of Infantry, 1797 — Minister of War, 14 
Sep. 1799 — retires after (18 Brumaire) Nov. 
1799— ft. at Bethel, 29 Jun. 1814. 



Dubois de Saint Gelais, Louis Francois, 

miscellaneous writer, — b. at Paris, 1669 — secre- 
tary to Spanish ambassador at Congress of 
Utrecht, 1713 — secretary of Academy of Paint- 
ing, about 1 7 16 — ft. near Gentilly, 23 Apr. 
1737. Histoire jour nalie re de Baris, §c, 17 17 
— Bescription des tableaux da Balais Royal, 
1727. 

Dubos, Jean Baptiste, publicist, §c, — b. at 
Beauvais, Dec. 1670 — admitted to French 
Academy, 1720 — perpetual secretary, 1722 — ft. 
at Paris, 23 Mar. 1742. Histoire de la ligue 
de Cambrai, 1709 — Histoire critique de Veia- 
blissement de la monarchic Francaise dans les 
Gaules, 1734 — Reflexions critiques sur la poe'sie 
et sur la peinture, 17 19. 

Dubost, Antoine, painter, — b. at Lyons, 16 
Jul. 1769 — in England, 1806-13 — ft., 6 Sep. 
1825. 

Dubouchage, Francois Joseph de Gratet, 
statesman, — b. at Grenoble, 1 Apr. 1749 — en- 
ters the army, 1763 — Marechal de Camp, In- 
spector-general of Maritime Artillery, 1792 — 
Minister of Marine, 1792 — Commander of St 
Louis, 1 8 14 — Minister of Marine, 27 Sep. 18 15 
to Jun. 1 8 17 — Peer, 18 17 — ft. at Paris, 12 Apr. 
1821. 

Dubouehet, Denis Jean Florimond Langlois, 
general, — b. at Clermont, (Auvergne,) 20 Oct. 
1753 — enters the army, 1767 — serves in Ameri- 
can war, 1776 — Colonel, 1788 — emigrates, joins 
Prince of Conde, 1791 — Marechal de Camp, by 
Louis XVIII. , 1795 — Commander of Ypres, 
1 809 — Commander of Breda, Officer of Legion 
of Honour, 18 10 — Marquis, 18 15 — Lieutenant- 
general, Apr. 1 816— ft. at Paris, Oct. 1826. 

Dubourg, Louis Fabrice, painter, engraver, 
— b. at Amsterdam, 1691 — ft. there, 1775. 

Dubourg, Matthew, violinist,— -b. in Eng- 
land, 1703 — director of the king's band, 1752- 
67— ft., 1767. 

Dubraw, {Bubrausky,) John, {Bubravius,) 
historian, — takes part in relief of Vienna be- 
sieged by Turks, 1529 — ft. Bp of Olmiitz, 6 
Sep. 1553. Historia regni Bohemice, $c. } 1552 
— Be piscinis, 1557. 

Dubreuil, Jean, Jesuit, — b. at Paris, 1602 — 
ft., 27 Apr. 1670. Berspective pratique neces- 
saire d tons pemtres, §c, 1642-8. 

Dubreul, Jacques, litterateur, — b. at Paris, 
17 Sep. 1528 — ft. there, 17 Jul. 1614. Edition 
of Works of Isidore of Seville, 1601 — Vie de 
Charles de Bourbon, $c, 16 12— Bes Bastes et 
antiqttites de Baris, 1605-8. 

Dubufe, Claude Marie, painter,— b. at Paris, 
about 1790 — ft., 21 Apr. 1864. Apollon et Cy- 
parisse, 1822 — Souvenirs, Regrets, 1827 — For- 
trait of Bouis Bhilippe, 1837. 

Duby, Pierre Aneher Tobiesen, — b. in 
Soleure, 1721 — ft., 19 Oct., a Nov. b 1782. Re- 
cueil general de pieces obsidionales et de necessity, 
§c, 1786 — Traite des monnaies des barons, pairs, 
§c„ de France, 1790. 

a Biog. Univ. b Chalmers. 

Due, Fronton du, {Bucceus,) Jesuit, — b. at 
Bordeaux, 1558 — ft. at Paris, 25 Sep. 1624. 
Histoire tragique de la pucelle de Bomremy, 1581 
— Bibliotheca veterum Batrum, 1625. 
29 



45° 



DTTCAMP— DUCIS. 



Ducamp, Theodore, surgeon, — b. at Bor- 
deaux, 10 Apr. 1792 — if., 1 Apr. 1823. Traite 
des retentions d' 'urine, 1822. 

Ducancel, Charles Pierre, dramatist, #c, — 
b. at Beauvais, 1766 — if. near Clermont, 1835. 
L 'inte'rieur des comites revolutionnaires, 1793 — 
Fsquisses historiques, §c, du gouvernement re- 
volutionnaire en France, 1821. 

Ducange, Charles Dufresne, historian, ^., — 
b. at Amiens, 18 Dec. 1610 — advocate to parlia- 
ment of Paris, 11 Aug. 163 1 — settles at Paris, 
1668 — t!., 23 Oct. 1688. Histoire de V empire 
de Constantinople sous les empereurs Francais, 
1657 — Glossarium ad scriptores media etinfimce 
latinitatis, 1678 — Historia Byzantina duplici 
commentario illustrata, 1680 — Joannis Zonara 
annates, $c, 1686 — Glossarium ad scriptores 
media et infimce gracitatis, 1688 — Chronicon 
Faschale, 1689. 

Ducarel, Andre, antiquary, — b. at Caen, 
1713 — enters St John's College, Oxford, 1731 
— LL.D., 1742 — member of Doctors' Commons, 
1743 — F.S.A., 1755 — ij. in London, 29 May 
1785. Anglo-Norman Antiquities, 1767 — Series 
of above 200 Anglo-Gallic or Norman and Aqui-, 
taine coins of the ancient kings of England, §e., 
1757 — History of the Collegiate Church of St 
Catherine, §c, 1782. 

Ducarla-Bonifas, Marcelin, astronomer, — b., 
1738 — settles at Paris, 178 1 — if. at Villeneuve 
du Tarn, 16 Apr. 18 16. Des grands mouve- 
ments de la matiere, 1775 — Cosmogonie, 1779-80. 
Ducart, Isaac, painter, — b. at Amsterdam, 
1630 — if. there, 1694 or 1697. 
Ducas. [Constantine Ducas.] 
Ducas, Michael, Byzantine historian, — takes 
refuge in Lesbos on capture of Constantinople, 
1453 — employed by Donno and Domenico Ga- 
teluzzi, 1455-6 — if., after 1462. 

Duccio Di Buoninsegna, painter, — b. at 
Siena, about 1260 a — fl., probably, i285-i3i5, b 
1282-1339 a — Altarpiece, Duomo of Siena, 
1308-10. a Wornum. b Engl. Cyc. 

Ducerceau. [Androuet du Cerceau.] 
Ducerceau. [Cerceau, Jean Antoine du.] 
Ducetius, — [BC] — founds Palice and at- 
tempts to unite the Sicelian tribes, 452 a — gives 
himself up to Syracuse and is exiled to Corinth, 
about 448 a — returns to Sicily and founds 
Calacte, 446 a — if., about 440. a Grote. 

Duchange, Gaspard, engraver, — b. at Paris, 
about 1662— received at the Academy, 1707 — 
if. there, 1756,=* 7 Jan. i757. b 

a Biog. Univ. b Jal. 

Duchat, Jacob le, philologist, — ft. at Metz, 
23 Feb. 1658 — if. at Berlin, 23 Jul. 1735. 
Edition of Satire Menippee, 1709 — of CEuvrcs 
de Rabelais, 17 11. 

Duchatel, Francois. [Chatel, du.] 
Duchatel, Pierre, (Castellanus,) Grand 
Almoner of France, — b. at Langres, about 
1500 — Bp of Tulle, by Francis L, 1539 — Bp 
of Orleans, 155 1 — Grand Almoner, 1547 — if. 
at Orleans, 2 Feb. 1552. 

Duchatel, Tannegui, military commander, 
— makes a descent on coast of England, 1404 
— serves under the Duke of Anjouin expedition 
to Naples, 1407 — Provost of Paris, 14.13 — 



serves atAgincourt, 1415 — rescues the Dauphin 
from Burgundians, May 141 8 — negotiates with 
Duke of Burgundy at Montereau, when the 
Duke is assassinated, 1419 — disgraced, retires to 
south of France, 141 9 — Grand Seneschal of 
Provence, 1443 — ambassador to Rome, 1448 — 
tf., 1449. 

Duche de Vancy, Joseph Francois, dra- 
matist, — b. at Paris, 29 Oct. 1668 — if., member 
of Academy of Inscriptions, at Paris, 14 Dec. 
1704. Abraham, 17 12 — Be'bora, 1712-— 
Jonathas, 1714. 

Ducher, Gilbert, (Vulton,) poet, — b. in 
Limagne, about 1500? — iJ., about 1538. Edi- 
tions of Ccesar's Commentaries, 1522 — and of 
Martial, 1526—Fpigrammata, 1538. 

Duchesne, Andre, (Chesncus, Buchenius, 
Quercetanus, or Querneus,) historian, — b. at 
lie-Bouchard, Touraine, May 1584 — if., geo- 
grapher and historiographer to the King, at 
Paris, 30 May 1640. Les antiquites et re- 
cherches de la grandeur et de la majeste des rois 
de France, 1609 — Histoire des rois, dues, et 
comtes de Bourgogne, 161 9 — Historian Norman- 
norum Scriptores antiqui, 16 19 — Histories 
Francorum Scriptores coetanei, 1636-41. 

Duchesne, Antoine Nicolas, naturalist,— 
b. at Versailles, 7 Oct. 1747 — visits England, 
1776— tf. at Paris, 18 Feb. 1827. Manuel de 
bot unique, §c, 1764 — Le Jardinier pre'voyant, 
1770-81 — Le Fortefeuille des enfants, 1784. 

Duchesne, Francois, historian, — b. at 
Paris, 1616 — ts. historiographer of France, 
1693. Histoire des papes, 1653 — Histoire des 
cardinaux Francais, 1660 — Histoire deschance- 
liers et gardes des sceaux de France, 1680. 

Duchesne, Henri Gabriel, miscellaneous 
ivriter, — b. at Paris, 1739 — tf. there, 21 Dec. 
1822. Manuel du naturaliste, (withMacquer,) 
1770 — Bictionnaire de V Industrie, 1776 — • 
Comedies de Terence, 1806. 

Duchesne, Joseph, {Quercetanus^) physician, 
chemist, §c, — b. in Armagnac, about i544, a 
1546 b — M.D. Basel, 1573 — if., physician to 
Henri IV., at Paris, 1609. Traite de la cure 
generate et particuliere des arquebusades, 1576 
— L' Ombre de Gamier Stauffacher, 1583 — 
Diateticon polyhistoricum, 1605 — Quercetanus 
redivivus, 1648. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Duchesne, Leger, (Leodegarius a Quercu,) 
philologist, — if. Prof, at the College Boyal, 
1588. Frcelectiones et poemata, 1559 — Flores 
epigrammatum, 1555. 

Duchesnois, Catherine Josephine, actress, 
— b. near Valenciennes, 5 Jim. 1777 — appears 
at the Theatre Francais, Aug. 1804 to Jan. 
1820 — if. at Paris, 8 Jan. 1835. 

Duchi, (Bucci,) Lorenzo, {Buccius.) Trat- 
tato della nobiltd, delV infamia, §c, 1603 — Be 
elocutione, 1600 — Ars historica, 1604. 

Duchoul, Guillaume, (Caulius,) antiquary. 
Biscours sur la castrametation et discipline 
militaire des anciens Romams, 1555— Biscours 
sur la religion des anciens Romains, 1556. 

Ducis, Jean Francois, poet, translator of 
Shakespeare, — $. at Versailles, Aug. 1733 — 
admitted to the Academy, 1778 — member of 



DUCKWORTH— DUFFET. 



45i 



Council of Ancients, 1798 — secretary to Louis 
XVIII., 1 8 14 — if. at Versailles, 30 Mar. 18 16. 
Translation of Samlet, 1769 — Borneo et Juliette, 
1772 — CEdipe chez Admete, 1778 — King Lear, 
1783 — Macbeth, 1784— Othello, 1792. 

Duckworth, Sir John Thomas, admiral, — ft. 
at Leatherhead, Surrey, 28 Feb. 1748 — enters 
the navy, 1759 — serves in America, 1776-9 — 
distinguishes himself under Lord Howe against 
the French, 1 Jun. 1794 — takes Minorca, 1798 
— Rear-admiral, 1799 — takes part in reduction 
of Danish and Swedish West India islands, 
1 801 — K.C.B., 1 801 — Commander-in-chief, 
Jamaica, 1 803— -defeats French at St Domingo, 6 
Feb. i8o5, a 1806 b — Vice-admiral, forces pas- 
sage of the Dardanelles, 1807 — governor of 
Newfoundland, 1810-15 — Bart., 1813 — go- 
vernor of Plymouth, 18 15 — if. at Devonport, 
31 Aug., a 14 Apr. b 1817. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Duclercq, Jacques, sieur de Beauvoir, — ft., 
1420. Memoires, printed 1823. 

Duclos, Antoine Jean, engraver, — ft. at 
Paris, 1742 — if., about 1800-5. 

Duclos, Charles Pinot, historian, — ft. at 
Dinan, in Brittany, 1704,* i705 b — admitted to 
Academy of Inscriptions, 1739 — to French 
Academy, 1747 — perpetual secretary, 1748 — 
historiographer of France, 1750° — ennobled, 
1755 — if. at Paris, 26 Mar. 1772. Histoire de 
Louis XL., 1745 — Memoires secrets des regnes 
de Louis XIV. et de Lotus XV., about 1792 — 
assists in preparing edition of the Dictionnaire- 
de I'Academie, 1762. 

a "Biog. Univ. b Bees' Cyc. e Jal. 

Ducos, Nicolas, general, — ft. at Dax, 7 Mar. 
1756 — enters the army, 1774 — aide-de-camp to 
Massena, distinguishes himself in campaign of 
Italy, 1796 — serves in campaigns of 1805-7 
—governor of citadel of Antwerp, 18 13 — he- 
sieged at Longwy by Prussians, 18 15 — receives 
cross of St Louis, 1815 — if. at St Omer, 13 
Oct. 1823. 

Ducoudrai. [Tronson du Coudrai.] 

Ducq, Jan le, painter, — ft. at the Hague, 
1636 — if. there, 167 1 or 1672. 

Ducq, Joseph Francois, painter, — ft. in 
Flanders, 10 Sep. 1762 — studies under Paul de 
Cock, at Bruges, 1780 — goes to Rome, 1807- 
1 3 — first Prof, at Academy of Fine Arts, Bruges, 
18 15 — if., 9 Apr. 1829. Antonello de Messine 
visitant V atelier de Jean Van Eyck, 1820. 

Ducros, Pierre, painter, engraver,- — ft. in 
Switzerland, 1745 — if. at Lausanne, 18 Feb. 
1810. 

Ducrotay de Blainville, Henri Marie, 
anatomist, zoologist, — ft. at Arques near Dieppe, 
12 Sep. 1778 — M.D. Paris, 1810 — Assistant 
Prof. Comparative Zoology, Anatomy, and 
Physiology, Paris Univ., 1812 — member of 
Institute, 1825 — Prof. Comparative Anatomy, 
Museum of Natural History, 1832 — if., 1 May 
1850. Edits Journal de Physique, 1817-25 — 
Faune Francaise, 1821-30 — De V organisation 
des animaux, 1822 — Cours de physiologie gene- 
rale et comparee, 1833 — Osteographie, 1839- 
49. 

Dudith, (Dudich, Dudics,) Andreas, theolo- 



gian, — ft. at Buda, 6 (16) Feb. 1533 — accom- 
panies Cardinal Pole to England, 1554 — sen * by 
Emperor Ferdinand III. to Council of Trent, 
1562 — envoy to king of Poland, 1565 — if. at 
Breslau, 23 Feb. 1589. 

Dudley, Ambrose. [Warwick, Earl of.] 

Dudley, Sir Edmund, — ft., 1462 — Privy 
Councillor, 1484 — signs ratification of peace 
with France, 1499 — with Empson, agent of 
Henry VII., for extorting moneys, about 1495- 
1507 — Speaker of House of Commons, 1504 — 
arrested for high treason, 1509 — executed, in 
London, 18 Aug. 15 10. 

Dudley, Lord Guildford, — ft. about 1536 — 
marries Lady Jane Grey, 25 May 1553 — sent 
to the Tower by Queen Mary, Jul. 1553 — exe- 
cuted, 12 Feb. 1554. 

Dudley, Sir Henry Bate, miscellaneous 
writer, — ft. at Fenny Compton, 25 Aug. 1743 
— settles in London, 1775 — Bart., 1812 — if. at 
Cheltenham, 1 Feb. 1824. Founds Morning 
Herald, 1780 — Rival Candidates, 1775 — Flitch 
of Bacon. 1779. 

Dudley, John. [Northumberland, Duke of.] 

Dudley, John William Ward, Earl of, and 
Viscount Ednam, statesman, — ft., 9 Aug. 17 81 
— M.P. Downton, 1802 — Worcestersbire, 1803 
— Warebam, 1807 — Ilchester, 18 12 — M.A. Ox- 
ford, 14 Jan. 1813 — M.P. Bossiney, 1820 — suc- 
ceeds his father as Viscount Dudley and Ward, 
and Baron Ward, 25 Apr. 1823 — Secretary of 
State for Foreign Affairs, and Privy Councillor, 
30 Apr. 1827 — created Ear], 24 Sep. 1827— re- 
signs office, May 1828 — if. at Norwood, Surrey, 
6 Mar. 1833. 

Dudley, Robert. [Leicester, Earl of.] 

Dudley, Thomas, engraver, — ft., 1638. 
yEsops Fables, 1678. 

Duel, private, — first recognised as establish- 
ed custom by edict of Philip the Fair, 1308^ 
1306 bc — prohibited in France by Henry II., 
1547 — licenses for, granted by the crown, till 
about 1550 a — treatise on, byAttendoli, printed 
1565 — Saviolo's Treatise of Honour, published 
1594 — repression of, by Act of Parliament, 
unsuccessfully attempted in England, 17 13 — 
slaying in, punishable in France as homicide, 
since 1837 — in England, made punishable in 
the army by cashiering, 1 844. 

a Brande and Cox's Diet. b Encyc. Mod. 

c Ducange. 

Duelli, Raimond, — ft., about 1670 — if., 1740. 
Historia Gothica JEnece Sylvii Piccolomini, 
1702 — Miscellanea ex codicibus mamiscriptis col- 
lecta, 1723 — L)e quibusdam inscriptionibits gem- 
misque ac minimis Momanis epistola, 1725 — 
Fxcerpta genealogico-historica, 1725. 

Duez, Nathanel, — ft. in Holland, about 
1600. Fpitome dictionum quarumdum (equivo- 
carum et ambiguarum in lingua Gallica, 1651 
— Dictionnaire Francais-allemand-latin, §c, 
1660 — Dictionnaire Italien-francais, §c, 1660. 

Dufau, Fortune, painter, — ft. in St Do- 
mingo, about 1770 — goes to France, about 
I7 8 2 — ft. at Paris, 18 May 1821. 

Dufaur, Guy. [Pibr-ac] 

Buffet, {Douffet,) Gerard, painter,- — ft. at 
Liege, 16 Aug. 1594 — studies under Rubens, 
29 * 



452 



DUFF-GORDON— DUHAMEL. 



at Antwerp, about 1609 — at Rome, 16 14-21 — 
tf. at Liege, 1660. 

Duff-Gordon, Lucie, Lady, miscellaneous 
writer, — ft-, 1820 — tf. in Egypt, 13 Jul. 1869. 
Translation of Eunice's History of Prussia, 
1849 — The French in Algiers, 1845 — Moltlce's 
Russian Campaigns, 1 854 — Letters from Egypt, 
1865. 

Duflas, Claude, engraver,— b. at Paris, 1678 
— tf., 1747. 

Dufour, Francois Bertrand, Baron, general, 
— ft. at Souillac' (Lot,) 22 Jan. 1765 — enters 
the army, 1792 — serves in campaign of the 
Rhine, 1795 — Commander of Presburg, Nov. 
1809 — distinguishes himself at battle of Auster- 
litz, Dec, 1805 — General of Brigade, 24 Dee. 
1 806 — distinguishes himself at siege of Dantzic, 
1807 — Baron of the Empire, 19 Mar. 1808 — 
Commander of Legion of Honour, receives cross 
of St Louis, 17 Jan. 1813— at battle of Fleurus, 
Jun. 1 8 15 — tf. at Souillac, 19 Oct. 1831. 

Dufour, Louis Thomas, orientalist, — ft. at 
Fecamp, 27 Jan. 1613 — tf. at Jumieges, 2 Feb. 
1647 or 1645. Linguae hebraicae opus grammati- 
cum cum hortulo sacrarum radienm, 1642. 

Dufour, Louis. [Longuerue.] 

Dufourny, Leon, architect, — ft. at Paris, 
about 1760 — studies in Italy and Sicily, about 
1780-95 — returns to France, 1795 — assists in 
direction of the Museum, 1795 — tf., member of 
Institute, 1818. Edits D'Agincourt's Histoire 
de I'Art, 1810-23. 

Dufrenoy, Adelaide Gillette Billet, poetess, 
— ft. at Nantes, 3 Dec. 1765 — tf., 7 Mar. 1825. 
(Euvres, 1827. 

Dufresne. [Francheville.] 

Dufresne. [Ducange.] 

Dufresnoy. [Lenglet-Dufresnoy.] 

Dufresnoy, Charles Alphonse, painter, poet, 
— ft. at Paris, 161 1 — tf. near Paris, 1665. De 
arte graphica, 1684. 

Dufresny, Charles Riviere, dramatist, — ft. 
at Paris, 1648 — tf., 6 Oct. 1724. (Euvres, 1731. 

Dufriche-Valaze. [Valaze.] 

Dugas-Montbel, Jean Baptiste, translator, 
—ft. at Saint Chamond, (Forez,) n Mar. 1776 
• — tf. at Paris, 30 Nov. 1834. Iliade, 18 15 — 
Odysse'e, 1818. 

Dugdale, Sir William, antiquary, §c, — ft. 
at Shustoke, "Warwickshire, 12 Sep. 1605 — 
poursuivant-at-arms, Sep. 1638 — Rouge-Croix, 
18 Mar. 1639-40 — attends on Charles I. at 
York, 1642 — at battle of Edgehill, Oct. 1642 — 
and at Oxford, 1642 to 22 Jun. 1646 — M.A., 1 
Nov. 1642 — Chester-Herald, 16 Apr. 1644 — 
Norroy King of Arms, 1660 — Garter King of 
Arms, May 1677 — Knt, May 1677 — tf. at 
Blythe Hall, 10 Feb. 1686. Monasticon 
Anglicanum, 1655-73 — Antiquities of War- 
wickshire, 1656 — History of St PauVs Cathe- 
dral, 1658 — History of Embanking and 
Drayning of divers Fenns, §c, 1662 — Origines 
Judiciales, §c, 1666 — Baronage of England, 
1675-6 — The Antient usage in bearing of such 
ensigns of Honour as are commonly called arms, 
§c, 168 1 — Short View of the late troubles in 
England, 1681. 

Dugoinmier, Jean Francois Coouille, gen- 



eral, — ft. in Guadaloupe, 1736 — Commander of 
the National Guard of the island, 1789 — goes 
to France, 1792 — Commander-in-chief of army 
of Italy, 1793 — distinguishes himself at the 
siege of Toulon, 1793 — commands army of 
the Eastern Pyrenees, and wins the battle of 
Alberdes, 1794 — seizes the post of Montesquieu, 
1794 — killed at St Sebastian, 17 Nov. 1794. 

Dugua, Charles Francois Joseph, general, 
— ft. at Toulouse, 1740 — enters the army, 1769 
— at siege of Toulon, chief of the staff of 
Dugommier, 1793 — distinguishes himself 
in campaign of the Pyrenees, 1793 — serves 
under General Hoche, 1794 — under Bonaparte 
in Italy, 1796 — in Egypt, 1798 — under General 
Leclerc in St Domingo, 1802 — falls at attack 
of Pierrot, 16 Oct. 1802. 

Duguay-Trouin, Rene, naval commander, — 
ft. at St Malo, 10 Jun. 1673 — volunteer in war 
with England, 1689 — captured by English, 
1694 — captures two English vessels of war, 
1694 — defeats the Dutch under Wassenaer, 
1696 — enters the royal navy, 1696 — cruises at 
Spitzbergen, Jul. 1703 — on coast of England, 
1 7 04-5 — Captain, sent to Cadiz, 1 7 06 — Chevalier 
de St Louis, 1706 — attacks English convoy sent 
to Spain, 1707 — takes Rio Janeiro, Sep. 171 1 
— member of council of the Indies, 1723 — 
Lieutenant-general, 1728 — commands squadron 
in the Mediterranean, 17 31 — commands squad- 
ron of Brest, 1733 — tf., 27 Sep. 1736. 

Duguernier, Louis, painter, — ft. about 1550 
— tf., about 1620. 

Duguernier, Louis, painter,- — ft., 1614 — 
Prof, at Academy of Painting, 1655 — tf., 16 
Jan. 1659. 

Duguesclin, Bertrand, Constable op 
France, — ft. near Rennes, about 13 14 — obtains 
prize at tournament, 1338 — distinguishes him- 
self in the conflicts between Charles of Blois 
and the Count Montfort, 1342 — in the service 
of France, defeats forces of king of Navarre, 
takes prisoner Captal de Buch, 1364 — captured 
by the English at battle of Aurai, Sep. 1364 — 
charged to subdue the Grand Companies, puts 
himself at their head, leads them into Spain, 
1366 — captured by the Black Prince, but soon 
liberated, 1367 — Constable of France, recovers 
Guienne and Poitou from English, 1370-2 — 
accused of treason, quits army, 1373 — tf. before 
Randon, 13 Jul. 1380. 

Duguet, Jacques Joseph, theologian, — ft. 
near Lyons, 9 Dec. 1649 — enters Congregation 
of the Oratory, 1667 — Prof. Philosophy, Col- 
lege of Troyes, 1671 — tf. at Paris, 25 Oct. 

1733- 

Duhalde, Jean Baptiste, — ft. at Paris, 1 
Feb. 1674 — tf. there, 18 Aug. 1743. Descrip- 
tion geographique, historique de V empire de la 
Chine et de la Tartaric Chinoise, 1735. 

Duhamel, Jean Baptiste, philosopher, ma- 
thematician, §c, — ft. at Vire, in Normandy, 
1624 — enters the Oratory, 1643 — withdraws, 
1653 — almoner to the king, 1656 — first per- 
petual secretary of Academy of Sciences, 1666 
— assists at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1668 
— visits England, about 1659 ? — retires from 
secretaryship of Academy, 1697 — tf. at Paris, 



DUHAMEL— DULWICH COLLEGE. 



453 



6 Aug. 1706. Jlstronomia physica, 1659 — Be 
Meteoris et Fossilibus, 1659 — Be consensu veteris 
et novae philosophies, 1663 — Theologia specula- 
trix et practica, 1691 — Regies scientiarum 
acaclemice historic/,, 1698. 

Duhamel, Jean Pierre Francois Guillot, 
metallurgist, — ft. near Coutances, (Manche,)3i 
Aug. 1730 — appointed to visit mines of Forez, 
1752-3 — of Hartz, 1754 — correspondent of 
Academy of Sciences, 1775 — Prof. Mining and 
Metallurgy, School of Mines, 1781-1811 — 
member of Academy of Sciences, 1786 — mem- 
ber of Institute, 1795 — Inspector-general of 
Mines, 1795 — U., 19 Feb, 18 16. Geometrie 
souterraine elementaire, 1788. 

Duhamel du Monceau, Henri Louis, agri- 
culturist, — ft. at Paris, 1700 ■ — admitted to 
Academy of Sciences, 1728 — tf., 23 Aug. 1782. 
Traite de la culture des terres, 1751-60 — Traite 
des arbres et arbustes qui se cultivent en France 
en pleine terre, 1755 — La physique des arbres, 
1758 — Traite des arbres fruitier s, 1768. 

Duhesme, Philippe Guillaume, Count, 
Peer oe France, general, — ft. in Burgundy, 7 
Jul. 1766 — equips a company of 200 men, 
Lieutenant-colonel, serves under Dumouriez, 
1 79 1 — distinguishes himself in campaign of 
Holland, 1792 — v/ounded at Villeneuve, stays 
fugitive grenadiers, 6 Jul. 1793 — General of 
Brigade, 1793 — distinguishes himself at Char- 
leroi, Marchiennes, and Fleurus, 1794 — Gen- 
eral of Division, 8 Nov. 1794— commands 
under General Hoche, 1795 — takes part in 
battle of Biberach, 1796 — contributes to de- 
fence of Kehl, Oct. 1796 to Jan. 1797— dis- 
tinguishes himself under Moreau, 1797 — con- 
tributes to taking of Naples, Dec. 1798 — Grand 
Officer of Legion of Honour, 14 Jun. 1804 — 
occupies Barcelona, 1806 — commander in 
Catalonia, 1806-10 — serves under Marshal 
Victor, 1814 — Inspector-general of Infantry, 
1 8 14 — receives decoration of St Louis, 27 Jun. 
1 8 14 — Peer of France, 1 Jun. 18 15 — taken 
prisoner at Waterloo, Jun. 18 15— assassinated 
at Genape, 18 Jun. 18 15. Precis historique de 
Vinfanterie leg ere, $c., 1806. 

Duilius, C, — [BC] — Consul -with. Cn. Cor- 
nelius Scipio Asina, (494, a. u. c.) 260 — defeats 
Carthaginians off Lipari Islands ; triumphs, 
259 — censor, 258 — dictator to hold comitia, 
231. 

Duilius, Caeso, — [BC] — Consul with L. 
Papirius Crassus, (418, a. u. c.) 336. 

Duilius, M.,— [BC]- trib. pleb. with C. 
Sicinius, 471 — advises secession of plebs to 
Mons Sacer, 449 — trib. pleb. with C. Sicinius, 
449. 

Duiller, Fatio de. [Fatio.] 

Duisbourg, (Busbourg,) Pierre de, chronicler, 
— fl., about 1330. 

Dujardin, Benigne, historian, $c, — ft. at 
Paris, about 1700 — Maitre des Bequetes, 1722 
— Councillor of State, 1738 — tf., soon after 
1770. Mistoire de Nicolas Rienzi, $<?., 1743 — 
Mistoire generate des Provinces- Unies, 1757-70. 

Dujardin, Karel, painter, — ft. at Amster- 
dam, about 1640— "&. at Venice, 20 Nov. 1678. 

Duke, Title of, — first conferred in England, 



(Edward the Black Prince created Duke of 
Cornwall,) 11 Edw. III., 1337. 

Duker, Karl Andreas, philologist, — ft. at 
Unna, Westphalia, 1670 — Prof. History and 
Eloquence, Utrecht, 1716-34 — tf. at Mejdiric, 
Holland, 5 Nov. 1752. Edition of Florus, 1722 
— of Thucydides, 17 31. 

Duker, Karl Gustav, Count oe, general, — 
accompanies Charles XII. to battles of Lezno 
and Pultawa, 1709 — with Steinbock drives the 
Danes from Scania, 17 10 — Lieut. -gen., wounded 
at affair of Gadebusch, 17 12— Commander of 
Stralsund, about 17 13 — surrenders Stralsund, 
16 Dec. 17 15 — Field-marshal, 17 15 — takes 
part in negotiating treaty with Prussia, 1720 
— rj., 14 Jul. 1732. 

Dulauloy, Charles Francois Randon, Count, 
general, — ft. at Laon, 9 Dec. 1764 — enters the 
army, 1780 — distinguishes himself in La Ven- 
dee, 1793 — General of Brigade, 1794 — organizes 
School of Artillery, Metz, 1801 — General of 
Division, 1803 — at siege of Gaeta, 1805 — dis- 
tinguishes himself at battles of Eylau, Heilsberg, 
and Friedland, 1807 — Grand Officer of Legion 
of Honour, 1807 — Count, 1808 — takes part in 
Bussian expedition, 18 12 — distinguishes him- 
self at battle of Liitzen, 2 May 181 3 — at battles 
of Bautzen, Dresden, and Leipsic, 181 3 — Coun- 
cillor of State, Chamberlain, accompanies Em- 
peror in campaign of 18 14 — Chevalier of St 
Louis, Inspector-general of Artillery, Grand 
Cordon of Legion of Honour, 1 Jun. 18 14 — 
Peer, governor of Lyons, 18 15 — ft. near 
Soissons, 1832. 

Dulaure, Jacques Antoine, miscellaneous 
writer, — ft. at Clermont-Ferrand, 3 Sep. 1755 
— Deputy to Convention^ 1792 — to Council of 
Five Hundred, 1798 — it. at Paris, 19 Aug. 
1835. Pogonologie, %c., 1786 — Histoire civile, 
6fC., de Faris, 1821' — Fsquisses historiques des 
principaux evenements dela revolution Francaise, 
fc, 1823-7. 

Dulaurens, Andre, physician, — ft. at Aries, 
about 1550 — first physician to Henry IV. of 
France, 1606 — tr. at Paris, 1609. Opera, 1628. 

Dulin, Pierre, painter, — ft. at Paris, about 
1670 — "a. there, 28 Feb., a Jan> 1748. 
a Biog. Univ. b Jal. 

Dullaert, Heiman, painter, — fj. atBotterdam, 
1636 — rj. there, 6 May 1684. 

Dulon, Ludwig, flute-player, composer, — ft. 
at Oranienburg, Prussia, 14 Aug. 1769 — loses 
his sight, 1777 — visits the chief cities of Europe, 
after 1782 — U. at Wurtzburg, 7 Jul. 1826. 
Autobiography, 1 807 -8 . 

Dulong, Pierre Louis, chemist, natural philo- 
sopher, — ft. at Bouen, 12 Feb. 1785 — obtains 
prize of Academy of Sciences for researches on 
temperature, 16 Mar. 181 8 — Prof. Physics, 
Polytechnic School, 5 Nov. 1820 — member of 
Academy of Sciences, 1823 — director of studies 
at the Fcole Poly technique, 1830 — tf. at Paris, 
19 Jul. 1838. 

Dulwich College, in Surrey, — built by Ed- 
ward Alleyn, 161 3-16 — patent passes Great 
Seal, 21 Jun. 16 19 — Sir Francis Burgeois' Pic- 
ture Gallery begun, 18 10 — Charity reconstituted 
by Act of Parliament, 1858 — new buildings, by 



454 



DUMANOIR LE PELLEY— DUMONT. 



Barry, commenced, 26 Jun. 1866.— opened by- 
Prince of Wales, 21 Jun. 1870. 

Dumanoir le Pelley, Pierre Etienne Bene 
Marie, admiral, — rj. at Granville, 2 Aug. 
1770 — enters the navy, 1787 — Captain, 1795 — 
takes part in expedition of Egypt, 1798 — Rear- 
admiral, 1799 — takes part in attack by Ville- 
neuve on the English, squadron, Aug. 1805 — 
at battle of Trafalgar, Oct. 1805 — commander 
of the fleet of Dantzic, 18 n — wounded, taken 
prisoner there ; returns to France, Chevalier of 
St Louis, 1815 — member of Chamber of 
Deputies, 18 15 — Vice-admiral, 18 19 — Com- 
mander of St Louis, Aug. 1820 — lj. at Paris, 
Jul. 1829. 

Dumarest, Rambert, engraver of medals, — v. 
in Forez, 1750 — ti. at Paris, 4 Apr. 1806. 

Dumarsais, Cesar Chesneau, grammarian, 
— ft. at Marseilles, 17 Jul. 1676 — rj. at Paris, 
11 Jun. 1756. (Euvres, 1797. 

Dumas, Alexandre, novelist, dramatist, — ft. 
at Villers-Cotterets, (Aisne,) 24 Jul. i8o3, a 
1802 bc — begins to write plays, 1820 — goes to 
Paris, Mar. i8i2, a i823 bc — in service of Duke 
of Orleans, 1822-30 — marries, 1842 — Chevalier 
of Legion of Honour, 1 844 — accompanies 
Garibaldi in expedition of Naples, i860 — rj. at 
Puys, near Dieppe, 5 Dec. 1870. Plays: 
Henri III., 1829 — Christine, 1830 — Charles 
VII., 1831 — Antony, 1831. Novels: Trots 
Mousquetaires, 1844 — Comle de Monte- Christo, 
1844. a Engl. Cyc. 

b Nour. Biog. Gen- c Vapereau. 

Dumas, Alexandre Davy, geyieral, — fc. in St 
Domingo, 25 Mar. 1762 — enters the army, 
1786 — General of Division, 3 Sep. 1793 — dis- 
tinguishes himself in Army of the .Alps, 1793-4 
— General-in-chief of Army of Brest, 1795 — 
serves in Italy, 1796— in Egypt, 1798 — if. at 
Villers-Cotterets, 1807. 

Dumas, Charles Louis, physician, — b. at 
Lyons, 8 Feb. 1765 — M.D. Montpellier, 1784 
— Prof. Anatomy and Physiology, Montpellier, 
1795 — correspondent of the Institute; if., 3 
Apr. 1 81 3. Systtme methodique de nomencla- 
ture et de classification des muscles du corps 
humain, 1797 — Principes de Physiologie, 1800. 

Dumas, Mathieu, Count, general, — v. at 
Montpellier, 23 Dec. 1753 — enters the army, 
1768 — aide-de-camp to Rochambeau, follows 
him to America, 1780 — chief of the staff, St 
Domingo, 1783 — assists at siege of Amsterdam 
by Prussians, 1787 — aide-de-camp to Lafayette, 
1789 — commands escort of Louis XVI. return- 
ing to Paris, 1791 — deputy to Legislative As- 
sembly, 1793 — to Council of Ancients, 1795 — 
Chief of the Staff of Army of Reserve at 
Dijon, 1800 — General of Division, 1805 — 
Minister of War at Naples, 1806 — assists at 
battle of Wagram, 1809 — Intendant-general of 
Army of Russia, 1812 — follows Napoleon to 
Saxony, 1 8 1 3 — taken prisoner at Leipsic, 1 8 1 3 
— Councillor of State, 18 14 — Peer of France, 
1830— rj., 1837. Precis des evenements mili- 
taires, §c, 1817-26. 

Dumay, Louis, publicist, — rj. at Tubingen, 
22 Sep. 1 68 1. La Science des Princes, §c, 1673. 

Dumbarton Castle, {Alcluyd,) — given up to 



Edward I., 1291 — to JohnBaliol, 1292 — Bruce 
gets possession of, 1309 — besieged by the Eng- 
lish, 148 1 — annexed to the crown, 1485 — visited 
by James V., 1540 — the Queen takes refuge at, 
1547-8 — taken by troops of the Regent, 2 May 
157 1 — seized by the Covenanters, Mar. 1639 — • 
recovered by the king, 1639 — again taken by 
the Covenanters, 1640 — taken by Cromwell, 
1652 — one of the forts agreed to be kept in re- 
pair, at the Union, 1706. 

Dumblane. [Sheriff-Muir.] 

Dumfries, in Scotland, — of importance, before 
goo a — murder of the Comyns by Bruce at, 29 
Jan. or 10 Feb. 1305 — Edward II. receives hom- 
age of some of the nobles at, Aug. 1 307 — taken 
by Bruce, 13 12 — burnt by the English, before 
1448 — again, 1536 — castle built by the Maxwells, 
about 1540 (?) — peace with England ratified 
by Queen Mary at, 1563 — threatened by Queen 
Mary, and the- castle surrendered to her by 
Maxwell, 1565 — taken and sacked by the Eng- 
lish, 1570 — visited by James I., 1617 — the 
Articles of Union burnt by the Cameronians, 
20 Nov. 1706 — fortified and held for the king, 
17 15 — attacked by the rebels, 1745 — burial of 
Burns at, 1795 — cholera rages, Sep., Oct. 
1832. a Statist. Account of Scotland. 

Dumolinet, Claude, antiquary, — rj. at Cha- 
lons -sur-Marne, 1620 — £f. at Paris, 1687. Le 
Cabinet de la bibliotheque de Sainte Genevieve, 
1692 — JEListoria summorum pontificum a Mar- 
tino V. ad Innocentium XI. usque per eorim nu- 
mismata, §-c, 1679. 

Dumonceau, Jean Baptiste, general, — v. at 
Brussels, 7 Nov. 1760 — enters the army in Bra- 
bant, 1787 — serves against Austrians, 1789 — 
under Dumouriez, 1792 — distinguishes himself 
at battle of Jemappes, Colonel, Nov. 1792 — in 
campaigns of 1793-4 — General of Brigade, 1793 
— Lieutenant-general in service of Batavian 
Republic, n Jun. 1795— defeats English and 
Russians near Bergen, Nov. 1797 — General-in- 
chief, Inspector-general, 28 Jun. 1805 — contri- 
butes to defeat of Austrians near Nordlingen, 
1805 — takes part in combat of Dirnstein, 14 
Nov. 1805 — Commander-in-chief of Dutch 
forces in campaign of Prussia, 1806 — Council- 
lor of State, Marshal of Holland, 1806 — Grand 
Officer of Legion of Honour, 21 Dec. 1806 — 
Commander of Legion of Honour ; defeats 
English at Walcheren, 1 809 — distinguishes 
himself at battle of Culm, 30 Aug. 181 3 — ■ 
taken prisoner at Leipsic, Oct. 181 3 — released, 
1 Jun. 1 8 14 — Chevalier of St Louis, 18 14 — 
quits the army, 30 Sep. 18 15 — deputy to States- 
General, Feb. 1820 — 3j. at Brussels, 29 Dec. 
1821. 

Dumonin, Jean Edouard, — b. at Gy, about 
1557 — assassinated at Paris, 5 Nov. 1586. 
JBeresithias, §c, 1579 — Nouvelles (Euvres, §c, 
1582 — Phoenix, 1585. 

Dumont, Francois, sculptor, — h., about 1687 
— admitted to Academy of Painting and Sculp- 
ture, 24 Sep. 17 12 a — first sculptor to Duke of 
Lorraine, 1726 — ly. at Lille, 14 Dec. 1726^ 
a Jal. 

Dumont, Gabriel Martin, architect, — rj. at 
Paris, about 1720 — U., after 1790. (Euvres de 



DUMONT— DUNDALK. 



455 



gravure el d' 'architecture, 1765 — Ruines de 
Pcestum, 1764. 

Dumont, Jacques, (lePomain,) painter,— -b., 
about 1700 T — received at Academy of Painting, 
1728— tf. at Paris, 17 Feb. 1782. 

Duinont, Jean, publicist, — tf. at Vienna, 
1726. Voyages en France, en Italie, §c, 1699 
— Eecueil de traites d' 'alliance, de paix, et de com- 
merce, §c., 17 10 — Corps universel diplomatique 
du droit des gens, §c, 1726. 

Dumont, Pierre Efcienne Louis, publicist, — 
n. at Geneva, 18 Jul. 1759 — minister of Pro- 
testant Church there, 17 81 — of French Pro- 
testant Church, St Petersburg, 1783— tutor to 
sons of Marquis of Lansdowne, introduced to 
Jeremy Bentham, 1791 — member of Representa- 
tive Council, Geneva, 1814 — establishes Peni- 
tentiary there, 1824 — tf. at Milan, 29 Sep. 
1829^ i825. b Edits Bentham's Traite de la 
legislation, 1802 ; The'orie des peines et des re- 
compenses, 1 8 1 1 ; Tactique des assemblers legis- 
latives, i8i6, a 1 8 15 b ; Preuves judiciaires, 1823 
— Souvenirs sur Mirabeau, §c, 1832. 

a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Dumont. [Butel-Dumont, and Gages.] 

Dumont D'Urville, Jules Sebastien Cesar, 
maritime discoverer, naturalist, — h. in Nor- 
mandy, 23 May 1790 — enters the navy, 1808 — ■ 
accompanies scientific expedition to Mediterra- 
nean and Black Sea, 1820 — to Oceania, 1822 — 
commands expedition in search of La Perouse, 
1826-9 — expedition to South Pole, 1837-40 — 
killed on Versailles railway, 8 May 1842. 
Enumeratio JPlantarum quas in insulis Archi- 
pelagi, §c:, collegit et detexit, 1822 — Voyage de 
la corvette V Astrolabe, §c., 1830 — Expedition 
au Pole Austral, $c, 1839. 

Dumoulin, Charles, (Molhueus,) jurist, — 
fo. at Paris, 1500— Advocate, 1522 — tf., 27 Dec. 
1566. 

Dumouriez, (Dumourier,) Charles Fran- 
cois Duperier, general, — b. at Cambray, 25 Jan. 
1739 — serves in Seven Years' War, 1756-63 — 
charged with secret mission to Poland, 1770 — 
Marechal de Camp, 1788 — commands in La 
Vendee, 1791 — Lieutenant-general; Minister 
of Foreign Affairs, 15 Mar. to 15 Jul. 1792 
— Commander-in-chief against Prussians, after 
10 Aug. 1792 — distinguishes himself in cam- 
paign of Argonne, Sep. — conquers Belgium, 
Oct. to Nov. — defeated at Neerwinden, Mar. 
1793 — fixes head-quarters at St Amand, 30 
Mar. — arrests Commissioners of the Convention, 
there, 2 Apr. — takes refuge with Austrians, 
Apr. 1793 — settles in England, about 1805 — 
tf. at Turville Park, near Henley upon Thames, 
14 Mar. 1823. Memoires du General Du- 
mouriez, e'critspar lui-meme, 1794. 

Dumoustier, Pierre, Count, general, — b. at 
Nismes, 17 Mar. 177 1 — aide-de-camp to Gen- 
eral Krieg, 1795 — distinguishes himself at 
battle of Pultusk, Dec. 1806 — General of 
Brigade, serves in various campaigns, 1807- 11 
— General of Division, 1812 — distinguishes 
himself at battles of Liitzen and Bautzen, 1 8 1 3 
— wounded at battle of Dresden, 26 Aug. — tf. 
at Nantes, Jun. 1831. 



Dumoutier, Daniel, painter, — b. at Paris, 
about 1550 — tf. there, 1631. 

Dunbar, Dunbar Castle, — town burnt by 
Kenneth, 856 — conferred by Malcolm Canmore 
on Cospatrick, Earl of Northumberland, who 
takes the title of Earl of Dunbar, 1072 — town 
burnt by King John, 1 216— the Scots defeated 
by Edward I. at, 27 Apr. 1296 — Edward II. 
takes refuge at, 13 14 — razed by the Earl, 1333, 
and soon rebuilt: successfully defended by 
' Black Agnes ' against the Earl of Salisbury, 
about 1337 — royal burgh, by David II., 1369 
— castle passes to the crown and is given to the 
Duke of Albany, the title of Earl of, extinct, 
1434 — death of Jane Seymour at, 1446 — the 
castle surrendered to the English by Duke of 
Albany, 1484 — recovered by Scots, summer 
1485 — destruction of the castle ordered by par- 
liament, 1488 — burnt by the English, 1548 — 
Mary Queen of Scots flees to, 1565 — visits it, 
Nov. 1566 — carried to, by Bothwell, Apr. 1567 
— again flees to, in disguise, 1567 — castle de- 
molished, 1567 — gives title of Earl to George 
Home, Lord High Treasurer, 1605 — Cromwell 
defeats the Scots under Leslie, 3 Sep. 1650 — ■ 
head-quarters of Royalist troops, Sep. 1745— 
threatened by squadron under Paul Jones, 
spring 1778. 

Dunbar, William, poet, — b. in Scotland, 
about 1460 ? — studies at University of St An- 
drews, 1475 — B.A., 1477 — M.A., 1479 — re_ 
ceives pension from James IV., 1500— in Eng- 
land, 1501 — tf., before i53o, a about 1520^ 
Thistle and the Pose, May 1503 — Golden Targe, 
1508. a Lyndsay. b Engl. Cyc. 

Duncan I., King of Scotland, — succeeds 
his grandfather, Malcolm II., 1033 — assassin- 
ated by Macbeth, near Elgin, 1039. 

Duncan II., King of Scotland, — by the 
aid of William Rufus, drives Donald Bane from 
the throne, and succeeds him, May 1094 — as- 
sassinated by Malpedir, Earl of Mearns, end of 
1095. 

Duncan, Adam, 1st Viscount, admiral, — b. 
at Dundee, 1 Jul. 17 31 — enters the navy, 1746 
—distinguishes himself at action of Cape St 
Vincent, Jan. 1780 — Rear-admiral, 1787 — Vice- 
admiral, 1794 — commands in North Sea, Feb. 
1795 — Admiral, Jun. 1795 — defeats Dutch 
fleet at Camperdown, 11 Oct. 1797 — Viscount 
Camperdown, 21 Oct. 1797 — tf. in Scotland, 4 
Aug. 1804. 

Duncan, William, translator, §c, — b. at 
Aberdeen, Jul. 17 17 — enters Marischal Coll., 
1733 — M.A., about 1738 — settles in London, 
1739 — Prof. Natural and Experimental Philo- 
sophy, Aberdeen, 1752 — tf., 1 May 1760. Ele- 
ments of Logic, 1748 — Commentaries of Ccesar, 
1752 — Select Orations of Cicero, 1771. 

Duncombe, Thomas Slingsby, politician, — 
fc., 1797 — M.P. Hertford, 1826-32 — M.P. 
Finsbury, 1834-61 — tf. at Lancing, Sussex, 13 
Nov. 1861. 

Dundalk, in Ireland, — taken by Edward 
Bruce, 13 15 — his defeat by the English near, 
5, a 14 b Oct. 131 8 — taken by O'Neil, 1641 — 
stormed by the English, Mar. 1642 — surrenders 
to Cromwell, 1649 — Marshal Schoniberg en- 



DUNDAS— DOTS SCOTUS. 



camps near, Sep. 1689° — occupied by William 
III., 27 Jim. 1690. a Pict. Hist. England. 

b Annals of England. c Macaulay. 

Dundas, David, general, — ft. at Edinburgh, 
1735 — Major-general, 1790— serves at Toulon, 
1793 — distinguishes himself at affair of Tour- 
nai, 10 May 1794 — Quartermaster-general, 
1797 — Commander-in-chief, 1809- 11 — Govern- 
or of Chelsea Hospital, Privy Councillor, 181 1 
— rj., 18 Feb. 1820. 

Dundas, Henry. [Melville, Viscount.] 

Dundee, in Scotland, — royal burgh, by Wil- 
liam I., 1 164 — besieged by Wallace, 1297 — 
burnt by the English, 1385 — taken and pillaged 
by Montrose, 3 Apr. 1645 — sacked and burnt by 
Monk, 1 65 1 — meeting of British Association at, 
Sep. 1867. 

Dundee, Viscount. [Graham, John.] 

Dundonald, Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl 
of. admiral, — fj. in Lanarkshire, 14 Dec. 1775 — 
enters the navy, Jun. 1793 — captures Spanish 
frigate, May 1801 — Post-captain, 6 May 1801 
■ — studies at Edinburgh Univ., 1802 — takes part 
in blockade of Boulogne, 1803 — M.P. West- 
minster, 1 807 — destroys French fleet in Basque 
roads, n Apr. 1809 — K.B., 1809 — imprisoned 
on charge of fraud, 5 Jul. 18 14 — deprived of 
his naval rank, and expelled the House of 
Commons, 1814 — Commander-in-chief of fleet 
of the Chilians, Nov. 1818 — takes Yaldivia for 
Chili, 2 Feb. 1820 — cuts out the Esmeralda, 
Spanish man-of-war, in Callao harbour, 5 Nov. 
1820— enters service of Brazil, 1822 — Marquis 
of Maranao, 1823 — takes command in Greek 
navy, 1827-28 — Bear-admiral, 1830 — succeeds 
to the Earldom, 1831 — Yice-admiral, 1841 — 
K.B., (restored,) 1847— G.C.B., 1847— Com- 
mander-in-chief on West Indian and North 
American stations, 1848 — Bear-admiral of the 
United Kingdoms, 1 854 — rj. at Kensington, 30 
Oct. i860. Autobiography, 1859-60. 

Dunes, Battle of the, — the Spaniards de- 
feated by French and English, 4 Jun. 1658. 

Dunfermline, Fifeshire, — Malcolm Can- 
more's Tower built, probably between 1056-70 
— coal worked as early as 1291 — visited by 
Edward I., 1291, 1296 — winter quarters of 
Edward I., 1303 — abbey burnt by him, 1303 — 
again visited by Edward, 1304 — burial of 
Bruce at, (?) 1329— visited by Richard II. and 
burnt by his troops, 1385 — abbey demolished, 
Mar. 1560 — second Confession of Faith signed 
by James VI. at, 28 Jan. 15 81— royal burgh, 
by James VI., 1588 — Convention of the 
'Estates' for recalling the Popish Lords, 1596 — 
burnt, 1624 — Solemn League and Covenant 
sworn and subscribed at, Nov. 1643 — the ' Dun- 
fermline Declaration' of Charles II. (submission 
to the Covenant) signed, 16 Aug. 1650 — defeat 
of the Scots by the troops of Cromwell near, 
Jul. 1 65 1 — a Jacobite detachment surprised at, 
24 Oct. 17 15 — tomb of Bruce opened, 181 8. 

Dungan-hill, in Ireland, — the Irish defeated 
by Colonel Jones, 1647. 

Duni, Egidio Romoald, musical composer, — 
b. in Naples, 9 Feb. 1709 — fc. at Paris, 11 Jun. 
1775- 

Dunker, Balthazar Anton, engraver, — 6. at 



Saal, near Stralsund, 1746 — goes to France, 
about 1765. 

Dunkers, Religious sect of, — formed in 
Pennsylvania, 1724.* a Brande & Cox's Diet. 

Dunkirk, (Bunkerque,) in France, — raised to 
rank of a town, and walled by Baldwin III., 
Count of Flanders, 961 a — attacked by North- 
men, about .ii7o b — seized by Philip the Fair, 



; 99 



— regains its freedom, 



i3°5> 1 3°4 a — con- 



gress held at, and peace concluded between Philip 
of Valois and Edward III., 1347— unsuccessfully 
j besieged by the French, 1448 — the English ex- 
pelled, 1558 — given up to Spaniards, 1559 — 
taken by the French, 1583 — retaken by the 
Spaniards, 1583 — taken by Duke of Enghien, 
(Conde,) 12 Oct. 1646— recovered by Spaniards, 
16 Sep. 1 65 2— taken by French and English and 
given up to English, 17 Jun. 1658 — sold to Louis 
XIV. by Charles II., Nov. 1662 — fortified by 
Louis XIV., (Vauban,) 1662-7 — bombardment 
attempted by English, 1695 — the Pretender, 
James Edward, sails from, for invasion of Scot- 
land, 6 Mar. 1708 — fortifications razed, after 
Treaty of Utrecht, 171 3 — partly restored, 1740 
— again demolished, after Treaties of Aix-la- 
Chapelle and Paris, 1748 and 1763 — restored, 
1783 — unsuccessfully besieged by Duke of 
York, 1793 — free port, i823, c 1826. d 

a Univers Pittoresque. b Encyc. Mod. 

c Engl. Cyc. d Chambers's Encyc. 

Dunlop, Alexander, — h. in America, 1684 
— Prof. Greek, Glasgow Univ., 1720 — tr. there, 
1742. Greek Grammar, 1736. 

Dunning, John, Lord Ashburto> t , — {1. at 
Ashburtou, Devonshire, 18 Oct. 17 31 — called 
to the bar, 2 Jul. 1756 — Solicitor-general, Dec. 
1767 — M.P. Calne, 1768 — Baron Ashburtou, 
1782 — tr. at Exmouth, 18 Aug. 1783. 

Diinnwald, Johann Heinrich, Count vox, 
field-marshal, — h., about 1620 — distinguishes 
himself at battle of St Gotthardt, Hungary, 
1664 — Commander of Cavalry, 1670 — dis- 
tinguishes himself at battle of Ensisheim, 1674 
— Count, 1675 — obtains victory over the Turks, 
14 Aug. 1686 — General-Field-marshal, assists 
at siege of Belgrade, 1688 — sent against Turks 
in Hungary, 1691 — rj. at Essek, 31 Aug. 
1691. 

Dunod de Charnage, Francois Ignace, his- 
torian, — fo. at St Claude, 30 Oct. 1679 — tf. at 
Besancon, 1752. Traitt des prescriptions, 
1734 — FListoire de I'e'glise, ville et diocese de 
Besancon, 1750 — FListoire du comte de Bour- 
gogne, 1735-40. 

Dunois, Jean, Count or, [Bastard of Or- 
leans,) general, — fc. at Paris, 23 Nov. 1402 — 
defeats English at siege of Montargis, 1427 — 
conducts defence of Orleans, Oct. 1428 to May 
1429 — with the Constable of France, takes 
Paris from the English, Apr. 1436 — defeats 
English at Castillon, 145 1 — completes conquest 
of Guienne, 145 1 — Count of Longueville, and 
Grand Chamberlain to Charles VII. : joins the 
League of the ' Public Good,' 1465 — negotiates 
Treaty of Conflans, Oct. 1465 — rj., 28 Nov. 
1468. 

Duns Scotus, John, philosopher, theologian, 
— b., 1265, ? 1275 ? — Prof. Theology, Oxford, 



DTTNSE— DU PONT. 



457 



I3 oi — Prof. Theology, Paris, 1307— ft. at 
Cologne, 1308. 

Dunse, Pacification of, — between Charles I. 
and the Scots, concluded, 18 Jun. 1639. 

Dunstable, Bedfordshire, — town given to the 
Priory by Henry I., 1 131— one of the halting- 
places of Queen Eleanor's remains, 1290 — Cran- 
mer holds court at, to annul marriage of Henry 
VIII. and Catherine of Aragon, 23 May 1533. 

Dunstan, Saint, Abp of Canterbury, — ft. 
at or near Glastonbury, Somersetshire, 925 — 
—abbot of Glastonbury, 942^ 943 c — Councillor 
to King Edmund, about 944-946 — minister to 
Edred, 946 — banished by Edwy, 955, a 956 b — 
recalled by Edgar and made Bp of Worcester, 
958 b — Bp of London, 958 — Abp of Can- 
terbury, 959 — his influence predominant 
through reign of Edgar, 958-975 — escapes 
injury at the Council at Calne, 978 — retires to 
Canterbury after accession of Ethelred, 979 — 
ft. at Canterbury, 19 May 988. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Annals of England. e Hook. 

Dunton, John, bookseller, miscellaneous writer, 
— ft. at Graifham, Hunts, 4 May 1659— com- 
mences business as bookseller, about i68o, a 
1685 b — ft., 1733. Life and Errors of John 
Dunton, 1705 — Athenian Mercury, 1690-6. 
a Knight. b Engl. Cyc. 

Dupaty, Charles Mercier, sculptor, — ft. at. 
Bordeaux, 29 Sep. 1771 — ft., 12 Nov. 1825. 

Duperier, Charles, poet, — ft. at Paris, 28 
Mar. 1692. 

Duperray, Slichel, canonist, — ft. at Mans, 
1640 — advocate to parliament of Paris, 1661 
— ft. there, 1730. Traite historique et chrono- 
lo gi que des dimes, 17 19. 

Duperre, Victor Gui, Baron, admiral,— ft. 
at La Bochelle, 20 Feb. 1775 — enters the 
navy, 1795 — distinguishes himself in Indian 
Ocean, 1808-9 — Baron °f the Empire, B,ear- 
admiral, 20 Aug. 18 10 — contributes to capture 
of Cadiz, 1823 — Commander-in-chief of fleet in 
the Antilles, 1826 — commands expedition to 
Algiers, May to Jul. 1 830 — Peer, by Charles X., 
14 Jul. — Admiral, 13 Aug. — Minister of 
Marine, 22 Nov. 1834-36 — ft. at Paris, 2 Nov. 
1846. 

Duperron. [Anquetil.] 

Duperron, Jacques Davy, Cardinal, — ft. 
in Berne, 25 Nov. 1556 — assists at States- 
General, 1614 — ft., 5 Sep. 1618. (Euvres, 1622. 

Dupin, Andre Marie Jean Jacques, (Lupin 
Vaine,) jurisconsult, statesman, — ft. at Varzy, 
(le Nievre,) 1 Feb. 1783 — received advocate, 
1800 — member of Commission for classification 
of laws of the Empire, 1811 — member of 
Chamber of Representatives, May 18 15 — with 
the Berryers defends Marshal Ney, 18 15 — 
consulting lawyer to Duke of Orleans, 1820 — 
member of Chamber of Deputies, 1828 — con- 
ducts defence of the Journal des Debats, 1829 
■ — declares illegal the ordinances of Charles X., 
Jul. 1830, and contributes to the elevation of 
Louis Philippe : Procureur-General to the 
Court of Cassation, Aug. 1830 — member of 
French Academy, 1831 — Pres. Chamber of 
Deputies, end of 1832-40 — Grand Cross of 
Legion of Honour, 30 May 1837 — refuses port- 



folio of Justice, Mar. 1 840 — presents the Comte 
de Paris to the Chamber of Deputies, 24 Feb. 
1848 — member of the Constituent Assembly, 
1 848 — assists in framing the new constitution ; 
member of Legislative Assembly, May 1849 — 
Pres., 1 Jun. 1849 — resigns office of Frocureur- 
general, Jan. 1852— resumes it, and is made 
Senator, Nov. 1857 — ft. at Paris, 10 Nov. 1865. 
Precis historique du Droit Romain, 1809 — 
Principia Juris Civilis, 1806 — Manuel du 
Droit public Fcclesiastique Frangais, (4th ed.,) 
1845 — Memoires, 1855-63. 

Dupin, (Durpin, Durpain,) Jean, — ft., 1302 
— ft., 1372 ? Livre de bonne vie, 1485. 

Dupin, Louis Ellies, historian, — ft. in Nor- 
mandy, 17 Jun. 1657 — D.D. Sorbonne, 1684 
— ft., 6 Jun. 17 19. Nouvelle bibliotheque des 
auteurs ecclesiastiques, <§c, 1686-1719— J. Gcr- 
sonii doet, opera, §c., 1703 — Liber psalmorum 
cum notis, §c., 1691 — Bibliotheque universelle 
des historiens, 17 16. 

Dupleix, Joseph Francois, Governor of 
French East Indies, — member of Council of 
French East India Company at Pondicherry, 
1720-30 — Director of settlement at Chanderna- 
gore, 1730 — Governor of Pondicherry, Director- 
general of French establishments in India, 
1742 — recalled to France, Oct. 1754 — ft., 1763. 

Dupleix, Scipion, historian, — ft. at Condom, 
1569— follows Margaret of Valois to Paris, 
1605 — historiographer of France, 16 19 — ft. at 
Condom, Mar. 1661. Histoire generale de 
France, 1621-43. 

Duplessis, Claude, /wm^, — ft., 1683. Traites 
sur la coutume de Paris, 1699. 

Duplessis, Joseph Sifrede, painter, — ft. at 
Carpentras, 1725 — admitted to Academy of 
Painting, 1744 — ft. at Versailles, 1802. 

Duplessis, Michel Toussaint Chretien, 
Benedictine, — ft. at Paris, 1689 — ft. at Abbey 
of Sfc Denis, 1767. Description geographique 
et historique de la Haute JSformandie, §c, 1740 
— Histoire ds V eglise de Meaux, 1731 — Descrip- 
tion de la ville et des environs d' Orleans, 1736. 

Duplessis-Belliere. [Kouge, Jacques de.] 

Duplessis-Mornay, Philippe. [Mornay.] 

Duplessis-Praslin. [Choiseul.] 

Duponceau, Peter S., — ft. in the He de 
Bhe, about 1760 — President of American Phi- 
losophical Society, 1828 — obtains Volney prize 
of the French Institute, 1835 — ft. at Phila- 
delphia, 2 Apr. 1844. Memoire sur le systeme 
grammatical des Langues de quelques nations 
Lndiennes, §c, 1838 — Dissertation on the na- 
ture and character of the Chinese system of 
writing, 1838. 

Dupont, Denis, (Pontanus,) jurist, — ft. at 
Blois, about 1500. Commentaire de la Cou- 
tume, 1677. 

Dupont, Pierre, poet, — ft. at Lyons, 1821 — 
goes to Paris, 1839 — collaborateur on Diction- 
ary of French Academy, 1842-7— ft. at Lyons, 
25 Jul. 1870. Chants et Chansons, 1850-4 — 
Dix Fglogues, 1864. 

Du Pont, Samuel Francis, admiral, — ft. in 
New Jersey, U. S., 27 Sep. 1803 — enters the 
navy, Dec. 18 15 — Commander, 1845 — distin- 
guishes himself in Mexican war, 1846-8 — Cap- 



458 



DUPONT DE NEMOURS— DTTQT7ESNE. 



tain, 1855 — sent to China, 1857 — Commander 
of Philadelphia navy yard, Jan. 1861 — takes 
command of S. Atlantic squadron, Sep. 1861 — 
bombards and captures Forts Beauregard and 
Walker, Port Royal Harbour, 1 861— takes 
Cumberland Island and Sound, &c, Mar. 1862 
— Rear-admiral, 16 Jul. 1862 — leads attack on 
Charleston, Apr. 1863 — fails, and is deprived of 
command: tf. at Philadelphia, 23 Jun. 1865. 

Dupont de Nemours, Pierre Samuel, econo- 
mist, — ft. at Paris, 14 Dec. 1739 — assists Tur- 
got in his reforms, 1774 — member of Assembly 
of Notables, 1788— deputy to States-General, 
1789 — member of Council of Ancients, 1795 — 
member of Institute, 1795 — goes to America, 
autumn 1797 — returns, 1 802 — Secretary of Pro- 
visional Government, 18 14 — Chevalier of Le- 
gion of Honour, Councillor of State, 18 14 — 
embarks for America, 20 Mar. 18 15 — tf. at 
Delaware, 6 Aug. 1 8 1 7 . Reflexions stir V ecrit in- 
titule ; RichessesdeVEtat, 1763 — Physiocratie, 
1768 — Me moire sur la vie et les ouvrages de Tur- 
got, 1782 — Philosophic de V Univers, 1790-9. 

Duport, Jean Louis, violinist, — ft. at Paris, 
4 Oct. 1749 — settles at Berlin, 1789 — tf. at 
Paris, 7 Sep. 18 19. 

Duport, Jean Pierre, violinist, — ft. at Paris, 
27 Xov. 1 741 — first violinist to Frederick II., 
Berlin, 1773 — superintendent of Court Con- 
certs, 1 7 87 -1 806 — ft. at Berlin, 31 Dec. 181 8. 
Duppa, Brian, Bp op Winchester,— ft. at 
Lewisham, Mar. 1589 — D.D. Oxford, 1625 — 
Dean of Christ Church, 1629 — chaplain to 
Charles I., 1634 — tutor to Prince Charles, 
1638— Bp of Winchester, 1660 — founds alms- 
house at Richmond, 1661 — tf. at Richmond, 
1662. 

Duppa, Richard, miscellaneous writer, — ft., 
about 1755 — LL.B. Cambridge, 1814—0"., 11 
Jul. 1 83 1. Life and Works of Michael Angelo, 
1806 — Life of Raff aelo, 18 16. 

Diippel, (Dybbbl,) in Denmark, — defeat of 
Prussians at, May 1848 — indecisive battle of, 5- 
6 Jun. 1 848 — defeat of Prussians by Danes at, 
22 Feb. 1864 — siege of , by Prussians, begins, 15 
Mar. 1864 — West, taken by Prussians, 16 Mar. 
— battle of, 28 Mar. — stormed by Prussians, 18 
Apr. 

Duprat, Antoine, Cardinal-legate, Chan- 
cellor of France, — ft. in Auvergne, 17 Jan. 
1463 — Master of Requests to Louis XII., 1503 
— First President of Parliament of Paris, 1507 
— Chancellor, 7 Jan. 15 15 — follows Francis I. 
to Italy, Aug. — conducts negotiation with Leo 
X. at Bologna, Dec. — with Cardinal Wolsey, 
1520-1 — chief adviser to the Regent Louisa, 
1521-26 — deprives Constable de Bourbon of his 
estates, 1523 — Cardinal, 1527 — 'Legate a latere, 
1530—0. at Xantouillet, 9 Jul. 1535. 

Duprat, Pardoux, {Paradulphus Prateius,) 
jurist, — ft. at Aubusson, about 1520 — tf., pro- 
bably 1569. Jurisprudentia vetus, 1559 — Lexi- 
con juris civilis et canonici, 1569 — edits (Euvres 
d'Alciat, 1560. 

Dupre, Abraham, medallist, — 6., about 1604 
—O. at Paris, 8 Jun. 1647.* a Jal. 

Dupre, Guillaume, medallist, — ft., 1574? — 
If., before 19 Feb. 1643.* a Jal. 



Dupre, Maurice, Premonstratensian, — ft. at 
Paris, about 1600 — tf-, 1645. Annates breves 
ordinis Prcemonstratensis, 1645. 

Dupre de Saint-Maur, Nicolas Francois, 
■miscellaneous writer, — ft, at Paris, about 1695 
— admitted to French Academy, 1733 — tf., 1 
Dec. 1774. Translation of Paradise Lost, 1729 
— Essai sur lesmonnaies, §c, 1746. 

Dupreau, Gabriel, (Prateolus,) theologian, 
translator, — ft. at Marcoussis, 15 11 — tf. at Pe- 
ronne, 19 Apr. 1588. Devitis, sectis, et dogmati- 
bus omnium hcereticorum, §c, 1569 — Histoire 
de Vetat et succes de VEglise, <§-c., 1585 — trans- 
lation of William of Tyre 's History of the 
Holy War, 1573. 

Dupuis, Charles, engraver, — ft. at Paris, 
1685 — tf. member of Academy of Painting, 
1742. 

Dupuis, Charles Francois, statesman, §c, — 
ft. at Trye-le-Chateau, 26 Oct. 1742 — Prof. 
Rhetoric, College of Lisieux, 1766 — Advocate 
to the Parliament, 1770 — construct^ telegraph, 
Belleville to Bagneux, 1778 — Prof. Latin Elo- 
quence, College of France, 1787 — member of 
Academy of Inscriptions, 1788 — deputy to 
Convention, 1792 — member of Council of Five 
Hundred, 1796 — of Institute, 1796 — member 
of Legislative Body, 1799-1802 — tf. at Is-sur- 
Tille, 29 Sep. 1809. Memoire sur Vorigine des 
constellations, &c, 178 1 — Origine de tons les 
cultes, $•<?., 1795 — Memoire explicatif du zcdi- 
aque chronologique et mythologique, 1806 — Dis- 
sertation sur la zodiaque de Denderah, 1822. 

Dupuis, Nicolas Gabriel, engraver, — ft. at 
Paris, i695, a 1696 b — tf., 177 i, a 1770. 11 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch. and Gruber. 

Dupuis, Thomas Saunders, organist, con- 
poser, — ft. in London, 1733 — organist and com- 
poser, Chapel Royal, 1779 — Mus. D. Oxford, 
1790 — tf., 1796. 

Dupuy, Henri, (Erycius Puteanus,) — ft. at 
Yenloo, Guelderland, 4 Nov. 1574 — Prof. Elo- 
quence, Milan, historiographer to King of 
Spain, 1 601 — Prof. Belles Lettres, Louvain, 
1606-46 — tf. there, 17 Sep. 1646. De usufruc- 
tuque librorum bibliothecce ambrosiance, 1605 
— Comus, 1608 — Bruma, 1619. 

Dupuy, Pierre, — ft. at Agen, 27 Nov. 1582 
— tf. at Paris, 14 Dec. 1651. Traitedes droits 
et des liberies de I'Eglise gallicane, Qc, 1639 — 
Traite de la majorite de nos rois et des regences 
du royaume, §c., 1655 — Histoire de la condam- 
nation des Templiers, 1751. 

Dupuytren, Guillaume, Baron, surgeon, — 
ft. in Limousin, Oct. 1777 — M.D., 1803 — as- 
sistant surgeon of l'Hotel-Dieu, i8o8, a i8o3 bc — ■ 
Prof. Medecine operatoire, i8n, a i8i2 b — chief 
surgeon of l'Hotel-Dieu, 1815,3- i8i8 bc — ad- 
mitted to Academy, 1 8 1 8 c — surgeon to Louis 
XYIIL, i823c__tJ. at Paris, 8 Feb. 1835. 
a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Conv.-Lex. 
Duquerie. [Callard de la Duquerie.] 
Duquesne, Abraham, naval commander, — ft. 
at Dieppe, 161 o — takes the isle of Lerins from 
the Spaniards, May 1637 — distinguishes him- 
self in expedition of Coruna, 1639 — at Tarra- 
gona, 1 641 — at the combat of the Cape of Gatts, 
1643— Yice-admiral of Swedish fleet, 1643-45 



DUQUESNE— DUEEE. 



459 



- — arms a squadron, recovers Bordeaux from 
the Spaniards, 1650— distinguishes himself in 
war with English, 1672 — encounters the Dutch 
under de Euyterand Van Tromp, 30 May 1673 
— Lieutenant-general, commands expedition for 
relief of Messina, Jan. 1676 — ohtains victory 
over de Buyter hefore Messina, 22 Apr. — 
bombards Algiers, 1682-83 — loses his commis- 
sion after Eevocation of Edict of Nantes, 1685 
— tf. at Paris, 2 Feb. 1688. 

Duquesne, Fort, in Canada, — erected by the 
French, 1754 — abandoned and occupied by the 
English, 25 Nov. 1758. 

Duquesnoy, Francois, {Francois Flamand,) 
sculptor,- — b. at Brussels, 1592 — goes to Eome, 
16 1 9 — tf. at Leghorn, 1646. 

Duquesnoy, Jerome, sculptor, — b. at Brus- 
sels, 1602 — sculptor to Philip IV. of Spain, 
1645— executed at Ghent, Sep. 1654. 

Durameau, Louis, painter, — b. at Paris, 
1733. — tf. at Versailles, 4 Sep. 1796. 

Durand, David, historian, — b, m Languedoc, 
i68i, a i679 b ^taken prisoner at battle of Al- 
manza, 1707 — F.E.S. London; tf. there, 16 
Jan. 1763. La vie et les sentiments de Lucilio 
Vanini, 17 17 — La religion des Mahometans, 
1721 — Sistoire da seizieme Steele, 1725-30. 

a Biog. Univ. b Evsch and Gruber. 

Durand, (Durantis,) Guillaume, (le Specu- 
lateur,) jurist, §c, — b. at Puy-Moisson, about 
1232^ 1237 b — assists at Council of Lyons, 
1274 — governor of patrimony of St Peter, Bp 
of Mende, 1287,* 1286 b — tf. at Eome, 1 Nov. 
1296. Repertorium aureum juris, (1474) — Spe- 
culum judiciale, 1271-72 — Rationale divinorum 
officiorum libris VLLL. distinctum, (1459.) 
a Biog. Univ. b Erscli and Gruber. 

Durand, Jean Nicolas Louis, architect, — b. 
at Paris, 18 Sep. 1760 — Prof. Architecture, 
Ecole Polytechnique, 1794—0'. at Thiais, near 
Paris, 21 Dec. 1834. Recueil et par allele des 
edifices de tous genres, §c, 1800 — Precis gra- 
phique des cours d 'architecture, §c, 1821. 

Durand de Maillane, Pierre Toussaint, 
canonist, — b. in Provence, 1 Nov. 1729 — deputy 
to States-General, 1789 — imprisoned, 4 Sep. 
1797 to Feb. 1798 — tf., 15 Aug. 18 14. Bic- 
tionnaire du droit canonique % 1776 — Les Liberies 
de VEglise gallicane, 1771 — Ristoire de la Con- 
vention Nationale, 1825. 

Durand de Saint-Pourcain, Guillaume, — 
Bp of Puy, 1318 — Bp of'Meaux, 1326 — tf., 
probably 1333. In sententias theologicas Petri 
Lombardi commentarii, 1508 — Le origine juris- 
dictionum, 1506. 

Durandi, J&eo^o, poet, historian, — b., 1739^ 
1737 b — LL.D., 1762 — President of Court of 
Accounts, 1 8 14 — tf. at Turin, 28 Oct. 1818. 
Opere dramatiche, 1766 — Bell' antica condizione 
del Vercellese, §c, 1766 — Saggio sulla storia 
degli antichi populi d' Italia, 1769. 

a Biog. Univ. b Erscb and Gruber. 

Durant, Gilles, poet, — b. at Clermont, about 
1550— tf., 1615. Poesies, 1587. 

Durante, Francesco, musical composer, — b. 
at Naples, 1693 — Director of Conservatory, 
1743 — &• at Naples, 1755. 

Duranti, Durante, poet, — & at Brescia, 17 18 



— tf. there, 24 Nov. 1780. Rime, 1755— 
L'ZTso, 1778-80. 

Duranti, Jean Etienne, — First President of 
Parliament of Toulouse, 15 81 — assassinated 
there, 10 Feb. 1589. Le ritibus Eccksice 
Catholicce, 159 1. 

Durantis, Guillaume. [Durand.] 

Duras, Jean Baptiste de Durfort, Duke of, 
Marshal of France, — b., 28 Jan. 1684 — 
serves in army of Flanders, 1701 — distinguishes 
himself at battle of Nimeguen, 1702— Brigadier, 
1704 — serves with distinction in campaigns of 
Germany, Flanders, and Spain, 1705-12 — 
Lieutenant-general, 1720 — Commander of 
Guienne, 1722 — at siege of Kehl, Oct. 1734 — 
Marshal of France, 11 Feb. 1741 — Governor 
of Besanc.on, 1755 — tf. at Paris, 8 Jul. 1770. 

Durazzo, (Dprfaehtum, Epidammis,)— siege 
of, by Normans, begins, 17 Jun. 1081 — Eobert 
Guiscard defeats Alexius Comnenus near, 1 8 Oct. 
1 08 1' — taken by Guiscard, 8 Feb. 1082 — un- 
successfully besieged by Bohemond, 11 07 — 
taken by Sicilians, 24 Jun. n 85 — lost by them, 
soon after — taken by crusaders, 1203 — falls to 
the Venetians, 1205 — destroyed by earthquake, 
1273 — gives title of Duke to John, son of 
Charles II. of Naples, end of 1332 — taken by 
Turks, 1502. 

Durben, — the Teutonic Knights defeated by 
Lithuanians at, Jul. 1259. 

Dureau de Lamalle, Jean Baptiste Joseph 
Rene, translator, — b. in St Domingo, 21 Nov. 
1742 — member of Legislative Body, Paris, 
1802 — member of Institute, 1804 — tf., 19 Sep. 
1807. Translation of Tacitus, 1799 — of Livy, 
(with Noel,) 18 10. 

Diiren, (Marcodurtcm, MarJc-Liiren,) in Prus- 
sia, — the Ubii defeated by Batavians, 70 — taken 
and burnt by Charles V., 1543 — recaptured by 
Duke William, and again given up to the Im- 
perialists, 1642 — taken by the French, 2 Oct. 
1794 — ceded to Prussia, 1814. Council of, 779. 

Du'rer, Albrecht, painter, engraver, — b. at 
Niirnberg, 6 or 12 Apr.,? 20 May, a 21 May b 
147 1 — apprenticed to Michael Wohlgemuth, 
1486-9 — travels, from after Easter 1490 till 
after "Whitsuntide 1494 — admitted to Guild of 
Painters-, Niirnberg, 1494 — marries Agnes 
Frey, 7 Jul. 1494 — visits Venice, 1506 — re- 
turns, 1507 — first employed by Emperor Maxi- 
milian, 15 12? — his intercourse with Eaphael, 
1 5 15 — visits the Netherlands, 1520 — appointed 
Court painter to Charles V., 4 Nov. 1520 — ■ 
returns to Niirnberg, 152 1 — tf. there, 6 Apr. 
1528. Paintings : Portrait of Catherine Fiirte- 
ger, 1497 — Portrait of himself, Munich, 1500 
— A Calvary, Florence, 1505 — Virgin and 
Child with Angels, 1506 — Martyrdom of St 
Bartholomew, Prague, 1506 — Feast of the Rose 
Garlands, Prague, 1506 — Martyrdom of the 
Ten Thousand Saints, Vienna, 1508 — Assump- 
tion of the Virgin, 1509 (burnt) — Adoration 
of the Trinity, Vienna, 151 1 — Portrait of M. 
Wohlgemuth, Munich, 15 16 — Leath of the 
Virgin, Vienna, 15 18 — Christ parting from 
his Mother, Aachen, 1525 — Four Apostles, 
Munich, 1526. Engravings : on copper, Adam 
and Eve, 1504— The Passion, 1508-13 — Prodi- 



460 



DURET-DURRIUS. 



gal Son, before 1500 — Knight, Death and the 
Devil, 15 13 — St Anthony, 15 19 — St Jerome in 
his Chamber, 1514 — Melencolia, 1514 — St 
Fustachius, (St Hubert,) undated, (1514?) — 
Temperance, {Great Fortune,) probably after 
15 1 8. On wood: Apocalypse, 1498 — Greater 
Passion, probably completed, about 15 10 — 
Little Passion, 15 u— Trinity, 1511— Life of 
the Virgin, 15 11 — Triumphal Chariot of Maxi- 
milian L., 1S17. — Triumphal Arch of Kaiser 
Max, commenced, 15 15 ? — Besieging of a town, 
1527. a Marggraff and Doppelmayer. 

b Von Eye and Mayer. 
Buret, Claude, — tf. at Moulins, 17 Sep. 
1 6 1 1 . Histoire admirable des plantes et herbes 
esmerveillables, $c, 1605 — Tre'sor de Vhistoire 
des langues de cet univers, 16 19. 

Duret, Francisque Joseph, sculptor, — b. at 
Paris, 19 Oct. 1804 — obtains tbe grand prize, 
!8 2 3 — studies at Rome, 1824-31 — Chevalier of 
Legion of Honour, 1833 — admitted to Academy 
of Fine Arts, 1843^ 1 845 b — employed in 
decoration of the Louvre, 1851-56 — Officer of 
Legion of Honour, 1853 — ft., May 1865. 
Mercury inventing the Lyre, 1831 — Neapolitan 
Dancer, 1838 — Vintager, 1839 — Statue of 
Rachel, 1865. 

a Vapereau. b Gazette des Beaux- Arts. 

Buret, Louis, physician, — b. in La Bresse, 
1527 — tf. at Paris, 22 Jan., a Feb. b 1586. In- 
terpretationes et enarrationes in magni Hippo- 
cratis ccecas prcenotiones, 1588 — In magni 
Hippocratis librum de humoribus purqandis, 
§c, commentarii, 1631. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Burey de Noinville, Jacques Bernard, — b. 
at Dijon, 3 Dec. 1682 — President of Grand 
Council, Metz, 1731-8— tf., 20 Jul. 1768. Dis- 
sertation sur les bibliotheques, §c, 1758 — Table 
alphabetique des dictionnaires, §c, 1758. 

B'Urfey, Thomas, dramatist, — fc. in Devon- 
shire, about 1650 — tf. in London, 1723. Pills 
to purge Melancholy, 1719-20. 

Burfort, Galhard de, military commander, 
■ — one of the barons charged with reduction of 
Guienne, Jun. 145 1 — signs capitulation of 
Bordeaux, 145 1— retires to England, 1453— 
Governor of Calais, K. G., by Henry YL, before 
1461 — Chamberlain to Duke of Burgundy, 1470 
— recalled to Prance, 1476 — Jj. in Burgundy, 
1487. 

Burham, city, — besieged unsuccessfully by 
Duncan, king of Scotland, 1 040— massacre of 
Cumin and the Normans at, 29 Jan. 1069 — 
the district devastated by William I., winter 
1069-70— castle built, 1072 — title of Count 
Palatine assumed by Bp Walcher, 1072-80 
—congress held and peace concluded with the 
Scots, Apr. 1 1 39— visited by King John, 121 3 
—by Henry III., before 1249— again, 1255— 
attacked by Wallace, 1297— visited by Edward 
I., 1298 and 1300— surprised by a party of 
Brace's soldiers, 131 3— the plague rages at, 
1416-21 — the walls restored by Bp Beau- 
mont, 1323— Edward III. at, Apr. 1333 and 
Dec. 1356 — marriage of James I. of Scotland 
to Jane Beaufort at, about 1424 — visited by 
Henry YL, 1448 — entered by the insurgents 



under the Earls of Northumberland and West- 
moreland, 1569 — the plague, 1589 and 1597 — 
James I. received at, 13 Apr. 1603 — visited by 
Charles I., 1 Jun. 1633 — occupied by Scots, 
1640 — visited by Cromwell, 14 Jul. 1650. 
College founded, 1290. University of, patent 
for erection granted by Cromwell, 15 May 
1657 — project opposed by Oxford and Cam- 
bridge, and abandoned: opened, Oct. 1833 — 
incorporated by royal charter, 1837. See cf, 
founded, (by transfer from Chester-le- Street,) 
about 995 — suppressed by Act 7 Edw. VI. c. 
17, 1553 — temporalities granted as a county 
palatine to Duke of Northumberland, 1553 — ■ 
reestablished by Act 1 Mar. Sess. III. c. 3, 
1554 — vacant, 1559-60 — palatine jurisdiction 
of the bishops vested in the crown, by Act 6 and 
7 Wm IV. c. 19, 21 Jun. 1836. 
Burham, Battle of [Neville's Cross.] 
Burham, John George Lambton, Earl of, 
statesman, — b. at Lambton Castle, Durham, 
12 Apr. 1792 — M.P. Durham, 1813 — raised to 
the peerage, Jan. 1828 — Lord Privy Seal, Nov. 
1830 to 12 Mar. 1833 — Earl of Durham, 15 
Mar. — envoy to Russia, 1833 — ambassador to 
Russia, 1835-37 — High Commissioner, Go- 
vernor-general of Canada, May to Dec. 1839 — ■ 
Xf. at Cowes, Isle of Wight, 28 Jul. 1840. 

Burls, historian, — [BC] — victor at Olympia 
in boxing, in his boyhood, before 324 — 3j., after 
281. 

Buroc, Michel Gerard Christophe, general, 
— b. at Pont-a-Mousson, 25 Oct. 1772 — enters 
the army, 1792 — aide-de-camp to Bonaparte, 
1796 — takes part in expedition of Egypt, 1798 
— distinguishes himself at sieges of Jaffa and 
Acre, May 1799 — at battle of Aboukir, Jul. 
1799 — Grand Marshal of the Palace, 1805 — 
commands division at Austerlitz, 1805 — con- 
tributes to victories of Wagram and Essling, 
1809 — Xf. by cannon-shot at Wurtschen, 23 
May 1813. 

Buroure, Louis Pierre Scipion de Beauvoir- 
Grimoard, Count, — suppresses insurrection of 
peasants in Vivarais, 1670 — serves with dis- 
tinction under Duke of Luxemburg in war be- 
tween France and Holland, 1673-8 — if. at 
Barjac, 1733. 

Buroure, Scipion de Beauvoir-Grimoard, 
Count, general, — b. in Vivarais, 10 Mar. 161 1 
— distinguishes himself at siege of Rochelle, 
1628-9 — Colonel, 1635 — distinguishes himself 
at combat of Ticino and battle of Montbaldon, 
1637 — at taking of Quiers, 1638 — at revictual- 
ling of Casal, 1639 — in Italian campaign, 1640 
— Grand Bailiff of Vivarais, Lieutenant-general, 
Councillor of State, Chevalier des Ordres, 1644.- 
61— distinguishes himself at battle of Rethel, 
1650 — tf. at Paris, 1669. 

Buroy, (Deroy, Begins,) Hendrik, physi- 
cian, — b. at Utrecht, 29 Jul. 1589 — ft. Prof, 
there, 10 Feb. 1679. Physiologia, 1641 — 
De Hydrophobia, 1644 — Fundamenta medicince, 
164.7 — Fhilosophia naturalis, 1651. 

Biirrenstein, — defeat of the French by Rus- 
sians at, n Nov. 1805. 

Burrius, Johann Conrad, — ft. at Niirnberg, 
1 1625 — if., 1677. Institutiones ethicce, 1665 — 



DURSTELER— DUVAL. 



Compendium theologies moralis, 1698 — Oratio 
adversus Spinosam, 1672. 

Dursteler, Gerard, historian, genealogist,— 
$. in Zurich, 1678 — tf. there, 1766. 

Burutte, Joseph Francois, Count, general, 
— ft. at Douai, 14 Jul. 1767 — General of 
Division, 27 Aug. 1803 — distinguishes himself 
in Austrian campaign, 1809 — serves in Russian 
campaign, 18 12 — at battle of Lutzen, 2 May 
18 13— distinguishes himself at battle of Denne- 
vitz, 6 Sep. — and at Leipsic, Oct. — Commander 
at Metz, 23 May 18 14 — Chevalier de St Louis, 
27 Jun. — Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 
23 Aug. — tf. at Ypres, 18 Aug. 1827. 

Dury, John, {Durceus,) theologian, —publishes 
project of union between Lutherans and Cal- 
vinists, assists at Assembly of Evangelicals at 
Frankfort, 1634 — tf., after 1674. Irenicorum 
Tractatuum prodromus, §c, 1661. 

Duryer, Pierre, dramatist, translator, — ft. at 
Paris, 1606 — secretary to the king, 1626 — 
admitted to French Academy, 1 646 — ft. , historio- 
grapher of France, at Paris, Oct. 1658. Scevola, 
164.6 — translation of Herodotus, 1645 — of Livy, 
1652 — of Polybius, 1655 — of Cicero, 1679. 

Dusart, Cornells, painter, — ft. at Haarlem, 
1665 — tf., 1704. 

Dusch, Johann Jacob, miscellaneous writer, 
translator, — ft. in Luneburg, 1725 — Prof. Eng- 
lish and German languages, Altona, 1767 — ■ 
Prof. Philosophy and Mathematics, 177 1 — tf., 
18 Dec. 1783,* i787. b Poetische Werke, 1765 
— Pope's sammtliche Werke, 1758-64 — Hume's 
Geschic'hte von England, 1767-71. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Bu Sommerard, Alexandre, archceologist, — 
ft. at Bar-sur-Aube, 1779 — member of the 
Cour des Comptes, 1807-23 — member of Legion 
of Honour, 18 16 — tf. at Paris, 19 Aug. 1842. 
Les Arts au Mo yen Age, 1838-46. 

Bussault, Jean Joseph, journalist, — ft. at 
Paris, 1 Jul. 1769 — tf. there, 14 Jul. 1824. 
Becomes joint editor of Journal des Debats, 
1800 — Annales Litteraires, 1818-24. 

Bussaulx, Jean, — ft. at Chartres, 28 Dec. 
1728 — admitted to Academy of Inscriptions, 
1776 — deputy to Legislative Assembly, 6 Jun. 
1792 — President of Council of Ancients, Jul. 
1796 — tf., 16 Mar. 1799. Satires de Juvenal 
traduites en francais, 1779 — Plusieurs lettres, 
traite's et reflexions sur la passion dujeu, 1779 — 
De mes rapports avec J. J. Rousseau, 1798. 

Dussek, Johann Ludwig, musical composer, 
— ft. at Czaslau, Bohemia, 9 Feb. 1761 — goes 
to Paris, 1786 — in London, 1790-1800 — in 
service of Talleyrand, 1807-12 — tf. at St Ger- 
main, 20 Mar. 1 812. 

Busseldorf, — raised to rank of a town by 
Adolphus V., Duke of Berg, 1288 — fortified, 
about 1750 — bombarded by the French, i794, a 
I 795 bc — fortifications razed by Treaty of 
Luneville, 1802 — with duchy of Berg, united 
to Prussia, 18 15. Picture Gallery, founded by 
Elector Johann Wilhelm, 17 10 — removed to 
Munich, 1808. Academy of Painting, found- 
ed by Elector Karl Theodor, 1767 — renovated 
by Frederick William III., 1822. 

a Macculloch. b Encyc. Mod. c Conv.-Lex. 



Busseldorf School of Painting-, — rises into 
distinction under Cornelius and Schadow, 
1822-6. 

Dutens, Joseph Michel, economist, — ft. at 
Tours, 15 Oct. 1765— sent to examine canal 
system of England, 18 18 — tf., 6 Aug. 1848. 
Memoires sur les travaux publics de I'Angle- 
terre, 18 19. 

Butens, Louis, archceologist, $c, — ft. at 
Tours, 15 Jan. 1730— chaplain and secretary 
to English minister at Turin, 1758-62° — 
F.R.S. London, admitted to Academy of in- 
scriptions, 1775 — tf. at Elsdon, Northumber- 
land, a at London, b 23 May 18 12. Edition of 
Leibnitz, 1768° — Eecherches sur Vorigine. des 
de'eouvertes attributes aux inodernes, 1766,* 
1776 bc — Explication de quelques medailles 
Grecques et Pheniciennes, 1776 — Itineraire des 
routes les plus frequent ees del' Europe, 1775. 
a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Ersch. and Gruber. 

Dutertre, Jean Baptiste, Dominican' , — ft. 
at Calais, 1610 — present at taking of Maestricht, 
1633 — enters Dominican Order, 1635 — sent to 
the Antilles, 1640-57 — tf. at Paris, 1687. Ris- 
toire generate des Antilles, $c, 1667-71. 

Butheil, Jean Gabriel de la Porte, diploma- 
tist, — ft., about 1683 — secretary to ambassador 
at Madrid, 1701 — assists at Congress of Utrecht, 
17 1 1 — of Baden, 1714 — tf. at Paris, 17 Aug. 

1755. 

Butillet, Jean, historical writer, — ft. at 
Angouleme, about 1500 — tf., 2 Oct. 1570. 
Sommaire da la guerre faite contre les Albigeois, 
1590 — Eecueil de guerres et de traite's de paix, 
§c., d'entre les rois de France et d' Angleterre, 
§c, 1588 — Recueil des roisde France, §c, 1589. 

Butillet, Jean, — Bp of St Brieux, 1553 — 
Bp of Meaux, 1565— tf., 19 Nov. 1570. Paral- 
lels de vitis ac moribus paparum cum prcecipuis 
ethnicis, 16 10 — Chronicon de regibus Francorum, 

&•> *543- . , 

Butlingen— the French defeated by DuLe 
of Lorraine at, 25 Nov. 1643. 

Butrochet, Rene Joachim Henri, physiolor- 
gist, — ft. in Poitou, 14 Nov. 1776 — M.D. Paris, 
1 806 — physician to Joseph Bonaparte, king of 
Spain, 1808 — returns to France, 1809 — rj. at 
Paris, 4 Feb. 1847. Nouvelles recher dies sur 
V Endosmose et V Exosmose, §c, 1828 — Memoires 
pour servir a Vhistoire anatomique et physiolo- 
gique des ve'ge'taux et des animaux, 1837. 

Buumvirs, ■ — [BC] — naval, first elected at 
Rome, 311. 

Buval, {Valentin Jameray,) numismatist, — ft. 
in Champagne, 1695 — librarian to Duke of 
Lorraine, about 17 18 — keeper of Imperial Ca- 
binet, Vienna, about 1739 — tf. there, 3 Sep. 
1775. Numism. cimelii Ccesarei regii Austria- 
ci Vindobonensis, §c, 1754-55 — Monnaiesen or et 
en argent qui composcnt une partie du cabinet de 
Vempereur, 1759-69. 

Buval, Francois, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at 
Tours, about 1690 — tr., about 1730 ? Memoires 
historiques de la revolte des Cevennes, 1708. 

Buval, Guillaume,— tf. Dean of Royal Pro- 
fessors of College of France, 22 Sep. 1646. 
EListoire du College Royal, 1644 — edition and 
Latin translation of Aristotle, 1619. 



462 



DUVAL— EADBEET. 



Duval, Jules, publicist, — b. at Rodez, (Avey- 
ron,) 18 13 — Advocate, 1836 — goes to Algeria, 
1847 — returns to France, 1850 — again in Al- 
geria, 1852-54 — attached to Journal des JDebats, 
1855 — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 24 Jan. 
1863 — ij. at Tours, 20 Sep. 1870. Algerie, 
1854 — Histoire de V emigration Europeenne, 
Asiatique, et Africaine au XIX e siecle, 1862 — 
Colotiies et la politique coloniale de la France, 
1864. 

Duval, Robert, — b\, about 1500 — rj., 1567. 
De veritate et antiquitate artis chemicce, 156 1. 

Duval Le Roy, Nicolas Claude, — mathema- 
tician, — b. at Bayeux, about 1730 — tf. corre- 
spondent of the Institute, 6 Dec. 1810. Traits' 
d'optique, (translation,) 1767 — Supplement, 
1784 — Supplement au Traite d' ' Optique de New- 
ton, 1783. 

Duval. [Valla, Nicolas.] 

Duvaucel, Alfred, naturalist, — b. at Paris, 
1792 — sets out for India, as naturalist of the 
king, 18 18 — U. at Madras, Aug. 1824. 

Duverdier, Antoine, — b. in Forez, n Nov. 
1544 — tf. at Duerne, 25 Sep\ 1600. La Proso- 
graphie, 1573 — La JBibliotheque, 1585. 

Duvernet, Theophile Imarigeon, abbe, his- 
torian, — b. in Auvergne, about 1730 — rj., 1796. 
Vie de Voltaire, 1786 — Histoire de la Sorbonne, 
1790. 

Duverney, Joseph Guichard, anatomist, — rj. 
in Forez, 5 Aug. 1648 — admitted to Academy 
of Sciences, 1676 — Prof. Anatomy, Jardin 
Royal, 1679 — fr., 10 Sep. 1730. Traite de for- 
gone de I'oiiie, 1683. 

Duvernoy, Georges Louis, anatomist, §c, — 
b. at Montbeliard, 6 Aug. 1777 — graduates at 
Paris, 1 80 1 — Prof. Natural History, Strasburg, 
1827 — -Prof. Natural History, College de France, 
1837 — Prof. Comparative Anatomy, 1850 — ft. 
at Paris, 1 Mar. 1855. 

Duvet, Jean, engraver, — rj., 1485. 

Duvivier, Ignace, painter, — ft., 1832. 

Dwellings, (Artisans' and Labourers' ,) in 
England, — improvement of, provided for, by 
Act 31 and 32 Vic. c. 130, 31 Jul. 1868. 

Dwight, Timothy, theologian, — h. in Massa- 
chusetts, 14 May 1752 — graduates at Yale Col- 
lege, Newhaven, 1769 — President of Yale Col- 
1 ege, Prof. Theology, 1795-18 17 — ft., 1.1 Jan. 
18x7. Travels in New England and New York, 
1 82 1 — Theology explained and defended, 181 8 — 
Conquest of Canaan, 1785. 

Dyce, William, painter, $c, — b. at Aber- 
deen, 1806 — M.A. Marischal College, 1822 — 
visits Italy, and studies at Rome, 1825 and 
1827 — first exhibits at the Royal Scottish 
Academy, 1827 — exhibits at Royal Academy, 



London, 1831 — A.R.A.S., 1835 — head-master 
of School of Design, 1838-43 — A.R.A., 1845 — 
employed at Buckingham Palace, 1845— R. A., 
1848 — ft. at Streatham, 14 Feb. 1864. St 
JDunstan separating Edwy and Elgiva, 1839 — ' 
King Joash, 1 844 — Baptism of Ethelbert, 
Souse of Lords, 1 845 — Virgin and Child, 1 846 
— 'Meeting of Jacob and Rachel, 1 850 — frescoes 
in All Saints' Church, Margaret-st, (completed,) 
1859 — St John, i860. 

Dyck, Anton van. [Vandyck.] 

Dyck, (Lijk,) Floris van, painter, — b. at 
Haarlem, 1577. 

Dyck, Philip van, painter, — b. at Amster- 
dam, 1680 — ft. at the Hague, Feb. 1752 or 1753. 

Dyer, George, classical scholar, — b. in Lon- 
don, 15 Mar. 1755 — enters Emmanuel College, 
Cambridge, 1774 — settles in London, 1792 — ft. 
there, 2 Mar. 1841. Engaged as joint editor 
of Valpy's Classics, 18 19-30 — History of the 
University and Colleges of Cambridge, 18 14 — 
Privileges of the University, 1824. 

Dyer, Sir James, Chief Justice of the 
Common Pleas, — b. in Somersetshire, about 
1511-1,2 — called to the bar, before 1537 a — 
Serjeant-at-law, 17 Oct. 1552 a — Speaker of 
House of Commons, Mar. 1553 — Knt, before 8 
May 1557 — judge in Court of Common Pleas, 
8 May 1557 — Chief Justice C.P., 22 Jan. 1559 
— ft. in Huntingdonshire, 24 Mar. 1582. Re- 
ports, 1585. a Foss. 

Dyer, John, poet, — b. at Aberglasney, Car- 
marthenshire, 1700 — ft., 1758. Grongar Hill, 
1727 — Ruins of Rome, 1740 — The Fleece, 1758. 

Dymond, Jonathan, moralist, — b. at Exeter, 
1796 — ft., 1828. Essay on the Principles of 
Morality, 1829. 

Dynamometer, — Regnier's invented, about 
1798 — Morin's exhibited, 1851. 

Dyrrachium, [Epidamnus,] — [B C]— occu- 
pied by Pompey, winter 49-48— unsuccessfully 
besieged by Csesar, spring 48 — [AD] — earth- 
quake at, 345— taken by Theodoric the Ostro- 
goth, 479. [Durazzo.] 

Dyskinetos, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
102, 3,) 370. 

Dzialinski, Xavier, general, — member of the 
deputation to prepare Polish Constitution of 3 
May 1791 — promotes insurrection at "Warsaw of 
17 Apr. 1794 — imprisoned by Prussians at Glo- 
gau ; sent to Siberia by Empress Catherine, Mar. 
1795- — recalled by Paul I., 1796 ? — rj., 1798. 

Dzondi, Karl Heinrich, physician,—b. in 
Saxony, 25 Sep. 1770 — librarian to University 
of Wittenberg, 1800 — surgeon to Military 
Hospital, 1806 — visits Vienna, 18 10 — Prof. 
Surgery, Halle, 1811 — ft., 1 Jun. 1835. 



E 



Eadbald, King of Kent, — succeeds Ethel- 
bert, 616 — is baptized; ft., 20 Jan. a 640. 
a Lappcnberg. 



Eadbert, King of Kent, — succeeds Wiht- 
red, 23 Apr. 725 — ft., 748. 

Eadbert, King of Northumbria, — sue- 



EADBERT— EAST INDIA COMPANY. 



463 



ceeds his cousin Ceolwulf, 737 — resigns and 
enters a monastery, 757 — tf., 20 Aug. 768. 

Eadbert (Edbert) Praen, King op Kent, 
794 — captured by Cenwulf, (Cynulf,) 796. 

Eadburga, daughter of Offa, — marries Briht- 
ric of Wessex, 787 — poisons Mm, and is ex- 
pelled the kingdom, 800. 

Eadmer, (Edmer,) historian, — becomes friend 
of Anselm, about 1093 — cbosen Bp of St An- 
drews, 1 1 20 — but returns to Canterbury; and 
Jj., Jan. 1 1 24? Historic? Novorum, §c, 1122 ? 

Eadric Streona, Earl .op Mercia, — takes a 
leading part in massacre of the Danes, Nov. 
1002 — made ealdorman of Mercia and marries 
Eadgytb, soon after : minister of Ethelred II., 
1 014— murders Sigefertb and Morcar, at Ox- 
ford, 1 014 — joins Cnut, 10 15 — gets Uhtred, 
Earl of Northumbria, put to deatb, and succeeds 
Mm, 1 015 — fights against Edmund Ironside at 
Sceorstan, 1016 — returns to the service of Ed- 
mund, and betrays him at Assandune, 1016 — 
put to death by Cnut, 1017. 

Eagle, — [B C] — adopted as Eoman standard, 
104 — [AD] — emblem of the Teutonic Knights, 
1 148 — double-headed, appears on arms of the 
Empire under Sigismund, 1433 — adopted as 
Eussian symbol, by Ivan Vassilivich, (tf., 1584) 
— adopted by United States, 1783 — in France, 
adopted by Napoleon I., 1804 — superseded by 
the Jleur de lys, 18 15 — restored by Napoleon 
III., 1852. 

Eagle, {base coin,) — current in Ireland, about 
1272. 

Eagle, Order of the, — founded by the Em- 
peror Albert II., 1433 a a Erscli and Gruber. 

Eagle, Black, — Order of the, instituted by 
Frederick I. of Prussia, 17 Jan. 17 01. 

Eagle, Golden,— Order of the, instituted at 
"Wiirtemberg, by Duke Eberhard Ludwig, 1702 
—reconstituted 1807 — united with the Order of 
the Crown of Wurtemberg, 1818. 

Eagle, Red, — Order of the, instituted as 
Ordre de la Sincerite, by Margrave of Baireuth, 
1705 — reconstituted as the Brandenburg Red 
Eagle, 13 Jul. 1734 — made second Prussian 
Order, 1791 — reorganized, 18 10. 

Eagle, "White, — Order of the, instituted in 
Poland, by Ladislaus V., 1325 — confirmed by 
Pope Urban VIIL, 1634 — suppressed, about 
1638 — reestablished by Augustus II., 1 Nov. 
1705 — included in Eussian orders by statute of 
26 Feb. 1832. 

Eardwulf, King op Northumbria, — sup- 
ports Alfwold against Ethelred, before 780 — is 
sentenced to death, but is saved by the monks, 
792 — succeeds Ethelred, 14 May 795, 796 a — 
defeats Wada, 2 Apr. 798 — expelled, goes to 
the court of Charles the Great, 806 — restored 
to the throne, 809^ a Lappenberg. 

Earl Marshal's Court, — abolished by Long 
Parliament, 1641. 

Earle, John, theologian, — ft. at York, about 
1 60 1 — enters Merton Coll. Oxford, 1620 — 
M.A., 1624 — D.D., 1642 — Bp of Worcester, 
1662 — Bp of Salisbury, 1663 — attends the king 
and queen to Oxford, 1665 — ft. there, 17 Nov. 
1665. Microcosmography, 1628 — Latin trans- 
lation of the Ikon Basilike, 1649. 



Earlom, Richard, engraver, — .ft. in Somerset- 
shire, 1728 — lj. in London, 1794^ Liber 
Veritatis, 1779. a Nagler. 

Early English, or Lancet, style in Architec- 
ture, — appears, about 11 90 — merges in the De- 
corated, (Geometrical,) about 1275 — term 
brought into use by Millers, 1805^ a Parker. 

Early English Text Society, — established 
in London, 1864. 

Earth, Figure of the, — theoretically deter- 
mined by Newton, in the JPrincipia, 1687. 
[Degree, Measurement of, Pendulum.] 

Earthquake, Council of the, — held in Lon- 
don, respecting Wickliffe, 17 May 1382. 

East Anglia, Kingdom of, East Angles, — 
constituted by Uffa, 57 1— Redwald (Bretwalda) 
succeeds, 593,* 599b — Eorpwald, 617 — Jr., 628 a 
— baptism of Eorpwald, 632 b — Sigebert, 631 
— resigns, 634 — ft., 635 — Eigric, 634 — Anna, 
635— iEthelhere, 654 — Ethelwold, 655— Eald- 
wulf, 663 — Sees founded at Domnoc and Elm- 
ham, 673 — Alfwold, 713 — tf., 749 — annexed to 
Mercia, by Offa, who murders Ethelbert, 792 
— submits to Egbert, 823 — ravaged by Danes, 
838, 866, 870 — settlement of Guthrum in, 880 
— support the Danes, 893-4-7 — make peace 
with Edward the Elder, 906 — conquered by 
him, 921. a Lappenberg. b Annals of England. 

East India Company, (English,) — formed, 
1599 — incorporated by Eoyal Charter, 31 Dec. 
1600 — obtains permission from native princes 
to establish factories, about 16 12 — invested 
with powers of government, 1624 — other bodies 
empowered to trade with India, 1636 and 1655 
— new charter, 1657- — reincorporatedby Charles 
II., 3 Apr. 1 66 1 — new company formed, about 
1688 a — charter (monopoly) renewed, 7 Oct. 
1693 — parliamentary examination of its ac- 
counts, 1 695 d — rival company incorporated by 9 
"Wm III. c. 44, 1698 — chartered, 5 Sep. 1698 b 
— union of the two companies, by 1 Ann. st. 1, 
c. 12, 1 70 1 — charter of ' United Company,' 
1702 — exclusive rights conferred by parliament, 
1707, 1708 ab — select committee on, 1772° — 
loan for, granted by parliament, 1773 — Go- 
vernor-general appointed at Bengal, by Act 13 
Geo. III. c. 63, 1773 — charter renewed and 
modified by Act 53 Geo. ILL c. 133, 18 13— 
charter expires and trading privileges cease, 
1833— charter renewed and affairs administered 
under Act 3 and 4 Wm IY. c. 85, 28 Aug. 
1833 — number of directors reduced to 18 by 
Act 16 and 17 Vic. c. 95, 20 Aug. 1853 — go- 
vernment of India transferred to the Crown, by 
Act 21 and 22 Vic. c. 106, 2 Aug. 1858 — 
management of the stock of, provided for by 
Act 23 and 24 Vic. c. 102, 20 Aug. i860. 
[Board of Control, India BilL] 
a Brande and Cox's Diet. b Annals of England. 
c Pict. Hist. England. d Macaulay. 

East India Company, — Danish, established, 
i6i6, a i6i8 b — dissolved, 1634 — new one 
formed, 1670 — third, 1686 a — fourth, i73i, a 
I - 7 32 b — rights of the company purchased by the 
king, 1777 — charter renewed, 1792. Dutch, 
formed, 1595 — union of several companies con- 
firmed by the States, 1602. French, established, 
1664 — dissolved by ordinance of Louis XV., 8 



4 6 4 



EASTER— EASTERN EMPIRE. 



Apr. 1770 — new, formed, 178,$ — dissolved, 
1790. Swedish, established, 1741 — reorganized, 
1806. Ostend, by Leopold, 17 18 — the Dutch 
prohibited from supporting it, under pain of 
death, 172 i a — dissolved by the Emperor 
Charles VI., 17 31. a Rees' Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. 
Easter, — controversy respecting time of 
keeping, begins, between Polycarp and Anicetus, 
162 a — breaks out afresh, Victor Bp of Rome 
excommunicates churches of Asia Minor, 1 90* — 
letter of Polycrates of Ephesus, 197 b — celebra- 
tion on same day throughout the world, decreed 
by Council of Aries, 314 — unsuccessful attempt 
of Constantine to procure uniformity by nego- 
tiation, 324° — uniform celebration on Sunday 
decreed (?) by Council of Nice, 325 — the dis- 
sidents (Qaartodecimani) excluded from the 
church, 325 — new method of reckoning pro- 
posed by Dionysius Exiguus and adopted by 
Eastern and Western Churches,532, e 525, fc 530g 
— conferences of Augustine with British bishops, 
6o3, d (601, 602, 604, 599 ?) — Columban writes 
to Popes Gregory and Boniface and to a synod 
of Gaul respecting, 590-610 — discussion re- 
specting, at synod of Streoneshealh, (Whitby,) 
664 cd — dispute settled in accordance with 
Roman view, at Council of Hertford, 24 Sep. 
673 — conformity of monks of Iona, 716. 
a Neander. b Clinton. c Robertson. 

d Annals of England. e Pinkerton. 

f Hook. 8 Engl. Cyc. 

Eastern Empire, Greek, Byzantine, or 
Lower Empire, Emperors of Constantinople, 
—dedication of Constantinople as capital of the 
Roman Empire, 330 or 334 — division of the 
Eastern and Western Empires made by Val- 
entinian, 364 — Valens, named Emperor of the 
East, spring 364 — Theodosius the Great, Jan. 
379— Arcadius, (son,) Jan. 395 — Theodosius 
II., (son,) May 408 — Marcianus, Aug. 450— 
Leo I., Feb. 457 — associates his grandson Leo 
II. with him, close of 473 — Leo II.,. Jan. 474 
— the Regent Zeno declared Emperor, Peb. 
474 — Zeno, sole, on Leo's death, Nov. 474 — 
dethroned by Basiliscus, Jan. 476," 475 b — re- 
stored, Aug. 47 7, a 475 b — [Henoticon] — 
Anastasius I., Apr. 491 — Justinus I., Jul. 
518 — Justinianus, (nephew,) Aug. or Apr. 
527 — [Belisarius] — Justinus II., (nephew,) 
Nov. 565— Tiberius II., Constantine, Sep. 
578 — Mauricius, Aug. 582 — Phccas, Nov. 
602 — Heraclius, Oct. 610 — [Ecthesis] — 
Heraclius II., Constantine, (son,) associated 
with his father, Jan. 613 — sole, Feb. 641 — 
Heracleonas, (brother,) May 641 — Constans 
II., (nephew,) on exile of Heracleonas, Sep. or 
Oct. 641 — Constantine III.,Pogonatus, (son,) 
Augustus, Apr. 654 — succeeds, Sep. 668— 
Justinianus II., (son,) Augustus,68i — succeeds, 
Sep. 685 — Leontius dethrones and succeeds 
him, 695 — Tiberius III., Apsimar, deposes 
Leontius, 698 — Justinianus II. restored, close 
of 705 — Philippicus Bardanes puts to death 
and succeeds him, Dec. 711 — is deposed and 
succeeded by Anastasius II., (Artemius,) Jun. 
713 — abdicates: Theodosius III., Jan. or Feb. 
716 — resigns Empire to Leo III., the Isaurian, 
about May 717,° Mar. 718 d — Constantine IV., 



Copronymus, (son,) Augustus, Mar. 720 — suc- 
ceeds, Jan. 741— Leo IV., Chazar, (son,) asso- 
ciated in the Empire, Jan. 751 — succeeds, Sep. 
775— Constantine V., (son,) associated in the 
Empire, Apr. 776 — -succeeds, with his mother 
Irene, Sep. 780 — alone, 790 — murdered by 
Irene, Aug. 797 — Irene deposed and succeeded 
by Nicephorus I., Oct. 802 — Stauracius, Jul. 
811 — abdicates: Michael I., Rhangabe, 
(brother-in-law,) Oct. 811 — abdicates : Leo V., 
the Armenian, Jul. 813 — murdered: Michael 
II., the Stammerer, Dec. 820 — Theophilus, 
(son,) Oct. 829 — Michael III., the Sot, (son,) 
Jan. 842 — Theodora regent ; murdered and 
succeeded by Basilius I., the Macedonian, Sep. 
867 — Leo VI., (son,) Augustus, 870 — succeeds, 
Mar. 886 — Alexander, (son,) and Constantine 
VI., Porphyrogenitus, May 911 — Constantine 
sole, Zoe regent, Jun. 912 — Romanus I. Leca- 
penus, jointly with Constantine, Dec. 919 — as- 
sociates his son Christopher, May 920 — and his 
sons Stephen and Constantine VII., 928— 
Christopher if., Aug. 931 — Romanus exiled, 
Dec. 944 — Stephen and Constantine VII. 
exiled, Jan. 945 — Constantine VI. poisoned and 
succeeded by his son Romanus II., (colleague 
since 948,) Nov. 959— Nicephorus II., Phocas, 
after interregnum of about 4 months, Jul., c 
Aug. d 963 — assassinated by his successor John 
Zimisces, Dec. 969 — declares Basilius II. and 
Constantine VIII. his colleagues : death of 
Zimisces, Jan. 976 — death of Basilius II., Dec. 
1025 — Romanus III., Argyrus, Nov. 1028 — 
murdered by his wife, and succeeded by her 
paramour Michael IV., the Paphlagonian, Apr. 
1034 — abdicates : Michael V., Calaphates, 
(nephew,) Dec. 1041 — deposed : Zoe and 
Theodora, Apr. to Jun. 1042 — Constantine IX., 
Monomachus, on marrying Zoe, Jun. 1042 — 
Theodora, sole, Nov. d 1054 — Michael VI., 
Stratioticus, Aug. 1056 — deposed: Isaac I., 
Comnenus, Aug. 1057 — abdicates: Con- 
stantine X., Bucas, Dec. 1059 — Eudocia, 
(widow,) with her sons Michael VII., Para- 
pinaces, Andronicus I., Constantine X., May 
1067 — Romanus IV., Biogenes, marries 
Eudocia, and reigns with her, Jan. io68, c Aug. 
1067 d — Michael VII., sole, on death of Ro- 
manus, Oct. 107 1 — deposed: Nicephorus Boto- 
niates and Nicephorus Bryennius, Mar. 1078 
— Alexius I., Comnenus, Apr. 1081 — John 
Comnenus, (son,) Augustus, 1092 — succeeds, 
Aug. 1 118 — Manuel I., Comnenus, Apr. 1143 
—Alexius II., Comnenus, (son,) Sep. 11.80— 
murdered by his successor, Andronicus I., 
Comnenus, Oct. 1183 — murdered and succeeded 
by Isaac II., Angelus Comnenus, Sep. 1185 — 
deposed: Alexius III., Angelus, Apr. 11 95 — 
deposed: Isaac II. restored, Jul. 1203 — with 
his son Alexius IV., Aug. 1203 — Nicholas 
Canabus elected, Jan. 1204 — Alexius Bucas, 
(Murzuphle,) usurper, Feb. 1204 — Constanti- 
nople taken by the crusaders, Apr. 1204. 

Latin Emperors : Baldwin I., Count op 
Flanders, May 1204 — Henry I., (brother,) 
Aug. 1206 — tf., Jun. 1 2 16 — Peter of Courtenay, 
Apr. 12 17 — Robert of Courtenay, (son,) suc- 
ceeds, 1 21 9 — crowned, 1221 — Baldwin II., 



EASTLAKE— ECBATANA. 



465 



(brother,) 1228 — John of" Brienne, during 
minority of Baldwin, 1229-37 — Constantinople 
taken by the army of Michael Palaeologus, Jul. 
1261. 

Greek Emperors : [Theodore Lascaris 
I. and II., John Ducas Vataces, John Las- 
caris,] — Michael Palaeologus, joint Emperor 
with John Lascaris at Mcaea, 1260 — enters 
Constantinople, Aug. 1261 — Andronicus II., 
Palaeologus, (son,) joint Emperor, 1273— suc- 
ceeds alone, Dec. 1282 — compelled to retire, 
May 1328— Andronicus III., Palaeologus, joint 
Emperor, 1325 — succeeds, Feb. 1332 — John 
Palaeologus, (son,) Jun. 1341 — John Canta- 
cuzene assumes joint power, Oct. — deposes 
John, 1347 — but abdicates, Jan. 1355— -Manuel 
II., Palaeologus, (son of John,) jointly, 1373 — 
succeeds, 1391 — John Palaeologus II., (son,) 
Jul. 1425 — Constantine XII., Palaeologus, 
(Bragases,) (brother,) Nov. 1448 — Constanti- 
nople taken by Mahomet II., 29 May 1453. 
a Pagi. b Muratori. c Art de Verifier les Dates. 
d Gibbon. 

Eastlake, Sir Charles Lock, President of 
the Roya;l Academy, — fc. at Plymouth, 17 Nov. 
1793 — student at Royal Academy, 1808 — settles 
at Plymouth, 18 15 — visits Italy with Sir C. 
Barry and Brockedon, 1817 — at Rome, 1820-29 
— A.R.A., 1827— R.A., 1830— F.R.S., 1838 — 
Secretary to Commission of Fine Arts, 1841 — 
Librarian to R.A., 1842-4 — Keeper of National 
Gallery, 1843-7— Pres.R.A., 1850— D.C.L. Ox- 
ford, 1853 — Director of National Gallery, 1855 
— member of Legion of Honour, 1855 — tf. at 
Pisa, 23 Dec. 1865. Pilgrims arriving in 
sight of Rome, 1828 — Christ blessing little 
Children, 1839— Christ weeping over Jerusa- 
lem, 1 841 — Helena, 1849 — Ippolita Torelli,, 
1 85 1 — Violante, 1853 — translation of Goethe's 
Farbenlehre, 1840 — Materials for a History of 
Oil-Painting, 1847. 

Easton, Adam, Cardinal, — accused of con- 
spiracy against Pope Urban VI., and imprisoned, 
Jan. 1385 — removed to Genoa, Sep. — pardoned, 
on intercession of Richard II., 1386. 

Ebbo, Bp of Rheims, — assists at Council of 
Thionville, Oct. 822 — missionary to the North- 
men, 822-6 and 831 — presides at Assembly of 
Compiegne, deposes Louis le Debonnaire, Oct. 
833 — deprived of his See by Council of Thion- 
ville, Feb. 835 — withdraws to court of Ba- 
varia, and is made Bp of Hildesheim, 844 — 
tf. there, 851. 

Ebel, Johann Gottfried, geologist, £c, — b. 
at Zullichau, ac Frankfort-on-the-Oder, b 6 Oct. 
1764,^ 1768 a— M.D., 1788— goes to Paris, 
1796- — tf. at Zurich, 8 Oct. 1830. Anleitung 
auf die nutzlichste . . Art die Schweiz zu 
bereisen, 1793 — Schilderung der Gebirgsrblker 
der Schweiz, 1798- 1802 — TJeber den Bau der 
Erde in den Alpengebirgen, 1808. 
a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Erscb and Gruber. 

Ebeling, Christoph Daniel, geographer, — 
h. near Hildesheim, 1741 — studies at Gottingen, 
1763 — Prof. History and Greek, Hamburg, 
1784 — tf., 1 8 17. Erdbeschreibung und Ge- 
schichte von Amerika, (part of Biischings Erd- 
beschreibung ,) 1787. 



Ebelmen, Jacques Joseph, chemist, — ft. at 
Beaume-les-Danies, 10 Jul. 18 14 — Prof. Analy- 
sis at the Ecole des Mines, 1 840 — Director of 
Royal Manufacture of Sevres, 1 847 — Engineer- 
in-chief of Mines, Mar. 1852 — tf., 31 Mar. 
1852. Recueil des travaux scientiftques de M. 
Ebelmen, 1855. 

Eber, Paul, theologian, — ft. in Franconia, 8 
Nov. 1511 — M.A. "Wittenberg, 1536— sent 
with Melanchthon to conference at Worms, 
i54i, a 1557 b — Prof. Philosophy, Wittenberg, 
1544 — Prof. Hebrew, 1556 a— Prof. Theology, 
1557 b — first pastor, 1558 — tf. at Wittenberg, 
10 Dec. 1569^ 20 Dec. 1589.° JBiblia Ger- 
manico-Latina, 1565. a Biog. Univ. 

b Erscb and Gruber. c Cbalmers. 

Eberhard, August Gottlob, poet, miscel- 
laneous writer, — fc. at Belzig, 1769 — tf. at 
Dresden, 13 May 1845. Ferdinand Werner, 
1802 — Federzeichnungen von Ernst Scherzer, 
1805 — Der erste Mensch und die Erde, 1828. 

Eberhard, Johann August, philosopher, — 
fc. at Halberstadt, 31 Aug. 1739 — studies at 
Halle, 1756-9 — Prof. Philosophy, Halle, 17*78 
— member of Academy of Sciences, Berlin, 
1786— D.D., 1808— tf. at Stockholm, 6 Jan. 
1809. Sittenlehre der Vernunft, 17 81 — Theorie 
der schonen Kiinste und Wissenschaften, 1783 — 
Allgemeine Geschichte der Philosophic, 1788 — 
Synonymisches Handwbrterbuch der deutschen 
Sprache, 1802. 

Eberhard. [Wurtemberg.] 

Eherl, Anton, musical composer, — h. at 
Vienna, 13 Jun. 1766 — tf., 15 Mar. 1807. 

Ebert, Friedrich Adolf, bibliographer, — fc. 
near Leipsic, 9 Jul. 17 91 — secretary to Royal 
Public Library, Dresden, 18 14— Librarian to 
Duke of Brunswick, Wolfenbiittel, 1823 — 
Librarian to the king, Dresden, 1825 — Chief 
Librarian, 1828 — tf. at Dresden, 13 Nov. 1834. 
Geschichte und Beschreibung der koniglichm 
bffentlichen Bibliothek zu Dresden, 1822 — All- 
gemeines bibliographisches Lexicon, 1821-30. 

Eberwein, Traugott Maximilian, musical 
composer, — b. at Weimar, 27 Oct. 1775 — tf., 2 
Dec. 1831. 

Ebionites, — first so designated by Irenaeus, 
177-197 — continue to exist as a sect, after 300. 

Ebko, (Ecco,Eyke de Pep/cow,) — Q„ 1210-30 
— compiles the Speculum Saxonicum, [Sachsen- 
Spiegel,) about 1230; printed, 1472. 

Eble, Jean Baptiste, general, — fc. in Lor- 
raine, 21 Dec. 1758 — enters the army, 1767 — 
serves under Dumouriez, Pichegru, and Jourdan, 
1792 — General of Brigade, Dec. 1793 — takes 
part in conquest of Holland, 1794 — defends 
Kehl against the Austrians, 1797 — serves in 
campaign of Hohenlinden, 1 800-1 — directs siege 
of Ciudad Rodrigo, 18 10 — serves in expedition 
of Russia, 1 81 2— tf. at Konigsberg, 21 Jan. 
1813. 

Ebro, (Iberus,) in Spain, — [BC] — made 
boundary of Carthaginian Empire by treaty be- 
tween the Senate and Hasdrubal, 227. 

Eburones,— [B C] — revolt under Ambiorix, 
54 — subdued by Caesar, winter 54-53. 

Ecbatana, (Aehmetha, Agbatana,) Hamadan, 
— [BC] — built, about 709, 700 — festival of 
30 



466 



ECCELINO-^ECTHESIS. 



Dionysus observed at, by Alexander, 324 — dis- 
mantled by Alexander at Hephsestion's death, 
324. [Hamadan.] 
Eccelino. [Romano, Eccelino da.] 
Ecclesiastical Commission* Court of, —estab- 
lished by James II., 14 Jul. 1686 — dissolved, 
8 Oct. 1688— by William III., for revision of 
the Liturgy, 30 Nov. 1689. 

Ecclesiastical Commissioners, — appointed 
by William IV., 1835 — permanent, incor- 
porated by Act 6 and 7 Wm IV. c. 77, 13 Aug. 
1836 — constitution amended by Acts 3 and 4 
Vic. c. 113, 10 Aug. 1840; 4 and 5 Vic. c. 39, 
.21 Jun. 1 841 ; 6 and 7 Vic. c. 37, 28 Jul. 
1843; 7 and 8 Vic. c. 94, 9 Aug. 1844; 13 
and 14 Vic. c. 94, '14 Aug. 1850; and 14 and 
15 Vic. c. 104, 8 Aug. 1851 — order arrange- 
ments for prelates' salaries, 25 Aug. 1851 — 
powers of Church Building Commissioners 
transferred to, by Act 19 and 20 Vic. c. 55, 21 
Jul. 1856. [Probate and Divorce Court.] 

Ecclesiastical Courts, in Eng land,— erected 
by the king, declared illegal by Act 1 Wm and 
Mar. Sess. 2, c. 2, 1689 — excommunication 
abolished by Act 53 Geo. III. c. 127, 12 Jul. 
1 81 3 — duties and emoluments of officers re- 
gulated by Act 10 Geo. IV. c. 53, 19 Jun. 
1829 — Statute of Limitations as to real estate 
extended to suits in, by Act 3 and 4 Wm IV. 
c. 27, 24 Jul. 1833 — proceedings in, under 
Church Discipline Act, regulated by Act 3 and 
4 Vic. c. 86, 7 Aug. 1840 — may examine wit- 
nesses viva voce by Act 17 and 18 Vic. c. 47, 
24 Jul. 1854' — jurisdiction of, in defamation, 
abolished by Act 18 and 19 Vic. c. 41, 26 Jun. 
1855 — testamentary jurisdiction abolished, and 
transferred to Court of Probate, by Act 20 and 
21 Vic. c. 77, 25 Aug. 1857 — matrimonial 
jurisdiction transferred to Court for Divorce by 
20 and 21 Vic. c. 85, 28 Aug. 1857 — juris- 
diction in brawling, except for persons in holy 
orders, abolished by Act 23 and 24 Vic. c. 32, 
3 Jul. i860. 

Ecclesiastical Titles, — assumption of, in 
respect of places in the United Kingdom, pro- 
hibited by Act 14 and 15 Vic. c. 60, 1 Aug. 
1 85 1 — repeal of Act recommended by Select 
Committee, Aug. 1867. 
Ecco de Repkow. [Ebko.J 
Echard, Lawrence, historian, — fc. in Suf- 
folk, 1671 ? — M.A. Cambridge, 1695— Pre- 
bendary of Lincoln, 17 12— if. F.S.A., 16 Aug. 
1730. Roman History, 1699 — General Ec- 
clesiastical History ', 1702 — History of England, 
1707-18. 
Echinus. [Erizzo, Sebastiano.] 
Echion, painter, sculptor, — [B Cj — fl., about 
(01. 107,) 352. 

Echo, asteroid, — discovered by Ferguson, 14 
Sep. i860. 

Eck, Johann Mayr von, (Eckius,) theologian, 
— b. at Eck, in Suabia, 13 Nov. i486 — goes to 
Heidelberg Univ., 1498— to Tubingen, 1500 — 
M.A., and removes to Cologne, 1501 — settles 
at Freiburg, (Breisgau,) 1502 — ordained priest, 
1508 — D.D., 1509 — Prof. Theology, Ingol- 
stadt, 15 10 — canon of Eichstadt, 15 12 — visits 
Bologna, 15 15 — visits Vienna, 15 16 — becomes 



acquainted with Luther, about 1516 — has a 
controversy with Carlstadt, 15 18- 19 — disputa- 
tion with Carlstadt and Luther at Leipsic, 27 
Jun. to 16 Jul. 15 19 — goes to Rome and pro- 
cures a bull against Luther, spring 1520 — 
visits Eome again, 1521 and 1522 — visits the 
Netherlands and England, 1525 — opposes 03co- 
lampadius in Switzerland, 1526 -- fakes a 
prominent part at Diet of Augsburg, 1530 — 
attends Conference at Worms, 1540 — attends 
Diet at Ratisbon, 1541 — ir. at Ingolstadt, 10 
Feb. 1543. Exercitamenta Logics, 1506 — 
Obelisci, 15 18 — Enchiridion locorum commu- 
nium adversus Lutheranos, 1 525. 

Eckhard, Johann Friedrich, philologist, — 
b., 1723 — Director and Librarian of College of 
Eisenach, 1758-93 — ft., 10 Dec. 1794. De 
elegantiorum litteramm studiis inter Ghris- 
tianos tempore Juliani, 1764 — Ees biblioiheques 
chez les Romains, 1790 — Exercitatio critica de 
editione librorum apud veteres, 1777. 

Eckhart, {Eckard,) Johann Georg von, 
historian, — b. in Brunswick, 7 Sep. 1674 — 
Prof. History, Helmstadt, 1706 — abjures Pro- 
testantism, at Cologne, 1724 — if. historiographer 
and librarian to Bp of Wurtzburg, Feb. 1730. 
Leges Erancorum et Ripuariorum, 1720 — Ori- 
gines Habsburgo-Austriacce, 1721 — Corpus Ms- 
tor, medii cevi, §c, 1723 — Be origine German- 
orum, §<?., 1750. 

Eckhel, Joseph Hilary, antiquary, numis- 
matist, — b. at Entzersfeld, Austria, 13 Jan. 
1737— enters Order of Jesuits at Vienna, 1751 
— in service of Grand Duke of Tuscany, 1772 
— Prof. Antiquities and Numismatics, Vienna, 
1773 — director of Imperial cabinet, 1774 — if. 
at Vienna, 16 May 1798. Nummi veteres 
Anecdoti, $c, 1775 — Catalogus Musei Ccesarei 
Vindobonensis nummorum veterum, §c., 1776,* 
1779 b — Choix de pierres grave 'es, $c, 1788 — 
Eoctrina nummorum veterum, 1792-98 — Ad- 
denda, 18 26. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Eckmiihl, — Napoleon defeats Archduke 
Charles at, 22 Apr. 1809. 

Eclipse, — [B C] — of Sun, record of, in Assy- 
rian Canon, (month of Sivan,) Jun. 763 — first 
foretold, by Thales, 17 (18) May 603, 11 30 Sep. 
6io, b 19 Sep. 6oi, c 9 Jul. 597^ 28 May 585^ 
609/ 5 Mar. 618,? 30 Jul. 607 , h 1 Oct. 583 • — 
of Moon, observed at Babylon, (29 Thoth,) 721 k 
— foretold by Q. Sulpicius Gallus, eve of battle 
of Pydna, (586, a. u. c.) 21 Jun. 168. 1 
a Bayer, Mayer, Costard, Stukeley, Lalande, Pingre", 
Montucla, Kennedy, Playfair, Hales. b Baily. 

c Ussher. d Petavius, Marsbam, and Larcher. 

e Newton, Strauchius, Yignoles, Ferguson, Jackson, 
Biccioli. f Oltmann. S Howes. h Cal- 

visius. * Scaliger. k Petavius and Art de 

Verifier les Dates. l Thirlwall. 

Ecliptic, — [B C] — obliquity of, observed 
by Eratosthenes of Cyrene, about 240 — [AD] 
— corrected by Albategnius, about 880 — va- 
riation of, discovered by Tycho Brahe, 1582- 
1601. 

Ecnomns, — [BC] — defeat of Carthaginian 
fleet by L. Manlius Vulso and M. Atilius Ee- 
gulus off, (or near Heraclea Minoa ?) 256. 
' Ecthesis,' — of Heraclius, in favour of 



ECUADOR— EDINBURGH. 



467 



Monothelites, published, 639 a (12th Indiction,) 
not before Sep. 638^ 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Clinton. 

Ecuador, S. America, {Kingdom of Quito,) — 
discovered byPizarro, 1526 — part of viceroyalty 
of New Granada, before 1550 — forms part of 
republic of Colombia, i82i, a i8i9 b — Spaniards 
expelled, 1823 — separates from New Granada 
and becomes independent, Nov. 1831 — earth- 
quakes in, 13-16 Aug. 1868. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Maccxilloch. 

Edda, The, Collection of Scandinavian songs, 
— [elder or poetic,) arranged by Saemund Sig- 
fusson, before 11 33 — discovered and brought 
into notice by Svendson, Bp of Skalholt, 1643 — 
edited by Rask, 181 8 — (prose,) composed by 
Snorri Sturluson, (?) before 1241 — arranged by 
Bp Arngrim, 1628 — published by Resen, 1665 
— edited by Rask, 1818. 

Eddystone Lighthouse, — built by Winstan- 
ley, 1696-99 — blown down, 26 Nov. 1703 — re- 
erection, authorized by Act 4 and 5 Ann. c. 
20, 1705 — rebuilt by Rudyerd, 1706-9 — burnt, 
1755 — rebuilt by Smeaton, 1756-59 — partly 
burnt, 1770 — restored, 1774. 

Edelcranz, Abraham Nicholas, Baron, 
mechanician, — fj. at Abo, 1754 — Intendant of 
Royal Museums, 1 805— President of Academy, 
Stockholm, 1808 — tf. there, 15 Mar. 1821. 
TraitH sur les telegraphes, 1796. 

Edelinck, Gerard, engraver, — fj. at Antwerp, 
1649 — called to Paris by Louis XIY., about 
1665 — tf. there, 2 Apr. 17.07. 

Edelmann, Johann Christian, theologian, — 
ft. at Weissenfels, Jul. 1698 — ft., Feb. 1767. 
Abgenbthigtes, 1746 — TJnschuldige Wahrheiten, 
1735-43 — -Dm ' Gbttlichkeit der Vernunft, 
1742. 

Eden, Hon. Emily, miscellaneous writer, — fj., 
1795— accompanies her brother, Lord Auckland, 
to India, 1835 — tf. at Richmond, 5 Aug. 1869. 
People and Princes of India, 1844 — Up the 
Country, 1 866 — Semi-Detached House, 1 859. 

Edessa, (Osrhoene, Orfa,) in Mesopotamia, — 
[BC]— built or rebuilt by Seleucus, before 
300? — seat of independent kingdom, 137 — 
Abgarus II. aids the Parthians against Rome, 
53 — [AD] — declared an ally of Rome by Tra- 
jan, 115 — burnt by Romans, 116 — attempts to 
recover independence, 193 — subjugated by 
Severus, 195 — Abgarus VI. sent as a prisoner 
to Rome, and the city made a colony 216 — 
Valerian defeated and captured by Sapor near, 
260 — disturbances by Arians at, property of the 
Christians confiscated by Julian, 362 — unsuc- 
cessfully besieged by Chosroes Nushirvan, 
540 ? 544 a — suffers from an earthquake, is 
rebuilt by Justinian, and called Justinopolis, 
554 — falls under dominion of the Arabians, 
641 — nearly destroyed by an earthquake, 718 
— falls to the Seljuk Turks, 1040 — principality 
founded by Baldwin, who conquers Armenia 
and Mesopotamia, 1097 b — Joscelin of Courte- 
nay acquires principality, 1101 — city taken by 
Zenghi and the Atabeks, end of 11 44 or begin- 
ning 1145° — revolt of, and destruction of the 
city, ii46 d — end of the principality, 115 1-2 — 
plundered by Timur, 1393 — again conquered 



by the Turks, i637. d a Dufvesnoy, Clinton. 
b Gibbon. c Finlay. d Conv.-Lex. 

Edru, in Egypt— {E C]— Temple of, partly 
built by Ptolcmseus Philometor, 181. 

Edgar, (Eadgar,) King ot- England, the 
Peaceable, — ft., 943 — Governor of Mercia, on 
accession of Edwy, 955 — •proclaimed King of 
Mercia and Northumbria, 957 — succeeds Edwy, 
Oct. 958 — recalls Dunstan ; makes him Primate, 
959 — marries Elfritha, 965 — crowned at Ake- 
manceastre, (Bath,) n May 973 — reviews his 
fleet and meets the six kings at Chester, 973 — 
fj., 8 Jul. 975. 

Edgar, {Eadgar,) JEtheling, — brought to 
England by his father, Edward the Outlaw, 
1057— proclaimed King at London after battle 
of Hastings, Oct. 1066 — submits to "William I. 
at Berkhampstead, Dec. 1066 — accompanies 
William to Normandy, spring 1067 — escapes to 
Scotland, summer io67, a io68 b — joins Cospa- 
trick at York, 1068 — but again goes to Scot- 
land: takes part with Danes in capture and 
burning of York, 22 Oct. b 1069— marries his 
sister Margaret to Malcolm of Scotland, 1070 
— shipwrecked on his way to France, received 
by William in Normandy, 1074 — .quits the 
court and England, 1086 — again in Scotland, 
1091 — makes bis nephew Edgar king of Scot- 
land, 1098 — taken prisoner by Henry I. at Tin- 
chebrai, 28 Sep. 1106. 

a Annals of England. b Engl. Cyc. 

EdgecotO; — defeat of Royal forces by Lancas- 
trian insurgents, 26 Jul. 1469. 

Edgehill, — indecisive battle of, betweenPrince 
Rupert and Earl of Essex, 23 Oct. 1642. 

Edge worth, Maria, novelist, — ft. in Berk- 
shire, 1 Jan. 1767 — settles at Edgeworthtown, 
Ireland, 1782 — ft. there, 21 May 1849. With 
her father, Essay on Irish Bulls, 1803 — Castle 
Rajekrent, 1802— -Popular Tales, 1805 — Moral 
Tales, 1806 — Tales and Novels, 1832 — Harring- 
ton, 1 817 — Helen, 1834. 

Edgeworth, Richard Lovell,— ft., 1744— 
lives in England, 1765-82 — ft. at Edgeworth- 
town, 13 Jun. 1 8 17. With his daughter, Es- 
says on Practical Education, 1798 — Essay on 
Irish Bulls, 1803. 

Edgeworth de Eirmont, Henry Essex, 
abbe, — ft. at Edgeworthtown, 1745 — attends 
Louis XVI. on the scaffold, 21 Jan. 1793 — 
passes into England, 1796 — attends Louis 
XVIIL, 1797-1807 — rj., 22 May 1807. 

Edgitha, (Eadgyth,) daughter of Earl God- 
win, — marries Edward the Confessor, 23 Jan. 
1045 a — put away by the king, who seizes all 
her property, Sep. 1051 — restored to honour, 
Sep. 1052 — represents Edward at the consecra- 
tion of Westminster Abbey, 28 Dec. 1065. 
a Freeman. 

Edict, (of Theodoric,) — promulgated in Italy, 
500 — superseded by Justinian's Laws, 554. 

Edict of Berlin. [Berlin.] 

Edict of Milan. [Milan.] 

Edict of Nantes. [Nantes.] 

Edict, Perpetual, (of Hadrian,) — composed 
by Salvius Julianus, 132. 

Edinburgh, (Edwinsburgh, Dun-Edin, Edi- 
na,) — royal burgh, as early as 11 28 — given up 
30 * 



468 



EDINBURGH REVIEW— EDRED. 



to the English, 1174 — restored on the marriage 
of William the Lion to the Princess Ermengarde, 
1 1 86 a — first Parliament of Alexander II. held 
at, i2i4, a i2i5 b — Synod held at, by Cardinal 
Otho, 1239 — surrendered to Edward I. as Lord 
paramount of Scotland, 11 Jun, 1291 — visited 
by him, Jul. 1291 c — castle captured by Edward, 
1294^ and Aug. 1296° — recaptured by Ran- 
dolph, Earl of Moray, 1313° — receives charter 
of Robert I., 28 May 1329 — surrendered by 
Baliol to Edward III., 10 Feb. 1333-4 — 
castle unsuccessfully besieged by Sir Andrew 
Moray, 1337 — captured by Sir* W. Douglas, 
1 341 — taken and burnt by Richard II., 1385 — - 
unsuccessfully besieged by Henry IV., 1400 — 
made the capital, 1436-7 — besieged by Douglas 
and surrendered to him by Crichton, 1445 — 
licence to fortify, given by James II., 1450 a 
■ — the plague rages, 15 13 — burnt by the 
English, 1542 — taken and burnt by Earl of 
Hertford, May 1544— garrisoned by French 
troops, 1548 — castle taken by English auxili- 
aries of James VI., 29 May 1573 — the plague, 
1 5^5-^ — Parliament held at, by James L, 28 
Jun. 1 6 17 — desolated by the plague, and 
threatened by Montrose, 1645 — surrenders to 
Cromwell, Sep. 1650 — surrender of the castle, 
Dec. 1650 — siege of the castle by the English 
troops begins, 25 Mar. 1689 — surrender of the 
castle, 17 Jul. 1689 — attempt of the Jacobites to 
surprise, 9 Sep. 17 15 — the Porteous Riot, i4Apr. 
1736 — entered by Prince Charles Edward, 17 
Sep. 1745 — meeting of British Association at, 
Sep. 1834 — visited by the Queen and the Prince 
Consort, Sep. 1 842 — meeting of British Associ- 
ation at, 31 Jul. 1850 d — Time Gun first fired, 
7 Jun. 1 86 1 — Art Exhibition opens, 20 Nov. 
1 86 1. Cathedral, mentioned in charter of 
David II., 1359^ See, founded by Charles I., 
summer 1633 — abolished by Convention, 19 
Sep. 1689. e University, founded by James 
VI., 24 Apr. 1582 — reconstituted under Act 21 
and 22 Vic. c. 83, 2 Aug. 1858. College of 
Justice, established, May 1532. High School, 
established, 1578 — new building erected, 1777 
— another, 1825. Advocates' Library, founded, 
1682. Royal Society, incorporated, 1783 — 
obtains a new charter, 1 8 1 1 .s Royal Institu- 
tion, founded, 1819 — incorporated by Royal 
Charter, 1827. Astronomical Society, founded, 
18 12. Society of Antiquaries, incorporated, 
1780. School of Arts, opened, Oct. 1821. 
Industrial Museum, first stone of, laid, 23 Oct. 
1 86 1 — opened, May 1866. General Post 
Office, commenced, Oct. 1861 — opened, 7 May 
1866. Treaty of, between Queen Elizabeth and 
the Scots for evacuation of Scotland by the 
French, concluded, 6 Jul. 1560. 

a Chambers. b Statistical Account. c Tytler. 
d Ann. Reg. e Annals of England. 

f Engl. Cyc. 6 Brande and Cox's Diet. 

Edinburgh Review, commenced, Oct. 1802. 

Edraiston, James, poet, — ft., about 1791 — ft. 
at Homerton, Feb. 1867. 

Edmondes, {Edmunds,) Sir Thomas, diplo- 
matist, — ft. at Plymouth, about 1563 — agent 
for Queen Elizabeth at court of France, 1592 
— envoy to Brussels, Dec. 1599 — clerk to the 



Privy Council, 1600 — Knt, by James I., 20 
May 1603 — ambassador to the Netherlands, 
Aug. 1604-9 — to France, May 1610-16 — Privy 
Councillor, Dec. 16 16— treasurer of the house- 
hold, Jan. 161 8 — clerk of the crown in the King's 
Bench, 1620 — M.P. Oxford, 1625 — ambassador 
to France, Jun. 1629— fr., 20 Sep. 1639. 

Edmonstone, painter, — 6. at Kelso, Scot- 
land, 1795 — goes to London, 18 19 — 5j. at 
Kelso, 21 Sep. 1834,* 1835^ 

a Biog. Univ. b Rose's Biog. Diet. 

Edmund, St, King of East Anglia, — 
begins to reign, 855 — captured and killed by 
the Danes, 870. 

Edmund (Eadmund) I., King of England, 
— 6., about 921 — takes part with Athelstan in 
defeat of the Danes at Brunanburh, 937 — suc- 
ceeds Athelstan, Oct. 941 — recovers the Five 
Burghs, 941 — unsuccessfully besieges Anlaf in 
Leicester, 943 — submission of Anlaf, 943 — 
subdues Cambria, and grants it to Malcolm of 
Scotland, 945 — murdered by Liofa, at Puckle- 
church, 26 May 946. 

Edmund (Eadmund) II., Ironside, — ft. 
989 a — marries Elfgiva, (Ealdgyth,) widow of 
Siferth, 1015 — establishes himself in the Five 
Burghs, 1 015 — war with Cnut; succeeds his 
father, Ethelred II., Apr. 1016 — overruns 
Wessex, 1016 — war with the Danes; defeats 
Cnut at Pen Selwood, 1016 — at Scearstan, 
(Sherstone,) Jul. — defeated at Assandun, sum- 
mer 10 1 6 — makes terms with Cnut, retaining 
Wessex, close of Oct. (?) — Ij. at London, 30 
Nov. 1016. a Engl. Cyc. 

Edmund, Earl of Lancaster, — I)., 1245 
— titular king of Sicily, by Pope Innocent IV., 
Mar. 1254 — his claim disputed by Manfred, 
1254 — accompanies Prince Edward to Palestine, 
Jun. 1269 — suppresses a rising in the northern 
counties, 1273 — sent by Edward II. to nego- 
tiate with Philip III. of France, end of 1293 — 
takes Bordeaux, 28 Mar. 1296 — Tj. in Gascony, 
soon after. 

Edmund. [Kent, Earl of.] 

Edmund Rich, St, Abp of Canterbury, — 
ft. at Abingdon, about 11 95 — treasurer of Salis- 
bury Cathedral, between 1219-22 — preaches 
the crusade, 1227 — elected Abp, 1233 — presides 
at a Council at Westminster, early in 1234 — ■ 
consecrated at Canterbury, 2 Apr. 1234 — pre- 
sides at another Council, 9 Apr. 1234 — ne- 
gotiates peace with Llewellyn, 1234 — holds a 
Council at Gloucester, May 1234 — officiates at 
the consecration of Grossteste, Bp of Lincoln, 
1235 — visited by Henry III., Jan. 1236 — 
issues his Constitutions, 1236 — celebrates mar- 
riage of the king and Eleanor of Provence, 14 
Jan. 1236— crowns the Queen, 19 Jan. 1236 — 
his authority superseded by that of the legate, 
Cardinal Otho, 1237 — attends the Council held 
by the legate, Nov. 1237 — opposes the mar- 
riage of Simon de Montfort and Eleanor, 
Countess Dowager of Pembroke, and excom- 
municates them, 1238— goes to Rome, 1238 — 
retires to abbey of Pontigny, 1240 — tf. at 
priory of Soissy, 16 Nov. 1240 — canonized 
by Innocent IV, 1246. 

Edred, (Eadred,) King of England, — sue- 



EDEIDGE— EDWARD I. 



4'9 



ceeds his brother Edmund I., May 946 — 
crowned, 16 Aug. 946 — defeats Northumbrians, 
946 — receives their submission, 947 — expels 
Eric the Dane from Northumbria, 948 — makes 
Dimstan chief minister; if. at Frome, 23 Nov. 

9-55- . y . T , 

Edridge, Henry, painter — b. in London, 

1768— tf., 1821. 

Edrisi, (Abu-Abdallah Mohammed ben 
Mohammed ben Abdallah ben Edris,) geo- 
grapher, — b., about (493, a. h.) 1099— con- 
structs terrestrial globe for Eoger II. of Sicily, 
about 1 150 — tf., between 1175-86. Nuzhat al- 
mushtdk fi ikhtirdk al dfdk, 1153. 

Education, in Great Britain, — first parlia- 
mentary grant for promotion of, 1834 — Com- 
mittee of Privy Council on, appointed, 1839 — 
Conference on, held in London, 22-24 Jun. 
1857 — [Schools] — of poor children, provided 
for by Acts 7 and 8 Yic. c. 101, 9 Aug. 1844; 
11 and 12 Yic. c. 82, 31 Aug. 1848 ; 13 and 14 
Yic. c. 11, 17 May 1850 ; 20 and 21 Yic. c. 48, 
17 Aug. 1857 ; 23 and 24 Yic. c. 108, 28 Aug. 
i860 — last two Acts repealed and provisions 
consolidated by Act 24 and 25 Yic. c. 113, 6 
Aug. 1 86 1 — further provisions by Act 25 and 
26 Yic. c. 43, 17 Jul. 1862. Public Elementary, 
in England and Wales, provided for by Act 33 
and 34 Yic. c. 75, 9 Aug. 1870. 

Edward I., the Elder, King op England, 
— b., about 870 — distinguishes himself against 
Danes at Farnham, 894— succeeds his father, 
Alfred the Great, Oct. 901 — unsuccessfully op- 
posed by Ethehvald, 901 — crowned, 16 May 
902 — invades territory of Anglo-Danes, and 
wins a great victory over them, Ethelwald 
slain, 905^ 906 or 907 b — makes peace with 
East Anglians and Northumbrians, 906 — battle 
of Teotenheal, 910 — Mercia governed by 
Ethelfleda, from 912— master of London, 912 
— builds forts in Hertfordshire and Essex, 913 
— takes Bedford, 919 — builds fort at Stamford, 
922 — takes possession of Mercia on death of 
Ethelfleda, 922,* 920 b — subdues Northumbria, 
923 — the Scots and their king submit to him, 

924— -a , 925 

a Annals of England. b Engl. Cyc. 

Edward II., the Martyr, King of Eng- 
land, — succeeds his father, Edgar, Jul. 975 — 
Council at Calne, 978 — assassinated at Corfe, 
by order of his stepmother, Elfrida, 18 Mar. 
979, a 978. b a Annals of England. b Engl. Cyc. 

Edward III., the Confessor, King of Eng- 
land, — b., probably 1004 a — sent with his 
mother, Emma, to Normandy, Aug. 1013 — 
invited to England by Harold I., io36, b 1037 a 
— escapes again to Normandy, 1036 — recalled 
to England by Harthacnut, 1041 — chosen king 
on death of Harthacnut, Jun. 1042 — crowned 
at Winchester, 3 Apr. 1043— seizes his mother's 
lands and treasures, 16 Nov. 1043 d — deprives 
Stigand of his See, Nov. 1043 — restores him, 
10 Aug. io44 d — marries Edgitha, daughter of 
Godwin, 23 Jan. 1045 — collects a fleet to aid 
the Emperor, Henry III., 1049 — .holds a 
Council at Gloucester, and removes it to Lon- 
don, Sep. 1 05 1 — outlaws Sweyn and banishes 
Godwin, Sep. 105 1 — visited by William, Duke 



of Normandy, 105 1— in Council at London, 
Godwin reestablished in his earldom, Sep. 1052 
— death of Godwin at Winchester, Easter, 15 
Apr. 1053 — dedicates Westminster Abbey, 28 
Dec. 1065 — }f., 5 Jan. 1066 — canonized by 
Alexander III., 11 66 — his relics translated, 
1263. a Engl. Cyc. b Annals of England. 

c Florence of Worcester. d Freeman. 

Edward I., Longshanks, King of England, 
— fc. at Westminster, 18, a 16 b Jun. 1239 — ■ 
governor of Gascony, 1249^ 1252 b — marries 
Eleanor of Castile, 1254 — Lord of Ireland, by 
letters patent, 14 Feb. i254 b — accepts Avith 
his father (Henry III.) the Provisions of 
Oxford, (Jun. to Jul.) 1258— makes preparations 
for war with the barons, 1260 — invades Wales, 
1263 — occupies Windsor, 1263— surrenders it 
and withdraws to France : assists Mortimer 
against Llewellyn, 1263 — joins the king at Ox- 
ford, early in 1264 — takes Tutbury, Apr. 1264 

defeated and made prisoner at Lewes, 13,* 

'in free 



14 b c May 1264 — liberated and _ 
custody' on giving up his castles, 1265 — 
escapes, 28 May 1265 — defeats De Montfort at 
Evesham, 4 Aug.— reduces the Cinque Ports, 
1265 — reduces Isle of Ely, 25 Jul. 1267 — takes 
the Cross at Council of Northampton, 1268 — 
besieges John, Earl of Warrenne, at Eeigate, 
1268 — sets out on the crusade, May 1269,* 
1270^ Jul. 1270° — spends winter in Sicily, 
1270-1 b — takes Nazareth, May 127 1— attempt 
to assassinate him by a Saracen at Acre, 17 
Jun. 1272 — concludes a ten years' truce with 
the Sultan, and quits Palestine, 15 Aug. — suc- 
ceeds his father, 20 Nov. — at Borne, Feb. 1273 
— reduces the Gascons, 1273 — the ' little war 
of Chalons,' May 1274° — arrives at Dover, 2 
Aug., ac 25 Jul. 1274 — crowned with his con- 
sort at Westminster, 19 Aug. 1274 — summons 
Llewellyn to parliament at Westminster, Sep. 
1274 — and again, 1276 — removes courts of law 
to Shrewsbury and invades Wales, after Easter 
1277 c — Llewellyn submits to him, 10 Nov. — ■ 
persecutes the Jews, Nov. 1278 — goes to France, 
gives up Normandy, and secures possession of 
Gascony, 1279 — Statute of Mortmain, 1279 — 
invades Wales, 1282 — defeat and death of 
Llewellyn, 11 Dec. 1282 — puts David to 
death, 20 Sep. 1283 — Statute of Rhuddlan, 
1284 — presents spoils of Wales at West- 
minster, 1285 — in Gascony, Jun. 1286 to Aug. 
1289 — seriously ill, takes the Cross, 1287 
— concludes treaty of marriage between Prince 
Edward and Margaret of Norway, at Salisbury, 
6 Nov. 1289,' 1 18 Jul. 1290°— orders the ex- 
pulsion of the Jews, 31 Aug. 1290 — occupies 
Isle of Man, 1290 — death of his queen, Eleanor, 
28 Nov. 1290^ 1291 b — arbiter in disputed suc- 
cession to crown of Scotland, 1291 — acknow- 
ledged Lord Paramount of Scotland, at Norham, 
5, a 15 c Jun. 1 29 1 — obtains the royal castles, 
6, a 11 c Jun. — gives his decision for John 
Baliol, 30,3 17 c Nov. 1292 — refuses to appear 
before Philip IV. of France, loses his fiefs, Feb. 
1294 — renounces fealty to France and raises an 
army, 1294 — marches against the Welsh, Nov. 
1294 — receives the Papal legates respecting 
peace with France, May to Aug. 1295 — war 



47 o 



EDWARD. 



with Scotland begins, close of 1295 — takes 
Berwick, 30 Mar. 1296 — defeats the Scots at 
Dunbar, 27, a 28 c Apr. — compels Baliol to re- 
nounce his crown, and imprisons him, Jul. — ■ 
compels the clergy to pay taxes, and outlaws 
those who refuse, early 1297 — places the regalia 
of Scotland, and the coronation stone from 
Scone, in Westminster Abbey, 1 8 Jun. — insur- 
rection in Scotland, under Wallace ; goes with 
a fleet to Flanders, 22 Aug. — battle of Stirling 1 , 
io, a 11 c Sep.— confirms Magna Charta and the 
Charter of the Forests, at Ghent, 5 Nov.— con- 
cludes truce for 2 years with France, and 
arrives in England, 21 Mar. 1298 — marches 
into Scotland, Jun. — defeats Wallace at Fal- 
kirk, 22 Jul. — makes peace with France, 19 
Nov. — liberates Baliol and his son, Jul. 1299 — 
marries Margaret of France, Sep. 1299— con- 
firms Magna Charta, 2 8 Mar. 1300— expedition 
into Scotland, Jul. to Nov. — refuses to comply 
with demand of the pope for the evacuation of 
Scotland, May 1301 — expedition to Scotland, 
Jul. — concludes truce with the Scots, 26 Jan. 
1302 — peace with France, recovers Gascony, 
20 May 1303 — enters Scotland, Jun., a May c — 
at Edinburgh, 4 Jun. c — takes Brechin, 9 Aug. 
— burns Dunfermline ; treaty with Conryn, 
4, a 9 c Feb. 1304 — besieges Stirling, 22 Apr. 
— takes it, 20 Jul. — returns to England, Dec. b 
— puts Wallace to death, 24,* 23° Aug. 1305 — 
revolt of the Scots under Robert Bruce, 1 306 
— invades Scotland, Jul. 1306 — holds parlia- 
ment at Carlisle, Jan. 1307 — banishes Piers 
Gaveston, early 1307 — compels Bruce to raise 
the siege of Ayr, 1307 — ft. at Burgh-on-the- 
Sands, 7 Jul. 1307 — buried at Westminster, 
27, a 28 b Oct. — his grave opened by the Society 
of Antiquaries, 2 May i774. d 

a Annals of England. b Engl. Cyc. 

c Pict. Hist. England. d Gent. Mag. 

Edward II., King of England, — f). at 
Carnarvon, 25 Apr. 1284 — heir-apparent, by 
death of Alphonso, Aug. 1284 — affianced to 
Margaret of Norway, 6 Nov. 1289 — death of 
Margaret, 7 Oct. 1290 — regent during the 
king's absence, 22 Aug. 1297 to 21 Mar. 1298 
— takes part in expedition to Scotland, Jun. to 
Nov. 1 300 — his favourite, Piers Gaveston, 
banished, Oct. — created Prince of Wales and 
Earl of Chester, 1301 — accompanies the king 
to Scotland, Jun. 1303 — knighted at West- 
minster, morrow of Whitsuntide 1306 — Duke 
of Guienne, same time — devastates Scotland, 
1306 — his favourite banished from England, 
Feb. 1307 — succeeds his father, Edward I., 8 
Jul. — receives homage of nobles at Dumfries, 
early in Aug. — recaJls Gaveston, makes him 
Earl of Cornwall, 6 Aug. — gives him his niece 
in marriage, Oct. — leaves him regent, on setting 
out for France, Jan. 1308 — marries Isabella of 
France, at Boulogne, 28, a 25 b Jan. — crowned 
with her at Westminster, 25 Feb. — compelled 
by the parliament to banish Gaveston, 18 May 
— makes him Governor of Ireland, Jun. to 
Oct. b — summons a parliament at York, the 
barons refuse to attend, Jan. 13 10 — appoint- 
ment of Commission to prepare ordinances for 
regulation of the king's household, by letters 
patent, 16 Mar. 13 10 — invades Scotland, fe'ep. — 



joined by Gaveston at Berwick, winter 1310-11 
— returns to England, end of Jul. 131 1 — 
accepts the ' ordinances,' 5 Oct. — banishes 
Gaveston, 1 Nov. — recalls him, 24 Feb. 
13 12 — rising of the barons, under the Earl 
of Lancaster, spring 131 2 — marches against 
them ; siege of Scarborough Castle, capture of 
Gaveston, 19 May — Gaveston executed near 
Warwick, 19 Jun. — deserted by the troops, 
makes terms with the barons, 20 Dec. — goes 
with the queen to France, 131 3 — invades Scot- 
land, Jun. 1 314 — defeated by Bruce at Bannock- 
burn, 24 Jun. — the government assumed by the 
Earl of Lancaster, 13 14 — a council appointed 
to ' assist the King,' Jul. 1318 — unsuccessfully 
besieges Berwick, Sep. 13 19— truce with Bruce, 
21 Dec. — does homage to king of France, Jun. 
to Jul. 1320 — adopts a new favourite, Hugh 
Spenser, 1320 — gives him estates and his niece 
in marriage : the Spensers banished by the 
parliament, Aug. 1321 — takes the castle of 
Leeds and hangs the governor, 31 Oct. — recalls 
the Spensers, close of 1321 — defeats and cap- 
tures Lancaster at Boroughbridge, 16 Mar. 
1322 — Lancaster executed, 22 Mar. — invades 
Scotland, Aug. — truce with Scotland, for 13 
years, 30 May, a Mar. b 1323 — summoned to 
France by Charles IV., 1323— sends the queen, 
Mar. 1325 — treaty concluded respecting Gas- 
cony, 31 May — transfers his possessions in 
France to Prince Edward, summer 1325 — sends 
Prince Edward to do homage for them, Sep. 
— the queen invades England, 24 Sep. 1326 — 
Prince Edward named guardian of the realm ; 
embarks for Ireland, but is driven back and 
captured at Neath, 16 Nov. — imprisoned at 
Kenilworth ; deposed by parliament, 7 Jan. 
1327 — in charge of Henry, Earl of Lancaster, 
20 Jan. — murdered at Berkeley Caslle, 21 Sep. 
a Annals of England. b Engl. Cyc. 

Edward III., King of England, — fj. at 
Windsor, 13 Nov. 1312 — sent to do homage to 
the king of France, Sep. 1324 — remains in 
France with his mother : lands with Isabella 
in England, 24 Sep. 1326 — guardian of the 
realm, 26 Oct. 1326 — proclaimed, after the 
deposition of his father, 24 Jan. 1 327 — croAvned 
at Westminster, 29, a 26 b Jan., 1 Feb. c — re- 
gency under the Earl of Lancaster ; concludes 
peace with France, 31 Mar. 1327° — marches 
to the north against the Scots, and fortifies 
York, May 1327 — marries Phiiippa of Hain- 
ault, 24 Jan. 1328 — claims throne of France, 

I Feb. 1328 — dismisses his army, 1328 — con- 
cludes a treaty with the Scots, Mar. to May 1328 
— goes to France, does homage under protest for 
his territories, 6 Jun. 1329 — arrests Mortimer 
at Nottingham, 19 Oct. 1330 — assumes the 
government by a proclamation, 20 Oct. — im- 
prisons Isabella, 1330 — visits France secretly, 
spring 1331° — receives homage of Edward 
Baliol at Roxburgh, 23 Nov. 1332 — besieges 
Berwick, May 1333 — defeats Douglas at Hali- 
don Hill, 19 Jul. 1333 — Berwick surrenders, 
20 Jul. — Baliol cedes south of Scotland to him, 

II Feb. 1334 — sets out for Scotland to aid 
Baliol, Nov. 1334 — devastates Scotland, 1335-6 
— prepares for war with France, sum. 1336 — 
alliance with the Emperor, and Jacob van 



EDWARD. 



47i 



Arteveldt, 1337 — embarks for Flanders, 16 Jul. 
1338 — meets the Emperor at Coblentz and is 
appointed his Vicar-general, Aug. or Sep. 1338 c 
— treaty with dukes of Austria, Styria, and 
Carinthia, 16 Feb. 1339 — besieges Cambrai, 
aut. 1339 — invades France from Flanders, Sep. 
1339 — treaty with Duke of Brabant, 3 Nov. 
1339 — returns to England, 21 Feb. 1340 — 
again embarks for France, 22 Jun. 1340 — 
defeats French fleet at Sluys, 24, ac 22 b Jun. 
1340 — besieges Tournay, 23 Jul. 1340° — con- 
cludes a truce with Philip, 25 Sep. 1340 — 
lands in England, 30 Nov. — supports John 
de Montfort in Brittany, Sep. 1341 — sails for 
Brittany, 5 Oct. 1342 — sieges of Vannes, 
Eennes, and Nantes, 1342 — concludes truce of 
3 years with France, 19 Jan. 1343 — lands in 
England, 2 Mar. — prohibits introduction of 
Papal Bulls, 1343— goes to Flanders, 3 Jul. 
1345— unsuccessfully attempts to obtain the 
earldom for his son; returns to England, 26 
Jul. 1345 — embarks for France, 2 Jul. 1346 — 
lands at La Hogue, 10 Jul. — reduces Lower 
Normandy, ravages the country as far as Paris, 
Jul. to Aug. — besiegesCaen, 26 Jul. — defeats the 
French near the Somme, 24 Aug. — wins vic- 
tory of Crecy, 26 Aug. — siege of Calais com- 
menced, 29 Aug. b — surrender of Calais, 3, c 4 a 
Aug. 1347 — concludes a truce, 28 Sep. 1347 — 
lands in England, 12 Oct. — institutes Order 
of the Garter, 1347 ?— declines to accept Im- 
perial crown, 10 May 1348 — defeats attempt 
of the French to retake Calais, early in 1349 
■ — defeats Spanish squadron off Winchelsea, 29 
Aug. 1 350 — receives title of Xing of the Sea : 
unsuccessful negotiations for peace with France, 
1353 — invades France, Nov. 1355 — invades 
Scotland, and recovers Berwick, 1356 — battle 
of Poitiers, 19 Sep. 1356 — releases David II. 
of Scotland, Nov. 1357 — invades France, Nov. 
1359 — besieges Paris, 1360 — concludes treaty 
of peace at Bretigny, 8 May 1360 — releases 
King John, 25 Oct.- — makes his son Lionel 
Lieutenant of Ireland, 1 Jul. 1361 — creates 
him Duke of Clarence, 1362 — resumes title of 
King of France, May 1369 — death of his queen, 
Philippa, 15 Aug. 1369 — embarks for invasion 
of France, but is driven back by the weather, 
1372 — concludes a truce with France, n Feb. 
1374 — death of his son, the Black Prince, 8 
.Jun. 1376 — creates Eichard Prince of Wales, 
26 Jan. 1377 — celebrates the jubilee of his 
reign by a general amnesty, stat. 50 Edw. III. 
c. 3, 1377 — tf. at Shene, 21 Jun. 1377. 
a Annals of England. b Engl. Cyc. c Longman. 
Edward, Prince or Wales, (the Black 
Prince,) — 0. at Woodstock, 15 Jun. 1330 — 
created Duke of Cornwall, 1337 — guardian of 
the kingdom, Jul. 1338 — again, Jan. 1340 
and Oct. 1 342 — created Prince of Wales, 1 343 
— knighted by his father, 12 Jul. 1346 — dis- 
tinguishes himself at Crecy, Aug. 1346 — and 
assumes the badge and motto of John of Bo- 
hemia ? — sails from England, for invasion of 
France, Sep. 1355 — and lands at Bordeaux: 
overruns Languedoc, 1335 — ravages central 
France, Jul. 1356 — takes Vierzon : Aug. — be- 
sieges Eomorantin, Aug. — takes it, 3 Sep. — 
wins the victory of Poitiers and takes King 



John and his son prisoners, 19 Sep. 1356 — • 
winters at Bordeaux, 1356-7 — enters London 
with his prisoners, 24 May 1357 — marries 
Joanna, daughter of the Earl of Kent, 1361 — 
created Duke of Aquitaine and Gascony, 1362 
— establishes his court at Bordeaux, 1363 — 
marches into Spain to aid Pedro the Cruel, 
crosses the Pyrenees, Feb. 1367 — defeats Henry 
of Trastamare at Najera, (Navarrete,) 3 Apr. 
1367 — and restores Pedro: imposes heavy 
taxes on the Gascons, who appeal to the king of 
France, 1368 — summoned to Paris by Charles 
V., but prepares for war, May 1369 — Gascony 
invaded by the French, Jan. 1370 — retakes 
Limoges, and orders pillage and massacre of the 
citizens, 1370 — retires to England, Jan. 1371 
— o\, 8 Jun. 1376. 

Edward IV., King of England, — fc. at 
Eouen, 29 Apr. 1441, (or Sep. 1442) — escapes 
to Calais after the dispersion of the Yorkists, 
Oct. 1459 — defeats Lancastrians at Northamp- 
ton and takes Henry VI. prisoner, 9, a 10 b Jul. 
1460 — his father recognized as heir to the 
crown, 1 Nov. 1460 — Duke of York on his 
father's death, 31 Dec. — defeats Lancastrians 
at Mortimer's Cross, 2 Feb. 146 1 — enters Lon- 
don, 28 Feb. — proclaimed King, 4 Mar. — de- 
feats Queen Margaret at Towton, 29 Mar. — 
crowned, 29 Jun. — his title confirmed by stat. 1 
Edw. IV. c. 1, 4 Nov. 146 1 — negotiates par- 
tition of Scotland with the Lord of the Isles, 
Feb. 1462 — publicly acknowledges his mar- 
riage with Elizabeth Grey, (Woodville,) 29 Sep. 
1464 — her coronation at Westminster, 26 May 
1465 — forms an alliance with Charles the Bold, 
and gives him his sister Margaret in marriage, 
1467 — forms alliances with Aragon and Castile 
and the Duke of Brittany against France, 1468 
— declares Warwick and Clarence traitors, end 
of Mar. 1470 — prepares for war, is deserted by 
Lord Montacute, and goes to Flanders, 3 Oct. 
1470 — returns with an army, lands at Eaven- 
spur, 14 Mar. 147 1 — joined by Clarence, enters 
London, sends Henry to the Tower, 11 Apr. 
147 1 — defeats Warwick at Barnet, 14 Apr. — 
defeats and captures Margaret at Tewkesbury, 
4 May — death of Henry in the Tower, Jun. (?) 
— renews his foreign alliances, 1473 — prepares 
for war with France, 1474 — lands at Calais, 
Jul. 1475 — agrees to a truce with Louis XL, 
(Peace of Pecquiny,) 29 Aug. — arrives in Eng- 
land, 28 Sep. — -procures the condemnation of 
Clarence, 7 Feb. 1478 — prepares for war with 
France, 1483— ft., 9 Apr. 1483. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Annals of England. 

Edward V., King op England, — h. at 
Westminster, 4 Nov. 1470 — created Earl of 
Pembroke, 1479 — succeeds his father, 9 Apr. 
1483 — brought to London, 4 May — protector- 
ship of Eichard, Duke of Gloucester : the coron- 
ation fixed for 22 Jun. — Gloucester takes title 
of King, [Richard III.,] 26 Jun.— Edward mur- 
dered with his brother in the Tower (?) : dis- 
covery of remains (of the princes ?) in the 
Tower, 17 Jul. 1674. 

Edward VI., King of England, — fc. at 
Hampton Court, 12 Oct. 1537 — succeeds his 
father, Henry VIII., 28 Jan. 1547 — protectorate 
of Somerset, Jan. 1547 — protectorate of North- 



472 



EDWAKD— EGBERT. 



uniberland, 1550-53 — founds 'Bridewell' 
workhouse, 10 Apr. 1553 — founds St Thomas's 
Hospital, 1553 — settles the crown on Lady Jane 
Grey, 21 Jun. 1553 — "&• at Greenwich, 6 Jul. 
1553 — buried at Westminster, 8 Aug. 

Edward, (Dom Duarte,) King of Portugal, 
— ft., 1 39 1 or 1401 — with his brother, Prince 
Henry the Navigator, lands at Ceuta,Aug. I4i5 a 
— Knt, by the king, Aug. I4i5 a — marries 
Leonora of Aragon, 1428 — succeeds his father, 
John I., 15 Aug. 1433 — gives Madeira, Porto 
Santo, &c, to Prince Henry, by charter of 26 
Sep. 1433 a — reluctantly consents to expedition 
against Tangier, 1437 — tf., 9 Sep. 1438. 
a Major. 

Edwardes, Sir Herbert, general, — ft. in 
Shropshire, 12 Nov. 1809 — goes to India, 1841 
— aide-de-camp to Sir Hugh Gough, Nov. 
1845 — wounded at Moodkee, 18 Dec. 1845 — 
takes part in battle of Sobraon, 10 Feb. 1846 
— private secretary to Sir H. Lawrence, at La- 
hore, Mar. 1 846 — receives surrender of Sheikh 
Imamoodheen, autumn 1846 — reduces Bunnoo, 
Dec. 1 847 to Feb. 1 848 — suppresses rebellion in 
Mooltan, Jun. to Jul. 1848 — C.B., 1848— mar- 
ries, 1850— Commissioner of the Peshawur fron- 
tier, Nov. 1853 — visits England, May 1859 — 
K.C.B., i860 — Colonel, Oct. i860 — returns to 
India, Jan. 1862 — leaves India, Feb. 1865 — 
K.C. Star of India, 1866 — tf. in London, 2 3 Dec. 
1868. A Year on the Punjaub Frontier, 1850. 

Edwards, Bryan, historian, — ft. in Wiltshire, 
21 May 1743 — goes to Jamaica, 1759 — to St 
Domingo, 1791— tf. in England, 15 Jul. 1800. 
History of British Colonies in the West Indies, 
1793 — Historical Survey of St Domingo, 1797. 

Edwards, George, naturalist, — ft. in Essex, 
1693 — librarian to College of Physicians, 1733- 
69 — receives Copley medal of Boyal Society, 
1750 — F.R.S., 10 Nov. 1757 — tf., 23 Jul. 1773. 
History of Birds, 1745-51 — Gleanings of Na- 
tural History, 1758-64. 

Edwards, Jonathan, theologian, — ft. at 
Windsor, Connecticut, U.S., 5 Oct. 1703 — 
studies at Yale College, 1716 — B.A., 1720 — 
M.A., 1723 — tutor of Yale College, 1724 — 
minister at Northampton, (Massachusetts,) 1727- 
50 — President of Princeton College, 1757 — tf. 
there., 2 2 Mar. 1758. Treatise concerning Religious 
Affections, 1740 — Inquiry into the Freedom of 
the Will, 1754 — Doctrine of Original Sin, 1758. 

Edwards, Kiehard, dramatist, — ft. in Somer- 
setshire, 1523 — M.A. Oxford, 1547- — tf., 1566? 
or 1556 ? Damon and Pythias, about 1570. 

Edwards, Thomas, theologian, — M.A. Cam- 
bridge, 1609 — M.A. Oxford, 1623 — tf. in Hol- 
land, 1647. Gangrccna, 1646. 

Edwards, Thomas, critic, — fj. in London? 
1699 — If., 3 Jan. 1757. Canons of Criticism, 
$c, 1748. 

Edwards, William, architect, — ft. at Eglwy- 
silan, Glamorganshire, 17 19 — pastor there, 
1750-89 — tf., 1789. Bridge over the Taff, 1755. 

Edwin, (Fadivine,) Earl of Mercia, — suc- 
ceeds his father, about 1062 ? — joins his brother 
Morcar at the head of revolted Northumbrians, 
Oct. 1065 — takes part in the defeat of Tostig 
in Lincolnshire, summer 1066 — defeated with 



Morcar, by Tostig, at Fulford, 20 Sep. 1066 — 
submits to William of Normandy, Oct. 1066— 
outlaw, 1 07 1 —betrayed and killed, 1 07 1 , a 1 07 3. b 

a Annals of England. b Pict. Hist. England. 

Edwin, (Fadivine,) King of Northumbria, 
— supplanted on the death of his father, Ella, 
by Ethelfrith, and taken to the court of Cadvan, 
588— succeeds Ethelfrith, 617 — Bretwalda, 624 
— marries Ethelburga of Kent, 625— subdues 
Wessex, 626 — baptized by Paulinus at York, 
12 Apr. 627 — defeated and killed by Penda and 
Cadwallader, at Hatfield, Yorkshire, 14," 12 b 
Oct. 633. a Annals of England. b Engl. Cyc. 

Edwy, King of England, — fj., about 940 — 
marries Elgiva ; succeeds his uncle Eclred, Nov. 
955 — crowned by Abp Odo, 955 — banishes 
Dunstan, 956 — his brother Edgar king of 
Mercia and Northumbria, 957 — separated from 
Elgiva by Odo, 958— Elgiva put to death ; tf., 
1 Oct. 958. 

Eeckhout, Anton van den, painter, — ft. at 
Brussels, 1656 — assassinated at Lisbon, 1695. 

Eeckhout, G-erbrant van den, painter, — ft. 
at Amsterdam, 19 Aug. 1621 — tf., 22 Jul. a 
Sep. b 1674. a Biog . ijniv. 

b Biog. Woordenboek. 

Effen, Just van, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at 
Utrecht, 21 Apr., a 11 Feb.' 1 1684 — visits Eng- 
land, 1 7 14 — visits Sweden, 17 19 — tf- at Bois-le- 
Duc, 18 Sep. 1735. Misanthrope, 17 11 -12 — 
edits Journal litter aire de la Haye, 17 15- 19 — 
De Hollandsche Spectator, 1731-35 — translation 
of Robinson Crusoe, 1720-21. a Biog. Univ. 

and Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Woordenboek. 

Effiat, Antoine Coifner, Marquis de, Mar- 
shal of France, — ft., 1581 — negotiates mar- 
riage of Henrietta of France with Charles I. of 
England, 1625 — distinguishes himself at siege 
of Bochelle, 1627 — tf. commander of army of 
Alsace, about Aug. 1632. 

Effingham, Howard of. [Howard, Charles.] 

Egbert, (Fcgberht,) King of Kent, — suc- 
ceeds Ercombert, 664 — sends Wigheard to 
Borne, to be consecrated Abp of Canterbury, 
667 — tf., Jul. 673. 

Egbert, (Fcgberht,) King of England, — 
claims kingdom of Wessex, on death of Cyne- 
wulf, 784^ 786 b — takes refuge with Off a, 784 
— escapes to court of Charles the Great, 787 — ■ 
present at coronation of Charles, at Borne, 25 
Dec. 800 — succeeds Brihtric in Wessex, 800 
— gives the name of Fngland to his dominions, 
800 c — overruns West Wales, (Devon and Corn- 
wall,) 813 — defeats Beornwulf at Ellendune, 
823 — Essex and Kent submit to him, alliance 
with East Angles, 823 — conquers Mercia 
(East Anglia ?) and Northumbria, and is named 
Bretwalda, 827 — Wiglaf of Mercia tributary, 
828 — war with the North Welsh, 828 — descents 
of the Danes, 832-5 — defeats the Danes and 
Britons at Hengestdown, in Cornwall, 835 — tf., 
837, a 836. bc a Annals of England. 

D Engl. Cyc. c Lappenherg. 

Egbert, Priest of Iona, Bp of Lindis- 
farne, — converts monks of Iona to Roman 
view of Easter, &c, 716 — translates Gospels 
into Anglo-Saxon, about 720 (?) — tf. in Iona, 
25 Apr. 729. 



EGBERT— EGYPT. 



473 



Egbert, — Abp of York, 734 a — rj., 766. a 

a Stubhs. 

Egede, Hans, apostle of Greenland, — c. at 
Harstad, (Norway,) 31 Jan. 1686 — embarks 
for Greenland, 3 May 172 1 — returns to Den- 
mark, 1735 — Superintendent of Greenland 
Missions, 1740 — if. at Falster Island, 5 Nov. 
1758. Omstaendelig Relation angaaende den 
Gronslandshe Missions Begyndelse, 1738 — Ben 
gamle Grbnlands nye Perlustration, 1741-4. 

Egede, Paul, — fc., 1708 — goes with his father 
to Greenland, 172 1 — settles there, 1734 — quits 
Greenland, 1740 — is named Bp and Superin- 
tendent of the Mission, 1747— tf. at Copen- 
hagen, 1789. Efterretninger om Grbnland, 
1789 — Danish translation of the ' Imitatio 
Christi,' 1787 — Danish-Latin Diet. , 1750. 

Egeria, asteroid, — discovered by Gasparis 
at Naples, 2 Nov. 1850. 

Egerton, Francis. [Bridgewater, Duke 

OF.] 

Egerton, Thomas, Lord Ellesmere, Lord 
Chancellor op England, — rj. in Cheshire, 
1540 — enters Brasenose Coll. Oxford, about 1556 
— student of Lincolns Inn, 31 Oct. 1560 — called 
to the bar, 2 Feb. 1572 — Solicitor-general, 28 
Jun. 158 1 — Lent Reader, 1582 — Attorney-gen- 
eral, 2 Jun. 1592,* 1594 b— Knt, 1593,* 1594 b — 
between Feb. to 10 Apr. 1594° — Master of the 
Rolls, 10 Apr. 1594 — Lord Keeper of the 
Great Seal, 6 May 1596 — charged with custody 
of the Earl of Essex, 1599 — sent by Queen 
Elizabeth to confer with the Earl, Feb. 1600 
Baron of Ellesmere, by James I., 19 Jul. 1603 
— Lord Chancellor, 24 Jul. — Chancellor of 
Oxford Univ., 3 Nov. i6io c — Viscount Brack- 
ley, 7 Nov. 16 16 — resigns the Great Seal, 3 
Mar. 16 17 — tf. in London, 15 Mar. 16 17. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Chalmers. e Foss. 

Egesta, (Segesta,) in Sicily,— [BC] — revolts 
to Romans, 263 a — besieged by Carthaginians, 
and relieved by Romans, 26o. a a Zumpt. 

Egfrid, King op Northumbria, — succeeds 
his father Oswy, 15 Feb. 670 — defeats the 
Picts, captures Lincoln, 671 — deprives Wilford 
of the See of York, and divides it, 678 — war 
with the Mercians, 679 — killed in war with 
the Picts, 20 May 685. 

Egg, Augustus Leopold, painter, — b. in 
London, 2 May 1816— A.R.A., 1848 — R.A., 
i860 — rj. at Algiers, 26 Mar. 1863. Scene in 
the Boar's Head, Cheapside, 1840 — Life and 
Death of Buckingham, 1855. 

Eggeling, Johann Heinrich, antiquary, — 
fc. at Bremen, 23 May 1639 — fr., 15 Feb. 17 13. 
De miscellaneis Germanics antiqaitatibus dis- 
sertations, 1694-1700 — De numismatibus qui- 
busdam abstrusis, §c, 168 1. 

Eggesteyn, Heinrich, printer, — fl. at Stras- 
burg, about 1470. Gratiani decretum, §c, 
147 1 — Justiniani Lnstitutiones juris cum glossa, 
$c, 1472. _ 

Eggs, in England, — duty on importation, 
imposed by Act 17 and 18 Vic. c. 122, 12 Aug. 
1854— repealed by Act 23 Vic. c. 22, 15 May 
i860. 

Egica, (Egiza,) King or the Visigoths, in 
Spain?— succeeds on abdication of Ervige, Nov. 



687 — repudiates Cixilone and marries again; 
convokes Councils of Toledo, 11 May 688, and 
2 May 693 — If., 701. 

Egil, (Eigil,) poet, — fl. in Iceland, between 
900-1000. 

Eginhard, (ffeinhardus, Agenardus,) histo- 
rian of Charles the Great, — ft., about 771 a — re- 
tires to monastery of Fontenelle, about 816-23 
— converts his residence at Mulinheim into an 
abbey, 827 — death of his wife, Imma, 836 a — 
present at assembly at Aix-la-Chapelle, 837 a 
— U. at Seligenstadt, 839, 13 841,° 848^ 844^ 

a Nour. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. c Some 

authorities. d Others. e Chronicler of St Bavon. 

Eglinton, Archibald William Montgome- 
rie, 13th Earl op, Lord - Lieutenant op 
Ireland, — fo. at Palermo, 29 Sep. 1812 — 
succeeds to the title on the death of bis 
grandfather, 14 Dec. 18 19 — holds a fete and 
tournament at his seat, 29 Aug. &c, 1839 — ' 
Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1852 — rector of 
Glasgow Univ., Nov. 1852 — Lord-lieutenant 
again, Feb. 1858 to Jun. 1859 — created Earl 
of Winton, Jun. 1859— ft. near St Andrews, 
Oct. 1861. 

Egloifstein, August Karl, Baron von, 
general, — fc. in Franconia, 15 Feb. 177 1 — enters 
the army, 1784 — in service of Duke of Saxe 
Weimar, 1795 — at battle of Jena, 14 Oct. 1806 
— admitted to Legion of Honour, 1809 — Com- 
mander of Stralsund, 18 12 — takes part in 
Russian campaign, 1 8 1 2- 1 3 — Inspector-general, 
18 1 8 — tf. in Baden, 15 Sep. 1834. 

Egmond, Lamoral, Count of, — ft. in Hol- 
land, 1522 — accompanies Charles V. to Africa, 
1 541 — Knt of the Golden Fleece, 1546 — am- 
bassador to England, 1554 — distinguishes him- 
self at the battle of St Quentin, 1557 — and at 
Gravelines, 1558 — imprisoned by Alva, at 
Ghent, Sep. 1567 — executed, with Count Horn, 
at Brussels, 5 Jun. 1568 — statue erected to them, 
at Brussels, 1865. 

Eguiard y Eguren, Juan Jose d'. Biblio- 
theca Mexicana, 1755. 

Egypt, (uEgyptus,) — [BC] — 1st {Thinite) 
Dynasty established by Menes, 2717^ about 
2220, b 2467,° 5867,*! 2700, ef g 3700, 11 3892^ — ■ 
Illrd (Memphite) Dynasty, commences, about 
2650/ 1 2405,° 531 8, d 2869 h — Ilnd [Thinite) 
Dynasty, commences, about 2470^ 2202,° 
56i5, d 2500^ 2450^ — IVth (Memphite) Dy- 
nasty, commences, about 2440^ 2219,° 5121,"* 
245o, ef e 3209 h — Vth (Elephantinite) Dy- 
nasty, commences, about 244o, a 20i5, c 4673^ 
2450 f s — Vlth [Memphite) Dynasty, commences, 
about 220o, a 1998,° 4425^ 222o, e 2240/s 2490 11 
— IXth (Heracleopolite, or Meliopolite) Dynasty, 
commences, about 220o, ae 2433,° 4047^ 2240% 
— Xlth (Diospolite, or Theban) Dynasty, com- 
mences, about 22oo, ae 2433,° 3762, d 2240 f s — ■ 
Xllth (Diospolite) Dynasty, commences, about 

2o8o, a 2290,° 3703, d 2IOO, e 2020, f S 2218 h — 

XI Vth (Xdites) Dynasty, commences, about 
2o8o, a 2433,° 3oo4, d 2ioo, e 202o f s — XVth 
(Shepherd-Kings) commences, about 2o8o, a 
2ioo, e 2030 f s — XVIth (Shepherd- ICings) , com- 
mences, about 2o8o, a 2ioo, e 2030 r s — XVIIth 
(Shepherd- Kings) about 2030/ § 1650? e — 



474 



EGYPT— EHEET. 



Xllltli (Diospolite) Dynasty, commences, about 
1920,* 2262,° 1951 ? e 1900 ? f s 2070 h — Vllth 
(Mempkiie) Dynasty, commences, about i8oo, ae 
2020 ? { s — Vlllth (Memphite) Dynasty, com- 
mences, about i8oo, ae 2020 ? { s — Xtli (Hera- 
clcopolite) Dynasty, commences, about i75o, ae 
1900 ? f s — XVIIlth (Diospolite) Dynasty, com- 
mences, about i525, ae 1520/8 1684,* 1633 h — 
Thotliraes III. distinguished as architect, reigns, 
i463-i4i4 f g — [Stranger-kings' rule, about 
x 367-i357 ? f s] — XlXth (Diospolite) Dynasty, 
commences, about 1340^1 324^ f g — RamesesII. 
(Amuu-mai) the Great, reigns, i3ii-i245 ef s — 
XXth (Diospolite) Dynasty, commences, about 
1232/g i3oo, h i20o a — Eameses III. (Rhamp- 
sinitus ?) begins to reign, about 1219 s — XXIst 
(Tanite) Dynasty, commences, about 1085 ef s 
— XXIInd (Bubastite) Dynasty, commences, 
about 990 e f s — Sheshonk. I., (Shishah), 990 — 
takes Jerusalem, 972 a — XXIIIrd (Tanite) 
Dynasty, commences, about 818/s 847 e — 
XXI Vth (Saite), Bocchoris, the Wise, ascends 
the throne, 734, f » 774 ? e — XXVth (Ethiopian) 
Dynasty, commences, about 714 ? f s — Sabaco 
(Shebek) I., (Seva) 714 ? — makes a treaty with 
Hoshea, king of Israel, 722/ 710/g 724^ — 
defeated by Sargon, about 719 e — Sabaco II., 
702/ s 704 e — Terhajc, (Tirhaka,) defeats 
Sennacherib, about 698 e — invasion of Lower 
Egypt by Esarhaddon, about 669 — Tirhakah 
recovers his kingdom, 668 e — war with Asshur- 
bani-pal, conquered by him, about 665 e — 
XXVIth (Saite) Dynasty, commences, about 
664c fg — Psammeticus I. 664 ? — Neco, 
(Nechao,) 6i7-6oi, a 6io-594 ef s — Psam- 
meticus II., 601 - 595^ 594 - 588, e f e — 
Apiues, (Vaphres,) (Pharaoh Hoplira,) 595- 

57o, a 588-569? — Psammeticus III., ■ ? 

Amasis, (Amosis,) 570-526,* 569-525 f s — 
Psammenitus, 525 — conquest by Cambyses, 
525 — XXVIIth (Persian) Dynasty, com- 
mences, 525 — [Persia]- — Persians expelled, 
488, a about 485 or 483 f s — recovered by them, 
485,* about 483 or 481 f s — revolt of Inaros and 
Amyrtseus, 462^ 46o, e 458 f s — reconquered, 
456, a 455, e 454 or 452 f s — Pausiris viceroy, 
about 448 ?— fleet sent by Athenians, 438 — 
revolts again, under Amyrtseus, 411/s 419- 
4181— XXVIIIth (Saite) Dynasty, Amyrtaeus 
only, reigns 411-405 ? f s — XXIXth (M'en- 
desian) Dynasty, commences, 405 — XXXth 
(Sebennite) Dynasty, commences, 381 — Nec- 
tanebo I., 381 — Persian invasion under 
Pharnabazus and Iphicrates, who are defeated 
by Nectanebo, 374 — Tachos, (Teos,) 366, e 
363 f s — Nectanebo II., 364^ 361 f s — conquered 
by Persians, 343/ s 350^ 346 e — XXXIst 
(Persian) Dynasty, commences, 343/ s 350,* 
346 e — conquered by Alexander the Great, 332 — 
Ptolemy, Macedonian governor, 323 — [Lagidse] 
— regency of Agathocles, about 205 — of 'i'lepo- 
lemon, 205 — of Aristomenes, about 202 — he is 
put to death by Ptolemy Epiphanes, 192— in- 
vasion of Antiochus, 170 — saved by intervention 
of Home, 168 — the kingdom bequeathed to 
Borne by Alexander III., 65 — made a Eoman 
province, 30 — [AD] — visited by Hadrian, 130 
— rebellion, 171 — suppressed by Avidius Cassus, 



175 — Avidius proclaims himself Emperor of 
Egypt, and is put to death with his son : visited 
by Severus, 202 b — visited by Caracalla, 215 b 
— Egyptians admitted to Eoman Senate by 
Caracalla, 21 1-2 17 — occupied by Zenobia a 
few months, 269— revolt of Firmus, 272 — the 
Blemmyes subdued by Probus, 279 b — insurrec- 
tion under Achilleus, 292 b - — campaign of 
Diocletian against him, and capture of Alex- 
andria, 297 b — earthquake and inundation in, 
21 Jul. 365 b — edict of Theodosius against 
Paganism, the temple of Serapis destroyed, 379 
— conquered by Persians, 616 b — by Amrou, 
and made subject to the Caliphs, (18, a. h.) 639 b 
— [Abbasides] — becomes independent under, 
Ibrahim ebn el Agleb, 800-811 f — [Aglebites, 
Toulounides] — recovered by Caliphs, 906 f — 
the government usurped by Akhsheed Turks, 
936-970 — Fatimite Caliphs established, 970 — 
great famine, (457,) 1064 1 — unsuccessfully 
invaded by Amaury of Jerusalem, 1166 — 
Ayoubite Dynasty, founded by Saladin, 1171 
— invaded by crusaders, siege of Damietta, 
1219 — again, by St Louis, (646-8,) 1248-50, — 
the throne seized by El Moez, first of Baharite 
Sultans, 1250 — Syria reconquered from Tatars, 
1260 — again lost to them, 1295-6 — again re- 
covered, 1302-3 — earthquake, 1361 1 — accession 
of Circassian Mameluke Sultans, 1382 — con- 
quered and annexed to Ottoman Empire by 
Selim L, 1517 — French expedition to, (1213) 
1798 — [Napoleon I., Kleber, Alexandreia, 
Nile, Aboukir, &c.,]— occupation of Cairo, 22 
Jul. 1798. [Mamelukes] — the French expelled 
by allied Turkish and British forces, 1801 — 
[Abercromby, Sir R.] — Mehemet Ali, Pasha 
of, 2 Nov. 1806 — fruitless British expedition to, 
1807 — conquest of "Wahabees, 1 813-16 — 
countries of the Upper Nile annexed, 1820 — 
conquest of Syria, by Ibrahim Pasha, 1835 — 
Syria recovered for the Porte by intervention 
of the Great Powers, 1 840 — Treaty of London, 
15 Jul. 1 841 — Abbas Pasha, grandson of 
Mehemet Ali succeeds, 1 849 — Said Pasha, his 
uncle, 13 Jul. 1854 — expedition to Soudan, 
1857 — Ismaei. Pasha, his brother, (ft. 26 Nov. 
18 16,) succeeds, 18 Jan. 1863 — invested with 
Order of the Bath, 30 Jan. 1867 — receives title 
of Khedive, (Kedervi el Masr,) and succession 
to the throne made direct from father to son by 
Imperial firman, 14 May 1867 — visits London, 
Jul. 1867— again, Aug. 1869. [Suez Canal.] 
a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. 

c Art de Verifier les Dates. 
d Champollion-Figeac. e Rawlinson. 

f Wilkinson, s Poole. h Bunsen. x Others. 
k Lepsius. l Paton. 

Ehrenbreitstein, in Prussia, — fortress re- 
built and extended by Hermann, Abp of Treves, 
about 1 150 — unsuccessfully attacked by Marshal 
Boufflers, 1688 — siege of, by the French, begins, 
Nov. 1797 — taken by them, 27, a 29 b Jan. 1799 
— given up to Prussia by Treaty of Luneville, 
and the fortifications destroyed, 1801 — fortifica- 
tions restored, after 18 14. 

a Macculloch. b Conv.-Lex. 

Ehret, George Denis, painter, — ft. in Baden, 
17 10 — F.B.S. London, 1757 — ft. there, Sep. 



EICHHORN— ELDON. 



475 



1770 — (with Linnaeus,.) Eortus Cliffortianus, 

1737- 

Eichhorn, Johann Gottfried, orientalist, — h. 
in Hohenlohe-Qeringen, 16 Oct. 1752 — Prof. 
Oriental Languages, Jena, 1775-88 — Court 
CouncillortoDukeof Saxe Weimar, 1783— Prof. 
Oriental Languages, Gottingen, 1788 — D.D., 
181 1— Director of Royal Scientific Society of 
Gottingen, 18 13 — Privy Councillor, Hanover, 
1819 — o., 25 Jun. 1827. Monumenta antiquis- 
simce histories Arabum, §c, 1775 — Rcpertorium 
fur biblische and morgenltindische Litteratur, 
1777-%6—Urgeschichte, 1790-3 — Einleitung in 
das Alte Testament, 1824 — Einleitung in das 
Neue Testament, 1824-7 — Die ELebrliischen 
Eropheten, 1816-20 — Allgemeine Geschichteder 
Cultur unci Litteratur des neuern Europa, 1796- 
99 — Geschichte der Litteratur, §c., 1805-12 — 
Urgeschichte des erlauchten ELauses der Welfen, 
1817 — Gbttingische gelehrte Anzeigen, 1813-27. 

Eichhorn, Karl Friedrich, jurist, — b. at 
Jena, 20 Nov. 178 1 — Prof. German Law, 
Frankfort-on-the-Oder, 1 805 — Prof. German 
Law, Berlin, 181 1— Prof. German Law, Got- 
tingen, 1817-28 — Councillor of State, Prussia, 
about 1833 — rj., Jul. 1854. Deutsche Staats 
und Rechtsgeschichte, 1808-23 — Grundsdtze des 
Kirchenrechts, §c, 183 1-3. 

' Eikon Basilike,' published, 1649. 

' Eikonoelastes,' (Milton's reply to Eikon 
Basilike,) published, 1649. 

Einari, {Einarson,) Halfdan, — rj., 1784. 
Sciagraphia historice litter arice Tslandicce, 1777. 

Eion, on the Strymon, — [B C | — Brasidas at- 
tempts to seize, and is prevented by Thucydides, 
424. 

Eisen, Charles Dominique Joseph, painter, 
designer, — rj. at Valenciennes, 17 Aug. 1720 a 
— pupil of Lebas at Paris, 1742 — Bector of 
Academy of St Luke, 177 1— if. at Brussels, 4 
Jan. 177 8. a ajal. 

Eisenach, (Lsenacum,) — rebuilt, 1070 a — 
meeting of Minnesingers at, 1205 b — residence 
of Landgraves of Thuringia, till 1406 c [Wart- 
burg,] — seat of the princes of Saxe-Eisenach, 
1 67 2- 1 741. a Conv.-Lex. 

b Chambers' Encyc. c Engl. Cyc. 

Eisenmenger, Johann Andreas, philologist, 
— rj. at Manheim, 1654 — Prof. Oriental Lan- 
guages, Heidelberg, 1700 — U. there, 20 Dec. 
1704. Entdecktes Judenthum, 1700. 

Eistedfodd, {Meeting of Welsh Bards,) — 
held at Caerwys, by proclamation of Queen 
Elizabeth, 26 May 1568 — revived, by the 
Gwyneddigion Society, 1798— again, by the 
Cymrodorion Society, 1828. 

Ekaterinburg, in Asiatic Russia, — founded 
by Peter the Great, 1723. 

Ekaterinoslav, in Russia, — province, consti- 
tuted by Catherine II., 1784 — extended and 
named New Kussia, by Paul, 1797 — made dis- 
tinct province, by Alexander, 1 822 — town, found- 
ed by Catherine II., 1787. 

Elagabalus, (Heliogabalus, Vabjus Avi- 
tus Bassianus,) (Marcus Aurelius Antoni- 
nus,) Boman Emperor, — ft , 204 — proclaimed 
emperor by the army of Syria, 1 6 May 2 1 8 — 
acknowledged at Borne, after defeat and death 



of Macrintis, 8 Jun. 218 — enters Bome, Jul. 
219 — killed by the praetorians, 11 Mar. 222. 

El Arish, [Rhinocolura,) — surprise of the 
Mamelukes by Napoleon at, 17 Feb. 1799 — ■ 
fort taken by him, 20 Feb. — retaken by the 
Grand Vizier, 29 Dec. 1799 — Convention of, 
for evacuation o'f Egypt by the French, con- 
cluded by Sir Sidney Smith, 24 Jan. 1800. 

Elatea, PAo«s, — [BCJ— seized by Philip of 
Macedonia, early in 338 — winter quarters of 
Flamininus, 198-7. 

Elath, (Ailon, Ailath, Ailane, Elana, 
Akaba,) — [B C] — visited by Israelites in their 
wanderings, between 1490- 1450 a — possessed by 
David, about 1040 a — recovered and rebuilt by 
Uzziah, about 800 a — captured by Bezin of 
Syria, 741 a — [AD] — seat of a bishopric, before 
320 b — submits to Mohammed, 630- — taken by 
Baldwin of Jerusalem, n 16 — by Saladin I., 
1167 — seized by Bainald of Chatillon, 1182 — 
deserted, a mere fortress, from before 1300 — ■ 
visited by Buppell, 1822 — by Laborde, 1835. 
a Ussher. b Robinson. 

Elba, Isle of, {(Ethalia, Ilva,) — held by the 
Pisans, before 1000 — taken from them by the 
Genoese, 1290 — afterwards belongs to the 
principality of Piombino ; becomes part of the 
kingdom of Naples, 1736 — taken by the Eng- 
lish, . 1796 — reunited to the French republic, 
Aug. 1800 — part of the kingdom of Etruria, 
1 801 — place of exile of Napoleon I., 4 May 
1814 to 26 Feb. 1815. 

Elbe, (Albis,) The, — [BC]— reached by 
Drusus, 9 — crossed by Domitius Ahenobarbus, 
3 — [A D j — reached by Tiberius, 5 — closed 
against the English flag by Prussia, Apr. 1801 
— opened, by Convention of 20 May iSoi — ■ 
again closed, by the French, Jun. 1803 — open- 
ed by Prussia, Aug. 1806 — French army of 
observation formed on, spring 1807 — National 
Guards of France ordered up to, Aug. 1812 — 
passed by the allies, at Dresden and Dessau, 
spring 1 81 3 — the allies retreat across, 7 Apr. 
1 81 3 — passed by Napoleon I., 11 May 181 3— by 
Ney, 13 May 1 813— by Blucher, the Bussians, 
and the Swedes, 2-3 Oct. 1813 — navigation of, 
declared free, by treaty of 18 15 ;1 — Commission 
on the navigation of, meets at Dresden, 1819 — 
Convention for freedom of, signed 23 Jun. 1821 
— comes into force, 1 Mar. 1822 b — Additional 
Navigation Act, by Conference at Dresden, 1 3 
Apr. 1844 — Commission meets at Magdeburg, 
Oct. 1850 — breaks up without result, 23 Dec. 
1850 — crossed by Prussians, 5 Jul. 1866. 
a Macculloch. b Conv.-Lex. 

Elbing, in Erussia, — founded by Conrad, 
landgrave of Thuringia, about 1237 — given up to 
Poland, 1454 — reunited to Prussia, 1772. Con- 
vention of, between Frederick William III. and 
Napoleon, 13 Oct. 1807. 

Elbruz, in the Caucasus, — ascent of, by 
Freshfield, 31 Jul. 1868. 

Elchingen, — Marshal Ney defeats Austrians 
at, 13 Oct. 1805 — gives the title of Duke to 
Ney, Mar. 1808. 

Eldon, John Scott, Earl of, Loed Chan- 
cellor of England,- — b. at Newcastle-upon- 
Tyne, 4 Jun. 1751 — enters Univ. Coll., Oxford, 



47 6 



ELEANOR— ELECTRIC LIGHT. 



15 May, 1766 — Fellow of his Coll., Jul. 1767 
— B.A., 1770 — marries, 19 Nov. 1772 — enters 
the Middle Temple, 28 Jan. 1773 — M.A., Feb. 
1773 — settles in London, end of 1775 — called 
to the bar, 9 Feb. 1776 — M.P. Weobly, Jun. 
1783 — Chancellor of Durham, Mar. 1787 — 
Solicitor-general, Knt, Jun. 1788 — pui'chases 
the estate of Eldon, 1792 — Attorney-general, 
13 Feb. 1793 — made a serjeant, 16 Jul. 1799 — 
Privy Councillor, 17 Jul. — Baron Eldon, 18 
Jul.— Chief Justice of Common Pleas, 19 Jul. 
— Lord Chancellor, 14 Apr. 1801 — resigns, 7 
Feb. 1 806 — Lord Chancellor again, 1 Apr. 1 807 
■ — his house in London attacked by Corn Law 
rioters, 18 16 — Viscount Encombe, Earl of El- 
don, 7 Jul. 1 82 1 — resigns the Great Seal, 30 
Apr. 1827 — rj. in London, 13 Jan. 1838. 

Eleanor, of Aquitaine, Queen of Henry 
II., — b., about 1 1 22 — marries Louis VII. of 
France, Jul. n 37 — accompanies him to the 
crusade, summer 1147 — divorced for her licen- 
tiousness, at Council of Beaugenci, Mar. 1152 — 
marries Henry, Duke of Normandy, 1152 — be- 
comes Queen of England, Dec. 1154 — sanctions 
the rebellion of her sons, and is imprisoned, Mar. 
1 173 — liberated by Richard L, and named 
regent, n 89 — arrives at Messina with Beren- 
garia, spring 1191 — appeals to the pope in be- 
half of Richard, 1 193 — besieged by Prince 
Arthur and Hugh Lusignan, at castle of Mira- 
bel, in Anjou, 1202 — fr. there, 26 Jun. 1202. 

Eleanor of Provence, Queen of Henry III., 
— marries Henry III., 14 Jan. 1236 — insulted 
by the Londoners, and goes abroad, 1263 — pre- 
pares a fleet for invasion of England, 1264 — 
becomes a nun at Amesbury, 1286 — rj. there, 
24 Jun. 1291. 

Eleanor, of Castile, Queen of Edward I., 
— marries Prince Edward of England, at Bur- 
gos, 1254 — accompanies him on the crusade, 
1269 — crowned with him, 19 Aug. 1274 — rj. at 
Grantham, 28 Nov. 1290. 

Eleanor, Queen of Navarre, — marries 
Gaston IV. Count de Foix, 1434 a — death of 
her husband, Jul. 147 1 — succeeds her father, 
John II., 19 Jan. 1479 — &• a ^ Tudela, 10 or 12 
Feb. 1479. aArt de Verifier les Dates. 

Eleanor, ' Maid of Britanny,' — captured with 
her brother Arthur at Mirabel by King John, 3 1 
Jul. 1202 — sent to England and imprisoned, 
1202 — rj. at Bristol castle, 1241. 

Eleanor de Montfort, — affianced to Llewel- 
lyn, Prince of Wales, 1275 — captured by Ed- 
ward I., 1275 — who refuses a ransom for her, 
1276 — released, and marries Llewellyn, 13 Oct. 
1278 — tf. early in 1282. 

Eleanor Crosses, — erected in memory of 
Eleanor of Castile, after Nov. 1290 — new one, 
at Charing Cross, erected, 1865. 

Eleanora de Guzman, — mistress of Alfonso 
XL of Castile, about 1330 — put to death by 
Pedro the Cruel, 1351. 

Eleanora Tellez, Queen of Portugal, — 
divorced by Don Juan a (Lorenzo b ) d'Acunha, 
and marries Ferdinand king of Portugal, 1371,* 
1372 b — conspires against the regent John I., 
close of 1383 — arrested and confined in a con- 
vent at Tordesillas ; rj. there, about 1405. a 

a Biog. Univ. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 



Eleatic School, of Philosophy, — [B C] — 
founded by Xenophanes, about 530. 

Elections, at Rome, — [BC] — laws against 
canvassing, enacted, 432 — Lex Pcetilia, first law 
against bribery on market days, 358 — Lex 
Cornelia Bcebia, incapacitating canvassers for 
10 years, 181 — Lex Gabinia, introducing ballot, 
139 — Lex Acilia Calpurnia, against treating 
electors, 67 — Lex Tullia, enhancing penalties, 
63 — Lex Licinia, against sodalitia, 55 — Lex 
Julia de Ambitu, against bribery, 18 — amend- 
ed, 8— [AD]— in England, regulated by Act 7 
Hen. IV. c. 15, 1405-6 — county voters to have 
forty-shilling freeholds, by Act 8 Hen. VI. c. 7, 
1249 — further regulations by Acts 10 Hen. 
VI. c. 2, 1432, and 23 Hen. VI. c. 14, 1444-45 
— to be free, by Act 1 ¥m and Mar. sess. 2, c. 2, 
1689 — further regulations by Acts 7 and 8 AVm 

III. cc. 7 and 25, 1696 ; 10 and 11 ¥m III. 
c. 7, 1699 — penalties for making fraudulent 
conveyances to create votes, by Act 10 Ann. c. 
23, 17 1 1 — copyholders excluded from voting by 
Act 31 Geo. II. c. 14, 1758 — further regulated 
by Acts 25 Geo. III. c. 84, 1785 ; 33 Geo. III. 
c. 64, 17 Jun. 1793 ; 9 Geo. IV. c. 59, 15 Jul. 
1828 [repealed by Act 24 and 25 Vic. c. 101, 
6 Aug. 1 861] ; the Eeform Act ; 5 and 6 Wm. 

IV. c. 36, 25 Aug. 1835 ; 6 and 7 "Wm. IV. c. 
102, 20 Aug. 1836; 6 and 7 Vic. c. 18, 31 
May 1843; 11 and 12 Vic. c. 90, 31 Aug. 
1848; 14 and 15 Vic. c. 14, 3 Jul. 1851 — time 
of taking the poll limited to one day by Act 16 
and 17 Vic. c. 15, 18 Mar. 1853 — [Bribery, 
Qualification of Members] — controverted, in 
Ireland, trial of, regulated by Acts 42 Geo. III. 
c. 106, 26 Jun. 1802 ; 47 Geo. III. s. 1, c. 14, 
19 Feb. 1807 ; 60 Geo. III. and 1 Geo. IV. c. 
7, 24 Dec. 1 8 19 ; and 7 and 8 Vic. 103, 9 Aug. 
1844 — controverted, in Great Britain, trial of, 
regulated by Acts 7 and 8 Vic. c. 103, 9 Aug. 
1844; 11 and 12 Vic. c. 18, 4 Sep. 1848— law 
relating to petitions amended, and prevention of 
corrupt practices more effectually provided for, 
by Act 31 and 32 Vic. c. 125, 31 Jul. 1868— 
law relating to payment of Commissioners' ex- 
penses amended by Act 32 and 33 Vic. c. 21, 
24 Jun. 1869. 

Electors, of the Empire, — College of, first 
named, ii52 a — again, 1198* — seven named, 
1265— seven in number, by the Golden Bull, 
1 356 — vote of the Palsgrave (king of Bohemia) 
transferred to Maximilian of Bavaria, by Fer- 
dinand II., 161 8 a — the Palsgrave reinstated as 
eighth Elector, by Peace of Westphalia, 1648 
— title conferred on Duke of Brunswick-Lune- 
burg ? (Elector of Hanover,) 1692 — confirmed 
by Diet, i7o8 a — number reduced to eight by union 
of Bavaria and the Palatinate, 1777 — elector- 
ates of Cologne and Treves) suppressed by 
Napoleon I., 1803- — title abolished on the ex- 
tinction of the Empire, (except for Hesse-Cas- 
sel,) 1806. a Bryce. 

Electric Clock, — invented by Bain, 1837 — 
"Wkeatstone's, 1841 — Shepherd's, 1859 — Sie- 
mens', 1866. 

Electric Compass, — invented by Gisborne, 
1863. 

Electric Gun, — invented by Beningfield, 1 845. 

Electric Light, — discovered by Davy, 1813 



ELEGTB1C LOOM— ELIOT. 



477 



• — patented by Stade, 1848 — used at the "West- 
minster Bridge works, 1858 — applied at the 
South Foreland Lighthouse, 1859 — Wilde's, 
invented, 1866. 

Electric Loom, — invented by Bonelli, 1855 
■ — improved by Froment, 1859. 

Electric Telegraph, — experiments by Wat- 
son at Westminster, 14 Jul. 1747 — at Shooter's 
Hill, 5 Aug. 1747 a — experiments of Franklin on 
the Schuylkill river, 1748 h — attempt of Lesage 
at Geneva, 1774 b — invented and in use by Lo- 
mond at Paris, 1787 — seen there by Arthur 
Young, 16 Oct. 1787 — Beusser's, invented, 
1794 — construction of, by decomposition of 
water, proposed by Soemmering, 1807 — invented 
and offered to English Government by Bonalds, 
18 16 — application of Oersted's discovery of 
electro-magnetism, suggested by Ampere, 1 820° 
— Baron Schilling's, 1832 — patented by Cooke 
and Wheatstone, 12 Jun. 1837 — constructed by 
Steinheil, 1837 — Morse's, exhibited, Sep. 1837 
— Davy's, (chemically marking,) patented, Jul. 
1838 — brought into use on the Great Western 
Railway, 1839 — improved by Wheatstone and 
Cooke, Jan. 1840 and Jul. 1841 — working of, by 
earth battery, patented by Bain, 1 842 — -printing, 
invented by Bain, 1844 — by Brett, 1847 — by 
Hughes, 1858 — submarine, proposed by Wheat- 
stone, 1840 — from Dover to Calais, laid, Aug. 
1850. [Atlantic Cable.] Portable war, used 
in the Crimea, 1854. In United Kingdom, con- 
struction and maintenance of, regulated by Act 
7 and 8 Vic. c. 85, ss. 13 and 14, 9 Aug. 
1844 — exercise of powers for construction of, 
regulated by Act 26 and 27 Vic. c. 112, 28 
Jul. 1863— amended by 29 Vic. c. 3, 6 Mar. 
1866 — purchase and working of, by Postmaster- 
general, authorized by Act 31 and 32 Vic. c. 
110, 31 Jul. 1868 — altered and amended by 
Act 32 and 33 Vic. c. 73, 9 Aug. 1869— man- 
agement assumed by Post Office, 5 Feb. 1870. 
a Ure's Diet, (by Hunt). 
b Engl. Cyc. c Tomlinson's Cyc. 

Electric Thermometer, — invented by Bec- 
querel, 1863. 

Electromagnetism, — discovered by Oersted, 
18 19 — application of, in manufacture of 
wrought-iron, by Bobinson, Feb. 1865. 

Electrometer, — invented, about 1750 (?) — 
Oersted's, invented, 1842 — Thomson's, 1863. 

Electro-Motive Machine, — invented by 
Jacobi, 1838 — by Page, 1850 — Ladd's, 1863. 

Electrophorus, — invented by Volta, about 

1774- 

Electrotype, Electro - Metallurgy, — in- 
vented by Jacobi, 1838 — by Spencer and 
Jordan, 1839 — application of, to plating and 
gilding, patented by Elkington, 1 840. 

Elephant, Order of the, (Uanis h,) — renewed 
by Christian I., 1458 —sanctioned by Pius V., 
1462 — by Sixtus VI., 1464 — statutes of, revised 
by Christian V., 1 Dec. 1693. 

Elephants, — [ BC ] — first seen by the 
Bomans at battle of Heraclea, 280 — first 
exhibited in the circus, by C. Claudius Pulcher, 
99. 

Eleusis, — [B C] — act of amnesty and ob- 
livion, after capture by Thrasybulus, (12 Boedr. 
01. 9-i, 2,) Sep. 403 — [AD] — temple of, de- 



stroyed by Alaric, and the Eleusinia cease to 
be celebrated, 396 — visited by Spor and Wheler, 
1676— by Dr E. Clarke, 1801. 

Eleutnerus, Bp op Bome, — succeeds Soter, 
177— *., 193. 

Elfritha, — marries King Edgar, 965 — assas- 
sinates her son-in-law, Edward the Martyr, at 
Corfe, 18 Mar. 979. 

Elgin, James Bruce, 8th Earl of, 12th 
Earl op Kincardine, Governor-general 
or India, — ft. in London, 20 Jul. 181 1 — enters 
parliament, succeeds to the peerage, 1841 — 
Governor-general of Jamaica, 1842 — of Canada, 
1846-54 — raised to the English peerage, as 
Baron Elgin, 1849 — ambassador extraord. to 
China, 1857 — signs Treaty of Tientsin, Jun. 
1858— again sent to China, Jun. i860— enters 
Pekin in state, i860 — Governor-general of 
India, i860 — tf. at Dhurumsala, 20 Nov. 1863. 

Elgin, Thomas Bruce, Earl of, diplomatist, 
— ft., 1777 — envoy at Brussels, 1792 — at Con- 
stantinople, 1799-1802 — visits Athens, obtains 
collection of sculptures, (Elgin Marbles,) 1800 
— tr. at Paris, Nov. 1841. 

Elgin Marbles, — brought from Athens by 
the Earl of Elgin, 1802 — purchased for the 
British Museum, under Act 56 Geo. III. c. 99, 

I Jul. 1 816. 

Elgiva, (JElfgifu,) Queen of England, — 
marries Edwy ; insulted by Dunstan after the 
coronation, 955 — separated from Edwy by Abp 
Odo, 958 — mutilated and murdered by ad- 
herents of Dunstan and Odo, 958. 

Elhuyart, D', mineralogist, — ft. at Logrono, 

II Oct. 1755 — visits Germany, 1786-9 — In- 
tendant-general of mines in Mexico, 17 89-1 8 22 
— tf, at Madrid, 6 Feb. 1831. 

Elias, Matthias, painter, — b. at Cassel, 
1658 — sent to Paris, 1678 — tf. at Dunkirk, 
1741. 

Elias Levita, rabbi, — n. in Italy, 1472 — 
teaches at Padua, 1504 — goes to Bome, 15 12- 
27—0". at Venice, 1549. Masoret Hammasoret, 
1538 — Methurgeman, 1541 — Tischbi, 1542 — 
Commentary on the Grammar of Moses Kim- 
chi, 1508. 

Elijah, Jewish p?~ophet, — [B C] — denounces 
a famine against Israel, 909," about 919 b — at 
the brook Cherith, 909 — at Zarephath, 908 — 
the trial of the prophets at Mount C arm el, 906 
— at Horeb, 906 — foretells Ahab's doom, 899 a 
— taken up to heaven, 896^ 895^ 

a Ussher. b Clinton. 

Elio, Francesco Xaviero, general, — n. at 
Pampeluna, 4 Mar. 1769 — serves in campaign 
of Boussillon, 1794 — sent to Buenos Ayres, 
1805 — executed in Spain, 4 Sep. 1822. 

Eliot, John, Apostle of the Indians, — fi. ia 
England, 1604 — goes to America, 1631 — pastor 
at Boxbury near Boston, 1632-88 — begins 
preaching to the Indians, Oct. 1646 — ft. at 
Boxbury, 20 May 1690^ 1689. b Translation 
of Bible for the Indians, 1663. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Chalmers. 

Eliot, Sir John, statesman, — fc. at Port 
Eliot in Cornwall, 20 Apr. 1590— enters Ox- 
ford Univ., 1607 — travels with George Villiers, 
161 1 — marries, winier of 1611 — M.P. St Ger- 
mains, 16 14 — Xnt, May 161 8 — Vice-admiral 



47 8 



ELIS— ELIZABETH. 



for Devon, 1619 — arrests the pirate Nutt, 6 
Jim. 1623 — imprisoned, Jul. 1623— liberated, 
by Nov. 1623 — first speech in parliament, Feb. 
1623-4 — resumes duties of Vice-admiral, 1624 
— M.P., 1625, 1626, 1628 — takes part in im- 
peachment of Buckingham, Feb. to May 1626 — 
sent to the Tower, 11 May 1626 — examined, 
17 May — released, 20 May— sequestered from 
his Vice-admiralty, 25 Oct. 1626 — refuses the 
forced loan, and is again imprisoned, Jun. 1627 
— death of his wife, Jun. 1628 — joins in the vote 
against tunnage and poundage, 2 Mar. 1629 — 
committed to the Tower, 4 Mar. 1629 — trans- 
ferred to the Marshalsea, 29 Oct — remitted to 
the Tower, Feb. 1630— visited by Hampden, 
Sep. 1630 — ft. in the Tower, 27 Nov. 1632 — 
leave to bury him at Port Eliot, refused by 
Charles I., Nov. 1632. 

Elis, [Pisa,]— [BC]— war with Dyme, (01. 
28,) 668 :i — extends dominions towards Triphy- 
lia, (01. 50,) 580 a — population collected into one 
town, (?) 47 1 a — Lacedaemonians make war on, 
401-399 — Arcadia at war with, latter part 365 
—joins Achaean League, overrun by Macedo- 
nians, 218 b — again invaded by Philip, 209. b 
a Miiller. b Thirlwall. 

Elisha, — [BC]— called by Elijah, 906, 895,* 
896 b — miracle of the waters, 895 — leprosy of 
Gehazi, 894 — Syrians at Dothan, 892 — Shu- 
namite's son born, 891 — at Damascus, 885 — 
ft., about 837^ 839. b a Clinton. b Ussher. 

Elizabeth, ( Woodville,) Queen of Edward 
IV., — privately married to Edward IV., 1 May 
1464,* 1463 or 1464 b — the marriage acknow- 
ledged by him, 29 Sep. 1464— crowned, 26 
May 1465 — takes sanctuary at Westminster, 1 
Oct. 1470 — fails in attempt to obtain the re- 
gency, Apr. 1483 — takes sanctuary at West- 
minster, 1 May 1483 to Mar. 1484 — provided 
for by Eichard III., Mar. 1484 — confined in 
Bermondsey nunnery by Henry VII., May 
1487 — ft. there, 8 Jun. 1492. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Annals of England. 

• Elizabeth, of YorJc, Queen of Henry VII. , 
— b., about 1465, 11 Feb. 1466 s — marries 
Henry VII., 18 Jan. i486 — crowned, 25 Nov. 
1487 — ft., 11 Feb. 1503. a Engl. Cyc. 

Elizabeth, Queen of England, — b. at 
Greenwich, 7 Sep. 1533 — the crown settled on 
her conditionally, by Act 25 Hen. VIII. c. 22, 
1534 — declared illegitimate by Act 28 Hen. 
VIII. c. 7, 1536 — conditionally restored, by 
Act 35 Hen. VIII. c. 1, 1544 — her marriage 
with Philip (II.) of Spain proposed, 1546 — 
with Christian III. of Denmark, 1550 — accom- 
panies Queen Mary to London, Aug. 1553 — 
attends her coronation, 1 Oct. — committed to 
the Tower, 18 Mar. 1554— removed to Wood- 
stock, 19 May — to Hatfield, May 1555— suc- 
ceeds Mary, 17 Nov. 1558 — enters London, 
22, a 24 b Nov. — Philip of Spain proposes mar- 
riage to her, Jan. 1559 — crowned, 13 Jan. — re- 
establishes the Eeformed faith ; her title recog- 
nized by Act 1 Eliz. c. 3, 1559 — receives letter 
of rebuke from John Knox, 20 Jul. 1559 a — 
sends a fleet to the Forth, Dec. — assists Pro- 
testants in Scotland and France, 1560 — con- 
cludes Treaty of Edinburgh with the Scots for 



evacuation of Scotland by the French, 6 Jul. 
— formally requested by Estates of Scotland to 
marry Earl of Arran, Sep. — declines him, Dec. 
— concludes alliance with Conde, Aug. 1562 — 
consents to surrender of Havre, Jul. 1563 — 
Treaty of Troyes, Apr. 1564 — denounced by 
Pius V. as a heretic, 1567 — Mary Queen of 
Scots takes refuge in England, May 1568 — in- : 
surrection under Earls of Northumberland and 
Westmoreland, 1569 — excommunicated by Pius 
V., 25 Apr. 1570 — proposal to marry Count of 
Anjou, Nov. — opposes Puritan measures, 157 1 
and 1572 — concludes treaty with France, 19 
Apr. 1572 — declines protectorate of the Nether- 
lands, 1575 — concludes alliance with the Dutch, 
spring 1577 — prohibits Puritan 'Prophesyings,' 
7 May 1577 — unsuccessful negotiations for her 
marriage w r ith Francis, Duke of Alenc,on, 1579 
— accepts protectorate of the Netherlands, Jul. 
1585 — sends the Earl of Leicester with troops, 
Dec. — Babington's Plot discovered, Sep. 1586 
— trial of Mary Queen of Scots, Oct. — confirms 
sentence against Mary, 4 Dec. — signs warrant 
for her execution, 1 Feb. 1587 — [Armada, 
Spanish] — Tyrone's rebellion, 1594 — her 
health declines, 1598 — disgraces Essex, end 
Sep. 1599 — ft. at Eichmond, 24 Mar. 1603— 
buried at Westminster, 28 Apr. 

a Froude. b Annals of England. 

Elizabeth, of Austria, Queen of France, 
— b., 5 Jun. 1554 — marries Charles IX., 1570 
— widow, 30 May 1574 — retires to Vienna, 
1574 — ft. in a monastery, 22 Jan. 1592. 

Elizabeth, of Valois, Queen of Spain, — b. 
at Fontainebleau, 13 Apr. 1545 — negotiations 
for her marriage to Edward VI. of England, 
1550 — marries Philip II. of Spain, 22 Jun. 

J 559— &•» 3 0ct - J 5 68 . 

Elizabeth, (Isabella,) of France, Queen of 
Spain, — b. at Fontainebleau, 22 Nov. 1602 — 
marries Philip (IV.) of Spain, 25 Nov. 1615 — 
becomes Queen, 31 Mar. 1621 — ft., 6 Oct. 1644. 

Elizabeth, St, Queen of Portugal, — fc., 
1 27 1 — marries Dionysius of Portugal, 1282 — 
accused of favouring revolt of her son, and is 
banished, 1320 — reconciles the king and his 
son, 1324 — widow, retires to a nunnery, 1325 
— ft. at Coimbra, 4 Jul. 1336— beatified by 
Leo X., 15 1 6 — canonized by Urban VIIL, 
1625. 

Elizabeth, Queen of Hungary, — marries 
Charobert, king of Hungary, 1319,* 1320 b — 
Eegent of Poland after death of Casimir III., 
1370 — the Poles revolt and expel her, 1376 — 
again Eegent, 1379 — driven away, 1380 — ft. in 
Hungary, Dec. 13 81. 

a Biog. Univ. b Art de "Verifier les Dates. 

Elizabeth, Queen of Hungary, — marries 
Albert of Austria, 1422 — with him succeeds her 
father, Sigismund, Dec. 1437 — crowned, 1 Jan. 
1438 — widow, 27 Oct. 1439 — tae crown given 
to Ladislaus of Poland ; birth of her son Ladis- 
laus, 22 Feb. 1440 — has him crowned, Jun. 
— and places him under protection of the Em- 
peror : civil war : ft., 1447,* 20 Dec. i442. b 
a b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Elizabeth, (Stuart,) Queen of Bohemia, 
— b., 19 Aug. 1596 — marries Frederick V., 



ELIZABETH CHRISTINA— ELLIS. 



479 



Elector Palatine, 14 Feb. 161 3 — decides him 
to accept crown of Bohemia, 16 19 — exile with 
him after battle of Prague, 8 Nov. 1620 — 
widow, 1632 — her son restored to part of his 
estates by Peace of "Westphalia, 1648 — settles 
in England, 1660 — tf. in London, 13 Feb. 
1662. 

Elizabeth, St, (of Hungary,)— ft. at Pres- 
burg, 1207 — marries. Louis, landgrave of 
Thuringia, 1221 — widow, 1227 — tf. at Mar- 
burg, 19 Nov. 1 23 1 — canonized by Gregory 
IX., 27 May 1235. 

Elizabeth Christina, (of Brunswick- Wolfen- 
biittel,) Empress, — ft., 28 Apr. 1691 — marries 
the Archduke Charles of Austria, 23 Apr. 
1708 — follows him to Spain, Jul. — Regent of 
Catalonia, 17 11 — becomes Empress, 12 Oct. 
17 1 1 — quits Barcelona, 17 13 — crowned Queen 
of Hungary at Presburg, 17 14 — birth of her 
daughter Maria Theresa, 1 3 May, 17 17 — widow, 
21 Oct. 1740 — tf., 21 Dec. 1750. 

Elizabeth Christina, (of Brunswick- Wolfen- 
buttel,) Queen of Prussia, — ft., 8 Nov. 17 15 
■ — marries the Prince Royal of Prussia, 
Frederick, (II.,) 1733 — becomes Queen of 
Prussia, 1740 — widow, 1786 — tf., 13 Nov. 1797. 
French translations of Spalding's Destination 
of Man, 1776 — Sturm's Reflections, 1777 — 
Gelleri's Hymns, 1790. 

Elizabeth Petrowna, Empress of Russia, 
—ft., 1709,1 29 Dec. i7io b — refuses to claim the 
crown on death of Peter II., 1730 — insurrec- 
tion in her favour, and she is proclaimed Em- 
press on the deposition of Ivan, 7 Dec. 1741 — 
crowned at Moscow, 7 May 1742 — declares 
Karl Peter Ulrich of Holstein her successor, 
18 Nov. 1742 — assists Maria Theresa in the 
war of the Austrian Succession ;*joins in Peace 
of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748— joins alliance against 
Frederick the Great, 1757 — tf., 5 Jan. 1762. 
(N.S.) 

a Biog. Unir. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Ella, King of the South Saxons, — lands 
with his sons in England 477 — storms Anderida, 
and takes title of King, 491 — Bretwalda, 492 — 
tj., about 510. 

Ella, — becomes king of Deira, 569 — tf., 588. 
1 EUandune, (Elleudune,) — Beornwulf of 
Mercia defeated by Egbert, 823. 

Ellenborough, Edward Law, Lord, Lord 
Chief Justice of England, — ft. at Great 
Salkeld, Cumberland, 16 Nov. 1750— at the 
Charter House, 1762-8 — enters Cambridge 
Univ., 1768 — enters Lincoln's Inn, 10 Jun. 
1769 — B.A., 1771 — called to the bar, 1780 — 
engaged in defence of Warren Hastings, Feb. 
1788 to Apr. 1795 — Attorney-general, Knt, Feb. 
1 80 1 — M.P., 1 801 — Lord Chief Justice, Baron 
Ellenborough, 12 Apr. 1802 — tf. in London, 
I3, a pi b Dec. 1 81 8. a Engl. Cyc. b Foss. 

Ellendt, Friedrich, philologist, — b. at 
Kolberg, 1796 — Prof. Extraord. at Gymnasium 
of Eisleben, 1825 — Director of Gymnasium, 
1835 — tf-, 1854. Lexikon Sophocleum, 1834-35. 

Ellesmere, Francis Leveson Gower, Eaul 
of, — ft. in London, 1 Jan. 1800 — leaves 
Oxford Univ., 1820— M. P. Bletchingly, i82o, a 
1822 b — M.P. Sutherlandshire, 1826-30^ 1834 b 



— Lord of the Treasury, 1827 — Privy Coun- 
cillor, 1828 — Chief Secretary for Ireland, 
1828-30 — Secretary at War, Jul. to Nov. 1830 

— M.i\ South Lancashire, 1835-46 — visits 
Mediterranean, 1839-40 — Rector of Aberdeen 
Univ., 1 841 — Earl of Ellesmere, Viscount 
Brackley, 1846 — President of Asiatic Society, 
1849 — K.G., 1855 — tf. in London, 18 Feb. 
1857. Mediterranean Sketches, 1843 — Life 
and Character of the Duke of Wellington, 1852. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Ann. Reg. 

Ellice, Edward, statesman, — ft. at Montreal, 
1783,^ 178 1 b — M.A. Marischal Coll. Aberdeen, 
1800 — M.P. Coventry, 18 18 — Joint-secretary 
of Treasury, Nov. 1830 to Aug. 1832 — 
Secretary of State for War, Apr. 1833 to Nov., a 
Dec. b 1834 — assists in founding and becomes 
chairman of Reform Club, 1834-5 — D.C.L. St 
Andrews, 1862 — tf. in Scotland, 17 Sep. 1863. 
a Times. b Gent. Mag, 

Elliotson, John, physician, — ft. in London, 
about 1788 — assistant physician to Guy's Hos- 
pital, 1817 — physician to St Thomas's, 1822— 
Prof. Medical Science, Univ. Coll., London, 
1 83 1 — resigns his post at St Thomas's, 1834 — ■ 
begins experiments in Animal Magnetism, 
1837 — resigns professorship, 1838 — physician 
to Mesmeric Hospital, 1849 — tf- in London, 29 
Jul. 1868. Translation of Blumenbach's Phy- 
siology, 18 17 — Human Physiology, 1835-40 — 
Lumleyan Lectures, 1830 — Zoist, 1843-54. 

Elliott, Ebenezer^odtf, (Corn- Law Rhymer,) 
• — ft. near Rotherham, Yorkshire, 17 Mar. 17 81 

— tf. near Barnesley, 1 Dec. 1849. Village 
Patriarch, 1829 — Corn-Laiv Rhymes, 1831 — 
More Prose and Verse, 1850. 

Elliott, Gilbert. (Heathfield, Lord.] 

Elliott, George Augustus. [Heathfield, 
Lord.] 

Elliott, William, engraver, — ft. at Hampton 
Court, 17 17 — tf. in London, 1766. 

Ellis, George, miscellaneous writer, — ft., 
about 1745 — tf., 10 Apr. 18 15. Specimens of 
Ancient English Poetry, 1790 — Specimens of 
Ancient English Romances, 1805. 

Ellis, Henry, Arctic voyager, — ft. in Eng- 
land, 1 72 1 — accompanies expedition to Hud- 
son's Bay, 1746-47 — tf. at Naples, 21 Jan. 
1806. A Voyage to Hudson's Bay, <§*c, 1748. 

Ellis, Sir Henry, diplomatist, — accompanies 
Earl of Amherst to China, 18 16 — ambassador 
to Persia, 1835 — envoy extraord. to Brazil, 
1842 — K.C.B., 1848 — attends Brussels Con- 
ference, 1849 — tf. at Brighton, 1855. 

Ellis, Sir Henry, Principal Librarian of the 
British Museum, — ft. in London, 29 Nov. 
1777 — enters St John's Coll. Oxford, 1796 — • 
assistant librarian, British Museum, 1805 — 
marries, 1805 — keeper of department of Printed 
Books, 1806— F.S. A., 15 Jan. 1807— F.R.S., 
30 May 181 1 — keeper of Manuscripts, British 
Museum, 181 2 — secretary to Society of Anti- 
quaries, 1813-54 — secretary, British Museum, 
1814-27 — principal librarian, 1827 — Knt of 
the Hanoverian Order, 1832 — member of 
Council of the Camden Society, 1838— V. P. 
Royal Literary Fund, 1851 — loses his wife, 
1854 — resigns librarianship, 1856 — tf. in Lon- 



480 



ELLIS— ELZEVIR. 



don, 15 Jan. 1869. Edition of Brand's Popu- 
lar Antiquities, 18 1 3 — Introduction to Domes- 
d ty Book, 1816 — Letters illustrative of English 
History, 1824-7-46 — edition of DugdaWs Mo- 
nasticon, 1817-30. 

Ellis, John, naturalist, — b- in London, 
about 17 10? — F.R.S., 1754 — receives Copley 
medal, 30 Nov. 1768 — tf. in London, 15 Oct. 
1776. Essay towards a Natural History of 
Corallines, 1754 — Historical Account of Coffee, 

1774- 

Ellison Gallery, of Water-colour Paintings, 
— presented to the nation by Elizabeth Ellison, 
and placed in S. Kensington 'Museum, May 1 860. 

Elliston, Robert William, actor, — b. in 
London, 7 Apr. 1774 — first appearance at Bath, 
1791 — in London, 1796 — lessee of DruryLane 
Theatre, 1819-26 — ft., 7 Jul. 1831. Venetian 
Outlaw, 1805. 

Ellwood, Thomas,— b. at Crowell, in Ox- 
fordshire, 1639— joins the Society of Eriends, 
about 1660 — imprisoned at Oxford, 1660 — 
reader to Milton, about 1661 — suggests the 
composition of 'Paradise Regained,' 1665 — ft., 
1 M ar . 1 7 1 3 . Sa cred His to ry, 1 7 05 - 9 — A uto - 
biography, 17 14. 

Ellys, Anthony, Bp op St David's, — b., 
about 1693 — M.A. Cambridge, 1716 — pre- 
bendary of Gloucester, 1725 — D.D., 1728 — Bp 
of St David's, Oct. 1752 — tt.at Gloucester, 1761. 
Tracts on the liberty, spiritual and temporal, of 
Protestants in England, 1763-5. 

Elmacin, {Elmakin,) historian, — b. in Egypt, 
(620, a. h.) 1223 — tf. at Damascus, (672,) 

1273. 

Elmes, Harvey Lonsdale, architect, — b. 
near Chichester, 18 14 — ft. in Jamaica, 26 Nov. 
1847. St George's Hall, Liverpool, 1841-47. 

Elopement, — right to dovrer forfeited by, 
under stat. 13 Edw. I. c. 34, 1285. 

Eloy, Nicolas Francois Joseph, physician, 
— b. at Mons, 17 14 — if. there, 1788. Eiction- 
naire historique de la medeeine, 1778. 

Elphinstone, Arthur. [Balmerino, Lord.] 

Elphinstone, George. [Keith, Viscount.] 

Elphinstone, George William Keith, — b., 
1782 — enters the army, Mar. 1804 — Lieut.-col., 
Sep. 1813 — at Waterloo, 1815 — C.B., 1815 — 
Major-general, 10 Jun. 1837 — Commander-in- 
chief of British forces in Afghanistan, 1840 — 
kept prisoner by Akbar Ehan, Jan. 1842 — fc. 
in Afghanistan, 23 Apr. 1842. 

Elphinstone, John, admiral, — b. in Scotland, 
1720 — enters service of Russia, 1768 — tf. in 
England, 1774. 

Elphinstone, Mountstuart, statesman, his- 
torian,— b., 1778 — goes to India, 1796 — envoy 
to the king of Cabul, 1808 — Resident at Poo- 
nah, 1 810 — Governor of Bombay, 1 8 1 9 — arrives 
in England, 1827 — Xf. in Surrey, 2o!Nov. 1859. 
Account of the Kingdom of Cabul, 1810 — His- 
tory of India, 1 84 1 . 

Elphinstone, William, Bp or Aberdeen, — 
b. at Glasgow, 1437 or 143 1 — M.A., 1457 ? or 
145 1 — archdeacon of Argyle, 1479 — Bp of 
Aberdeen, 1484 — Commissioner to English 
Court, 1484 — Lord Chancellor of Scotland, 
Feb. to Jun. 1488 — one of the commissioners 



for extending truce with England, 1492 — ob- 
tains papal bull for University at Aberdeen, 
1494—0". at Edinburgh, 25 Oct. 15 14. 

Elpines, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
106, 1,) 356.. 

Elsheimer, (Elzheimer,) Adam, painter, — 

b. at Frankfort, 1574 — ij. at Rome, i62o, a ? 

1610 D ? a Engl. Cyc. 

■ b Chalmers and Rose. 

Elsinore, [The Sound] — burnt by Haco, 

king of Norway, 12S8 — raised to the rank of a 

city, by Erick of Pomerania, 1425 — taken by 

the Lubeckers, 1522— recovered by Christian 

II., 1535 — Eronborg castle built, about 1580 — 

the castle taken by the Swedes, 6 Sep. 1658 — 

restored to the Danes, 1660 — meeting of the 

kings of Denmark and Sweden at, 17 Jul. 1862. 

Eisner, Jacob, theologian, — b. at Saalfeld, 

1692 — fr. at Berlin, 8 Oct. 1750. Observationes 

sacra? in Xovi Foederis libros, $•<?., 1720-28. 

Elstob, Elizabeth, — b. at Newcastle-upon- 
Tyne, 29 Sep. 1683 — settles with her brother 
in London, 1702 — governess to children of the 
Duchess of Portland, 1739 — **•> 30 May 1756. 
Saxon Grammar, 17 15. 

Elstob, William, theologian, antiquary, — b. 
at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1 Jan. 1673 — Fellow 
of University College, Oxford, 1696 — M.A., 
1697 — rector of St Swithin and St Mary 
Bothaw, London, 1702 — if., 3 Mar. 17 14-15. 
Latin translation of Homily of Lupus, 1701 — 
edits Roger Ascham's Letters, 1703. 

Elva, L. JEbutius, — [B C] — Consul with P. 
Servilius Priscus, (291, a. r. c.) 463. 

Elva, T. .ffibutius,— [B C]— Consul with P. 
Veturius Geminus, (255, a. u. c.) 499. 

Elvira, in Granada, — Council of, on disci- 
pline, about 3oo, a 305, 13 before 250,° about 313,° 
324.° a Tilleniont and Art de Verifier les Dates. 
b Neander. c Others. 

Elwes, John, miser, — b. in London, about 
1 7 14 — M.P. Berkshire, 1774 — lj., 26 Nov. 
1789. 

Ely, Isle of, — Etheldreda retires to, about 
670 — monastery founded by her, about 673 — 
ravaged by the Danes, and the monastery 
burnt, 87P — monastery refounded by Ethelwold, 
Bp of Winchester, 970 — the ' Camp of Refuge ' 
defended by Hereward, 1071 — attacked and 
taken by William the Conqueror, 1071 — cathe- 
dral commenced, by Abbot Simeon, 1083 — See 
founded, 1 io7, a 1 108, b 1 109 c — Henry II. holds 
a council at, soon after Easter 1177 d — some of 
the barons take refuge in, 1265— reduced by 
Prince Edward, Jul. 1267 — convocation of the 
clergy held at, 2 Oct. 1290 — visited by Edward 
I., Feb. 1297 — Edward II. spends Easter at, 
1 3 14 — restorations of cathedral in progress, 
since 1840. a Engl. Cyc. b Annals of England. 
c Chambers' Cyc. d Bentham. 

Elymais, (Elam.) [Assyria, Persia, &c] 
Elyot, Sir Thomas, miscellaneous writer, — 
ambassador to Rome, 1532 — to Charles V., 
1536 — tr., 1546. The Governor, 153 1 — Castell 
of Health, 1541 — Eictionarium, 1538. 

Elzevir, Abraham, printer, — associated with 
Bonaventura, 1626-52 — 0*., 14 Aug. 1652. 
Elzevir, Bonaventura, printer, — partner 



ELZEVIE— EMMANUEL. 



481 



with his father, Matthew, 1618-26— with his 
brother Abraham, 1626-52 — Is., 1654. 

Elzevir, Daniel, — b., 26 Nov. 1617 — asso- 
ciated with his cousin John, 1652-54 — tj., 13 
Sep. 1680. 

Elzevir, Gille, (JE^ms,)— bookseller at the 
Hague, 1599. 

Elzevir, Isaac, printer,— Q., 1617-28. 

Elzevir, Jacob, printer, — 1626. 

Elzevir, John,— b., 27 Feb. 1622— if., 8 Jun. 
1661. 

Elzevir, Louis, bookseller, — fl. at Leyden, 
1592-1617. 

Elzevir, Louis, (II.,) bookseller, — at Amster- 
dam, 1638 — "ft., 21 Jul. 1662. 

Elzevir, Matthew,— b., 1565 — tf. at Leyden, 
6 Dec. 1640. 

Elzevir, Peter, (I.)— b., Mar. 1643— printer 
at Utrecht, 1669 — living, 1680. 

Elzevir, Peter, (II.,) — prints at Utrecht, 1692. 

Emadi, poet,— is. at Scheheriar, (673, a. h.) 

1274-5- 

Emanuel Ben Schelomo, poet, — b. at Eome, 
about 1250. 

Embden, (Emden,) in. Hanover, — of note, be- 
fore 800 — seized by the Hamburgers, 1402 — 
reunited to East Friesland, 1440— secured to the 
Counts of Friesland by treaties with Hamburg, 
1453, 1466, 1494, and 1545 a --adopts Luther- 
anism, 15 19 — revolts against Count Edzard 
III. and compels him to grant a liberal consti- 
tution, 15 Jul. 1595 — obtains from Count En- 
non III. authority to receive a foreign garrison, 
by Treaty of the "Hague, 8 Apr. 1603 — seat of 
an African trading company, 1682 — sold to 
Prussia, 1744 — free port, 175 1 — East India 
Company established at, i75i, b 1769° — seized 
by the French, 3 Jul. 1757 — again, 25 Sep. 
1 76 1 — restored to Hanover by Treaty of Fon- 
tainebleau, Nov. 1762 — comes into possession of 
Holland, i8o6, d i8o7, e 1808 f — of France, 1809 
— of Prussia, 18 14 — incorporated "with Han- 
over, 1 8 15 — ceases to be the capital of E. Fries- 
land, l823. a a Encyc. Mod. 

b Ersch. and Gruber. c Diet. Geog. 

d ConT.-Lex. e Rees' Cyc. f Engl. Cyc. 

Embezzlement, of public stores, — in England, 
provisions for preventing, by Acts 9 and 10 Wni 
III. c. 41, 1698 ; 1 Geo. I. st. 2, c. 25, 17 14 ; 9 
Geo. I. c. 8, 1722; 17 Geo. II. c. 40, 1744; 9 
Geo. III. c. 30, s. 5, 1769; 39 and 40 Geo. III. c. 
89, 28 Jul. 1800 ; 55 Geo. III. e. 127, 29 Jun. 
1 8 15 — punishable by transportation, by Act 4 
Geo. IV. c. 53, 8 Jul. 1823. By public officers: 
provisions against, by Acts 50 Geo. III. c. 59, 
9 Jun. 1 8 10 ; 2 and 3 Wm IV. c. 4, 20 Feb. 
1832; 22 and 23 Vic. c. 32, 13 Aug. 1859; 
24 and 25 Vic. cc. 95 and 96, 6 Aug. 1861. By 
workmen : provisions against, by Acts 1 Ann. 
st. 2, c. 18, 1702; 13 Geo. II. c. 8, 1740; 22 
Geo. II. c. 27, 1749; 27 Geo. II. c. 7, 1754; 
17 Geo. III. c. 56, s. 18, 1777 ; 6 and 7 Vic. 
c. 40, 1 Aug. 1843. By clerks and servants: 
made a felony, by Act 39 Geo. III. c. 85, 12 
Jul. 1799 — conviction of larceny allowed by 
Act 14 and 15 Vic. c. 100, s. 13, 7 Aug. 1851 
— punishable by penal servitude or imprison- 
ment, by Act 24 and 25 Vic. c. 96, s. 68, 6 



Aug. 1 86 1. By bankers, brokers, and agents: 
made a misdemeanor, punishable by transport- 
ation or imprisonment, by Act 7 and 8 Geo. IV. 
c. 29, 21 Jun. 1827 — new provisions by Acts 
20 and 21 Vic. c. 54, 17 Aug. 1857 ; 24 and 25 
Vic. c. 96, s. 75, 6 Aug. 1861. By bankrupts : 
punishable by transportation for life, by Act 
12 and 13 Vic. c. 106, 1 Aug. 1849. 

Emelraad, painter, — b. at Brussels, about 
1612. 

Emeric, (Henry,) King of Hungary, — 
succeeds his father, Bela III., 1196 — capture of 
Zara by Venetians, Nov. 1202 — ts-, close of 
1203 or beginning 1204. 

Emeric-David, Toussaint Bernard, archaic- 
logist, — b. in Provence, 1755 — printer to the 
king, 1787 — deputy to legislative body, 1809- 
14 — member of Academy of Inscriptions, 18 16 
— "iS., 1840. Recherches sur I'art statuaire, $-c, 
1805 — Jupiter, 1833 — Vulcain, 1837. 

Emerson, William, mathematician, §c, — b. 
near Darlington, Jun. 1701 — XS. there, 20 May 
1782. 

Emery, — deposit of, discovered near Smyrna, 
by Smith, 1847. 

Emesa, (Emissa, Hems,) in Syria, — [B C] — 
Sampsiceramus sets up an independent king- 
dom, 69 — Alexander captured by Augustus, 
31 — [AD] — colony by Caracalla, 215 — Zenobia 
defeated by Aurelian near, 272. 

Emigration, — from England, restrictions on, 
by Charles L, 30 Apr. 1637 — Commission estab- 
lished, 1 83 1 — Board, Jan. 1840 — Commission- 
ers appointed by Boyal Warrant, 27 Nov. 1847 
— facilitated and regulated by Acts 5 and 6 Wm 
IV. c. 53, 31 Aug. 1835 > ^ an d 6 Vic. c. 107, 12 
Aug. 1842 ; 14 and 15 Vic. c. 91, 7 Aug. 1851 ; 
15 and 16 Vic. c. 44, 30 Jun. 185! ; 16 and 17 
Vic. c. 84, 20 Aug. 1853 ; 18 and 19 Vic. c. 
119, 14 Aug. 1855. Of Paupers, provided for, 
by Acts 4 and 5 Wm IV. c. 76, s. 62, 63, 14 
Aug. 1834; 7 and 8 Vic. c. 101, s. 29, 9 Aug. 
1844; 11 and 12 Vic. c. 110, s. 5, 4 Sep. 1848; 
12 and 13 Vic. c. 103, s. 20, 1 Aug. 1849 ; 13 
and 14 Vic. c. 101, s. 4, 14 Aug. 1850. 

Emili, Paolo, (Paulus JEmilius^) historian, 
— called to France, about 1499 — &•> 5 ^ av 
1529. Be rebus gestis Francorum, 1539. 

Eminence, — title appropriated to Cardinals, 
by Urban VIII. , Jun. 1630. 

Emir al Omra, — office created by the Caliph 
Ehadi, (324, a. h.) 936. a 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Emma, (JElfgifu-Emma,) Queen of Eng- 
land, (Lady of the English,) — marries Ethelred 
II., 1002 — sent -with her sons to Normandy, 
Aug. 10 1 3 — left a -widow, Apr. 10 16 — marries 
Cnut, Jul. T017 — again a widow, Nov. 1035 
— her treasures seized by Harold I., 1035 
— banished, takes refuge -with Baldwin, Earl of 
Flanders, 1037 — her treasures seized by Edward 
the Confessor, Nov. 1043 — tf., 6 or 14 Mar. 
1052. 

Emmanuel, the Great, King op Portugal, 
— b. 3, a 31 b May 1469 — succeeds his cousin 
John II., Sep. or Oct. 1495 — expels the Jews, 
and establishes the distinction of ' old ' and 
'new Christians,' 1496 — promotes expedition 
31 



4S2 



EMMANUEL COLLEGE— ENGELBRECHTSON. 



of Yasco and Paul de Gama, 1497 — marries 
Isabella of Aragon, 1497 — death of his 
queen, 24 Aug. 1498 — with Ferdinand of 
Spain demands, of Pope Alexander YL, reform- 
ation of the clergy, 1499 — sends out expedi- 
tion under Cabral, 1500 — marries Mary of 
Castile, 30 Oct. 1500 — revokes edict excluding 
' new Christians ' from public offices, 1 Mar. 
1507 — sends embassy to Leo X., 1514° — death 
of his queen, Mary, at Lisbon, 7 Mar. 15 17 — 
marries Eleonora of Austria, 15 19 — writes to 
Frederick the Wise against Luther, 21 Apr. 
1521 — ft. at Lisbon, 13 Dec. 152 1. 
a Art de Terifier les Dates. 
^Biog. Univ. c Boseoe. 

Emmanuel College, Cambridge, — founded by 
Sir Walter Mildmay, 1584. 

Emmanuele Filiberto, (Tete-defer,) Duke 
of Savoy, — fj. at Chambery, 8 Jul. 1528 — 
follows the Emperor to Africa, 1541 — serves 
against the League of Smalcald, 1545 — unsuc- 
cessfully attempts recovery of Savoy from the 
French, 1552 — at sieges of Metz and Terouane, 
1552 — commands at siege of Hesdin, 1553 
— succeeds his father, Charles III., Sep. 1553 
— gains the victory of St Quentin, 10 Aug. 
1557 — restored to his estates by Treaty of 
Cateau-Cambresis, 3 Apr. 1559 — marries 
Margaret of France, at Paris, 9 Jul. 1559 — is 
compelled to grant freedom of worship to the 
Yaudois, 1561 — recovers Turin and other 
towns from the French, 1562 — institutes (re- 
constitutes ?) Order of St Maurice, Jul. 1572 — 
acquires Oneglia, 1576 — claims crown of 
Portugal, 1579 — r/., 30 Aug. 1580. 

Emmett, Robert, — ft. at Cork, about 1780 
— joins the United Irishmen, and takes part m 
insurrection at Dublin, 1 803 — executed, 20 Sep. 
1803. 

Emmius, (Emmen,) Ubbo, historian, $c, — 
ft. in Friesland, 5 Dec. 1547 — Eector of the 
School at Groningen, 1594 — Prof. History and 
Greek, Rector of Univ., 1614 — ij., 1625. Vetus 
Grcecia illustrata,. 1626 — Opus chronologicum, 
1619 — Rerum Erisicarum historia, 1632^ 
l6i6. b c a Engl. Cyc. 

b Biog. Univ. c Ersch and Graber. 

Empedocles, philosopher, — [B C] — fl., 470- 

435- 

Empoli, Jacopo Chimenti da, painter, — ft. 
at Empoli, about 1554 — tf. at Florence, 30 Sep. 
1640. 

Empson, Richard,— agent with Dudley of 
Henry VII., about 1495-1509 — convicted of 
high treason at Northampton, 1 Oct. 1509 — 
executed on Tower-hill, 18 Aug. 15 10. 

Emser, Hieronymus, theologian, — ft. at 
TJlm, 26 Mar. 1477 — secretary to Duke George, 
1505 — U. atLeipsic, a atDresden, b 8 Nov. 1527. 
a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Enamel Painting, — revived, in Italy under 
Pope Julius II., 1503-13. 

Enamelled Ware, — patent for, by Hickling, 
1799 — new process, by Clarke, 1839. 

Encaustic Painting, — [B C] — comes into use 
among the Greeks, after 330 — [AD] — art of, 
lost, before 1400 — revival of, attempted by 



Count Caylus and Bachelier, 1749-54 — again 
revived at Munich, about 1830. 

Encke, Johann Franz, astronomer, — ft. at 
Hamburg, 179 1 — assistant in the Observatory 
of Seeberg, 18 15— Secretary to the Academy 
of Sciences and Director of the Observatory, 
Berlin, 1825 — ft., 2 Sep. 1865. Edits the 
Berlin Astronomisches Jahrbuch, from 1830. 

Encke' s Comet, — seen by Mechain, 17 Jan. 
1786 — by Caroline Herschel, 7-27 Nov. 1795 — 
by Bonvard, Pons, and Huth, 20 Oct. to 19 
Nov. 1805 — by Pons, 25 Nov. 18 18 to 12 Jan. 
1 8 19 — observation on, by Encke, leads to dis- 
covery of resisting medium, 1823. 

Encratites, — religious sect of, founded by 
Tatian, about 173. 

Encumbered Estates, in Ireland, — sale of, 
facilitated by Act 11 and 12 Vie. c. 48, 14 Aug. 
1848. Court, established by Act 12 and 13 
Yic. c. 77, 28 Jul. 1849 — opens, 25 Oct. 1849 
— further regulations by Act 15 and 16 Vic. c. 
67, 30 Jim. 1852 — Court closes, 31 Aug. 1858. 
In the West Indies, — Court established by Act 
17 and 18 Yic. c. 117, 11 Aug. 1854 — further 
regulated by Act 21 and 22 Yic. c. 96, 2 Aug. 
1858. 

Endios, — [B C] — ambassador to Athens, re- 
specting alliance with Argos, 420 — ephor, 413 
— ambassador to Athens after battle of Cyzicus, 
410. 

Endosmose and Exosmose, {Osmose,) — dis- 
covered by Dutrochet, 1828 — investigated by 
Graham, 1854. 

Enfantin, Bartheiemi Prosper, (Fere 
Enfantin,) head of the Saint-Simonians, — ft. 
at Paris, 8 Feb. 1796— admitted to the Ecole 
Polytechnique, 1813 — becomes a disciple of 
Saint-Simon, 1825 — proclaimed ' Father ' of the 
Society, end of 1830 — separates from Bazard 
and Rodrigues, Nov. 1831 — establishes a 
'model community' at Menilmontant, 1832 — 
prosecuted and imprisoned for a year, Aug. 
1832 — goes to Egypt, 1833 — member of 
scientific commission of Algeria, 1841 — director 
of the Lyons Railway, 1845 — fc. at Paris, 1 
Sep., a 31 May b 1864. Founds le Producteur, 
1825 — Economic politique et Politique, 1831 — 
Morale, 1832 — Correspondence philosophique et 
religieuse, 1847. a Gent. Mag. b Vapereau. 

Enfield Rifle, — invented by Pritchett, at the 
Enfield factory, and adopted in the English 
army, 1852-3 — converted into Snider breach- 
loaders, 1866-7. 

Enfield, William, miscellaneous writer,— b. 
in Suffolk, 1 741 — minister at Norwich, 1785 — 
tf. there, 3 Nov. 1797. The Speaker, 1774 — 
History of Philosophy, 1791. 

Engel, Johann Jacob, philosopher* — ft. in 
Mecklenburg, n Sep. 1741 — chief director of 
National Theatre, 1787-94 — ft. in Mecklenburg, 
28 Jun. 1802. Philosophfilr die Welt, 1775-77 
— Eiirstenspiegel, 1798 — Anfangsgriinde einer 
Theorie der Pictungsarten, 1783 — Ideen zur 
einer Mimik, 1785. 

Engelbrechtsen, Cornells, painter, — ft. at 
Leyden, 1468 — ft. there, 1533. 

Engelbrechtson, Engelbrecht, — deputy 
from the Swedish peasants to Erick XII., 



ENGELHAEDT— ENO S. 



483 



and leader of the revolt, 1433 — procures 
deposition of Erick, early in 1435 — makes a 
truce with Erick before Stockholm ; named 
generalissimo of Swedes and administrator of 
the kingdom, 1435 — assassinated by order of 
Carl Canutson, 4 May 1436. 

Engelhardt, Karl August, historian, §c, — 
b. at Dresden, 4 Feb. 1768 — assistant in the 
Eoyal Public Library, Dresden, 1805 — archiv- 
ist to the Chancery of War, 1 8 1 1 — secre- 
tary to the Ministry of War, 1831 — U. at Dres- 
den, 28 Jan. 1834. Keuer Kinderfreund, 
1797 — Tdgliche L)enkwiirdigkeiten aus der 
sachsischen Geschichte, 1809-12 — Geschichte 
der kur- und herzbglich sachsischen Lande, 
1802-5. 

Engen, — Moreau defeats Austrians at, 3 
May 1800. 

Engenio, Cesare Caraccioli, historian, — tf., 
about 1650. Kapoli sacra, 1624. 

Engern, (Angaria.) [Angrivani.] 

Engestroem, Lawrence, statesman, — b. at 
Stockholm, 24 Dec. 1751 — first secretary to 
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1776 — Charge 
d' Affaires, Vienna, about 1776-88 — Knt of 
the Polar Star, 1790 — ambassador to England, 
1793-5 — to Berlin, 1798-1803 — Minister of 
Foreign Affairs, 1809— Baron, 1809 — Chancel- 
lor ofUniv. of Lund, 18 10 — Chevalier, 18 14 — 
Count, 1 816 — ij. in Poland, 19 Aug. 1826. 

Enghien, Louis Antoine Henri de Bourbon, 
Duke of, — b. at Chantilly, 2 Aug. 1772 — goes 
to Turin, Jul. 1789 — serves in campaigns of the 
emigrants, 17 91 -6 — settles at Ettenneim, near 
Strasburg, 1801 — taken prisoner, 15 Mar., 
and shot, by order of Napoleon, at Yincennes, 
21 Mar. 1804. 

England, Kings of. [Anglo-Saxon Kings 
of England.} 

Norman line : William I., the Conqueror, 
25 Dec. 1066 — William II., Ritfus, (son,) 26 
Sep. 1087 — Henry I., Beauclerc, (brother,) 5 
Aug. 1 1 00 — Stephen, of Blois, (nephew,) 26 
Dec. 1 1 35. 

Plantagenet line : Henry II., grandson 
of Henry L, 19 Dec. 1154 — Richard I., Cceur 
de Lion, (son,) 3 Sep. n 89 — John, Lackland, 
(brother,) 27 May 1199 — Henry III., (son,) 
28 Oct. 1 2 16 — Edward I., (son,) 20 Nov. 
1272— Edward II., (son,) 8 Jul. 1307 — Ed- 
ward III., (son,) 25 Jan. 1327 — Richard II., 
(grandson,) 22 Jun. 1377. 

House of Lancaster : Henry IV., (son of 
John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster,) 30 Sep. 
1399 — Henry V., (son,) 21 Mar. 141 3 — Henry 
VI., (son,) 1 Sep. 1422. 

House of York: Edward IV., (son of 
Eichard, Duke of York,) 4 Mar. 146 1 — Henry 
VI. restored, 9 Oct. 1470 to Apr. 147 1 — 
Edward V., (son of Edward IV.,) 9 Apr. 1483 
— Richard III., (son of Richard, Duke of 
York,) 26 Jun. 1483. 

Tudor line : Henry VII., (son of Edmund 
Tudor and Margaret Beaufort,) 22 (21 ?) Aug. 
1485 — Henry VIII., (son,) 22 Apr. 1509 — 
Edward VI., (son,) 28 Jan. 1547 — [Grey, Lady 
Jane] — Mary, (daughter of Henry VIII.,) 6 
Jul. 1553 — Elizabeth, (daughter of Henry 



VIII.,) 17 Nov. 1558. [Great Britain, 
Kings of] 

Englefield, — Ethelwulf defeats the Danes at, 
871. 

English Language, — ordered to be used in 
law pleadings by Act 36 Edw. III. st. 1, c. 
15, 1362 — to be used in all proceedings in 
courts of justice, by Acts 4 Geo. II. c. 26, 173 1, 
and 6 Geo. II. c. 14, 1733. 

Engraving, Copper-plate, — invented by 
Maso Finiguerra, about 1450. [Etching, 
Lithography, Photo-zincography, Copyright.] 

Engraving on Wood, — the earliest known, 
dated 141 8. [Playing Cards, Block Books.] 

Enguerrand. [Marigny, Monstrelet.] 

Enkibping, — Albert, king of Sweden, de- 
feats Haco and Magnus at, 1365. 

Enlistment, in Great Britain, — in the army, 
taken into the hands of the government, 1802 
— in foreign service, made a misdemeanor by 
Act 59 Geo. III. c. 69, 3 Jul. 18 19 — repealed, 
law amended by Act 33 and 34 Vic. c. 90, 9 
Aug. 1870 — period of, limited to ten years, by 
Act 10 and 11 Vic. c. 37, 21 Jun. 1847— of 
foreigners, permitted by Act 18 Vic. c. 2, 23 
Dec. 1 854 — law amended and time of service 
shortened by Act 33 and 34 Vic. c. 67, 9 Aug. 
1870 — in the navy, encouraged and regulated 
by Acts 5 and 6 Wm IV. c. 24, 21 Aug. 1835 ; 
10 and 11 Vic. c. 30, 8 Jun. 1847 5 and 16 and 
17 Vic. c. 69, 15 Aug. 1853. 

Enna, in Sicily, — [BC] — founded by Syra- 
cusans, 664,* (01. 23, 1,) 688.* 

a Clinton. b M filler. 

Ennery, Michelet de, numismatist, — 6. at 
Metz, 1709 — if. at Paris, 1786. 

Enniscorthy, in Lr eland, — castle built by 
Raymond le Gros, about 1 170-5 — takenby Crom- 
well, 1649 — stormed by the rebels, 28 May 
1798 — defeat of the rebels by Lord Lake, near, 
21 Jim. 1798. 

Enniskillen, in Ireland, — royal fort erected, 
about 1602 — asylum for the Protestants of 
Ulster, 1641 — resists Tyreonnel's ' dragoons, 
early in 1689 — William and Mary proclaimed 
at, 11 Mar. 1689 — volunteers of, defeat the 
Jacobites at Newtown Butler, 30 Jul. 1689 — ■ 
gives title of Viscount to the Cole family, 1776 
— of Earl, 1789. 

Ennius, Q., poet, — [BC] — b., (515, a. u. c.) 
2 39 — brought to Rome by M. Porcius Cato, 
(550,) 204 — serves under M. Fulv. Nobilior in 
iEtolian campaign, (060,) 189 — admitted to 
citizenship ; tl., (585,) 169. 

Ennodius, Magnus Felix, Bp of Pavia, 
miscellaneous writer, — b., about 476 — Bp of 
Pavia, 511 — sent to Constantinople, against 
Eutychians, 514 and 517 — o\, 17 Jul. 521. 

Enoch,— [BC] — b., summer 3382^ 3516 b — 
birth of Methuselah, summer 3317 a — trans- 
lated, summer 3017.* 

a TJssher. b Clinton. 

Enoch, Book of, — [B C] — written about 40 ? a 
— [A D] — quoted by Jude, between 64-90 ? — 
Ethiopic version brought to Europe by Bruce, 
1773 — complete English translation by Lau- 
rence, 1 82 1. a Davidson. 

Enos, — [BC] — b., summer 3769," 3903 b — 
31 * 



4.84 



ENSENADA— EPHOES. 



birth of Cainan, summer 3679 a — rj., summer 
2864^ a Ussher. b Clinton. 

Ensenada, Zenon Silva, a (Garcia de la 
Silva, b ) Marquis de la, statesman, — b. near 
Valladolid, 1690— Minister of Finance to Fer- 
dinand VI., 1746 ? — dismissed by Charles III., 
1759 — tf. at Madrid, 1762. 

a Biog. Univ. b Erscli and Gruber. 

Entail, Fee-Tail, in England,— originated 
by Stat, de Donis, 13 Edw. I. c. 1, 1285— bar 
of, by common recovery, established, temp. 
Edw. IV., 1461-83— bar by fine, recognized by 
Acts 4 Hen. VII. c. 24, 1488, and 32 Hen. 
VIII. c. 36, 1540— abolition of fines and re- 
coveries, ancl new method of barring, introduced 
by Act 3 and 4 Wm IV. c. 74, 28 Aug. 1833 
— further regulated by Acts 12 and 13 Vic. c. 
106, s. 208, 1 Aug. 1849, and 19 and 20 Vic. 
c. 120, 29 Jul. 1856. 

Entomological Society, of London,— estab- 
lished, 22 May 1833. 

Entraigues, (Antraigues,) Emmanuel Louis 
Henri de Launey, Count d', — b. in Vivarais, 
about 1755 — deputy to States-General, 1789 — 
quits France, Jan. 1790 — at Venice, 1797 — 
enters the Greek Church, 1800— murdered at 
Barnes, near London, 18 12. 

Envelope-making Machine,— invented by 
De la Eue, 1845 — Eemond's, patented, 1849. 

Enzina, Juan de \dL,poet — b. in Old Castile, 
about 1446. Cancionno, 1501. 

Enzio, King of Sardinia,- — b., 1224,* 
1220 b — marries Adelasia, and takes title of 
King of Sardinia, 1238 — named by his father, 
Frederick II., Vicar Imperial in N. Italy, 
1239 — defeats Genoese fleet and captures the 
cardinals, prelates, &c, 3 May 1241 — with his 
brother Conrad defeats the Mongols on the 
Danube, 1241 — carries on the war with the 
Guelfs in Lombardy, 1242-43 — excommunicated 
by Innocent IV., 1245 — unsuccessfully besieges 
Parma, Jun. 1247 — besieges Colorno, Oct. 
1247 — takes the castle of Arola and' puts to 
death 112 Reggian Guelfs, 1249 — wounded and 
captured by the Bolognese, 26 May 1249 — ft. 
in prison, 14 Mar. 1272. 



a Milman. 



Kington. 



Eon de Beaumont, Charles Genevieve 
Louise Auguste Andre Timothee D', — b. at 
Tonnerre, 5 Oct. 1728,* _i7_Oct. 1727 b — em- 
ployed in political negotiations at St Peters- 
burg by Louis XV., 1755— aide-de-camp to 
Marshal Eroglio, 1759 — secretary of embassy 
in London, 1761 b — tried for libel in the King's 
Bench, 9 Jul. 1764 — prosecutes Count de 
Guerchy for conspiracy, 1765— discussions re- 
specting his sex, begin about 1769 — leaves 
England, Aug. 1777 — assumes female attire at 
Paris, 1777 — returns to London, dressed as a 
woman, 1783 — rj., in London, 21 May i8io, a 
181 i. b Loisirs du Chevalier d'Eon, 1775. 
a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cye. 

Ebtvbs, Joseph, Baron, statesman, novelist, 
§ c ^ — D . a t Ofen, 3 Sep. 181 3 — completes his 
6tudies at Univ. of Pesth, 1 831 —travels in 
Germany, France, and England, 1836— begins 
to distinguish himself in the Diet, about 1838 
—honorary member of Hungarian Academy, 
1 841— attends Diet of Presburg, 1848— Minis- 



ter of Public Instruction under Batthyani, Mar. 
1848 — resigns and leaves Hungary, Oct. 1848 
— Vice-Pres. Hungarian Academy, 1 855 — Pres., 
1866 — again Minister of Public Instruction, 
Jan. 1867 — rj., 2 Feb. 1871. Edits the Bu- 
dapesti Arvizkbnyv, 1838-41 — Carthusian, 
1 841 — Village Notary, 1845 — Hungary in 
1514, 1847 — hifluence of leading Ideas of the 
Nineteenth Century on the State, 185 1-4. 

Epameinon, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
87, 4,) 429. 

Epameinondas, statesman and general, — 
[B C] — wounded at siege of Mantinea, 385 — 
joins Pelopidas after seizure of the Cadmeia, 
379 — ambassador to Sparta, 371 — defeats 
Cleombrotus at Leuctra, 370 - — 1st invasion 
of Peloponnesus, reestablishes Messene, wint. : 
369 — 2nd invasion against Sikyon and Pellene, 
early in 368 — serves in Thessaly, late in 368 — ■ 
releases Pelopidas, 367 — 3rd invasion, into 
Achaia, before mids. 366 — 4th invasion, defeats 
Agesilaos and is killed at Mantinea, Jun. 362. 
Epee, Charles Michel de 1', teacher of deaf 
mutes, — ft. at Versailles, 25 Nov. 17 12 — tf., 23 
Dec. 1789- Instruction des Sourds et Muets, 
§c„ 1776. 

Epeiros, (Albania,) in Greece, — [BC] — 
Alexander the first king, about 332 a — as- 
sists Tarentines and is killed at battle of Pan- 
dosia, 326 b — JEacides defeated and killed by 
Cassander, 313 b — Pyrrhus secures the king- 
dom, 295 — republic established on the death of 
Ptolom^us, 239-229 b — falls under the power 
of Eome, 168. a Grote. b Smith's Diet. 

Epernay, in France, — burnt by Francis I., 
1544 — taken by Henry IV., 1592 — given to 
Duke of Bouillon in exchange for principality 
of Sedan, 1642 — pillaged by allies, 21-22 Mar. 
1 814 — occupied by Prussians, 1870. 
Epernon, Duke d'. [Espernon.] 
Ephesus, — [B C]— falls under the power of 
Croesus, 560-546 — defeat of the Ionians near, 
499 — battle of, defeat of Thrasyllus, 409 — 
defeat of Athenian fleet by Lysander, 407 — ■ 
named Arsinoe by Lysimachus, after 300 — 
given by the Eomans to Attalus Philadelphus, 
190 — capital of the province of Asia, 130 — 
[AD] — visited by Chandler, 1764 — by Arun- 
dell, about 1833 — by Fellows, 1838 — by Tre- 
menheere, spring 1864. Temjrfe of Artemis — 
[B C] — built, about 600-560 — burnt, Jul. 356 — 
takes two centuries to rebuild : — [A D] — destroy- 
ed by the Goths, 260. Councils of 196— against 
Noetus, 245 — for election of bishop, 401 — third 
General Council, against ]S"estorius and Pela- 
gius, 22 Jun.to 31 Jul. 43 1 — the 'Eobber Synod,' 
against Flavianus, 8 Aug. 449 — respecting 
Basiliscus and the Council of Chalcedon, 476. 

Ephialtes, the Median,— [BC] — betrays to 
the Persians the way into the Pass of Ther- 
mopylae, 480. 

Ephialtes, — [B C] — cooperates with Pericles 
in establishment of democracy at Athens, about 
464 — assassinated, 456 ? 453 ? 

Ephoros, historian, — [B C] — fl., about 408- 
333- 

Ephors, — [BC] — instituted, or reconstituted, 
at Sparta, by Theopompus, (Oi. 5, 4,) 758-7,* 
770-720? — - abolished by Cleomenes, 225 — 



EPHRAEM— ERASMUS. 



485 



restored by the Romans, after 146. 
a Eusebius, Miiller, Clinton. 
Ephraem (Ephrem) Syrus, theologian, — 
accompanies Bp of Nisibis to Council of Nice, 
325 a — at Nisibis during siege by Sapor, 350 b 
—settles at Edessa, about 365 a — fc. there, (E.S. 
684,) Jun. 373. b a Erscb and Gruber. b Clinton. 

Ephraim, (Euphraim,) Patriarch of An- 
tioch— fl., 527-545-6. 

Epicharmus, comic poet, Pythagorean philo- 
sopher,— [BC]- ft. at Cos, about (01. 60,) 54_o a 
— taken to Megara, (Sicily,) 540 — accompanies 
Cadmus, son of Sythes, to Messana, about (01. 
73,) 488-4 b — removes to Syracuse, 484-3, a 482 b 
— Nasoi exhibited, 477 — tf., about 450, 443.° 

a Smitb's Diet. b Miiller. c Lucian. 

Epicrates, — [B C] — aids in the overthrow of 
the Thirty Tyrants, 404 — bribed by Tithraustes, 
395 — recommends peace of Antalkidas at Athens, 
387 — -banished for corruption. 

Epictetus, Stoic philosopher, — grown up, by 
67 a — leaves Rome in consequence of decree of 
Domitian, 90 a — teaches at Nicopolis, 103 a — rj., 
about 125, a about 161. b a Clinton. b Blair. 

Epicurus, (Epikouros,) philosopher, — [B C] 
— ft., Jan. 34 1, a 342 b — goes to Athens, 323 — 
goes to Colophon, 322 ? — teaches at Mitylene 
and Lampsacus, 310-9 — returns to Athens, 306 
— tf., (01. 127, 2,) Jan. 270. a Clinton. 

b Smitb's Diet. 

Epicycles, — [B C] — in astronomy, devised 
by Apollonius of Perga, about 250-220 — [AD] 
— hypothesis adopted by Ptolemy, 140-160. 

Epicycloid, {curve,) — invented by Romer, 
about 1674 a — rectification of, by Newton, 1687 
— properties of, demonstrated by John Bernoulli, 
about 1 69 1. a Hutton. 

Epicydes, — [B C] — with Hippocrates his 
brother, serves under Hannibal, 221-216 — 
sent to Syracuse, 215 — seizes upon Syracuse 
and defends it against Marcellus, 214-212 — re- 
tires to Agrigentum, 212 — returns to Carthage, 
210. 

Epidamnus, (Byrrachium,) — [B C] — found- 
ed by Corinthians and Korkyrgeans, (01. 38, 2,) 
627-6, a 625, b [626 c ] — Procles tyrant, about 
624 — expels the oligarchs, submits to Corinth, 
obtains Corinthian garrison, and is besieged by 
Korkyrgeans, 435 — attempt of Corinthians to 
relieve, defeated, surrenders to Korkyrseans, 
(01. 86, 2,) aut. 435, or spring 434^ [Pelo- 
ponnesian War.] a Miiller. b Eusebius. ' 

c Hieron. d Curtius. 

Epidaurus, — [BC] — Procles tyrant, (01. 
35,) 640.* a Miiller. 

Epimenides, Cretan prophet, — [BC] — ft., 
659 a — comes to Athens, 596, about (01. 46 b ) 
592. a Suidas. b Diog. Laert, Miiller. 

Epinal, in France, — taken by Germans, 12 
Oct. 1870. 

Epinay, Louise Florence Petronille, Ma- 
dame d', — ft. at Paris, about 1725 — marries La 
Live d' Epinay, 1743— becomes acquainted with 
Rousseau, 1748 — receives him at her 'Her- 
mitage,' 1756 — tf., Apr. 1783. Conversations 
d' Emilie, 17 81 — Memoires et correspondence 
de Mine d' Epinay, 18 18. 

Epiphanes. [Antiochus, Ptolemseus.] 

Epiphanius, Br of Pavia, (Ticinum,) — ne- 



gotiates peace between the Emperor Julius 
Nepos and Euric, king of the Visigoths, 474 a 
— tf. at Pavia, Jan. 496^ a Clinton. 

b Ersch and Gruber. 

Epiphanius, of Petea ? sophist, rhetorician, 
fl., about 350. 

Epiphanius, Patriarch of Constanti- 
nople, — elected, 25 Feb. (512, Alex.,) 519-20 
— ft., 5 Jun. (529, Alex.) 536. 

Epiphanius, St, Bp of Const antia, — ft. in 
Palestine, about 310 a — Bp of Salamis, (Con- 
stantia,) about 368, b 367 c — disputes about Ori- 
gen with John, Bp of Jerusalem, 391 b _ con- 
vokes a Council in Cyprus, 401 — takes part 
with Theophilus against Chrysostom, 402 — ft., 
returning from Constantinople to Cyprus, winter 
402-3. Work on heresies, 376 — Be Ponderibus 
et Mensuris, 392. a Biog. Univ. 

b Engl. Cyc. c Clinton. 

Epiphanius Scholasticus, theologian, — fl., 
after 500. 

Epiphany, Feast of the, — first celebrated in 
the Western Church, about 36o. a a Neandei\ 

Episcopius, (Bisschop,) S'imori,theologian, — 
ft. at Amsterdam, Jan. 1583 — studies at Leyden 
Univ., 1600 — minister of Bleyswyck, near Rot- 
terdam, 1610 — Prof. Theology, Leyden, 1612- 
18 — deputy to Synod of Dort, 16 18 — deposed, 
retires to France, 1618-26 — minister at Rotter- 
dam, 1626 — Prof. Theology, Amsterdam, 1634- 
43 — tf. there, 1643. Opera, 1650-71. 

Epping Forest, in Essex, — metes and bounds 
of, determined under Royal Commission, 8 Sep. 
1640 — partly disafforested, (Hainault,) by Act 
14 and 15 Vic. c 43, 1 Aug. 1851 — meeting of 
the Verderer's Court ceases, 1854 — forestal 
rights of the Crown authorized to be sold, 1855. 

Epremenil, Jean Jacques Duval d', politi- 
cian, — ft. at Pondicherry, 1746 — carried in 
triumph at Paris, 1787 — deputy to States- 
General, May 1789 — quits Assembly, 1791 — 
executed at Paris, 23 Apr. 1794. 

Equinoxes, Precession of, — [BC] — dis- 
covered by Hipparchus, 160-125 — [AD] — cor- 
rected by Albategnius, about 880 — researches 
of Euler and D'Alembert concerning, 1749. 

Equitable Councils, in England, — for dis- 
putes of Masters and Workmen, authorized and 
regulated by Act 30 and 31 Vic. c. 24, Aug. 1867. 

Equites, (mythic,) — [B C] — established by 
Romulus, 753 ? — a second class established, 
403 — annual procession of, established by Q. 
Fabius and P. Decius, 304 — an Equestrian 
Order formed by Lex Sempronia, 123 — privi- 
leges curtailed by Sulla, and by Lex Aurelia, 
70 — Lex Roscia Theatralis confers peculiar 
seats in theatre on, 67 — raised in dignity by 
Augustus, 29 — [AD] — become a mere city 
guard, after 300 — retain the same privileges, 

3 6 4- 

Equitius, — Consul with Fl. Gratianus, (1127, 
a. u. c.) 374. 

Erasistratos, physician, anatomist, — [B C] 
— fl., about 298. 

Erasmus, Desiderius, classical scholar, 
theologian, — ft. at Rotterdam, 28 Oct. 1467 — 
enters Augustine Order at Stein, i486 — takes 
priest's orders, 1492 — studies at Paris, 1496 — 
visits England, 1497 — D.D. Bologna, a Turin, b 



486 



ERASTUS— ERICK VI. 



1506 — returns to England, 15 10, and is appoint- 
ed Lady Margaret's Prof., Cambridge ; Coun- 
cillor, Brabant, 15 14 — at Basel, 15 16 — settles 
there, 152 1 — goes to Friburg, 1529-35 — ft. at 
Basel, 12 Jul. 1536. New Testament in Greek 
and Latin, 15 16 — Colloquia, 1522 — Encomium 
Morim, 15 10 — Adagia, 1498 — Enchiridion Mi- 
litis Christiani, 1503. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Erastus, Thomas, physician, 8;c., — fj< at 
Baden, Switzerland, 7 Sep. 1524 — studies at 
Basel, 1540 — takes part in conference of 
Maulbronn, 1564 — ft. at Basel, 31 Dec., a 1 Jan. b 
1583. Explicatio Qucestionis gravissimai de 
Excomrnunicatione, 1589. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Erato, asteroid, — discovered by Forster and 
Lesser, 14 Sep. i860. 

Eratosthenes, geometer, astronomer, geo- 
grapher, philosopher, historian, grammarian, — 
[BC]- fj., (01. 126,) 276-5^ — invited from 
Athens to be librarian at Alexandria by Ptolemy 
Luergetes, about 240 a — ti., i94, a i96. b 
a Clinton. b A. de Morgan. 

Erben, Karel Jaromir, poet, archaeologist, — 
b. in Bohemia, 181 1 — archivist of Prague, 1851 
— fj., 1870. Collection of Bohemian Songs, 
1842-45 — Bartosch's Chronicle of Prague, 1851 
— Popular Tales, 1852 — Book of Ballads, 1853 
■ — Regesta diplomatica necnon epistolaria Bo- 
hemia et Moravice, (600-1253,) 1855, &c. — 
joint editor of Select Fragments of Bohemian 
Literature, 1845. 

Erchenwin, (Erhemoin,) — founds kingdom 
of East Saxons, (Essex,) 526. 

Ercilla y Zuniga, Alonso, poet, — fj. at 



Madrid 



> I 533. ab i54o c — ^ 



to Philip II., 



accompanies him on his travels in Europe, 
1547-51 — accompanies him to England, 1554 
— goes to America, i554, a c 1547 b — returns to 
Spain, 1562 — marries, 1570 — if. at Madrid, 
1595. a Araucana, 1569-78-90. 
* T icknor. b Biog. Univ. c Ersch and Graber. 
Ercolani, Giuseppe Maria, poet, — h. at 
Sinigaglia, about 1690 — ft. at Borne, about 
1760. Maria, rime, 1725-28 — La Sulamitide, 

I73 1 - 

Erebus, Mount, Antarctic Ocean, — discovered 
in eruption, by Boss, Jan. 1841. 

Eretria, in Euboea, — [BC] — joins in the ex- 
pedition of Aristogaras, 500 a — destroyed by 
Persians, 490 b — Agesandridas defeats Athenians 
in seafight near, 41 1 — Themison tyrant, 366 b — 
Plutarchus tyrant, 354 — Cleitarchus tyrant, 
by Philip, after 346 — expelled by Athens, 341 b 
■ — Themison tyrant, 336. 

a Thirlwall. b Smith's Diet. 

Erfurt, — raised to importance by Charles 
the Great, about 805 — Diet of the Empire held 
at, 852 — last Diet at, held, 1566 — revolt against 
Elector of Mentz suppressed by aid of Louis 
XIV., 15 Oct. 1664 — ceded by the French to 
the Elector of Mentz, 1667 — ceded to Prussia 
at Peace of Luneville, 1801 — invested by the 
French, 15 Oct. 1806 — capitulates, 16 Oct. — 
annexed to kingdom ^of Westphalia, 18 Aug. 
1 807 — transferred by Napoleon I. to the Duke of 
Saxe-Weiniar, 1808 — restored to Prussia, spring 



1 8 14 — German parliament meets at, 20 Mar. 
1850. University of, founded, 1362,=* 1378 b 
— suppressed, 18 16. Congress of, attended by 
the emperors Napoleon and Alexander, the 
kings of Bavaria, Saxony, Wurtemberg, and 
Westphalia, meets, 27 Sep. 1808 — breaks up, 
14 Oct. 1808. a Encyc. Mod. b Conv.-Lex. 

Erhard, Heinrich August, bibliographer, 
historian, — fj. at Erfurt, 13 Feb. 1793 — M.D., 
1 8 1 2 — Prof. Philosophy, 1 8 1 3 — Librarian, 1 82 1 
— keeper of archives, Magdeburg, 1824 — at 
Munster, 1831 — rj., 22 Jun. 1851. Be biblio- 
thecis Erfordice, 1813-14 — Geschichte des 
Aufbluhens wissenschaftlicher Bildung, 1827- 
32 — Geschichte der Landfrieden in Beutschland, 
1829. 

Ericeira, Eernand de Menezes, historian, 
— fj. at Lisbon, 27 Nov. 16 14 — ft., 22 Jim. 1699. 
Historian Lusitance, 1734 — History of Tangier, 
1732. 

Ericeira, Francisco Xavier de Menezes,^*', 
— h. at Lisbon, 29 Jan. 1673 — secretary of 
Portuguese Academy, 17 14 — director of Aca- 
demy of History, 1721 — ft., 21 Dec. 1743. 
Henriqueida, 1741. 

Erick, — chosen king of Nortkumbria, in op- 
position to Edred, 948 — deserted by his ad- 
herents the same year : recalled and made king, 
952 — expelled, 954. 

Erick I., (II. ?) the Good, King op Den- 
mark, — succeeds Olaus IV., 1095 — carries on 
war with the Vandals ; sets out for Palestine, 
1103— rj. in Cyprus, n, a 16 b Jul. 1103. 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Ersch and Grnber. 

Erick II.,, {Edmund,) (son,) Xing or Den- 
mark, — succeeds his father, no3 a — chosen by 
the people in rivalry with Nicholas, ii3i b — 
Avar with Nicholas, 11 32-4 — succeeds Nicholas, 
Jun. 1 1 35 — murdered, 18 Sep. 11 37. 
a Ersch and Gruber. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Erick III., the Lamb, King of Denmark, 
— succeeds Erick II., 11 37 — Olaus disputes 
the throne with him : defeat and death of 
Olaus, 1 143 — unsuccessfully attacks the Van- 
dals, 1 1 44 — abdicates and enters a monastery at 
Odensee, 1147 — If., 1147. 

Erick IV., King of Denmark, — succeeds 
his father Waldemar II., Mar. 1241 — revolt of 
his brothers; peace concluded, 1249 — makes 
war on Counts of Holstein, 1250 — captured by 
treachery by his brother Abel, and murdered, 
9-10 Aug. 1250. 

Erick V., King of Denmark, — ft., 1249 — 
succeeds his father Christopher, 1259 — revolt 
of Erick, son of King Abel, 1259-60 — defeated 
and captured with his mother, the regent, by 
Abp Lunden and Count of Holstein, 28 Jul. 
1261 — released, 1264, 1265 s — marries Agnes 
of Brandenburg, 1273 — peace concluded with 
the Abp and the interdict removed, 1275 — 
league formed against him by Duke of Holstein, 
1285 — murdered, 21-22 Nov. 1286. 
a Ersch and Gruber. 

Erick VI., King of Denmark, — h., 1274 — ■ 
succeeds his father Erick V., 1286 — war with 
Haco, king of Norway, begins, 1288 — im- 
prisons Grandt, Abp Lunden, 1294 — excom- 
municated by Boniface VIII., 1298 — the 



ERICK VII.— ERLACH. 



487 



quarrel ended by retirement of Grandt, 1303 — 
peace with. Haco, 1308 — his brother Christo- 
pher forms a league against him ; peace with 
Christopher, 1317 — assists Birger, king of 
S.weden, 1318 — gives him an asylum in Den- 
mark, 1 3 19 — tf. at Roeskild, 13 Nov. 13 19. 

Erick VII., (VIII. ?) King of Denmark, 
Norway, and (XIII., of) Sweden, — fc., 1382 
—has title of King of Norway, from 1387 — 
proclaimed King of Sweden, on resignation of 
Queen Margaret, his aunt, 23 Jul. 1396 — 
crowned, sovereign of the three kingdoms, 
(after the Union of Calmar,) under administra- 
tion of Margaret, 17 Jun. 1397 — marries 
Philippa, daughter of Henry IV. of England, 
1406 — death of Margaret, 27 Nov. 141 2 — war 
with Duke of Schleswig, 1414-35 — revolt of 
the Swedes under Engelbrecht, 1433 — deposed 
by States of Sweden, i435, a 1439 b — agrees to 
a truce with Engelbrecht, 1435 — meets deputies 
of the three kingdoms at Calmar, and renews 
the Union, 27 Jul. 1436 — retires to isle of 
Gothland, 1438 — the crown of Denmark given 
to Christopher of Bavaria, 1439 — the throne of 
Sweden declared vacant by his desertion, 1439 
— driven from Gothland by Canutson, retires 
into Pomerania, 1449,* I 44° b — fr-> about 
1459, ac 1449. d a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

b Erscb. and Gruber. c Encyc. Mod. 

d Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Erick VIII., the Victorious, King of 
Sweden, — reigns, 970-94 a — succeeds, 954. b 
a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Erick IX., the Saint, King of Sweden, — 
recognized by 



1 155 



elected, ii5o, a 1152 

the Goths, H55 b — gains a victory over the 
Finns, 1157,° 1154 s — compiles his code, about 
1 160 — assassinated, at Upsala, 17 May 1162,* 
II May Ii6i. c a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

b Biog. Univ. c Engl. Cyc. 

Erick X., {Canutson,) King of Sweden, — 
disputes the crown with Swerker, 1 192 — defeats 
and kills Swerker, and succeeds him, 17 Jul. 
1 2 10 — marries Richsa, daughter of Waldemar 
I. of Denmark, 1210 — fr., 1219. 

Erick XL, the Stammerer, King of Sweden, 
■ — succeeds John I., i223, a 1222 b — defeated by 
his rival, Canute, (Folkunger,) and driven into 
Denmark, 1223 — recovers his throne, 1234 — 
tf., 2 Feb. 1250^ 12 Feb. 1252. c 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. 
b Engl. Cyc. and Biog. Univ. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Erick XII., King of Sweden, — made King- 
in opposition to his father, Magnus II., 1348,* 
1 344 b — carries on war with his father : divides 
the kingdom with him, 1 354 — poisoned (by his 
mother ?), 1357. a Art de Verifier les Dates. 
b Engl. Cyc. and Biog. Univ. 

Erick XIII., King of Sweden. [Erick 
VII., Denmark, ,] 

Erick XIV., King of Sweden, — ft., 13 
Dec. 1533 — acknowledged heir to the throne, 
at Diet of Westeraas, 13 Jan. 1544 — succeeds 
his father, Gustavus Vasa, 29 Sep. 1560 — 
crowned at Upsala, and creates the dignities of 
Count and Baron, 29 Jun. 156 1 — besieges his 
brother John in Abo, captures and imprisons 
him, 1563 — makes proposals of marriage to 



Queen Elizabeth, 1559 — afterwards to Mary, 
Queen of Scots • war with Denmark, 1563-70 — 
loses the battle of Swastera and disgraces 
Nilson-Sture, 1566 — sends him ambassador to 
the Duke of Lorraine, 1566 — assassinates him 
and puts his relations to death, 1567 — projects 
murder of his brothers, is besieged by them in 
Stockholm, 1568 — capitulates, and is deprived 
of the crown and imprisoned, 30 Sep. 1568 — ■ 
poisoned in prison by his brother John, 22 
Feb. 1578^ 26 Feb. 1577^ 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. 
b Ersch and Gruber, and Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Erie Canal, in New York State, — con- 
structed, 1817-24. 

Erie, Fort, Canada, — taken from the British 
by the Americans, 3 Jul. 18 14 — abandoned by 
the Americans, 5 Nov. 18 14. 

Erie, Lake, — the Americans capture the 
British squadron on, 10 Sep. 1813. 

Erigena, Joannes Scotus, philosopher, — #., 
about 850 a — teaches at Oxford, 877 b — U. in 
France, about 875^ ? 884. b 

a Engl. Cyc. b Erscb and Gruber. 

Erinna, epic poet, — [BC] — fl., about 600. 

Erivan, in Armenia, — besieged by the 
Turks, 1553 — taken by them, 1582 — retaken 
by Persians, 1604 — again captured by the 
Turks, 1635— conquered by the Tatars, 1734 
■ — submits to Persia, 1769 — attacked by Rus- 
sians, 1808 — captured by Prince Paskiewich, 
13 Oct. 1827 — ceded to Russia by Treaty of 
Turkmanjai, 22 Feb. 1828 — devastated by an 
earthquake, Jun. 1840. 

Erizzo, Francesco, Doge of Venice, — suc- 
ceeds Niccola Contarini, 1632^ 1631 b — ty., 
1645,* 3 Jan. i646. b 

a Biog. Univ. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Erizzo, Sebastiano, {Echinus, Ericius,) an- 
tiquary, — b. at Venice, 19 Jun. 1525 — ft., 5 
Mar. 1585. Eiscorso sopra le medaglie degli 
antiche, 1559 — Le sei Giornate, 1567. 

Erlach, Jerome von, general, — I)., 1667 — 
enters Imperial army as colonel, 1702 — retires, 
17 15 — avoyer of Berne, 1721-47 — fr., 28 Feb. 
1748. I 

Erlach, Johann Ludwig von, Marshal of 
France, — ft. at Berne, 1595- — conquers Brisach 
for France, 1639 — contributes to victory of 
Lens, 1648 — Commander-general of French 
forces, 1649 — Marshal of France, 1650 — &., 
1650. 

Erlach, Johann Ludwig von, admiral, — ft., 
at Berne, 1648 — distinguishes himself in Dutch 
fleet under Van Tromp, 1665 — Rear-admiral, 
1676 — Vice-admiral of Denmark, 1678 — ft., 
1680. 

Erlach, Karl Ludwig von, — ft. at Berne, 
1726 — Marechal de Camp in army of France, 
before 1789 — Commander-in-chief of Swiss 
army, 1798 — murdered by his soldiers, 1798. 

Erlach, Rudolph von, — obtains victory at 
Laupen over Count of Nydau, 21 Jul. 1339— 
assassinated, 1360. 

Erlach, Sigismund von, — ft., 1614 — Mare- 
chal de Camp in army of France, distinguishes 
himself at battle of Lens, 1648 — subdues the 
revolted peasants of Berne, 1653 — defeated by 



488 



ERLANGEN— ERXLEBEN. 



the troops of the Catholic cantons, 1655 — ■ 
banneret, 1667 — avoyer, 1675-85 — tf., 1 Dec. 
1699. 

Erlangen, — ceded to Prussia by the Mar- 
grave, 1792 — given up to Bavaria, 1809. 
University of, founded by Frederick, Mar- 
grave of Baireuth, 1743. 

Ermengarde, — marries Boson, Duke of 
Lombardy, about 877 — instigates him to make 
himself king of Provence, 879 — defends Vienne 
against Louis and Carloman, 880-882 — capitu- 
lates to Bichard, Duke of Burgundy, Dec. 882 
— imprisoned by him at Autun ; present at 
Boson's death at Vienne, Apr. (?) 887 — regent 
of Provence, 887 — procures coronation of her 
son Louis, 890 — tf. at convent of St Sixtus, 
Piacenza, soon after 900. 

Ernest, Archduke of Austria, Governor 
of the Netherlands, — ft. at Vienna, 1553— 
appointed Viceroy of the Netherlands, Jan. 
1594 — takes La Fere, 19 May 1594 — tf. at 
Brussels, 21 Feb. 1595. 

Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, 
and King of Hanover, — ft. at Kew, 5 Jun. 
1 77 1 — studies at Gottingen, 1786-90— serves 
in the English array in the Netherlands, 1793-5 
— is wounded and loses an eye in engagement 
near Tournay, 1794 — Lieutenant-general, 1798 
— Duke of Cumberland, Apr. 1799 — General, 
1 803 — again serves abroad, against France, 
1808-15 — Field-marshal in British army, 18 13 
— G.C.B., 2 Jan. 18 15 — marries Princess Caro- 
line of Mecklenburgh Strelitz, 29 May 18 15 — 
succeeds his brother, William IV., as King of 
Hanover, 20 Jun. 1837— abolishes the Con- 
stitution, 5 Jul. and 1 Nov. 1837 — proclaims a 
new one, 1840 — death of his queen, 21 Jun. 
1 841 — consents to reforms, 1848 — tf. at Her- 
renhausen, 18 Nov. 1851. 

Ernest. [Brunswick, Saxe-Coburg, Swabia, 
Saxony.] 

Ernesti, August Wilhelm, philologist, — ft. 
near Tennstadt, 26 Nov. 1733 — Prof. Philo- 
sophy, Leipsic, 1765 — Prof. Eloquence, 1770 
— Eector of the Univ., 1782 — tf. there, 20 Jul. 
1 801. Edition of Livy, 1769 — of Ammianus 
Marcellinus, 1773. 

Ernesti, Johann August, philologist, — ft. at 
Tennstadt, 4 Aug. 1707 — Prof. Ancient Liter- 
ature, Leipsic, 1742 — Prof. Eloquence, 1756- 
70— Prof. Theology, D.D., 1758— tf., n Sep. 
1 7 81. Edition of Cicero, 1737-9 — °f Homer, 
1759-65 — of Callimachus, 1761 — of Tacitus, 
1752 — Initio, doctrince solidioris, 1736 — Insti- 
tute interpretis Nov. Test, y 1761. 

Ernesti, Johann Christian Gottlob, philolo 
gist—b. at Arnstadt, 1756 — Prof. Philosophy, 
Leipsic, 1782-1801 — Prof. Eloquence, 1801 — 
tf., 5 Jun. 1802. Edition of Msopi's Fables, 1781 
— Glossa sacroe Hesychii, 1785 — Lexicon techno- 
logies Homanorum rhetorics, 1797 — Lexicon 
technologic? Grcccce rhetoricce, 1795. 

Ernst, Antoine- Nicolas Joseph, statesman, 
$c, — ft. at Aubel, Liege, 1796— Prof. Law, 
Liege, 1822-33 — deputy to Chamber of Repre- 
sentatives, 1833 — Minister of Justice, Aug. 
1834 to Feb. 1839 — Prof- Law, Louvain, Jun. 
1839 — tf. at Boppart, 10 Jul. 1841. 



Ernst, Heinrich, (Ernstius,) jurist, — ft. at 
Helmstadt, 3 Feb. 1603 — tf. at Copenhagen, 7 
Apr. 1665. Hegum aliquot Danice genealogia, 
§c, 1646 — Sabbatismus, 1656. 

Erpenius, {Thomas van Erpe,) orientalist, 
— ft. at Gorcum, Holland, Sep. 1584— -M.A. 
Leyden, Jul. 1608 — Prof. Oriental Languages, 
161 3 — tf. at Leyden, 13 Nov. 1624. Gram- 
matica Arabica, 16 13 — Proverbiorum Arabi- 
corum centurice duce, $c, 16 14 — Lohmani 
sapientis fabulce, §c, 1615, 

Ersch, Johann Samuel, Editor of Encyclo- 
paedia of Arts and Sciences, — ft. at Glogau, in 
Silesia, 23 Jun. 1766 — librarian to Univ. of 
Jena, 1800 — Prof.' Geography and Statistics, 
Halle, 1803 — librarian, i8o8, ac 1803 b — tf. at 
Halle, 16 Jan. 1828. (With Gruber,) Encyclo- 
pddie der Wissenschaften und Kiinste, 1818-28. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Conv.-Lex. 

Erskine, Ebenezer, theologian, — ft., 22 Jun. 
1680 — minister of Portmoak, 1703-31 — ■ 
minister at Stirling, 1731 — founds the Secession 
Church, 1736 — tf., 22 Jun. 1754. 

Erskine, John, Baron of Dun, — ft. near 
Montrose, about 1509 — commissioner sent to 
France to witness the marriage of Queen 
Mary with the Dauphin, 1557 — superintend- 
ent of Angus and Mearns, 1560 — tf., 21 Mar. 

I59 1 - 

Erskine, John, theologian, — ft. at Edinburgh, 
2 Jun. 1 721 — minister of Kirkintilloch, 1744 
— D.D. Glasgow, 1763 — minister of Greyfriar's, 
Edinburgh, 1767,* 1758 b — tf., 19 Jan. 1803. 
a Engl. Cyc. h Chalmers. 

Erskine, John, jurist, — ft., 1695 — Prof. 
Scots Law, Edinburgh, 1737-60 — tf. at Card- 
ross, 1765. Principles of the Law of Scotland, 
1754 — Institute of the law of Scotland, 1773. 

Erskine, Ralph, theologian, — ft., 18 Mar. 
1685 — minister of Dunfermline, 17 11 — takes 
part in founding Secession Church, 1736 — tf., 6 
Nov. 1752. 

Erskine, Thomas, Lord, Lord Chancellor 
of England, — ft. at Edinburgh, 21 Jan. 1750^ 
1748 b — marries, 1770 — enters Lincoln's Inn, 
Apr. 1775 — enters Trin. Coll. Cambridge, Jan. ■ 
1776 — M.A., Jun. 1778 — called to the bar, 3 
Jul. 1778 — defends Capt. Baillie, 28 Nov. 
1778 — M.P. Portsmouth, Nov. 1783— At- 
torney-general to Prince of Wales, before 1792 
— -undertakes defence of Paine, and is deprived 
of his office, Feb. 1793 — defends Hardy, Home 
Tooke, and Thelwall, 1794 — Chancellor of 
Duchy of Cornwall, 1 802— death of his wife, 
Dec. 1805— Lord Chancellor, Baron Erskine, 
7 Feb. 1 806— retires, 7 Apr. 1 807 — takes 
prominent part in defence of Queen Caroline, 
1820 — tf. near Edinburgh, 17 Nov. 1823. 
a Foss. b Engl. Cyc 

Erwin de Steinbach, architect, — tf., 13 18. 
Cathedral of Strasburg, commenced, 1277. 

Erxiclides, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
58, 1,) 548. 

Erxleben, Johann Christian Polycarp, na- 
tural philosopher, — ft. in Saxony, 22 Jun. 1744 
— Prof. Philosophy, Gottingen," 177 1 — 1(. at 
Gottingen, 19 Aug. 1777. Anfangsgriinde der 
Naturgeschichte, 1^6"] — Anfangsgriinde der 



EEYTHE.E— ESPEENON. 



489 



Naturlehre, 1771—Anfangsgriinde der Chemie, 

J 775- 

Erythree, — [B C] — prepares to revolt, spring 
412. 

Erythrogen, — discovered by Bizio, 1821. 

Eryx, in Sicily,— [BC] — sea fight between 
Carthaginians and Syracusans off, 406 — sup- 
ports Dionysius, 397 — recovered by Himilco, 
396 — taken by Pyrrhus, 278— destroyed by 
Hamilcar, 260— surprised by Hamilcar Barca, 
abandoned by him, 241. Temple of Venus at, 
famous as early as 415. 

Eryxias, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
22, 1,) 692, 

Erzeroum, {Er serum, Arsen-er-Rum,) in 
Armenia, — receives the name of Theodosiopolis, 
415— taken and sacked by the Seljuks, 1049 — 
taken by Sultans of Iconium, 1201 — by the 
Mongols, "1241 — by Tamerlane, 1387 — taken 
by the Turks, 15 17 — devastated by the plague, 
1807 — taken by Paskievich, 9 Jul. 1829 — 
restored to Turkey by Peace of Adrianople, 14 
Sep. 1829 — visited by Wilbraham, 1837 — by 
Layard, Sep. 1849 — earthquake, 2 Jun. 1859. 

Esaias of Egypt, theologian, — fl., about 370.3- 
a Cave. 

Esau, — [BC]— fc., spring 1836,* 1970 b — 
marries, spring 1796/ 1930 b — defrauded of his 
father's blessing, autumn 1760 a — reconciled to 
Jacob, I743. a a Ussher. b Clinton. 

Escalante, Juan Antonio, painter, — fc. at 
Cordova, 1630 — tf-, 1670. 

Eschenbach, Wolfram von, poet, — fl., about 
1200. 

Eschenburg, Johann Joachim, miscellaneous 
writer, — b. at Hamburg, 7 Dec. 1733 — Prof. 
Belles Lettres, Brunswick, 1777 — tf. there, 
29 Feb. 1820. Shakspeare's Theatralische 
Werken, 1775-87 — Shakspeare's Schauspielen, 
1 798- 1 806 — Entwurf einer Theorie und Lite- 
ratur der schbnen TVissenschaften, 1783. 

Eschenmayer, Karl Adolf, philosopher, — 
h. in Wurtemberg, 4 Jul. 1768 — Extraord. 
Prof. Philosophy and Medicine, Tubingen, 1 81 1 
— Prof. Practical Philosophy, 1818 — retires, 
1836 — tf., 1854. Psychologic in drei Theilen, 
als empirische, reine, angewandte, 1817 — Re- 
ligions-philosophie, 1818-24 — Grundriss der 
Natur-philosophie, 1832 — Grundziig eder christ- 
lichen Philosophic, 1840. 

E&cher, Hans Kaspar, burgomaster of Zu- 
rich,—^, at Zurich, 15 Feb. 1678— studies at 
Utrecht, 1696 — member of the Great Council, 
Zurich, 1 70 1 — envoy to Diet of Eatisbon, 17 12 
— to Geneva, 1734 and 1737 — burgomaster, 
1740 — tf. at Zurich, 23 Dec. 1762. 

Escher, Heinrich, burgomaster of Zurich, 
— b. at Zurich, 19 Jul. 1626 — member of the 
Great Council, 1651 — accompanies deputies to 
Paris, to establish alliance with Louis XIV., 
1663 — envoy to Court of France, 1687 — tf. at 
Zurich, 21 Apr. 17 10. 

Escher, Johann Erhard, — b., about 1656 — 
tf., 27 Nov. 1689. Description of the Lake of 
Zurich, 1692. 

Escher von der Linth, Hans Konrad, states- 
man, — b. at Zurich, 24 Aug. 1767 — studies at 
Gottingen, 1786-8 — member of Convention, 



Feb. 1798 — of Helvetic Council, Mar. — of 
Council of State, 1815 — tf., 9 Mar. 1823. 

Eschinardi, Francesco, Jesuit, — b. at Eome, 
1623 — tf., not before 1699. Microcosmus 
physico-mathematicus, 1658 — Simulacrum ex 
chisiis montibus, 1661. 

Eschke, Ernst Adolf, philanthropist, — b. in 
Meissen, 17 Dec. 1766 — settles at Berlin, 1788 
— founds private Institute for Deaf and Dumb, 
1788 — If. at Berlin, 17 Jul. 1811. 

Eschscholtz, Johann Friedrich, naturalist, 
traveller, — b. at Dorpat, 1 Nov. 1793 — ac- 
companies Kotzebue on voyage of discovery, 
1 8 15-18 — Prof. Medicine, Director of Zoological 
Cabinet, Dorpat, 181 8— accompanies Kotzebue 
on second expedition, 1823-26 — tf., 19 May 
1 83 1. Entomographien, 1823 — System der 
Akdlephen, 1829 — Zoologischer Atlas, 1829. 

Escobar y Mendoza, Antonio, casuist,— ft. 
at Valladolid, 1589 — enters Order of Jesuits, 
1604— tf. at Valladolid, 4 Jul. 1669. Sum- 
inula casuum conscientice, 1626 — Examen y 
pratica de confesores, 164.7 — Commentaria in 
Vet. et Nov. Test., 1652. 

Escoubleau. [Sourdis.] 

Escurial, (Escorial,) The, in Spain, — com- 
menced by Philip II., 1563 — completed, 1584 
— partly burnt, 167 1 — additions to, made, 1773 
— pillaged by the French, 1808 and 181 3. 

Escwin, King op Wessex, — succeeds, 674 
— tf., 676. 

Esdras, Book of,— [BC] — written, 30 a — 

[A D] — 97 . b a Hilgenfeld. b Volkmar. 

Espagnac, Jean Baptiste Joseph Damazit 
de Sahuguet, Baron de, general, — b. at Brive 
la Gaillarde, 25 Mar. 17 13 — enters the army, 
17 31 — at taking of Prague, 1741 — Marechal 
de Camp, 1761 — governor of Hotel des In- 
valides, 1766 — Lieutenant-general, 1780 — tf. at 
Paris, 28 Feb. 1783. Journal historique des 
campagnes du roi en 1743, 1748 — Essai sur la 
science de la guerre, 1751. 

Espagne, Jean Louis Brigite, Count, 
general, — b.at Aucb, 16 Feb. 1766 — enters the 
army, 1787 — serves under Moreau, 1795 — 
General of Brigade, 1799 — distinguishes him- 
self at battle of Hohenlinden, Dec. 1800 — and 
in campaign of Italy, 1 800 — General of 
Division, 1 Feb. 1805 — sent against army of 
Naples, 1806 — wounded at Heilsberg, 1807 
— Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 1 1 Jul. 
1807 — Count of the Empire, 1808 — dis- 
tinguishes himself in Austrian campaign, 1809 
■ — mortally wounded at Essling, 21 May 
1809. 

Espejo, Antonio, maritime discoverer, — dis- 
covers New Mexico, 1582-3. 

Espen, Zeger Bernard van, canonist, — b. at 
Louvain, 9 Jul. 1646 — tf. at Amersfort, 2 Oct. 
1728. Opera, 1753. 

Esper, Eugene Johann Christoph, naturalist, 
— b. at Wunsiedel, 2 Jun. 1742 — Ph.D. Erlan- 
gen, 17 8 1 — Prof. Philosophy, 1783 — tf. at 
Erlangen, 18 10. Die Europtiischen Schmetter- 
linge, 1777-1807 — Die Ausldndischen Schmet- 
terlinge, 1785-98 — Die Pjianzenthiere, 1788- 
1809. 

Espernon, Jean Louis de Nogaret de la 



49° 



ESPINAY— ESSEX. 



Valette, Duke of, — $>. in Languedoc, 1554 — 
at siege of Rochelle, 1573 — governor of Metz, 
1583 — Brigadier-general, 1584 — Admiral of 
France, 1587 — tf. at Loch.es, 13 Jan. 1642. 

Espinay. [Saint -Luc] 

Espinel, Vicente, poet, novelist, — u. in 
Granada, i544, a i54i, b about 1540 c — rj. at 
Madrid, 1634^ about 1630.° Eimas, 1591 — 
Eelaciones de la Vida del Escudero Marcos de 
Obregon, 1618. a Biog. Univ. 

b Conv.-Lex. c Nouv. Biog-. Gen. 

Espinosa, Diego de, cardinal, statesman, — b. 
in Old Castile, 1502 — Cardinal, Inquisitor-gen- 
eral of all Spain, 1568 — rj. at Madrid, 5 Sep. 

Espinosa, Hyacinthe Jerome, painter, — fc. 
in Valencia, 1600 — tf. at Valencia, 1680. 

Espinosa, Nicolas, poet, — ft. at Valencia, 
about 1520 a — tf., after 1563. Segunda parte 
del Orlando, §c, 1555. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Espinoy, Philippe d', — it. at Ghent, about 
1552 — o"., about 1633. Reciter dies d'antiqui- 
te's et noblesse de Flandres, §c, 163 1. 

Espronceda, Jose de, poet, politician, — b. in 
Estremadura, i8io, a i8o8 b — imprisoned as a 
4 Numantine,' about 1825 — comes to England, 
about 1829 — fights on the barricades at Paris, 
Jul. 1830— returns to Spain, 1833— enters the 
National Guard, 1 840 — member of the Cortes, 
1 841 — tf., 23 May 1842. Poesias, 1840. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Esquilinus, C. Cornelius Lentulus, — [B C] — 
Consul stiff., (276, A. u. c.) 478. 

Esquimaux, The, — visited by Moravian 
missionaries, about 1730 — by Hearne, 1772 — 
by Cook, 1776 — by Boss, 181 8 — by Parry, 
1821-23— by Hall, May to Sep. 1862. 

Esquirol, J. Etienne Dominique, physician, 
■ — f>. at Toulouse, 4 Jan. 1772 — M.D. Paris, 
1805 — physician of La Salpetriere, 1811 — 
commences lectures on mental maladies, 1817 
— Inspector-general of Faculty of Medicine, 
1823 — correspondent of Academy of (Moral) 
Sciences, 1834— fr., 1841^ 12 Dec. 1840^ Des 
passions consideries comme causes, symptomes, et 
moyens curatifs de V alienation mentale, 1805 — 
Des e'tablissements d' alie'ne's en France, §c, 1819 
— Des maladies mentales, §c. f 1838. 

a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Essarts, Pierre des, statesman, — fc., about 
1360 — taken prisoner by the English at battle 
of Honiildon Hill, 1402 — made provost of Paris 
by Duke of Burgundy, 1408 — Superintendent 
of Finance, about 1408 — escapes to Cherbourg, 
141 3 — returns to Paris and makes himself mas- 
ter of the Bastile, Apr. 141 3— executed at 
Halles, 1 Jul. 141 3. 

' Essays and Reviews,' — by Williams, Wil- 
son, and others, published, autumn i860— con- 
demned by Conference of Clergy, at Sion 
House, 25 Jan. 1861 — the judgment of the 
Court of Arches against "Williams and Wilson 
reversed by Judicial Committee of Privy Coun- 
cil, 18 Feb. 1864 — Synodical judgment on, 24 
Jun. 1864. 

Essen, Hans Henrik, jield-marshal, — b. in 
West Gothland, 1755 — enters service of Gusta- 
vus III., 1777 — governor of Pomerania, 1800 



— concludes armistice with French at Stralsund, 
1807 — Councillor of State, 1809 — ambassador 
to Paris, 1 809 — commands in expedition to 
Norway, 18 14 — Governor-general of Norway, 
1 8 14- 1 6 — Grand Marshal of Sweden, 1816* — fr. 
Field-marshal, at Udde valla, 28 Jul. 1824. 

Essenius, Andreas, theologian, — 6. in Guel- 
derland, Feb. 1618 — D.D. Utrecht, 1645 — 
Prof. Theology, 1654 — rj. at Utrecht, 18 May 
1677. Sy sterna Theologies Dogmatics, 1659 — ■ 
Triumphus Cruris, 1649. 

Essequibo, in Guiana, — settlement of the 
Dutch at, 1580 — taken by the English, 1796 — 
restored to the Dutch, 1 802 — retaken by English, 
1803 — ceded to them by Convention of 18 14. 

Essex, {East Saxons,) Kingdom of, — founded 
by Erkenwin, 526, a 527 b — converted by 
Mellitus, 604 — paganism restored on death of 
Sabekt, (Ssbyrht,)6i6 b — Christianity restored 
by Sigebert, about 653 — submits to Eg- 
bert, 823 — part of territory ceded to the Danes, 
878^ 877° — seized by Ethelwald, 904 — reco- 
vered by Edward the Elder, 905,* 913 d — sub- 
jugated by Danes, lon. d a Annals of England. 

b Lappenberg. e Engl. Cyc. d A.S. Chron. 

Essex, Arthur Capel, 1st Earl op,— ft., 
1635 — marries Lady Elizabeth Percy, 19 May 
1653 — Viscount Maiden and Earl of Essex, 20 
Apr. 1661 — ambassador to Christian V. of Den- 
mark, 1670 — Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1672- 
6 — Privy Councillor, 1672 — First Commis- 
sioner of the Treasury, 1679 — implicated in the 
Eyehouse Plot, and arrested, beginning of Jul. 
1683 — found dead in the Tower, 13 Jul. 1683. 

Essex, Earl oe. [Cromwell, Thomas.] 

Essex, Robert Devereux, Earl of, — b. at 
Netherwood, Herefordshire, Nov. 1567 — enters 
Trin. Coll. Cambridge, 1577 — appears at 
court, 1584 — Master of the Horse, and E.G.; 
serves under Leicester in the Netherlands, 
1587 — becomes the favourite of Queen Eliza- 
beth, 1588 — takes part in expedition to -Por- 
tugal, 1589 — fights a duel with Sir Charles 
Blount ; marries widow of Sir Philip Sidney, 
1590 — sent with troops to aid Henry IV. of 
France, Jul. 159 1 — exposes the plot of Lopez, 
1594 — with Lord Howard of Effingham com- 
mands expedition to Spain, and captures Cadiz, 
Jun. to Aug. 1596 — Master of the Ordnance, 
1596 — unsuccessful expedition against the 
-Azores, May, a Jul. and Aug. b 1597 — named 
Earl Marshal, 1597 — quarrels with the Queen, 
1598 — Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 12 Mar. 
1599 — holds secret conference with O'Neal, 
1599 — returns to England, close of Sep. 1599 
— placed in free custody, 2 Oct. 1599 — confined 
to his own house, 5 Jun. 1600 — intrigues 
against Cecil and Ealeigh, 1600 — liberated, 
26 Aug. 1600 — arrests the Queen's messengers, 
8 Feb. 1 60 1 — marches into London and at- 
tempts to excite insurrection ; fails and gives 
himself up, same night : tried at Westminster, 
19 Feb. — executed, 25 Feb. 1601. 

a Annals of England. b Engl. Cyc. 

Essex, Robert Devereux, Earl op,— 6. in 
London, 1592 — enters Merton Coll. Oxford, 
1602 — restored to his titles, 1603 — marries 
Lady Frances Howard, 1606 — divorce obtained 



ESSEX— ESTEEES. 



491 



by her, 161 3 — raises troops and serves, in 
Holland, 1620 — again in 1625 — takes part in 
expedition against Spain, 1625 — commands 
fleet sent to Holland, 1635 — Lieutenant-general, 
sent against Covenanters, 1639 — one of the 
Commissioners to treat with the Scots at Bipon, 
Oct. 1640 — Lord Chamberlain, close of 1640 — 
Lieutenant-general of the king's forces south 
of the Trent, summer 1641 — deprived of his 
commission, Nov. 1641 — Captain-general, by the 
Parliament, 12 Jul. 1642 — proclaimed traitor 
by the king, 2 Aug. — recovers "Worcester from 
the Eoyalists, Oct. — commands against the 
king at Edgehill, 23 Oct. — the king retires 
before him at Turnham Green, 1 3 Nov. — takes 
Eeading, 27 Apr. 1643 — compels the king to 
raise siege of Gloucester, 6 Sep. — repulses the 
king at Newbury, 20 Sep. — marches into Corn- 
wall, Jun. 1644 — escapes by sea, beginning 
Sep. — resigns his commission, 2 Apr. 1645— if., 
1646. 

Essex, Walter Devereux, Earl of, — ft. in 
Carmarthenshire, about 1540 — succeeds to the 
titles of Viscount Hereford and Lord Ferrers, 
about 1559 — assists in suppressing the rebellion, 
close of 1569 — K.G. and Earl of Essex, 1572 
— commands expedition for establishing a 
colony in Ulster, and fails, Aug. to Dec. 1573 
— returns to England, and is named Governor 
of Ulster, 1574 — named Earl Marshal of Ireland, 
and returns to his post : orders the massacre of 
Kathlin, 1575 — if. at Dublin, 22 Sep. 1576. 

Essex, James, -architect, — ft. at Cambridge, 
1723— if. there, 14 Sep. 1784. Eepairs Ely 
Cathedral, 1770. 

Essling and Aspern, — Napoleon defeated by 
Archduke Charles at, 21-22 May 1809. 

Estaing, Charles Hector, Count d', 
admiral, — ft. in Auvergne, 1729 — commander 
of combined fleets at Cadiz, 1783 — member of 
Assembly of Notables, 1787 — commander of 
National Guard of Versailles, 1789 — Admiral, 
1792 — executed, 28 Apr. 1794. 

Estaing, Jacques Zacharie d'. [D'Estaing.] 

Este, House of, — Oberto I., titular Marquis 
of, attaches himself to Berenger II., king of 
Italy, 951 — passes over to Otto I. of Saxony, 
968 — is made by him Count of the Sacred 
Palace; if., about 972 — Obekto II., (son,) 
titular Marquis of, Lord of Lunigiana and of 
the County of Obertenga in Tuscany, 972 (?) 
— with his sons supports Hardouin, king of 
Lombardy, against Henry of Bavaria, is captured 
by Henry and deprived of his fiefs, but is re- 
stored the same year, 1014 — Albert-Azzo I. 
(son) succeeds, about 1014 — opposes election 
of Conrad the Salic, 1025 — if., 1029^ 1021 b — 
Albert-Azzo II., (son,) 1029 ? 1021 ? — inherits 
Este, Eovigo, Montagnana, Casal-Maggiore, 
Pontremoli, and Obertenga ; Governor or Count 
of Milan, by Henry III., 1045 — marries, soon 
after, Cunegunda, sister of "Welf III. ; marries 
Garisenda, Countess of Maine ; inherits County 
of Maine on death of Herbert, 1069— his son, 
"Welf IV., becomes Duke of Bavaria, 107 1 — 
assists at synod of Eome, 1074 — sells his herit- 
age to his son Fulk, and retires into Burgundy; 
if., 1097,* ni7 b — EulkL, (son,) 1097 or 



1117-1135 — Obizzo, (son,) Marquis of, n 37 — 
joins the Lombard League against Frederick 
Barbarossa, 1167 — chosen podestat of Padua, 
1 1 82 — titular Marquis of Milan and of Genoa, 
1 184 — if., 25 Dec. 1 193 — Azzo V., (son,) 1193 
— Azzo VI., (son,) soon after 1200 ? — marries 
Alice, sister of the Prince of Antioch, 1204 — 
recognized as Lord of Ferrara and Verona, 1 205 
— war with Eccelino II. and Salinguerra, 1208 
— peace with Eccelino and Salinguerra, and re- 
ceives from the Emperor Otto IV. the marquis- 
ate of Ancona in lieu of Ferrara, 12 10 — joins 
league against Otto, 121 1 — recovers Ferrara, 
121 1 — prepares for war with Otto, and if., 18 
Nov. 1 2 1 2 — Aldobrandino, (son,) 1 2 1 2 — 
AzzoYII., JS T ovello, (brother,) 12 15 — is deprived 
of most of his lordships ; titular Lord of An- 
cona, by Honorius III., 1217 — Podesta of 
Vicenza, 1236 — reconciled with Frederick II., 
1237 — renews the war with him, 1239 — seizes 
Ferrara, and imprisons Salinguerra, 1240 — his 
hereditary states seized by Eccelino, 1241 seq. 
— recovers Este and other fortresses, 1256 — 
takes part in crusade against Eccelino, 1256 — ■ 
combats at Cassano, 27 Sep. 1259 — if., 17 Feb. 
1264 — Obizzo II. , (grandson,) ft., about 1240* 
— Marquis of, and Lord of Ferrara, 1264 — 
chosen Lord of Modena, 15 Dec. 1288 — of Eeg- 
gio, Jan. 1290— if., 13 Feb. 1293. [Modena.] 
a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. 

Esteve, Jean, troubadour, — fi., about 1580. 

Esther, — [B C] — made queen by Ahasuerus 
(Xerxes) of Persia, 479, a (Darius,) winter 
5 14-3. b a Smith's Diet. ■ b TJssher. 

Esthonia, (Revel Werova,) — subjugated by 
the Danes, 1220 — sold by them to the Teutonic 
knights, 1346^ 24 Jun. i347 b — king of Po- 
land acknowledged lord paramount, 1561 — . 
province of Sweden, by Treaty of Oliva, 1660 
— conquered by Peter the Great, 17 10 — 
ceded to Eussia by Treaty of Nystadt, 172 1. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Estoile, Pierre de L', grand auditor of the 
Chancery of Paris, — ft., about 1540 — if., Oct. 
161 1. Journal of the Reign of Henri III., 1621 
— of Henri IV., 1 7 1 9 . 

Estourmel, Jean d', — defends Peronne 
against the Flemings, 1536 — maitre d'hotel to 
Francis I., 19 Sep. 1541 — ambassador to Eng- 
land, 1546— if., 16 Aug. 1557. 

Estouteville, Guillaume d\ cardinal, — ft., 
before 1403 — Cardinal, by Eugenius IV., 1437,* 
1439 b — legate of Holy See, at Bourges, 1452 
— Abp of Eouen, by Nicolas V., 1453 — charged 
to reform University of Paris, about 1453 — if. 
at Eome, 22 Dec. 1483. 

a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Estrades, Godefroid, Count d', Marshal 
of France, diplomatist, — ft. at Agen, 1607 — 
Councillor of State, 1639 — negotiates purchase 
of Dunkirk from Charles II., 1662— concludes 
Treaty of Breda, 1667 — one of the plenipoten- 
tiaries for Peace of Nimeguen, 1678 — ft., 26 
Feb. 1686. 

Estrees, Cesar d', cardinal, — ft. at Paris, 5 
Feb. 1628 — admitted to French Academy, 1656 
— ambassador to Eome, 1671 — negotiates the 
Peace of the Church, about 1674 — Cardinal, 



49 2 



ESTREES— ETHELRED. 



1674 — effects reconciliation of the Pope and 
French clergy, 1693 — tf. at St Germain-des- 
Pres, 18 Dec. 17 14. 

Estrees, Francois Annibal d', Peer and 
Marshal of France, — b., 1573 — Marshal, 
1626 — ambassador to Rome, 1636 — tf. at Paris, 
5 May 1670. Memoires de la regence de Marie 
de Medicis, 1666. 

Estrees, Gabrielle d', — b., about 157 1 — re- 
ceives Henri IV. at Chateau of Coeuvres, and 
becomes his mistress, 1590 — tf. at Paris, 10 
Apr. 1599. 

Estrees, Jean, Count d , admiral, — b., 1624 
— wounded at siege of Gravelines, 1644 — serves 
at battle of Lens, 1648 — raises the siege of 
Arras, 25 Apr. 1654 — Lieutenant-general, 1654 
— enters the navy, 1668 — Vice-admiral, 1670 — 
commands at battle of Soultsbay, 7 Jun. 1672 
■ — takes Cayenne from the Dutch, 1676 — defeats 
Admiral Byng at Tobago, 1677 — Marshal of 
France, 1 681— bombards Algiers, 1682— bom- 
bards Tunis, 1685 — tf. at Paris, 19 May 1707. 

Estrees, Louis Cesar Letellier, Count and 
Duke d', Marshal of France, — b., 2 Jul. 
1695,* 4 May 1697 b — serves in Spain, 17 19 — 
Lieutenant-general, 2 May 1744 — serves in 
Flanders, 1 744 — contributes to victories of Fon- 
tenoy, 1745 — Raucoux, 1746 — and Lawfeld, 
1747 — Chevalier, 1 7 48 — Marshal, 1756,* 24 Feb. 
1757 b — Commander-in-chief of army in Ger- 
many, 1757 — defeats Duke of Cumberland, 
near Hastembeck, 26 Jul. 1757 — Duke, 1763 — 
tf., 177 I. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Estrees, Victor Marie, Duke d', Admiral, 
Marshal of France, — b. at Paris, 30 Nov. 
1660 — enters the army, 1678 — enters the navy, 
1679 — Lieutenant-general of naval armies of 
Spain, 1 701 — commander of French and Spanish 
fleets, 1703 — Marshal of France, 1703 — mem- 
ber of French Academy, 17 15 — tf. at Paris, 28 
Dec. 1737. 

Estremoz, — Don John of Austria defeated 
by Count Schomberg at, 1663. 

Etampes, in France, (Stampce,) — mentioned 
in a treaty between. Gontran and Childebert, 
587 — defeat of Clotaire II. by his nephew 
Thierry near, 604 — burnt by Rollo, 911 — as- 
sembly of grandees at, crusade resolved on, 1 147 
— ceases to be royal residence after death of 
Philip Augustus, 1223 — erected into a County 
by Charles IV., 1327 — taken by Burgundians, 
141 1 — erected into a Duchy for Jean de Brosses, 
1536 — captured by the Protestants, 1562 and 
1567 — taken from the League by Henry III., 
but soon recovered, 1589 — retaken and fortifi- 
cations razed by Henry IV., 1590 — given to 
Gabrielle d' Estrees, 1598 — unsuccessfully be- 
sieged by Turenne, 1662 — falls to the Crown 
again, 17 12 — corn riot at, 3 Mar. 1792. Coun- 
cils of, held 1091 or 1092, Apr. 1130, and J247. 

Etaples, — Peace of, between Henry VTI. of 
England and Charles VIII. of France, con- 
cluded, 5 Nov. 1492. 

Eteonicus, — [B Cj — lieutenant to Astyochus 
at Lesbos, 412 — expelled from Thasos, 410 — 
blockades Conon in Mitylene, 406 —serves un- 
der Anaxibios at Byzantium, 400 — harmost at 
iEgina, 389. 



Ethandune, ' {Edington ?) in Wiltshire, — 
Alfred defeats the Danes at, 878. 

Ethelbald, {JEthelbald,) King of Mercia, 
— succeeds Ceolred, 7 1 6 — invades Northumbria, 
737 — defeated by Cuthred of "Wessex, 752 — 
killed, 755. 

Ethelbald, King of "Wessex, — succeeds on 
his father's death, 858 — marries Judith, his 
father's widow ; tf-, 860. 

Ethelbert, (JEthelbert,) King of East An- 
glia, — killed by Off a of Mercia, 792. 

Ethelbert, King of Kent, — succeeds his 
father Ermenric, 560 — marries Bertha, daugh- 
ter of Charibert, king of Paris, 57o, a about 
575 b — Bretwalda, about 589 a — receives Au- 
gustine, 597 — baptized by him, Feast of Pen- 
tecost 597 — publishes his Code, about 600 — 
founds See of Canterbury, 602 — founds See of 
Rochester, 604 — tf., 23 Feb. 616. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Annals of England. 

Ethelbert II., King of Kent, — succeeds 
his brother Eadbert, 748 — tf., 760. 

Ethelbert, King of England, — succeeds 
his father Ethelwulf, except in "Wessex, 858 — 
King of all England on death of his brother 
Ethelbald, 860 — carries on war with the Danes ; 
tf., 866. 

Ethelburga, {JEthelburga,) (of Kent,) — mar- 
ries Edwin, king of Northumbria, 625 — widow, 
retires with Paulinus to Kent, 633. 

Etheldreda, (JEtheldrida,) (of East Anglia,) 
— marries Tonbert, 652 — left a widow, 655 — 
marries Egfrid of Northumbria ; becomes queen 
on his succession, Feb. 670 — retires to Colding- 
ham Abbey, 672 — founds monastery at Ely, and 
becomes abbess, 673 — tf., 679. 

Ethelfleda, {JEtheljleda,) l Lady of the 
Mercians,' — assists her brother, Edward the 
Elder, against Ethelwald, 901-5 — rebuilds 
Chester, 907 — builds forts at Tamworth and 
Stafford, 913 — defeats "Welsh at Brecknock, 916 
— obtains possession of Leicester, 918 — York 
submits to her, 918 — tf., 12 Jun. 922. 

Ethelfrith, {JEthelfrith,) King of North - 
umbria, — succeeds Ella in Bernicia, 588 — 
also in Deira, 593 — victory over the Scots at 
Degsastan, (DalstonP) 603 — slaughter of the 
Welsh at Chester, 607, 605, or 613 — killed by 
Redwald of East Anglia, 617. 

Ethelheard, {JEthelheard,) King of "Wessex, 
— succeeds Ina, 728 — tf., 739 or 741. 

Ethelred, (JEthelred,) King of Mercia, — 
succeeds Wulfhere, 675 — invades Kent, 676 — 
carries on war with Egfrid of Northumbria, 
679 — peace concluded, through Abp Theodore ; 
his queen Ostrith murdered, 697 — becomes a 
monk, 704. 

Ethelred, (JEthelred,) King of North- 
umbria, — succeeds Alchred, 774 — expelled by 
Alfwold, 778 — restored on expulsion of Osred, 
790 — murdered, 19 Apr. 795. 

Ethelred (JEtfrelred) I., King of England, 
— succeeds his brother Ethelbert, 866 — with 
Alfred, unsuccessfully besieges Danes in Not- 
tingham, 868 — wounded at battle of Merton, 
early 871 — tf , soon after Easter 871. 

Ethelred (JEthelred) II., the Unready, King 
of England, — b., 968 — succeeds his brother 



ETHELWULF— EU. 



493 



Edward the Martyr, Mar. 979^ 978 b — crowned 
at Kingston, by Dunstan, 4 May 979, a 14 Apr. 
978 b — Danish invasions begin, 981 — besieges 
Rochester and ravages the diocese, 986 — battle 
of Maidon, 991 — first payment of Danegelt, 
991 — peace with Duke of Normandy by me- 
diation of Pope John XV., 991° — collects a 
fleet at London, 992 — defeat of the Northmen, 
992 — makes peace with Anlaf, winter 994 — 
ravages Cumberland, 1000 — again buys off the 
Danes, 1002 — marries Emma, 1002 — massacre 
of the Danes by his order, 13 Nov. 1002 — 
Eadric Streona becomes his favourite, 1006 — 
defeated at Kennet, retires into Shropshire, 
1006 — pays tribute again to the Danes, 1007 — 
collects fleet at Sandwich, 1009— takes Thur- 
kill and Danish ships into his service, 1012 — 
London submits to Sweyn, summer 1013 — the 
Queen and her sons escape to Normandy, Aug. 
1013 — Ethelred joins them, Jan. ioi4 c — re- 
turns to England after Sweyn' s death, Lent 
1014 — defeats Cnut, 1014 — Sj. at London, 23 
Apr. 1 01 6. a Annals of England. 

b Florence of Worcester. c Freeman. 

Ethelwulf, (Jtthelwulf,) King of England, 
— succeeds his father Egbert, 837,* 836 b — 
makes his son Athelstan governor of Kent, 
Sussex, Surrey, and E. Anglia ; defeated by 
the Danes at Carrum, 840,* 839 b — defeats 
them at Ockley, 851 — makes his son Ethelbert 
governor of Kent, 852 — assists the Mercians 
against the Welsh, and marries his daughter 
Ethelswith to Burgred, king of Mercia, 853 — 
gives the tenth part of his lands to the Church, 
855 — goes with his son Alfred to Rome, 855 — 
returns, 856 — marries Judith, daughter of 
Charles the Bald, 1 Oct. 856 — shares the king- 
dom with his son Ethelbald, 857 — if., Jan. or 
Jun. 858.* 

a Annals of England. b Engl. Cyc. 

Ether, — anaesthetic properties of, discovered 
by Jackson, (of Boston, U.S.,) 1842 — intro- 
duced in surgical practice by Morton, Oct. 
1846. 

Etherege, (Ftheridge,) Sir George, drama- 
tist, — fj. near London, about 1636 — ft., about 
1688 ? Plays and Poems, 1701. 

Ethiopia. [Abyssinia.] 

Ethnological Society, — of London, founded, 
1843. 

Etienne. [Stephens.] 

Etna,— [B C]— eruptions of, (01. 11, 3,) 733a 
—before 504b— (01. 75, 2,) 475 or 476^ alluded 
to by ^schylus and Pindar ; (01. 88, 3,) 425^ 
mentioned by Thucydides ; (01. 96, 1,) 396,° by 
Diodorus Siculus; 135, Ser. Fulv. Flaccus, Q. 
Calpurnius Piso, Coss. ; 125, 121,43 — [ AD ] — 
4°> 2 53, 312, 420, 4 Feb. 1169, 11 81, 23 Jun. 
to 15 Jul. 1329, 1333, 25 Aug. 1381, 1444, 25 
Sep. 1446, 25 Apr. 1536, Apr. and May 1537, 
1579, J un - ^03, 1607, 1609, 1614, 1650, 10 
Dec. 1664, 8-25 Mar. 1669, May 1678, Dec. 
1682, 24 May 1686, 1755, 1763, 1766, Feb. to 
May 1780, Jul. to Oct. 1787, Mar. 1792 to 
Ma y J 793> 2 7 Mar. 1809, 1811, May 1819, 
Jun. 1830, Nov. 1832, autumn 1852, Nov. to 
Dec. 1868. a Encyc. Metrop. b Nat. Cyc. 

c Engl. Cyc. d Clinton. 



Eton College, — founded by Henry VI., by 
Procuratorium of 12 Sep. 1440, and by Char> 
ters of 12 Sep. and 21 Oct. 1441 and 25 Mar. 
1452. Chapel, commenced, Jul. 1441 — the 
charters confirmed by parliament, May 1444 
and 1459 — Edward IV. obtains, from Pope 
Pius II., bull for dissolving and uniting it to 
Windsor College, Nov. 1463 — the Bulla TJni- 
onis revoked by Paul II., 1467 — buildings 
completed, 1523. [Schools, Public] Montem, 
ceremony transferred to Whit Tuesday, 1759 
— abolished, since 1844. 

Etruria, Etruscans, — [B C] — defeated at 
Cumse, 474, a about (283, a. v. c. b ) 47 1 — cap- 
ture of Veii, by Rome, 396 — defeated by Q. 
Fabius Maximus, 310 — by Corn. Dolabella, 
become subject to Borne, 283 — receive Bo- 
man franchise, 91. 

a Smith's Diet. b Engl. Cyc. 

Etruria, Kingdom of, — erected in favour 
of Louis, Duke of Parma, by Napoleon I., 21 
Mar. 1801 — Charles Louis succeeds his father, 
under regency of his mother, Maria Louisa, 27 
May 1803 — taken possession of by Napoleon, 
10 Dec. 1807. 

Etruria, in Staffordshire, — seat of Wedg- 
wood's porcelain works, founded by Josiah 
Wedgwood, 1766. 

Ettmiiller, Michael, physician, — b. at Leip- 
sic, 26 May 1644 — M.D., 1668 — Prof. Botany, 
1 68 1 — ft. at Leipsic, 9 Mar. 1683. Opera 
medica, 1708. 

Etty, William, painter, — b. at York, 10 
Mar. 1787 — goes to London, Nov. 1805 — 
student at Boyal Academy, 15 Jan. 1807 — 
becomes pupil of Lawrence, Jul. 1807 — visits 
Italy, 1816 and 1822-3 — A.R.A., 29 Oct. 
1824 — R.A., 19 Feb. 1828 — visits Paris, 1830 
— settles at York, Jun. 1 848 — tf • there, 1 3 Nov. 
1849. Coral Finders, 1820 — Cleopatra 1 s arrival 
in Cilicia, 1821 — The Combat, 1825 — Judith, 
1827-30-31 — Youth and Pleasure, National 
Gallery, 1832 — Ulysses and the Sirens, 1837 — 
Female Bathers surprised by a Swan, National 
Gallery, 1841 — Joan of Arc, 1847. 

Eu, Chateau d', — taken and pillaged by 
William, Duke of Normandy, 1049 — given by 
him to Bobert Guiscard; marriage of Wil- 
liam with Maud of Flanders celebrated at, 
1054 — burnt, with the town, by order of Louis 
XL, 1475 — rebuilding commenced, by Duke of 
Guise, 1581 — sequestrated by decree of the 
Convention, 4 Oct. 1793 — restored to Duchess- 
dowager of Orleans, 18 14— visit of Queen Vic- 
toria to Louis Philippe, 1 843 — sold, by decree 
of Louis Napoleon of 2 Dec. 1852. 

Eu, County of, — created for Geoffrey, son of 
Bichard L, Duke of Normandy, by Richard 
II., 996 — passes by marriage of Mary, heiress 
of Balph III., to Alfonso of Brienne, 1249 — 
given to John of Artois, Apr. 1352 — erected 
into a peerage, by Louis XL, Aug. 1458 — 
passes to the Guises by marriage of Catherine 
of Cleves to Henry, Duke of Guise, Sep. 1570 — ■ 
sold by Henry of Lorraine to Maria Louisa of 
Orleans, 1660 — given by her to Louis Augustus, 
Duke of Maine, 1682 — reestablished as peer- 
age, 5 May 1694. 



494 



EUJENETOS— EUDOCIA. 



Euaenetos, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 

HI. 2,) 335- 

Eubcea,— [B C] — invaded and colonized by 
Athenians, about 506 — [Chalkis, Eretria] — 
revolts, and is subdued by Pericles, and made 
tributary to Athens, 445 — revolts again, 411 — 
— Athenian expedition into, after midsummer 
358 — revolts again, 350, 349 a — Phocion's ex- 
pedition into, 350, 342-1 a — falls under Mace- 
donian influence, about 350 — its cities made 
independent again by Borne, 194 — forms part 
of province of Achaia, 146. . • a Grote. 

Eubulides, {Euboulides,) — [B C] — Archon at 
Athens, (01. 96, 3,) 394. 

Eubulus, (JEuboulos,) comic poet, [Middle 
Comedy,)— [B C]— exhibited, (01. 101,) 376-5. 

Eubulus, (JSuboulos,) orator, — [BC] — pro- 
motes alliance of Athens with Thebes, 362 — 
promotes peace with confederates at close of 
Social War, (01. 106, 1,) 355 — opposed to 
Demosthenes respecting Olynthiac war, 349-8 
— incites Meidias against Demosthenes, before 
midsummer 348 — Archon at Athens, (01. 108, 
4,) 345 — a leading orator, 340 — "ft. before the 
cause Be Corona, after midsummer 330. 

Eueharistos, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, 
(01. 105, 2,) 359. 

Eucheir and Eugrammos, mythic, — [BC] 
— introduce plastic art into Italy, 664. 

Eucherius, Bp of Lyons, — retires from the 
world, 410 — elected Bp of Lyons, 434 — assists 
at first Council of Orange, 441 — if., about 

45°- 

Eucherius, FL, — Consul with Fl. Syagrius, 
(1134, a. u. c.) 381. 

Eucleides, geometrician, §c, — [BC] — fl., 
about 300. 

Eucleides, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
94, 2,) 403. 

Eucleides, of Megara, Eleatic philosopher, 
— [B C] — taught, from 399. 

Euctemon, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
93, 1,) 408. 

Eudemos, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
106, 4,) 353. 

Eudemos, — [BC] — kills Porus and seizes 
his territories, 323 — aids Eumenes against 
Antigonus, 317 — put to death by Antigonus, 

3i5- 

Eudemos, of Rhodes, Aristotelian philoso- 
pher, — [B C]— fl., about 325. 

Eudes, Count of Paris, — defends Paris 
against Northmen, 885— proclaimed King of 
Prance, 887 — drives the Northmen from Paris, 
and defeats them in Argonne, Jun. 889 — de- 
feated by them, 890 — has a rival in Charles 
the Simple, 893 — divides the monarchy with 
him, summer 896 — tf. at La Fere, 1 Jan. 
898. 

Eudes, (Odon,) Duke of Aquitaine, — 
succeeds, 688 — recognized by Chilperic II. and 
joins with him against Charles Martel, 717 — 
defeated by Charles, 718 or 719 — surrenders 
Chilperic to him, 719 or 720— defeats Saracens 
under Zama at Toulouse, 721 — compelled to 
make peace with Munuza and give him his 
daughter in marriage, 730 — defeated by Ab- 
derahman, 731 — with Charles Martel defeats 



Abderahman near Poitiers, (or Tours,) Oct. 732 

— *., 735- 

Eudes, 5th Count of Champagne, 4th 
Count of Blois, — takes Melun, 999 — succeeds 
his brother, Theobald II., as Count of Blois, 
Chartres, and Tours, 1004 — takes title of Count 
of the Palace : defeated by the Count of 
Anjou at Pontlevoi, 6 Jul. 1016 — succeeds 
Stephen as Count of Champagne and of Brie, 
1019 — war with Count of Anjou, 1026 — de- 
feated by Herbert, Count of Maine, 6 Aug.' 
1626 — leagues with the queen, Constance, 
against her son Henry, 103 1 — takes and for- 
tifies Sens, 103 1 — concludes treaty with the 
king and gives up half the town of Sens to 
him, 1034 — claims and invades Burgundy, op- 
posed by the Emperor, Conrad the Salic, 1034 
— invades Lorraine and unsuccessfully besieges 
Toul, 31 Oct. 1037 — takes the chateau of Bar- 
le-Duc, 1037 — defeated and killed by Gon- 
thelon, Duke of Lorraine,, near Bar, 15 or 23 
Nov. 1037. 

Eudes I., Borel, Duke of Burgundy, — 
succeeds his brother, Hugh L, 1078 — assists 
Alfonso VI. of Castile against Saracens, 1087 
— sets out to arrest Anselm on his way 
to Eome, but makes friends with him, Dec. 
1097 — Ij. in Palestine, no2, a 23 Mar. 
I I03. b a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

b Biog. Univ. 

Eudes III., Duke of Burgundy, — begins 
to govern, 11 90 — succeeds on death of his 
father, Hugh III., 1193 — assists Baldwin, 
Count of Flanders, 1 193 — marries the daughter 
of Alfonso I. of Portugal, 11 94 — the marriage 
annulled, 11 97 — marries Alice de Vergi, 1199 
— refuses leadership of the crusade, 1201 — is 
at the Court of Peers which condemns John, 
king of England, for the murder of Arthur, 
and confiscates his territories in France, 30 
Apr. 1203 — assists at the parliaments of Ville- 
neuve-a-Boi, May 1209 — and of Compiegne : 
takes part in crusade against the Albigenses, 
Jun. 1209 — commands right wing at battle of 
Bouvines, 12 14 — named honorary canon of St 
Martin of Tours, 1 215 — sets out on the crusade, 
but ft. at Lyons, 6 Jul. 121 8. 

Eudes IV., Duke of Burgundy, — succeeds 
his brother, Hugh V., spring 13 15 — marries 
Jane, daughter of Philip the Tall, 18 Jun. 
1 318 — Prince of Achaia and the Morea, and 
King of Thessalonica, on death of his brother 
Louis, 1320 — sells the principality and kingdom 
to the Prince of Tarentum, 6 Oct. 1321 — does 
homage to Charles the Fair, 1322 — accom- 
panies Philip of Valois into Flanders, 1328 — 
contributes to victory of Montcassel, 22 Aug. 
— Count of Burgundy and Artois on death of 
his mother-in-law, 1330 — again assists Philip 
in Flanders, 1340 — defends St Omer against 
Robert of Artois, Jul. — treaty of alliance with 
Amadeus VI., Count of Savoy, 16 Jun. 1347 — 
tf. at Sens, 1350. 

Eudocia, (JEudoxia,) Augusta, — marries 
Arcadius at Constantinople, 27 Apr. 395 — pro- 
cures exile of Chrysostom, about Jul. 403 — 
a:ad again, Easter 404 — tf., 6 Oct. 404. 

Eudocia, Augusta, (Athenais,) — b., 393-4 



EUDOCIA-EUMENIUS. 



495 



— marries Theodosius, 7 Jim. 42 1 a — declared 
Augusta, 2 Jan. 423 a — visits Jerusalem, 438 — 
exiled to Palestine, 444 a — 0"., 460-1 . a Clinton. 

Eudocia, Augusta, of Macrembolis, — marries 
Constantine Ducas, before 1059 — Augusta, 
1059 — obtains the government, 1067 — marries 
Eomanus Diogenes, 1068 — imprisons him ; 
banished to a convent by John Ducas, 107 1 — 
living in 1096. 

Eudoxia, — marries Valentinian, Oct. 437 — 
after his death is compelled to marry Maximus, 
Mar. 455 — carried off by Genseric to Carthage, 
Jun. 455 — restored with Placidia, 462. 

Eudoxius, — Consul with Dioscorus, (1195, 

A. TJ. C.) 442. 

Eudoxius, Heros, jurist, — fl., about 450. 

Eudoxos of Cnidus, geometrician, astronomer, 
— [B C] — fl., about 406-360. 

Eudoxos of Cyzicus, geographer, — [BC] — 
voyages to India, about 125. 

Euenos, (Evenus,) poet,— [BC]— ft., about 
(01. 80) 46o. a a Eusebius. 

Eugamon, cyclic poet,—\B C] — ft., about (01. 
53, 3) 566. 

Eugene, Francois of Savoy, Prince, general, 
— b. at Paris, 18 Oct. 1663 — enters service of 
Austria, 1683 — distinguishes himself in cam- 
paigns against the Turks, 1683-7— at siege of 
Belgrade, 1688 — commands Imperial forces in 
Piedmont, 169 1« — defeats Turks at Zenta, n 
Sep. 1697 — distinguishes himself in campaigns 
of Italy, 1 701-2 — President of Council of War, 
Vienna, 1703 — commands Imperial troops at 
battle of Blenheim, 13 Aug. 1704 — wounded at 
battle of Cassano, Aug. 1705— defeats French 
before Turin, 7 Sep. 1706 — governor of Milan, 
Apr. 1707 — contributes to victory of Oudenarde, 
Jul. 1708 — of Malplaquet, Sep. 1709 — envoy to 
England, 17 n — invades France, 17 12 — signs 
Peace of Rastadt, 6 Mar. 17 14 — obtains victory 
over Turks at Peterwaradin, 6 Aug. 1 7 1 6 — takes 
Belgrade, 17 17 — commands on the Rhine, 1733 
— tf. at Vienna, 21 Apr. 1736. 

Eugene, Prince. [Beauharnais.] 

Eugenia, asteroid, — discovered by Gold- 
schmidt, 28 Jun. 1857. 

Eugenicus, M., theologian, Abp, — Abp 
of Ephesus, 1436 — attends Council of Florence, 
1438— tr., 1447. 

Eugenius I., Pope, — governs as Vicar- 
general on imprisonment of St Martin, Jun. 653 
to Sep. 654 — elected, 8 Sep. 654 — o\, 1 Jun. 

6 57- 

Eugenius II., Pope, — succeeds Pascal I., 5 
Jun., a 14 Feb. b 824 — ft., Aug. 827. 
a Fleury. b Pagi. 

Eugenius III., (Bernard,) Pope, — succeeds 
Lucius II. , 27 Feb. 1145 — preaching of 
Arnold of Brescia; revolt at Borne, and he 
retires ; subdues the Romans and returns, 
Christmas 1 145 — abolishes the senate and ex- 
communicates the patrician ; again quits Rome, 
Mar. 1 1 46 — takes refuge in France, early in 
.1147 — at Council of Rheims, Mar. 1148 — 
reenters Rome, end of 1149 — again expelled, 
1 1 50 — returns, 1152 — Xf. at Tivoli, 7 or 8 Jul. 
ii53, a 1154." 



a Art de Verifier les Dates. 



Biog. Univ. 



Eugenius IV., (Gabriel Condolmero,) Pope, 
— succeeds Martin V., 3, a 4, b 6 c Mar. 1431 — 
prosecutes the Colonna, who quit Rome and 
collect troops, Mar. to Apr. 143 1 — defeats 
them, and concludes peace, 22 Sep. — recog- 
nizes Council of Basel by bull of 15 Dec. 
1433 — escapes from Rome and resides at 
Bologna, 1437 — sends legates to Constanti- 
nople to conduct John Paheologus to Italy, 
May 1437 — summoned before Council of Basel, 
Jul — dissolves the Council, and convokes an- 
other at Ferrara — [Basel, Ferrara, Councils 
of] — removes Council to Florence, Feb. 1439 
— deposed by Council of Basel, 22 Jun. 1439 — " 
signs decree for reunion of Greek and Latin 
churches, same day : antipope, Felix V. elected, 
5 Nov. 1439 — incites Hungarians and Poles to 
break the peace with the Turks, 1444 — ij. at 
Rome, 23 Feb. 1447. 

a Sponde, Fagi, and Muratori. 
b Dupin. c Papebroch. 

Eugenius, Bp op Carthage, — appointed, 
480 — banished by Hunneric, 494 — recalled by 
Gundemund, ? 495-6 — banished by Thrasa- 
mund to Vienna, after 496 — U. at Albi, 13 
Jul. 505. 

Eugubine Tables, — discovered near Gobbio, 
(Eugubium,) 1444. 

Euhemeros, (Evemerus,) logographer, — [B C] 
— ft., about 325. 

Euler, Leonard, mathematician, — b. at Basel, 
15 Apr. 1707 — Prof. Mathematics, St Peters- 
burg, 1733 — settles at Berlin, 1741-66 — re- 
turns to St Petersburg, 1766 — if. there, 7 
Sep. 1783. 3Iechanica, 1736 — Tentamen novce 
theories musicce, 1729 — Introductio in analysin 
infinitorum, 1748 — Institutiones calculi dijfer- 
entialis, $•<?., 1755 — Lettres d une princesse 
d'jillemagne, 1763-72 — Institutiones calculi 
integralis, 1768-70 — Dioptrica, 1767-71. 

Eumelos, poet,—\BC] — ft., about (01. 5) 
761-731 a — lives with Archias at Syracuse, (01. 
5, 3,) 758. b a Euseb., Clinton. b Muller. 

Eumenes, — [BC] — ft., about 360 — attracts 
Philip's attention at Cardia, 342-341 — estab- 
lished in government of Cappadocia, by Perdic- 
cas, 322 — defeats and kills Craterus in Asia, 
before midsummer 321 — defeated by Antigonus, 
retires to Nora, 320/ near midsummer 319 b 
— blockaded there by Antigonus, till spring 
3i8, b 319 a — appointed to supreme command 
in Asia as king, 3 1 8 a — descends the Tigris to 
Susiana, spring 317 a — campaign of Antigonus 
against, autumn and winter 316-315, bd 317- 
3 1 6 a c — put to death by command of Antigonus, 
early 315, 1 " 1 3i6. ac a Droysen. b Clinton. 

c Smith's Diet. d Zumpt. 

Eumenes II., King of Peiigamus, — [B c] 
— succeeds Attalus I., 197 — aids Flaminius 
against Nabis, 195 — at battle of Magnesia, 
190 — visits Rome and receives accession of 
territory, 188 — war with Bithynia, i84 a — with 
Pontus, i83 a — visits Rome again, 172 — Perseus 
attempts to assassinate, 172 — forbidden to come 
to Rome on account of his negotiation with 
Perseus, 167 — war with the Gauls, 167 — ft., 
159. a Clinton. 

Eumenius, panegyrist, — ft., about 300. 



49 6 



EUNAPIUS— EUSEBIUS. 



347- 



-at 



[B C] — fl., 



Eunapius, Byzantine historian, — b 
Athens, about 362-7 — tf., after 414. 

Eunomia, {asteroid,) — discovered by De 
Gasparis, at Naples, 29 Jul. 1851. 

Eunomius, heresiarch, — Bp of Cyzicus, 360 
— deposed ; if., about 394. 

Emms, — [BC] — leader in Servile war in 
Sicily, 134 — taken, dies in prison, 132. 

Euodius,— Consul with Fl. Honorius, (1139, 
a. u. c.) 386. 

Euodius, theologian, — Bp of Uzalis, about 
396-427. 

Eupatoria, (Koslow,) in the Crimea, — taken 
by the Russians, 1736 and 177 1— finally be- 
longs to Russia, 1783— landing of the allies at, 
[Crimean War,] 14 Sep. 1 854— unsuccessfully 
attacked by the Russians, 17 Feb. 1855— given 
up to them by the Peace of Paris, 1856. 
[Amisus, Sebastopol.] 

Euphantos, of Olynthus, tragic poet, Py- 
thagorean philosopher, — [B C] —preceptor to 
Antigonus Doson ; wrote, after 246. 

Euphemos,— [B C]— Archon at Athens, (01. 
90, 4,) 417. 

Euphorion, tragic poet,—[B C]— gains prize 
against Euripides and Sophocles, 431. 

Euphorion, grammarian, poet, — [BC] — 
h., (01. 126, 3,) 274— librarian to Antiochus the 
Great, 221. 

Euphranor, sculptor, painter, 
about 360-330. 

Euphrates,— [BC]— its waters diverted at 
Babylon, by Cyrus, 536— fixed as the eastern 
limit of the empire by Augustus, about 20 — 
[AD] — again made the limit of the empire by 
Hadrian, 117 — explored by Eauwolf, 1574 — 
by Col. Chesney, 1830-32— surveyed by Ches- 
ney, 16 Mar. to 18 Jun. 1836. 

Euphron, of Sikyon, — [B C] — establishes 
democracy in Sikyon, 368 a — joins Theban 
harmost against Phlius, 367, a 365 b — regains 
possession of Sikyon, and is assassinated at 
Thebes, 367.* a Grote. _ b Smith's Diet. 

Euphrosyne, {asteroid,) — discovered by Fer- 
guson, 1 Sep. 1854. 

Eupolis, comic poet, {Old Comedy, ,)^— [B C] — {)., 
about 446 — begins to exhibit, (01. 87,) spring 
429 — exhibits after 415 — tf., 411.* Noumenice, 
(Lensea,) 425 — Astratentii, 423 or 422 — Mari- 
cas, (Lensea,) spring 421- — Kolakes, first prize, 
(Dionys. maj.,) spring 421 — Autolycus, 420. 
a Meineke. 
Eupompos, painter, — [BC] — fl., about 

Euric, King of the Visigoths, — murders 
and succeeds his brother Theodoric II., 465 — 
invades Berri, and threatens Bourges, 470— 
defeats Biothimar ; makes further conquests 
in Gaul, 472 — extends his dominions from the 
Rhone to the Loire, 473— invades Auvergne, 
and unsuccessfully besieges Clermont; peace 
with the Emperor Julius Nepos, negotiated by 
Epiphanius, bp of Pavia, 475 — takes possession 
of Auvergne, ceded by the treaty, 475— sub- 
dues all Spain, except Galicia, 477 — takes 
Aries, Marseilles, and all Provence, 480— rj. at 
Aries, end of 484 or Jan. 485. 

Euripidas, — [BC] — Governor of Kynsetha, 



220 — General of Eleans, 219 — capitulates to 
Philip at Psophis, winter 219 — General of 
Eleans, ravages Achaia, defeated by Lycus, 
217. 

Euripides, tragic poet, — [BC] — b., 23 Sep. 
48o, ad 485, b 48i c — first exhibits, 455 — first 
gains the prize, 441 — goes to court of Arche- 
laus, 408 — fr., Dec. 406. Peliades, 455 a — 
Cressce, Alcmceon, Telephus, Alkestis, 438 ad — 
Medea, Philoctetes, Dictys and Theristce, (satyr- 
icus,) 431 a d — Hip)polytus, Feb., Mar. 428 — 
Hecuba, before 423 d — Heracleidce, 421?° — 
Supplices, 421 ? c — Andromache, (01. 90,) 420- 
417° — Troades, Alexander, Palamedes and 
Sisyphus, (satyricus,) Electra, 415 ;l — Helena, 
Andromeda, 412 — Orestes, 408. a Clinton. 

b Par. Marb. c Muller. d Smith .'s Diet. 

Europa, asteroid, — discovered by Gold- 
schmidt, 6 Feb. 1858. 

Eurydice, asteroid, — discovered by Peters, 
22 Sep. 1862. 

Eurydike, — [B C] — married to Arrhidaeos, 
322 — takes part in the proceedings atTrispara- 
deisus, 321 — makes alliance with Cassander 
against Polysperchon, 317 — deserted by her 
troops, taken, and put to death by Olympias, 
about Sep. 317. 

Eurymedon, — [B C] — victories of Kimon on 
the, 466. 

Eurymedon, general, — [BO] — at Korkyra, 
428 — ravages Tanagra, 427 — sent to Sicily, aids 
captives at Sphacteria and at Korkyra, 425 — 
sent from Athens with supplies to Sicily, Dec. 
414 — sent to reinforce Mkias at Syracuse, and 
slain in the first sea-fight in the harbour, 413. 

Eurynome, asteroid, — discovered by Watson, 
15 Sep. 1863. 

Eusebius, — 1. Consul with Bufinus, (1100, 
a. u. c.) 347. 2. Consul with Anicius Probinus, 
(1242,) 489— Consul with Albinus, (1246,) 493. 
3. Flavius,. Consul with Fl. Hypatius, (1112,) 

359- 

Eusebius, Bp of Douyl^um, — h., before 
400 — charges Nestorius with heresy, 428-9 — 
Bp, before 448 — accuses Eutyches of heresy, 
448 — deprived by Council of Ephesus, 449 — 
restored, takes part in Council of Chalcedon, 

45 1- 

Eusebius, Bp of Emesa, — h. near Edessa, 
before 300 — refuses bishopric of Alexandria, 
341 — Bp of Emesa, about 342 — rj. at Antioch, 
about 360. 

Eusebius, Bp of Nicomedeia, — as Bp of 
Nicomedeia, attends Council of Nice, 325 — 
baptizes Constantine, May 337 — Bp of Con- 
stantinople, 339 — Xf., about Nov. 342. 

Eusebius, — Bp of Eome, May to Sep. 
310. 

Eusebius, Bp of Samosata, — subscribes 
Nicene creed at Council of Antioch, 353 — tf., 
about 379. 

Eusebius Pamphili, Bp of C^sarea, eccle- 
siastical historian, — b. in Palestine, about 264,* 
267, b 265 c — flees to Tyre, 309 — Bp of Caesarea, 
2 1 3, a about 315 d — favours Arius, 320 — takes part 
in Council of Nice, 325 — [Nicaea] — at Council 
of Antioch, 331 — at Council of Tyre, joins in de- 
posing Athanasius, 335 — &., 34o, ac about 338. b 



EUSEBIUS— EVANS. 



497 



Historia Ecclesiastica, after 325 c — Chronicon, 
325° — Vita Constantini, 337.® a Engl. Cyc. 

b Biog. Univ. c Clinton. d Smith's Diet. 

Eusebius Vercellensis, theologian— Bp of 
Vercelli, 340 — ambassador to Constantius, 354 
— banished, 355 — restored, 362 — tf., 370. 

Eustace II., Count of Boulogne,— succeeds 
his brother Eustace I., about 1049 — visits Eng- 
land, fatal affray at Dover, Sep. 1051 — marries 
Goda, sister of Edward the Confessor, 1050 — 
becomes Count of Lens, 1054— re-conducts Pope 
Victor II. from Cologne to Bome, 1056 — mar- 
ries Ida of Lorraine, Dec. 1057 — accompanies 
William of Normandy to England, wounded at 
battle of Hastings, 1066 — quarrels with Wil- 
liam and unsuccessfully attacks Dover, 1067 — 
at battle of Montcassel, Feb. 107 1 — -joins par- 
tisans of Bobert, Duke of Normandy, against 
William Kufus, 1088— ft., 1093. 

Eustace, St, — defeat of Canadian rebels at, 
14 Dec. 1837. 

Eustachio, Bartolomeo, (Eustachius,) ana- 
tomist, — ft. at Ancona, soon after 1500 — tf. at 
Bome, about 1574? Opuscula anatomica, 1564 
— Tabulce anatomicce, 17 14. 

Eustathius, — Consul with Agricola, (1174, 

A. U. C.) 421. 

Eustathius, Bp of Antioch, — transferred 
from See of Bercea to Antioch, by Council of 
Nice, 325— deposed and banished, 329-330. 

Eustathius, Abp of Thessalonica, rhetori- 
cian, grammarian, — {L, about 1160-98. 

Eustathius 'R.om.o.mx.^, jurist, — fl., about 960. 

Eustatius, St, West Indies, — colonized by 
the Dutch, 1635 — assured to them by Treaty of 
Byswick, 1697— taken by Bodney, 5 Feb. 1781 
■ — retaken by the French, 26 Oct. 17 81 — by the 
English, 1 801 — restored to the Dutch, by Con- 
vention of London, 18 14. 

Eutaw Springs, — Gen. Arnold defeats 
Americans at, 8 Sep. 178 1. 

Euterpe, asteroid, — discovered by Hind, 8 
Nov. 1853. 

Eutharicus Cillica, — Consul with Justinus 
Aug., (1272, a. u. c.) 519. 

Euthippos, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
79, 4,) 461. 

Euthycritos, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, 
(01. 113, 1,) 328. 

Euthydemos, — [B C] — 1. Archon at Athens, 
(01. 56, 1,) 536. 2. Archon, (01. 82, 3,) 450. 
3. Archon, (01. 87, 2,) 431. 

Euthymenes, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, 
(01. 85, 4,) 437. 

Euthymius Zigabenus, theologian, — fl., 
about 1 100. 

Euthynos, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
88, 3,) 426. 

Eutokios, geometrician, — [B C] — {J., about 
560. 

Eutropius, the eunuch, — minister to Arca- 
dius, 395-9 :| — his influence predominant, 396 b 
■ — Consul with Fl. Mallius Theodorus, and falls, 
(1152, A. u. C ) 399. b a Gibbon. b Clinton, 

Eutropius, Flavius, historian, — secretary to 
Constantine, before 336 — accompanies Julian 
into Persia, 363 — tf., before 378. 

Eutyches, heresiarch, — ft. at Constantinople, 



about 400 — begins to publish his opinions, 447 
— condemned by Council of Constantinople, 448 
— sentence reversed by Council of Ephesus, 449 
— condemned and deprived, by Council of 
Chalcedon, 451. 

Eutychianus,— Consul with Honorius Aug., 
(1151, a. u. c.) 398. 

Eutychianus, Bp of Bome, — succeeds Felix 
I., 275— tf., 283. 

Eutychides, sculptor,— [B C]— fl., (01. 120,) 
about 300. 

Eutychius, Patriarch of Alexandria, — 
ft. in Fgypt, 876 — patriarch, 933-40. 

Eutychius, Bp of Constantinople, theolo- 
gian, — appointed Bp, 553 — banished by Jus- 
tinian, 565 a — restored by Tiberius, 3 Oct. 577* 
— "H., 6 Apr. 582.* a Clinton. 

Eutychius, Exarch of Bavenna, — appoint- 
ed by Justinian II. , 7 1 1 — recalled by Anastasius 
II., 713 — reappointed, 728 — recovers Bavenna 
from Luitprand, 729 — conquered by Astolphus, 
and flees to Naples, 752. 

Euxenippos, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
118, 4,) 305. 

Euxine, (Pontus Euxinus,) [Black Sea] — 
[BC] — Milesian colonies on, about 750 — [AD] 
— coasts of, ravaged by the Goths, 258-9. 

Euzes, (Uzes, Guz, Gozi, Gazi,) — overthrow 
Sanjar and the Seljuk kingdom in Persia, 1153 
—seize upon Ghazni, 1 153— wars with Seif-u- 
din, 1 156. 

Evagoras, King of Salamis, (Cyprus,)^ 
[B C] — regains his patrimonial throne, 410 — 
receives Conon, after defeat at iEgospotami, 
405 — assisted by Athenian fleet, 390 — by Cha- 
brias, 388 — excepted from Peace of Antalki- 
das, 387 — at war with Persia, 385-376 — assist- 
ed by Acorisof Egypt, 385 — assassinated, 374-3. 

Evagrius, of Pontus, theologian, — ft., about 
345 — Archdeacon to Gregory Nazianzen at 
Constantinople, about 380 — goes into Egypt, 
382-3 — tf., about 399. 

Evagrius, Patriarch of Antioch, — chosen, 
389 a — tf., 392. b a Clinton. b Biog. Univ. 

Evagrius Scholasticus, ecclesiastical his- 
torian, — ft. in Syria, 536 a — finishes his history 
in 593.* a Clinton. 

Evald, (Ewald,) Johannes, poet, — ft. at Co- 
penhagen, 18 Nov. 1743 — tf. there, 17 Mar. 
1 7 81. Lykken's Temple, about 1765 — lloef 
Krage, 1770 — Harlehin Patriot, 1772 — Balder s 
Pod, 1773. 

Evander, Academic philosopher, — [BC] — 
succeeds Lakydes as president of the Academy, 
about 215. 

Evander, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
99, 3,) 382. 

Evangelical Alliance, — established, Oct. 
1845. 

Evangelical Association, — organized by 
Germans in America, 1803. 

Evans, Oliver, mechanician, — ft. near Phila- 
delphia, U. S., 1755 — constructs high-pressure 
steam engine, 1801 — tf. at New York, 11 Mar. 
1811. 

Evans, Sir De Lacy, general, — ft. in Ireland, 
17 87 — enters the army, 1807— serves in Penin- 
sular War, 1 81 2-14 — takes part in capture of 
32 



49 S 



EVANSON— EXCHEQUER BILLS. 



Washington, 1814 — at Quatre Bras and 
Waterloo, 18 15 — remains with army of oc- 
cupation at Paris, 18 15 — M.P. Bye, 1831 — 
M.P. Westminster, 1833 — takes command of 
British Legion in Spain, 1835 — defeats Carl- 
ists and takes possession of San Sebastian, 1 Oct. 
1836 — storms Iron, 17 May, 1837— K.B., 1837 
— commands Second Division of army in the 
East, 1 854— distinguishes himself at battle of 
Alma, Sep. 1854 — at Inkermann, 6 Nov. — 
returns to England, Feb. 1855 — G.C.B., 
receives thanks of House of Commons, Feb. 
1855 — Ij. in London, 9 Jan. 1870. 

Evanson, Edward, theologian, — fc. at War- 
rington, 1731 — M.A. Cambridge, 1753 — If., 25 
Sep. 1805. Dissonance of the four generally re- 
ceived Evangelists, §c, 1792. 

Evelyn, John, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at 
Wotton, Surrey, 31 Oct. 1620 — goes to Flan- 
ders, 1 641 — visits the continent, 1644-46, and 
1649-52 — F.R.S., 1662 — Treasurer of Green- 
wich Hospital, 1695 — tr. at Wotton, 27 Feb. 
1706. Sylva, 1664 — Gardener' s Almanac, 1664 
— Sculptura, 1662 — Parallel of Ancient and 
Modern Architecture, 1669 — Numismata, 1697 
— Diary and Correspondence, 1818. 

Everaerts, (Everard, Gerard,) Gilles, (A?gi- 
dius,) physieian. De herba panacea quam alii 
tabacum, §c, 156 1 — Compendiosa narratio de 
usu et praxi radicis mechoacanee, 1583. 

Everardi, Nicolas, (Klaas Everts?) jurist, — 
ft. in Zealand, about 1460 — LL.D. Louvain, 
1493 — President of High Court of Justice, at 
the Hague, 1509-27 — rj. at Malines, 9 Aug. 
1532. Topica juris, 15 16. 

Everdingen, Aldert (Allard) van, painter, 
— ft. at Alkmaar, 1621 — fc., 1675. 

Everdingen, Caesar van, painter, architect, 
— ft. at Alkmaar, 1606 — if. there, 1679. 

Everett, Edward, statesman, $c, — ft. in 
Massachusetts, Apr. 1794 — minister of Uni- 
tarian church, Boston, 18 14 — appointed Eliot 
Prof. Greek, Harvard Univ., 18 15 — studies at 
Gbttingen, 18 15-16 — travels in Greece and 
Italy, and visits England, 18 17-19 — editor of 
North American Review, 18 19 — member of 
Congress, 1825-35 — Governor of Massachusetts, 
1835-9 — ambassador to England, 1840-3 — 
Pres. Harvard Univ., 1844 — Secretary of 
State, 1852 — Senator for Massachusetts, 1853 
■ — unsuccessful candidate for Vice -Presidency, 
i860 — a", at Boston, U. S., 15 Jan. 1865. 

Evers, Charles Joseph, Baron, general, — 
ft. at Brussels, 8 May 1773 — enters the army, 
1787 — enters service of France, and distin- 
guishes himself in campaigns of 1792-1814— 
defeats insurgents in Galicia, 1809 — General of 
Brigade, Mar. 1812 — takes part in expedition 
of Russia, 1 8 1 2 — Baron of the Empire ; taken 
prisoner at Konigsberg, Jan. 1813 — Lieu- 
tenant-general, Sep. 1 8 14 — tf. in Namur, 9 
Aug. 1 81 8. 

Evesham, — Prince Edward defeats and kills 
Simon de Montfort at, 4 Aug. 1265. 

Evliya, (Evliya Effendi,) traveller, — ft. at 
Constantinople, (1020, a. h.) 1611— fc. at 
Adrianople, about 1679. 

Evora, (libcralitas Julia,) in Portugal, — 



[BC] — fortified by Sertorius, about 77 — muni- 
cipium by Julius Caesar, 60 — [AD] — taken by 
the Moors, 715 — retaken by Giraldo, .1166 — • 
taken by Don John of Austria, 22 May 1663. 
Cathedral, commenced, 11 86 — partly rebuilt, 
1721. Archbishopric of, founded, 1540. 

Evremond, Charles de St Denys, Seigneur de 
St Evremond, — ft. in Normandy, 1 Apr. 16 13 
— Lieutenant, serves under Conde at battles of 
Rocroi and Nordlingen, 1643-5 — escapes from 
France, 1661 — tf. in England, 20 Sep. 1703. 
CEuvres, 1705. 

Evreux, Counts of Evrettx, {Mediolanum 
Eburovicum, Eburovices, Ebroeca, Ebroas,) — 
sacked by Rollo, 892 — erected into a County by 
Richard I., Duke of Normandy, for his son 
Robert, 989 — Richard, (son,) 1037 — accom- 
panies William of Normandy to England, and 
fights at Hastings, 1066— William, (son,) 1067 
— receives lands in England, 1070 — his castle 
seized by William the Conqueror, about 1075 ? 
— recovers it, 1087 — commands in English 
army in France, 1097 — does homage to Henry 
L, 1 104 — at battle of Tinchebrai, 1106 — tf., 
Apr. 1 1 1 8 — County seized by Henry L, 1 118 — 
recovered by Amauri (IV.) de Montfort, (nephew 
of William,) Oct. 11 18 — Amauri II., (son,) 
1 1 37 — Simon, (brother,) 1140 or 1143 — taken 
prisoner by Prince Henry of England, 11 73 — 
signs treaty of peace between Henry II. and 
Louis VIL, Sep. 1177 — Amauri III., (son,) 
1 1 81 — seized by Philip Augustus, who cedes 
the town to Earl John, 1 193 — taken and burnt 
by Philip, 1194 — again by him, 1199 — ceded 
to Philip, May 1200. Counts of House of 
France : Louis of France, by grant of Philip 
the Fair, 1307 — erected into a peerage by 
Philip the Tall, Jan. 13 17— Philip the Good, 
(son,) 1 319— Charles, the Bad, (son,) Sep. 
1 343 — becomes King of Navarre, 1 349 — 
Charles, the Noble, (son.) Jan. 1387 — ceded by 
him to Charles VI. of France, by treaty of 9 
Jun. 1404 — granted by Charles IX. to the 
Duke of Alencon, 1569 — reunited to the crown 
on his death, Jun. 1584 — given by Louis XIII. 
to the Duke of Bouillon in exchange for Sedan, 
1642 — the gift ratified by Louis XIV., Apr. 
1 65 1 — the town occupied* by Gen. ManteufTel, 
Dec. 1870. 

Ewald, Johannes. [Evald.] 

Ewes, Sir Symonds d'. [D'Ewes.] 

Exarchate. [Ravenna.] 

Exchange. [Koyal Exchange.] 

Exchange, Bills of, — provision for better 
payment of, by Acts 9 and 10 Wm III. c. 17, 
1698, and 3 and 4 Ann. c. 9, 1704 — negotiation 
of, under a limited sum, restrained by Acts 17 
Geo. III. c. 30, 1777 ; 27 Geo. III. c. 16, 1787 ; 
and 48 Geo. III. c. 88, 23 Jun. 1808 — foreign, 
provisions to prevent forgery of, by 43 Geo. III. 
c. 139, 1 1 Aug. 1803 — relief to bona fide holders, 
by Act 58 Geo. III. c. 93, 10 Jun. 181 8— ac- 
ceptances of, regulated by Act 1 and 2 Geo. IV. 
c. 78, 10 Jul. 1821. 

Exchequer Bills, — first issued, 1696 — re- 
gulated by Acts 48 Geo. III. c. 1, 27 Feb. 
1808; 57 Geo. III. c. 48, 27 Jun. 1817; and 
11 Geo. IV. and 1 Wm IV. c. 66, s. 3, 23 Jul. 



EXCHEQUER CHAMBER— EXPILLY. 



<99 



1830 — management of, vested in Comptroller- 
General, by Act 4 Wm IV. c. 15, 22 May 1834 
— further regulated by Act 5 and 6 Vic. c. 66, 
30 Jul. 1842 — charged on Consolidated Fund 
by Act 24 and 25 Vic. c. 5, 18 Apr. 1861— 
new provisions by Acts 24 and 25 Vic. c. 98, s. 
8, 6 Aug. 1 86 1 ; 25 Vic. c. 3, 24 Mar. 1862. 

Exchequer Chamber, Court of, — erected as 
Court of Appeal by Act 31 Edw. III. st. 1, c. 
12, 1357 — second Court, by Act 27 Eliz. c. 8, 
1585 — new arrangement, by Act 11 Geo. IV. 
and 1 Wm IV. c. 70, 23 Jul. 1830— offices of 
clerk in errors in, abolished by Act 7 Wm IV. 
and 1 Vic. c. 30, s. 2, 12 Jul, 1837. In Ire- 
land, established by Act 1 Geo. IV. c. 39, 15 
Jul. 1820. 

Exchequer Loans,— for public works, author- 
ized by Acts 57 Geo. III. c. 34, 16 Jun. 1817; 
1 and 2 Geo. IV. c. Ill, 24 Jul. 1820; land 2 
Wm IV. c. 24, 22 Sep. 1 831 ; 3 and 4 Wm IV. 
c. 32, 24 Jul. 1833 ; 4 and 5 Wm IV. c. 72, 13 
Aug. 1834 ; 7 Wm IV. and 1 Vic. c. 51, 15 Jul. 
1837, &c. — to Local Boards of Health, au- 
thorized by Act 11 and 12 Vic. c. 63, 31 Aug. 
1848— for public works in Ireland, by Act 14 
and 15 Vic. c. 51, 1 Aug. 1851. 

Exchequer Office, — remodelled, by Act 4 
Wm IV. c. 15, 22 May 1834. 

Excise,in England, — imposed by Long Parlia- 
ment, Jan. to Apr. 1644 — granted as part of re- 
venue of the Crown, by Act 12 Car. II. c. 24, 
1660 — laws relating to, consolidated and amend- 
ed by Acts 7 and 8 Geo. IV. c. 53, 23 Jun. 1827; 
1 and 2 Wm IV. c. 4, 23 Dec. 1830; 2 ami 3 
Wm IV. c. 16, 24 Mar. 1832; 4 and 5 Wm IV. 
c. 51, 13 Aug. 1834 ; 3 and 4 Vic. c. 17, 19 Jun. 
1840; 4 and 5 Vic. c. 20, 18 May 1841 ; 11 
and 12 Vic. cc. 118 and 121, 4 Sep. 1848 ; 15 
and 16 Vic. c. 61, 30 Jun. 1852; 23 and 24 
Vic. c. 114, 28 Aug. i860; 24 and 25 Vic. c. 
21, 28 Jun. 1 86 1 ; 25 and 26 Vic. c. 84, 7 Aug. 
1862. 

Exclusion Bill, in Great Britain, — to shut 
out James, Duke of York, from the throne, pro- 
posed, and got rid of by dissolution of parlia- 
ment, May 1679 — passed by the Commons, 
thrown out by the Lords, 11 Nov. 1680. 

Exelmans, Kemy Joseph Isidore, Eakon, 
Maushal of France, — ft. at Bar-sur-Ornain, 
13 Nov. 1775 — enters the army, 1791 — dis- 
tinguishes himself in campaigns of Italy, 1798-9 
■ — aide-de-camp to Murat, 1800 — distinguishes 
himself at combat of Wertingen, 8 Oct. 1805 — 
Officer of Legion of Honour, 1 805— takes Posen, 
Dec. 1806 — at battle of Eylau, 8 Feb. 1807 — 
General of Brigade, 14 Mar. — at Friedland, 14 
Jun. — arrested, sent to England, 1 808— escapes, 
181 1 — serves in Russian campaign, 1 8 1 2 — Baron 
of the Empire, 1 8 1 2 — General of Division, 8 Sep. 
1 812 — serves in campaign - of Saxony, 18 13 — 
Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 7 Nov. 181 3 
— commands cavalry of Imperial Guard, 18 14 
— Count, Chevalier of St Louis, 18 14 — Peer 
of France, 2 Jun. 18 15 — defeats Prussians at 
Versailles, 1815 — banished by Louis XVIIL, 
Jul. 1 8 15 — recalled, Jan. 18 19 — restored to 
peerage, by Louis Philippe, 1831 — Chancellor 
of Legion of Honour, Aug. 1 849— Marshal of 



France, 11 Mar. 1851 — assists at the Coup 
d'Etat, 2 Dec. 1851 — tf. near Paris, io, a 21 b 
Jul. 1852. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. 

Exeter, in England, (Isca, Isca Damnonio- 
rum,) — taken by the Danes, 876 a — retaken by 
Alfred, 877 — Athelstan expels the Cornish men, 
and fortifies the town, about 927 b — betrayed to 
Sweyn, 1003 — See founded, 1046 — siege and 
capture of, by William the Conqueror, 1067 — 
taken from Baldwin de Rivers by Stephen, 1 136 
— unsuccessfully besieged by Perkin Warbeck, 
Sep. 1497 — by insurgents under Humphrey 
Arundel, Jun. 1549 — surrenders to Prince 
Maurice, 1642 — the Queen, Henrietta Maria, 
takes refuge at, 1644 — taken by Fairfax, 1646 
— William, Prince of Orange, reaches, 8 Nov. 
1688 — makes his public entry, 9 Nov. — visited 
by George III. and Queen Charlotte, 12 Aug. 
1789 — meeting of British Association at, 1 8 
Aug. 1869. Cathedral, commenced, enlarged? 
by Bp Warlwast, 11 12 — completed, 1478. 
Devon and Exeter Institution, founded, 18 13. 
Polytechnic Institution, 1847. Memorial Mu- 
seum, completed, 1870. 

a Annals of England. b Engl. Cyc. 

Exeter College, Oxford, — founded by Bp 
Walter de Stapledon, 13 15 — reorganized under 
Act 17 and 18 Vic. c. 81, 7 Aug. 1854. 

Exeter Hall, London, — built, 1831. 

Exhibition, the Great, at London, — Royal 
Commission for, appointed, Jan. 1850 — opened 
by the Queen, 1 May 1851 — closed, 15 Oct. 
1851. 

Exhibition, Art Treasures, — at Manchester, 
opened by the Prince Consort, 5 May — closed, 
17 Oct. 1857. 

Exhibition, International, — at London, 
opened, 1 May — closed, 1 Nov. 1862. 

Exhibition, Universal, — at Paris, opened 
by the Emperor Napoleon III., 1 Apr. — closed, 
1 Jul. 1867. 

Exiles, — the king of Sardinia defeats Count 
of Belle-Isle near, 19 Jul. 1747. 

Exmouth, Edward Pellew, Lord, admiral, 
— ft. at Dover, 19 Apr. 1757 — enters the navy, 
1770 — distinguishes himself at battle of Lake 
Champlain, 11 Oct. 1776 — Post-captain, 1782 
— captures French frigate Cleopatra, 1793 — 
Colonel of Marines, M.P. Barnstaple, 1802 — 
Rear-admiral, 23 Apr. 1804 — Vice-admiral, 28 
Apr. 1808 — Commander-in-chief in the Medi- 
terranean, about 1 8 10 — Baron Exmouth, 14 
May 1 8 14 — Admiral, 4 Jun. 18 14 — K.C.B., 2 
Jan. 1815— G.C.B., 16 Mar. 1 8 1 6— bombards 
Algiers, 26 Aug. 181 6 — signs treaty with the 
Dey, 30 Aug. — Viscount, 10 Dec. 1 816— Com- 
mander-in-chief at Plymouth, 18 17-21 — fc., 23 
Jan. 1833. 

Exodus, The, of the Israelites from Egypt, — 
[BCj — takes place, 1491,* 1648^ 1593,° i555, d 
i53i, e 1497, 1 H95) g 1488, h 1312,1 1625. k 

a Ussher. b Hales. c Jackson. d Playfair. 
e Petavins. f Scaliger, Strauchius. S Kennedy. 

h Helvicus, Marsham. l Vulg. Jew. Chron. 

k Clinton. 

Experiens. [Euonaccorsi.] 

Expilly, Jean Joseph, geographer,— b. in 
Provence, 17 19 — o\, 1793. Cosmographie, 1749 
3a* 



500 



EXPOSURE OF CHILDREN— FABER. 



— Bictionnaire geographique des Gaulcs et de 
la France, 1762-70. 

Exposure of Children, in Roman Empire, — 
prohibited by Valentinian I., 374. 

Exter, Frederic, numismatist, — h. at Deux- 
Ponts, 17 14 — tf., 11 Dec. 1787. JSssai d'une 
collection de medailles et monnaies, #•<?., 1759-75. 

Extortions, {Repetundee Pecuniee,) — [B C] — 
first complaints against Roman magistrates by 
the Socii (allies) respecting, 173 — Senatus Con- 
sultum against P. Furius Philus and M. Ma- 
tienus, accused by the Hispani, 17 1 — Calpurnian 
Law against, 149 — Junian Law, increased penal- 
ty, about 126 — Servilian Glaucian Law, penalty 
further increased, 100 — Acilian Law abrogates 
ampliatio and comperendinatio, 101 ? — Cornelian 
Law extends punishment, &c.,8i — Julian Law 
alters penalty, &c, 59. 

Extradition, of criminals, — treaty for, be- 
tween France and England, concluded, 1 3 Feb. 
1843 — colonial, regulated by Act 6 and 7 Vic. 
c. 34, Jul. 1842 — new treaty with France pro- 
posed, but sanction of parliament refused, Apr. 
1852 — notice by French government to annul 
treaty in six months, 4 Dec. 1865 — afterwards 
extended to 1867 — law respecting, amended by 
Act 29 and 30 Vic. c. 121, 10 Aug. 1866— 
again, by Act 33 and 34 Vic. c. 52, 1 Aug. 
1870. 

Extricatus, T. Messius, — Consul with C. 
Bruttius Praesens, (970, a. u. c.) 217. 

Eyck, Hubert van, painter, — 6. near 
Maaseyck, 1 366 a — invents (?) oil painting, 
141 o a — settles at Ghent, 1420 — 3j. there, 18 
Sep. 1426. Altar-piece of St Bavon's, Ghent, 
1420-32. a Tan Mander. 

Eyck, Jan van, {John of Bruges,) painter^ — 
b. at Maaseyck, about 1390 ? — settles at Ghent, 
1420 — tf. at Bruges, 9 Jul. 1440^ Completes 
Altar-piece of St Bavon's, 1432 — Jean Arnol- 



fini and his wife, National Gallery, 1434. 
a Weale. 
Eyke de Eepkow. [Ebko.] 
Eykens, Pieter, painter — b. at Antwerp, 

1599— &•» i 6 49 ? 

Eylau, — Napoleon defeats the Russians and 
Prussians at, 8 Feb. 1807. 

Eymeric, Nicholas, Dominican, — b. at Giro- 
na, in Catalonia, about 1320 — enters Dominican 
Order, 4 Aug. 1334 — Inquisitor-general in 
Aragon, by Innocent VI., Dec. 1356 — chaplain 
and judge of heresies to Gregory XL, at 
Avignon, 1371 — ft. at Girona, 4 Jan. i399, a 
i393- b Directorium inquisitorum, printed, 
I 5°3- a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Bees' Cyc. 

Eyzing-er, {Eytzingerus, Aitsingerus,) 
Michael, — sent to the Netherlands, 1553-73. 
Pentaplas regnorum mundi, 1579 — -^ e L e one 
Belgico, §c, 1583. 

Ezekiel, Hebrew prophet, — [B C] — carried to 
Babylon, 599, a Jun. 598 b — commissioned as a 
prophet, 24 Jul. 595, a 594 c — vision of the idola- 
tries of Jerusalem, (cap. 8-9, 11,) 22 Sep. 594 a 
— warnings against idolatry, &c, (cap. 20-23,) 
27 Aug. 593 a — announcement of siege of Jeru- 
salem, (cap. 24,) 30 Jun. 590 a — prediction 
against Pharaoh, (cap. 29,) 1 Feb. 589 s — 
against Tyre, (cap. 26, 28,) spring, (1 mo. 1,) 
388, a Mar. 587 b — against Egypt, (cap. 30, 31,) 
19 Jun., 27 Jul. 588, a May 587 b — against 
Egypt, (cap. 29,) 21 Apr. 57 2, a cap. 40, &c, 
30 Apr. 574, a Mar. 573. b 

a Ussher. b Clinton. c Bibl. Cyc. 

Ezra, (JSsdras,) — [B C] — sent by Artaxerxes 
Longimanus to Jerusalem, 45 7, a summer 467 b 
— reformation at Jerusalem, early in 466 b — ■ 
reads the law to the people, winter 459 b — tf. 
soon after 45 9. b a Bibl. Cyc. b Ussher. 

Ezz-eddin, {Abd-Alazyz,) — Imaum at Da- 
mascus, 1240. 



Fabbrizzi, Luigi'Cintio della, novelist, — b. 
at Venice, about 1450 — tf., about 1526. Bell' 
origine delli volgari proverbi, 1526. 

Fabbroni, {Fabroni,) Angelo, biographer, 
i'C, — b. at Florence, Sep., a Feb. b 1732 — ■ 
studies at Rome, 1750 — returns to Florence, 
1767 — tutor to sons of Grand Duke of Tuscany, 
1773 — &• at Pi sa > Sep. 1803. Vita Italorum 
Boctrina illustrium, 1766-83 — Historia Acad- 
emic® Pisance, 1791 — Flogj di alcuni Illustri 
Italiani, 1789 — Baurentii Medicei magnijici 
vita, 1784 — Magni Cosmi Medicei vita, 1789 — 
Leonis X, pontifcis maximi vita, 1797. 

a Eiog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Fabbroni, {Fabroni,) Giovanni Valentino 
Matteo, natural philosopher, — b. at Florence, 
Feb. 1 752 — sub-director of the cabinet of Grand 
Duke, 1780-1806— sent to France to assist in 
verification of weights and measures, 1798 — 



— honorary Prof. Univ. of Pisa, 1802 — ■ 
director of the Mint, about 1804 — director of 
Academy of Pisa, 1 808 — deputy to the Corps 
Begislatf, 1809 — member of Legion of 
Honour, 18 10 — Baron of the Empire, 18 11 — > 
master of requests to the Council of State, 
director of bridges and roads beyond the Alps, 
18 1 1— Chevalier of St Joseph, 1821 — tf., Dec. 
1822. Bel Bombice e del Bisso degli antichi, 
1782 — Guida agli Agricoltori d' Italia, 1791 — 
Synopsis Plantarum Horti botanici Musei regii 
Floroitini, 1797 — Bella Economia agraria dei 
Chinesi, 1802. 

Faber, Basilius, lexicographer, — b. in 
Lusace, 1520 — rj. Rector of Academy of Erfurt, 
1575, :i 1576. b Thesaurus eruditionis scholas- 
tics, 1571. a Biog. Univ. b Rees' Cyc. 

Faber, Frederick William, poet, theologian, 
— b. at Durham, 18 14 — Vicar of Elton, 1843 



FABER— fabric ius. 



5° I 



■ — goes over to the Church of Rome, 17 Nov. 
1845 — settles in London, and founds the 
Oratory of the brotherhood of St Philip Neri, 
1849 — ft. at the Oratory, Brompton, 26 Sep. 
1863. Cherwell Water •-Lily, $c, 1840 — Sir 
Lancelot, 1844 — Fathers of the Oratory, 1849. 

Faber, Felix, historian, — ft. at Zurich, 
about 1441 — first preacher at the Dominican 
monastery, Ulm, about 1477 — visits Palestine, 
1483 — tf. at Ulm, 14 Mar. 1502. Historia 
Suevorum, 1604. 

Faber, George Stanley, theologian, — b., 25 
Oct. 1773 — enters Oxford Univ., 1789 — Fellow 
of Lincoln College, 1794 — M.A., 1796 — Vicar 
of Long Newton, 181 1-32 — Prebendary of 
Salisbury, 1831 — Master of Sherburn Hospital, 
Durham, 1832 — tf. there, 27 Jan. 1854. LForce 
Mosaicce, 1801 — Origin of Lagan idolatry, 
1 8 1 6 — Sacred Calendar of Froph ecy, 1828. 

Faber, Johann, {Malleus hcereticorum,) Do- 
minican,— It. in Suabia, about 1470,* 1479^ 
1478° — Vicar-general to Bp of Constance, 1519/ 
15 1 8 c — confessor to Emperor Ferdinand, 1526 
— Bp of Vienna, 1531 — tf., 12 Jun„ a 21 May c 
i54i, ac 1542. b Malleus hcereticorum, 1524 a 
1522° — Opera, 1537-41. a Biog. Univ. 

b Chalmers. c Ersch and Gruber. 

Faber, Johann, anatomist, botanist, — b. at 
Bamberg, about 1570 — tf. at Rome ? about 
1640 ? Be animalibus indicis apud Mexicum, 
1628? 

Faber, Johann Ernst, orientalist, — b. in 
Hildburghausen, Feb. 1745, a 1746 b — Prof. 
Oriental Languages and Philosophy, Kiel, 
1770 — at Jena, 1772 — tf. there, 15 Mar., a 
Apr. b 1774. Bescriptio commeutarii in septua- 
qinta interpretes, 1768-69 — Archaeologie der 
TLebrder, 1773 — Arabische Grammatik, 1773. 
a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Fabert, Abraham, Marshal of France, — 
b. at Metz, 11 Oct. 1599 — distinguishes him- 
self at the retreat from Mentz, 1635 — at siege 
of Saverne, 1636 — of Landrecies, 1637 — 
wounded at siege of Turin, 1 640 — Marechal de 
Camp, 1646 — takes Porto-Longone and Pioni- 
bino, 1646 — Lieutenant-general, takes Stenai, 
1654 — Marshal of France, Governor of Sedan, 
1658 — "ft. there, 17 May 1662. 

Fabian, St, Bp of Rome, — succeeds An- 
terius, Jan. 236 — martyred under Decius, 20 
Jan. 250. 

Fabian, Robert. [Fabyan.] 

Fabiano, San, — Piccinino defeats Frederick, 
Duke of Urbino, and Alexander Sforza, at, 27 
Jul. 1460. 

Fabianus, L. Annius, — Consul with M. 
Nonius Mucianus, (954, a. u. c.) 201. 

Fabianus, Papirius, rhetorician, philoso- 
pher, — fl., about 30. 

Fabii, The. [Cremera.] 

Fabius. [See family names, Ambustus, 
Buteo, Labeo, Maximus, Pictor, §c.~\ 

Fabre, Francois Xavier, Baron, painter, 
— b. at Montpellier, 1 Apr. 1766 — wins the 
grand prize and goes to Rome, 1787 — Officer of 
Legion of Honour, 18 May 1830 — tf. at Mont- 
pellier, 12 Mar. or May 1837. La Sainte 
Familleen repos, 1812. 



Fabre, Jean Claude, miscellaneous writer, — • 
b. at Paris, 15 Apr. 1668 — tf. there, 22 Oct. 
1753. CEiwres de Virgile traduites en francais, 
17 2 1 — continues Fleury's Histoire ecclesias- 
tique, 1726 — Nouveau Dictionnaire francais, 
1709. 

Fabre, Pierre, surgeon, — b. at Tarascon, 
17 16 — admitted to Academic Society of Sur- 
geons, Paris, 30 Oct. 175 1 — tf. at Paris, about 
1795 ? Traite des maladies veneriennes, 1758 
— Recherches sur differents points de physiolo- 
gic, §c, 1783 — Essai sur les faculte's de I'ume, 
$c, 1785 — Recherches sur les vrais principes de 
I'art de gue'rir, 1790. 

Fabre de l'Aude, Jean Pierre, Peer of 
France, — b. at Carcassone, 8 Dec. 1755 — de- 
puty to States of Languedoc, 1783 — to Coun- 
cil of Five Hundred, 1795 and 1797 — Presi- 
dent of Tribunate, 1801 — Commander of Le- 
gion of Honour : Member of Senate, Count, 
14 Aug. 1807 — Member of Grand Council of 
Administration of the Senate, 18 10 — Xf. at 
Paris, 6 Jul. 1832. 

Fabre d'Eglantine, Philippe Francois 
Nazaire, politician, litterateur, — b. at Carcas- 
sone, 28 Dec. 1755 — deputy to National Con- 
vention, 1792 — ■ Member of Committee of 
Public Safety, Sep. 1792 — condemned to death, 
5 Apr. 1794. Le Fhilinte de Moliere, 1790 — 
Lntrigue epistolaire, 1791 — Les Frecepteurs, 
1799. 

Fabretti, Raffaele, antiquary, — b. at Urbino, 
161 8 — secretary to Alexander VIII., 1689 — tf. 
at Rome, 7 Jan. 1700. Be Columna Trajani, 
168 3 — Be Aquis et Aqumductibus Veteris Romce, 
1680 — Lnscriptionum antiquarum . . . explica- 
te, 1699. 

Fabriano, Gentile di Niccolo di Giovanni 
Massi, (Francesco di,) painter,- — b. at Fabriano, 
Ancona, between 1360-70-* — settles at Florence, 
1422 a — removes to Rome, before 1431 s — tf. 
there, about 1450. Madonna, Cathedral of Or- 
vieto, 1425 a — Adoration of the Kings, Florence, 
1423 — Altar-piece of San Niceolo, 1425. 
a Crowe and Cavalcaselle. 

Fabricius, David, astronomer, — b. in Fries- 
land, 1564 — discovers variable star in the 
Whale, 1596 — tf., 7 May 161 7. Xarte von dem 
alien Fmden, 1599 — Chronica von etk/ken be- 
sondem Geschiednissen, §c, 1609. 

Fabricius, Franciscus, philologist, — b. at 
Dlireu, about 1525 — rector of Gymnasium, 
Dusseldorf, about 1550 — tf. there, 1573. Lysice 
orationes dum, 1554 — Flutarchi Charonensis 
Be liberis educandis Liber, 1563 — Ciceronis FLis- 
toria, §e., 1564. 

Fabricius, Georg, poet, historian, — b. at 
Chemnitz, 24 Apr. 15 16 — tf. at Meissen, 13 
Jul. 157 1. Roma, 1550 — Foematum veterum 
ecclesiasticorum opera Christiana, §c., 1562,* 
I 574 ,b a Biog. Uniy. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Fabricius, Joannes Albertus, bibliographer, 
— b. at Leipsic, 11 Nov. i668, ac 1667 t> — tf. at 
Hamburg, 30 Apr. 1736. Bibliotheca Grceca, 
i705-28, ab 1708° — Bibliotheca Latina, 1697 — 
Bibliotheca Latina Fcclesiastica, 17 18 — Biblio- 
theca Latina Medice et Infimce JEtatis, 1734 — 
Codex apocryphus Nov. Test., 17 19 — Bibliogra~ 



5 oz 



FABRICIUS— FACTTXDUS. 



phia Antiquaria, 17 13 — Conspectus Thesauri 
Litter arii Italia, 1749 — Salutaris Lux Evan- 
gelii, 1731. 

a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Conv.-Lex. 

Fabricius, Johann, astronomer, — tf., not 
before May 16 17. Be maculis in sole observa- 
tis, §c, 16*11. 

Fabricius, Johann, orientalist, — b. at Dant- 
zic, 17 Feb. 1608 — pastor there, 1642 — Prof. 
Theology and Hebrew, 1650 — tf. there, to Sep. 
1653. Bissertatio philologica de nomine Jeho- 
vah, 1636 — Specimen Arabicum, §c, 1658. 

Fabricius, Johann, theologian, bibliographer, 
— b. at Altorf, 1644— D.D., 1690— Prof. The- 
ology, Helmstadt, 1697 — admitted to Academy 
of Sciences, Berlin, 1702 — tf., 29 Jan. 1729. 
Historia bibliotheca Fabriciana, 1717-24. 

Fabricius, Johann Andreas, miscellaneous 
writer, — b. near Magdeburg, 1696 — tf. at 
Nordhausen, 28 Feb. 1769. Conspectus The- 
ologian thetico-polemico-moralis, 1766 — Anivei- 
sung zur theoretischen Philosophic, 1746 — Krit- 
ische BibliotheJc, 1748-59 — Abriss einer allge- 
meinen Historie der Gelehrsamkeit, 1752-54. 

Fabricius, Johann Christian, entomologist, 
' $c, — b. in Sleswick, i742, a 1743 b — M.D. Up- 
sala, 1767 — Prof. Natural History, Kiel, about 
1767,° 1775 b — tf- at Copenhagen, Kiel, b 1807. 
Systema Entomologia, 1775 — Philosophia En- 
tomologica, 1778 — Reise nach Norwegen, §c, 
1779 — Species Lnsectorwn, 1781 — Entomologice 
Systematica, 1792-94. a Engl. Cyc. 

b Conv.-Lex. c Biog. Univ. 

Fabricius, Karel, painter, — b. at Delft, 
about 1624 — tf. there, 12 Oct. 1654. 

Fabricius, Lorenz, orientalist— b. at Dant- 
2 i c > I 555 — M.A. Wittenberg, 1587 — Prof. He- 
brew, 1593-1629 — tf. there, 21 Apr. 1629. 
Partitiones codicis Hebrai, 16 10 — De reliquiis 
Sanctis Syrarum vocum in Nov. Test, asservatis, 
1613. 

Fabricius, Otto, naturalist,—^, in Denmark, 
6 Mar. 1744 — missionary to Greenland, 1768- 
73 — tf. in Denmark, 20 Apr. 1822. Fauna 
Groenlandica, 1780. 

Fabricius, Q,., — [BC] — trib. pleb., proposes 
recall of Cicero, Jan. 57. 

Fabricius, Theodor, theologian, — b. in Prus- 
sia, 2 Feb. 1501 — in service of Philip of Hesse, 
1532 — imprisoned, 1540 — goes to Wittenberg, 
1543 — Prof. Hebrew there, 1544 — Pastor at 
Zerbst, 1544 — tr. there, 15 Sep. 1570. Lnsti- 
tutiones grammatics in linguam sanctum, 1528. 

Fabricius, Vincent, poet, §c, — b. at Ham- 
burg, 25 Sep., a 28 Aug. b 1612 — tf. at Warsaw, 
11 Sep., a Apr. b 1667. Eoemata, 1632. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Fabricius Hildanus, (Fabri de Hildcn,) 
Wilhelm, physician, — b. near Cologne, 25 Jun. 
1560— studies at Lausanne, 1586— physician 
of Berne, about 1614 — tf. there, Feb. 1634. 
Opera, 1646. 

Fabricius Luscinus, C.,— [B C]— Consul with 
Q. JEmilius Papus, (472, a.u.c.) 282 — defeats 
Samnites, Lucanians, and Bruttians : joint am- 
bassador to Pyrrhus at Tarentum, 280 — legate 
in war with Pyrrhus, 279 — Consul with Papus, 
(476.) 278 — conducts war against Pyrrhus suc- 



cessfully : censor, 275 — expels P. Corn. Eufi- 
nus from the senate. 

Fabriey, Gabriel, Dominican, — b. in Pro- 
vence, about 1725 — tj. at Pome, 1800. Bes 
titres pritnitifs de la revelation, §c., 1772 — 
Pecherches sur V epoque de V equitation, §c., 
1764-65. 

Fabrini, Giovanni, philologist, — b. in Tus- 
cany, 15 16— Prof. Eloquence, Yenice, 1547-77 
— tf., about 1580. Bella interpretazione della 
Lingua rolgare e Latina, §c, 1544 — Teorica 
della Lingua, 1565 — LI Terentio Latino comen- 
tato, §c, 1548. 

Fabrizio, Geronimo, [Fabricius ab Acqua- 
pendente,) anatomist, — fj. at Acquapendente, 
1537 — Prof. Anatomy and Surgery, Padua, 
1565 — tf. there, May 1619. Opera omnia ana- 
tomica et physiologica, 1687 — Opera chirurgica, 
i'C., 1617. 

Fabro - Bremundano, {Francois Faivre 
\_Febvre~\ de Bremondans,) historian, — b. at Be- 
sanc,on, about 1620 — goes to Italy, about 1650 — 
tf., after 1693. Historia de los hechos de don 
Juan d' Austria, §c„ 1673 — Yiage del rey don 
Carlos LL., §c, 1680 — Floro historico de la 
guerra de Ungria, 1684. 

Fabroni. [Fabbroni.] 

Fabrot, Charles Annibal, jurist,— b. at Aix, 
about 1580 — Prof. Law there, 1609-37 — tf. at 
Paris, 16 Jan. 1659. Basilicorum Libri sexa- 
ginta, cum versione Latina, 1647 — Lnstitu- 
tionum Justiniani Lmperatoris Paraphrasis 
Grceca, §c, 1638 — edition of Cujacius, 1658. 

Fabyan, {Fabian.) Robert, historian,— sheriff 
of London, 1493 — tf. there, about 15 12. Con- 
cordance of Histories, 15 1 6. 

Faccini, Pietro, painter, — b. at Bologna, 
about 1566, a 1562 b — tf., 1602. 

a Biog. Univ. b Biog. Catalogue. 

Facciolati, Jacopo,— b. near Padua, 4 Jan. 
1682 — Prof. Logic there, 1722,* 1723 b — co- 
operates with Forcellini in the Lexicon Totius 
Latinitatis, from about 1730 — tf. at Padua, 25 
Aug. 1769. Edition of Calepino, 1731 — Fasti 
Padua Universitatis, 1757 — Orationes Latina, 
1744 — Epistola Latina, 1765. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Factories, — employment of children in, re- 
gulated by Acts 42 Geo. III. c. 73, 22 Jun. 
1802; 59 Geo. III. c. 66, 22 Jun. 1816; 10 Geo. 
IV. col, 19 Jun. 1829; land 2 Win IV. c. 39, 
15 Oct. 1 831 — Committee of House of Com- 
mons on labour in, appointed, 1832 — further re- 
gulated by Acts 3 and 4 Wm IV. c. 103, 29 Aug. 
1833 ; 4 Wm IV. c. 1, 20 Feb. 1834; 7 Vic. c. 
15,6 Jun. 1844; 10 Vic. c. 29, 8 Jun. 1847; 13 
and 14 Vic. c. 54, 5 Aug. 1850; 16 and 17 
Vic. c. 104, 20 Aug. 1853 — provisions of Acts 
relating to, extended by Acts 27 and 28 Vic. c. 
48, 25 Jul. 1864, and 30 and 31 Vic. c. 103, 15 
Aug. 1867 — law amended by Act 33 and 34 
Vic. c. 62, 9 Aug. 1870. [Bleaching Works, 
Lace Factories.] 

Facundus, — Consul with Xepotianus (1089, 
a. u. c.) 336. 

Facundus, Bp of Heumiana, opposes Justi- 
nian's Edict, 544 — defends the Tria Capitida, 
at Constantinople, 547. 



FAENZA— FAIRHOLT. 



5°3 



Faenza, (Faventia,) — [BC] — Carbo defeated 
by the generals of Sulla near, 82 — [AD] — 
destroyed by Totila, 541— joins the renewed 
Lombard League against Frederick II., 1226 a 
— declares for him, Sep. 1237 — treaty of alliance 
with Aragon, Jun. 1238 — besieged by Frederick, 
late in Aug. 1240 — blockaded, Oct. 1240 — ca- 
pitulates to him, 14 Apr. 1241 — reduced by Car- 
dinal Octavian, Jun. 1248 — confirmed to Pope 
Gregory X.,as part of Exarchate of Ravenna, by 
Rudolph of Hapsburg, 1274 — and again, 1275 
— seized by the Bolognese, about 1281 — subject 
to the Manfredi, and the fortifications restored, 
1286 b — seized for Alexander VI. by Csesar 
Borgia, 1500 b — taken by the Venetians, 1503 
— surrender of, demanded by Julius II., 1504 — 
recovered for the pope by the French, 1509 — 
taken by Imperialists, 1708 c — by the French, 
1796 — by the Papal troops, 1796— expulsion of 
the latter, 1797 — annexed to Sardinia, 1859. 
a Kington.- b Encyc. Mod. c Bees' Cyc. 

Faerne, Gabriele, poet, philologist, — tf. at 
Rome, 17 Nov. 1561. Centum Fabulce, §c., 
1564 — edition of Terence, 1565. 

Faesi, Johann Conrad, historian, geo- 
grapher, — b. at Zurich, 1727 — fj. near Schaff- 
hausen, 1790. Abhandlungen iiber ivichtige 
Begebenheiten der dltern undneuern Geschichte, 
1763-4 — Abhandlungen iiber die Geschichte des 
Friedensschlusses zu Utrecht, 1790. 

Faesulae, Faesulanus, (Fiesole,) — [B C]— 
military colony, by Sulla, 81 — head-quarters of 
Catiline, Nov. 63 — [AD] — taken by Belisarius, 
summer 539. 

Fagel, Francois Nicolas, general, — enters 
the army, 1672 — distinguishes himself at battle 
of Fleurus, 1690 — at defence of Mons, 1691 — at 
taking of Bonn, 1703 — at battle of Ramilies, 
1706 — at battle of Malplaquet, 1709 — in cam- 
paign of Flanders, 1711-12 — ft. commander of 
TEcluse, 23 Feb. 17 18. 

Fagel, Gasper, statesman, — b. at Haarlem, ab 
Gravenhage, c 1629 — Pensionary of Haarlem, 
1663 — Registrar to the States-General, 1670 — 
Grand Pensionary, 1672-88 — negotiates with 
Sir William Temple the Peace of Nimeguen, 
1678 — prepares expedition of William of 
Orange to England, 1688 — ft. at Gravenhage, 
15 Dec. 1688. a Biog. Univ. 

b Ersch and Gruber. c Biog. Woordenboek. 

Faginoli, Giovanni Battista, poet, — fc. at 
Florence, 24 Jun. 1660 — ft. there, 12 Jul. 
1742. Rime piacevoli, 1729-34 — Commedia, 

I734-3 6 - 

Fagius, {Paul Biicher,) theologian, — b. in 
the Palatinate, 1504 — Pastor at Isny, 1537 — 
Prof. Hebrew, Strasburg, 1544 — reorganizes 
Univ. of Heidelberg, 1546 — driven from Stras- 
burg, 1548 — accompanies Martin Bucer to Eng- 
land, Apr. 1549 — tf. at Cambridge, 12 Nov. 1549 
— his remains (with Bucer's) exhumed and pub- 
licly burnt, 6 Feb. 1557. a Pirskoavol, §c, 
1^1 -^Frecationes hebraicce, §c, 1542 — Isagoge 
xn linguam hebraicam, 1543. a Froude. 

Fagnani, Prospero, canonist, • — b., about 
1600 — rj., 1678. Commentaries on the De- 
cretals, 1 66 1. 

Fagnano, Giulio Carlo, mathematician, — b. 



at Sinigaglia, 1690— Tj., about 1760. Pro- 
duzioni matematiche, 1750. 

Fagon, Gui-Crescent, botanist, §c, — b. at 
Paris, 11 May 1638 — Prof. Botany and 
Chemistry, Jardin des Plantes, 1664 — first 
physician to Louis XIV., 1693 — honorary 
member of Academy of Sciences, 1699 — ij. at 
Paris, 11 Mar. 17 18. 

Fa-Hian, — Chinese pilgrim, travels through 
India, 399-413. 

Fahlcrantz, Karl Johann, painter, — b. in 
Sweden, 29 Nov. 1774 — Prof. Painting, 18 15 
— "&., 1 Jan. 1 86 1. 

Fahrenheit, Gabriel Daniel, natural philo- 
sopher, — fj. at Dantzic, i686, a 1690 b — intro- 
duces use of mercury for thermometers, about 
1720 — discovers fluctuation of the boiliug point 
of water, about 1724 c— F.R.S. London, 1724 
— rj., I736, a 1740.° d a Biog. Univ. b Nonv. 
Biog. Gen. c Brande and Cox's Diet. d Engl. Cyc. 

Faille, Germain de la, miscellaneous writer, 
— fj. at Castelnaudary, 161 6 — secretary to 
Academy of the Jeux Floraux, 1694-17 11— rj. 
at Toulouse, 12 Nov. 171 1. Annates de la 
ville de Toulouse, 1687-1701. 

Fairfax, Edward, poet, — 0". in Yorkshire, 
about 1632 ? Translation of Tasso's Jerusalem 
Delivered, 1600. 

Fairfax, Thomas Lord, general, — fc. at 
Denton, Yorkshire, Jan. 161 1 — General of the 
Horse, 1642 — serves under Earl of Manchester 
at "Winceby (Horncastle) fight, 11 Oct. 1643* 
— defeats the Royalists under Colonel Bellasis, 
Apr. 1644 — effects junction with the Scots at 
Wetherby, 20 Apr. — distinguishes himself at 
battle of Marston Moor, 2 Jul. — General-in- 
chief of New Model army, Jan. 1645 a — victory 
over the king at Naseby, 14 Jun. 1645 — takes 
Leicester, 1 8 Jun. — his interview with Clubmen 
at Dorchester, 3 Jul. — takes Bridgewater, 22 Jul. 
— takes Bristol, 10 Sep. — blockades Exeter, Oct. 
1645 to 13 Apr. 1646 — receives capitulation of 
Oxford, 20 Jun. 1646 — commissioned to convey 
£200,000 to the Scots army, Dec. 1646— meets 
the king near Nottingham, 11 Feb. 1647 — 
M.A. Cambridge, 12 Mar. 1647 — Governor of 
Hull, spring 1647 — Constable of the Tower, 
Aug. 1647 — succeeds his father, Mar. 1648 — 
suppresses insurrection in Kent, 1 Jun. 1648 a 
— besieges Colchester, Jun. to Aug. 1648 — 
attends first session only of High Court of, 
Justice, Jan. 1649 — member of Council of 
State, Feb. 1649— marches against Levellers 
in Oxfordshire, May 1649 — LL.D. Oxford, 
1649 — refuses to fight the Scots and resigns his 
commission, Jun. 1650 — one of the lay Church 
Commissioners, Mar. 1654 s — member of Crom- 
well's first parliament, Sep. 1 654 a — takes part 
with Monk in the defeat of Lambert, Dec. 
1659 — takes York, 1 Jan. 1660 — member of 
Council of State, Jan. — one of the Committee 
charged to procure return of Charles II., May 
— fc. at Nun Appleton, 12 Nov. 167 1. 
a Carlyle. 

Fairholt, Frederick William, artist, anti- 
quary, %c, — b. in London, 18 14 — draughtsman 
to the Brit. Archseol. Association, 1845-52— tf. 
at Brompton, 3 Apr. 1866. History of Costume 



5©4 



FAIRS— FALCUCCI. 



in England, 1 846 — Dictionary of Terms in Art, 
1854 — Up the Nile, 1862 — edition of John 
Lilly's Plays, 1848 — illustrations to Smith's 
Antiquities of Richborough, 1850 — to Evans' 
Coins of the Ancient Britons, 1 864 — to Wright's 
History of Caricature, 1865. 

Fairs, in England, — regulations respecting, 
by Acts 2 Edw. III. c. 15, 1328 ; 5 Edw. III. 
c. 5, 1331 ; 27 Hen. VI. c. 5, 1448 — provisions 
consolidated by 'Act 10 and 11 Vic. c. 14, 23 
Apr. 1847 5 an d 15 and 16 Vic. c. 62, s. 6, 30 
Jun. 1852. [Markets and Fairs.] 

Faithorne, William, engraver, — ft. in Lon- 
don, about 16 1 6 ? — commences business as 
printseller in London, about 1650 — relinquishes 
his shop, 1680 — tf. there, May 1691. Art of 
Graveiny and Etching, §c, 1662 — Sir William 
Paston, Bart., 1659. 

Fakr-eddin, — envoy from Sultan Earned to 
Frederick II., in Sicily, about 1227 — again, at 
Jaffa, 1228-29 — knighted by Frederick, 1229 (?) 
— razes Tiberias and Ascalon, 1247. 

Fakhr Eddin, historian, — fi., about (701, 
a. h.) 1302. 

Fakhr Eddin Eazy, {Mohammed ben Omar,) 
philosopher, §c, — ft. in Persia, about (543, 
a. h.) Jan. 1 149— tf. at Herat, (606,) 29 Mar. 
1210. 

Falaise, in Normandy, — important fortress, 
before 1027 — taken by Philip Augustus, 1204 
■ — the town taken by Henry V. of England, after 
four months' siege, 2 Jan. 141 9— the fortress 
surrenders to him, 1420 — lordship of, given to 
Talbot by Henry VI., 1420 — capitulates to 
Charles VII., 10 Jul. 1430 — taken by the 
Calvinists, May 1562 — retaken by Royalists, 
Dec. 1562 — captured by Coligny, 1563 — by 
Montgomery, 1568 — by Matignon, 1574 — em- 
braces the party of the League, 1585 — taken 
and dismantled by Henry IV., 1590. 

Falck, Anton Reinhard, diplomatist, — ft. at 
Utrecht, 19 Mar. 1776 — ambassador to Madrid, 
1805 — Secretary of Marine and the Colonies, 
1 808 — Captain in National Guard of Amsterdam, 
decides Municipal Council to embrace the 
popular cause. Nov. 1813' — honorary member of 
Academy of Brussels, 1818 — envoy to Vienna, 
1 8 19— Minister of Commerce, of Public In- 
struction, &c, 1820 — ambassador to London, 
1824 — visits Italy, 1829 — representative of 
king of the Netherlands at Brussels, 1840 — tf. 
there, 16 Mar. 1843. 

Falckenskiold, Seneca Otho de, general, — 
ft. in Denmark, 15 Apr. 1738 — enters the army, 
1 75 1 — serves in Russian army against Turks, 
1768 — assists at siege of Choczim, 1769 — dis- 
tinguishes himself at battle of Larga, 1770— 
envoy to St Petersburg, and is arrested and 
imprisoned, 1772 — tf. in Switzerland, 30 Sep. 
"1820. 

Falckenstein, Johann Heinrich von, 
antiquary, §c, — ft. in Silesia, 1682 — tf. at 
Schwabach, 3 Feb. 1760. Antiquitates Nord- 
gavienses, 1733 — Belicice topo-geographicce 
Noribergenses, 1733 — Antiquitates et memora- 
bilia Nordgavice vetcris, 1734-88 — Civitatis 
Erfurtensis historia, $c, 1739-40 — Beschrei- 
buny von Niimberg, 1750. 



Falco, Benedetto di, philologist. Be oriyine 
Hebraicarum, Grcecarum, Latviarum que lit- 
terarum, §c, 1510 — Rimario, 1535 — La Be- 
scrittione de i luoghi antichi di Napoli, 1539. 

Falco, Q. Sosius, — Consul with C. Julius 
Erucius Clarus, (946, a. u. c. ) 193. 

Falcon, Order of the, — instituted by Duke 
Ernst August of Weimar, 2 Aug. 1732 — revived 
by Grand Duke Karl August as the Order of 
the White Falcon, 18 Oct 18 15. 

Falcone, Aniello, (Angela,) painter, — ft. at 
Naples, i6co — tf. there, 1665. 

Falconer, Hugh, botanist, palceontologist, — 
ft. at Forres in Morayshire, 29 Feb. 1808 — 
studies at King's College, Aberdeen, 1822-6 — 
M.A., 1826 — M.D. Edinburgh, 1829 — goes to 
India, 1830 — begins exploration of the Sewalik 
Hills, 1 8 3 1 — superintendent of botanical gardens 
at Seharunpoor, 1832 — receives Wollaston 
medal of Geological Society, 1837— visits Eng- 
land, 1843-47 — F.R.S., 1845 — appointed super- 
intendent of Botanical Garden, Calcutta, Jun. 
1847 — arrives at Calcutta, Feb. 1848— returns 
to Europe, 1855 — tf. in London, 31 Jan. 1865. 
Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis, 1846 — Palceonto- 
logical Memoirs, 1868. 

Falconer, William, poet, — ft. in Scotland, 
about 1730 — shipwrecked in the Mozambique 
Channel, 1769. The Shipwreck, 1762 — Nau- 
tica I Biction ary, 1769. 

Falconer, William, physician,—^, at Ches- 
ter, i74i, a 1744 b — Physician to Bath Hospital, 
1789 — tf., 1824. Remarks on the influence of 
Climate, §c, 1782 — Bissertation on the influence 
of the Passions on the disorders of the body, 1788. 
a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Falconet, Etienne Maurice, sculptor, — ft. at 
Paris, 3 Vevay, b 1 Dec. c 17 16 — studies under 
Lemoine, at Paris, 1733 — received at the .Aca- 
demy, 1754 c — called to St Petersburg by Ca- 
therine II., 1766 — returns to Paris, end of 1780 
— tf. in the Isle of St Louis, 24 Jan. 1791. 
Statue of Peter the Great, 1766-78 — (Euvres, 
17 81. a Biog. IJniv. b Engl. Cyc. c Jal. 

Falconia (Ealtonia) Proba, (Valeria,) 
(Anicia, Veccia,) poetess, — fl., 393. 

Falconieri, Ottavio, antiquary, — ft., about 
1 646 — tf. at Rome, 1676. Inscriptiones athleticce, 
1668 — edition of Nardinis Roma antica, 1666. 

Falconry,— mentioned by Julius Firmicus, 
about 350 — practice of, prohibited to ecclesias- 
tics by Councils of Agde, 505, Epaon, 517, and 
Macon, 5 85 — prohibited to serfs by Cbarles the 
Great, about 770 ? — favourite pastime in Eng»- 
land, from about 800 — rules of, systematized by 
Frederick II., (1212-50) — office of Grand Fal- 
coner to the king, exists in France, by 1250 — 
practice of, by Emperor of China, witnessed by 
Marco Polo, 1269 — treatise of Demetrius on, 
published, 1270 — stealing a hawk made felony 
by Act 34 Edw. III. c. 22, 1 361— attempt to 
revive in England, by George, Earl of Orford, 
before 1790. 

Falcucci, Niccolo, (Niccolo di Fiorenza,) 
physician, — ft. at Florence, about 1350 — tf. 
there, 141 1. Sermonesmedicinalesseptem, 1474 
— Commentaria super aphorismos Hippocratis, 
1522 — Liber de medica materia, 1535. 



FALCZY— FANT. 



505 



Falczy, Peace of, — between Russia and Tur- 
key, cession of Azof and other territories on the 
Black Sea to Turkey, signed, 2 Jul. 17 11. 

Falda, Giovanni Battista, engraver, — fi. in 
Milan, about 1640— tf., about 1700. 

Faledro, {Faliero,) Ordelafo, Doge of Ven- 
ice,— succeeds Vitale Micheli, 11 02 — recovers 
Zara from the Hungarians, 11 15 — receives the 
emperor Henry V. at Venice, Mar. 11 16 — 
killed in battle, 1 1 1 7 . 

Faledro, (Falieri,) Vitale, Doge of Venice, 
— procures deposition of Domenico Salvio and 
succeeds him, 1084 — tf., 1096. 

Falerii, {Falisci,) in Italy, — [B C] — assists 
the Fidenates against Eome, 437— assists the 
Veientes against Rome ; defeated by Camillus, 
(the treachery of the school-master,) 396 • — 

i'oins the Tarquinians, defeated by C. Martius 
lutilus, 356 — joins the Etruscans; again re- 
duced, 293 — revolts, and is reduced in six days, 
241. 

Faletti, {Falietti,) Geronimo, poet, diplo- 
matist, — b. atTrino in Piedmont, about 15 18 — 
at Ferrara, 1534 — in service of Duke of Fer- 
rara, about 1544? — envoy to king of Poland, 
1548 — sent to congratulate Julius III. on his 
election, 1550 — ambassador to Venice, 1554 — 
tf. at Padua, 3 Oct. 1564. Delia guerra di 
Germania in tempo di Carlo V., 1552 — Genea- 
logia degli principi Estensi, 1581. 

Falieri, Marino, Doge or Venice, — fo., 
1274 — succeeds Andrea Dandolo, 11 Oct. 1354 
• — accused of a conspiracy to make himself sove- 
reign, and is beheaded, 17 Apr. 1355. 

Falisci. [Falerii.] 

Falk, Johann Daniel, miscellaneous writer, 
philanthropist,— h. at Dantzic, 1768 — settles at 
Weimar, 1793 — tf., 14 Feb. 1826. Der Mensch 
und die Helden, 1798 — Groteskcn, Satiren, und 
Naivetaten, 1806-7 — Falk' 's Liebe, Leben und 
Leiden in Gott, 18 17 — Goethe aus naherm per- 
sbnlichem Umgange dargestellt, 1832. 

Falkibping, — Albert, king of Sweden, de- 
feated and captured by forces of Margaret of 
Denmark at, 24 Feb. 1389. 

Falkirk, — Edward I. defeats Wallace at, 22 
Jul. 1298 — General Hawley defeated by the 
army of Prince Charles Edward near, 17 Jan. 
1746. 

Falkland, Henry Cary, Viscount, states- 
man, — K.B., 1608 — Privy Councillor, 1617 — 
Viscount, 1620 — Lord-deputy of Ireland, Sep. 
1622-9— tf., 1633. 

Falkland, Lucius Cary, Viscount, — h. at 
Burford, Oxfordshire, about 1610 — enters Trin. 
Coll. Dublin, 1622 — removes to St John's, 
Cambridge, 1629 — joins expedition against 
Scots, 1639— M.P. Newport, (Isle of Wight,) 
1640 — interposes for Strafford, n Nov. 1640 
• — Secretary of State, Jun. 1641 — killed at 
battle of Newbury, 20 Sep. 1643. 

Falkland Islands, — seen byDavies, 1592 — 
by Hawkins, 1594 — so named by Strong, (Stra- 
han,) 1639^ 1690 b — French colony established, 
1764— British colony, Jan. 1765 a — French 
settlement ceded to the Spaniards, 1767 — British 
settlement taken by the Spaniards, 1770, 13 i774 a 
• — restored to England, 177 i b — East Falkland 



occupied by Buenos Ayres, 1820 — given up to 

the English, 1833 — new English colony, 1840. 

a Rees' Cj'c. b Macculloch. 

Falietti. [Faletti.] 

Fallopian Tubes,— discovered by Falloppio, 
about 1550-60. 

' Falloppio, (Fallopius,) Gabriello, anatomist, 
— n. at Modena, about 1523 ? — Prof. Anatomy 
and Surgery, Padua, Inspector of Botanic Gar- 
den, 1 55 1 — tf. at Padua, 9 Oct. 1562. Ob- 
servations A.natomicce, 156 1 — Opera genuina 
omnia, 1584. 

Falsen, Knutsen Magnus, statesman, his- 
torian, — fc. in Norway, 17 Sep. 1782 — Advo- 
cate, 1802 — deputy to Constituent Assembly, 
1 8 14 — Solicitor-general, 1822— Judge of Su- 
preme Court, Christiania, 1827 — tf. there, 13 
Jan. 1830. Norges Historic, 1823-4. 

Falto, Q. Valerius, — [B C]— first prsetor pe- 
regrinus, 246— praetor a second time, 242 — at 
battle of iEgates insula?, 242 — triumphs, (Prid. 
Non. Oct. 513, a. u. c.) 6 Oct. 24i, a (6 Id. 
Mar.) 10 Mar. b — Consul with C. Mamilius 
Turrinus, (515,) 239. 

a Some authorities. h Others. 

Famagosta, Cyprus, — taken by Eichard 
Cceur de Lion, 1191 — fortified by Guy of 
Lusignan, 1193 — Frederick II. embarks at, 
for the East, 3 Sep. 1228— captured by the Ge- 
noese, 1373 — siege of, by the Turks, begins, 
Sep. 1570 — taken by them, 9 Aug. 157 1 — • 
destroyed by earthquake, 1735. 

Famars,— burnt by the French, 1340 — de- 
feat of the French by the allies at, 23 May 

!793. 

Family Compact, — between the different 
branches of the House of Bourbon, signed at 
Paris, 15 Aug. 1 76 1. 

Fano, (Fanum Fortunce,) — Aurelian defeats 
the Alemanni (Marcomanni) near, after 11 
Jan. 27 1. a a Clinton. 

Fanshaw, Sir Eichard, diplomatist, trans- 
lator, — h. at Ware, in Hertfordshire, Jun. 1608 
— enters Jesus Coll. Cambridge, 12 Nov. 1623 
— enters Inner Temple, Jan. 1626 — resigns post 
of Secretary to Embassy, Madrid, 1638— de- 
clares for the king, 1642 — marries, May 1644 
— D.C.L. Oxford, Secretary at War to Prince 
of Wales, 1 644 — Treasury to the Navy, under 
Prince Rupert, 1648 — Baronet, 1650 — envoy 
to Madrid, 1650 — Secretary of State for Scot- 
land, 1650 — taken prisoner at battle of Worces- 
ter, 1 65 1 — Latin Secretary to Charles II. at 
Breda, Feb. 1659— Knt, Apr. 1659 — M.P. 
Cambridge Univ., May 1661 — Privy Councillor 
of Ireland, 1 661— ambassador to Portugal, ne- 
gotiates marriage of Charles II. with Princess 
Catherine, 1661 — again ambassador to Portu- 
gal, 1662-3 — Privy Councillor, 1663— ambassa- 
dor to Court of Spain, beg. 1664— signs peace 
between England and Spain, 1665 — tf. at Ma- 
drid, 16 Jun. 1666— interred at Ware, 18 May 
167 1. Translation of Guarini's Pastor Fido, 
1646 — of Camoens' Lusiad, 1655 — Letters, 1701. 

Fant, Erik Michael, historical writer, — 
— b. in Sweden, 9 Jan. 1754 — Assistant -libra- 
rian, Upsala Univ., 1779 — Prof. History, 
1781-1816 — tf. there, 23 Oct. 1817. Scrip- 



506 



FANTIN— FARMER. 



tores rerum Svecicarum medii cevi, 1818-28. 

Fantin-Desodoards, Antoine Etienne Nico- 
las, historian, §c, — fa. at Pont-de-Beauvoisin, 
26 Dec. 1738 — ft. at Paris, 25 Sep. 1820. I)ic- 
tionnaire raisonne du gouvernement, §c, de 
V Eglise, 1788 — Histoire philosophique de la 
revolution francaise, §c, 1801 — Continuation 
du Nouvel Abrege chronologique de V histoire 
de France, 1788-9. 

Fantoni, Giovanni, anatomist, — fa. at Turin, 
1675 — Prof. Anatomy there, 1697 — tf. there, 
15 Jun. 1758. Dissertationes anatomicce, 1701 
■ — Anatcmia corporis humani, §c., 17 11 — Opus- 
cula, 1738. 

Fantucci, Marco, Count, — fa. at Ravenna, 
1745 — If. at Pesaro, 10 Jan. 1806. Monumenti 
ravennati de secolo di mezzo, 180 1-4. 

Fantuzzi, Giovanni, historian. Notizie 
degli scrittori Bolognesi, 1 7 8 1 -94 

Fantuzzi. [Trento, Antonio da.] 

Fanucci, Giovanni Battista, historian, — fa. 
at Pisa, 7 Mar. 1756 — Prof. Maritime Law, 
Pisa, 1800 — rj. there, 11 Feb. 1834. Storia 
dei tre celebri popoli maritimi delV Italia, §c, 
1817-22. 

Faraday, Michael, chemist, natural philo- 
sopher, — fj. in London, 22 Sep. 1791 — appoint- 
ed assistant in Laboratory of Royal Institution, 
Mar. 1 813 — travels with Sir H. Davy, 1813- 
14 — marries, 12 Jun. 1821 — discovers benzol, 
1825 — commences his lectures to children, 29 
Dec. 1827 — discovers Magneto - Electricity, 
1 83 1 — discovers Electro-chemical decomposi- 
tion, 1833 — Fullerian Prof. Chemistry, Royal 
Institution, 1833 — receives a pension, 1835 — 
•visits Switzerland, 1841 — discovers magnetiza- 
tion of light, 1845 — Diamagnetism, 1845 — 
receives Rumford medal of Royal Society, 
1846 — discovers magnetic character of oxygen, 
1847— tf. at Hampton Court, 25 Aug. 1867. 
Chemical Manipulation, 1827 — Experimental 
Researches in Electricity, 1839-44-55 — in 
Chemistry and Physics, 1859. 

Fardella, Michelangelo, mathematician, — 
fa. in Sicily, 1650 — Prof. Geometry, Rome, 
1676 — Prof. Astronomy, &c, Padua, 1694 — 
Prof. Philosophy, 1700 — mathematician to 
Archduke of Austria, 1709 — rj. at Naples, 2 
Jan. 17 1 8. TJniversce p>hilosophi(B systemata, 
169 1 — TJniversce. usaalis mathematics theoria, 
1691. 

Fare, Anne Louis Henri de la, Cardinal, 
— fa. in La Vendee, 8 Sep. 1752 — Pp of Nancy, 
1788 — deputy to States-General, 1789 — goes 
to Austria, about Dec. 1792 — returns to France, 
1 8 14 — Abp of Sens, 1821 — Cardinal, 16 May 
1823— "is., 10 Dec. 1829. 

Fa'rel, Guillaume, theologian, reformer, — b. 
at Gap, (Higher Alps,) 1489— quits France, 
1523 — at Easel, 1524 — settles at Geneva, 
1534 — resigns the conduct of affairs to Cal- 
vin, 1536 — expelled from Geneva, 1538 — 
organizes church at Neufchatel, 1538 — ac- 
companies Beza to the Princes of Germany, 
1557 — marries, about 1558 — visits Calvin on 
his death-bed, 1564 — tf. at Neufchatel, 1565. 

Farey, John, engineer, — fa. in London, 20 
Mar. 1 79 1 — obtains silver medal of Society of 



Arts for instrument for making perspec ive 
drawings, 1 807 — obtains gold medal, for ma- 
chine for drawing ellipses, 18 13 — employed in 
Russia, 1819— rj. in London, 17 Jul. 1851. 
Treatise on the Steam-Engine, 1827. 

Farget, (Eerget,) Pierre, translator, — fj., 
not before 1490. With Julien Macho, Livrcs 
histories de V Ancien et du Nouveau Testament, 

1477- 

Faria e Sousa, Manoel, poet, historian, — fa. 
in Portugal, 18 Mar. 1590 — envoy to Rome, 
1630-34 — tf. at Madrid, 3 Jun. 1649/ c 1647.'' 
Epitome de las historias Portuguesas, 1628 — 
Comentarios sobre la Lusiada, 1639 — Imperio 
de China, 1642 — Asia Portuguesa, 1666-75 — 
Europa Portuguesa, 1667-79 — Africa Portu- 
guesa, 1 68 1 — Fuente de Aganippe, rimas varias, 
1644-46. a Engl. Cyc. 

b Biog. Univ. c Ersch and Gruber. 

Farinacci, Prospero, jurist, — fa. at Rome, 
1554 — tf. there, 30 Oct. 161 8. Opera, 1620. 

Farinato, (Farinati,) Paolo, — painter, en- 
graver, — fa. at Verona, 1525, !l 1522^ c — tf. 
there, 1606. 

a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Nagler. 

Farine, Pierre Joseph, Viscount, general, 
— fa. in Franche-Comte, 2 Oct. 1770 — enters 
the army, 1793 — serves under Moreau, 1796 — 
aide-de-camp to General Michaud, follows him 
to Italy, 1800 — serves under Massena, 1805 — 
Colonel, 1809 — distinguishes himself at siege of 
Badajoz, 18 11 — at battle of Albuera, 16 May 
181 1 — takes part in defence of Dantzic, 1812 — 
General of Prigade, 1 8 1 3 — Chevalier de St 
Louis, Commander of Legion of Honour, 18 14 
— wounded at battle of Waterloo, Jun. 1815— 
Inspector, 18 16 — Viscount, Inspector-general 
of Cavalry, 1821 — 3j. at Paris, Oct. 1833. 

Farinelli, (Carlo JBroschi,) vocalist, — fa. at 
Naples, 24 Jan. 1705 — visits London, 1734 — 
assumes the name Farinelli, before 1735 — goes 
to Madrid, 1737-61 — 53. at Pologna, 15 Jul. 
1782. 

Farini, Carlo Lnigi, statesman, historian, — 
fa. at Russi, States of the Church, 1822— ex- 
ile, 1 843 — returns after the amnesty published 
by Pius IX., 1846 — again exiled, 1848 and 1849 
— Minister of the Interior in Piedmont, 1850 — ■ 
takes part in the negotiations with Napoleon 
III., and is named Dictator of Modena, 1859 — ■ 
Commissioner Extraordinary to court of Naples, 
i860 — Minister of State and private secretary 
to the king, Jan. 1861 — President of the Ca- 
binet, Dec. 1862 — retires, 24 Mar. 1863 — rj. at 
Genoa, 1 Aug. 1866. Lo Stato Romano dalV 
anno 1815 all' anno 1850, 1850 — Letters to 
Lord John Russell, 1859 — Letters to Mr Glad- 
stone, 1856. 

Farissol, Abraham, rabbi, — fa. at Avignon, 
about 1450 — rj., after 1527. 

Farjat, Benoit, engraver, — fa. at Lyons, 1646 
— Xf., about 1720. 

Farmer, Hugh, theologian,— b, near Shrews- 
bury, 1 7 14— minister at Walthamstow, about 
1746 — if, there, 6 Feb. 1787. Inquiry into 
the Nature and Origin of our Lord's Tempta- 
tion in the Wilderness, 176 1 — Dissertation on 
Miracles, 177 1 — Essay on the Demoniacs of the 



FARMER— FASTOLFF. 



5°7 



Neiv Testament, 1775 — Prevalence of the wor- 
ship of Human Spirits in ancient Heathen Na- 
tions, 1783. 

Farmer, Richard, — ft. at Leicester, 1735 — 
enters Cambridge Univ., 1753 — classical tutor 
of Imraanuel College, 1760-75 — F.S.A., 1763 — 
Master of Emmanuel, 1775— chief librarian to 
the Univ., 1778 — prebendary of. Lichfield, 1780 
— prebendary of Canterbury, 1782 — canon of 
St Paul's, 1788 — if. at Cambridge, 8 Sep. 1797. 
Essay on the learning of Shakespeare, 1766. 

Farmers-General, (Fermiers-Generales,)— of 
the public revenue, an organized association in 
France, 1728 — their contracts quashed by Sil- 
houette, 1759 — swept away by the Revolution, 
1789. 

Farnaby, (Farnabie,) Thomas, philologist, — 
ft. in London, 1575 — servitor of Merton College, 
Oxford, 1590 — accompanies Drake and Haw- 
kins in their last expedition, 1595 — M.A. Cam- 
bridge, 16 1 6 — incorporated M.A. Oxford, 24 
Apr. 1616 — imprisoned, 1641 — Tj. at Seven- 
Oaks, Kent, 12 Jun. 1647. Index rhetoricus 
scholis accominodatus, 1625 — Sy sterna Gramma- 
ticum, 1 64 1 — edition of Juvenal and Per sins, 
1612— of Seneca, 1613 — of Martial, 1615 — of 
Virgil, 1634. 
Farnese. [Parma, Dukes of. ] 
Farnese, Alessandro. [Paul III., Pope.] 
Farnese, Alessandro, Duke of Parma, 

GOVERNOR OF THE NETHERLANDS,- — ft., about 

1552 — accompanies his mother, the Duchess 
Margaret, to the Netherlands, 1559 — marries 
the Princess Mary of Portugal, 18 Nov. 1565 — 
distinguishes himself at Lepanto, 16 Sep. 157 1 
— leads back Spanish troops to the Netherlands, 
end of 1577 — defeats the Dutch at Gembloux, 
Jan. 1578 — succeeds his uncle Don John as 
Governor of the Netherlands, Oct. 1578- — pro- 
cures submission of the Catholics to Philip II., 
and the Union of Utrecht, 1580 — besieges 
Cambrai, 1580 — compelled to raise the siege, 
by the Duke of Anjou, 158 1 — takes Breda, St 
Ghislain, andTournay, 158 1 — Ypres, 8 Apr. — 
Bruges, 26 May — Ghent, Sep. 1584- — Antwerp, 
17 Aug. 1585 — invades France and compels 
Henry IV. to raise siege of Paris, 1590 — com- 
pels him to raise the siege of Rouen, 1592— 
wounded before Caudebec, and U. at Arras, 
2, a 3 b Dec. 1592. a Biog. Univ. 

b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Farnese, Ottavio, Duke of Parma and 
Piacenza, — obtains possession of his estates, 
t-SS°? i55 6h — *., 18 Sep. 1585,* 1587.* 
a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Farnese, Piero Luigi, Duke of Parma and 
Pjacenza, — ft., before 1493— gonfalonier of the 
church, 1537 — created Duke of Parma and Pia- 
cenza, by Paul III., Aug. 1545 — assassinated, 
at Piacenza, 10 Sep. 1547. 

Farnese, Pietro, — commander of Florentine 
army against Pisa, 1363 — defeats Pisans, n 
May— ft., 19 Jim. 

Farnham, in Surrey, — given to Bishops of 
Winchester, by Ethelbald, king of Wessex, 858- 
860 — Alfred defeats Northmen at, 894 — castle 
taken by the Dauphin Louis, 12 16 — garrisoned 
for Charles I., 1641 — taken by Sir William 



Waller, Dec. 1642 — dismantled, 1648 — restored 
by Bp Morley, 1684. 

Faroe Islands, — discovered by Norwegians, 
858-68 — pass to Denmark by Union of Calmar, 
1397 — held by the English, 1807-14. 

Farquhar, George, dramatist,—]), at Lon- 
donderry, 1678 — goes to London, 1696 — ft. 
there, Apr. 1707. Love and a Bottle, 1698 — 
Constant Couple, 1700 — Beaux" Stratagem, 
1707. 

Farragut, David Glascoe, admiral, — ft. in 
Tennessee, U.S., 1801 — enters the navy, 18 12 — ■ 
assistant-inspector of Ordnance, 1851 — sent to 
construct navy-yard in California, 1854 — Cap- 
tain, 1 855 — takes command of expedition 
against Confederates in Gulf of Mexico, Jan. 
1862 — receives surrender of New Orleans, 28 
Jan. — takes Natchez, spring — attacks Vicks- 
burg, May — Vice-admiral, Mar. 1863 — co- 
operates with Gen. Grant in reduction of Vicks- 
burg, Jun. to Jul. 1863 — engages Confederate 
fleet at Mobile, and takes the city, Aug. 1864 
— visits England, Oct. 1867 — fr,, 13 Aug. 
1870. 

Farrant, Richard, musician, — ft., soon after 
i5oo, a 1530 b — gentleman of the Chapel-royal, 
1564 — tf., about 1585. a Engl. Cyc. b Fetis. 

Farringdon, (Feringdon,) Hugh, Abbot of 
Reading, — executed as a traitor, at Reading, 

1539- 

Farsetti, Giuseppe Tomaso, poet, — ft. at 
Venice, 1720 — tf., 1792. Opera, 1776. 

Farthing, — of gold, mentioned in Act 9 Hen. 
V. c. 7, 1 42 1 — of silver, not coined after the 
reign of Edward VI., 1547-53 — of copper, 
coinage of, proposed to Richard Cromwell, 
1659 — of tin, project for, about 1679 — coined, 
1684 and 1690 — half, coined for the colonies, 
1852. 

Farthing Tokens, — private, abolished by 
royal proclamation, 19 May 161 3 — first legal, 
coined, 1613 — proclamation of their currency in 
Ireland, 28 Sep. 1622 — made in Ireland, and 
proclaimed not current, 15 Dec. 1674. 

Fasch, Karl Friedrich Christian, musician, 
— ft. at Zerbst, 1736 — in service of Frederick 
II., 1756 — founds Academy of Singing, Berlin, 
about 1790 — tf. there, 1800. 

Fascitelli, Honorio, (Fasitcllus,) Benedictine, 
— ft. at Isernia, 1502 — enters the Benedictine 
Order, 1519— Bp of Isola, 1551,* 1555 h — 
assists at Council of Trent, 1562-3 c — Ij. at 
Rome, Mar. 1564. Edition of Lactantius, 
1535. a Biog. Univ. 

b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Waterworth. 

Fasti, Roman, — [B C] — made public by Cn. 
Flavius, 304. 

Fasti Capitolini, — discovered in the Forum 
Romanum, 1547, 18 17, and 181 8. 

Fasting, in England, — ordained by Act 2 
and 3 Edw. VI. c. 19, 1549. 

Fastolff, Sir John, general, $c.,— ft., proba- 
bly about 1377 — at the battle of Agincourt, 
14 1 5 — K.G., 1425 — defeats the French at the 
'battle of the herrings,' 12 Feb. 1429— Lieu- 
tenant of Caen, 1430 — ambassador to conclude 
peace with France, 1435 — returns to England, 
1440— tf. at Caistor, (Norfolk,) 6 Nov. 1459. 



5 o8 



FATIMA— FAVIEK. 



Fatima, daughter of Mohammed, — b., about 
605 or 608 — marries her cousin Ali, (2, a. h.) 
623 — tJ. at Medina, 632. 

Fatirnites, Fatimides, (Aliades,) Mahadis 

and Caliphs of iV. Africa and Egypt. Abu 

Obeidallah, — b., 882 — proclaimed Mahadi, 
at Segelmessa, (Ramadan, 296, a. h.) May or 
Jun. 909^ 910 b — subjugates Sicily, 910 — tf„ 
(3 Rabia I., 323,) 10 Feb. 935— Kaiem Abtjl 
Casem, (Mahadi,) (son,) (324,) 936,* 933 h — 
Almansor, (Ismael Abu Taher,) (son,) (335,) 
946 — Moez Ledinallah, (son,) succeeds, (end 
ot Shawal, 341,) 19 Mar. 953^ 955 b — con- 
quest of Egypt by bis general, (358,) 969^ 
972 b — founds Cairo and makes it his capital, 
974 b — takes title of Caliph, 974, b (20 Shawal, 
358,) 6 Sep. 969 : > — Aziz-Billah, (son,) (17 
Rabia, 365,) 24 Nov. 975,* 978, 13 — Hakem 
Bamrillah, (son,) succeeds (28 Ramadan, 
386,) 14 Oct. 996 — assassinated, (11 Shawal, 
411,) 28 Jan. 1 02 1 — his son, Daher Ledinil- 
lah, succeeds, (26 Shawal, 411,) 12 Feb. 
j 02 1 — assassinated by his aunt at Cairo, suc- 
ceeded by his son, Abu Tamin Mostanser 
Billah, (15 Shawal, 427,) n Aug. 1036,* 
1037 b — loss of Syria and Palestine to the 
Turks, (468,) 1076 — Abul Casem Mostali, 
(son,) succeeds, (18 Dhu'l hajjah, 487,) 29 
Dec. 1094 — capture of Jerusalem by his vizier 
Aifdhal, (489 or 491,) 1096 or 1098— loses 
Jerusalem to the crusaders, (492,) 1099 — defeat 
of Aifdhal by Crusaders at Ascalon, 1099 — 
Abul Mansor Amer Kamillah, (son,) (17 
Sapher, 495,) 11 Dec. 1101 — Hafed Ledinil- 
lah, (cousin,) (524,) ii3o, a ii29 b — Daeer 
Bamrillah, (son,) (544,) 1149 or 1150 — loss of 
Ascalon, taken by Baldwin, king of Jerusalem, 
(548,) 1 15 3— assassinated and succeeded by his 
son, Fayez Ben Nasrillah, (Moharram, 550,) 
Mar. or Apr. ii55, a ii54 b — Adhed Ledinil- 
lah, (grandson of Hafed,) succeeds, {555,) 
1 1 60 — deprived by Saladin, who proclaims 
Mostadhi, the Abbaside, (566,) 1171 — "&., (10 
Moharram, 567,) 13 Sep. 1171. [Abbasides.] 

!l Art de Verifier les Dates. b Engl. Cyc. 

Faubourg Saint-Antoine, Pares,— defeat of 
Turenne by Prince of Conde, 2 Jul. 1652. 

Fauehe-Borel, Louis, — b. at Neufchatel, 12 
Apr. 1762 — devotes himself to service of Louis 
XVIII., 1 7 95- 1 8 14 — sent to negotiate with 
Pichegru, Aug. 1795 — arrested at Strasburg, 
21 Nov. 1795, but soon released : again sent to 
Pichegru, Jun. 1796 — proscribed, Sep. 1797 — 
escapes to England, Oct. 1797 — goes to Paris, 
18 16 — commits suicide at Neufchatel, Sep. 
1829. Precis historique des differentes missions 
dans lequelles M. L. Eauche-Borel a ete em- 
ploye, §c., 1 816. 

Faucher, Leon, statesman, miscellaneous 
writer, — b. at Limoges, 1 804 — member of 
Chamber of Deputies, 1838-48 — Minister of 
Interior, 29 Dec. 1848 to 14 May 1849,— again, 
10 Apr. 1 85 1 to 22 Jan. 1852 — tf. at Marseilles, 
15 Dec. 1854. Contributes to Revue des deux 
Mondes, from 1843 — Etudes sur VAngleterre, 
1845. 

Fauchet, Claude, historian, — &. at Paris, 
1529 — tf., 1601. 



Faujas de Saint-Fond, Barthelemi, geologist, 
— b. at Montelimart, 17 May 1741 — ts. in 
Dauphiny, 18 Jul. 18 19. Recherches sur ks 
volcains e'teints du Vivarais et du Ve'lay, 1778 
— Voyage en Angleterre, §c, 1797 — Histoire 
naturelle de la montagne de Maestricht, 1789 — 
Essai de geologie, 1803. 

Faulhaber, Johann, mathematician, — b. at 
Ulm, 1580— fc. there, 1635. Himmlische 
geheime Magia, oder Kunst- und Wunder-Rcch- 
nung von Gog und Magog, .1613. 

Faur. [Pibrac, Saint Jaury.] 

Fauriel, Claude Charles, historian, $c, — b. 
at St Etienne, 21 Oct. 1772 — member of 
Academy of Inscriptions, 1836— ft. at Paris, 15 
Jul. 1844. Histoire de la Gaule meridionale 
sous la domination des conquerants Germains, 
1836 — Histoire de la croisade contre les here- 
tiques albigeois, 1837 — Histoire de la poe'sie 
provencale, 1846 — Dante et les origines de la 
langue et de la litterature italiennes, 1 854. 

Fauris de Saint Vincens, Jules Francois 
Paul, antiquary, — b. at Aix, Provence, 17 18 
— if. there, 1798. Tables des monnaies de 
Provence, 1770 — Memoires sur les monnaies et 
les monuments des anciens Marseillais, 177 1. 

Faust, Johann. [Fust] 

Fausta, Flavia Maximiana, — married to 
Constantine, 307— put to death by Constantine, 
327," 326. 15 a Clinton. b Hieron. 

Faustina, Annia, — married to her cousin, 
Marcus Aurelius, 145 or 146 — tf.in Cappadocia, 
I75, a I76. b a Smith's Diet. b Engl. Cyc. 

Faustinus, theologian, — fl., about 380. 

Faustinus, — Consul with Gallienus, (1015, 

A. U. C.) 262. 

Faustinus, M'Acilius, — Consul with Tri- 
arius Eufinus, (963, a. u. c.) 210. 

Faustus, — (1.) Anicius, Consul with Gallus, 
(1051, a. u. c.) 298. (2.) Anicius Acilius 
Glabrio, Consul with Theodosius, (1191,) 438. 
(3.) Sole Consul, (1236,) 483. (4.) Consul 
with Longinus, (1243,) 490. (5.) Cornelius 
Sulla, Consul with L. Salvius Otho Titianus, 
(805,) 52. 

Faustus Eeiensis, (Regensis,) theologian, — 
Bp of Pdez, 472 — ft., 490. 

Favart, Charles Simon, dramatist, — b. at 
Paris, 13 Nov. 17 10 — marries Mile Du 
Eonceray, Dec. 1745 — tj., 12 May 1792,' 1 i793. b 
Theatre choisi, 1809. 

a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Favart de Langlade, Guillaume Jean, 
Baron, jurisconsult, — b. at St Florent, (Puy de 
Dome,) 20 Apr. 1762 — advocate to Parliament 
of Paris, 1785 — member of Council of Five 
Hundred, 1795 and 1799 — President of Tri- 
bunate, 1 801 — member of Corps Legislatif, 
1 807 — Counsellor to Court of Cassation, 1 809 — 
Baron, 181 1 — master of requests to Council of 
State, 1 813 — member of Chamber of Deputies, 
1 8 15 — Councillor of State, 18 17 — Pres. Court 
of Cassation, 1823 — ft. at Paris, 14 Nov. 1831. 
Edition of the Code Civil, 1804 seq. — Con- 
ference du Code civil avec la discussion parti- 
culiere du conseil d'Etat, §c, 1805. 

Favier, Jean Louis, publicist, — b. at Tou- 
louse, about 1720 — tr. at Paris, 2 Apr. 1784. 



FAVONIUS— FEDERICI. 



509 



Politique de tons les cabinets de V Europe 
pendant les regnes de Louis XV. et de Louis 
XVI., 1793 — Memoir es secrets de Bolingbroke, 

*754- 

Favonius, M., — [BC] — opposes Clodius, 61 
— accuses Met. Scipio Nasica of bribery, 60 — 
opposes Caesar's agrarian law, 59 — attacks 
Ptolemy Auletes in the Senate, 57 — JEdile; 
and is imprisoned by Q. Pompeius Eufus, 53 — 
Praetor, 48 — joins Pompey, and follows his 
flight, and is pardoned by Caesar, 48 — joins 
Brutus and Cassius, 44 — outlawed, and put to 
death after Philippi, 43. 

Favorinus, orator, sophist, — S., about 
125. 

Favorinus, {Varinus, Guarino,) lexico- 
grapher, — librarian to the Medici, Florence, 
1512 — Bp of Nocera, 1514 — tf., 1537. 
Magnum ac perutile dictionarium, §c, 1523. 

Favoriti, Agostino, poet, — b. at Lucca, 
1624 — tf., 13 Nov. 1682. (With other poets of 
the Pleiad) Septem illustrium virorum poemata, 
1672. 

Favras, Thomas, Marquis de, — b. at 
Blois, 1745 — accused of plotting against the 
Revolution, end of 1789 — executed, 19 Feb. 
1790. 

Favre, Antoine, jurist, — b. at Bourg-en- 
Bresse, 4 Oct. 1557 — senator of Savoy, 1584 — 
first President of Senate, 16 10 — commander of 
Duchy of Savoy, 161 7 — accompanies Cardinal 
Maurice to Paris, 16 18 — tf. at Chambery, 28 
Feb. 1624. Opera, 1658-63. 
Favre, CI. [Vaugelas.] 
Favre, Pierre, Jesuit, — b. in Geneva, 1506 
— founds College of Cologne, 1544 — founds 
College of Valladolid, 1546 — tf. at Rome, 1 
Aug. 1546. 

Favyn, Andre, antiquary. Traite des pre- 
miers offices de la couronne de France, 16 13 — Le 
Theatre d'honneur et de chevalerie, §c, 1620 — 
Histoire de Navarre, §c, 1622. 

Fawkes, Francis, poet, translator, — b. in 
Yorkshire, about 172 1 — M.A. Cambridge, 
1745 — tf. at Hayes, 26 Aug. 1777. Poems, 
1761 — Poetic Calendar, 1763 — translations of 
Anacreon, Sappho, Bion, Moschus, 1760 — of 
Theocritus, 1767. 

Fawkes, Guy, (Guido,) — at taking of Calais 
by Archduke Albert, 1598 — takes part with 
Catesby, &c, in Gunpowder Plot, 1604-5 — 
visits Romish refugees in Flanders, summer 
1605 — arrested, 5 Nov. 1605 — executed at 
Westminster, 31 Jan. 1606. 

Fayd'herbe, Lucas, sculptor, architect, — b. at 
Malines, 20 Jan. 1617—tf. there, 31 Dec. 1694. 
Faydit, (Faidit,) Cancelm, (Anselm,) trou- 
badour, — b. in Upper Vienne, 11 90 — goes to 
Palestine, 12 12 — tf. in Provence, i22o, a i24.o. b 
a Biog. Univ. b Ersch. and Gruber. 

Fayette, La. [Lafayette.] 
Fazelli, (Fazzello,) Tomaso, historian, — b. 
in Sicily, 1498— tf. at Palermo, 8 Apr. 1570. 
De rebus Siculis, 1558. 

Fazio, Bartolomeo, historian, — b. at Spez- 
zia, about 1400 a — in service of Alfonso I., 
king of Naples; tf. at Naples, Nov. 1457. 
De bello Veneto Clodiano, 1558^ 1568 a — De 



rebus gestis ab Alphonso primo, $c, 1560 — De 
viris cevi sui illustribus, 1745. 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. 

Fazzello. [Fazelli.] 

Fea, Carlo, archceologist, — b. in Piedmont, 
1753 — tf. at Pome, Mar. 1836^ 1834^ Mis- 
cellanea filologico-critica ed antiquaria, 1790 — ■ 
L'integritd del Panteone di Marco Agrippa, 
1 801 — BZoratii Flacci opera omnia, $c., 181 1. 
a Conv.-Lex. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Fearne, Charles, jurist, — b., about 1749 — 
tf., 1794. Essay on the Learning of Contingent 
Remainders, 1772 — Posthumous Works, 1797. 

Fearnley, Thomas, painter, — b. at Fred- 
erickshall, 1802 — goes to Pome, 1832— visits 
England, 1836 — tf. at Munich, 16 Jan. 1842. 

Feast of the Etre Supreme, — celebrated by 
decree of Convention at Paris, (An II. Prair. 
20,) 8 Jun. 1794. 

Feast of Fools, in France, — abolished by 
Charles VII., 17 Apr. i444 a — observed at 
Antibes as late as 1644. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Feast of Keason, — celebrated by decree of 
Convention at Paris, (An II. Brum. 20,) 10 
Nov. 1793. 

Febronius. [Hontheim.] 

Febvre, (Fabri,) Jacques le, theologian, — • 
b. at Etaples, near Amiens, about 1455 — visits 
Italy, 1486-92 — Prof. Philosophy, Coll. of 
Card. Lemoine, 1493 — attaches himself to 
Bric,onnet, and is presented at Court, 1507— 
his Commentary condemned by the Sorbonne, 
1523 — takes refuge at Strasburg, 1525 — re- 
turns to France and is named tutor to Prince 
Cbarles, 1526 — follows the Queen of Navarre 
to Nerac, 153 1 — tf. there, 1536^ 1537. b Psal- 
terium quintuplez, §c, 1509 — Commentaire sur 
les Evangiles, 152 1 — French version of the 
Bible, 1530 — Aristotelis totius philosophice na- 
turalis Paraphrases, 150 1 — Aristotelis Opus 
Metaphysicum, 1505 — Joannis Damasceni The- 
ologia, 1507. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Febvre. [Lefevre.] 

Fecamp, in France, — occupied by Germans, 
3 Feb. 187 1. 

Fecht, Johann, theologian, — b. in Brisgau, 
1636 — Prof. Hebrew and Metaphysics, Bade- 
Douriach, 1668— Prof. Theology there, 1669-89 
— at Rostock, 1689 — tf. there, May 17 16. Dis- 
quisitio de Judaica ecclesia, 1670 — Historian 
ecclesiasticce . . supplementum, 1684 — Philo- 
calia sacra, 1708. 

Feckenham, John de, Abbot of Westmin- 
ster, — b. at Feckenham, Worcestershire, about 
1515? — chaplain to Bp Bonner, 1543-9 — ^ m ' 
prisoned in the Tower, 1549-53 — chaplain to 
Queen Mary, 1553 — sent to convert Lady Jane 
Grey, 9 Feb. 1554 — Dean of St Paul's, 1554 
— abbot of Westminster, 29 Nov. 1556 — attends 
first parliament of Elizabeth, Jan. 1559 — at_ 
tends theological controversy at Westminster, 
Apr. 1559 — imprisoned in the Tower, 1560-63 
— tf., prisoner in Isle of Ely, 1585. 

Federation of the Champs de Mars, at Paris t 
— held, 14 Jul. 1790— second, 14 Jul. 1792 — 
third, 14 May 18 15. 

Federici, Camillo, {Giovanni Battista Ca- 



5io 



FEDERICI— FELLOWS. 



millo Federico Viassolo,) dramatist, — b. in 
Piedmont, 9 Apr. 1749,* 175 !» b x 755 c — "&• at 
Turin, Feb. i8o3, c 23 Dec. i8o2. a Opere 
teatrali, 1794-7. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. ITniv. c Conv.-Lex. 

Federici, Cesare, traveller, — visits the East 
Indies, 1563-81. Viaggio nel India e oltra 
V India, 1587. 

Federici, Domenico Maria, — b. at Verona, 
I7 3 9 — ft. a t Trevisa, Dec. 1808. Storia di 
eamlieri Gaudenti, 1787 — Memorie trevigiane 
sulle opere di disegno, 1803. 

Fees,— in Common Law Courts, payable in 
stamps, by Act 28 Vic. c. 45, 19 Jun. 1865— in 
Public Departments, by Act 29 and 30 Vic. c. 
76, 6 Aug. 1866. 

Fehrbellin,— Frederick William I., Elector 
of Brandenburg, defeats the Swedes at, 18 Jun. 

Fehrman, Daniel, engraver of medals, — b. 
at Stockholm, 17 10— tr., 1780. 

Feitama, Sybrand, miscellaneous writer, — 
h. at Amsterdam, Dec. 1694 — tr. there, Jun. 
1758. Toneel Poezij, 1735 — Nagelaten dicht- 
werken, 1764. — BLcndrik de groote, {FCenriade 
of Voltaire,) 1743. 

Feith, Rijnvis, poet,— b. at Zwolle, Overys- 
sel, 7 Feb. 1753 — LL.D. Leyden, 1770 — tr. at 
Zwolle, 8 Feb. 1824. Oden en Gedichten, 
1796-1814 — Ines de Castro, 1793 — Thirsa, 
1784 — Brieven over verschillende onderiverpen, 
1784. 

Felibien, Andre, architect, writer on art, — 
b. at Chartres, May 16 19— Secretary of Em- 
bassy, Rome, 1647 — one of the first members 
of Academy of Inscriptions, 1663 — historio- 
grapher of the King's Buildings, 1666— secre- 
tary to Academy of Architecture, 1671 — keeper 
of the Cabinet of Antiques, 1673— tr., n Jun. 
1695. Tableaux du cabinet du roi, §c, 1677 
— Entretiens sur les vies et les ouvrages des 
plus excellents peintres, §c. s 1666-88 — Brin- 
cipes de V Architecture, de la Sculpture, §c, 
1676-90. 

Felibien, Jacques, theologian, — b. at Char- 
tres, 1636 — Archdeacon of Vendome, 1695 — tr. 
at Chartres, 23 Nov. 17 16. Bentateuchus His- 
toricus, 1703. 

Felibien, Jean Francois, architect, — b., 
about 1658 — succeeds his father as historio- 
grapher of the King's Buildings, &c, 1695 — 
tf. at Paris, 23 Jun. 1733. Becueil historique 
de la vie et des ouvrages des plus celebres ar- 
ch it ectes, 1687. 

Felibien, Dom Michel, historian, — h. at 
Chartres, 14 Sep. 1666 — tf. at St Germain des 
Pres, 25 Sep. 17 19. Histoire de V abb aye 
royale de St Bern's en France, 1706 — Brojet 
aVune histoire de la ville de Bar is, 17 13 — His- 
toire de la ville de Bur is, 1755. 

Felice, Fortuna Bartolomeo de, — b. at 
Rome, 24 Aug. 1723— tf. at Yverdun, 7 Feb. 
1789. B'Estato delta letteratura Europcea, 
1779-83 — Encyclopedic, 1770-80. 

Felicianus, — Consul with Ti. Fabius Ti- 
tianus, (1090, a. u. c.) 337. 

Felinski, Aloysins, poet, — b. in Poland, 
1763 — Prof. Poetry and Eloquence, Krzemie- 



niec, about 18 10 — tf. there, 12 Feb. 1822. 
Works, 1 8 16-21. 

Felix I., Bp of Rome, — succeeds Dionysius. 
28 or 29 Dec. 269— tf., 22 Dec. 274. 

Felix (II.,) Bp of Rome,— elected on exile 
of Liberius, 355 — driven away on his return, 
358— tf., 22 Nov. 365. 

Felix III., (II.,) Bp of Rome, — succeeds 
Simplicius, 2 Mar. 483 — condemns Acacius, 
28 Jul. 484 — tf., 24 or 25 Feb. 492. 

Felix IV., (III.,) Bp of Rome,— succeeds 
John I., 24 Jul. 526 — tf., Oct. 530. 

Felix V., (IV.,) antipope, — [Amadeus VIII., 
Duke of Savoy] — elected by Council of 
Basel, 5 Nov. 1439 — consecrated, 24 Jul. 1440 
— renounces the pontificate, 9 Apr. 1449. 

Felix, Bp of Ukgel, — promulgates the 
Adoption heresy, and is condemned (?) by 
Council of Narbonne, 27 Jun. 791 — condemned 
by Council of Ratisbon, about Aug. 792 — 
abjures his heresy at Rome; condemned by 
Councils of Frankfort, 794 — of Rome and 
Urgel, 799— renounces bis doctrine at Council 
of Aix-la-Chapelle, but is deposed and exiled 
to Lyons, 799 — living, 816. 

Felix, (Bratensis,) — tf., 1557. Bsaltcrium, 
15 15 — edits Bomberg' s B iblia sacra hebrcea, 1 5 18. 

Felix, — (1.) Consul with Taurus, (1181, 
a. u. c.) 428. (2.) Consul with Secundinus, 
(1264,) 511. 

Felix, Antonius, — proconsul, in Judaea, 
about 51-62. 

Felix, Laelius, jurist, — £(., about 125. 

Felix, M. Minucius, lawyer,— fl., about 230. 

Fell, John, theologian, — b. iu Berkshire, 
1625 — enters Oxford Univ., 1636 — M.A., 1643 
— Prebendary of Chichester, Dean of Christ 
Church, 1660 — -D.D., chaplain to the king, 
1660 — Vice-chancellor of the Univ., 1666-69 
— Bp of Oxford, 1675 — tr., 10 Jul. 1686. 
Latin translation of Wood's History and An- 
tiquities of Oxford University, 1674 — edition 
of the Greek Testament, 1675. 

Fellenberg 1 , Philipp Emanuel von, philan- 
thropist, — b. at Berne, 177 1 — studies at Tu- 
bingen, 1789 — with Pestalozzi, establishes 
school at Hofwyl, about 1800 — landamman of 
Berne, 1833 — tf., 21 Nov. 1844. 

Feller, Francois Xavier, miscellaneous 
writer, — b. at Brussels, 18 Aug. 1735 — enters 
Order of Jesuits, at Tournai, 1754 — tf. at Rat- 
isbon, 23 May 1802. Catechisme philosophique, 
1773 — IHctionnaire historique, biographique, 
§c, 1781. 

Feller, Joachim Friedrich,— b. at Leipsic, 
26 Dec. 1673 — secretary to Duke of Weimar, 
1706 — tf., 15 Feb. 1726. Monumenta varia 
inedita, 17 14- 18 — Genealogische Historie des 
chur-fiirstlichen Braunschiveigischen Ftauses, 
1717. 

Fellows, Sir Charles, traveller and archaeolo- 
gist, — b. at Nottingham, 1799 — visits Asia 
Minor, and discovers Xanthus and Tlos, 1838 
— second visit, with G. Scharf, 1839-40 — third, 
Oct. 1 841 to spring 1842 — fourth, brings home 
the Lycian Marbles, 1844 — Knt., 1845 — tf., 8 
Nov. i860. Journal during an Excursion in 
Asia Minor, IS08, 1 839 —Journal of Second Ex- 



FELLT HAM— FEN WICK. 



5" 



carsion, 1841 — Xanthian Marbles, 1843 — Ac- 
count of Ionic Trophy Monument, 1848 — Coins 
of Ancient Lycia, §c, 1855. 

Felltham, Owen,— fc., before 1610— tf., pro- 
bably after 1677. Resolves, 1628. 

Felton, John, —posts the bull of Pius V. 
against Queen Elizabeth on the palace gate of 
the Bp of London, 24 May 1570 — executed as 
a traitor, 8 Aug. 1570. 

Felton, John, — assassinates Duke of Buck- 
ingham, at Portsmouth, 23 Aug. 1628 — exe- 
cuted at Tyburn, 28 Nov. 1628. 

Feltz, Guillaume Antoine Francois, Baron 
De, diplomatist, — 6. at Luxemburg, 5 Feb. 
1744 — Commissioner-general for registration of 
Luxemburg, 1770 — Councillor of State, Brus- 
sels, 1790 — retires to Vienna, 1792 — Council- 
lor of State and Commander of Order of the 
Belgic Lion, 18 14 — President of Academy of 
Brussels, 18 16 — tf., 1820. 

Fenaroli, Fidelio, musician, — ft. in Abruzzi, 
1730,* 1733 b — tf. at Naples, i8i7, a i8i8. b 
Megole musicali, 1795. 

a BLog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Fencing 1 , — teaching of, prohibited by stat. 
13 Edw. 1. c. 5, 1285. 

Fendi, Peter, painter, engraver, — ft. at 
Vienna, 1796 — tf., 28 Aug. 1842. 

Fenelon, Bertrand de Salagnac, (Salignac,) 
Marquis be, diplomatist,— ambassador to Eng- 
land, respecting Massacre of St Bartholomew, 
1572 — tf. i599, a 1589^ Siege de Metz en 1552, 
1553 — Me'moire touchant V Angleterre et la 
Suisse, §c, 1659 — Negociations de La Mot he 
Fenelon et de Michel sieur de Mauvissiere, en 
Angleterre, 1731. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Fenelon, Francois de Salignac de Lamotte, 
Abp of Cambray, — d. at Chateau de Fenelon, 
Perigord, 6 Aug. 1651 — goes to the Univ. of 
Cahors, 1663 — removes to the Coll. of Plessis; 
preaches his first sermon, 1666 — receives 
holy orders, about 1675 — Superior of the 
Nouvelles Catholiques, 1678 — sent by Louis 
XIV. to Poitou to convert Protestants, 1686 — 
preceptor to the Duke of Burgundy, 1689 — tutor 
to the Duke of Anjou, 1690 — tutor to the Duke 
of Berri, 1693 — member of French Academy, 
1693 — Abp of Cambray, Feb. 1695 — defends 
Madame Guyon, 1695 seq. — denounced by 
Bossuet as a heretic, 1697 — signs renunciation, 
1699 — tf. at Cambray, 7 Jan. 17 15. JDe V 'edu- 
cation desfilles, 1687 — Explication des Maximes 
des saints, 1697 — Aventures de Tele'maque, 
1699— JJialogues des Morts, 17 12 — Correspond- 
ence, 1827. 

Fenestella, L., historian, — fl., 51 [BC] to 
[AD] 21. 

Fenians, Fenian Brotherhood, — project of 
association formed in America, by Stephens, 
1858 — formally organized, 1863 — : hold Con- 
gress at Chicago, Nov. 1863 — Congress at 
Cincinnati, 17 Jan. 1865. 

1865 : organization of, in Ireland, begins; 
office of the Irish People newspaper, at Dublin, 
taken possession of by the police, several leaders 
arrested, 15 Sep. — the prisoners committed for 
trial on a charge of hi&h treason, 2 Oct.— -hold I 



Congress at Philadelphia, 16 Oct. — capture of 
Stephens, ' head-centre,' 1 1 Nov. — who escapes 
from prison, at Dublin, 24 Nov. — -Special Com- 
mission for trial of, opens at Dublin, 27 Nov. 
— Luby sentenced to 20 years' penal servitude, 
1 Dec. — 0' Donovan, to penal servitude for life, 
13 Dec. — Commission opens at Cork, 14 Dec. 

1866 : Commission at Coi-k, closed, 2 Jan. — 
county and city of Dublin proclaimed under 
Peace Preservation Act, 16 Jan. — sittings of 
Commission end, 2 Feb. — Suspension of Ha- 
beas Corpus Act in Ireland, by Act 29 Vic. c. 
1, and 100 arrests in Dublin, 17 Feb. — invasion 
of Canada threatened, Feb. — arrest of Murphy 
and others in Canada, 9 Apr. — seize British 
schooner off coast of Maine, 2 May — arrival of 
Stephens at New York, 10 May — raid into 
Canada at Fort Erie, 3 r May— arrest of Sweeney 
at St Albans, 6 Jun. — another raid, 7 Jun. — ■ 
Proclamation of Pres. Johnson against, 7 Jun. — - 
arrest of Roberts at New York, 7 Jun. — suspen- 
sion of Habeas Corpus Act in Canada, 8 Jun. — in 
Ireland, continued by Act 29 and 30 Vic. c. 119, 
10 Aug. — renewed agitation in Ireland, Nov. — 
additional troops sent to Ireland, 27 Nov. 

1867 : insurrection breaks out at Cahirci- 
veen, Feb. — threaten Chester Castle, 11 Feb. 
— rising in Kerry suppressed, 13 Feb. — ris- 
ings at Dublin, Drogheda, &c, Ash Wednes- 
day, 6 Mar. — Special Commission sits at Dublin, 
8 Apr. to 24 May — at Cork, 31 May — at 
Limerick, 11 -19 Jun. — riot at Manchester, 
rescue two prisoners, and kill Serjeant Brett, 

18 Sep. — Special Commission at Manchester, 
28 Oct. to 12 Nov. — blow up wall of Clerken- 
well House of Detention, 1 3 Dec. — special con- 
stables sworn in, in London, 19 Dec. 

Attempt assassination of Duke of Edinburgh, 
at Sydney, 12 Mar. 1868 — assassinate D'Arcy 
M'Gee at Ottowa, 7 Apr. — monster meeting at 
Dublin, to demand release of prisoners, 10 Oct. 
1869 — release refused by Government, 18 Oct. 
— condemned by decree of Pius IX., 12 Jan. 
1870 — raid on Canada repulsed, 25 May — pro- 
clamation of Pres. Grant against, 14 Oct. 

Fenn, Sir John, antiquary, — fr. at Norwich, 
26 Nov. 1739 — M.A. Cambridge, 1764 — tf. at 
East Dereham, Norfolk, 14 Feb. 1794. Edits 
the Paston Letters, 1787 — Three Chronological 
Tables, 1784. 

Fenton, Elijah, a (Elisha, h ) poet, — b. in 
Staffordshire, 1683 — enters Cambridge Univ., 
1700 — M.A., 1704c — tutor to son of the Earl 
of Orrery, 17 14 — tf. in Berkshire, 1730. Assists 
Pope in translating Odyssey, between 1720-25 
■ — edition of Milton's Works, 1727 — of Wal- 
ler s Poems, 1729. 
a Chalmers. b Bees' Cyc. c Ersch and Gruber. 

Fenton, Sir Geoffrey, statesman, miscel- 
laneous writer, — Privy Councillor, and Secretary 
of State in Ireland, about 15 81 — tf. at Dublin, 

19 Oct. 1608. History of the Wars of Italy, 
by Guicciardini, 1579. 

Fenwick, Sir John, — arrested as accomplice 
in the Assassination Plot, and committed to the 
Tower, 11 Jun. 1696 — bill of attainder against 
him, 8 and 9 ¥111 III. c. 4, 1 r Jan. 1697 — • 
executed, 28 Jan. 1697. 



5" 



FEODOR I.— FERDINAND V. 



Feodor I. Ivanovich, Czar of Russia, — b., 
1549 — succeeds his father Ivan IV., 19 Mar. 
1584— crowned, 31 Jul. — if., 1598. 

Feodor, (II.,) Czar of Russia, — elected on 
death of his father, Boris Gudunof, Apr. 1605 
— put to death by the False Demetrius, 10 Jun. 
1605. 

Feodor II., (III.,) Czar of Russia, — suc- 
ceeds his father Alexis, 8 Feb. 1676 — If., 27 
Apr. 1682. 

Feraud, Jean Francois, lexicographer, — b. 
at Marseilles, 17 Apr. 1725 — rj. there, 8 Feb. 
1807. Dictionnaire grammatical de la langue 
francaise, 1786 — Dictionnaire critique de la 
langue francaise, 1787-8. 

Ferber, Johann Jacob, mineralogist, — b. at 
Carlscrona, 1743 — Prof. Physics, &c, Mittau, 
Courland, 1774 — ft. near Berne, 1790. Brief e 
aus Welschland iiber natiirliche Merkwiirdig- 
keiten dieses Landes, 1773 — Bey tr age zu der 
Miner algeschichte von Boehmen, 1774 — Neue 
Bey tr age, 1778. 

Ferchault. [Reaumur.] 

Ferdinand, the Just, King of Aragon, — 
co-regent of Castile and Leon, end of Dec. 
1406 — succeeds Martin as king of Aragon after 
interregnum of two years, 24 Jun. 141 2 — de- 
feats and imprisons the Count of Urgel, 141 3 — 
rj., 2 Apr. 1416. 

Ferdinand I., King of Bohemia and 
Hungary, Emperor of the Romans, — b. at 
Alcala, 10 Mar. 1503 — marries Anne Jagellon, 
5 May 152 1 — king of Bohemia, 24 Feb. 1527 
— king of Hungary, 28 Oct. 1527 — king of the 
Romans, 5 Jan. 1531 — death of his wife, 27 Jan. 
1547 — takes title of Emperor after abdication of 
his brother Charles V., end of Sep. 1556 — re- 
cognized by electors at Frankfort, 12 Mar. 
1558 — forbidden to take title of Emperor, by 
Paul IV., 1558 — sends ambassadors to Council 
of Trent, beginning 1562— concludes truce of 
8 years with the Turks, 1562 — ft. at Vienna, 
25 Jul. 1564. 

Ferdinand II., King of Bohemia and 
Hungary, Emperor of the Romans, — b., 9 
Jul. 1578 — crowned King of Bohemia on re- 
signation of his cousin, Mathias, 29 Jul. 16 17 
—persecutes the Protestants ; crowned King 
of Hungary, at Presburg, 1 Jul. 1 6 1 8 — deposed 
by states of Bohemia, 19 Aug. 16 19 — elected 
Emperor, 28 Aug. 161 9 — battle of Prague, 8 
Nov. 1620 — puts Frederick, Elector Palatine, 
to the ban of the empire, 1620 — gives the pala- 
tinate to the Duke of Bavaria, 1623 — makes 
peace with Bethlem Gabor, 8 May 1624 — resigns 
crown of Hungary to bis son Ferdinand III., Dec. 
1625 — resigns crown of Bohemia to him, Nov. 
1627 — publishes 'edict of restitution' of church 
estates, 6 Mar. 1629 — invasion of Germany by 
Gustavus Adolphus, 1630 — battle of Leipsic, 
Sep. 1631 — battle of the Lech, Apr. 1632 — of 
Liitzen, Nov. 1632 — of Nordlingen, Sep. 1634 
— France declares war against him, 1635 — 
makes peace with Elector of Saxony, 30 May 
1635 — tr. at Vienna, 15 Feb. 1637. 

Ferdinand III., King of Bohemia and 
Hungary, Emperor of the Romans, — b., 20 
Jul. 1608 — king of Hungary, 8 Dec. 1625 — king 
of Bohemia, 25 Nov, 1627 — marries Princess 



Mary Anne of Spain, 1631 — gains battle of 
Nordlingen, 6 Sep. 1634 — king of the Romans, 
22 Dec. 1636 — succeeds his father in the Em- 
pire, 1637 — battle of Thionville, Jun. 1639 — 
of Friburg, 1644 — death of his consort, 1646 
— battle of Sommershausen, 1648 — marries 
Maria Leopoldina, 1648 — Peace of West- 
phalia, 24 Oct. 1648 — death of his second' 
wife, 1649 — marries Eleanora of Mantua, 1651 
— )j. at Vienna, 2 Apr. 1657. 

Ferdinand IV., King of Bohemia and 
Hungary, — b., 1634 — crowned King of Bo- 
hemia, 5 Aug. 164.6— King of Hungary, 16 Jun. 
1647 — elected King of the Romans, 1653 — &., 
9 Jul. 1654. 

Ferdinand I., the Great, King of Castile 
and Leon, — marries Donna Sancha of Leon, 
and is named King of Castile, 1033 — succeeds as 
such on death of his father Sancho III. of 
Navarre, 1035 — crowned King of Leon, 22 Jun. 
1037,* 1038 b — invades Portugal, 1044 — ac- 
quires Coimbra, 1045 — wars against the Moors, 
1046-9 — defeats and kills Garcia III., king of 
Navarre, near Burgos, 3 Sep. 1054 — conquers 
Mohammed ben Abad, 1063 — divides his king- 
dom between his three sons, 1064 — ravages 
territories of Toledo and Saragossa, 1065 — If. 
at Leon, 27 Dec. 1065. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. 
b Biog. Univ. and Engl. Cyc 

Ferdinand II., King of Leon, — succeeds 
his father Alfonso VIIL, 1157 — seizes and 
governs Castile as protector, 1158 — confirms 
order of St Iago, 1161 — marries the Princess 
Urraca of Portugal, 1164 — his marriage 
annulled, 1 175— marries Teresa de Lara, 1176 
— her death, 1 1 80 — marries Urraca Lopez, 
1181— &., 21 Jan. u88, a 1187.^ 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. 
b Biog. Univ. and Engl. Cyc. 

Ferdinand III., the Saint, Kikg of Castile 
and Leon, — b., 1200— succeeds in Castiie on 
abdication of his mother Berengaria, 31 Aug. 
1217 — marries Ethisa, (Beatrice,) daughter of 
the Emperor Philip, 30 Nov. 1219 — succeeds 
his father Alfonso IX. in Leon, 1230 — death 
of his queen, 1234 — takes Cordova from the 
Moors, 26 Jun. 1236 — marries again, 1237 — 
makes tributary Abusaid, king of Granada, and 
acquires Jaen, 1246 — takes Seville, after 15, a 
20 b months' siege, 23 Nov. 1248 — takes Xeres, 
Cadiz, St Lucar, &c, 1250 — b*., 30 May 1252 
— canonized by Clement X., 167 1. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. 

Ferdinand IV., King of Castile and 
Leon, — b., 6 Dec. 1285 — succeeds his father 
Sancho IV., under regency of his mother, Maria, 
Apr. 1295 — successfully supported against 
several rivals by the Regent, 1296 — marries 
Constance of Portugal, 1303 — treaty of 
peace with Aragon, signed at Campillo, 1 305 
— takes Gibraltar from the Moors, 1309— if. at 
Jaen, 17 Sep. 1309. 

Ferdinand V., the Catholic, King of Cas- 
tile, then of Castile and Aragon, — b. 10 
Mar. 1452 — marries Isabella of Castile, 18 Oct. 
1469 — proclaimed with her at Segovia, on death 
of her brother Henry IV., 13 Dec. 1474 — the 
rival claim of Joanna, niece of Isabella, sup- 



FERDINAND. 



5i3 



ported by Alfonso, king of Portugal : defeats 
Alfonso at Toro., 1476 — concludes peace with 
France, 9 Nov. 1478 — on death of his father, 
John II., succeeds in Aragon, Jan. 1479 — as " 
sembles the states of Castile at Toledo, 1480 — 
establishes the Inquisition at Seville, 1480 — 
begins war with the Moors of Granada, 1482 — 
captures Abu Abdallah and sets him at liberty, 
Apr. 1483 — takes Baza after 7 months' siege, 9 
Dec. 1489 — the Sultan Zagal submits to him ; 
takes Granada after 8 months' siege, 2 Jan. 1492^ 
24 Nov. 149 1 b — enters Granada with Isabella, 
6 Jan. 1492 b — title of Catholic conferred on, 
by Innocent VIII., and confirmed by Alexander 
VI., 1492 — expels the Jews, 1492 — first voyage 
of Columbus, 1492 — obtains from Alexander 
VI. bull of investiture of the new world, 1493 
— reacquires from Charles VIII. of France 
the counties of Roussillon and Cerdagne, 1493 
— sends Gonsalvo of Cordova to oppose Charles 
in Italy, 1495 — promotes expedition of Amerigo 
Vespucci, 1497 — concludes treaty of alliance 
with Louis XII., 1498 — conquest of Naples, 
1500-4 — expulsion of the Moors from Spain, 
1501 — death of Isabella, 26 Nov. 1504 — his 
son-in-law Philip becomes king of Castile, Nov. 
J504 — makes terms with Philip, 24 Nov. 1505 
— marries Germaine de Foix, 14,' 18 d Mar. 
1506 — renounces administration of Castile by 
treaty with Philip, 27 Jun. 1506 — regent of 
Castile on death of Philip, Sep. 1506 — appoints 
Ximenes his minister, 1507 — deprives Gon- 
salvo of viceroyalty of Naples, 1507 — accedes to 
the League of Cambray, Dec. 1508 — withdraws 
from it, 1509 — joins the Holy Xeague against 
France, Oct. 151 1 — conquest of Navarre, 1512 
— tf., 23 Jan. 1516. a Cardonne. b Crespi. 

c Biog. Univ. d Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Ferdinand VI., the Wise, King of Spain, 
— b. at Madrid, 23 Sep. 1713,* 10 Apr. I7i2 b — 
marries the Princess Magdalene Theresa of 
Portugal, Jan. 1729 — succeeds his father Philip 
V., 10 Aug. 1746 — accedes to Treaty of Aix-la- 
Chapelle, 28 Jun. 1748 — Treaty of Assiento, 
Oct. 1748 — concordat with the pope, Benedict 
XIV., Jan. 1753— death of his queen, 27 Aug. 
1758— U., 10 Aug. 1759. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. 

Ferdinand VII., King op Spain, — b. at St 
Ildefonso, 13 Oct. 1784 — proclaimed Prince of 
Asturias and heir to the crown, 1790 — marries 
Maria Antoinetta Theresa of Naples, 6 Oct. 
i8oi, a 21 Aug. 1802 b — death of his wife, 21 
May 1806 — succeeds on abdication of his father 
Charles IV., 19 Mar. 1808 — meets Napoleon at 
Bayonne, 28 Apr. — compelled to resign, 1 May 
— sent with his brother and uncle to the cha- 
teau of Valenc,ay; liberated, Mar. 18 14 — an- 
nuls the constitution and dissolves the Cortes, 
May 18 14 — marries Isabella Maria, Infanta of 
Portugal, 29 Sep. 18 16 — her death, 26 Dec. 
18 1 8 — marries Maria Josephine of Saxony, 2 
Oct. 18 19 — insurrection of Riego, 1 Jan. 1820 — 
swears to the constitution of 1812, 9 Mar. 1820 
— opens the Cortes, 9 Jul. — French invasion un- 
der Duke of Angouleme, Apr. 1823 — declared 
incapable by the Cortes, and regency appointed, 
11 Jun. — sent to Cadiz, Jun. — restored, 28 Sep. 



— proclaims amnesty and promises good govern- 
ment, 30 Sep. — marries daughter of Prince 
Maximilian of Saxony, 1824 — her death, 1829 
— marries Maria Christina of Naples, 1829 — 
reestablishes Pragmatic Sanction of 1789, 29 
Mar. 1830 — rj„ 27, b 29° Sep. 1833. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. 

c Engl. Cyc. 

Ferdinand, King op Portugal, — ft. at 
Coimbra, 27 Feb. 1340 — succeeds his father 
Pedro the Cruel, 18 Jan. 1367 — claims Castile, 
1369 — makes peace with Henry II. of Castile, 
and agrees to marry his daughter, 1371 — 
marries Eleonora Tellez, 1372 — the war with 
Henry renewed : alliance with John of Gaunt ; 
compelled to make peace, 1373 — renewed war 
with Castile, assisted by Edmund, Earl of Cam- 
bridge, 138 1 — ft., 20 or 22 Oct. 1383. 

Ferdinand I., King op Naples, — b., about 
1424 — marries Isabella de Clermont, 1434— suc- 
ceeds his father Alfonso the Wise, Jun. 1458 — > 
defeated by his rival John of Anjou, near Nola, 7 
Jul. 1460 — battle of San Fabiano, 27 Jul. 1460 
— supported by Alessandro Sforza, 1460 — with 
the aid of Scanderbeg defeats John of Anjou 
near Troja, 18 Aug. 1462 — master of the king- 
dom, 1463 — attends the Jubilee at Rome, 1475 
— marries Joanna of Aragon, 1476 — declares 
war on the Florentines, 1478 — visit of Lorenzo 
de' Medici to him, Dec. 1479 to Mar. 1480— 
makes a league with the Florentines, 6 Mar. 
1480 — revolt of the nobles, i486 — makes peace 
with them, 1 1 Aug. i486— arrests and massacres 
them at the palace, 13 Aug. — excommunicated 
by Innocent VIII., 29 Jun. 1489 — makes peace 
with the pope, May 1492 — ft., 25 Jan. 1494. 

Ferdinand II., King op Naples, — b., about 
1470 — succeeds on abdication of his father, Al- 
fonso II., Jan. 1495 — conquest of Naples by 
Charles VIII. of France, 1495 — escapes with 
his wife to Ischia, Feb. 1595 — recovers his 
kingdom by aid of Ferdinand V. of Spain, sum- 
mer 1495 — ft., 5 Sep. or Oct. 1496. 

Ferdinand III., King op Naples. [Ferdi- 
nand V., the Catholic.~\ 

Ferdinand IV., King op Naples, I. of the 
Two Sicilies, — b. at Naples, 12 Jan. 1751 — 
succeeds on the accession of his father Don 
Carlos to throne of Spain, (Charles III.,) 5 Oct. 
1759 — expels the Jesuits, 1767 — marries the 
Archduchess Carolina Maria (Carlotta Louisa ?) 
by proxy, 7 Apr., in person, 22 May, 1768 — dis- 
misses his minister Tanucci, 1777 — joins first 
coalition against France, 1792 — purchases 
peace with the Directory, 1796— accompanies 
his army to Borne, Nov. 1798 — but hastily re- 
turns : quits Naples with his family, 21 Dec. 
179 8 — conquest of Naples by the French, 2 3 Jan. 
1799 — [Parthenopeian Republic] — returns 
to Naples on board British fleet, after expulsion 
of the French by Cardinal Buffo, 24 Jun. 1799 
— Treaty of Florence, 28 Mar. 1801 — joins third 
coalition against France, Sep. 1805 — deprived 
of Naples by Napoleon I., end of Dec. 1805 — 
retires to Sicily, under English protection : re- 
signs in favour of his son Francis, Jan. 18 12 — 
resumes government of Sicily, 18 14 — restored 
in Naples, enters the capital, Jun., a 14 Aug. b 
S3 



5H 



FERDINAND— FERMAT. 



1 8 15 — assumes title of King of the Two Sicilies, 
Dec. i8i6, a 1 8 17 b — insurrection of Nola, 2 Jul. 
1820 — names the Duke of Calabria Vicar-gen- 
eral, and proclaims free constitution, Jul. 1820 
— attends congress of Lay bach, Jan. 1821 — 
annuls the constitution, and reenters Naples 
with Austrian army, 15 May 1821 — attends 
congress of Verona, 1822 — rj., 3 Jan. 1825. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Ferdinand I., {de' Medici,) Grand Duke of 
Tuscany, — fj., 1549 — created Cardinal, 1563 
— succeeds his brother Francis, 19 Oct. 1587 — 
marries Christine of Lorraine, 30 Apr. 1589 — 
and resigns the Cardinalate ; o\, 17 Feb. 1609. 

Ferdinand II., {de' Medici,) Grand Duke 
or Tuscany, — b., 14 Jul. 1610 — succeeds his 
father Cosmo II., Feb. 1621 — marries Vittoria 
della Kovere, 26 Sep. 1631 — mediates between 
Odoardo, Duke of Parma, and Urban VIII., 
1644 — compelled by Blake to pay compensa- 
tion for damage to English commerce, 1655 — 
mediates between Louis XIV. and Alexander 
VII., 1664 — tf., 23 May 1670. 

Ferdinand III., Grand Duke of Tuscany, 
Archduke of Austria, Prince Royal of Hun- 
gary and Bohemia, — b., 6, a 8 b May 1769 — 
succeeds his father, Leopold II., 2 Jul. 1790,* 
1 791 b — marries Princess Louisa Amelia of 
Naples, 29 Sep. 1790 — acknowledges the 
French Republic, Feb. 1793 — on the occupa- 
tion of Tuscany by the French, retires to 
Vienna, Mar. 1799 — compelled to cede Tus- 
cany to the Prince of Parma, by convention of 
Madrid, 21 Mar. 1801 — receives in exchange 
Archbishopric of Salzburg with electoral dig- 
nity, 27 Apr. 1803 — death of his duchess, 
1804 — by Peace of Presburg declared Elector 
vDf Wurtzburg, 26 Dec. 1805 — member of 
Confederation of the Rhine, Jul. 1806 — takes 
title of Grand Duke, 25 Sep. 1806— restored 
in Tuscany, by Peace of Paris, 30 May 1814 
— fj., 18 Jim. 1824. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. 

Ferdinand, Karl Joseph, von Este, Arch- 
duke of Austria, Field-marshal, — b-, 25 
Apr. 178 1 — commands against the French, 
1805 — defeated by Marshal Xey, 9 Oct. — takes 
Warsaw, Apr. 1809 — assists at coronation of 
Emperor Nicholas at Moscow, 1826 — Governor- 
general of Galicia, 1830-46— rj., 5 Nov. 1850. 

Ferdinand of Cordova, — b., about 1420 — 
serves against the Moors under John II. of 
Castile, between 1431-54 ? — ambassador to the 
pope, 1469 — tf., about 1480. 

Ferdinandi, Epiphanio, physician, — b. in 
Otranto, 1569 — M.D. Naples, 1594 — Syndic- 
general of Otranto, 1605 — tf. there, 6 Dec. 
1638. Theoremata medico, et philosophical 
161 1 — Centum histories, §c, 1621 — Aureus de 
peste libellus, 163 1. 

Fere-Champenoise, — Marshals Marmont and 
Mortier defeated by Prince Schwarzenberg at, 
25 Mar. 1 8 14. 

Ferentinum, {Ferentino,) — [B C] — joins the 
Roman and Latin league, 485 — taken from, the 
Volsci and restored to the Hernici, 413 a (342, 
A. u. c.) 41 1 c — taken by the Romans, 402, 
359, and 298— [AD] — visited by Frederick II., 
Jan. i22i b — conference of Frederick and 



Honorius III., respecting a crusade, spring 
1223. a Zumpt. b Kington. 

c Ersch and Gruber. 

Ferghana, — Yezdegerd takes refuge in, after 
battle of Jalula, 637 — conquered by Catiba of 
Khorasan, (94, a. h.) 713 — governed by Omar 
Sheikh Mirza, son of Abusaid, before 1494 : 
Babek, his son, 1494 — revolt of Ahmed 
Tambol against Baber, 1497 — Baber recovers 
it, 1499 — but finally loses it to Tambol and 
the Uzbeks, 1503. 

Fergola, Niccolo, mathematician, — b. at 
Naples, i75i, a 1753 b — rj. there, i8i2, a i824. b 
Prelezioni d principj matematici del Newton, 
1792 — Trattato delle sezioni coniche, 1791 — 
Risoluzione di alcuni difficili problemi ottici, 
1780. a Biog. Univ. (Brussels edition.) 

c Ersch and Gruber. 

Ferguson, Adam, historian, $c, — b. in Scot- 
land, 1724 — Prof. Natural Philosophy, Edin- 
burgh, 1759 — Prof. Moral Philosophy, 1764 — 
accompanies Earl of Chesterfield on his travels, 
1774 — Secretary to Commissioners sent to 
America to effect reconciliation with England, 
1778 — resumes Professorship, 1779-84 — fc. at 
St Andrews, Feb. 1816. Essay on the history 
of Civil Society, 1767 — History of the progress 
and the termination of the Roman Republic, 
1783 — Institutes of Moral Philosophy, 1769 — 
Principles of Moral and Political Science, i~]()2. 

Ferguson, James, natural philosopher, — b. 
in Banffshire, Scotland, 17 10 — goes to London, 
1743 — F.R.S., 1763— member of American 
Philosophical Society, 1770 — tf., 16 Nov. 1776. 
Astronomy explained, §c, 1756 — Lectures on 
subjects in Mechanics, Hydrostatics, <$c, 1764 — 
Introduction to Electricity, 1770 — Art of 
drawing in perspective, §c, 1775. 

Ferguson, Robert, Presbyterian preacher, — 
flees with Lord Shaftesbury to Holland, Nov. 
1682 a — returns to Scotland and conceals him- 
self in a prison, 1683 a — takes part in Mon- 
mouth's rebellion, and escapes to the continent, 
1685 b — said to be concerned in the Assassin- 
ation Plot, 1696 b — gives information respect- 
ing Fraser's Plot, 1703.* 

a Pict. Hist. England. b Annals of England. 

Ferguson, {Fergusson,) Robert, poet, — b. at 
Edinburgh, about 1750 — rj. there, 16 Oct. 1774. 
Poems, 1774. 

Ferid Eddin Attar. [Attar.] 

Ferino, Pierre Marie Barthelemy, Count, 
general, — fj. in Milan, 1747 — goes to Paris, 
1789— General of Division, 1795 — commands 
under Desaix at passage of the Rhine, 1796 — 
distinguishes himself at Ober-Kamelach, 13 
Aug. 1796 — crosses the Lech, defeats Austrians 
at Kussing. 24 Aug. — distinguishes himself at 
bridge of Huningen, Jan. 1797- — member of 
Senate, Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 1 
Feb. 1805 — governor of Florence, 1807 — 
charged to organize National Guard of Holland, 
1 813 — receives cross of St Louis, 27 Jun. 18 14 
— naturalized in France, Dec. 18 14 — lj. at 
Paris, 28 Jun. 18 16. 

Ferishta, Mohammed Kasim, historian, — 
b. at Astra bad, 1570 — rj., probably about 1612. 
Tarihhi Ferishta, about 1606. 

Fermat, Pierre de, mathematician, — b. at 



FERMIN— FERRAR. 



S*5 



Toulouse, i6o8, a about i595, bc 1590 d — tf. there, 

12 Jan. 1665. Varia opera mathematica, 1679 

— edition of Biophantus, 1670. a Engl. Cyc. 

b Biog. Univ. e Ersch and Gruber. 

Fermin, Philippe, naturalist, — 6. at Maes- 
tricht, about 1720^ 1730 b — goes to Surinam, 
1754 — tf. at Maestricht, about 1790. Histoire 
naturelle de la Hollande equinoxiale, 1765 — 
Description generate de la colonie de Surinam, 
1769. a Biog. Woordenboek. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Fermor, William, Count von, general, — ft. 
at Pleskow, 28 Sep. i704, a 1702 D — enters the 
Russian army, 1720 — Adjutant-general to 
Count von Munnich, 1729 — distinguishes him- 
self in Turkish war, 1736 — Inspector of build- 
ings, 1746 — Commander-in-chief, and Count 
of the Empire, 1755 — takes the command 
against Frederick II., Jan. 1758 — takes pos- 
session of E. Prussia, 22 Jan. 1758 — burns 
Ciistrin, 15 Aug. — battle of Zorndorf, 25 Aug. 
— battle of Kunnersdorf, 12 Aug. 1759 — 
marches on Berlin, Sep. to Oct. 1760 — at 
Colberg, Sep. 176 1 — Governor-general of 
Smolensko, 1762 — tf. at Nietau, Livonia, 177 1. 
a Bees' Cyc. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Fernandez, Denis, — discovers the Senegal 
and Cape Verd, 1446. 

Fernandez, Diego, historian, — goes to Peru, 
1553. Primer a y segunda parte de la historia 
del Pent, 15*71. 

Fernandez, Francisco, painter, — b. at 
Madrid, about 1605 — tf-, 1646. 

Fernandez, Joan, — visits interior of Africa, 
1446. 

Fernanaez, Juan, — discovers isles of Juan 
Fernandez, 1572 — of St Felix and St Ambrose, 

1574- 

Fernandez, Luis, painter, — ft. at Madrid, 
about 1595 — tf. there, 1654. Scenes from the 
Life of St Ramori, Madrid, 1625^ a Nagler. 

Fernandez de Cordova. [Gonsalvo.] 

Fernandez-Navarrete. [Navarrete.] 

Fernando, Bom, {the Constant Prince,) ac- 
companies expedition against Tangier, aud lands 
at Ceuta with Prince Henry, 1437 — takes part 
in attack on Tangier, 20 Sep. — given up as 
hostage to the Moors, 15 Oct. — transferred to 
King of Fez, 25 May 1438 — tf. in his dungeon, 
5 Jun. 1443. 

Fernando Po, — discovered by Portuguese, 
147 1 — ceded to Spain, 1778 — abandoned by 
the settlers, end of 17 81 — English settlement 
in, 1827 — but abandoned by them, 1834 — again 
occupied by Spain, 1844. 

Ferae, Henry, theologian, — fc. at York, 1602 
■ — enters Oxford Univ., 161 8 — removes to Cam- 
bridge, 1620 — D.D., 1642 — chaplain to Charles 
I., 1642 — assists at the Treaty of "Oxbridge, 1645 
— attends the king at Oxford, 1646 — and in 
the Isle of Wight, 1647 — Master of Trinity 
College, Cambridge, 1660 — Vice-chancellor of 
the University, 1660, 1661 — Bp of Chester, 
1660 — tf., 16 Mar. 1662. Resolving of Con- 
science, 1642 — Episcopacy and Presbytery, 1647. 

Fernel, J ean, physician, mathematician, — h. 
at Clermont, Beauvoisis, 1497, 1485, or 1506 — 
M.D. Paris, 1530 — Prof. Medicine, 1534 — tf. 
first physician to Henry II., at Fontaine- 



bleau, 26 Apr. 1558. Monalosphcerium, 1526 — 
Cosmotheoria, 1528 — Jos. Pern, medicina, 1554 
— Therapeutice universalis, 157 1 — P)e abditis 
rerum causis, 1548 — Pathologia, 1538. 

Fernow, Karl Ludwig, archceologist, — fc. in 
Pomerania, 19 Nov. 1763 — Prof. Italian Liter- 
ature, Jena, 1803 — Librarian to Duchess of 
Weimar, 1804 — tf. at Weimar, 4 Dec. 1808. 
Rbmische Studien, 1806-8 — Leben des Kunst- 
lers Carstens, 1806 — Ariostos Lebenslauf, 1809. 

Feronia, asteroid, — discovered by Peters, 29 
May 1861. 

Ferozeshah, in the Punjab, — Lord Gough 
defeats the Sikhs at, 22-23 Dec. 1845. 

Ferrand, Count of Flanders, — fc., 11 86 
— marries Jane, Countess of Flanders, 121 1 — 
refuses at the Assembly at Soissons to aid Philip 
Augustus in expedition to England, 12 12 — war 
with Philip, 121 3 — succoured by the Emperor, 
Otto IV., but is taken prisoner at Bouvines, 27 
Jul. 1 2 14 — liberated by Queen Blanche, end of 
1226, or beginning 1227 — tf., 27 Jul. 1233. 

Ferrand, Antoine Francois Claude, Count, 
statesman, §c, — ft. at Paris, 4 Jul„ 1751 — 
emigrates, Sep. 1789 — member of Council of 
Regency, Jan. 1795 — returns to France, i8or 
— Minister of State, 13 May 18 14 — Peer of 
France, member of Privy Council, 18 15 — tf., 17 
Jan. 1825. La retablissement de la monarchic 
francaise, 1793 — Ju esprit de V histoire, 1802 — 
(Euvres dramatiques, 1817 — Theorie des revo- 
lutions, §c, 1 817. 

Ferrand, Jacques, physician, — fc. at Agen, 
about 1500 ? Trait e de V essence et guerison 
de V Amour, 1612. 

Ferrand, Jacques, general, — n. at Ormoy, 
(Vesoul,) 11 Nov. 1746 — enters the army, 1766 
— distinguishes himself at siege of Lille, 1792 
— takes part in conquest of the Netherlands, 
1794 — commander at Brussels, 1794 — at Be- 
san^on, Jul. 1795 to Jan. 1796 — deputy to 
Council of Five Hundred, 1797 — tf. at Amance, 
30 Sep. 1804. 

Ferrand, Jacques Philippe, painter, — n. in 
Burgundy, about 1653 — tf. at Paris, 1732. 
Art dufeu, 1732. 

Ferrand de la Caussade, Jean Henri Be- 
cays, general, — h. in Agenois, 16 Sep. 1736 — 
serves in campaigns of 1747-8 — wounded at 
battle of Klosterkampen, Oct. 1760 — receives 
Cross of St Louis, 1767 — Major-commandant 
of Valenciennes, 177 3-90 — Marechal de Camp, 
Aug. 1792 — distinguishes himself at battle of 
Jemmappes, Nov. 1792 — General of Division, 
15 Mar. 1793 — Commander of Valenciennes, 

26 Mar capitulates to Prince of Coburg, 28 

Jul. — member of Legion of Honour, 1804 — tf. 
near Paris, 28 Nov. 1805. 

Ferrar, Nicholas, theologian, — b. in Lon- 
don, 22 Feb. 1592-3 — enters Cambridge Univ., 
about 1606 — M.A., 1613 — travels, 1613-18 — 
M.P., 1624 — settles at Little Gidding, Hunt- 
ingdonshire, 1625 — visited by Charles I., 1633 
— tf., 4 Dec., a 5 Nov., b 2 Dec. 1637 — his ' Ar- 
minian Nunnery ' denounced to the Long Par- 
liament, 1 64 1 — and soon after broken up. 
a Annals of England. 
b Biog. Univ. c Cbalmers. 

33 * 



5* 



FERRARA— FERRET. 



Ferrara, Lords and Dukes of, — the city 
walled, about 604 s — See founded, 661 b — be- 
comes a free city, and Federico, [il Torello,) 
has great authority, 1067 to about 1117 — Guy 
I., (Salinguerra,) (son,) considered first lord of, 
1 1 18 — Torello, (son,) succeeds, about 1150 — 
Salinguerra II., (son,) 1195— Giacopo, (son,) 
1244 — Salinguerra III., (son,) 1270 — head 
of the league of Bologna, Forli, and Iinola, 
1 301 — takes Faenza, 2 May 1301 — gets him- 
self proclaimed sovereign, 1308 — conquered by 
the pope and the vicariate given to Robert, king 
of Naples, 1309-10 — the Neapolitan expelled, 
and the lordship acquired by Rinaldo and 
Obizzo d'Este, Aug. 1317 — [Este, House of]— 
Duchy annexed to Holy See, Feb. 1598. 

(City,) seat of Archbishopric, i735 b — seized 
the French, 1796— restored to States of the 
Church, 1814 — occupied by Austrians, Aug. to 
Dec. 1847 — revolt and expulsion of Austrians, 
Jun. 1859 — becomes part of the kingdom of 
Italy, under Victor Emmanuel, Apr. 1 860. Col- 
lege" of, founded by Albert di Este, 1321 c — con- 
firmed by Boniface IX., 1391^ Council of 
convoked by Eugenius IT., in opposition to 
Council of Basel, first session opens, 10 Jan. 
1438 — second, 15 Feb. — excommunicates the 
fathers of Basel ; opening of the council with 
the Greeks, 9 Apr. — declared general for reunion 
of Greek and Latin churches ; first session with 
the Greeks, 8 Oct. — sixth and last, 10 Jan. 
1439 — transferred then to Florence. 

* Art de Verifier les Dates. b Engl. Cye. 
c Dufresnoy. 

Ferrara, Gabriello, surgeon, — fl. at Milan, 
about 1590-16 10. Nuova salva di Cirurgia, 
$c, 1596. 

Ferrara, Hippolito d'Este, Cardixal of, 
-r-ft., 1509 — Cardinal, by Paul III., 1539 — Abp 
of Milan, 1539 — Abp of Lyons, 1539 — ^ D P 0I " 
Narbonne, 1550 — governor of Parma and 
Siena, 1552-4 — tf. at Rome, 2 Dec. 1572. 

Ferrari, Andrea, painter, — ft., about 1590 — 
&., 1669. 

Ferrari, Antonio, (Galateo, Galateus Lec- 
censis,) physician, — ft. in Naples, 1444— tf. at 
Lecca, 12 Nov. 15 17. 

Ferrari, Eartolorneo, mechanician. Dello 
sferologio e sue operationi, 1683. 

Ferrari, Filippo, mathematician, — tf. at 
Milan, 1626. Lexicon geographicum, 1627. 

Ferrari, Gaudenzio, painter, — fj. at Yal- 
dugia, 1484 — tf. at Milan, 1550^ 1549. b 
a Biog. Univ. b Biog. Catalogue. 

Ferrari, Giovanni Battista, Jesuit, — ft. at 
Siena, about 1580 — tf. there, 1 Feb. 1655. 
Flora, 1633 — Hesperides, 1646 — Nomenclator 
Syriacus, 1622. 

Ferrari, Giovanni Battista, biographer, — ft. 
near Este, 21 Jun. 1732 — tf. at Padua, 14 Apr. 
1806. Vita JEgidii Forcellini, 1792 — Vita 
Jacobi Facciolati, 1799 — Vita Fii VI., 1802. 

Ferrari, Giovanni Matteo, Prof, Medicine, 
Favia — tf. there, Dec. 1472. Practices pars 
prima et secunda, §c, 147 1 — Consiliormn 
secundum vias Avicenna ordinatorum utile 
repertorium, §c, 1501. 

Ferrari, Guido, Jesuit, — ft. at Novara, 17 17 
■ — tf., 1791. F>e rebus gestis Fugenii principis, 



§c, 1747-73 — Be vita quinque imperatorum 
germanorum, 1775. 

Ferrari, Lodovico, mathematician, — ft. at 
Bologna, 2 Feb. 1522 — in service of Cardan, 
at Milan, 1536 — tf. at Bologna, 1562,* 1565^ 
a Biog. Univ. b Chalmers. 

Ferrari, Ottavio, antiquary — ft. at Milan, 
1607— Prof. Eloquence, Padua, 1634 — tf., 16 
Mar. 1682. F)e re vestiaria, 1654 — Flectomm 
libri IF, 1679. 

Ferrari, Pietro, architect, engineer, — ft. at 
Spoleto, 1753 — tr. at Naples, 1825. 

Ferraris, Joseph, Count de, field-mar- 
shal, — ft. at Luneville, 20 Apr. 1726 — enters 
Austrian army, 1741 — Director-general of Artil- 
lery in the Netherlands, 1 7 67 — Lieutenant-gen- 
eral, 1775 — distinguishes himself in campaign 
against the French, 1793 — Tie e -president of 
Auric Council of War, 1798 — Field-marshal, 
1808 — tf., 1 Apr. 1 8 14. Map of the Nether- 
lands, 1777. 

Ferrars, George, M.P., — arrested for debt, 
while in the House of Commons, 1543. 

Ferrato, Ercole, sculptor, — ft. near Como, 
about 1630 — at Rome, 1657. 

Ferraud, (Fe'raud,) Nicolas, — ft., 1764 — 
deputy to National Convention, Sep. 1792 — 
contributes to arrest of Robespierre, Jul. 1794 
— shot, by insurgents, in Hall of the Conven- 
tion, 20 May 1795. 

Ferrein, Antoine, anatomist, — ft. in Agenois, 
1693 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 1741 
— Prof. Surgery, College of France, 1742 — Prof. 
Anatomy and Surgery, Jardin du Roi, 1758 — 
tf., 28 Feb. 1769. Cours demedecine pratique, 
§c, 1769 — Matiere medicate, §c, 1770 — Fle- 
ments de chirurgie pratique, 177 1. 

Ferreira, Alexander, — ft. at Oporto, 1644 — 
councillor to the Queen and the House of Bra- 
ganza, 17 15 — secretary to Marquis of Abrantes, 
1726 — tf. at Lisbon, 9 Dec. 1737. Memoirs of 
the Order of the Tenplars, 1735. 

Ferreira, Antonio, poet,— ft. at Lisbon, 1528 
— tf. there, 1569. Poemas Lusitanos, 1598 — 
Fodas as obras de F., 177 1. 

Ferreira, Antonio Fialho, traveller, — ft. at 
Macao, about 1600 — captain of the fleet there, 
1633 — travels through Persia, Armenia, &c, 
to Madrid, 1639 — Chevalier of Order of Christ, 
1643 — tf., probably about 1658. Felacaon da 
Via gem, <§c, 1643. 

Ferreras, Don Juan, historian, — ft. at Laba- 
neza, 7 Jun. 1652 — assists in founding Academy 
of the Lengua Fspanola, 17 13 — tf. librarian to 
Philip V., 14 Apr. 1735. Synopsis historica y 
chronologica de Fspaiia, 1700-27. 

Ferreri, a {Ferrcti, h ) Zaccaria, poet, §c, — 
ft. at Yicenza, 1479 — takes part in Council of 
Pisa, 151 1 — sent into Germany as Nuncio 



Apostolic, 



Rome, after 1525. 



FLijiuiii novi ecclesiastici, 1525 — jS. Carthusien- 
sis ordinis origo, 1509. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Ferrers, Lawrence, Earl, — murders his 
steward, 18 Jan. 1760 — tried at Westminster 
and convicted, 16-18 Apr. — hung at Tyburn, 
5 May. 

Ferret, Emilio. jurist, — ft. in Tuscany, 1489 
— follows Marquis of Montferrat to Naples, 



FEERETI— FET1S. 



517 



1528 — accompanies Charles V. to Africa, 1535 
■ — present at interview of Francis I., Charles 
V., and Paul III. at Nice, 1538 — ft. Prof. Law, 
Avignon, 15 Jul. 1552. 

Ferreti, Giovanni Battista, antiquary — b. 
at Yicenza, 1639 — ft., 1682. Musce lapidarice 
antiquonon in marmoribus carmina, §c, 1672. 

Ferreti, Z. [Ferreri.] 

Ferri, Ciro, painter, — b. at Borne, 1634— if. 
there, 1689. 

Ferrier, James Frederick, philosopher, — b. 
at Edinburgh, 1808— B.A. Oxford, 1832^- 
called to Scottish bar, 1833 — Prof. History, 
Edinburgh Univ., 1842— Prof. Moral Philo- 
sophy, St Andrews, 1845 — ft. at St Andrews, 
11 Jun. 1864. Theory of Knowing and Being, 
1854 — Lectures on Greek Philosophy, 1866. 

Ferrier, Susan, novelist, — b. at Edinburgh, 
about 1782— ft. there, Nov. 1854. Marriage, 
181 8 — The Inheritance, 1 8 24 — Destiny, 1 8 3 1 . 

Ferrier, St Vincent, Dominican, — b. at 
Yalentia, 23 Jan. 1357 — at Council of Con- 
stance, 141 5 — ft. at Vannes, 5 Apr. 141 5 — 
canonized by Calixtus III., 1455. Opera, 1491. 

Ferrieres, near Paris, — head-quarters of 
king of Prussia, Sep. 1870 — interview between 
Count von Bismarck and Jules Favre, V.-Pres. 
Government of National Defence, 22 Sep. 

Ferrieres, Charles Elie, Marquis de,— b. 
at Poitiers, 27 Jan. 1741 — ft., 30 Jul. 1804. 
Me moires pour servir a Vhistoire de I'assemblee 
constituante, §c, 1798. 

Ferro. [Canary Islands.] 

Ferro, Bartolomeo. La storia delle mis- 
sioni de' cherici regolari teatini, 1704. 

Ferro, Giovanni Francesco, historian, — b. 
at Comacchio, about 1750. Istoria dell' antica 
citta di Comacchio, 1701. 

Ferro, Fascal Joseph von, physician, — b. at 
Bonn, 1753 — Councillor of State, 1793 — first 
physician to town of Vienna, 1800 — Chevalier, 
1805 — ft., 21 Aug. 1809. Pom G-ebrauche des 
Kalten Bades, 178 1 — Ephemerides medicce, 1792 
— Ueber die Wirkungen der Lebensluft, 1793. 

Ferrol, in Spain, — made a naval arsenal by 
Ferdinand VI., 1752— attacked by the English, 
1799 — sea-fight between the French and the 
English near, 4 Nov. 1805 — seized by the 
French, 27 Jan. 1809 — given up to the Eng- 
lish, 22 Jun. 1809. 

Ferron, Arnoul le, historian, — b. at Bor- 
deaux, 15 15 — ft., 1563. Continuation of Paul 
Pmile's History of Prance, 1554 — of Du Hait- 
ian's Histoire des rois de Prance, 1615. 

Ferruckabad. [Furruckabad.] 

Fersen, Axel, Count, — b. at Stockholm, 
about 1750 — at Paris, 1790 — assists escape of 
Louis XVI. from Paris, and accompanies him 
in flight, 20 Jun. 1791 — taken prisoner, 21 
Jun. — Captain of the Guard, Stockholm, 1791 
— sent on secret mission to Vienna, Aug. 1791 
■ — minister at the diet of the Empire, Jul. 1797 
— ambassador to Dresden, Sep. 1803 — assas- 
sinated near Stockholm, Jun. 18 10. 

Ferte, Henri Francois, Duke de la, general, 
— b., 1657 — follows Louis XIV. to conquest of 
Holland, 1672 — Governor of the Three Bishop- 
rics, 1674 — wounded at siege of Friburg, 1677 
— commands at siege of Ghent, 1678— Bri- 



gadier, 1684 — Lieutenant-general, 1696 — ft. at 
Paris, 1703. 

Ferte, Henri de Sennectere, Marshal x>e 
la, — b. at Paris, 1600 — distinguishes himself 
at siege of Eochelle, 1628 — at battle of Bocroi, 
1643 — Lieutenant-general, 1650 — Marshal, 
1651 — at siege of Landrecies, 1655 — taken 
prisoner at siege of Valenciennes, 16 Jul. 1656 — 
takes Montmedy, 1657 — takes Gravelines, 1658 
— ft., 27 Sep. 1 68 1. 

Ferus, George, Jesuit, — b. in Bohemia, 
1585 — enters the Order, 1602 — ft. at Brezniz, 
21 Jan. 1655. Bohemian Grammar, 164.2. 

Ferus. [Wild, Johann.] 

Ferussao, Andre Etienne Just Paschal 
Joseph Francois d'Audebard, Baron de, — b. 
near Lanzerte, 30 Dec. 1786 — Prof. Geogra- 
phy, &c, Paris, 18 18 — member of Chamber of 
Deputies, 1830-32 — ft., 21 Jan. 1836. Com- 
pletes the Histoire des mollusques, 18 19. 

Ferussac, Jean Baptiste Louis d'Audebard, 
Baron de, naturalist, — b. at Clerac, 30 Jun. 
1745 — enters Military School, 1754 — distin- 
guishes himself in army of Prince of Conde, 
1791-1801 — ft. near Lanzerte, 1815. Histoire 
naturelle . . . des mollusques terrestres etfuvia- 
tiles, 18 19. 

Ferzi, poet, translator, §c, — introduced to 
Akber, 1568. 

Fesca, Friedrich Ernst, musical composer, 
— b. at Magdeburg, Feb. 1789 — Director of 
Concerts, Carlsruhe, 18 15 — ft. there, 24 May, ab 
20 Mar. c 1826. a Biog. Univ. 

b Ersch and Graber. c Conv.-Lex. 

Fesch, Joseph, Cardinal, — b. at Ajaccio, 
3 Jan. 1763 — Commissioner attached to army 
of Italy, 1795-99 — Abp of Lyons, Apr. 1802 
— ambassador to Borne, Cardinal, 1 803 — Grand 
Almoner, Senator, 1805 — President of Council 
of Paris, Jun. to Aug. 181 1 — exiled to Lyons, 
1811-14 — ft. at Bome, 13 May 1839. 

Fessard, Etienne, engraver, — b. at Paris, 
17 14 — ft. there, 1774. 

Fessler, Ignaz Aurelian, historian, §c, — b. 
in Hungary, Jul. 1756 — enters Order of Ca- 
puchins, 1773— Prof. Oriental Languages, Lem- 
berg, 1785: — becomes a Protestant, 1791 — 
settles at Berlin, 1796 — called to St Petersburg, 
1809 — ft. there, 15 Dec. 1839. Geschichte 
der JJngarn, 1812-25 — Piickblicke auf meine 
siebzigjdhrige Pilgerschaft, 182-6. 

Festus, — 1. Consul with Theodosius, Aug. 
(1192, a. u. c.) 439. 2. Consul with Marcia- 
nus, (1225,) 472. 

Festus, Porcius, — procurator of Judaea, 62. 

Feti, {Petti,) Domenico, (II Mantuano,) 
painter, — b. at Eome, 1589 — ft. at Venice, 
1624. 

Fetis, Francois Joseph, writer on Music, 
biographer —ti. at Mons, 25 Mar. 1784— pupil 
at the Conservatoire, Paris, 1800 — Organist and 
Prof, of Singing, at Douai, 181 3 — returns to Pa- 
ris, 18 18 — Director of the Conservatoire, Brus- 
sels, 1833 — member of Academy of Belgium, 
1 845 — as musical executor of Meyerbeer, pro- 
duces his Africaine, 1 864 — Officer of Legion of 
Honour, 1864 — Grand Officer of Order of Leo- 
pold, 1869 — ft. at Brussels, 27 Mar. 1871. 
Traite complet de la The'orie et de la Pratique 



5i« 



FEUDBJX— FICQUET. 



de V Harmon ie t 1 8 1 6 — founds and edits the Revue 
Musicale, 1827-35 — Biographie des Musiciens, 
&., 1835-44. 

Feudrix. [Brequigny.] 

Feuerbach, Paul Johann Anselm, jurist, — 
b. at Jena, 14 jS"ov., acd at Frankfort-on-tke 
Main, May b 1775 — studies at Jena, 1792 — 
Prof. Feudal Law there, 1801 — removes to 
Kiel, 1802 — Privy Councillor, Munich, 1808 
— charged by king of Bavaria to prepare Code, 
1808 — second President of Court of Appeal, 
Bamberg, 1817 — first President, Anspach, 1821 
— tf. at Jena, a at Frankfort, b c d 9,° 29 d 
May 1833. Anti-Hobbes, 1798 — Revision der 
Grundsdtze und Grundbegriffe des peinlichen 
Rechts, 1799 — Lehrbuch des gcmeinen, in 
Deutschland geltenden peinlichen Rrivatrechts, 
1 801 — Strafgesetzbuch fur das Kbnigreich 
Raiern, 181 3 — Merkwurdige Criminalsrechts- 
falle, 1808-11 — Themis, 1812. a Biog. Univ. 
b Engl. Cyc. c Ersch and Gruber. d Conv.-Lex. 

Feuillant Club,— founded at Paris, summer 
17 9 1 — extinguished, Nov. 1791. 

Feuillantines, Order of, — founded by Mar- 
guerite de Polastron, 1583.* a Dufresnoy. 

Feuillants, Order of, — founded by Jean de 
la Barriere, 1587. a a Dufresnoy. 

Feuillee, Louis, naturalist, — b. in Provence, 
1660 — tf. at Marseilles, 1732. Journal des 
observations physiques, mathematiques, et bo- 
taniques, $c, 17 14 — Suite du Journal, §c, 1725. 

Feuquiere, Antoine de Pas, Marquis de, 
general, — b. at Paris, 1648 — enters the army, 
1666 — aide-de-camp of Luxembourg, 1672-3 — 
Lieutenant-general, 1693 — tf. at Paris, 27 Jan. 
17 1 1. Memoir es sur la guerre, 1731. 

Feuquiere, Manasses de Pas, Marquis de, 
general, — b. at Saumur, 1 Jun. 1590 — serves 
at siege of Bochelle, 1627-8 — ambassador in 
Germany, 1633-4 — taken prisoner at siege of 
Thionville, 1639 — tf. at Diedenhofen, 14 Mar. 
1640. Lettres et negociations, §c., 1753. 

Fevre, Jacques le. Anciens memoires du 
I4 e siecle depuis peu decouverts, 1692. 

Fevre, Jean le,— b. at Dijon, 1493 — tf., 
1565. Livret des emblemes d' A.lciat, §c, 1536 
— Diction n a ire des rimes francaises, 1572. 

F'evre, Raoul le, — fl., about 1460. Recueil 
des Histoires de Troyes, §c, 1496 — La Vie du 
preux et vaillant Herctde, 1500 — Le Livre die 
preux et vaillant Jason et de la belle Mede'e, 
probably before 1474. 

Fevre. [Faber, Lefevre.] 

Fevret, Charles,— b. in Auxois, 1583 — 53. 
at Dijon, 1661. Traite de Vabus, 1653. 

Feyjoo y Montenegro, Francesco Bene- 
detto Geronimo, — b. at Conrpostella, 6 Feb. 
1 701 — tf. Abbot of St Vincent, Oviedo, 16 
May 1764. Teatro Critico, 1726-46 — Cartas 
eruditas y curiosas, 1748. 

Feynes, Henri de, traveller. Voyage par 
terre depuis Raris jusqii a la Chine, 1630. 

Fez, in Africa, — ravaged by the Vandals, 41 1 
— conquered by the Arabs and becomes part of 
the Caliphate of Damascus, 678 — revolts and 
becomes seat of the Edrisites, 782,* 784 b — city 
founded by Edris, before 829 b — annexed by 
Abderahman III. to the Caliphate of Cordova, 
931 — subject to the Fatimite Caliphs, 960 — 



seized by the Almoravides, 1070 — by the Almo- 
hades, 1145 — recovers its power under the Me- 
linites, 1248 — conquered and partly annexed to 
Morocco, 1536^ 1548 c — forms part of empire 
of Morocco, from 1730.* a Encyc. Mod. 
b Ersch and Gruber. c Macculloeb. 

Fezzan, in Africa, {Rhasania Regis, Gara- 
mantes,) — [B C] — conquered by the Bonians 
under Corn. Balbus, 43 — [AD] — subject to the 
Arabs, before 700 — held by Sherifs of Moroc- 
co, soon after 1300 — seized by the Bey Mukuy, 
1 8 1 1 — conquered by the Turks and made a 
Pashalic, 1842. 

Fiacchi, Lodovico, poet, fc, — b. in Tuscany, 
1754 — tf. at Florence, 26 May 1825. JDichi- 
arazione di molti proverbi, <yc, 1820 — Roesie 
pastorali e rusticali, 1808. 

Fialetti, Odoardo, painter, engraver, — b. at 
Bologna, 1573 — tf. at Venice, 1638. 

Fiard, Jean Baptiste, — b. at Dijon, 28 Nov. 
1736 — tf. there, 30 Sep.. 1818. Lettres philoso- 
phiques sur la magie, 1803 — La France trompe'e 
par les magiciens, $c, 1803. 

Fichard, Johann, jurist, §c„ — b. at Frank- 
fort-on-the-Maine, 15 12 — tf. there, 7 Jun. 158 1. 
Onomasticon philosopho- medicum synonymum 
et alterum pro vocabulis Raracelsi, 1574 — 
Vitas recentiorum jurisconsultorum, §c, 1537 — 
Tractatus cautelarum, 1572 — Consilia, 1590. 

Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, philosopher, — b. 
at Bammenau, Upper Lusatia, 19 May 1762 
— enters Univ. of Jena, 1780 — studies at 
Leipsic ; private tutor at Zurich, Sep. 1788 to 
Mar. 1790 — visits Kant at Kbnigsberg, Jun. 
1 79 1 — tutor, near Dantzic, 1791-93 — marries 
Johanna Balm, at Baden near Zurich, 22. Oct. 
1793 — Prof. Philosophy, Jena, May 1794 — 
settles at Berlin, Jul. 1799 — Prof. Philosophy, 
Erlangen, May 1805 — goes to Konigsberg, Oct. 
— returns to Berlin, Aug. 1807 — reorganizes the 
Univ., Dec. 1807 — Bector, 1810 — tf. at Berlin, 27 
Jan. 18 14. Versuch einer Kritik alter Offen- 
barung, 1792 — Reden an die Deutsche Nation, 
1804 — Ueber den Regriff der Wissenschaftslehre, 
1 7 94 — Grundlage der gesammten Wissenschafts- 
lehre, 1794 — Ueber die Bestimmung des Men- 
schen, 1800 — Vorlesungen ueber die Bestimmung 
des Gelehrten, 1794 — System der Sittenlehre, 
1798 — Anweisung zum seligen Leben, 1806 — 
Grundzuge des gegenwdrtigen Zeitalters, 1 806. 

Fichtel, Johann Ehrenreich, naturalist, — 
b. at Presburg, 1732 — sent into Transylvania, 
as clerk to the Treasury, 1768 — director of ad- 
ministration of the province, 1785 — counsellor, 
1 7 87- — tf. in Transylvania, 4 Feb. 1 795. Beitrag 
zur Miner algeschichte von Siebenbiirgen, 1780. 

Ficino, Marsilio, philosopher, — b. at Flor- 
ence, 19 Oct. 1433 — tutor to Lorenzo de' Me- 
dici, about 1458 ? — President of the Platonist 
Academy, about 1460 a — canon of Florence, 
about 1473 — tf. at Florence, 1 Oct. 1499. 
Opera, 149 1 — Fpistolai, 1495. a Sieveking. 

Ficoroni, Francesco, antiquary, — b. near 
Borne, 1664 — tf-, 23 Jan. 1747. L tali ed altri 
instrumenti lusorii degli antichi Romani, 1 7 34 — 
I vestigj e raritd di Roma antica, fyc, 1744 — 
Gemmae antiquae litteratce, §c, 1757. 

Ficquet, Etienne, engraver, — b. at Paris, 
1731— tf. } 1794. 



FIDENJE— FILIPEPL 



5i9 



Fidenae,— [BC]— last revolt of, 438 — de- 
stroyed by the Eoraans, 437 — [AD] — fall of 
amphitheatre at, 27. 

Fidenas, L. Sergius,— [BC]- Consul with 
M. G-eganius Macerinus, (317, a. tj. c.) 437. 

Fidenza. [Buonaventura, St.] 

Fides, asteroid, — discovered by Luther, at 
Basel, 5 Oct. 1855. 

Field, John, pianist, — $. at Bath, 1783,* 
Dublin, 1782 b — accompanies Clementi to 
Paris, 1802 — settles at St Petersburg, 1804 — 
at Moscow, 1822 — visits England, France, &c, 
1 83 1 -5 — tf. at Moscow, Jan. 1837. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Field, Nathaniel, actor, — one of the ' Chil- 
dren of the Chapel,' 1600-9 — tr., 1641 ? A 
Woman's a Weathercock, 161 2 — Amends for 
Ladies, 1618 — Fatal Boivry, 1632. 

Field, Richard, theologian, — fa. in Hertford- 
shire, Oct. 156 1 — chaplain to Queen Elizabeth, 
Sep. 1598 — to James I., 1603 — canon of Wind- 
sor, 1604 — dean of Gloucester, about 1609 — tf., 
21 Nov. 1616. Of the Church, 1606-10. 

'Field of the Cloth of Gold,' (Champ de 
Drap d'Or,) — interviews of Henry VIII. with 
Francis I., between Gruisnes and Ardres, 4-25 
Jim. 1520. 

Fielding, Copley Vandyke, painter, — fa., 
about 1788— exhibits, 18 10 — Pres. Society of 
Painters in Water- Colours, 1831 — tr. at 
Worthing, 3 Mar. 1855. 

Fielding, Henry, novelist, — fa. in Somerset- 
shire, 22 Apr. 1707 — studies at Ley den, 1725- 
27 — settles in London, 1727 — marries, 1736 — 
tr. at Lisbon, 8 Oct. 1754. Joseph Andrews, 
1742 — Jonathan Wild, about 1744? True 
Patriot, 1745 — Jacobite Journal, 1748 — Amelia, 
1751 — Tom Jones, 1750 — Covent Garden Jour- 
nal, about 1 75 1 -2. 

Fiennes, William. [Say and Sele, Lord.] 

Fienus. [Fyens.] 

Fieschi, Joseph Marie, conspirator, — 6. in 
Corsica, 1790 — enters the army, 1808 — serves 
in Russian campaign, 18 12 — imprisoned for 
theft, 1816-26 — goes to Paris, 1830 — attempts 
assassination of Louis Philippe by the infernal 
machine, 28 Jul. 1835 — executed, 19 Feb. 1836. 

Fiesole, Fra Giovanni Da, (II Beato Ange- 
lico,) painter, — fa. in the Mugello, 1387 — enters 
the Order of Predicants of Fiesole, 1407,* ° 
1409 b — paints at Cortona, 1409-18 — resides at 
Fiesole, 1418-36 — employed in Convent of St 
Mark, Florence, 1436-45 — employed in the 
Vatican, 1445 — at Orvieto, 1447 — returns to 
Borne, Sep. 1447 — tr. there, 1455. 

a Conv.-Lex. b Engl. Cyc. c Wornum. 

Fifth Monarchy Men, — appear in England, 
1645^ 1654 b — conspiracy of, against the Pro- 
tector, frustrated, and their leaders imprisoned, 
9 Apr. 1657 c — extinct as a sect, soon after 
1660, a Riddle. b Chambers' Cyc. c Carlyle. 

Figliucci, Felice, philosopher, litterateur, — 
6. at Siena, about 1524 or 1526 — tr., probably 
about 1590. Delia filosojia morale libri died, §c, 
155 1 — translation of Plato's Phcedrus* Phcc- 
don, b 1544 — translation of Epistolce of Ficino, 
1546-8. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Figueiredo, Antonio Pereira de, theologian, 
$c, — fa. at Macao, 14 Feb. 1725— tf., 14 Aug. 



1797. Novo methodo da grammatica latina, 
1752 — Dcctrina veteris Ecclesice de suprema 
regum etiam in clericos potestate, §c, 1765 — 
Tentativa theologiea, §c, 1766. 

Figueiredo, Manoel de, mathematician, — fa. 
at Torres Novas, about 1568 — tr., about 1630. 
Cronografia, 1603 — Hidrograjia, 1608. 

Figueras, — seized by Philip the Bold, Jun. 
1285 — falls into the hands of the French, 
1675 — citadel built by Ferdinand VI., about 
1750 — captured by the French, 27 Nov. 1794 — 
again by Napoleon, 1 808 — retaken by Spaniards, 
Apr. 1 81 1 — by French, after 5 months' siege, 
May to Oct. 181 1 — restored to Spain, 18 14 — ■ 
again taken by the French, 1823. 

Figueroa, Cristoforo Suarez de, poet, — fa. at 
Valladolid, about 1586 — tr., 1650. Espejo de 
Juventud, 1607— La constante Amarillis, 1609 
— Espana defendida, 16 12 — Hechos del marques 
don Garcia BZurtado de Mendoza, 16 13. 

Figueroa, Francisco de, poet, — fa. at Alcala 
de Henares, about 1540 — tf-, about 1620? 

Figueroa, Garcia de Silva y, diploma- 
tist, — fa. at Badajoz, about 1574 — tf., proba- 
bly about 1630. Breviar. histor. BTispanicce, 
1628. 

Figueroa, Lopez de, — fa. at Valladolid, about 
1520 — distinguishes himself in reduction of the 
Moors of Andalusia, 1562 — contributes to 
victory of Lepanto, Oct. 157 1 — tr., 1595. 

Figulus, C. Marcius, — [BC] — 1. Consul 
with P. Corn. Scipio Nasica, (592, a. u. c.) 162 
— with L. Corn. Lentulus Lupus, (598,) 156. 
2. Consul with L. Julius Caesar, (690,) 64. 

Figulus, Karl, naturalist. Botano - Me- 
thodus, 1540 — Ichthyologia, 1540— De Ilustel- 
lis, 1540. 

Figulus, P. Nigidius, Pythagorean philoso- 
pher, — [B C] — takes down evidence of witnesses 
in Catiline's conspiracy, 63— praetor, 59 — takes 
part with Pompey, 49 — tr. in exile, 44. 

Filangieri, Gaetano, publicist, — fa. at Naples, 
18 Aug. 1752 — enters the army, 1766 — member 
of Supreme Council of Finances, 1787 — tr. at 
Vico-Equense, 21 Jul. 1788. Scienza della, 
Legislazione, 1780-88. 

Filassier, Jean Jacques, — fa. in Flanders, 
about 1736 — tf. at Clamart, 1806. Bictionnaire 
historique de V education, 1784 — Eraste, 1803 — 
Bictionnaire du jar dinier franc ais, 1790. 

Filhol, Antoine Michel, engraver,— -fa.., 1759 
— tf. at Paris, 5 May 181 2. Edits Cours 
e'le'mentaire de peinture, 1804 — Concours de- 
cennal, 18 12. 

Filiassi, Jacopo, Count, historian, — fa. at 
Venice, about 1750 — admitted to Academy of 
Mantua, 1787. Memorie storiche de' Veneti 
primi e secundi, 1796 — Ricerche storico-critiche 
suit opportunitd delle lagune veneziane, 1803. 

Filicaia, Vincenzo de, poet, — fa. at Florence, ^ 
30 Dec. 1642 — tf. there, 24 Sep. 1707. Poesie 
toscane, 1707. 

' Filioque,' — phrase added to article of 
Nicene Creed, respecting Procession of the 
Holy Ghost, by Becared, at Council of Toledo, 
589 a — adopted by Charles the Great, about 788* 
— adopted by Pope Benedict VIII. at instance 
of Emperor Henry II., ioi4. a a Ffoulkes. 

Filipepi, Sandro. [Botticelli.] 



5" 



FILLANS— FIORILLO. 



Fillans, James, sculptor, — ft. in Lanarkshire, 
Scotland, 27 Mar. 1808 — settles in London, 
1836 — tf. at Glasgow, 12 Sep. 1852. 

Fillastre, (Filastre,) Gruillaume, historian, — 
ft., about 1400 — D.D. Louvain, Jan. 1436 — 
Chancellor of Order of the Toison d'Or, 1430 — 
takes part in Council of Basel, between 1431-39 
— Bp of Verdun, 1437 — Bp of Toul, 1449 — Bp 
of Tournai, 1461 — envoy to Piiis IT., 1463 — tf. 
at Ghent, 22 Aug. 1473. Chronique de Vhistoire 
de France, 15 17 — La Toison d'Or, §c, 1517. 

Filleau, Jean, advocate, — ft. at Poitiers, 
1600 — tf. there, 1682. Les Arrets notables du 
parlement de Paris, 163 1 — Relation juridique 
de ce qui s'est passe a, Foitiers touchant la 
nouvelle doctrine des Jansenistes, 1654. 

Filleau de la Chaise, Jean, historian, — ft. 
at Poitiers, about 1630 — tf. .at Paris, 1693. 
PTistoire de Saint Louis, 1688 — Discours sur les 
Pensees de Pascal, 1672. 

Filleau de Saint Martin, — tf., about 1695. 
French translation of Bon Quixote, 1677. 

Filleul, Nicolas, poet, — ft. at Bouen, about 
1530. Le Discourse, 1560 — Les Theatres de 
Gaillon, 1566. 

Filmer, Sir Kobert, political writer, — enters 
Cambridge Univ., Jul. 1604 a — tf., 1647 , a 1688. b 
Anarchy of a limited and mixed Monarchy, 
1646 — Original of Government, 1652 — Free- 
holder 's Grand Lnquest, 1679 — Political Pis- 
courses, 1680. a Chalmers. b Rose's Biog. Diet. 

Fimbria, C. Flavius, — [B C]— accompanies 
Valerius Flaccus into Asia as legate, 86 — kills 
Flaccus, defeats Mithridates, sacks Ilium, 85 — 
defeated by Sulla, kills himself, 84. 

Final, Marquisate of, — given to the 
Genoese by the Emperor Charles VI., 16 Aug. 
17 1 3 — sold by the Empress-queen of Hungary 
to the king of Sardinia by Treaty of Worms, 
13 Sep. 1743 — guaranteed to Genoa by France, 
Spain, and Naples, 1745 — town bombarded by 
the English, 1745 — capitulates to king of Sar- 
dinia, 26 Sep. 1746. 

Finch, Daniel and Heneage. [Notting- 
ham, Paris of] 

Finch, Sir John, (Lord Finch,) Loud 
Keeper, — ft., 17 Sep. 1584 — admitted to 
Gray's Inn, 1600 — called to tbe bar, 8 Nov. 
161 1 — M.P. Canterbury, 16 14 — Autumn 
Beader, Gray's Inn, 16 18 — Attorney-general 
to the Queen, 13 Dec. 1626 — Speaker of the 
House of Commons, 1628 — refuses to put 
question respecting tunnage and poundage, 
Feb. 1629 — held in the chair while the vote 
passed, 2 Mar. — Chief Justice of the Common 
Pleas, 14 Oct. 1634 — Lord Keeper, Jan. 1640 
— Baron Finch, 7 Apr. 1640 — impeached, 
escapes to Holland, 21 Dec. 1640 — sits on trial 
of the 'regicides, Oct. 1660— tf., 20 Nov. 1660. 

Finck, (Fink,) Friedrich August von, gen- 
eral. — ft. at Strelitz, 17 18 — enters the service 
of Frederick the Great, 1743 — Lieutenant- 
general, 1759 — left in charge of Saxony by 
Frederick II., 1759 — commands vanguard at 
Kunersdorf, Aug. 1759 — ordered to take up 
position at Maxen, 17 Nov —defeated there by 
Daun, surrenders unconditionally, 20 Nov. 
1759 — tried by court-martial, and imprisoned, 



1762 — enters the service of the king of Den- 
mark, 1764 — tf. at Copenhagen, 1766. 

Finden, William, engraver, — ft., 1787 — tf., 
20 Sep. 1852. Byron Beauties, 1836 — Gallery 
of British Art, 1838-40. 

Fine Arts, in England, — Commission on the, 
issued, 1 841. 

Finelli, Giuliano, sculptor, — ft. at Carrara, 
1602 — tf. at Borne, 1657. 

Fines and Fees, in Great Britain, — col- 
lection of, by local authorities, by means of 
stamps, authorized by Act 32 and 33 Vic. c. 
49, 2 Aug. 1869. 

Fines and Recoveries, form of conveyance of 
lands, — abolished by Act 3 and 4 Wm IV. c. 
74, 28 Aug. 1833. 

Finestres y Monsalvo, Jose, jurist, — b. at 
Barcelona, n Apr. 1688 — tf. in Catalonia, 17 
Nov. 1770. Ln Hermogeniani jurisconsidti 
juris epitomarum libros sex Commentarius, 
1757 — Sylloge inscriptionum Romanarum, $c, 
1760. 

Finiguerra, Tommaso, (Maso,) engraver, — 
b. at Florence, about 1424. Coronation of the 
Virgin, 1452. a a Nagler. 

Finisterre, Cape, — Admiral Anson defeats 
the Marquis de Jonquieres off, 14 Jun. 1747. 

Finkenstein, Karl Wilhelm Finck, Graf 
von, statesman, — ft. at Berlin, 17 14— envoy to 
Stockholm, 1735 — to Denmark, 1740 — to Eng- 
land, 1743 — to St Petersburg, 1747 — member 
of Academy of Berlin, 1744 — Minister of 
Foreign Affairs, 1749 — tf., 3 Jan. 1800. 

Finland, Finns, — ravage Sweden, about 
1 150 — crusade against them by Eric IX. and 
the Bp of Upsala, 1157 — martyr the Bp, n 60 
— unsuccessfully attacked by the Swedes under 
Alexander Newski, 1 240 — conquered by Birger 
Magnusson, 1 249 — destroy Abo, 1 3 1 8 — invaded 
and partly conquered by Peter the Great, about 
1720 — partly ceded to Russia by Treaty of 
Abo, 7 Aug. 1743 — the remainder ceded to 
Russia by Treaty of Fredericksham, 7 Aug. 1 809. 

Finno, Jacob, — fl. in Finland, about 1550. 
Cautiones pice episcoporum veterum in regno 
Suecice, §c, 1582. 

Fioravanti, (Florav antes,) Benedetto. Edits 
Antiqui Romanorum pontijicum denarii, 1734- 
38. 

Fioravanti, Leonardo, physician, §c.,— tf. at 
Bologna, 4 Sep. 1588. Po Specchio di scienza 
universale, 1564 — Fafsica, 1582. 

Fioravanti, Valentino, musical composer, — 
ft. at Rome, 17 64 or 1768 — Chapel-master of St 
Peter's, 1816 — tj. at Capua, 1837. 

Fiore, Colantonio del, painte?*, — ft., 1354— 
tf., 1444. St Jerome, Naples, 1436. 

Fiorenzuola, — Rudolph, king of Italy, de- 
feats Berenger at, 29 Jul. 923. 

Fiori, Giorgio, historian, — tf., about 15 12. 
Be hello Italico et rebus Gallorum, §c, 161 3. 

Fiori, Giuseppe, poet,— ft. in Sicily, 1623 — 
tf. there, 30 Nov. 1646. Poems, 1651. 

Fiorillo, Federico, musician, — ft. in Bruns- 
wick, 1753 — at Paris, 1785-88 — settles in Lon- 
don, 1788 — tf. there, 5 May 1819. 

Fiorillo, Johann Dominik, painter, — ft. at 
Hamburg, 1748 — studies at Rome, 1761 — 



FIRDUSI— FISCHER. 



52r 



member of Academy of Bologna, 1769 — Prof. 
Art, Gottingen, 1784 — correspondent of French 
Institute, 1809 — if. at Gottingen, 1821. Ge- 
schichte der zeichnenden Kiinste, §c, 1798-1808 
— Geschichte der zeichnenden Kiinste in JJeutsch- 
land tend den vereinigten Niederlanden, 18 15 -17. 

Firdusi, Abul Casim Mansur, poet, — b. in 
Khorassan, about (319, a. h.) 931,* (304,) 
916-17^ (320,) 932°— tf. there, (411,) 1020. 
Shah-Nameh, (400,) 1009. a Engl. Cyc. 
b Biog. Univ. c Ersch and Gruber. 

Fire. [Ordeal by Fire, Greek Fire.] 

Fire - Annihilator, — invented by Philips, 
1849. 

Fire- Arms, portable, — first used by Lucquese, 
besieged by Florentines, 1430 — hand-guns 
used in England, 1446 — at siege of Constan- 
tinople, 1453 — proving of, required by Acts 53 
Geo. III. c. 115, 10 Jul. 1813, and 55 Geo. III. 
c. 59, 12 May 18 15. 

Fire Brigade,— established in London, 1833. 
Metropolitan, established by Act 28 and 29 
Vic. c. 90, 5 Jul. 1865. 

Fire-Damp Indicator, — invented by Ansell, 
1867. 

Fire Engine, — [B C] — described by Hero of 
Alexandria, about 150 — [AD] — used at Augs- 
burg, 15 1 8 — Hautsch's, at Niirnberg, invented, 
1657 — patented in France by Duperrier, 1699 — 
with air chamber, mentioned by Perrault, 1684 
■ — comes into use, about 1720 — Fowke's, pa- 
tented, 1859. Steam, invented by Braithwaite, 
1830. Parish, required to be kept in London, 
by Act 14 Geo. III. c. 78, 1774. 

Fire Escape, — Davis's, invented,. 1809 — 
Young's, 1813 — Braby's,i8i6 — Witly's, 1820 — 
Ford's, 1835. Report on various designs, pre- 
sented to Corporation of London, by Police 
Commissioners, 1840. 

Firelocks, (Snaphance,) — invented in France, 
about 1635 ? — superseded by percussion musket, 
bsfore 1830. 

Firenzuola, Agnolo, miscellaneous writer, — 
b. at Florence, 28 Sep. 1493 — abbot of Santa 
Maria Ermita, Spoleto, 1525 — tr. at Rome, be- 
fore J548, a about 1545. 13 Opere, 1548. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Rees' Cyc. 

Fireships, — [B C] — used by Rhodians, 190 — 
[AD] — used by Dutch, about 1585 — by Eng- 
lish against the Armada, 1588 — unsuccessfully 
tried by Chinese against the English, 1857. 

Fireworks, in England, — penalties for mak- 
ing, &c, imposed by Act 9 and 10 ¥m III. c. 
7, 1697 — new regulations respecting, by Acts 
23 and 24 Vic. c. 139, 28 Aug. i860, and 24 
and 25 Vic. c. 130, 6 Aug. 1861. 

Firmicus, Maternus Julius, astrologer, — $., 
about 330-350. 

Firmilianus, St, Bp of C^sakea, — ordain- 
ed, about 233 — attends Councils of Iconium, 
235 — and Antioch, 252 and 264 — )j; at Tarsus, 
23 Nov. 269. 

Firmin, Thomas, philanthropist, — b. at Ips- 
wich, 1632 — establishes a linen manufacture in 
London, 1676 — governor of Christ's Hospital, 
London, 1677-97 — of St Thomas' Hospital, 
1693 — is. in London, 20 Dec. 1697. Pro 
for the Employment of the Poor, 1678. 



Firmus, Moorish chief, — leads revolt 

against the Romans in Africa, Theodosius sent 

against him, 372 a — carries on the war, 373-4 a 

— kills himself, b taken and put to death, e 373.° 

a Clinton. b Gibbon. c Zutnpt. 

Firmus, M., — ally of Zenobia, seizes on 
Alexandria, has himself proclaimed Emperor, 
but is defeated by Aurelian, 273. 

Firouzabadi, Megdeddin Abou Thaler Mo- 
hammed Ben Jacob, lexicographer, — b. in 
Shiraz, (729, a. h.) 1328-29—*., (817.) 2 Jan. 
14*5- 

First-fruits, in England, — [Annates,] — ■ 
payment of, to Rome, forbidden by Act 25 Hen. 
VIII. c. 20, 1534 — granted to the Crown by 
Act 26 Hen. VIII. c. 3, 1534 — restored to the 
Church, by Act 2 and 3 Phil, and Mar. c. 4, 
l SS5 — again granted to the Crown, by Act 1 
Eliz. c. 4, 1559 — restored to the Church by 
letters patent of Queen Anne, 3 Nov. 1703— 
[Queen Anne's Bounty] — in Ireland, abolished 
by Act 3 and 4 Wm IV. c. 37, 14 Aug. 1833 
— in Spain, cease under Charles V., 1519-58. 

Firuz Coh. [Grhor.] 

Fischer, Christian August, miscellaneous 
writer, — b. at Leipsic, 29 Aug. 177 1 — fr. at 
Mentz, 14 Apr. 1829. Reise von Amsterdam 
ilber Madrid und 'Cadiz nach Genua, 1799 — 
Gemdlde von Madrid, 1802 — Gemdlde von Va- 
lencia, 1803 — Gemdlde von Spanien, 1809-10. 

Fischer, Christian Gabriel, naturalist, — b. 
at Konigsberg, about 1690 — M.A. Jena, 17 10 
— Prof. Philosophy, Konigsberg, 1715-25 — re- 
turns to Konigsberg, 1736 — if. there, 15 Dec. 
175 1. Grundlegung zu einer aasfuhrlichen 
EZistorie des unterirclischen Preussens, 17 14-15 
— Verniinftige Gedanken von der Natur, §c., 
1743. 

Fischer, Friedrich Christoph Jonathan, 
jurist, historian, — ft. at Stuttgard, 1750 — secre- 
tary of embassy at Vienna, 1776 — Prof. Law of 
Nations, Halle, Dec. 1779 — &• there, 20 Sep. 
1797. Versuch einer Geschichte der deutschen 
Erbfolge, 1778 — Die Erbfolgsgeschichte des Iler- 
zogsthum Baiern, 1778-80 — Geschichte Fried- 
richs II. Konigs von Preussen, 1787 — Ge- 
schichte des deutschen Handels, 1791-97. 

Fischer, Gottlob Nathanael, philologist, — ft. 
near Saalfeld, 12 Jan. 1748 — if. at Halberstadt, 
20 Mar. iSoo. 

Fischer, Jacob Benjamin, naturalist, — ft. at 
Riga, 1730 — if., 6 Jun. 1793. Versuch einer 
Nalurgeschichte von livland, 1788. 

Fischer, Johann Andreas, physician, — ft. at 
Erfurt, 28 Nov. 1667 — Prof. Medicine there, 
1695 — Prof. Pathology, 17 15 — Dean of the 
Faculty, 17 19 — if., 13 Feb. 1729. Consilia 
medica, 1704-12. 

Fischer, Johann Bernard, Baron von 
Erlach, architect, — ft. at Vienna, about 1650 
— ft., 1724. Essai d 'une architecture historique, 
1712 — Palace of Schbnbrunn, begun, 1696. 

Fischer, Johann Christian, philologist, — 
b. in Altenburg, 17 12 — fc- at Jena, 21 Mar. 
1793. Be insignibus bonarum litterarum sceculi 
XIV. usque ad initium scec. XVI. in Italia 
instanratoribus dissertatio, 1744. 

Fischer, Johann Eberhard, historian, an- 



522 



FISCHER— FITZWILLIAM. 



tiquary, — b. in Suabia, 1697— sent by Court of 
Russia on scientific mission to Siberia, 1739-47 
— tf. at St Petersburg, 24 Sep. 177 1. Sibi- 
rische Geschichte, 1768. 

Fischer, Johann Friedrich, philologist, — 
b. at Coburg, 10 Oct. 1726— Prof. Belles Let- 
tres, Leipsic, 1762 — tf. there, 11 Oct. 1799. 
Edition of Theophrastus, 1763 — of Plato, 1759- 
76 — of Anacreon, 1754- 

Fischer, Johann Friedrich, jurist. Com- 
ment, de statu et jurisdict. Judceor. secundum 
leges Romanas, Germanicas, Alsaticas, 1763. 

Fischer, Johann Karl, mathematician, — b. 
in Saxe Weimar, 5 Dec. 1760— Prof. Mathe- 
matics, Jena, 1793 — at Dortmund, 1807 — tf. 
at Greifswalde, 22 May 1833. 

Fischer, Johann Leonard, physician— b. 
at Culmbach, 19 May 1760— Prof. Anatomy, 
Leipsic, 1789— Prof. Surgery, Kiel, 1793— 
Councillor of State, 18 10— Chevalier, 181 1 — 
"&., 8 Mar. 1833. Neurologic generalis trac- 
tatus, §c, 1791- 

Fischer, Joseph Emmanuel, Baron von 
Erlach, architect— %., 1680— tf., 1738,* after 
1 740. b Church of St Charles Borromeo, Vienna, 
1737. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Fischer, Karl von, architect,— -b. at Mann- 
heim, 19 Sep. 1782 — at Vienna, 1801-6 — 
Prof. Architecture, Academy of Munich, 1809 
— tf. there, 11 Feb. 1820. Kqf Theater, Mu- 
nich, 1811-18. 

Fish, Stealing of— by persons armed and 
disguised, made felony, by Act 9 Geo. I. c. 22, 
1722 — in private waters, punishable by trans- 
portation, by Act 5 Geo. III. c. 14, 1765. 

Fisher, John, Bp of Rochester,—!), at 
Beverley, Yorkshire, 1459— enters Cambridge 
Univ., 1474— M. A., 1491— Proctor, 1495— 
Master of Michael House Coll. Cambridge, 
I495 — D.D. Chancellor of the University, 1501 
—first Lady Margaret Prof. Divinity, 1502— 
Bp of Rochester, 1504 — Master of Queen's 
Coll. Cambridge, 1505— burns Tyndale's Bibles 
at Paul's Cross, Shrove Sunday 1527 c — op- 
poses Clergy Discipline Act, and makes an 
apology to the king, 1529° — attempt made to 
poison him, 18 Feb. 1530 c — opposes divorce 
of Catherine of Aragon, 1530 — accused of 
countenancing the Holy Maid of Kent, and 
imprisoned in the Tower, Apr. 1534— receives 
Cardinal's hat from Paul III., May 1535— 
convicted for denying royal supremacy, 1 1 Jun. 
—executed at London, 22 Jun., ac 7 Jul. b 1535. 
* Annals of England. b Mackintosh. c Froude. 
Fisheries, British,— regulated and encour- 
aged by Acts 15 Car. II. c. 16, 1633; 12 Ann. 
st. 2, c. 2, 1713; lGeo. I. st. 2, c. 18, 1714; 5 
Geo. I. c. 18, 17 18 ; 25 Geo. III. c. 65, 1785 ; 

26 Geo. III. c. 81, 1786 ; 1 Geo. IV. c. 103, 24 
Jul. 1820— British Society for Encouragement 
of, incorporated by Act 26 Geo. III. c. 106, 1788 
— parliamentary Committee on, appointed, 1833 
— convention with the king of the French re- 
specting, sanctioned by Act 2 and 3 Vic. c. 96, 

27 Aug. 1839 — continued and carried out by 
subsequent Acts : like convention with the 
United States, carried into effect by Act 18 
and 19 Vic. c. 3, 19 Feb. 1855 — convention 



with France, carried into effect" by Act 31 and 
32 Vic. c. 45, 13 Jul. 1868 — on American coasts, 
further regulated by Treaty of Washington, 
1 87 1. [Herring, Oyster, Salmon, &c] 
Fisheries, in Scotland. [Herring, Salmon.] 
Fisheries, in Ireland, — Board of Commis- 
sioners for promoting the, appointed, 18 19 — 
dissolved, 1830 — new Commission appointed, 
1835 — publish Reports, 1836 — Irish Board of 
"Works constituted Commissioners, and new 
regulations made by Act 5 and 6 Vic. c. 106, 
12 Aug. 1842 — further regulated by Acts 7 and 
8 Vic. c. 108, 5 Sep. 1844 ; 11 and 12 Vic. c. 
92, 31 Aug. 1848 ; 13 and 14 Vic. c. 88, 14 Aug. 
1850 ; and 26 and 27 Vic. c. 114, 28 Jul. 1863. 
Fishmongers' Company, London, — incor- 
porated by Henry VIII. , 1536. 

Fitzgerald, Lord Edward, — b. near Dublin, 
15 Oct. 1763 — travels in N. America, 1788-90 
■ — member of Irish Parliament, 1790 — visits 
Paris, 1792 — Pres. of the United Irishmen, 
1796 — arrested, 19 May 1798 — tf. in prison, 4 
Jun. 1798 — Bill of Attainder passed, Oct. 1798 
— his attainder reversed, 18 19. 

Fitzgerald, Lord Thomas, — b., about 15 13 
— accompanies his father, the Earl of Kildare, 
to London, Feb. 1534 — Vice-deputy of Ireland, 
Jun. — seizes Dublin and besieges the castle, Jul. 
— murders Abp Allen at Artayne, 26 Jul. — 
retires from Dublin, Aug. — again besieges the 
city, but is compelled to retire into the country, 
Oct. — surrenders to Leonard Lord Grey, 20 
Aug. 1535 — hung at Tyburn, 2 Feb. 1536 — 
Act of Attainder passed against him and others, 
May 1536. 

Fitzherbert, Sir Anthony, jurist, — Serjeant- 
at-law, Michaelmas 1510 — King's Serjeant, 24 
Nov. 1516— Knt, 1516 — Judge of the Com- 
mon Pleas, 1523 — tf., 27 May 1538. Grand 
Abridgment, 15 14 — Office and authority of 
Justices of Peace, 1538 — New Natura Brevium, 
1534 — Book of Husbandry, 1534. 

Fitzherbert, Maria Anne, — b., Jul. 1756 — 
marries Edward Weld, 1775 — widow, soon 
after; marries Thomas Fitzherbert, 1778 — 
widow again, 17 81 — privately married to Prince 
of "Wales, (George IV.,) 21 Dec. 1785 — tf. at 
Brighton, 29 Mar. 1837. 
Fitzjames. [Berwick, Duke of.] 
Fitzroy, Robert, admiral, meteorologist, — 
b., 5 Jul. 1805 — enters the navy, Oct. 18 19 
— Lieutenant, Sep. 1824 — takes part in Go- 
vernment expeditions to the coasts of S. Ame- 
rica, 1828 and 1831 — M.P. Durham, 1841 
—Governor of New Zealand, 1843-6 — superin- 
tendent of the Meteorological Department of 
the Board of Trade, 1854 — Rear-admiral, 1857 
— establishes a system of ' storm warnings,' 
1862 — Vice-admiral, 1863 — tf. at Norwood, 30 
Apr. 1865. Narrative of the Surveying 
Voyages of H.M.S. Adventurer and Beagle 
(1824-33), 1839 — Barometer Manual, 1861 — 
Weather Book, 1863. 

Fitzstephen, William, — present at murder 
of Becket, 11 70 — writes Vita Sancti Thomce: 
tf., probably 1191. 

Fitzwilliam Museum. [Cambridge.] 
Fitzwilliam, William Wentworth, Earl, 



FIUME— FLAMEN. 



523 



statesman— b., 30 May 1748— Peer, 1769— 
President of Privy Council, Jul. 1794 — Go- 
vernor-general of Ireland, 1 794 to Mar. 1795— 
President of the Council, 1806-7— tf., 8 Feb. 
1833. 

Fiume, — a free port, since 1722 — the pala- 
tinate of, severed from Hungary and annexed 
to Austria, 1849. 

Five Burghs, The, — recovered from the 
Danes by Edmund, 941. 

Five Hundred, Council of,— established in 
France, by constitution of 22 Aug. 1795 — exile 
of many of its members by the lot de salut 
public, (18 Fructidor an VI.,) 3 Aug. 1797— 
dispersed- by Napoleon, (19 Brumaire,an VIII.,) 
10 Nov. 1799. 

Five Members, Arrest of the,— attempted 
by Charles I., 4 Jan. 1642. 

Five -Mile Act, — against Nonconformists, 17 
Car. II. c. 2, 1665— relief from, by Toleration 
Act, 1 Wm and Mar. c. 18, 24 May 1689. 

Fixlmillner, D. Placidus, astronomer, — b. in 
Austria, 1721— fl., 27 Aug. 1791. Meridianus 
specula astronomicce Cremifaciensis, 1705 — De~ 
cennium astronomicum, 1776 — Acta astronomica 
Cremisanensia, 1791. 

Flaccinator, M. Foslius, — [B C] — Consul 
with L. Plautius Venno, (436,.a. u. c.) 318. 

Flaccus, C Fulvius,— [B C\— Consul with. P. 
Corn. Scipio JEmilianus, sent to suppress revolt 
in Sicily, (620, a. u. c.) 134. 

Flaccus, C. Norbanus,— [B C]— 1. Consul 
with App. Claudius Pulcher, (716, a. u. c.) 38. 
2. Consul with C. Csesar Augustus, (730,) 24. 
[AD] 3. Consul with Drusus Caesar, (768,) 15. 

Flaccus, C. Valerius, — [BC] — 1. Consul 
with M. Claudius Marcellus, (423, a. u. c.) 331. 
2. Consul with M. Herennius, (661,) 93. 

Flaccus-, C. Valerius, poet— ft. about 70-80. 
2. Consul with Gallus, (.927, a. u. c.) 174. 

Flaccus, Granius, juridical writer— \B C]— 
fl., about 45. 

Flaccus, L. Pomponius, — Consul with C. 
Csecilius Rufus, (770, a. u. c.) 17. 

Flaccus, L. Valerius,— [B. Gj — Consul with 
T. Otacilius Crassus, (493, a. u. c.) 261. 2. 
Consul with M. Porcius Cato, (559,) 195 — - 
Proconsul, carries on war with the Galli 
Insubres and the Boii at Milan, 194. 3. Consul 
with M. Claudius Marcellus, (602,) 152. 4. 
Consul with P. Licinius Crassus Mucianus, 
(623,) 131. 5. Consul with C. Marius, (654,) 
100 — Consul suff. with L. Corn. Cinna, (Id. 
Jan. 668,) 86 — sent to the Mithridatic war; 
put to death by Fimbria, in Asia, 85, a 86. b 
a Zumpt. b Clinton. 

Flaccus, M. Fulvius, — [BC] — 1. Consul 
with App. Claudius Caudex, defeats the Volsinii, 
(490, a., u. c.) 264. 2. Warns Tib. Gracchus of 
his danger, 133 — Consul with M. Plautius 
Hypsseus, (629,) 125 — brings forward a law for 
enfranchising the Italian socii, and is sent 
against the Salluvii ; triumphs, 123 — tribune 
with C. Gracchus, 123 — commissioner with 
Gracchus for division of lands in colony of 
Carthage, 122 — killed in a riot at Rome, 121. 

Flaccus, P. Valerius, — [BC] — Consul with 
M. Atilius Eegulus, (527, a. u. c.) 227. 



Flaccus, Q. Fulvius, — [BC] — 1. Consul with. 
L. Corn. Lentulus Caudinus, war with Ligu- 
rians, (517, a. u. c.) 237 — Consul with T. Man- 
lius Torquatus, war with Gauls and Insubrians, 
(530,) 224 — Pontifex, 2i6^prcetor urb., 215 — 
prcetor, 214 — mag. equit. to dictator C. Claudius 
Ceutho, 213 — Consul with App. Claudius 
Pulcher, campaign against Hanno and Capua, 
(542,) 212 — imperium prolonged, Capua taken, 
211 — dictator for consular elections, 210 — 
Consul with Q,. Fabius Max. Verrucosus, (544,) 
209 — commands in Bruttium, 207. 2. Prcetor, 
defeats Celtiberians, takes Urbiena, 182 — Consul 
with L. Manlius Acidinus Fulvianus, defeats 
Ligurians, (575,) 179 — censor with A. Pos- 
tumius Albinus, sacrilege of temple of Juno 
Lacinia in Bruttium, (580,) 174 — kills himself, 

173- 

Flaccus, Q,. Horatius. [Horatius.] 

Flaccus, Ser. Fulvius, — [BC]— Consul with 
Q. Calpurnius Piso, conquers the Ardysei in 
Illyricum, (619, a. u. c.) 135. 

Flaccus, Verrius, M., historian, grammarian, 
$c.,— fl., (01. 196, 4,) about 8. a "Hieron. 

Flacius Illyricus. [Francowitz.] 

Flacourt, Etienne, — b. at Orleans, 1607 — 
commander of Madagascar, 1648-55 — If. in 
France, 10 Jun. 1660. JDictionnaire de la 
langue Madagascar, 1658 — Histoire de la grande 
ile Madagascar, 1658. 

Fladenheim, in Saxony, — Eudolph, Duke 
of Suabia, defeats the Emperor Henry IV., 27 
Jan. 1080. 

Flagellants, — first appear at Cremona, 
about i26o a — condemned by Clement VI., 
I349. b a Dufresnoy. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Flahaut de la Billarderie, August© 
Charles Joseph, Count de, general, diplo- 
matist, — b. at Paris, 20 Apr. 1785 — enters the 
army, end of 1799 — serves at Austerlitz, 1805 
— in Prussia, 1806 — in Spain, 1808 — Colonel, 
after Wagram, 1809 — aide-de-camp to Marshal 
Berthier, 1 809 — distinguishes himself at combat 
of Mohilef, 26 Jul. 1812 — General of Brigade, 
22 Feb. 1 813 — aide-de-camp to Napoleon I., 
1 813 — distinguishes himself at Leipsic, Oct. 
1 81 3 — General of Division, Count of the Em- 
pire, 1 81 3 — distinguishes himself at battle of 
Hanau, 31 Oct. 1813 — Commander of Legion 
of Honour, 23 Mar. 18 14 — recognizes the pro- 
visional government, 1814 — joins Napoleon I., 
Mar. 1 8 15 — fights at Waterloo, Jun. 18 15 — in 
England, marries daughter of Lord Keith, 18 17 
— returns to Paris, 1 827 — restored to his peerage 
and rank in the army, 1830 — ambassador to 
Berlin, 1831 — to Vienna, 1841-48 — senator, by 
Napoleon III., 1853 — ambassador to London, 
Dec. i860 — tf. at Paris, 2 Sep. 1870. 

Flamael." [Flemalle.] 

Flamand, Francois. [Duquesnoy.] 

Flambard, Ranulph, Bp or Durham, — 
follows William of Normandy to England, 1066 
— chaplain to William II., between 1088-98 — 
Bp of Durham, 1099— imprisoned by Henry L, 
15 Aug. 1 100 — escapes to Normandy, Feb. 1 101 
— restored to his See, soon after : tf., 5 Sep. 
1128. 

Flamen, Albert, engraver, — b. at Bruges, 



5 2 4 



FLAMENG— FLANDERS. 



about 1600 — at Paris, probably 1659 and 1664. 
Flameng, {Fleming or Flamand,) Guillaume, 
dramatist, §c, — tf. at Clairvaux, about 15 10. 
Le Martyre de Saint Bidier, 1482. 

Flamininus, L. Quinctius,— [B C] — cur. ced., 
200 — praetor urb., 199 — commands fleet, takes 
Eretria, besieges Corinth, 198 — commands 
fleet against Nabis, 195 — Consul with Cn. 
Doraitius Ahenobarbus, defeats Gauls at Pisa, 
subjugating- the Boiaus, (562, a.u. c.) 192 — 
legate to M.' Acilius Glabrio, in Greece, 191 — 
ejected from the senate, 184 — tf., 170. 

Flamininus, T. Quinctius, — [BC] — fc., 
about 230 — commissioner for division of lands 
in Samnium and Apulia, 201 — quaestor, 199 — 
Consul with Sext. iElius Paetus, (556, a. u. c.) 
198 — sent to Macedonia, subjugates Epirus, 
carries on. war with Philip : 2nd campaign, 
defeats Philip at Cynocephalae, 197 — with 
commissioners arranges affairs of Greece, pro- 
claims freedom and independence of Greece at 
Isthmian Games, 196 — campaign against Na- 
bis, 195 — returns to Pome and triumphs, 194 — 
ambassador to Greece, 192, 191, 190 — censor 
with M. Claudius Marcellus, 189 — ambassador 
to Prusias of Bithynia, 183 — tf., about 174. 

Flamininus, T. Quinctius, — [B C] — 1. Con- 
sul with M. 'Acilius Balbus, (604, a. u. c.) 150. 
2. Consul with Q. Csecilius Metellus Balea- 
ricus, (631,) 123. 

Flaminio, Marcantonio, poet, — fc. at Serra- 
Talle, 1498 — presented to Leo X., 1514 — at- 
tends Cardinal Pole to the Council of Trent, 
1542 — tf. at Pome, 18 Feb. 1550. Carminu, 
1578. 

Flaminius, C, — [BC] — trib. pleb., 232 — 
praetor in Sicily, 227 — Consul with P. Furius 
Philus, defeats Insubrians in Addua, (531, 
A. u. c.) 223 — mag. equit. to dictator M. Minu- 
cius Rufus, 221 — but immediately resigns: 
censor with L. JEmilius Papus, (534,) 220 — 
constructs the Circus Flaminius and the Via 
Fluminia ; Consul with Cn. Servilius Geminus, 
(537,) 217 — killed at battle of Lake Trasi- 
menus, 23 Jun. 

Flaminius, C,— [B C] — quaestor to P. Scipio 
Africanus, in Spain, 2 10 — cur. and., 196 — praetor 
in Hispania Citerior, 193 — Consul with M. 
JEmilius Lepidus, (567, a. u. c.) 187 — con- 
structs road from Bononia to Arretium ; trium- 
vir, conducts colony to Aquileia, 181. 

Flamma, L. Volumnius Violens, — [BC] — 
Consul with. App. Claudius Ceecus, (447, a. u. c.) 
307— conducts war with Sallentines ; Consul 
again with same, (458,) 296 — defeats Samnites 
on the Liris ; Proconsul against Samnium, 295 
— battle of Sentinum, 295. 

Flammock, Thomas, — one of the leaders of 
Cornish rebels, summer 1497 — hurlg at Tyburn, 
Jun. 1497. 

Flamsteed, John, Astronomer Royal, — fc. at 
Denby near Derby, 19 Aug. 1646— visits Lon- 
don and Cambridge, calls on Newton, and enters 
Jesus Coll., 1670 — M.A. Cambridge, 1674 — 
takes holy orders, 1675 — Astronomer Royal, 
1675 — takes up his abode in the Observatory, 
Greenwich, Jul. 1676 — presented to the living 
of Burstow, Surrey, 1684 — erects his mural 



arc, Sep. 1689— marries, 23 Oct. 1692 — his 
quarrel with Newton begins, 1711 — tf., 31 Dec. 
17 19. Historia Coslestis Britannica, 1725. 

Flanders, Counts of Flanders, — Baldwin I., 
Iron-Arm, first Count, 862, a 86o, b 864° — car- 
ries off Judith, widow of Ethelwulf, king of 
England, 862 — excommunicated by Council of 
Soissons, goes to Rome and obtains mediation 
of Nicholas V. ; marries Judith at Auxerre, 
end of 863 — tr. at Arras, 879 — Baldwin II., 
the Bald, (son,) succeeds, 879 — revolts against 
Eudes, and joins Charles the Simple, 892 — 
makes peace with Eudes, 895 — quarrels with 
him again and takes Arras and the fort of St 
Waast, 897 — getsFulk, Abp of Rheims, assassin- 
ated, 900 — gets the Count of Vermandois assas- 
sinated, 902 — ft., 2 Jan. 918 — Arnoul (Arnulf) 
I. (son) succeeds, 918 — captures the castle of 
Arras, 932 — the castle of Montreuil, about 942 
— but loses it again soon after : assassinates 
William Long-Sword, Duke of Normandy, near 
Pequigny, 17 Dec. 943— takes part with Louis 
D'Outremer in invasion of Normandy, 946-8 
— takes Montreuil again, 948 — and conquers 
great part of Ponthieu, 948-951 — Hungarian 
invasion, 953 — associates his son Baldwin III. 
in the throne, 958 — who tf., Jan. 962 — Arnoul 
tf., 27 Mar. 965 — succeeded by his son Arnoul 
II. , 965 — conquest of Arras, Douai, and Pon- 
thieu, by Lothaire, and "William, Count of Pon- 
thieu, 965 — refuses to recognize Hugh Capet, 
king of France, 987 — invasion of the French, 
takes refuge with Richard, Duke of Normandy : 
tf., 23 Mar. 988 — Baldwin IV., the Bearded, 
(son,) 988 — allied with the Count of Louvain, 
seizes Valenciennes, 1006 — defends it successful- 
ly against the Emperor Henry II., the king of 
France, and Richard, Duke of Normandy ; gives 
it up to the emperor and swears fidelity to him 
at Aix-la-Chapelle ; receives it again as a fief 
with the castle of Ghent ; acquires Walcheren 
and Zeeland, 1012 — marriage of his son Bald- 
win to Adelaide of France, 1026 — driven from 
his states by his son and takes refuge with 
Robert, Duke of Normandy, 1027 — restored by 
Robert, 1030 — t). at Ghent, 30 May 1036 — 
Baldwin V., of Lille, le Bebonnaire, (son,) 
1036 — acquires County of Alost, castle of Ghent, 
and districts between the Dendre and the 
Scheldt, 1056 — Baldwin VI., of lions, the 
Good, (son,) succeeds, 1067 — [Kainault, Counts 
of,] — tf. at Oirdenarde, 17 Jul. 1070 — Arnoul 
III., the Unfortunate, (son,) 1070 — regency 
seized by his mother Richilda, and claimed by 
his uncle Robert ; killed at battle of Cassel, 22 
Feb. 107 1 — Robert L, le Frison, (uncle,) de- 
feats Richilda at Cassel, and succeeds, 1071 — 
war with his nephew Baldwin, 1076— goes to 
Palestine, 1086 — interview with Alexius Com- 
nenus at Constantinople, 1088 — sends him aux- 
iliaries against the Saracens, 1089 — cedes Douai 
to Baldwin, Count of Hainault, 1091 — tf. at 
Cassel, 4 Oct. 1093 — Robert II., (son,) le 
Jcrosolymitain, 1093 — sets out on the crusade, 
1096 — refuses crown of Jerusalem, and returns, 
autumn 1 100 — obtains increase of pension from 
Henry I., May 1101 — recovers Douai, 11 05 — 
defends it against the Emperor, Henry V., 



FLANDERS— FLAVIANUS. 



525 



1 1 07 — great inundation, emigration of Flem- 
ings to' England, about 11 10 — aids Louis le 
Gros against Henry I. of England, 11 n 
— if., Oct. or Dec. mi — Bald-win VII. , A la 
Sache or BZaphin, (son,) recognized Count by 
the States, and does homage to Louis le Gros, 
11 1 1 — wounded at siege of the Chateau d'Eu, 
11 18 — if., Jun. 1 1 19 — Charles L, the Good, 
1 1 19 — refuses crown of Jerusalem, n 24 — re- 
fuses Imperial crown, n 25 — accompanies Louis 
le Gros in expedition of Auvergne, 11 26 — as- 
sassinated at Bruges, 2 Mar. 11 27 — "William 
Clinton, the Norman, elected by the nobles, in- ■ 
vested by Louis le Gros, at Arras, 23 Mar. 
1 1 27 — with Louis, besieges and takes prisoner 
his rival, William of Ypres, 26 Apr.— releases 
him, Mar. 11 28 — subdues Arnold of Denmark, 
Mar. 1 1 28 — defeats Thierry of Alsace, 21 Jun. 
— killed at siege of Alost, 27 Jul. 1128 — 
Thierry of Alsace succeeds ; great inunda- 
tion desolates Flanders and England, 11 35 or 
1137 — goes to the Holy Land, 1138 — defeats 
"William of Ypres and his confederates, 1 140 — 
second visit to Palestine, 1147 — associates his 
son Philip in the government, and goes again 
to Palestine, 1157-59 — retires to the abbey of 
Waten, about 1 160 — acknowledges himself vas- 
sal of king of England, at Dover, 19 Mar. 
1 163 — fourth visit to Palestine, 11 63 — if. at 
Gravelines, 1168 (or 1 170 ?)— Philip op Al- 
sace, (son,) succeeds, 1168 — Margaret of 
Alsace, (daughter,) with her husband, Bald- 
win VIII., (Baldwin V. of Hainault,) 1191 — 
settlement of rival claims by Treaty of Arras, 
Oct. 1 191 — does homage to Philip Augustus, at 
Arras, 1 Mar. 1192 — joins Philip at siege of 
Rouen, 1 193 — marries his daughter Yolande to 
Peter of Courtenay, 11 93 — death of Margaret, 
15 Nov. 1 194 [of Baldwin, 1195] — Baldavin 
IX., (son,) [Baldwin I., Emperor of the East] 
— Jane, (daughter,) succeeds, 1206 — marries 
Prince Ferdinand of Portugal, 121 1 — cession 
of St Omer and Aire to Prince Louis of France, 
Feb. 121 1 — French invasion, 1213 — battle of 
Bouvines, Jul. 12 14 — captivity of Ferdinand, 
1 2 14-2 1 — a pretender gives himself out as Bald- 
win IX., 1225 — death of Ferdinand, 27 Jul. 
1233 — Jane marries Thomas of Savoy, 1237, and 
if., 5 Dec. 1244 — Margaret II., (sister,) 1244 
■ — receives investiture from the emperor, 1 245 — 
dispute with William, Count of Holland, and 
king of the Romans respecting homage, 1252 — 
cession of Zeeland to Florent V., Count of Hol- 
land, 1256 — if., 10 Feb. 1280— Guy of Dam- 
pierre, (son,) succeeds, 1280 — French invasion, 
1297 — renewed, 1300 — the county annexed to 
crown of France, 1300 — successful revolt of 
Flemings, battle of Courtrai, 1302 — Robert 
III., de Bethune, (son,) succeeds, Mar. 1305 — 
liberated by Treaty of Archies, Jun.— cedes 
Lille, Orchies, and Douai to France, by Treaty 
of Pontoise, 11 Jun. 13 12 — refuses to do 
homage to Philip the Fair, the county confis- 
cated and laid under interdict, 1 3 1 3 — war with 
France renewed, 13 15 — treaty of peace, and 
loss of part of his territories to France, 5 May 
1320 — if. at Ypres, 17 Sep. 1322 — Louis I., of 
Nevers, and of Creci, 1322 — cession of Zee- 



land to William III., Count of Holland, mid- 
Lent 1322-3 — [Artevelde, Jacob van]— Louis 
II., de Male, (Marie,) (son,) 1346— cession of 
Lille, Douai, Bethune, and other towns, by 
Charles V. of France, summer 1369 — revolt of 
Ghent, begins, 1379— [Artevelde, Philip van, 
Rosebecque, battle of,] — Margaret (daugh- 
ter) and her husband, Philip the Bold, of 
Burgundy, succeed, 1384 — revolt of the Ghent- 
ese continues and is supported by the English ; 
peace concluded at Tournai, 18 Dec. 1385 — 
death of Philip, Apr. 1404 — death of Margaret, 
16 Mar. 1405 — John Sans Feur, Duke of Bur- 
gundy, (son,) 1405— Philip III., the Good, (son,) 
Duke of Burgundy, 141 9— acquisition of Na- 
mur, by treaty of 23 Apr. 142 1 — acquisition of 
Holland and Hainault, 1433 — [Arras, Peace of, 
Eupelmonde, battle of] — Charles the Bold, 
(son,) Duke of Burgundy, 1467 — Mary, 
(daughter,) 1477 — by her marriage with the 
Archduke Maximilian, her States pass to House 
of Hapsburg, 1477— Philip IV., (son,) 1482. 
[Philip I., King of Spain, Netherlands, United 
Provinces, &c] 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. 

c Engl. Cyc. 

'Flanders Fleet,' The, — between Venice 
and Spain, England and the Netherlands, first 
mention of, 1317 — its sailing suspended by 
League of Cambray, 1532. 

Flandrin, Jean Hippolyte, painter, — ft. at 
Lyons, 1809 — pupil of Ingres at Paris, 1829 — . 
obtains the grand prize and goes to Eome, Jan. 
1833 — Chevalier of the Legion of Honour, 
1 841 — member of the Institute, 1853 — Officer 
of the Legion of Honour, 12 Aug. 1853 — 
admitted to Academy of Fine Arts, 15 Aug. 
l8 53 — tf- at Rome, Mar. 1864. Dante and 
Virgil, 1836 — Saint-Louis dictant ses com- 
manclements, 1842 — Mater Dolorosa, 1845 — 
Frescoes at St Germain-des-Fre's, 1846 — Napo- 
leon Legislatcur, 1847 — Napoleon FLF., 1863. 

Flangini, Lodovico, philologist, $c, — ft. at 
Venice, Jul. 1733 — if. there, Feb. 1804. Ar- 
gonaut ica di Apollonio Rodio, 179 1-4. 

Flassan, Gaetan Raxis, Count de, historian, 
— ft. 1760 — goes to Paris, 1787 — serves in 
army of emigrant princes, 1791 — Prof. His- 
tory, St Germain en Laye, before 18 14 — at- 
tends Congress of Vienna, 18 14 — if. at Paris, 
20 Mar. 1845. FEistoire generate de la diplo- 
matic francaise, $•<;., 1808 — Histoire du Con- 
gres de Vienne, 1829. 

Flat Bush, Long Fsland, — General Howe 
defeats the Americans at, 27 Aug. 1776. % . 

Flavianus,— prcet. prcef of Italy and Illy- 
ricum, 382-3 and 391-2 a — Considhy Eugenius, 
defeated by Theodosius, 394. a Tillemont. 

Flavianus, of Antioch, theologian, Bp, — 
appointed Bp of Antioch, 381 — intercedes with 
Theodosius the Great for citizens of Antioch, 
387 — acknowledged by Western Churches, 
schism healed, about 395 — if., 404. 

Flavianus, of Antioch, theologian, Bp, — ap- 
pointed, 49 8, a 496 b — deposed and banished to 
Petra, 511, 512,° 504 d — if., 5i8\ a 



Tillemont. 



Baronius. c Clinton. 



Victor. 



Flavianus, of Constantinople, Bp, — ap- 



526 



FLAVIGNY— FLEMMING. 



pointed, 446 — deposed and killed at Council of 
Ephesus, 449. 

Flavigny, Valerien, orientalist, — ft. near 
Laon, about 1600 — Prof. Hebrew, College of 
France, 1650-74 — tf. at Paris, 29 Apr. 1674. 
Edits works of Guillaume de Saint Amour, 
1632 — Epistolce IV. de ingenti Bibliorum opere 
septinlingui, 1636, 1646-8. 

Flavio Biondo. [Blondus, Flavius.] 

Flavius Arcadius Aug., — Consul with. 
Bauto, (1138, a. u. c.) 385 — with Kufinus, 
(1143,) 392— with Fl. Honorius Aug., (1147,) 
394, (1149,) 396, and (1155,) 402 — and with 
Anicius Probus, (1159,) 406. 

Flavius, Cn., scholar of App. Claudius 
Caecus, — [BCJ — publishes his master's book of 
Actions, Jus Civile Flavianum, and is cur. ced., 

3°3- 

Flavus, L. Lucretius, — [B C] — Consul with 
Ser. Sulpicius Camerinus, (393, a. u. c.) 361. 

Flaxman, John, sculptor, — ft. at York, 6 Jul. 
1755 — student at Royal Academy, 1770 — • 
marries, 1782 — visits Italy, 1787-94 — A.R.A., 
6 Nov. 1797 — E.A., 10 Feb. 1800 — Prof. 
Sculpture, 10 Feb. 18 10 — death of his wife, 
1 820 — if. in London, 9 Dec. 1826. Illustrations 
of Homer, 1793-5 — of JEschylus, 1794 — of 
Dante, 1793-4 — Monument to lord Mansfield, 
Westminster Abbey, 1795 — Monument to Sir 
W.Jones, Oxford, 1797 — Mercury and Fandora, 
1 805 — Shield of Achilles, 1 8 1 8 . 

Flechier, Esprit, theologian, — ft. near Car- 
pentras, 10 Jun. 1632 — member of French 
Academy, 1673 — Bp of Nisnaes, 1687 — tr. 
there, a at Montpellier, b 16 Feb. 17 10. (Euvres, 
1782. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Fleck, Johann Friedrich Ferdinand, actor, 
— ft. at Breslau, 1757 — makes his first ap- 
pearance at Berlin, 1783 — ft. there, 20 Dec. 
1801. 

Fleece, Golden. [Golden Fleece, Order of 
the.] 

Fleet Ditch, London, — filled up, 1764. 

Fleet Market, London, — established, 30 
Sep. 1737 — removed, and named Farringdon 
Market, under Act 5 Geo. IV. c. 151, 21 Jun. 
1824. 

Fleet Marriages, — first mention of, 16 13 — 
in greatest repute, 1674-1754 — attempts to 
check, by provisions of Acts 6 and 7 Win III. 
c. 6, 1695, 7 and 8 Wm III. c. 35, 1696, and 
10 Ann. c. 19, s. 176, 17 11 — abolished by Act 
26 Geo. II. c. 33, 1753. 

Fleet Prison, — in use, before 1200 — burnt 
by "Wat Tyler's followers, 1381— Bp Hooper 
committed to, 1550 — and again, 1 Sep. 1553 
— Prynne, 1637 — Lilburne, 1638 — burnt in 
the Great Fire, 1666 — parliamentary Com- 
mittee of Inquiry on, 1696 — another, 1727 — 
burnt in the Gordon Riots, 1780 — abolished 
by Act 5 and 6 Vic. c. 22, 31 May 1842 — pulled 
down, 1845. 

Fleetwood, Charles, general, — serves as 
Captain of Volunteers at Cambridge, 1642 — 
Lieutenant-colonel, 1644 — M.P. Buckingham- 
shire, 1645 — one of the Commissioners to treat 
with Charles I., 1647 — member of Council of 
State, 1650 — Lieutenant-general, serves at 



Dunbar, 3 Sep. 1650 — distinguishes himself at 
battle of Worcester, 3 Sep. 1651 — marries 
Cromwell's daughter Bridget, before Jun, 
1652 a ? — Lord-deputy in Ireland, end of 1651 
— member of the Council of State, Mar. 1654 — 
Major-general, 1655 — Henry Cromwell suc- 
ceeds him in Ireland, 1656 — one of Cromwell's 
peers, Jan. 1658 — joins with the officers in 
opposing Richard Cromwell, Sep. 1658— recalls 
members of the Long Parliament, May 1659 — ■ 
Commander-in-chief, 4 Jun. 1659 — takes part 
in expelling the parliament and forming Com- 
mittee of Safety, Oct. 1659 — ft. near London, 
1 68 1, b 1692.° ' a Noble. 

b Annals of England. c Engl. Cyc. 

Fleetwood, William, Bp of Ely, — ft. in 
London, 1656 — Bp of St Asaph, 1706 — Bp of 
Ely, 1714— tf. at Tottenham, 4 Aug. 1723. 
Inscriptionum antiquarum sylloge, §c, 1691 — 
Chronicon pretiosum, 1707. 

Fleischer, Wilhelm, bibliographer, — ft. in 
Germany, about 1767 — ft. at Paris, 1 Jun. 
1820. Fictionnaire de bibliographic frangaise, 
1812. 

Flemalle, (Flamael,) Barthelemi, (Bartho- 
let,) painter, — ft. at Liege, 1614 — visits Italy, 
France, 1638-47 — admitted to Academy of 
Painting, Paris, 1670 — tf. at Liege, 1675. 

Flemalle, Renier, painter on glass. Ador- 
ation of the Kings, Liege, 1532. 

Flemings, The, in Great Britain, — auxiliaries 
of Tostig at battle of Stamford Bridge, 1066 — 
settled in S. Wales by Henry I., 11 08 — at- 
tacked by the Welsh, 1 1 15, 1138 or 11 39, 1144, 
and 1 1 64 — ravage Iscoed and Caredigion, 11 65 
or 1 1 66 — attacked by Maelgwyn, n 88 — submit 
to Llewellyn, 1217 — introduce the cloth manu- 
facture in Norfolk, about 1336 (?) — attack 
Owen Glendower, 1401. 

Flemings, (Flandrians,) The, — section of 
the Mennonites, appear in Holland, about 1550. 

Flemish School in Fainting, — founded by 
the Van Eycks, 1400-40. 

Flemming, Clas, statesman, general, — at 
siege of Bonus, Feb. 1563 — defeats Danes in 
naval battle, Jul. 1570 — contributes to victory 
of Narva, 158 1 — obtains victory over Russians 
near Pleskow, 1591 — if., 13 May 1597. 

Flemming, Hans Heinrich, Count von, 
field-marshal, — ft. in Pomerania, 1632 — en- 
ters service of Elector of Brandenburg, 1657 
— Major-general in service of Brunswick Lune- 
burg, 1680 — distinguishes himself against the 
Turks, contributes to raising of siege of Vienna, 
1683 — Field-marshal, 1687 — serves against the 
French, 1688 — Councillor of War and of State, 
Brandenburg, 1690 — retires, 1698 — Count, 
1700 — tJ., 28 Feb. 1706. 

Flemming, Jakob Heinrich, statesman, 
field-marshal — ft. in Pomerania, 1667 — en- 
ters service of Elector of Brandenburg, 1689 — 
distinguishes himself at battle of Fleurus, 1690 
— ambassador to Warsaw, 1697 — distinguishes 
himself in the Swedish war, 1699 — General of 
Cavalry, Governor of Dresden, &c, 1707 — 
Commander of Saxon Guards, 17 10 — ft. at 
Vienna, 30 Apr. 1728. 

Flemming, Paul, poet,— ft. in Saxony, 17 



FLEMMING— FLINT CASTLE. 



527 



Oct.. 1609 — goes to Leipsic Univ., 16' 8— ac- 
companies embassy to Russia, Oct. 1633 to 
Apr. 1635 — to Persia, Oct. 1635 to Aug. 1639 
■ — if. at Hamburg, 2 Apr. 1640. Geistliche 
und Weltliche Poemata, 1642. 

Flemming, {Flemmynge,) Richard, Bp of 
Lincoln, — Prebendary of York, 1406 — Proc- 
tor, Oxford Univ., 1407 — Bp of Lincoln, Apr. 
1420 — attends Council of Siena, 1424 — founds 
Lincoln Coll., Oxford, 1427 — has Wickliffe's 
remains dug up and burned, 1428— if. at Slea- 
ford, 25 Jan. 1430-31. 

Flensborg, Schleswig, — receives municipal 
rights from Waldemar IV., 1284 and 1295 — 
death of Queen Margaret at, 141 2 — unsuccess- 
fully besieged by the men of Holstein, Lubeck, 
and Hamburg, 1427 — taken and burnt, 143 1 
— again burnt, 1485 — forced contributions ex- 
acted by the Imperialists, 1627, 1628 — and by 
the Swedes, 1643 — taken by Prussians, end of 
Apr. 1848 — taken possession of by Danes, 17 
Jul. 1850. 

Fletcher, Andrew, {Fletcher of Saltoun,) 
publicist, — ft. at Saltoun, Scotland, 1653— sits 
in parliament as commissioner for E. Lothian, 
168 1— has to retire to Holland, his estate con- 
fiscated, 1 68 1 — returns to England and associ- 
ates himself with the patriot party, 1683 — 
takes part with Duke of Monmouth, 1685 — 
serves in Hungary against the Turks, 1686 — 
returns to England with Prince of Orange, 
1688 — brings forward Bill of Security in Scot- 
tish parliament, May 1703 — opposes the Union, 
1706 — if. in London, 17 16. Political Works, 

1737- 

Fletcher, Giles, diplomatist, — enters Cam- 
bridge University, 1565 — LL.D., 1581 — envoy 
from Queen Elizabeth to Russia, 1588 — Trea- 
surer of St Paul's, 1597— if., 1610. Of the 
Pusse commonwealth, 1590. 

Fletcher, Giles, poet, — ft., about 1580 — if. 
rector of Alderton, Suffolk, 1623. Christ's 
Victory in Heaven, 16 10. 

Fletcher, John, dramatist, — ft. in North- 
amptonshire, 1576 — ft. in London, 1625. 

Fletcher, Phineas, poet, — ft., about 1584? 
• — enters Cambridge Univ., 1600 — rector of 
Hilgay, Norfolk, 1621 — tj. there, about 1660. 
The Purple Island, 1633. 

Fleuranges, Robert de la Marck, Seigneur 
de, Marshal of France, — ft. at Sedan, about 
1490— distinguishes himself in war of Italy, 
15 1 1 — charged with levy of troops in Flanders, 
1512 — takes Alexandria, 15 13 — wounded at 
siege of Novara, 1522 — taken prisoner with 
Francis I. at Pavia, 1525 — Marshal of France, 
1526 — defends Peronne against Count of Nas- 
sau, 1536 — if. near Paris, 1537. PListoire des 
choses memorables advenues du regne de Louis 
XII. et de Francois I, §c, (1753.) 

Fleur-de-lis, {Flower-de-luce,) — first appears 
on coins of Louis VII., about 1140. 

Fleurian, C. J. B. [Morville, Count de.] 

Fleurieu, Charles Pierre Claret, Count de, 
statesman, — ft. at Lyons, 2 Jul. 1738 — enters 
the navy, 175 1 — constructs, with Berthoud, a 
chronometer, about 1765 — Director-general of 
Ports and Arsenals, 1776 — Minister of Marine, 



1790 — arrested, 1793 — member of Council of 
Ancients, 1797 — if. at Paris, 18 Aug. 1810. 
P/ecouvertes des Franc-ais dans le sud-est de la 
Nouvelle-Guinee, 1790 — Voyage autour du 
monde, 1798. 

Fleurus, — Gonsalvo of Cordova defeated by 
the Dukes of Brunswick and Saxe Weimar, 29 
Aug. 1622 — Marshal Luxembourg defeats the 
allies under the Prince of Waldeck, 1 Jul. 1690 
— Jourdan defeats the Prince of Coburg, 26 
Jun. 1794. 

Fleury, Andre Hercule de, Cardinal, — ft. 
in Languedoc, 22 Jun. 1653 — almoner to 
Queen Maria Theresa, 1677 — deputy to Assem- 
bly of the Clergy, 1682 — Abbot of la Rivour, 
1686— Bp of Frejus, 1698-17 15 — admitted to 
French Academy, 17 17 — admitted to Academy 
of Sciences, 172 1 — Councillor of State, 1723 — 
admitted to Academy of Inscriptions, 1725 — if. 
at Issy, 29 Jan. 1743. 

Fleury, Claude, historian, — ft. at Paris, 6 Dec. 
1640 — Advocate to Parliament of Paris, 1658-67 
— tutor to the Princes Conti, 1672,* 1674 15 — ■ 
sub-preceptor to Dukes of Burgundy, Anjou, and 
Berri, 16 89- 17 07 — admitted to French Academy, 
1696 — prior of Argenteuil, 1707 — confessor to 
Louis XV., 1716-22 — if., 14 Jul. 1723. His- 
toire du droit Francais, 1674 — Mosurs des 
Israelites, 1681 — Moeurs des Chretiens, 1682 — 
Institution au droit ecclesiastique, 1687 — PLis- 
toire ecclesiastique, 1691-1723. 

a Biog. UniT. b Engl. Cyc. 

Fleury, Jean, {Floridus,) poet. Traite tres- 
plaisant et recreatif de V amour parfait de 
Guisgardus et Sigismonde, §c, 1493. 

Fleury de Chaboulon, Pierre Alexandre 
Edouard, — ft., 1779— serves in National Guard 
of Paris against the Convention, Oct. 1795 — 
private secretary to Napoleon, 18 15 — member 
of Council of State, 1830— of Chamber of 
Deputies, 1834— if., 28 Sep. 1835. Memoires 
pour servir d I'histoire de la vie prive'e, $c, de 
Napoleon, 18 19. 

Fliedner, Theodor, founder of Protestant 
Order of Deaconesses, — ft. in Prussia, 21 Jan. 
1 800 — pastor of Kaiserswerth, 1822 — visits 
Holland and England, 1823-5 — founds first 
German Society for improving prison discipline, 
at Diisseldorf, 1826 — establishes refuge for 
female convicts, 1833 — establishes first Infant 
School in Germany, 1836 — founds Deacon- 
esses' Institute, 13 Oct. 1836 — if. at Kaisers- 
werth, 4 Oct. 1864. 

Flinck, {Flink,) Govaert, painter, — ft. at 
Cleves, 1616 — if., 1660. 

Flinders, Matthew, maritime discoverer, — 
ft. in Lincolnshire, about 1760 — midshipman in 
the navy, goes to New Holland, 1795 — with Bass 
discovers Bass's Strait, 1798— Lieutenant, ex- 
plores coast north of Port Jackson, 1799 — en- 
gaged in further explorations, 1 301-3 — -im- 
prisoned by the French, in Isle of France, 
1803-10 — if. in England, 19 Jul. 18 14. Voy- 
age to Terra Australis, $■<?., 18 14. 
• Flint Castle, N. Wales, — rebuilt by Edward 
I., 1277 — destroyed by the Welsh, 1282 — re- 
built by Edward, 1283 — Richard II. deposed 
and made prisoner at, by Bolingbroke, Sep. 



5*8 



FLINT IMPLEMENTS— FLORENCE. 



1399 — garrisoned for Charles L, 1642 — taken 
by Pailiamentarians, 1643 — recovered by the 
Royalists ; finally taken by Gen. Mytton, 29 
Aug. 1646 — dismantled, 1647. 

Flint Implements, — found in London, 17 15 
— at Hoxne, Suffolk, by Frere, 1797 — near 
Liege, by Schnierling, 1833-34 — at Abbeville, in 
the valley of the Soiume, by Boucher de Perthes, 
1847 — in the Brixhain Cave, by Falconer, 1858. 

Flint, Timothy, miscellaneous writer, — ft. in 
Massachusetts, Jul. 1780 — missionary in the 
Valley of the Mississippi, 1815-25 — ft. at Sa- 
lem, 16 Aug. 1840. Recollections of Ten Years' 
residence and travels in the valley of the Missis- 
sippi, 1826 — Geography of the Mississippiv al- 
ley, 1827 — Memoir of Daniel Boone, $c, 1834. 

Flipart, Jean Jacques, engraver, — ft. at 
Paris, 1723, a 15 Feb. 17 19 c — Associate of Royal 
Academy, 1755 — If., 9 Jul. 1782^ 1789^ 10 Jul. 
1782.° a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Jal. 

Fliscus, Stefano, grammarian, — ft. at Son- 
cino, about 1400. Variationes, 1477 — De com- 
ponendis epistolis, 1493. 

Flitner, Johannes, poet, — ft. in Franconia, 
about 1600. Nebulo nebulonum, 1620. 

Flodden Field, — the Earl of Surrey defeats 
the Scots at, 9 Sep. 15 13. 

Flodoard, historian, — ft. at Epernay, 894 — 
if. canon of Rheims, 966. 

Flo'gel, Karl Friedrieh, historian, — ft. in 
Silesia, 3 Dec. 1729 — studies at Halle, 1752 — 
Prof. Philosophy, Liegnitz, 1774 — if. there, 7 
Mar. 1788. Geschichte der homischen Liter a- 
tur, 1784-86 — Geschichte des Grotesk-komischen, 
$c, 1788 — Geschichte der Hofnarren, 1789. 

Flor, Roger di, Knight Templak, [Cata- 
lan,] — ft. at Tarragona, 14 Jul. i262 a — at 
Brundusium, 1280 b — distinguishes himself at 
siege of Acre, a takes no part in the defence of 
his Order at Acre, is degraded and flees to 
Genoa, bc 1291 — renders great services to Fred- 
erick, king of Sicily, and is named Vice-Ad- 
miral ; passes into the service of the Em- 
peror Andronicus, Sep. 1303,° 1304 s — marries 
a granddaughter of the Emperor, and is made 
Grand-duke, 1303 — defeats the Turks and oc- 
cupies Philadelphia, May 1 304,° 1 305 b — aims 
at independence and besieges Magnesia unsuc- 
cessfully, 1305 — crosses into Europe and win- 
ters in the Thracian Chersonesus, 1305-6 — 
created Casar, spring 1306,^ 1307 b — assassinat- 
ed at Adrianople, 4 Apr. 1306,° 1307 b — at Con- 
stantinople, 23 Apr. i3o6. a a Biog. Univ. 
b Nouv. Biog. Gen. e Finlay. 

Flora, asteroid, — discovered by Hind, 18 
Oct, 1847. 

Floral Games, — first held at Toulouse, 1 
May 1324.* a Sismondi. 

Floral Hall, — Covent Garden, opened, 22 
May 1 86 1. 

Floralia, — [BC]— instituted at Rome, 238 — 
restored, 173. 

Florence, Florentia, (Firenze, Fiorenza,) 
Florentines, — a flourishing town, 16 — threat- 
ened by Radagaisus, and saved by Stilicho, 
about 405 a — unsuccessfully attacked by Totila, 
542 a — occupied by the Lombards, 568 b — under 
dominion of Charles the Great, who appoints a 



Duke or Count of Tuscany, 774 b — [Tuscany] — 
circuit of city walls enlarged, 1078 c — repulse and 
kill Robert, imperial vicar, 11 13 — alliance with 
Pisa against Lucca, 11 14 — burnt, 11 15 and 
1 1 17 — war with Siena, 1177 — consuls elected 
by the people and strife with the Uberti begins, 
1 17 7 — independent republic, soon after 11 9.8 — ■ 
Gualfredotto of Milan elected Podesta, 1207 — 
assassination of Buondelmonte, and commence- 
ment of the strife of Guelf and Ghibelline, 
1215 — refuses submission to Frederick II., 
1248— Charles I., king of Sicily, chosen go- 
vernor, 1267— six priors created, 1282 — third 
walls built, 1285 c — take Pistoia, 1306 a — Corso 
Donati aims at sovereignty, 1303 — and is killed, 
1308 — threatened by the Emperor Henry VII. , 
131 2 — Robert, king of Naples, chosen governor 
for five years, 131 3 — war with Castruccio-Cas- 
tracani, 1320-25 — Charles, Duke of Calabria, 
governor, Jan. 1326 — take and pillage Pistoia, 
28 Jan. 1328 — driven away by Castruccio, Aug. 
— inundation of the Arno, Nov. 1333 — the 
plague, 1340 — acquire Lucca, 1341 — war with 
Pisa, lose Lucca, Jul. 1 342 — Walter of Brienne 
chosen Captain of the People, Jun. — and for 
life, Sep. 1342 — but is driven away, 3 Aug. 
1343 — establishment of popular government 
under a Gonfaloniere, Aug. 1343 — famine, 
1347 — the plague, 1348 — war with Pisa re- 
newed, 1362 — peace concluded, 30 Aug. 1364 — ■ 
attacked by the legate of Bologna, 1375 — al- 
liance with Naples, Milan, Lucca, and Siena, 
excite revolt in the States of the Church ; laid 
under interdict by Gregory XL, 1376 — inter- 
dict removed, 1378 — insurrection of the lower 
trades, election of Lando as chief magistrate, 
1378 — restoration of the aristocratic govern- 
ment, 1382 s — alliance with Bologna against 
the Duke of Milan and his allies, 1390 — con- 
quest of Pisa, Mar. to Oct. 1406 — visit of 
Pope Martin V., Feb. 141 9 to Sep. 1420 — • 
created an Archbishopric, May 1419 — acquisition 
ofLivorno (Leghorn) from the Genoese, 1421 — 
treaty of peace with the Duke of Milan, 16 or 
18 Apr. 1428 — unsuccessful attacks on Lucca, 
1430 — treaty of peace with the Duke of Mi- 
lan, 26 Apr. 1433 — influence of Cosmo de' Me- 
dici becomes supreme, 1434,* about 1430 b — ■ 
[Medici, Cosmo, Lorenzo, Piero, &c] — con- 
spiracy of the Pazzi, 1478 — excommunicated 
by Sixtus IV., 1478 — league of the Pope and 
Ferdinand, king of Naples, against, met by 
league with Louis XL of France, the Regent 
of Milan, Venice, Ferrara, and Rimini ; war 
carried on, 1478-79 — recovery of Sarzanafrom 
the Genoese, 22 Jun. 1487 — invasion of Italy 
by Charles VIII. of France, 1494 — Pisa inde- 
pendent, 9 Nov. — Charles enters Florence, 17 
Nov. — quits it, 28 Nov. — revolution, influence 
of Savonarola becomes supreme, Nov. 1494 — 
the 'Ordeal by fire' at, 17 Apr. 1498 — Piero 
Soderini Gonfaloniere for life, 1502 b — recovery 
of Pisa, 8 Jun. 1509 — restoration of the Me- 
dici, by viceroy of Naples, 31 Aug. 15 12 — re- 
tirement of Soderini : Giuliano and Giovanni 
de Medici, 31 Aug. 15 12 — Giovanni elected 
Pope, Mar. 15 13 — [Leo X.] — Lorenzo II. on 
death of Giuliano, Mar. 15 16 — Giulio, end of 



FLORENCE OF WORCESTER— FLOURENS. 



529 



Apr. 1519 — he becomes Pope, Nov. 1513 — 
[Clement VII. J— expulsion of the Medici, 16 
May T527 — popular government restored: 
league of the Pope and the Emperor Charles 
V. to restore the Medici, concluded, 29 Jun. 
i$ 29— siege of, by Imperialists, begins, Oct. 
1529— capitulation, 12 Aug. 1530 — the Medici 
restored, 28 Oct. 1530— Alexander de Medici, 
chief magistrate, 6 Jul. 15 31 — is proclaimed 
Duke, 1 May 1532 — Cosmo the Great succeeds, 
9 Jan. 1537— is declared Grand-Duke of Tus- 
cany, by Pius V., 1 Sep. 1569— [Tuscany, 
Grand-Dukes of] — entered by the French, 29 
Oct. 1800— capital of the kingdom of Etruria, 
1 801-7 — capital of the French department of the 
Arno, 1807 — restored to Grand-Duchy of Tus- 
cany, 1 8 14 — inundation of the Arno, Nov. 1844 
— a republic proclaimed, 8 Feb. 1849 — suppress- 
ed, 12 Apr. 1 849 — named the capital of the king- 
dom of Italy, Dec. 1864— Italian Court re- 
moved to, 11 May 1865— Dante Festival at, 14 
May 1865 — Italian parliament meets at, 18 
Nov. 1865— seat of government transferred to 
Rome, 1 Jul. 187 1. Duomo, commenced, by Ar- 
nolfo, about 1294— dedicated by Eugenius IV., 
1436 — completed by Brunelleschi, about 1445. 
University of, founded, 1438 — refounded by 
Cosmo the Great, 1549 b — Academia della 
Crusca, founded, 1582. Councils of: on disci- 
pline, 1055; 1 1 05 — to confirm decree of the 
republic, refusing obedience to Gregory XII., 
Feb. 1409 — 18th General Council, removed 
from Ferrara, first sitting, 26 Feb. 1439— de- 
crees union of Greek and Latin Churches, 6 
Jul. — departure of the Emperor John Palaeolo- 
gus and the Greek prelates, 26 Aug. — first sub- 
sequent sitting, 4 Sep. — second, decree for re- 
union of Armenians with Catholic Church, 22 
Nov. — third, Amadeus declared anti-pope, here- 
tic, &c. , 23 Mar. 1440 — fourth, reunion of Jacob- 
ites decreed, 5 Feb. 1441 — fifth, 26 Apr. 1442 
— the Pope, Eugenius, quits Florence, 7 Mar. 
1443. a Engl. Cyc. 

b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Trollope. 

Florence of "Worcester, chronicler, — tf ., 1 1 1 8. 

Florentinus,,/wr^,— fl., about 230. 

Florentius, — 1. Consul with Taurus, (1114, 
a.u. c.) 361. 2. Consul with. Dionysius, (1182,) 
429. 3. Consul with Anthemius, (1268,) 515. 

Florez, Enrique, historian, — ft. at Val- 
ladolid, 14 Feb. 1701 — enters Augustine Order, 
17 15 — Prof. Theology, Alcala, 1732-8 — Ij. at 
Madrid, 20 Aug. 1773. Clave Historial, 1743 
— La Espana sagrada, 1747-70 — Memorias de 
las Hep 1 as catolicas, 1761 — Medallas de las 
colonias de Espana, 1757-73. 

Florian, Jean Pierre Claris de, miscel- 
laneous writer, — ft. in the Cevennes, 6 Mar. 
1755 — in service of the Duke of Penthievre, 
1768 — banished from Paris, 1793 — ft. at 
Sceaux, 13 Sep. 1794. CEuvres, 1784-1807. 

Florianus, M. Annius, Roman Emperor, — 
usurps purple on death of Tacitus, 11 Apr. 
276 — put to death, beginning Jul. 276. 

Florida, — seen by Sebastian Cabot, 1496 a — 
reached by Ponce de Leon, 15 12 — visited by 
Vasquez, 1520 — by Veruzzani, 1523 — by De 
Geray, 1524 — unsuccessful expedition of Pam- 



philo de Narvaez, 1528 — explored by De Soto, 
1539-42 — French settlement in, 1562— the set- 
tlement destroyed by Spaniards, 1564-6 — colony 
of St Augustine settled, 1565 — northern part 
taken possession of for England, 1584 — Fort St 
Augustine captured by Drake, 1586 — visited by 
La Salle, 1 68 2— [Pensacola, Oglethorpe, Gen.] 
— ceded to England by Spain in exchange for 
Cuba, 1763 — reconquered by Spain, 1779-81 — 
ceded to Spain, 1783 — treaty for cession of, to 
United States, 22 Feb. 1819 — taken possession of 
by United States, 15 Jul. 1821 — organized as a 
Territory, 3 Mar. 1823— Seminole War, 1835- 
42 — admitted into the Union, 3 Mar. 1845 — ■ 
secedes, 10 Jan. 1861 — joins the Confederate 
States, 4 Feb. 1861 — ordinance of secession 
repealed by Convention, 28 Oct. 1865 — Con- 
vention meets, 20 Jan. 1868 — new constitution 
ratified, 6 May — 14th constitutional amend- 
ment ratified, 9 Jun. — the State readmitted to 
representation in Congress, 25 Jun. 1868. 
a Encyc. Mod. 

Florida, Marquis de la, general, — ft. at 
Madrid, about 1646 — distinguishes himself in 
the Spanish and French wars in Flanders, 
1690-3 — at battle of Almanza, 1707 — o\, 1714. 

Florida Blanca, Francesco Antonio Monino, 
Count of, statesman, — ft. at Murcia, 1730 — 
Minister at Rome, 1772 — Minister of State, 
1776 — deprived, exiled from court, 1792 — Pre- 
sident of Extraordinary Cortes, 1808 — ft. at 
Seville, 20 Nov. 1808. 

Floridus, Francisco, — ft. in Italy, about 
1500 — o". at Paris, 1547. Apologia in Plaati 
. . . calumniator es, 1537 — De Julii Ccesaris 
prcestantia libri tres, 1540. 

Florin, — Gold, coined at Florence, 1254 — in 
England, 1 343. Silver, coined in England, 1 849. 

Florio, Daniello, poet, — ft. at Udine, 17 10 
— 0". there, 1789. Toesie varie, 1777. 

Florio, John, miscellaneous writer, — ft. in 
London, about 1550 — teacher of French and 
Italian, Oxford Univ., about 1576 — tf. at Ful- 
ham, 1625. Italian-English Dictionary, 1597. 

Floris, Frans, (Erans de Vriend,) painter, 
—ft. at Antwerp, 1520 — member of Academy, 

1539 — *• tnere > J 57°- 

Floris, Peter Williamson, traveller, — em- 
barks for East Indies, Jan. 16 10 — returns to 
London, 1615 — 3j. there, about Oct. 1615. 

Florus, Annseus, poet, historian (?) — ff., 
about 125. 

Florus, C Aquillius, — [BO] — Consul with 
L. Corn. Seipio, (495, a. u. c.) 259. 

Florus Gessius, — proconsul of Judaea, 64-65. 

Florus, Julius, — excites revolt among the 
Treviri, 21. 

Flourens,GrUstave, litterateur and politician, 
— ft. at Paris, 4 Aug. 1838 — deputy Prof, at 
College of France, 1863 — fights in Crete 
against Turks, 1865-8 — takes part in electoral 
movement at Paris, 1868 — arrested, Apr. 1869 
— wounded in duel with Paul Granier de Cas- 
sagnac, 1869 — takes part in Communal insur- 
rection, Mar. 1 87 1 — killed in engagement near 
Paris, Apr. 1871. Discours du suffrage uni- 
vcrsel, 1865 — Question d' Orient, 1867 — Science 
de Vhomine, 1869— Faris delivre'e, 1871. 
34 



53° 



FLOURENS— FOIX. 



Flourens, Marie Jean Pierre, physiologist, 
— ft. at Maureilhan, 15 Apr. 1794 — M.D. 
Montpellier, 181 3 — goes to Paris, 18 14 — ad- 
mitted to Academy of Sciences, 1828 — Prof. 
Anatomy, Jardin du Roi, 1832 — perpetual 
secretary of Academy of Sciences, 1833 — Prof, 
at College of France, 1835 — member of Cham- 
ber of Deputies, 1837 — member of French 
Academy, 1840 — Commander of Legion of 
Honour, 1845 — Peer of France, 1846 — Grand 
Officer of Legion of Honour, n Aug. 1859 — 
tf. near Paris, 6 Dec. 1867. Recherches ex- 
pe'rimentales sicr les proprie'te's et les fonctions 
du systeme nerveux, 1842 — Be la longevite 
humaine, §c, 1854- — Examen cle la phrenologie, 
1 841 — Be V Instinct et de VFntelligence des 
Animaux, 1841 — Buffon, 1844 — edition of 
Buffon' s Works, 1853-5 — Bloges, 1856-7. 

Floyer, Sir John, physician, — 6. in Stafford- 
shire, about 1649 — tf. at Lichfield, 1 Feb. 1734. 
Inquiry into the right use of Baths, 1697—7 
Treatise on the Asthma, 1698. 

Fludd, {Be Fluctibus,) Robert, physician, — 
ft. in Kent, 1574 — enters Oxford Univ., 1591 
— travels in France, Germany, &c, about 
1600-5 — M.D. Oxford, May 1605 — tf. in Lon- 
don, 8 Sep. 1637. Utriusque Cosmi metaphysiea, 
physica atque technica hisloria, 16 17 — Be su- 
pernat., nat., p)rceternat.et contranat. microcosmi 
historia, 1619 — Summum bonum, §c., 1629. 

Fluorotype, —process in photography, sug- 
gested by Hunt, 1 844. 

Flushing, (Vlissingen,) in Walcheren, — 
revolts against the Spaniards, 1572 — one of 
the Cautionary Towns, placed in possession of 
Queen Elizabeth, summer 1585 — given up to 
the Dutch by James I., 27 May 16 16 — taken 
by the French, 1795 — captured by Lord Chat- 
ham, 1809 — evacuated by English, 1809 — 
given up to the Dutch by Treaty of Paris, 18 14. 

Fluxions, Method of, — invented by Newton, 
before 1665 — published by him, 1704. [Cal- 
culus, Leibnitz.] 

Fodere, Joseph Benoit, a (Francois Emman- 
iiel, h ) pthysician, — ft. at Saint Jean de Mauri- 
enne, 15 Feb., a 8 Jan. b 1764 — serves as 
physician to French army in Italy, 1795 — Prof. 
Forensic Medicine, Strasburg, 1814-34 — tf., 4 
Feb. 1835. Me moire stir le got t re et le cre- 
tinisme, 1789 — les lois eclair ees par les sciences 
physiques, 18 15 — Becons sur les epidemies et 
V hygiene puhiique, 1822-4. 

a Biog. L'niT. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Foe, Daniel de. [Defoe.] 

Foes, Anuticis, (Eoesius,) physician, — ft. at 
Metz, 1528 — tf. there, 8 Xov. 1595. Ftippo- 
cratis Coi liber secundus de morbis vulgaribus, 
§c, 1560 — Pharmacopoeia, 1561 — (Economia 
BZippocratis, §c, 1588. 

Fogel, Martin, (Fogelius,) physician, — ft. at 
Hamburg, 1632 — Prof. Logic, &c, there, 1672 
— tf. there, 21 Oct. 1675. Joachimi Jugii prce- 
cipuce opiniones physicce passim receptee, 1679. 

Foggia, Capitanata, — visited by the Em- 
peror Frederick II., 1 220-1 a — castle built, 
1223 — Frederick resides at, 1225-6 — drives 
away his troops, Aug. 1229 — dismantled, early 
in 1230 — meeting of the Commons at, 1232 — 



visited by Frederick, Mar, 1240 — his parlia- 
ment at, 8 Apr. 1240 — sale of church treasures 
at, Oct. 1241 — Manfred defeats papal legate 
at, 2 Dec. 1254 — Charles I. of Anjou dies at, 7 
Jan. 1285 — earthquakes at, 17 31 — marriage of 
Francis, D uke of Calabria, to Grand-Duchess Ma- 
ria Clementina of Austria, 1779. a Kington. 

Foggini, Pietro Francesco, — ft. at Florence, 
17 1 3 — assistant to Bottari, librarian of the 
Vatican, about 1743 — librarian of the Vatican, 
1775— tf., 2 Jun. 1783. Be primis Florentino- 
rum apostolis, §c, 1740 — Be romano B. Petri 
itinere et episcopatu, §c, 1741 — F. Virgilii 
Maronis codex antiquissimus, §c, 1741. 

Foggo, George, painter, — ft., about 1793 — ■ 
first exhibits at .Royal Academy, 1819 — member 
of Public Monuments Committee, 1837 — ex- 
hibits cartoons at "Westminster Hall, 1840-3 — 
tf., 26 Sep. 1869. AVith his brother James, 
Christ at Fool of Bethesda, 1824 — Entombment, 
1826 — National Gallery: Catalogue with notes, 
i860. 

Foggo, James, painter, — ft. about 1788 — ■ 
first exhibits at Royal Academy, 18 16 — tf., Sep. 
i860. [Foggo, George.] 

Foglietta, Dherto, historian, — ft. at Genoa, 
15 1 8— exiled, 1559 — tf. at Rome, 1581. Bella 
Bepublica di Genova, 1559 — Historic Geniun- 
sium, 1585 — Clarorum Bigurum elogia, 1574. 

Fohr, Carl Philipp, painter, — ft. at Heidel- 
berg, 1795 — visits Rome, 18 16 — drowned there, 
Jun. 1 81 8. 

Foigny, Gabriel, — ft. in Lorraine, about 
1650 — adopts Reformed faith at Geneva, 1667 
— tf. in Savoy, 1692. Bes Aventures cle J. 
Sadeur dans la de'eouverte et le voyage de la terre 
Australe, 1676. 

Foix, in France, {Fuxium, Castrum Fuxiense,) 
— head of a County under Roger II. , about 
1040-50 — Roger III., (son.) succeeds, 1070 — 
Roger IV., (son,) 1121 — Roger Bernard I., 
1 141 — Raymond Roger, 1188 — accompanies 
Philip Augustus to Palestine, 1191 — distin- 
guishes himself at siege of Ascalon and capture 
of Acre, 1 191— embarks for Europe with Phi- 
lip, Jul. 1 19 1 — joins the Albigenses, and is de- 
prived of his estates, about 1205 ? — the fortress 
unsuccessfully assailed by Simon de Montfort, 
1210 — takes Mirepoix, i222, a 1223 b — tf., 
i222, a Mar. or Apr. 1223 b — Roger Bernard 
II., (son,) the Great, 1223 — ally of Raymond 
VII., Count of Toulouse, 1223 — excommuni- 
cated by Council of ISarbonne, 1235 — again, 
1237 — absolved, 1240 — tf. at the abbey of Bol- 
bone, 1 241 — Roger IV., (son,) 1241 — carries 
on war with the king of Aragon, 1251 — with 
the Count of Urgel, 1256 — tf., 1265 — Roger 
Bernard III., (son,) poet, 1265 — the fortress 
besieged and taken, and the Count imprisoned 
at Carcassone, by Philip the Bold, 1272 — re- 
leased, 1273 — taken prisoner by Pedro III. of 
Aragon, 1280 — recovers his liberty, Jun. 1284,° 
1285 d — tf., 1303,* 1302, 13 1 Feb/1301 c — Gas- 
ton I., (son,) follows Louis X. to the war in 
Flanders, 13 15 — tf., 13 Dec. 13 15 c — Gaston 
II., (son,) 1 3 15 — contributes to victory of the 
Navarrese at Tudela, 1335 — serves in' France 
against the English, 1337-39 — &• at Seville, 



FOIX— FONSECA. 



53i 



Sep. 1343 — Gaston III., Viscount of Beam, 
{Phoebus,) — ft., 1 33 1 — succeeds his father, 1343 
— serves against the English in Languedoc, 
1345 — -joint Lieutenant in Languedoc, 1347° 
— marries Agnes of Navarrej 1 349 — contri- 
butes to the rescue of the Dauphin at Meaux, 
Jun. 1358 — defeats and captures the Count 
d'Armagnac at Launac, 1372 — divorces Agnes, 
1373 c — Lieutenant-general in Languedoc, by 
Charles V., 1380 — kills his son, 1382 — receives 
Charles VI. and his court at Mazeres, Jan. 
1390 — ft., Aug., a May d 1390 — Mathieu, 
(cousin,) 1390 — Isabella, (sister,) wife of 
Archambault de Grailli, 1398^ Aug. 1399° — 
Jean, (son,) 141 2 — Gaston IV., (son,) 1436 
— declared successor to the throne of Navarre, 
1455 — Peer of France, 1458 — marries the Prin- 
cess Madeleine of France, 146 1 — receives from 
Louis XI. the lordship of Carcassone, 1464 — 
marries his daughter to the Duke of Brittany 
and joins the league against Louis, 147 1 — ft., 
Jul. 1472 — Francois Phcebus, (son,) 1472 — 
king of Navarre, 1481 — ft. at Pau, 30 Jan. 1483 
• — Catherine, (sister,) 1483 — her succession 
disputed by Jean de Foix, her uncle ; the 
estates given by Louis XII. to Germaine d' 
Aragon, 15 12 — the county becomes part of the 
royal domain of France, on accession of Henry 
IV., 1589 — forms the department of Ariege, 
1789. a Biog. Uniy. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

c Ersch and Gruber, d Encyc. Mod. 

Foix, Gaston de, Duke de Nemours, 
{Foudre d' Italic,) — ft., 1489 — commands French 
army in Italy, 15 12 — wins battle of Eavenna, 
and is killed there, n Apr. 15 12. 

Foix, Paul de, Abp of Toulouse, diploma- 
tist, — ft., 1528 — advocates toleration for Luth- 
erans, 1559 — in service of Henry II., 1561 — 
ambassador to Scotland, 156 1 — to England, 
Dec. 1561-65 — negotiates Treaty of Troyes, 
1564 — Councillor of State, 1565 — ambassador 
to Venice, 1565 — again sent to England, 1570 
—ambassador to Eome, 1575 — to king of Na- 
varre, 1576 — Abp of Toulouse, 1576 — ambas- 
sador to Eome, 1581^ 1579 b — ft. at Eome, 1584. 
Zettres, 1628. a Biog. Univ. 

b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Foix, Pierre de, {the Eider,) Cardinal, Abp 
of Arles, — ft., 1386 — deputy to Council of 
Constance, contributes to the election of Martin 
V., 141 7 — convokes Council of Tortosa, and 
procures abdication of Clement VIII., 1429 — 
convokes Council of Avignon, 1457 — ft. there, 
1464. 

Foix. [Lautrec, Lescun, Lesparre.] 

Fokshani, — Suwarrof and the Prince of Co- 
burg defeat the Turks at, 21 Jul. 1789. 

Folard, Jean Charles de, — ft. at Avignon, 
13 Feb. 1669 — enters the army, 1688— distin- 
guishes himself in war of Italy, and receives 
cross of St Louis, 1705-6 — wounded at Cassano, 
1705 — wounded at battle of Malplaquet, 1709 
— captured by Imperialists at Aire, 1709 — 
F.E.S. London, 1749 — ft. at Avignon, 23 Mar. 
1752. Kistoire de Folybe, avec commeutaires., 
1727-30. 

Folengo, Theophilus, {Merlino Cocajo,) poet, 
— ft. at Mantua, 8 Nov. 149 1— ft. near Eassano, 



9 Dec. 1544. OrZandino, 1526 — Opus maca- 
ronicum, 1651. 

Foligno, in Italy, — Frederick II. brought up 
at, 1194a — attacked by the Germans, 1228 — 
head-quarters of Frederick II., who holds a par- 
liament at, Feb. 1240 — visited by Frederick, 
Jan. 1244 — hostile to Perugia, Mar. to Apr. 
1246 — takes part in destruction of Nocera, sum- 
mer 1250. Armistice of, between Napoleon and 
the king of Naples, concluded* 6 Feb. 1801. 
a Kington. 

Foliot, Gilbert, Bp of London, — Bp of 
Hereford, 1148 — translated to London, 1162 — ■ 
resists Becket's entrance with the cross into the 
king's hall, 18 Oct. 11 64 — ambassador to Pope 
Alexander III. at Sens, 11 65 — excommunicated 
by Becket, 11 69 — preaches on occasion of the 
king's penance at Canterbury, Jul. 11 74 — ft., 
1 1 87. Epistolce, 1845. 

Folkes, Martin, antiquary, — ft. at West- 
minster, 29 Oct. 1690 — studies at Cambridge, 
1707— F.E.S., 1714— M.A., 1717— F.S.A., 
1729 — President of Eoyal Society, 1741 — 
foreign Associate of Academy of Sciences, Paris, 
1742 — LL.D. Oxford, 1746 — President of So- 
ciety of Antiquaries, 1750 — ft., 26 Jun. 1754. 
Tables des monnaies d'or d' ' Angleterre, 1736. 

Follett, Sir William Webb, jurisconsult, — 
ft. at Topsham, Devonshire, 2 Dec. 1798 — 
enters Trin. Coll. Cambridge, 1804 — enters the 
Middle Temple, 1818— M.A., 1 821— called to 
the bar, 1824 — Solicitor-General, Nov. 1834 
— resigns, Apr. 1835 — M.P. Exeter, 1835 — 
Knt, 1835— Solicitor-General again, 1841 — 
Attorney- General, Apr. .1844 — ft. in London, 
28 Jun. 1845. 

Folquet, {Fulco, Folchetto,) troubadour, Bp 
of Toulouse, — ft. near Genoa, about 1155 — 
goes to the East, about 11 79 — enters Cistercian 
Order, 11 96 — Bp of Toulouse, 1205 — perse- 
cutes Albigenses, between 1209-29 — ft. at 
Toulouse, 1 23 1. 

Fondolo, Gabrino, — Lieutenant in service 
of Ugolino Cavalcabo, 1404 — massacres the 
Cavalcabo family, gets himself proclaimed Lord 
of Cremona, 26 Jul. 1406 — leagues with Duke 
of Milan, and defeats Ottoboni Ferzi at Castel- 
letto, Jun. 1408 — receives the Emperor Sigis- 
mund and Pope John XXIII. at Cremona, 
141 3 — named Vicar-imperial, 141 3 — war Avith 
Duke of Milan, 1417-20 — sells Cremona to 
him, 1420 — beheaded at Milan, 1425. 

Fonseca, Juan Rodriguez de, Bp of Bur- 
gos, — ft. at Seville, about 1452 — opposes pro- 
jects of Columbus, 1491 — opposes Cortes, 1518- 
20 — orders him to Spain for trial, 1520 — 
interdicted from interference with Cortes, 1522 
—ft. at Burgos, 1530,* 1524^ i523- c 
a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Prescott. 

Fonseca, Pedro da, Jesuit, — ft. at Cortizada, 
1528 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1548 — D.D. 
Evora, 1570 — goes to Eome, 1572-9 — ft. at 
Lisbon, 4 Nov. 1599. In Hbros Metaphysico- 
rum Aristotelis Stagiritce, 1572-1602 — Insti- 
tutimies dialectics, 1564. 

Fonseca, Rodriguez da, physician, — Prin- 
cipal of the Faculty of Medicine, Padua, 16 15 
— ft. there, i622, a i642, b De calculorum reme- 
34* 



53 2 



FONSECA— FONTANINL 7 



diis, Qc.y 1586 — De tuenda valetudine, §c, 1602 
— Consultationes medica, §c, 16 18. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Fonseca Figueiredo y Sousa, Jose Maria, 
Franciscan, — b. at Evora, 3 Dec. 1690 — enters 
the Franciscan Order at Eome, 17 12 — founds 
a library in his convent of Ara Coeli, 1727 — tf., 
14 Apr. 1760. Jura Romana provincia super 
ecclesiam aracoelitanam, §c, 17 19 — Tabula 
chronological, §c, 1737. 

Fontaine, Jacques, {de la Roche,) theologian, 
— O. at Fontenai-le-Comte, 1688 — settles at 
Paris, about 1727 — tf., 26 May 1761. Nouvelles 
eccle'siastiques, Qc, 1729-61. 

Fontaine, Jean de la, fabulist, — b. at Cha- 
teau-Thierry, 8 Jul. 1 62 1 — admitted to French 
Academy, 1684 — tf. at Paris, 13 Apr. 1695. 
Fables, 1668 — Contes, 1665. 

Fontaine, Jehan de la, poet, — b. at Valen- 
ciennes, 1381 — "0., after 1431. La Fontaine 
des amoureux de science, about 1495. 

Fontaine, Nicolas, miscellaneous writer, — b. 
at Paris, 1625 — imprisoned in the Bastille, 
1664-9 — tf. at Melun, 28 Jan. 1709. Les 
Figures de la Bible, 1674 — Me moires pour servir 
d Vhistoire de Port-Royal, 1736. 

Fontaine, Pierre Francois Leonard, architect, 
— b. at Pontoise, 20 Sep. 1762 — meets Percier 
at the school of Peyre, 1779 a — obtains second 
grand prize for architecture, 1785 — goes to 
Eome, end of 1 7 85 — member of the Institute, 
181 1 — architect to the king, 18 15 — retires, 1 
Oct. 1848 — tf. at Paris, 10 Oct. 1853. Arch of 
the Carrousel, 1806 — Extension of the Louvre, 
1811-23. a Jal. 

Fontaine des Bertins, Alexis, mathema- 
tician, — b. in Dauphiny, about 1705 — admitted 
to Academy of Sciences, 1733 — tf. in Burgundy, 
21 Aug. 177 1. 

Fontaine - Francaise, — Henry IY. defeats 
Constable of Castile and Duke of Mayenne at, 
5,* 30 ^ Jun. 1595. 

a Londel, Henault. b Mezerai. 

Fontainebleau, — royal residence, before 
1 170 — Philip the Fail' dies at, 13 14 — palace 
commenced by Francis I., before 1530 — Charles 
V. received at, by Francis I., Jan. 1539 — 
Assembly of Notables held at, 1550 — residence 
of Christina, ex-queen of Sweden, 1654 — Re- 
vocation of Edict of Nantes signed, 1685 — 
death of Conde, 1686 — visit of Peter the Great, 
30 May 17 17 — marriage of Louis XV. to Maria 
Leczinski, 4 Sep. 1725 — visit of Pius VII., 
Nov. 1804 — Charles IV. of Spain confined at, 
1808 — Pope Pius VII. a prisoner, 181 2-14 — 
Napoleon I. signs abdication, 4 Apr. 18 14 — 
palace restored by Louis Philippe, 1837-40 — 
attempt to assassinate Louis Philippe, by Le- 
comte, in the park, 16 Apr. 1846— visited by 
the Grand Duke Constantine of Russia, May 
1857 — visited by the Prince of "Wales, 12 Jim. 
1862. Treaties of, alliances between Francis 
I. of France and Gustavus Vasa, 1542 — between 
France and Sweden, 24 Sep. 1661 — between 
France and Denmark, 2 Sep. 1679 — between 
France and Spain, 25 Oct. 1743 — between 
England, France, and Spain, 3 Nov. 1762 — 
between France and Holland, 10 Nov. 1785 — 



between Napoleon and Charles IV. of Spain, 27 
Oct. 1807. Concordat, between Napoleon and 
Pius VII., 25 Jan. 18 13. Conference of, be- 
tween Cardinal Du Perron and Duplessis 
Mornay, 1600. 

Fontaines. [Desfontaines.] 

Fontana, Agostino, bibliographer, — tf., 
about 1700. Amphitheatrum legale, 1688. 

Fontana, Annibale, engraver on gems, — tf . at 
Milan, 1587. 

Fontana, Carlo, architect, — rj. in Como, 1634 
' — tf. at Eome, 17 14. LI Templo Vaticano,§c., 
1694 — V Anfteatro Flavio, §c. f 1725 — Antio e 
sua antichitd, 17 10. 

Fontana, Ch. Emmanuel, bibliographer. 
Bibliotheca poetica-toscana, 1688. 

Fontana, Domenico, architect, — b. near 
Lake of Como, 1543— goes to Eome, 1563 — ■ 
architect and first engineer to king of Naples, 
about 1592 — tf. at Naples, 1607. Removes 
Vatican Obelisk, 10 Sep. 1586 — Palace of the 
Lateran, 1585-90 — Del Modo tenuto nel trans- 
portare V Obelisco Vaticano, §c., 1589. 

Fontana, Felice, naturalist, §c., — fj. in the 
Tyrol, 15 Apr. 1730 — tf. at Florence, 9 Mar. 
1805. Ricerche jilosofiche sopra la fisica 
animate, 1775 — Traite sur levenin de la vipere, 
§e., 1781. 

Fontana, Francesco, astronomer, — tf., Jul. 
1656. Nova ccelestium et terrestrium rerum 
observationes, 1646. 

Fontana, Gaetano, astronomer, — b. at 
Modena, 1645 — tf., 25 Jun. 17 19. Lnstitutio 
physico-astronomica, 1 695. 

Fontana, Gregorio, Prof. Mathematics, 
Pavia, — b. near Eoveredo, (Tyrol,) 7 Dec. 
1735 — tf. at Milan, 24 Aug. 1803.' Analyseos 
sublimioris opuscula, 1763 — Memorie mathe- 
matiche, 1796. 

Fontana, Lavinia, {Zappi,) painter, — b., 
about 1552 — tf. at Eome, i6i4, ab i6o2. c 
a Biog. Catalogue. b Engl. Cyc. c Biog. Univ. 

Fontana, Mariano, mathematician, — b. at 
Casalmaggiore, 18 Feb. 1746 — tf. at Milan, 18 
Nov. 1808. Corso di dinamica, 1790-3. 

Fontana, Prospero, painter, — fc. at Bologna, 
15 1 2 — tf. at Eome, 1597. 

Fontanelle, Jean Gaspard Dubois, miscel- 
laneous writer, — b. at Grenoble, 29 Oct. 1737 
— tf. there, 15 Feb. 181 2. Naufrage et aven- 
tures de Pierre Viaud, 1768 — Xouveaux me- 
langes, §c, 1781 — Theatre et ceuvres philoso- 
phiques, 1785 — Metamorphoses d'Ovide, 1802. 

Fontanes, Louis de, statesman, §c, — b. at 
Niort, 6 Mar. 1757 — goes to Paris, 1777 — 
member of the Institute, 1794 — Prof. Belles 
Lettres, Ecole Centrale, 1795 — escapes to Lon- 
don, Aug. 1797-9 — member of the Corps 
Legislatif, 1802 — President, 1804-10 — Grand- 
master of the Univ., 1808 — Senator, 1810 — 
Peer of France, Jun. 18 14 — tf. at Paris, 17 
Mar. 1 82 1. 

Fontanini, Giusto, antiquary, §c., — b< in 
Friula, 30 Oct. 1666 — tf. at Eome, 17 Apr. 
1736. Vindicia antiquorum diplomatum, $c, 
1705 — Bibliotheca card. Lmperialis catalog us, 
17 1 1 — Historia litteraria Aquilejensis, 1742 
— Ragionamento della Eloquenza Ltaliana, 1706. 



FONTANUS— FORBES. 



533 



Fontanus, Nicolas, (Fonteyn,) physician, — 
Inspector of College of Health, Amsterdam, 
1640. Institutiones pharmaceutics ex Ban- 
deroni et Dubois, 1633 — Observationum vari- 
arum analecta, 164.1 — Fons sive origo febrium, 
$c, 1644. 

Fontarabia, (Fuenterrabia,) — conference be- 
tween Louis XL of France and Henry IV. of 
Castile at, end of Apr. 1463 — seized by Francis 
I., and retaken by Spaniards, 15 21 — unsuc- 
cessfully besieged by Prince of Conde, Jul. to 7 
Sep. 1638 — taken by Marsbal de Berwick, 16 
Jun. 1 7 19 — given up to Spain, 1720. 

Fonteius, M., (M',) — [BC] — pro-quccstor, 
Hispania Ulterior, %^—prcetor, Gallia Nar- 
bonensis, 76, 73 — defended by Cicero, 69. 

Fontenai, in Auxerre, — Charles the Bald 
and Louis of Bavaria defeat Lothaire and 
Pepin, 25 Jun. 841. 

Fontenay, Jean Baptiste Blain de, painter, 
— b. at Caen, 1654 — tf. at Paris, 17 15. 

Fontenay, Louis Abel de Bonafons, Jesuit, 
— b. near Castres, 1737 — tJ- at Paris, 28 Mar. 
1806. Dictionnaire des artistes, 1777 — edits 
Journal general de France, May 1776 to 10 
Aug. 1792. 

Fontenay, Theres^ de Cabarrus, Marquise 
de, — b. at Sarragossa, 1773 — marries Marquis 
of Fontenay, 1789 — imprisoned at Bordeaux, 
1793 — at Paris, 1794 — marries Tallien, 26 
Dec. 1794 — divorced, Apr. 1802 — marries 
Count Joseph de Caraman, Jul. 1805 — tf. at 
Chimay, 15 Jun. 1835. 

Fontenelle, Bernard le Bovier {Bouyer) de, 
miscellaneous writer, — b. at Rouen, 11 Feb. 
1657 — admitted to French Academy, 1691 — to 
Academy of Sciences, 1697 — perpetual Secre- 
tary, 1 699- 1 741 — tf. at Paris, 9 Jan. 1757. 
Dialogue des Morts, 1683 — Entretiens sur la 
Pluralites des Mondes, 1685 — Geometries (Ge'o- 
graphie^) de V Infini, 1727. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Fontenoy, — Marshal Saxe defeats the Duke 
of Cumberland at, 11 May 1745. 

Fonteny, Jacques de, dramatist. Le Bocage 
d' Amour, 1578 — Lcs Fsbats poe'tiques, 1587 — 
Anagrammes et Sonnets, 1606. 

Fontevrault, Order of,— founded by Robert 
d'Arbrissel, 1 100 a — confirmed by Pascal II., 
1 106 and 1 1 13 — reformed, 1475 and 1641. 
Abbey of, transformed into a prison, 1804. 
. a Dufresnoy. 

Fonthill Abbey, — commenced by Beckford, 
1795 — sold by him, 1822. 

Fonti, Bartolomeo, (Fontius,) — b. at Flor- 
ence, 1445 — tf., 15 1 3. Opera exquisitissima, 
1621. 

Fontinalis, A. Aternius Varus, — [BC] — 
Consul with Sp. Tarpeius Montanus, (300, 
A. it. c.) 454. 

Foote, Samuel, dramatist, actor, — b. at 
Truro, 1720 — opens his theatre, Haymarket, 
1747 — tf. at Dover, 21 Oct. 1777. Works, 
1778. 

Foppens, Jean Francois, historian, $c, — b. 
at Brussels, 1689 — teaches Theology at Louvain, 
17 1 3 — canon of Bruges and Prof. Theology, 
1 7 21 — Archdeacon of Malines, and censor of 



books, 1740 — tf. at Malines, 16 Jul. 1761. 
Bibliotheca Belgica, i^iy—Historia episcopatus 
An tverpiensis, 1 7 1 7 . 

Forbach, in France, — Gen. Steinmetz defeats 
Gen. Frossard at, 6 Aug. 1870. 

Forbes, Duncan, — Lord President of 
Court of Session,— b. near Inverness, 10 
Nov. 1685 — studies at Bourges, 1705-7 — ad- 
mitted Advocate, 26 Jul. 1709— Deputy Lord 
Advocate, 17 16 — M.P. Inverness, 1722 — Lord 
Advocate, 1725 — Lord President of Court of 
Session, i737, a 1742 b — distinguishes himself 
in defence of Royal cause during the rebellion, 
1745-6 — tf., ioNov., d Dec. ac 1747. Thoughts 
on Religion ; Reflections on the sources of Incre- 
dulity in regard to Religion ; Letter to a Bishop, 
§c, 1750. a Chambers' Biog. Diet. b Chalmers. 
c Pict. Hist. England. d Engl. Cyc. 

Forbes, Edward, naturalist, — b. in the Isle 
of Man, 1 8 15 — commences the study of medi- 
cine at Edinburgh, 1830 — founds Botanical 
Society of Edinburgh, 1836 — visits Paris, and 
the Mediterranean, 1837 — accompanies expedi- 
tion to Lyciaas naturalist, 1841 — Prof. Botany, 
King's College, London, 1842 — F.L.S., 1843 
— Assistant Secretary to Zoological Society, 
1844— F.R.S., 1845— Prof. Natural History, 
School of Mines; Pres. G. S., 1852 — Prof. 
Natural History, Edinburgh, 1853 — tf., 18 
Nov. 1854. History of British Star-Fishes, 
1 841 — with Hanley, History of British Mol- 
lusca, 1853. 

Forbes, James, miscellaneous writer, — b. in 
London, 1749 — in service of East India Com- 
pany, 1765-83— F.R.S., 1803— tf. at Aix-la- 
Chapelle, 1 Aug. 18 19. Oriental Memoirs, §c, 
181 3. Letters from France, 1806. 

Forbes, John, theologian, — b. at Aberdeen, 
2 May 1593 — studies at King's College, 1607 
— Prof. Divinity and Ecclesiastical History 
there, 1619-40 — tf. at Corse, Aberdeenshire, 
29 Apr. 1 648. Institutiones historico-theologicce, 
1646. 

Forbes, Sir John, physician, miscellaneous 
writer,— b. in Scotland, 18 Oct. 1787 — enters 
Marischal Coll., 1805 — enters the navy as 
assistant surgeon, 1807 — M.D. Edinburgh, 
18 17 — marries, 1819— settles in London, 1840 
— Physician Extraord. to the Prince Consort, 
1840 — Physician to Queen Victoria, soon after — 
Knt, 1853— tf. at "Whitchurch, 13 Nov. 1861. 
Founds and edits British and Foreign Medical 
Revieiv, 1836-48 — founds and edits (with 
Conolly) Cyclopedia of Practical Medicine, 
1833-5 — Physician s Holiday, 1 849 — Memoran- 
da made in Ireland, 1852 — Nature and Art in 
the Cure of Disease, 1857. 

Forbes, Patrick, Bp of Aberdeen, — b. in 
Scotland, 1564 — minister of Keith, 1592^ 
i6i2 b — Bp of Aberdeen, 161 8 — tf. at Aber- 
deen, 28 Mar. 1635. 

a Chalmers. b Chambers' Biog. Diet. 

Forbes, William, Bp of Edinburgh, — b. at 
Aberdeen, about 1585 — Bp of Edinburgh, by 
Charles I., 1634 — tf., 1 Apr. 1634. Considera- 
tions modestce controversiarum, 1658. 

' Forbes Mackenzie Act,' — for regulation of 
Public Houses in Scotland, 16 and 17 Vic. c. 



i34 



FORBIN— FOREIRO. 



67, 15 Aug 1 . 1853 — Royal Commission of In- 
quiry into its operation, issued, 25 Apr. 1859. 

Forbin, Claude, admiral, — b. in Provence, 
Aug. 1656 — serves in the navy, in expedition 
to Messina, 1675 — accompanies embassy to 
Siam, 1685 — Grand Admiral of Siam, General- 
in-chief, Governor of Bankok, 1686-88 — serves 
in French navy, 1689-17 10 — ft. near Marseilles, 
4 Mar. 1733. Me moires, 1730. 

Forbin, Gaspard Francois Anne de, — b. 
at Aix, 8 Jul. 17 1 8 — ft., about 1780. Accord, 
§c, 1753 — Accord de lafoi avec la raison, $c, 
1757 — Exposition geometrique des principales 
erreurs de Newton, §c, 17 61. 

Forbin, Louis Nicolas Philippe Auguste, 
Count de, painter, archaeologist, — b. in Pro- 
vence, 19 Aug. i777, a 1779 b — exhibits at the 
Louvre, 1796 — goes to Pome, 1802 — Director- 
General of Museums of France, 18 14 — mem- 
ber of the Institute, 1816 — visits the Mediter- 
ranean, 18 17-18 — Inspector-general of Mu- 
seums of France, 1821 — ft. at Paris, 23 Feb. 
1 84 1. Charles Barimore, 18 10 — Voyage dans 
le Levant, 1819 — Tin Mois d Venise, 1824-25. 
a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. 

Forbisher. [Frobisher.] 
Forbonnais, Francois Veron de, publicist,— 
b. at Mans, 3 Oct.' 1722 — settles at Paris, 
i752, a 1750 b — Inspector-general of Mints, 
1756 — Chief Clerk to the Controller-General, 
1759 — member of the Institute, 1796 — ft. at 
Paris, 20 Sep. 1800. Elements da commerce, 
1754 — Recherches et considerations sur les fi- 
nances de France, 1758. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Forcade, Eugene, journalist, — b. at Mar- 
seilles, 1 820 — goes to Paris, 1 840 — becomes 
collaborateur of the Revue des deux Mondes, 
1 843 — establishes Revue Nouvelle, 1 845 — chief 
editor of LaPatrie, 1850 — founds the Messager 
de V Assemblee, 1851, which is suppressed, 2 
Dec. 1 85 1 — ft., 6 Nov. 1869. Etudes histo- 
riques, 1853 — Histoire des causes de la Guerre 
de V Orient, 1854. 

Forcadel, Etienne, (Forcatulus,) jurist, — b. 
at Beziers, 1534 — Prof. Law, Toulouse, 1554 
— &■> 1673. Sphcera juris, 1549 — Prometheus, 
1578 — Be Gallorum imperio et philosophia, 
1569 — CEuvres poetiques, 1579. 

Forcadel, Pierre, mathematician, — Prof. 
Mathematics, College Royal, 1560 — ft., 1576. 
Bescription d'un anneau solaire convexe, 1569 — 
Euclide, 1564. 

Force. [Piganiol de la Force.] 
Force Bill, The, — passed by House of Repre- 
sentatives, U.S., 10 Jul. 1 86 1. 

Force, Charlotte Rose de Caumont de la, 
novelist, — b. in Bazadois, about 1650 — ft. at 
Paris, 1724. Histoire secrete du Buc de 
Bourgogne, 1694 — Histoire secrete de Marie de 
Bourgogne, 17 12— BZistoire de Marguerite de 
Valois, 1696 — Histoire secrete de Catherine de 
Bourbon, $c, 1703. 

Force, Jacques Nompar de Caumont, Due 
de la, Peek, Marshal op France, — b., about 
1559 — distinguishes himself at combat of An- 
gers, 1589— present at assassination of Henri 
IV., 16 10— defends Montauban against the 



king, 162 1 — Marshal of France, Lieutenant- 
general, sent to Piedmont, 1622 — takes Saluces, 
1630 — invests Luneville, 1634 — raises siege of 
Philipsburg, takes Spire, 1635 — defeats and 
takes prisoner General Colleredo, 1636 — ft. at 
Bergerac, 10 May 1652. 

Forcellini, Egidio, lexicographer, — b. near 
Padua, 26 Aug. 1688— ft., 4 Apr. 1768. With 
Facciolati, Totius latinitatis lexicon, $•<?., 1771. 
Forchhammer, Johann Georg, chemist, geo- 
logist, — b. in Schleswig, 1794 — reader in Min- 
eralogy, Copenhagen, 1823 — received at the 
Academy of Sciences, 1825 — secretary, 1851 — 
ft. at Copenhagen, spring 1866. 

Ford, John, dramatist, — b. in Devonshire, 
about 1586 — enters Middle Temple, 16 Nov. 
1602 — ft., probably about 1640. The Lovers 1 
Melancholy, 1629 — ' Tis pity she's a Whore, 1633 
— Love's Sacrifice, 1633 — The Fancies chaste 
and noble, 1638 — The Lady's Trial, 1639. 

Ford, Richard, traveller, §c., — b. in London, 
1796— called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, 18 19 
— visits Spain, 1830 — visits Rome, 1839-40 — ft. 
near Exeter, 1 Sep. 1858. Handbook of Spain, 
1845 — Gatherings in Spain, 1848 — contributes 
to Quarterly Review, 1836-57. 

Fordun, John de, historian, — b., probably at 
Fordun, Scotland, soon after 1300— ft., probably 
about 1386. Scotichronieon, 1722. 

Fordyce, David, philosopher, — b. in Scotland, 
17 1 1 — M.A. Aberdeen, 1728 — Prof. Philoso- 
phy, there, 1742 — shipwrecked, 1751. Treatise 
on Moral Pliilosophy, 1754. 

Fordyce, George, physician, — b. at Aberdeen, 
18 Nov. 1736 — M.A. Aberdeen, 1750 — M.D. 
Edinburgb, Oct. 1758 — settles in London, 1759 
— begins to lecture on Chemistry, 1759 — mar- 
ries, 1762 — begins to lecture on Materia Medi- 
ca and Practice of Physic, 1764 — licentiate, 
R.C.P., 1765— physician to St Thomas's Hos- 
pital, 1770— F.R.S., 1776— F.R.C.P., 1787— 
ft. in London, 25 May 1802. Elements of the 
practice of PhysicJc, 1768-70 — Treatise on the 
digestion of food, 17 91 — Four dissertations on' 
simple fever, 1794. 

Fordyce, James, theologian, — b. at Aberdeen, 
1720 — settles in London, 1760 — marries, 1771 
— ft. at Bath, 1 Oct. 1796. Sermons to Young 
Women, 1766 — Poems, 1786. 

Fordyce, Sir William, physician, — b. in 
Scotland, 1724 — Knt, about 1787 — ft. in Lon- 
don, 4 Dec. 1792. Review of the Venereal 
Bisease,§c, 1768 — New Lnquiry into the causes, 
%c, of putrid and inflammatory fevers, 1773 — 
Fragmenta chirurgica et medica, 1 7 84. 

Foreign Enlistment, — British subjects pro- 
hibited from entering foreign service, by Acts 
3 Jac. I. c. 4, s. 18, 1605, and 59 Geo. III. c. 
69, 3 Jul. 1 8 19 — the prohibition suspended, by 
Order in Council, 10 Jun. 1835. 

Foreign Office, London, — established, 1782. 
Foreign Orders, — acceptance of, by British 
subject, prohibited, except by royal permission, 
10 May 1855. 

Foreigners, Enlistment of, — in Her Majes- 
ty's service, permitted by Act 18 Vic. c. 2, 23 
Dec. 1854. 

Foreiro, (Forerius,) Bominican, — b. at Lis- 



FOREST— FORMOSTJS. 



535 



bon, 1523 — enters Dominican Order, 1539 — re- 
turns from Paris, 1540 — at Council of Trent, 
1561-64 — prior of Dominican convent, a Lisbon, 
1568 — provincial of his Order, b 1568 — ft. at 
Almeida, 10 Jan. 1587, cb 1581^ Lsaice pro- 
phetce veins et nova ex hebraico versio, 1563. 

a Chalmers. b Rees' Cyc. c Biog. Univ. 

Forest, Pierre de la, Cardinal, Abp of 
Rouen, — rj. near Mans, 1314 — as plenipotenti- 
ary, negotiates peace with Edward III., 1351 — 
Abp of Rouen, 1352 — attends conference at 
Avignon for establishing peace between France 
and England, 1354 — opens the States-General, 
1355 and 1356 — deprived of his office of chan- 
cellor, 1356 — Cardinal, by Innocent VI., 1356 
— restored to office, 1359 — )J. at Villeneuve, 
near Avignon, 25 Jun. 1361. 

Forest, Pieter van, (Forestus,) physician, — 

b. at Alkmaer, 1522 — lectures at LeydenUniv., 
1575 — tf. there, 1597. Observationum et cura- 
tionum medicinalium ac chirurgicar. opera om- 
nia, 1589-1610. 

Forest, Submarine, — discovered on coast of 
Lincolnshire, 1799 — another, in Cardigan Bay, 
1832. 

Forest Charter, Carta de Foresta, — granted 
by Henry III., 11 Feb. 1225 — confirmed by 
Edward I., 5 Nov. 1297. 

Forest Courts, in England, — regulated by 
Act 16 Car. I. c. 16, 164.1. 

Forest of Dean. [Dean, Forest of.] 

Forestalling, {Engrossing, llegrating,) — 
prohibited by Acts 51 Hen. III. st. 6, s. 3, 
1266-7 ; 25 Edw. III. st. 4, c. 3, 1350-2; 5 
and 6 Edw. YI. c. 14, 1552 — 5 Eliz. c. 4, s. 13, 
1562 — 13 Eliz. c. 25, s. 5, 1570 ; laws relat- 
ing to, repealed by Act 12 Geo. III. c. 71, 
1772 — offence of, abolished and laws repealed 
by Act 7 and 8 Vic. c. 24, 4 Jul. 1844. 

Foresti, Antonio, historian, — b. at Carpi, 
about 1650 — ft., about 1699. Mappamondo 
istorico, §c, 1690. 

Foresti, Jacopo Filippo di, (Jacopo Filippo 
di Bergamo?) historian, — fj. near Bergamo, 1434 
— -o\, 15 Jun. 1520. Supplementwn ehronicum 
orb is ab initio mundi, §c., 1483. 

Forfait, Pierre Alexandre Laurent, en- 
gineer, statesman, — b. at Rouen, 1752 — mem- 
ber of Royal Academy of Marine, 178 1 — 
deputy to Legislative Assembly, Jun. 1791 — 
Pres. of Commission to prepare invasion of 
England, Jan. 1798 — Minister of Marine, 1799 
• — Councillor of State, 1 801 — tr. at Rouen, mari- 
time prefect of Genoa, 8 Nov. 1807. Memoire 
sur les canaux navigables, 1773. 

Forgery, in England — provisions against, 
by Acts 1 Hen. V. c. 3, 14 13 ; 7 Hen. V. c. 2, 
1419; and 26 Hen. VIII. c. 2, 1534 — of the 
royal sign manual, declared high treason by 
Act 1 Mar. s. 2, c. 6, 1553 — earlier laws re- 
pealed and new enactments by 5 Eliz. c. 14, 
1562— of bank notes, made a felony by Acts 8 
and 9 Wm III. c. 20, s. 36, 1697 ; 11 Geo. 1. 

c. 9, s. 6, 1724 — further provisions by Acts 2 
Geo. II. c. 25, 1729; 7 Geo. II. c. 22, 1734; 
IS Geo. III. c. 18, 1778; and 37 Geo. HI. c. 
122, 1797 — statutes consolidated, and punish- 
ment of death abolished, (with exceptions,) by 



Act 1 Wm IV. c. 66, 23 Jul. 1830— punish- 
ment of death for, entirely abolished, by Acts 
2 and 3 Wm IV. c. 123, 16 Aug. 1832 ; and 1 
Vic. c. 84, 17 Jul. 1837 — both repealed by Act 
24 and 25 Vic. c. 95, 6 Aug. 1861 — laws con- 
solidated and amended by Act 24 and 25 Vic. 
c. 98, 6 Aug. 1 86 1 — law amended by Act 33 
and 34 Vic. c. 58, 9 Aug. 1870. 

Forkel, Johann Nicholas, musician, §c, — 
ft. near Coburg, 22 Feb. 1749 — studies at 
Gottingen, 1769-79— director of Music to the 
University, 1779 — Mus. D., 1787 — member of 
Academy of Stockholm, 1804 — if., 17 Mar. 
1818. Allgemeine Literatur der Musik, 1792 
— Allgemeine Geschichte der Musilc, 1 788-1 801. 

Forli, Italy-, (Forum Livii,) — [B C] — founded 
by Livius Salinator, 207 (?) — [AD] — sides 
with Barbarossa against the Lombard League, 
1 177 a — taken by the Bolognese, 1248 b — inde- 
pendent, i296, b 1273 a — citadel built, 1361 — 
annexed to the States of the Church by Julius 
II., 1503 — becomes part of the kingdom of 
Italy, i860. a Evsch and Gruber. b Rees' Cyc. 

Forli, Jacopo da, (Jacopo della Torre,) 
physician, — b. at Forli, about 1350 — Prof. 
Medicine, Padua, 1400-4 — recalled, 1407 — tr. 
there, 12 Feb. 1414. In aphorismos LTippo- 
cratis expositiones, 1473 — Super libros tegni 
Galeni, 1475 — Super generatione embryonis 
Avicennce, 1479 — ^ n priiMWft librum canonis 
Avicennce, 1479. 

Forli, Melozso da, painter, — b. at Forli, 
about 1436, a 1438 bc — at Rome, J472 — ft., 8 
Nov. I494. b Ascension of Christ, Rome, 1472 
— Sixties IV. installing Platina as Librarian 
of the Vatican, 1475-80. a Engl. Cyc. 

b Bio.g. Catalogue. c Crowe and Cavalcaselle. 

Formage, Jacques Charles Cesar, fabulist, 
6. near Lisieux, 16 Sep. 1749 — ft., 11 Sep. 
1808. Fables mi ses en vers, 1801. 

Formaleoni, Vincenzo, historian, printer, 
— b. at Venice, about 1740. Eescrizione topo- 
grafica estorica del dogado di Venczia, 1777 — 
Storia filosojica e politica della navigazione, §c, 
1788. f 

Formey, Johann Heinrich Samuel, miscel- 
laneous tvriter, — b. at Berlin, 31 May 1711 — 
Prof. Eloquence there, 1737 — Prof. Philosophy, 
1739 — member of Academy, 1744 — perpetual 
secretary, 1748-97 — ft., 8 Mar. 1797. La belle 
Wolfienne, 1741 — Elementa philosophica, 1746 
— Le philosophe Chretien, 1750-6. 

Formigny, — the Constable of France de- 
feats the English at, 15 or 18 Apr. 1450. 

Forming's Island, — occupied by England, 
Feb. 1 86 1. 

Formosa, — island, belongs to the Chinese, 
1430 a — taken from Portuguese,* Japanese, b 
by the Dutch, 1635 — from Dutch by Ching-chi- 
koong, 1662 — and opened to English traders; 
surrendered to the Emperor, Kang-hi, 1683 — • 
insurrection suppressed, 1788 — revolt sup- 
pressed, 1834 — Taiwan, the capital, opened to 
foreign trade by Treaty of Tientsin, 26 Jun. 
1858. a Erscb. and Gruber. 

b Encyc. d. gens du monde. 

Formosus, Pope, — missionary to the Bul- 
garians, 866 — Bp of Porto, succeeds Stephen 



536 



FORNARIS— FORTEGUERRI. 



V., Sep. 891 — crowns Lambert, Duke of Spoleto, 
Emperor, Feb. 892 — crowns Arnulf, king of 
Germany, Emperor, Apr. 896 — if., about 15 a 
Apr. 896 — bis body disinterred by Stepben 
VI., formally tried, condemned and degraded, 
and thrown into the Tiber, close of 896 — these 
proceedings quashed by Council of Rome under 
John IX., 898. a Muratori. 

Fornaris, Fabrizio, poet, actor, — ft. at 
Naples, about 1560 — if., after 1636. Angelica 
commedia, 1585 — Vendetta di Giove contra i 
Giganti, 1625 — Gindea destrutta, §c., 1627. 

Fornier, (Fournier,) Jehan, poet, §c. 201 
epigrammes erotiques, 1557 — Chansons ly- 
riques, 1555 — Histoire des guerres faites en 
plusieurs lieux de la France contre les he'retiques, 
$c, 1561. 

Fornova, — Charles VIII. of France defeats 
the Italian allies at, 6 Jul. 1495. 

Forrest, Thomas, maritime discoverer, > — 
explores coasts of New Guinea, 1774-6 — of 
Indian Ocean, 1789. 

Forsell, Karl Af, statistician, §c, — ft. in 
Sweden, 18 Mar. 1783 — enters the navy, 1801 
— ennobled, 1817 — introduces steamboats, 1819 
— savings banks, 1821 — Colonel, chief of Sur- 
veying Department, 1 824 — visits England, 1 834 
— if. at Stockholm, 25 Oct. 1848. Statistic 
ofver Sverige % 1831,* i834 b — Anteckningar, 
§c, 1837,* 1839 b — Anteckningar af en resa 
till England, 1835. a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. 

Forshall, Josiah, orientalist, §c, — ft., 1796 
- — enters Oxford Univ., 18 14 — M.A., 1821 — 
assistant-keeper of the MSS., British Museum, 
1824 — secretary to the British Museum, 1837- 
49 — if. in London, 18 Dec. 1863. With 
Baber, Facsimile of the Codex Alcxandrinus, 
1816-28 — Catalogus Codicum MSS. Orientali- 
sm qui in Mus. Brit, assert antur, Part L, 
1838 — Greek Papyri in the Brit. Mus., Part I., 
1839 — with Madden, edits Holy Bible in 
Earliest English Versions by John Wicklife, §c, 
1850. 

Forskal, Peter, naturalist, traveller, — ft., 
1736 — Prof. Natural History, Copenhagen, 
1761 — accompanies Niebuhr to the East, 1761 
— if. at Jerim, 11 Jul. 1763. Descriptions 
animalium, avium, §c, 1775 — Flora JEgyp- 
tiaco-Arabica, 1775. 

Forster, George, traveller, — travels over- 
land from India to Russia, &c, 1782 to May 
1784 — if. at Calcutta/ Nagpore, b 1792. 
Journey from Bengal to England, §c, 1790. 
a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Forster, Johann, lexicographer, — ft. at 
Augsburg, 1495 — if. at Wittenberg, 8 Dec. 
1556. Dictionarium hebraicum, 1552. 

Forster, Johann Christian, philosopher, — 
ft. at Halle, 14 Dec. 1735 — Prof. Philosophy 
there, 1761 — Inspector of Botanic Garden, 1791 
—if. at Halle, 19 Mar. 1798. Characiere dreier 
Weltweisen, Leibnitzen's, §c, 1765 — Anfangs- 
griinde der theoretischen Philosop)hie, 1772 — 
Anfangsgrilnde der praktischen Fhilosophie, 
1773 — Einleitung in die Staatslehrc, 1765. 

Forster, Johann Georg Adam, naturalist, 
$-c, — ft. near Dantzic, 27 Nov. 1754 — ac- 
companies his father round the world, 1772-5 



— Librarian to Elector of Mentz, 1788 — envoy 
to Paris, 1792 — if. there, 11 Jan. 1794. 
Voyage round the world, §c, 1777 — Ansichten 
von Nieder Rhein, §c, 1794 — Kleine Schriften, 
1789-97 — Briefwechsel, 1828-9. 

Forster, Johann Eeinhold, naturalist, 
traveller, — ft. at Dirschau, Prussia, 22 Oct. 
1729 — studies at Halle, 1748 — visits London, 
1766 — accompanies, as naturalist, second ex- 
pedition of Captain Cook, Jul. 1772-5 — LL.D. 
Oxford, 1775 — Prof. Natural Histoiy and 
Mineralogy, Halle, 1780 — M.D., 1781 — if. at 
Halle, 9 Dec. 1798. Be Bysso Antiquorum, 
1775 — Characteres generum plantarum quas in 
itinere ad insidas maris Australis collegerunt, 
$e., J. B. Forster and G. Forster, 1776 — Ob- 
servations made during a voyage round the 
World, §c, 1778 — Zoologia Indica, 17 81 — 
Tableau cV Angleterre, 1783. 

Forster, Karl, poet, §c., — ft. at Naumburg, 
3 Apr. 1784 — second Prof. German Language 
and Literature, House of Cadets, Dresden, 
1807— first Prof., 1828— if., 18 Dec. 1841. 
Translation of Petrarch' s Poems, 1818-19 — °^ 
Tasso's Auscrlesenen lyrischen Gedichten, 1821 
— of Dante s Vita JVuova, 1841 — Gedi elite ', 
1842. 

Forster, Nathaniel, theologian, §c, — ft. in 
Devonshire, 17 17 — fellow of Corpus Christi 
College, Oxford, 1739 — M.A., 1738— ordained 
priest, 1 741 -2 — D.D., 1750 — chaplain to Bp 
Butler, 1750 — to George II., 1756 — F.R.S., 
1755 — if. in London, 20 Oct. 1757. Platonis 
dialogi quinque, 1745 — Dissertation upon the 
account supposed to have been given of Jesus 
Christ by Joseph us, 1749. 

Forster, Valentin, jurist, — ft. at "Wittenberg, 
1530 — if., 27 Oct. 1609/ 1608. b FListoria 
juris civilis Bomani, 1607/ i6io. b 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Forstner, Christoph,,;wm£, — ft. in Wiirtem- 
berg, 1598 — studies at Tubingen, 1613 — if., 28 
Dec. 1667. Rypomnematum politicorum cen- 
turia, 1617 — Epistola de negotio pads Osnabrug- 
ensis, 1656. 

Forsyth, Alexander John, — ft., 1 Jan. 1769 
— pastor of Belhelvie, 179 1 — discovers the 
percussion principle, about 1 803 — conducts 
experiments for the government in London, 1 805 
— if., n Jun. 1843. 

Forsyth, William, gardener, — ft. in Aber- 
deenshire, 1737 — goes to London, 1763 — 
Superintendent of Royal Gardens, 1784 — if., 
25 Jul. 1804. Treatise on the culture of Fruit 
Trees, 1802. 

Fortebraccio, Kiccolo, condottiere, — after 
death of Braccio da Montone, commands his 
troops, 1424 — serves the Florentines against 
Volterra and Lucca, 1429 — serves Eugenius IV., 
1430 — declares war on him and threatens 
Rome, 1433 — takes Rome, 29 May 1434 — ■ 
driven away, 26 Oct. 1434 — wounded at battle 
of Capo di Monte, and if. a few days later, 

H35- 

Forteguerri, {Fortiguerra,) Niccolo, Car- 
dinal, — ft., about 141 8 — if. at Viterbo, 1473. 

Forteguerri, (Fortiguerra,) Niccolo, the 
younger, (Carteromaco,) poet,—h. at Pistoia, 7 



FORTE 3CUE— FOSTER. 



537 



JSov. 1674 — LL.D. Pisa, 1695 — goes to Some, 
1695 — Chamberlain to Clement XL, 17 12 — tf., 
17 Feb. 1735. Bicciardetto, 1738. 

Fortescue, Sir John, Chief Justice of the 
King's Bench, — 6., probably about 1395 s — 
Serjeant-at-law, Michaelmas 1429 — one of the 
King's Serjeants, Easter 1441 — Chief Justice 
of the King's Bench, 25 Jan. 1442 to Easter 
1460 — escapes with Henry VI. into Scotland, 
end of Mar. 146 1 — attainted of high treason, 
1463 — escapes with Queen Margaret to the 
Continent ; present at battle of Tewkesbury, 4 
May 147 1 — pardoned by Edward IV., Oct. 1473 
— living, Feb. 1476. Be laudibus legum An- 
glice, written between 1461-70. a Foss. 

Forth, The, — passed by Cromwell, summer 
1651. 

Forth and Clyde Canal, — survey for, by 
Gordon, 1723 — another by Mackell, 1762 — by 
Smeaton, 1764 — commenced by Smeaton, 10 
Jul. 1768 — completed by Whitworth, 28 Jul. 

1793- 

Forti, (Fortis,) Kaimondo Giovanni, (Jan- 
fortius or Zanforti,) physician, — ft. at Verona, 
1603 — Prof. Medicine, Padua, 1659-75 — Phy- 
sician to the Emperor, 1676— tf. at Padua, 26 
Feb. 1678. Consilia defebribus et morbis mu- 
lierum, §c, 1668 — Gonsaltationum et respons. 
medic, centuries IV., 1669. 

Fortia d' Urban, Agricole Joseph Francois 
Pierre Esprit Simon Paul Antoine, Marquis 
of, historian, antiquary, — fj. at Avignon, 18 
Feb. 1756 — enters the army, 1773 — member of 
Academy of Inscriptions, 1830 — tf. at Paris, 4 
Aug. 1843. Melanges de geographic, d'histoire 
et de chronologie ancienne, 1795 — Me'moire sur 
Vhistoire des Celtes on Gaulois, 1807 — Essai 
sur Vorigine de V ecriture, 1832 — assists in Con- 
tinuation of Art de verifier les Bates, from 1 820 
— Antiquites et Monuments da Vaacluse, 1808. 

Fortis, Aloys, general of the Jesuits, — ft. at 
Verona, 1748 — enters the Order, 1762 — Prof. 
Philosophy, Verona, about 1774 — goes to 
Naples, 1 804 — Examiner of bishops, Rome, by 
Pius VII., 1 8 14 — General of his Order, 1822 
— a", at Rome, 1829. 

Fortis, Jean Baptiste, a (Abbate, h ) — ft. at 
Padua, 1 741 — tf. librarian of Bologna, 21 Oct. 
1803. Viaggio in Balmazio, 1774. 

a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Fortuna, asteroid, — discovered by Hind," 22 
Aug. 1852. 

Fortunate Islands. [Canary Islands.] 

Fortunatus, Venantius Honorius Clemen- 
tianus, Bp of Poitiers, poet, — fl., 557-95 a — 
appointed Bp of Poitiers, probably after 594 a 
— tf., about 609^ a Clinton. b Biog. TJniv. 

Fortune-telling,— prohibited by Acts 9 Geo. 
II. c. 5, s. 4, 1736 ; 17 Geo. II. c. 5, s. 2, 1744; 
and 5 Geo. IV. c. 83, 21 Jim. 1824. 

Forum Terebronii, Mmsia, — the Emperor 
Decius and his son defeated and killed by the 
Goths at, 251. 

Forum Trajani, — built, 112. 

Fosbroke, Thomas Dudley, antiquary, — ft. 
in London, 27 May 1770 — enters Oxford Univ., 
1785— M.A., 1792— tf. at Walford, 1 Jan. 
1842. British Monachism, §c,, 1802 — Ency- 



clopedia of Antiquities, 1824 — Foreign Topo- 
graphy, 1828. 

Foscari, Francesco, Doge of Venice, — 
succeeds Tommaso Mocenigo, Apr. 1423 — war 
with the Duke of Milan, begins, Feb. 1426 — 
peace concluded, 26 Apr. 1433 — war renewed, 
1438 — peace again, 20 Nov. 1441 — his son 
banished as a traitor, 1445 — war with the Duke 
of Milan renewed, 1452 — peace signed at Lodi, 

9 Apr. 1454 — deposed by the Council of Ten, 
23 Oct. 1457 — tf., 1 Nov. 1457. 

Foscari, Francesco, diplomatist, — ft. at 
Venice, 30 Dec. 1704 — envoy to Rome, 1748 
— to Constantinople, 1756 — ambassador to 
Vienna, 1765 — to St Petersburg, 178 1 — tf. at 
Venice, 17 Dec. 1790. 

Foscarini, Marco, Doge of Venice, — 
statesman, historian, — ft., 1695^ c 1698 b — am- 
bassador to the Emperor, 1733 — Doge of 
Venice, 31 May 1762 — tf., 30 or 31 Mar. 1763. 
Bella letteratura Veneziana, 1752 — Storia 
Arcana ed altri Scritti inediti di Marco Fos- 
carini, 1843. a Biog. Univ. 

b Engl. Cyc. c Ersch and Gruber. 

Foscarini, Michele, historian, — ft. at Ven- 
ice, 29 Mar. 1632 — governor of Corfu, 1664 
— historiographer of Venice, 1678 — tf., 31 May 
1692. Istoria della Bepublica Veneta, 1696. 

Foscolo, Ugo, miscellaneous writer, — ft. near 
Zante, about 1776 — serves in Lombard legion, 
1799 — in French army, 1805 — Prof. Italian 
Eloquence, Pavia, 1808 — returns to Milan, 
1 81 3 — visits England, 18 16 — tf. near London, 

10 Oct., a 11 Sep. b 1827. His grave, at Chis- 
wick, visited by Garibaldi, Apr. 1864 — transfer 
of his remains to Florence, authorized by Brit- 
ish government, 1870 — remains exhumed, 7 
Jun. 187 1 — re'mterred at Florence, 24 Jun. 
1 87 1. Letter e di Ortis, 1795 — Bei Sepoliri, 
1807 — Bidymi clerici, §c, 18 15. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. 

Foss, Edward, biographical and miscellaneous 
writer, — ft. in London, 16 Oct. 1787 — practises 
as a solicitor, 181 1-40 — F.S.A., 1822 — Pres. 
Incorporated Law Society, 1842-3 — tf. at 
Addiscombe, 27 Jul. 1870. Judges of England, 
1848-64 — Tabulae Curiales, 1865 — Biographia 
Juridica, 1870. 

Fossalta, — Enzio defeated and captured by 
the Bolognese at, 26 May 1249. 

Fossati, Davidio Antonio, painter, — ft. in 
Switzerland, 1708, a 1720 b —tf. at Venice, about 
1780. 13 a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Fossati, Giorgio, architect, engraver, — ft. in 
Switzerland, about 17 10. Baccolta di varie 
favole, §c, 1744. 

Fossombroni, Vittorio, statesman, mathe- 
matician, — ft. at Arezzo, 1754 — hydraulic 
superintendent of Val di Chiana, 1794 — 
Minister for Foreign Affairs, Tuscany, 1796 — 
member of Commission of Finance to Queen of 
Etruria, 1804 — tf. Councillor of State, Minister 
for Foreign Affairs, to Grand Duke of Tuscany, 
1844. 

Foster, James, theologian, — ft. at Exeter, 
1697 — pastor at Barbican, London, 1724-44 
— at Pinner's Hall, 1744-52 — tf., 5 Nov. 1752. 
Essay on Fundamentals, §c, 1720 — Usefulness, 



538 



FOSTER— FOUQUE. 



truth, and excellency oft he Christian Revelation, 

I 73 I - 

Foster, John, architect, — ft., about 1786 — 
visits Greece, the East, &c, 1809-16 — settles at 
Liverpool, about 18 16-17 — Corporation archi- 
tect and surveyor, 1824-35 — "&•> 2I Aug. 1846. 
St John's Market, Liverpool, 1820-3 — St 
Michael's Church, 1816-26. 

Foster, John, miscellaneous writer, — ft. near 
Halifax, 17 Sep. 1770 — enters Baptist College, 
Bristol, 1791 — tf. at Stapleton, near Bristol, 15 
Oct. 1843. Essays, 1805 — Essay on the Evils 
of Popular Ignorance, 1820 — contributes to 
Eclectic Review, 1806-39 — Lectures, 1844-7. 

Foster, Sir Michael, Justice of the 
King's Bench, — ft. at Marlborough, 16 Dec. 
1689— enters Exeter Coll. Oxford, May 1705 — 
admitted to the Middle Temple, May 1707 — 
called to the bar, May 17 13 — Recorder of Bris- 
tol, 1735 — Serjeant-at-law, 1736 — Knt, Judge 
of the King's Bench, 22 Apr. 1745 — tf., 7 Nov. 
1763. Reports of Crown Cases, 1763 — Examina- 
tion of the Scheme of Church Rower laid down 
in the Codex Juris Eccles. Anglicani, 1735. 

Foster, Samuel, mathematician, — enters 
Cambridge Univ., 1616 — M.A., 1623 — Prof. 
Astronomy, Gresham College, 1636 — takes 
part in founding the Royal Society, 1645 — tf. 
in London. Jul. 1652. Art of Dialling, 1638 
— Posthuma Foster i, 1652 — Four treatises of 
Dialling, 1654 — The Sector altered, 1661. 

Fothergill, John, physician, — ft. in York- 
shire, 8 Mar. or 12 Oct. 17 12 — M.D. Edin- 
burgh, 1737 — settles in London, 1740 — Fellow 
of the College of Physicians, Edinburgh, 1754 
— F.R.S., 1763,* 1753 b — F.S.A., 1753 b — asso- 
ciate of the Royal Medical Society, Paris, 1776 
— projects the Aekworth school/ 177 8 — tf. in 
London, 26 Dec. 1780. Works, 17 81. 

a Rees' Cyc. b Chalmers. 

Fotheiinghay Castle, Northamptonshire, — 
taken from David, king of Scotland, by king 
John, 1213 — seized by "William de Eortibus, 
1 22 1 — residence of Edward IV., 1482 — treaties 
between Edward IV. and Duke of Albany, con- 
cluded at, io, 11 Jun. 1482- — trial of Mary, 
Queen of Scots, at, 11-14 Oct. 1586 — her exe- 
cution, 8 Feb. 1587 — demolished, about 1604. 

Foucanld, Jean,— taken prisoner by Talbot, 
at siege of Laval, 1425 — assists at coronation 
of Charles VII., 1429— defends Lagny against 
English, 1430 — tf., 1466. 

Foucanld, Jules, Marquis de— ft. in Li- 
mousin, 1782 — enters Polytechnic School, 
1 801 — distinguishes himself in Spanish cam- 
paigns, 1808-10 — serves in Holland, 18 11 — tf. 
at Metz, 1 82 1. 

Foucauld, Louis, Count de Dognon, {Dang- 
non,) Marshal of France,—!), in la Marche, 
about 161 6 — as \ 'ice -admiral, assists at combat 
off Cadiz, 22 Jul. 1640 — Governor of Brouage, 
Oleron, &c, 1643— blockades Tarragona, 1644 
— Governor of Aunis and Rochelle, 2 Jun. 
1644 — assists at siege of Roses, 1645 — Mare- 
chal de Camp, 9 May 1646 — at siege of Orbitel- 
lo, 1646 — joins the Frondeurs and is deprived 
of his offices, 1650 a — returns to his allegi- 
ance, and is reinstated, Feb. 1653 a — Marshal of 



France, 19 Mar. 1653 — tf . at Paris, 1 3 Oct. 1659. 

Foucauld, Louis, Marquis de, — ft., 1755 — 
deputy to States-General, 1789 — serves in army 
of emigrant princes, 1792 — tf., 1805. 

Foucault's Pendulum Experiment, — rota- 
tion of the earth made visible by, 1 85 1 . 

Fouche, Joseph, Duke of Otranto, — ft. at 
Nantes, 29 May 1763 — deputy to National 
Convention, 1792 — sent with Collot d'Herbois, 
to Lyons, 1793 — President of Jacobin Club, 
Paris, 1794 — employed in Italy, 1798 — Minis- 
ter of Police, Jul. 1799 — Euke of Otranto, 
1809 — Governor of Rome, 18 10 — of Illyrian 
provinces, 1813 — Minister of Police to Louis 
XVIIL, 1815— tf. at Trieste, 25 Dec. 1820. 

Foucher, Simon, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at 
Dijon, 1644 — tf., 27 Apr. 1696. Nouvelle facon 
d' hygrometres, ib^i — Critique de la recherche 
de la v 'erite ', 1675. 

Foucquet. LFouquet] 

Fould, Achille, statesman, — ft. at Paris, 17 
Nov. 1800 — member of Chamber of Deputies, 
1842 — of Constituent Assembly, 1848 — loses 
his seat, May 1 849 — member of Legislative 
Body, Jul. 1849 — Minister of Finance, by Prince 
Pres. Louis Napoleon, 31 Oct. 1849 — retires, 
14 Oct. 1 85 1 — again appointed, after 2 Dec. 
1 85 1 — resigns, 25 Jan. 1852 — Senator, same 
day — Minister of State and of the House of 
the Emperor, 1852 — Commander of Legion of 
Honour, 8 Dec. 1852 — again appointed Minister 
of Finance, 12 jS'ov. 1861 — resigns, Jan. 1867 
— tf. near Tarbes, 5 Oct. 1867. 

Foulis, Robert and Andrew, printers, — ft. 
at Glasgow, Robert, 20 Apr. 1707, Andrew, 
23 Nov. 17 12 — begin business, about 1740 — 
printers to Univ. of Glasgow, 1743 — ft.* Andrew, 
18 Sep. 1775, Robert, 1776. Editions of Horace, 
1744 — Homer, 1756 — Thucydides, 1759 — Hero- 
dotus, 1761 — Xenophon, 1762-7 — Milton, 1770. 

Foullon, Jean Erard, historian, — ft. at 
Liege, 1608 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1625 — 
tf. at Tournai, 1668. Historia Leodicnsis, 1735. 

Foullon, Joseph Francois, statesman, — ft. at 
Saumur, 17 15 — Commissary of "War, 1745 — 
Intendant of Finances, 177 1 — exiled, 1786 — 
Councillor of State. 12 Jul. 1789 — massacred 
at Paris, 22 Jul. 1789. 

Foulston, John, architect, — ft., 1773 — tf. at 
Plymouth, 13 Jan. 1842. Royal Hotel, Ply- 
mouth, 1 8 1 1 — Exchange, 181 3 — Athenceum, 
1818-19 — Town Hall, Devonport, 1821-2. 

Foundling Hospital, — established at Milan, 
787 — of Paris, founded, 1640 — of London, 
proposed by Addison, 17 13 — established by 
Capt. Coram, 1739 — of Stockholm, by the Free- 
masons, 1753. 

Fountain of Hero, — [B C] — invented, about 

i5°- 

Fountaine, Sir Andrew, antiquary, — K.B., 
1726 — Warden of the Mint, 1727 — tf. at Nar- 
borough, Norfolk, 4 Sep. 1753. Numismata 
Anglo-Saxonica, §c, 1705. 

Fouque, Friedrich Heinrich Karl, Baron 
de la Motte, poet, novelist, — ft. at Branden- 
burg, 12 Feb. 1777 — serves in campaigns of 
1792 and 1813 — tf. at Berlin, 23 Jan. 1843. 
Undine, 18 14 — Sigurd, der Schlangentbdter, 



FOITQUE— FOURNIER. 



539 



1809 — Der Zanberring, 18 16 — Sanger'' s Liebe, 
1816. 

Fouque, Henri Auguste, Baron de la 
Motte, general, — ft. at the Hague, 1698 — 
serves in Prussian army against Charles XII., 
17 15 — at battle of Prague, 1757 — General of 
Infantry, by Frederick II., 1759 — wounded, 
taken prisoner at battle of Landshut, 1760 — tf. 
at Brandenburg, May 1774. 

Fouquet. [Belle-Isle. J 

Fouquet, Henri, physician, — ft. at Mont- 
peliier, 1727 — Prof. Physiology there, 1776 — 
tf., 10 Oct. 1806. JEssai sur le pouls, §c, 1767 
— Diseours sur la clinique, 1803. 

Fouquet, Jehan, painter, — ft. at Tours, about 
1415 (?) — in Italy, between 1431-47 — patron- 
ized by Estienne Chevalier, 1450 — painter and 
illuminator to Louis XL, about 1462 (?) — 
living, 1475. Livre d'lleures, between 1450- 
61— Fortrait of Eugenius IV., before 1447 — 
Portrait of himself, Louvre, about 1457 (?) — 
forty of his miniatures discovered by Brentano, 
1805. 

Fouquet, Nicolas, statesman, — ft. at Paris, 
16 1 5 — Master of Bequests, 1635 — Proctor-gen- 
eral to the parliament, 1650— Superintendent 
of Finance, 1652 — arrested at Nantes, 5 Sep. 
1661 — tf. at Pignerol, 23 Mar. 1680. 

Fouquier-Tainville, {Be Tainville,) Antoine 
Quentin, — ft. near St Quentin, 1747— -Attorney 
to the Chatelet, 1773-83 — public accuser at 
the Revolutionary Tribunal, 10 Mar. 1793 — 
arrested, Mar. 1795 — executed, (18 Flor. an 
III.,) 7 May 1795. 

Fouquieres, Jacob, painter, — ft. at Antwerp, 
1580 — goes to Paris, 1621 — tf. there, 1659. 

Four Hundred, Council of, — [BC] — in- 
stituted at Athens by Solon, 594. 

Four Hundred, Government of the, — 
[BC] — established at Athens by Pisander, 411 
■ — maintains itself 4 months, and is overthrown, 
after midsummer 411. 

Fourcroy, Antoine Francois de, chemist, 
statesman, — ft. at Paris, 15 Jun. 1755 — Prof. 
Chemistry, Jardin du Boi, 17 84- 1809 — ad- 
mitted to Academy of Sciences, 1785 — member 
of National Convention, 1792— of Committee 
of Public Safety, 1794— of Council of Ancients, 
1795 — Minister of Public Instruction, 15 Sep. 
1802 — tf. at Paris, 16 Dec. 1809. Systeme des 
connaissances chimiques, §c., 1801 — Philosophic 
chimique, 1792. 

Fourier, Francois Charles Marie, Commun- 
ist, — ft. at Besancon, 7 Apr. 1768, a 1772 bcd — 
settles at Lyons, 1790 — serves in the army, Aug. 
1793 to Jan. 1795 — tf. at Paris, 10 Oct. 1837. 
Theorie des Quatre Mouvemens et des Destinees 
Generates, 1808 — Traite de V association domes- 
tiqice agricole, 1822 — Le Nouveau Monde indus- 
iriel et socie'tairc, 1829 — La fausse industrie 
morcelee, §c, 1835 — Les Rassions de Vume, 
1850 — la Phalange, 1832-34. a Biog. Univ. 
h Engl. Ctyc. c Conv.-Lex. d Nouv, Biog, Gen. 

Fourier, Jean Baptiste Joseph, mathemati- 
cian, natural philosopher, — ft. at Auxerre, 21 
Mar. 1768 — sub-Prof. Polytechnic School, 
1794-98 — accompanies Bonaparte to Egypt, 
1798 — prefect of Isere, Jan. 1802-15 — member 



of Legion of Honour, 1804 — Baron, 1808 — 
member of the Institute, 1816 — secretary of 
Academy of Sciences, 1 817 ? — member of French 
Academy, 1827 — President of Council of Poly- 
technic School, 1827 — tf. at Paris, 16 May 
1830. Theorie analytiqice de la chaleur, 1822 
— Analyse des Equations de'termine'es, 1831 — 
Rapports sur les sciences mathe'matiques, 1821- 
29. 

Fourier, Pierre, monastic founder, — ft. at 
Mirecourt, 15 Nov. 1565 — founds Congrega- 
tion of Notre-Dame, which is approved by bulls 
of Paul V., 1 Feb. 16 15, and 6 Oct. 16 16— tf. 
at Gray, 9 Nov. 1640 — beatified, 29 Jan. 1650,* 
I730. b a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Fourille, Michel de Chaumejan, Marquis 
de, general, — Captain of the Guards, 16 19 — at 
siege of Montauban, 1621 — Governor of Vesoul, 
1 63 1 — Quarter-master, 1632 — crosses the 
Rhine, succours Heidelberg, 1634 — tf., Com- 
mander of Touraine, at Paris, 1 644. 

Fourmont, Claude Louis, orientalist, — ft. at 
Cormeilles, 17 13 — accompanies Michel Cour- 
mont to the East, 1728 — interpreter at Royal 
Library, Paris, 1732? — visits Egypt, 1746-50 
— tf., 4 Jun. 1780. Description historique et 
geographique des plaines cV Heliopolis et de Mem- 
phis, 1755. 

Fourmont, Etienne, orientalist, — ft. at Her- 
belay near St Denis, 1683 — Prof. Arabic, Col- 
lege Royal, 17 15 — member of Academy of In- 
scriptions, 1715 — F.R.S. London, 1738 — tf. at 
Paris, 18 Dec. 1745. Meditationes Sinica, 
1737 — Lingua) Sinarum Mandariniea Gram- 
matica duplex, $c, 1742 — Reflexions sur I'Ori- 
gine, 1'IIistoire, et la Succession des Ancicns Reu- 
ples, §c, 1747. 

Fourmont, Michel, orientalist, — ft. at Her- 
belay, 28 Sep. 1690 — Prof. Syriac, College 
Royal, 1720 — sent by Louis XV. to collect 
MSS. in the East, 1726^ i728 b — tf., 5 Feb. 
1746. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Fournier. [Aultanne, Marquis de.] 

Fournier, Pierre Simon, engraver, type- 
founder, — ft. at Paris, 15 Sep. 17 12 — tf., 8 Oct. 
1768. Modeles des caracteres de V imprimerie, 
avec un abrege historique des principaux gra- 
veurs franqais, 1742 — Traite historique et cri- 
tique sur Vorigine de V imprimerie, 1758-63 — 
Traite historique et critique sur Vorigine et les 
progres des caracteres de fonte pour V impression 
de la musique, #c, 1765 — Manuel typogra- 
p hi que, 1764. 

Fournier-Lheritier, Charles, *■ {Claude?) {the 
American,) — ft. in Auvergne, 1745 — serves as 
volunteer in St Domingo, 1772-85 — iires at 
Lafayette and Bailly at the Champ de Mars, 1 7 
Jul. 1791 — takes part in massacres of Sep. 1793 
— returns from exile, 1808 — tf., 1823. 

a Biog. Univ. (Brussels). b Biog. Univ. and 

Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Fournier Sarlovese, Francois, Count, 
general, — ft. in Perigord, 1775 — enters the 
army, 1792 — distinguishes himself at battle of 
Eylau, Feb. 1807 — at Friedland, Jun. 1807 — 
member of Legion of Honour, General of Bri- 
gade, 1807 — distinguishes himself in campaign 
of Spain, 1808- 1809 — Count, Officer of Legion 



540 



FOURQUEYAUX— FRAGA. 



of Honour, 1809 — distinguishes himself at pas- 
sage of the Beresina, 1812 — General of Divi- 
sion, Commander of Legion of Honour, 18 12 — 
tf., 1827. 

Fourquevaux, Raimond de Beccarie de 
Pavie, Baron de, — ft. at Toulouse, 1509 — 
wounded, taken prisoner at battle of Marciano, 
1554 — Governor of Narbonne, 1557 — ambas- 
sador to Spain, 1565 — tf. at Narbonne, 1574. 
Traite de la discipline militaire, 1553. 

Fourquevaux, Francois Pavie, Baron de, — 
ft., about 1561 — tf. in France, 6 Mar. 161 1. Vies 
de plusieurs grands capitaines Francais, 1643, 

Fowke, Francis, (Captain Fowke,) architect, 
engineer, — ft., 1823 — Inspector of the Science 
and Art Department, 1853 — tf. at S. Kensing- 
ton, 4 Dec. 1865. Design for Industrial 
Museum, Edinburgh, i860 — Design for New 
Buildings for S. Kensington Museum, i860 — 
liter-national Exhibition Building, 1862. 

Fowler, Thomas, physician, — ft. at York, 
22 Jan. 1736 — M.D. Edinburgh, 1778 — tf. in 
London, 22 Jul. 1801. Medical Reports on the 
effects of Tobacco, 1785 — Medical Reports on 
the effects of Arsenic, 1786 — Medical Reports 
on Acute and Chronic Rheumatism, 1795. 

Fox, Charles James, statesman, — ft., 24 Jan. 
1749 — goes to Eton, 1758 — enters Hertford 
College, Oxford, 1764 — visits the Continent, 
1766-8— M.P. Midhurst, 1768— junior Lord of 
the Admiralty, Feb. 1770-2 — opposes Wilkes, 
1770 — Lord of the Treasury, 1773 — dismissed, 
1774 — opposes Lord North's Boston Port Bill, 
Mar. 1774 — M.P. Westminster, 1780 — Secre- 
tary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1782 — 
resigns, Jul. 1782 — Secretary of State under 
Duke of Portland, Apr. 1783 — introduces his 
India Bills, 1783 — takes active part in im- 
peachment of Warren Hastings, 1786-8 — visits 
Gibbon at Lausanne, 1788— visits Italy, 1788 — 
loses friendship of Burke, May 179 1 — supports 
Wilberforce's motion for abolition of the Slave- 
trade, 179 1 — opposes war with France, and 
advocates parliamentary reform, 1792 — retires 
from parliament, May 1797-1802 — goes to 
Paris, has interview with the First Consul, 
1800 — Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs 
under Lord Grenville, Feb. 1806 — tf., 13 Sep. 
1 806. History of the reign of James IE, 1 808 
— Speeches, 1825. 

Fox, Edward, Bp op Hereford, diplomatist, 
— enters Cambridge Univ., 15 12 — provost of 
King's College, 1528 — ambassador to Rome, 
1528 — Bp of Hereford, 1535 — ambassador to 
Protestant Princes at Smalcald, 1535— tr. in 
London, 1538. 

Fox, George, founder of the Society of 
Friends, — ft. at Drayton, Leicestershire, Jul. 
1624 — commences preaching, 1647-8 — im- 
prisoned at Nottingham, 1649 — has interview 
with Cromwell, 1655 — forms Congregations in 
Lancashire, &c, 1652 — marries, 1669 — visits 
American colonies, 1671— visits Netherlands, 
1677 and 168 1 — tf. in London, 13 Jan. 1691. 
Works, 1694-1706. 

Fox, Luke, Arctic voyager, — sails to dis- 
cover North-west passage, 1631. North-west 
of Fox, 1635. 



Fox, Richard, Bp or Winchester, — ft. near 
Grantham, about 1450 — in service of Henry, 
Earl of Richmond, about 1484 — Privy Coun- 
cillor, 1485 — prebendary of Saruni, i486 — Bp 
of Exeter, Keeper of the Privy Seal, and 
principal Secretary of State, 1487 — ambassador 
to Scotland, 1487 and 1490 — ambassador to 
France, 149 1 — Bp of Bath and Wells, 1492 — 
Bp of Durham, 1494 — negotiates truce with 
Scotland, Sep. 1497— Bp of Winchester, about 
1500 — Chancellor of Cambridge Univ., 1500 — 
Secretary and Privy Seal, 1509 — joint am- 
bassador to France, 1510 — accompanies the 
king to France, 15 13— retires from Court, 
15 15 — founds Corpus Christi College, Oxford, 
1516 — becomes blind, about 1518 — founds free 
schools at Grantham and Taunton, 1522 — tf. at 
Winchester, 14 Sep. 1528. 

Fox Islands. [Alentian Islands.] 

Foxe, John, martyrologist, — ft. at Boston, 
15 17 — enters Brasenose Coll., Oxford, 1533 — 
fellow of Magdalen College and M.A., 1543 — ■ 
deprived for heresy, 22 Jul. 1545 — tutor to 
children of Earl of Surrey, 1547-53 — deacon, 
by Bp Ridley, 23 Jun. 1550 — retires to the 
Continent, 1553 — returns to England, Oct. 
1559 — prebendary of Canterbury, May 1563 — 
unsuccessfully intercedes with Queen Elizabeth 
for the Dutch Anabaptists, 1575 — tf. in Lon- 
don, 18 Apr. 1587. De Christo triumphante, 
155 1 — Acts and Monuments of the Church, 
(Book of Martyrs,) 1563. 

Foy, Maximilien Sebastien, general,— ft. at 
Ham, Picardy, 3 Feb. 1775 — enters the army, 
1790 — serves in campaign of Flanders, 1792-3 
— imprisoned at Cambray, 1793 to Jul. 1794 — 
distinguishes himself in campaign of 1796 — 
joins army of England, 1798 — contributes to 
victory of Feldkirch, 1799 — commander of 
Milan, 1 801 — distinguishes himself in cam- 
paign of Austerlitz, 1805 — sent to Constan- 
tinople, 1807 — serves in Peninsular War, 1808- 
14 — Avounded at Yimeira, Aug. 1808 — General 
of Brigade, 3 Sep. 1808 — envoy to Napoleon 
to explain position of French in Portugal, 
1810 — General of Division, 1810 — protects 
retreat from Salamanca, Jul. 1812 — wounded 
at battle of Orthez, Feb. 18 14 — Inspector- 
general of Infantry, 18 14 — distinguishes him- 
self at Quatre-Bras, 16 Jun. 18 15 — wounded 
at Waterloo, Jun. 18 15 — member of Chamber 
of Deputies, 1819— tf., 28 Nov. 1825. Dis- 
cours de Foy, 1826 — Histoire de la guerre de la 
Feninsule, 1827. 

Fracanzano, Francesco, painter, — joins 
Masauiello against Spaniards, 1647 — tf., 1657. 

Fracastoro, Hieronymus, poet, physician, — 
ft. at Yerona, 1483 — Prof. Logic, Padua, 1502 
- '-tf., 1553- Syphilides, 1530 — BZomocentri- 
corum liber, 1535 — Foemata, 1728. 

Fra-Diavolo, (Michele Fezza,) Chief of 
brigands, — ft. near Gaeta, 1770,* 1760 b — em- 
ployed by Cardinal Ruffo against French, 1799 
— again fights against them and attempts to 
excite an insurrection in Calabria, 1 806 — cap- 
tured, Nov. — hung at Naples, 10 Nov. 1806. 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Chambers' Encyc. 

Fraga, — besieged by Alfonso I. of Aragon, 



FRAGUIER -FRANCESCHINI. 



54i 



1 1 33 — Alfonso defeated by the Moors at, 17 
Jul. 1 1 34— taken by Eaymond Berenger, 1147 
— by the troops of Archduke Charles, 1705 — 
but soon retaken for Philip V. 

Fraguier, Claude Francois, miscellaneous 
writer, — ft. at Paris, 1666 — 'admitted to Acad- 
emy of Inscriptions, 1705 — to French Academy, 
1708 — tr., 31 May 1728. Mopsus, 1721 — 
Poesies latines, 1738. 

Frahn, Christian Martin, orientalist, numis- 
matist, — ft. at Rostock, 4 Jun. 1782— studies 
there, and at Gottingen and Tubingen, 1 800-4 — 
Prof. Oriental Languages, Kasan, 1807 — mem- 
ber of Imperial Academy of Sciences, St Peters- 
burg, chief librarian, 1815 — tf., 16 Aug. 1851. 
De numorum Bulgaricorum fonte antiquissi- 
mo, 1 816 — Die Chosroenmunzen der friihern 
arabischen Khali/en, 1822 — Recensio numorum 
Muhammedanorum, $c, 1826 — Antiquitatis 
JHuhammedance monumenta varia, 1820-22 — 
Ibn-Fosslari 's und anderer Araber Berichte iiber 
die Russen alter er Zeit, 1823. 

Framery, Nicolas Etienne, miscellaneous 
writer, — ft. at Rouen, 25 Mar. 1745 — if., 26 
Nov. 1 8 10. Me'moire du marquis de Saint 
Forlaix, 1770 — with Panckoucke, Jerusalem 
de'livree, (prose translation,) 1785 — Roland 
furieux, (prose,) 1787. 

Franc, French silver com,— supersedes the 
livre tournois, 1795. 

Franc, Martin le, poet, — rj. at Rome, about 
1460. Le Champion des dames, about 1500 ? — 
L Estrif de fortune et de vertu, 1505. 

Francavilla, in Sicily, — battle of, between 
the Spaniards and Austrians, 17 19. 

France, Kingdom of, [Gaul, Franks, and 
names of kings, ,] — monarchy of Clovis, 481 — 
Merovingian dynasty ends with deposition of 
Childeric III., by Pepin, le JBref, first of the 
Carlovingian kings, 752 — Louis I., le De'bon- 
naire, (son,) succeeds on death of Charles the 
Great, 814 — Charles II., le Chauve, (son,) 840 
—division of the monarchy by Treaty of Ver- 
dun, 843 — Louis II., le Begue, (son,) 877 — 
Louis III. and Carloman, (sons,) 879— they 
divide the kingdom, Mar. 880 — Carloman 
alone, on death of Louis, 882 — Charles (III. ?) 
le Gros, 884 — deposed, and succeeded by Eudes, 
(Odon,) Count of Paris, 887 — several rival 
claimants oppose him : finally separated from 
the empire, after 888— Charles III., le Simple, 
recognized king, Jan. 893 — treaty for division 
of the kingdom between Eudes and Charles, 
middle 896 — Charles alone, on death of Eudes, 
898 — Robert I. , Duke of France, elected in oppo- 
sition to Charles, Jun. 922 — Raoul, {Rudolph,) 
Duke of Burgundy, on death of Robert, Jun. 
923 — death of Cbarles, 929 — death of Rudolph, 
936 — Louis IV., If Outremcr, 936 — Lothaire, 
(son,) 954 — Louis V., le Faineant, (son,) 986. 

Capetian Dynasty: Hugues Capet, elected, 
987 — Robert II., (son,) 996 — Henry I., (son,) 
1031 — Philip I., (son,) 1060 -Louis VI., le 
Gros, (son,) n 08 — Louis VII., le Jeune, (son,) 
1 1 37 — Philip II., Augustus, (son,) 1180 — 
Louis VIII., le Lion, (son,) 1223 — St Louis, 
(Louis IX.,) (son,) 1226 — Philip III., le Hardi, 
(son,). 1270 — Philip IV., le Bel, (son,) 1285 — 



Louis X., Hut in, (son,) 1314 — John I., (son,) 
5 days, 1 316— Philip V., le Long, (uncle,) 
1316— Charles IV., le Bel, (brother,) 1322. 

Collateral Branch of Valois: Philip 
VI., de Valois, 1328— John II., le Bon, (son,) 
1 35°— Charles V., le Sage, (son,) 1364 — Charles 
VI., le Bien-aime, (son,) 1380 — Charles VII., 
le Victorieux, (son,) 1422 — Louis XL, (son) 
146 1 — Charles VIII., (son, 1483. 
House of Orleans : Louis XII., 1498. 
Collateral Branch of Angoul^me: 
Francis I., 15 15 — Henry II., (son) 1547— 
Francis II., (son) 1559— Charles IX., (son,) 
1560 — Henry III., 1574. 

House of Bourbon: Henry IV., le Grand, 
of Navarre, 1589— Louis XIII,, le Juste, (son,) 
16 10 — Louis XIV, le Grand, (son,) 1643— 
Louis XV., le Bien-aime, (great-grandson,) 
17 15— Louis XVI., (grandson,) 1774— -[French 
Revolution.] — Louis beheaded, 21 Jan. 1793 — ■ 
Louis XVII., (titular,) (son,) 1793. 

Government of the Directory, Oct. 1795 — ■ 
the Consulate, Nov. 1799 — Napoleon I., the 
Great, Emperor, 1804. 

The Restoration of the Bourbons : 
Louis XVIII., Apr. 18 14. 

The Empire restored : Napoleon I., Mar. 
1 8 15 — the ' Hundred Days.' 

Second Restoration of the Bourbons : 
Louis X VIII., Jun. 1 8 15— Charles X., 1824 — 
revolution, abdication, Jul. to Aug. 1830 — ■ 
[French Revolution.] — Louis Philippe, Duke 
of Orleans, elected, Aug. 1830 — conquest of 
Algeria, 1830-47 — revolution, abdication, 
proclamation of Republic, Feb. 1848 — [French 
Revolution] — Prince Louis Napoleon, Presi- 
dent of Republic, Dec. 1848 — the Coup d'etat, 
2 Dec. 1 85 1 — Second Empire, Louis Napoleon 
elected hereditary emperor, 1 Dec. 1852 — 
[Napoleon III.] — surrender of the Emperor to 
King of Prussia, after battle of Sedan, 2 Sep. 
1870 — [Franco-German War.] — revolution at 
Paris, the emperor deposed, Republic proclaimed, 
(Government of National Defence,) 4 Sep. — 
[Paris] — delegation of government established 
at Tours, 20 Sep. — delegation removes to Bor- 
deaux, 10 Dec. — National Assembly meets at 
Bordeaux, 12 Feb. 187 1 — Government of Na- 
tional Defence resigns, 13 Feb. — National As- 
sembly removes to Versailles, 12 Mar. — Revolu- 
tion at Paris, 18 Mar. — the Commune pro- 
claimed, 28 Mar. — [Paris] — entry of govern- 
ment troops into Paris, 22 May — the revolution 
suppressed, 28 May. 
France, Isle of. [Mauritius.] 
Francesca, Pietro, (Pietro Borghese,) paint- 
er, mathematician, — ft. at Borgo San Sepolcro, 
about 1408,* 1398^ ? 1415,° ? i4i5-2o d — assists 
Domenico Veneziano at Florence, 1439 — assists 
him at Loreto ? 1450 — paints at Rimini, 145 1 
— at Arezzo, probably 1453-54 d — at Borgo sau 
Sepolcro, 1460-68 — at Urbino, 1469 d — ft., 
after 1493,° about 1496,* after 1508. d 
a Biog. Catalogue. b Yasari. c Wornum. 

d Crowe and Cavalcaselle. 
Franceschini, Baldassare, (// Yolterrano,) 
painter, — ft. at Volterra, 161 1 — lj. at Florence, 
1680. 



542 



FKANCESCHINI— FEANCIS II. 



Franceschini, Marcantonio, painter, — fa. at 
Bologna, 1648 — fc. at Genoa,: 1 Bologna, b 1729. 
a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Francesco de Paolo, St, founder of the 
Minims, — fa. in Calabria, 141 6 — founds Order 
of Minims, 1436 — obtains approval of Sixtus 
IV., 1473 — fc. in France, 2 Apr. 1507 — canon- 
ized by Leo X., 15 19. 

Franche-Comte, Upper Burgundy, County 
of Burgundy, — [B C]— conquered by Julius 
Caesar, 45 — and forms part of the province 
Maxima Sequanorum : — [AD] — conquered by 
Burgundians, about 413 — by Franks, about 
534 — subject to Boson II., king of Provence, 
879 — erected into a county for Hugues le 
Noir, 915 a — for Otto, about 995 b — Eenaud 
I., (son,) succeeds, 1027 — lie refuses homage to 
the Emperor Henry III., 1038 and 1043 — but 
submits at Soleure, 1045 — "William I., (son,) 
1057 — Benaud II., (son,) 1087 — "William 
II., (son,) about 1097 — William III., (son,) 
succeeds: is assassinated, 1127 — Benaud III., 
1 1 27 — refuses homage to Lothaire, is proscribed 
at the diet of Spire, and his estates given to 
Conrad, Duke of Zahringea, 11 27 — war with 
Conrad, several years : taken prisoner by him, 
but soon liberated and restored : , his estates 
acquire the name of Franche-Comte : Beatrice 
I., (daughter,) 1148 — by her marriage with 
the Emperor Frederick 1., the county becomes 
subject to him, 1156 — death of Beatrice, 1185 
—Otto L, (II.,) (son,) 11 90 — has title of 
palatine — Beatrice II., (daughter,) 1200 — 
marries Otto, Duke of Meranie, 1208 — she 
dies, about 1231 — Otto III., (IV.,) (son,) 
about 1234 — Alice, (sister,) 1248 — Otto IV., 
(V.,) Ottenin, (son,) 1279 — Bobert, V Enfant, 
(son,) 1303 — Jane I. and Philip le Long, 
1 3 15 — Jane II. and Eudes IV., Duke of 
Burgundy, 1330 — Philip de Bouvre, (grand- 
son of Jane,) 1347 — he becomes Duke of Bur- 
gundy, 1350 — Margaret of France, 1361 — 
war with Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, 
nine years : Louis de Male, Count of Flanders, 
(son of Margaret,) 1382 — the county occupied 
by Louis XL, 1477 c — but on marriage of 
Princess Mary of Burgundy with the Archduke 
Maximilian declares for her, Aug. 1477 c — 
united to Spain under Charles V., 1530 — 
conquered by Louis XIV., 1668 d — restored to 
Spain by Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1668 d 
— finally conquered by Louis XIV., 1674 — 
formal cession of, by Spain, by Treaty of 
Kimeguen, 1678. a Planclier. b Dunod. 

c Art de Verifier les Dates. d Engl. Cyc. 

Francheville, Joseph da Fresne de, his- 
torian, — fa. in Picardy, 19 Sep. 1704 — goes to 
Berlin, about 1741 — member of Academy of 
Sciences, 1744 — a", there, 9 May 178 1. His- 
toire generate et particuliere des finances, 1738- 
40 — Les premiers expeditions de Charlemagne, 
§c., 1 741 — Bombgx, 1754 — Consolation philoso- 
phique de Boece, tradUit, 1744. 

Franchi, Giuseppe, sculptor, — ft. at Tarara, 
1730 — if. at Milan, 11 Feb. 1806. 

Franchini, Francesco, poet, — fa. at Cosenza, 
1495 — a", at Borne, 1554. Foems, 1554. 

Franchinus. [Gaforius.] 

Francia, [Francesco Baibolini Giovanni da 



Bologna,) painter, §c., — fa. at Bologna, about 
1450 — steward of guild of goldsmiths, 1483 a — 
meets Baphael at Bologna? 1505-6 ab — tS. at 
Bologna, 6 Jan. 15 17. Madonna enthroned with 
Saints, Bologna, 1490 — altar-piece in the Ben- 
tivoglio Chapel, Bologna, 1499. 

a Crowe and Cavalcaselle. b Passavant. 

Francia, Francesco Maria, engraver, — fa. 
at Bologna, 1657 — ft. there, 1735. 

Francia, Giacomo, painter, — if. at Bologna, 

*557- 

Francia, Jose Gaspar Rodriguez, Dictator 
of Paraguay, — fa. near Asuncion, Paraguay, 
about i757, a 1763 b — secretary of the Junta, 
1 81 1 c — with Yegros, joint Consul of Paraguay, 
1 8 13 — Dictator for 3 years, 18 14 — Dictator for 
life, 1 8 17 — seizes and imprisons Bonpland, 
1821-31 — rj., 20 Sep. i84o, ac 5 Nov. 1837^ 

a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. c Carlyle. 

d Biog. Univ. 

Franciabigio, Marcantonio, a (Francia 

Bigio,) [Francesco di Cristofano,) painter, — fa. 

at Florence, 1482, 13 d 1483° — tf. at Florence, 

1524, 15 c 14 Jan. I525. d a Baldinucci. b Yasari. 

c Lanzi. d Crowe and Cavalcaselle. 

Francieres. [Choiseul-Francieres.] 

Francis, St, of Assisi, founder of the 
Franciscan Order, — fa. at Assisi, TImbria, 1182 
— retires from the world, about 1206 — draws 
up his Institute, about 1209 — gets it approved 
by Innocent III., 12 10 — and by Council of the 
Lateran, 12 15 — rj. at Assisi, 4 Oct. 1226 — 
canonized by Gregory IX., 16 Jul. 1228. 

Francis I., (Stephen,) Emperor of the 
Bomans, — fa., 8 Dec. 1708 — succeeds his father 
as Duke of Lorraine, 1729 — cedes Lorraine in 
exchange for Tuscany, 1735 — marries the 
Archduchess Maria Theresa, 12 Feb. 1736 — 
Grand Duke of Tuscany, 9 Jul. 1737 — goes to 
reside at Florence, Jan. 1739 — co-regent with 
Maria Theresa, 1741 — elected Emperor at 
Frankfort, 13 Sep. 1745 — crowned, 4 Oct. — 
Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, Oct. 1748 — Seven 
Years' War, 1756-63 — Peace of Hubertsburg, 
Feb. 1763 — his son Joseph elected King of the 
Bomans, 1764 — tf : at Innspriick, 18 Aug. 1765. 

Francis II., Emperor oe the Bomans, 
and afterwards I. oe Austria, — fa. at Florence, 
12 Feb. 1768 — : marries Elizabeth of "Wiirtem- 
berg, 6 Jan. 1788 — present at capture of Bel- 
grade by Laudon, 1789 — death of his wife, 
Feb. 1790 — marries Maria Theresa (of the Two 
Sicilies) by proxy at Naples, 15 Aug., and at 
Vienna, 19 Sep. 1790 — succeeds his father, 
Leopold II., 1 Mar. 1792 — elected Emperor, 5 
Jun. 1792 — war with France declared, 20 Apr. 
1792 — crowned Xing of Hungary, 6 Jun. — 
crowned Emperor, 14 Jul. — crowned Xing of 
Bohemia, 9 Aug. — takes part in second parti- 
tion of Poland, 1793 — takes command of his 
army at Brussels, Apr. 1794 — returns to 
Vienna, 1794 — acquires part of Poland, 1795 
— Treaty of Campo Formio, 17 Oct. 1797 — 
joins second coalition against France, early in 
1799 — Treaty of Luneville, 3 Feb. 1801 — pro- 
claimed hereditary Emperor of Austria, 1 1 Aug. 
1 804 — joins third coalition against France, 1 805 
— battle of Austerlitz, 5 Dec. 1805 — interview 
with Napoleon, 11 Dec. — Peace of Presburg, 



FEANCIS I.— FBANCKEN. 



543 



26 Dec. 1805 — renounces dignity of chief of 
the German Empire, 6 Aug. 1806 — death of 
his Empress, Apr. 1807 — marries Maria Louisa 
of Austria, Jan. 1808 — renews war with 
France, Mar. 1809 — battle of Wagram, 6 Jul. 
— losas great part of his estates by Treaty of 
Visnna, 14 Oct. — institutes Order of St 
Leopold, 1809 — marries his daughter Maria 
Louisa to Napoleon, Mar. 18 10— joins the 
allies against France, 18 13 — meets the Czar 
and the King of Prussia at Toplitz, 1 Sep. 181 3 
— battle of Leipsic, 18 Oct. — joins the allied 
sovereigns at Paris, Apr. 18 14 — returns to 
Vienna, Jun. 18 14 — Congress of Vienna opens, 
Sep. 1 814 — visits Louis XVIII. at Paris, 10 
Jul. 1815— joins the 'Holy Alliance,' 26 Sep. 
1815 — death of his Empress, Apr. 1816 — 
marries Charlotte Augusta of Bavaria, Nov. 
181 6 — visits Tuscany and Eome, 1 8 1 9 — attends 
Congress of Verona, 1820 — attends Congress 
of Laybach, 1 821— coronation of his son, Arch- 
duke Ferdinand, King of Hungary, 1830 — 3j. 
at Vienna, 2 Mar. 1835. 

Francis I., King of France, — ft. at Cog- 
nac, 12 Sep. 1494 — marries Claude, daughter 
of Louis XII., 18 May 15 14 — succeeds Louis 
XII., 1 Jan. 15 15 — crowned at Eheims, 25 
Jan. — names his motber regent and sets out 
for the Milanese, Jul. — defeats the Swiss at 
Marignano, 14-15 Sep. — Chevalier, by Bayard, 
on the field: completes conquest of the Mi- 
lanese : enters Milan, 23 Oct. — conference with 
the Pope at Bologna, Dec. — concludes a Con- 
cordat, 14 Dec. — conferences of Noyon, Aug. 
15 16 — concludes the 'perpetual peace' with 
the Swiss, 29 Nov. 15 16 — founds Havre de 
Grace, 15 16 — obtains restitution of Tournai 
from Henry VIII., 15 18 — unsuccessfully com- 
petes with Charles V. for the imperial crown, 
1519 — interview with Henry VIII. , 'field of 
the cloth of gold,' 7-24 Jun. 1520 — war with 
Charles V. begins, 152 1 — loss of the Milanese, 
152 1-2 — desertion of the Constable de Bourbon, 
1523 — invades the Milanese, 1523 — death of 
his Queen, Claude, at Blois, 20 Jul. 1524 — 
enters Milan, Oct. 1524 — commences siege of 
Pavia. 28 Oct. 1524 — defeated and taken 
prisoner by Imperialists at Pavia, 24 Feb. 
1525 — confined at Madrid: signs Treaty of 
Madrid, 14 Jan. 1526 — liberated, 21 Feb. 
1526 — concludes alliance {ligue sainte) with 
the Pope, the Venetians, the king of England, 
&c, at Cognac, 22 Mar. 1526 — sack of Rome, 
1527 — Peace of Cambrai, May 1529 — marries 
Eleanor of Austria, 4 Jul. 1530 — joins League 
of Smalcald, 1532 — death of his mother, Louisa 
of Savoy, 22 Sep. 1532 — celebrates the mar- 
riage of his second son, Henry, with Catherine 
de' Medici, at Marseilles, 28 Oct. 1533 — league 
with the Sultan, Soliman, 1534 — war with the 
Emperor renewed, 1535 — receives James V. of 
Scotland at Paris, and gives him his daughter 
in marriage, 1536 — interview with the Em- 
peror at Aigues-Mortes, 14-17 Jul. 1538 — re- 
ceives Charles V. at Paris, 1-8 Jan. 1540 — 
alliance with Gustavus Vasa, 1542 — .renews 
war with Charles V., 1542 — war with England, 
1543 — Treaty of Crespi, 17 Sep. 1544 — con- 
cludes peace with England, 7 Jun. 1546— tf. 



at Eambouillet, 31 Mar. 1547. 

Francis II., King of France, — ft. at Fon- 
tainebleau, 19 or 20 Jan. 1544 — marries Mary, 
Queen of Scots, 29 Apr. 1558 — succeeds his 
father, Henry II., 10 Jul. 1559 — crowned at 
Eheims, 18 Sep. — leaves the government in 
the hands of bis mother, and the Guises ; civil 
war begins, of Catbolics and Huguenots, 1560 
— convokes States-General at Orleans, and 
arrives there, 18 Oct. 1560 — rj., 5 Dec. 1560. 

Francis I., King of Naples, — ft. at Naples, 
19 Aug. 1777 — Duke of Calabria and beir- 
presumptive, 1778 — death of his wife, Maria 
Clementina of Austria, Nov. 1 801— marries 
Maria Isabella of Spain, 6 Jul. 1802— succeeds 
his father, Ferdinand IV., 4 Jan. 1825— 
meets Emperor of Austria at Milan, May 1826 
— a"., 8 Nov. 1830. 

Francis, John, sculptor, — ft. at Lincoln, 
1780 — rj. in London, Aug. 1861. 

Francis, Philip, translator, — ft. at Dublin, 
soon after 1700 — settles at Esher, Surrey, about 
1750 — joint chaplain to Chelsea College, 1764 
— tf . at Bath, Mar. 1773. Translation of Horace, 
1747 — Orations of Demosthenes, §c, 1757. 

Francis, Sir Philip, — ft. at Dublin, 22 Oct. 
1740 — in service of Charles James Fox, 1756 
— secretary to Earl of Kinnoul, 1760— enters 
the War Office, 1763-72 — member of Council, 
Bengal, Jun. 1773 to Dec. 1780 — M.P. Yar- 
mouth, Isle of Wight, 1784— assists in the im- 
peachment of Warren Hastings, 1786— M.P. 
Appleby, 1802-7 — K.B;, 29 Oct. 1806 — rj. in 
London, 22 Dec. 181 8. Historical Questions, 
1 81 8. [Junius, Letters of] 

Francis de Sales. [Sales.] 

Francis Xavier. [Xavier.] 

Franciscan Order, {Grey Friars, Minor 
Friars,) — founded by St. Francis of Assisi, 
1209 — confirmed, 1210 — again confirmed, 1223 
— settle in England, 1224 — their rivalry of the 
Dominicans, appears before 1250. 

Francius, {Pieter Fransz,) miscellaneous 
writer, — ft. at Amsterdam, 19 Aug. 1645 — Prof. 
Eloquence and History there, 1674 — Prof. 
Greek, i676, a i686, bc — ft. at Amsterdam, 19 
Aug. 1703,=* i704. bc Foemata, 1672,* 1682° — 
Orationcs, 1692 — Specimen eloquential exteri- 
oris primam, 1697 — Specimen eloquentice ex- 
terioris alterum, 1699. a Biog. TJniv. 

b Chalmers. c Biog. Woordenboek. 

Francke, August Herman, philanthropist, 
— ft. at Liibeck, 23 Mar. 1663 — M.A. Leipsic, 
1685 — Prof. Oriental Languages, Halle, 1691 — 
founds Orphan Asylum there, 1698 — founds 
Pedagogium, 1696 — rj. at Halle, 8 Jun. 1727. 

Francke, Johann Christoph, jurist, — ft., 
about 1690. Bibliotheca Acaclemica, 17 18 — In- 
stitutiones juris cambialis, 1721. 

Francke, Johann Valentin, philologist, — ft. 
in Schleswig, 31 Mar. 1792 — Ph.D. Kiel, 18 16 
— ft. Prof. Philology, &c, Dorpat, 6 Oct. 1830. 
Callinus, 18 16. 

Francken, Franz, the younger, painter, — ft. 
at Antwerp, 1580 — member of Brotherhood of 
St Luke, 1606 — tr. at Antwerp, 1642. 

Francken, Jan Baptist, painter, — ft. at 
Antwerp, 1600 — tf., 1653. 

Francken, {Franck,) Jerom, the elder 



544 



FRANCKENBERG— FRANCO-GERMAN WAR. 



painter, — b. at Herrentkals, about 1544 (?) — 
employed at Fontainebleau, 1566 — goes to 
Paris, about 1595 — tr., about i620, a 1 May 
i6io. b Nativity, Convent of the Cordeliers, 
Paris, 1585 — Portrait of Puke of Mayenne, 
1589. a Some authorities. b Jal. 

Franckenberg, Abraham von, Mystic, — b. 
in Silesia, 1593 — rj. there, 1652. Notce mys- 
ticce et mnemonics ad Bechinas olam, §c, 1673 
— Raphael, 1676 — Leben Jacob B'ohm, 1682. 

Franckenstein, Jacob August, historian, — 
b. at Leipsic, 27 Dec. 1689— ft. there, 10 May 
1733. Theatrumhist.Britannice, Busitania?, $c., 

I7 2 3"5- 

Franckenstein, Valentin Franck von, his- 
torian, — b. in Transylvania, 1643 — ft., 27 Sep. 
1697. Breviculus originum nationum et 
prcecipue Saxonica in Transylvania, §c, 1695. 

Francklin, Thomas, miscellaneous writer, — 
b. in London, about 1720 — enters Trin. Coll., 
Cambridge, 1739 — Prof. Greek, 1750 — chaplain 
to the king, 1767 — D.D., 1770 — "ft. in London, 
15 Mar. 1784. Translation of Sophocles, 1759 
— Works of Lucian, 1780. 

Franco, Antonio, Jesuit, — b. in Alemtejo, 
1662 — tj. at Evora, 3 Mar. 1732. Annus 
gloriosus societatis Jesus in Lusitania, §c, 1720 
— Synopsis annalium societatis Jesus in Lusi- 
tania, §c, 1726. 

Franco, Giovan Battista, (II Semolei,) 

painter, engraver, — b. at Udine, 1498,* i5io b 

— tr. at Venice, 1561,° after 1565^ probably 

l58o. e a Some authorities. b Others. 

c Vasari. d Zani. e Nagler. 

Franco, Magister, writer on music,' — fl., 
about 1045-83. 

Franco, Niccolo, poet, — b. at Benevento, 
about 1505^ 1510 b — hung at Rome, 1569,* 
1570.° Petravchista, §c, 1539 — Pistole volgari, 
1538. a Biog. TJniT. 

b Chalmers. c Ersch and Gruber. 

Franco-Barreto, Juan, poet, — b. at Lisbon, 
1606 — takes part in expedition to Brazil, 1646 
— b\, 30 May 1664. Cyparisso, 1631 — Eneida 
Portugueza, 1664-70 — Ortograjiada lenguapor- 
tugueza, 1670. 

Franco Bolognese. [Bologna, Franco da.] 

Franco-German War, (1870-1.) 1870, Jul. : 
the crown of Spain offered to Prince Leopold 
of Hohenzollern, 4 — [Spain] — declaration of 
Duke of Gramont in Legislative Body that 
France will oppose his candidature, 6 — em- 
bassy of M. Benedetti to King of Prussia at 
Ems, 9 — Prince Leopold's withdrawal an- 
nounced, 12 — the French Government declares 
its resolution to go to war with Prussia, 15 — 
mobilization of Prussian army ordered, 15 — 
Bavaria joins Prussia, 17 — French declaration 
of war, 19 — neutrality of Great Britain pro- 
claimed, 19 — project of secret treaty between 
France and Prussia for seizure of Belgium by 
France, Sec, published in the ' Times,' 25 — 
union of forces of S. German with those of N. 
German states, 26 — the Empress Eugenie 
named Regent, 27 — the Emperor Napoleon III. 
takes command of the army at Metz, 29 — the 
King of Prussia sets out for seat of Avar, 3 1 . 



senburg, 4 — battles of Woerth and Speichern, 

(Porbach,) 6 — Paris declared in state of siege, 
7 — concentration of French army at Metz, 8 
— occupation of Saverne, 8 — resignation of 
Ollivier ministry, 9 — Treaty of London, for 
securing neutrality of Belgium, signed, 9 — new 
French ministry under Count Palikao formed, 
10 — investment of Strasburg by Germans, 10 
— forced currency for notes of Bank of France 
authorized, 12 — occupation of Nancy by Crown 
Prince of Prussia, 12 — Marshal Bazaine takes 
command in chief of army of the Rhine, 12 — 
departure of Napoleon and retreat of the army 
from Metz commenced, 14— action at Pange, 
14— battle of Courcelles, 14 — of Mars-la-Tour, 
(Fi'onville,) 16 — arrival of Napoleon at Cha- 
lons, 17 — battles of Gravelotte and Rezonville, 
18 — Gen. Trochu governor of Paris, 18 — re- 
treat of Marshal MacMahon from Chalons, the 
camp broken up, 20 — the Crown Prince of 
Saxony takes command of army in the Ar- 
dennes, 22 — neutrality of United States pro- 
claimed, 22 — expulsion of foreigners and 
' useless mouths ' from Paris, decreed by Gen. 
Trochu, 24 — capitulation of Vitry, 25 — at- 
tempt of Bazaine to break out of Metz re- 
pulsed, 26 — defeat of Gen. de Failly near 
Montmedy, 29 — Voncq burnt by Germans, 29 

— battle of Beaumont, 30 — defeat of Mac 
Mahon near Bazeilles, 31. 

September : battle of Sedan, 1 — surrender of 
Napoleon and the army of MacMahon to King 
of Prussia, 2 — French Chambers meet at mid- 
night, 3 — Revolution at Paris, the Republic 
proclaimed, the ' Government of National De- 
fence ' formed, under presidency of Gen. Trochu, 
4 — flight of the Empress from Paris, 4 — Rheims 
entered by King of Prussia, 5 — proclamation of 
Jules Favre, that France will not give up ' an 
inch of her territory nor a stone of her fortresses,' 
6 — election of National and Constituent As- 
sembly fixed for 16 Oct., 8 — surrender of Laon, 
9 — Chateau-Thierry occupied by Germans, n 

— occupation of Meaux as head-quarters of 
King of Prussia, 13 — mission of M. Thiers 
to London, 13-18 — negotiations of J. Favre 
for armistice, at Ferrieres, 18-20 — occupa- 
tion of Versailles by Germans, 18 — defeat 
of Gen. Vinoy at Villejuif, near Paris, and 
complete investment of Paris, 19 — mission of 
M. Thiers to Vienna and St Petersburg, 20 — 
terms of armistice proposed by Count Bismarck 
rejected by France, 21 — capitulation of Toul, 
23 — defeat of French at Melun, 26 — fall of 
Strasburg, 28. 

October': elections for National Assembly 
postponed indefinitely, 1 — battle of Toury, 1 — 
riots at Lyons, 3 — defeat of the French at St 
Quentin, 5 — battle of St Remy, 6— escape of 
Gambetta from Paris in a balloon, 7 — repulse of 
Prussians at St Quentin, 8 — occupation of 
Dreux, 9 — proclamation of Gambetta, from 
Tours, 9 — battle of Arthenay, 10 — capture of 
Orleans, 11 — occupation of Gisors, 12 — Gari- 
baldi appointed to command irregular force in 
the Vosges, 12 — occupation of Breteuil, 13 — 
fall of Soissons, 1 6— Montdidier taken, 17- 
Vesoul and Chateaudun taken, 18 — armistice 



FRANCOIS— FRANCONIA. 



545 



proposed to Count Bismarck by Lord Granville, 
20— surrender of Chartres, capture of St 
Quentin, 21 — capitulation of Schelestadt, 24 
—of Metz, 27-8— Dijon taken, 29— negotia- 
tions of M. Thiers for armistice commence at 
Versailles, 31 — Communist insurrection at 
Paris, 31. 

November: vote of confidence in the Go- 
vernment taken at Paris, 2— investment of 
Belfort, 3 — negotiations for armistice broken 
off, 6— surrender of Verdun, 9 — battle of 
Coulmiers, 9-10 — capitulation of New Brei- 
sach, 10 — occupation of Dole, 13 — Dreux re- 
occupied, 17 — German force surprised by Ric- 
ciotti Garibaldi, at Chatillon, 19 — capitulation 
of Thionville, 24 — battle of Ladon, 24 — of 
Amiens, 27 — La Fere taken, 27 — battle of 
Beaune-la-Rolande, 28. 

December : unsuccessful attack on Autun, 
1— battle of Patay, 1 — second battle of Arthe- 
nay, (Bazoches-les-Hautes,) 2 — army of the 
Loire driven into the Forest of Orleans by 
Prince Frederick Charles, 3 — occupation of 
Orleans, 5 — of Rouen, 5— battles on the Loire 
between Duke of Mecklenburg and General 
Chanzy, 7-10 — occupation of Beaugency and 
Vierzon, 8 — French Government delegation 
removes to Bordeaux, 9 — occupation of Dieppe, 
9-1 1 — fall of Phalsburg, 12 — occupation of 
Blois, 13 — capitulation of Montmedy, 14 — 
evacuation of Vendome by Gen. Chanzy, 17 — 
Nuits taken by Gen. "Werder, 18 — seizure of 
British vessels by Germans at Duclair, 21 — 
the vessels sunk in the Seine : surrender of 
Tours, 21 — not occupied by Germans ; battle 
of Pont-de-Noyelles, 22-23 — evacuation of 
Gray by Germans, 3 r . 

1 87 1, January: battle of Bapaume, 2-3 — 
capitulation of Mezieres, 2 — surrender of Ro- 
croi, 5 — battle of Villersexel, 6 — occupation 
of Auxerre, 6 — the French driven from Forest 
of Vendome, 6 — fall of Peronne, 9 — engage- 
ments near Le Mans, 7-10 — battle of Le Mans, 
occupation of the town, 11 — blockade of 
Dieppe by French fleet : defeat of the French 
at Beaumont near Alencon, 15 — bombardment 
of Avallon by Germans, 16 — St Quentin reoc- 
cupied by French, 16 — occupation of Alencon 
by Duke of Mecklenburg, 17 — battles before 
Belfort, defeat of Gen. Bourbaki, 15-17 — 
camp of Conlie, in Brittany r occupied by Ger- 
mans, 17 — Proclamation of King of Prussia as 
Emperor of Germany at Versailles, 18— battle 
of St Quentin, 19 — occupation of Dole, 21 — 
bombardment of Cambrai, 23-24 — Garibaldi 
repulses Germans near Dijon, 23 — bombard- 
ment of St Denis, 24-25 — occupation of Sable, 
25 — surrender of Longwy, 25 — St Cloud burnt 
by Germans, 26 — capitulation of Paris, 28 — 
armistice agreed to for 21 days, 28. 

February : flight of Bourbaki' s army into 
Switzerland, 1-4 — inoccupation of Dijon by 
Germans, 1 — occupation of Fecamp, 3 — occu- 
pation of Lons-le-Saulnier, 5 — occupation of 
Abbeville, 6 — elections for National Assembly 
in France, 8 — proclamation of Napoleon to 
the French. 8 — meeting of National Assembly 



for 5 days, 15 — capitulation of Belfort, 16 — 
M. Thiers appointed chief of the Executive 
Power of French Republic, 17 — armistice again 
extended, 22 — occupation of Honfleur, 23 — 
Treaty of Versailles, 26. 

March : occupation of Paris by Germans, 
1-3 — review of German troops by the Em- 
peror at Longchamps, 3 — evacuation of Ver- 
sailles by Germans, 12 — arrival of German 
Emperor at Berlin, 17 — Communist Insurrec- 
tion, 1 8 — [Paris] — National Assembly meets at 
Versailles, 20 — German batteries before Paris 
rearmed, 24 — Peace Conference opens at Brus- 
sels, 28 — interview of Prince Bismarck and J. 
Favre at Frankfort, 6 May — Treaty of Frank- 
fort, 10 May. 

Francois, Jean, Benedictine, — ft. at Acre- 
mont, Bouillon, 26 Jan. 1722 — if. there, 22 
Apr. 1 7 9 1 . With Tabouillot, Histo ire de Ifetz, 
1769 — Pictionnaire roman, wallon, celtique et 
tudesque, §c, 1777. 

Francois, Jean Charles, engraver, — ft. at 
Nancy, \ May 17 17 — 3j. at Paris, 21 Mar. 
1769. 

Francois de Neufchateau, Nicolas, Count, 
statesman, litterateur, — ft. in Lorraine, 17 Apr. 
1750 — received at Academy of Dijon, 1765 — 
goes to St Domingo, as Attorney - general, 
1782-3 — returns to France, 1787 — President of 
Legislative Assembly, Paris, 1792 — elected 
member of Convention, refuses to sit, 1792 — 
imprisoned, 3 Sep. 1793 — liberated, 4 Aug. 1794 
— Minister of Interior, 16 Jul. 1797 — member 
of Directory, 9 Sep. 1797 — member of Insti- 
tute, 1797 — retires from Directory, 9 May 1798 
— again Minister of Interior, "19 Jul. 1798 
— retires, 22 Jun. 1799 — Senator, Nov. 1799 — 
Pres. Senate, May 1804-6 — Grand Officer of 
Legion of Honour, about 1807 — Count of the 
Empire, 1808 — member of French Academy, 
1 816— o\ at Paris, 10 Jan. 1828. Pamela, 
1793 — editions of Pascal's Lettres Provinciales, 
•1822 — and Pensees, 1826 — of Gil Bias, 1820. 

Francolin, Jean de, heraldist, — ft. at Besan- 
qon, about 1520. 

Franconia, Franken, County and Duchy 
op, — held by Conrad I., afterwards king of Ger- 
many : killed in battle, before Fritzlar, Feb. 
911 — Eberhard (brother) succeeds, 911— re- 
united to Duchy of France Phenane, 923 — ■ 
rupture between Eberhard and the Emperor 
Otto, 936 — Eberhard imprisons Henry, Duke of 
Bavaria, and is fined and banished by Otto, 
937 — recalled, 938 — killed in battle, 939 — 
Conrad II., 939— receives in addition the 
Duchy of Upper Lorraine, 944 — marries Luit- 
gard, daughter of Otto, 947 — deprived of Lor- 
raine, 954 — killed in battle near Augsburg, 
955 — Otto, (son,) 955 — receives from the 
Emperor the Duchy of Carinthia and the 
March of Verona, 978 — gives up Carinthia to 
the Duke of Bavaria, 985 — receives it again, 
995 — refuses Imperial crown, 1002—0'., 4 Nov. 
1004 — Conrad III., of Worms, (son,) succeeds 
to Duchies of France Phenane, Franconia and 
Carinthia, and Marquisate of Verona, 1004 — 
Conrad IV., (son,) in France Phenane and 
Franconia, ion — receives Carinthia, 1035 — &., 
35 



54* 



FRANCOWITZ— FRANKLIN. 



1039 — duchy falls to the Emperor Henry III., 
who extinguishes the ducal title, 1039 — title re- 
vived by Henry V. for Conrad of Hohenstauffen, 
11 16 — [Conrad III., Emperor] — Frederick 
of Rothenburg, (son,) 1152— Conrad YI., 1167 
— tf., 1 1 97 — given by the Emperor Henry YI. 
to his brother Philip, 1197 — who becomes 
Emperor, n 98 — made one of the 'circles' of 
the empire, by Maximilian I., 15 13 — insurrec- 
tion of the peasants in favour of Lutheranism, 
1524-25 — name disappears at dissolution of the 
empire, 1806 — is revived in the kingdom of 
Bavaria, 1837. 

Francowitz, Matthias Flach, [Flaeeus 
Tllyricus,) theologian, — b. at Albona, (Istria,) 
1521 — fr. at Frankfort, 11 Mar. 1575. Cata- 
logue testium veritatis, 1556 — Centuries Magdc- 
burgenses, 1634 — Hist, certaminum de primatu 
papce, 1554 — Clavis Script uree sacra?, 1674. 

Franeker, University of, — founded, 1585 — 
suppressed by Napoleon I., 18 11 — reestablished 
as an Athenaeum, 1816. 

Frangipani, Cencio, Consul of Rome, — seizes 
and imprisons Pope Gelasius II., 25 Jan. 1118 
— drives him from Rome, later in 11 18. 

Frank, Franking-, {of Letters,) in England, — 
privilege claimed by House of Commons, 1660 — 
confirmed and regulated by Act 4 Geo. III. c. 24, 
1763 — further regulations by Acts 3o Geo. III. 
c. 53, 28 Apr. 1795, and 7 Wm IV. and 1 Vic. 
c. 32, 12 Jul. 1837 — abolished by Act 3 and 4 
Yic. c. 96, 10 Aug. 1840. 

Frank, Johann Peter, physician, — fc. in 
Baden, 19 Mar. 1745 — M.D. Heidelberg, 1766 
— Prof. Physiology, &c, Gottingen, 1784 — 
Prof. Clinical Medicine, Pavia, 1 7 85 — Inspector- 
general of Medicine and Pharmacy in Lom- 
bard)-, 1786 — called to Vienna, Aulic Councillor, 
1795 — Prof. Clinical Medicine, Vienna, 1795 — 
first physician to Emperor of Russia, 1804 — 
if. at Vienna, 24 Apr. 1821. System einer 
vollstandigen medicinischen Polizei, 17 84-18 19 
— Epitome de curandis hominum morbis, 1792- 
1821. 

Frank, Sebastian, — rj. at Donauwerth, 1500 
■ — tf. probably at Basel, about 1545. Chronica, 
153 1 — Chronica des ganzen deutschen Land.es, 
1539 — Weltbuch, 1534 — Spriich iv drier, 1541. 

Frank (Franck) von Frankenau, Georg, 
physician, — b. at Naumburg, 3 May 1643 — 
Prof. Medicine, Heidelberg, 1671-88 — tf. at 
Copenhagen, 16 Jun. 1704. Lexicon vege- 
tabilium usualium, &:c, 1672 — Lnstitutianum 
medicarum synopsis, Sec, 1672. 

Frankenhausen,— Philip of Hesse and the 
allied princes defeat Munzer and the peasants 
near, 15 May 1525. 

Frankfort-on-the-Main, — Ludwig the Pious 
founds the Palace at, 822 — fortified by him, 
838 — capital of Eastern Franks, 843 — capital 
transferred to Ratisbon, by Arnulf, 889 — free 
imperial city, by the Emperor William, 1257 
— Easter Fair instituted, 1330 — its right as 
place of election for the Emperor, confirmed 
by the ' Golden Bull,' 1356 — acquires territory 
on the left bank of the Main, 1390 — suffers in | 
the war of the Schmalkald League, 1552 — free 
navigation of the Main conferred by Charles 



V., 1555 — suffers in the Thirty Years' War, 
1635 — its privileges recognized by treaty of 
Westphalia, 1648 — residence of Emperoi 
Charles VII., 1742-44 — occupied by Marshal 
de Soubise, 2 Jan. 1759 — taken by the French, 
1792 — retaken by Hessians, 2 Dec. 1792 — head 
of Confederation of the Rhine, the arch-chan- 
cellor of the empire made prince-primate, by Na- 
poleon I., 1806 — the prince-primacy abolished, 
Feb. 1 810 — head of a Grand Duchy, by Napo- 
leon, 1 810 — fortifications demolished, 1806-12 
— reestablished as free state, by Congress of 
Vienna, 9 Jun. 18 15 — new constitution promul- 
gated, 15 May 1816 — seat of the Diet, 1816 — 
suppression of the newspapers by the Diet, 2 
Mar. 1832— attempted insurrection of students, 
3 Apr. 1833 — occupied by Austrian troops, 4 
Apr. 1833 — another attempt at insurrection, 
placed under martial law, 2 May 1834 — -joins 
the Zoliverein, 25 Jan. 1836 — Constituent 
Assembly sits at, 31 Mar. 1848 to 30 May 1849 
— insurrection, 18-20 Sep. 1848 — Congress of 
Princes at, under Emperor of Austria, opens, 17 
Aug., closes, 1 Sep. 1863 — occupied by Prus- 
sians, 16 Jul. 1866 — annexed to Prussia, and 
constitution imposed on, 8 Oct. 1866 — visited 
by king of Prussia, 16 Aug. 1867. Cathedral, 
(church of St Bartholomew,) founded, 854 — 
dedicated, 1239 — enlarged, 1315-45 — place of 
coronation of the Emperors, from 17 n — burnt, 
night of 14-15 Aug. 1 867. Councils of, held by 
Charles the Great, against heresy of Elipand, 
&c, 794 — held by Ludwig, king of Germany, 
853-1001 — to confirm erection of bishopric of 
Bamberg, 1007; 1234; 1409. Union of, between. 
Frederick the Great, the Emperor, Landgrave 
of Hesse Cassel, and Elector Palatine, signed, 
22 May 1744. Treaty of, definitive peace be- 
tween Germany and France, signed, 10 May 
1 87 1 — ratifications exchanged, 21 May. 

Frankfort-on-the-Oder, — besieged by the 
Hussites, 1430 — by the Poles, 1450 — by Duke 
of Sagun, 1477 — besieged by the Swedes, 1631, 
1634, 1639 — reunited to Brandenburg, 1644 — 
occupied by the French, 1806. University of, 
founded, 1506 — transferred to Breslau, 18 10. 

Franklin, U. S., — defeat of Gen. Hood by 
Gen. Scholefield at, 30 Nov. 1864. 

Franklin, Benjamin, natural philosopher, 
statesman, — b. at Boston, U. S., 6 Jan. 1706, 
(o. s.) — bound to a printer at Boston, 17 17 — 
goes to Philadelphia, 1723 — visits England, 
1725-6 — marries, 1 Sep. 1730 — founds Uiiiv. 
of Pennsylvania, 1744 — begins his investiga- 
tions in electricity, 1746 — deputy to the Gen- 
eral Assembly of Pennsylvania, 1750 — dis- 
covers identity of lightning with electricity, 
1752 — Postmaster-general, 1753 — envoy to 
England, Jul. 1757 to Oct. 1762 — again, Dec. 
1764 to Mar. 1775 — elected F.R.S. ; deputy to 
Congress at Philadelphia, 1775 — signs Declar- 
ation of Independence, 1776 — ambassador to 
France, 1776-85 — constructs chart of Gulf 
Stream, 1776 — concludes treaty of alliance 
between the United States and France, 6 Feb. 
1778 — President of Pennsylvania, Sep. 1785 — 
delegate to the Convention for revising the 
Articles of Union, 1787 — if. at Philadelphia, 



FRANKLIN— FREDERICK I. 



547 



17 Apr. 1790. Poor Richard' s Almanac, 173a- 
57 — Works, 1836-40. 

Franklin, Sir John, admiral, Arctic voyager, 
— b. at Spilsby, Lincolnshire, 1786 — enters the 
navy, 1800 — accompanies Australian expedition 
under Flinders, 1801-3 — at the battle of 
Trafalgar, 1805 — distinguishes himself at the 
attack on New Orleans, 18 14 — commands in 
expedition to Arctic regions, 1 8 1 8 — in overland 
expedition across North American continent, 
1 8 19 — F.R.S., 1823 — second overland ex- 
pedition, 1825 — Knt, D.C.L. Oxford, 1827 — 
Governor of Van Diemen's Land, 1836 — com- 
mands Arctic expedition, 1845 — ft. near Lan- 
caster Sound, n Jun. 1847 — his fate dis- 
covered by McClintock, and the records at 
Point Yictory, 1859. 

Franks, The, — appear in the Roman Empire, 
about 240 — after ravaging Gaul, invade Spain, 
256, a 264 b — Probus makes war on, in Gaul, 
277 a — obtain settlements in Gaul from Probus, 
277 b — invade Batavia, are driven out by Con- 
stantius, and obtain territory in Gaul, 293 b — 
defeated by Constantine at Boulogne, and their 
kings, Ascaric and Ragaisus, captured, 306 b — 
defeated by Crispus in Gaul, 320 a — Constans 
carries on war with, 341 a — defeated by him, 
342 a — Julian makes war on, 357-8 a — with the 
Saxons plunder coasts of Gaul opposite Britain, 
367 a — [Arbogastes] — unite under Theodeniir, 
about 418 b — Clodion succeeds, about 427 b — 
Aetius makes war on, 428 a — pass the Rhine 
and are defeated by Aetius, 432 — make peace 
with him : war renewed, 438 b — take Tournai, 
Cambrai, and extend their conquests to the 
Somme, 445 b — defeated by Majorian and 
Aetius, 446 b — Meroveus succeeds, 448 b — 
fight with Aetius against Attila at Chalons, 
(Campi Catalaunici,) 45 1 — Childeric I. , (son,) 
458 — deposed and banished, 459 — Egidius 
chosen King : Childeric recalled, 463 or 464— 
Clovis I., (son,) 481 — division of the kingdom 
on his death between his four sons, Theoderic, 
(Thierri,) [Metz,] Chlodomir, [Orleans,] Chil- 
debert, [Paris,] and Clotaire, [Soissons,] 511 
— on death of Chlodomir, his estates shared by 
Childebert and Clotaire, 532 or 533 — under 
Theodebert, invade Italy, 538, 539 c — assist the 
Goths against Narses in Italy, 533 ac — de- 
feated by Narses, 554 ac — kingdom of Metz 
falls to Clotaire, 555— estates of Childebert 
seized on his death by Clotaire, 558 — Clotaire, 
sole king, 558 — the kingdom divided between 
his sons, Charibert, [Paris,] Guntram, [Or- 
leans, Burgundy,] Sigebert I., [Metz,] and 
Chilperic, [Soissons,] 561— death of Charibert, 
5 6 7 — Thierri (Theoderic) II., King of 
Burgundy and Austrasia, 612 — Clotaire II., 
on death of Thierri, sole king, 613 — Dagobert 
I., succeeds alone, 628 — cedes part of the 
kingdom to his brother Charibert, 630— resumes 
it on Charibert's death, 631 — makes Sigebert 
II. (son) king of Austrasia, 632 — tf., Jan. 
638— Clovis II., in Neustria and Burgundy, 
638— Clotaire III. (son) succeeds him, 656 
— Childerio II. succeeds his father Sigebert 
II., 660 — Thierri III. succeeds his brother 
Clotaire III., 670 — Dagobert II. succeeds 



Childeric II., 674— on his death Dukes Martin 
and Pepin d'Heristal masters of Austrasia, 
680 — Martin is soon after put to death : Clovis 
III. succeeds his father, Thierri III., 691 — 
Childebert III., (brother,) 695 — Dagobert 
III., (son,) 711 — Charles Martel succeeds his 
father, Pepin, as Duke of Austrasia, 715 — 
Chilperic II. succeeds Dagobert III. in 
Neustria, 715 — Thierri IV., king of Neustria, 
Burgundy, and Austrasia, 720 — on his death, 
737, interregnum — Carloman and Pepin 
succeed their father, Charles Martel, 741 — 
Childeric III. made king, 742 — deposed, 
752 — Pepin le Bref, king of the Franks, 752 
— Charles the Great, {Charlemagne,) and 
Carloman, 768 — Charles alone, on death of 
Carloman, 771. [France, Kings of.~\ a Clinton. 
b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Gibbon. 

Franzen, Frans Michael, poet, §c, — 6. in 
Finland, 9 Feb. 1772 — librarian to University 
of Abo, 1796 — Prof. History, &c, 1801 — 
member of Swedish Academy, 1808 — secretary, 
1824-34 — Bp of Hernosand, 1834^1831 b — tf., 
1847. Skaldestykken, 1824-36 — Columbus eller 
Amerikas upptackt, 1831 — Sclma och Fanny, 
1 843 — Minnesteckningar, 1 848 . 

a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. 

Fra Paolo. [Sarpi.] 

Fraser, Simon. [Lovat, Lord.] 

Fraunhofer, Joseph, optician,— 5. in Bavaria, 
1787 — observes and measures dark lines in 
solar spectrum, 18 15 — admitted to Academy of 
Sciences, Munich, 1817 — keeper of the Museum 
of Physics, 1823 — tf. at Munich, 7 Jun. 1826. 
Telescope, Borpat, "before 1825. 

Fraustadt, (Prauenstadt,) in Posen, — the 
Swedish general Benschild defeats the Saxons, 
13 Feh. 1706. 

Frayssinous, Denis Luc, theologian, Peer 
of France, — b. in the Aveyron, 9 May 1765 
— goes to Paris, studies at the Coll. Louis le 
Grand, 1784 — Priest, 1789 — teaches theology 
at St Sulpice, 1803 — suspended by Napoleon I., 
1809 — resumes his office, Oct. 18 14 — admitted 
to the French Academy, May 1822 — Minister 
of Ecclesiastical Affairs, 26 Aug. 1824 — Grand 
Master of the Univ., 1 Jun. 1825— If. at Saint 
Geniez, 12 Dec. 1841. Vrais principes de 
I'JEglise Gallicane, §c, 181 8 — Befensedu chris- 
tian isme, 1825. 

Fredegarius, (Sc/iolasticus,) chronicler, — fl., 
ahout 640-658 P 

Fredegunda — fc. at Montdidier, 543— mis- 
tress of Chilperic, king of Soissons, induces 
him to divorce his wife, Audovere, about 565 — 
suspected of murdering his second wife, Ga- 
lasiunta, and marries him, 568 — procures mur- 
der of Sigebert, 575 — of Audovere and Clovis, 
580 — assassinates Chilperic, 584— shares the 
Eegency with Gontran : unsuccessfully attempts 
assassination of Childebert, 584 — procures 
murder of Pretextat, Bp of Bouen, 586 — fails 
in attempted murder of Gontran, 587 — tr. at 
Paris, 597 or 598. a a Pagi. 

Fredericia, in Bcnmark, — founded, 1651 — 
bombarded by Austrians, 20 Mar. 1 864- — forti- 
fications destroyed by them, 12 May 1864. 

Frederick I. Barbarossa, Emperor op the 



.548 



FREDERICK. 



Romans, and King of Germany, — fj., 1121 — 
accompanies his uncle Conrad III. to Palestine, 
1 147-9 — marries Adelaide, 1149 — elected at 
Frankfort, 4 Mar. 1152 — crowned at Aix-la- 
Chapelle, 9 Mar. — repudiates Adelaide, 1153 — 
pacifies Germany : with Henry the Lion, in- 
vades Italy, Oct. 1 154 — holds Diet at Roncaglia, 
ii55 a — takes Tortona, Feh. to Mar. 1155 — 
crowned King of Lombardy at Pavia, 17 Apr. 
1 155 — gives up Arnold of Brescia to the pope, 
1 155 — crowned Emperor by Adrian IV., at 
Rome, 18 Jun. 1155 — holds Diet at Worms, or 
Spires, 1156 — marries Beatrice, heiress of 
Burgundy, n 56 — conquers Poland and erects 
Bohemia into a kingdom, 1157 — holds tourna- 
ment at Besanc.on, 1157- — opposes the pope's 
claim to the Empire as a benefice, and sends 
back the legates, 1 157— invades Lombardy 
again, summer 1158 — takes Brescia, Jul. 1158 
— besieges Milan, Aug. — enters the city, 8 Sep. 
— Diet of Eoncaglia, n Nov. 1158 15 — abolishes 
consuls at Milan, and sets up a podestat, 1 159 
• — orders the walls of Crema to be demolished, 
1 159 — begins siege of Crema, Aug. 1159 — 
takes it, 27 Jan. 1 160— on death of Adrian, 
convokes Council at Pavia, and procures re- 
cognition of Victor, n Feb. 1160 — excom- 
municated by Alexander III., 24 Mar. — 
besieges Milau, Sep. 1161 — accepts submission 
of the Milanese, 5 Mar. 1162 — enters Milan 
and orders its destruction, 26 Mar. — holds Diet 
at Besancon, 1162° — third invasion of Lom- 
bardy, autumn 11 64 — retires before the Con- 
federate army to Pavia ; holds Diet at "Wurz- 
burg, and recognizes Paschal III. as pope, 
1 1 65 — fourth invasion of Italy, Nov. n 66 — 
celebrates Christmas at Pavia : devastates the 
Bolognese territory, Jan. 11 67 — besieges 
Ancona, beginning Jul. — raises the siege after 
three weeks : arrives at Rome, 24 Jul. — 
crowned again, with Beatrice; by Paschal, 1 
Aug.— puts to the ban the Lombard League, 
21 Apr. 1 168 — loses his army by a pestilence, 
and returns to Germany, spring 1168 — on 
death of Paschal recognizes Calixtus III., 
autumn 11 68 — procures election of his son 
Henry, King of the Romans, 11 69 — holds Diet 
at Worms, 1 1 7 2 — fifth invasion of Italy, 
autumn 11 74 — besieges Alessandria unsuccess- 
fully, 29 Oct. 1 174 to 13 Apr. 1 175 — defeated by 
the Milanese at Legnano, near Como, 29 May 
1 1 76 — conferences at Bologna for peace ; meets 
Pope Alexander at Venice, acknowledges him, 
and receives absolution, 1 Aug. 11 77 — crowned 
King of Aries, 30 Jul. 1178 — deprives Henry 
the Lion of his dominions, and banishes him at 
Diet of Wurzburg, 1 1 80 — Treaty of Constance, 
25 Jun. 1 1 83 — Diet of Mentz, 1184° — alliance 
with the Milanese against the pope, 11 Feb. 
1 1 85 c — death of Beatrice, 15 Nov. 1 1 85 — takes 
the cross at Diet of Mentz, 27 Mar. 11 88- — sets 
out for Palestine, 23 Apr. 11 89 — winters at 
Philippopolis, 1 1 89-90 — defeats the Sultan of 
Iconium twice, and takes the city, May 11 90 — 
drowned near Seleucia, (Salef,) 10 Jun. 1190. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Art cle Verifier les Dates. 

c Xouv. Biog. Gen. 
Frederick II., Emperor of the Romans, 



and King of Germany, — fi. at Jesiin Ancona, 
26 Dec. 1 194 — elected King of the Romans, 
1 1 96 — crowned King of Sicily at Palermo after 
the death of his father, Henry VI., May 1198 
— opposed by his uncle. Philip of Suabia, and 
Otto IV., Count of Poitou, 1199 — death of 
Philip, 1208 — marries Constance of Aragon, 
1209 — assumes government of Sicily, 1209 — 
proclaimed, third time, at Diet of Coblentz, 
121 1 — death of his wife, Jun. 12 12 — goes to 
Rome, has interview with Innocent III., 1212 

— concludes treaty of alliance with Philip 
Augustus at Toul, 19 Nov. 12 12 — crowned at 
Mentz,* d Aix-la-Chapelle, b 6 Dec. 1212 — con- 
stitution of Egra, Jul. 1213 d — defeat of Otto 
at Bouvines, 27 Jul. 12 14 — crowned at Aix-la- 
Chapelle, 25 Jul. 12 15 — takes the cross, 
same day : seizes on Leipsic, autumn 1 2 1 7 

— death of his rival Otto, May 121 8 — 
excites suspicions of the pope, 12 19 — grants 
Charter to the Princes at Diet of Frank- 
fort, 26 Apr. 1220 d — his son Henry elected 
King of the Romans, Apr. 1220/ 1222 b — 
renews his vow to go on the crusade, and is 
crowned by Honorius III. at Rome, 22 Nov. 
1220 — conference with the pope at Veroli, 
Apr. 1222 — another, atFerentino, spring 1223 
■ — extinguishes Saracen revolt in Sicily, 1224 — 
publishes law against heretics, Feb. 1224 — 
founds University of Naples, 1224 — meets King 
John of Jerusalem at Melfi, 1225 — Treaty of 
San Germano, Jul. 1225 — marries Tolande, at 
Brindisi, 9 Nov. 1225 — Lombard League 
renewed, Mar. 1226 — puts them to the ban, 
Jun., a 11 Jul. d 1226 — makes peace with them 
by mediation of the pope, 1 Feb. 1227 — pressed 
by Gregory IX., embarks at Otranto for the 
crusade, 8 Sep. 1227 — falls ill after three days 
and lands at Otranto ; is excommunicated by 
Gregory, 29 Sep. — again excommunicated, 11 
Nov. — and again, before Easter 1228 — death 
of Yolande, 1228 — holds parliament at Bar- 
letta, 1228 — ree'mbarks for the East, and 
arrives at Acre, 7 Sep. — the pope publishes 
crusade against him, John of Brienne invades 
Apulia, 1228 — concludes treaty with Malek el 
Kameel, 18 Feb. 1229 — enters Jerusalem, 17 J 
Mar. — crowns himself King in the church of 
the Holy Sepulchre, 18 Mar. — embarks for 
Europe, 1 May — again excommunicated by 
Gregory, 19 Aug. — recovers his estates in 
Italy, 1229-30 — makes peace with the pope, 9 
Jul. 1230— obtains absolution at Anagni, 1 
Sep. 1230 — holds Diet at Ravenna, Nov. 1231 
— cruelly treats the rebels at Messina, Apr. 
1233 — second revolt of his son Henry, in Ger- 
many, i234, ad 1235 b — interview with the pope 
at Rieti, May 1234 d — suppresses rebellion of 
his son Henry, May 1235 — marries Isabella of 
England at Worms, i5, d 20 ;l Jul. 1235 — de- 
poses and imprisons his son, Aug. 1235 — sets 
out on expedition against Lombardy, Jul. 1236 
— leaves his army to Eccelino of Padua, and 
returns to Germany, Nov. 1236 — gets his son 
Conrad elected King of the Romans, Jan. 1237 
— reenters Italy, Sep. 1237 — takes Mantua, t 
Oct. — victory of Cortenuova, 26-27 Nov. 1237 
— interview with Simon de Montfort, Mar. (?) 



FREDERICK. 



549 



1238 — commences siege of Brescia, 3 Aug. — 
raises it, 9 Oct. — makes his son Enzio King of 
Sardinia, Oct. 1238 — excommunicated by- 
Gregory, 2o, d 24 a Mar. 1239— invades Ro- 
magna, Jun. — submission of Tuscany, except 
Florence, close of 1239 — passes through Duchy 
of Spoleto into States of the Church, early in 
1240 — the pope proclaims crusade against him, 
22 Feb. — takes Ravenna, 22 Aug. — besieges 
Faenza, late in Aug. 1240 — takes it, 14 or 15 
Apr. 1 241— takes Benevento, after long siege, 
Apr. 1 24 1 — capture of Genoese fleet, with 
cardinals, bishops, &c, by Enzio, 3 May — be- 
comes Protector of Hungary, Jun. — death of 
his Empress Isabella, i, d 10 a Dec. 1241 — 
liberates the cardinals and prelates, 1 243 — con- 
cludes treaty with Innocent IV., 31 Mar. 1244 
— refuses to execute it : excommunicated and 
t deposed by the pope, at Council of Lyons, 17 
Jul. 1245 — asks mediation of Louis IX., Sep. 
1 245 — the pope gets Henry Raspon, Land- 
grave of Thuringia, elected King of the 
Romans, 22 May 1246 — and on his death, 
William, Count of Holland, Nov. 1247— Fred- 
erick arrests his chancellor, Peter de Vinea, and 
gives him up to the Pisans, 1247 a — blinds him 
and sends him to Pisa, 1 249 d — siege of Parma, 
1247-8 — defeated near Parma, 18 Feb. 1248 — 
sends supplies to the French Crusaders in 
Cyprus, winter 1248 — defeat and capture of 
Enzio by Bolognese, 26 May 1249 — ft. at 
Fiorenzuola, (Fiorentino,) 13 Dec. 1250. 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Dufresnoy. 
c Engl. Cyc. d Kington. 

Frederick III., Duke of Austria, Em- 
peror of the Romans, — elected after death of 
Henry VII. and interregnum of 14 months, 
19 Oct. 1 3 14— his cousin and rival, Louis of 
Bavaria, elected, 20 Oct. — war between them : 
defeated and captured by Louis at Muhldorf, 
28 Sep. 1322 — becomes joint Emperor with 
Louis by Treaty of Ulm, 8 Sep. 1325 a — ft., 13 
Jan. 1330. a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Frederick III., (IV.,) Emperor of the 
Romans, and King of Germany, — fc. ,23 Dec. 
1415 — with his brother Albert, succeeds his 
father Ernest, as Duke of Carinthia, Jun. 
1424 — assumes the government, 1435 — goes to 
Palestine, 1436 — elected King of the Romans, 
on death of Albert II., 2 Feb. 1440- — recog- 
nizes Eugenius IV. ; crowned at Aix-la-Cha- 
pelle, 17 Jun. 1442 — gets a Concordat approved 
by Nicholas V. and accepted by Diet of Asch- 
affenburg, 1448 — attacked and robbed by bri- 
gands, on his way to Rome, early in 1452 — 
crowned King of Lombardy, at Rome, 15 Mar. 
1452 — crowned Emperor, and his bride-elect, 
Eleanora of Portugal, Empress, by Nicholas V., 
18 Mar. — ratifies the Concordat, same time: 
marries Eleanora, 1452 — erects Austria into 
Archduchy, by letters-patent, 6 Jan. 1453 — for 
his neglect of affairs of State the electors threaten 
to elect a new Emperor, 1457 — claims crowns of 
Hungary and Bohemia on death of Ladislaus, 
1458 — war with his brother Albert, 1458-63 — 
refuses to give up crown of St Stephen, and 
declares war on his rival Mathias, 1458 — be- 
sieged in Vienna by Albert, and delivered by 



George Podiebrad, king of Bohemia, 1463 — 
obtains possession of the Duchy on death of 
Albert, Dec. 1463 — death of his Empress, 1 
Sep. 1467 — conferences with Paul II. at Rome, 
1468 — marries his son Maximilian to Mary, 
heiress of Burgundy and the Netherlands, 1477 
— besieged in Vienna by Mathias Corvinus, 
and renounces his claim to Hungary, 1479 — war 
with Mathias recommences, 1482 — capture of 
Vienna by Mathias, 1 Jun. 1485 — loses his 
Austrian estates to Mathias and retires to the 
Netherlands, 1485-90 — on death of Mathias re- 
covers them and returns to Vienna, 1490 — fr. 
at Lintz, 19 Aug. 1493. 

Frederick, Count of Hohenzollern, Bur- 
grave of Nurnberg, and Margrave of 
Brandenburg, — ft., about 1372 — with his 
brother John succeeds to the burggraviate, on 
abdication of his father, Jan. 1397 — marries 
Elizabeth of Bavaria Landshut, 1400 — named 
Governor of Brandenburg, by Sigismund, Jun. 
14 1 2 — his possession of the Margraviate op- 
posed by the nobles, who defeat him, 24 Oct. 
141 2 — buys the Margraviate of Sigismund, 
141 5 — receives investiture at Council of Con- 
stance, 18 Apr. 1417- — makes war on Dukes of 
Mecklenburg, 141 8-19 — vicar of the empire, by 
Sigismund, 141 8 — reconquers the Ukraine, 
1420 — assists the Emperor in the Hussite war, 
1420 — unsuccessfully claims Duchy of Saxony, 
1422 — defeats and captures John III., Duke of 
Mecklenburg, 1425 — sells his burggraviate to 
the town of Nurnberg, 1427 — commands Im- 
perial army in Bohemia, 1430 — Xf., 20 or 21 
Sep. 1440. 

Frederick II., Margrave {Elector) of 
Brandenburg, — fc., 19 Nov. 1413 — obtains 
electorate on death of his father, Frederick I. , 
by cession of his elder brother John, Sep. 1440 
— marries Catherine of Saxony, 1441 — builds 
the Palace at Berlin, 1442-51- — reversion of 
Duchy of Mecklenburg confirmed to him by the 
Emperor, 16 Jul. 1442 — refuses crown of Po- 
land, 1446— divides the Margraviate with his 
brother Albert, 1447 — acquires part of Lower 
Lusace, 1448 — purchases the Neu-Mark of the 
Teutonic Knights, 1455 — and makes defensive 
alliance with them, 1455 — supports his brother 
Albert in the war with Louis of Bavaria, 1462 
— cedes Lower Lusace (except Cotbus) to king 
of Bohemia, 1462 — unsuccessfully claims suc- 
cession to Duchy of Stettin, 1464-66 — abdicates 
in favour of Albert, (III.,) 1470 — tf. in Fran- 
conia, 10 Feb. 1471. 

Frederick III., Elector of Brandenburg. 
[Frederick I., King of Prussia.'] 

Frederick William, the Great, Elector of 
Brandenburg, — c., 6 Feb. 1620 — sent to Ley- 
den Univ., 1635 — succeeds his father, George 
"William, 1 Dec. 1640— receives investiture of 
Prussia from king of Poland, 17 Oct.1641 — makes 
peace with the Swedes, who evacuate his estates, 
1643 — marries Louisa Henrietta, Princess of 
Orange, 7 Dec. 1646 — by Treaty of West- 
phalia, cedes to Sweden Hither Pomerania with 
Stettin and Isle of Riigen, and obtains Halber- 
stadt, Minden, and Cumin, and reversion of Mag- 
deburg, 1648 — alliance with Charles Gusta^us 



55° 



FREDERICK. 



of Sweden against Poland, 21 Jan. 1656 — 
contributes to victory of Warsaw, 28-30 Jul. 
1656— Treaty of Vehlau, 19 Sep. 1657 — Treaty 
of Oliva, 23 May 1660 — recognized sovereign of 
Prussia, by states at Konigsberg, 1663 — settles 
with the Duke of Neuburg the disputed suc- 
cession of Juliers, acquires Cleves and the 
counties of the Mark and Ravensberg, 1663 — 
death of his wife, 6 Jun. 1667 — marries Doro- 
thea, Duchess dowager of Brunswick-Luneburg, 
13 Jun. 1668 — alliance with the Emperor and 
Holland against France, 1672 — convention 
with France, 1673 — invades Alsace and joins 
Imperial army, 1674 — invasion of Pomerania 
by the Swedes : defeats them at Fehrbellin, 1 8 
Jun. 1675 — crosses the Frische Hof and Gulf 
of Courland on the ice, and drives the Swedes 
out of Prussia, Jan. 1679 — Treaty of St Ger- 
main en Laye, 29 Jun. 1679 — incorporates 
Archbishopric of Magdeburg with the Elector- 
ate, 1680— gives asylum to French Protestants, 
1685 — aids the Emperor against the Turks, 
1686— by convention with the Emperor acquires 
the circle of Schwiebus for Duchv of Jagern- 
dorf, 8 Apr. 1686 — tf., 29 Apr. 1688. 

Frederick I., King or Prussia, and III,, 
Elector of Brandenburg, — h. at Konigsberg, 
1 Jul. 1657 — marries Elizabeth Henrietta of 
Hesse Cassel, 23 Aug. 1679 — she dies, 16 Jun. 
1683 — marries Sophia Charlotte of Hanover, 
28 Sep. 1684 — succeeds his father, 29 Apr. 
1688 — sends auxiliaries to the Prince of Orange, 
1688 — joins alliance against France, 1689, a 
1691b — takes Bonn, 12 Oct. 1689 a — sends 
auxiliaries to the Emperor against the Turks, 
1691 — interview with William III. of England, 
1691^ 1698° — founds Univ. of Halle, 1693 — 
gives up Schwiebus to the Austrians, 31 Dec. 
1694 — founds Academy of Painting, Berlin, 
1696 — declares for the Emperor in the war of 
the Spanish succession, 1700 — recognized as 
king of Prussia by the Emperor, by Treaty of 
Vienna, Nov. 1700 — proclaimed King at Ko- 
nigsberg, crowns himself and his consort, 18 
Jan. 1701 — founds Order of the Black Eagle, 
Jan. 1701 — Academy of Sciences, Berlin, 1707 
— tf. at Berlin, 25 Feb. 17 13. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. "Univ. 

Frederick William (II. Elector) I., King 
of Prussia, — b. at Berlin, 15 Aug, 1688 — 
sent to Hanover to be educated with Prince 
George, (George II. of England,) 1693 — mar- 
ries Princess Sophia Dorothea of Hanover, 28 
Nov. 1706 — serves at the battle of Malplaquet, 
1709 — succeeds his father, Frederick I., 25 
Feb. 17 1 3 — his title recognized by Treaty of 
Utrecht, Jul. 17 13 — in alliance with Russia, 
Denmark, and Saxony, declares Avar on Charles 
XII., 28 Apr. 1 7 15— besieges Stralsund, end 
of Jun. 17 15 — takes it, 20 Dec. 17 15 — visited 
by Peter the Great, 19-23 Sep. 1717° — abolishes 
feudal tenures, 17 17 — Peace of Stockholm, ac- 
quisition of part of Pomerania, Nov. 1720 — in- 
terferes for the Heidelberg Protestants, autumn 
17 19 — expels Wolf from Halle, Nov. 1723 — 
makes Potsdam his residence, 1724 — accedes 
to Treaty of Hanover against the Emperor, 3 
Sep. 1725 — concludes Treaty of Wusterhausen 



with the Emperor, 12 Oct. 1726^ c 1727 s — 
visits Dresden, 14 Jan. to 12 Feb. 1728 — visited 
by Augustus of Saxony, May 1728 — flight and 
arrest of his eldest son, Frederick, (II.,) Aug. 
1730 — beheads Lieutenant Katte, at Ciistrin, 
6 Nov. 1730 — receives Protestant emigrants 
from Salzburg, at Berlin, 14 Apr. 1732 c — 
visits the Emperor at Prague, Aug. 1732 — 
gives asylum to Stanislaus of Poland, Jun. 
1734— ft. at Potsdam, 31 May 1740. 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Engl. Cyc. c Carlyle. 
Frederick Henry Louis, Prince of Prussia, 
{Prince Henry,) — d. at Berlin, 18 Jan. 1726 — 
serves as Colonel at battle of Czaslau, May 
1742 — aide-de-camp to his brother, Frederick 
II., 1744 — marches on Prague, Aug. 1744 — at 
Hohenfriedberg, Jun. 1745 — marries a princess 
of Hesse Cassel, 1752 — commands brigade 
under Frederick II., 1756 — distinguishes him- 
self at battle of Prague, May 1757 — contributes 
to victory of Rossbach, Nov. 1757 — commands 
in Saxony, Nov. 1757 — charged with defence 
of southern Prussia, 1758 — captures the maga- 
zines of the Austrians, 14-20 Apr. 1759 — 
pursues the Duke of Deux-Ponts into Fran- 
conia, 5 May 1759 — his march of 50 hours 
from the Landskron to Hoyerswerda, 23-25 
Sep. 1759 — captures Hoyerswerda, 25 Sep. 
1759 — defeats D'Ahremberg at Pretsch, 29 
Oct. 1759 — prevents union of Russians and 
Austrians in North Prussia, 1760 — delivers 
Breslau, 5 Aug. 1760 — prevents Marshal Daun 
from entering Saxony, or joining Laudohn, 
summer 1761 — compelled to abandon Frey- 
berg, 15 Oct. 1762 — defeats Prince of Stolberg 
at Freyberg, 29 Oct. 1762 — the Polish crown 
offered him, forbidden to accept it, summer 
1764 — visits his sister Ulrica, Queen of Sweden, 
1770 — visits St Petersburg, Jan. 1771 and 
Apr. 1776 — in the War of Bavarian Succes- 
sion, invades Bohemia, summer 1778 — main- 
tains himself there till 1779 — envoy to Louis 
XVI., Jul. to Oct. 1784 — ft. at Rheinsberg, 3 
Aug. 1807. 

Frederick II., the Great, [Charles Frederick,) 
King of Prussia, — h. at Berlin, 24 Jan. 1712 
— Captain in the Potsdam Guards, 3 May 1725 
— visits Dresden with his father, Jan., Feb. 
1728— publicly beaten by his father, 10 Dec. 
1729 — attempts to quit Prussia, hut is arrested 
and imprisoned at Ciistrin, Aug. 1730 — returns 
to court, 23 Nov. 1731- — is compelled by his 
father to marry the Princess Elizabeth Christina 
of Brunswick Bevern, 12 Jun. 1732,* 1733 bd 
— serves in the Rhine campaign, 1734 — takes 
up his residence at Rheinsberg, autumn 1736 d — 
becomes a Freemason. Aug. 1738 — succeeds his 
father, Frederick William I., 31 May 1740 — 
abolishes torture, 3 Jun. 1740 — institutes the 
Order of Merit, 1740 — first meeting with Vol- 
taire, Sep. i74o d — demands of Maria Theresa 
Duchies of Glogau and Sagan ; his proposals 
rejected, invades Silesia, 16 Dec. 1740 — enters 
Breslau, 2 Jan. 1741 — bombards Neisse, 15-23 
Jan. — defeats Austrians at Mollwitz, 4, 11 27, b 
10 cd Apr. — takes Brieg, 4 May— alliance with 
France, signed, 5 Jun. — forms camp at Strehlen, 
21 Jun. to 20 Aug. — visits Dresden, 20 Jan. 



FREDERICK WILLIAM. 



55i 



1742 — seizes County of Glatz, Jan. 1742 — 
defeats Prince Charles of Lorraine at Chotusitz, 
(Czaslau), 17 May 1742 — acquires Silesia and 
County of Glatz by Treaty of Berlin, 28 Jul. 
1742 — takes possession of E. Friesland, on 
death of the Count, i743, b 1744 a — makes 
secret alliance with France, Apr. 1744 b — and 
with the Emperor, the Palatinate, and Hesse 
Cassel at Frankfort, 22 May 1744 — takes pos- 
session of E. Friesland, 26 May 1744 — invades 
Bohemia, Aug. — takes Prague, 16 Sep. — on 
approach of Prince Charles, evacuates Bohemia, 
end of Nov. — death of the Emperor, Charles 
VII. , Jan. 1745 — establishes Camp of Observ- 
ation on the Saxon frontier, May — defeats Aus- 
trians and Saxons at Hohenfriedberg, 4 Jun. — 
signs Convention of Hanover with George II., 
26 Aug. — again defeats Austrians at Sorr, 
30 b Sep. — defeats the Saxons at Henners- 
dorf, 23 Nov. — Treaty of Dresden, 25 Dec. 
— publishes the Frederician Code, 1746 — 
visited by Marshal Saxe, Jul. 1749 — his 
last interview with Voltaire, 18 Mar. 1753 — 
visits Holland, Jun. 1755 — concludes Neutrality 
Convention with George II., 16 Jan. 1756 — 
invades Saxony, and commences Seven Years' 
War, 24 Aug., b Sep., a 27 Aug. d — seizes the 
secret archives at Dresden, 10 Sep. — invests 
Saxon camp of Pirna, Sep. — defeats Austrians 
at Lowositz, 1 Oct. — winter in Dresden, 1756- 
57 — defeats Austrians at Prague, 5, b 6 ad May 
1757 — invests Prague, 9 May — defeated at 
Kolin, by Marshal Daun, 1 8 Jun. a — death of his 
mother, 28 Jun. — raises siege of Prague, and re- 
tires into Saxony, 20 Jun. — defeats French and 
Austrians at Rossbach, 5 Nov. — marches into 
Silesia, Nov. — defeats Austrians at Lissa, (Leu- 
then,) 4, a 5 d Dec. — recovers Breslau from Aus- 
trians, 16 Dec. — winter in Breslau, 1757-58 — 
recovers Schweidnitz, 16 Mar. 1758 — besieges 
Olmiitz, 12 May — raises the siege, 2 Jul. — de- 
feated by Count Fermor at Zorndorf, 25-26 
Aug. — defeated by Marshal Daun at Hochkir- 
chen, 14 Oct. — compels Daun to raise siege of 
Dresden, 16 Nov. — obtains grant of annual 
subsidy from king of England, close of 1758 — 
issues base coinage, early in 1759 — defeated by 
Russians at Kunersdorf, 12 Aug. 1759 — arrives 
in Prince Henry's camp, 13 Nov. — defeat and 
capture of General Fink with 15,000 men at 
Maxen, by Daun, 21 Nov. — bombards Dresden, 
14-19 Jul. 1760 — retires, 29 Jul. — marches to 
relieve Berlin occupied by Russians and Aus- 
trians, Oct. — passes into Saxony, 26 Oct. — de- 
feats Daun at Torgau, 2 Nov. — forms camp 
near Schweidnitz, May 1761 — camp of Bunzel- 
witz, 20 Aug. to 26 Sep. 1761 — loses Schweid- 
nitz, end of Sep. — narrowly escapes betrayal to 
the Austrians, by Warkotsch, 5 Oct. — on death 
of Empress Elizabeth, makes peace with Peter 
III., 5 May 1762 — concludes peace with Sweden, 
22 May — begins siege of Schweidnitz, 7 Aug. 
— recovers it, 7 Oct. — Peace of Hubertsburg, 
15 Feb. 1763 — founds the palace of San Souci, 
11 Jun. 1763 — founds Bank of Berlin, 1764 — 
supports election of Stanislaus Poniatowski, 
king of Poland, Mar. 1764 — the coinage restored 
to purity, by Jun. 1764 — interviews with Em- 



peror Joseph at Neiss, 25-28 Aug. 1769 — takes 
part in first partition of Poland, Feb. 1772 — 
interferes to prevent partition of Bavaria, 1778 
— marches into Silesia, Apr. 1 7 7 8 — Peace of Tes- 
chen, 13 May 1779— forms the Furstenbund to 
prevent incorporation of Bavaria in Austrian 
monarchy, 23 Jul. 1785 — r/. at Potsdam, 17 
Aug. 1786. (Euvres Completes, 1790. His 
tomb visited by Alexander, Emperor of Russia, 
and Frederick William III. of Prussia, 3 Nov. 
1805 — by Napoleon I., 3 Nov. 1806. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Engl. Cyc. 

c Biog. Univ. d Carlyle. 

Frederick William II., King of Prussia, 
— fj., 25 Sep. 1744 — declared by his uncle, 
Frederick II., Crown Prince, 1758 — marries 
Elizabeth Christina of Brunswick Wolfenbiit- 
tel, 14 Jul. 1765 — separated from her, 1769 — 
marries Frederika Luisa of Hesse Darmstadt, 
15 Jul. 1769 — distinguishes himself in War of 
Bavarian Succession, 1778 — succeeds Frederick 
II., 17 Aug. 1786 — sends an army to Holland 
and reinstates the Stadtholder, 1787 — con- 
cludes defensive alliance with England and 
Holland, 15 Apr. 1788 — publishes the Re- 
ligions-Edict, 9 Jul. 1788 — the Censur-Edict, 
19 Dec. 1788 — concludes alliance with the 
Porte, and guarantees its possessions, 1790 — 
convention of Reichenbach, 27 Jul. 1790 — 
interview with Emperor at Pilnitz, war with 
France resolved on, Aug. 1791 — acquires prin- 
cipalities of Anspach and Baireuth, by cession 
from the Margrave Christian Frederick, 2 Dec. 
1 79 1 — sends an army under the Duke of Bruns- 
wick to invade France, Jan. 1792 — takes part 
in second partition of Poland, Jan. 1793 — 
Peace of Basel, 5 Apr., a Aug. b 1795 — rj., 16 
Nov. 1797. a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. 

Frederick William III., King of Prussia, 
— fc., 3 Aug. 1770 — Crown Prince on accession 
of his father, Frederick William II., Aug. 
1786 — serves under the Duke of Brunswick, 
1792 — marries Louisa Augusta of Mecklenburg 
Strelitz, 24 Dec. 1793 — succeeds his father, 16 
Nov. 1797 — revokes the Religions- Edict, and 
the Censur-Edict, 1797 — extends his dominions 
by Treaty of Luneville, Feb. 1801 — seizes 
Hanover, 1801 — recognizes Napoleon I. as Em- 
peror, 1 804— receives Grand Cross of Legion of 
Honour, and confers Grand Cross of the Black 
Eagle on Napoleon, 1804 — refuses passage of 
Russian troops through Prussia, 21 Sep. 1805 
— permits passage of Russian army through 
Silesia, by Convention of 3 Nov. 1805 — with 
the Emperor Alexander, visits the tomb of 
Frederick the Great, 4 Nov. 1805— concludes 
treaty with France, ceding Franconia, and ac- 
quiring Hanover, 15 Dec. 1805— Convention 
of Paris, 15 Feb. 1806— annexes Hanover, 1 
Apr. — Confederation of the Rhine formed, 
Jul. — -joins Fourth Coalition against France, 6 
Oct. — publishes a manifesto : defeated by Na- 
poleon at Jena, 14 Oct. — takes refuge at 
Konigsberg, and demands armistice : goes to 
Memel, 25 Dec. — interviews with Napoleon 
and Emperor Alexander at Tilsit, Jun., Jul. 
1807 — Treaty of Tilsit, 7 Jul, 1807 — goes to 
St Petersburg, Dec. 1808 — returns to Berlin, 



552 



FREDERICK. 



22 Dec. 1809 — loses his queen, 19 Jul. 18 10 — 
founds Univ. of Berlin, 18 10— compelled to 
furnish auxiliary force to Napoleon in Russian 
expedition, Feb. 1812 — meets Napoleon at 
Dresden, May 18 12 — founds Royal Order of 
St John of Prussia, 23 May 1 812— General 
Yorck concludes Convention with Russians, 30 
Dec. 1 81 2 — declares the Convention null, and 
orders arrest of Yorck, 5 Jan. 181 3 — hut the 
proceedings are dropped : retires to Breslau, 
22 Jan. — Treaty of Kalisch, (Sixth Coalition,) 
28 Feb. — meets the Emperor Alexander there, 
15 Mar. — declares war against France, i7, a 
27 b Mar. [Liitzen, Bautzen, Leipsic, Liber- 
ation, War <?/] — witnesses battle of Brienne, 
29-30 Jan. 1 8 14 — enters Paris with Alexander, 
3 1 Mar. — visits London, J un.— triumphal entry 
into 'Berlin, 7 Aug. — promises a Constitution, 
by edict of May 18 15 — battle of Waterloo, 18 
Jun. 1 8 15 — follows the army to Paris: Joins 
the Holy Alliance, Sep. — returns to Berlin, 19 
Oct.— signs Peace of Paris, 20 Nov.— evades 
his promise of a Constitution, spring 1818 — at- 
tends Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, Oct. 181 8 
— attends Congress of Troppau, Oct. 1820 — of 
Laybach, 1821 — concludes Concordat with the 
Pope, 1 821 — attends Congress of Verona, Oct. 
1822 — morganatic marriage with Countess of 
Harrach, 9 Nov. 1824 — creates her Princess of 
Liegnitz : permits passage of Russian army 
through Prussian territory, to "Warsaw, 1831 — 
imprisons Archbishops of Cologne and Gnesen, 
1837 — rj., 7 Jun. 1840. 

a Conv.-Lex. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Frederick William IV., King of Prussia, 
— b., 15 Oct. 1795 — serves in campaigns of 
1 8 1 3-14 — marries the Princess Elizabeth Louisa 
of Bavaria, 29 Nov. 1823 — succeeds his father, 
Frederick William III., 7 Jun. 1 840 — publishes 
an amnesty, J un. 1 840 — refuses the demand of 
the States'fora constitution, 1841 — visits Lon- 
don, is godfather to the Prince of Wales, Jan. 
1842— visited by Queen Victoria, Aug. 1846 — 
summons a parliament at Berlin, 3 Feb. 1847 
— his life attempted, by Tschech, 26 Jul. 1847 
— insurrection at Berlin, 15- 19, 11 21 b Mar. 
1 848 — publishes proclamation, recommends 
union of Germany, abolishes the censorship, 
same day : dissolves the assembly, by force, 1 3 
Nov. 1 848— publishes a constitution, 5 Dec. 
—elected German Emperor by the National 
Assembly at Frankfort, 28 Mar." 1849— declines 
the offer, 3 Apr. — dissolves the new Chamber, 
26 Apr.— alters the constitution, 31 Jan. 1850 
— holds a parliament at Erfurt, Alar. — his life 
again attempted, by Sefeloge, 22 May— abol- 
ishes the constitution, 1852-4— gives up Neuf- 
chatel, May 1857— seized with disease of the 
brain, and a Regency appointed, 7 Sep. 1858— 
If., 21 Jan. 1 86 1. a Vapereau. b Conv.-Lex. 

Frederick V., Duke of Suabia,— invested 
with the Duchy, by his father, Frederick Bar- 
barossa, 1167,'- 8 Jun. 1 169 b — knight, at 
Mentz, 1 1 84— accompanies his father on the 
crusade, Apr. 1189—011 his father's death takes 
command of the army, Jun. 11 90 — tf. before 
Acre, 20 Jan. 1191. a Biog. Univ. 

b Art de Verifier les Dates. 



Frederick I., Duke of Schleswig-Hol- 
stein, and King of Denmark, — b., 147 i, a 
1456,'' 1473 c — on the death of his father 
Christian II., shares the Duchy with his brother 
John, 148 1 — marries Anne of Brandenburg, 
Aug. 1500 — -she dies, May 15 14 — marries 
Sophie, daughter of Duke of Pomerania, 15 18 — 
King of Denmark on deposition of his nephew, 
Christian II., Jan. 1523 — invests Copenhagen 
and Malmoe, 10 Jun. — takes them, 6 Feb. 1524 
— crowned, 10 Aug. 1524 — interview with Gus- 
tavus Vasa, 1524 — embraces Protestantism and 
establishes religious toleration, 1525 — his edict 
confirmed by States at Odensee, 1527— rj. at 
Gottorp, 3 Apr. 1533. 

a Mallet. b Hubner. c Engl. Cyc. 

Frederick II., King of Denmark, — fj., 
1534 — marries Louisa of Mecklenburg, 20 Juu. 
1552— succeeds his father, Christian III., Jan. 
1559 — with his brother, the Duke of Holstein, 
conquers Dithmarsch ; declares war on Sweden, 
1563 — concludes peace, Nov. 1570 — rj., 4 Apr. 
1588. 

Frederick III., King of Denmark,— b., 18 
Mar. 1609 — made Abp of Bremen ; marries 
Sophia Amelia of Lunenburg, 18 Oct. 1643 — 
succeeds his father, Christian IV., Mar. 1648 — 
declares war on Sweden, 3 Jun. 1657 — con- 
cludes peace, 28 Feb. 1658 — siege of Copen- 
hagen by Charles X., begins, 11 Aug. — raised, 
11 Feb. 1659— Treaty of Copenhagen, 6 Jun. 
1660 — invested with absolute power, and the 
throne declared hereditary, 23 Oct. 1660— lj. at 
Copenhagen, 19 Feb. 1670. 

Frederick IV., King of Denmark, — b., 21 
Oct. 167 1— marries Louisa of Mecklenburg, 15 
Nov. 1695 — succeeds his father, Christian V., 
4 Sep. 1699 — alliance with the Ring of Poland 
and the Czar against Charles XII., 1699 — 
declares war on Duke of Holstein, 1699 — ■ 
Treaty of Travendal, Aug. 1700 — visits Italy, 
1708-9 — renews war with Charles XII., Oct. 
1709 — his troops defeated by Gen. Steenbock, 
before Rantzau, 10 Mar. 17 10 — defeated by 
Steenbock, at Gadebusch, 20 Dec. 17 12 — siege 
of Stralsund, Jul. to Dec. 17 15 — concludes 
peace, 14 Jun. 1720 — marries Anne Sophia of 
Reventlau, 4 Apr. 172 1 — ft. at Odensee, i2, a 
21 b Oct. 1730. 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. 

Frederick V., King of Denmark,— b., 31 
Mar. 1723 — marries Louisa, daughter of 
George II. of England, 11 Dec. 1743 — succeeds 
his father, Christian YL, 6 Aug. 1746— crowned, 
4 Sep. 1747 — marries Julia Maria of Bruns- 
wick Wolfenbiittel, 8 Jul. 1752 — rj., 13 Jan. 
1766. 

Frederick VI.,- King of Denmark and 
Norway, — b., 28 Jan. 1768— regent of the 
kingdom during his father's incapacity, 1784 — 
marries Maria Sophia of Hesse, 31 Jul. 1790 — 
succeeds his father, Christian VII.,- 13 Mar. 
1808 — peace with Sweden, signed at Joenkoep- 
ing, 10 Dec. 1809— founds University ol Kons- 
berg, 1 81 1 — and University of Christiania, 1 8 1 2 
— peace with England, 181 2— refuses to join 
coalition against France, 1 8 1 3 — invasion of Hol- 
stein by Prince Royal of Sweden, end of 1813 



FREDERICK. 



553 



— peace with Sweden, 14 Jan. 18 14— joins the 
allies against Napoleon, 14 Jan. — acquires 
Swedish Pomerania in exchange for Norway, 
by Treaty of Kiel, 14 Jan. 18 14 — attends Con- 
gress of Vienna, 181^ — if., 12 Dec. 1839. 

Frederick VII., King of Denmark, — ft. at 
Copenhagen, 6 Oct. 1808 — -visits Germany, 
France, and Switzerland, 1826-28 — marries his 
cousin AVilhelmina, 1 Oct., a Nov. b 1828 — 
exiled to Fredericia, 1837 — separated from his 
■wife, 1837 — member of the Council of State 
and Governor of Fiinen, 1840 — marries Prin- 
cess Caroline of Mecklenburg Strelitz, 1841 — 
' visits Scotland, 1844 — divorces his wife, 1846 
— succeeds his father, Christian VIII. , 20 Jan. 
1848 — publishes a constitution, 28 Jan.— insur- 
rectionin Holstein, Mar.— [Schleswig-Holstein 
War] — forms a Constitutional Ministry, 24 
Mar. — signs the Ground- Law, Free Constitu- 
tion, 5 Jun. 1849 — contracts morganatic mar- 
riage with Luise Rasmassen, (Countess Dauner,) 
7 Aug. 1850 — reads his memoir on the ancient 
stone-kists before the Soc. Northern Antiqua- 
ries, 1857 — tr. at Gliicksburg, 15 Nov. 1863. 
a Conv.-Lex. b "Vapereau. 

Frederick I., King of Sicily. [Frede- 
rick II., Emperor. ~[ 

Frederick II., King of Sicily, — charged 
with the government of the island by his 
brother James, king of Aragon, Jun. 1291 — 
refuses to yield his rights to the pope, 1295 — 
elected king, 15 Jan. 1296 — makes a descent on 
Calabria, 1296 — invasion of Sicily by Alfonso of 
Aragon and Charles of Anjou, end of Aug. 1298 
— his fleet defeated by Roger di Loria, near Cape 
Orlando, 4 Jul. 1299 — obtains peace, marries 
Eleanora, daughter of Charles, exchanges 
title of King of Sicily for that of King of 
Trinacria, May 1 302 — after death of the Em- 
peror Henry VII. resumes title of King of 
Sicily, Aug. 13 14 — war with the king of Na- 
ples recommenced, 1314 — truce signed, 17 Dec. 
— threatened by John XXII. with excommunica- 
tion and interdict, consents to a truce for three 
years, 24 Jun. 131 7 — renews hostilities, and seizes 
church revenues, interdict laid on Sicily, 1321 
— associates his son Peter on the throne, Apr. 
1 32 1 — the war continues : if. near Palermo, 25 
Jun. 1337. 

Frederick III., the Simple, King of Sicily, 
— ft., 1 341 — succeeds his brother Louis, under 
regency of his sister Euphemia, Oct. or Nov. 
1355 — loses Messina and Palermo to king of 
Naples, 1356 — recovers them, 1365 — concludes 
peace with Queen Joanna of Naples, and takes 
title of King of Trinacria, 31 Mar. 1373 — 
marries Antoinette of Tarentum, 17 Jan. 1374 
— loses his wife, 23 Jan. — if., 27 Jul. 1377. 

Frederick III., of Aragon, King of 
Naples, — ft., about 1452 — marries Anne of 
Savoy, 1478 — succeeds his nephew, Ferdinand 
II., Sep. or Oct. 1496 — deprived of his king- 
dom by Ferdinand the Catholic and Louis XII. 
of France, retires to the isle of Ischia, 1501 — 
accepts title of Duke of Anjou and retires to 
Tours, where he if., 9 Nov. 1504 — his remains, 
with those of St Francis de Paul, burnt by the 
Calvinists, 1562. 



Frederick I., the Victorious, Elector Pa- 
latine, — ft., 1 Aug. 1425 — succeeds his brother 
Louis IV. as administrator during the minority 
of his nephew Philip, Aug. 1449 — assumes 
the Electorate for life, adopting Philip as his 
son and heir, 1450 — defeats the princes leagued 
against him, 1452 — the Emperor Frederick 
III. heads another league, 1459 — defeats the 
allies at Federsheim, 1460 — third league pro- 
moted by the pope, Pius II., 146.1 — defeats it, 
between Mannheim and Heidelberg, 29 Jun. 
146 1 — marries Clara of Tettingen, 1462 — if.. 
12 Dec. 1476. 

Frederick II., the Wise, Elector Palatine, 
— ft., 9 Dec. 1482 — head of embassy to an- 
nounce to Charles of Austria his election to 
the Empire, 15 19 — commands Imperial army 
at siege of Vienna, 1529 — marries Dorothea, 
Princess of Denmark, 1532— succeeds his bro- 
ther, Louis V., Mar. 1544 — consults Melanch- 
thon, and embraces Lutheranism, 1545 — joins 
League of Smalkald, 1545 — assists Ulrich, 
Duke of Vfiirtemberg, 1547 — subscribes the 
Interim, 1548 — afterwards withdraws from the 
League, and makes peace with Charles V. : if. 
at Alzei, 26 Feb. 1556. 

Frederick III., the Fioas, Elector Pala- 
tine, — ft., 14 Feb. 1515 — marries Mary, 
daughter of the Margrave of Brandenburg, 
1537 — pleads the cause of the Calvinists at 
Diet of Augsburg, 1556 — succeeds Otto Henry, 
Feb. 1559 — sen ds succours to the Huguenots 
in France, close of 1567 — death of his wife, 
1567 — marries again, 1569 — receives Henry, 
Duke of Anjou, at Heidelberg, 1573 — if., 26 
Oct. 1576. 

Frederick IV., Elector Palatine, — ft., 5 
May i574, a 1576 b — succeeds his father, Louis 
VI., Oct. 1583 — marries Louisa Juliana of 
Nassau, 1593 — settles the Protestant exiles at 
Mannheim, 1606 — named head of the Union 
Evangelique, 1610— if. at Heidelberg, 9 Sep. 
1 6 10. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. 

Frederick V., Elector Palatine,- — ft., 16 
Aug. 1596 — succeeds his father, Frederick IV., 
under regency of John, Duke of Deux-Ponts, 
Sep. 16 10 — marries the Princess Elizabeth of 
England, 14 Feb. 161 3 — at her solicitation 
accepts crown of Bohemia, 161 9 — crowned, 25 
Oct. 161 9 — defeated by Imperialists at Prague, 
8 Nov. 1620 — escapes to Holland; put under 
the ban of the Empire, 1621 — James I. in- 
effectually intervenes, 1621— the Palatinate 
given to Bavaria, 1623 — unsuccessful attempts 
of his friends at Diets of Miihlhausen, 1627, 
and of Ratisbon, 1630, to recover it: if. at 
Mentz, 29 Nov. 1632. 

Frederick I. of Jlisnia, the Warlike, Elect- 
or of Saxony, — receives the Electorate from 
the Emperor Sigismund, 6 Jun. 1423 — in- 
vestiture at Buda, 1425 — takes part in war 
with the Hussites, 1426 — totally defeated by 
Procopius, 15 Jul. — if., 4 Jan. 1428. 

Frederick II., the Good, Elector of Sax- 
ony,— ft., 24 Aug. 141 1 — succeeds his father, 
Frederick I., 1428 — marries Margaret of 
Austria, 1432 — takes possession of Thuringia 
on death of the Landgrave, 1439 — war wlt ^- 



554 



FREDERICK— FREEMASONS. 



his brother William, a rival claimant : cedes 
Thuringia to William in exchange for Misnia, 
1451 — If., 7 Feb. 1464. 

Frederick III., the Wise, Elector of Sax- 
ony, — ft., 17 Jan. 1463 — succeeds his father, 
Ernest, Aug. i486— chief of the Council and 
Governor-general of the Empire, under Max- 
imilian I. ; founds Univ. of Wittenberg, 1502 
— protects Luther, 15 18 — refuses the Imperial 
crown, 1519 — places Luther in the Wartburg, 
after the Diet of Worms, Apr. 152 1 — tf., 5 
May 1525. 

Frederick Augustus I., (or II.,) Elector 
or Saxony, King oe Poland, — ft. at Dresden, 
12 May 1670 — marries Christina, daughter of 
Margrave of Brandenburg Bareith, 1693 — 
succeeds his brother, John George IV., as 
Elector, Apr. 1694 — commands against the 
Turks in Hungary, 1695 — compels the Sul- 
tan to retire from Lippa, 17 Aug. 1696 — 
elected King of Poland, 27 Jun. 1697 — the 
Prince of Conti elected by another party ; ab- 
jures Protestantism ; crowned at Cracow, 15 
Sep. 1697 — universally recognized, 16 May 
1698 — Peace of Carlo witz, 1699 — allied with 
the Czar against Charles XII., invades Livonia, 
Feb. 1700 — defeated by Charles XII. at 
Clissau, 13 Jul. 1702 — deposed by Diet assem- 
bled by Charles XII. , 15 Feb., a 19 Apr. b 1704 

— election of Stanislaus Leczinski, 12 Jul. a 
Jun. b — suddenly reenters Warsaw, 3 1 Aug. — 
takes flight on approach of Charles and Stanis- 
laus, and reaches Dresden, 13 Dec. — his gen- 
eral defeated by the troops of Charles at 
Frauenstadt, 13 Feb. 1706 — Peace of Alt- 
ranstadt, 24 Sep. 1706 — battle of Pultawa, 
Jul. 1709 — disavows Treaty of Altranstadt, re- 
stored to the throne, Oct. 1709 — war with the 
party of Stanislaus till 1713 — insurrection pro- 
voked by the taxes, 1715-17 — death of Charles 
XII., Dec. 17 1 8 — concludes treaty of peace 
with Ulrica Eleanora of Sweden, 1719— tf. at 
Warsaw, 1 Feb. 1733. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. 

Erederick I., King of Sweden, — ft. at 
Cassel, 28 Apr. 1676— marries Dorothea of 
Brandenburg, 1700— distinguishes himself at 
battle of Spire, 1703— at Hockstett, 1704 — at 
siege of Traerbach, 1704 — death of his wife, 
1705 — at siege of Toulon, 1707 — marries 
Ulrica Eleanora, sister of Charles XIL, 4 Apr. 
17 15 — generalissimo in Swedish army, from 
17 15 — Ulrica succeeds to the throne, Jan. 17 19 
■ — associated with her, and crowned, 14 May 
1720 — makes peace with Denmark, 14 Jun. 
1720 — with Russia, by Treaty of Nystadt, Aug. 
1721 — succeeds his father as landgrave of Hesse 
Cassel, Mar. 1730— declares Avar on the Czar, 
Ivan "VI., 24 Jun. 1741 — grants freedom of 
worship to Calvinists in the coast towns, 1741 

— founds Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, 
1741 — death of his queen, 5 Dec. 1741— makes 
peace with Russia by mediation of England, 17 
Aug. 1743— [Peace of Abo]— "0., 5 Apr. 175 1. 

Frederick L or II., Duke, Elector, and 
King of Wurteiiberg,— ft. at Treptow, in 
Pomerania, 6 Nov. 1754 — marries Augusta 
Caroline of Brunswick Wolfenbuttel, n, a 23 b 



Oct. 1780 — loses his wife, 27 Sep. 1788 s — as 
Major-general in Prussian army, leads the 
Wiirtemberg contingent against 'the French, 
but soon retreats, 1795 — marries Charlotte 
Augusta, Princess Royal of England, 18 May 
1797 — returns with her to Stuttgard, Jun. 
1797 — succeeds his father, Frederick Eugene, as 
Duke, 23 Dec. 1797 — subsidized by England, 
joins second coalition against France, Jun. 
1799 — on French occupation of his Duchy, 
escapes to Vienna, 1800 — obtains title of 
Elector with nine Imperial towns, by decree of 
the Diet, 23 Feb. 1803 — meets Napoleon I. at 
Ludwigsburg, Oct. 1805 — compelled to furnish 
a contingent for the campaign of Austerlitz, 
Nov. to Dec. 1805— the Electorate made a 
kingdom by Napoleon, 12 Dec. — assumes 
title of King, 1 Jan. 1806 — joins Confederation 
of the Rhine, Jul. 1806 — gives freedom of 
worship by edict of 15 Oct. i8o6 c — attends the 
conference of Alexander and Napoleon at 
Erfurt, Oct. 1808 — furnishes troops for expedi- 
tion to Russia, 1 8 12 — renounces the Confeder- 
ation, and joins the allies against France, Nov. 
1813 — attends Congress of Vienna, 18 14 — pre- 
sents a Constitution to the Assembly of Wiir- 
temberg, which is rejected, Feb. 18 15 — accedes 
to German Confederation, 1 Sep. 18 15 — dis- 
solves the Assembly, Aug. 18 16 — again con- 
vokes it, and presents basis of a Constitution, 
Oct. 1 816 — o\, 30 Oct. 1 8 16. a Art de Verifier 

les Dates. b Biog. Univ. c Engl. Cyc. 

Frederick. [Bavaria, Brandenburg, Bruns- 
wick, &c] 

Fredericksburg, TT. S., — evacuated by the 
Federals, 31 Aug. 1862 — Gen. Lee defeats 
Gen. Burnside at, 13 Dec. 1862. 

Frederickshall, Norway, — besieged by 
Charles XII., who is killed there, 1 1 Dec. 17 18. 

Frederickshamm, Finland, — founded by the 
Swedes, 1722 — taken by Russians, 1742 — un- 
successfully attacked by Gustavus III., Jul. 
1788 — sea-fight near, between Gustavus III. 
and the Russians, 15 May 1790. Treaty of, 
concluded between Russia and Sweden, 17 Sep. 
1809. 

Free Church of Scotland, — [Veto,] — con- 
stituted, 18 May 1843. 

Free Companies. [Companies.] 

Freedmen's Bureau, TI. S., — established, 3 
Mar. 1865— bill for reestablishing, vetoed by 
Pres. Johnson, 19 Feb. 1866 — law amended 
and continued, 16 Jul. 1866 — partly suppressed 
by Act of 25 Jul. 1868. 

Freeling, Sir Francis, Bart.,F.S.A.,— ft. at 
Bristol, 1764 — surveyor in the General Post 
Office, 1787 — Secretary ; Bart., by George IV., 
1828— tf., 10 Jul. 1836. 

Freemantle, Sir Thomas, admiral, — enters 
the navy, 1777 — Commander-in-chief in the 
Mediterranean, summer 181 8 — tf. at Naples, 19 
Dec. 1819. 

Freemasons, — Grand Lodge at York formed, 
under patronage of Edwin, 926 — at Kilwinning, 
mentioned, 1286 — Order prohibited in England 
by Act 3 Hen. VI. c. 1, 1425 — but the Act 
not enforced : Henry VI. enters the Order, 1442 
— the Grand Lodge at York broken up by 



FREGELLiE— FRENCH REVOLUTION. 



555 



fcr^e, by Queen Elizabeth, Dec. 156 1 — Grand 
Lod^e of England, about 17 17 — fund for dis- 
tressed, established in England, 1723 — first 
French Lodge, at Paris, 1725 — first American, 
1730 — first German, at Hamburg, 1735,* 1733 b 
■ — Grand Lodge of Scotland, 1736 — joined by 
the Lodge of Kilwinning, 1807 — excommuni- 
cated by Pope Clement XII., in Spain and 
Portugal, 1738 — Eclectic Alliance of, at Frank- 
fort, 1783— sanctioned by Acts 39 Geo. III. c. 
79, ss. 5-7, 12 Jul. 1799, and 57 Geo. III. c. 
19, s. 26, 31 Mar. 1817 — union of Lodges of 
London and York, under the Duke of Sussex as 
Grand Master, 1813.° a Brande and Cox's Diet. 
b Conv.-Lex. c Encyc. Brit. 

Fregellse, in Batium, — [B C] — Roman 
colony, 328 — reestablished, about 310— stormed 
by Pyrrhus, 280 — revolts, and is destroyed by 
Opimius, 125. 

Fregoso, Domenico. [Genoa.] 

Freher, Marquard — b. at Augsburg, 26 
Jul. 1565. — Prof. Law, Heidelberg, 1596 — tf. 
at Niirnberg, a Heidelberg, b 13 May 16 14. 
Germanicarum rerum scriptores aliquot insignes, 
1 600- 1 1 — Origines Palatini, 1599 — Be re 
monetaria veterum Eomanorum, §c, 1605. 
a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Freia, asteroid, — discovered by D' Arrest, 21 
Oct. 1862. 

Freiberg, Freyberg, in Saxony, — silver dis- 
covered and worked at, about 11 90 — fortified, 
ug6— comes into the possession of the Albert- 
ine line, 1485 — residence of Duke Henry the 
Pious, who if., 1 541 — centenary of Werner's 
birth celebrated, 24 Sep. 1850. School of 
Mines, founded, 1765 — Werner, Prof, at, 1775 
— building erected, 1791 — extended, 1837. 

Freiburg, Fribourg, Baden, (city,) — founded 
by Duke Eerthold III. of Zahringen, 1118 a — 
free city, ii2o c — free imperial city, by Frede- 
rick II., 12 19, i2i8 c — on death of Berthold 
IV. conferred by Frederick on Egenon IV., 
Count of Urach, 18 Sep. 1219 — ceded to his 
son Egenon V., who takes title of Count, 1220 
—held by Counts of Fiirstenberg, 1 228-1 327 c 
— its privileges confirmed by Emperor Rudolph, 
1 282 — becomes possession of Archdukes of Aus- 
"tria, 1368 — death of John, the last Count, 1457 
— taken by the Swedes, 1632, 1634, and 1638 — 
battle of, between the French and Imperialists, 
3-5 Aug. 1644 — taken by the French, Oct., b 
25 Nov. c 1677 — restored to Austria by Treaty 
of Ryswick, 1697— again taken by the French, 
1-16 Nov. 17 1 3 — besieged by Louis XV. and 
the fortifications demolished, 1744 — restored to 
Austria by Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748 — 
seat of archbishopric, 1828 — taken by the 
troops of the German Confederation, 24 Apr. 
1848 — occupied by the Prussians, 7 Jul, 1849. 
Cathedral of, commenced, ii22, a 1152° — com- 
pleted, about 1280, 15 1 3 c — University, founded 
as a College, by Archduke Albert the Prodigal 
of Austria, 1450, i454, a i457- bc 

a Engl. Cyc. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

c Conv.-Lex. 

Freind, John, physician, — ft. in Northamp- 
tonshire, 1675 — -enters Oxford Univ., 1690 — 
M.A., 1701 — Prof. Chemistry, 1704 — accom- 



panies Earl of Peterborough in expedition to 
Spain, 1705-7 — M.D., 1707— F.R.S., 1712 — 
F.R.C.P., 1716 — M.P. Launceston, 1722 — sent 
to the Tower, 1723 — first physician to the 
Queen, 1727 — if., 26 Jul. 1728. Emmenologia, 
1703 — Prcelectiones Chymicce, 1709 — History of 
Physic, 1725-26. 

Freinsheim, Johann, philologist, — ft. at 
Ulm, 1608 — Prof. Eloquence, Upsala, 1642 ? — 
Librarian to Queen Christina, 1647 — Electoral 
Councillor, honorary Prof, at Heidelberg Univ. 
i652, a 1656 b — tf. at Heidelberg, Aug. or Oct. 
1660. Edition of Quintus Cur this, 1640 — of 
Bivy, 1654. a Bees' Cyc. b Chalmers. 

Freire d'Andrada, Gomez, general, — ft. at- 
Vienna, 1762 — enters the Russian army, 1788 
— serves in Portuguese army, 1794 — at siege of 
Saragossa, 1808 — serves in French campaign in 
Russia, 1812 — governor of Dresden, 181 3 — 
executed at Lisbon, 18 Oct. 18 17. 

Freitag. [Freytag.] 

Frejus, {Forum Julii,) in Prance, — [B C] — 
Roman colony by Csesar, 52 — naval arsenal by 
Augustus, 31 — [AD] — seat of a bishopric, 374* 
— destroyed by Saracens, about 940 b — the Sara- 
cens expelled by William, Count of Aries, 97o a 
— rebuilt by the bishop, 974-1000 a — burnt by 
corsairs, about 1475 c — pillaged by Charles V., 
r 53^ c — Napoleon lands at, 9 Oct. 1799 d — em- 
barks for Elba at, 27 Apr. i8i4. d 

a Erscli and Gruber. b Macculloch. 

c Univers Pittoresque. d Conv.-Lex. 

Frellon, Jean and Francois, printers, — fi. 
at Lyons, 1530-70. Nouveau Testament, 1553. 

Freminet, [Preminel, A ) Martin, painter, — ft. 
at Paris, Sep. 1567 — goes to Rome, probably 
about 1585 a — returns to France, about 1600 (?) 
— first painter to Henri IV., 1608 — tf. at Paris, 
Jun. 1619. Chapel, Fontainebleau, 1608-19. 
a Jal. 

Fremonatos. [Frumentius.] 

French Peasant Relief Fund, originated by 
Baily News, Sep. 1870 — closed, Apr. 1871. 

French Revolution, (1789,) — accession of 
Louis XVI., 10 May 1774— famine riots at 
Versailles, May 1775 — American War begins, 
Jun. 1775 — dismissal of Turgot, May 1776 — 
administration of Keeker begins, Nov. 1776 — 
visit of Voltaire to Paris, Feb. 1778— alliance 
of France with the Americans, 1779 — retire- 
ment of Necker, Apr. 1781— [Maurepas, Ver- 
gennes, Calonne] — Peace of Versailles, Jan. 
1783 — siege of Gibraltar raised, Feb. 1783 — 
affair of the Diamond Necklace, 1785. 

1787 : First assembly of the Notables at 
Versailles, 22 Feb. to 25 May — lit de Justice at 
Versailles, 6 Aug. — exile of 'the parliament of 
Paris, 15 Aug. to 20 Sep.— royal session, refusal 
of the parliament to register edicts, 19 Nov. — < 
exile of the Duke of Orleans, 20 Nov. — the 
States-General promised by the king, 18 Dec. 

1788 : Brienne's project of a Cour Pleniere 
resisted by the parliament, 2 May — seizure of 
d'Espremenil and Montsabert under lettres de 
cachet, 3, a 6 b May — lit de justice at Versailles, 
4 May — disturbances in the provinces, May — ■ 
recall of Necker, 24 Aug. b — disturbances in 
Brittany, autumn — second Assembly of the 



55* 



FRENCH REVOLUTION. 



Notables, 3, a 6 bc Nov. to 12 Dec. — edict that 
. the Tiers Etat shall form half the number of 
Deputies, 27 Nov., c 27 Dec. a 1788, 24 Jan. 
1789." 

1789: riot at Reveillon's in the Fau- 
bourg Saint, Antoine, 27-28 Apr. — the States- 
General open at Versailles, 5 May — on the mo- 
tion of Sieves the Commons constitute them- 
selves the National Assembly, 17 Jun. — Hall of 
the States closed against the deputies, session 
of the Tennis Court, 20 Jun. — royal session, 
the king orders the deputies to disperse ; the 
Commons, led by Miraoeau, refuse, 23 Jun. — 
troops and artillery arrive at Paris and Ver- 
sailles ; distinction of orders ceases, 27 Jun. — 
banishment of Necker, 1 1 Jul. — Camille Des- 
moulins calls the people to arms, 12 Jul. — 
the Assembly resolves to sit permanently, the 
French Guards side with the people, 12 Jul. 
■ — insurrection at Paris, the National Guard 
organized, 13 Jul. — siege of the Bastille, 14 
Jul.— abolition of privileges, 4 Aug. — Declar- 
ation of the Rights of Man adopted, 18 Aug. a 
— foreign Officers feted at Versailles, 1 and 3 
Oct. — insurrection of women, the march on 
Yersailles, 5-6 Oct. — first emigration of nobles, 
Oct. to Dec. [Assignats, Departments, Titles 
cf Honour.] 

1790 : visit of the king to the National As- 
sembly, 4 Feb. — Federation Fete of the 
Champs de Mars, 14 Jul. — ' massacre of Nancy,' 
31 Aug. — civil constitution of the clergy sanc- 
tioned by the king, 26 Dec. c 

1791 : death of Mirabeau, 2 Mar., c 2 Apr. b — 
emigrant princes organize at Worms and Cob- 
lentz, spring — conferences at Mantua, 20 May — 
flight of the Royal family to Varennes, 20 Jun. 
— -the king provisionally suspended, 21 Jun. — 
republican party begins to appear, Jun. — insur- 
rection, suppressed by Lafayette, 17 Jul. — De- 
claration of Pilnitz, 27 Aug.- — the Constitution 
-accepted by the king, 14 Sep. b — opening of Na- 
-fie-nal Legislative Assembly, 1 Oct. — insurrec- 
lioas in Calvados, La Vendee, &c, Oct. 

1792 : Girondist ministry (Scms-Culotte) ap- 
Tpoitted, Mar. — declaration of war against the 
king of Hungary and Bohemia, 20 Apr. — camp 
•of &e emigrants at Jales, Jun. — ' procession of 
the&Iaek breeches,' invasion of the Tuileries, 20 
Jus.. — France declared in danger, 5,° 22 b Jul. 
■ — mssiifesto of the Duke of Brims wick, pub- 
lished, 25, b 28 c Jul. — arrival of the Marseillese 
;at Paris, 29 Jul. — insurrection, night of 9 Aug. 
— attack on the Tuileries, the Swiss Guards 
killed, 10 Aug. — the new municipality con- 
stituted : the king and his family sent to the 
Teiirfie, 13 Aug. — Revolutionary Tribunal or- 
ganic ed, 19 Aug. — insurrection in La Vendee, 
end &f Aug. — the ' September massacres,' 2-6 
Sep.— battle of Valmy, 20 Sep. — opening of 
National Convention, 22 Sep. — royalty abol- 
ished, Revolutionary Calendar decreed, 22 Sep. 

179;: execution of the king, 21 Jan.— 
Committee of Public Safety instituted, 21 
Jam b — war declared on Great Britain, Spain, 
and Holland, 1 Feb. — invasion of Holland by 
Dumouriez, Feb. — war in La Vendee begins, 
Mar. — Insurrection of the Mountain against the 



Girondists, 31 May — fall of the Girondists, 2 
Jun. — insurrections in the provinces, Jun. to 
Jul. — assassination of Marat by Charlotte Cor- 
day, 13 Jul. — Valenciennes surrenders to the 
Duke of York, 26 Jul. — new Constitution pro- 
claimed, 10 Aug. — a levy in mass decreed, 23 
Aug. — law of the Suspect, 17 Sep. — new 
calendar comes into use, 5 Oct. — execution of 
the Queen, 16 Oct. — of the Girondists, 31 Oct. 
— destruction of Lyons, Nov. — worship of the 
Goddess of Reason introduced, 10 Nov. — the 
noyades of Nantes, Dec— capture of Toulon, 
by Napoleon Bonaparte, 17-18 Dec. 

1794: [Domingo, StJ execution of the He- 
bertists, 24 Mar. — of Danton and his friends, 5 
Apr. — Howe's great victory, 1 Jun. — Robe- 
spierre, Pres. of Convention, 4 Jun. — Feast of 
the Eire Supreme, 8 Jun.— battle of Fleurus, 26 
Jun. — revolution of 9 Thermidor, end of the 
Reign of Terror, 27 Jul. — Jacobin Club closed, 
10-12 Nov. 

1795 : revolt at Paris, 12 Germinal, 1 Apr. 
— Peace of Basel, 5 Apr. — insurrection of 
the Faubourgs, invasion of the Hall of the 
Convention, 1-2 Prairial, 20-21 May — descent 
upon Quiberon, 15-20 Jul. — revolt in La 
Vendee, Jul. — new Constitution decreed, the 
Directory, 22 Aug. — insurrection of the 
Sections against the Convention, suppressed by 
Bonaparte, 13 Vendemiaire, 4 Oct. — close of 
the Convention, 26 Oct. [Napoleon I.] 
a Alison. b Carlyle. c Mignet. 

French Revolution, (of July 1830,)— open- 
ing of the Chambers by the king, 27 Jan. 
1829 — rejection of the municipal and depart- 
mental laws presented byde Martignac, 8 Apr. 
1829 — fall of the Martignac administration, 
end of Jul. — tbePolignac administration formed, 
8 Aug. — revival of secret societies, autumn. 
— 1830: opening of the Chambers, 2 Mar. — 
hostile address of the Chamber of Deputies, 
voted, 16 Mar. — the Cb amber prorogued, 17 
Mar. — dissolved, 16 May — changes in the 
ministry, May — expedition to Algiers, sails 
from Toulon, 25 JMay — numerous fires in Nor- 
mandy and Brittany, May — elections result in 
a liberal majority, fetes at the court on the 
visit of the king of the Two Sicilies, summer — ■ 
report of the ministers to the king recommend- 
ing the issue of royal ordinances, published, 26 
Jul. — ordinances suppressing the freedom of 
the press, annulling the elections, creating a 
new system of election, published, 26 Jul. — ■ 
seizure by the gendarmerie of the newspaper 
presses and types, protest of the principal 
editors, disturbances begin, Paris declared in a 
state of siege, 27 Jul. — the National Guard, re- 
established under Lafayette, join the people and 
repel the royal troops, the king withdraws the 
ordinances, 28-29 ^ ul> — ^ ne king quits St 
Cloud for Rambouillet, 30 Jul.— the Duke of 
Orleans proclaimed Lieutenant-general of the 
kingdom, 31 Jul. — abdication of Charles X. 
and the Dauphin in favour of the Duke of 
Bordeaux, 2 Aug. — opening of the Chambers, 
expedition of Parisians to Rambouillet, with- 
drawal of the king, 3 Aug. — the deputies 
declare the throne vacant, revise the Charter, 



FRENCH REVOLUTION— FREYBURG. 



557 



and call the Duke of Orleans to the throne, 
4-9 Aug. — Louis Philippe is proclaimed and 
swears to the Charter, 9 Aug. — [Charles X., 
Louis Philippe] — promulgation of the revised 
Charter, 11 Aug. 

French Revolution, (1848,) — a reform 
banquet at Paris fixed for 22 Feb. denounced 
by the Prefect of Police as illegal, 21 Feb. 
1 848 — disturbances, the garrison increased, 
impeachment of G-uizot, Minister of Foreign 
Affairs, and attack on his official residence, 22 
Feb. — barricades erected, fighting goes on, 
Thiers aud Parrot sent for by the king to form 
a new ministry, 23 Feb. — the prisons opened, 
the Tuileries occupied and sacked by the people, 
abdication of the king in favour of the Count of 
Paris announced, appearance of the Count and 
his mother in the Chamber, Provisional Go- 
vernment installed at the Hotel de Yille, flight 
of the king and the royal family, 24 Feb. — 
proclamation of a republic, 26 Feb. — funeral 
procession at Paris in honour of the victims of 
the revolution, 4 Mar. — the property of the 
royal family sequestrated, 4 Mar.— removal of 
the troops from Paris demanded by the populace, 
17 Mar. — tree of liberty planted in the Champs 
de Mars, 22 Mar. — Irish- deputation "with 
addresses received by Lamartine, 3 Apr. — pre- 
sentation of colours to the National Guard by 
the Provisional Government, 20 Apr. — riots at 
Rouen and Limoges, 26 Apr. — abolition of 
slavery decreed, 27 Apr.— opening of National 
Assembly, 4 May — resignation of the Provisional 
Government, 6 May — appointment of Executive 
Commission, 10 May — the Assembly invaded 
by the crowd, a Provisional Government pro- 
claimed by Barbes, the leaders arrested, 15 May 
■ — agitation in Paris caused by the election of 
Prince Louis Napoleon to the National As- 
sembly, proposal by Lamartine to banish him 
rejected, 12 Jun. — insurrection and barricades 
in Paris, 23 Jun. — suppressed by Gen. Cavai- 
gnac, who is named Dictator, Paris declared in 
a state of siege, 24 Jun. — peace restored, 25-6 
Jun. — national workshops suppressed, 4 Jul. — 
prosecution of Louis Blanc and Caussidiere 
directed, they escape (to England), 25 Aug. — 
election of Prince Louis Napoleon for five de- 
partments, 20 Sep.- — Paris relieved from a state 
of siege, 20 Oct.- — restoration of private domains 
to the Orleaus family decreed by Assembly, 25 
Oct. — constitution of the republic adopted, 4 
Nov. — promulgated, 1 1 Nov. — proclamation of 
Louis Napoleon as Pres. of the Republic, 20 
Dec. ^ [Napoleon III.] 

Frere, George, general, — ft. in Languedoc, 
1764— enters the army, 1791 — serves under 
Napoleon in campaign of Italy, 1796 — General 
of Brigade, 1802 — serves in campaign of Aus- 
terlitz, 1 805 — serves in invasion of Prussia, 1807 
— distinguishes himself at the defence of the 
bridge of Spandau, 5 Jun. 1 807 — Count, Com- 
mander of Legion of Honour, 1807 — General 
of Division, 1807 — takes part in the invasion 
of Spain, 1 808 — takes part in siege of Saragossa, 
1808 — distinguishes himself at battle of Wa- 
gram, 1809 — Chevalier de St Louis, 18 14 — fr. 
at Paris, 16 Feb. 1826. 



Freret, Nicolas, historian, chronologist, §-c, 
— 6. at Paris, 15 Feb. 1688 — received at the 
Academy of Inscriptions, 17 14 — perpetual 
secretary, 8 Jan. 1743 — fc. at Paris, 8 Mar. 
J 749. Defense de la Chronologic, §c, 1758 — I 
(Euvres, 1796-99. 

Freron, Elie Catherine, journalist, — h. at 
Quimper, 1719 — quits the Jesuits, 1739 — &• a ^ 
Paris, 10 Mar. 1776," 1774. 13 Lettres de M me 
la Comtesse, 1746 — Lettres ecrites sur quelques 
si/jets de ce temps, 1749-54 — Annee litter aire, 
l754-76, a I774. b a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Freron, Louis Stanislas, journalist*- -J. at 
Paris, 1757 — deputy to National Convention, 
1790 — "a. at St Domingo, 1802. Orateur dit 
peuple, 1790. 

Frescobaldi, Girolamo, musical composer, — 
fl., about 1625-40. 

Fresco - painting, — examples of, _ in the 
Campo Santo, Pisa, about 1 390 — revived by. 
Cornelius, Overbeck, &c, about 18 16. [Stereo- 
chrome ] 

Fresne. [Ducange, Dufresne.] 

Fresnel, Augustin Jean, mathematician, 
natural philosopher, — b. near Bernay, (L'Eure,) 
10 May 1788 — obtains prize at the Institute, 
1819— admitted to Academy of Sciences, 1823 
— F.R.S., 1825 — fr. near Paris, 14 Jul. 1827. 

Fresnoy, du. [Dufresnoy, Lenglet.] 

Fresny, du. [Dufresny.] 

Fressinet, Philibert, general, — b. at Mar- 
cigny-sur- Loire, 27 Jul. 1767 — enters the. 
army, 1787 — wounded at battle of Novi, Aug. 
1799 — accompanies Leclerc to St Domingo, 
1802 — distinguishes himself at battles of Lut- 
zen, Bautzen, and Leipsic, 181 3 — General of, 
Division, 1 8 1 3 — receives the cross of St Louis, 
1 8 14 — exiled, 18 16 — joins insurgents at Buenos 
Ayres, 1818 — fr. at Paris, 10 Aug. 1821. 

Frethern, Gloucestershire, — battle between 
the Britons and Saxons, Cutha, brother of 
Ceawlin, killed, 584. 

Fretville, (Fretteville, Freitville, Freteval,) 
in France, — reconciliation of Henry II. Avith 
Becket at, 22 Jul. 1170. 

Freundweiler, Heinrich, painter, — h. at 
Zurich, 1755 — tf. there, 17 95- 

Frevier, Charles Joseph, Jesuit, — b. at 
Rouen, 1689 — tj., not before 1770. Vulgate 
authentique, 1753. 

Frey, Jacob, (Johann, ?) engraver, — b. at Lu- 
cerne, 1681 — tf. at Rome, 1752. 

Freyherg, Maximilian Prokop, Baron von", 
historian, §c, — b. at Freising, 3 Jan. 1789 — 
studies at Landshut, 1807-10 — Councillor of 
State, 1838 — President of Academy of Sciences, 
1842-48 — 11. at Munich, 21 Jan. 1851. Ho- 
vellen, 1828 — Aelteste Geschichte von Te.gcrnsee, 
1822 — Grundlinien einer Geschichte der bmrisch- 
en Landstande, 1832 — Sammlung deutscher 
Rech tsalterth timer, 1828. 

Freyburg, Freiburg, Swiss Canton, — held 
by Dukes of Zahringen as a fief of the Empire, 
from 1 1 79 — passes to the Kyburgs, 121 8 — to 
the House of Hapsburg, 1277 — alliance with 
Berne, 1403 — assailed by Berne and other 
cantons, is released from allegiance by Arch- 
duke Albrecht, and obtains protection of Dukes 



55* 



FREYBTTRG— FRIESLAND. 



of Savoy, 1450 — joins the Swiss against Charles 
the Bold, 1476 — admitted to the Confederacy, 
148 r — [Helvetic Republic, Swiss Confed- 
eration] — new constitution established, Dec. 
1830— joins the Sonderbund, 1847. 

Freyburg, Cajrital of the Canton, — built by 
Berthold IV., Duke of Zahringen, about 1179 
— its liberties confirmed and increased by 
Rudolph of Hapsburg, 1274 — free imperial 
city, 1450 — Diet held at, 1476— Jesuits settle 
at, 158 1 — surrenders to the French, 2 Mar. 
1798 — Diet at, accepts French Act of Mediation, 
1803 — the Jesuits readmitted after expulsion, 
1 818 — occupied by the Confederates, 16 Nov. 
1847 — disturbances at, Oct. 1850 and 22 Mar. 
1851. Suspension Bridge, erected, 1831-4. 

Freycinet, Louis Claude Desaulses de, — b. 
at Montelimart, 7 Aug. 1779 — embarks for 
Australia, 19 Oct. 1800 — returns, 25 Mar. 
1804— commands expedition to the South Seas, 
17 Sep. 1817 to Sep. 1820 — admitted to 
Academy of Sciences, 1826 — F.R.S.E., 1827 — 
rj., 18 Aug. 1842. 

Freyreiss, Georg Wilhelm, traveller, na- 
turalist, — b. at Frankfort-on-the-Maine, 12 
Jul. 1789 — goes to Brazil, 18 13 — rj. there, 1 
Apr. 1825. Beitrdge zur ndheren Kenntniss 
des Kaiserthums Brasilien, $•<?., 1824. 

Freytag, Friedrich Gotthilf, bibliographer, 
— b. in Saxony, 1723 — tJ. burgomaster of 
Naumburg, Feb. 1776. Analecta litteraria de 
libris rarioribus, 1750 — Adparatus litter arms, 
$c., 1752-6 — Nachrichten von seltenen und 
merhwurdigen Buchern, 1776. 

Friant, Louis, general, — b. in Lorraine, 28 
Sep. 1758 — enters the army, 17 81 — distin- 
guishes himself in the campaign of 1793 — 
General of Brigade, 1794 — at sieges of Maes- 
tricht and Luxembourg, 1794-5 — serves in Italy, 
1796 — in expedition of Egypt, 1798 — distin- 
guishes himself at battle of Auerstadt, 1806 — at 
Austerlitz, 1805 — Grand Cordon of the Legion of 
Honour, 1 805 — distinguishes himself at battle 
of Jena, 1806 — wounded at battle of Eylau, 
1807 — Count of the Empire, 1808— serves in 
Russian campaign, 1 8 1 2 — wounded at the 
Moskowa, 1 81 2 — distinguishes himself in the 
campaign of 18 14 — Chevalier of St Louis, 2 
Jun. 1 8 14 — Peer, by Napoleon I., 2 Jun. 18 15 — 
wounded at Waterloo, Jun. 18 15 — rj. near 
Meulan, 29 Jul., a 24 Jun. b 1829. 

a Biog. Unir. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Friderici, Jeremias, — b. at Leipsic, 1696 — 
tf. pastor there, 6 Sep. 1766. De sutoribus 
fanaticis, 1730. 

Fridzeri, {Alexandre Marie Anioine Frixer,) 
blind musician, — b. at Verona, 16 Jan. 1741 — 
lj. at Antwerp, Oct. 1825. 

Friedberg. [Hohen-Friedberg.] 

Friederichstadt, Schleswig, • — founded by 
Duke Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp, for the 
Dutch Remonstrants, 1 621— conquered by the 
Danes under the Duke of Wurtemberg, 14 
Apr. 1700 — the Swedes expelled by Frederick 
IV. and. Peter the Great, 12 Feb. 17 12 — be- 
sieged by the troops of the Duchy, 29 Sep. 
1 850— stormed, 4-5 Oct. 1850. 

Friedland, in Prussia, — Napoleon I. de- 



feats the Russians at, 14 Jun. 1807. 

Friedlingen, — the Marquis de Villars defeats 
the Prince of Baden at, 14 Oct. 1702. 

Friedrich, Kaspar David, painter, — b. at 
Greifswald, i774, a 1776 b — studies at Copen- 
hagen, 1794 — at Dresden, 1798 — member of 
Academy, Berlin, i8n, a 1809 b — Prof, and 
member of Academy of Arts, Dresden, 1815,* 
1 817 b — rj. there, 7 May 1840. 

a Conv.-Lex. b Ersch and Grubev. 

Friedwald, — Treaty of, concluded between 
Henry II. of France and the Princes of Ger- 
many, 5 Oct. 155 1— ratified at Chambord, 5 
Jan. 1552. 

Friend, Sir John, — engages in a plot against 
William III., May 1695 — refuses to join in the 
Assassination Plot, Feb. 1696 — -convicted as 
accomplice, 24 Mar. 1696 — executed at Tyburn, 
3 Apr. 1696. 

Friendly Islands, Tonga Islands, discovered 
by Tasman, 1643 — visited by Captain Cook, 
Apr. 1773, and Oct. 1777. 

Friendly Societies, in England, — subjected 
to legislative control by Act 33 Geo. III. c. 54, 

21 Jun. 1793— Reports of Select Committees 
on, 1825 and 1827 — laws respecting, repealed 
and new regulations established, by Act 10 Geo. 
IV. c. 56, 19 Jun. 1829 — further regulated by 
Acts 2 Wm IV. c. 37, 23 May 1832, and 4 and 
5 Wm IV. c. 40, 30 Jul. 1834 — laws repealed 
and new provisions by Acts 18 and 19 Vic. c. 
63, 23 Jul. 1855, and 21 and 22 Vic. c. 101, 2 
Aug. 1858. 

Friends of God, — brotherhood of, formed by 
Nicholas of Basel, protests against sacer- 
dotalism in Germany and Switzerland, about 
1370-1400. 

Friends of the People, — Society of, formed 
in London, to obtain a reform in parliament, 
1792. 

Fries, Ernst, painter, — b. at Heidelberg, 

22 Jan. 1 801 — visits Italy, 1823-7 — Court- 
painter, Carlsruhe, 1831 — ft. there, n Oct. 

1833- 

Fries, Jakob Friedrich, philosopher, — b. at 
Barby on the Elbe, 23 Aug. 1773 — studies at 
Leipsic, 1795 — at Jena, 1796 — Prof. Philo- 
sophy, &c, Heidelberg, 1805 — Prof. Physics, 
1813 — Prof. Speculative Philosophy, Jena, 
1816 — tf., 10 Aug. 1843. Fhilosophische 
Bechtslehre, 1803 — Neue Kritik der Vernunft, 
1807 — System der Log ik, 181 1 — Vom deutschen 
Bund und deutscher Staatsverfassung, $c, 181 6 
— Die Lehren der Liebe, des Glaubens und der 
DZoffnung, 1823 — Geschichte der Philosophie, 
1837-40. 

Fries, Johann, {Frisius,) Latin scholar, — b. 
in Zurich, 1505 — rj. there, 1565. Dictionarium 
latino-germanicum, 1574, 11 i54i. b 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Friesland, Vriesland, (Frisia, the Frisii,) 
[B C] — conquered by Drusus, 12 — [AD] — revolt 
and expel the Romans, 28 — subdued by Do- 
mitius Corbulo, 47 d — aid the Saxons in the 
invasions of Britain, 300-500— revolt with the 
Batavians under Civilis, 69-70 — county or 
kingdom under Adalgaisus, about 630 b — death 
of Adalgaisus, 677 or 688 b — Duke Radbod de- 



FBIGGA— FKOBISHER. 



559 



feated by the Franks under Pepin, and made 
tributary, 689° — mission of "Willibrord, 690 — 
Badbod again defeated by Pepin, 695 — St 
Boniface preaches in, 7 1 6 — recover their inde- 
pendence, 716 — death of Badbod, 719— con- 
quered by Charles Martel, 734 or 736 — falls 
under dominion of Charles the Great, 7 84 b — 
partitioned by Charles the Bald and Ludwig 
the German, 870 d — given up to Godfrey the 
Northman by Charles the Fat, 882 — forms 
part of the empire, before 980 — conquest of, 
unsuccessfully attempted by "William, Count of 
Holland, 1256 — independence of, confirmed by 
Sigismund, 141 7 d — part of, devolves to house 
of Burgundy, 1436 e — independence of, con- 
firmed by Frederick III., 1447 — ceded to 
Archduke Charles, (Charles V.,) 1515,* 1523 a 
— recovers independence and joins the Union of 
Utrecht, 1578. East, submits to Edzard 
Cyrkzena, 1430 — raised into a County by 
Frederick III., 1454 — fief of the Empire, and 
Count Enno made a sovereign prince by the 
Emperor Ferdinand, 1657 — Imperial grant of, 
to Prussia, 1690/ 1694 s — taken possession of 
by Prussia, on death of the last prince, 1744 — 
claimed unsuccessfully by George II. of Eng- 
land, 1744 — transferred to Holland, 1808 — 
province of the French Empire, 1810 — re- 
covered by Prussia, 1 8 13 — ceded to Hanover, 
1 8 15. a Conv.-Lex. b Ersch and Gruber. 

c Art de Verifier les Dates. d Encyc. Mod. 
e Rees' Cyc. f Engl. Cyc. 

Frigga, asteroid, — discovered by Peters, 12 
Nov. 1862. 

Frimont, Johann Maria, a {Philippp) gene- 
ral, — ft. in Lorraine, 1759," 1756 b — enters the 
Austrian army, 1776, a 1791 b — distinguishes 
himself at the battle of Neerwinden, 1793 — de- 
fends passage of the Ardennes, 1794 — distin- 
guishes himself in Italy and the Tyrol, 1799- 
1 800 — at battle of Marengo, 1 800 — in campaign 
of 1805 — Baron, 1805 — Field-marshal lieu- 
tenant, 1808— at the battle of Leipsic, 181 3 — 
Governor of Mentz, 18 14- 15 — of Venice, 1818 
— suppresses revolution of Naples, 1821 — Pre- 
sident of Aulic Council, Nov. 1831 — ft. at 
Vienna, 26 Dec. 1831. 

a Ersch and Gruber. b Conv.-Lex. 

Frisch, Johann Leonard, philologist, — b. at 
Sulzbach, 19 Mar. 1666— settles at Berlin, 
about 1700 — member of Academy of Sciences, 
1706 — rector of the Prussian Society, 17 16 — 
ft. at Berlin, 21 Mar. 1743. Deutsch-lateinisch- 
es W drier buck, 17 41 — Dictionnaire nouveau 
des Passagers, Francois-allemand, $c, 17 12 — 
Beschreibung von allerlcy Insekten in Deutsch- 
land, 1720-38. 

Frischlin, Nicodemus, philologist, §c.,—b. 
in "Wurtemberg, 1547 — ft. at Aurach, Nov. 
1590. Comedies et Tragedies, 1585 — De astro- 
nomies artis cam doctrina cozlesti, §c., con- 
graentia, 1586. 

Frisi, Paolo, mathematician, natural philo- 
sopher, — ft. at Milan, 13 Apr. 1728 — foreign 
correspondent of Academy of Sciences, Paris, 
1753 — Prof. Mathematics, Pisa, 1756 — F.B.S., 
1757 — member of Academy of Sciences, Berlin, 
1758 — Prof. Mathematics, Milan, 1764 — ft. 



there, 22 Nov. 1784. Disquisitio mathematica 
in caussam physicam figures et magnitudinis 
telluris nostres, 1751 — Del modo di regolare i 
Fiumi e Torrenti, §c., 1762 — Cosmographies 
physicce et mathematics, 1774-5. 

Frith, (Fryth,) John, theologian, Protestant 
martyr, — ft. in Kent, about 1507 — B.A. Oxford, 
1525 — becomes acquainted with Tyndale, about 
1525 — takes refuge on the Continent, 1528-9 — 
engages in controversy with Sir Thomas More, 
1530— in the Tower, 1532 — in Newgate, 1533 
— burnt at Smithfield, 4 Jul. 1533. Works, 
1573- 

Frithjof's Saga, Pcelandic, — written, pro- 
bably about 1300. 

Fritigern, — becomes leader of the Vis%oths, 
370 — defeats Lupicinus near Marcianopolis, 
376-7 — fights indecisive battle with Bichomer, 
at Salices, autumn 377 — defeats Bichomer near 
Adrianople, 9 Aug. 378. 

Fritsch, Ahasuerus, jurist, $c, — ft. in the 
duchy of Magdeburg, 16 Dec. 1629 — L.L.D., 
Jena, 1691 — Chancellor to Count of Schwarz- 
burg, 1687 — ft. at Budolstadt, 24 Aug., a 9 
Sep. b 1701. Diatribe de origine, vita, et moribus 
Zigenorum, 1660 — De typogr aphis, bibliopolis, 
§c, 1675 — De jure boscandi sive lignandi, 1676 
— Opuscula varia ad jus publicum, fyc., spec- 
tantia, 1731. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Fritsch, Johann Christian, physician. Self- 
same doch wahrhaffte . . . Geschichte, 1729-34. 

Friuli, {Forum Julii, Udine,) — becomes 
capital of Venetia, 452 — head of a Lombard 
duchy, by Alboin, 568— conquered by Charles 
the Great, and given by him, with Styria and 
Carinthia, to Markaire, 776 — Duke Beren- 
garius made King of Italy, 888 — seized at his 
death by the patriarchs of Aquileia, 894— con- 
firmed to them by Conrad the Salic, 1028 — 
conquered by Venetians, Jun. 1420 — [Venice] 
ceded to Austria by Peace of Campo Formio, 
1797 — annexed to kingdom of Italy, 1806— re- 
covered by Austria, 1 8 14. [Italy.] 

Froben, Johannes, (Frobenius,) printer, — h. 
in Franconia, about 1460 — settles at Basel, 
about 1490 — ft. there, Oct. 1527. Biblia In- 
tegra, 149 1 — Works of St Jerome, 15 16 — Works 
of St Cyprian, 152 1 — Works of Tertullian, 
15.21. 

Frobesius, Johann Nicolaus, — h. at Goss- 
lar, Jan. 1701 — Prof. Philosophy, Helmstadt, 
1735 — Prof. Logic and Metaphysics, 1740-51 
— rector of Academy, 1747 — ft., n Sep. 
1756. Systematis philosophies Wolfii deline- 
atio, 1729^ i734 b — Nova et antiqua luminis 
atque aurorce borealis spectacula, 1739 — Radi- 
menta biographies mathematical, 1751-55. 
a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Frobisher, Sir Martin, maritime discoverer, 
— conducts expedition for discovery of North- 
West passage, Jun. to Oct. 1576 — conducts 
second voyage, May to Sep. 1577 — third 
voyage, May to Oct. 1578 — accompanies Drake 
to the "West Indies, 1585 — commands against 
the Armada, 1588 — Knt, 1588 — commands 
squadron sent to aid Henry IV. of France, 
1594 — wounded at attack on Brest, 7 Nov. 



5 6 ° 



FROELICH— FTTCA. 



1594 — ft. at Plymouth, Nov. 1594 — relics 
of his expedition discovered by Hall, 1860-2. 

Froelich, Erasmus, numismatist, — b. at 
Gratz, i7oo, ac 17 16 b — enters Order of Jesuits, 
1716° — Prof. History and Archaeology, Vien- 
na, 1746-58 — If. there, 7 Jul. 1758. Vtilitas 
rei nummarice veteris compendia proposiid, §c, 
1733 — Annates compendiarii regum et rerum 
Syria, $c, 1744. a Biog. Univ. 

b Erseh and Gruber. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Frohsdorf, Froschdorf, (Crottendorf,) m Aus- 
tria, — residence of the Duchess of Angouleme, 
1844-51 — residence of the Count de Chambord, 
(Duke of Bordeaux,) 1851 — meeting of the 
Dukes of Bordeaux and Nemours at, and recon- 
ciliation of the Orleans family, 17 Nov. 1853. 

Froila (I.), King of Oviedo, — b., about 
732— succeeds his father Alfonso I., 757 — de- 
feats and takes prisoner Omar, the Mussulman 
General, 760 — founds Oviedo and makes it his 
capital, 761 — murders his brother Yimaran, 
767 — assassinated, 768. 

Froissart, Jean, historian, §c, — b- at Valen- 
ciennes, about 1333, a 1337 b — secretary to 
Queen Philippa of England, 1361-6 — loses 
his patroness, 1369 — canon of Chimay, before 
1395 — revisits England, 1395 — ft. in Flanders, 
about 1400 ? Chroniques de France, d'Angle- 
terre, $c, 1503. 

a Biog. Univ. b Jobnes. 

Fronde, War of the, in France, — arrest of 
Broussel, Pres. Parliament of Paris, byMazarin, 
26 Aug. 1648 — breaks out, (day of the barri- 
cades,) 27 Aug. — the popular demands conceded, 
24 Oct. — Broussel liberated, 28 Oct. — secret 
removal of the Court to St Germain-en-Laye, 
6 Jan. 1649 — blockade of Paris by the Prince 
of Conde, Jan. 1649 — futile compact of Buel, 
1 1 Mar. — return of the Court to Paris, Aug. — ar- 
rest of Conde, Eongueville, and Conti, 1 8 Jan. 
1650 — rebellion in Bordeaux, Aug. to Oct. 1650 
■ — defeat of Turenne by Du Plessis at Bhetel, 
15 Dec. — liberation of Conde and expulsion of 
Mazarin, Feb. 165 1 — reconciliation of the 
Queen with Conde prevented by Mazarin, spring 
165 1 — attempted assassination of De Betz by 
the Duke de la Rochefoucauld in the hall of the 
parliament, 21 Aug. 1651 — renewal of the 
war by Conde, Sep. — Mazarin rejoins the 
Court at Poitiers, end of Jan. 1652 — Turenne 
takes command against Conde, spring 1652 — 
futile negotiations for peace, May — tumults in 
Paris, 26 Jun. — Conde enters Paris, 2 Jul. — 
massacre at the Hotel de Ville, Conde forms a 
new municipality, 4 Jul. — exile of Mazarin, 
19 Aug. — the Duke of Lorraine joins Conde at 
Paris, Aug. — return of the king, Louis XIV., 
to Paris, end of the war, 21 Oct. 1652. 

Fronteau, Jean, theologian,— b. at Angers, 
16 14 — canon regular, 1630 — Prof. Philosophy, 
Paris,i637 — Prof. Theology, St Genevieve, 1639 
— Chancellor of the Univ., 1648 — lj., 17 Apr. 
1662. Thomas a Kempis vindicatus, 1641 and 
1649 — Yvonis Carnotensis episcopi opera, 1647 
— Antithesis Augustini et Calcini, 1651 — Ka- 
Iciiihirium Romanian, 1652. 

Frontinus, Sextus Julius,— preet. urb., 70 — 
cons, suff., ? 74 — Governor of Britain, from 



about 75 — conquers the Silures, 78 — curator 
aquarian, 97 — If., about 106. Strategemata, 
about 84 — He Aquceductibus, about 97. 

Fronto, M. Aufidius, — Consul with P. Cor- 
nelius Anullinus, (952, a. it. c.) 199. 

Fronto, M. Cornelius, — Consul with Nerva, 
(853, a. u. c.) 100. 

Fronto, M. Cornelius, orator, — fl., about 
133-166 — cons, stiff., Jul. and Aug. 143 — dis- 
covery of his correspondence, by Mai, 18 14 — 
publication, 18 15 and 1823. 

Froriep, Justus Friedrich, orientalist, — b. 
at Liibeck, 1745 — Prof. Theology, Leipsic, 
1771- — Prof. Oriental Languages, Erfurt, 1771 
— tf. at Wetzlar, 26 Jan. 1800. De utilitate 
linguce Arabicce, §c, 1767. 

Froude, Richard Hurrell, theologian, — b. 
at Dartington, Devonshire, 1803 — enters Oriel 
Coll., Oxford, spring 1821— B.A., 1824— Fel- 
low of his Coll., Easter 1826— M. A., 1827— 
tutor, 1827-30 — takes priest's orders, 1829 — 
visits south of Europe, 1832-3 — visits West 
Indies, 1834-5 — tf. at Dartington, 28 Feb. 
1836. Remains, 1838-9. 

Frugi. [Crassus and Pisa.] 

Frugoni, Carlo Innocenzio, poet, — b. at 
Genoa, 21 Nov. 1692 — tf. at Parma, 20 Dec. 
1768. Opere, 1779. 

Frumentius, St, (Fremonatos, Abba Sa- 
lama,) — accompanies Meropius of Tyre to 
Ethiopia (Abyssinia) : becomes secretary to 
the Prince : ordained Bishop of Axum by 
Athanasius, about 330 ? summoned to Alexan- 
dria by Constantius, 356. 

Fry, Elizabeth, philanthropist, — b. at Earl- 
ham, Norfolk, 21 May 1780 — marries Joseph 
Fry, 19 Aug. 1800 — preacher in the Society of 
Friends, 1810 — establishes Committee for re- 
formation in Newgate, 18 17— visits the Con- 
tinent, 1837-42 — ft. at Bamsgate, 12 Oct. 1845. 

Fryth, John. [Frith.] 

Fuad Pasha, Mehemed, statesman, — b. at 
Constantinople, i8i4, a i8i5 b — studies medi- 
cine, 1828-32 — physician to the -Admiralty, 
1834 — enters service of the government, about 
1 835 — first secretary of the embassy, at London, 
1840 — second interpreter of the Porte, and 
director of the Board of Translation, 1843 — 
first interpreter, 1845 — Commander of Legion 
of Honour, 1 845 — sent as special commissioner 
into "Wallachia and Moldavia, 1848,* 1849 b — 
envoy to St Petersburg, 1849^ i85o c — Minister 
of the Interior, 2 Dec. 1849 s — member of 
Imperial Academy of Sciences, Mar. 1851 — 
Minister of Foreign Affairs, Aug. 1852 — re- 
signs, Mar. 1853 — suppresses insurrection in 
Albania, 1854 — again Minister of Foreign 
Affairs, May 1855,° Aug. 1854 b — Pres. Council 
of the Tanzimat, Sep. 1857 — again Minister 
of Foreign Affairs, 11 Jan. 1858 — pacifies 
Syria, i860 — Grand Vizier, 20 Nov. 1861 — 
resigns, and is named Minister of "War, 12 Feb. 
1863 — resigns, Jun. 1866- — resumes office, Jan.' 
1867 — tf. at Nice, 11 Feb. 1867. Turkish 
Grammar, 1852. a Conv.-Lex. 

b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Vapereau. 

Fuca, John de, (Apostolos Valerianos,) 
maritime discoverer, — ij. at Zante, 1602. 



FTTCHS— FULGENTIITS. 



i6i 



Fuchs, LeGnha,vi, physician,— ft. in Bavaria, 
1501-- M.D., 1524 — Prof. Medicine, Tubingen, 
J 535 - 66 — tf., 10 May 1566. Instituiiones 
medicines, (6th edition), 1565 — Medendi me- 
tkodus, 1541 — De historia stirpium commentarii 
insignes, 1542. 

Fucinus, Lake, — aqueduct of, completed by 
Claudius, 52 — naval combat exhibited on, 52. 

Fuentes, Count de, — ft. at Paris, 177 1 — 
distinguishes himself in the war with France, 
1 7 93 — Lieutenant-general, 1 80 1 — imprisoned 
at Saragossa, 1808— tf. at Madrid, 15 Nov. 

1*19. 

Fuentes, Pedro Henriquez d'Azevedo, 

Count de, general, — ft. at Valladolid, 18 Sep. 
1560— serves under Alba in Portugal, 1580— 
follows Alexander Farnese to the Netherlands, 
159 1 - — besieges and takes Cambrai, Sep. to Oct. 
1595 — distinguishes himself at siege of Ostend, 
1603-6 — commands in war with France, 1636 
— killed at battle of Eocroy, 9 Mar. 1643. 

Fuentes de Onoro, — Wellington defeats 
Massena at, 3-5 May 1811. 

Fuessen, Peace of, — between Maximilian 
Joseph, Elector of Bavaria, and Maria Theresa, 
the former renouncing his claims to the pos- 
sessions of the House of Austria, concluded, 22 
Apr. 174.5. 

Fuessli, Hairis Heinrich, — ft. at Zurich, Dec. 
i745, a i744 b ---Prof. Swiss History there, 1760 
— member of the smaller Council, 1785 — 
senator, 1802 — tf. at Zurich, 26 Dec. 1832. 
a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Fuessli, Henry. [Fuseli.] 

Fuessli, Johann, chronicler, — ft. at Zurich, 

H77- I 

Fuessli, Johann Caspar, painter, — 5. at 
Zurich, 1707,* 1706 b — goes to Vienna, 1724 — 
tf. at Zurich, 6 May 1782. Geschichte der 
besten Kunstler in der Schweiz, 1769-79 — 
Raisonnierendes Verzeichniss der besten Kupfer- 
stecher, 1770. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Fuessli, Johann Conrad, historian, — ft. in 
Switzerland, 1704— tf. there, 1775. 

Fufidius, jurist, — fl., about 100. 

Fuga, Ferdinando, architect, — fj. at Flor- 
ence, 1699 — tf. there, 7 Feb. 1782. 

Fiiger, Friedrich Heinrich, painter, — ft. in- 
"Wiirtemberg, 175 1— Prof. Painting, Academy 
of Vienna, 1784 — Director of the Belvidere 
Gallery, 1806 — tf. at Vienna, 1818. 

Fugger, Anton, — ft., 10 Jan. 1493 — de- 
prived of the mines of Neusohl by the Queen 
of Hungary, about 1525 ? — corresponds with 
Erasmus, 1529 — entertains Charles V., 1530 
■ — created a Count, 14 Nov. 1530— obtains right 
of coining money, 1534 — interview with Charles 
V. and Cardinal Granvella at Marbach, 1 8 Jan. 

'547— "&•> 14 Se P- J 5 6 °- 

Fugger, Anton, — ft., 1 Apr. 1563 — marries 
the Countess Barbara de Montfort, 1590— tf., 
24 Jul. 1616. 

Fugger, Christoph, — ft., 5 Feb. 1520 — tf. 
at Augsburg, 2 Aug. 1579. 

Fugger, Franz, — commands Imperial In- 
fantry at battle of St Gothard and is killed, 1 
Aug. 1664. 

Fugger, Jakob, — obtains coat of arms from 



the Emperor Frederick III., 1452 — tf., 14 
Mar. 1469. 

Fugger, Jakob (II.), — ft., 6 Mar. 1459— 
concession of the copper-mines of Neusohl to 
him and Thurzo, 1494 — ennobled with his 
brothers by Maximilian I., 1504 — carries on 
immense trade with India, 1506 — founds the 
Fuggerei, after 1507 — tf. Count Palatine and 
Imperial Councillor, 30 Dec. 1525. 

Fugger, Johannes, weaver, — marries Clara 
Widolf of Augsburg, and acquires citizenship 
of that town, 1370 — tf., 1409. 

Fugger, Johannes Jakob, — ft. at Augsburg, 
23 Dec. 15 1 6 — enters the service of Albert of 
Bavaria, 1565 — tf., 14 Jul. 1575. 

Fugger, Karl, — ft., 1543— commands a Ger- 
man regiment in the Spanish service in the 
Netherlands, 1573-6 — tf. at Brussels, 24 Apr. 
1580. 

Fugger, Marcus, — fj., 14 Feb. 1529 — 
banker of the city, (Augsburg,) 2 Aug. 1576 — 
tf., 18 Jun. 1597. 

Fugger, Otto Heinrich, — ft., 1592 — Colonel 
in the service of Don Pedro of Toledo, 16 17 — 
serves with Spinola at the siege of Breda, 1624 
— Knt of the Golden Fleece, 1628 — serves with 
Tilly against the Swedes, about 1630-2 — com- 
mands the Bavarians at the siege of Batisbon, 
and at N ordlingen, 1 6 34 — governor of Augsburg, 
spring 1634 — tf., 1644. 

Fugger, Raymund, — h., 14 Oct. 1489 — 
imprisoned by the Council of Augsburg for an 
act of violence, 1529 — tf., 3 Dec. 1535. 

Fugger, Ulrieh,— ft., 9 Dec. 1441 — provides 
the dresses for the Emperor Frederick IV., for 
the interview with the Duke of Burgundy at 
Treves, 1473 — tf., 19 Apr. 15 10. 

Fugger, Ulrieh,— ft., 20 Apr. 1526 — tf. at 
Heidelberg, 25 Jun. 1584. 

Fugitive Slave Law,— in the United States, 
— passed by Congress, 18 Sep. 1850 — repealed 
by House of Bepresentatives, 13 Jun. 1864. 

Fulbert, — Bp of Chartres, ioo7, a ioi6 b . — 
tf., 10 Apr. 1029 or 1028. Opera, 1595. 
a Biog. Univ. . b Dufresnoy. 

Fulbert, Canon of Paris, — orders mutila- 
tion of Abelard for the seduction of his niece, 
Heloise, 1 1 I9. a a Milman. 

Fulda, — seat of an abbey, by St Boniface 
and Sturm, 744 — ceases to be under jurisdiction 
of bishops, 753, a 751 b — obtains primacy of all 
abbeys in Germany and France, 968 — seat of a 
bishopric by Benedict XIV., 1752 — falls to the 
Prince of Orange-Nassau, 1803 — incorporated 
by Napoleon I. with the Grand Duchy of Frank- 
fort, 1 810 — ceded to France, and then to Hesse- 
Cassel, 1 8 15 — occupied by Prussians, Nov. 1850. 
University of, founded, 1734. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. 

Fulford, near York, — Harold Hardrada and 
Tostig defeat Earls Edwin and Morcar at, 20 
Sep. 1066. 

Fulgentius, Fabius Claudius Gordianus, 
Bp of Buspina, or Buspje, — ft. at Lepte, 
Africa, about 464 a — banished to Sardinia, by 
Thrasimund, 497 b — goes to Borne, 500— Bp of 
Buspse, about 508 b — tf. at Buspse, 529 or 533.* 
a Engl. Cyc. b Clinton. 

36 



562 



FULGENTIUS-FURNES. 



Fulgentius, Fab. Planciades, grammarian, 
• — fl., before 600. 

Fulgentius Ferrandus, deacon of Cartha- 
ginian Church, — tf., before 547. a a Clinton. 

Fulham, Middlesex, — mentioned, 691 — oc- 
cupied by the Northmen, 879 — abandoned by 
them, 880 — residence of Bps of London from 
about 1 140. 

Fulk of Anjou. [Anjou.] 

Fulk of Marseilles, Bp op Toulouse,— 
supports crusade against the Albigenses, 1208 
— takes part in the Lateran Council, 12 15 — 
joins de Montfort in plundering Toulouse, and 
is expelled, 1216 — tf., 1231. 

Fulk of Neuilly, — preaches the fourth 
crusade, 1189 — .Ij. at Neuilly, 1201. 

Fulke, William, theologian, — ft. in London, 
about 1550 — Fellow of St John's College, 
Cambridge, 1564— tf., Aug. 1589. Text of the 
New Testament of Jesus Christ, translated out 
of the Vulgar Latin by the Papists of the 
traitorous Seminarie at Ithemes, §c, 1580. 

Fiilleborn, Georg Gustav, philologist, — ft. at 
Glogau, 2 Mar. 1769— studies at Halle, 1786 — 
Prof. Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, Breslau, about 
1790 — tf., Feb. 1803. Encyclopedia philolo- 
gica, 1803 — Bcitrdge zur Geschichte der Philo- 
sophic, 1 79 1 -8. 

Fuller, Andrew, theologian, — ft. in Cam- 
bridgeshire, 6 Feb. 1754 — pastor at Kettering, 
Northamptonshire, 1782-1815 — secretary of 
Baptist Missionary Society, 1792 — tf. at 
Kettering, 7 May 18 15. Calvinistic and 
Socinian Systems examined, 1793 — The Gospel 
its oivn Witness, 1800 — Biscourses on the Book 
of Genesis, 1806. 

Fuller, Sarah Margaret, Marchioness d' 
Ossoli, miscellaneous writer, — ft. in Massa- 
chusetts, U. S., 23 May 18 10 — visits Europe, 
1846 — marries Marquis d' Ossoli at Rome, Dec. 
1847 — takes charge of Hospital during the 
siege of Rome, 1849 — tf. by shipwreck, 16 Jul. 
1850. Contributes to the Eial, 1840. 

Fuller, Thomas, theologian, historian, — ft. 
at Aldwinckle, in Northamptonshire, Jun. 1608 
■ — enters Queen's Coll., Cambridge, 1621 — B.A., 
1624-5 — M. A., 1628 — Fellow of Sidney Sussex 
Coll., 1 63 1 — prebendary of Salisbury, 1631 — 
marries, 1638 — lecturer at the Savoy, London, 
about 1640 ? — member of Convocation at West- 
minster, 1640 — loses his wife, about 1641 — 
chaplain to Princess Henrietta Maria, at Exeter, 
1643-6 — marries again, 1654 — chaplain to 
Charles II., 1660 — D.D. Cambridge, 1660 — tf., 
Aug. 1 66 1. History of the Holy War, 1639 
— Good Thoughts in Bad Times, 1645 — Pisgah- 
sight of Palestine, about 1650 — Church History 
of Britain, 1 655 — History of the Worthies of 
England, 1662. 

Fullo, L. Apustius,— [B Cj— Consul with M. 
Valerius Messalla, (528, a. u. c.) 226. 

Fulman, William, antiquary, — ft. at Pens- 
hurst, 1632— tf., 1688 or 1697. Edits Works 
of Hammond, 1684. 

Fulton, Robert, mechanician, — ft. in Penn- 
sylvania, 1765 — visits England, 1786 — goes to 
Paris, 1796 — to New York, 1806— constructs 
his steamboat, 1807 — tf-, 24 Feb. 1815. 



Fulvianus, L. Manlius Acidinus, — [BC] 
— Consul with Q. Fulvius Flaccus, (575, a. u. c.) 
179. 

Fulvius, C. [Flaccus.] 

Fulvius, Cn. [Centumalus.] 

Fulvius, M.Nobilior,— [B Cj — I. Consul -with 
Cn. Manlius Vulso, carries on war in iEtolia, 
and concludes peace, (565, a. u. c.) 189. 2. 
Consul with Cn. Corn. Dolabella, (595,) 159. 

Fulvius Paetinus Nobilior, Ser., — [BC] — 
Consul with M. ^Emilius Paullus, (499, a. u. c.) 

2 55- 

Fulvius, Qu. Nobilior, — [B C]— Consul with 
T. Annius Luscus, unsuccessful in the Celti- 
berian war, (601, a. u. c.) 153. 

Fulvus, T. Aurelius, — 1. Consul with 
Domitian, (838, a. u. c.) 85 — with Atratinus, 
(842,) 89. 2. Consul with L. Catilius Severus, 
(873,) 120. 

Fumagalli, Angelo, historian, $c, — ft. at 
Milan, 1728 — tf. there, 12 Mar. 1804. Belle 
antichitd Longobardico-Milanesi, §c, 1792 — 
Belle istituzioni diplomatiche, 1802. 

Funck, Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand von, gen- 
eral, historian, — ft. at Brunswick, 13 Dec. 1761 
— enters the army, 1782,* 1780 b — serves in 
the campaign of 1795 — wounded and taken 
prisoner by the French at the battle of Jena, 
1806 — plenipotentiary with Bose, concludes 
treaty at Posen between Saxony and France, 
Dec, 1806 — Major-general, Inspector of 
Cavalry, 1809 — Lieutenant-general, 18 10 — tf. 
at Wurzen, 7 Aug. 1828. Gemalde aus dem 
Zeitalter der Kreuzziige, 1820-4. 

a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Fund. [Consolidated, Sinking, South Sea 
Fund.] 

Funding System, — originates at Florence, 
1344 — proposed in England, 1696. [National 
Debt.] 

Fundulus, C. Fundanius, — [B C] — Consul 
with C. Sulpicius Gallus, opposes Hamilcar 
Barca in Sicily, (511, a. u. c.) 243. 

Funfkirchen, Hungary, — held by the Turks, 
1543- 1 6 86 — occupied by Austrians under Gen. 
Nugent, 18 Jun. 1849. 

Fur, — use of, restricted by Edward III., 
1337. Trade, commenced in Canada by the 
French, about 1605 — in the Arctic Regions by 
the English, 1668— and by the French, 1682 — 
Parliamentary Committee on, appointed, 1857. 

Furetiere, Antoine, miscellaneous writer, — 
ft. at Paris, 28 Dec. 1619 a — admitted to 
French Academy, 15 May 1662 — excluded, 22 
Jan. 1685 — tf., 14 May 1688. Essai d'un 
Bictionnaire Universel, 1684 — Bictionnaire 
Universel, 1690.,, a Jal. 

Furius. [Camillus and Fusus.] 

Furnes, (Veuren,) in Belgium, — its privileges 
confirmed by the Count of Flanders, n 09 — 
the Count of Artois defeats the Flemings at, 
13 May 1297 — submits to the king of France, 
1328 — burnt, 1364 — fortified, 1390 — pillaged 
by the Orleanists, 142 1 — the Spaniards de- 
feated by the French near, 1646 — recovered 
by the Archduke Leopold, 3 Jun. 1648 — seized 
by Turenne, 3 Jul. 1648 — restored to Spain 
by Treaty of the Pyrenees, 1659 — occupied by 



FUBNIUS— GABINIUS. 



563 



Marshal d'Aumont, 12 Jun. 1667 — assured to 
Louis XIV. by the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 
1668 — besiege'd and taken by Bouflers, 29 Dec. 
1692 to 4 Jan. 1693 — fortified by Vauban, 
1693 — restored to the Dutch by the Peace of 
Byswick, 1697 — confirmed to them by Treaty 
of Utrecht, 17 13 — seized by Louis XV., 10 
Jul. 1744— restored to the Dutch by Treaty of 
Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748 — taken and retaken by 
the French and the allies, 1792. 

Furnius, C.,— [BC]— (1.) Trib. pleb., 50— 
legatus to Plancus, 42 — with L. Antonius, 41-2 
—prcef Asia, and M. Antony, 35 — reconciled 
to Augustus, 31 — cons, suff., 29 — prcef., Cit. 
Hisp., 21. (2.) Consul with C. Junius Silanus, 
(737, a. u. c.) 17. 

Furruckabad, in Hindustan, — ceded to E. 
India Company, 1801 — Lord Lake defeats 
Holkar at, 17 Nov. 1804. 

Fiirstenberg, Friedrich Wilhelm Franz, 
statesman — b., 1728^ 1729 b — chief minister 
to the Elector of Cologne and Munster, go- 
vernor of Munster, 1763-80 — tf., 16 Sep. 181 i, a 



Biog. Univ. 



b Conv.-Lex. 



Fiirstenbund, — alliance of Frederick II. of 
Prussia with the Electors of Saxony and Han- 
over, for the maintenance of the German con- 
stitution, proposed, Mar. 1785 — signed at Ber- 
lin, 23 Jul. 1785. 

Fuscaldo, Marquis de, diplomatist, — 
ambassador from court of Naples to Borne, 
18 14 — Xf. at Borne, 21 Jan. 1830. 

Fuscianus, C. Allius, — Consul with Duilius 
Silanus, (941, A. U. G.) 188. 

Fuscus, — Consul with Dexter, (978, a.tj.c.) 
225. 

Fuscus, Cornelius, — procurator of Pannonia 
joins Vespasian, and is made Praetor, 69 — de- 
feated by the Dacians, and his army destroyed, 
88. a a Zumpt. 

Fuseli, (Fuessli,) Henry, painter,— b. at Zu- 
rich, 1741, a 1742 b — goes to England, 1761 — 



visits Italy, 1770 a — studies at Borne, 1172*7 b 
— settles in England, 1778 — B.A., 1790 — Prof. 
Painting, Boyal Academy, 1799 — Keeper, 1803 
— fr. in London, 15 Apr. 1825. Milton Gal- 
lery, 1790-1800 — JJgolino, 1806 — Francesco da 
Rimini, 1786 and 18 18. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. 

Fusils, — invented in France, 1630 — intro- 
duced into England, 1660. 

Fust, Johann, printer, — enters into partner- 
ship with Gutenberg at Mentz, 1450-5 — ir. at 
Paris, probably 1466. 

Fust, Sir Herbert Jenner, Judge of the 
Prerogative Court op Canterbury, — b., 
about 1777— called to the bar at Gray's Inn, 
27 Nov. 1800 — LL. D.Cambridge, 1 803— Fellow 
of the Coll. of Doctors of Law, 8 Jul. 1803 — 
King's Advocate-general and Knt, 28 Feb. 
1828 — Vicar-general to Abpof Canterbury, 18 32 
— Judge of the Prerogative Court, and Privy 
Councillor, 21 Oct. 1834 — assumes the name of 
Fust, 14 Jan. 1842 — Master of Trin. Hall, 
Cambridge, 1843— ft., 2 ° Feb. 1852. 

Fusus, Agrippa Furius Medullinus, — [B C] 
— Consul with T. Quinctius Capitolinus Bar- 
batus IV., (308, a. u. c.) 446. 

Fusus, L. Furius Medullinus, — [BC] — 
Consul with A. Manlius Vulso, (280, a. u. c.) 
474- 

Fusus, P. Furius Medullinus, — [BC] — 
Consul with L. Pinarius Mamercinus Bufus, 
(282, a.u. c.) 472. 

Fusus, Sextus Furius Medullinus, — [BC] 
— Consul with Sp. Nautius Butilus, (266, 
a. u. c.) 488. 

Fusus, Sp. Furius Medullinus, — [BC] — 
1. Consul with K. Fabius Vibulanus II., (273, 
A. u. c.) 481. 2. Consul with A. Postumius 
Albus Begillensis, (290,) 464. 

Fyzabad, Oude, — ceases to be the capital, 
1775 — mutiny at, 8 Jun. 1857. 



Gaab, Johann Friedrich von, theologian, — 
b. at Goppingen, 1761 — Prof. Philosophy, 
Tubingen, 1792 — censor of Theological Semin- 
ary, 1806 — librarian to the Univ., 18 14 — Super- 
intendent-general, 1815 — D.D., 1817 — tr., 2 
Mar. 1832. Abhandlungen zur Dogmenge- 
schichte der iiltestengriechischen Kirche, 1790 — 
JBcitrdge zur Frkldrung des ersten, zweiten, und 
vierten Bucks Mosis, 1796 — Erlduterungen zur 
judischen Geschichte, §c, 1824. 

Gabaleone, Carlo Antonio Giovanni Pietro 
Lodovico, Count oe Salmour, statesman, — b. 
at Turin, 12 Jan. 1755 — deputy to Legislative 
Body, Paris, 18 12 — Governor of Savoy, 1815- 
30 — 1». at Borne, 5 Apr. 1831. 

Gabbema, Simon Abbes, philologist, his- 
torian, — fo. in Friesland, about 1620 — tf. keeper 



of the archives and historiographer of Fries- 
land, about 1700. History of Friesland, 1703 
— Illustrium et clarorum virorum epistolarum 
centurice tres, 1663. 

Gabelchover, {Gabelkover,) Oswald, his- 
torian, — b. at Tubingen, 1538 — if. at Stutt- 
gard, 31 Dee. 161 6. Niltzlich Arzneybuch, 
1589. 

Gabelle, The, {Salt-tax,) in France, — imposed 
by Philip the Fair, 1286 — augmented by Philip 
the Tall, 25 Feb. 1318 — vigorously enforced by 
Philip of Valois, by edict of 16 Mar. 1340 — 
confirmed by States-General, 1345 — granted to 
the Dauphin for ransom of King John, 1358 — 
increased by Francis I., 1542 — suppressed, 28 
Mar. 1790. 

Gabinius, Aiilus, — [B C] — trib. plebis, 66— 



5*+ 



GABLER— GAETA. 



serves under Pompey in Syria and Judasa, 64-63 
— praetor, 61 — Consul with L. Calpurnius Piso, 
(696, a. u. c.) 58 — proconsul of Syria, 57 — 
restores Ptolemy Auletes, 55 — returns, Sep. 54 
— accused by the publicani and exiled, Sep. 54 
— returns from exile, 49— tf. at Salana, end of 
48 or beginning 47. 

Gabler, Johann Philipp, theologian — b. at 
Prankfortron-the-Maine, 1753 — Prof. Divinity, 
Altdorf, 1785 — Prof. Divinity, Jena, 1804 — 
director of Seminary of Jena, 18 17 — pro-rec- 
tor of University, 1822 — tf. at Jena, 17 Feb. 
1827. Edition of Dichhom's Urgeschichte, 
I 79 I "3 — Neuer Versuch iiber die Mosaische 
Schopfungsgeschichte, 1795 — Theologisches 
Journal, 1796-1811. 

Gaboon River, in Western Africa, — French 
and American settlements on the, 1842. 

Gabor. [Betblem Gabor.] 

Gabriel Sionita, Maronite, — b. in Syria, 
about 1580 — goes to Rome, about 1587 ? — to 
Paris, 1 6 14 — Prof. Arabic, College de France, 
Jan. 1615 — tf., 1648. Grammatica Arabica 
Maronitarum, 161 6 — Geographia JSTubiensis, 
1619. 

Gabrieli, Andreas, musical composer, — b. at 
Venice, about 1520 — organist of St Mark's, 

i55 6 — *•> *5%6- 

Gabrieli, Giovanni, musical composer, — b. 
at Venice, about 1550 — organist of St Mark's, 
1584 — tf., 1612. Sacred Symphonies, 1597. 
Gabrielle. [Estrees.] 

Gabrielli, Catarina, singer, — b. at Rome, 
12 Nov. 1730 — prima donna, Lucca, 1747,* 
1745 b — goes to St Petersburg, i765, a 1769 b 
— at London, 1775-6 — tf. at Rome, 1796. 
a Cony. -Lex. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Gabrini, Niccolo. [Rienzi.] 
Gaee (Gasse). [Wace, Robert.] 
Gad, Jewish prophet, — [BC] — fl., 1062-17. 
Gadara, in Judcea, — [BC] — rebuilt by Pom- 
pey, 64 — [AD] — taken and destroyed by Ves- 
pasian, about Feb. 68 a — seat of a bishopric, 
before 325. a Clinton. 

Gadbury, John, astrologer, — b. near Oxford, 
31 Dec. 1627 — studies under Lilly in London, 
1644 — U., about 1691, Doctrine of Horoscopes, 
§c, l6 57- 

Gaddesden, John of, physician. Rosa Angli- 
ca, 1492. 

Gaddi, Angelo, painter, — b., about 1325 ? 
1314' — admitted to the Guild of Painters at 
Florence, 1387 b — tf-, 1394/ i396. b 

a Zani. b Crowe and Cavalcaselle. 

Gaddi, Gaddo, painter, — b. at Florence, 
1249— tf., 1 31 2. 

Gaddi, Taddeo, painter, architect, — b. at 
Florence, about 1300 — tf., after 1365. Route 
Vecchio, 1345. 

Gadebusch, in Donierania, — Frederick IV. 
of Denmark defeated by Gen. Steinbock, 20 
Dec. 17 12. 

Gadelius, Eric, physician, — b. at Stockholm, 
16 Jun. 1778 — M.D. Abo, 1802 — Prof. Ana- 
tomy, Stockholm, 1805 — founds the Society of 
Physicians of Sweden, 1808 — chief physician 
to the Military Hospital, Stockholm, 181 3-14 
• -Knt of Order of Vasa, 181 8 — Prcs. Academy 



of Sciences, 1823 — tf., 2 Feb. 1827. 

Gades, [Gadis, Gadir, Gadeira,)"m Spain, — 
[B C] — forms alliance with Rome? 212 — tbe 
alliance confirmed, (or first formed,) 7 8 — visited 
by Julius Caesar, receives the civitas, 49 — 
municipium, with title Augusta Urbs Julia 
Gaditana, by Augustus, after 31. [Cadiz.] 

Gadsden, Christopher, statesman, — b. in 
North America, about 1742,* i724 b — member 
of the Congress at New -York, 1774 — distin- 
guishes himself at siege of Charleston, 1780 — 
tf., 1805. a Biog. Univ. b Allen's Biog. Diet. 

Gaede, Heinrich Moritz, naturalist,— -b. at 
Kiel, 26 Mar. 1796 — Prof. Natural Sciences, 
Rotterdam, 18 17 — Prof. Botany and Zoology, 
Liege, 18 19 — tf. there, 2 Jan. 1834. Beitrage 
zur Anatomie der Tnsekten, 181 5— Beitrage zur 
Anatomic und Rhysiologie der Medusen, 18 16. 

Gaelen, Alexander van, painter, — b. at Am- 
sterdam, 28 Apr. 1670 a — tf. in London, 1728. 
' a Biog. Woordenboek. 

Gaertner, Friedrich von, architect, — b. at 
Coblenz, 1792 — studies in Italy, 18 14- 18 — 
visits England, 18 19 — Prof. Architecture, Mu- 
nich, 1820 — director of the Porcelain Manu- 
factory, 1822 — accompanies the king to Athens, 
1836 — Director of Academy of Arts, 1841 — tf., 
21 Apr. 1847. Ludwigs-Kirche, Munich, 
1 829 — -Bibliothek, 1 83 1 -42 — TJniversitut, 1 835- 
40 — Blindeninstitut, 1 833-6. 

Gaertner, Joseph, botanist, — b. in"VVurtem- 
berg, 1732- — visits England, 1759 — Prof. Ana- 
tomy, Tubingen, 1759 — Prof. Botany, St Peters- 
burg, 1768 — revisits London, 1778 — tf., 13 Jul. 
179 1. De Fructibus et Seminibus Rlantarum, 
1789. 

Gaertner, Karl Christian, miscellaneous 
writer, — b. in Saxony, 17 12 — Prof. Morals and 
Rhetoric, Brunswick, 1747-87 — tf. there, 14 
Feb. 1791. Die geprufte Treue, 1768 — Die 
schone Rosette, 1782. 

Gaeta, (Cajeta,) in Italy, — unsuccessfully 
besieged by Saracens, 848 — the Saracens called 
to aid Dukes of, against Capua, 877 — visited by 
Frederick II., 121 2 — castle built at, by his or- 
der, 1223-6 — castle taken and destroyed by 
Gregory IX., spring 1229 — obtains right of 
coining money, 1229 — surrenders to Frederick, 
and is deprived of her rights, 1233 — besieged 
by Sicilians under King James and Roger de 
Loria, spring 1289 — defended by Charles, king 
of Naples, and the French: saved by truce 
concluded Aug. 1289 — Gregory XII. retires 
to, summer 1409^3 compelled to leave, 141 2 
— tak en by Alfonso V. of Aragon, 1435 — fortifi- 
cations commenced by him, 1440— capitulates 
to Gonzalo de Cordova, 1 Jan. 1504 — stormed 
by Marshal Daun, 30 Sep. 1707 — taken by 
the Spaniards, after four months' siege, 7 Aug. 
1734 — surrenders to Gen. Rey, Dec. 1798 — 
retaken by Gen. Championnet, 31 Jul. 1799 — 
besieged and taken by Massena, 14 Jul. 1806 
— gives title of Duke to Count Gaudin, 1809 — 
capitulates to Austrians, after three months' 
siege, 25 Aug. 18 15 — again taken by Austrians, 
1 82 1 — Pope Pius IX. escapes to, 24 Nov. 1848 — 
quits the town, Apr. 1850 — Francis II. of Naples 
escapes to, 6 Sep. i860 — invested by land by 



GAETANO— GAITJS. 



565 



Sardinian army, its blockade by sea prevented 
by the French, Nov. i860 — the French fleet 
withdrawn, blockaded by Sardinians, 19 Jan. 
1861. — bombardment recommenced, 21 Jan. 
1861 — surrenders to Gen. Cialdini, 13 Feb. 1861. 

Gaetano, Giovanni. [Gelasius II.] 

Gaetano, St, {Caietanus,) monastic founder, 
. — ft. at Vicenza, 1480 — founds Order of The- 
atines, 1524 — tf. at Naples, 1547 — beatified, 
1629 — canonized by Clement X., 1675. 

Gaetulicus, Cn. Lentulus, — Consul of Rome, 
with C. Calvisius Sabinus, (779, a. u. c.) 26. 

Gaffori, Giovanni Pietro, — ft. in Corsica, 
soon after 1700 — protector of his country, 
1745 — chief of the Corsican insurrection, 1753 
— assassinated at Corte, 2 Oct. 1753. 

Gafori, {Gafforio,) Franchino, (Franchinus 
G afor ius,) writer on music, — ft. at Lodi, 1451 
—chapel-master of the Cathedral, Milan, 1484 
— tf., probably about 1520,=* 24 Jun. 1522. bc 
Practice/, Musicce utriusque cant us, 1496— The- 
oricum opus harmonica discipline, 1480. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Ersch and Gruber. 

Gage, Thomas, general, Governor of Mas- 
sachusetts, — Governor of Montreal, 1760 — 
Commander-in-chief of British forces in Ame- 
rica, 1763 — Governor of Massachusetts, 13 May 
1774 — destroys the magazines at Concord, 19 
Apr. 1775 — declared by the Americans to be 
disqualified as governor, 5 May 1775 — estab- 
lishes martial law, 12 Jun. 1775 — defeats the 
Americans at Bunker Hill, 16 Jun. 1775 — re- 
turns to England, Oct. 1775 — tf., 1787. 

Gagern, Hans Christoph Ernst, Baron 
von, statesman, — ft. near "Worms, 25 Jan. 
1766 — ambassador to the Imperial Diet, 1791 
— prime minister to the king of Holland, 18 14 
■ — ambassador to Congress of Vienna, 18 15 — 
prime minister -to the king of the Nether- 
lands, about 1 8 15 — tf. at Hornau, Hesse-Darm- 
stadt, 22 Oct. 1852. Die Eesultate der Sitten- 
geschichte, 1808-22 — Die Nationalgeschichte 
der Deutschen, 1825-6 — Civilization, 1847. 

Gages, Jean Bonaventure Dumont, Count 
of, general, — ft. at Mons, 27 Dec. 1682 — enters 
the army, 1703 — takes command of Spanish 
army in Naples, Sep. 1742 — defeats Austrians 
at Campo Santo, 8 Feb. 1743 — enters Milan, 
19 Dec. 1745 — passes the Ticino, 8 Feb. 1746 
— Chevalier of the Golden Fleece, 1745 — Go- 
vernor and Captain-General of Navarre, 1748 — 
tf. at Pampeluna, 31 Jan. 1753. 

Gagging Act, in England, — against treason 
and sedition, 36 Geo. III. cc. 7 and 8, passed 
18 Dec. 1795 — another, 60 Geo. III. c. 6, 
passed, 24 Dec. 18 19. 

Gagini, Antonio, sculptor,— ft. at Palermo, 
1480 — goes to Rome, about 1504? — tf. at 
Palermo, 17 Nov. 157 1. 

Gagliardi, Domenico, physician. Anatome 
ossiam novis inventis illustrata, 1689 — Idea del 
vero medico fisico e morale, §c, 17 18. 

Gagliufn, Marco Faustino, improvisateur, 
— b. at Ragusa, 1764 — tribune of the people, 
Rome, Feb. 1798 to Apr. 1799— goes ^° P«*"isj 
1801 — Prof. Jurisprudence, Genoa, 1805-15 — 
librarian to Royal University, about 18 19 — tf. 
at Novi, 16 Feb. 1834. 



Gaguin, Eobert, historian, — General of the 
Order of Trinitarians, 1473 — *•• at Paris, 1501. 
Compendium supra Francorum gestis, §c, 1491- 
1500, 1521. 

Gaguini, Alessandro, historian, — ft. at Ve- 
rona, about 1550 — tf. at Cracow, 16 14. Eerum 
polonicarum tomi tres, 1584. 

Gaianus, — Bp of Alexandria, and leader of 
the Gaianites, 537. 

Gail, Jean Baptiste, philologist, translator, 
— ft. at Paris, 4 Jul. i755, a 1753 b — Prof. 
Greek, College de France, 1792-1829 — receives 
Cross of St Wladimir, 1809 — member of Insti- 
tute, 1809 — keeper of Greek and Latin MSS., 
Royal Library, 18 14 — member of Legion of 
Honour, 18 14 — if. at Paris, 5 Feb. 1829. Dia- 
logues des Morts de Lticien, 1780 — edition of 
Thucydides, 1807 — of Xenophon, 1795. 
a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Gaillard. [Chateati-Gaillard.] 

Gaillard, Angier, poet,'— ft. , about 1530 — if., 
after 1582. Lou banquet al col a bel cop de 
sortos de meises, §c, 1584 — Les Amours, 
1592. 

Gaillard, Gabriel Henri, historian, §c, — ft. 
in Picardy, 1726 — member of Academy of In- 
scriptions, 1760 — of French Academy, 177 1 — 
of Institute, 1796 — tf., 13 Feb. 1806. Histoire 
de Marie de Bourgogne, 1757 — Histoire de 
Frangois l cr , 1766-9 — Histoire de la rivalite de 
la France et de I'Angleterre, 1771-7. 

Gainas, Gothic leader, — sent by Stilicho 
against Rufinus, 395 — commands against Tri- 
bigild the Ostrogoth, 399 — joins him in revolt, 
400 — defeated by Fravitta, retires beyond the 
Danube, 14 Dec. 400 a — killed by Uldas, king 
of the Huns, Jan. 40i. b a Clinton. b Gibbon. 

Gaines, Fort, U.S., — surrendered to the 
Federals, 8 Aug. 1864. 

Gainsborough, Thomas, painter, — ft. at Sud- 
bury, Suffolk, 1727 — pupil of Gravelot, the 
engraver, 1744 — of Hayman, about 1745 — 
marries, 1746 — R.A., 1768 — settles in London, 
1774— ceases to exhibit at the R.A., 1784 — tf. 
in London, 2 Aug. 1788. Blue Boy, 1779 — 
Girl and Pigs, 1782 — Woodman, 1787 — Cottage 
Door, about 1787? — Portraits, of Garrick, 
1766 ; Chesterfield, 1769 ; Lord Ligonier, 
177 1 ; Lady Ligonier, 177 1 ; Duke of Argyle, 
1779 ; Sit C. Morgan, 1783; Col. Tarleton, 
1782; Col. St Leger, 1782; Princesses Eoyal, 
Augusta, and Elizabeth, 1784; Mrs Siddons, 
1784. 

Gaisford, Thomas, philologist,— b. in Wilt- 
shire, 22 Dec. 1779 — enters Christ Church, 
Oxford, Oct. 1797— B. A., 1801— M.A., 1804 
— Public Examiner, 1809-10 — Regius Prof. 
Greek, 1811 — rector of Westwell, Oxfordshire, 
1815-47 — declines see of Oxford, 1829 — dean 
of Christ Church, 1831— B.D. and D.D., by 
diploma, 1831 — prebendary of St Paul's, 1833 
— tf. at Oxford, 2 Jun. 1855. Hphcestionis 
Enchiridion, 18 10 — Boetce Grceci Minor es, 
1 8 14-20 — Homeri Llias, 1 8 2 1 — Herodotus, 
1824 — Homeri Odyssea, 1827 — Suidce Lexicon, 
1834 — Ethnologicon Magnum, 1848 — Gaisford 
Erize, for Greek, founded, 12 Jun. 1855. 

Gaius, {Cuius,) jurist, — fl., about 150— his 



5 66 



GALACZ^-GALEN. 



Institutiones discovered at Verona, by Niebuhr, 
1816 — published by Goschen, 1821. 

Galacz, in Moldavia, — the Russians defeat 
Turks near, Nov. 1769 — taken by Russians, 
1 May 1789 — recovered by Turks, 18 Aug. 
1789 — preliminaries of peace between Russia 
and the Porte signed at, 11 Aug. 1791 — battle 
of, between the Hetserists and the Turks, 13 
May 1 82 1 — pillaged and burnt by Turks, 14 
May 1 82 1 — Russians defeat the Turks near, 10 
May 1828 — free port, 1834. 

Galanti, Giuseppe Maria, miscellaneous 
writer, — ft. at Naples, 1743 — tf. at Naples, 6 
Oct. 1806. Elogio storico di Machiavelli, 1779 

— Delia descrizione storica e geografica dell' 
Italia, 1 782-91 — Descrizione geografica e politica 
delle Sicilie, 1786. 

Galanti, Lodovico Maria, geographer,— b. 
in Naples, 1765 — Prof. Geography there, 1806 
— tf. near Naples, 31 Mar. 1836. Da Geografia 
politica, 1 8 19 — Napoli e suoi contorni, 1829 — 
Instituzioni di geografia fisica e politica, 1806. 

Galapagos, islands in the Pacific, — visited 
by whalers, about 1790 — penal settlement in, 
from Ecuador, 1832. 

Galata, (leva,) [Constantinople] — colon- 
ized by Genoese, about 12 85 -1300 — colonists 
of, attack Constantinople, 1348— unsuccessfully 
attacked by Cantacuzenos, 1351 — its privileges 
and territories confirmed by treaty, 1352. 

Galatia, (Gallogrjecia,) — [B C] — Gauls 
invited into Asia by Nicomedes I., king of 
Bithynia, 278 a — Gauls defeated by Attalus I. 
of Pergamus, and settled in Galatia, 239 a — 
aids Antiochus the Great against Rome, 192- 
190 — subjugated by Manlius Vulso, 189 a — 
taken possession of by Mithridates the Great, 
88-86, b 92 c — Deiotartjs I., (tetrarch,) aids 
Rome against Mithridates, 74 b — is made Ring, 
and Gadelonitis and Armenia Minor added, 
about 63 b — aids Pompey, 48 — his territories 
reduced by Caesar, 47— Deiotartjs II. aids 
Antony, but deserts at Actiumto Octavianus, 31 

— Amyntas of Lycaonia acquires Derbe, 
Isaura, and Cappadocia in addition, before 25 
made a Roman province, 25 — [AD] — extended 
from Euxine to Pisidian Taurus, after 14 — 
reduced by Constantine, about 323 — divided 
by Theodosius I., about 380. a Clinton. 

b Smith's Diet. c Oxford Tables. 

Galaxy, The, {Milky Way,)— systematically 
examined by Herschel, 1784-5. 

Galba, C. Sulpicius, — Consul with Dec. 
Haterius Agrippa, (775, a. u. c.) 22. 

Galha Maximus, P. Sulpicius,— [B C] — Con- 
sul with Cn. Fulvius Centumalus, (543, a. u. c.) 
211 — as proconsul in Macedonia carries on 
war against Philip, 210 — seizes iEgina, 209 — 
— with Attalus plunders Orcas, 207 — recalled 
from Greece, 204 — Consul with C. Aurelius 
Cotta, agaiu sent to Macedonia, (554,) 200 — 
legatus to T. Quinctius Flamininus, 197 — am- 
bassador to Antiochus, 193. 

Galba, Ser. Sulpicius,— [B C]—prcetor, in 
Spain, 151 — defeated by Lusitanians, 151 — 
massacres Lusitanians on their submission, 150 
— Consul with. L. Aurelius Cotta, (611, A. U. c.) 
144 — Is., after 138. 



Galba, Ser. Sulpicius, Roman Emperor, — 
[BC]— 6., 24 Dec, 3, a (5 b ?)— [AD]— prcetor, 
20 — Consul with L. Corn. Sulla, (786, a. u. c.) 
33 — commands in Gaul, 39 — with Gabinius 
defeats Germans, 41 b — commands in Africa, 
45-6 — in Spain, (Tarraconensis,) 61-8 — pro- 
claimed Emperor by soldiers, 3 Apr. 68 — goes 
to Rome, acknowledged, end of Jun. 68 — 
killed by soldiers, 15 Jan. 69. 

a Suetonius. b Clinton. 

Galbajo, Giovanni, Doge op Venice, — col- 
league or his father, Maurice, in the govern- 
ment, 777 — succeeds him, and associates his son 
Maurice, 787— exiled, 804. 

Galdi, Matteo, statesman, — ft. near Salerno, 
1766 — emigrates to France, 1791 — minister of 
the Cisalpine Republic in Holland, 1799 — Pre- 
sident of Public Instruction, Naples, 1810 — ■ 
Pres. Chamber of Representatives, 1821 — tf. 
at Naples, 31 Oct. 1821. Delia necessita. di 
stabilire una republica in Italia, 1796 — Quadro 
politico delle rivoluzioni delle provincie unite, §c. } 
1809. 

Gale, Roger, antiquary, — ft. in London, 
1672 — Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, 
1697— M. P. North Allerton, 1705-10 — tf. at 
Scruton, in Yorkshire, 25 Jun. 1744. Edits 
his father's Antonini iter Britanniariim com- 
mentaries illustration, 1709 — Knowledge of 
Medals, 1697. 

Gale, Samuel, antiquary, — ft. in London, 
1682 — first treasurer of Society of Antiquaries, 
1717-40— tf., 10 Jan. 1754. History of Win- 
chester Cathedral, 17 15. 

Gale, Theophilus, theologian, — ft. in Devon- 
shire, 1628 — M.A. Oxford, 1652 — tf., Mar. 
1678. Court of the Gentiles, 1669-77. 

Gale, Thomas, philologist, — ft. in Yorkshire, 
1636 — M.A. Cambridge, 1662 — Prof. Greek, 
Cambridge, 1666-72 — head master of St Paul's 
School, 1672-97 — prebendary of St Paul's, 
1676 — F.R.S., 1677 — Honorary secretary, 
1685 — dean of York, 1697 — tf. there, 8 Apr. 
1702. Opusada mythologica, $c, 167 1 — 
Jamblichus, 1678 — Hist. Anglicana Scriptores, 
1687 — Hist. Britann'icce, Saxonicce, Anglo- 
Danicce scriptores, 1691. 

Galeazzini, Giovanni Battista, statesman, 
— ft. at Rastia, Corsica, 1759 — administrator of 
the department of Corsica, 1790 — commander 
of National Guard, assists at the Federation at 
Paris, 14 Jul. 1790 — capitulates to the English 
at Rastia, 1794 — governor of Elba, 1803 — 
Raron of the Empire, 18 10 — tf. at Rastia, 1833. 

Galeazzo. [Visconti.] 

Galen, (Claudius Galenus,) physician, — ft. 
at Pergamus, autumn 130 — begins to study 
medicine, 147 — city physician at Pergamus, 
158 — visits Rome, 162* — again, 164a — leaves 
Rome, 167 — at Aquileia, Jan. 169 — returns 
with M. Aurelius to Rome, 169 a — part of his 
books burnt, 191 — delivers lectures, 192-3 — tf., 
200. De Usu partium, and other works, 170-4 
— De libris suis, de cowpositione medicam., after 
191 — De antidotis, after 193. a Clinton. 

Galen, Christoph Bernard van, Prixce- 
Rishop of Munster, — b. in Westphalia, 
about i6o7, a Oct. i6o4, b i6oo c — Prince-bishop, 



GALEOTTI— GALLA PLACIDIA. 



567 



1650 — besieges and takes Minister, 1657 — 
General, serves against Turks, 1664 — with 
English invades the Netherlands, 1665 — tf. at 
Huy, 19 Sep. 1678. a Biog. Univ. 

b Ersch and Gruber. c Conv.-Lex. 

Galeotti, Marzio, — ft. in Umbria, about 
1440 — tf. at Lyons, 1494- De homine et ejus 
partibus, 1476 — De doctrina promiscua, 1548. 

Galerius Maximianus. [Maximianus.] 

Galfrid, chronicler, — Bp of St Asaph, 1151- 
75 — tf., about 1180. Origo et gesta region et 
principum Britannia, 15 17. 

Galfrid, {Geoff roi de Beaulieu,) Confessor to 
St Louis, — accompanies St Louis to Egypt and 
Palestine, 1248-50 — and to Egypt, 1270 — 
if., about 1274. Vita Ludovici IX., 1270-4. 

Galgacus, — leads the Caledonians and is de- 
feated by Agricola, 84. 

Galhegos, Manoel de, poet,— ft. at Lisbon, 
1597 — tf., 9 Jul. 1665. Gigantomachia, 1628 
■ — Templo de memoria, 1630 — Poesias varias, 
1637. 

Galiani, Ferdinando, statesman, miscellaneous 
writer,^—b. in the Abruzzo, 2 Dec. 1728 — se- 
cretary of Legation, Paris, 1759 — councillor 
of the Board of Trade, Naples, 1769 — secre- 
tary, 1770 — tf. there, 30 Oct. 1787. Delia 
Moneta, 1750 — Dialogues sur le commerce des 
bids, 1770. 

Galicia, province of Austria, {Bed Russia, 
Galizien, Lodomiria,) — forms part of Hungary 
till its incorporation with Poland, about 1070, 
i374, a 1382, b 1340 c — claimedby Maria Theresa, 
1772 : Eastern, {Alt- Galizien,) given up to 
Austria by treaty of 18 Sep. 1773, and named 
Galicia : Western, {Neu- Galizien}) acquired by 
Austria, on third division of Poland, 1795 — 
part of, ceded to Napoleon, and forms part of 
Grand Duchy of Warsaw, 1809 — restored to 
Austria, 18 15 — constitution granted, 181 7 — in- 
surrection in, Feb. 1 846 — Cracow incorporated 
with, 1846 — the Bukowine separated from, by 
Imperial patent, 1857 — state of siege pro- 
claimed, 29 Feb. 1864. a Engl. Cyc. 
b Diet. Geog. Univ. c Bouillet. 

Galicia, province of Spain, — held by Suevi, 
408 — Catholic faith established in, by Theodo- 
mir, 559 — conquered by Visigoths, 585 — by 
Moors, 713 — by Troila, king of Leon, 759 — 
erected into a kingdom for Don Garcia, by 
Ferdinand I., 1065 — conquered by Alfonso of 
Castile, 1073 — interdict laid on, by Celestine 
III., 1 191 — gives title of Count to eldest sons 
of the kings of Castile, till 1474 — province of 
Spain, by Ferdinand the Catholic, 1474 — 
divided into five provinces, 1822, a i833. b 
a Encyc. Mod. b Chambers' Encyc. 

Galilei, Galileo, astronomer, natural philoso- 
pher, — ft. at Pisa, 18 Feb. 1564 — enters the 
Univ. of Pisa, 5 Nov. 158 1 — discovers iso- 
chronism of the vibrations of the pendulum, 
about 1582 — lecturer on Mathematics, Pisa, 
1589 — Prof. Mathematics, Padua, Sep. 1592 — 
his friendship with Kepler begins, 1597 — in- 
vents the thermometer, about 1603 — constructs 
his first telescope, 1609 — named Prof, at Padua 
for life, 1609 — discovers satellites of Jupiter, 7 
Jan. 1610 — discovers spots on the sun, proba- 



bly Apr., a Mar. b 161 1 — mathematician to the 
Grand Duke of Tuscany, removes to Florence, 
161 1 — visits Eome, early in 161 1 — appears 
there to answer charges of the Inquisition, 
1615 — has audience of the Pope, (Paul V.,) 
Mar. 1 6 16 — visits Borne, has audiences of 
Urban VIIL, Easter 1624 — summoned by the 
Inquisition, Feb. 1633 — sentence of the In- 
quisition passed, abjuration of Galileo, 22 Jun. 
1633 — returns to Arcetri, Dec. 1633 — loses his 
daughter, Apr. 1634 — becomes blind, 1637 — tf. 
at Arcetri, 8 Jan. 1642. Sidereus Nuncius, 
1610 — Dialogo sopra i due Ilassimi Sistemi del 
Mondo, 1632 — Discorso e Demostr. intorno alle 
due nuove Scienze, 1638 — Delia Scienza Meccani- 
ca, 1649 — Trattato della Sfera, 1655. 
a Humboldt. b Drink water. 

Galilei, Vincenzo, ivriter on music, — ft., about 
1533 — tf., about 1600. Dialogo della Musi ca 
antica e moderna, #<?., 1581. 

Galitzin, Basil, {the Great,) statesman, — ft., 
1633 — ministerof state, 1680 — suppresses revolt 
of the Strelitzes, 1682 — concludes treaty of 
peace with Poland, 1686 — conspires against 
the Czar, exiled, 1689 — tj. at Moscow, 1713. 

Galitzin, Michael (I.), Prince or, field- 
marshal, — ft., 11 Nov. 1674 — enters the army, 
1686 — serves in the war with Sweden, 1700 — 
Colonel of the Guards, 1706 — Governor of 
Finland, 1713-21 — Field-marshal, 1724 — pre- 
sident of the College of War, senator, 1730 — 
tf. at Moscow, 21 Dec. 1730. 

Galitzin, Dmitri (III), Prince of, diplo- 
matist, naturalist, §c, — ft. in Bussia, about 
1730 — ambassador to France, 1765 — to the 
Hague, about 1773 — tf. at Brunswick, 17 Mar. 
1803. Description physique de la Tauride, 
\*1%% — Traite de Mine'ralogie, 1792 — L 1 Esprit 
des Economistes, 1796. 

Gall, Franz Joseph, founder of Phrenology, 
— ft. in Baden, 9 Mar. 1758 — M.D. Vienna, 1785 
— arrives with Spurzheim at Paris, 1807 — 
naturalized, 181 9 — tf- there, 22 Aug. 1828. 
Philosophisch - Medicinische TJntersuchungen, 
§c, 1791 — Anatomie et Physiologie du Sysieme 
Nerveux, §c, 18 10-19 — Sur V Origine des 
qualites morales et des facultes intellectuelles de 
VHomme, 1822-5. 

Gall, St, Monastery of, — founded by St Gall 
and St Columban, soon after 600 — burnt by 
Hungarians, 938 — quarrels of the monks with 
the townsmen, about 1000 — separated from the 
town by wall, 1567 — independence secured by 
treaty, about 1695 — secularized, 1805 — canton 
formed, 1798^ 1803 b — monastery and town in- 
corporated with Sentis, 1798° — annexed to 
Appenzel and forms ninth department, by con- 
stitution of 29 May i8oi. c 

a Bouillet. b Diet. Geog. Univ. c Kees' Cyc. 

Galla, Doge or Venice, — excites a riot and 
gets himself elected, 755 — blinded and exiled, 

75 6 - 

Galla Placidia, — ft., 388— takes part in 
public affairs at Borne, 408 — captured by 
Alaric, 410 — marries Ataulphus, 414 — restored 
to Honorius, 416 — married to Constantius, 1 
Jan. 417 — left a widow, 421 — takes refuge 
with Theodosius II. at Constantinople, 423 — 



sG\ 



GALLACCINI— GALLQ. 



Regent in minority of Yalentinian III.-, 425 — 
&., about 450. 

Gallaccini, Theophilus, mathematician, — ft. 
at Siena, 1564 — M.D. there, 1583 — goes to 
Ronie, 1590- 1 602 — Prof. Mathematics, Siena, 
1621-41 — tf. there, 27 Apr. 1641. 

Galland, Andre, Oratorian, — ft. at Venice, 
6 Dec. 1709 — rj., 12 Jan. 1779. Bibliotheca 
retcnim Fatrum antiquorumqice scriptorum 
ecclesiasticorum, 1 7 65 - 8 1 . 

Galland, Antoine, orientalist, numismatist, 
§c, — ft. near Montdidier, 1646 — studies at 
Paris, 1 66 1 — received at Academy of Inscrip- 
tions, 1701 — Prof. Arabic, College Royal, 1709 
— tf. at Paris, 17 Feb. 17 15. Lcs mille et tine 
nuits, 1704-1708 — Les Contes et Fables In- 
diennes de Fidpay et de Folcman, 1724. 

Grallas, The, -in Africa, — begin to ravage 
Abyssinia, 1537. 

Gallas, Matthias, field-marshal, — ft. in 
Italy, 1589 — enters the army, 161 6 — enters the 
service of Ferdinand II., about 1620 — pleni- 
potentiary of the Emperor, concludes the 
Treaty ef Cherasco, 1630,* 1631b — Field- 
marshal, 1 63 1 — as Commander-in-chief of Im- 
perial army, defeated by the Swedes, 1644 — ft. 
at Vienna, 25 Apr. 1647, 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Gallatin, Albert, statesman, — ft. at Geneva, 
29 Jan. 1 76 1- — goes to America, 1780 — member 
of Pennsylvanian Legislature, 1790 — of House 
of Representatives, 1792 — United States 
Senator, 1793 — Secretary of the Treasury, 
1 801 — Commissioner to Ghent, 1803 — finance 
minister, 1809 — ambassador to St Petersburg, 
1 8 13 — to England, about 18 14 — to Paris, 1816- 
23 — again to England, 1826 — tf., 12 Aug. 1849. 

Gallaudet, Thomas Hopkins, teacher of 
deaf-mutes, — ft. at Philadelphia, 10 Dec. 1787 
— visits Europe, 18 15- 16 — Principal of the 
American Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, at 
Hartford, Apr. 1817-30 — &., 10 Sep. 1851. 

Galle, Cornelisz, (the elder,) engraver, — ft. 
at Antwerp, 1570. 

Galle, Cornelisz, (the younger J) engraver, — 
ft. at Antwerp, 1600. 

Galle, Philip, engraver, — ft. at Haarlem, 
1537 — "ft. at Antwerp, 1612. 

Galle, Theodore, engraver, — ft. at Antwerp, 
1560. 

Gallegos, Fernando, painter, — ft. at Sala- 
manca, 146 1 — rj., 1550. 

Galletti, Johann Georg August, historian, 
— ft. at Altenburg, 19 Aug. 1750— Prof. His- 
tory, Gymnasium, Gotha, 17 83-1 8 19 — council- 
lor, historiographer to Duke of Gotha, 18 16 — 
rj., 16 Mar. 1828. Geschichtc und Bcschreibung 
cles Herzogthums Gotha, 1779-81 — Geschiehte 
Thuringens, 1782-85 — Lehrbuch der alien 
Staatengeschichte, 1783. 

Galletti, Pietro Luigi, antiquary, — ft. at 
Rome, 1724 — if., Dec. 1790. Gabbio antica 
cittd di Sabina scoperta, §c, 1757 — Ragiona- 
mento dell' origine e de' primi tempi delV abadia 
Fiorentina, 1773. 

Galley Halfpence, — prohibited in England, 
by Acts 11 Hen. IV. c. 5, i.±cq-io and 13 Hen. 
IV. c. 6, 141 1. 



Galleys, Punishment of the, in France, — to 
be for not less than ten years, by ordinance of 
Charles IX., 1564 — on abolition of galleys, the 
bagnes substituted, 1748 — name changed to 
travaux forces by Constituent Assembly, 1798 
— accompanied with forfeiture, infamy, and 
branding, by the Code Napoleon, 18 10 — the 
brand abolished, 1832 — abolished, 1852. 

Galli, Ferdinand. [Bibbiena.] 

Galli. [Gauls.] 

Gallia, Cisalpina, — [BC] — overrun and oc- 
cupied by Gauls, (Senones,) about 390 — con- 
quered by Romans, 225-222 — made a Roman 
province, 222 — finally reduced, 191 — becomes 
part of Italy, about 43. Transalpina. [Gaul.] 

Gallican Church, The, — liberties of, asserted 
in the Pragmatic Sanction, 1438 — by Concord- 
at between Leo X. and Francis I., 15 12 — dis- 
pute respecting, between Louis XIV. and In- 
nocent XL, 168 1 — discussed in Assembly of 
the Clergy, opened, 9 Xov. 168 i — defined and 
confirmed by the ' Four Propositions ' drawn 
up by Bossuet and confirmed by Royal Edict, 
23 Mar. 1682 — the Declaration condemned by 
Alexander VIII. , 1690 — by Clement XL, 1706 
— and by Pius VI., 1794 — recognized in the 
Concordat concluded in 1801 — made law of 
the Empire by Imperial decree, 25 Feb. 18 10. 
Nciv, founded at Paris by the Abbe Chatel, 

l8 3 J - 
Gallicanus, — Consul with Titianus, (880, 

A. TJ. C.) I27. 

Galliccioli, Giovanni Battista, orientalist, 
antiquary,— ft. at Venice, 1733 — ft, there, 1806. 
Fizionario Fatino-Italiano delta sacra Biblia, 
Memorie Venete antiche, 1795, 

Gallienus, P. Licinius Valerianic Egnatius, 
Roman Emperor,— associated with his father 
Valerian, 253 — acknowledged by senate, Jun. 
254— commands in Gaul, guards the Rhine, 
255 — Augustus alone on capture of Valerian by 
Sapor, 260 — defeats anclkills Ingenuus in Pan- 
nonia, -260 — puts an end to persecution of 
Christians, 261 — sets out from Greece against 
Goths, 267— besieges Aureolus in Milan, and is 
killed by his own soldiers, Mar. 268. 

Gallipoli, Turkey, (Callipolis,) — occupied by 
the Catalans, 1 305 — taken by the Turks, 1 354,* 
i356, b 1357 c — landing of the allies at, spring 
1854. a Engl. Cye. b Diet. Geog. Univ. 

c Chambers' Encyc. 

Gallisoniere, Roland Michel Barrin, naval 
commander, — ft. at Rochefort, 11 Xov. 1693 — 
enters the navy, 1710 — Governor-general of 
Canada, 1745-49 — defeats Admiral Pyng in the 
Mediterranean, May 1756 — ft. at JSTemours, 26 
Oct. 1756. 

Gallo, Marzio Idastrilli, a (Mastrizzi, h ) Mar- 
quis and Dxtke of, diplomatist, — ft. at Paler- 
mo, 1753 — ambassador to Vienna, 1795 — signs 
Peace of Campo Formio, 1797 — Chevalier of 
the Golden Fleece, 1797 — ambassador to Milan, 
1802 — assists at coronation of Bonaparte as 
king of Italy, at Milan, May 1 805 — Minister of 
Foreign Affairs to Joseph Xapoleon, 1806 — 
follows King Joseph to Bayonne, May 1808 — 
Minister of Foreign Affairs to Murat, 1808-15 
—ambassador to St Petersburg, 1820— accom- 



GALLON— GAMA. 



5 fe 9 



parries Ferdinand IV. to Congress of Laybach, 
1821 — If. at Naples, Feb. 1833. 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Conv.-Lex. 

Gallon, Imperial, — made the standard mea- 
sure for liquids, corn, and dry goods, by Act 5 
Geo. IV. c. 74, 17 Jun. 1824. 

Galloway, Lordship of, {Gallwegia,) — men- 
tioned, 973 — again, in charter of David I., 
1 1 24 — Alan expels Olaf , king of Man, from, 
about 1230 — division of, on Alan's death, and 
subjection to the crown, 1233 — passes by mar- 
riage to the Baliol family, soon after : Henry 
de Percy appointed keeper of, 1296— invaded by 
Edward I., 1300 — ravaged by Bruce, 1307 — 
subdued by Edward Bruce, 1308 — passes by 
marriage to the Douglas family, before 1332 — 
forfeited by rebellion of Earl James, 1455. 

Gallus, JElius, — [BC] — prefect of Egypt, 
makes disastrous expedition into Arabia, 24. 

Gallus, Ap. Annius Trebonius, — Consul 
with M. Atilius Metil'ius Bradua, (861, a. tj. c.) 
108. 
Gallus, (C.1) juri st,— [BC]—&., about 75. 
Gallus, C Aquillius, jurist, — [B C] — prcetor 
with Cicero, 66. 

Gallus, C. Asinius, — [B c] — Consul with C. 
Marcius Censorinus, (746, a. tj. c.) 8. 

Gallus, C, — Consul with T. Satuminus, (951, 
a. tj. c.) 198. 

Gallus, Cestius, — legatus in Syria, 64-5. 
Gallus, C. Cestius, — Consul with M. Servil- 
ius Nonianus, (788, a. tj. c.) 35. 

Gallus, C. Cornelius, poet,— [B C]— tj., about 
66 — joins party of Octavianus, 44 — triumvir to 
distribute land in N. Italy, 41 — serves at battle 
of Actium, 31 — destroys Antony's fleet, 31 — 
prafect of Egypt, 30 — recalled and exiled, kills 
himself, 26. 

Gallus, C Pompeius Longinus, — Consul 
with Q. Verannius, (802, a. tj. c.) 49. 

Gallus, C. Sulpicius, — [BC] — proetor, 169 
— military tribune under L. JEmilius Paullus 
in Macedonia, 168 — predicts eclipse of the 
moon, (086, a. tj. c.) 21 Jun. (Jul. ?) 168— Con- 
sul with M. Claudius Marcellus, subdues Ligu- 
rians, (588,) 166. 

Gallus, C Sulpicius, — [B C] — Consul with C. 
Fundanius Fundulus, (511, a. tj. c.) 243. 

Gallus, C Vibius Trebonianus, Bomak 
Emperor, — elected after death of Decius, 251 
— killed by his soldiers, Feb. 254^ a Clinton. 
Gallus, L. Anicius, — [B C] — praetor, reduces 
Gentius, king of Illyricum, (586, a. tj. c.) 168 
— Consul with M. Cornelius Cethegus, (594,) 
160 — ambassador to Prusias, 155. 

Gallus, L. Asinius, — Consul with P. Marius 
Celsus, (815, a. u. c.) 62. 

Gallus, L. Caninius,— [B C] — Consul with 
M. Agrippa, (717, a. tj. c.) 37. 

Gallus, L. Plotius, rhetorician, — [B C] — 
opens first rhetorical school at Borne, about 88. 
Gallus, Q. Ogulnius, — [B C]— Consul with C. 
Fabius Pictor, (485, a. u. c.) 269. 

Galluzzi, Riguccio, historian, — ft. at Vol- 
terra, about 1743— rj., 1801. Istoria del 
granducato di Toscana sotto il governo delta 
casa Medici, 17 81. 

Gait, John, miscellaneous writer,— -b. in Ayr- 



shire, May 1779 — Commissioner for valuing 
lands in Canada, 1825 — Superintendent to 
Canada Company, 1826-9 — ft. at Greenock, 
Apr. 1839. Voyages and Travels, 181 2 — 
Life of Cardinal Wolsey, 1812 — Ayrshire 
Legatees, 1821 — Autobiography, 1833 — Lite- 
rary Life and Miscellanies, 1834. 

Galuppi, Baldassare, {LI Lziranello,) musical 
composer, — h. near Venice, 1703 — director of the 
Opera, St Petersburg, 1766 — Xf., Jan. i785, ac 
l8o5. b a Biog. Univ. 

b Engl. Cye. c Evsch and Gruber. 

Galuppi, Pasquale, Baron di Troppea, 
philosopher, — b . in Sicily, 1 7 74, a 1 7 7 o b — 
correspondent of French Institute, 1840 — lj. 
Prof. Philosophy, Naples, Nov. 1846. Ele- 
menti di filosofia, 1821 — Fi lo sofa del 'la volonta, 
1835-42 — Consider azioni filosofiche, §c, 1841. 
a Conv.-Lex. b Biog. Univ. 

Galvani, Aloysius, natural philosopher,— b. 
at Bologna, 9 Sep. 1737 — M.D. Prof. Anatomy 
there, 1762 — discovers animal electricity, about 
1790 — tf., 4 Dec. 1798. L)e viribus electri- 
citatis in motu musculari commentarius, 179 1. 

Galvani, Antonio, — b. at Lisbon, 1503 — em- 
barks for the Indies, 1527 — appointed governor, 
subdues the Moluccas, 1528 — returns to Europe, 
1540 — ft. at Lisbon, 11 Mar. 1557. Tratados, 

1555. 

Galvanism. [Electricity, Magnetism.] 

Galvanometer, — Bourbonne's invented, 1870. 

Galveston, Texas, U.S., — surrendered by 
Gen. Kirby Smith to Gen. E. J. Davis, 5 Jun. 
1865. 

Galvez de Montalvo, Luis, poet, — ft. at 
Guadalaxara, Nov. 1549 — 1(. at Palermo, 1610. 
Pastor de Filida, 1582. 

Galway, in Ireland, — fortress built, 11 24 — 
taken from the O'Flahertys by Bichard de 
Burgho, 1232 — fortified, 1270 — submits to Sir 
Charles Coote, 1652— declares for James II., 
1689 — surrenders to Gen. Ginkell, 2i, a 26 b Jul. 
1 69 1 — fortifications demolished, since 1779. 
Royal College, founded by Donat 0' Murray, 
Abp of Tuam, 1484. Queen's College, endowed 
by Act 8 and 9 Vic. c. 66, 31 Jul. 1845— 
opened, Nov. 1849. 

a Annals of England. b Engl. Cyc. 

Galway, {Galloway,) Henry de Massue, 
Marquis of Buvigny, Earl or, — h., 9 Apr. 
1648 — follows his father to England, 1686— 
enters service of William III., 1688 — takes 
part in battle of theBoyne, 1690 — distinguishes 
himself at Neerwinden, 1693 — commands Eng- 
lish auxiliaries in Piedmont, 1694-6 — Earl of 
Galway, 1697 — commands the English army in 
Spain, 1705 — invades Estremadura, 1705 — 
loses a hand at siege of Badajoz, 1706 — takes 
Alcantara, Jun. 1706 — enters Madrid, 24 Jun. 
1706 — defeated by Duke of Berwick at 
Almanza, 14 (25) Apr. 1707 — again defeated 
by Marquis de Bay, at La Gudiiia, 7 May 1709 
— his property confiscated by Louis XIV ,1711 
— Lord-justiciary of Ireland, 17 15-16 — ft., 
1721. 

Gama, Stefano de, — Governor of Malacca, 
1536 — proclaimed governor of Goa, 1540 — ■ 
returns to Lisbon, 1542 — ft. there, 1555. 



GAMA— GANTHEAUME. 



Gama, Vasco de, maritime discoverer, — ft. in 
Portugal, 1450 — commands expedition to India 
by way of the Cape of Good Hope, 8 Jul. 1497 
to Aug. or Sep. 1499 — Admiral of the Indies, 
1499 — commands squadron sent to India, settles 
several factories, 1502 to Dec. 1503 — viceroy 
of India, 1524 — fo. at Cochin, Dec. 1525^ 
1524. 



a Engl. Cvc. 



Ersch and G ruber. 



Gamaches, Joachim Roualt de, Marshal 
of France, — distinguishes himself at the 
taking of Creil and St Denis, 1441 — takes part 
in the conquest of Normandy, 1449-50 — Con- 
stable of Bordeaux, 1451- — at the siege and 
battle of Castillon, 1452 — Marshal, 146 1 — 



defends Beauv; 



gainst the Duke of Bur- 



gundy, 1462 — ft., 7 Aug. 1478. 

Gamain, Francois, locksmith to Louis XVI., 
— b. at Versailles, 1751 — informs the Paris 
municipality of the a r moire defer at the Tuile- 
ries, 20 Nov. 1792 — tf. at Versailles, May 1795. 

Gamaliel, — if., about 52. 

Gamba, Bartolomeo, bibliographer, — ft. at 
Bassano, 16 May 1766 — rj., 3 May 1841. Serie 
dei testi di lingua usati a stampa nel vocabulario 
della crusca, 1805 — Serie degli scritti impressi 
nel dialetto veneziano, 1832. 

Ganibette, Loi. [Burgundian Code.] 

Gambia, The, in Africa, — source of, dis- 
covered by Mollien, 18 18 — territory on, ceded 
to England, 1783 a — explored by Macdonnell, 
1851. British Colony established, i63i. b 
a Rees' Cyc. b Martin. 

Gambier, James, Baron, admiral, — ft. in 
the Bahamas, 13 Oct. 1756 — serves in the fleet 
under Lord Howe, 1793 — Bear-admiral, 1795 

— Vice-admiral, 1799 — commander of the 
Channel Fleet, 1801 — Admiral, 1805 — com- 
mands expedition against Denmark, Aug. 1807 

— bombards Copenhagen, 1-5 Sep. — Baron, 
1807 — commander of Channel Fleet, blockades 
French ports, 1808 — defeats French, squadron 
in the Basque Boads, 17 Mar. 1809 — named 
one of the Commissioners for establishing peace 
with the United States, 1814— G.C.B., 1814— 
tr. near Exbridge, 19 Apr. 1833. 

Game, in England, — killing of, punishable 
with death, before the Carta de Foresta, 9 Hen. 
III., 1224 — qualification to hill, introduced by 
Stat. 13 Bich. II. s. 1, c. 13, 1389-90 — limited 
by Acts 3 Jac. I. c. 13, 1605, and 22 and 23 
Car. II. c. 25, 1670 — provisions against deer- 
stealing by Act 16 Geo. III. 0. 30, 1776 — 
annual certificates required by Act 25 Geo. III. 
c. 50, 1785 — laws respecting, amended by Acts 
42 Geo. III. c. 107, 26 Jim. 1802; 57 Geo. 
III. c. 90, 10 Jul. 18 17 ; 7 and 8 Geo. IV. c. 
29, ss. 26-30, 21 Jun. 1827; and 9 Geo. IV. c. 
69, 19 Jul. 1828 — qualification to kill, abol- 
ished, and permission to sell given, by Act 1 
and 2 Win IV. c. 32, 5 Oct. 1 831— further 
provisions by Act 7 and 8 Vic. c. 29, 4 Jul. 
1 844 — Parliamentary Committee on, appointed, 
Feb. 1845 — farther regulations by Acts 11 and 
12 Vic. c. 29, 22 Jul. 1848, and 23 and 24 
Vic. c. 90, 13 Aug. i860. Laws, in France, 
abolished by decree, 11 Aug. 1789. [Poaching.] 

Gamekeepers, — appointment of, authorized 
by Act 22 and 23 Car. II. c. 25, 1670— regu- 
lations respecting, by Acts 25 Geo. III. c. 50, 



1785 ; 31 Geo. III. c. 21, 1761 ; and 48 Geo. 
III. c. 149, 2 Jul. 1808. 

Games, popular, in England, — prohibited by 
parliament, Nov. 1643. 

Gaming, in England, — public, prohibited by 
Act 33 Hen. VIII. c. 9, 1541-2 — penalty on 
fraudulent winning, imposed by Act 16 Car. 
II. c. 7, 1664 — securities for money lent for 
the purpose of, void by Act 9 Anne, c. 14, 17 10 
— law enforced and amended by Act 18 Geo. 
II. c. 34, 1745 — further provisions by Act 5 



and 6 \Vni IV 



41, 31 Aug. 1 



-Parlia- 



mentary Committee on, appointed, 1844. In 
Scotland, prevention of, in public places, pro- 
vided for, by Act 32 and 33 Vic. c. 87, 9 Aug. 
1869. Houses, suppression of, by Acts 8 and 
9 Vic. c. 109, 8 Aug. 1845, and 17 and 18 Vic. 
c. 38, 24 Jul. 1854. [Betting-Houses.] In 
France, licences to keep, discontinued from 1 
Jan. 1838. 

Gamut, in Music, — invention of, attributed 
to Aretino, about 1025. 

Gand, Henri de, theologian, — ft. near Ghent, 
about 1220 — rj. at Tournay, 1293. Summa 
theologies, 1520. 

Gandolfi, Bartolomeo, natural philosopher, 
— ft. in Italy, 1753 — Prof. Natural Philosophy, 
Bavenna, 1779-84 — Prof. Philosophy and 
Mathematics, Borne, 1784 — rj. there, 10 May 
1824. Memoria sidia cagione del terremoto, 
1787 — Trattato sopra gVolivi, 1793 — Memoria 
sulla maniera di costruire cummini, 1807. 

Gandolfi, Gaetano, painter, §c., — ft. at San 
Matteo della Decima, Aug. 1734 — tf. at Bo- 
logna, 1802. 

Gandon, James, architect, — ft., about 1742 
— if. in Ireland, 1824. Custom House, Dublin, 
1781-91. 

Ganganelli. [Clement XIV.] 

Ganges, (Ganga,) river, in Hindostan, — 
passed by Timur, 1399 — by Baber, 1528 — 
source of, explored by order of Chinese Em- 
peror, Camhi, 17 17 — by vVebb and Hodgson, 
spring 1808 — by Moorcroft, 18 12 — reached by 
Fraser, 1815. 

Ganilh, Charles, economist, — ft. at Allanche, 
1758^ 1760 b — member of Chamber of Depu- 
ties, 1815-23 — rj., May 1836. Essai politique 
sur le revenu public des peuples de V antiquite, 
1806 — Fes systemes de Veconomie politique, 
1809 — La Theorie del 'e'eonomie politique, 18 15. 
a Biog. Univ. b Conr.-Lex. 

Gans, Edouard, jurist, — ft. at Berlin, 22 Mar. 
1798 — studies Law at tbe University, 1816 — 
Public Lecturer on Law, 1820 — Prof. Law, 
1825 — ft., 1 May 1839. Scholien zwn Gajus, 
1820 — Fas Erbrecht in weltgeschichtlicher Ent- 
wichelung, 1824-35 — System des Fomischen 
Civil-Rechts, 1 826, a 1 827 b — Vermischte Schrif- 
ten, 1834. a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. 

Gantheaume, Count Honore, admiral, — ft. 
in France, 13 Apr. 1755 — enters the navy, 
1769 — serves in China and the East Indies, 
1785— under Villaret de Joyeuse, 1794 — in 
the Mediterranean, 1795 — wounded at the 
battle of Aboukir, 1798 — commander of the 
naval forces on the Nile and the coasts of 
Egypt, 1798-9 — prepares the squadron for re- 
turn of Napoleon to France, Aug. 1799 — 



GAOL CHAPLAINS— GAEDIE. 



57i 



Councillor of State, President of the section of 
Marine, 1800 — Admiral, 1804 — commands in 
the Mediterranean, 1808 — Inspector-general of 
the Sea-coasts, 1808— member of Council of 
the Admiralty, 18 10— Peer of France, 18 15 — 
Commander of St Louis, Dec. 18 15 — tf. near 
Marseilles, 28 Sep. 1818. 

Gaol Chaplains, — appointment of, provided 
for by Act 4 Geo. IV. c. 64, 10 Jul. 1823. 

Gaols, —regulations respecting, by Acts 22 
and 23 Car. II. c. 20, 1670; 11 and 12 Wm 
III. c. 19, 1700; 14 Geo. III. c. 59, 1774; 
31 Geo. III. c. 46, 1791 — building and main- 
tenance of, regulated by Acts 4 Geo. IV. c. 
64, 10 Jul. 1823 ; 5 Geo. IV. c. 85, 21 Jun. 
1824; 2 and 3 Vic. c. 56, 17 Aug. 1839. 
_ Garainantes, in iV. Africa,— [BC] — men- 
tioned by Herodotus, about 450 — L. Corn. Bal- 
bus leads expedition against, and triumphs, 19. 

Garasse, Francois, Jesuit, — 6. at Angou- 
leme, 1585 — tf. at' Poitiers, 1631. Elixir Qal- 
vinisticum, 1 6 14 — FLoroscopus Anti- Cotonis, 
1 615 — Le Banquet des sept sages, $c, 16 17. 

Garat, Dominique Joseph, statesman, — b. 
at Bayonne, 8 Sep. 1749 — deputy to the States- 
General, 1789 — Minister of Justice, Oct. 1792 — 
notifies the sentence of the Convention to Louis 
XVI., Jan. 1793 — Minister of the Interior, 
Mar. to Aug. 1793 — member of the Council of 
Ancients, 1796 — secretary, 19 Aug. 1798 — 
President, 21 Jan. 1799 — Commander of the 
Legion of Honour, 1804 — readmitted to the 
Institute, 1832 — tf., 9 Dec. 1833. Memoires 
sur la revolution, 1795. 

Garavaglia, Giovita, engraver, — h. at Pavia, 
18 Mar. 1790 (1789?) — goes to Milan, 1808 
—Prof. Engraving, Academy of Florence, 1833 
— tf., 27 Apr. 1835. Herodias, 1813 — Holy 
Family, 18 17. 

Garay, Janos, poet, — n. in Hungary, 18 12 
— tf. at Pesth, 5 Nov. 1853. Esatdr, 1834 — 
Arbocz, 1837 — Batory Frzsebet, 1840 — Bala- 
toni Kagylok, 1843. 

Garay, Martin de, statesman, — ft. in Aragon, 
about 1760— secretary-general of the Junta, 
1808 — Minister of Finance to Ferdinand VII., 
i8i4, a i8i6 b — dismissed, Sep. 1818 — Council- 
lor of State, 1820 — tf. in exile, 1823. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Garcao, Pedro Antonio Corvea, poet, — b. at 
Lisbon, about 1735 — tf. in prison, about 1775. 
Obras, 1778. 

Garcia de Paredes, Diego, — n. at Truxillo, 
1466 — serves in the war of Granada, 1485 — 
Knt of the Golden Spur, by Charles V., 1528 
— U., 1530. 

Garcia Ximenez, — succeeds his father as 
Count of Navarre, 857 — proclaimed King of 
Navarre, 86o, a 858 b — tf., 880. 

a Ferrevas. b Herinilli. 

Garcia. [Sancho Garcia.] 

Garcia I., King of Navarre, — succeeds 
his father, Sancho Garcia, 926 — tf., 970. 

Garcia II., the Trembler, King of Navarre, 
— succeeds his father, Sancho II., 994 — takes 
part with the King of Leon and the Count of 
Castile in defeat of the Moors under Almansur, 
998 — tf., end of 1000. 

Garcia III., King of Navarre, — succeeds 



his father, 1035 — marries Etiennette of Barce- 
lona, 1037 — defeats the king of Aragon, 1042 
— founds a monastery at Nagera, 1052 — im- 
prisoned by his brother Ferdinand, king of 
Castile, but escapes, 1054 — killed in battle, 
near Burgos, 1 Sep. 1054. 

Garcia Ramirez IV., King of Navarre, — 
succeeds Alfonso I., Sep. 11 34 — besieged in 
Pampeluna by Alfonso Baymund, king of 
Castile, 1 140 — repulses him, 24 Apr. 1140 — ■ 
concludes a truce with Baymond Berenger, 
May 1 140 — marries Urraea, daughter of Alfonso 
VIII. of Castile, 1144 — takes part in expe- 
dition against the Moors and in the capture of 
Almeria, 1147 — "&• a ^ Lorca, 21 Nov. 1150. 

Garcia, King of Leon, — heads a revolt 
against his father, Alfonso III. of Oviedo, is 
defeated and imprisoned, 907 — liberated, Dec. 
910 — succeeds on the abdication of his father, 
Dec. 910 — invades New Castile and defeats 
Abdallah, 911 — tf., end of 913. 

Garcilaso (Garcias-Zaso) de la Vega, poet, 
— h. at Toledo, 1500 or 1503 — serves in cam- 
paigns of Charles V., about 1520-36 — tf. at 
Nice, Nov. 1536. Obras, 1563. 

Garcilaso {Garcias-Laso) de la Vega, {the 
Inca,) historian, — h. at Cuzco, Peru, 1530 — 
goes to Spain, about 1560— tf. at Cordova,* 
Valladolid, b 1568, 13 i6i6, a Apr. 1620.° Com- 
entarios Beales que tratan del Origen de los 
Incas, §c., 1609 — La Florida del Ynca, 1605. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. UniT. c Ersch and Gruber. 

Gardane, Antoine, general, — h. in Provence, 
1760 — serves at siege of Toulon, 1793 — con- 
tributes to defeat' of the sections at Paris, Oct. 
1795 — distinguishes himself at the attack on 
the Mincio, Jun. 1796 — wounded at battle of 
Areola, Nov. 1796 — serves in Italy, 1799 — 
General of Division, 1800 — distinguishes him- 
self at Marengo, 1800 — commands under 
Massena in Italy, 1 805 — tf . at Breslau, 14 Aug. 
1807. 

Gardane, Mathieu Claude de, Count, gen- 
eral, §c, — b. at Marseilles, 11 Jul. 1766 — 
enters the army, 1780 — General of Brigade at 
battle of Novi, 1799 — aide-de-camp to Napo- 
leon, 1804 — distinguishes himself at Austerlitz, 
Dec. 1805 — at Jena, 1806 — at Eylau, Feb. 
1807 — plenipotentiary to Persia, 1807 — Count 
of the Empire, 1809 — tf. at Lincel, 23 Jul. 18 18. 

Garde, Antoine Escalin des Aimars, Baron 
de la, — b. in Dauphiny, about 1498 — ambas- 
sador to Constantinople, 1541 — General of the 
galleys, Baron de la Garde, 1541 — commands 
with Barbarossa in naval campaign, 1543 — 
serves against the English, and makes descent 
on Isle of Wight, Jul. to Aug. 1545 — leads ex- 
pedition against the Vaudois, 1545 — deprived 
and imprisoned for cruelty to the Vaudois ; 
declared innocent, 155 1 — again made General 
of the galleys, and commands expedition to 
Corsica, 1553 — contributes to victories of Jarnac 
and Montcontour, 1569 — blockades Bochelle, 
1573 — tf- in Dauphiny, 1578. 

Garde Mobile, of Farts, — organized, 1848. 

Gardens, — in towns, protection of, provided 
for by Act 26 Vic. c. 13, 4 May 1863. 

Gardie, Jakcb, Count de la, general, states- 
man, — h., 1583 — distinguishes himself in the 



57 2 



GARDIE— GARNIER. 



war with Russia, about 1605-17 — negotiates 
the Peace of Stolbowa, 1617 — ft., 1652. 

Gardie, Magnus Gabriel de la, Grand 
Chancellor of Sweden, — b. at Revel, 1622 
— distinguishes himself at siege of Prague, 1648 
— Marshal, 1651 — Treasurer of the kingdom, 
1 65 3 — Lieutenant-general, 1 655 — plenipoten- 
tiary to Congress at Oliva, 1660 — tf., i6S6, a 
l685. b a Biog. Univ. b Con v. -Lex. 

Gardie, Pontus, Baron de la, field-mar- 
shal, statesman, — taken prisoner by the Swedes 
at Yarberg, 1565 — General, serves against Rus- 
sians, 1580 — plenipotentiary at the Peace of 
Pernau, 1585 — ft. at Revel, 1585. 

Gardiner, James, {Colonel Gardiner,) — b. in 
Scotland, 11 Jan. 1688 — enters the army, about 
1 70 1 — distinguishes himself at Ramilies, 1706 
— his conversion, 1719 — Colonel of Dragoons, 
1743 — killed at battle of Preston Pans, 21 Sep. 

*745- m 

Gardiner, Stephen, Bp of Winchester, 
Lord Chancellor of England, — b. at Bury 
St Edmunds, 1483— D.D., LL.D. Cambridge, 
1520 — Master of Trinity HalL 1520 (?) — sent 
by Henry VIII. to Rome to negotiate the di- 
vorce of Catherine of Aragon, 1527,* 1528 b 
— Secretary of State, 1529 — Bpof Winchester, 
Nov. 1531 — prepares address of Convocation to 
the king, 1532 — ambassador to France, 1533 b — 
to Diet of Ratisbon, 1538 a — promotes the Act 
of tbe Six Articles, 1538 — Chancellor of Cam- 
bridge Univ., 1540 — marries Henry Till, and 
Catherine Parr, at Hampton Court, 12 Jul. 
1543 — envoy in Flanders, to promote a league 
between the emperor and kings of France and 
England, 1545 — prosecutes Anne Askew, 1546 
— imprisoned, 1547 and 1548-53 — restored to 
his bishopric by Queen Mary ; Lord Chancellor, 
1553— fr. in London, 12 Nov. 1555. De vera 
obedientia, 1534 — A necessary doctrine of a 
Christian man, 1543. a Engl. Cyc. b Hook. 

Gardner, Lord Alan, admiral, — b. at Uttox- 
eter, Staffordshire, 12 Apr. 1742 — enters the 
navy, 1755 — Post-captain, 19 May 1766 — serves 
in the West Indies, 1778 — distinguishes him- 
self in Rodney's victory, 12 Apr. 1782 — M.P. 
Plymouth, Jan. 1790 — one of the commissioners 
for executing office of Lord High Admiral, 1790 
— Rear-admiral, 1 Feb. 1793 — Commander-in- 
chief in Leeward Islands, Mar. 1793 — distin- 
guishes himself in Howe's victory, 1 Jun. 1794 
— created Bart., 26 Jun. 1794 — M.P. West- 
minster, with Fox, Jun. 1796 — contributes to 
suppression of mutiny at Spithead, Feb. and 
Jun. 1797 — Admiral, 4 Feb. 1799 — Peer of Ire- 
land, 27 Dec. 1800 — commander of the Chan- 
nel Fleet, 1807 — o\, 30 Dec. 1808. 

Garibaldi, Giuseppe,— b. at Niee, 4 Jul. 
1807 — takes part in revolutionary outbreak at 
Genoa, and escapes to France, 1S34 — com- 
mander-in-chief of naval forces of Uruguay, 
1843— returns to Italy, Jun. 1848 — deputy for 
]S"ice to Piedmontese" parliament, Sep. 1848 — 
member of Constituent Assembly at Rome, 1849 
— takes part in defending Rome against the 
French, 30 Apr. 1849 — takes refuge in San 
Marino, 31 Jul. — escapes to New York, 1849 
— captain in Piedmontese merchant service, 



1854 — Major-general in Piedmontese army, 
May 1859 — organizes expedition to Sicily, and 
lands at Marsala, 12 May i860 — dictator of 
Sicily, 27 Jul. i860 — enters Naples, 7 Sep. — 
resigns dictatorship and unites Two Sicilies to 
Piedmont, 21 Oct. — retires to Caprera, 9 Nov. 
- — quarrels with Cavour in the parliament, 18 
Apr. 1 86 1— reconciliation effected by Victor 
Emmanuel, 24 Apr.— presides at meeting of 
Italian delegates at Genoa, 9 Mar. 1862 — 
takes possession of Catania, 20 Aug. — lands 
in Calabria, 25 Aug. — captured at Aspro- 
monte, by Pallavicino and wounded, 29 Aug. — ■ 
returns to Caprera, close of Dec. 1862 — retires 
from Chamber of Deputies, 7 Jan. 1864 — visits 
England, 4-22 Apr. 1864 — commander of 
Volunteers by royal decree, 4 May 1866 — visits 
Yenice, 26 Feb. 1867 — arrested at Sinalnnga, 
23 Sep. 1867 — sent to Caprera: escapes, 14 
Oct.— captures Monte Rotondo, 26 Oct. — de- 
feated by French and Papal troops at Mentana, 
3 Nov. 1867 — arrested, 4 Nov. — liberated, 26 
Nov. — General of Division in French army, 
and commander of irregular forces, by Govern- 
ment of National Defence, 9 Oct. 1870 — elected 
member of National Assembly of France, 8 
Feb. 1 87 1 — resigns his seat, at Bordeaux, 13 
Feb., and retires to Caprera. 

Garibay y Zamalloa, Stephano, historian, — 
b. in Biscay, 1525 — historiographer of Spain, 
by Philip II., 1563 — Jj. at Yalladolid, 1593. 
Forty Books of Chronicles, §c, 157 1 — Illmtra- 
tiones, 1576 or 1580. 

Garigliano, (Liris,)— the Marquis de Salu- 
ces defeated by Gonsalvo of Cordova, on the, 27 
Dec. 1503. 

Garlande, Jean de, poet, $c., — follows Wil- 
liam, Duke of Normandy, to England, 1066— tf . 
in France, about 1081. 

Garnerin, Andre Jacques, the younger, aero- 
naut, — b.at Paris, 1770 — invents the parachute, 
1797 — tf., 18 Aug. 1823. 

Garnet, Henry, Jesuit, — b. at Nottingham, 
about 1554 — enters Order of Jesivits at Rome, 
1575 — Superior of Jesuits in England, 1588 — 
arrested for conspiracy, [Gunpowder Plot,] 
Feb. 1606 — tried, 28 Mar. — executed, at Lon- 
don, 3 May 1606. 

Garnier, Germain, Count, statesman, mis- 
cellaneous writer, — b. at Auxerre, 8 Nov. 1754 
— emigrates, 1792-5— Senator, 1 804— President 
of the Senate, 1809-11 — Peer of France, 18 14 
— Minister of State, Grand Officer of Legion of 
Honour, 18 15 — ft., 4 Oct. 1821. Translation of 
the Wealth of Nations, by Adam Smith, 1802 — 
De la propriete considered dans ses rapports 
avec le droit politique, 1792 — Sistoire de la 
monnaie, §c, 1819. 

Garnier, Jean, Jesuit,— $. at Paris, 1612 — 
ft. at Bologna, 16 Oct. 168 1. Marii Mercatoris 
antiquissimi et (equal is sancti Augustini opera, 
1673 — Systema bibliothecce collegii parisiensis 
Societ-atis Jesn, 1678. 

Garnier, Jean Jacques, historian, — b. in 
Maine, 18 Mar. 1729 — goes to Paris, 1747 — 
Prof. Hebrew, College de France, about 1760- 
90 — admitted to Academy of Inscriptions, 1762 
. — historiographer of France, 1766— admitted to 



GARNIER— GASKELL. 



573 



Institute, 1795— If., 21 Feb. 1805. Continua- 
tion of Velly and Villaret's Ftistoire de France, 
1770 — I' Homme de Lettres, 1764. 

Garnier, Robert, dramatist, — b. in France, 
1534— goes to Paris, 1584-^-tf. at Mans, 1590. 
Tragedies, 1582. 

Gamier de Saintes, Jean,— deputy to Na- 
tional Convention, 1792 — President of Jacobin 
club, Oct. 1794 — member of the Council of 
Five Hundred, 1797 — Chevalier of Legion of 
Honour, 1806 — member of Chamber of Repre- 
sentatives, 18 15 — arrested, Aug. 18 15 — tf. in 
North America, 1819. 

Garnier-Pages. [Pages.] 

Garofalo, Benvenuto Tisio da, painter,— b. 
in the Ferrarese, 148 1 — assists Raphael at the 
Vatican, 1508^ 1505, 15 before 1507 c — tf. at 
Ferrara, 1559. Slaughter of the Innocents, 
San Francesco, 1519-24. a Engl. Cyc. 

b Vasari. c Ersch and Gruber. 

Garofalo, Blaise, (Caryophilus,) antiquary, — 
h. at Naples, 1677 — tf- at Yienne, 1762. Con- 
sid. intorno alia poesia degli Ebrei e de' Greci, 
1707 — De antiquis marmoribus dissert. IV., 
1738. 

Garrard, {Gerard, Geerarts, Gar rats,) Mark, 
painter, — b- at Bruges, probably about 1550 — 
comes to England, about 1580 — tf. in England, 

1635- 

Garrick, David, actor, dramatist, — b. at 
Hereford, 20 Feb. 17 16 — accompanies Dr 
Johnson to London, Mar. 1736 — first appears 
on the stage, at Ipswich, 1741 — at London, 19 
Oct. 1 741 — purchases (with Lacy) Drury Lane 
Theatre, 1747 — marries Eva Maria Yeigel, 22 
Jun. 1749 — conducts Jubilee in honour of 
Shakespeare at Stratford, Sep. 1769 — retires, 
10 Jun. 1776— tr. in London, 20 Jan. 1779. 
Works, 1785-98. 

Garrick, Eva Maria, — b. at Vienna, 1725 — 
comes to England, 1744 — marries Garrick, 
1749 — tf., 1822. 

Garter, Order of the, — founded by Edward 
III., 23 Apr. i344, a i35o, b 1346° — ladies ad- 
mitted to, as late as reign of Edward IV., 
1461-83 — statutes revised by George III., 17 
Jan. 1805 — statutes revised by Edward VI., 
and brought into accordance with Protestantism, 
between 1549-53. 

a Froissart. b Stew. c Camden. 

Garter Principal King at Arms, — office of, 
instituted by Henry V., 141 7. 

Garth, Sir Samuel, poet, physician, — M.D. 
Cambridge, 1691 — Knt,by George I., Physician 
to the King, 17 14 — tf., 18 Jan. 17 18-19. The 
Dispensary, 1699. 

Garve, Christian, moralist, §c, — b. at 
Breslau, Jan. 1742 — Prof. Mathematics, 
Leipsic, 1769,* c 1763 b — retires, 1772 — tf., 1 
Dec. 1798. JJeber die Verbindung dcr Moral 
mit der FolitiJc, 1788 — TIeber Gesellschaft und 
Finsamkeit, 17 97 -1800 — Versuche iiber ver- 
schiedene Gegeustuncle aus der Moral, Literatur 
und dem gesellschaftlichcn Leben, 1792-1802 
— translations of Smith's Wealth of Nations, 
1794-96 — of Aristotle's Ethics, 1799-1801 — of 
Aristotle's Politics, 1799-1802. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. e Ersch and Gruber. 



Garzia Hidalgo, Jose, painter, — b. at 
Murcia, 1656 — first painter to Philip V., 1703 
— tf. at Madrid, 17 12. 

Garzia de Miranda, (the One-handed,) 
painter, — tf. at Madrid, 8 Mar. 1749. 

Garzoni, Giovanni, physician, historian, — 
b. at Bologna, 1419 — M.D., 1466 — Prof. Philo- 
sophy, about 1467 — tf. at Bologna, 1506. De 
rebus Saxonia, Thuringice, <§c, 1518. 

Garzoni, Pietro, historian, — b. at Venice, 
about 1652 — tf., about 17 19. Istoria delta 
republica di Venezia, Qc, 1705-16. 

Garzoni, Tommaso, satirist, — b. in the 
Romagna, Mar. 1549 — tf. there, Jun. 1589. 
Piazza universale di tutte le professioni del 
mondo, 1585 — La Sinagoga degV ignoranti, 
1589 — II mirabile Cornucopia Consolatoria, 
1601. 

Gas, — production of, from coal, described by 
Clayton, 1739 — applied to illumination by 
Murdoch, 1792 — introduced in Paris, 1802 — in 
London, by YVmsor, 1803-4 — comes into general 
use in London, 18 14— in Paris, about 1820 — 
measures used in sale of, regulated by Acts 
22 and 23 Vic. c. 66, 13 Aug. 1859 ; 23 and 
24 Vic. c. 146, 28 Aug. i860, and 24 and 25 
Vic. c. 79, 6 Aug. 1861. Company, charter eel, 
established under Act 50 Geo. III. c. 163, Jun. 
1 8 10. Meter, invented by Crossley, 1815,* 
by Clegg, i8i6. b Works, laws consolidated by 
Act 10 and 11 Vic. c. 15, 23 Apr. 1847. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Chambers' Encyc. 

Gasca, Pedro de la, President of Peku, — 
b. at Placenzia, Jun. 1485 — counsellor of the 
Inquisition, 1525 — envoy to Rome, 1527 — to 
England, 1542 — sent to Peru, president of the 
royal audience of Lima, 1546 — suppresses re- 
volt of Pizarro, 1547— returns, Bp of Palencia, 
1549 — tf. at Valladolid, 20 Aug. 1560,* Nov. 
i 5 6 7 . b 

a Biog. Univ. b Erseh and Gruber. 

Gascoigne, George, poet, — b., before 1538 — 
attends Queen Elizabeth at Kenilworth, 1575 
— tf. at Stamford, 7 Oct. 1577. Works, 1587. 

Gascoigne, Sir William, Chief Justice of 
England, — b. in Yorkshire, about 1350 — ■ 
mentioned as Advocate, 1374 — Serjeant-atr 
Law, 1397 — Chief Justice of King's Bench, 15 
Nov. 1400 — refuses to pronounce sentence of 
death on Abp Scrope and Thomas Mowbray, 
Earl Marshal, 1405 — summoned to first par- 
liament of Henry V.,22 Mar. 141 3 — tf., 17 Dec. 
1419. 

Gascony, Counts or Dukes of, (Vascitania, 
Vasonia, Gasconia, Tasci, Vascones, Basci, the 
Basques,) — unsuccessfully invaded by Chilperic, 
581 — conquered by Thierri and Theodebert, 
kings of Burgundy and Austrasia, 602 — Genia- 
lis, first Duke, 602 — revolt against Amand and 
are subdued by Caribert, spring 631 — given to 
Loup I. by Charles the Great, as hereditary fief, 
768 — government administered by removable 
chiefs, from 819-72 — the Duchy united to 
Guienne, (Aquitaine,) 1052. 

Gascoygne, William, — b., about 162 1 — in- 
vents the Micrometer, about 1641 — killed at 
the battle of Marston Moor, 2 Jul. 1644. 
Gaskell, Elizabeth Cleghorn, novelist,— b. 



574 



GASPARINO— GATTB1L. 



at Chelsea, about 1810 — marries Mr Gaskell, 
1832 — tf. at Alton, Hants, 12 Nov. 1865. 
Mary Barton, 1848 — Ruth, 1852 — Cranford, 
1853 — Sylvia's Lovers, i860 — Life of Charlotte 
Bronte, 1857 — Wives and Daughters, 1866. 

Gasparino, {Caspar ino,) {Barzizzio, Bar- 
zizza,) philologist, — ft. near Bergamo, about 
1370,* 1360 b— ft., 1431. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Gasse, Stefano and Luigi, architects, — ft. at 
Naples, (twins,) 8 Aug. 1778 — study at Borne, 
1 797-1 802 — tf., Luigi, n Nov. 1833 : Stefano, 
21 Feb. 1840. 

Gassendi, Jean Jacques Basilien, Count of, 
general, — ft. at Digne, 1748 — enters the army, 
1767 — serves in campaigns of the Revolution, 
1 79 1- 1 8 14 — Chevalier of St Louis, May 1791 
— General of Brigade, 1800 — Chevalier of the 
Legion of Honour, Dec. 1803 — Inspector-gen- 
eral of Artillery, 14 Mar. 1805 — General of 
Division, 19 Sep. 1805 — Councillor of State, 
1806 — Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour, 
Jan. 181 1 — Senator, Apr. 18 13 — Lieutenant- 
general, Jan. 1 81 3 — Peer, Jun. 18 14 — tf. at 
Nuits, 14 Dec. 1828. 

Gassendi, (Gassend,) Pierre, philosopher, 
§c, — ft.» in Provence, 22 Jan. 1592 — Prof. 
Theology, Digne, 16 14 — Prof. Theology and 
Philosophy, Aix, 16 16 — Provost of the Cathe- 
dral of Digne, 1623 — reader of Mathematics, 
College de France, about 1646 — tf. at Paris, 
14 Oct. 1655. JExercitationes paradoxicce ad- 
versits Aristotelem, 1624-9— De vita et moribus 
Epicuri, 1647 — Syntagma philosophies Epicuri, 
1649 — Disquisitio metaphysica adversus Car- 
tesium, 1642 — Dubitationes et instantia? ad- 
versus Cartesii metaphysicam, 1644 — Tychonis 
Brahcei, Copernici, $c, Vitce, 1654. 

Gassicourt. [Cadet de Gassicourt ] 

Gassion, Jean de, Marshal of France, — 
ft. at Pau, 1609 — enters the service of Gustavus 
Adolphus, 1630 — distinguishes himself at bat- 
tles of Leipsic, 1631 — and Liitzen, Nov. 1632 — 
serves in Picardy, 1637 — takes Caen and 
Avranches, 1640 — commands at battle of 
Kocroi, 19 May 1643 — takes Thionville, 
wounded at the siege, 1643 — Marshal of France, 
1643 — distinguishes himself in Flanders, 
1645-7 — wounded at the siege of Lens, 2 Oct., a 
28 Sep. b 1647 — tf. at Arras, 7, a 2 b Oct. 
a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Gast, Johann, theologian, §c, — ft. in Suabia, 
about 1500 — tf., about 1553. Convivalium 
sermonum liber, IS4- 2 — ^ e auabaptismi exordio, 
$c-, 1544. 

Gastein, — meeting of Francis Joseph, em- 
peror of Austria, and William I., king of Prus- 
sia, at, 3 Aug. 1863. Convention of, between 
Austria and Prussia, respecting the Danish 
Duchies, 14 Aug. 1865 — protest of Saxe- 
"Weimar, Saxe-Coburg, and Saxe-Meiningen 
.against, 31 Aug. — condemned by Earl Russell, 
14 Sep. Navigation treaty between England 
and Prussia, signed at, 16 Aug. 1865. 

Gaston de Foix. [Foix.] 

Gaston, Marie Joseph Hyacinthe de, poet, 
■ — ft. at Bodez, 1767 — tf. at Paris, 14 Dec. 
1808. Translation of the JEneid, 1803-7. 



Gastone, Giovanni. [Tuscany.] 

Gastrell, Francis, polemical divine, — ft. at 
Slapton in Northamptonshire, 10 May 1662 — 
Bp of Chester, 17 14 — tf., 24 Nov. 1725. 

Gataker, Thomas, theologian-, $c., — ft. in 
London, 1574 — enters Cambridge TJniv., 1590 
— rector of Botherhithe, 161 1 — member of the 
Assembly of Divines, Westminster, 1642 — tf., 
about 1654. Opera Critica, 1698. 

Gates, Horatio, general, — ft. in England, 
1728 — serves in expedition under General 
Braddock, 1755 — commands army of Canada, 
Jun. 1776 — Commander-in-chief of American 
army of the North, Aug. 1777 — defeats General 
Braddock, 8 Oct. — compels him to capitulate 
at Saratoga, 15 Oct. — commander of the 
southern army, Jun. 1780 — defeated by the 
British at Camden, 16 Aug. — member of State 
Legislature of New York, 1800 — tf., 18 Mar., a 
10 Apr. b 1806. a Biog. Univ. 

b Allen's Biog. Diet, and Engl., Cyc. 

Gath,— [BCj — Achish king, 1060 a — taken 
and fortified by David, about 1040 a — fortified 
by Behoboam, about 975 a — taken by Hazael 
of Syria, 840 b — recovered from Benhadad by 
Jehoash, 839 b — dismantled by Uzziah, after 
8oo, a 8io. b a Ussher. b Bib. Chron. 

Gatteaux, Nicolas Marie, engraver of medals, 
— ft. at Paris, 175 1 — tf., 24 Jun. 1832. 

Gatterer, Johann Christoph, historian, §c, 
- — ft. near Niirnberg, 13 Jul. 1727 — Prof. 
History, Gottingen, 1759-89 — tf. there, 5 Apr. 
1799. Elementa artis diplomaticce universalis, 
1765 — Handbuch der Universal Historie, 1764-5 
— Stammtdfeln zur Weltgeschichte, 1790 — Die 
Weltgeschichte in ihrem ganzen Umfange, 
1785-7 — Versuch einer allgemeinen Weltge- 
schichte bis zur Entdeckung von Amerika, 1792. 

Gatti, Bernardino, {LI Soiaro,) painter, — ft. 
at Cremona ? Pavia ? about 1495^ 1522 b — tf., 
1575. Miracle of the Loaves, Cremona, 1552. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Catalogue. 

Gattinara, Mercurino Arborio, Count di, 
Chancellor of the Empire, — ft. at Vercelli, 
1465— Pres. Parliament of Burgundy, 1507 — 
Chancellor to Charles V., 1520 — takes part in 
Treaty of Cambray, 1529 — Cardinal, by Clement 
VII., 1529 — tf. at Innsbruck, 1530. 

Gattola, Erasmus, Benedictine, historian, — 
ft. at Gaeta, 1662 — enters Benedictine Order, 
1675 — tf., 1734- JSistoria abbatice Casinensis, 

J733-4- 

Gaube, {Gaub,) Jerom David, {Gaubius,) 
physician, — ft. at Heidelberg, 24 Feb. 1705 — 
M.D. Leyden, 1725- — called to Amsterdam, 
1727-29 — Prof. Chemistry, Leyden, 1731-75 — 
Prof. Medicine, 1733 — tf. at Leyden, 29 Nov. 
1780. Libellus de methodo concinnandi formu- 
las medicamentorum, 1739 — De regimine mentis 
quod medicor urn est, 1747 — Lnsiitutiones patho- 
logice medicinalis, 1758. 

Gaubil, Antoine, Jesuit, — ft. in Languedoc, 
14 Jul. 1689, a 1708 b — enters Order of Jesuits, 
1704 — sent to Cbina, 1723 — interpreter to the 
Imperial court, 1729-59 — tf. at Pekin, 24 Jul. 
1759. French translation of the Choo-king, 
177 1 — History of Gengis Khan, 1739. 
a Biog. Univ. b Chalmers. 



GAUCHER— GAUTIER D'AGOTY. 



575 



Gaucher, Charles Etienne, engraver, — fe. at 
Paris, 1740 — ft. there, i8o4, a 1803. b Iconologie, 
1796. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Gauden, John, Bp of Worcester, — fc. in 
Essex, 1605 — enters Cambridge Univ., 162 1 — 
tutor at Oxford Univ., about 1630 — D.D., 1641 
— chaplain to Charles II., and Bishop of Exeter, 
i66o_Bp of Worcester, 1662 — ft., 20 Sep. 
1662. Eikon Basilike, ? 1649. 

Gaudentius, Bp of Brescia, — appointed, 
between 385-397 — ambassador to Arcadius in 
behalf of Chrysostom, 405 — ft., 4io, a 427. b 
a Tillemont. b Other authorities. 

Gaudenzio, Paganini, theologian, — ft. in the 
Grisons, 1596 — Prof. Belles Lettres, Pisa, 
1628-48 — ft. there, 3 Jan. 1648. 

Gaudin, Jean Francois Airne Philippe, 
botanist, — fj., 1766 — ft., 15 Jul. 1833. Flora 
Helvetica, 1828-33. 

Gaudin, Luis Pascal, painter, — rj. in Cata- 
lonia, 1556— Carthusian, 1595 — ft., 20 Aug. 
1621. 

Gaudin, Martin Michel Charles, Duke of 
Gaeta, statesman, — b. at St Denis, 19 Jan. 
1756 — enters the public service, 1783 — com- 
missioner of finance under Constituent As- 
sembly, 1 79 1— retires, 1794 — Minister of Fi- 
nance after 18 Brumaire, 10 Nov. 1799 — Count, 
1808 — Duke of Gaeta, 1809 — again minister of 
finance, 1 Apr. 18 14, and 20 Mar. to Jul. 
1 8 15 — member of Chamber of Deputies, 
18 15-18 — Governor of Bank of Prance, 
1820 - 34 — ft. near Paris, 26 Nov. 1841. 
Memoires, souvenirs, §c., 1826 — Supplement, 
1834. 

GaufSer, Louis, painter, — fj. at Rochelle, 
1761 — ft. at Florence, 20 Oct. 1801. 

Gaufridi, Jean Francois de, historian, — fj. 
at Aix, 1622 — ft. there, 9 Nov. 1689. Histoire 
deTrovence, 1694. 

Gaugamela. [Arbela.] 

Gauhe, Johann Friedrich, miscellaneous 
writer, — fj. in Lusace, 1681 — pastor atHelbigs- 
dorf, (Freyberg,) 1724-55 — ft. there, Dec. 1755. 
Helden und Heldinnen-lexikon, 17 16 — Kurzge- 
fasste Lebensgeschichte Gottfried Arnolds, §c, 
1729. 

Gaul, {Gallia Transalpina, Gallia Ulterior,) 
— [B C] — Greek colony founded in, 600 a — 
[Marseilles] — invasion of Cimbri, before 500 
— invasion of Belga?, before 200 — Roman con- 
quests in, commenced by subjugation of the 
Salluvii by M. Fulvius Flaccus and Sextius 
Calvinus, 125-122 b — south part made a Roman 
province, 118 — ravaged by Cimbri and Teu- 
tones, 113-105 — again, 102 — invaded by 
Ariovistus, about 60 — conquest of, completed by 
Julius Caesar, 58-51 — divided into 4 provinces 
by Augustus, 27— [AD] — revolt in, suppressed, 
2 1 c — proscription of Druids in, by Claudius, 
between 41-54 — visited by Hadrian, 120 — de- 
fended from barbarians by Gallienus, 255 a — 
ravaged by Franks, 256 a — defended against 
Franks by Postumus^ 258-68 a — occupied by 
Franks, Burgundians, and Logiones, 275 a — 
recovered from them by Probus, 277 a — invaded 
by Franks and Alamanni, 354 — government 



assigned to Julian, 355 — ravaged by Alamanni, 
365 — coast ravaged by Saxons, 370 a — Yalen- 
tinian carries on war against them, 366-75— 
invaded by Vandals, Alani, Suevi, &c, 406-7 — 
assembly of Seven Provinces convoked by 
Honorius, 418 d — settlement of Goths in, 419 d 
— ravaged by Attila, 451. [Franks, France.] 

a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. c Merivale. 

d Gibbon. 

Gauls, The, (Galli,)— [BC]- slay Ptolemy 
Ceraunus in Macedonia, about Oct. 280 — in- 
vade Greece and are repulsed, 279 — Cordistte 
planted by Bathanatius on Danube, after defeat 
of Brennus in Greece, 279 — invited by Ni- 
comedes of Bithynia, pass into Asia, latter part 
of 278. [Galatia, Gaul.] 

Gaulmin, Gilbert, miscellaneous writer, — fj. 
at Moulins, 1585^ 1587 b — ft. at Paris, 8 Dec. 
1665, a 1667. b Ee vita et morte Mosis libri III., 
1629 — De operatiane dcemonum, 16 15. 
a Biog. Univ. b Chalmers. 

Gaultier, Aloysius Edward Camillus, — 6. 
in Italy, about 1745 — ft. at Paris, 19 Sep. 
1 8 18. Lecons de geographic par le moyen.du 
jeu, 1788 — Lecons de chronologie et d' histoire, 
1788— Expose du cours complet dejeux instruc- 
tifs, 1802. 

Gaultier de Coutances, {Gualterus de Con- 
stantiis), Abp of Rouen, diplomatist, — at 
Council of London, 1175 — Bp of Lincoln, 1183 
— Abp of Rouen, n 84— assists at the assembly 
at Gisors, 11 87 — sets out with Richard I. for 
Palestine, 1190 — ft., 16 Nov. 1207. 

Gaultier, Philippe, {Philippus Gualterus de 
Insulis), poet,' — ft. probably at Tournay, 1201. 
Alexandreis, about n 80. 

Gaunt. [John of Gaunt.] 

Gaunt, Elizabeth, — aids the escnpe of Bur- 
ton, one of the Ryehouse plotters, 1683 — ■ 
betrayed by him to the Government, and burnt 
in London, 29 Oct. i685. a a Macaulay. 

Gaur. [Ghor.] 

Gauric, Luea, astrologer, — h. in Naples, 1476 
— Prof. Mathematics, Ferrara, 153 1 — Bp of 
Civitata, 1545-9— ft. a * Bome, a Ferrara, b 1558. 
Opera, 1575. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruter. 

Gauss, Karl Friedrich, mathematician, — ft. 
at Brunswick, 23,°- 30 b Apr. 1777 — Prof. 
Astronomy, Director of Observatory, Gottingen, 
1807 — Court Councillor, 18 16 — Privy Coun- 
cillor, 1845 — ft., 23 Feb. 1855. Disquisitiones 
arithmcticce, 1801 — Theoria mot us corporum 
ccelestium, 1809 — Theoria combinations observa- 
tionum erroribus minimis obnoxice, 1823 — He- 
sidtate aus dem Beobachtungcn des Magnetischcn 
Vereins im Jahre 1836, (with Weber,) 1837-40 
— Atlas des Erd-magnetismus, 1840— Eiop- 
trische Untersuchungen, 1841. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. 

Gauthey, Emilian Marie, civil engineer, — b. 
at Chalons-sur-Saone, 3 Dec. 1732— Director- 
general of Canals of Burgundy, 1782 — Inspector- 
general of Bridges and Roads, 1791 — ft. at 
Paris, 14 Jul. 1806. Traite complet sur la con- 
struction des ponts et des canaux navigables, 
1809-16. 

Gautier d'Agoty, Ar::aud Eloi, engraver, 



57 6 



GAUTIEE D'AGOTY— GEBAUER. 



§c. Planches d'histoire naturette gravies en 
couleurs, 1757 — Cows complet d'anatomie, 

1773- 

Gautier d'Agoty, Jacques, painter, en- 
graver, anatomist, — b. at Marseilles, about 
i7io, a 1717 15 — goes to Paris, 1737 b — tf. at 
Paris, 1785^ i786. b Myologie complete, 1746 
— Anatomie complete de la tete, §c, 1748 — 
Exposition anatomique de la structure du corps 
humain, §c, 1759 — Exposition anatomique des 
organes des sens, 1775. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nagler. 

Gautier d'Agoty, Jean Baptiste, — tf. at 
Paris, 1786. Galerie francaise, 1770 — 
Monarchic francaise, 1770. 

Gautieri, Giuseppe, physician, naturalist, — 
b. at Novara, 5 Aug., a Jul. b 1769 — M.D. 
Pavia, 1791— tf. at Milan, 23 Feb. 1833^ 
1832^ I)e Tyrolicnsium, Carinthiorum, Styri- 
oruinque struma, 1794 — Slancio sulla genealogia 
delta Terra, §c, 1805. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Gavard, Hyacintlie, anatomist, — h. at Mont- 
melian, 1753— tf. at Paris, 1802. Traite d'os- 
teclogie, §c, 1795 — Traite de myologie, 1802 — 
Traite de splanchnologie, 1802. 

Gavarni, (Stjlpice Paul Chevalier,) cari- 
caturist, — b. at Paris, 1801 — begins his artist- 
career, about 1835 — visits England, 1849 — ad- 
mitted to Legion of Honour, 1852 — tf. at Au- 
teuil, 23 Nov. 1866. 

Gavelkind, Tenure of, — abolished in Wales, 
by stat. 34 and 35 Hen. YIII. c. 36, 1543— 
lands of Roman Catholics in Ireland made de- 
scendible according to, by the Popery (Irish) Act, 

4 Mar. 1704 — (repealed by Act 17 and 18 Geo. 
III.c. 49, 1777.) 

Gaveston, Piers de, favourite of Edward II., 
— banished by Edward I., Oct. 1300 — returns 
and is made Earl of Cornwall, Aug. 1307 — 
marries Margaret de Clare, niece of Edward II., 
1307 — guardian of the realm, Jan. 1308 — ban- 
ished, 13 May — governor of Ireland, May — 
permitted to return by parliament of Stamford, 
Jul. 1309 — absconds, Feb. 1310 — joins the king 
at Berwick, winter 1310-11 — placed in Bam- 
borough Castle, 131 1 — again banished, from 
1 Nov. 131 1 — recalled by the king, Feb. 131 2 
— besieged by the Barons in Scarborough Castle, 
surrenders, 19 May 13 12 — executed at War- 
wick, 19 Jun. 1 3 12. 

Gavirol, Soliman hen, moralist, poet, — tf. at 
Valencia, 1070. 

Gawilghur, in Hindustan, — captured by 
Wellington, 15 Dec. 1803. 

Gay, John, poet, — b. at Barnstaple, 1688 — 
secretary to Duchess of Monmouth, 17 12 — to 
Earl of Clarendon, 17 14 — resides with the Duke 
of Queensberry, from 1727 — tf. in London, 4 
Dec. 1732. -Mural Sports, 17 11 — Trivia, about 
17 12 — Beggars Opera, 17*27 — Fables, 1726 — 
Shepherd's Week, 1 7 14. 

Gay-Lussac, Nicolas Francois, chemist, — b. 
at St Leonard, (Haute Yienne,) 6 Dec. 1778 — 
makes ascents in balloon at Paris, 23 Aug. and 

5 Sep. 1804 — commences experiments with 
Voltaic pile, 1808 — Prof. Chemistry, Polytech- 
nic School, 1 8 16 — member of Chamber of Depu- 



ties, 1830 — Prof. Chemistry, Museum of Natu- 
ral History, 1832- — Peer of France, 1839 — tf. 
at Paris, 9 May 1850. 

Gay- Vernon, Joseph, a {Simon Francois," ) 
military engineer,— b. at St Leonard, 1760 — 
enters the school of engineers, 1780 — distin- 
guishes himself in the army of the Rhine, 1792 
— constructs the tete de pont of Cassel, 1793 — 
assists in founding Polytechnic School, 1794 — 
commander of the fortress of Torgau, 1813 — tf. 
at St Leonard, Oct. 1822. Traite ele'mentaire 
d'art militaire et de fortification, 1805. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Gaza, in Palestine, — [B C] — city of Philis- 
tines, border of Solomon's kingdom, about 980 a 
— taken by Egyptians, about 600 a — besieged 
and taken by Alexander the Great, about 332 
— Demetrius defeated by Ptolemy and Seleucus 
at, after midsummer 312 b — taken by Simon 
Maccabseus, between 143-135 — besieged and 
burnt by Alexander Jannseus, 97 — rebuilt by 
Gabinius, 57-54 — [AD]— razed by Jews, 66 c 
— Titus encamps at, 69 c — visited by Hadrian, 
i30 b — taken by Saracens, 634 — garrisoned by 
Knights Templars, after n 00 — submits to 
Saladin, n 70 — Sultan Kameel encamps at, 
1228 d — defeat and capture of French crusaders 
at, 13 Nov. 1239 d — Emir Bibars defeats allied 
Christians and Moslems near, 18 Oct. 1244. 
a Ussher. b Clinton. c Josephus. d Kington. 

G&zsl, first Era of, — [B C] — commences, Oct. 
61 a — [AD] — second Era of, commences, be- 
ginning 130. a a Clinton. 

Gaza, Theodore, classical scholar, — b. at 
Thessalonica, about 1405 — on capture of Thes- 
salonica, goes to Italy, 1430 — attends Council 
of Florence, 1439 — at Siena, 1440 — rector of 
Univ. of Ferrara, 1441-50 — invited to Pome by 
Nicholas V., 1450 — invited to Naples by Alfonso 
the Magnanimous, 1456 — returns to Eome, 
1458 — tf., 1478. Greek Grammar, 1495 — 
Latin translation of Aristotle's History of Ani- 
mals, 14.76 — Latin translation of History of 
Plants by Theophrastus, 1504. 

Gazet, Guillaume, (Gazaens,) historian, — b. 
at Arras, 1554 — tf. there, 25 Aug. 161 2. His- 
toire ecclesiastique des Pays-Pas, 16 14. 

Gazette, — published at Venice, 1563 — 
French, commenced by Eenaudot, 25 May 
163 1 — title adopted in England, 1665. 

Gazi-Hassan, Grand Admiral of Ottoman 
Empire, — enters the service of the Porte, 1760 
— Vice-admiral, 1768 — commands in war with 
Eussia, 1769 — distinguishes himself in naval 
affair of Scio, 1770 — compels Eussians to raise 
siege of Lemnos, 177 1 — Intendant of the arse- 
nal, Grand Admiral, 177 1 — charged to reestab- 
lish order in the Morea, 1779 — deprived of 
office, 1789 — becomes first minister to the Sul- 
tan ; killed, 1790. 

Gazius, Antonio, physician, — b. at Padua, 
about 1450— tf. there, 3 Sep. 1530. Florida 
corona medicince, 149 1 — De somno et vigilia 
libellus, 1539. 

Gefcauer, Georg Christian, jurist, $r.,— b. 
at Breslau, 1690 — LL.D. Altdorf, 17 14 — settles 
at Leipsic, 17 17 — Prof. Feudal Law, 1727 — 
member of Supreme Court of Justice, 1730 — first 



GEBELIN— GELASIUS II. 



577 



Prof. _Law, Dean of the Univ. Gottingen, 
1734-73— b. there, 27 Jan. 1773. Corpus juris 
civilis, $c, 1776-97. 

Gebelin. [Court de Gebelin.] 

Geber, Abu Mussab Jaafer Al Sofi, al- 
chemist, — fl., about 800. 

Gebkardi, Jobann Ludwig Levinus, ge- 
nealogist, — b. at Brunswick, 1699 — Prof. The- 
ology, Logic, and Philology, Liineburg, 1723- 
46 — History and Mathematics, 1746 — b. there, 
10 Nov. 1764. Der europdischen Kaiser unci 
kbniglichen Mauser historische und genealogische 
Erlduterung, 17 30-1. 

Ged, William, printer, — practises stereo- 
typing at Edinburgh, 1725 — partner with Fen- 
ner in London, 1729 — obtains permission from 
Cambridge Univ. to stereotype Bibles and 
Prayerbooks, 23 Apr. 17 31 — returns to Edin- 
burgh, 1733 — publishes his Sallust, 1744 — tf., 
1748. . 

Geddes, Alexander, theologian, $c. s — b. m 
Banffshire, 1737— studies at Paris, 1758-64 — 
Catholic priest at Auchinhalrig, 1769 — settles 
in London, beginning 1780 — LL.D. Aberdeen, 
1780 — corresponding member of S.S.A., 1785 
— b. in London, 20 Feb. 1802. Idea of a new 
version of the Holy Bible for the use of the 
English Catholics, 1780 — Holy Bible . . trans- 
lated, $c, 1 7 92 -1 807 — Critical Remarks on the 
Hebrew Scriptures, 1800 — Select Satires of 
Horace, translated, 1778. 

Geddes, James, — b. in Scotland, about 17 10 
— If., i749- a Essay on the composition and 
manner of writing of the ancients, especially of 
Plato, 1748. a Chambers' Encyc. 

Geddes, Michael, theologian, — M. A. Edin- 
burgh, 1 67 1 — incorporated M.A. Oxford, 11 
Jul. 1 67 1 — chaplain to English factory, Lis- 
bon, 1678 — forbidden to execute his office, by 
the Inquisition, 1686 — returns to England, 
May 1688— LL.D., 1688— b., probably, 17 14. 
Church History of Malabar, 1694 — Tracts on 
divers subjects, 17 14. 

Gedike, Friedricb, translator, $c, — b. in 
Brandenburg, about 1755 — member of Academy 
of Sciences, Berlin, 1790 — director of the 
Gymnasium, Berlin, 1793 — tf., 2 May 1803. 
Translations of Pindar, 1777-9 — oi Plato, 1780 
— Schulschriften, 1789-95. 

Gedoyn, Nicolas, translator, §c, — b. at 
Orleans, 17 Jun. 1667 — enters Order of Jesuits, 
1684 — member of Academy of Inscriptions, 
1711 — of French Academy, 1719 — Abbot of 
Notre Dame de Beaugency, 1732— tf., 10 Aug. 
1744. Translations of Quintilian, 17 18 — and 
Pausanias, 17 31 — (Euvres diver ses, 1745. 

Gee, Joshua, — Trade and Navigation of 
Great Britain considered, about 1730. 

Geefs, Aloysius, sculptor, — b. at Antwerp, 
1819,* i8i6 b — b. at Paris, 31 Aug. 1841. 
Eeath of Epaminondas, 1836. 

a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Geelong, Victoria, — founded, 1837 — formed 
into a municipality, 1843 — gold discovered 
near, 1851. 

Geer, Carl, Baron von, naturalist, — b. at 
Stockholm, 1720 — Marshal of the Court, Knt 
of the Polar Star, 176 1 — commander of Order 



of Vasa, Baron, 1772 — b., 8 Mar. 1778. Me- 
moires pour servir d I'histoire des insectes, 
1752.78. 

Geeraerts, Mark. [Garrard.] 

Gebler, Jobann Samuel Traug-ott, — b. at 
Gorlitz (Lusace), 1 Nov. 1751 — M.A., 1774 — 
LL.D., 1777 — b. at Leipsic, 16 Oct. 1795. 
Physikalisches Wbrterbuch, 1787-95. 

Geijer, Erik Gustaf, poet, historian, — b. in 
Sweden, 12 Jan. 1783 — studies at Univ. of 
Upsala, 1799 — graduates, 1806 — visits England, 
i8o9, ab i8o6 c — Prof. History, Upsala, 1817- 
46 — member of Swedish Academy, 1824 — b. at 
Stockholm, 23 Apr. 1847. Svenska Folkets 
Historia, 1 832-6 — Skaldestycken, 1 8 35 — Ko- 
nung Gustaf TII.'s efterlemnade of f emtio dr 
efter hans dbd bppnade papper, 1843-5 — Valda 
smdrre skrifter, 1841-2 — Minnen, 1834. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. c Ersch and Gruber. 

Geiler (Geyler, Gailer) von Kaisersberg, 
Johann, theologian, — b. at Schaffhausen, 16 
Mar. 1445 — D.D. Basel, 1475 — preacher at 
Cathedral of Strasburg, 1478 — ft. there, 10 
Mar. 15 10. Narrenschiff, 15 11 — Eas irrig 
Schaf 15 10 — Eer Seelen Paradiess, 15 10 — 
Christ liche Pilger schaf t, 15 12 — Edition of 
Ger son's Works, 1488. 

Geilboven, (Gheyloven,) Arnold, theologian. 
Speculum conscientice quod Gnotosolitos dicitur, 
1476. 

Geisa, Duke of Hungary, — baptized, 996 

— b., 997. 

Geisa I., King of Hungary, — expels and 
succeeds Solomon, 1075 — b., 25 Apr. 1077. 

Geisa II., King of Hungary, — b., 1130 — 
succeeds his father, Bela II., 16 Feb. 1141 — 
— receives the Emperor Conrad, and Louis 
VII., 1 147 — aids the Servians against the Em- 
peror Manuel, 1 150 — carries on war with the 
Bussians, 1150 — with Manuel, 1151 — concludes 
a truce with him, 1151 — renews the war, 1152 
— makes peace, 1153 — b., 31 May 1161. 

Geismar, Baron von, general, — b. in Mun- 
ster, 12 May 1783 — serves in Austrian army 
in Italy, 1799 — enters Russian service, 1804 — 
distinguishes himself in Turkish war, 1806 — 
serves against the French, 1812-13-14 — Gen- 
eral, 1820 — serves against Turks, 1828-9 — 
against Poles, 18 30-1 — against Hungarians, 
1849 — b. at St Petersburg, 1850. 

Gela, in Sicily, — [BC] — founded by Anti- 
phemus the Rhodian and Entimus of Crete, 
(01. 22, 3,) 6 9 o, a [676 b ]— (01. 16, 4,) 713 c — 
Cleandrus tyrant, (01. 68, 4,) 505 c — Hip- 
pocrates, (01. 70, 3,) 498 c — defeats Syra- 
cusans, about 492 e — Gelon becomes tyrant of, 
(01. 72, 2,) 491 c — destroyed by Carthaginians, 
405. a Clinton. b Hieron. c Muller. 

Gelalsean Era, — commences, 14 Mar. 1079. 

Gelasius I., Bp of Rome, — succeeds Felix 
II., 1 Mar. 492 — holds a council at Rome, 495 
— if., 19 Nov. 496. 

Gelasius II., Pope, (Giovanni di Gaeta,) — 
— elected to succeed Pascal II., 25 Jan. 11 18 — 
seized in the church by Cencio Frangipani and 
imprisoned, same day : escapes to Gaeta, 2 
Mar. 1 1 18 — a rival pope elected, (Gregory 
VIII.,) 9 Mar. — ordained priest at Gaeta, 9 
37 



578 



GELASIUS— GENEBRARD. 



Mar. — consecrated, 10 Mar. — returns secretly 
to Rome, but is again expelled by the Frangi- 
pani, 21 Jul. — arrives in France, 7 Nov.— 3). 
at Cluny, 29 Jan. 11 19. 

Gelasius, of Cyzicus, ecclesiastical historian. 
De Synodo apud Nicceam, 47 5. a a Clinton. 

Gelasius, Bp of Cjesarea, — appointed, 
about Dec. 380 a — living, 394 s — tf., 394. b 
a Clinton. b Fabricius. 

Gelee, Claude. [Claude Lorraine.] 

Gelenius, Sigismond,— ft. at Prague, about 
1480 — tf. at Basel, about 1555. Lexicon sym- 
phonum quatuor linguarum, $c, 1537. 

Gelimer, King of the Vandals, — deposes 
Hilderic, and reigns in Africa, 530,* Jun. 531 b 
— defeated by Belisarius, Sep. 533 — finally de- 
feated, Nov., 3 Dec. b 533 — escapes into Nu- 
midia, spring 5 34 — prisoner of Belisarius, taken 
to Constantinople, autumn 534 — retires into 
Galatia, 535. a Gibbon. b Clinton. 

Gelinek, Joseph, musical composer, — ft. in 
Bohemia, i757, a Dec. 1758 b — if. at Vienna, 
13 Apr. 1825. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Gell, Sir William, antiquary, topographer, 
— ft. in Derbyshire, 1777 — Knt, 14 May i8o3 a 
— B.A. Cambridge, 1798— M.A., 1804 — Cham- 
berlain to Princess of "Wales, Aug. 18 14 — tr. 
at Naples, 4 Feb. 1836. Topography of Troy, 
1804 — Itinerary of Greece, 18 10 — Itinerary of 
the Korea, iSiy—Fompeiiana, (with Gandy,) 
1 8 1 7 - 1 9 — Topography of Rome and its vicinity, 
1834. a Gent. Mag. 

Gellert, Christian Fiirchtegott, miscella- 
neous writer, — ft. in Saxony, 4 Jul. 17 15 — 
goes to Leipsic Univ., 1734 — Prof. Philoso- 
phy, 1751 — U. there, Dec. 1769. Fabeln und 
Erzdhlungen, 1746-8 — Sdmmtliche Werke, 
1769-74. 

Gellert, Christlieb Ehregott, mineralogist, 
— ft. in Saxony, Aug. 17 13 — Councillor of 
Mines, Freyberg, 1753 — Prof. Metallurgy, 
1765— tr., May 1795. 

Gelli, Giovanni Battista,— ft. at Florence, 
1498 — tf. there, Jul. 1563. Tutte le lezione 
fatte nelV academia fiorentina, 1551 — Capricij 
del Bottajo, 1548 — La Circe, 1549. 

Gellibrand, Henry, astronomer, — ft. in Lon- 
don, 1597 — enters Oxford Univ., 1615 — B.A., 
1 61 9 — Prof. Astronomy, Gresham Coll., Jan. 
1627 — u\, 26 Feb. 1637. An Institution 
Trigonometrical, $•<?., 1634. 

Gellius, Aulus, miscellaneous writer, — fl., 
about 150. 

Gellius, Cnaeus, historian, — fl., about 130. 

Gelon, tyrant of Syracuse,-^ C] — becomes 
master of Gela, 491 s — victor in chariot race, 
(01. 73,) 488 b — master of Syracuse, (01. 73, 
4,)/85, a (01. 75, 3,) 478° — defeats Hamilcar 
at Himera, autumn 480 — &., 478. a Clinton. 

b Miiller. c Niebuhr, after Parian Marbles. 

Gemara. [Talmud.] 

Gemauers, in Courland, — Gen. Levenhaupt 
defeats Schemeretoff at, 28 Jan. 1705. 

Gemblours,— defeat of the Dutch by Don 
John of Austria, end of Jan. 1578. 

Gemelli-Careri, Giovanni Francesco, tra- 
veller, — ft. at Naples, 1651 — &., probably 1720 ? 



Giro del Mondo, 1699 — Viaggi di Europe , 
1711,* i7oi. b 

a Ersch and Gruber. b Meyer, Conv.-Lex. 

Geminiani, Francesco, musical composer, — 
ft. at Lucca, about i68o, a 1666 b — goes to Lon- 
don, 1714 — tf. at Dublin, 17 Sep. 1762. Guida 
harmonica, 1742. 

a Biog. Unir. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Geminus, astronomer, §c, — [B C] — fl., about 
77- 

Geminus, C Fufius, and L. Rubellius, — 
Consuls of Rome, (782, a. u. c.) 29. 

Geminus Cicurinus, T. Veturius, — [B C] — 
1. Consul with A. Verginius Tricostus Cceli- 
montanus, (260, a. tj. c.) 494. 2. Consul with 
L. Lucretius Tricipitinus, (292,) 462. 

Geminus, Servilius, — [BC] — 1. Cn., Consul 
with C. Flaminius, ravages coast of Africa, 
(537, a. it. c.) 217 — killed at Cannae, 216. 2. 
Cn., Consul with Cn. Servilius Csepip, (551,) 
203. 3. M., Consul with Ti. Claudius Nero, 
(552,) 202. 4. P., Consul with C. Aurelius 
Cotta, (502,) 252— again, (506,) 248. 

Geminus Veturius, P., — [BC] — Consul with 
T. iEbatius Elva, (255, a. u. c.) 499. 

Gemisthus, Georgius, (Pletho,) philoso- 
pher, — ft. at Constantinople, about 1390 — 
holds office under Manuel Paleeologus, 1426 — 
deputy to Council of Florence, 1438 — in office, 
again, 1441 — ft. in Greece, about 1490. (?) 
JDe platonicce atque aristotelicce philosophic 
differentia, 1541 — Be gestis Grcecorum post 
pugnam ad Mantineam, 1503. 

Gemma, Cornelius, physician, astronomer, — 
ft. at Louvain, Feb. 1535 — M.D., Prof. Medi- 
cine there, 1570 — &. there, 1579. Le stella 
peregrina quce superiori anno (1572) apparere 
ccepit, 1573 — Le nature divinis characterismis, 
1575 — Le arte cyclognomica, §c, 1569 — Le 
prodigiosa specie naturaque comet ce anni 1577, 
§c., 1578. 

Gemma, Begnier, {Frisius,) astronomer, — 
ft. in Holland, Dec. 1508 — M.D. Louvain, 
1542— ft. at Louvain, May 1555. Le prinvi- 
piis astronomic et cosmographm, 1530. 

Gemuseeus, Hieronymus, philologist, §c, — 
ft. inAlsace, 1505 — M.A. Basel, 1525 — Prof. 
Physics, 1534 — Prof. Philosophy, 1540 — tf. 
there, 1543 or 1544. Greek edition of the works 
of Faul of JEgina, 1538 — Vita Galeni, 1538. 

Gendarmes, {Gens d'Armes, Gendarnmie,) 
in France, — companies of, created by Charles 
VIL, 1445 — departmental, organized, 16 Jan. 
1 79 1 — abolished, 1830. 

Gendebien, Jean Francois, statesman, — ft. 
in France, 1753 — President of Congress, Brus- 
sels, 1789 — deputy to the States-General, 1790 
— negotiates peace with Austria, Dec. 1790 — 
pensionary of the States, 179 1-4 — member of 
Council of Five Hundred, 1796 — of Legis- 
lative Body, 1802 to Dec. 18 13 — of Com- 
mission of the Interior, 1807— of Legion of 
Honour, 18 10— Knt of the Belgic Lion, Dec. 
1 8 15 — President of the Congress, 1830 — of 
Civil Tribunal of Mons, Oct. 1830 — ft. 4 Mar. 
1838. 

Gendre, Le. [Legendre.] 

Genebrard, Gilbert, Benedictine, Abp of 



GENERATION— GENOA. 



579 



Aix, — b. at Riom, Auvergne, 1537 — D.D. 
Paris, 10 Jun. 1563 — Prof. Hebrew, College 
Royal, 1563 — supports the League, about 1585- 
93 — Abp of Aix, 1592— attends States-General, 
1593 — deprived, 1596 — ft. at Semur, 24 Mar. 
1597. Psalmi Bavidis, 1577 — Chronographia, 
1580 — De jure et necessitate sacrarum electi- 
oiium ad ecclesice Gallicance redintegrationem, 
1593 — translation of Origeris Philocalia, 1574. 

Generation, Spontaneous, — doctrine of, con- 
troverted by Redi, 1668 — supported by Need- 
ham, 1745 — refuted by Spallanzani, about 1765 
— maintained by Rudolphi, 1808 — by Bremser, 
1824 — discussion and experiments renewed by 
Schwann, 1837 — experiments of Crosse, 1837 — 
doctrine supported by Pouchet, 1859 — refuted 
by Pasteur, 1862 — supported by Wyman, 1862. 

Geneva, (Genf Ginevra,) — passes from the 
dominion of Rome to the Burgundians, about 
413 a — conquered by Theodoric, king of Ostro- 
goths, 522 — transferred to Franks, 620, b 534° — 
seat of a bishopric, not later than 624— Charles 
the Great holds assembly at, and confers mu- 
nicipal privileges, 773 — annexed to the Em- 
pire, 1032 b — contests of its Bishops with 
Counts of Genevois begin about 1 1 20 — at- 
tempts of Counts of Savoy on, begin about 
1285° — visited by Emperor Sigismund, 1415 b 
— refuses submission to Duke of Savoy, and 
is declared an imperial city, 1420 — alliance 
with Friburg concluded, beginning of 15 19 — 
threatened by the Duke of Savoy, Apr. 15 19 — 
parties of the Eidgenossen (Huguenots) and 
Mamelukes appear, 1519 — treaty of fellow- 
citizenship with Berne and Friburg, 25 Feb. 
1526 — Favel and Viret preach the reformed 
doctrine at, 1533 — the Prince-bishop expelled, 
and the Reformation established at, by decree 
of the Great Council, 27 Aug. 1535 — [Calvin] 
— forms alliance with Zurich and Berne, 1584 
— attacked by Duke of Savoy, night of 20 
Dec. 1602 — independence acknowledged by 
Duke of Savoy, by Treaty of St Julien, 21 Jul. 
1603 — independence of, acknowledged by King 
of Sardinia, 1754 b — occupied by the troops of 
France, Sardinia, and Berne, and power of 
the aristocracy restored, 1782 e — popular con- 
stitution recovered, 1793 f — incorporated with 
France, as department Du Leman, Apr. 1798 d 
— recovers its independence, 18 14 — occupied by 
Austrians, i8i4 d — canton of Switzerland., 1815 
— formation of democratic association, 3 Mar. 
1841& — popular assembly meets, 18 Oct. 1841 
— new constitution established, 7 Jan. 1843 — 
insurrection, 13-14 Feb. 1843 — revolution, the 
Grand Council deposed by the Protestants and 
a provisional government established, Oct. 1846 
— the Catholic League dissolved, 10 Nov. 1846 
— riots at, 22 Aug. 1864. Convention, (Inter- 
national,) for relief and aid of the wounded in 
war, concluded, 1864 and 1868 — accession of 
twenty States to, by 187 1. Peace Congress at, 
8-12 Sep. 1867. University of, founded, 1368 
— reorganized by Calvin and Beza, 1539. Ca- 
thedral erected, n 24. College founded by 
Calvin, 1558. a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

b Kees' Cyc. c Ersch and G ruber. d Engl. Cyc. 
e Macculloch. f Encyc. Mod. S Conv.-LeX. 



Genevieve, St, patron saint of Paris, — b. at 
Nanterre, about 423,* 419^ 422° — attracts 
notice of Germanus of Auxerre, 429 — lj., 3 
Jan. about 512," 499 or 501. b 

a Biog. Univ. b Zedler. c Butler. 

Genevieve, St., new church of, — at Paris, 
founded by Louis XY., 6 Sep. 1764 — named the 
Pantheon, by National Assembly, 4 Apr. 1 791 — 
its original name restored by decree, 6 Dec. 1 85 1 . 
Congregation of Sisters of, established, 1636. 

Genga, Annibale della. [Leo XII.] 

Genga, Bartolomeo, architect, — b. at Cesena, 
15 1 8 — tr. at Malta, Jun. 1558. 

Genga, Girolamo, puinter, architect, — b. at 
Urbino, about 1476 — pupil of Signorelli, 1501 
— fellow-pupil with Raphael of Perugino ? — 
tf., 11 Jul. 1 551. 

Gengis Khan, (Zingiskhan) (Temugin,) Mo- 
gul Emperor,— b. (559, a. h.) 1 163-4, a 25 
Jan. ii55 b — takes refuge at the court of 
Oungh Khan of the Keraites, 1178 — returns 
to his own country, defeats Oungh Khan, and 
becomes master of his dominions, (599,) 1202 
— gets himself proclaimed Khan of the Mogul 
and Tatar tribes, (602,) 1205 — publishes his 
Code, about 1205 — invades China, (607,) 1210 
— makes peace and marries a Chinese princess, 
1 2 10 — again invades China, 121 3 — takes Yen- 
kin (Pekin) and annexes the northern provinces, 
1 2 15 — fights a great battle with Mohammed 
Kothbeddin, king of Carismia, near the 
Jaxartes, (615,) 121 8 — completes the conquest 
of Transoxiana, 1220 — enters Balkh and mas- 
sacres the inhabitants, 1221 — conquers, by his 
generals, Khorasan and Persia, 122 1-3 — re- 
turns to his capital, Cara-Corom, (620,) 1224 
— defeats the king of Tangut, i225, a 1226° 
— crosses the desert of Kobi, winter 1226 — 
tf. on the borders of China, (10 Ram. 624,) 
24 Aug. 1227. a Engl. Cyc. 

b Chambers' Encyc, . e Biog. Univ. 

Genlis, Stephanie Felicite Ducrest de St 
Aubin, Countess of, — b. in Burgundy, 25 
Jan. 1746 — goes to Paris, 1758 — marries Count 
of Genlis, 17 61— governess to the children of 
Duke of Chartres, (Egalite,) 1782° — escapes to 
Switzerland, Apr. 1793 — fo. at Paris, 31 Dec. 
i83i, ac 1830^ (Euvres, 1825. 
a Ersch and Gruber. b Engl. Cyc. c Biog. Univ. 

Gennadius, of Marseilles, theologian, biogra- 
pher, — fl., about 493.* a Clinton. 

Gennadius, (Georgius Scholarius,) Bp 
of Constantinople, — attends Councils of 
Ferrara and Florence, 1438-9 — Bp of Con- 
stantinople, 1452 — abdicates, 1457-9. 

Gennadius, Bp of Constantinople, — ap- 
pointed, 459 — &., 471. 

Genoa, Genova, (Genua,) Genoese, — [BC] — 
held by the Romans, 2 1 8 a — destroyed by Mago, 
205 — rebuilt by Romans, 202 — [A D] — pillaged 
by Heruli, 476 b — taken by Belisarius, 538° — 
destroyed by Theodebert and the Goths, 539 — 
taken by Narses, 554 — taken by the Lombards, 
between 636-652— by Charles the Great, and 
governed by a Count, 774 — independent re- 
public, soon after 900 b — become masters of 
Corsica, 8oi, c 806 d — plundered by the Saracens, 
936 — allied with Pisa, expels the Saracens 
37 * 



5 8o 



GENOA— GENOVESL 



from Corsica and Sardinia, and acquires Corsica 
and Capraja, between 1016-21 — carries on war 
with Pisa, 1070 — Consuls appointed, noo c — 
joins in the crusade, n 00 — receives grant of 
conquered territories, from Baldwin, king of 
Jerusalem, spring n 05 — second war with 
Pisa, 1 1 18-32 — seat of archbishopric, by Inno- 
cent II., 1 1 33 — take Minorca from the Moors, 
1 146 — take Almeria, 11 47 — with the Catalo- 
nians, take Tortosa, 1148 — refuse tribute to 
Frederick Barbarossa, 1155 — fortified, 1157 — 
threatened by Frederick, pay a contribution, 1 1 5 8 
—third war with Pisa, begins, 1162 — ends, by 
award of the Emperor, 1175, ii72 c — govern- 
ment of the consuls succeeded by that of annual 
Podesta, 1191 — assist the Emperor, Henry VI., 
in Naples, 11 94 — he refuses them a share 
in his conquests, 1195 — war with Pisa, and 
capture of Syracuse, 1204 — truce for three 
years with Pisa, 12 10 — receive Frederick II., 
1 May 1212 — war with Venice, of 14 years, 
ended with treaty of peace, 121 8— assist Fred- 
erick II. in the crusade, 1228 — refuse homage 
to Frederick II., form alliance with Gregory 
IX. and Venice, 1238 — visited by Pope Inno- 
cent IV., Jul. 1244 — aids Parma against Enzio, 
Jun. 1247 — "William Boccanegra chosen Cap- 
tain of the People, 1257 — assist Michael Palee- 
ologus to recover Constantinople, and obtain 
Pera, Galata, and Smyrna, 1261 — the Captain 
of the People deposed, and the Podesta re- 
established, 1262 — war with Venice recom- 
menced, 1262 — laid under interdict by Urban 
IV., 1262 — the interdict removed by Clement 
IV., 1268 — supreme power seized by Oberto 
Spinola and Oberto Doria, (Captains of liberty,) 
28 Oct. 1270 — truce with Venice, 1271 — ex- 
communicated by Gregory X., 1273 — fourth 
war with Pisa begins, 1277 — total defeat of 
the Pisans near Meloria, i282, a 6 'Aug. 1284° 
— war with Venice begins, 1293 — strife of Guelf 
and Ghibelline, reappointment of Captains of 
the People, 1296 — peace with Venice and with 
Pisa, excludes Venice from the Black Sea, 25 
May 1299 — feuds of the Guelfs and Ghibel- 
lines prevail, 1307-31 and 1335 — visit of 
the Emperor Henry VII., 131 1 — besieged by 
the Ghibellines and relieved by Robert of 
Naples, spring 131 8 — Simon Boccanegra elected 
doge for life, 23 Sep. 1339 — resigns, and is suc- 
ceeded by Giovanni di Murta, Dec. 1344 — 
Giovanni di Volenti, Feb. 1350 — war Avith 
Venice, 1350 to Jun. 1355 — submit to the 
Visconti, 1353 — the Visconti expelled and 
Simon Boccanegra reelected doge, 14 Nov. 1356 
— Gabriele Adorno, 1363 — deposed and suc- 
ceeded by Domenico da Fregoso, Aug. 137 1 — 
seize Cyprus, 1373 — insurrection, the doge 
deposed, 16 Jun. 1378 — Kiccola da Guarco, 
1378 — peace with Venice, end of the Avar of 
Chioggia, i2 c Aug. 1381 — Leonardo Mont- 
aldo, 1383 — Antonio Adorno, Jun. 1384 — 
visit of Urban VI., Sep. 1385-6 — Jacop>o Fre- 
goso, on abdication of Adorno, Aug. 1390 — 
Adorno, again, 1391 — Antonio Montaldo, Jun. 
1392 — driven away and succeeded by Fran- 
cisco Giustiniano, . 1393 — abdicates: Antonio 
Montaldo reelected, 3 Aug. 1393 — driven 



away: Niccola Zoaglio, May 1394 — resigns: 
Antonio Guarco, a few days, 1394— Adorno 
again : submission of the republic to Charles 
VI. of France, 25 Oct. 1396 — Adorno resigns, 
27 Nov. 1396— civil war of Guelf and Ghibel- 
line, 1398 — visit of the antipope Benedict. 
May 1405 — conquest of Sarzana, 1407 — suc- 
cessful revolt under the Marquis of Montferrat 
against the French, Aug. 1409 — insurrection, 
reappointment of a doge, Mar. 141 3 — con- 
quered by Filippo Maria, Duke of Milan, 142 1 
—expulsion of the Milanese, 12 Dec. 1435 — 
again subject to France, n May 1458 — the 
French driven away, Mar. 146 1 — conquered 
by Francisco Sforza, 1464 — successful re- 
volt against the Milanese, Jul. to Aug. 1478 — 
loss of Sarzana to the Florentines, 1487 — sub- 
mit to Ludovico Sforza, 1487 — unsuccessfully 
attacked by Charles VIII., 1495 — submit to 
Louis XII., 1499 — revolt, and expel the French, 
Oct. 1506— recovered by Louis, 28 Apr. 1507 — 
again revolt and proclaim a doge, Jun. 15 12 — 
reconquered by Louis XII., 15 13 — the French 
again expelled, 26 Aug. 15 14 — the doge Fre- 
goso submits to Francis I., Aug. 15 15 — taken 
and pillaged by the Imperialists, 30-31 May 
1522 — join league of Emperor and Pope against 
Francis I., 3 Aug. 1523 — reconquered by the 
French, 1527 — delivered from the French by 
Andrea Doria, 12 Sep. 1527,* 1528° — new 
constitution (aristocratic) established, 1528 — 
acquire from the Emperor the Marquisate of 
Zuccarello, 1624 — unsuccessfully attacked by 
the Xing of France and the Duke of Savoy, 
1625 — conspiracy of Raphael de la Torre, 1672 
— bombarded by Louis XIV., 18-28 May 1684 
— make terms with him, 12 Feb. 1685 — ac- 
quire the Marquisate of Finale, 20 Aug. 17 13 
— revolt in Corsica, 1730-2 — bombarded by 
English squadron, 27 Sep. 1745 — occupied by 
Austrians, 6 Sep. 1746 — evacuated, 10 Dec. 
1746 — besieged by Austrians, Mar. 1747 — de- 
livered by aid of the French, Oct. 1747 — 
accede to Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, Oct. 1748 
— cession of Corsica to France, 11 May, c 15 
Aug. b 1768 — conquered by the French, 1796-7 
— erected into a republic, {Ligurian Repub- 
lic,) 4 Jun. 1797 — the French besieged by 
the Austrians and English, 30 Apr. 1800 — 
capitulate to Austrians, 3 Jun. 1800 — given 
up to the French, after Marengo, 24 Jun. — 
new constitution imposed by Napoleon, Jan. 
1802 — annexed to France, 4 Jun. 1805 — sur- 
renders to Lord William Bentinck, 17 Apr. 
1 8 14 — united to Sardinia, 9 Jun. 18 15 — 
evacuated by English troops, Feb. 1816. 

a Eng. Cyc. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

c Erscli and Gruber. d Rees' Cyc. 

Genovese, II Prete. [Strozzi.] 

Genovesi, Antonio, philosopher, economist, 
— ft. at Castiglione, 1 Nov. 17 12 — ordained 
priest, 1736 — Prof. Metaphysics, Naples, 1741 
— Prof. Political Economy, 1754 — draws up 
project for reorganization of schools, &c, 1767 — 
U. at Naples, 22 Sep. 1769. Diseiplinarnm me* 
taphi/sicarnm Flementa, 1743-51 — Lezioni di 
commercio, 1757 — Meditazioni JHosoJiche, 1758 
— Logica per gli giovenetti, 1766 — Trattato 



GENSERIC— GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE. 



581 



di Scienze metafisiche, 1766 — Elementorum artis 
logico-criticce lib. V., 1745. 

Genseric, King of the Vandals, — succeeds 
his brother Gunderic, about close of 42 & — 
passes from Spain to Africa on the invitation 
of Bonifacius, May 429 — defeats Bonifacius 
and begins siege of Hippo, end of May 430 — 
takes and burns Hippo, Jul. 431 — part of 
Africa ceded to him by treaty of peace with 
the Eomans, 1 1 Feb. 435— banishes the Catholic 
bishops from his dominions, 437 — becomes 
master of Carthage, 19 Oct. 439 — ravages 
Sicily and besieges Panormus, 440 — hastens 
back to oppose Sebastianus, 440 — makes peace 
with Valentinian, the provinces of Africa 
divided between them, 442 — gives shelter to 
Sebastianus, 445 — puts him to death, 449 — 
called to Rome to aid Eudoxia, spring 455 — 
sacks Rome, about 13-26 Jun. 455 — ravages 
coasts of Campania and carries off Eudoxia and 
her daughters, 455 — bis fleet routed by 
Ricimer, about Sep. 456 — repulsed in Italy, 
458 — Majorianus prepares a fleet against him, 
458 — destroys the fleet at Carthago Nova, and 
concludes peace with Majorianus, 460 — marries 
Eudocia to his son Hunneric, and. sends back 
Eudoxia and Placidia to Italy, 462 — ravages 
the coasts of Italy and Sicily, 462-3-4 — driven 
out of Sicily by Marcellinus, 464 — destroys 
fleet of Leo off Bona, 468 — incites Visigoths 
and Ostrogoths against the Empire, 470 — 
makes peace with Zeno, 475 — tf., Jan. 477. 

Gensonne, Armand, Girondist, — 0. at Bor- 
deaux, 10 Aug. 1758 — deputy to Legislative 
Assembly, Sep. 179 1 — to Convention, Sep. 1792 
■ — arrested, 2 Jun. 1793 — executed, 31 Oct. 

Gentianus, Q,. Epidius Kufus Lollianus, 
— Consul with Bassus, (964, a. u. c.) 211. 

Gentile, Francesco. [Fabriano.] 

Gentile Gentili, (Gentilis de Gentilibus, 
Fulginas,) physician, — h. at Foligno, about 
1230 s — Prof, at Padua, 1335-45 b — tf. at 
Bologna, a Perugia, b about i3io, a i348. b 
Opera, 1484. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Gentileschi, Artemisia, painter, — b., 1590 
— tf. in England, a at Naples, bc 1642. 

a Biog-. Univ. b Biog. Catalogue. 

c Ersch and Gruber. 

Gentileschi, (lomi,) Orazio, painter, — ft. at 
Pisa, 1563 — painter to Charles I. of England, 
about 1635 — tf. in London, 1646. 

Gentius, King of Illykicum, — [B C] — 
commits piracy in the Adriatic, 180 — accused 
of joining Perseus against Rome, 172 — his 
ships at Dyrrachium seized by C. Lucretius, 
171 — Perseus agrees to his terms of alliance, 
168 — taken prisoner by L. Anicius at Scodra, 
168 — led in triumph at Rome and sent to 
Spoletum, 167. 

Gentius, (Gent,) Georg, orientalist, — ft. at 
Dahma, 161 8 — accompanies embassy to Con- 
stantinople, 1 641 — in service of Elector of 
Saxony, about 1650 — tf. at Freyberg, 1687. 
Politicum rosarium, 165 1 — Historia Judaica, 
1651. 

Gentleman's Magazine, — originated by 
Cave, 1731. 

Gentz, Friedrieh von, publicist, — fi. at Bres- 



lau, 1764 — in service of Austria, 1802 — secre- 
tary to Prince Metternich, 181 3 — first secretary 
to Congress of Vienna, Sep. 1814 — tf.-, 9 Jun. 
1832. Translation of Burke's Reflections on 
the French Revolution, 1793 — Maria Konigin 
von Schottland, 1799 — Historische Journal, 
1 799- 1 800 — Ue'ber die politischen Zustand 
Furopas, 1801-2. 

Geoffrey, brother of Henry II., — deprived of 
Anjou and Maine by Henry II., and made 
governor of Nantes, 1156 — tf., 1158. 

Geoffrey, natural son of Henry II, — Bp of 
Lincoln, 1173 — resigns, 6 Jan. n 82— accom- 
panies his father as chancellor, 11 82 — attends 
him on his death-bed at Chinon, Jul. 11 89 — 
named Abp of York, and imprisoned by Rich- 
ard I., Sep. 1 1 89 — forbidden to come to Eng- 
land, 1 1 90 — arrives in England and is im- 
prisoned by the Regent Longchamp, Sep. 
1 191 — released, Oct. — excommunicates the 
advisers of King John, is deprived and escapes 
to France, 1207 — tf. in Normandy, 18 Dec. 
1212. 

Geoffrey of Monmouth, {Jeffrey ap Arthur,) 
historian, — Bp of St Asaph, 24 Feb. 1152 — tf., 
about 1 154. Historia JBritonum, about 1128 ? 

Geoffrey Plantagenet. [Anjou, Counts 

OF.] 

Geoffrey, Prince, son of Henry II, — ft., 23 
Sep. 1 158 — flies to France with bis brothers, 
Mar. 1173— excites a civil war, 1173 — recon- 
ciled to his father, 29 Sep. 11 74 — Knt at 
Woodstock, 6 Aug. 117 8 — joins in the war 
against his brother Richard, 1183-84— recon- 
ciled with his brother, 30 Nov. 1 1 84 — demands 
the earldom of Anjou, is refused, and goes to 
the court of France, 1 1 85— killed at a tourna- 
ment at Paris, 19 Aug. 11 86. 

Geoffrey, Etienne Francois, physician, — fi. 
at Paris, 13 Feb. 1672 — studies at Montpellier, 
1692 — goes to England, F.R.S., 1698 — ad- 
mitted to Academy of Sciences, Paris, 1699 — 
Prof. Chemistry, Jardin des Plantes, 1707 — 
Prof. Medicine and Pharmacy, College de 
France, 1709 — Dean of the Faculty, 1726 — 
tf., 5 Jan. 1 83 1. Tractatus de materia medica, 
1741. 

Geoffrey, Etienne "Louis, physician, natural- 
ist, — ft. at Paris, 1725 — M.D., 1748 — tf. near 
Soissons, Aug. 1810. Histoire abregee des 
insectes qui se trouvent aux environs de Paris, 
1762 — Traite sommaire des coquilles, §c, 1767. 

Geoffroy, Julien Louis, miscellaneous 
writer, — t). at Rennes, 1743 — escapes from 
Paris, Aug. 1792 — joins the staff of the Journal 
des Bebats, 1800 — tf. at Paris, 26 Feb. 18 14. 
Commentaire sur Racine, 1808 — Cours de lit- 
terature dramatique, 1817. 

Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Etienne, zoologist, 
anatomist, §c, — b. at Estampes, (Seine et 
Oise,) 15 Apr. 1772 — procures liberation of 
Haiiy, 15 Aug. 1792 — Prof. Zoology, Jardin 
des Plantes, Jun. 1793 — accompanies expedition 
to Egypt, 1798 — member of Legion of Honour, 
1803 — member of Institute, 14 Sep. 1807 — 
Prof. Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, 20 Jul. 
1809 — sent on scientific mission to Portugal, 
1 810 — arrested at Merida, Apr. 18 10 — member 



5^2 



GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE— GEORGE. 



of Chamber of Deputies, 1815 — controversy 
with Cuvier commences, 12 Dec. 1829 — tt., 20 
Jnn. 1844. Description de VEgypte, 1809-13 
— Philosophie anatomique, 181 8 — Notions 
synthetiques, $•<?., de philosophie naturelle, 1838. 

Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Isidore, zoologist, — 
fc. at Paris, 16 Dec. 1805— assistant naturalist 
to his father, 1824 — M.D., 1829 — received at 
Academy of Sciences, 1833 — Inspector of 
Academy of Paris, 1 840 — Prof. Zoology, 
Museum, 1841— Officer of Legion of Honour, 
1 845 — Prof. Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, 1 850 
— Pres. Societe d'Acclimatation, 1854 — Com- 
mander of Legion of Honour, 13 Aug. 1861 — 
3j., io Nov. 1 86 1. Histoire des Anomalies de 
V Organisation chez V Homme et les Animaux, 
1832-6 — Vie d'Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 
1847 — Histoire Naturelle generate des Regnes 
Organiques, 1 854-9 — Domestication et naturalis- 
ation des animaux utiles, 1849. 

Geographical Society, of Paris, — founded, 
1821 — Royal, of London, founded, 1830. 

Geological Society, of London, — instituted, 
1807 — incorporated, 23 Apr. 1826 — of Prance, 
founded, 1830 — approved by royal ordinance, 
3 Apr. 1832. 

Geometrical Style of Gothic Architecture, 
— introduced, about 1245 — superseded by De- 
corated style, about 13 15. 

George, Fort, in Scotland, — captured by the 
troops of Prince Charles Edward, Feb. 1746. 

George, Fort, in Canada. [William Henry, 
Fort.] 

George, Fort St, Madras, — built, 1641 — 
capitulates to the French, after bombardment 
of five days, 19 Sep. 1746 — restored to the 
British by Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, Aug. 
1748. 

George, St, Order of, [Garter,]— in Russia, 
founded by Catherine II., 26 Nov. 1769 — 
statutes altered, 1782 — original constitution 
restored by Alexander I., 12 Oct. 1801 — in 
Bavaria, refounded by Charles VII., 24 Apr. 
1729 — in Hanover, instituted by Ernest 
Augustus, 1 Jan. 1 840 — of Lucca, instituted by 
Duke Charles Louis, 1 Jun. 1833 — [Michael, 
St, and St George, Order of,] — in Sicily, in- 
stituted by Ferdinand I., 1 Jan. 1819. {The 
following are extinct.) Instituted by Constan- 
tine, as the Golden Angel, ? 312 — of Alfana, 
in Spain, instituted, 1201 — confirmed by John 
XXII. , 1 317 — united with Order of Montesa, 
by Benedict XIII., 1399 — at Rome, instituted 
by Alexander VI., 1492 — abolished by Gregory 
XIII., 1578 — at Ravenna, founded by Paul 
III., 1535 — abolished by Gregory XIII., 1578 
— in Carinthia, founded by Frederick III., 
1468, or by Rudolph of Hapsburg, 1273 or 
1290 — extinct, 1598 — German, founded, about 
1500 — in Burgundy, {Order of Rougemont,) 
founded by Philibert de Miolans, about 1400. 

George, St. [Georgius of Cappadocia.) 

George {Louis) I., King of England, — fc. 
at Osnabriick, 28 May 1660— visits England, 
168 1 — marries his cousin Sophia Dorothea of 
Zell, 21 Nov. 1682 — imprisons her on the 
charge of an intrigue with Count Konigsmark, 
Dec. 1694 — succeeds his father as Elector of 



Hanover, 1698 — leads auxiliaries to the aid of 
the Duke of Holstein against Frederick III. 
of Denmark, 1700 — adheres to the English 
alliance, 1702, seq. — marries his daughter 
Sophia Dorothea to Frederick William I. of 
Prussia, 1706 — commands Imperial forces 
against the French, 1707-8-9 — joins in the 
Treaty of Rastadt, 6 Mar. 17 14 — proclaimed 
King of England on the death of Queen Anne, 
1 Aug. 17 14 — arrives in England, i8, a 28, b 17 c 
Sep. 17 14 — crowned at Westminster, 31 Oct. 
17 14 — assembles a new parliament, Jan. 17 15 
— rebellion of the Old Pretender, 17 15-16 — 
[Stuart, James Edward] — arranges the Triple 
Alliance, Jan. 17 17 — joins the Quadruple Al- 
liance, Aug. 17 18 — reconciled with the Prince 
of Wales, Apr. 1720 — administration of Wal- 
pole begins, Apr. 172 1 — founds professorships 
of Modern History at Oxford and Cambridge, 
1724 — Treaty of Hanover, Sep. 1725 — recon- 
stitutes the Order of the Bath, 1725 — death of 
his queen at Ahlen, 2, b 14 c Nov. 1726 — em- 
barks for Hanover, 3 Jun. 1727 — fc. at Osna- 
briick, night of 10- 1 1 Jun. 1727. 

a Annals of England. b Engl. Cyc. 

c Art de Verifier les Dates. 

George {Augustus) II., King of England, 
— h. at Hanover, 30 Oct. 1683 — marries Wil- 
helmina Caroline of Brandenburg-Anspach, 
22 Aug. (2 Sep.) 1705 — created Duke of 
Cambridge and K. G., 9 Nov. 1706 — distin- 
guishes himself at Oudenarde, Jul. 1708 — 
accompanies his father to England and is de- 
clared Prince of Wales, 22 Sep. 17 14 — Captain- 
general of the Artillery Company, 5 May 17 15 
— guardian of the realm and Lieutenant of the 
king, 6 Jul. 17 1 6 — attempt to assassinate him 
at Drury Lane Theatre, 6 Dec. 17 16 — quarrels 
with his father, George I., 28 Nov. 17 17 — 
expelled from St James's, and his children 
taken under charge of the king, Dec. 17 17 — 
his son Frederick created Duke of Gloucester, 
10 Jan. 17 18 — formally reconciled with the 
king, 23 Apr. 1720 — succeeds his father, 10 
Jun. 1727 — proclaimed, 26 Jun. — crowned 
with his queen, 22 Oct. — death of the queen, 
20 Nov. 1737 — creates his mistress, Amelia 
Sophia de Walmoden, Countess of Yarmouth, 
1740 — retirement of Walpole from office, Feb. 
1742 — forms alliance with Frederick II. of 
Prussia, 1743 — commands in person at Det- 
tingen, Jun. 1743 — Jacobite Rebellion in 
Scotland, 1745-6 — [Stuart, Charles Edward,] 
— death of Frederick, Prince of Wales, 1751 — 
Seven Years' War begins, 1756— ti. at Ken- 
sington, 25 Oct. 1760. 

George {William Frederick) III., King of 
England, — h. in London, 4 Jun. 1738 — Duke 
of Gloucester on the death of his father, 
Frederick, Prince of Wales, 20 Mar. 1751 — 
created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, 
20 Apr. 1751 — his education directed by 
Lord Bute, 1753-9 — takes his seat in the 
House of Peers, 1759 — succeeds his grand- 
father, George II., 25 Oct. 1760 — meets 
his parliament, 18 Nov. 1760 — dissolves 
it, 21 Mar. 1761 — marries the Princess 
Charlotte Sophia of Mecklenburg- Strelitz, 8 



GEORGE— GEORGIA. 



583 



Sep. 1 76 1— crowned, with, his queen, 22 Sep. 
1 76 1— declaration of war against Spain, Jan. 
1762 — peace, by Treaty of Paris, Feb. 1763 — 
contest with John Wilkes begins, Apr. 1763 — 
attacked with illness, Apr. 1764 — proposes a 
Regency bill, summer 1764 — assents to 
American Stamp Act, 22 Mar. 1765 — assents to 
its repeal, 20 Mar. 1766 — [Junius, Letters of] 
— forbids the Duke of Cumberland and his 
Duchess (Mrs Horton) to appear at Court, 177 1 
—[Royal Marriage Bill]— death of his mother, 
8 Feb. 1772— American War begins, Apr. 
1775 — acknowledges the independence of the 
colonies, 30 Nov. 1782 — [Coalition Ministry 
of Fox and Lord North] — ministry of Pitt 
begins, 18 Dec. 1783 — dissolves the parliament, 

25 Mar. 1784— attempt to assassinate him, by 
Margaret Nicolson, 2 Aug. 1786 — attacked with 
delirium, Nov. 1788 — declared convalescent, 17 
Apr. 1789 — French Revolution, May 1789— 
issues proclamation against seditious meetings 
and writings, 21 May 1792 — declaration of war 
by France, 1 Feb. 1793 — hissed and fired at 
by the mob in St James's Park, 29 Oct. 1795 — 
Irish Rebellion breaks out, 1798 — attempt of 
Hatfield to assassinate, in Drury Lane Theatre, 
15 May 1800 — assents to Act of Union of 
Great Britain and Ireland, 2 Jul. 1800 — 
relinquishes title of King of France, close of 
1800 — resignation of Pitt, Mar. 1801 — renewed 
illness, spring 1801 and Feb. 1804 — refuses 
assent to measures for relief of Roman 
Catholics, Mar. 1807 — [Peninsular War] — 
the jubilee of his accession celebrated, 25 Oct. 
1809— commencement of his final insanity, Oct. 
1 8 10 — death of his youngest daughter, Amelia, 
Nov. 1 8 10 — regency of the Prince of Wales, 
from Feb. 181 1 — ministry of Lord Liverpool 
begins, May 18 12 — becomes blind, about 1810- 
12 — death of the queen, 17 Nov. 1818— fc. at 
Windsor, 29 Jan. 1820. 

George {Augustus Frederick) IV., King of 
England,— ft., 12 Aug. 1762— created Prince 
of Wales and Earl of Chester, 17 Aug. — K.G., 

26 Dec. 1765 — -named Captain-general of the 
Artillery Company, 1766 — his connection with 
Mrs Robinson begins, 1780 — becomes intimate 
with Fox aud other leading Whigs, 1781— 
takes his seat in the House of Lords, 1 1 Nov. 
1783 — his marriage with Mrs Fitzherbert, 
1784 — his debts discussed in parliament, 1786 
and Apr. 1787 — relieved by large additional 
grants, 1787 — compelled to retire from the 
Turf, summer 1791 — makes his first speech in 
parliament, separates from Fox and the Whigs, 
31 May 1792 — forms a connection with Lady 
Jersey, 1794 — marries his cousin Caroline 
Amelia of Brunswick, 8 Apr. 1795 — refuses 
his wife's demand for the dismissal of Lady 
Jersey, Jun. 1795 — birth of his daughter, the 
Princess Charlotte, 7 Jan. 1796 — separates 
from his wife, 1796 — named regent, with re- 
strictions for a year, 3 Feb. 18 11 — the restric- 
tions removed, early in 1812 — attempt to as- 
sassinate him, 28 Jan. 18 17 — succeeds his 
father, 29 Jan. 1820 — the Cato-street Con- 
spiracy discovered, Feb. 1820— crowned at 
Westminster, 19 Jul. 1821 — visits Ireland, 



Aug. 1 82 1 — death of the queen, 7 Aug. — goes 
to Hanover, end of Sep. to beginning of Nov. 
— visits Scotland, Aug. 1822 — tf. at Windsor, 
26 Jun. 1830. 

George, Duke of Clarence. [Clarence.] 

George, Prince, of Denmark, — ft. 21 Apr. 
1653 — visits France, summer 1669 — visits Eng- 
land, Jul. 1669 — distinguishes himself at battle 
of Lunden, and rescues his brother, the king, 
14 Dec. 1676 — marries the Princess Anne of 
England, 28 Jul. 1683 — Privy Councillor on 
accession of James II., 1685— joins the Prince 
of Orange, 24 Nov. 1688 — naturalized by Act 
of Parliament, 1689 — created Baron of Woking- 
ham, Earl of Kendal, and Duke of Cumber- 
land, Apr. 1689 — accompanies William III. to 
Ireland, and is present at battle of the Boyne, 
1690 — Generalissimo of all the queen's forces, 
and Lord High Admiral, 21 May 1702 — com- 
plaints in parliament of his administration, 
1703, 1704, and 1707 — tf. at Kensington, 28 
Oct. 1708. 

George I., Vladimirovich, the Long-handed, 
Grand-Duke of Russia,— drives his nephew 
Isiaslaf from the throne of Kief, n 49 — de- 
feats Isiaslaf and his allies, the kings of Poland 
and Hungary, 1 149 — driven away by Isiaslaf, 
1 150 — reestablished, 1 154 — founds Moscow, 
1154-7— tf., 1157. 

George II., Vsevolodovich, Grand-Duke of 
Russia, — succeeds his father, 1212 — war with 
his elder brother Constantine, 12 12 — again 
attacked and defeated by Constantine and Mstis- 
laf, 12 17 — restored on the death of Constan- 
tine, 1 21 8 — invasion of the Tatars, 1223— 
killed in a battle with the Tatars under Batu 
Khan, 1237,* 4 Mar. i238. b 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Engl. Cyc. 

George Podiebrad. [Podiebrad. ] 

George William. [Brandenburg.] 

Georgi, Christian Siegmund, Biblical critic, 
— ft. at Luckau, 1702 — Prof. Philosophy, AVit- 
tenberg, 1736 — Prof. Theology, 1743 — D.D., 
1748 — if. at Wittenberg, 6 Sep. 1771. FEiero 
Criticus Novi Testamenti, 1733 — edition of 
Greek New Testament, 1736. 

Georgi, Jacob Friedrich, — ft. in Anspach, 
1697 — pastor at Uffenheim, 1729 — ft., 3 Oct. 
1762. Imperatorum Imperiique Frincipum ae 
Frocerum gravamina adversus Sedem Fomanam, 
1719. 

Georgi, Johann Gottlieb, chemist, natural' 
ist, — ft. at Colberg, 1738 — Prof. Chemistry, 
Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, 1783 — h. 
there, 13 Nov. 1802. Beschreibung oiler Na- 
tionen des Eussischen Feichs, 1776 — Geo- 
graphisch - physikalische und naturhistorische 
Beschreibung des Fussischen Feichs, 1798-1802. 

Georgia, U.S., America, — colony founded 
by Oglethorpe, under Patent of George II., 
9 Jun. 1732— invaded by Spaniards, 1742— 
slaves introduced, 1749 — made a royal govern- 
ment, 1752 — provincial legislature established, 
1755 — joins in declaration of war against Great 
Britain, 1776 — occupied by a British force, 
1778, 1779, and 1780 — new constitution estab- 
lished, 1785 — treaty of peace with Creek In- 
dians, 1790 — constitution amended, 1798 — 



5^4 



GEORGIA— GERARD. 



abandoned by the Creek Indians, 1826— aban- 
doned by the Cherokees, 1835, a 1838 b — secedes 
from the Union, 19 Jan. 1861 — [Confederate 
States] — readmitted to representation in Con- 
gress, by bill of 11 Jun. 1868. University of, 
{Franklin's College,) established, 1788 — re- 
organized, 1802. 

a Maccullocb. b Gazetteer of United States. 

Georgia, {Transcaucasia,) [Iberia,] — con- 
quest of, by the Caliphs, commenced, 684, a 
713 b — by the Persians, 927 — by Alp Arslan, 
1065-8 — invaded by Gengis Khan, 1220 — by 
Batou Khan, 1236 — province of Mongol Em- 
pire, 1248 — invaded by Tamerlane, 1386, 
1398, and 1400— divided by King Alexander I. 
among his three sons, 1424 — conquered by the 
Persians, about 1520 — seeks alliance with Rus- 
sia against Turks, 1579 — conquered by Turks, 
1599 — invaded by Shah Abbas, 16 14 — ceded 
to Persia, 17 17 — converted into a pachalik, 
1724 — ceded to Paul I. of Russia, by George 
XL, 5 Dec. 1799 — made a Russian province, 
1802 — confirmed to Russia, by treaties of 
Turkmanchay, 1828, and Adrianople, 1829 — 
commission sent to examine the country, and 
draw up a project of government, 1837 — new 
system introduced, Jan. 1841. 

a Encyc. Mod. b Encyc. des Gens du Monde. 
Georgia, South, island, — discovered by Cook, 
1775- 

Georgian Version of the Bible, — made be- 
fore 600. 

Georgium Sidus. [Uranus.] 
Georgius, {of Cappadocia,) St, patron saint 
of England, — consecrated Bp of Alexandria by 
Arians, on expulsion of Athanasius, Lent 356 a 
■ — persecutes the orthodox, 356 et seq. — seized 
and imprisoned with Diodorus and Dracontius, 
end of Nov. 361 — massacred, 24 Dec. 36i, b 
362a — recognized as saint and martyr, by Pope 
Gelasius, 494 — his legend popular in England 
before 1066 — made famous in Europe by Cru- 
saders, about 1 1 00 — his feast ordered to be kept 
as a holiday, by council at Oxford, 1222 — re- 
garded as patron saint of England, before 
1325 — patron of Order of the Garter, by Ed- 
ward III., about 1349. 

a Clinton. b Gibbon. 

Georgius, of Cyprus, {Gregorius,) Patri- 
arch op Constantinople, — fj. in Cyprus, 
about 1240 — goes to Constantinople, 1262 — 
Protapostolarius, 1282 — Patriarch, 1283 — re- 
signs, 1289 — tf., 1290. 

Georgius, Bp of Laodicea, — presbyter of 
Alexandria, before 325 — Bp of Laodicea, be- 
fore 330 — attends Council of Tyre, 335 — attends 
Council of Seleuceia, 359 — tf., after 361. 
Georgius Maniaces. [Maniaces.] 
Georgius Pisida, poet, §c — fl., about 625. 
Georgius Syncellus. [Syncellus.] 
Georgius of Trebizond, {Georgius Trapezun- 
tius,) — b. in Crete, 4 Apr. 1396 — comes into 
Italy, about 1428 — eminent at Rome, 1435 — 
Secretary Apostolic to Nicholas V., 1450 — 
visits Naples and is reconciled to Nicholas, 
1453 — visits Crete, 1465 — tf. at Rome, about 
i486. Ehetorica, 151 1 — Dialcctica, 1530 — 
Comparatio Platonis et Aristotelis, 1523. 



Gera, in Saxony, — head of a lordship in 
Principality of Reuss, about 11 90 — the Em- 
peror Henry III. defeats his rival Rudolph 
near, 1080 — stormed and pillaged by William, 
Duke of Weimar, 1450 — burnt, 1656, 1689, and 
1780. Gera Bond, {Geraische Vertrag,) — de- 
claring Electorate of Brandenburg indivisible, 
signed, 1598. 

Geraint, Prince of West "Wales, — defeated 
by Ina of Wessex, 710. 

Gerando, Joseph Marie, Baron de, states- 
man,^.,— -ft. at Lyons, 29 Feb. 1772 — wounded 
and made prisoner there, 1793 — accompanies 
Napoleon to Milan, charged with organization 
of the University of Turin, 1806 — member of 
the junto of Tuscany, 1808 — Intendant of 
Catalonia, Baron of the Empire, 18 12 — Com- 
mander of Legion of Honour, 1820 — Prof. 
Public Law, Paris, 1828-42 — Peer, 3 Oct. 
1837 — tf. at Paris, 11 Nov. 1842. Des signes 
et de leur influence sur Vart de penser, 1800 — 
Histoire comparee des systemes de philosophie, 
1804. 

Gerard, {Cremonensis,) translator, — b. near 
Cremona, about 11 14 — is. there, 11 87. 

Gerard, Abp of Aix, — joint commander of 
the crusading fleet of Richard I., sails from 
Dartmouth, Apr. 1190. 

Gerard, Alexander, theologian, — b. in 
Aberdeenshire, 22 Feb. 1728 — Prof. Natural 
Philosophy, Marischal College, 1752 — ordained 
Pastor, 1759 — Prof. Theology, 1760 — Prof. 
Theology, King's College, about 1773 — tf. at 
Aberdeen, 22 Feb. 1795. 

Gerard, Alexis Francois, engraver, — b. at 
Yincennes, 1789 — member of Legion of 
Honour, 1866 — tf., 17 Jan. 1870. 

Gerard, Balthasar, — b. in Franche-Comte, 
1558 — assassinates William, Prince of Orange, 
at Delft, 10 Jul. 1584 — executed there, 24 Jul. 
1584. 

Gerard, Francois Pascal, Baron, painter, 
— b. at Rome, 11 Mar. 1770 — goes to Paris, 
1782 — Baron, 18 10 — first painter to Louis 
XVIIL, 1 8 15— to Charles X., 1824— tf., Jan. 
1837. Belisarius, Munich, 1795 — Psyche, 
1797 — Battle of Austerlitz, Versailles, 18 10 — 
Entrance of Henry IV. into Paris, 18 17 — 
Thetis bearing the armour of Achilles, 1822. 

Gerard, James, traveller, — explores the 
Himalaya, 1818-21— tf. in India, 1835. 

Gerard, Jean Ignace Isidore, {Grandville,) 
caricaturist, §c, — b- at Nancy, 3 Sep. 1803 — 
tf. at Paris, 7 Mar. 1847. Metamorphoses du 
Jour, commenced, 1828. 

Gerard, Jules, traveller, lion-hunter, — b. 
18 17— tf. 1864. 

Gerard, Maurice Etienne, Count, Marshal 
op France, — b. at Danvilliers, (the Meuse,) 4 
Apr. 1773 — enters the army, 1791 — aide-de- 
camp to Bernadotte, 1796 — distinguishes him- 
self at battle of Austerlitz, 2 Dec. 1805 — 
receives cross of the Legion of Honour, 2 Dec. 
1805 — General of Brigade, 1806 — commands 
Saxon Cavalry at Wagram, 1809 — serves in 
Peninsular campaigns, 1809- n— contributes to 
capture of Smolensko, distinguishes himself at 
the passage of the Beresina, 18 12— General of 



GERARD— GERLAC PETERSEN". 



5*5 



Division, 1813 — contributes to victory of Baut- 
zen, 21 May 1 8 13 — routs the Prussians at 
Goldsberg: wounded at battle of Leipsic, 18 
Oct. — contributes to the victory of Montereau, 
1 8 14 — commands army of the Moselle, 1815— 
Marshal of France, 1830 — takes the citadel of 
Antwerp, 1832 — prime minister to Louis Phi- 
lippe, 1834 — Grand Chancellor of Legion of 
Honour, 1848 — rj. at Paris, 17 Aug. 1852. 

Gerard Dow. [Dow.] 

Gerard Groot, monastic founder, — rj. at 
Deventer, 1340 — founds Congregation of the 
Friars of the common life, 1376 — ft. at 
Deventer, 1384. 

Gerard Thorn, (Tenque,) monastic founder, 
— b., about 1040 — founds Order of St John of 
Jerusalem, n 00 — rj., about 1121. 

Gerarde, John, herbalist, — b. at Nantwich, 
Cheshire, 1545 — head gardener to Lord Burgh- 
ley, from 1577 — rj., about 1607. Catalogus 
arborum, fruticum ac plantarum, §c, 1596 — 
Herbal, 1597. 

Gerasa, in Palestine, — [B C] — taken by 
Alexander Jannseus, about 85 a — burnt _ by 
Jews, 66 — [A D] — taken and burnt by Annius, 
General of Vespasian, about 69 — adorned by 
the Antonines, 138-80 a — Baldwin II. destroys 
the castle, 11 22 — ruins discovered by Seetzen, 
about 1806. a Smith's Diet. Bib. 

Gerber, Heinrich Nicholas, musician— b. 
in Schwartz burg, 1702 — organist to the Prince 
of Schwartzburg, 1731-75— rj. there, 6 Aug. 

1775- 

Gerberga, — marries Carloman, king of 
France, 768 — at his death takes refuge with 
her children at the court of Desiderius, king 
of Lombardy, Dec. 771 — captured by Charles 
the Great at Pavia and sent to France, May 

774- 

Gerberoi, in Ticardy, [Gerboracum, Gerbore- 
dum,) — battle of, William the Conqueror 
wounded by his son Robert, 1078 — besieged 
by the English, and its walls razed, 1159 — 
again taken by them, 11 97 — taken by Heury 
V., 141 9 — pillaged by Burgundians, 141 9 — 
recovered by the French, 1432 — Lahire defeats 
the English near, 1434 — again taken by the 
English, 1437 and 1440 — recovered by the 
French, 1449 — burnt, 161 1, 1651, and 1673. 

Gerberon, Gabriel, theologian, — b. at St 
Calais, (Maine,) 1628 — governor of College 
there, 1647 — priest, 1655 — imprisoned at Vin- 
cennes, Dec. 1706-10 — ft. at St Denis, Mar. 
17 1 1. Miroir de la piete chretienne, 1676 — 
Memorial historique de ce qui s' 'est passe (1647- 
53) touchant les cinq propositions, §c, 1676 — ■ 
Histoire ge'ne'rale du Jansenisme, 1700. 

Gerbert. [Sylvester II.] 

Gerbert, Martin, Baron ton Hornatt, 
antiquary, writer on music, — b. in Austria, 
i72o, ac 1722 b — prince-abbot of St Blaise, 1764 
■ — tr., 13 May 1793,*° i792. b Pinacotheca 
principum Austrice, §c, 1768-73 — Tapho- 
graphia principum Austria, 1772 — De Cantu 
et musica sacra, 1774 — Scriptores ecclesiastici 
de musica sacra, §c, 1784. 
a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Ersch and Gruber. 

Gerbier D'Ouvilly, Sir Balthasar, painter, 



architect, — b. at Antwerp, about 1591 — in the 
service of the Duke of Buckingham, 161 3 — 
accompanies him to Spain, 1623 — Knt, by 
Charles I., 1628 — naturalized, 1641 — )y. at 
Hempstead-Marshall, 1667. 

Gerbillon, Jean Francois, Jesuit missionary ; 
— b. at Verdun, 11 Jan. 1654 — goes to Siam, 
1685 — takes part in founding French mission 
in China, 1692— ft. Director of the French 
College, Pekin, and Superior-general of the 
mission, 25 Mar. 1707. 

Gerdil, (Gerdyl,) Hyacinth Sigismund, 
cardinal, — b. in Savoy, 23 Jim. 17 18 — Prof. 
Philosophy, Turin, 1749 — Prof. Theology, 
about 1754 — Cardinal, 1777 — retires, 1798 — if. 
at Rome, 12 Aug. 1802. Works, 1784-91. 

Gergovia, capital of the Boii, — [B C] — 
menaced by Vercingetorix, 52 — Csesar defeated 
by Vercingetorix, 52. 

Gerhard, Eduard, archceologist, — b. at 
Posen, 29 Nov. 1795 — graduates at Univ. of 
Breslau, 1816 — visits Italy, 1819 — resides at 
Rome, 1822-37 — Protector of the Crown Prince 
of Prussia at Rome, 1828 — archaeologist to 
Royal Museum, Berlin, 1 837 — Foreign Associate 
of Institute of France, 1 860 — rj., 1868. Lectiones 
Apollonian^, 1816 — collaborateur in Platner's 
Beschreibung der Stadt Rom, between 1822-30 
— Antike Bildwerke, 1 827-44 — Auserlesene 
Griech. Vasenbilder, 1839-58 — Ptruskische 
Spiegel, 1839-65 — Prodromus Mytholog. Kun- 
sterkldrung, 1828 — Griech. Mythologie, 1854-5. 

Gerhard, Johann Ernst, orientalist, his- 
torian,— it. at Jena, 15 Dec. 1621 — Prof. 
History there, 1652 — Prof. Theology, 1655 — ■ 
b\, 24 Feb. 1668. Harmonia Linguarum 
orientalium, 1647. 

Gerhard, Karl Abraham, physician, na- 
turalist, — b. in Silesia, 26 Feb. 1738 — coun- 
sellor of mines, Berlin, 1779 — counsellor of 
finance, &c, 1786 — rj. at Berlin, 9 Mar. 1821. 
Beitrdge zur Naturgeschichte, Mineralogie, und 
Chemie, 1773-76 — translation of the Voyage 
metallurgique of Jars, 1777-85 — Versuch einer 
Geschichte des Mineralreiches, 17 8 1-2. 

Gerhardt, Paul, poet, theologian, — b. in 
Saxony, probably 1606 — Archdeacon of Lubben, 
1669 — fr. there, 7 Jun. 1675. Geistliche An- 
dachten, 1666. 

Gericault, Jean Louis Theodore Andre, 
painter, — b. at Rouen, 1790 — studies in Italy, 
1 8 16- 1 9 — tf., 18 Jan. 1824. Wreck of the 
Medusa, 181 9. 

Gericke, Peter, physician, — b. at Stendal, 4 
Apr. 1693 — Prof. Medicine and Philosophy, 
Halle, 1723 — Prof. Anatomy, Pharmacy, &c, 
Helmstadt, 1730 — admitted to Academy, 
Berlin, 173 1 — ft., 8 Oct. 1750. De studio 
novitatis in anatomia et physiologia, 1724 — 
De venarum valvulis earumque usu, 1733 — 
Abhandlung von der Heilungsgelehrtheit, 1737. 

Gering, Ulrich, printer, — goes to Paris, and 
with Martin Crantz and others establishes a 
press in the Sorbonne, 1469-70 — ft., 1510. 

Gerlac Petersen, mystic— b. at Deventer, 
1378 — canon regular of "Windisheim, 1403 — tf., 
141 1. Alter Thomas de Kempis, sive ignitum 
cum deo soliloquium, (1616.) 



5 86 



GERLACH— GERMAR. 



Gerlach, Stephen, traveller, $c, — b. in Suabia, 
1546 — B.D. Tlibingen, 1566 — Ph.D. Essingen, 
1567 — accompanies Imperial embassy to Con- 
stantinople, 1573-8 — D.D., 1579 — tf. at Tii- 
bingen, 30 Jan. 16 1 2. Anti-Danceus, 1580 — 
De prcecipuis horum Temporum Controversiis, 
1 6 10 — Journal of Embassy to the Porte, 
1674. 

Gerlach, Benjamin Theophilus, philologist, 
— b. in Silesia, 1698 — Director of Gymnasium, 
Zittau, 1738 — tf. there, 18 Jun. 1756. 

Germain-en-Laye, St, in Prance, — site of a 
monastery by King Robert, 10 10 — occasional 
residence of Louis le Gros, 1 1 24 — pillaged and 
burnt by Edward III., 1346 — seized by Henry 
V., 141 9 — given up, 1435 — Assembly of 
Notables held at, by Henry III., 1583 — oc- 
cupied by Germans, 19 Sep. 1870. The 
Chuteau, founded by Charles V., 1370 — re-con- 
structed by Francis I., 1530-40 ? — residence of 
James II. of England, 1689-1701 — used for 
barracks, 1789 — seat of a military school, by 
Napoleon I., 1809 — English troops quartered 
at, 1 8 15 — offered for sale, 1830. Peace of 
Religion of, confirming rights of the Huguenots, 
signed, 18 Aug. 1570. Treaty between Bern- 
hard of S axe- Weimar and Louis XIII. signed 
at, 27 Oct. 1635 — Treaty of Peace between 
France (with Sweden) and Brandenburg, 
signed, 29 Jun. 1679. 

Germain, Sophie, mathematician, — b. at 
Paris, 1 Apr. 1776 — tf., 17 Jun. 1831. Pe- 
cherches sur la theorie des surfaces elastiques, 
1 82 1 — Considerations generates sur Vetat des 
sciences et des lettres, §c., 1833. 

Germaine, Lord George. [Sackville.] 
German Catholic Church, — founded by Czer- 
ski and Ronge, close of 1844 — Council of, at 
Leipsic, 22 Mar. 1845 — Council at Berlin, 1847 
— declines, after 1850. 

German Confederation, {der Deutsche Bund,) 
— constituted by Treaty of Vienna, 8 Jun. 18 15 
— further declaration of its objects, published, 
15 May 1820 — princedom of Gotha becomes ex- 
tinct by death of the last duke, 1826 — duchy of 
Anhalt-Cothen annexed to Anhalt-Dessau, 1 847 
— the principalities of Hohenzollern-Hechingen 
and H.-Sigmaringen, united to Prussia, 1849 — 
duchy of Anhalt-Bernberg extinct by death of 
Duke Alexander, 19 Aug. 1863 — attempt to re- 
constitute, by Emperor of Austria, in Congress 
of Frankfort, Aug. 1863 — exclusion of Austria 
from, by Treaty of Prague, 2 Aug. 1866 — an- 
nexation of Hanover, Hesse-Cassel, Nassau, 
Frankfort, and part of Hesse Darmstadt to 
Prussia, Aug. 1866. [North German Confed- 
eration.] 

German School of Painting,— founded by 
Holbein, Diirer, and others, 1490-1520. 

German Version of the Bible, {Old Testa- 
ment,) — at expense of Emperor Wenceslaus, 
1405 — another incomplete, 1458 — others, 1464, 
1472, 1477, 1490, and 1518 — first printed, 1466 
— by Luther, 1522-30— by monks of Rostock, 
1530 — by Dietenburg, 1534— by Eck, (Old 
Test.,) 1537 — byUlenberg, 1630— [New, Zurich) 
by Hottinger, Miiller, and others, 1667— by 
Piscator, 1602-4— in Hebrew characters, (part 



of Old Test.,) 1542— (New Test.) by Hersage, 
1540 — by London Soc. for promoting Chris- 
tianity among Jews, 1820. 

German y Llorente, Bernardo, painter, — fr. 
at Seville, 1685— painter to Philip V., 17 11 — 
tf. at Seville, 1757. 

Germanic Confederation. [Confederation 
of the Rhine.] 

Germanicus Caesar, — [BC] — b., Sep. ? 15 — 
[A Dj— adopted by Tiberius, 4 — qusestor, assists 
Tiberius against Dalmatians and Pannonians, 
7-10 — proconsul to Tiberius, against Germans, 
1 1 — Consul with C. Fonteius Capito, commands 
on the Rhine, (765, a. u. c.) 12— suppresses 
revolt, ravages Marsian territory, 14 — his second 
campaign against the Catti and Arminius, buries 
remains of legion of Varus, 15 — third campaign 
against Arminius, the Marsi, Catti, &c, 16— 
triumphs, (7Kal. Jun.,) 26 May 17 — Consttlwith. 
Tiberius, (771,) 18 — commands in Eastern pro- 
vinces, 18 — visits Egypt, 19 — tf., (7 Id. Oct.,) 
9 Oct. 19. 

Germano, San, — Pope Innocent II. defeated 
and captured by Roger of Sicily, 22 Jul. 

"39- 

Germanos, Abp of Patkas, — b. in Greece, 
about 1780 — takes part in Greek insurrection, 
1 821 — minister of worship, in provisional go- 
vernment, 1822 — tf., Jun. 1826. 

Germantown, V. 8., — Gen. Howe defeats 
Americans at, Oct. 1777. 

Germanus, — commands in Thrace, defeats 
Antae, 527-8 — defeats Tzotzes at Scalas Veteres, 
in Numidia, 534 — recalled by Justinian, 539 a 
— sent against Chosroes, 540 a — tf . on the way to 
command against Goths in Italy, 550. 
a Clinton. 

Germanus, Bp of Constantinople, — ap- 
pointed, 715 — tf., 740. 

Germanus, Patriarch op Constantinople, 
— appointed, 1222 — deposed, 1240 — restored, 
1254— tf., 1254. 

Germanus, St, of Auxerre, — b., about 380 — 
Bp of Auxerre, 418-48 — visits Britain to oppose 
the Pelagians, about 429-30 and 446-7 — tf. at 
Ravenna, 31 Jul. 448. 

Germanus, St, of Paris, — b. in Autun, about 
496 — Bp of Paris, 556 — tf. there, May 576. 

Germany, — [B C] — entered by Julius Csesar, 
55 and 53 — Drusus carries on war in, 12-9 — ■ 
the war continued by Tiberius and Varus, 9 — 
[AD] — by Germanicus, 11 -16 — [Alemanni, 
Franks]^-interdict laid on the kingdom, by 
Benedict XII., 1338. 

Germany, Kings of. [Romans, Emperors 
of the.] 

Germany. [Golden Bull, Electors, German 
Confederation, Confederation of the Rhine, 
Frankfort, Congress of, North German Con- 
federation, Zollverein, and the names of the 
various states, §c.~\ 

Germar, Ernst Friedrich, mineralogist, §c, 
— b. in Saxony, 3 Nov. 1786— studies at School 
of Mines, Freiberg, 1 804 — Director of Mineral- 
ogical Museum, Halle, 1812-53 — Prof. Miner- 
alogy, 1817 — royal counsellor of Mines, 1844 
— tf., 8 Jul. 1853. Hie Versteinerungen der 
Steinkohlenformation von Wettin und lohejim, 



GERMINAL— GESENIUS. 



587 



1 844-52 — Fauna insectorum Europe, 1 8 1 7-47 — 
Magazin fiir Entomologie, 1813-21- — Zeitschrift 
fur Entomologie, 1839-44. 

Germinal, Insurrection of the 12th. 
[French Revolution.] 

Gerning, Johann Christian, entomologist, — 
b. at Frankfort-on-the-Maine, 1745 — tf. there, 
1802. Fapillons de VEurope, 1780-92. 

Gerona, Girona, (Gerunda,) in Catalonia, — 
seat of a bishopric, 786 — taken from Saracens 
by Franks, 787 — capitulates to Philip the Rash, 
after two months' siege, 7 Sep. 1285 — restored 
to Aragon, 12 Oct. 1285 — captured by the 
French, 31 Jan. 17 11 — unsuccessfully attempted 
by Duhesme, 20 Jun. 1808 — siege of, com- 
menced by Duhesme, 24 Jul. 1808 — raised by 
Spaniards under Count Caldagues, 15 Aug. 
1808 — besieged by St Cyr, end of May 1809 — 
capitulates to Augereau, 10 Dec. 1809. Coun- 
cils of, held, 517, 1068, and 1097. University 
of, founded by Philip II., 1521 — abolished 
by Philip V., 17 15. Cathedral, commenced, 
1316. 

Gerontius, — left in command in Spain, by 
Constans, close of 408 — revolts against Constan- 
tine and proclaims Maximus, early in 409 a — 
besieges Constantine in Aries, and kills himself, 
41 r. a a Clinton. 

Gerrard, Col., Boyalist, — his life attempted 
by Don Pantaleon, in London, Nov. 1653 — be- 
headed for a plot against Cromwell, 10 Jul. 

i 6 54. 

Gersdorf, Adolph Traugott von, natural 
philosopher, — b. in Lusatia, 20 Mar. 1744 — 
M.A. Wittenberg, 1777 — founds Society of 
Sciences, Upper Lusatia, 1779 — tf., 16 Jun. 
1807. Beobachtungen iiber die atmospharische 
Electricitdt, 1802. 

Gersdorf, Johann, physician. Feldbuch der 
Wundarzney, 15 17. 

Gersdorff, Karl Friedrich Wilhelm von, 
general, — 6. in Lusatia, 16 Feb. 1765 — studies 
at Leipsic and Wittenberg, 1782-85 — enters the 
army, 1785 — serves in campaigns of 1794-96 
— at siege of Dantzic, and battles of Heilsberg 
and Friedland, 1807 — aide-de-camp to the 
king, 1 808 — Colonel, member of Legion of Hon- 
our, 1809— at battle of Wagram, 1809 — chief 
of the staff charged to organize Saxon army, 1 
Mar. 1 8 1 o — Lieutenant-general, 1 8 1 3 — Inspec- 
tor-general of the army, 1817 — Grand Officer 
of Legion of Honour, 18 19 — receives grand 
cross of St Henry, 1825 — tf., 15 Sep. 1829. 

Gerson, Christian, Prof. Talmudic and Rab- 
binical Literature, Frankfort, — 6. in the Elec- 
torate of Cologne, 1569 — drowned in the Saal, 
25 Sep. 1627. Jewish Talmud, 1607 — Chelec, 
(Treasury of the Talmicdists,) 16 10. 

Gerson, Jean Charlier de, Chancellor of 
the University op Paris, — b. at Gerson, 
(Rheims,) 14 Dec. 1363 — studies at Paris, 1377 
— Chancellor of the Church and University of 
Paris, about 1393 — takes part in the Councils 
of Pisa, 1409 — and Constance, 1414 — tf. at 
Lyons, 12 Jul. 1429. Works, 1483-84. 

Gerson, Levi ben, (Gersonides,) rabbi, — tf. 
at Perpignan, 1370. Commentary on Job, 
H77. 



Gerstenberg, Heinrich Wilhelm von, poet, 
miscellaneous writer, — b. in Schleswig, Jan. 
1737 — Danish resident at Liibeck, 1775 — tf., 
1 Nov. 1823. Vermischte Schriften, 18 15. 

Gerstner, Franz Joseph, mathematician, §c, 
— b. in Bohemia, 22 Feb. 1756 — engineer, 
Prof. Mathematics, , Prague, 17 89 — founds 
there Institute of Arts, 1806 — Director of 
hydraulic works, Bohemia, 18 11 — tf., 25 Jun. 
1832. 

Gertruydenberg, in the Netherlands, — given 
by Pepin de Landen, Duke of Brabant, to his 
daughter Gertrude, 647 a — castle built, 1321 — 
taken by Dutch patriots, 1573 — by Prince 
Maurice, 1593 — ineffectual conferences for 
peace open at, in Mar.; close, 25 Jul. 17 10 — 
captured by Dumouriez, 7 Mar. 1793 b — aban- 
doned by him, 31 Mar. 1793 — again taken by 
the French, Jan. 1795. 

a Eees' Cyc. b Univ. Pittoresque. 

Gervaise, Francois Armand, Abbot of La 
Trappe, — b. at Paris, about 1660 — enters 
Order of Carmelites, 1675 — enters monastery of 
La Trappe, 1695 — tf. near Troyes, 1751. Vie 
de Saint Cyprien, 17 17 — Vie de Saint Trene'e, 
1725 — Histoire de la reforme de Vordre de 
Citeaux en France, 1746. 

Gervase of Canterbury, historian, — h. at 
Lincoln, i228, a about ii5o b — tf., soon after 

I200. b 

a Zedler, Uniy. Lex. b Nout. Biog-. Gen. 

Gervase of Tilbury, historian, — Marshal of 
the kingdom of Aries, by Otto IV., about 1208 
— 0., about 121 8. 

Gervase, Bp of Seez, — chosen abbot of St 
Just, in France, 11 95 — abbot-general of Order 
of Premontre, 1209 — assists at Council of the 
Lateran, 12 15 — named Bp of Seez by Henry 
III., 1220 — consecrated by Pope Honorius 
III., 18 Jul. 1220 — tf., 28 Dec. 1228. letters, 
discovered and printed, 1663. 

Gervinns, Georg Gottfried, historical and 
miscellaneous writer, — b- at Darmstadt, 20 May 
1805 — goes to Heidelberg Univ., 1825 — visits 
Italy, 1831-35 — Frof. History and Literature, 
Gottingen, 1836 — joins in protest against sus- 
pension of Hanoverian constitution, and is de- 
prived of his chair, 14 Dec. 1837 — again visits 
Italy, 1838-9 — honorary Prof, at Heidelberg, 
1844 — with Mathy and others founds the 
Deutsche Zeitung, Jul. 1847 — deputy to the 
Diet, 1848 — member of National Assembly, 
1848 — tf., Mar. 1 87 1. Historische Schriften, 
1833 — Geschichte der deutschen Eichtw/g, 
1835-42 — Grundziige der .Historik, 1837 — 
Handbuch der Geschichte der poetischen JS r a- 
tionalliteratur, 1849 — TJeber den Goethe' schen 
Brief wechsel, 1836 — Mission der Deutsch* 
katholiken, 1 845 — Sh akespeare, 1 849-50 — 
Einleitung in die Geschichte des I9ten Jahr- 
hundert, 1854 — Geschichte des I9ten Jahrhun- 
dert seit den Wiener Vertragen, 1855-65. 

Gesenius, Friedrich Heinrich Wilhelm, 
orientalist, — b. at Nordhausen, 3 Feb. 1780,* 
17 86, bc 1785 d — Prof. Ancient Literature, 
Heiligenstadt, 1809 — Prof. Theology, Halle, 
1810 — D.D., 1814 — visits Paris and Oxford, 
1820 — tf., 23 Oct. 1842. Hebraisches und 



5 88 



GESNER— GHENT. 



chaldaisches Handworterbuch uber das alte Tes- 
tament, 1 810-12 — Hebrdisches Flementarbuch, 
1 813-14 — Kritische Geschichte der Hebrdis- 
chen Sprache und Schrift, 18 15 — Be Penta- 
teuchi Samaritani origine, $•<?., 18 15. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

c Ersch and Gruber. d Conv.-LeX. 

Gesner, Johann, natural philosopher, — fi. 
at Zurich, 1709 — Prof. Mathematics, 1733 — - 
Prof. Physics, 1738 — founds the Society of 
Natural Philosophy, 1757 — ft., 1790. Tabula 
pkytographice, 17 95-1815 — De Thermoscopio 
botanico, 1755. 

Gesner, Johann Jakob, numismatist, — fo. at 
Zurich, 1707 — Prof. Hebrew there, 1740 — 
Prof. Biblical Theology, 1754 — tf. at Zurich, 
Dec. 1787. Numismata antiqua populorum et 
urbium omnia, §c, 1735-8. 

Gesner, Johann Matthias, philologist, — ft. 
near Anspach, 1691 — Prof. Eloquence and 
Poetry, Gottingen, 1734 — ly. there, Aug. 1761. 
Novus lingua et eruditionis Romance Thesaurus, 
1749 — Scriptores Rei Rustica veteris Latini, 

1735- 

Gesner, Konrad von, naturalist, — ft. at 
Zurich, 26 Mar. 15 16 — M.D. Basel, about 
1541 — Prof. Natural History, Zurich, 1555 — 
if. at Basel, 13 Dec. 1565. Historice animali- 
um, 1551-87 — Bibliotheca Universalis, 1545 — 
Opera botanica, 1754-70 — Complete translation 
of JElian, 1556. 

Gesner, Solomon, poet, painter, §c, — ft. at 
Zurich, 1730— *&. there, 1788. Daphnis, 1755 
— Ldyllen, 17 56— Tod Abels, 1758. 

Gesscher, David van, surgeon, — fj. at 
Amsterdam, 1736 — tf., 1810. Verhandeling 
van het waterkoofd, %c, 1767 — Hedendaagsche 
cefenende heelJeunde, 1781-86 — HeelJcunde van 
Hippocrates, 1790-92. 

Gessler, Hermann, Austrian governor of 
Sivitzerland, — shot by Tell, near Kiissnacht, 7 
Nov. 1307. 

Geta, L. (P.) Septimius, Roman Emperor, 
— it., (6 Kal. Jun.) 27 May 189 — declared 
Csesar, 198 — Consul with M. Aurelius An- 
toninus, (958, a. u. c.) 205 — again, (961,) 208 
— goes to Britain, 208 — declared Augustus trib. 
pot., 209 — with his brother Caracalla succeeds 
Severus, 4 Feb. 211 — returns to Rome, 211 — 
murdered by Caracalla, Feb. 212. 

Getse, {Jits, Jats, Yue-chi,) — [BC] — de- 
feated on the Danube by Alexander the Great, 
335 — Dromichsetes, king of the, captures 
Lysimachus, king of Thrace, about 292-1— 
driven from original seats on frontier of China, 
by the Hiongnou, about 200- — conquer Kho- 
rasan, about 1 26 — [A D] — enter Hindustan, soon 
after 1. 

Getroz, Glacier de,— *lake formed behind, 
bursts, 16 Jun. 18 18. 

Gettysburg, U~. S.,— defeat of Gen. Lee by 
Federals at, 3 Jul. 1863. 

Geusen. [Gueux.] 

Geuss, Joachim Michael, mathematician, — 
b. in Denmark, 23 Aug. 1745 — studies at 
Copenbagen, 1765-69 — Prof. Mathematics and 
Fortification, 1769 — ft., 29 Nov. 1786. Ab- 



handlung Uber die bei Anlegung der Minen 
noting e TJieorie, 1774. 

Gevartius, {Gevaerts,) Johann Gaspard, 
philologist, §c, — ft. at Antwerp, Aug. 1593 — 
studies at Paris, 1617-21 — Councillor of State, 
historiographer to Ferdinand III., 1644 — tf. at 
Antwerp, 23 Mar. 1666. Lectiones Papiniance, 
1 616 — Flectorum libri tres, 16 19 — edition of 
Goltz's Pmperatorum Romanorum Icones, 1645. 

Gevaudan, in France, (country of the Gabali,) 
— held by Counts of Toulouse, about 950-1090 
— given to bishops of Mende, about 1090 — 
confirmed to them by Louis le Jeune, by 
Golden Bull, 1151 — title of Count of, assumed 
by bps of Mende, 1151 — the Viscounty ceded to 
Louis IX. by king of Aragon, and rights of the 
bishops by Adilon, 1258 — treaty of partition of, 
between Philip the Fair and Bp "William, 1306 
— fortresses of, demolished, after 1632 — insur- 
rection in, 179 1. 

Geyler. [Geiler.] 

Geysa. [Geisa.] 

Gex, Pays de, {Gesium, Gesiensis Pagus,) 
in France, — belongs to Counts of Geneva, till 
about 1290 — lordship of, acquired by Count of 
Savoy, by treaty with the Dauphin, 1356 — 
taken by Bernese, 1556 — restored to Savoy by 
Treaty of Lausanne, 1564 — occupied by Henry 
IV., 1589 — the town pillaged and burnt, and 
chateau dismantled: ceded to Henry IV. in 
exchange for Marquisate of Saluces, by Treaty 
of Lyons, 17 Jan. 1601 — its privileges recovered 
by intervention of Voltaire, 1775. 

Gezelius, George, miscellaneous writer, — ft. 
in Sweden, 5 Oct. 1736 — student at Upsala, 
1752 — court-preacher, 1779 — ft. at Stockholm, 
24 May 1789. Riographislit Lexicon bfver 
namnkunnige Svenska Man, 1778. 

Gezelius, Johann, Bp op Abo,— &., 3 Feb. 
1 6 15 — student at Upsala, 1632 — Prof. Greek 
and Oriental Languages, 1641 — Prof. Theology, 
1643 — D.D., 1661 — Bp of Abo, 1664 — tf., 20 
Jan. 1690. Grammatica Grceca, 1647 — Lexicon 
Grceco-Latinum, 1649 — Fncyclopcedia Syn- 
getica, 1672. 

Gezer,^ — [B C] — Canaanite city, tributary to 

Ephraim, Horam king, 145 1 — Horam defeated 

and slain by Joshua : destroyed by Pharaoh of 

Egypt, ioi4 a — rebuilt by Solomon, about 990. 

a Ussher. 

Ghazeepoor, Hindustan,— acquired by the 
English, 1764. 

Ghazni. [Ghizni.] 

Ghelen. [Gelenius.] 

Ghent, [Gend, Gant,) {Wanda ?) in Belgium, 
—St Amand sent by Dagobert to preach at, 
about 629 a — visited by Charles the Great, who 
assembles fleet at, 8 1 1 b — fortress built by 
Baldwin, first Count of Flanders, 868 — 
plundered by Hasting and the Northmen, 879-: 
880— fortress seized and held against Counts of 
Flanders, by Emperor Otto, 949 c — unsuccess- 
fully attacked by Emperor Henry II., 1006 b 
— Imperialists driven from the castle by 
Baldwin V., 1046 b — fortified, 1053-1119 — 
becomes capital of East Flanders, and obtains 
a charter from Count Baldwin of Hainault, 
1 180 — administration of the 'Thirty-nine' 



GHERARDESCA— GHIZNI. 



589 



substituted for the ' Thirteen ' by Count 
Ferrand, 1228 — revolts against Count Louis 
de Crecy under Jacob van Artevelde, 1338 
— Edward III. and his family reside at, 
1338-9 — assists Edward III. in war with 
Philip VI. of France, 1339-40 — revolts, under 
Philip van Artevelde, 1382 — enlarged by 
Philip the Bold, 1397 d — in revolt against 
Philip the Good, 1450-53 c — marriage of Mary 
of Burgundy to Maximilian of Austria, cele- 
brated at, 18 Aug. 1477 e — revolt excited by 
oppressive imposts, 1539 — subdued by Charles 
V. and deprived of its privileges, Jan. 1540 — 
bishopric, by Paul IV., 1559 — Congress held at, 
for expulsion of the Spaniards, Nov. 1576 — the 
citadel capitulates to the citizens, n Nov. 1576 
— capitulates to the Spaniards, 17 Sep. 1584 — 
deserted by many of the inhabitants, 1584-5 — 
given with the province to Isabella, daughter 
of Philip II., 1598 — besieged by Louis XIV., 
4 Mar. 1678 — taken, 9 Mar. — citadel capitu- 
lates, 12 Mar. — restored to Spain by Treaty of 
Nimeguen, Feb. 1679 — occupied by Marl- 
borough, summer 1706 — surprised by the 
French, 5 Jul. 1708 — recovered by the allies, 
30 Dec. 1708 — taken by the French, 11 Jul. 
1745 — restored to Austria by Peace of Aix-la- 
Chapelle, 18 Oct. 1748— captured by Labour- 
donnaye, 12 Nov. 1792 — evacuated, Mar. 1793 
— retaken by French, and is made capital of 
the Department of the Scheldt, 14 Jul., b 6 Jul. f 
1794 — forms part of the kingdom of the 
Netherlands, 18 14 — Louis XVIII. takes refuge 
at, 1815 — citadel rebuilt, 1822-30 — forms part 
of the kingdom of Belgium, 1830. Pacification 
of, signed by the Confederates, 8 Nov. 1576. 
Cathedral, (St Bavon's,) consecrated, 941 — 
rebuilt, 1228^1500 — takes the name of St 
Bavon, 1540 — constituted a cathedral, 1560. 
University, founded, 25 Sep, 1816. Belfry 
Tower, (Beffroi,) built, 1181. Hotel de Ville, 
built partly, 1482 — partly, 1620. Academy of 
Painting, founded by Marissal, 175 1. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Encyc. Mod. c Conv.-Lex. 

d Rees' Cyc. e Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

f TJnivers Pittoresque. 

Gherardesca. [Ugolino.] 
Gherardi, Cristofano, (Boceno dal Borgo,) 
painter, — ft. in Tuscany, about 1500 — rj., 1552,* 

a Biog. Catalogue. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Gheriah, fort in Hindustan, — taken from 
Angria by Admiral "Watson and Col. Clive, 1 1 
Feb. 1756 — battle of, 1763.* 

a Pict. Hist. England. 

Gherli, Odoardo, mathematician, — ft. at 
Guastalla, 1730 — Prof. Mathematics, Parma, 
1778 — tf. there, 1780. Gli Elementi teorico- 
pratici delle matematiche pure, 1770-77. 

Ghesquiere de Raemsdonk, Joseph, Jesuit, 
antiquary, — ft, at Courtrai, about 1736 — enters 
Order of Jesuits, at Antwerp, 1750 — Bollandist, 
1762 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 
Brussels, 1780 — tf. in Westphalia, about 1804. 
Acta sanctorum Belgii selecta, 1783-89 — Cata- 
logus numismatum nummorumque, $c, 1781. 

Gheyn, Jacob de, (the elder,) painter, en- 
graver, — ft. at Antwerp, 1565 — ft., 1615. 



Gheyn, Jacob de, (the younger,) engraver, — 
ft. at Haarlem, 16 10. 

Ghezzi, Giuseppe, painter, — ft. at Rieti, 
1634 — admitted to Academy of St Luke, Rome, 
1674 — rj. at Eome, 10 Nov. 1721. 

Ghibellines. [Guelfs and Ghibellines.] 

Ghiberti, Lorenzo, sculptor, — ft. at Florence, 
1 38 1 — U. there, 1455. Gate of the Baptistery, 
Florence, 1401-24 — second Gate, 1424-52. 

Ghingi, Francesco, engraver of gems, — ft. at 
Florence, 1689 — rj. at Naples, 29 Dec. 1766. 

Ghirlandajo, DomenicoBigordi a (Corradi h ) 
del, painter, — ft. at Florence, 1449,* i45i, bc 
— assists in decoration of the Sistine Chapel, 
about 1482-4 — teaches Michael Angelo, 1488- 
90 — tf., not later than 1498,* 1495^ Palazzo 
Vecchio,* Florence, i48i-5 a — frescoes in the 
Sassetti Chapel, completed, Dec. 1485— -fres- 
coes in the Santa Maria Novella, 1485-90 — 
frescoes in the Santissima Trinitd, 1480. 

a Crowe and Cavalcaselle. b Engl. Cyc. 

c Ersch and Gruber. 

Ghirlandajo, Ridolfo, painter, — ft. at Flor- 
ence, about 1482^ 1485 b — tf., about 1560. 
a Biog. Catalogue. b Engl. Cyc. 

Ghisi, Adamo, (Jlfantuano,) engraver, — ft. 
at Mantua, about 1530 ? — living in 1570. 

Ghisi, Liana, (Mantuana,) engraver, — ft. at 
Mantua, 1536 ? — living in 1585. 

Ghisi, Giorgio, the Hantaan, painter, en- 
graver, — ft. at Mantua, 1524^ about i520 b — 
&., after 157 7. b a Biog. Univ. 

b Nagler, Ersch and Gruber. 

Ghisi, Giovanni Battista Bertano, (Bri- 
tano,) (JKantuano,) painter, engraver, §c, — ft. 
at Mantua, about i5oo, a 1515 b — tr., after 1539. 
a Biog. Univ. b Nagler. 

Ghizni, (Ghazni, Ghaznevides,) in Hindustan, 
— kingdom founded by Alptegin, ex-governor 
of Khorasan, (351, a. h.) 962^ (305,) 917 b — 
Alptegin o., (365,) 975 , a 976,' (353,) 964 b - 
Isakh (son) succeeds as governor, under Mansur 
Samani: Sebektegin, (brother-in-law,) 977 
— repels invasion of Jeipal of Lahore, 977 — 
invades Hindustan, defeats Jeipal and gains 
Peshawur, aids Noh the Samanide against 
Tatars, (383,) 993 c — again, (387,) 997 c — o\, 
997 — Ismael, his son, defeated by Mahmud, 
another son, 998 — Mahmud declares his inde- 
pendence, (389,) 999 — Mohammed, his son, 
succeeds, (421,) 1030 — dethroned and succeeded 
by his brother Masaud, 1030 — carries on war 
with Seljuks and acquires all Persia except 
Fars, (422-5,) 1031-4 — defeated by Toghrul 
Beg at Zendecan, (432,) 1039 — deposed and 
put to death, (432,) 1040 — Mohammed re- 
stored, 1040 — defeated and put to death with 
his son Ahmed by Modud, son of Masaud, (433,) 
1040 — the Punjab overrun by Raja of Delhi, 
1043 — Ghor seized, about 1045 — Abtjl Has- 
san, (brother,) (441,) 1049 — Abul Rashid, 
(uncle,) (443,) 1051 — recovers Punjab, 1051 — 
defeated and put to death by Toghrul of Sistan, 
(444,) 1052 — Fakokhzad, carries on war with 
Seljuks, (444-50,) 1052-58 — Ibrahim, (bro- 
ther,) (450-81,) 1058-89— Masaud II., (son?) 
(492,) 1098 — Arslan, (son,) (508,) 11 14 — de- 
throned by Sanjar, Seljuk, who places Behram 



59° 



GHIZNI— GIBEAH. 



on the throne, (512,) 1118 — his capital de- 
stroyed by Seif u din of Ghor, 1152 — tf., 1153 
— Khusku (son) transfers seat of government 
to Lahore, 1 152-3 — Khusru Malik, (son,) 
1 1 60 — tf., and his possessions occupied by 
Ghorians, 1186. [Ghor.] 

a Ferisbta. b D'Herbelot. c Elpbinstone. 

Ghizni, (Ghazni, Ghuznee,) city, — capital 
of kingdom of, 975 — destroyed by Ghorians, 
1 152 — taken by Seljuks, under Sanjar, (547, 
a. h.) end of 1 152, or beginning of 1153,* 
(544,) H49 b — occupied by the Uzes, (Euzes,) 
1 153 — recovered by Gheias u din, about 1 170 — 
taken by Kharismians, (612,) 12 15 — taken by 
Shere Khan, about 1250 — by Jelala, Roushe- 
nian chief, 1600 — and recovered, 1600 — visited 
by George Forster, 1784 — stormed by-6ir John 
Keane, 22 Jul. 1839 — surrendered to the 
Afghans by Col. Palmer, 6 Mar. 1842 — re- 
taken by Gen. Nott, 6 Sep. 1842 — dismantled 
and evacuated, Sep. 1842. 
* Elpbinstone. b D'Herbelot and De Guignes. 

Ghor, in Hindustan, House of Ghor, — in- 
vaded by Mussulmans, about 655 ? — completely 
reduced, (111, a. h.) 729 — held by Mohammed 
Soory Afghan, and conquered by Sultan Mah- 
mud, (401,) 1010 — [Ghizni] — given to Abu 
Ali by Toghrul Beg, 1040 — treacherously 
seized by Modud and made dependent on 
Ghizni, about 1045 — invaded by Sultan San- 
jar, Ala u din made prisoner, (547,) end of 
1 15 2 — released, 115 3 — death of Ali u din, 
(551,) 1156 — Seif tjdin, (son,) 1156 — Gheias 
v din (cousin) associates his brother Shahab u 
din in the government, 11 57 — death of Gheias 
udin, (599,) 1202 — Mahmud, (nephew,) (602,) 
1206 — division of the kingdom into four, 1206 
— Ghor conquered by Kharizmians, about 1208 
or 1212. 

Ghorka, in Nepaul, Ghorka War, — the 
Governor-general of India demands redress of 
the Rajah for depredations, 4 Jun. 1813 — 
attack of Nepaulese on police station at Boot- 
wall, and murder of the officer, 29 May 18 14 
—war declared by the British, 1 Nov. 18 14 — 
the Bajah sues for peace, Apr. 18 15 — Con- 
vention of Almora, Xumaon given up to the 
British, 27 Apr. 18 15 — Treaty of Segontee, 
ceding territory to the British and admitting 
resident at Khatmandu, 2 Dec. 18 15 — ratified, 
4 Mar. 1816. 

Giacomelli, Geminiano, musical composer, 
— ft. at Parma, 1686 — tf., 19 Jan. 1741. 
Epaminonda, 1732 — Cesare in Egitto, 1735 — 
Arsace, 1736. 

Giambelli, Federico, engineer, — deserts the 
Spanish service, constructs infernal machine, 
and destroys dyke raised at Antwerp by the 
Spaniards, 1585" — fortifies the Thames against 
the Armada, spring 1588. 

Giambullari, Pietro Francesco, grammarian, 
litterateur, — ft., about 1495 — tf. at Florence, 
1564. Origine delta lingua jiorentina altri- 
menti il Gello, 1546 — Istoria delle cose accadute 
in Europa dalVanno 800 sino al 1200, 1566. 

Gianella, Francesco, mathematician, — ft. at 
Milan, 13 Jan. 1740— enters Order of Jesuits, 
1756 — tf. at Milan, 15 Jul. 18 10. Be fiuxi- 



onibus earumque usu, 1772 — De tensione funium, 
1775 — JElementi d'algebra, 1778 — Elementi 
di matematica, 1 7 8 1 . 

Giannini, Giuseppe, physician, — ft. at Milan, 
9 Feb. 1773 — M.D., 1796 — court physician, 
1 8 10 — tf., 18 Dec. 1 81 8. Memoriedimedicina, 
1 800-1 802 — Bella natura delle febbri, $c, 
1 805-1 809. 

Giannone, Pietro, historian, — ft. atlschitella, 
(Capitanata,) 7 May 1676 — ordered to quit 
Venice, 1735 — arrested in Savoy, 1736 — tf. in 
the citadel of Turin, Mar. 1748. Storia civile 
del Regno di JSfapoli, 1724. 

Giannotti, Donato, historian, §c, — ft. at 
Florence, Feb. 1494 — tf. at Venice, 1563,* 
157 2. b Republica di Venezia, 1540 — Bella 
republica fioren Una, 1 7 2 1 . 

a Biog. Univ. b Erseb and Gruber. 

Giardini, Felice, violinist, — ft. at Turin, 
Apr. 17 16 — lives in England, 1750-84 — tf. at 
St Petersburg, 51 Moscow, b Sep. 1796. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Gibbethon,— [B C] — besieged by Nadab, 953. 

Gibbon, Edward, historian, — ft. at Putney, 
Surrey, 27 Apr. 1737 — at Westminster School, 
1749 — enters Oxford Univ., 1752 — abjures 
Protestantism, 1753 — re-converted, 1754 — 
captain in the Hampshire Militia, about 17 61- 
63 — visits Borne, 1764 — forms project of his 
'History,' 15 Oct. 1764 — M.P. Liskeard, 1774 
— draws up the ' Memoire Justificatif ,' in 
answer to the French Manifesto, and is made 
a commissioner of the Board of Trade, 1778 — 
resides at Lausanne, 1783-93 — tf. in London, 
16 Jan. 1794. Becline and Fall of the Roman 
Empire, 1776-88 — Miscellaneous Works, 1796. 

Gibbons, Grieling, a (Grinling, h ) wood- 
carver, — ft. at Rotterdam, 4 Apr. 1648 — comes 
to England, 1667 — presented to Charles II. by 
Evelyn, 167 1 — tf. in London, 3 Aug. 1721, 
a Nagler. b "VValpole. 

Gibbons, Orlando, musical composer, — ft. at 
Cambridge, 1583 — organist of the Chapel 
Boyal, 1604 — Mus. D. Oxford, 1622 — com- 
poses music for marriage of Charles I., 1625 — 
tf. at Canterbury, Whitsunday 1625. Mad- 
rigals, 1 61 2. 

Gibbs, James, architect— b. at Aberdeen, 
1674 — studies in Italy, "1700-10 — tf., 5 Aug. 
1754. St Martin's Church, London, 1720-26 
— Radcliffe Library, Oxford, 1737-47. 

Gibbs, Sir Vicary, Chief Justice of the 
Common Pleas, — ft. at Exeter, Oct. 1751 — 
B. A. Cambridge, 1772 — called to the bar at 
Lincoln's Inn, Feb. 1783 — with Erskine de- 
fends Home Tooke, Hardy, &c, 1794 — Chief 
Justice of Chester, 1804 — Solicitor-general, 
Knt, Feb. 1805 — Attorney-general, 1806 — 
M.P. Cambridge Univ., 1806 — Judge of the 
Common Pleas, May 1812 — Chief Baron of the 
Exchequer, Nov. 18 13 — Chief Justice, C. P. 
Hilary Vacation, 18 14 — resigns, Nov. 181 8 — 
tf., 8 Feb. 1820. 

Gibeah, of Benjamin, — [BC] — royal resid- 
ence of Saul, 1095 a — scene of Jonathan's ex- 
ploit against Philistines, 1087 b — Saul's seven 
descendants hanged by Gibeonites, ioi8. a 
a Ussber. b Bib. Cbron. 



GIBELIN— GIFFORD. 



59' 



Gibelin, Esprit Antoine, painter, antiquary, 
— b. at Aix, Provence, 17 Aug. 173.9 — goes to 
Paris, 1771 — If. at Aix, 23 Dec. 1814. Fres- 
coes, School of Medicine, Paris, 1773 — Lettres 
sur les tours antiques qu f on a demolies d Aix en 
Provence, $c, 1787. 

Gibeon, — [B C] — forms alliance with Israel- 
ites by deception, 145 1 a — tabernacle set up at, 
under David and Solomon, io45-ioo4 a — battle 
between Abner and Joab, 105 3 . a a Ussher. 

Gibert, Jean Pierre, canonist, — b. at Aix, 
1660 — settles at Paris, 1703 — tf. there, 2 Nov. 
1736. Corpus juris canonici, 1736 — Institu- 
tions ecclesiastiques et benef dales, 1720. 

Gibert, Joseph Balthasar, antiquary, — b. at 
Aix, 17 1 1 — member of Academy of Inscrip- 
tions, Feb. 1746 — rj. at Paris, 12 Nov. 177 i, a 
i772. b Memoires pour servir a Vhistoire des 
Gaules et de la France, 1744. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Gibraltar, (Gebel al TariTc,) Calpe, — Tarik 
lands at, for invasion of Spain, Apr. 7 1 1 — taken 
from the Moors by Ferdinand IV., 1309 — 
attempted by Moors, 13 15 — traitorously given 
up to the king of Granada by the governor, 
1333 — unsuccessful attempt to recover, by 
Alfonso XI., beginning of 1350 — attempted by 
Spaniards, 1436 — taken from the Moors by 
Henry IV., 1462 — besieged by Sir George 
Rooke and the Prince of Hesse, 21 Jul. 1704 — 
captured by surprise, 23 Jul. — besieged by the 
French and Spaniards, and relieved by Sir 
John Leake, Oct. 1704 — the siege raised by Sir 
John Leake, and the French squadron de- 
stroyed, 10 Mar. 1705 — ceded to England by 
Peace of Utrecht, 17 13 — threatened by 
Spaniards, 1720 — siege of, by the Count de las 
Torres, begins, Jan. 1727 — is raised, May 1727 
— restoration of, to Spain, guaranteed by 
France, by Convention of 12 Apr. 1779 — 
blockaded by the French and Spaniards, 21 Jim. 
1779 — * ne squadron of Don Juan de Langara, 
defeated by Rodney, 16 Jan. 1780 — relieved by 
Admiral Darby, 12 Apr. 17 81 — bombarded 
by Spaniards, 12 Apr. to 26 Nov. 178 1 — floating 
batteries for attack on, invented by Chevalier 
d'Arcon, 1782 — grand attack, and successful 
defence by Sir Gilbert Elliott, 13 Sep. 1782 — 
revictualled by Admiral Howe, 11 Oct. 1782 — 
the siege relinquished at the Peace, 3 Sep. 

1783. 

Gibson, Edmund, Bp of London, — b. in 
"Westmoreland, 1669 — enters Oxford Univ., 
1686 — M.A., 1694 — Bp of Lincoln, 17 15 — Bp 
of London, 1723 — orders Dr Mead's edition of 
the ' Restitutio Christianismi ' (of Servetus) 
to be burnt, 1723 — ft. at Bath, 6 Sep. 1748. 
Chronicon Saxonicum, 1692 — Camden's Bri- 
tannia, in English, 1695 — Codex juris ecclesi- 
astici Anglicani, 17 13. 

Gibson, John, sculptor, — b. near Conway, 19 
Jun. 1790 — apprenticed to Francis, sculptor, 
about 1806-7 — becomes acquainted with Roscoe, 
about 1807 — visits Flaxman in London, 1817 — 
arrives at Rome and becomes pupil of Canova, 
Oct. 1 8 17— studies under Thorwaldsen, 1822 — 
honorary member of Pontifical Academy, Bo- 
logna. 12 May 1826 — member of Academy of St 



Luke's, 1829— A.R.A., 1833'— R.A., 1836— 
visits England, 1844 — ft. at Rome, 27 Jan. 1866. 
Mars and Cupid, Chatsworth, 1821 — Psyche and 
the Zephyrs, 1821-2 — Hy las and the Nymphs, 
National Gallery, 1837 — Hunter and Dog, com- 
menced, 1839 — Statue of Queen Victoria, 1846 
— The Hours, 1847 — Tinted Venus, 1854. 

Gibson, Richard, painter, Court dwarf to 
Charles I., — b., 1616 — marries Ann Shepherd, 
Court dwarf to Queen Henrietta Maria, the 
wedding attended by the king, about 1642 ? — 
rj. in London, 23 ?Tul. 1690 — his widow 3j., 
1709. 

Gidding, Little, in Huntingdonshire. [Fer- 
rars, N.j 

Gie, Pierre, Viscount de Rohan, Marshal 
de, — fj. in Brittany, about 1450 — marshal, 
1475 — commands in Flanders, 1479 — takes 
Aire, 1482 — accompanies Charles VIII. in ex- 
pedition to Naples, 1494 — commands at battle 
of Fornova, 1495 — follows Louis XII. to Italy, 
1499 — assists at his entry into Genoa, 1502 — 
deprived and imprisoned, 1504-9 — Xf., 22 Apr. 
1513- 

Giedroyc, Romuald, Prince, general, — b. in 
Poland, 7 Feb. 1750 — enters the army, 1765 — 
distinguishes himself in war with Russians, 1768- 
7 2 — wounded at battle of Stolowicz, 177 1 — nun- 
cio to the Diet of Grodno, 1784 — Major-general, 
distinguishes himself in campaign of 1792—- 
obtains victory over Russians at Salaty, 29 Jul. 
1794 — goes to Paris, 1795 — Inspector-general 
of Lithuanian troops, 18 12 — taken prisoner by 
the Russians, Jan. 181 3 — ft. at Warsaw, 19 
Oct. 1824. 

Giessen, in Hesse, — mentioned as a city, 
1250 — fortified, 1530 — again, 1560 — entered by 
the Prussians, 16 Jun. 1866. University of, 
founded by Landgrave Ludwig V., 1607 — 
Chemical Laboratory, established by Liebig, 
1826. 

Giffard, Walter, Abp or York, Chancel- 
lor, — Bp of Bath and "Wells, 22 May 1264 s — 
Chancellor, Aug. 1265 — Abp of York, 18 Oct. 
1266 — joint regent of the kingdom, with the 
Earls of Cornwall and Gloucester, on the acces- 
sion of Edward I., Nov. 1272 — rj., 25 Apr. 
1278 ? a a Foss. 

Giffen, Hubert van, (Giphanius,) jurist, 
philologist, — b. in Guelderland, 1534 — LL.D. 
Orleans, 1567 — Prof. Law, Altdorf, 1583 — tf. 
at Prague, 26 Jul. 1604. Edition of Lucretius, 
1566 — De imperatore Jastiniano Commentarius, 
159 1 — Commentarius ad Institutions, 1596 — 
Lecturce Altorphince in aliquot titulos Digesto- 
rum et Codicis, 1605. 

Gifford, John, (John Richards Green,) Editor 
of Anti- Jacobin Review, §c, — b-, 1758 — enters 
St John's Coll., Oxford, 1775 — goes to France, 
1782 — returns to England, 1788— b". at Brom- 
ley, Kent, 6 Mar. 181 8. History of France, 
1791-94 — Anti-Jacobin Review, 1798 — Address 
to People of England, 1792 — Political Life of 
Pitt, 1809. 

Gifford, Robert, Lord Gifford, Chief Jus- 
tice of the Common Pleas, — b. at Exeter, 
24 Feb. 1779 — enters the Middle Temple, 1800 
— called to the bar, 12 Feb. 1808— Solicitor- 



59 2 



GIFFOED— GILLIES. 



general, 9 May 18 17 — M.P. Eye, and Knt, 
1 8 17 — Attorney-general, Jul. 18 19 — conducts 
prosecution of Thistlewood, Apr. 1 820 — charged 
(with Sir J. Copley) with impeachment of the 
Queen, 1820 — Chief Justice, C.P., 9 Jan. 1824 
— raised to the peerage as Lord Gifford of St 
Leonards, 31 Jan. 1824 — LL.D. Edinburgh, 
1824 — Master of the Bolls, 5 Apr. 1824 — tf. at 
Dover, 4 Sep. 1826. 

Gifford, William, Editor of the Quarterly 
Review, — b. in Devonshire, Apr. 1757 — ap- 
prenticed to a shoemaker, 1 Jan. 1772— enters 
Oxford Univ., about 1780 — tf. in London, 31 
Dec. 1826. Baviad, 1794 — Mceviad, 1795 — 
edits Anti-Jacobin, Nov. 1797 to Jul. 1798 — 
translation of Juvenal, 1 802 — edition of Mas- 
singer, 1805 — of Ben Jonson, 18 16 — edits 
Quarterly Review, 1809-24. 

Gijon, in Spain, — taken from the Moors by 
Pelayo, and made his residence, 718. 

Gil, Father, {Gil de Sevilla,) Franciscan, — 
b. in Andalusia, about 1745 — heads insurrec- 
tion against French, 1808 — secretary-general of 
Junta of Seville, 1808 — tf., about 18 15. 

Gil Vicente, dramatist, — b. in Portugal, 
about 1485^ 1487^ before 1490 c — tf. at Evora, 
Boon after 1536, 13 in 1557.° Works, 1562. 

* Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. c Sismondi. 

Gilbart, James William, writer on Banking, 
— b. in London, 21 Mar. 1794 — assists in found- 
ing City of London Literary and Scientific In- 
stitution, about 1825 — manager of London and 
"Westminster Bank, Mar. 1834 — tf. in London, 
8 Aug. 1863. Practical Treatise on Banking, 
1827 — History and Principles of Banking, 1834 
— Bogie for the Million, 1851 — Logic of Bank- 
ing, 1859. 

Gilberga. [Gerberga.] 

Gilbert, Sir Humphrey,—!), in Devonshire, 
about 1539 — Commander-in-Chief in Ireland, 
Governor of Munster, Knt, 1570 — M.P. Ply- 
mouth, 157 1 — commands squadron sent to re- 
inforce fleet before Flushing, 1572 — obtains 
letters patent from Queen Elizabeth for colony 
in America, 1578 — sets out but is compelled to 
return, 1579 — embarks with Ealeigh at Ply- 
mouth, Jun. 1583 — arrives at St John's Bay, 
Newfoundland, Jul. — shipwrecked, Sep. 1583. 
Possibility of a North-west Passage, 1576. 

Gilbert, Sir Jeffrey, Chief Baron op the 
Exchequer, — b. at Goudhurst, Kent, 1674 — 
admitted to Inner Temple, 20 Dec. 1692 — called 
to the bar, Jun. 1698 — Judge of King's Bench, 
Ireland, 8 Nov. 17 14 — Chief Baron of Irish 
Exchequer, 16 Jun. 1715 — imprisoned with the 
other Barons by Irish House of Lords, 17 19 — 
Chief Baron, Ireland, about 1716-22 — Baron 
of English Exchequer, May 1722 — Knt, Jan. 
1724 — Commissioner of Great Seal, 7 Jan. 1725 
— Chief Baron, 1 Jun. 1725 — tf. at Bath, 14 
Oct. 1726. Law of Devises, 1730 — Law of 
Uses and Trusts, 1734 — Reports in Equity, 
1734 — Historical View of Court of Exchequer, 
1738 — Treatise of Tenures, 1738 — History and 
Practice of Court of Chancery, 1758 — Law of 
Evidence, 1760. 

Gilbert, Ludwig Wilhelm, natural philoso- 
pher, — n. at Berlin, 12 Aug. 1769 — Prof. 



Natural Philosophy and Chemistry, Halle, 
1795 — at Leipsic, 181 1-24 — tf. at Leipsic, 7 
Mar. 1824. Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 
1799-1824. 

Gilbert, (Gilberd,) William,— b. at Colches- 
ter, 1540 — F.E.C.P., settles in London, 1573 
— first physician to James I., 1603 — tf., 30 Nov. 
1603. Be Magnete, Magneticisque corporibus 
et de magno magnete iellure, 1600 — Be Mundo 
nostro sublunari Philosophia Nova, 1651. 

Gilbert Philarete. [Fuchs, Gilbert.] 

Gilbert of Sempringham, monastic founder, 
— 6. in Lincolnshire, about io84, a 1083 b — 
founds Order of Gilbertine or Sempringham 
Canons, 1148,° ii3i d — If. ' plusquam centennis 
senex,' 4 Feb. 11 89^ a Biog. Univ. 

b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Peterborough Chron. 

and Reyner. d Derley Annals. e Mon. Angl. 

Gilchrist, John Borthwick, orientalist, — 
6. at Edinburgh, 1759 — resigns chair of Hin- 
dostanee and Persian, College of Calcutta, and 
returns to Europe, 1804 — tf. at Paris, 9 Jan. 
1841. Anglo-Hindostanee Dictionary, 1786-90 
— Hindostanee Grammar, 1796. 

Gildas, the Wise, historian, — b., about 516? 
511,* 493 b — tf., Sl°- C D e Excidio Britannia, 
about 56o. d a Leland. b Others. 

« Ussher. d Petrie. 

Gildo, — serves Theodosius against Firmus, 
372 — Comes Africa, about 386 — revolts, 397 — 
defeated by his brother, kills himself, spring 398. 

Gilianez, maritime discoverer, — doubles Cape 
Bojador, 1433 — makes third voyage beyond it, 

1435- 

Gilibert, Jean Emmanuel, physician, botan- 
ist, — b. at Lyons, 21 Jun. 1741 — studies at 
Montpellier, 1760— settles at Grodno, Poland, 
1775 — becomes Prof. Natural History and Ma- 
teria Medica, Wilna ; returns to Lyons, 1783 — 
tf. at Lyons, 2 Sep. 18 14. L ' Anarchie medicale, 
1772 — Histoire des plantes d 'Europe, 1798 — 
Adversaria medico-practica prima, 1791 — Le 
Medicin naturaliste, 1800. 

Gilii, Filippo Lodovico, — astronomer and 
botanist, — b. at Corneto, 14 Mar. 1756 — tf. 
Director of Observatory of the Vatican at Eome, 
15 May 1 821. Bissertazione sulle machine 
igrometriche, 1775 — Agri Romani historia na- 
turalis, 17 81 — Fisiogenografa, 1785 — Osser- 
vazioni flologiche sopra alcune piante esotiche, 
§c, 1789 — Architettura della basilica di S. 
Pietro in Vaticano, $c, 18 12. 

Gill, John, theologian, — b. in Northampton- 
shire, 1697 — pastor in London, 1719-71 — D.D. 
Aberdeen, 1748 — tf. there, 14 Oct. 1771. Ex- 
position of the Bible, 17 46-66 — Body of Bi-y 
vinity, 1769-70. 

Gilles, Nicole, chronicler, — tf. at Paris, 1503. 
Annates et chroniques de France, §c., 1492. 

Gilles, Pierre, {Gyllius,) naturalist, — b. at 
Albi, 1490 — tf. at Eome, 1555. Be vi et na- 
tura animalium, 1533 — Orationes dues, 1540 — 
Be Bosphoro Thracio, 156 1 — Be Topographia 
Const antinopoleos, §c, 1561. 

Gillies, John, historian, §c, — b. in Scot- 
land, Jan. 1747 — LL.D., before 1778 — His- 
toriographer Eoyal for Scotland, 1793 — tf. in 
London, 15 Feb. 1836. Orations of Lysias 



GILLEAY— GIOEDANO. 



593 



and Lsocrates, 1778 — History of Ancient Greece, 
1786-1810 — Aristotle's Ethics and Politics, §c. f 
1797 — Aristotle's Rhetoric, 1823. 

Gillray, James, caricaturist, — ft. in London, 
about 1750 — becomes known as engraver, about 
1784 — tf., 1 Jun. 1 8 15. 

Gilly, Jacques Laurent, Count, general, — 
ft. at Fournes, (le Gard,) 1769 — enters the 
army, 1791 — distinguishes himself in campaign 
of 1794 — taken prisoner at Puycerda, Jul. 
1795 — commander of Lyons, Dec. 1799 — serves 
in Austrian campaign, 1809 — Grand Officer of 
Legion of Honour, 30 Jun. 181 1 — Chevalier 
of St Louis, 8 Jul. 1 8 14 — Count, by Napoleon, 
1 8 15 — goes to America, 18 15 — tf. in France, 
5 Aug. 1829. 

Gilpin, Bernard, ' Apostle of the North,' — 
ft. in Westmoreland, 15 17 — enters Queen's Coll. 
Oxford, 1533 — M.A., 1541 — Fellow, about 
same time — B.D., 1552 — preaches before the 
king at Greenwich, 1552— archdeacon of Dm> 
ham, 1556 — tf. rector of Hough ton-le- Spring, 
4 Mar. 1583. 

Gilpin, Sawrey, animal painter, — ft. at 
Carlisle, 1733 — tf. at Brompton, 8 Mar. 1807. 

Gilpin, William, theologian, miscellaneous 
writer, — ft. at Carlisle, 1724 — tf. vicar of 
Boldre, Hampshire, 5 Apr. 1804. Life of 
Bernard Gilpin, 1752 — Life of Latimer, 1755 
— Lives of Wickliff, Suss, §c, 1765 — Ob- 
servations relative chiefly to Picturesque Beauty, 
1787 — Forest Scenery, 1791. 

Gil-Polo, Caspar, poet, — ft. at Valencia, 
1516 — tf. there, 1572,* at Barcelona, i59i. b 
Liana enamorada, 1564. 

a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Gin, — licence for retail sale of, required by- 
Act 9 Geo. II. c. 23, 1736 — law amended by 
Acts 16 Geo. II. c. 8, 1743 ; and 30 Geo. III. 
c. 38, ss. 2, 18, 1790. 

Ginani, Francesco, naturalist, $c, — ft. at 
Eavenna, 17 16 — tf., 1766. Belle Malattie del 
Grano in erba, 1759. 

Ginani, (Ginanni,) Giuseppe, Count, na- 
turalist, — ft. at Eavenna, 1692 — admitted to. 
Academy of Sciences, Bologna, 1747 — tf. at 
Eavenna, 1753. Belle nova e de' nidi degli 
uccelli, §c, 1737 — Produzioni naturali che si 
ritrovano nel museo Ginanni, §c, 1742. 

Ginani, (Ginanni,) Pietro Paolo, Benedictine, 
— ft. at Eavenna, 1698 — enters the Order, 1713 
— tf. at Eome, 1774. Memorie storico-critiche 
degli scrittori ravennati, 1769. 

Ginckel, (Ginkell,) Godart van, Eabj, of 
Athlone, general, — ft. at Utrecht, 1640 — 
accompanies "William, Prince of Orange, to 
England, 1688 — at battle of the Boyne, 1 Jul. 
1690 — takes Baltimore, Jun. — takes Athlone, 
Jul. 1 69 1 — defeats the Irish at Aughrim, Jul. — 
takes Limerick, Oct. — Earl of Athlone, Baron 
of Aughrim, 20 Feb. 1692— at battle of Landen, 
1693 — commands in Flanders, 1695-6 — takes 
part in destroying the French magazine at 
Givet, Apr. 1696 — tf. at Utrecht, 10 Feb. 1703. 

Ginez. [Sepulveda.] 

Gingee, in the Carnatic, — fortress built or 
strengthened, 1442 a — taken by Mohammedans 
of Bijapoor, 1669 — seized by the Mahrattas, 



1677 — captured by Zulficar Khan, 1698 — held 

by Saadel Oolla Khan, 17 15— surprised by the 

French, 1750 — surrenders to the British, 1761. 

a Hamilton. 

Ginguene, Pierre Louis, historian, §c, — 
ft. at Eennes, 25 Apr. 1748 — enters service of 
the government, 1778 — imprisoned, 1793-4 — 
member of Institute, 1796 — tf. at Paris, 16 
Nov. 1 8 15. BZistoire litte'raire de Vltalie, 
1811-19. 

Ginkell. [Ginckell.] _ 

Ginseng, plant, — specimens of, sent from N. 
America to Paris, by Sarrasin, 1704 — described 
by the Jesuit missionary to China, Jartoux, 
1709 — introduced into England by Collinson, 
i74o. 

Gioberti, Giovanni Antonio, chemist, — ft. in 
Piedmont, 28 Oct. 1761 — admitted to the 
Academy, Prof. Chemical Pharmacy, Turin, 
1789 — member of provisional government, Dec. 
1798 — imprisoned by the Austrians, 1 799-1 800 
— restored to his Professorship, after 18 14 — tf. 
near Turin, 14 Sep. 1834. Giornale scientifco- 
letterario e delle arti, 1789 — Annali di economia 
rurale e domes tica, 1791 — Picerche chimiche 
ed agronomiche, $■<?., 1790. 

Gioberti, Vincenzo, philosopher, statesman, 
— ft. at Turin, 5 Apr. i8or — chaplain to the 
king, 1831-33 — settles at Brussels, 1834 — re- 
turns to Turin, president of Chamber of 
Deputies, 1848 — Prime Minister, Dec. 1848 to 
Feb. 1849 — ft- a ^ Paris, 26 Oct. 1852. Teorica 
del Sovranaturale, 1837 — Lntroduzione alio 
Studio della Filosofa, 1840 — Primato Morale e 
Civile degli Ltaliani, 1 843 — Prolegomeni, 1 845 
— LI Gesuita Moderno,i%4~i — Bel Pinnovamento 
Civile d'Ltalia, 1 85 1 . 

Giocondo, Fra Giovanni, (Jocundus,) archi- 
tect, antiquary, §c, — ft. at Verona, about 1435 ? 
1450 ? — tf. at Eome, after 1520 ? Bridge of 
Notre Bame, Paris, 150.0-7 — Basilica of St 
Peter's, Pome, (with Eaphael and San Gallo,) 
15 14? — edition of Vitruvius, 151 1, 

Gioja, Flavio, mathematician, — ft. near 
Amain, about 1290 ? 

Gioja, Melchiorre, economist, — ft. at Pia- 
cenza, 20 Sep. 1767 — settles at Milan, 1796 — 
director of Statistical Department, 1806 — tf. at 
Milan, 2 Jan. 1829. Nuovo Prospetto delle 
Scienze Economiche, 1 815-17 — Bel Merito e 
delle Picompense, 181 8-19 — Filosofia della 
Statistica, 1826-7. 

Giolfino, Niccolo, painter, — ft., about 1465 
— paints in the churches of Yerona, 1486- 
1518. 

Giordani, Vitalio, mathematician, —ft. in 
Naples, 13 Dec. 1633 — Prof. Mathematics, 
Eome, 1666 — engineer of Castle of San Angelo, 
1672 — Prof. Mathematics, College della Sa- 
pienza, 1685 — admitted to Academy of Ar- 
cadians, 1 69 1 — tf., 3 Nov. 17 1 1. Be com- 
ponendis gr avium momentis, 1685 — Funda- 
mentum doctrina? motus gravium, 1686. 

Giordano, Luca, {La Presto,) painter, — ft. at 
Naples, 1632 or 1629 — goes to Madrid, 1690/* 
1679 bc — tf. at Naples, 12 Jan. 1705. 
a Biog. Catalogue. b Engl. Cye. c Conv.-Lex. 

Giordano, Sofia, painter, — ft. at Turin, 1779 
38 



594- 



GIORGI— GIRARDIN. 



— received at the Academy, 1801 — if. there, 14 
May 1829. 

Giorgi, Antonio Augustus,—!), near Rimini, 
1711 — enters Augustine Order, 1727 — Prof. 
Theology, Rome, 1745 — proctor-general of the 
Order, 1775-97 — fr., 4 May 1797. Alphabetum 
Tibetanum missionum apostolicarum commotio 
edit um, §c„ 1762. 

Giorgi, Domenico, antiquary, §c, — fc. near 
Rovigo, 1690 — fr. at Rome, 21 Jul. 1747. Be 
antiquis Italia metropolises, 1722 — Trattato 
sopra gVabiti sacri del sommo pontefice di Roma, 
1724. 

Giorgi, Fr., Franciscan. De harmonia 
mundi totius cantica III., 1525 — Scripturarum 
Sacrarum problemata, 1562. 

Giorgio, Marino, Doge of Venice, — suc- 
ceeds Pietro Gradenigo, Aug. 131 1 — fr., end of 
Jun. 1312. 

Giorgione, {Giorgio Barbarelli,) painter, — ft. 
at Castelfranco, 1477 — fr. at Venice, 1511. 

Giottino, {Tommaso di Stefano,) painter, — 6. 
at Florence, 1324 — fr., 1 35 6, a not before 1368. b 
a Biog. Univ. b Biog. Catalogue. 

Giotto, {Giotto di Bondone,) painter, archi- 
tect, — b. at Vespignano, 1276 — discovered and 
taken to Florence by Cimabue, 1286 — paints a 
ciborium at Rome, about 1299 — present at the 
jubilee, makes acquaintance with Dante, 1300 
— called to Padua, by Enrico Scrovegno, 1305 — 
employed at Naples, 1330 — architect of the 
duomo and walls of Florence, 1334 — fr. there, 8 
Jan. 1336-7. Frescoes in the chapel of the Arena, 
Padua, about 1306 — Campanile, Florence, 1334 
. — Miracle of the loaves and Fishes, Naples, 1330 
—frescoes in the Ferazzi Chapel, Florence, dis- 
covered 1841-63. 

Giovanelli, Ruggiero, musical composer, — 6. 
at Velletri, about 1560— chapel-master of St 
Peter's, 1594 — singer in the Sistine Chapel, 
1599 — fr., after 16 15. 

Giovanni da Fiesole, Fra. [Fiesole.] 

Giovannini, Giacomo Maria, engraver, — fr. 
a-t Bologna, 1667— fr. at Parma, 17 17. 

Giovio, Benedetto, historian, §c, — ft. at 
Como, 147 1 — fr., 1544. Storia di Co mo, (1629.) 

Giovio, Giambattista, miscellaneous writer, 
— ft. at Como, 10 Dec. 1748 — deputy to com- 
pliment Napoleon, at Milan, 1796 — fr. at Como, 
17 May 1 8 14. Gli Tlomini delta Comasca, 1784. 

Giovio, Paolo, {Faulus Jovias,) historian, — 
ft. at Como, 19 Apr. 1483 — present at the sack 
of Rome, 1527 — Bp of Nocera, 1528 — at con- 
ference of Bologna, 1530 — fr. at Florence, 11 
Dec. 1552. FListorice sui temporis, 1550-2 — 
Flogia virorum illustrium, 1546 — Commentario 
delle cose de' Turchi, 1541 — Ragionamento sopra 
i motti e disegni d'arme e d'a?nore volgarmente 
chiamati impresse, 1556 — letter e volgare, 
1560. 

GiraLdi Cintio, Giovanni Battista, miscel- 
laneous writer, — fc. at Ferrara, 1504 — secretary 
to Duke of Ferrara, 1542-59 — Prof. Eloquence, 
Mondovi, 1564 — at Pavia, 1568 — fr. at Ferrara, 
30 Dec, 1573. Gli Fcatomiti, 1565 — Foemata, 
1540. 

Giraldi, Lilio Gregorio, classical scholar, — b. 
at Ferrara, 14 Jun. 1479^ c 1489 b — loses his 



property at sack of Rome, and quits the city, 

1527 — fr. at Ferrara, 1552. Opera, 1580. 

a Biog. Univ. b Bees' Cyc. c Meyer Conv. -Lex. 

Giraldus Cambrensis, {Sylvester Giraldus, 
Gerald de Barri,) historian— ft. in Pembroke- 
shire, ii47, a n5o b — studies at Paris, about 
1168-72 — archdeacon of Brecknock, 11 75 — ■ 
begins to distinguish bimself as ecclesiastical 
reformer : chosen Bp of St David's, but rejected 
by the king, May n 76 — goes to Paris, 1176 — 
returns to England, about 11 80 — administers 
see of St David's, 11 80-3 — resides at court of 
Henry II., n 84 — attends Earl John to Ireland, 
1 1 85 — returns, 1186 — attends Abp Baldwin 
on his mission in "Wales, 1188 — refuses sees 
of Bangor and Llandaff, 1191 — retires to Lin- 
coln, 1 192 — again chosen Bp of St David's 
and disappointed, 29 Jun. n 99 — visits Rome, 
autumn 11 99 — administrator of St David's, 
by Innocent III., May 1200 — visits Rome, 
spring 1201 — again, winter 1202-3 — resigns 
archdeaconry, close of 1203 — fr., after 1218. 
Topographia Hibemice, 11 87 — Expugnatio FLi- 
bemitz, 11 87 — Vita Galfridi, n 93 — Gemma 
Fcclesiastica, n 97 — Bescriptio Wallice, Symbo- 
lum Flectorum, Specidum Buorum, Be Rebus a 
se Gestis, 1 200-1 — Be Principis Instructione, 
121 6 b — Speculum Ecclesice, i2i6. b 

a Brewer. b Wharton. 

Girard, {the elder,) Baron, general, — fj, at 
Geneva, 1750 — General of Brigade in French 
army, 1793 — distinguishes himself at battle of 
Weissenburg, 1793 — in retreat of Moreau, 
1796 — effects union of Geneva with France, 
1797 — Chevalier, Dec. 1803 — Commander of 
Legion of Honour, Jun. 1804 — distinguishes 
himself at battles of Essling and "Wagram, 
1809 — Baron, Grand Officer of Legion of 
Honour, Jul. 1809 — fr. at Arras, 2 Mar. 181 1. 

Girard, Albert, mathematician, — fr., 1634. 
Invention nouvelle en Algebre, 1629. 

Girard, Bernard de. [Haillan, Du.] 

Girard, Jean Baptiste, Baron, general, — ft. 
at Aups (Var), 21 Feb. 1775 — aide-de-camp to 
General Monnier, at siege of Ancona, 1799- — dis- 
tinguishes himself at the passage of the Ticino, 
at battle of Marengo, 1800 — serves in German 
campaigns, 1805-7 — General of Brigade, Nov. 
1806 — serves in Spain, General of Division, 
1809 — wounded at battle of Lutzen, 2 May 
18 1 3 — receives Cross' of St Louis, 18 14 — 
Peer of France, by Napoleon I., Apr. 1815 — 
killed at the attack on St Amand, 17 Jun. 
1815. 

Girard, Pierre Simon, civil engineer, — b. at 
Caen, 4 Nov. 1765 — engineer, 1789 — obtains 
prize of the Academy of Sciences, 1792 — ac- 
companies expedition to Egypt, 1798 — member 
of Institute, 181 3 — fr., 1 Dec. 1836. Traite 
analytique de la resistance des solides, 1798 — ■ 
Memoire sur le canal de Soissons,.i%2^.. 

Girardet, Abraham, engraver, — fc. in Switz- 
erland, 1764 — goes to Paris, 1782 — fr. there, 
2 Jan. 1823. 

Girardet, Jean, painter,— h. at Luneville, 
13 Dec. 1709 — fr. at Nancy, 28, a 2 b Sep. 1778. 
a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Girardin, Cecilo Stanislas Xavier, Count 



GIKAKDON— GIULINI. 



595 



op, general, — fi. at Luneville, Jan. 1762,* 
1 7 68 b — enters the army, 1779 — deputy to 
Legislative Assembly, 17 91 — secretary, Jan. 
1792 — President of Tribunate, 1802 — at siege 
of Gaeta, 1806 — accompanies Joseph Bonaparte 
to Spain, General of Brigade, 1808 — member 
of Chamber of Deputies, 18 19— If., 27 Feb. 
1827. Memoires, journal et souvenirs, 1828. 
a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Girardon, Francois, sculptor, — 6. at Troyes, 
1630,* 1627 b — admitted to Academy of Paint- 
ing, 1657 — Chancellor, 1695 — ft. at Paris, 1 
Sep. 17 15. Tombeau du Cardinal de Richelieu, 
JParis, 1694. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Giraud, Count Giovanni, dramatist, — fe. at 
Borne, 28 Oct. 1776 — ft. at Naples, 1 Oct. 
1834. Teatro domestico, 18 16 — L'Ajo nelV 
Imbarazzo, 1807. 

Giraud, Jean Baptiste, poet, — fj. at Troyes, 
1701 — rj. at Eouen, 5 Oct. 1776. Fabulce 
selectee Fontanii, 1765. 

Giraud, Jean Baptiste, sculptor, — h. at Aix, 
(Provence,) 1752 — admitted to Academy, 1789 
— tf. nearNangis, Feb. 1830. Dying Achilles, 
1789. 

Giraud, Pierre Francois Gregoire, sculptor, 
— fc. at Luc, (Provence,) 1783 — rj., 19 Feb. 
1836. Philoctetes, 1806 — Phalantus and 
Ethra, 18 14. 

Girault-Duvivier, Charles Pierre, gram- 
marian, — ft. at Paris, 1765 — rj. there, 1832. 
Grammaire des Grammaires, 181 1. 

Girgenti. [Agrigentum.] 

Girod-Chantrans, Justin, naturalist, — h. at 
Besancon, 1750 — deputy to the Legislative 
Body, 1802 — rj. at Besancon, 1 Apr. 1841. 
Recherches chimiques et microscopiques sur le 
nouvel ordre de plantes cryptogames, 1803 — 
JEssai sur la geographie physique, §c. f du 
Doubs, 1 8 10. 

Girodet-Trioson, {Anne Louis Girodet de 
Coussy,) painter, — fj. at Montargis, 5 Jan. 1767 
— obtains first prize at the Academy, 1789 — 
goes to Borne, 1790 — tr. at Paris, 9, ac 19 b 
Dec. 1824. Burial of Atala, 1808 — Pygmalion 
and Galatea, 18 1 9. a Biog. Univ. 

b Conv.-Lex. c Nouv. Biog, Gen. 

Giron, Pedro. [Ossuna.] 

Girona. [Gerona.] 

Gironde, Girondists, (Girondins,) The, — 
appear as distinct party in the National Legis- 
lative Assembly, Oct. 1791 — propose severe 
measures against emigrants and priests, Oct. 
1 79 1 — Petion elected Mayor of Paris, 4 Nov. 
1791. 

1792. Ministry of, under Roland, formed, 
(Ministere Sans-Culotte,) Mar. — dismissed from 
office, 13 Jun. — advocate deposition of Louis 
XVI., Aug. — ministry of, recalled, n Aug. — 
propose a Departmental Guard, 25 Sep. — de- 
nounce Bobespierre, 25 Sep. and end of Oct. — 
rhals of the Mountain, in the National Con- 
vention, Sep. — accused of federalism, Oct. 

1793. Conspiracy of Jacobins against, fails, 
10 Mar. — denounced by Bobespierre and Marat, 
3, 10 Apr. — procure appointment of the Com- 
mission of Twelve, 13 May— the Commission 
dissolved, 31 May — proscribed and arrested, 2 



Jun. — excite insurrections in the departments, 
Jun. — insurrections suppressed, Jul. — execution 
of the, at Paris, 31 Oct. 

Gironi, Robustiano, bibliographer, — ft. near 
Milan, 1769 — sub-librarian, Univ. of Brera, 
1796 — chief librarian, 18 14 — Chevalier of the 
Iron Crown, 18 14 — if. at Milan, 1 Apr. 1838. 
Edits La biblioteca Ltaliana, from 1816 — edits 
Collezione dei classici Ltaliani, 1802-13 — text of 
Bisi's Pinacoteca del Palazzo reale delle scienze e 
dell' arti di Milano, 18 12. 

Girs, Gilles, historian, — fi. in Sweden, prob- 
ably about. 15 80 — tf., 1637^ i639. b Gustaf P. 
och EricXLV. Chroenicor, 1674^ 1670 b — Johan 
LLP. Chroenica, 1745. a Biog. Univ. 

b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 
Girtin, Thomas, painter, — h. at Southwark, 
1773 — tf. in London, 9 Nov. 1802. Pivaulx 
Abbey, 1798. 

Gishorne, Thomas, miscellaneous writer, — fo. 
at Derby, 1758 — rector of Barton in Stafford- 
shire, 1792 — rj., 1846. Walks in a Forest, 
1796 — Principles of Moral Philosophy, 1798 — 
Familiar Survey of the Christian Religion, 1799 
— Pnquiry into Duties of Men in Higher and 
Middle Classes, 1794. 

Giseke, Nikolaus Dietrich, poet, — ft. in 
Hungary, Apr. 1724 — studies at Leipsic, 1745 — ■ 
rj. superintendent at Sondershausen, Feb. 1765. 
Poetischen WerJce, 1767. 
Giselbert. [Burgundy.]' 
Giselich. [Visigoths.] 
Gisors, in Normandy, — given to "William, 
Duke of Normandy, by Louis IV., 940 — betray- 
ed to Henry I., who refuses to demolish its for- 
tifications on demand of Louis VI., n 10 — re- 
united to crown of France by Louis VII., 1158 
— passes by marriage of his daughter Margaret 
to Henry II. of England, 1161 — Henry II. 
takes the cross at, n 88 — again belongs to 
France, 11 93 — Bichard I. defeats Philip Au- 
gustus at, 10 Oct. 1 198 — County of, given in 
exchange to Louis Charles Fouquet, 17 18 — 
erected into a Duchy, 1742 — becomes a peerage, 
1748 — occupied by Germans, 12 Oct 1870. 
Treaty of between Louis VI. and Henry I., 
cession of Maine and Brittany to Henry, end 
of Mar. 1 1 14. Conferences at, held by Ca- 
lixtus II. for settlement of disputes between 
Louis VI., Henry I., and his son William, 1 119. 
Gitiadas, architect, sculptor, poet, — [B C] — ■ 
fl., about 516. 

Gitschin, in Bohemia, — captured by Prus- 
sians, 29 Jun. 1866 — defeat of Saxons and Aus- 
trians at, 1 Jul. — King William of Prussia 
arrives at, 2 Jul. 

Giulay, Ignaz von, field-marshal, — rj. in 
Germany, 1765 — General of Artillery, Sep. 1796 
— distinguishes himself at battles of Wertingen 
and Gunzberg, 1805 — taken prisoner by the 
French, at Ulm, 1805 — governor of Croatia, 1806 
— wounded at battle of Piave, 1809— distin- 
guishes himself in campaign of 181 3— invades 
France, 18 15 — President of Council of War, 
1831 — tf., 11 Nov. 1831. 

Giulini, Giorgio, historian, — h. at Milan, 16 
Jul. 1714— U. there, 24 Dec. 1780. Memorie 
spettanti al governo ed alia descrizione della cittd 
38* 



59 6 



GIULIO ROMANO— GLAREANUS. 



e della campagna di Milano, §c, 1760-75. 

Giulio Romano, (II Romano Pippi de'Gian- 
nuzzi,) painter, architect, — b. at Rome, 1492,* 
1498 b — with Penni completes the frescoes in the 
Hall of Constantine, in the Vatican, 1520-23 — 
enters the service of the Duke of Mantua, 1524 
— if. at Mantua, 1 Nov. 1546. 

a Vasari. b Archives at Mantua. 

Giurgevo, in Wallachia, — taken hy the Rus- 
sians, 1771 — the Turks defeated hy the Russians 
near, 2 Jun. 177 1 — again, 3 Feb. 1773 — 
defeat of Russians before, 19 May 1809 — 
taken by the Russians, 26 Sep. 18 10 — several 
combats near, 1828 — fortifications demol- 
ished by them, 1829 — restored to Wallachia, 
its fortifications never to be restored, by Con- 
vention of 14 Sep. 1829 — occupied by Rus- 
sians, 1854 — the Turks defeat the Russians 
near, 7 Jul. 1854. Convention of, between 
Russians and Turks, 28 Oct. 1811. 

Giustiniani, Agostino, orientalist, — ft. at 
Genoa, 1470 — enters Dominican Order, Apr. 
1488 — Bp of Nebbio, Corsica, 15 14 — assists at 
fifth Council of the Lateran, 1516-17 — chaplain 
to Francis I. of France, Prof. Hebrew, Paris, 
about 15 1 8 — wounded in an emeute at Genoa, 
1522 — visits Genoa and Rome, 153 1 — visits 
Genoa and is shipwrecked, 1536. Psalterium 
hebrceum, grcecum, arabicum, chaldaicum, §c, 
15 1 6 — JPhilonis Judcei centum et duce qucestiones, 
§c, 1520 — Annals of Genoa, 1537. 

Giustiniani, Bernardo, statesman, historian, 
■ — ft. at Venice, 6 Jan. 1408 — receives Emperor 
Frederick III., 1451 — envoy to Naples, 1453 — 
governor of Padua, 1467 — proctor of St Mark, 
1474 — "&., 10 Mar. 1489. Be origine urbis 
Venetiarum, §c, 1492 — Orationes et epistolce, 
1492. 

Giustiniani, Fabio, (Fabiano,) (Justinianus,) 
bibliographer, — ft., about 1579 — enters congre- 
gation of the Filippini, Rome, 1597 — Bp of 
Ajaccio, 1616 — fr. there, 3 Jan. 1627. Index 
universalis alphabeticus materias in omni facili- 
tate pertractans, $C, l6 12. 

Giustiniani, Lorenzo, bibliographer, — ft., 
about 1760 — keeper of the royal library, Naples, 
1 8 15 — if., 1825. Dizionario storico del regno 
di JSapoli, 1797- 18 16 — Memorie storiche degli 
scrittori legali del regno, 1787. 

Giustiniani, Niccolo Antonio, theologian, — 
ft. at Venice, 17 12 — enters Benedictine Order, 
1730 — Bp of Torcello, 1753 — of Verona, 1758 
— of Padua, 1772 — ft. there, Nov. 1796. 
Works of Athanasius, 1777. 

Giustiniani, Pompeo, general, historian, — ft. 
in Corsica, 1569 — enters the army, 1583 — loses 
an arm at siege of Ostend, 160 1-4 — is suc- 
cessively Governor of Friesland, of Candia, 
and of fortresses of Venice, between 1604-16 
— killed, 10 Oct. 1616. Helium Belgicum, 
1609. 

Givet, in France,— fortified by Vauban, 1679 
— magazine at, destroyed by Athlone and Coe- 
horn, Apr. 1696. 

Glaber, of Clugny, chronicler, — o"., 1050. 

Glabrio, — Consid with Maximus, (1009, 
a. u. c.) 256. 

Glabrio, C. Acilius, historian, — [B C] — 



quaestor, 203 — tribunus plebis, 197 — interpreter 
to Athenian embassy, 155. 

Glabrio, Junius, — Consul with Homullus, 
(905, a. u. c.) 152. 

Glabrio, M' Acilius,— [BC]— (1.) Tribunus 

" " , 201 — praetor, 196 — Consul with P. Cor- 
nelius Scipio Nasica, (563, a. u. c.) 191 — de- 
feats Antiochus at Thermopylae, 191 — defeats 
.ZEtolians, 191 — triumphs, autumn 190. 2. 
Praetor urbanus, presides at impeachment of 
Verres, 70 — Consul with C. Calpurnius Piso, 
(687,) 67 — proconsul of Cilicia, 66. 3. ft., 81 
— lieutenant of Caesar, about 50 — commands 
garrison of Oricum in Epirus, 48 — stationed in 
Sicily, 46. [ADj— 4. Consul with M. Ulpius- 
Trajanus, (844,) 91. 5. Consul with C. Belli- 
cius Torquatus, (877,) 124. 6. Consul with 
M. Aurelius Commodus, (939,) 186. 

Gladiators, — [BC] — first exhibited at Rome, 
by M. and Dec. Brutus, 264 — revolt under 
Spartacus, 73 — combat to the death forbidden 
by Augustus, after 30 — [AD] — prohibited by 
Constantine, 325 — finally suppressed by Hono- 
rius, 404. 

Glamorgan, Earl op. [Worcester, Mar- 
quis OF.] 

Glanvil, Bartholomew, (Bartholomceus de 
Glanvilla.) Be proprietatibus rerum, printed 
about 1495. 

Glanvil, Sir John, — Lent Reader of Lin- 
coln's Inn, 1630 — Serjeant-at-law, May 1639 — 
Speaker of the House of Commons, Apr. 1640 
— Knt, Aug. 1 64 1— imprisoned as a Royalist, 
1645 — liberated, 1648 — u\, 2 Oct. 1661. Be- 
ports of cases of controverted elections, 1775. 

Glanvil, (Glanville,) Ranulph de, Justici- 
ary of England, — named Sheriff of York- 
shire, 1 1 65 a — charged with custody of Queen 
Eleanor, at Winchester, 1 173 to 15 Aug. 1 1 89 b 
— captures William the Lion at Alnwick, n, c 
12 d Jul. 1 174 — Justice itinerant, 1175 — am- 
bassador with Walter de Constantiis, to Earl 
of Flanders, 11 77 — Chief Justiciary, 11 80 — 
commands expedition against the Welsh, 11 81 
— assists Earl John in government of Ireland, 
1 1 85 — takes the cross, 11 88 — (? imprisoned by 
Richard I., on release of Queen Eleanor, 15 
Aug. u89 e ) — assists at coronation of Richard, 
3 Sep. 1 1 89 — sets out with him for crusade,' 
Apr. 1 1 90 — arrives at Acre, about Michaelmas 
1 190 — tj., before Acre, close of 1 190. (? Trac- 
tatus de Legibus, §c, before 11 90.) 

a Foss. b Strickland. c Lyttelton. 
d Annals of England. e Tyrrell. 

Glanvill, Joseph, philosopher and theologian, 
— ft. at Plymouth, 1636 — enters Exeter Coll., 
Oxford, 1652— M. A., 1658— rector of Abbey 
Church, Bath, 1666— F.R.S., about 1666— 
prebendary of Worcester, 1678 — lj. at Bath, 
Nov. 1680. Scepsis Scientijica, 1665 — Lux 
Orientalis, 1662 — Phis Urt-ra, 1668 — Consider- 
ations touching the being of Witches, 1666 — 
Sadducismus triumph atus, 1 6 8 1 . 

Glareanus, Henricus Loritus, — ft. in Switz- 
erland, 1488 — Prof. Mathematics, Basel, 15 15 
— tf. at Friburg, 28 May 1563. Be geographic 
liber, 1527 — Bodekachordon, 1547 — Be arte 
musica, 1549. 



GLARIS— GLAITKIAS. 



597 



Glaris, Glarus, Swiss Canton,— belongs 
to the abbey of Sickingen, before 500 a — 
passes to the House of Austria, about i3oo b — 
occupied by the Confederates, 1351 — battle of 
Nafels, 1352°— joins the Confederacy, 1352 — 
second battle of Nafels, 1358° — scene of con- 
flict between Eussians and French, 1799 — 
sovereignty of the landsgemeinde recognized by 
constitution of 3 Jul. 18 14 — new constitution 
adopted, 2 Oct. 1836.° 
a Macculloch. b Bees' Cyc. c Conv.-Lex. 

Glaser, Chxistoph, chemist. Traite de la 
chemie, 1663 — Novum laboratorium medico- 
chymicum, 1677. 

Glaser, Johann Heinrich, anatomist, — fc. 
at Basel, 1629. — Prof. Greek, Anatomy, and 
Botany, successively, from 1665 — rector of the 
Univ., 167 1 — ft. at Basel, 1675. Tractatus de 
cerebro, 1681. 

Glasgow, — seat of a bishopric, by St Kenti- 
gern, or St Mungo, ? 560 a — see restored by 
David, Prince of Cambria, about 11 15 — royal 
burgh, by William the Lion, about 1190, 13 
1175,° u8o d — combat between Wallace and 
Earl Percy at, 1300 — parliament held at, 1348 
— erected into archbishopric, 1488 — the re- 
formers, Russell and Kennedy, burnt at, 1527 d 
— pillaged by Begent Arran, 1556 — visited by 
Queen Mary, 1567 — General Assembly of the 
Kirk, which abolishes Episcopacy, sits at, 21 
Nov. to 20 Dec. 1638 — visited by Cromwell, 
Sep. 1650 — plundered by the Highland host, 
Jan., Feb. 1668 — burnt, Jul. 1652 and 1677 — 
riot and attack on cathedral, 17 Feb. 1689 — 
gives title of Earl to the Boyles of Kelburne, 
1699 — commercial importance of, increases 
from 1707 — disturbances respecting the Malt- 
tax, Jun. 1725— raises troops for the govern- 
ment, and is taken by the Pretender, 1745 — 
raises a regiment at the commencement of the 
American War, 1775 — riots of the weavers, 3 
Sep. 1787 — meeting of British Association at, 
Sept. 1840 — visited by Queen Victoria, 14 Aug. 
1 849— meeting of British Association at, Sep. 
1855 — visited by the Empress of the French, 
Nov. i860— by Emperor of Brazil, 28 Jul. 
1 87 1. Cathedral, {High Church,) consecrated, 
1 133 — enlarged by Bp Joceline, 1181 — pre- 
sent building commenced, about i24o e — com- 
pleted, about 1440 ? University, founded by 
Bp Turnbull, under bull of Nicholas V., 145 1 
— new charter by James VI., 1577 — new 
buildings commenced, 8 Oct. 1869 — opened, 
7 Nov. 1870. Sunterian Museum, founded, 
1781. Andersonian Institution, founded by 
Dr John Anderson, 7 May 1795 — incorporated, 
9 Jun. 1796. Normal School, established, 1836. 
Philosophical Society, 1802. Mechanics' Insti- 
tution, founded, 1823. 

a Kennet. b Chambers' Encyc. c Engl. Cyc. 
d . Statistical Account. e Eergusson. 

Glass, John, theologian, — fc. in Fifeshife, 
1695 — minister of the Kirk, 17 19 — deprived, 
and becomes founder of the Glassites, 1728 — 
[Sandeman] — if., 1773. 

Glass, — [B C] — manufacture of, practised in 
Egypt, 1600 a — [AD] — tax imposed on manu- 
facturers of, by Alexander Severus, 220 — men- 



tioned by Lactantius, before 300 — by St Jerome, 
422 — use of, for windows, introduced in Eng- 
land by Benedict Biscop, 674 b — manufacture 
of, established at Venice, before 700— -flint, 
manufacture of, begun, 1557 — plate, works for 
manufacture of, established, at Lambeth by 
Duke of Buckingham, 1673 — but soon aban- 
doned: Company for, formed, 1773 — sheet, 
manufacture of, commenced about 1832. Art 
of casting, invented in France by Thevart, 
about i688. c Duty on, imposed by Act 6 and 
7 Wm and Mar. c. 18, 1695— repealed by Acts 
9 and 10 Wm III. c. 45, s. 1, 1698, and 10 
and 11 Wm III. c. 18, 1699 — again imposed by 
Act 19 Geo. II. c. 12, ss. 1, 3, 1746 — trade and 
duties further regulated by Acts 17 Geo. III. 
c. 39, 1777; 24 Geo. III. c. 41, 1784; 35 
Geo. III. c. 114, 26 Jun. 1795 ; 38 Geo. III. 
c. 33, 5 Apr. 1797 ; and 43 Geo. III. c. 69, 4 
Jul. 1803 — duties abolished by Act 8 Vic. c. 6, 
24 Apr. 1845. [Burning-glass, Lens, Tele- 
scope, &c] 

a Wilkinson. b Bede. c Eees' Cyc. 

Glass, stained, — windows of, mentioned by 
Prudentius, about 400 — painted, windows of, 
presented to the abbey of Tegernsee, in Ba- 
varia, by Count Arnold, 999 — came into general 
use for churches, 1250- 1300 — art declines, be- 
fore 1500 — engraved, introduced by Lehmann, 
at Prague, 1609. [Etching.] 

Glassites. [Glass, John.] 

Glatz, in Silesia, — erected into a County for 
son of George Podiebrad, by Frederick III., 
1462 — County of, acquired by king of Bohemia, 
1561 — besieged by Imperialists, 1622 — visited 
by Frederick the Great, 1732 — taken by him, 
14 Jan. 1742 — retaken by Laudohn, 26 Jul. 
1759 — given up to Prussia, 1763 — besieged by 
Vandamme, 1807 — surrenders, 18 Jun. 1807. 

Glastonbury Abbey, in Somersetshire, 
(Avalonia,) — rebuilt by Ina, about 708 — de- 
stroyed by the Danes, 873 — restored by Dunstan, 
conforms to the Benedictine rule, about 940-60 
— the monks expelled by Edwy, 956 — its 
possessions reduced and the abbot deposed by 
William I., 1082 — fatal conflict between Abbot 
Thurstan and the monks, 1083 — burnt, 25 May 
1184 s — rebuilt by Henry II. and dedicated, 
about 11 Jun. n86 a — made a mitred abbey, 
1 19 1 — alleged discovery of remains of King 
Arthur, 091 — visit of Edward I. and Queen 
Eieanor, and' reburial of pretended remains of 
Arthur, 13 May 1276,* 1278 b — surveyed by 
William of Worcester, 1478 — suppressed, 1539 
— Abbot Whiting denies the king's supremacy 
and is hung, 14 Nov. 1539 b — invalids attracted 
to a spring near, 1750-51.° a Willis. 

b Annals of England. c Engl. Cyc. 

Glauber, Johann Rudolph, chemist, — n. at 
Karlstadt, 1604 — discovers Glauber's Salt, 1658 
— if. at Amsterdam, 1668. Opera, 1658. 

Glauber, Johannes, (JPolydore,) painter, — fo. 
at Utrecht, 1646 — if. at Amsterdam, 1726. 

Glaukias, King of Illyrians, — [BC] — 
with Cleitus of Epirus defeated by Alexander, 
335 — gi ves shelter to Pyrrhus of Epirus, 316 
— defeated by Cassander, 314 — seizes upon 



<9 8 



GLAUKIAS— GLISSON. 



Epidarnnus, 3 1 2 — establishes Pyrrhus on throne 
of Epirus, 307 — tf. after 302. 

Glaukias, sculptor,— [B c]— fl., (01. 73-75,) 
488-480. 

Glaukippos, Archon of Athens, — [B C] — (01. 
92, 3,) 410. 

Glaukines, Archon of Athens, — [B C] — (01. 
85, 2,) 439. 

Glaukos, of Chios, — [B C] — discovers art o'i 
soldering metals, (01. 22, 2,) 691-0. 

Glayre, Maurice, statesman, — ft. at Lausanne, 
1743 — private secretary to King Stanislaus 
Augustus of Poland, 1764 — ambassador to 
Russia, about 1769 — member of Helvetic 
Directory, 1798 — envoy to Paris, 1800 — fr. in 
Switzerland, 1820. 

Gleaning of corn, in England, — decided to 
be not a legal right, Oct. 1795. 

Glebe, in England, — alienation of, pro- 
hibited by Acts 1 Eliz. c. 19, 1558, and 31 
Eliz. c. 10, 1570 — permission to exchange for 
other lands, by Act bo Geo. III. c. 147, 6 Jul. 
1 8 15 — further provisions respecting, by Acts 5 
and 6 Vic. c. 54, 30 Jul. 1842, and 17 and 18 
Vic. c. 84, 10 Aug. 1854. 

Gleditsch, Johann Gottlieb, botanist, §c, — 
ft. at Leipsic, Feb. 17 14 — Prof. Anatomy, 
Director of Botanic Garden, Berlin, 1740^ after 
1740 b — o\, 5 Oct. 1786. Eissertatio de 
methodo botanica, §c, 1742 — Methodus Fun- 
gorum, 1753 — Vermischte physikalisch-botan- 
isch-economische Abhandlungen, 1765-67. 
b Biog. Univ. b Meyer, Conv. -Lex. 

Glee Club, — established in London, 1787. 
Gleichen, Friedrich Wilhelm von, naturalist, 
— ft. at Baireuth, 14 Jan. 17 17 — ft., 16 Jun. 
1783. Eas neueste aus dem Reiche der Eflanzen, 
1764 — Microscopische Entdeckungen bey den 
Jft<inzen, 1777. 

Gleim, Johann Wilhelm Ludwig, poet, — ft. 
at Ermslelien, 2 Apr. 17 19 — studies at Halle, 
1 7 38 — secretary to Chapter of Halberstadt, 1 747 
— "0. at Ermsleben, 18 Feb. 1803. Werke, 
1811-13. 

Glen, Jean de, wood-engraver, Merveilles 
de la ville de Rome, 1631 — Ees habits, mceurs, 
§c., 1601. 

Glenbervie, Sylvester Douglas, Lord, states- 
man, — ft. at Ellon, Aberdeenshire, 24 May 
1743 — enters Lincoln's Inn, 1774 — marries 
daughter of Lord North, Sep. 1789 — chief 
counsel to the king, secretary to Earl of 
Westmoreland, 1793 — Lord of the Treasury, 
1798 — raised to Irish peerage, 1800 — joint 
Paymaster -general of the Forces, Feb. 1801 — 
Inspector-general of Woods and Forests, 1803-6 
— tf. at Cheltenham, 2 May 1823. Controverted 
Elections, 1775-7 — Reports of Cases in X. B., 

1783. 

Glencoe, in Argyleshire, — bribe to lay down 
their arms, refused by the Macdonalds, 1690 — 
military execution threatened on all recusants, 
1 69 1 — submission of the chief, [Macdonald, 
Mac Ian,] 6 Jan. 1692 — order for extirpation 
of the tribe signed by William III., Jan. 
1692 — Campbell of Glenlyon hospitably re- 
ceived in, 1 Feb. 1692 — the Massacre of the 
Macdonalds, 13 Feb. 1692 — Commission of 



Inquiry granted, 23 May 1695 — their Beport 
presented to parliament, 24 Jun. 1695. 

Glendalough, {Glandalagh,) in Ireland, — see 
of, united with the see of Dublin, 12 14 — ■ 
partially independent, under the O'Tooles, till 
1497. 

Glendower, Owen, (Owain Glyndivr du,) — ft. 
in Merionethshire, about 1 349 ? — Knt, by 
Bichard II., 1387 — captured with the king at 
Flint Castle, but allowed to retire, Aug. 1399 
— part of his lands seized by Lord Grey of 
Buthin, appeals to parliament in vain, 1399 
— proclaims his descent from Llewellyn and 
claims the throne of Wales, 1400 — narrowly 
escapes arrest by Lords Talbot and Grey, autumn 
1400? — pillages and burns Buthin, 20 Sep. 
1400 — Henry IV. marches against him, Oct. — 
Welsh scholars leave the Universities to join 
him, beginning of 140 1 — ravages the country 
round Plinlimmon, spring 1401 — opposed by 
Hotspur, spring 140 1 — attacked by the 
Flemings, 140 1 — unsuccessful expedition of the 
king against, Jun. 1401 — surprises and captures 
Lord Grey, early in 1402 — blockades Caernarvon 
castle, and destroys the cathedrals of Bangor 
and St Asaph, 1402 — defeats Sir Edmund 
Mortimer at Pilleth Hill in Badnorshire, 1 2 (22) 
Jun. 1402 — acknowledged Prince of Wales, and 
crowned at Machynlleth, autumn 1402 — gains 
alliance of the Percies, and agrees to tripartite 
division of Wales, probably close of 1402 — 
battle of Shrewsbury, Jul. 1403 — joined by 
French troops, Aug. 1403 — expels Bp of 
Bangor, 1403 — concludes treaty of alliance 
with Charles VI. of France, 14 Jun. 1404 — 
attacks the castles of Harlech and Aberystwith, 
Jan. 1405 — defeated by Prince Henry near 
Monmouth, n Mar. 1405 — again defeated in 
Brecknockshire, Mar. 1405 — joined by French 
auxiliaries, takes Caermarthen, summer 1405 — 
unsuccessful expedition of Henry against, 1405 
— invades England, threatens Worcester, 1406 
— again ravages the marches, 1407 — excites a 
fresh revolt, 1409 — )j. at Monnington in Here- 
fordshire, 20 Sep. 1415. 

Glenlivat, in Scotland, — Earl of. Huntley 
defeats Earl of Argyle at, 3 Oct. .1594.* 
a Tytler. 
Glenshiels, in Scotland, — Gen. Wightman 
defeats the Highlanders at, 10 Jun. 1719. 11 
a Mahon. 
Gliemann, Johann Georg Theodor, geo- 
grapher, — ft. in Oldenburg, 1793 — tf. in Zealand, 
28 Jul. 1828. Een Eanske stats geographiske 
Eeskrivels, 1817 — Geograjjhisk-statistisk Ees- 
krivelse over Kongeriget Eanmark, 1821. 

Glinka, Gregory Andreevich, — ft. in 
Smolensk, 1774 — Prof. Bussian literature, 
Dorpat, 1802-10 — tutor to Grand Duke 
Nicholas, 1811 — accompanies him to England, 
1 8 16 — tf. at Moscow, Feb. 181 8. Ancient- 
Religion of the Slavonians, 1 804. 

Glinka, Sergy Nikolaevich, miscellaneous 
writer, — ft. in Smolensk, 1774— If. at Moscow, 
1847. Edits Rushy Viestnik, 1809-20 — 
Works, 1817-20 — History of the Migration of 
the Armenians, 1831 — Russkoe Chtenie, 1845. 
Glisson, Francis, physician,— -ft. in Dorset- 



GLOBE— GLOUCESTER. 



599 






shire, 1597 — enters Cambridge Univ., 1617 — 
M.A., 1624 — incorporated M.A., Oxford, 1627 
— M.D., Cambridge, 1634— F.C.P., Prof. 
Physic, Cambridge, 1634 — ft. in London, 1667. 
De Rachitide, 1650 — Anatomia hepatis, 1654 — 
Tractatus de Ventriculo, 1677. 

Globe, Terrestrial, — constructed of silver by 
Edrisi, for Roger II. of Sicily, about 1150 — 
made by Behaim of Niirnberg, 1492 — Map of, 
attempted by Leonardo da Vinci, about 15 14. 

Globe of Compression, {Military Mine,) 
employed by Frederick II. at siege of Schweid- 
nitz, 1762. 

Globe Theatre, London, — built, about 1593 a 
— patent for, granted by James I., 1603 — burnt, 
29 Jan. 16 1 3 — rebuilt, 16 14 — demolished, pro- 
bably between 1640-50. a Knight. 

Glogau, in Silesia, — head of a duchy, about 
1 150 — seized by Frederick II., 9 May, a Mar. b 
1741 — partly burnt, 1758 — taken by Van- 
damme, 2 Dec. 1806 — given up to Prussia, 14 
Apr. 1 8 14. a Encyc. Mod. b Conv.-Lex. 

Gloucester, city, (Caer Glow, Colonia Gle- 
vum, Glean-ceaster,) — founded by Claudius, 
44 — captured by West-Saxons, 577 — styled a 
city, 67 1 — monastery founded by Wulpha, about 
680 — JElgiva, queen of Edwy, murdered at, 957 
— visited by Edgar, 964 a — ravaged by Danes, 
978 — Witenagemot assembled at, by Edward 
the Confessor, at which Earl Godwin and his 
sons appear in arms, 105 1 b — partly destroyed 
during the civil war, 1087 or 1088 — William 
Rufus visited by Malcolm of Scotland at, about 
1095 — burnt, noi and 1121 — Henry I. holds 
court at, 1 1 23— castle seized by Stephen, 1138 
— Empress Maud at, 1139, 1141, and 1143 — 
great council held, 1175 s — Henry III. crowned 
at, 121 6 — spends Christmas at, 1234 — captured 
by the Barons under De Montfort, 1263 — re- 
covered by Prince Edward, 1263 — parliament 
held at, by Edward I., 1278 or 1279 — by Rich- 
ard II., Oct. to Nov. 1378 — by Henry IV., 1407 
— by Henry V., Feb. 1420 — visited by Richard 
III., 1483— seat of a bishopric, by Henry VIII. , 
1541 — pin manufacture introduced, 1626° — 
sides with the parliament against Charles I., 
1642 — besieged by the king, 10 Aug. 1643 b — 
relieved by Essex, 6 Sep. 1643 b — walls destroy- 
ed by order of Charles II., close of 1662. 
See of, suppressed and its territory united to 
Worcester, May 1552 b — consolidated with 
Bristol, under Act 6 and 7 Wm IV. c. 77, 13 
Aug. 1836. Cathedral, refounded by Abbot 
Serlo, 1088 — enlarged, 1310-30 and 1351-90 
— Lady Chapel rebuilt, 1498. Statute of, for 
better administration of justice, 6 Edw. I. c. 1, 
passed, 2 Aug. 1 27 8. b Synods of, held by Lan- 
franc, 1075 and 108 1 — by Longchamp, 1190. 
Provincial Council, 1233 or 1234. a Fosbrooke. 
b Annals of England. c Rees' Cyc. 

Gloucester, Henry Stuart, Duke of, son of 
Charles I,, — b. at Oatlands, 8 Jul. 1640 — con- 
finedin Carisbrook Castle, 1 649 —leaves England, 
1652 — created Earl of Cambridge and Duke of 
Gloucester, by his brother Charles, 13 May 
J ^59 — returns to England, 1660 — tf., 13 Sep. 
1660. 

Gloucester, Humphrey, the Good, Duke or, 



Protector of England, — fc., 1391 — created 
Duke of Gloucester by his brother, Henry V., 
1414 — attends Conferences between Henry V. 
and the Duke of Burgundy, at Meulan, Jul. 
141 9 — named Protector, during the minority of 
his nephew, Henry VI., 1422 — marries Jac- 
queline, Countess of Holland, 1423 — invades 
Hainault to recover his wife's inheritance, and 
is opposed by the Duke of Burgundy, Oct. 
1424^ 142 3 b — quarrels with his uncle Beaufort, 
1425 — abandons the contest in Hainault, and 
leaves his Duchess there, 1426 — unsuccessfully 
aims at supremacy in the Council, 1426 — his 
marriage declared null by Pope Martin V., 
1426 c — marries Eleanor Cobham, 1426 c — his 
power increased on death of Bedford, 1435 — 
quarrels with Beaufort, 1436 — compels the 
Duke of Burgundy to raise the siege "of Calais, 
2 Aug. 1436 — his Duchess accused of witch- 
craft and imprisoned, 1441 — accuses Beaufort 
of treason, 1443 — opposes the marriage of 
Henry VI. with Margaret of Anjou, 1445 — 
goes to the parliament at Bury St Edmund's, 
10 Feb. 1447 — arrested for high treason, n 
Feb. — found dead, 28 Feb. a 1447. 
a Annals of England, b Art de Verifier les Dates. 
c Carte. d Pict. Hist. England. 

Gloucester, Thomas of Woodstock, Duke 
of, and Earl of Buckingham, — fj. at Wood- 
stock, 7 Jan. 1355 — Duke of Gloucester, 1385 
— Lord High Constable, has the custody of the 
Earl of Suffolk, Oct. 1386 — head of the Council 
of Regency, Nov. 1386 — takes up arms and 
seizes the Tower, Nov. 1387 — banished from 
the Council, May 1389 — formally reconciled 
with Richard II., 1389 — engages in plots, 1396 
— arrested with his associates, 1397 — makes 
confession at Calais, 8 Sep. — put to death there, 
Sep. 1397. 

Gloucester, Thomas, Duke of, Lord High 
Constable of England, — fj. at Woodstock, 
7 Jan. 1355 — created Earl of Buckingham, 
1377 a — commands the army in France, 
marches from Calais to Brittany to aid De 
Montfort, 1380 b — returns to England, 1381 — 
Duke of Gloucester, 12 Nov. 1385 a — gains 
ascendancy in absence of John of Gaunt, 1386 
— has custody of the Earl of Suffolk, Oct. 1386 
— head of Council of Regency, 19 Nov. 1386 b 
— the Council declared illegal by the Judges, at 
Nottingham, 25 Aug. 1387 — marches on Lon- 
don and seizes the Tower, Nov. 1387 — has Sir 
Simon Burley and other knights executed, 5 
and 12 May 1388 — reconciled with the king, 
who assumes the government, May 1389 — 
opposes the king's marriage with Isabella of 
France, 1 396 — engages in plots for the recovery 
of his power, 1396 — treacherously arrested at 
Plashy Castle, and sent to Calais, Jul. 1397 — 
signs a confession, 8 Sep. — murdered at Calais, 
Sep. 1397. a Burke. b Annals of England. 

Gloucester, William, Duke of, son of Queen 
Anne, — b. at Hampton Court, 24 Jul. 1689 — 
created Duke of Gloucester by William III., 
Jul. 1689 a — K.G., Nov. 1695 a— the Duke of 
Marlborough appointed his governor, summer 
1698 — tf., 30 Jul. 1700. a Macaulay. 

Gloucester, William Henry, Duke of, third 



boo 



GLOUCESTER— GMELIN. 



son of Frederick Prince of Wales, — b., 25 Nov. 
1743 — E.G., 27 May 1762 — created Duke of 
Gloucester and Edinburgh aud Earl of Con- 
naught, 17 Nov. 1764 — Privy Councillor, 19 
Dec. 1764 — marries Maria, dowager Countess 
of Waldegrave, 6 Sep. 1766 — Major-general, 
30 Mar. 1770 — Warden of the ]Sew Forest, 
Jan. 177 1 — General of the king's forces, 25 
May 1772— tf., 25 Aug. 1805. 

Gloucester and Edinburgh, William Frede- 
rick, Duke of, son of preceding, — b. at Rome, 
15 Jan. 1776 — enters the army, Mar. 1789 — 
serves in Holland, 1794 aiid 1799 — Major- 
general, 16 Feb. 1795 — Lieutenant-general, 13 
Nov. 1799 — succeeds to the title, 1805 — Chan- 
cellor of Cambridge Univ., Mar. 181 1 — marries 
his cousin, Princess Mary, 23 Jul. 18 16 — Field- 
marshal, 1 816 — opposes the Reform Bill, 1831 
— tf. at Bagshot Heath, 30 Nov. 1834. 

Gloucester, Gilbert de Clare, 3rd Earl of, 
7th Earl of Hertford, — marries Alice, 
daughter of Count of Angouleme, 1257 a — on 
the death of his father, joins de Montfort, Jun. 
1262 — Knt, by de Montfort, at Lewes, 1264 — 
takes Earl Richard prisoner at battle of Lewes, 
13 May 1264 — joint administrator of the king- 
dom with de Montfort, May 1264 — quarrels 
with him and joins the Marchers, spring 1265 
— commands on the king's side at Evesham, 
1265 — rebels, seizes London and besieges the 
legate in the Tower, 1267 — submits to the king 
and is pardoned, 15 Jun. b — takes the cross at 
Northampton, spring 1268 — joint regent of the 
kingdom, during absence of Edward I. in Pales- 
tine, Nov. 1272 to Aug. 1274 — marries Joanna 
of Acre, daughter of Edward I., 1289 s1 — tf., 
1295^ a Burke. b Lingard. 

Gloucester, Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl 
of, 6th Earl of Hertford, — secretly marries 
Margaret, daughter of Hubert de Burgh, 1243 s1 
— marries Maud, daughter of the Earl of Lin- 
coln, i244 a — joins de Montfort, May 1258 — 
takes part in the parliament of Oxford, Jun. 
1258 — quarrels with de Montfort, 1259 and 
1260 — attends armed assembly at London, and 
again quarrels with de Montfort, 1 May 1260 
— brings grave charges against de Montfort, but 
abandons them, 1260 — tf., 18 Jun. i262, b 
1261.° a Burke. b Annals of England. 

c Piet. Hist. England. 

Gloucester, Richard, Earl of. [Richard 
III.] 

Gloucester, Robert of Caen, Earl of, — 
marries the heiress of Robert Fitzhamon, and 
becomes Earl of Gloucester, about 11 20 a — has 
the custody of Robert of Normandy at Bristol, 
1 1 26 — swears allegiance to his sister Maud, 
25 Dec. 1 1 26 — swears conditional allegiance to 
Stephen, 11 36 — Stephen attempts unsuccess- 
fully to capture him in Normandy, 11 37 — re- 
nounces fealty to Stephen and prepares to 
invade England, 1138 — instigates David of 
Scotland to invade England, Mar. n 38 — his 
lands seized by Stephen, 11 38 — lands, with 
Maud, at Portsmouth, 30 Sep. 11 39 — begins 
war with Stephen, 1 1 39— aids Ralph de Gernon, 
Earl of Chester, defeats and captures Stephen 
at Lincoln, 2 Feb. 1 141 — besieged with Maud, 



at "Winchester, Aug. to Sep. 1141 — captured, 
while covering retreat of Maud from Winches- 
ter, 14 Sep. 1 141 — exchanged for Stephen, 1 
Nov. 1 141 — joins Maud at Gloucester, Nov. 
1 141 — attempts unsuccessfully to relieve Maud, 
in Oxford Castle, autumn 1 142— defeats Ste-? 
phen at Wilton, Jul. 1143 — tf., 31 Oct. ii45, b 
1147.° a Thierry. 

b Annals of England. c Piet. Hist. England. 

Gloucester, Robert of. [Robert of Glou- 
cester. 

Glover, Richard, poet, — b. in London, 17 12 
— M.P. Weymouth, 1760 — manages the case of 
the West India merchants before the House, 
1775 — tf., 25 Nov. 1785. Leonidas, 1737 — 
London, 1739 — Hosier s Ghost, 1739 — Athenais, 
1787. 

Glover, Thomas, herald at arms, — Somerset 
herald, 157 1 — tf. in London, 1588. De nobili- 
tate politica vel civili, 1608 — Catalogue of Hon- 
our, 1 6 10. 

Glovers, in England, — incorporated by 
Charles I., 1638. 

Gloves, — importation of leather, prohibited 
by Acts 6 Geo. III. c. 19, 1766, and 25 Geo. 
III. c. 55, 1785 — duty on license and on retail 
sale of, imposed by Act 25 Geo. III. c. 55, 1785 
— duty on, repealed by Act 34 Geo. III. c. 10, 
1 Mar. 1794 — duty on license repealed by Act 
36 Geo. III. c. 80, 14 May 1796. 

Glucina, Glucinum, — discovered by Vauque- 
lin, 1798 — the metallic base, obtained by Woh- 
ler, 1827,* i8 2 8. b 

a Engl. Cyc. b Brande and Cox's Diet. 

Gliick, Christian Friedrich von, jurist, — b. 
at Halle, 1755 — studies at the Univ., 1771-76 
— Prof. Laws, Erlangen, 1784 — Dean of the 
Faculty, 1809 — Privy Councillor, 18 10 — tf. at 
Erlangen, 20 Jan. 1831. Opuscula juridica, 
1785-90 — Ausfuhrliche JErlduterung der Pan- 
deJcten, 1796-1830. 

Gluck, Christoph von, musical composer, — b. 
in the Palatinate, i4Feb. I7i2, ab 1716,° 4 Jul. 
I7i4 de — goes to Italy, 1729, i73i, e i738 d — ■■ 
at Paris, 1774-80 — tf. at Vienna, 15 Nov. 1787. 
Orfeo, 1764 — Alceste, 1769 — Iphige'nie en Au- 
lide, 1776 — Armida, 1777 — Iphige'nie en Tau- 
ride, 1779. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

c Bees' Cyc. d Conv.-Lex. e Meyer, Coiit. -Lex. 
Gliickstadt, capital of Holstein, — built and 
fortified by Christian IV. of Denmark, 1620 — 
unsuccessfully attempted by Wallenstein, au- 
tumn 1627 — again by Tilly, 1628 — by Torsten- 
son, winter 1643-44 — bombarded by English, 
blockaded by Gen. von Boyen, 15 Dec. 1813 — ■ 
capitulates to allies, 5 Jan. 18 14 — ramparts 
demolished, 18 15 — declared a free port, 1830. 
Glycerine, — discovered by Scheele, 1779. 
Glycerius, Roman Emperor of the West, 
— raised to the throne by Gundebald, Mar. 473 
— taken prisoner by his rival Julius Nepos, at 
Portus, beginning 474 — Bp of Salona, 474. 

Glycis, (Glgcas,) Joannes, Patriarch of 
Constantinople, grammarian, §c, — appoint- 
ed, 12 May 1 316 — abdicates, 11 May 1320. 
Glycol, — discovered by Wurtz, 1856. 
Glyptothek. [Munich.] 
Gmelin, Johann Georg, botanist, §c. t — b. at 



GMELIN— GODEFEOY. 



Tubingen, 1709 — enters the Univ., 1723 — 
M.D., 1727— Prof. Chemistry and Natural His- 
tory, St Petersburg, 1731 — takes part in ex- 
ploration of Siberia, 1733-43 — Prof. Botany 
and Chemistry, Tiibingen, 1749 — if. there, 20 
May 1755. Flora Sibirica, 1747-70 — Reise 
durck Sibirien, 1751-52. 

Gmelin, Johann Friedrich, naturalist, — b- 
at Tubingen, 8 Aug. 1748,* 1746 b — M.D., 
1769 — Prof. Medicine, 1775 — Prof. Medicine, 
Gottingen, 1778 — if. there, 1 Nov. 1804. 
Edits tSy sterna Natures of Linnseus, 1788-93. 
a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Gmelin, Samuel Gottlieb, naturalist, travel- 
ler, — b. at Tubingen, 23 Jun. 1745 — M.D., 
1764 — Prof. Botany, St Petersburg, about 1766 
— travels through South Bussia, 1768-74 — if. 
in the Caucasus, 1774. Historia fucorum, 
1768 — Reisen durch Russland, 1770-84. 

Gmelin, Wilhelm Friedrich, engraver, — b. 
in the Brisgau, 1745 — settles at Eome, 1788 — 
if. there, 1821. Midino, 1804. 

Gneditsch, Nicholas Ivanovich, poet, — b. at 
Pultawa, 2 Feb. 1784 — keeper of Imperial 
Library, St Petersburg, 18x7 — if. there, 15 
Feb. 1833. Translation of the Iliad, 1831 — 
Roshdenie Homer a, 18 17. 

Gneisenau, August, Count Neidhart von, 
field-marshal, — b- in Saxony, 28 Oct. 1760 — 
serves in Poland, 1794— defends Colberg against 
the French, 1806 — Councillor of State, 1809 — 
conducts retreat of the allies after the battle 
of Liitzen, 2 May 181 3 — at battle of Leipsic, 
18 Oct. 18 1 3 — at Waterloo, 18 Jun. 18 15 — 
Governor of Berlin, 1818 — General Field-mar- 
shal, 1825 — if. at Posen, 27 Aug. 1831. 

Gneomar de Natzmer, Dubislav, general, — 
b. in West Prussia, 14 Sep. 1654 — serves in 
Dutch army, 1674-75 — enters army of Branden- 
burg, 1677 — envoy to France, 1679 — distin- 
guishes himself in campaign against the Turks, 
1686 — aide-de-camp to the Elector, i686, a i687 b 
■ — accompanies William, Prince of Orange, to 
England, Nov. 1688 — distinguishes himself at 
battle of the Boyne, 1 Jul. 1690 — contributes 
to capture of Kaiserswerth, 1702 — distinguishes 
himself at Hochstedt, 1703 — at Oudenarde, 
1708 — at Malplaquet, 1709 — assists at siege of 
Stralsund, 1715 — Commander-in-chief of cav- 
alry, 1715 — General Field-marshal, 1728 — if., 
14 May 1739. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Gnesna, Gnesne, in Roland, — seat of arch- 
bishopric, by the Emperor Otto III., 999 — 
Boleslaus crowned at, by Otto, 1000 — regalia 
removed from, to Cracow, 1320 — taken by 
Prussians, 1793. 

Gnipho, M. Antonius, rhetorician, — [B C] — 
b., 114 — ij., 64. 

Gnomonic Projection, — described by Ptole- 
my, 140-160. 

Gnostics, — begin toappear in the East.,50-80. 
[Bardesanes, Carpocrates, Marcion, Valen- 
tinus, &c] 

Goa, in Hindustan, — taken from the Hindoos 
by the Bahmani kings of the Deccan, 1469-7 1 — 
taken by Albuquerque and made capital of the 
Portuguese* possessions, 1510 — St Francis 
Xavier preaches at, 1542 — falls into the hands 



of the English, 1807 — given up to Portuguese, 
1815. 

Goar, Jacques, Dominican, — b. at Paris, 
1 60 1 — enters the Order, 1619 — vicar-general, 
1652 — if. at Paris, 23 Sep. 1653. Rucologion, 
1647. 

Gobel, Traugott Friedemann, chemist, tra- 
veller, — b. in Thuringia, 1794 — studies at Jena, 
1 81 3 — Prof. Chemistry, Dorpat, 1828 — if., 27 
May 1 85 1. Rharmaceutische Waarenleunde, 
1827-34 — Reise in die Steppen des siidlichen 
Russland, 1838 — Der Grundlehrm der Rhar- 
macie, 1843-47. 

Gobelin Manufactory, Paris, — made a Eoyal 
establishment, by Louis XIV., 1662 — the Sa- 
vonnerie annexed to, 1826 — partly burnt by 
Communists, 24 May 187 1. 

Godart, Jean Baptiste, naturalist, — b. at 
Origny, (Aisne,) 1775 — if. at Paris, 1825. 
Continuation of the Histoire naturelle des 
lepidopteres, ou papillons de France, $•<?., 1820. 

Godart, Koch, general, — b. at Arras, 19 
Mar. 1 7 61 — serves under Domouriez in Bel- 
gium, 1792 — commander of Corfu, 1797-99 — 
capitulates to the Turks and Bussians, 1799 — 
distinguishes himself at battle of Caldiera, 1 805 
— contributes to victory of Wagram, 1809 — ■ 
General of Brigade, 11 Sep. 1809— serves in the 
Peninsular campaigns, 18 10-12 — in theEussian 
expedition, 181 2 — taken prisoner at Dresden, 
18 1 3-14 — Chevalier of St Louis, 18 14 — if. at 
Eennes, 1834. 

Goddard, Jonathan, physician, natural 
philosopher, — b. at Greenwich, 1617- — M.D. 
Cambridge, 1643 — F.E.C.P., 1646 — physician 
in chief to parliamentary army, 1649 — M.P. 
Oxford Univ., Councillor of State, 1653 — Prof. 
Physic, Gresham College, 1655 — member of 
Council of Eoyal Society, 1663 — if. in London, 
24 Mar. 1674. 

Goddart, (Goedart,) Jan, naturalist, — b. at 
Middelburg, 1620 — if. there, 1668. Metamor- 
phosis naturalis, 1662. 

Godebski, Cyprian,— b. inYolhynia, 1763 — 
serves in Polish war of independence, 1794— in 
French army in Italy, 1798-99 — in Germany, 
1 800-1 — in Poland, 1806— if. at battle of 
Easzyn, near Warsaw, 19 Apr. 1809. Works, 
1821. 

Godecharles, Guillaume, sculptor,— b. at 
Brussels, 30 Dec. 1750— goes to Paris, 1770 — 
obtains the grand prize for sculpture, at Eome, 
1773 — returns to Brussels, 1780 — if. Prof. 
Sculpture, Academy of Brussels, Feb. 1835. 

Godefroy, Denis, (Gothofredus,) jurist, — b.at 
Paris, 1549— if. at Strasburg, 7 Sep. 1622. 
Corpus juris civilis, 1583 — Notes in Ciceronem, 
1588 — Mainfenue et defense des princes souve- 
rains et Eglises, 1594 — Statuta Gallice, 161 1. 

Godefroy, Denis, (II.,) historian, — b. at 
Paris, 24 Aug. 16 15 — historiographer of France, 
1649 — if., 9 Jun. 1 68 1. Edition of Ceremonial 
francais, 1649 — Histoire du roi Charles VII., 
1 66 1 — Memoir e et instruction pour servir dans 
les ne'gociations concernant les droits du roi, 
1665. 

Godefroy, Jacques, {Gothofredus,) jurist, — 
b. at Geneva, 1587 — Prof. Law, 1619— Secre- 



602 



GODEFROY— GODWIN. 



tary of State, 1632 — Syndic of the republic, 
1637-49 — ambassador to France, 1643 — rj. at 
Geneva, 24 Jun. 1652. Be statu paganorum 
sub imperatoribus christianis, 16 16 — Frag- 
menta duodecim tabitlarum, 1616 — Opuscula, 
1644 and 1654 — Codex Theodosianus, 1665 — r 
La Mercure jesuite, 1626-30. 

Godefroy, Theodore, (Gothofredus,) — h. at 
Geneva, 1580— goes to Paris, 1602 — historio- 
grapher, 1632 — sovereign counsellor of Lor- 
raine, 1634 — assists at Congress of Munster, 
1648 — if. at Munster, 5 Oct. 1649. Me'moire 
concernant la preseance des rois de France sur les 
rots d' ' Espagne, 16 13 — Ge'nealogie des dues de 
Lorra ine, 1 6 24 — Ceremon ial de Fran ce, 1 6 1 9 . 

Goderich, Viscount. [Ripon, Earl of.] 

Godfathers, — mentioned by Tertullian, about 
200 a — by St Augustine, about 39c — parents 
forbidden to be, by Council of Mentz, 8i3. b 
a Kees' Cyc. b Hook. 

Godfrey IV., the Great, Duke of Lower 
Lorraine, [Brabant,) — succeeds his father, 
Gothelon I., 1043 or 1044 — forms alliance with 
Baldwin, Count of Flanders, and attempts to get 
possession of Upper Lorraine, 1044 — submits 
to the Emperor and is imprisoned, 1045 — liber- 
ated and pardoned, 1046— again rebels, spring 
1047 — ravages Lorraine, seizes Nimeguen, and 
burnspalace of Charles the Great,summer 1 047 — 
burns Verdun, 25 Aug. 1047 — defeats and kills 
his rival, Duke Albert, about Oct. 1048 — de- 
prived of the Duchy by the Emperor, who gives 
it to Frederick of Luxemburg, 1048 — raises an 
army, but makes peace with the Emperor by 
mediation of Pope Leo IX., at Aix-la-Chapelle, 
1049 — marries Beatrice, widow of Boniface, 
Duke of Tuscany, about end of 1053 — retires 
into the Netherlands, 1056 — allies himself with 
Count of Flanders, unsuccessfully besieges his 
rival in Antwerp, 1056 — makes peace with the 
Emperor Henry IV., by mediation of Pope 
Victor II., at Cologne, 1056 — restored to his 
Duchy, on death of Frederick, 1065 — rj. at 
Verdun, Christmas 1069. 

Godfrey of Bouillon (VI.), Duke of Lower 
Lorraine, {Brabant,) and King of Jeru- 
salem, — fj. 1 06 1 a — Governor of Bouillon, 
1076 — distinguishes himself at battle of Merse- 
berg, 2 Oct. io8i, b 15 Oct. 1080 a — enters 
Eome with Imperial army, 1083, Mar. 1084 e — 
invested with the Duchy by Henry IV., 1089 
■ — takes the cross, 1095 — sets out for Constanti- 
nople, 15 Aug. 1096 — captures Nicsea, 20 Jun. 
1097 — defeats Soliman at Dorykeum, 4 Jul. 
1097 c — besieges Antioch, 21 Oct. 1097 — takes 
it by assault, 3 Jun. 1098 — encamps on Mount 
Calvary, 7 Jun. 1099 — besieges Jerusalem, 7 
Jun. — takes it by storm, 15 Jul. 1099 — elected 
King of Jerusalem, 23 Jul. — defeats the Sultan 
of Egypt at Ascalon, 12 Aug. — unsuccessfully 
besieges Ascalon, conquers Galilee and gives it 
to Tancred, 1099 — promulgates the Assize of 
Jerusalem, 1099 — tf. at Jerusalem, i8, a 15 e Jul. 
1 1 00 — his remains torn up and burnt by the 
Kharizmians, 1244^ 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Engl. Cyc. 

c Gibbon. (1 Kington. e Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Godfrey. [Lorraine, Bukes of.] 



Godfrey of Viterbo, chronicler, — secretary to 
the Emperors Conrad III., Frederick L, and 
Henry VI., about 1 150-95. Pantheon, (printed 
at Basel, 1569.) 

Godfrey, Sir Edmund Berry, magistrate of 
London, — receives depositions of Titus Oates, 
28 Sep. 1678 — murdered, i5, a 18 b Oct. 1678 — 
receives public funeral, 31 Oct. 1678. 

a Annals of England. b Pict. Hist. England. 

Godfrey, Thomas, mathematician, — invents 
improved quadrant, 1730 — ft. at Philadelphia, 
Dec. 1749. 

Godfrey, Thomas, poet, — b. at Philadelphia, 
1736 — rj. near Wilmington, Aug. 1763. Poems, 

i7 6 5- 

Godin, Louis, astronomer, §c, — fj. at Paris, 
28 Feb. 1704 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 
1725 — assists in measurement of meridian in 
Peru, 1735 — returns to France, 1751 — tf. near 
Cadiz, 11 Sep. 1760. FListoire de I'Academie 
des Sciences, 1680-99. 

Gcdbllo, in Hungary, — Gen. Gorgei defeats 
Windischgratz at, 7 Apr. 1849. 

Godolphin, Sidney Godolphin, Earl of, 
Prime Minister of England, — fj. about 
1640(F) — M.A. Oxford, 1663 — Secretary of 
State, 1664 s — First Commissioner of the Trea- 
sury, 1664 — envoy to Holland, 1678 b — Lord of 
the Treasury, 26 Mar. 1679 b — with Rochester 
and Sunderland, chief minister, Sep. 1679 — 
Secretary of State, Apr. to Sep. 1684 — Baron, 
8 Sep. 1684 — Chamberlain to the Queen, con- 
forms to Bomish rites, 1685 c — sits on trial of 
Delamere, 1686 c — Commissioner of the Trea- 
sury, early in 1686 — sent by James II. to ne- 
gotiate with Prince of Orange, 1688 — retires 
from office, 1690° — First Lord of the Treasury, 
15 Nov. 1690 to May 1697, and 1 700-1 — 
Lord High Treasurer, 8 May 1702 to 8 Aug. 
17 10 — K.G., 1704 — Viscount, Earl, 29 Dec. 
1706 — rj. at St Albans, 15 Sep. 17 12. 
a Chambers' Cyc. b Engl. Cyc. c Macaulay. 

Godoy, Prince of the Peace. [Alcudia.] 

God's House, League of, (Gottshausband, 
La Ligia de la Chiada,) in Switzerland, — for 
independence of the territory previously sub- 
ject to Bp of Coire, formed probably between 
1424-36. 

Godunov, Boris, Czar of Bussia, — fj., 1552 
— attached to the Court of Ivan the Terrible, 
1574 — marriage of his sister Irene with Prince 
Theodore, 1580 — member of the Supreme 
Council of State, 1582 — chief minister of The- 
odore, 1584 — procures erection of a patri- 
archate in Bussia, 1586 — suspected of murder- 
ing Prince Demetrius, 1591 — massacres and 
exiles the inhabitants of Uglieb, 1591 — refuses 
the crown on the death of Theodore, early in 
Jan. 1598 — proclaimed Czar by the States at 
Moscow, 17 Feb. 1598 — rj., 13 (23) Apr. 1605. 

Godwin, Francis, Bp of HekEforl, — ft. 
in Northamptonshire, 1561 — enters Oxford 
Univ., 1577— M.A., 1583— D.D., 1595— Bp 
of Llandaff, 1601 — Bp of Hereford, 161 7 — :&., 
Apr. 1633. Catalogue of the bishops of Eng- 
land, 1 60 1 — Reram Anglicarum . . Annates, 
161 6 — Nuncius inanimatus in Utopia, 1629 — 
Man in the Moon, 1638. 



GODWIN— GOETTLING. 



603 






Godwin, Mary, {Mary Wollstonecraft,) mis- 
cellaneous writer, — ft. at Beverley, Yorkshire, 
1768, a 27 Apr. 1759 b — settles in London, 1787 
— at Paris, 1792-5— marries William Godwin, 
Apr. 1797 — tf., 10 Sep. 1797. Letters to Ed- 
mund Burke, 1790 — Vindication of the Rights 
of Woman, 1791 — Letters from Norway, 1795. 
a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Godwin, Mary. [Shelley, Mary.] 

Godwin, William, miscellaneous writer, — 
ft. at Wisbeach, Cambridgeshire, 3 Mar. 1756 — 
settles in London, 1783 — marries Mary Woll- 
stonecraft, Apr. 1797 — tf. in London, 7 Apr. 
1836. Treatise on Political Justice, 1793 — 
Caleb Williams, 1794 — Essay on Sepulchres, 
1808 — History of the Commonwealth, 1824-8 
— Lives of the Necromancers, 1834. 

Godwine, Earl of Kent, — ft., about 990 ? 
— accused of murdering Alfred the Atheling, 
1036 — supports, with Queen Emma, the suc- 
cession of Hardicanute, spring 1040 — tried 
and acquitted, 1040 — employed to disinter body 
of Harold, 1040 — negotiations with Edward 
the Confessor, 1042 — has chief power under 
Edward, 1042 — his son outlawed, 1044 — 
[Sweyn] — marries his daughter Edgitha to 
the king, Jan. 1045 — sent to inflict military 
execution on Dover, but claims a hearing for 
the citizens, 1051 — attends the witenagemot 
at Gloucester, Sep. 105 1 — refuses to appear at 
London and is outlawed, takes refuge at Bruges, 
end of Sep. 105 1 — lands at Sandwich, joins 
Harold and excites a rising, summer 1052 — 
reaches Southwark, London declares for him, 
14 Sep. 1052 — his Earldom restored, 15 Sep. 
1052 — falls speechless at Winchester, 12 Apr. 
i°53— *•> 15 Apr. 1053. 

Goeckingk, Leopold Friedrich Gunther 
von, poet, — ft. at Groningen, 13 Jul. 1748 — 
ennobled, 1789 — member of Council of Finance, 
Berlin, 1793 — tf. in Silesia, 18 Feb. 1828. 
Sinngedichte, 1772 — Lieder zweier Liebenden, 
1777 — Gedichte, 1779-82. 

Goens, Byklof van, statesman, — ft. in Cleves, 
24 Jun. 1619 — enters service of India Com- 
pany, 1 63 1 — Governor of Ceylon, 1660 — Di- 
rector-general at Batavia, 1675 — Governor-ge- 
neral of Dutch East Indies, Jan. 1678-82 — tf. 
at Amsterdam, 14 Nov. 1682. 

Goens, Eyklof Michael van, philologist, — 
ft. at Utrecht, 12 May 1748— Prof. Ancient 
Literature, 1766-76 — tf. at Wernigerode, 25 
Jul. 18 10. J)e Cepotaphiis, 1763 — Observa- 
tions miscellanea, 1764. 

Goeree, Jan, engraver, poet, — ft. at Middel- 
burg, 1670 — tf. at Amsterdam, 17 31. Histo- 
rische Gedenkpenningen van Lodewijk den~X.LV., 
§c, 17 12 — Mengelpoezy, 1734. 

Goeree, Willem, — ft. at Middelburg, Dec. 
1635 — tf. at Amsterdam, 3 May 17 n. Vor- 
bereidselen tot de Bybelsche Wysheid, 1700 — 
Mosuische Historie der Hebreeuwsche Kerke, 
1700 — Algemeene Bouwkunde, §c, 1681. 

Goertz, Georg Heinrich de, {Baron von 
Schlitz,) statesman, — arrested at the Hague, 
17 14— Minister of Finance to Charles XII., 
I 7 I 5~ plenipotentiary to Congress of Aland, 
17 1 8— beheaded at Stockholm, 2 Mar. 17 19. 



Goertz, Johann Eustach von, statesman, — 

ft. in Hesse, 5 Apr. 1737 — goes to Leyden 
Univ., 1752 — enters service of Duke of Gotha, 
1756 — tutor to sons of the Duchess of Weimar, 
1 76 1 — enters service of Frederick II., 1778 — 
Minister of State, 1778 — plenipotentiary to 
Court of Eussia, 1779-86 — ambassador to Hol- 
land, 1786 — plenipotentiary to Diet of Ratis- 
bon, 1788-1806 — to Congress of Bastadt, 1799 
— tf. at Eatisbon, 7 Aug. 1821. Memoires et 
acts authentiques relatifs aux negociations qui 
ont precede le partage de la Fologne, 18 10. 

Goes, Beneditto de, Jesuit missionary, — ft. 
in the Azores, 1562 — enters Order of Jesuits 
at Goa, 1588 — sets out from Agra for China, 
1602 — tf. at Sochow, 18 Mar. 1606. 

Goes, Damiao de, historian, — ft. in Portugal, 
1501 — attached to the Court, 15 10 — envoy to 
Flanders, 1523 — assists in defence of Louvain, 
1542 — historiographer of Portugal, 1544 — tf., 
Dec. 1560 ? LJeploratio Lappiancs gentis, 1520 
— Fides, religio, moresque JEthiopum, §c, 1541. 

Goes, Hugo Vander, painter, — presides at 
inauguration of Count of Flanders at Ghent, 

27 Jul. 1467 — enters Augustine Order, proba- 
bly about 1480 — tf. near Brussels, about 1480. 

Goes, Willem Vander, {Goesius,) jurist, $c, 
— ft. at Leyden, 161 1 — tf. at the Hague, 13 
Oct. 1686. Specimen controversies, 1646 — 
Animadversiones, 1657. 

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, poet, — ft. 
at Frankfort-on-the-Main, 28 Aug. 1749 — 
goes to study at Leipsic, Oct. 1765 — returns to 
Frankfort, Sep. 1768 — enters Strasburg Univ., 
Apr. 1770 — LL.D. Strasburg, after 6 Aug. 
177 1 — visits Switzerland, 1774 — settles at 
Weimar, 7 Nov. 1775 — visits the Harz, Nov. 
to Dec. 1777 — visits Berlin, May 1778 — Privy 
Councillor, 29 Aug. 1779 — receives patent of 
nobility, 1782 — President of the Council, 1782 
— travels in Italy, Sep. 1786 to Jun. 1788 — his 
connection with Christiana Vulpius begins, 
Jul. 1788 — first meets Schiller at Eudolstadt, 
Sep. 1788 — again visits Italy, Mar. to Jun. 1790 
— director of Court Theatre, Weimar, 1791 — j 
takes part in campaign against France, 1792 
— marries Christiana Vulpius, 19 Oct. 1806 — 
has interview with Napoleon I. at Erfurt, 2 
Oct. 1808 — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 14 
Oct. 1808 — death of his wife, 1816 — his jubilee 
at Weimar, 7 Nov. 1825 — Knt of Grand Cross 
of Bavaria, 28 Aug. 1827 — death of Grand 
Duke of Saxe-Weimar, 14 Jun. 1828 — death 
of his only son, 28 Oct. 1830 — tf. at Weimar, 
22 Mar; 1832. Centenary of his birth celebrated, 

28 Aug. 1849. Gotz von Berlichingen, 1773 — 
Leiden desjung en Werther, 1774 — Egmont, 1786 
— Lphigenia aif Tauris, 1787 — Torquato Tasso, 
1790— Wilhelm Meister's Lehrjahre, 1794.-6 — 
Hermann und Dorothea, 1797 — Faust, 1790- 
1807-183 1 — Lichtung und Wahrheit, 181 1 — 
Wilhelm Meister's Wander jahre, 1821 — Ver- 
such die Metamorphose der Fjianzen zu erklaren, 
1790 — Farbenlehre, 18 10. 

Goettling, Johann Friedrich August, chem- 
ist,—'^, at Bernburg, 5 Jan. 1755 — Prof. Phi- 
losophy, Jena, 1789 — tf., 1 Sep. 1809. Hand- 
buch der theoretischen und praktischen Chemie, 



604 



GOETZ— GOLDEN HORDE. 



1 799 - 1 800 — Fhysikalisch-chemische Encyklo- 
piidie, 1805-7 — e ^ s Jahrbuch fur Chemiker, 
1780-1809. 

Goetz, (Goez,) Andreas, philologist, — ft. at 
Niimberg, 23 jNov. 1698 — tf. there, 21 Apr. 

1780. Introductio in geographiam antiquum, 
1729 — Index puree et impur<e latinitatis, 1730. 

Goetz, Johann Nicholas, poet, — ft. at Worms, 
Jul. 1721— studies at Halle, 1739 — tf., 4 Nov. 

178 1. Gedichte, 1785. 

Goetz, {Goez,) Zacharias, numismatist, — ft. 
at Muhlhausen, 1662 — tf. probably at Bruns- 
wick, 1705. De numis, 17 16. 

Goetze, Johann August Ephraim, naturalist, 
— ft. at Aschersleben, 28 May 17 31 — pastor at 
Quedlinburg, 1765 — tf. there, 27 Jun. 1793. 
JEntomologische Beitrdge zu Linnes 12. Ausgabe 
des Natur systems, 1777-81 — Versuch einer 
Naturgeschichte der Eingeweideiviirmer, 1782 — 
Europdische Fauna, 1791-1803 — Niitzliches 
Allerlei aits der Natur, §c, 1785-88. 

Goetze, Johann Christian, bibliographer, — ft. 
near Wurtzen, 1692 — first chaplain to king of 
Poland, 17 1 7 — keeper of Royal Library, Dres- 
den, 1724 — tf. there, 5 Jun. 1749. Memora- 
bilia bibliothecee regice dresdensis, 1743. 

Goez, Joseph Franz, Baron yon, painter, — 
ft. in Transylvania, 28 Feb. 1754 — settles at 
Munich, 1779-91 — tf. atRatisbon, 15 Sep. 1815. 

Gogol, Nikolay, dramatist, novelist, — ft. in 
Malorussia, probably about i8io, a 1808 b — tf. 
at Moscow, 21 Feb. i852. b Dead Soids, 1842. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. 

Goguelat, Francois de, Bakon, general, — ft. 
in the Nivernais, 1746 — assists flight of Louis 
XVI. from Paris, Jun. 1791 — distinguishes 
himself in service of the king, 20 Jun. and 10 
Aug. 1792 — Marechal de Camp, by Louis 
XVIII., 1814— tf. at Paris, 3 Feb. 1831. 

Goguet, Antoine Yves, historian, — ft. at 
Paris, 18 Jan. 18 16 — tf. there, 2 May 1758. 
De Vorigine des lois, des arts, §c, 1758. 

Gohier, Louis Jerome, statesman, — ft. at 
Semblan^ay, 1746 — member of Legislative 
Assembly, 1791 — Minister of Justice, 1793 — 
president of Court of Cassation, Sep. 1797 — 
member of the Directory, May 1799 — pre- 
sident soon after: consul-general at Amster- 
dam, 1802 — tf. at Montmorency, 29 May 1830. 
Memoir es, 1825. 

Gohorry, Jacques, (Leo Suavius,) translator, 
§c„ — tf. at Paris, 13 Mar. 1576. 

Gohud, in Hindustan, — tributary to the 
Mahrattas, 1766 — the Rana forms alliance 
with English, 1779 — Gwalior placed in his 
hands, 1780 — taken by Madhajee Scindia, 1784 
— transferred to Scindia in exchange for 
Dholpoor, Dec. 1805. 

Gois, Etienne Pierre Adrien, sculptor, — ft. 
at Paris, 17 31 — admitted to the Academy, 
1770 — Prof, there, 1776 — tf. 3 Feb. 1823. 
Aristee pleurant ses abeilles, 1770. 

Goito, in Italy, — Count of San Bonifazio 
encamps at, Sep. 1237 — Charles Albert defeats 
Austrians at, 29 May 1848. 

Golbery, Sylvain Meinrad Xavier, geogra- 
pher, #c, — ft. at Colmar, 24 Sep. 1742 — libra- 
rian at the Hotel des Invalides, 1820 — tf. 13 



Jun. 1822. Fragment d'un voyage en Afrique, 
'1802. 

Golconda, in Hindustan, — forms part of 
Bahmani kingdom of the Deccan, 1347-1489 — 
separate kingdom of, founded by K/utb Shah, 
not later than (918, a. h.) 15 12 — he is mur- 
dered and succeeded by his son, Jamshid, 
(940,) 1543 — Subhan Kuli succeeds, (957,) 
1550 — Ibrahim, (957,) 1550 — Mohammed 
Kuli, (988,) 1580 — in alliance with kings of 
Bijapoor and Ahmednagar, fights indecisive 
battle with Akber, on the Godavery, Dec. 1596 
or Jan. 1597 — tributary to Shah Jehan, 1636 
— submits to Aurungzebe, (1065,) 1655 — 
invaded by Moguls under Dilir Khan, 1678 — 
by Aurungzebe, 1685 — the capital taken and 
the kingdom subverted by Aurungzebe, Sep. 
1687. [Deccan.] 

Gold, — [BC] — coined by Darius, son of 
Hystaspes, 521-485 — first coined at Rome, 
207 — [A D] — first coined in England, by Henry 
III., 1257 a — regularly, from 1344. a Ruding. 

Gold Rings, in Roman law, — restricted to 
free citizens with certain property qualification, 
by Tiberius, 22 — privilege of wearing, confer- 
red on army, by Severus, 193-21 1 — and by 
Aurelian, 270-275 — allowed to all citizens by 
Justinian, 529. 

Gold of Affliction, capitation tax, — in East- 
ern Empire, abolished by Anastasius, about 500 ? 

Goldast, Melchior, publicist, historian, — ft. 
in Switzerland, 1576 — tf. at Bremen, a Giessen, b 
11 Aug. 1635. Serif tores aliquot rerum Sue- 
vicarnm, 1605 — Alamanicarum rerum scrip- 
tores, §c, 1606 — Monarchia S. Fomani imperii, 
$•<?., 1611-14 — Constitutionum imperialium col- 
lectio, 1607. a Biog. L T niv. b Conv.-Lex. 

Goldberg, in Silesia, — captured by Golden 
Horde, 1241 — devastated by pestilence, 1334 — 
burnt by Hussites, 1427, 1428, and 143 1 — re- 
sidence of Duke Henry X. of Brieg, 1441-54 
— again burnt, i6i3_taken by Wallenstein, 
1633 — by Colloredo, 1634 — by Swedes, 1634 — 
engagement between Macdonald and Wittgen- 
stein at, 27 May 1813 — occupied by Blucher, 
18 Aug. 1 813 — Bliicher defeats Macdonald, 23 
Aug. 1 81 3. 

Gold Coast, Africa, — Portuguese settlement, 
1 6 10 — Dutch, soon after: [Guinea] — British, 
settlement, 1661. 

Golden Bull, The, of the Empire, — fixing 
number and privileges of electors (Churfiirsten), 
published by Charles IV., at Diets of Nurnberg 
and Metz, 1356. 

Golden Bull, of Hungary, — granted to the 
nobles by Andrew II., 1222. 

Golden Fleece, Order of the, — founded by 
Philip III., duke of Burgundy, 10 Jan. 1429 a 
—grand mastership of, disputed between Em- 
peror Charles VI. and Philip of Spain, 1700. 
a Burke. 

Golden Horde, (Tatar,) — under Baton 
Khan, march westward, about 1236 — invade 
Russia, burn Moscow and Kiov, 1240 — invade 
Poland and destroy Cracow and Lublin, 1240 — 
pass the Oder and burn Breslau, 1241 — defeat 
Duke Henry of Silesia at Liegnitz, 9 Apr. 
1 241 — ravage Moravia and Hungary, and mas- 



GOLDEN LEGEND— GOMES. 



605 



sacre the Magyar army, 1241 — crusade against, 
preached, May 1 241— unsuccessfully besiege 
Neustadt in Austria, summer 1241 — ravage 
the countries south of the Danube, 1242 — quit 
central Europe, 1243. 

Golden Legend. [Voragine, James de.] 

Golden Number, {Metonic Cycle, Cycle of 
the Moon,)—[B C]— devised by Meton, (01. 87, 
1, 13 Scirophorion,) 432 — corrected by Calip- 
pus, Jul. 330. 

Golden Spurs, Order of the, — instituted by 
Pope Paul III., about 1539 ( ? )~ b y pius IV -> 
1559 (?) — regulated by Gregory XVL, 1840. 

Goldfuss, Georg August, zoologist, mineralo- 
gist, — ft. near Baireuth, 18 Apr. 1782 — Prof. 
Zoology and Mineralogy, superintendent of 
Zoological Museum, &c, Bonn, 181 8 — tf., 2 
Oct. 1848. DZandbuch der Zoologie, 1821 — Na- 
turhistorischer Atlas, 1824-44 — Abbildungen 
tend Deschreibungen der Detrefacten Deutsch- 
lands, 1827-44. 

Goldhagen, Hermann, philologist, — b. at 
Mentz, 17 18 — tf. at Munich, 22 Apr. 1794. 
Ehetorica, 1753 — Lexicon Grceco-Latinum, 
1753. 

Golding, Arthur, translator, $c, — fl., 
1562-87. Discourse upon the earthquake, . 1580 
— Ovid's Metamorphoses, 1565-67. 

Goldoni, Carlo, dramatist, — fi. at Venice, 
1707 — becomes actor, 1729 — goes to Paris, 
1761 — tf. there, 8 Jan. 1793. Works, 1788. 

Goldschmidt, Hermann, painter, astrono- 
mer, — fi. at Frankfort-on-the-Main, 17 Jun. 
1802 — settles at Paris, 1836 — discovers seven 
asteroids, between 1852-57 — tf. at Fontaine- 
bleau, 11 Sep. 1866. 

Goldsmith, Oliver, poet, novelist, — fi. at 
Pallas, Ireland, 10 Nov. 1728 — enters Trinity 
College, Dublin, Jun. 1744 — studies medicine 
atEdinburgh, 1752 — at Leyden, 1754 — travels, 
1755-56 — settles in London, 1756 — Prof. An- 
cient History, Royal Academy, 1770 — tf. in 
London, 4 Apr. 1774. Present state of Lite- 
rature in Europe, 1759 — The Lee, 1759-60 — 
Vicar of Wakefield, 1766 — The Traveller, 1764. 
— Good-natured Man, 1768 — Deserted Village, 
1770 — She stoops to conquer, 177 3 — DZistory of 
the Earth and animated Nature, 1774. 

Goldsmiths' Company, of London, — incor- 
porated by Bichard II. , 1393. 

Golf, {Goff,) game, — becomes common in 
Scotland, 1600-10. 

Golikov, Ivan, historian, — b. in Bussia, 
1735 — Court Counsellor to Paul I., 1800 — tf. 
at St Petersburg, 12 Mar. 1801. Great deeds 
of Deter the Great, 1788-90 — Anecdotes of Deter 
the Great, 1798 — Lives of Le Fort and Gor- 
don, 1800. 

Golius, Jacob, orientalist, — b. at the Hague, 
1596 — interpreter to the embassy to Morocco, 
1622 — Prof. Arabic, 1625 — Prof. Mathematics, 
Leyden, 1629— tf. there, 28 Sep. 1667. Lexi- 
con Arabico-latinum, 1633 —Ahmedis Arabsia- 
d<% vitce et rerum gestarum Timuri, 1636. 

Golownin, Vassili, traveller, — imprisoned in 
Japan, 1811-13— tf. at St Petersburg, 1832. 
Narrative of my captivity in Japan, 18 16. 

Goltz, August Friedrich Ferdinand, Count 



von der, statesman, — 6. at Dresden, 20 Jul. 
1765 — enters service of Prussia, 1787 — ambas- 
sador to Copenhagen, 179 1 — to Stockholm, 
1797 — to St Petersburg, 1802 — takes part in 
Peace of Tilsit, 1807 — attends congress at Er- 
furt, 1808 — as Minister of Foreign .Affairs ne- 
gotiates treaty with France, 181 2 — Marshal of 
the Court, 18 14 — deputy to the Diet, 1816-24 
— Counsellor of State, 1817 — tf., 17 Jan. 1832. 

Goltz, Bernard Wilhelm von, diplomatist, 
— b., about 1730 — plenipotentiary from Fred- 
erick II. of Prussia to Court of France, 1772- 
92 — takes part in negotiating the Peace of 
Basel, Dec. 1794 — tf. there, 6 Feb. 1795. 

Goltz, Georg Conrad, Baron von, general, 
— h. in Pomerania, 1704 — in service of king 
of Poland, 1727 — enters service of Frederick 
William of Prussia, 1729 — Adjutant-general to 
Frederick II., 1740 — Major-general of Cavalry, 
1745— *•, 4 Aug. 1747. , 

Goltz, Robert Heinrich Ludwig, Count 
von der, diplomatist, — b. at Paris, 6 Jun. 
1 8 17 — enters diplomatic service of Prussia, 
1 849 — minister plenipotentiary to Athens, Feb. 
1857 — to Constantinople, 1859 — to St Peters- 
burg, Apr. 1862 — to Paris, Jan. 1863— minister 
of N. German Confederation to Paris, Jan. 
1868 — tf. at Charlottenburg, 24 Jun. 1869. 

Goltzius, Hendrik, painter, engraver, — b. at 
Mulbrecht, 1558 — tf. at Haarlem, 1 Jan. 1617. 
Boy and Dog, 1597. 

Goltzius, Hubert, numismatist, §c, — b. at 
Venloo, 30 Oct. 1526 — tf. at Bruges, 24 Mar. 
1583. Opera, 1645. 

Golymin, in Doland, — Prince Galitzin de- 
feated by Augereau, 26 Dec. 1806 — head-quar- 
ters of Napoleon, 28 Dec. 

Gomar, Frans, theologian, — b. at Bruges, 
30 Jan. 1563 — studies at Oxford and Cambridge, 
1582-84 — B.D. Cambridge, 1584 — pastor of 
Flemish Church, Frankfort, 1587 — Prof. 
Divinity, Leyden, 1594 — opposes Arminius, 
1603-9 — opposes Vorstius, 1609 — retires to 
Middelburg, 161 1 — Prof. Divinity, Saumur, 
1 6 14 — Prof. Hebrew and Divinity, Groningen, 
161 8 — assists at Synod of Dort, 16 18 — tf. at 
Groningen, i6, a 11 b Jan. 1641. Opera, 1645,* 
l644. b a Biog. Univ. b Biog. Woordenboek. 

Gomara, {Gomora,) Francisco Lopez de, 
historian, — b. at Seville, 15 10. Historia gen- 
eral de las Lndias, 1548. 

Gomarists, {Anti-Remonstrants.) [See Go- 
mar.] 

Gomberville, Marin le Eoi de, poet, $c, — 
b. at Paris, 1600 — member of the French 
Academy, 1635 — tf. at Paris, 14 Jun. 1674. 
Discours des vertus et des vices de Vhistoire, 
1620 — Dolexandre, 1632 — La Doctrine des 
mceurs, §c., 164.6. 

Gombette, Loi. [Burgundian Code.] 

Gombroon, Bunder Abbas, on Dersian Gulf, 
— raised into importance by Shah Abbas, who 
transferred commerce from Ormuz to, 1622. 

Gomes, Bernardino Antonio, physician, — b. 
in Portugal, 1769 — M.D. Coimbra, 1793 — ■ 
physician to the navy, 1797 — goes to Brazil, 
1797-1 80 r— settles at Lisbon, 1805— member 
of Cou icil of Health, 1813— charged toaccom- 



6o6 



GOMES— GONZAGA. 



pany Princess Leopoldine of Austria to Brazil, 
1817 — If, at Lisboii, 13 Jan. 1823. Dermoso- 
graphie, 1820. 

Gomes, Joao Baptista,.$ram#fa's£, — ft., about 
1 8 12. Inez de Castro, 1806. 

Gomes de Oliveira, Antonio, poet. Idylios 
maritimoSy 16 17. 

Gomez, Luis, jurist, — b. in Spain, 1484 — 
if. Bp of Fano, 22 May 1545. Variorum reso- 
lutionum juris civilis communis, 1579. 

Gomez, Sebastiano, painter, — b. at Seville, 
about 1 6 16 — ft. there, May 167 8, a i69o. b 
a Biog. Univ. b Meyer, Conv.-Lex. 

Gomez de Ciudad Real, Alvarez, poet, — b. 
at Guadalaxara, 1488 — fcf. there, 24 Jul. 1538. 
Thalia Christiana, 1522 — Musa Paulina, 1529. 

Gomez de Ciudad Real, Ferdinando, phy- 
sician, — b., 1388 — if., 1457. 

Gornez-Ferreira, Luis, mineralogist, — b. in 
Portugal, 1680 — inspector of mines, Portuguese 
America, 1720-40 — a", at Lisbon, 1741. Erario 
mineral dividido en doce tratados, 1735. 

Gomez. [Castro, Alvarez Gomez, and 
Dias Gomez.] 

Gomicourt. [Damiens.] 

Gonatas. [Antigonus Gonatas.] 

Gondemar. [Burgundians.] 

Gondi. [Retz, Cardinal de, and Vincent 
de Paul.] 

Gondibert. [Lombardy, Kingdom of.~\ 

Gondola, Giovanni de Francesco, p>oet, — b. 
at Ragusa, about 1588 — if. .there, 1638. 

Gondomar, Count of Monterey, — ambas- 
sador from Court of Spain to London, 1617.23 
— complains of Raleigh and gets him imprison- 
ed, 16 1 7 — and executed, 16 18. 

Gonfaloniere, — title given to magistrate ap- 
pointed at Florence, 1292. 

Gongora y Argote, Luis, poet, — b. at Cor- 
dova, 1561 — if, there, 1627. Obras, about 

i 6 3°- 

Goniometer, reflective^ — invented by "Wollas- 
ton, 1809. 

Gonner, Nikolaus Tbaddeus von, jurist, §c., 
— b. at Bamberg, 18 Dec. 1764 — Prof. Law, 
Ingolstadt, 1799— at Landshut, 1800 — Vice- 
chancellor, 1804 — Director of Court of Appeal, 
circle of Iser, 18 12 — ennobled, 181 3 — Privy 
Councillor, 18 17 — if. at Munich, 18 Apr. 1827. 
Auserlesener Rechtsfdlle, 180 1-5 — Deutsche 
Staatsrecht, 1804 — Archiv fiir die Gesetzgebung 
und Reform des juristischen Studiums, 1808-14. 

Gonsalvo ' ( Gonzalo) de Cordova, (y Agui- 
lar,) Hernandez, ' the Great Captain,' — b. at 
Montilla, 16 Mar. i443, a 1453 b — negotiates 
treaty for surrender of Granada, 149 1 — com- 
mands land forces against Charles VIII. in 
Italy, spring 1495 — distinguishes himself at 
battle of Seminara, 1495 — reduces Upper 
Calabria, by spring 1496— surprises Laino, 
spring 1496 — goes to aid of Ferdinand at Atella, 
receives title of 'the Great Captain,' Jul. 1496— 
capitulation of Atella, 21 Jul. 1496 — completes 
expulsion of the French from Naples, autumn 
1496— returns to Spain, Aug. 1498 — takes and 
sacks Huejar, early in 1500 — takes command 
of fleet against Turks, May 1500— captures St 
George, and restores Cepbalonia to Venice, Jan. 



1501 — Lieutenant-general of Calabria and 
Apulia, Mar. 150 1 — invades Calabria, 5 Jul. 
150 1— invests Tarento, Aug. 1501 — takes it, 

1 Mar. 1502 — retires to Barletta, Jul. 1502 — 
routs the French, Jan. 1503 — storms Ruvo, 23 
Feb. 1503 — refuses to comply with Treaty of 
Lyons, Apr. — quits Barletta, and defeats Duke 
of Nemours, at Cerignola, 28 Apr. — enters Na- 
ples in state, 14 May — takes part in storming 
of Castel Nuovo, 21 May — blockades Gaeta, 
autumn — repulsed before Gaeta, Oct. — occupies 
San Germano, 6 Oct. — battle of the Garigliano, 
6 Nov. — crosses the river, pursues and routs the 
French, 28-29 Dec. — receives capitulation of 
Gaeta, 1 Jan. 1504 — meets Ferdinand at Genoa, 
Sep. 1506 — Duchy of Sessa given to him, 25 
Feb. 1507— quits Naples, Jun. 1507 — with- 
draws from court of Spain, 1507 — charged with 
command of expedition to Italy, 1512 — ordered 
to disband his levies, Aug. 151 2 — if. at Granada, 

2 Dec. 15 15. a Biog. Univ. b Prescott. 
Gontaut. [Biron.] 

Gontharis, Moorish leader, — assumes the 
tyranny in Africa, after death of Stotzas and 
Joannes, 545 — kills Areobindus, and is killed 
himself, 545. 

Gonthelon. [Burgundians.] 

Gonthier, poet, — if. in Basel, 11 Mar. 1223. 

Gonthier, (Guinther,) Jobann, physician, — 
b. at Andernach, 1487 — goes to France, 1525 
— M.D., 1530 — if. at Strasburg, 4 Oct. 1574. 
Anatomicce institutiones, 1536 — De medicina 
vetere et nova, J SI 1 ' 

Gonthier, {Frangoise Carpentier,) Mme., act- 
ress, — b. at Metz, 4 Mar. 1747 — first appears 
at the Comedie Italienne, 1778 — at the Opera 
Comique, 1801-12— if. at Paris, 7 Dec. 1829. 

Gontran. [Burgundians.] 

Gonville Hall, Cambridge, — founded by Ed- 
mund Gonville, 1 348— Removed to new site 
and enlarged by Bp Bateman, 1353. [Caius 
College.] 

Gonzaga, Carlo I. di, Duke of Mantua, 
Montferrat, Nevers, &c, — succeeds to 
Duchies of Nevers and Rhetel, 1585 — marries 
Catherine of Lorraine, 1599 — succeeds Vincent 
II. as Duke of Mantua, Dec. 1627 — investiture 
refused by the Emperor, 1628— his States con- 
quered by Imperialists, 1629 — capitulates at 
Mantua and retires to Ferrara, 18 Jul. 1630 — 
his duchies confirmed to him by Treaty of 
Cherasco, 6 Apr. 163 1 — receives investiture, 22 
Jun. 1631— if., 22 Sep. 1637. 

Gonzaga, Carlo Ferdinando di, {Carlo IV.,) 
Duke of Mantua and Montferrat, — b., 31 
Aug. 1652 — succeeds his father, Carlo III., 
under regency of his mother, Isabella of Aus- 
tria, Aug. 1665 — marries Anna Isabella di 
Gonzaga, daughter of Ferdinand, Duke of 
Guastalla, 7 Apr. 167 1 — on Ferdinand's death 
takes possession of Duchy of Guastalla, 1679 — ■ 
sells Casale to Louis XIV., 1681 — serves at 
siege of Buda, 1686— compelled to surrender 
Guastalla to Vincenzo di Gonzaga, 1692 — ad- 
mits French garrison to Mantua, Apr. 1701 — 
deprived of his Duchies, Mar. 1707 — ft. at 
Padua, 5 Jul. 1708. 

Gonzaga, Ferdinand di, Duke of Mol- 



GONZAGA— GOODWIN. 



607 



petta and Guastalla, general, — b., 1506 
— enters service of Charles V. ; takes Flor- 
ence, 12 Aug. 1530 — distinguishes himself at 
siege of Tunis, and is named Viceroy of Sicily, 
1535 — accompanies Charles V. into Provence, 
1536 — accused of poisoning the Dauphin, 1536 
— buys County of Guastalla, 1539 — Governor of 
the Milanese, 1546 — head of conspiracy against 
Piero Luigi Farnese, and takes part in his ex- 
amination, 1547 — massacres five companies of 
Italian soldiers, 155 1 — deprived of his govern- 
ment, 1556 — rj. at Brussels, 15 Nov. 1557. 

Gonzaga, Francesco di, Captain of 
Mantua, — b., 1363 — marries Agnes Visconti, 
1380 — succeeds his brother Luigi II., 1382 — 
forms alliance with Giovanni Galeazzi and the 
Venetians against tbe Carrara, 1388 — assisted 
by Florence in war with Galeazzi, 1397 — con- 
cludes a truce, 1398 — allied with the Duke of 
Milan against Giovanni Bentivoglio, 1402 — 
aids Venetians in conquest of Padua, Verona, 
and other territories of the Carrara, 1404— tf., 
Mar. 1407. 

Gonzaga, Giovanni Francesco di, First 
Marquis op Mantua, — rj., about 1394 — suc- 
ceeds his father, Francesco, 1407 — marries 
Paula Malatesti, 1410 — chosen by John XXIII. 
General of the Papal troops, to conduct the 
war with Ladislaus of Naples, 141 2 — receives 
Martin V., 25 Oct. 141 8 to 7 Feb. 141 9 — joins 
league of Venetians and Florentines against 
Duke of Milan, summer 1425 — takes Brescia 
and Asola, 1426 — commands Venetians in the 
Bressau, 143 1 — receives the Emperor Sigis- 
mund, and is created Marquis of Mantua, 22 
Sep. 1433 — . Vicar-Imperial in territory of 
Mantua, 1433 — General of Venetians, 1437 to 
Jul. 1438 — in alliance with the Duke of Milan, 
carries on war with Venetians and Florentines, 
.1438-9 — takes Lignago, 1 May 1439 — sur " 
prises Verona, beginning 1440 — tf., 23 Sep. 
1444. - 

Gonzaga, Giovanni Francesco II. di, Mar- 
quis op Mantua, — fj., 10 Aug. 1466 — succeeds 
his father Federico I., Aug. 1484 — marries 
Isabella d'Este, 15 Feb. 1490 — commands al- 
lied army against Charles VIII., 1495 — de- 
feated by the French at Fornova, 6 Jul. 1495 
— meets Charles VIII. at Vercelli, Oct. 1495 — 
commands Venetian troops in Calabria, spring 
1496 — Imperial Captain-general in Italy, 1496 
— Commandant-general of Milanese, Oct. 1498 
— Chevalier of St Michael, by Louis XII., at 
Milan, 6 Oct. 1499 — enters service of Louis, 
1500 — sent to deliver Gaeta, besieged by Span- 
iards, 1503 — Lieutenant-general and Viceroy of 
Naples, Jul. 1503 — returns to Mantua, 1506 — 
Lieutenant-general of Papal army, by Julius 
II., 25 Oct. 1506 — takes Bologna from the 
Bentivoglio, 1506 — joins League of Cambray, 
Dec. 1508 — takes Casalmaggiore, early in May 
1509 — offended by seizure of Peschiera by 
Louis XII., quits his service, May 1509 — sur- 
prised and defeated by Venetians, 1509— cap- 
tured and taken to Venice, Aug. 1509 — liber- 
ated, Jul. 15 10 — Gonfaloniere of the Church, 
by Julius II., 3 Oct. 15 10— gives refuge to 
Duke of Urbino, 1517— tf., 29 Mar., a 20 Feb. b 



15 1 9. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. 

Gonzaga Family. [Mantua, Marquisate 
and Duchy of, and Guastalla, Duchy of\ 

Gonzaga, St Luigi di, {Aloysius Gonzaga,) 
Jesuit, — b. at Castiglione, 9 Mar. 1568 — re- 
nounces marquisate of Castiglione, and enters 
Society of Jesus at Borne, 1586 — tf. at Bome, 
21 Jun. 159 1 — beatified by Gregory XV., 
1 62 1 — canonized by Benedict XIII. , 1726. 

Gonzaga, Tomaso Antonio Costa di, poet, — 
rj. at Villa-Bicca, about 1700 — tf. at Angola, 
about 1760. 

Gonzalez Cabrera Bueno, Jose, admiral, — 
sent to the Philippines, 1701. Navegacion 
especulativa y practica, §c, 1734. 

Gonzalez, Thyrsa, General of Order of 
Jesuits, — Prof, at Univ. of Salamanca, 1676 — 
tf., 24 Oct. 17 15. Fiindamentum theologies 
moralis, 1689. 

Gonzalez de Berceo, Juan, poet, — b. in 
Castille, 11 96 — enters Order of St Benedict, 
1208 — tf., about 1266. 

Gonzalo. [Gonsalvo.] 

Gonzalvez, Jacopo, Jesuit missionary, — b. 
afc Goa, Dec. 1672 — enters the Order, 1692 — 
missionary in Ceylon, about 1709 — tf. there, 17 
Jul. 1742. 

Gonzalvez de Andrada, Paulo, poet, — b. at 
Lisbon, 1594 — tf. there, 1652. Varias jpoesias, 
1629. 

Gooch, Benjamin, surgeon. Practical Treat- 
ise on Wounds, 1767 — Medical and Chirurgi- 
cal Observations, 1773. 

Good Hope, Cape of. [Cape Colony.] 

Good, John Mason, physician, §c, — b. at 
Epping, 25 May 1764 — settles in London, 
1793— M.D. Aberdeen, 1820 — tf. at Shepper- 
ton, Middlesex, Jan. 1827. Short History of 
Medicine, 1795 — Translation of Lucretius, 
1805 — Study of Medicine, 1822. 

Goodall, Edward, engraver, — b. at Leeds, 
Sep. 1795 — tf. in London, 11 Apr. 1870. 

Goodrich, Thomas, Bp or Ely, Lord Chan- 
cellor of England, — Fellow of Jesus Col- 
lege, Cambridge, 15 10 — M.A., 15 14 — Proctor 
of Univ., 15 15 — Bp of Ely, 17 Mar. 1534 — 
assists in revision of English Bible, 154c — in 
compiling Common Prayer Book, 1548 — com- 
missioner to invest king of France with Order 
of the Garter, May 155 1 — Lord Keeper, 22 
Dec. 1551 — Lord Chancellor, 19 Jan. 1552 — 
acts on council of Lady Jane Grey, Jul. 1553 
deprived by Queen Mary, 1553 — tr. at Somers- 
ham, 10 May 1554. 

Goodsir, John, anatomist,— if., 14 Mar. 18 14 
— enters Univ. of Edinburgh, 1830 — licentiate 
of Coll. Surgeons, Edinburgh, 1835 — curator 
of the Museum, 1841 — curator to the Univ. 
Museum, May 1843 — P roI> « Anatomy, Edin- 
burgh Univ., 1 846 — visits France and Germany, 
1853-4 — resigns his chair, Dec. 1866 — tf. at 
Edinburgh, 6 Mar. 1867. Anatomical Me- 
moirs, 1868. 

Goodwin, John, theologian, — b., 1593 — 
vicar of St Stephen's, Coleman St, London, 
1633-45. — tf. in London, 1665. Redemption 
redeemed, 1651. 

Goodwin, Thomas, theologian,—^, in Nor- 



6o8 



GOOJERAT— GORE. 



folk, 1600 — eaters Cambridge Univ., 161 3— - 
Pres. Magdalen College, Oxford, 1649-60 — if. 
in London, 1679. 

Goojerat. [Gujerat.] 

Gookin, Daniel, — 6. in Kent, about 1612-— 
goes to Virginia, 1621 — superintendent of In- 
dians, from 1656 — Major-general of Massachu- 
setts, 1681-86 — tr. at Cambridge, U.S., 1687. 
Historical collection of the Indians of New 
England, 1^2. 

Gorani, Giuseppe, Count,— b. at Milan, 
1744 — goes to Paris, 1792 — if. at Geneva, 12 
Dec. 1819. Trattato del despotismo, 1770 — 
Elogj di due Must ri scuopritori Italiani, 1784 
— Memoires secret et critiques sur les cours d' 
Italie, 1793. 

Gorcum, (Gorkum, Gornichem,) in Holland, 
— founded, 1230 a — admits Prince of Orange, 
157 1 — assassination of priests and monks at, by 
William de la Mark, 9 Jul. 1572 s — defended 
by Gen. Wiirz against the French, 1672 b — 
taken by Prussians, 1787 b — -taken by French, 
1795 — surrenders to allies, 20 Feb. 18 14. 
a Encyc. Mod. b Conv.-Lex. 

Gordianus I., M. Antonius, Africanus, Ro- 
man Emperor, — b., about 160 — Consul suf- 
fectus with Caracalla, (966, a. u. c.) 213 — 
again Consul, (984,) 231 a — proconsul of Africa, 
232 s " — compelled to be Emperor, at Tisdras, 
Feb. 238 b — kills himself, Mar. 2 3 8. b 
a Zumpt. b Clinton. 

Gordianus II., M. Antonius, Roman Em- 
peror, — b., 192 — proclaimed Augustus with 
his father, in Africa, Feb. 238— killed in 
battle, Mar. 238. 

Gordianus III , M. Antonius, Roman Em- 
peror, — ft., (13 Kal. Feb.) 20 Jan. 216 a — 
proclaimed Emperor on death of Pupienus and 
Balbinus, Jun., a Jul. b 238 — marries Sabinia 
Tranquillina, 241 — sets out for East, for war 
against Persia, 242,* 241 c — defeats Goths and 
Sarmatians, and Sapor, 242 — killed by the 
troops on borders of Persia, Feb. or Mar. 244. 
a Clinton. b Zumpt. c Smith's Diet. 

Gordium, in Phrygia, — [BC] — visited by 
Alexander, who cuts the Gordian Knot, 333.* 
a Thirhvall. 
Gordon, Alexander, antiquary, — secretary to 
Society of Antiquaries, 1736-41 — if. in North 
America, about 1750. Itinerarium septentrion- 
ale, 1726 — Lives of Pope Alexander VI. and 
Ccesar Borgia, 1729 — History of Ancient Am- 
phitheatres, 1730. 

Gordon, Andrew, Benedictine, — ft. in Scot- 
land, 17 12 — Prof. Philosophy, Erfurt, 1737 — 
if., 20 Aug. 175 1. De concordandis mensuris, 
1742 — Phenomena electricitatis exposita, 1744 
— Physicce experimentalis elementa, 1751-52. 

Gordon, Bernard, (Bernard de Gordonio,) 
physician, — teaches medicine at fyl ontpellier, 
1285 — if., about 1305? 1318 ? Lilium medi- 
cines, 1480. 

Gordon, Lady Catherine, — given in mar- 
riage, by James IX. of Scotland, to ' Perkin 
Warbeck,' 1496 — accompanies him in invasion 
of England, and is placed in St Michael's 
Mount, Sep. 1497— found there by royal troops, 
and has appointment in royal household, Oct. 



1497 — tr. at Fyfield, Berks, Oct. or Nov. 1537. 

Gordon, Lord George, — b., 19 Sep. 1750 — 
M.P. Luggershall, 1774 — makes his maiden 
speech, 1778 — Pres. of Protestant Association, 
Nov. 1779 — presents petition to Eord North, 4 
Jan. 1780 — leads rioters in London in opposi- 
tion to Roman Catholic Relief Bill, 2 Jun. 
1780 — committed to the Tower for treason, 9 
Jun. 1780 — tried and acquitted, 5-6 Feb. 17 81 
— professes Judaism, 1786 — found guilty of two 
libels, 6 Jun. 1787 — fined and imprisoned, 28 
Jan. 1788 — offers bail, but is remanded, 18 
Jan. 1793 — if. in Newgate, 1 Nov. 1793. 

Gordon, George William, member of House 
of Assembly, Jamaica, — removed from Com- 
mission of the Peace, by Lieut. -governor Eyre, 
Jun. 1862 — arrested at Kingston, by Governor 
Eyre, on suspicion of promoting disturbances 
at Morant Bay, 17 Oct. 1865 — sentenced to 
death by Court .Martial at Morant Bay, 21 Oct. 
— hung, 23 Oct. [Jamaica.] 

Gordon, George, 4th Marquis, and Duke 
of, — succeeds to title, 1653— created Duke, 
1684 — holds Edinburgh Castle for James 
II., 1689 — surrenders it, Jun. 1689 — if., 
17 16. 

Gordon, James, Jesuit, — b. in Scotland, 
1543 — enters Order of Jesuits at Rome, 1563 
— D.D., 1569 — if. at Paris, 1620. Contro- 
versiarum fidei christians epitome, 1612-20. 

Gordon, James Lesmore, Jesuit, — b. at Aber- 
deen, about 1560 — if. confessor to Louis XIII. 
at Paris, 17 Nov. 1641. Opus chronologicum, 
16 1 3 — Biblia Sacra, 1632. 

Gordon, Sir John, — engages in affray with 
Lord Ogilvie, at Edinburgh, 1562 — beheaded 
at Aberdeen, 31 Oct. 1562. 

Gordon, Sir John Watson, Pres. B. S.A., — 
n. at Edinburgh, about 1790 — exhibits at 
R. S. A., 1827— A.R.A., London, 1 841— Pres. 
R.S.A. and Knt, 1850— R.A. London, 1851 
— if. at Edinburgh, 1 Jun. 1864. Portraits of 
Sir W. Scott, 1 831 ; Dr Chalmers, 1837 ; De 
Quincey, 1 843 ; Prof Wilson, 1 85 1 ; Earl of 
Aberdeen, 1852; Provost of Peterhead, 1853. 

Gordon, Robert, topographer, — b. in Scot- 
land, about 1580 — if., 1661. Theatrum Scotia 
(in Blaeiis Atlas,) 1648 — History of '' Scots 
Affairs, 1841. 

Gordon, Thomas, translator, Qc, — b. in Ire- 
land, about 1684 — if., 28 Jul. 1750. Trans- 
lation of Tacitus, 1728-31; Sallust, §c, 1744 — 
(with Trenchard,) Cato's letters, 1737 — Inde- 
pendent Whig, 1728. 

Gordon, William, historian, — b. at Hitchin, 
Hertfordshire, 1729 — goes to America, 1770 — 
pastor at Roxbury, Massachusetts, 1772 — re- 
turns to England, 1786 — if. at Ipswich, 19 
Oct. 1807. History of the Bise, Progress, and 
Establishment of the Independence of the United 
States of America, 1788. 

Gordon Riots. [Gordon, Lord George.] 

Gordon, Viscqunt. [Aberdeen, Earl of] 

Gordyene, (Corduene,) in Armenia, — [B C J — 
conquered by Tigranes, before 83 — given to 
Tigranes by Pompey, 6^. 

Gore, Catherine Grace, novelist, — b. at 
East Rettord, 1799 — marries Capt. Gore, 1823 



GORE— GORTCHAKOFF. 



609 



— widow, 1846 — ft. at Liawood, Hants, 29 
Jan. i86r. 

Gore, Christopher, Governor of Massa- 
chusetts, — b. at Boston, 1758— U. S. at- 
torney for Massachusetts, 1789— with Pinkney 
treats for settlement of American claims on 
England, 1796 — charge d'affaires, London, 
1803 — governor of Massachusetts, 1809— sen- 
ator, 1814 — retires, 1817 — ft., 1827. 

Gore, Thomas, genealogist, — h. in "Wiltshire, 
1 63 1 — ft. there, 31 Mar. 1684. Series alpha- 
bet tea, latino-anglica, nomina gentiliorum, $<?., 
1667 — Catalogus in certa capita, Qc, 1668. 

Goree, island, W. Africa, — taken by Eng- 
lish, 1663 — retaken by De Euyter, fortifications 
strengthened, 1665 — ceded to Dutch by a king 
of Cape Yerd, and fortified, 1617=*— seized by 
French, 1677, b 1667 ac — confirmed to France 
by Treaty of Nimeguen, 1678 — taken by Com- 
modore Eeppel, 28 Dec. 1758 — restored to 
France by Treaty of Paris, 1763 — again taken 
by English, May 1778 d — restored, by Peace of 
Versailles, 1783 — captured by Sir Charles 
Hamilton, 5 Apr. 1 800 e — retaken by French, 
Jan. i8o4 e — again taken by English, Mar. 
1804 e — given up to France, 1814.° 
a Bees' Cyc. b Maceulloch. c Encyc. Mod. 

d Meyer, Conv.-Lex. e Brenton. 

Gorelli, chronicler. Chronicle of Arezzo, from 
1310-1384. 

Gorgias, sophist, rhetorician, — [B C] — h., 
about 480-79/ 485 b — eminent, (01. 80,) 459 
— de Natura, (01. 8-4,) 442 — ambassador from 
Leontini to Athens, (01. 88, 2,) 427 — ft., after 
380. a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. 

Gorgias, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
125, 1,) 280. 

Gorham, George Cornelius, theologian, — 
B.A. Cambridge, 1809-M.A., 18 12— B.D., 
1 82 1 — vicar of St Just, Cornwall, Jan. 1846 — 
presented to vicarage of Brampford Speke, 
Devon, 1847 — examined by Bp of Exeter, Dec. 
1847, and Mar. 1848 — institution refused on 
ground of heresy : his application to Court of 
Arches dismissed by Sir H. J. Fust, 2 Aug. 
1849 — appeals to Privy Council, who reverse 
the sentence, 8 Mar. 1850 — application on part 
of the Bp to Court of Queen's Bench in con- 
travention of the judgment, unsuccessful, 15 
Apr: 1 850 — like application to Common Pleas, 
fails, 2 May — like to Court of Exchequer, 6 
Jun. — rule nisi granted, 1 1 Jun. — the rule dis- 
charged, 8 Jul. — instituted to vicarage, by Sir 
H. J. Fust, 7 Aug. 1850 — ft., Jun. 1857. 

Gorham Case. [Gorham, G. C] 

Gori, Giovanni Antonio, antiquary, — p. at 
Florence, 9 Dec. 1691 — ft. Prof. History 
there, 20 Jan. 1757. Inscriptions antiques 
grcecce et romance, $c., 1726-43— Museum flo- 
rentinum, 1731-43 — Museum etruscum, 1737- 
43 — Thesaurus gemmarum ant. astriferarum, 

J 75o. 

Gorilla, — becomes known to naturalists, 
about 1847 — described by Du Chaillu, i86r. 

Goring, George, Earl of Norwich, — takes 
part in the plot of the army, winter 1641 — 
discovers it to Lord Bedford, beginning Mar. 
i642 ab — declares for the King, Jul. 1642 — 



besieged at Portsmouth, by Essex, Aug. 1642 
— surrenders Portsmouth to the Parliament, 9 
Sep. 1642 — lands in Yorkshire, with supplies 
from Holland, Dec. 1642 c — his letter to the 
Queen discovered, 10 Jan. 1644 a — defeated at 
Langport, by Fairfax, 10 Jul. 1645 — heads 
Boyalist rising in Kent, 23 May 1648 — as- 
sembles army on Blackheath, 3 Jun. 1648 — 
retreats into Essex, Jun. 1648 — captured at 
Colchester, 28 Aug. 1648 — brought to trial 
and pardoned, Mar. 1649.* 
a Lingard. b Guizot. c Annals of England. 

Gorini, Giuseppe Corio, Marquis oe, poet, 
— h. at Milan, about 1695 — ft., about 1762. 
Teatro comico-tragico, 1732 — V Homo, trattato 
fisico-morale, 1756,* i746. b 

a Biog. Univ. b Meyer, Conv.-Lex. 

Gorkum. [Gorcum.] 

Gorlaeus, {Abraham de Goorle,) antiquary, 
— fc. at Antwerp, 1549 — ft. at Delft, 15 Apr. 
1609. Dactyliotheca, §c, 1600 — Variorum 
gemmarum . . sculptures, 1625 — Thesaurus 
numismatum, §c, 1608. 

Gorm, King oe Denmark, — ft., 935. 

Gornicki, Lukas, (Gornicius,) — statesman, 
historian. Acta regni Folonice ab anno 1538, 
1637 — Dialogi de electionis libertate, $c., Po- 
lonice, 175 1 (3rd ed.). 

Goropius. [Becan, Jan.] 

Gorouchkin, jurist,— fc., 1747 — Prof. Prac- 
tical Law, Moscow, about 1796-1821 — ft. 
there, 1821. Manual of Russian legislation, 
1 81 1 — Description of judiciary acts, 1812. 

Gorris, Jean de, (Gorrceus,) physician, — ft. 
at Paris, 1505 — M.D. there, 1530, 11 1540 b — 
dean of the faculty, 1548 — ft. at Paris, 1577. 
Hippocratis jusjurandum, 1542 — Dejinitiones 
mediae, 1564. a Biog. Univ. b Bees' Cyc. 

Gorsas, Antoine Joseph, journalist, §c, — ■ 
rj. at Limoges, 1743 — imprisoned at Bicetre, 
1788 — takes part in insurrection of 10 Aug. 
1792 — deputy to Convention, Sep. 1792 — guil- 
lotined, 7 Oct. 1793. Z'Afie promeneur, 1786. 

Gorter, David van, physician, botanist, — h. 
at Enckhuizen, 1717 — ft. Prof. Botany, Harder- 
wyck, Apr. 1783. Materia medica, 1740 — 
Flora gelrozutphanica, 1745 — Flora ingrica, 
1761 — Flora belgica, 1767. 

Gorter, Jan van, physician, — fc. at Enckhui- 
sen, 19 Feb. 1688 — studies at Leyden, 1709-12 
— Prof. Medicine, Harderwyck, 1725 — physi- 
cian to Empress Elizabeth, 1754-58 — ft. in 
Holland, 11 Sep. 1762. Medicince compendium, 
1731-37 — Medicina hippocratica, 1739-42. 

Gorton, John, litterateur. Biographical 
Dictionary, 1828-30 — Topographical Diction- 
ary, 1830-33. 

Gorton, Samuel, — founds Warwick, Rhode 
Island, U.S., 1643— ft., after 1676. 

Gortchakoff, Prince Alexander,— fc., 1764 
— distinguishes himself at capture of Praga, 
1794 — Lieutenant-general, 1798 — commands 
under Korsakoff at Zurich, 1799 — under Ben- 
nigsen, repulses Lannes at Heilsberg, 1807 — 
commands right wing at Friedland, 1807 — 
Minister of AVar, 181 2— General of Infantry 
and member of Imperial Council, 18 14 — ft., 
about 1825. 

39 



6io 



GORTCHAKOFF— GOTHS. 



GortchakofF, Prince Michael, general, — ft., 
1795 — serves as officer of artillery in Russo- 
Turkish war, 1828-29 — wounded at Grochow 
and made General, 20 Feb. 1831 — chief of the 
staff of Count Pahlen, distinguishes himself at 
battle of Ostrolenka, May, and capture of War- 
saw, Sep. 1 83 1 — General of Artillery, 1843 — 
military governor of Warsaw, 1 846 — takes part 
in Hungarian campaign, 1 849 — attends funeral 
of Wellington, 1852 — commands in Wallachia, 
1853 — passes the Danube at Braila, 23 Mar. 
1854 — directs defence of Sebastopol, Mar. 
1855 — Governor of Poland, 1856 — if. at War- 
saw, 30 May 1861. 

GortchakofF, Prince Peter, Governor of 
Smolensk, — defends the town against Sigis- 
mund III. of Poland, 1609-11. 

Gortchakoff, Prince Peter Dmitrievich,^- 
eral, statesman, — fj. at Moscow, 1789 — enters 
Imperial Guard, 1807 — serves in Turkish war, 
1 8 10 — in French war, 1 812- 14 — takes part in 
suppressing revolt in the Caucasus, 1820 — 
Major-general, Governor of Imeritia, 1820 — 
suppresses Abkhasian revolt, 1824 — Quarter- 
master-general in Turkish war, 1826-29 — Go- 
vernor-general of W. Siberia, 1836 — resigns, 
1 85 1 — takes part in battle of the Alma, Sep. 
1854 — commander of land forces, Sep. 1854 — 
retires, and is made member of Imperial Coun- 
cil, 1855 — tf. at Moscow, Apr. 1868. 

Goruckpore, in Hindustan, — ceded to British 
by Nabob of Oude, Nov. 1801. 

Goschen, Jphann Friedrich Ludwig, jurist, 
— ft. at Konigsberg, 16 Feb. 1778 — studies at 
Gottingen, 1796-98 — Prof. Laws, Berlin, 181 1 
— Prof. Laws, councillor, Gottingen, 1822 — tf., 
24 Sep. 1837. Edition of Institutions of Cuius, 
1820 — Grundriss zu Pandehten-Vorlesungen, 
1827-31 — Vorlesungen uber das gemeine Civil- 
recht, 1838-40. 

Go-sec. [Gossec] 

Goselini, Giuliano, miscellaneous writer, — 
ft. at Pome, 12 Mar. 1525 — follows Ferdinand 
de Gonzaga to Milan, 1546 — tf. at Milan, 13 
Feb. 1587. Vita di Ferd. di Gonzaga, 1579 — 
Rime, 1588. 

Goslar, in Hanover, — founded by Henry I., 
about 920 a — mines opened under Otto I., 968 a 
— diets held at, 1009 and 1015 — Frederick II. 
holds diet at, Jul. 12 19 b — receives charter from 
him, 1219— joins Hanseatic League, 1365 r - — 
desolated by pestilence, 1450 and 1473 — re- 
ceives the Reformation, 15 21— unsuccessfully 
besieged by Christian of Brunswick, 1625 — 
captured by Duke William of Weimar and the 
Swedes, 1631 — annexed to Prussia, 1803 — to 
kingdom of Westphalia, 1807 — to Hanover, 
1 816 — partly burnt, 1844. Statutes of, pub- 
lished, about i35o. ac Cathedral, built, 1050 — 
pulled down, 1820. a Conv.-Lcx. 

b Kington. e Meyer, Conv.-Lex. 

Goslin, (Gozlin,) Bp of Paris, — fj., about 
800 — Bp of Poitiers, about 847 — captured by 
the Normans, 858 — archchancellor, 867-882 — 
Bp of Paris, about 883 — fortifies Paris, 885 — 
defends it against the Normans, 886 — tf. there, 
16 Apr. 886. 

Gosse, Etienne, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at 



Bordeaux, 1773 — goes to Paris, 1792 — serves 
as volunteer in la Vendee, 1793-96 — settles at 



179: 
> Ft 



Paris, 1S15 — if. at Toulon, Feb. 1834. Les 
Ajtnants vende'ens, 1806 — Le Medisant, 1816 — 
Fables, 18 18. 

Gossec, Francois Joseph, musical composer, 
— ft. in Hainault, 17 Jan. 1733 — goes to Paris, 
175 1 — Prof, at the Conservatory, 1795 — mem- 
ber of Institute, 1795 — of Legion of Honour, 
1804 — of Academy of Fine Arts, 18 16 — if. at 
Passy, 16 Feb. 1829. 

Gosselin, Jean, astronomer, keeper of the 
King's Library, Paris, — ft. at Vire in Norman- 
dy, about 1505 — if. there, Nov. 1604. Historia 
imaginum coelestium, 1577 — Calendrier grego- 
rien perpetuel, 1583. 

Gossellin, Pascal Francois Joseph, geogra- 
pher, §c, — ft. at Lille, 6 Dec. 1751 — travels 
in Europe, 1772-74 and 1780 — admitted to 
the Academy, 1790 — takes office in Department 
of War, 1794 — member of Institute, 1795 — 
keeper of cabinet of medals, &c„ 1799 — Cheva- 
lier of Legion of Honour, 1 804 — officer, 1 8 1 6 
— tf., 8 Feb. 1830. Geographic des Grecs 
analysee, 1790 — Eecherches sur la geographic 
systematique et positive des anciens, 1798-18 18 
— assists in translation of Geography of Strabo, 
1805-19. 

Gosselon. [Lorraine, BuJces of] 

Gossuin, Henri Marie Joseph,— ft. at Aves- 
nes, 1759 — deputy to Legislative Assembly, 
1 79 1 — to Convention, 1792 — commissioner to 
the army of Dumouriez, Nov. 1792 — member 
of Council of Five Hundred, 1795-97 — of 
Legislative Body, 1799-1801 — deputy to 
Chamber of Representatives, 18 15 — member of 
Chamber of Deputies, 181 8 — if. at Paris, 
1827. 

Gotama. [Buddhism.] 

Gotarzes. [Parthia, Kingdom of] 

Gotha. [Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.] 

Gotha, cap. of the Principality, — founded by 
William, Abp of Mentz, 964. Almanach de, 
commenced, I774. a a Chambers' Encyc. 

Gothenburg, (Gottenburg,) in Sweden, — built, 
1604 — destroyed by Danes, and rebuilt, about 
161 1 — besieged by Prince of Denmark and re- 
lieved by mediation of England and Prussia, 
1788 — burnt, Dec. 1802 and Dec. 1804. 
Academy of Sciences, incorporated, 1775. 

Gothic Architecture, pointed, — originates, 
about 1*90. [Early English, Geometrical, 
and Perpendicular Style.] 

Gothic Language. [Argenteus Codex.] 

Gothland, island in the Baltic, — conquered 
by Waldemarlll. of Denmark, 1361 — restored 
to Sweden by treaty, 23 Aug. 1645 — occupied 
by Russians, 1807. [Wisby.] 

Gothofredus. [Godefroy.] 

Goths, (Gothi, Gothonev,) The, — migrate from 
the Baltic to the Euxine, 150-220 a — pass the 
Danube, ravage Thrace, and take Philippopolis, 
249-250 b — campaign of Decius against, in 
Moosia, 251 — make peace with Gallus for an- 
nual tribute, 252 — ravage Illyricum and Mace- 
donia, 255 — successful campaign of Aure- 
lian against, 257 — take Trapezus, 258 — plunder 
Bitbynia, 258-9-— take Chalcedon,Cius, Apamea, 



GOTHUS— GOUGH. 



6u 



and Prusa : plunder and burn Nicomedia and 
Nicaea: fail before Cyzicus, 259 — occupy 
Tbrace, ravage Macedonia, besiege Thessalonica, 
plunder Asia Minor, and destroy temple of 
Diana at Ephesus, 262 — campaign of Marcianus 
in Greece, 267 — occupy Illyricum and Mace- 
donia, and are defeated by Claudius at Naissus, 
in Mcesia, 269 — their fleet destroyed, take 
refuge in Mount Heemus, 270 — campaign of 
Aurelian against, in Pannonia, 270 — conclude 
treaty with Aurelian and acquire Dacia, 270,* 
272 c — defeated by Aurelian in Thrace and 
Illyricum, 272 — led in triumph of Aurelian, 
274 — reduced to submission in Thrace by Pro- 
bus, 278 — defeated by Constantius in Sarmatia, 
20 Apr. 332 — colony of, allowed to settle in 
Thrace,Macedonia,andItaly,334 — [Ostrogoths, 
Visigoths] — maintain separate kingdom in 
Scandinavia, till united with Sweden under 
Charles Swerkerson, n6i. d a Gibbon. 

b Clinton. c Smith' s Diet. d Engl. Cyo. 

Gothus, Jonas Petri, lexicographer. Bic- 
tionarium latino-sueco-germanicum, 1640. 

Gotthard, St, in Hungary, — Montecuculi 
defeats the Turks at, 1 Aug. 1664. 

Gotti, Vincenzio Lodovico, cardinal, — b. at 
Bologna, 5 Sep. 1664 — enters Dominican Order, 
1680— studies at Salamanca, 1684-88 — Prof. 
Philosophy,Mantua,i688 — first Prof. Theology, 
Bologna, 1695 — Provincial of his Order, 1708 
■ — Inquisitor of Milan, by Clement XI., 17 14- 
17 — Cardinal, by Benedict XIII. , 1728 — tf. at 
Borne, 18 Sep. 1742. La vera Chiesa cli Cris- 
to dimostrata, 17 19 — Theologia scholastico-dog- 
matica, 1727-34 — Veritas religionis christians, 
I735-40. 

Gottigniez, Gilles Francois, mathematician, 
astronomer, — b. at Brussels, 1630 — enters Order 
of Jesuits at Mechlin, 1653 — Prof. Mathema- 
tics, Borne, 1662 — tr. there, 6 Apr. 1689. 
Fpistola de difficultatibus circa eclipses in Jove 
a Medicis planetis effectas, 1665 — Be figuris 
cometarum, $c. f 1668 — Logistika xiniversalis, 
1687. 

Gottingen, in Hanover, — capital of princi- 
pality of Brunswick-Liineburg, 1 286-1463 — 
joins Hanseatic League, about i36o a — unsuc- 
cessfully besieged by Archduke Leopold, 1641 
■ — occupied by French, 1757 — retaken by Prince 
Ferdinand of Brunswick, early in 1758 — in- 
surrection breaks out at, 8 Jan. 1831 — sup- 
pressed, 16 Jan. University of, founded by 
George II. (of England), 1734 — chartered as 
Academia Georgia Augusta, 1736 — opened, 
Sep. 1737 — declines, after 1831. Royal So- 
ciety of Sciences, established by George II., 
1751 — reorganized, 1770. a Engl. Cyc. 

Gottleber, Johann Christoph, philologist, — 

b. at Chemnitz, 1733— tf. at Meissen, 1 May 

' 1785. Observations in Flatonis Alcibiadem 

secundum, 1767-8 — Observations in qucedam 

loca Dionysii Halicamassei, 1769-70. 

Gottschalk, (Godescalc,) Benedictine monk, 
(Godeschalcus,) — b. at Mentz, about 808 ? a — 
while a monk at Fulda, has controversy with 
Abbot Raban, 829 b — his doctrine on predestin- 
ation condemned by Council of Mentz, 848 — 
finally condemned by Hincmar, flogged and im- 



prisoned at Hautvilliers, 849— defended by Ee- 
migius, Abp of Lyons, 853 b — unsuccessfully 
appeals to Pope Nicholas I., 864 b — tf. in 
prison, 868, b 30 Oct. 867. a 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Gieseler. 

Gottsched, Johann, physician, — ft. at K6- 
nigsberg, 1668 — Prof. Medical Sciences there, 
1694 — member of Academic Society, Berlin, 
1702 — tf. at Konigsberg, 10 Apr. 1704. 

Gottsched, Johann Christoph, miscellaneous 
writer, — b. near Konigsberg, 2 Feb. 1700 — 
studies at the Univ., 17 14 — Prof. Belles Lettres, 
Leipsic, 1725 — Dean of Poetic Society, 1726 — 
Prof. Logic and Metaphysics, 1734 — tf. at 
Leipsic, 12 Dec. 1766. Nothige Vorrath zur 
Geschichte der deutschen dramatischen Bicht- 
Jcunst von 1450 an, 1757-65 — Beden, 1749 — 
Gedichte, 1736. 

Gottschling, Kaspar, philologist, bibliogra- 
pher,— h. in Silesia, 28 Feb. 1679 — rector and 
librarian, school of New Brandenburg, 17 10 — 
tf. there, 1739. Anleitung zur Kenntniss guter 
und seltener Biicher, 1702 — Anleitungzur TFap- 
penJcunst, 1706. 

Gouan, Antoine, physician, botanist, — h. at 
Montpellier, 15 Nov. 1733 — Prof. Botany 
there, 1767-1803— tf., 1 Sep. 1821. Hortus 
regius Monspeliensis, 1762 — Flora Monspeliaca, 
1765 — Bhistrationes et abservationes botanicce, 

1773- 

Gouaz, Yves Marie le, engraver, — b. at 
Brest, 15 Feb. 1742 — goes to Paris, studies 
under Aliamet, 1763 — engraver to Academy of 
Sciences, 1770 — tf. at Paris, 12 Jan. 1816. 

Goudar, Ange, political writer, — fj. at Mont- 
pellier, about 1720 — tf. at Paris, 1791. 
B 'Bspion chinois, 1768-74 — Naples, 1778 — 
VFspion francais a Bondres, 1779 — Les in- 
terims de la France mal entendus dans les 
branches de Vagricidture, §c. y 1756. 

Goudelin, Pierre, jurist, — f>. in Hainault, 
1550 — tf., 18 Oct. 1619. Opera, 1685. 

Goudelin, {Goudoidi,) Pierre, poet, — b. at 
Toulouse, 1579 — tf. there, 10 Sep. 1649. 
Obras, 1649. 

Goudinel, Claude, musical composer, — b. at 
Besangon, about 1510,* 1520 b — founds school 
of music at Borne, about 1540 c — at Paris, 
1555 — assassinated at Lyons, 29 Aug. 1572. 
Biber quartus ecclesiasticarum Cantionum, 1554° 
— Music to Be Muret's ' Chansons Spirituels, i 
1555 d — Music to Clement MaroPs ' Fsalms,' 

a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 
d Bees' Cyc. 

Goudt, Henrik, engraver, — b. at Utrecht, 
1585 — tf. there, 1630 (?). 

Gouffier, Louis, — b. in Perigord, 1648— 
distinguishes himself at defence of Candia, 
1668 — expels pirates from Genoa, 1703 — con- 
tributes to capture of the chateau of Nice, 
1705 — Lieutenant-general of galleys of the 
King, 1723 — Director of Academy of Mar- 
seilles, 1733 — tf. at Marseilles, 22 Apr. 1734. 

Gouffier. [Eonnivet, and Choiseul.] 

Gough, Hugh, Viscount Gough, field- 
marshal, — b. in Ireland, 3 Nov. 1779 — enters 
the army, 7 Aug. 1794 — serves at Cape of 
39 * 



6l2 



GOUGH— GOURMELIN. 



Good Hope, 1795 — marries, 1807 — as Major 
distinguishes himself at Talavera, and is 
severely wounded, Jul. 1 809 — at Barossa, 
181 1 — wounded at defence of Tarifa, Dec. 
181 1 — distinguishes himself at Yittoria, Jun. 
1 8 13 — again wounded at Nivelle, 18 13 — 
Major-general, 1830 — sent to India, 1837 — 
Commander-in-chief of British troops in China, 
Mar. 1841— [Chinese War]— G.C.B., 1841— 
created Bart, and receives thanks of parliament, 
1842 — Commander-in-chief in India, Aug. 1843 
— defeats Mahrattas at Maharajpoor, 29 Dec. 
1843 — defeats Sikhs at Moodkee, 18 Dec. 
1845 — at Ferozeshah, 21-22 Dec. — at Sohraon, 
10 Feb. 1846 — created Baron Gough, and re- 
ceives thanks of parliament, Apr. 1846 — de- 
feats Sikhs at Chillianwallah, 13 Jan. 1849 — 
defeats Sikhs atGoojerat, 21 Feb. — superseded 
as Commander-in-chief by Sir Charles Napier, 
7 Mar. — created Viscount, and again receives 
thanks of parliament and a pension, 1849 — 
Colonel of Horse Guards, 1854 — sent to the 
Crimea to invest Marshal Pelissier and other 
officers with insignia of the Bath, 1856 — Knt 
of St Patrick, 1857 — Privy Councillor, 1859 — 
K.G.C. Star of India, 1 861— Field-marshal, 
Nov. 1862— tf., 2 Mar. 1869. 

Gough, Richard, antiquary, — ft. in London, 
21 Oct. 1735 — studies at Cambridge, 1752-56 
— F.S.A., 1767 — Director of the Society of 
the Temple, 1771-97 — F.R.S., 1777, a i775 bc 
— tf. at Wormley, Hertfordshire, 20 Feb. 1809. 
Anecdotes of British Topography, 1768 — edition 
of Camden's Britannia, 1789 — Sepulchral 
monuments of Great Britain, 1786-99 — His- 
tory of the Society of Antiquaries of London, 
1770. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Chalmers. 

Goujet, Claude Pierre, bibliographer, — ft. at 
Paris, 19 Oct. 1697 — rj. there, 1 Feb. 1767. 
Les Vies des saints, 1730 — Bibliotheque des 
ecrivains ecclesiastiques, 1736 — Bibliotheque 
francaise, 1740-59 — Memoires loistoriques et 
litter aires sur le college royal de France, 1758 — 
Histoire des Inquisitions, 1752. 

Goujon, Alexandre Marie, miscellaneous 
writer, — ft. at Dijon, about 1770 — serves in the 
army, 1797-1815 — tf., 9 Apr. 1823. Tablettes 
chronologiques de la revolution francaise, 1823 
— Pastes civils de la France, 1821-22. 

Goujon, Jean, sculptor, — ft. at Paris, about 
15 15 —massacred there, Aug. 1572. Fontaine 
des Innocents, Paris, 1550. 

Goulart, Simon, theologian, historian, — ft. 
at Senlis, 1543 — pastor at Geneva, 1566-1628 
— tf. there, 3 Feb. 1628. Tre'sor d'Histoires 
admirables et Memoires de nostre Temps, 1600 
— ltecueil contenant les choses les plus me'mor- 
ables advenues sous la ligue, §c. t 1587. 

Goulburn, Henry, statesman, — ft. in London, 
17 84 — NLA. Cambridge, 1808 — Under-secretary 
of Siate for Home Department, 1 810 — for Colo- 
nies, 18 1 2 — Chief Secretary for Ireland, and 
Privy Councillor, close of 1821 — Chancellor of 
the Exchequer, Mar. 1828 to Jan. 1830 — M.P. 
Cambridge Univ., 1831— D.C.L. Oxford, 1834 
— Secretary of State for Home Department, 
Dec. 1834 to Apr. 1835 — Cbimcellor of the 
Exchequer, 1841-46— M.P. Cambridge Univ., 



1852 — tf. at Betchworth House, 12 Jan. 1856. 
Goulin, Jean, physician, — ft. at Bheims, 10 
Feb. 1728 — tf., 30 Apr. 1799. Memoires lit- 
teraires, critiques, philologiques et bibliogra- 
phiques, pour servir a Vhistoire ancienne et 
moderne de la medecine, 1775-76. 

Goulu, Jean, General of the Feuillants, — . 
ft. at Paris, 25 Aug. 1576 — enters congrega- 
tion of Feuillants, 1604 — tf. at Paris, 5 Jan. 
1629. Vie de Saint Francois de Sales, 1624 — ■ 
Lettres de Fhyllarque d Aristc, 1627-28 — trans- 
lations of Epictetus, 1609 — of Homilies of St 
Basil, 1616. 

Gour, Ganr, (Lakshmanavati, Laknouti,) — 
mentioned, between 800-900 a — taken by Mo- 
hammed Bakhtiar Khilji, i202, b 1203^ "1204° 
— capital of Bengal, by Gheias u din, 1 2 1 2 — seat 
of government removed to Pundna or Peruya, 
about 1360 — capital again, by Jelal u din, 
1409 — fortified by Nasir Shah, 1450 — taken by 
Shir Shah, 1536 — retaken by Humayun, Jun. 
or Jul. 1538 a — again taken by Shir Shah, 
1539-40 — seat of government removed to 
Tanda, 1564 c — conquered and repaired by 
Akber, 1575. a Elphinstone. 

b Thornton. c Macculloch. 

Gouras, John, — ft. in Greece, about 1786— 
distinguishes himself at defence of Thermopylae 
against Turks, 1821 — raises siege of Acropolis, 
and defeats Turks at Marathon, 1823 — defeats 
Kolokotronis at Tripolitza, 1824 — defends 
Athens against Beschid Pasha, 1826 — killed, at 
siege of Athens, 1826. 

Gourcy, Abbe de. /. B. Rousseau venge, 
1772 — V Apologetique et les Prescriptions de 
Tertullien, 1780 — Fes droits et des devoirs des 
citoyois, §c, 1789. 

Gourdon, Antoine Louis, Count of, a 7 - 
miral, — ft. at Paris, 20 Jul. 1765 — enters the 
navy, 1780— captured by the English, 12 Apr. 
1782 — Captain, commands in expedition to St 
Domingo, 1801 — Bear-admiral, 1805 — charged 
with defence of the Scheldt, 1811 — Count, 
1 8 14 — Yice-admiral, 1822 — tf. at Paris, 29 Jun. 

1833. 

Gourgaud, Gaspard, Baron, general, — ft. at 
Versailles, 14 Sep. 1783 — enters the army, 
1802 — wounded at Austerlitz, 2 Dec. 1805 — ■ 
distinguishes himself at battle of Pultusk, and 
receives cross of Legion of Honour, 1807 — ■ 
sent to Dantzic, 18 11 — distinguishes himself 
in Bussian campaign, Baron, 181 2 — and in 
German campaign, 1813 — General, aide-de- 
camp to Napoleon, serves at "Waterloo,. 18 15 — • 
follows Napoleon to St Helena, 18 15 — returns 
to France, i82r — Commander of artillery at 
Paris andYincennes, 1830— Lieutenant-general, 
1835 — Peer, 1841 — Colonel of National Guards, 
Paris, 1 848 — member of Legislative Assembly, 
May 1849 — &• at P ai 'i s > 2 6 Jul. 1852. 

Gourgues, Dominique de, — ft. at Mont-de- 
Marsan, about 1530 — conducts expedition to 
Florida, takes Spanish forts, hangs the Span- 
iards, Aug. 1567 to Jun. 1568 — tf. at Tours, 
about 1593. 

Gourmelin, Etienne, physician, — M.D. 
Paris, 1561— Prof, medicine, 1567 — dean of 
faculty, 1574— Prof. Surgery, College Boyal, 



GOTTRMOND— GRABBE. 



6r 3 



1578 — ft. at Paris, 1594, or at Melun, 1593. 
/Synopsis chirurgice, 1566 — Chirurgice artis ex 
FLippocratis et veterum decretis ad rationis 
normam reducta, 1580. 

Gourmond, Gille, printer, — tf. at Paris, 
about 1527. Golden Verses of Pythagoras, 
1507 — FLesiod, 1507 — Grammar of Chrysoloras, 
1507. 

Gournay, Marie le Jars de, — ft. at Paris, 
1566— adopted by Montaigne, about 1588 — tf. 
at Paris, 13 Jul. 1645. Edition of Montaigne's 
JEssais, 1635 — Le Promenoir de M. de Mon- 
taigne, 1594. 

Gousset, Jacques, orientalist, — ft. at Blois, 
1635 — settles in Holland, 1686 — Prof. Greek 
and Theology, Groningen, 1692 — tf. there, 4 
Nov. 1704. Controversiarum adversus Judceos 
ternio, 1688 — Commentarii linguce hebraicce, 
1702. 

Gouvea, Antonio de, (Goveanus,) jurist, — ft. 
in Portugal, 1505 — Prof. Philosophy, Paris, 
1542-44— Prof. Law, Toulouse, about 1548 — 
tf. at Turin, 1565. Opera, 1562. 

Gouvea, Antonio, — ft. in Portugal, about 
1575 — Prof. Theology, Goa, 1597 — envoy to 
Shah Abbas, 1602 — envoy to Oran, about 1621 
■ — tf. in Portugal, 18 Aug. 1628. Pelacao em 
que se tratao as guerras, e grandes victorias que 
alcancon e grande rey de Persia Xa-Abbas, $•<?., 
16 1 1 — Jornada do arcebispo de Goa, <§c, 1606. 
Gouvest. [Maubert de Gouvest.] 
Gouvion, Jean Baptiste, general, — serves 
under Lafayette in America, 1778 — Major- 
general, Paris National Guard, 1789 — deputy 
to Legislative Assembly, 1791 — killed before 
Maubeuge, 11 Jun. 1792. 

Gouvion, Louis Jean Baptiste, Peer op 
France, general, — {1. at Toul, 1752 — General 
of Brigade, before 1792 — distinguishes himself 
in Holland, 1799 — General of Division after 
battle of Berghem, Sep. 1799 — distinguishes 
himself at battle of Kastricum, Oct. 1799 — In- 
spector-general of Gendarmerie, 1802 — Senator, 
1805 — Peer, 18 14 — tf. at Paris, 22 Nov. 
1823. 

Gouvion Saint-Cyr, Laurent, Marquis of, 
Peer, Marshal of France,— ft. at Toul, 13 
Apr. 1764 — enters the army, about 1790 — 
General of Division, Jun. 1794 — commands at 
siege of Mentz, 1795 — serves under Massena, 
1798 — commands at battle ofNovi, 16 Jul. 1799 
■ — defeats Austrians near Novi, 24 Oct. — and at 
Coni, 6 Nov. — first lieutenant of the army, 1799 
■ — takes Friburg, defeats Austrians at Smelin- 
gen, 1800 — Councillor of State, Sep. 1801 — 
contributes to victory of Hohenlinden, 3 Dec. 
^Commander-in-chief of expedition to Portu- 
gal, 1802 — Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 
1 805 — defeats Austrians at Castel-franco, 1 805 
— distinguishes himself in campaigns of Prussia 
and Poland, 1807 — Governor of Warsaw, 1807 
—serves in Spain, 1808-9 — takes part in Bus- 
sian expedition, r 8 1 2 — defeats Wittgenstein at 
Polotsk, wounded there, and named Marshal of 
the Empire, Aug. 1812 — distinguishes himself 
at battle of Dresden, 18 13 — capitulates at 
Dresden, 11 Nov. — Commander of St Louis, 1 
Jun. 1 8 14— Minister of War, 12 Sep. 1818 to 



19 Nov. 1819 — tr. at the lies d'Hieres, 17 Mar. 
1830. Me moires sur les campagnes des armees 
du Phin, §c., 1829. 

Gouye de Longuemare, historian, — ft. at 
Dieppe, 17 15 — tf. at Versailles, 11 Aug. 1763. 
Dissertation pour servir a Vhistoire des enfant s 
de Clovis, 1744 — Dissertation sur la chronologie 
des rois Merovingiens, §c, 1748. 

Gouz, Francois de la Boullaye le, traveller, 
— ft. in Anjou, about 16 10 — tf. at Ispahan, after 
1668. Voyages et observations, 1653. 



Gower, John, 



-ft., about 1327 ? — mar- 



ries, Jan. 1 397 — becomes blind, 1400 — tf., before 
24 Oct. 1408. Confessio amantis, 1394 — Vox 
clamantis, 1381. 

Gowrie Conspiracy. [Gowrie, John, Earl 
of] 

Gowrie, John Ruthven, Earl of, — ft., 
about 1577 — studies at Univ. of Padua, 1594- 
99 — visits Beza at Geneva, visits Paris, 1599 — 
visits court of Queen Elizabeth, opposes James 
VI. in Convention, Jun. 1600 — takes part in 
attempted assassination of the king, and is 
killed in the affray, at Gowrie House, 5 Aug. 
1600. 

Gowrie, William Ruthven, First Earl of, 
— takes part in Raid of Ruthven, 12 Aug. 1582 
— submits and is pardoned, 1583 — executed, 4 
May 1584. 

Goya y Lucientes, Francisco, painter, — ft. 
in Aragon, 31 Mar. 1746 — admitted to Acade- 
my of San Ferdinando, Madrid, 1780 — first 
painter to the court, 1799 — goes to Paris, 1824 
— tf. at Bordeaux, 16 Apr. 1828. 

Goyen, Jan van, painter, — ft. at Leyden, 
1596 — tf. at the Hague, 1656. 

Gozo, (Gaulus,) island near Malta, — given 
with Malta to Knights Hospitallers, by Charles 
V., 1525 — seized by Turks, 1551 — but soon 
abandoned : unsuccessfully attacked by African 
corsairs, 1613 — by Turks, 1709 — taken by 
French, 12 Jul. 1798— the French expelled, 5 
Sep. 1800. [Malta.] 

Gozzi, Carlo, Count, miscellaneous writer, — 
ft. at Venice, 1702, a 1722 b — tf., 4 Apr. 1806. 
Opere, 1772,* i792. b 

a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Gozzi, Caspar, miscellaneous writer,—^, at 
Venice, 17 1 3," c 4 Dee. 17 15 b — Prefect of 
Public Schools, 1774 — tf. at Padua, 26 Dec. 
1786. L J Osservatore veneto periodica, 1768 — 
Lettere famigliari, 1755-56 — Opere in versi e 
in prosa, 1759 — Giudizio degli antichi poeta 
sopra la moderna censura di Dante, §c, 1758 — 
Mondo morale, 1760. a Biog. Univ. 

b Engl. Cyc. c Conv.-Lex. 

Gozzoli, Benozzo, painter, — ft. at Florence, 
1424^ 1400 or 1406 b — tf., after 1484. Fres- 
coes, Orvieto, 1447 — Frescoes, Pisa, 1469-85 — 
Madonna, Perugia, 1456. 

a Biog. Catalogue. b Engl. Cyc. 

Graaf, Regnier de, physician, — ft. at Schoon- 
hove, 1641 — tf. at Delft, 17 Aug. 1673. Opera, 
1677. 

Grabbe, Christian Dietrich, dramatist, — ft. 
at Detmold, 14 Dec. 1801 — studies at Berlin, 
1821 — tf. at Detmold, 12 Sep. 1836. Drama- 
tische Dichtungen, 1827 — Don Juan und Faust 



614 



GRABE— GRAFFIGNY. 



1829 — Napoleon, 1831 — Hannibal, 1835. 

Grabe, Johann Ernst, philologist, — b. at 
Konigsberg, 10 Jul. 1666 — D.D. Oxford, 26 
Apr. 1706 — ft. in London, 13 Nov. 1711. 
Edition of the Septuagint, 1707-20 — Spicile- 
ffium SS. Pat-rum et hcereticorum, 1698-9 — 
Justini apologia prima, 1700. 

Grabener, Christian Gottfried, philologist, 
— b. at Freyberg, 15 Apr. 17 14 — Eector of 
school at Pforta, 1761— ft. there, 30 Nov. 1778. 
De Epimenide, 1742 — De hello Wartenburgensi, 

*745- . . 

Grabener, Gottlieb, philologist, §c, — b. in 
Saxony, 3 Nov. 1685 — Ph.D. "Wittenberg, 1709 
— Prof, at College of Freyberg, 17 11 — Prof, at 
the School of Meissen, 17 17 — Rector, 1735 — ft. 
at Meissen, 15 Apr. 1750. 

Gracchanus, M. Junius, historian, jurist, — 
[BC] — fl., about I23. a a Fischer. 

Gracchus, C Sempronius, tribune,— [B C] — 
in Spain with P. Scipio Airicanus, 133 — returns 
to Rome, 132 — quaestor, in Sardinia, 126 — re- 
turns to Rome, 124 — elected tribunus plebis, 10 
Dec. 124 — renews Agrarian law, 123 — again 
elected, 10 Dec. 123 — killed in insurrection of 
the senate, 121. 

Gracchus, Tib. Sempronius,— [B C]— curule 
gedile, 216 — magister equitum to Dictator, M. 
Junius Pera, 216 — Consul with L. Postumius 
Albinus, (539, a.u. c.) 215 — defeats Campanians 
and is besieged by Hannibal in Cannee, 215 — 
his command extended, 214 — defeats Hanno at 
Beneventum : Consul with Q. Fabius Maximus, 
conducts war in Lucania, (541,) 213 — betrayed 
to Mago, and slain probably at Campi Veteres, 
212. 

Gracchus, Tib. Sempronius, — [BO]— b., 
about 210 — accompanies L. Corn. Scipio into 
Greece, 190 — tribunus plebis, 187 — defends 
Scipio Africanus, 187 — marries Cornelia, soon 
after: triumvir, to found Saturnia, 183 — 
prsetor in Hispania Citerior, defeats Celti- 
Derians, takes 103 towns, 181-179 — triumphs, 
178 — Consul frith C. Claudius Pulcher, fights 
against rebels in Sardinia, (577, a. u. c.) 177 — 
suppresses rebellion in Sardinia, 176 — returns 
to Rome and triumphs, 175 — censor with C. 
Claudius Pulcher, (585,) 169 — ambassador into 
Asia, 164 — Consul with M. Juventius Thalna, 
(591,) 163. 

Gracchus, Tib. Sempronius, tribune, — [B C] 
— b., about 169 — accompanies P. Scipio Afri- 
canus, junior, to taking of Carthage, 146 — 
quaestor, 137 — negotiates treaty with Numan- 
tines in Spain ; elected tribunus plebis, 10 
Dec. 134 — introduces his Agrarian law and is 
killed in the tumult, 133. 

Gracian, Balthasar, Jesuit, — b. in Spain, 
Mar. 1584^ 1603 h — enters Order of Jesuits, 
i599, a 1619 b — tr. at Tarragona, 6 Dec. 1658. 
Obras, 1664. a Biog. IJniv. b Rees' Cyc. 

Gradenigo, Bartholomeo, Doge of Venice, 
— elected, 9 Nov. 1339 — subdues the Candiotes ; 
tj., 28 Dec. 1342. 

Gradenigo, Giovanni, Doge of Venice, — 
b., about 1280— elected, 21 Apr. 1355 — makes 
peace with Genoa, 1 Jun. 1355 — b\, 8 Aug. 
i35 6 - 



Gradenigo, Giovanni Girolamo, — b. at 

Venice, 1708 — Abp of Udine, 1766 — }j. there, 
30 Jun. 1786. Raggionamenti intorno alia 
letteratura greco-italiana, 1759 — Tiara et pur- 
pura Veneta, 1761. 

Gradenigo, Piero, Doge of Venice, — b., 
1 25 1 — elected, 25 Nov. 1289 — makes member- 
ship of the Great Council hereditary, 1297 — 
concludes peace with Genoa, 1299 — frustrates 
conspiracy of Marino Bocconio, 1307 — defeats 
the Guelf conspiracy headed by Tiepolo, 15 
Jun. 1 3 10 — establishes Commission which be- 
comes permanent and gives origin to Council of 
Ten, 1310— tr., 13 Aug. 1311. 

Gradi, Giovanni. {De Gradibus.) Opus 
chronicarum 1). Antonini, 149 1 — Biblia laiina 
cum concordantiis vet. et nov. Test, atque juris 
canonici, 15 15. 

Gradiska, (JBerbir,) in Bosnia, — built by 
Venetians, 1473 a — conquered by Imperialists, 
15 1 1 — attempted by Venetians, 16 17 — erected 
into a County and given to house of Eggenberg, 
by Ferdinand III., 1641 b — taken from the 
Turks by Prince Louis of Baden, 1688 — passes 
to Counts of Althan, 17 17 — additionally 
fortified, 1764a — bishopric, 1784 — captured by 
French, 16 Mar. 1797. 

a Rees' Cyc. b Con v. -Lex. 

Graduation, of astronomical instruments, — 
of mural arc, Greenwich, by Sharp, 1689 — art 
of, improved by Graham, 1725 — Bird's method, 
published, 1767 — the Duke of Chaulnes', 1768 
— Ramsden's engine for, invented, 1777 — 
Troughton's process of, 1809. 

Grsecia, Magna. [Magna, Greecia.] 

Greefe. [Grsevius.] 

Grsefenhahn, Wolfgang Ludwig, mathe- 
matician, — b. in Franconia, 12 Apr. 17 18 — 
Prof. Philosophy, Erlangen, a Baireuth, b 1753 
— librarian, 1759 — tf. at Baireuth, 5 May 1767. 
De mathematicis natione Germanis, 1745 — De 
nexii artium picture scenica, 1745 — Physik- 
alische Gedanken von Enlstehung der Erdbeben, 
1756. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Greevius, (Johan Georg Greefe,) philologist, 
archaeologist, — b. at Naumburg, 29 Jan. 1632 
— studies at Leipsic, 1649 — Prof. History and 
Eloquence, Deventer, 1658 — Prof. History and 
Eloquence, Utrecht, 1661-1703 — ft. there, 10 
Jan. 1703. Thesaurus Antiquitatum Roman- 
arum, 1694-99 — Thesaurus Antiquitatum et 
Historiarum Italia, Neapolis, fyc, 1704-25. 

Graf, Anton, painter, — b. at Winterthur, 
1736 — tf. at Dresden, Jun. 181 3. 

Graf, Carl Anton, painter, — b. at Dresden, 
1774 — ts., 9 May 1832. 

Graf, {Graaf,) TJrsus, engraver, — b. at Basel, 
about 1470 (?) 

Grafe, Karl Ferdinand von, surgeon, — b. at 
Warsaw, 8 Mar. 1787 — M.D. Leipsic, 1807 — 
Prof, surgery, Berlin, 181 1 — visits England 
and France, 1835 — b\ at Hanover, 4 Jul. 1840. 
Angiektasie, 1808 — Norm-en fiir die Ablbsung 
grosser Gliedmassen, 181 2 — Rhinoplastik, 1 8 1 8 
— edits, with Ph. von Walther, Journal fiir 
Chirurgie und Augenheilkunde, 1820-40. 

Graffigny, Francoise d'lssembourg d'Ap- 
poncourt, Dame de, miscellaneous writer, — ■ 



GRAFTON— GRAMMONTINES. 



615 



h. at Nancy, 1694— tf. at Paris, 12 Dec. 1758. 
Lettres peruviennes, 1747 — Vie privee de 
Voltaire et de Mine du Chatelet, 1820. 

Grafton, Augustus Henry Fitzroy, Duke 
of,— b., about 1735 — succeeds his grandfather 
in the title, 1757 — Secretary of State, 1765 — 
resigns, 1766 — First Lord of the Treasury, 
1766-70 — Prime Minister, 20 Jan. 1768 — 
Chancellor of Cambridge Univ., 1768 — attacked 
in the 'Letters of Junius,' 1769 — resigns, 28 
Jan. 1770 — Lord Privy Seal, 1771-75 and 
1782 — &., 14 Mar. 181 1. 

Grafton, Henry Fitzroy, Duke of,- — 
marries Isabella, daughter of Lord Arlington, 
3 Aug. 1672 a — created Duke, by his father, 
Charles II., 1675 — leads attack against Duke 
of Monmouth, 1685 — serves with distinction at 
battle of Beachy Head, 30 Jim. 1690 — wounded 
at assault of Cork, 28 Sep. 1690 b — tf., 9 Oct. 
1690. 

a Lingard. b Annals of England. 

Grafton, Richard, printer, historian, — tr., 
not before 1572. Hail's Chronicle, 1548 — 
Abridgment of the Chronicles of England, 
1562 — Chronicle at large, 1569. 

Grafunder, David, orientalist, — tf. at Merse- 
burg, 24 Dec. 1680. Calligraphia hebraica, 
1668 — Grammatica syriaca, 1665. 
Graham of Claverhouse. [Dundee, Visct.] 
Graham, George, mechanician, — b. in Cum- 
berland, 1675 — goes to London, 1688 — con- 
structs planetarium, about 17 15 — invents hori- 
zontal escapement, 1724 — improves method of 
graduation, 1725 — invents a compensation pen- 
dulum, 1726 — examines Harrison's diagrams, 
(longitude,) 1728 — ft. in London, Nov. 1751. 
Graham, James. [Montrose, Marquis of.] 
Graham, Sir James Robert George, Bart., 
statesman, — b. in Cumberland, 1 Jan. 1792 — 
M.P. Hull, 1 81 8— loses his seat, 1820— Bart, 
on death of his father, 1824 — M.P. Carlisle, 
1826— M.P. Cumberland, 1830— First Lord of 
Admiralty, 1830-34 — M.P. East Cumberland, 
1832-7 — joins party of Sir R. Peel, 1834 — 
M.P. Dorchester, 1841 — Home Secretary, 
1 84 1 to Jun. 1846 — orders Mazzini's letters to 
be opened, and gives information to Austrian 
minister, 1 844 — M.P. Ripon, 1 847 — M.P. 
Carlisle, 1852 — First Lord of Admiralty, Dec. 
1852 — resigns, Feb. 1855 — tf. at Netherby, 25 
Oct. 1 86 1. 

Graham, Sir John, — companion of Wallace, 
falls at battle of Falkirk, 22 Jul. 1298. 
Graham, Maria. [Calcott, Lady.] 
Graham, Sir Richard. [Preston, Visct.] 
Graham, Robert, botanist, — b. at Stirling, 
3 Dec. 1786— Prof. Botany, Glasgow, 18 18— 
at Edinburgh, 1821 — ij., 7 Aug. 1845. 

Graham, Sir Thomas. [Lynedoch, Lord.] 
Graham, Thomas, chemist, — b. at Glasgow, 
21 Dec. 1805 — studies at the High School, 1814 
■ — goes to the Univ., 18 19 — Prof. Chemistry, 
Andersonian Institute, 1830— discovers law of 
diffusion of gases, 1834 — F.R.S., 1836 — Prof. 
Chemistry, London Univ., 1837-55 — receives 
gold medal of Royal Society, 1840 — joint 
founder and first Pres. Chemical Society of 
London, 1840 — Pres. Cavendish Society, 1846 



— again receives gold medal of Royal So- 
ciety, 1850 — Bakerian Lecturer, 1850 and 1854 

— discovers Osmosis, 1854 — Master of the 
Mint, 1855 — corresponding member of Insti- 
tute of France, 1848 — D.C.L. Oxford, 1853 — 
"U. in London, 16 Sep. 1869. Elements of 
Chemistry, 1842. 

Grahame, James, poet, — fj. at Glasgow, 22 
Apr. 1765 — goes to Edinburgh, 1784 — Writer 
to the Signet, 1791 — Advocate, 1795 — ordained 
priest in the Church of England, 1809— rj. at 
Glasgow, 30 Nov. 181 1. Sabbath, 1804. 

Grahame' s (ECothams) Island, in the Medi- 
terranean, — appears, opposite Sciacca, Jul. 
1 83 1 — disappears within a few months. 

Grailly, Jean de, (Capiat de Buch,) — de- 
feated and taken prisoner by Duguesclin at the 
battle of Cocherel, 23 May 1364 — enters 
service of the Black Prince, about 1 365 — Con- 
stable of Aquitaine, 1 37 1 — captured by Dugues- 
clin, 1372 — tf. in the Temple, Paris, 1377. 

Grain, (of wheat,) made unit of pennyweight, 
by Stat. 12 Hen. VII., 1496-7. 

Grainger, James, poet, physician, — b. at 
Dunse, 1723 — settles as physician in Lon- 
don, 1748 — goes to West Indies, about 1760 — 
tf. at St Christopher's, 1767. Elegies of Ti- 
bullus, 1758 — Sugar Cane, 1764. 

Gram, Johann, — b. in Denmark, 1685 — 
studies at Copenhagen, 1703 — Prof. Greek at 
the Univ., 17 14 — historiographer of Denmark, 
1730 — Librarian to the king, Councillor of 
State, 1730 — tf., 1748. Notitia veterum grcecce 
Ungues scriptorum contractior, 1729-32. 

Gramaye, Jean Baptiste, historian, anti- 
quary,— b. at Antwerp, about 1580 a — M.A. 
Louvain, 1596 b — tf. at Lubeck, 1635. Asia, 
1604 — Africa illustrata, 1622 — Antiquitates 
ducatus Brabantice, 1606 — Antiquitates comi- 
tatus Flandrice, 161 1. 

a Biog. Woordenboek. b Chalmers. 

Grammar Schools, in England, — provisions 
for improving condition and extending benefits 
of, by Act 3 and 4 Vic. c. 77, 7 Aug. 1840. 

Grammaticus. [Saxo Grammaticus.] 

Grammont, in Belgium, — founded and forti- 
fied by Count Baldwin of Mons, 1068 — head 
of a County, by Philip IV. of Spain, 1656. 

Grammont, (Gramond,) Gabriel de Bar- 
thelemi, Seigneur de,(Gramundus,) historian, — 
b., about 1595 — tf. at Toulouse, 1654. EListo- 
riarum prostrates a Eodovico XIII. sectariorum 
in Gallia rebellionis, 1623 — BTistoriarum Gal- 
lice ab excessu Henrici IV., 1643. 

Grammont, (Gramont,) Jacques Philippe 
Delmas de, general, — b-, 22 Jul. 1792 — enters 
the army, 1812 — General of Brigade, Dec. 
1848 — commander of department of La Loire, 
in state of siege, Jun. 1849 — member of Legis- 
lative Assembly, Jul. 1 849— procures passage 
of the Loi Grammont, Jul. 1850 — member of 
Consultative Commission, Dec. 1851 — com- 
mander of Lower Pyrenees, Jan. 1852 — Gen- 
eral of Division, Aug. 1853 — Grand Officer of 
Legion of Honour, 24 Sep. 1857 — tr., 14 Jan. 
1862. 

Grammontines, {Grandmontines,) Order of, 
— founded in Limousin, by Etienne de Gram- 



6i6 



GRAMONT— GRANADA. 



mont, 1026 — confirmed by bull of Gregory 
VII., 1076 — reformed by John XXIII., about 
1410 — suppressed, 1769. 

Gramcnt, in Lower Navarre, — County of, 
erected into a Duchy, 1643. 

Gramont, Antoine, Duke of, Peek, Mar- 
shal of France, — wounded at defence of Man- 
tua, 1 630 — serves in Germany, 1 635 — in Flanders 
and Alsace, 1636-7 — commands in Piedmont, 
1638 — takes part in siege of Chivas, 1639 — 
distinguishes himself at sieges of Aire, la 
Bassee, andBapaume, 1641 — Marshal of France, 
1 641 — with Conde, takes Philipsburg, 1644 — 
taken prisoner at Nordlingen, 1645 — takes part 
in siege of Lerida, 1647 — distinguishes himself 
at battle of Lens, 1648 — ambassador to Diet of 
Frankfort, 1657 — receives Collar of the Orders, 
1 66 1 — Duke, Peer of France, 1663 — follows 
Louis XIV. in campaign of Flanders, 1667 — 
tf. at Bayonne, 12 Jul. 1678. 

Gramont, Antoine, Duke of, Marshal of 
France, — aide-de-camp to the Dauphin, 1688 
— Brigadier, 1694 — Camp-master-general of 
dragoons, 1696 — Marechalde Camp, Jan. 1702 
— distinguishes himself at combat of Fckeren, 
1703 — Lieutenant-general, Colonel of French 
Guards, 1704 — ambassador to Spain, 1704-5 — ■ 
serves under Villeroi in Flanders, 1705 — dis- 
tinguishes himself at Ramilies, 25 May 1706 
— wounded at Malplaquet, 1709 — assists at 
Biege of Landau, 17 13 — member of the Council 
of Regency, 17 15 — Duke, 1720 — Marshal of 
France, 12 Feb. 1724 — tf., 16 Sep. 1725. 

Gramont, Antoine Louis Raymond Gene- 
vieve, Count de, Peer of France, — h. at 
Paris, 1787 — enters the army, 1809 — at battle of 
Raab, 1 809 — aide-de-camp to General Grouchy, 
in Russian expedition, 181 2 — wounded at battle 
of Moscow, member of Legion of Honour, 1812 
• — member of Chamber of Deputies, 18 15 — 
Peer, 1819 — tf. in Martinique, 1825. 

Gramont, {Grammont,) Philibert, Count de, 
■ — rj., 1 62 1 — serves as volunteer in Piedmont, 
1643 — at battle of Fribourg, 3, 5, 9 Aug. 1644 
■ — taken prisoner at Nordlingen, 3 Aug. 1645 — 
serves under Conde in Spain, 1647 — at battle 
of Lens, 20 Aug. 1648 — visits England, about 
end of 1655 — again, end of 1662 — marries 
Miss Hamilton, 1664 — returns to France, Nov. 
1 664 — takes part in conquest of Franche Comte, 
1668— in campaign of Holland, 1672 — tf., 10 
Jan. 1707. Memoirs, 181 1. 

Gramont, Scipion de, {de Grandimonte,) — 
tf. at Venice, about 1638 (?) Abrege des arti- 
fices, 1606 — Traite de la nature, 16 19 — Denier 
royal, 1620. 

Grampian Hills, — reached by the Romans 
under Agricola, who defeats Galgacus there, 82. 
Grampound, borough in Cornwall, — dis- 
franchised for corrupt practices, 1821. 

Gran, in Hungary, — royal residence, before 
980— seat of archbishopric, by St Stephen, 
1001 — Diets at, 1016, mi, and 1 1 14 — stormed 
by Mongols, 1 241— fortified by Bela IV., 1242 
— Diet at, 1256— taken by usurper Caribert, 
1 30 1 — recovered, 1304 — taken by Sigismund, 
from Abp Kanisa, 1403 — taken by Turks, 
1543 — unsuccessfully besieged by Archduke 



Matthias, 1593 — recovered by Prince Charles 
von Mansfeld, 1595— again taken by Turks, 
1604 — defeat of Hungarians by Turks at, Aug. 
1663 — recovered by Sobieski and Prince Charles 
of Lorraine, 16 Aug. 1683 — unsuccessfully at- 
tempted by Turks, 1685 — free city, by Joseph 
I., 1708 — partly burnt, 13 Apr. 181 8 — Austri- 
ans defeated by Hungarians at, Apr. 1849. 
Cathedral, commenced, 1821. 

Granada, Moorish kingdom of, — established 
by Mohammed ben Al Ahmar, king of Ard- 
jouna and of Jaen, (Mohammed I.,) (end of 
Ramadhan, 635, a. h.) May 1238, {dynasty of 
Naserides,) — tributary to Ferdinand of Castile, 
by treaty signed at Jaen, (643,) 1245 — joins 
Castilians in siege of Seville, (645-6,) 1247-48 
— takes part in reduction of Xerez, (652,) 1254 
— secretly promotes revolt of Xerez, (659,) 
1261 — begins war with Alfonso X., (660,) 
1262— associates his son in the throne, (662,) 
Nov. 1263 — concludes treaty with Alfonso, at 
Alcala, (664,) 1266 — seeks aid of king of Fez 
and Morocco, (670,) 1271-72— tf., (29 Gui- 
madhi II., 671,) 21 Jan. 1273 — Mohammed 
II., Al Emir, (son,) 1273 — meets Alfonso of 
Castile, is knighted, and concludes treaty with 
him, (Ramadhan, 671,) Apr. 1273 — invites 
king of Morocco to Spain, and with him carries 
on war with Christians, 1275 and 1277 — makes 
peace on demand of Alfonso, (Ramadhan, 676,) 
Feb. 1278 — war renewed by Alfonso, 1278 — 
alliance with Don Sancho, aids him in rebel- 
lion against his father, 1282 — war with Sancho, 
1294-95 — defeats Perez de Guzman at Ard- 
jouna, (699,) 1299— tf., (8 Schaban 701,) 8 
Apr. 1302— Mohammed III., (son,) 1302 — 
makes peace with Ferdinand IV. of Castile, 
(Schaban, 708,) Feb. 1309— deposed and im- 
prisoned, (1 Schoual, 708,) 14 Mar. 1309 — 
Al Naser, (brother,) 1309 — defeats king of 
Aragon near Almeria, (Schaban, 709,) Jan. 
1 3 10 — rebellion breaks out, and Naser abdi- 
cates, (3 D'hul kadah, 713,) 19 Feb. 13 14 — 
Abid Walid, Ismael I., (nephew,) 13 14 — in- 
vasion of Don Juan and Don Pedro, 13 19 — de- 
feats them, 26 Jun. 13 19 — invades Castile, 
and takes Baeca, Jul. 1324 — takes Martos, 
1325 — assassinated in the Alhambra, (26 Red- 
geb, 725,) 8 Jul. 1325 — Mohammed IV., (son,) 
1325 — invades Castile, 1329— [Gibraltar] — 
assassinated at Gibraltar, (13 D'hul kajjah, 
733,) 25 Aug. 1333 — Yusef L, (brother,) 
1333 — meets king of Morocco at Algesiras, 
1340 — defeated with him by kings of Castile 
and Portugal, before Tarifa, (7 Guimadhi I., 
741,) 29 Oct. 1340 — loses Algesiras to Castile, 
Mar. 1344 — concludes truce of ten years with 
king of Castile, 1344 — war renewed by Alfonso, 
1349 — assassinated, (1 Schoual, 755,) 19 Oct. 
1354 — Mohammed V., (son,) 1354 — dethroned 
by Abu Said, (28 Ramadhan, 760,) 23 Aug. 
1359 — escapes to Morocco: Ismael II., 
(brother,) 1359 — murdered by Abu Said, (26 
Schaban, 761,) 12 Jul. 1360 — Abu Said, 1360 
— Peter the Cruel in alliance with Mohammed 
makes war on him, 1362 — treacherously killed 
by Peter, (Guimadhi 1L, 763,) Apr. 1362 — 
Mohammed V., reestablished, 1362 — aids 



GKANADA— GRANDVAL. 



617 



Peter the Cruel against his brother Henry, 
1368-9— seizes and burns Algesiras, 1370 — 
3j., (794,) 1391-2 — Yusef II., (son,) 1391-2 
■ — Mohammed VI., (son,) (796,) 1396 — treaty 
of peace with Castile, 1397 — war renewed, 
1406 — ft., 11 May 1408 (?) — Yusef III., 
(brother,) 1408 — war with Castile, 141 o — 
truce, 141 1 — Mohammed VII., Al Aisari, 
(son,) (826,) 1423 — insurrection, flight to 
Africa, 1427 — Mohammed VIII., Al tiaghir, 
(cousin,) 1427 — murdered, 1429 — Mohammed 
VII., reestablished, (833,) 1429— invasion by 
Castilians, 1431— battle of Elvira, 24 Apr. ? 
24 Jun. ? 143 1 — deposed, retires to Malaga, 
(835,) 1431-2 — Tusee IV., usurper, 1431-2 — 
if., 24 Jun. 1432 — Mohammed VII., again, 
1432 — Huesca captured by Castilians, 1434 ? — 
continued war with them, 1436-38 — dethroned, 
third time, (849,) 1445 — Mohammed IX., Al 
Ahnaf, (nephew,) 1445 — a rival, Ben Ismael, 
supported by John of Castile : makes alliance 
with Navarre and Aragon, 1447 — ravages 
Murcia, 1448 — Andalusia, 1449 — continues 
the war, 1450-53 — defeated by Ben Ismael, 
flees to the mountains, (808,) 1454 — Moham- 
med X. or Ismael III., (cousin,) 1454 — in- 
vasions by Castilians, 1455-56 — loses Ximena, 
1456 — loses Gibraltar, 146 1 — meets king of 
Castile near Granada, and concludes peace, 
(868,) 1463— tr., (870,) 1466— Abul Hassan 
Aly, (son,) 1466 — the Alcaide of Malaga re- 
bels, and obtains alliance of Henry IV. of Cas- 
tile, (874,) 1469 — Aly ravages Cordova and 
Seville, 1470-71 — carries on war with his 
brother Abdallah, Wali of Malaga, 1472-74 — 
concludes truce with Ferdinand and Isabella, 
1474 — refuses tribute to them, (883,) 1478 — 
captures Zahara, 27 Dec. 148 1 — loses Alhama, 
1482 — rebellion and proclamation of his son, 
Abu Abdallah, Mohammed XI., 1482 — Cas- 
tilian invasion, 1483 — Aly abdicates, (beginning 
889,) 1484— civil war between Abu Abdallah 
and his nephew Abdallah Al Zagal, 1484 — 
invasion of Ferdinand, 1484 — loss of Honda, 
23 May 1485 — loss of Velez Malaga, 27 Apr. 
1487 — of Malaga, 18 Aug. 1487 or 1488 — 
capitulation of Baca, 4 Dec. 1489 — Al Zagal 
surrenders to Ferdinand and Isabella, and gives 
up Guadix, Almeria, &c, Nov. 1490 to Jan. 
1491 — Mohammed XL, alone: siege of the 
city commenced by Ferdinand and Isabella, 
(896,) spring 1491 — treaty of conditional sur- 
render signed, (22 Moharrem, 897,) 25 Nov. 
149 1 — departure of Mohammed, and entrance 
of Ferdinand and Isabella, (5 Rabia I., 897,) 
6 Jan. 1492 — Mohammed goes to Africa, 1493 
— killed soon after, fighting for king of Fez. 

Granada, {city,) m Spain, — founded by the 
Moors, before 800 — included in kingdom of 
Cordova, about 1036- 12 34 — capital of Kingdom 
of Granada, 1238 — surrenders to Ferdinand 
and Isabella, Jan. 1492 — seat of archbishopric, 
1493 — taken by Sebastiani, 28 Jan. 18 10. 
University of, founded, 153 i, a 1526. b 

a Rees' Cyc. b Meyer, Conv.-Lex. 

Granada. [New Granada.] 

Granada, in Nicaragua, — founded by Fran- 
cisco Ferdinand de Cordova, 1523 — sacked by 



Buccaneers, 1680 — unsuccessfully besieged by 
democrats, May 1854 to Feb. 1855 — surprised 
by them, 1856 — retaken and destroyed, 1857. 

Granby, John Manners, Marquis of, gen- 
eral, — ft., 2 Jan. 1 72 1 — raises regiment of foot, 
1745 — M.P. Cambridge, 1754, 1761, and 1768 — 
Colonel of Horse Guards, 1758 — Lieutenant- 
general, Feb. 1759 — distinguishes himself at 
battle of Minden, 1759 — Commander-in-chief 
of British troops, in Seven Years' War, 1760-63 
— distinguishes himself at Warburg, 1760 — at 
Kirchdenken, 176 1 — at Graebenstein and Hom- 
burg, 1762 — Master-general of Ordnance, May 
1763 — Commander-in-chief, Aug. 1766 to Jan. 
1770 — tf. at Scarborough, 19 Oct. 1770. 

Grancolas, Jean, doctor of the Sorbonne, — 
ft. at Paris, a near Chateaudun, b about 1660 — 
D.D. Paris, 1685 — U. at Paris, 1 Aug. 1732. 
Quietisme contraire a la doctrine des sacrements, 
1695 — Traite des Liturgies, 1697 — Ancien sac- 
ramentaire de V Eglise, %c, 1698 — Critique 
abregee des ouvrages des auteurs ecclesiastiques, 
17 16. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Grand Alliance, — of the Emperor Leopold 
and Holland, against Louis XIV., signed at 
Vienna, 12 May 1689— England accedes to, 20 
Dec. 1689 a — Spain, 6 Jun. 1690 — Saxony, 2 
Jun. 1694 — second, between the Emperor, 
Great Britain, Holland, Prussia, and Hanover, 
signed at the Hague, 7 Sep. 1701 — additional 
article signed at Vienna, 22 Mar. i702. a 
a Koch and Schoell. 

Grand Pensionary, in Holland, — office abol- 
ished by the French, May 1795. 

Grand Privilege, {Groot Privilegie,) Magna 
Charta of Holland, — granted by Mary, Duchess 
of Burgundy, i477- a a Motley. 

Grand Vizier. [Vizier.] 

Grandi, Francesco Lodovico Guido, mathe- 
matician, — ft. at Cremona, 1 Oct. 1 671— Prof. 
Philosophy, Pisa, 1700 — Prof. Mathematics, 
17 14 — if. at Pisa, 4 Jul. 1742. Geometrica de- 
monstrate Vivianeorum problematum, 1699 — 
Gemnetrica demonstratio theorematum Hugeni- 
anorum, 17 01 — De injinitis infinitorum infmi- 
teque parvorum ordinibus, 1720 — Sy sterna del 
mondo terraqueo geograjicamente descritto, 17 16. 

Grandi, Jacopo, naturalist, — ft. in Modena, 
1646 — tf. at Venice, 11 Feb. 1691. 

Grandier, TJrbain, cure, canon of Loudon, — 
burnt alive on accusations of witchcraft brought 
by nuns, 18 Aug. 1634. 

Grandison, John, Bp of Exeter, — preben- 
dary of Exeter and York, 1309 a — archdeacon 
of Nottingham, 10 Oct. 1310 s — prebendary of 
Lincoln, 13 17 — consecrated Bp of Exeter, 18 
Oct. 1327 b — refuses to attend Council of Lon- 
don, 1328 a — with armed force resists visitation 
of Abp Mepeham, 1330 a — founds College of St 
Mary Ottery, 1337 c — ambassador to Pope Cle- 
ment VI., effects reconciliation between him 
and the king, 1343 — &., i5, de 16 b Jul. 1369, 
I370. e a Hook. b Stubbs. c Pohvhele. 

d Le Neye. e Izacke. 

Grandmontines, Order of. [Grammon- 
tines.] 

Grandval, Chevalier de, — undertakes to as- 
sassinate William III., has interview with 



6i! 



GRAND VILLE—GRAPPIN, 



James II. at St Germains, Apr. 1692 a — shot in 
Flanders, 4 Aug. 1692. a Macaulay. 

Grandville. [Gerard, Jean J, J.] 

Granet, Francois Marins, painter, — b. at 
Aix, Provence, 17 Sep. 1775 — Officer of Legion 
of Honour, 1833 — ft. near Aix, 21 Nov. 1849. 
Ransom of Christian Slave at Tunis, 1833 — 
Eoussin on his death-bed, 1834 — Death of Cenci, 
1836 — Refectory of the Capuchins, Rome, 1809. 

Grange. [Lagrange.] 

Granger, James, — rj. in Berkshire, about 
17 10 — ft. in Oxfordshire, 14 Apr. 1776. Bio- 
graphical History of England, 1769 — Supple- 
ment, 1774. 

Grangier, Balthasar, translator. Comedie 
die Dante, . . mise en rimes francaises et com- 
ment ee, 1596. 

Granicus, The, in Mysia, — [BC]— Alexan- 
der defeats Persians, (Thargelion, 01. Ill, 3,) 
May 334 — Lucullus defeats Mithridates, (681, 
a. u. c.) 73. 

Granius, Q., wit, — [B C]— fl., about 111-91. 

Granson, in Switzerland, — besieged and 
taken by Charles the Bold, Feb. 1476 — Charles 
defeated by the Swiss, near, 3 Mar. 1476. 

Grant, Anne, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at 
Glasgow, 21 Feb. 1755— marries Mr Grant, 
1779 — -widow, 1 801 — ft., 7 Nov. 1838. Poems, 
1803 — Letters from the Mountains, 1806 — 
Essays on the superstitions of the Highlands, 
1811. 

Grant, Charles. [Glenelg, Lord.] 

Grant, John, of Warwickshire, — joins in 
Gunpowder Plot, 1605 — captured at Holbeach, 
in Worcestershire, 8 Nov. 1605 — executed in 
London, 30 Jan. 1606. 

Grant, Sir William, Master of the Rolls, — 
fj. in Morayshire, 1755 — student at Lincoln's 
Inn, 30 Jan. 1769 — called to the bar, 3 Feb. 
1774 — commands volunteers at siege of Quebec, 
1775 — M.P. Shaftesbury, Nov. 1790 — 3I.P. 
Banffshire, 1796 — Chief Justice of Chester, 
1798 — Solicitor-general, Knt, Jul. 1799 — fas- 
ter of the Rolls, 27 May 1801 — Rector of 
Cniv. of Aberdeen, 1809 — retires from the 
Rolls, 23 Dec. 1817 — ft. in Devonshire, 25 
May 1832. 

Grantley, Sir Fletcher Norton, Barox, — 
fc., 23 Jun. 1716 — Solicitor-general, 1761 — 
Xnt, 1762 — Attorney-general, 1763-65 — Speak- 
er of House of Commons, 1769 — offends the 
king by his speech on a bill of supply, and re- 
tires, 7 May 1777 — created Baron, 17*82 — ft., 1 
Jan. 1789. 

Granvella, Antoine Perrenot, Cardinal 
de, statesman, — fj. at Ornans, in Burgundy, 20 
Aug. 15 17 — Bp of Arras, accompanies his 
father to Diets of Worms and Ratisbon, 1540 
■ — and to Council of Trent, 1545 — Councillor 
of State, and Chancellor of the Empire, 1550 
— negotiates Treaty of Passau, 1552 — nego- 
tiates marriage of Philip II. with Mary of 
England, 1553 — negotiates Peace of Cateau- 
Cambresis, 1559 — minister to Duchess of 
Parma in the Netherlands, 1559-64 — Abp 
of Mechlin, 1560 — Cardinal, i56i^Envoy to 
Rome, 1570 — Viceroy of Naples, 1570 — Pres. 
Supreme Council of Italy and Castile, 1575 — 



Abp of Besanqon, 1584 — ft. at Madrid, 21 Sep. 
1586. Lettres et Memoires, commission for 
publishing appointed by Guizot, 1834 — pub- 
lication commenced, 1841. 

Granvella, Nicolas Perrenot de, statesman, 
— rj. at Ornans, in Burgundy, i486 — Counsellor 
to Parliament of Dole, 15 18 — Master of Requests 
to Charles V., 15 19 — takes part in conference 
of Calais, 152 1 — imprisoned in France, 1525-26 
— Chancellor of the Empire, 15 30 — Pres. Diets of 
Worms and Ratisbon, 1540 — assists at opening 
of the Council of Trent, 1545 — ft. at Augsburg, 
i5, a 28 b Aug. 1550. 

a Biog. Univ. b Xouv. Biog. Gen. 

Granville, in France, — built by English, 
1440 a — taken by French, 144 1 a — fortified by 
Charles VII., about 1445 — wa ^ s partly de- 
molished by Louis XIV., 1689 — bombarded 
and burnt by English, 1695 — partly destroyed 
by Yendean troops, Nov. 1793 — bombarded by 
English, 1803. a Univers Pittoresque. 

Granville, {Greenville,) Sir Bevil, — rj., 
1596— raises troop of horse for Charles I., 
1642 — killed at battle of Lansdown, 5 Jul. 
1643. 

Granville, George, Viscount Lansdowne, 
statesman, — h., 1667 — studies at Cambridge, 
1677 — M.A., 1680 — M.P. Fowey, 1702 — Secre- 
tary of State for War, 17 10 — Peer, Dec. 17 n 
— imprisoned in the Tower, 17 15-17 — goes to 
France, 1722 — ft., 10 Feb. 1735. The Gallants, 
1696 — Heroic Love, 1698. 

Granville, John Carteret, Eabl, Lord- 

LIEUTENANT OF IRELAND, ft., 22 Apr. 1690 — ■ 

Lord Carteret, 1695 — takes his seat in House 
of Lords, 17 1 1 — his mother created Countess of 
Granville by George I., 17 14 — negotiates 
treaty between Sweden and Denmark, 17 19 — ■ 
Secretary of State, 4 May 172 1 — Lord-lieuten- 
ant, 3 Apr. 1724 — prosecutes printer of the 
Drapier's Letters, Oct. 1724 — again Lord-lieu- 
tenant, 1727-31 — attempts to procure dismissal 
of Walpole, 13 Feb. 1741 — Secretary of State 
and head of Ministry, Feb. 1742 — Earl Gran- 
ville on death of his mother, 1744 — resigns 
office, 23 Nov. 1744 — unsuccessfully attempts 
with Lord Bath to form a ministry, Feb. 1746 
— K.G., 1749 — Pres. of the Council, 1751 — ft., 
2 Jan. 1763. 

Granville, (Grenville,) Sir Richard, — n., 
1540 — serves in Hungary against Turks, 1556 
— M.P. Cornwall, 157 1 — accompanies Raleigh 
to America, and colonizes island of Roanoke, 
1585 — Vice-admiral, accompanies Sir Thomas 
Howard to intercept Plate Fleet, 159 1 — killed 
in combat with Spaniards, 159 1. 

Grape Shot, — approved by British govern- 
ment, 1822 — generally used, 1856 — discon- 
tinued in British army, Oct. 1868. 

Graphotype, process of engraving, — invented 
by Clinton Hitchcock, i860. 

Grapius, Zacharias, philologist, — h. at Ros- 
tock, 6 Oct. 167 1 — ft. there, 11 Feb. 17 13. 
Historia litteraria Talmudis Babylonici et 
Hierosolymitani, 1696 — Historia litteraria Al- 
corani, 1701. 

Grappin, Pierre Phili^c, historian, — ft, in 
Vesoul, 1 Feb. 1738 — enters Benedictine Orucx, 



GEAPTUS— GRAUDENZ. 



619 



1756 — deputy to National Council, 1797 — if., 
Dean of Academy of Besancon, 20 Nov. 1833. 
Histoire abre'ge'e du comte de Bourgogne, 1780 
— Mechercli.es sur les anciennes monnaies, $c, 
1782. 

Graptus, Theodoras and Theophanes, theo- 
logians, — #., about 810-830. 

Graser, Johann Baptist, writer on education, 
— fc. at Eltmann, in Franconia, 11 Jul. 1766 — 
Prof. Theology, Landshut, 1804 — counsellor of 
Schools, &c, Baireuth, 1810-25— if. there, 28 
Feb. 1841. Divinitat, 1810 — Elemental -schule 
furs Leben, 1821-28-41. 

Grassaiio, Charles de, jurist, — fc. at Car- 
cassone, 1495 — if. there, 1582. Regalia 
Francice, 1538. 

Grasse, Francois Joseph Paul, Count de, 
Marquis de Gkasse-Tilly, admiral, — fc. in 
Provence, 1723 — enters French navy, 1749 — 
Captain, 1762 — at combat of la Grenada, 6 
Jul. 1779 — distinguishes himself in three com- 
bats with English under Rodney, Apr., May 
1780 — defeated by Admiral Hood, off Mar- 
tinique, 28 Apr. 17 8 1 — contributes to the 
taking of Tobago, Jun. 178 1 — contributes to 
the reduction ofYorktown, Oct. 1781 — defeated 
by Hood, off St Christopher's, 12 Jan. 1782 — 
defeated by Rodney, and made prisoner, 12 
Apr. 1782 — takes part in preliminary negotia- 
tions for peace, 1782 — his conduct (12 Apr.) 
justified by council of war, Mar. 1784— if. at 
Paris, j 1 Jan. 1788. 

Grasset de Saint Sauveur, Jacques, miscel- 
laneous writer, — ft. at Montreal, 16 Apr. 1757 
— if. at Paris, 3 May 18 10. Costumes civils 
actuels, 1784 — V Antique Rome, 1795 — Ency- 
clopedic des voyages, 1795-96. 

Grassi, Giuseppe, philologist, — fc. at Turin, 
30 Nov. 1779 — &•> 22 J an - J 83i- Apercu 
statist ique de Vancien Piemont, 1813 — Eizion- 
ario militare italiano, 18 17. 

Grassi, Horazio, Jesuit, — fc. at Savona, 
1^82 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1600 — if. at 
Rome, 23 Jul. 1654. Ee Tribus Cometis, 
1619 — Libra astronomica et philosophica, 1629. 
Grassi, Joseph, painter, — fc. at Udine or 
Vienna, 1756/ 1 7 68 b — Prof. Painting, Dresden, 
1799-18 16 — if. there, 7 Jan. 1838. 

a Conv.-Lex. b Meyer, Conv.-Lex. 

Graswinckel, "Dirk, jurist, — fc. at Delft, 1600 
— amanuensis to Grotius at Paris, 1624 — de- 
fends republic of Venice in dispute with Duke 
of Savoy, 1644 — Chevalier of St Mark, 1644 — 
if. at Mechlin, 12 Oct. 1666. Libertas Veneta, 
1634 — Ee jure majestatis, 1642. 

Grata Honoria, Justa,— fc., about 418— ac- 
companies her mother and brother to Constan- 
tinople, 423 — sent to Constantinople to Theo- 
dosius II., 434 — secretly invites Attila to at- 
tack Italy, and is banished, 434 — claimed by 
Attila of Valentinian III., 450. 

Grataroli, Guglielmo, physician, — fc. at 
Bergamo, 15 16 — ij. at Basel, 17 Apr. i568, a 
1562, b 1566.° Ee medicines el rci licrbaricc 
origine, §c, 1564 — Opuscule}., 1558. 

a De Thou. b "Vander Linden. c Konig. 
Gratiano. [Gregory VI., Pope.] 
Gratianus Augustus, Roman Emperor, — 



fc., 19 Apr. 359 — Consul with Dagalaiphus, 
(1119, a. u. c.) 366— declared Augustus, (8 
Kal. Sep.) 24 Aug. 367 — with Valentinian II. 
succeeds Valentinian L, (15 Kal. Dec.) 17 
Nov. 375— defeats Alemanni at Argentaria, 
about May 378 — Emperor of the East on death 
of Valens, (5 Id. Aug.) Aug. 378— admits 
Theodosius I. to share of empire, (14 Kal. Feb.) 
19 Jan. 379 — killed near Lyons, (8 Kal. Sep.) 
25 Aug. 383. 

Gratianus, — raised to the purple by troops 
in Britain after Marcus killed, 407 — killed, 4 
months later, 407. 

Gratianus, canonist, — if. at Bologna, about 
1 150. Eecretum Graiiani, 1151. 

Gratius, (Ealiscus,) poet, — [B C] — fl., about 
25- 

Gratius, (Graes,) Ortwinus, theologian, — 
Prof. Theology, Cologne, 1509— if. there, 22 
May 1541. Fasciculus rerum expetendaram 
ac fugiendarum, 1535 — Gemma prcenosticat., 

1577- 

Grattan, Henry, political orator, — fc. at 
Dublin, 3 July 1746 — enters Trin. Coll., 1765 
— enters Middle Temple, London, 1767 — called 
to Irish bar, 1772 — member of Irish parliament, 
for Charlton, 1775 — proposes the 'Declaration 
of Rights,' 16 Apr. 1782 — an estate purchased 
for him by Irish parliament, 1782 — member of 
Irish parliament for Dublin, 1790 — M.P. Mal- 
ton, 1805 — M.P. Dublin, 1806 — moves resolu- 
tions for inquiry into Catholic claims, 25 Feb. 
181 3 — ii . in London, 1 4 May 1820. Speeches, 
1821. 

Gratus, — 1. Consul of Rome with Seleucus, 
(974, a. u. c.) 221. 2. Consul with Decius, 
(1003,) 250. 3. Consul with Messala, (1033,) 
280. 

Gratus, Valerius, — procurator of Judea, 15- 
27. 

Gratz, in Austria, — a town of importance, 
before 900 — residence of Dukes of Styria, 1 127a 
— Frederick II. receives homage of Styrian 
officials at, Christmas 1236 b — archbishopric, 
1784 — taken by the French, 1797 — besieged by 
Gen. Broussier, Jun. 1809 — Col. Gambier de- 
feats Austrians near, 26 Jun. 1809° — occupied 
by French, 27 Jun. 1809°. Cathedral, built, 
1456. University of, founded by Duke 
Charles, i558, d 1586 il — closed by Emperor 
Joseph II., 1782 — reopened by Francis I., 
1 827. Johanneum, founded by Archduke John, 
1 81 1. a Macculloch. b Kington. 

c Alison. d Engl. Cyc. 

Grau, Abraham, mathematician, &c, — b. in 
Holland, 1632 — Prof. Mathematics, Franeker, 
1659 — if., 8 Sep. 1683. Eistoria philosophice, 
1674. 

Grau, Johann David, physician, — b. near 
Rudolstadt, 1729 — Prof. Medicine, Gottingen, 
1763 — if. at Nordhausen, 1768. Ee ple'thorce 
causis et effectibus, 1756 — Ee ichnographia 
pathologic, 1760. 

Grauhiindten. [Grisons. ] 

Graudenz, in Prussia, — (Grodeh,) — fortress 
built by Frederick II., 1770-76 — defended 
against French, by Courbiere, 22 Jan. to 9 Jul. 
1807. 



GRAUN -GREAT BRITAIN. 



Graun, Karl Heinrich, musical composer, — 
b. in Saxony, 1701 — studies at Dresden, 17 13 
— enters service of Frederick, Prince Royal of 
Prussia, 1735 — rj. at Berlin, 8 Aug. 1759. Poly- 
dore, 1 726 — Ber Tod Jesu, 1760 — Te Deum, 1757. 

Graunt, John, — b. in London, 24 Apr. 1620 
— F.R.S., Feb. 1661-2— rj., 18 Apr. 1674. 
Natural and political observations on the bills 
of mortality, 166 r. 

Grave, (Graaf,) in 2V. Brabant, — the Bra- 
banc, ons defeated near, by Jean de Cuyx, 23 
Jul. 1388 — taken by Duke of Parma, 1586 — 
submits to Prince Maurice, 1602 — taken by 
Turenne, 14 Jul. 1672 — retaken by Dutch, 
after three months' siege, 26 Oct. 1674 — siege 
of, by Gen. Salm, begins, 28 Oct. 1794 — capitu- 
lates, 28 Dec. 1794. 

Gravelines, in France, — fortified, about 1160 
— taken and burnt by Oudart de Maubuisson, 
1302 — ceded to English by Treaty of Bretigny, 
1360 — retaken by Philip the Bold, 1377 — cap- 
tured by Bp of Norwich, 1382 — fortified by 
Charles V., 1528 — the French defeated by 
Spaniards and English, under Count Egmont, 
near, 13 Jul. 1558 — besieged and taken by 
Duke of Orleans, 1 Jun. to 28 Jul. 1644 — re- 
taken by Archduke Leopold, 18 May 1652 — 
again taken by French, under Vauban, 30 Aug. 
1658 — confirmed to France by Treaty of the 
Pyrenees, 1659. 

Gravelot, Hubert Francois Bourgignon, a 
(D Anville, h ) designer, engraver, — b. at Paris, 
1699 — in England, about 1732-45 — rj. at Paris, 
20 Apr. 1773. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Gravelotte, near Metz in France, — Prince 
Frederick Charles of Prussia defeats Marshal 
Bazaine at, 18 Aug. 1870. 

Graves, Richard, miscellaneous writer, — b. 
in Gloucestershire, 1705 — Fellow of All Souls, 
Oxford, 1736 — rector of Claverton, about 1750 
— ft. there, 23 ]S T ov. 1804. Spiritual Quixote, 
1772. 

Gravesande, Willem Jacob, 'S, mathemati- 
cian, natural philosopher,— b. at Bois-le-Duc, 
27 Sep. 1688 — studies atLeyden, 1704 — LL.D., 
1707 — secretary of embassy to London, F.R.S., 
London, 1715-16 — Prof. Mathematics and 
Astronomy, Leyden, 17 17 — Prof. Philosophy, 
1734 — Xf., 28 Feb. 1742. Physices elementa 
mathematica, 1720 — I'hilosophia newtoniance 
institutiones, 1723 — Introductio ad philoso- 
phical, 1736. 

Gravesend, in Kent, — mentioned as a hythe 
(landing-place) in Domesday Book, 1086 — 
burnt by French and Spaniards, about 1377 — 
defended by battery against Spaniards, 1588 — 
James T. receives Christian IV. of Denmark at, 
1606 — burnt, Aug. 1727. 

Gravina, in S. Italy, — unsuccessfully be- 
sieged by Saracens, 975 — court established at, 
by Frederick II., 1234. 

Gravina, Charles, Duke of, naval com- 
mander, — b. at Naples, 1747 — goes to Spain, 
1758 — wounded at the siege of Toulouse, 1793 
— Rear-admiral, 1794 — takes part in French 
expedition to St Domingo, 1802 — Spanish am- 
bassador to Paris, May 1 804 — assists at coron- 
ation of Napoleon, 1804 — commands Spanish 



fleet at battle of Trafalgar, and is mortally 
wounded, 24 Oct. 1805— "0. at Cadiz, Jan. 1806. 
Gravina, Domenico da, historian, — fl., 
about 1330-50. 

Gravina, Giovanni Vincenzo, jurist, $c, — 
b. in Calabria, 20 Jan. 1664 — assists in found- 
ing the Academia degli Arcadi, Rome, 1695 — ■ 
Prof. Civil and Canon Law, University of 
Rome, 1699-17 14 — rj. there, 6 Jan. 17 18. 
Origines juris oivilis, 1708 — Delia ragione 
poetica, 1708. 

Gravina, Pietro, poet, — b. at Palermo, about 
1453 — tf. at Rome? about 1528. Poemata, 
1532 — Fpistolce et Orationes, 1589. 

Gravitation, Law of, — hint of, by John 
Philoponus of Alexandria, probably between 
500-600 — conceived by Copernicus, 1543 — more 
clearly defined by Kepler, 1609— conception 
extended by Robert Hooke, 1666-74 — demon- 
strated by Newton, 1687. 

Gray, in France, — General Werder defeats 
the French near, 27 Oct. 1870. 

Gray, David, poet, — b. near Glasgow, 1838 
— goes to London, May i860 — tf. near Glasgow, 
3 Dec. 1861. The Buggie and other Poems, 
1862 — monument, by public subscription, 1865. 
Gray, Stephen, electrician, — b., about 1695 
— rj. in London, 15 Feb. 1736. 

Gray, Thomas, poet, — b. in London, 26 Dec. 
17 1 6 — enters Cambridge Univ., 1735 — travels 
in France and Italy, 1739-41 — Prof. Modern 
History, Cambridge, 1768 — rj. there, 30 Jul. 
177 1. Flegy in a country churchyard, 1749 — 
Works, 1 8 14. 

Graziani, {Giovanni Battista Ballanti,) sculp- 
tor,— b. at Faenza, 1762 — rj. there, Jul. 1835. 
Graziani, Antonio Maria, historian, — b. in 
Tuscany, 23 Oct. 1537 — visits Rome and be- 
comes friend of Commendone, 1560 — secretary 
to Sixtus V., 1584 — promotes election of Clem- 
ent VIII. , 1592 — Bpof Amelia, 1592 — ly. there, 
Mar. 161 1. Be bello Cyprio, 16 14 — Be vita 
Commentonis cardinalis, 1669 — Be casibus viro- 
rum illustrium, 1680 — Be scriptis invita Mi- 
nerva lib. XX., i725, a i745. b 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Rees' Cyc. 

Graziani, Giovanni, historian, — b. at Ber- 
gamo, about 1670 — U. at Padua, about 1730. 
Histories Venctte, 1728. 

Graziano, Girolamo, poet, — b. at Pergola, 
1604 — secretary to Duke of Modena, 1637 — tf. 
at Pergola, 10 Sep. 1675. Conquista di Gra- 
nata, 1650 — II Cromvello, 167 1. 

Grazzini, Antonio Francesco, poet, — b. at 
Florence, 1503 — founds the Academia della 
Crusca, about 1530 — tf. at Florence, 1583. 
Opere, 16 12 — Novelle, 1767. 

Great Britain, — name adopted on legislative 
union of Scotland with England, 1 May 1707 
— national flag appointed by proclamation, 28 
Jul. 1707 — first parliament of, meets, 23 Oct. 
1707. 

Great Britain, Kings of — [Anglo-Saxon 
Kings, England, Kings of] — House of 
Stuart : James I. (VI. of Scotland) succeeds 
Elizabeth, 24 Mar. 1603 — Charles I., (son,) 
27 Mar. 1625. 
Commonwealth, begins, 30 Jan. 1649 — 



GREAT BRITAIN— GREEK CHURCH. 



621 



Oliver Cromwell, Protector, 16 Dec. 1653 — 
Richard Cromwell, 3 Sep. 1658. 

House of Stuabt restored : Charles II., 
(son of Charles I.,) de jure, 30 Jan. 1649 — de 
facto, 29 May 1660— James II., (son,) 6 Feb. 
1685— Interregnum on his abdication, 11 Dec. 
1688. 

The Revolution : William III. (Prince of 
Orange) and Mary, (daughter of James II.,) 
13 Feb. 1689 — William alone, 28 Dec. 1694 — 
Anne, (daughter of James II.,) 8 Mar. 1702. 

House of Hanover : George I., (Elector of 
Hanover,) 1 Aug. 1714 — George II., (son,) 11 
Jun. 1727 — George III., (son of Frederick, 
Prince of Wales,) 25 Oct. 1760. 

Union of, with Ireland, by Act 40 Geo. III. 
c. 67, 2 Jul. 1800 — assent of Irish parliament 
received, 2 Aug. 1800. [United Kingdom of 
Great Britain and Ireland.] 

Great Britain, iron steamship, — sails from 
Liverpool for JS"ew York, 26 Jul. 1845. 

Great Circle Sailing, — principles of, laid 
down by Atkinson, Norwood, and others, 1680- 
1720. 

Great Eastern, {Leviathan,) iron steamship, 
■ — built by Brunei, 1857 — unsuccessful attempts 
to launch, Nov. 1857 — launched on the Thames, 
31 Jan. 1858 — first voyage across Atlantic, 17- 
27 Jun. i860. 

Great Exhibition. [Exhibition.] 

Great Seal. [Seal, Great.] 

Great Western, steamship, — sails from Bris- 
tol for New York, 2 Jun. 1838. 

Greatorex, Thomas, musician, — n. near 
Chesterfield, 5 Oct. 1758 — settles in London, 
1788 — conductor of the king's concerts of an- 
cient music, 1 793- 1 83 1 — organist of Westmin- 
ster Abbey, 1 819 — o\, 18 Jul. 1 831. 

Greatrakes, Valentine, ' quack,'— h. in Ire- 
land, 1628 — goes to London, 1666 — fc. in Ire- 
land, after 1680 ? 

Greaves, John, (Gravius,) orientalist, — b. at 
Alresford, Hampshire, 1602 — enters Oxford 
Univ., 1 617 — Fellow of Merton College, 1624 
— M.A., 1628 — Prof. Geometry, Gresham Col- 
lege, London, 1630-43 — visits the East and 
Italy, 1637-40 — Savilian Prof. Astronomy, Ox- 
ford, Nov. 1643— ejected, 1648 — tf. in London, 
8 Oct. 1652. Elcmenta linguce persicce, 1649 — 
Epochce celebriores ex trad. Ulug-Beigi, 1650 — 
Astronomica qucedam, 1652 — Discourse on the 
Roman foot and denarius, 1647. 

Greece, {Grcecia, Hellas,) — [BC]— first in- 
vaded by Persians under Mardonius, (01. 72, 1,) 
492 — again, under Datis and Artaphernes, (01. 
72, 3,) 490— invaded by Xerxes, (01. 75, 1,) 
480 — [Persian War] — Peloponnesian War, 
431-404 — conquest of, by Philip of* Macedonia, 
338— formation of JEtolian League, 324 — 
Achaean League, 281 — invaded by Gauls, 279 
— conquest of, by Romans, 197 — declared free, 
by Qu. Flamininus, 196 — reduced to form of a 
Roman province, 146 — [Achaia] — [AD] — 
overrun by Goths, 267 — ravaged by Alaric, 395- 
402— invaded by Genseric, 466 — by Zaberkhan, 
558 a — by Sclavonic tribes, 578 — by Bulgarians, 
678 — ravaged by pestilence, 746-7 a — again in- 
vaded by Sclaves, who form settlements in, 750- 



770 — threatened by Saracens, about 867 — they 
gain a settlement in, 886 a — overrun by Bulga- 
rians under Samuel, 976 and 996 a — ravaged by 
Saracens, 1027 — invaded by Uzes, 1065 a — in- 
vaded and partly conquered by Normans of 
Sicily, 1084* — invaded by Roger, king of 
Sicily, 1146* — divided into feudal principali- 
ties, after 1204— [Athens, Duchy of, Nicaea, 
Empire of Thessalonica, Kingdom of &c.,] — • 
reunited to Greek empire, by Michael Palseolo- 
gus, i26i a — invaded by Turks, 1438 — conquest 
of, completed by them, 1460-73 — conquest of 
Morea by Venetians, commenced, 1685 a — its 
recovery by Turks, 1715.* [Ionian Islands, 
Greek Revolution.] a Finlay. 

Greece, Kingdom of, [Greek Revolution]— 
independence of, declared, and territory fixed 
by protocol of 3 Feb. 1830 — the crown offered 
by allied powers to Prince Leopold of Saxe- 
Coburg, 3 Feb. 1830 — declined by him, 21 May 
1830 — accepted by Prince Otho of Bavaria, 
who is proclaimed at Nauplia, 30 Aug. 1832 — 
[Otho I.] — revolution, National Assembly con- 
voked, 14 Sep. 1843 — charter of representative 
government signed by the king, 16 Mar. 1844 
— blockade of the Piraeus by British fleet, 18 
Jan. to 1 Mar. 1850, and 25-27 Apr. 1850 — 
blockade of ports by allied powers, 1854— 
revolt at Nauplia, 13 Feb. 1862 — provisional 
government established at Patras, 2 1 Oct. 1862 
— abdication of Otho, provisional government 
organized at Athens, 24 Oct. 1862 — National 
Assembly declares throne forfeited by Otho, 
and Prince Alfred of England elected, 4 Feb. 
1863 — election of Prince William George of 
Denmark, 18 Mar. 1863 — proclaimed as 
George I., 30 Mar. 1863 — Conference at 
London between England, France, and Russia, 
respecting affairs of, 5 Jun. 1863 — mutiny at 
Athens, 2 Jul. 1863 — Constituent Assembly 
elected, Dec. 1863 — annexation of Ionian 
Islands to, 1864 — Constitution established, 29 
Oct. 1864 — receives refugees from Candia, 
1867 — first railway (Athens to the Piraeus) 
opened, 1868— disputes with Turkey, 1868 — 
Conference of Paris, for settlement of the dis- 
putes, meets, 6 Jan. 1869 — capture and murder 
of English and Italian travellers by brigands, 
near Athens, 11 -21 Apr. 1870. 

Greek Church, {Eastern Church,) — separa- 
tion of, from Latin, by foundation of Con- 
stantinople, 324-334 — rivalry with Latin 
Church, respecting authority of Bp of Rome 
and Bp of Constantinople, appears soon after 
synod of Antioch, beginning 341 a — difference 
of doctrine respecting procession of the Holy 
Spirit begins to show itself, before 400 — 
Council of Chalcedon confers on Bp of Con- 
stantinople equal powers, within countries 
assigned to him, with Bp of Rome, 45 1 b — 
Henoticon of Zeno, 483 — Felix II. (III.,) Bp 
of Rome, and Acacius,Bp of Constantinople, ex- 
communicate each other, 484 c — assumption of 
title of (Ecumenical Patriarch, by John, Bp 
of Constantinople, 588 c — the phrase 'filioque ' 
added to Nicene Creed by Council of Toledo, 
589 a — Ecthesis of Heraclius published, 638 
— Pope Theodore deposes the Patriarch Paul 



GREEK EMPIRE- GREENE. 



II., 648 — temporary reconciliation with Latin 
Church at Council of Rome, 680— doctrines of, 
defined by John Damascenus, 73o d — Photius, 
Patriarch of Constantinople, 857 — Photius and 
Pope Nicholas I. excommunicate each other, 
867 e — Michael Cerularius publicly excom- 
municated by legates of Leo IX. at Constanti- 
nople, 16 Jul. 1054 — he excommunicates Leo, 
1054 — Council of Bari, 1098 — unsuccessful 
attempts to subject Greek to Latin Church, 
1 1 16 and n66 e — subject to Rome after con- 
quest by crusaders, 1204 — a Latin patriarch 
elected, Tomaso Morosini, May 1204— double 
patriarchate maintained till capture of Con- 
stantinople by Greeks, 1261 — reunion with 
Latin Church proposed by Patriarch Joseph, 
1273 — reunion effected, and primacy of the 
Pope acknowledged, at Council of Lyons, Jun. 
1274 — union annulled by Emperor Andronicus 
II., Dec. 1282 — and by synods of Constanti- 
nople, 1283 and 1285 — unsuccessful negotia- 
tions between Andronicus III. and Pope 
Benedict XII., 1339 — reunion again proposed 
unsuccessfully by Martin V. at Council of 
Siena, 1423 f — negotiations renewed by Council 
of Basel, 1434 — John Palaeologus accepts 
invitation to a Council, and arrives at Ferrara, 
28 Feb. 1438 — Act of Union signed at 
Florence, 6 Jul. 1439 — Du ^ no ^ accepted by 
the Greeks : unsuccessful negotiations for 
union with Lutherans begin, 1575 — union of, 
with Anglican Church, proposed by English 
bishops, 1723 f — protectorate of, in Turkey, 
claimed by Czar, 3 May 1853 — union of, with 
Anglican Church, proposed by Abp of Moscow, 
1866. a Neander. b Brande's Diet. 

c Art de Verifier les Dates. d Engl. Cyc. 

e Gieseler. f Milman. & Encyc. Brit. 

Greek Empire. [Eastern Empire.] 

Greek Eire, — invented by Callinicus, 668 — 
used against Saracens besieging Constantinople, 
673 — Saracen fleet in harbour of Constanti- 
nople, destroyed by, 717 — secret of, becomes 
known to Mohammedans, after 1100 — used by 
them against crusaders at Damietta, 1250 — 
falls into disuse after invention of gunpowder, 
about 1350 — used by Federals at siege of 
Charleston, 1863-5 — by Fenians, in Great 
Britain and Ireland, 1867. 

Greek Language, — [B C] — diffused in Asia 
by conquests of Alexander, 323-321 — studied 
by Romans, from about 200 — [AD] — study of, 
introduced in England by Theodore, Abp of 
Canterbury, 670-690 — used in S. Italy till 
about 1250 — study of, in Italy, revived by 
Boccaccio, 1350-70 — taught at Florence, by 
Emanuel Chrysoloras, about 1400-15 — Academy 
for study of, founded at Florence, by Lorenzo 
de Medici, about 1470 — taught at Oxford by 
Grocyn and Linacre, between 1480- 15 10. 

Greek Philosophy, — [B C] — Schools of, 
established at Alexandria, under Ptolemy 
Soter, 320-2SC — introduced at Rome by Car- 
neades, Diogenes, and Laertius, opposed by 
Cato, and prohibited, 155 — [AD] — begins to 
be studied by Arabians, under Caliph Almansur, 
770-780 — study of, revived by Erigena, 860-880. 

Greek Revolution, — unsuccessful attempts 



at insurrection against Turks made, 1770 and 
1790 — the Hetairia (secret society for the 
liberation of Greece) comes into notice, about 
1 8 14 — revolt of Ali Pasha, 1820-21 — insur- 
rection, under Alexander Ypsilanti, breaks 
out, 6 Mar. — conflict at Patras, 4 Apr. — mas- 
sacre of Greeks, Jun. — provisional government 
established, 9 Jun. — Congress of Epidaurus, 
declaration of independence published, 1 Jan. 
1822 — massacre of Scios, Apr. to May 1822 
— battle of Arta, 27 Jul. — Lord Byron takes 
part with the patriots, 1823-24 — provisional 
government under Conduriotti and Panuzzo, 
12 Oct. 1824 — revolt under Colocotroni, Nov. 
1824 — he submits, n Jan. 1825 — expedition of 
Ibrahim Pasha, 1825 — [Tripolitza, Mis- 
solonghi] — the provisional government resolve 
to seek aid of England, 24 Jul. 1825 — defeat 
of Turkish fleet, 28 Jan. 1826 — capture of 
Athens by Rescind Pasha, 15 Aug. — Treaty 
for pacification of Greece, between Great 
Britain, France, and Russia, signed at London, 
6 Jul. 1827 — mediation declined by Mah- 
moud; battle of Navarino, 20 Oct. 1827 — 
presidency of Capo d'Istria begins, 24 Jan. 
1828 — evacuation of Greece by Ibrahim Pasha, 
Oct. 1828— capture of Lepanto by Greeks, 9 
May 1829 — National Assembly meets at Argos, 
23 Jul. 1829 — the Sultan acknowledges inde- 
pendence of Greece, 25 Apr. 1830 — protocol of 
allied powers, for erection of Greece into a 
monarchy, 3 Feb. 1830. [Greece, Kingdom of] 

Greek Testament, — text of, published by 
Erasmus, 15 16 — forms part of Complutensian 
Polyglott, published, 1522. 

Green, Charles, aeronaut, — fc., about 1785 
— rj. in London, 26 Mar. 1870. 

Green, Joseph Henry, surgeon, philosopher, 
— b., 1791 — settles in London, 18 15 — becomes 
acquainted with Tieck, and goes to study under 
Sulzer at Berlin, 1816 — becomes friend of 
Coleridge, 18 17 — surgeon to St Thomas's 
Hospital, 1820 — Prof. Anatomy, R.C.S., 1824 
— Prof. Anatomy, Royal Academy, 1825 — Prof. 
Surgery, King's Coll. London, 1830 — literary 
executor of Coleridge, 1834 — retires from his 
chair, and from practice, 1836 — member of 
Council R. C. S., 1835 — Hunterian Orator, 
1840 and 1847 — Pres. R.C.S., 1849 and 1858 
— Pres. Council of Medical Education, 1858 — tf. 
at the Mount, Hadley, 13 Dec. 1863. Spiritual 
Philosophy, 1865. 

Green, Valentine, engraver, — h. in War- 
wickshire, i739, a in London, about 1707 b — 
settles in London, 1765— associate engraver, 
R.A., 1774 — tf., i8i3, a about i8oo. b West's 
Stoning of St Stephen, 1776. 15 

a Rose, Biog. Diet. b Nagler. 

Green Bag, — papers of the, referred to secret 
parliamentary committee, 3 Feb. 18 17 — the 
committee report discovery of association and 
schemes of the ' Spencean Philanthropists ; ' 
Habeas Corpus Act suspended by Act 57 Geo. 
III. c. 3, 4 Mar. 1817. 

Green Cloth, Board of, — executes remaining 
functions of Marshalsea Court, 1849. 

Greene, Maurice, musical composer, — fj in 
London, about 1690 ? 1696 a — organist of St 



GREENE— GREGOIRE. 



623 



Paul's, I7i8 b — organist and composer to the 
Chapels Royal, 1727 — Mns. D. Cambridge, 
1730 — master of the king's band, 1736 — Prof. 
Music, 1730 — tf. in London, 1 Sep. 1755. 
a Fetis. b Rees' Cyc. 

Greene, (Green,) Nathaniel, general,— ft. in 
Rhode Island, 1742 a — member of General As- 
sembly of Rhode Island, 1770 — marries, 1774 
— enters the army, 1774 — Major-general, 1775 
— commands at Brooklyn, Aug. 1776 — dis- 
tinguishes himself at battles of Trenton and 
Princeton, 1777 — left in command of Wash- 
ington's army, Sep. 1780— presides at trial of 
Major Andre, Sep. 1780 — Commander-in-chief 
of army of the South, 178 1 — defeated by Lord 
Cornwallis, at Guilford, 15 Mar. 17 81 — by 
Lord Rawdon at Hobkirk's Hill, 25 Apr. 178 1 
— defeats the English at Eutaw- Springs, 8 
Sep. 178 1 — re-conquers Georgia, 1781 — tf. in 
Georgia, 19 Jun. 1786. a Malum. 

Greene, Kobert, dramatist, $c, — n. at 
Ipswich, a Norwich, 5 about 1560 — M.A. Cam- 
bridge, 1583 — tf. in London, 3 Sep. 1592. 
History of Orlando Furioso, 1594 — Looking- 
glass for London and England, 1594 — Honour- 
able History of Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay, 
1594 — Never too Late, 1590 — Groat's Worth of 
Wit, 1592. a Engl. Cyc. b Chalmers. 

Greenfield, William, orientalist, — fj., about 
1800 — superintendent of editorial department 
of Bible Society, 1830 — tf., 5 Nov. 1831. 
Edits Comprehensive Bible, 1827 — Polymicrian 
Lexicon to Greek Test., 1829. 

Greenland, — seen by Gunbiorn, 876 or 877,* 
- — colonizedfrom Iceland, 983 — visited by Biarne 
Hernilfsen, 986 — by Leif Ericsen and Tyrkes, 
1000 — by Thonvald Ericsen, 1002 — by Thor- 
finn, 1007-10 — Eric Upsi, first bp of, about 
1120 — settled by Danes, before 1226 — becomes 
subject to Haco, king of Norway, and inter- 
course with foreigners prohibited, 1261 — ship 
sails from, to Nova Scotia, 1347 a — western 
coast devastated by Esquimaux, 1347-51 — 
coast seen by Frobisher, 1576 — Bp of, ap- 
pointed by Pope Nicholas V., 1448 a — coast of, 
surveyed by Davis, i585-8 b — east coast reached 
by Hudson, 1607 — explored by Baffin, i6i6 c 
— again colonized under Hans Egede, 1721 b — 
Moravian missions to, established, about 1735 
—explored by Ross, 1 8 1 8 — by Parry, 1 8 1 9 — by 
Scoresby, 1822 c — by Graah, 1829-30° — by 
Kane, May 1853 to Oct. 1855 — by German ex- 
peditions, 1868 and 1870. Whale Fishery, 
commenced by English and Dutch, about 1590. 
a Humboldt. b Engl. Cyc. c Encyc. Brit. 

Greenland Company, in England, — incor- 
porated by Act 4 and 5 Wm III. c. 17, 1693 a 
■ — breaks up, before 1707 a — privileges of, re- 
granted to any whale-fishers, by Act 1 Anne, c. 
16, J7i4. a a Rees' Cyc. 

Greenough, Horatio, sculptor, — fj. at Bos- 
ton, U.S., 6 Sep. 1805 — enters Harvard Univ., 
1 821 — visits Rome, 1 825-6— settles at Florence, 
before 183 1 — returns to America, 1851 — tf. 
near Boston, 18 Dec. 1852. Colossal statue of 
Washington, 1 843 — Colossal Group for the 
Capitol, 1843-51 — The Rescue, 1837-51. 
Greenville. [Granville, Grenville.j 



Greenwich, Kent, — royal residence at, as 
early as 1300^ Palace, built by Humphrey, 
Duke of Gloucester, 1433 a — on his death, 
manor passes to the crown, 1447 — marriage of 
Henry VIII. and Catherine of Aragon at, 7 
Jun. 1509 — marriage of Henry VIII. and Anne 
of Cleves at, Jan. 1540 — Edward VI. keeps 
Christmas at, 1552 — assigned to Cromwell, 
1654 — taken down and new building com- 
menced by Charles II., about 1661 — conversion 
to Hospital resolved on, 1694. a Rees' Cyc. 

Greenwich Hospital,— patent of William 
and Mary for foundation of, signed, 25 Oct. 
1694 — commissioners appointed by William 
III., Mar. 1695 — commenced by Wren, 30 
Jun. 1696 — regulated by Acts 7 and 8 Wm 
III. c. 21, 1696; 8 and 9 Wm III. c. 23, 
1697 ; and 2 and 3 Ann., c. 6, 1703 — opened, 
Dec. 1705 — endowed with estates of Earl of 
Derwentwater, by Act 8 Geo. II. c. 29, 1735 
— commissioners incorporated by royal charter, 
1775 — partly burnt, 2 Jan. 1779 — management 
of, transferred to Treasurer of the Navy, first 
Commissioner of Woods and Forests, &c, by 
Acts 10 Geo. IV. cc. 25 and 26, 22 May and 1 
Jun. 1829 — contribution from seamen's wages 
abolished by Act 4 and 5 Wm IV. c. 34, 25 
Jul. 1834 — further regulations by Acts 9 and 
10 Vic. cc. 9 and 10, 2 Apr. 1846, and 19 and 
20 Vic. c. 15, 11 Apr. 1856 — Royal Commis- 
sion on management of, appointed, 1859 — Re- 
port published, 1863 — provision for seamen's 
widows out of funds of, by Act 26 and 27 Vic. 
c. 67, 21 Jul. 1863 — report published, 1863 — 
Select Committee on, 1864 — better government 
of, provided for, by Act 28 and 29 Vic. c. 89, 
5 Jul. 1865 — 900 pensioners leave, Sep. to Oct. 
1865 — Select Committee on, 1867— better pro- 
visions respecting, and application of revenues, 
made by Act 32 and 33 Vic. c. 44, 2 Aug. 1869. 
Schools, vested in Commissioners of Hospital, 
by Act 6 Geo. IV. c. 26, 20 May 1825. Fainted 
Hall, built, 1703 — decorated by Thornhill, 
1708-27 — naval picture gallery founded, 1823. 
Observatory, founded by Cbarles II., 10 Aug. 
1675 — Bird's quadrant setup, 1749 — Trough- 
ton's transit instrument, 1 816 — his mural circle, 
1836 — new transit circle, 1857. Magnetic Ob- 
servatory, established, 1837. 

Gregentius, Abp Sephar, — tf., 19 Dec. 552. 

Gregoire, Henri, statesman, — n. near Lune- 
ville, 4 Dec. 1750 — deputy to the States-Gen- 
eral, 1789 — Bp of Loir-et-Cher, 31 Mar. 17 91 
— deputy to Convention, Sep. 1792 — president, 
Nov. ■ — sent to revolutionize Savoy, 1793 — 
assists in founding the Bureau des longitudes, 
and the Lnstitute, 1794-5 — member of Council 
of Five Hundred, 1795 — president of Legis- 
lative Body, Jan. 1800 — presides at Council of 
Bourges, i'8oo — at second National Council at 
Paris, 1801— senator, Dec. 1801 — visits Eng- 
land, 1803 — visits Holland and Germany, 
1804 — excluded from Chamber of Peers by 
Louis XVIII., 1 8 14— from Institute, 18 15 — 
tf. at Paris, 28 Apr. 1831. Raines de Port 
Royal, 1 801 — Histoire des sectes religieuses, 
1 8 14 — Essaisur les liberies de V Eglise gallicane, 
1 8 17 — Annates de la religion, 17 95 -1803. 



624 



GREGORYS— GREGORY II. 



Gregoras, Nicephorus, Byzantine historian, 
— 6. at Heraclea in Pontus, 1295 ? — ambassador 
to Servia, by Andronicus I., 1326 — his pro- 
perty confiscated by Andronicus III., 1328 — 
makes funeral orations over Andronicus the 
Elder, &c, 1332 — imprisoned by the Palamites, 
1 35 1 — tf., 1359 ? History of Constantinople 
(1562). 

Gregorian Style, [New Style,) — introduced 
in Italy, Spain, and Portugal, 1582. — in France, 
10 Dec. = 20th, 1582 — in Catholic Switzerland, 
Germany, Netherlands, 1583 — in Poland, 1586 
— in Hungary, 1587 — in Protestant Germany, 
Holland, Denmark, 1700 — Protestant Switzer- 
land, 1 701 — in England, by Act 24 Geo. II. c. 
23, 1752 — in Sweden, 1753. 

Gregorian Tones, — 4 selected by Ambrose, 
374-97 — 4 added by Gregory the Great, 59 1-604. 

Gregorio, Rosario, historian, antiquary, — 
fi. at Palermo, 1753 — Prof. Law, a Diplomacy, 15 
there, 1789 — tf., 1809. Serum Arabicarum 
quce ad historiam Siculam spectant ampla col- 
lectio, 1790 — Bibliotheca Scriptorum quires in 
Sicilia gestas sub Aragonum imperio retulere, 
179 1 -2 — Considerazioni sulla Storia di Sicilia, 
1806. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Gregorius, Emperor op the East, — ap- 
pointed by Sergius in Sicily on siege of Con- 
stantinople by Saracens, 718 — put to death by 
order of Leo Isauricus. 

Gregorius, Bp of Agrigentum, — fo., about 
524— tf., 23 Nov. 569. 

Gregorius, Bp of Alexandria, — appointed 
by Arian Council of Antioch, 341 — deposed by 
Council of Sardica, 347 a — killed by Alexan- 
drians, 349. a a Clinton. 

Gregorius, Bp of Antioch, — appointed by 
Justinus, about 570 — defends himself before 
ecclesiastical commission at Constantinople, 
588 a — resigns and tf., 593. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Gregorius, Bp of Nyssa, — u., about 331 ? 
— ordained Bp, about 372 — persecuted by 
Arian party, from 37 3 a — banished, 375 — re- 
called by Gratian, 378 — at Council of Antioch, 
379 — at Councils of Constantinople, 381 and 
394— tf., after 29 Sep. 394^ a Clinton. 

Gregorius, of Armenia, — fl., 300-325. 

Gregorius, of Ccesarea, (Cappadocia,) theolo- 
gian, — fl., about 940. 

Gregorius Nazianzenus, St, Bp of Con- 
stantinople, — f>. near Nazianzus in Cap- 
padocia, 326, a 328, b about 329,° 3oo, d 318 e — 
studies at Athens and becomes friend of Basil, 
351-355 f — teaches Rhetoric there, 355-6 — 
spends some time with Basil in desert of Pontus, 
between 357-360 — presbyter, Christmas 361 ? 
— with Basil again, 362 — begins to preach, 
Easter 362 — at Nazianzus, 365-370 — procures 
election of Basil to See of Caesarea, 370 or 37 1 — 
appointed Bp of Sasima, but refuses to go, 372 
— assists his father in administering See of 
Nazianzus, 372-374 — continues to preside 
there after his father's death, 374 — flies to 
Seleuceia, (Isauria,) 375 — goes to Constan- 
tinople 10 oppose Arianism, 378,° about mid- 
summer 379 a — Bp of Constantinople, by 
Theodosius, 26 Nov. 380 — his election con- 



firmed by Council of Constantinople, 381 — re- 
tires, Jul. 381 — again has charge of Nazianzus, 
381 — tf., 389 or 390. Orations against Julian, 
363 a — ad Upiscopos, 381* — in Basileiam 
Ccesarece, 381.* 

a Clinton. b Biog. Univ. c Gibbon. 

d Pagi. e Dupin. { Robertson. 

Gregorius, Publius, (Tiphernas,) — teaches 
Greek at Naples, about 1440 — teaches Greek 
in France, about 1455 — tf. at Venice, about 
1469. Latin translation of Strabo, 1472. 

Gregorius Thauinaturgus, St, Bp of Neo- 
c^esarea, — 6. at Neocsesarea, between 210- 
15 ? a — studies with Origen at Ceesarea, 232 a — 
at Alexandria, about 235-7 — Bp of Neocsesarea, 
about 261 — assists at Council of Antioch, 264 
— tf., about 26401* 270. 

a Clinton. 

Gregory, Bp of Tours, — b. in Auvergne, 
539, a 544, b 30 Nov. 544° — Bp of Tours, close 
of 573 — gives asylum to Guntranand Merovee, 
575 — at court of Childebert, at Metz, 588 — ■ 
visits Rome, 590 — again at Metz, 591 — ac- 
companies Childebert to court of Orleans, 593 
— tf. at Rome, b at Tours, probably 17 Nov. 
595.C d a B i og> rjniv. b Engl. Cyc. 

c Nouv. Biog. Gen. A Clinton. 

Gregory of Kimini, {Gregorius Ariminen- 
sis,) scholastic philosopher, — Prof, at convent 
of Rimini, 1351 — General of Augustine Order 
at Montpellier, 1357 — tf. at Vienna, 1358. 
Lectura primi libri sententiarum, 1482-^-Jw 
secundum librum, 1484. 

Gregory, St, The Great, Pope, — Jj., about 
540 a — prsetor of Rome, 573 — devotes himself 
to monastic life, 574, b probably between 573- 
577 a — ambassador from Pelagius II. to Con- 
stantinople, about 57 9-5 84, b 584-587 a — elected 
to succeed Pelagius II., Feb. 590 — ordained, 
3 Sep. 590 — induces the Lombards, under 
Agilulf, to raise siege of Rome, 592,° 593, b 
594, d 595 e — remonstrates with Emperor Mau- 
rice against ecclesiastical claims of Patriarch of 
Constantinople unsuccessfully, 595 — sends Au- 
gustine to Britain, 596 — assumes title of servus 
servorum Dei, about 595-6 — reforms Church 
service, 599 — receives ambassadors of Recared, 
599 — encourages Theodolinda in converting- 
Lombards, 599 a — flatters Phocas, and sets up 
his image in the Lateran, 603 — sends Mellitus 
to Britain, 604 — tf., io, a 12 b Mar. 604. 
Magna Moralia, 584-587. a 

a Milman. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

c Muratori. d Sigonius. e Baronius. 

Gregory II., Pope, — accompanies Constan- 
tine to Constantinople, 710 a — succeeds Con- 
stantine, after vacancy of 40 days, 19 May 
715 — sends Corbinian to preach in Germany, 
715 — reestablishes monastery of Monte Cassino, 
718 b — ordains St Boniface, 718 — acquires ad- 
ministration of the city on banishment of 
Basil, Duke of Rome, 726 — writes to Leo the 
Isaurian against Iconoclasts, 729, bf 727,° 726, d 
730 e — promotes revolt against Leo, 728 — ■ 
meets Luitprand at Rome, 729 — holds council 
at Rome, Nov. 730 f — tf., 10 Feb. 731. 

a Biog. Univ. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

c Gibbon. d Baronius. e Pagi. f Milman. 



GREGORY. 



625 






Gregory III., Pope,— succeeds Gregory II., 
18 Mar. 731 — holds council against Iconoclasts, 
1 Nov. 732 s — his letters to Leo the Isaurian 
seized and the messengers imprisoned, 732 — 
seeks aid of Charles Martel against Luitprand, 
74i, b 740 a — tf., 27 or 28 Nov. 741. 

a Milman, b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Gregory IV., Pope, succeeds Valentine, end 
of 827 or Jan. 828 — goes to France, but fails 
in mediation between Louis le Debonnaire and 
his sons, 833 — institutes festival of All Saints, 
835 — tf., 11 or 25 Jan. 844, a 843. b 

a Pagi and Fleuri. b Others. 

Gregory V., Pope, (Bruno,) — succeeds John 
XVI., by influence of Otto III., 3 May 996 — 
crowns Otto Emperor, 31 May 996 — driven 
from Rome by Crescentius, antipope elected, 
997 — [John XVII.] — holds council atPavia and 
excommunicates Crescentius and John, 997 — 
reestablished by Otto, Feb. 998 — degrades and 
imprisons his rival, 998 — tf., 4 Feb. 999. 

Gregory VI., Antipope, — expels Benedict 
VIII. from Rome, 10 12 — expelled by Emperor 
Henry II., 1014. 

Gregory VI., Pope, (Gratiano,)— buys pon- 
tificate of Benedict IX., May 1044,* 1045 b — 
reestablishes order in Rome, 1045— deposed 
for simony by Henry III. at Council of Sutri, 
20 c Dec. 1046. 

a Pagi. b Ughelli. c Milman. 

Gregory VII., Pope, (Hildebrand,) — ac- 
companies Bruno (Leo IX.) from Worms to 
Rome, beginning 1049* — Cardinal, by Louis 
IX., about 1050 — legate at Council of Tours, 
Apr. 1054 — sent to Emperor Henry III., pro- 
cures election of Victor II., 1055 b — ambassa- 
dor to Henry IV., 1057 — defeats party of 
Antipope, Benedict X., and procures election 
of Nicholas II., 1058 — procures election of 
Alexander II. without consent of Emperor, 
1061 — has chief power under Alexander II., 
1061-73 — elected to succeed him, 22 Apr. 1073 
■ — obtains confirmation from Henry IV., and 
is ordained, 30 Jun. 1073 — holds council at 
Rome against simony and marriage of the 
clergy, 9-10 Mar. 1074 c — menaces Henry IV. 
and Philip I. of France with excommunication, 
1074 — holds another council, which prohibits 
prelates from receiving lay investiture, 24-28 
Feb. 1075,° io74 b — seized and imprisoned by 
Cencius, Christmas-eve 1075° — rescued the 
next day : condemned and deposed by Henry 
IV. in Diet at Worms, 24 Jan. 1076 — excom- 
municates and deposes Henry at Lateran Coun- 
cil, 22 Feb. 1076 — directs German princes to 
elect a new king, Sep. 1076 b — receives and 
absolves Henry at Canossa, 28 Jan. 1077 — 
again excommunicates Henry at Council of 
Rome, Nov. 1078 — acquits Berengar of heresy, 
Feb. 1079 — again excommunicates Emperor, 
Mar. 1080 — [Guibert] — predicts Henry's 
death, Mar. 1080 — deposed by Synods of 
Mentz, 31 May, and Brixen, 25 Jun. 1080 c — 
besieged in St Angelo by Henry, Mar. 1084 — 
delivered by Robert Guiscard, retires to Salerno, 
May 1084 — 1>. at Salerno, 25 May 1085. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

e Milman. 



Gregory VIII., Antipope, (Maurice Bour- 
din,) — Abp of Braga, 11 10 — legate of Pascal 
II. to Emperor Henry V., 1 1 1 1 — crowns 
Henry at Rome, 11 17 — elected to succeed Pas- 
cal II. in opposition to Gelasius, takes name of 
Gregory VIII., 9 Mar. 1118 — -crowns Emperor 
again, Whitsunday 1118 — quits Rome, after 
election of Calixtus II., 11 20 — besieged and 
captured at Sutri, Apr. 1121 — taken to Rome, 
23 Apr. 1 121 — tf. in confinement at Fumona, 
near Alatri, 1122 ? 

Gregory VIII., Pope, (Alberto,)— Cardinal, 
by Adrian IV., 1 1 35 a -4egate to Normandy, 
at Council of Avranches, absolves Henry II. of 
England from guilt of Becket's murder, 21 
May 1 172 — elected at Ferrara to succeed Ur- 
ban III., 20 Oct. 1 1 87 b — mediates between 
Pisans and Genoese, 11 87 — tf. at Pisa, 17 Dec. 
1 187. a Bees' Cyc. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Gregory IX., Pope, (JJgolino Conti,) — gives 
the cross to Emperor Frederick II. at Rome, 
Nov. 1220 a — preaches the crusade, 1221 — 
elected to succeed Honorius III., i9, b 18 c 
Mar. 1227 — proclaims a new crusade, 18 Mar. 
1227 c — sends letter of admonition to Frederick 
II., 8 Jun. 1227 c — patronizes Michael Scot, 
1227 — driven from Rome, Easter 1228 — invades 
Apulia, May 1228 c — [Frederick II., Emperor'] — 
canonizes St Francis, 1228 d — returns to Rome, 
about Nov. 1229 — levies tithe on movables in 
England, 1229— interferes in election to See of 
Canterbury, i23i d — places Inquisition under 
Dominicans, Aug. 1231 — favours University of 
Paris, 1 23 1 c — canonizes St Anthony of Padua, 
1232 b — makes peace with Romans, 1233 — 
canonizes St Dominic, 1233^ 1234 b — again 
driven from Rome, 1234 — promulgates Decre- 
tals, Sep. 1234 — pacifies Lombards, Oct. 1234 
— threatens Louis IX. with excommunication, 
Feb. 1235 — canonizes St Elizabeth, 1235 — 
protects Jews in Germany, 1236 — sends Car- 
dinal Otho to England, autumn 1237 — returns 
to Rome, 1237 — war with Frederick II. begins, 
spring 1239 — offers empire to Robert of France, 
brother of St Louis, 1239,° 124c 3 — his solemn 
procession at Rome, Feb. 1240° — summons 
council at Rome, autumn 1240 — makes over- 
tures for peace to Frederick II., 1241 — fc. at 
Rome, 21 Aug. 1241. 

a Kington. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

c Milman. d Robertson. 

Gregory X., Pope, (Tebaldo Visconti,) — in 
Palestine, 127 1— elected, to succeed Clement 
IV., 1 Sep. i27i a — crowned at Rome, 27 Mar. 
1272 — commences negotiations for reunion of 
Eastern and Western Churches, 1272 — approves 
election of Rudolph of Hapsburg, Sep. 1273 b 
— receives Philip the Rash at Lyons, Feb. 1274 
— presides at Council of Lyons, 7 May to 1 7 
Jul. 1274° — has interview with Rudolph of 
Hapsburg, at Lausanne, 20 Oct. 1275 — visits 
Florence and removes interdict, 10 Dec. 1275 a 
— refuses to visit Florence, 5 renews his cen- 
sures, a Dec. 1275 — tf. at Arezzo, 10 Jan. 1276. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Milman. 

c Robertson. 

Gregory XI., Pope, (Pierre Roger,) — ft. in 
Limoges, 1329— Cardinal, by Clement VI., 
40 



6z6 



GREGORY. 



1348 — elected to succeed Urban V., 30 Dec. 
1370 — ordained priest, 4 Jan. 1371 — crowned, 
5 Jan. 1 37 1 — offers to mediate between France 
and England, 1371 — forms a league of Italian 
princes against Bernabo Visconti, 1372 — ex- 
communicates tlie Yisconti, 1372 — levies tenths 
for war with them and their allies, 1372 — war 
with Florentines, 1375 — his compact with Ed- 
ward III., conference at Bruges, Jul. to Sep. 
1375 — quits Avignon, 13 Sep. 1376 — arrives 
at Rome, 17 Jan. 1377 — orders proceedings 
against Wickliffe, 1377 — retires to Anagni, 
Jun. 1377 — publishes three bulls against Wick- 
liffe, May 1 37 7 — *&. at Rome, 27 or 28 Mar. 1378. 

Gregory XII., Pope, [Angelo Cornaro,) — fc., 
about 1325 — 'Cardinal-priest, 1405 — elected to 
succeed Innocent VII., 30 Nov. 1406 — engages 
to renounce pontificate if his rival Benedict 
XIII. will do so, 1406 — deposed, with Bene- 
dict, by Council of Pisa, 5 Jun. 1409 — retires 
to Gaeta, 1409 — to Rimini, 141 2 — abdicates by 
proxy at Council of Constance, 4 Jul. 1415 — fc. 
at Rimini, a Recanati, b 18 Oct. 1417. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. 

Gregory XIII., Pope, (Ugo Buoncompagno,) 
— b. at Bologna, 7 Feb. a 1502 — called to 
Rome, by Paul III., 1538 — Cardinal, 1565 — 
elected to succeed Pius V., 13 May 1572 — 
celebrates massacre of St Bartholomew, Sep. 
1572 — sends Jesuit missionaries to England, 
summer 1580 b — sends troops to Ireland, 
autumn 1580 — mediates between Poland and 
Russia, 158 1 — undertakes reformation of Cal- 
endar, 1582 — canonizes St Norbert, Abp of 
Magdeburg, 1582— builds Roman College, 1582 
— protects fugitive Maronites, 1584 — approves 
project of the League, in France, Nov. 1584 — 
receives Japanese embassy, 22 Mar. 1585 — tf. 
10 Apr. 1585. 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Annals of England. 

Gregory XIV., Pope, {Niccola Sfondrate,) — 
6. at Cremona, 1535 — rCardmal, by Gregory 
XIII. , 1583 — elected to succeed Urban VII., 5 
Dec. 1590 — declares for the League, 1 Mar. 
159 1 — his monitorial letters burnt by parlia- 
ment of Paris, 10 Jun. 1591 — declared null by 
French bishops at Chartres, 21 Sep. 159 1 — tf., 
15 Oct. 1591. 

Gregory XV., Pope, {Alessandro Lzidcvisio,) 
— fc. at Bologna, 9 Jan. 1554 — Cardinal, by 
Paul V., 161 6 — elected to succeed Paul V., 9 
Feb. 1 62 1 — takes part in pacification of the 
Valteline, 1621-23 — prescribes new form of 
election, Nov. 1621 — founds college of the 
Propaganda, 1622 — canonizes Ignatius Loyola, 
Francis Xavier, Philip of Neri, &c, 12 Mar. 
1622 — makes See of Paris metropolitan, 20 Oct. 
1622 — obtains cession of Palatine Library from 
Elector of Bavaria, 1623— tf., 8 Jul. 1623. 

Gregory XVI., Pope, (Jlauro Capellari,) — 
ft. at Belluno, 18 Sep. 1765 — Vicar-general of 
Camaldulensian Order, 18 14 — Cardinal in petto 
by Leo XIL, 21 Mar. 1825 — declared publicly 
and named Prefect of Coll. Propaganda, 13 
Mar. 1826 — elected to succeed Pius VIII., 2 
Feb. 1831 — suppresses insurrection in the 
Legations by aid of Austrians, Mar. 1831 — in 
compliance with memorandum of the Great 



Powers, grants reforms, by edict of 5 Jul. 183 1 
— proclaims a jubilee, 1832 — dispute with 
Czar respecting Catholic Church in Poland, 
begins, Sep. 1832 — excommunicates Don 
Pedro, for reforms in Portuguese Church, Sep. 
1833 — condemns writings of Hermes, 26 Sep. 
1835 — sets aside his reform edict, 1836— 
receives Duke of Bordeaux, 1840 — condemns 
Bible Societies, 8 May 1844 — receives Czar 
Nicholas at Rome, n Dec. 1845 — tf. at Rome, 
1 Jun. 1846. 

Gregory, Patriarch of Constantinople, — 
fi. in Greece, about 1740 — patriarch, 1795 — his 
life threatened by Mussulmans, protected by 
Selim III., 1798 — exiled to Mount Athos, 
1 806 — again exiled, 1808 — anathematizes 
Ypsilanti, 1821 — hung at Constantinople, 22 
Apr. 1 82 1 — his remains removed to Greece and 
funeral celebrated, Jul. 1871. 

Gregory, David, mathematician, — 6. at 
Aberdeen, 24 Jun. 1661 — Prof. Mathematics, 
Edinburgh, 1684-91 — F.R.S. London, 1691 — 
M.A % Oxford, 8 Feb. 1692— M.D., 18 Feb.— 
Savilian Prof. Astronomy, 1692 — tf. at Maid- 
enhead, Berkshire, 10 Oct. 1708^ i7oi, b 1710.° 
Exercitatio geometrica de dimensione jig lira rum , 
1684 — Cutoptricce et Dioptricce iSphcericce 
Elementa, 1695 — Astronomic Physical et Geome- 
tricce elementa, 1702 — edition of Euclid, 1703. 
a Biog. Univ. b Chambers. c Bees' Cyc. 
Gregory, George, miscellaneous writer, — u. 
in Ireland, Apr. 1754 — takes orders, 1776,* 
1778 b — settles in London, 1782 — tf. in Lon- 
don, 12 Mar. 1808. Economy of Nature, 1796 
— Dictionary of Sciences and Arts, 1806. 
a Biog. Univ. b Bees' Cyc. 

Gregory, Giuseppe Antonio de, Count op 
Marcorengo, statesman, — fj. at Crescentino, 2 
Jul. 1687 — D.C.L. Turin, 1703 — enters service 
of Victor Amadeus II., 1705 — Vice-auditor- 
general of war, Sicily, 17 13 — First Officer of 
Finance, 1730 — Intendant of the army, 1733— 
Intendant of the king's house, 1 7 36 — Intendant- 
general of Finance, 1740 — Count, 1751 — re- 
tires, 1756 — tf. at Crescentino, 8 Feb. 1770. 

Gregory, James, mathematician, — n. in 
Aberdeenshire, 1636^ 1638 or 1639 b — goes to 
study at Padua, end of 1667 c — F.R.S. Lon- 
don, about 1668 — Prof. Mathematics, St An- 
drews, 1668-74 — Prof. Mathematics, Edin- 
burgh, 1674 — tf. there, Oct. 1675. Optica 
p>romota, 1663 — Vera circuit et hyperbolce 
quadratura, 1667 — Geometrice pars univer- 
salis, 1668 — Exercitationes geometricce, 1668 — 
invents reflecting telescope, 1663. 

a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Chambers. 
Gregory, James, physician, — fc. at Aberdeen, 
1753 — M.D. Edinburgh, 1774 — Prof, theoretic- 
al medicine, Edinburgh, 1776 — Prof, practical 
medicine, 1790 — correspondent of Institute of 
France, 1817 — tf., 1821. Conspectus medicinal 
theoricce, 1780-82, a 1776-82 b — Essays, 1792 — 
edits Cullen's First Lines of the practice of phy- 
sic, 1829. a Biog. Univ. b Chambers. 

Gregory, John, orientalist, — h. atAmersham, 
Bucks, 1607 — enters Christ Church, Oxford, 
i622, a 1624 b — M.A., 1631 — tf., 13 Mar. 164,6. 
Edits Ridley's Vieiv of Civil and Ecclesiastical 



GREGORY— GRENVILLE. 



627 



Law, 1634 — Notes and Observations on Fas- 
sages of Scripture, 1646 — Postlmma, 1649-50. 
a Biog. Univ. d Bees' Cyc. 

Gregory, John,, physician, — fi. at Aberdeen, 
3 Jun. 1724,* May 1725 b — studies at Edinburgh, 
1742-45 a — atLeyden, 1745-46 — Prof. Philoso- 
phy, King's Coll. Aberdeen, i744, b 1746 a — re- 
signs, 1749 — F.R.S. London, about 1755 — 
Prof. Medicine, Aberdeen, 1756 — Prof. Prac- 
tice of Physic, Edinburgh, 1766 — first physi- 
cian to the king for Scotland, 1766 — tf. at 
Edinburgh, 10 Feb. 1773. Works, 1788. 
a Chambers. b Bees' Cyc. 

Gregory, Olinthus Gilbert, mathematician, 
miscellaneous writer, — b. in Huntingdonshire, 
29 Jan. 1774 — settles at Cambridge as a book- 
seller, 1798— Prof. Mathematics, Royal Mili- 
tary Academy, Dec. 1801 — LL.D. Aberdeen, 
1807 — conducts experiments at Woolwich on 
the velocity of sound, 1823 — retires, Jun. 1838 
— tf., 2 Feb. 1 841. Treatise on Astronomy, 
1 80 1 — Treatise on Mechanics, 1806 — editor of 
Pantalogia, 1808 — Evidences of Christianity, 
1 8 1 o — Life of Robert Hall, 1833. 

Greiderer, Vigilius, Franciscan, — tf., 1780. 
German ia franciscana, 1777-81. 

Greifswald, in Prussia, — one of the Hanse 
Towns, about 1270* — takes part in wars against 
Denmark and Norway, 1284 and 13 12 — against 
Princes of Mecklenburg, 1326-27 — occupied by 
Imperialist troops, Nov. 1627 —fortified by 
them, 1628 — occupied by Gustavus Adolphus, 
spring 163 1 — belongs to Sweden by Peace of 
Westphalia, 1648 — unsuccessfully attacked and 
partly burnt by Elector of Brandenburg, Sep. 
1659— taken by Elector, 1678 — given up to 
Swedes, 1679 — occupied by Russians, Poles, and 
Saxons, 1711-14— burnt, 17 14 — ceded to Prus- 
sia, 1 8 15. University if, founded, 1456. 
a Conv.-Lex. 

Grenada, island of the W. Fndies, — discover- 
ed by Columbus, and named Ascension, Aug. 
1498 — colonized by French, under Du Parquet, 
1650 — the natives exterminated by him, 1650- 
55 — sold to Count Cerillac, 1656 a — transferred 
to French W. India Company, i7i4 a — taken 
by English, Feb. 1762— ceded to them by 
Treaty of Paris, 10 Feb. 1763 — earthquake, 
1766 — retaken by French, under Count d'Es- 
taing, Jul. 1779 — restored to England by Peace 
of Versailles, 1783 — St George declared a free 
port, 1787 — insurrection, 1794 — suppressed by 
Abercromby, Jun. 1796. a Bayley. 

Grenade, Luis de, Dominican, — b. at Gren- 
ada, 1505— tf. at Lisbon, 31 Dec. 1588. Opera, 
*57 2 - 

Grenades, Hand Grenades, — introduced, 
J 594. 

Grenadiers, — company of, formed in France, 
1670— in England, before 1684. 

Grenelle, near Paris, — boring of Artesian 
well effected, 1833-41. 

Grenet, Abbe, geographer, — ft., about 1750. 
Atlas, 17 8 1 — Geographic ancienne et moderne, 
1789. 

Grenier, Jean, Baron, jurist, — b.at Brioude, 
16 Sep. 1753— advocate at Riom, 1777 — mem- 
ber of Council of Five Hundred, 1798— mem- 



ber of Tribunate, 1799 — secretary, Jan. 1804— 
member of Corps Legislatif, 1807 — Baron, 
1 810 — first president of royal court of Riom, 
1818-37 — Beer, 1832 — member of Institute, 
1834— tf. at Riom, 30 Jan. 1841. Trait e des 
donations, des testaments, §c, 1807 — Traite des 
hypotheques, 1822. 

Grenier, Paul, Count, general, — b. at Sar- 
relouis, 29 Jan. 1768 — enters the army, Dec. 
1784 — distinguishes himself at Weissenburg, 
Oct. 1793 — General of Division, Oct. 1794 — 
passes the Rhine, 6 Jun. 1796 — takes Bamberg, 
Aug. 1796 — serves in Italy, 1799-1800 — on the 
Rhine, 1800 — takes Gunzburg, 16 Jun. 1800 — 
Inspector-general of Infantry, and Commander 
of Legion of Honour, 1801 — Governor of Man- 
tua, 1807 — Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 
22 Dec. 1807 — Count of tbe Empire, Dec. 1807 
— distinguishes himself in Austrian campaign, 
1809 — at Wagram, Jul. 1809 — Grand Cross 
of Legion of Honour, Jul. 1809 — chief of the 
staff to Murat, at Naples, 1810 — serves in 
campaigns of 18 13- 14— Chevalier of St Louis, 
1 8 14 — member of Chamber of Deputies, Mar. 
1 8 15 — Vice-president, 6 Jun. 18 15 — tf., 18 Apr'. 
1827. 

Grenoble, in France, (Cularo ? Gratianopo- 
lis,) — built or enlarged by Gratian, 379 a — 
bishopric, 381 — besieged by Lombards and 
saved by army of Guntran, 575, a 570 b — taken 
and re-taken by Catholics and Huguenots, 1562 
— given up by Huguenots after Edict of Am- 
boise, 1563— surprised by Lesdiguieres, 25 Nov. 
1574— blockaded by Lesdiguieres, Dec. 1589 c — 
besieged, Nov. 1590° — taken, 22 Dec. 1590° — 
successfully resists execution of lettres de cachet, 

7 Jun. 1788 — receives Napoleon on his return 
from Elba, Mar. 18 15 — insurrection at, sup- 
pressed by Gen. Donnadieu, May 18 16. 

a Univers Pittoresque. b Encyc. Mod. 

c Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Grenus, (Grenut,) Pierre, — b. at Geneva, 
1658 — Colonel of Swiss Guards, 1690-96 — 
Brigadier, 1704 — Governor of Weissenburg, 
1708 — enters service of Switzerland, 17 12 — tf. 
at Berne, 1749. 

Grenville, George, statesman, — b., 1702^ 
i7i2 b ' — treasurer of the navy, 1754 — can- 
didate for Speaker's chair, 1761 c — Secre- 
tary of State, Jun. 1762 — First Lord of the 
Admiralty, autumn 1762 — First Lord of the 
Treasury, and Chancellor of the Exchequer, 

8 Apr. 1763— introduces scheme of colonial 
taxation, 1763 — proposes to tax American 
colonies, Mar. 1764 — [Stamp Act, American 
War] — defends general warrants, 1764 — dis- 
missed, Jun. 1765 — defends E. India Company, 
25 Nov. 1766 — resists expulsion of Wilkes, Feb. 
1769 — introduces Controverted Elections Bill, 
1770 — tf., 24 Nov. 1770. Considerations on 
Commerce and Finances of England, §c, 1767. 

a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Mahon. 

Grenville, Lord George. [Nugent, Lord.] 
Grenville, William Wyndbam, Lord Gren- 
ville, statesman, — b., 25 Oct. 1759 — M.P. 
Buckingham, 1782— secretary to Earl Temple 
in Inland, Sep. 1782 — Paymaster-general, 
Dec. 1783 — M.P. Bucks, 1784 — Speaker of 
40 * 



628 



GRENVILLE LIBRARY— GREY. 



House of Commons, 5 Jan. 1789 — Secretary of 
State for Home Department, May 1789 — 
Baron Grenville, 25 Nov. 1790 — Secretary of 
State for Foreign Affairs, May 1791 to Feb. 
1 801 — marries Hon. Anne Pitt, Jul. 1792— 
First Lord of the Treasury, Feb. 1806 — intro- 
duces bill for abolition of slave trade, Dec. 1806 
— resigns, 25 Mar. 1 807 — Chancellor of Oxford 
Univ., 1809 — ft. at Dropmore Lodge, Bucks, 
12 Jan. 1834. 

Grenville Library, — bequeathed to British 
Museum, by Rt. Hon. Thomas Grenville, 1846. 

Greshani, Sir Thomas, founder of the Royal 
Exchange, London, — ft. in London, 1519 — 
member of Mercers' Company, 1543 — King's 
Agent at Antwerp, 1552 — Knt, by Queen Eliza- 
beth, 1559 — loses his only son, 1564 — founds 
Royal Exchange, 1566-70 — ft. in London, 21 
Nov. 1579. 

Gresham. College, London, — founded by will 
of Sir T. Gresham, 1579 — pulled down, 1768 
— new building opened, 1843. 

Gresset, Jean Baptiste Louis, poet, — ft. at 
Amiens, 1709 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1725 — 
admitted to French Academy, 1748 — ft. at 
Amiens, 16 Jun. 1777. (Euvres, 181 1. 

Greswell, Edward, chronologist, #c, — ft. at 
Denton in Lancashire, 3 Aug. 1797 — enters 
Oxford Univ., 1815— B.A., 1818 — M.A., 1822 
— Fellow of Corpus Christi Coll., 1823 — ft., 
29 Jun. 1869. Fasti Temporis Catholici, 1852 
— Origines Kalendarice Italicce, 1854 — Origines 
Kalendarice LTellenicce, 1862 — Prolegomena ad 
Marmoniam Fvangelicam, 1840. 

Gretna Green, in Dumfriesshire, — marriages 
begin to be celebrated at, about 1760 — declared 
invalid by Act 19 and 20 Yic. c. 96, 29 Jul. 
1856. 

Gretry, Andre Ernest Modeste, musical com- 
poser, — ft. at Liege, ri, a 8 b Feb. 1741 — goes 
to Rome, about 1759 — settles at Paris, 1767 — 
ft. at Montmorency, 24 Sep. 18 13. Lucile, 
Tableau Barlant, 1769 — Les deux Avares, 1770 
— Zemire et Azov, 177 1. 

a Biog. Univ. b Jal. 

Gretser, Jakob, Jesuit, — ft. in Suabia, 1561 
— enters Order of Jesuits, 1578 — ft. at Ingol- 
stadt, 29 Jan. 1625. Be sancta cruce, 1600-5 
— Be jure et more prohibendi, exjmrgandi, et 
abolendi libros hcereticos et noxios, 1603. 

Greuze, Jean Baptiste, painter, — ft. at 
Tournus, Burgundy, 21 Aug. 1725 s1 — agree, 
Royal Academy of Painting, 28 Jun. 1755 — 
goes to Italy, end of 1755 — returns to Paris, 
1757 — marries, 3 Feb. 1759 — divorced, 4 Aug. 
1793 — ft. at Paris, 21 Mar. 1805. a Jal. 

Greve, Egbert Jan, theologian, — ft. at De- 
venter, 4 Sep. 1754 — studies at Leyden, 1778 
— member of first National Assembly, 1796 — 
Prof. Oriental Languages, Franeker, 1797 — ft. 
there, 13 Aug. 1798. 

Greville, Sir Fulke, Lord Brooke, states- 
man, poet, — ft. at Alcaster, "Warwickshire, 
1554 — M.A. Oxford, 1588 — Knt, Oct. 1597 — 
treasurer of marine causes for life, 1598 — K.B., 
1603 — Under-treasurer, Chancellor of the Ex- 
chequer, 16 15— Baron Brooke, 1620 — Lord of 
the Bedchamber, 1621 — founds Professorship 



of History, Cambridge, 1627 — assassinated, 30 
Sep. 1628. Works, 1633. 

Greville, Robert Kaye, botanist, — ft. in 
Durham, 1794 — ft. at Edinburgh, 4 Jun. 1866. 
Scottish Cryptogamic Flora, 1823-28 — Alga 
Britannicce, 1830 — Flora Fdinensis, 1824. 

Grew, Nehemiah, naturalist, §c, — ft. at 
Coventry, 1628 — settles in London, F.R.S., 
1672 — secretary R.S., 1677 — ft.., 25 Mar. 17 11. 
Idea of a philosophical History of Hants, 1673,* 
1670 b — Musceum regalis Societatis, 1681 — 
Anatomy of Hants, 1682. 

a Biog. Univ. b Rees' Cyc. 

Grey. [Gray.] 

Grey, Lady Catherine, — marries Lord 
Herbert, 25 May 1553 — divorced, after acces- 
sion of Queen Mary, Jul. 1553 — her marriage 
with Lord Hertford discovered, autumn 156 1 a 
— committed to the Tower, 156 1 — ft. there, 
1567. a Froude. 

Grey, Charles, 2nd Earl Grey, {Lord 
BZowick,) Prime Minister of England, — ft. 
near Alnwick, 15 Mar. 1764 — enters King's 
Coll. Cambridge, 1780 — travels on the con- 
tinent, 1782-6 — M.P. Northumberland, 1786 
— one of the managers of impeachment of 
Hastings, 1787 — assists in founding Society of 
Friends of the People, 1792 — marries Hon. 
Mary Ponsonby, Nov. 1794 — brings forward 
plan of parliamentary reform, 179 1 — opposes 
Irish Union, 1799 — First Lord of the Admiralty, 
Jan. 1806 — Secretary of State for Foreign 
Affairs, Oct. 1806 — succeeds to earldom, Nov. 
1807 — declines office, 1810, 1812, and 1827 — 
Prime Minister, Nov. 1830 — resigns, 9 Apr. 
1832 — resumes office, 18 May 1832 — Reform 
Bill carried, Jun. 1832 — resigns, 9 Jul. 1834 — 
ft. at Howick House, Northumberland, 17 Jul. 
1845. 

Grey, Elizabeth. [Elizabeth, Queen of 
Edward IV.] 

Grey, Eord, Lord. [Tankerville, Earl 
or.] 

Grey, Henry. [Suffolk, Duke of.] _ 

Grey, Lady Jane, — ft at Bradgate, Leicester- 
shire, 1537 — married to Lord Guildford Dudley, 
25 May 1553 — declared successor to throne by 
letters patent of Edward VI., 21 Jun. 1553— 
proclaimed Queen, 10 Jul. — her cause supported 
by Ridley, at Paul's Cross, and by Sands, Vice- 
chancellor, at Cambridge, 16 Jul. — Queen Mary 
proclaimed, 20 Jul. — tried with her husband 
at Guildhall, and pleads guilty, 13 Nov. — be- 
headed in the Tower, 12 Feb. 1554. 

Grey, Sir John, — of Groby, killed at battle 
of St Albans, and his estates confiscated, 
1461. 

Grey, Lord Leonard, — receives surrender of 
Lord Thomas Fitzgerald, in Ireland, 18 .Aug. 
1535 a — Lord-deputy of Ireland, Jun. 1536 — 
leads expedition into the West and destroys 
O'Brien's Bridge, Jul. 1536 — storms castle of 
Carrigogonnell, 1536 — quarrels with Earl of 
Ormond, 1537 — expedition into King's County, 
Aug. 1537 — censured by Commission of In- 
quiry, 1537 — prevents coronation of O'Neil at 
Tara, Oct. 1539 — goes to London, Apr. 1540 — 
imprisoned in the Tower, May 1540 — pleads 



GREY— GRIMALDI. 



guilty, Dec. 1540 a — beheaded, 28 Jun. 1541. 
a Eroude. 

Grey, Sir Ralph., — becomes a Lancastrian, 
1463 — besieged in Bamborougb Castle by Earl 
of Warwick, end of May 1464 — captured, de- 
graded from bis knighthood by Edward IV., 
and beheaded, 25 Jun. 1464^ a Lingard. 

Grey, Richard, theologian, §c, — ft. at New- 
castle, 1694 — M.A. Oxford, 1719— D.D., 1731 
— If., 1771. Memoria technica, 1730. 

Grey, Lord Richard,— with Earl Rivers, 
meets Richard, Duke of Gloucester, at North- 
ampton, Apr. 1483 — accompanies Edward V. 
to Stony Stratford, and is arrested by Richard, 
30 Apr. — imprisoned at Pontefract, beginning 
May — executed, Jun. 1483. 

Grey, of Wilton, Thomas, Lord, — arrested as 
partisan of Arabella Stuart, Jul. 1603 — tried 
and condemned at Winchester, 26 Nor. — 
reprieved on the scaffold, 9 Dec. — kept in the 
Tower till his death, i6i6, a i6i4. b 

a Annals of England. b Pict. Hist. England. 

Grey, of Wilton, William, Lord, — takes part 
in suppressing rebellion, 1549 — arrested on 
charge of sharing in Somerset's rebellion, 1550 
— assists in blockade of Leith, 1560 — tf., 1562. 

Grey, Zachary, miscellaneous writer, — ft. in 
Yorkshire, 1687 — enters Cambridge Univ., 1704 
— LL.D., 1720 — tf. at Ampthill, 25 Nov. 1766. 
Edition of Hudibras, 1744 — Examination of 
JSfeal's History of the Puritans, 1736-39. 

Greytown, in Nicaragua, {San Juan,) — 
bombarded by United States ship of war, 
1854. 

Gribaldi, Matteo, jurist,— ft. m Piedmont, 
about 1500 — teaches law at Padua, 1548-53 — 
receives reformed doctrines, about 1550 — tf. at 
Berne, Sep. 1564 or 1567. JJe methodo ac 
ratione studendi injure civili, 1544. 

Gribeauval, Jean Baptiste Vaquette de, 
general, — ft. at Amiens, 15 Sep. 17 15 — enters 
the army, 1732 — General and Commander of 
artillery in service of Austria, 1757— defends 
Schweidnitz against Frederick II., 1762 — Field- 
marshal-lieutenant, 1762 — returns to France, 
Marechal de Camp, 1763 — Commander of St 
Louis, 1764 — Lieutenant-general, 1765 — Grand 
Cross, first Inspector-general of artillery, 1776 
— tf., 9 May 1789. 

Griboyedof, Alexander Sergievich, poet, 
diplomatist, — ft. at Moscow, about 1789^ c 
i793, b 1794 d — serves in the army, 1812-15 — 
secretary of embassy to Persia, 1818 — serves in 
war with Persia, 1825-8 — plenipotentiary to 
Persia, 1828 — massacred at Teheran, 12 
Feb., bcd 27 Mar. a 1829. 

a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

c Meyer, Conv.-Lex. d Cony.-Lex. 

Gries, Johann Dietrich, translator, — ft. at 



Hambui 



Feb. 



•studies at Jena, 1795 



— LL.D., 1800 — tf. at Hamburg, 9 Feb. 1842. 
Tasso's Refreites Jerusalem, 1800-3 — Ariosto's 
Rasender Roland, iZo^-ft—tCalderon's Schau- 
spiele, 1815-26 — Gedichte, 1829. 

Griesbach, Johann Jacob, biblical critic, — 
ft. in Hesse Darmstadt, 4 Jan. 1745 — studies 
at Tubingen, Halle, and Leipsic, 1762-7 — 
M.A. Halle, 1767— visits Holland, England, 



France, &c, 1769-70— Prof. Theology, Halle, 
1773 — Prof, at Jena, 1776 — D.D., 1777 — rector 
of Univ., 1780 — ecclesiastical councillor to Duke 
of Saxe-Weimar, 178 1 — tf. at Jena, 24 Mar. 
1 8 12. Edition of Greek Testament, 1774-5,* 
1775-7 b — Anleitung zum Studieren der popu- 
laren Dogmatik, 1789 — Symbolce Criticm, 1785- 
93 — Synopsis Evangeliorum, 1774-5. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. 

Griffenfeld, Peter, Count von, statesman, 
— ft. at Copenhagen, 1635 — ennobled, 1670 — 
K~nt of the Elephant, 1673 — Grand Chancellor, 
Count, 1673 — Pres. Supreme Court, Chancellor 
of Univ., Copenhagen, 1674 — deprived and 
imprisoned, 1676-98— ft., n May 1699. Loi 
royale, 1660. 

Griffet, Henri, Jesuit, historian, — ft. at 
Moulins, 1698 — Prof. Belles Lettres, College 
of Louis the Great, 17 15 — tf. at Brussels, 22 
Feb. 177 1. Edition of Daniel's Histoire de 
France, 1755-8 — of D' Avrigmj s Me moires pour 
servir d V histoire de V Europe, 1757 — Recueil 
de Lettres pour servir a V histoire militaire de 
Louis XLV., 1761-4 — Traite des differentes 
preuves qui servent d etablir la ve'rite de V his- 
toire, 1769. 

Griffet de la Baume, Antoine Gilbert, trans- 
lator, — ft. at Moulins, 1756 — goes to Paris, 
1776 — "Jr., 1805. Evelina, (of Miss Burney,) 
1785 — Select Sermons, (of Sterne,) 1786 — His- 
tory of the Swiss, (of J. von Miiller,) 1797. 

Griffith. [Gruffyd.] 

Griffith, William, botanist, — ft., 18 10 — goes 
to India, 1832 — accompanies Dr Wallich to As- 
sam, 1835 — and Captain Pemberton to Bootan, 
1837 — visits Afghanistan, 1839 — physician in 
Malacca, 1841 — appointed soon after superin- 
tendent of Botanical Garden ; Prof. Medical 
Coll., Calcutta; tf. at Malacca, 9 Feb. 1845. 

Griffyth. [Alford, Michael.] 

Grijalva, Juan de, maritime discoverer, — 
companion of Diego Velazquez, 15 18 — explores 
coast of North America from Yucatan towards 
Panuco, Mar. to Nov. 15 18 — killed at Ni- 
caragua, 21 Jan. 1527. 

Grillo-Cataneo, Niccolo, statesman, trans- 
lator, — ft. at Genoa, 26 Aug. 1759 — assists in 
founding the Societd patria, 1786 — rector of 
Imperial Academy, 1806 — returns from exile, 
181 1 — Minister of Public Instruction, 18 14 — 
tf., 22 Jul. 1834. Esalms of David, 1803 — 
Rope's works, 1779. 

Grimaldi, Antonio, admiral, — commands 
Genoese fleet against Catalans, 1332 — defeated 
by Niccola Pisani, at la Loiera, 29 Aug. 1353. 

Grimaldi, Francesco, poet, — ft. in Naples, 
about 1678 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1695 — ■ 
tf. at Rome, Prof. Rhetoric, Roman Coll., 1738. 
Pastor buono, 1702 — De vita tirbana, 1725 — 
De vita agronomica, 1738 — De vita auiica, 
1740. 

Grimaldi, Francesco Antonio, historian, — 
ft. in Calabria, 1740 — tf. at Naples, Feb. 1784. 
Istoria delle leggi e magistrati del regno di 
Nayoli, 1749-52 — Annali del regno di Napoli, 
1781-6. 

Grimaldi, Francesco Maria, mathematician 
— ft. at Bologna, 1613/c !6i9 b — tf. theie, 



630 



GRIMALDI-GRINDAL. 



1663. Physico-mathesis de lumine, coloribus 
et iride, 1663,* 1665. bc a Biog. Univ. 

b Engl. Cyc. c Meyer, Conv.-Lex. 

Grimaldi, Giovanni, admiral — defeats Ve- 
netian fleet under Trevisani, on the Po, 23 
May 1431. 

Grimaldi, Giovanni Francesco, {II Bo- 
lognese,) painter, $<?., — b. at Bologna, 1606 — 
5J. at Roine, 1680. Frescoes in the Louvre, 
164.8-50. 

Grimaldi, Joseph, down, — b., 1777 — U-, 
1837. 

Grimaldi, Rainero, Genoese captain, — en- 
ters service of Philip the Fair, 1304 — success- 
fully defends Zierikzee, in Zeeland, against 
Flemings, and defeats fleet of Guy of Flanders 
and takes him prisoner, 1 304. 

Grimani, Antonio, Doge of Venice, — 
proctor of St Mark, 1499 — Captain-general of 
fleet against Turks, 1499 — defeated and exiled, 
1501 — recalled, elected to succeed Loredano, 
7 Jul. 152 1 — tf., May 1523. 

Grimani, Domenico. [Alexander VI., 
Tope.} 

Grimani, Marco, Patriarch of Aquileia, 
Papal Legate, — arrives in Scotland, autumn 
1543 — departs, early in 1544. 

Grimani, Marino, Doge of Venice, — suc- 
ceeds Pasquale Cicogna, 26 Apr. 1595 — his wife 
crowned, 1595 — tr., Dec. 1605. 

Grimani, Piero, Doge of Venice, — suc- 
ceeds Liugi Pisani, 29 Jun. 1741 — b\, Mar. 

Grimbald, — receives Prince Alfred (the Great) 
on his way to Rome, at Rheims, 853-4 a — in- 
vited to England by Alfred, contributes to 
restoration of learning, about 885 — tr., 8 Jul. 
903. b a Collier. b A.S. Chron. 

Grimm, Friedrich Melchior, Baron von, 
— b. at Ratisbon, 26 Dec. 1723 — Baron, minis- 
ter plenipotentiary of Duke of Gotha at Court 
of France, 1776 — minister plenipotentiary of 
Catherine II. to states of Lower Saxony, 1795 
— tS. at Gotha, 19 Nov. 1807. Le petit pro- 
phete de Boehmischbroda, 1753 — Correspond- 
ance, 1 812-13. 

Grimm, Jacob Ludwig Carl, philologist, §c, 
■ — b. in Hesse Cassel, 4 Jan. 1785 — studies at 
Marburg, 1802— assistant to Savigny, Jan. to 
Sep. 1805 — librarian to King Jerome Bona- 
parte, Jul. 1808 — auditor to the State Council, 
17 Feb. 1809 — Secretary of Legation, Dec. 
18 1 3 — sent to Paris, Apr. 18 14— at Congress 
of Vienna, Oct. 18 14 to Jun. 18 15 — second 
librarian, Cassel, 181 6 — Prof, and librarian, 
Gottingen Univ., Oct. 1829— dismissed and 
banished, 1837 — Prof, at Berlin Univ., member 
of Academy of Sciences, Mar. 1841 — deputy to 
National Assembly, Frankfort, 1848 — ft. at 
Berlin, 20 Sep. 1863. Ueber den Alt-Deutschen 
Mcister-Gesang, 181 1 — Gcschichte der Deutsch- 
en iSprache, 1 848 — Kinder- und Hans - Mcir- 
chen, (with his brother,) 18 12 — Deutsche Rechts- 
alterti hiimer, 1828 — Deutsche Mythologie, 1835 — 
Deutsche GrammatiTc, 1826-37 — Deutsche W'or- 
terbuch, (with his brother,) commenced, 1852. 

Grimm, Johann Friedrich Karl, physician, 
— b. at Eisenacb, 1737 — M.D. Gottingen, 



1758 — if., 1 82 1. Works of Hippocrates, 
1781-92. 

Grimm, Wilhelm Carl, philologist, §c, — b. 
at Hanau, 24 Feb. 1786 — studies at Marburg, 
1804 — librarian at Cassel, 18 14 — sub-librarian, 
Univ. of Gottingen, Oct. 1829 — Prof, at Berlin 
Univ., member of Academy of Sciences, Mar. 
1 841 — fc., Dec. 1859. Altddnische Helcleu- 
lieder, 181 1 — Ueber Deutsche Runen, 1821. 
[Grimm, Jacob.] 

Grimoald, — succeeds his father, Pepin the 
Elder, as Mayor of the Palace, under Sigebert 
of Australia, 640, a 642 b — deprived and im- 
prisoned at Paris, 656. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Grimoald, — appointed Mayor of the Palace 
of Neustria, by his father Pepin d'Heristal, 
695 — marries Theodelinda, daughter of Radbod, 
Duke of the Frisians, 711 — murdered at Liege, 
711. 

Grimoald, Duke of Beneventum, King 
of the Lombards, — becomes possessed of the 
Duchy, 647 — obtains victory over Greeks at 
Monte Gargano, about 650 — acquires Lombard 
crown, and leaves Duchy to his son Romuald ; 
— invades Lower Italy, 662 — renounces Arian- 
ism, 670 — b\, 671. 

Grimoald, Prince of Beneventum, — sent as 
hostage to Charles the Great, 787 — succeeds his 
father Arigisus, 788— defeats Adalgisus, 788 — 
marries daughter of Greek Emperor, 795 — re- 
pulses invasions of Franks, 795, 801, and 802 — 
&., 806. 

Grimoald II., Prince of Beneventum, — 
succeeds his father, 806 — makes peace and 
becomes tributary to Charles tbe Great, 812 — 
assassinated, 818. 

Grimoard, Philippe Henri, Count de, his- 
torian, — b. at Verdun, about 1750 — in service 
of Louis XVI., 1789 — tf., 1 8 15. Fssai the'o- 
rique et pratique sur les batailles, 1775 — Collec- 
tion des lettres et me'moires de M. le Marechal 
de Turenne, 1782 — Conquetes de Gustave Adol- 
phe, 1782 — Tableau historique de la guerre de 
la revolution de France, 1808. 

Grimstone, Sir Harbottle, Bart., Master of 
the Foils, — b. at Bradfield, Essex, about 1594 
— M.P.Colchester, 1640 — Bart, on death of his 
father, 1640 — one of the commissioners to treat 
with Charles I. in Isle of Wight, 1648 — goes 
abroad, 1649 — elected M.P. Essex, but ex- 
cluded the House, Sep. 1656 — member of 
Council of State, Mar. 1660— Speaker of the 
Healing Parliament, 25 Apr. 1660 — one of the 
commissioners sent to Charles II. at Breda, 
1660 — Master of the Rolls, 3 Nov. 1660 — b\, 
2 Jan. 1685. English translation of Croke's 
Reports, 1683-85. 

Grindal, Edmund, Abp of Canterbury, — 
b. in Cumberland, 15 19— Fellow of Pembroke 
Hall, Cambridge, 1538 — M.A., 1541 — Senior 
Proctor, 1548 — chaplain to Bp Ridley, 1550 
— chaplain to the king, 1551 — prebendary of 
Westminster, 1552 — retires to Strasburg, 
1553-58 — Master of Pembroke Hall, Bp of 
London, 1559 — assists in reforming Calendar 
in Prayer Book, 1560 — D.D., 1564 — obtains 
settlement at Embden for English merchants 



GRISCHOW— GROLLER DE SERVLER. 



631 



in. Holland, about 1563 — Abp of York, 1570 — 
Abp of Canterbury, 1575 — refuses to suppress 
Puritan Prophesyings, Dec. 1576 — sequestered 
from his functions, Jun. 1577 — offers to resign 
bis See, May 1583— tf. at Croydon, 6 Jul. 1583. 
Grischow, Augustin, mathematician, §c, — 
6. in Pomerania, 13 Dec. 1683 — Prof. Mathe- 
matics, College of Medicine, Berlin, 1725 — tf., 

10 Nov. 1749. Be philologia generali, 17 15 — 
Lsagoge ad studia mathematica, 17 12. 

G-rischow, Johann Heinrich, translator, — 
ft. near Halberstadt, 1685 — tf., 6 Nov. 1754. 
Latin translation of Bingham s Ecclesiastical 
Antiquities, 1724-29. 

Grischow, Nathaniel, mathematician, — b. 
at Berlin, 1726 — member of Academy of 
Sciences, 1749 — Prof. Astronomy, secretary of 
Imperial Academy, St Petersburg, 1751— tf., 
4 Jun. 1760. Sermo habitus de parallaxi cceles- 
tium corporum, 1755. 

Grisi, Giulia, singer, — ft. at Milan, 22 May 
i8o8, a 2 Jul. i8ro, b 1812° — appears at Bo- 
logna, 1828 — at the Scala, Milan, about 1831 
■ — at Paris, 13 Oct. 1832 — at London, 8 Apr. 
1 8 34 — visits America, 1 854 — retires from Royal 
Italian Opera, 1861 — tf. at Berlin, 25 Nov. 
1869. a Athenaeum. 

b Pall Mall Gazette. c Some authorities. 

Grisons, Graubiindten, The, in Switzer- 
land, — confederacy of, formed, Gotteshaus Bund, 
1396^ 1424 b — Graubund, 1424 — Zehngerichte, 
1428, a 1435 b — union of the three leagues, 
1471,* 1436 b — enter into alliance with Swiss 
Cantons, 1497-98 — successfully resist Maxi- 
milian I., 1499 — acquire the Valteline, 15 12 — 
alliance renewed, 1544 — revolt of the Valte- 
line, 1620 — aided by Louis XIII. resist Fer- 
dinand II., 1 62 1 — alliance renewed, 17 12 — 
Jacobin revolution effected, 1794 — revolt 
against French, 1798 — French invasion, 1799 
— Canton of Helvetic Confederation by Act 
of Mediation, 1803 — constitution established, 

11 Nov. 1 8 14 — new constitution, 19 Jun. 
1820— constitution revised, 1850. 

a Some authorities. b Others. 

Gritti, Andrea, Doge of Venice, — expels 
Imperialists from Padua, 17 Jul. 1509 s — re- 
covers Vicenza and other towns, 1509 — takes 
Brescia from the French, 3 Feb. 15 12 — takes 
Bergamo, Feb. 15 12 — loses it, and is captured 
by Gaston de Foix, 19 Feb. — taken to Paris, 
15 1 2 — signs treaty of alliance with France, 13 
Mar. 15 1 3 — recovers Brescia from Imperialists, 
15 1 6 — takes possession of Verona, 19 Jan. 
15 1 7 — elected to succeed Antonio Grimani, 
20 May 1523 — tf., 28 Dec. 1538. a Muratori. 

Gritti, Luigi, Governor of Hungary for 
the Turks, — charged to support John Za- 
polyi, 1529 — betrayed and put to death for his 
cruelties, 1533. 

Grivaud de la Vincelle, Claude Madeline, 
archaeologist, — ft. at Chalons-sur-Saone, 1762 
— tf. at Paris, 5 Dec. 18 19. Antiquite's gau- 
loiscs et romaines, 1807 — Monuments antiques 
inedits et de'couverts dans Vancienne Gaule, 
1817 — Arts et metiers des anciens, 1819-26. 

Grive. [Lagrive.] 

Grivel, Jean, jurist, — ft. atLons-le-Saulnier, 



1560 — Counsellor to Parliament of Dole, 1599. 
— Master of Requests to Privy Council of the 
Netherlands, 1608 — Chief Minister of County 
of Burgundy, 1609 — tf. at Brussels, 14 Oct. 
1624. Becisiones celeberrimi Sequanorum sena- 
tus Bolani, 16 18. 

Groat, silver, — ordered to be coined by 
Henry IIL, 1249 a — coined by Edward III., 
about 1 35 1 — reintroduced, 1835. a Ruding. 

Grocer's Company, of London, — incorporated 
by Edward IIL, 1345. 

Grochow, in Poland, — the Poles defeat the 
Russians at, 20 Feb. 1831. 

Grocyn, William, — ft. at Bristol, 1442 — 
studies at Oxford, 1467 — prebendary of Lin- 
coln, 1485 — goes to Italy, 1488 — teaches Greek 
at Oxford, 1491 — tf. at Maidstone, 15 19. 

Groddeck, Ernst Gottfried,— ft. at Dantzic, 
1762 — Ph.D. Groningen, 1783 — member of 
Royal Society of Sciences, Gottingen, 1787 — 
tutor to sons of Prince Adam Czartoryski and 
Prince Lubomirski, 1787-97 — Prof. Greek and 
Latin Literature, Wilna, 1804 — Prof. Archae- 
ology and Numismatics, 18 10 — tf. at Wilna, 
14 Apr. 1 8 19. Be hymnorum Homer, reliquiis, 
1786 — Be morte voluntaria, 1785. 

Groddeck, Gabriel, philologist, — ft. at Dant- 
zic, 7 Jan. 1672 — M.A. Leipsic, 1693 — visits 
Holland, England, and France, i695-98^Prof. 
Oriental Languages, Leipsic, 1698 — Prof. 
Practical Philosophy, Dantzic, 1699 — member 
of Academy, Berlin, 1701 — tf. at Dantzic, 12 
Sep. 1709. Be Script, hist. Bolonicce schedi- 
asma, 1707 — Be ccerimonia palmarum apud 
Judceos, 1694. 

Grodno, in Russia, — burnt, 1 1 84 — taken by 
Teutonic knights, 1283 — unsuccessfully be- 
sieged by Prussians, 1306 — alternate seat of 
Polish Diets, 167 3- 1752— seized by Russians, 
1792 — made capital of Lithuania, 1795. 

Groeben, George Dietrich von der, general, 
— ft. at Konigsberg, 1725 — serves in cam- 
paigns of Frederick II., from 1743 — Major- 
general, Inspector of Cavalry, 1787 — President 
of Supreme Council of War, Berlin, 1788 — 
Lieutenant-general, 1794 — ti., 10 Jul. 1794. 
Neue Kriegsbibliothek, 1774-81. 

Groenewoud, Jacob, orientalist, — 6., about 
1758 — tf. at Franeker, 24 Sep. 1828. With 
Scheid, Lexicon hebraicum et chaldaicum, 
1805-10. 

Groening, Johann, publicist, $c, — ft. at 
Wisraar, 1669. Be jure hortorum, 1687 — Be 
navigatione libera, 1693 — Historia numisma- 
tico-critica, 1700 — BZistoire nouvelle des medail- 
les moderncs, 1700. 

Groesbeck, Gerard, Baron de, Prince- 
Bp of Liege, — ft., about 1516— Prince-Bp, 
1565 — defends Liege against Prince of Nassau, 
1568— Cardinal, by Gregory XIII., 1578 — tf. 
at Liege, 29 Dec. 1580. 

Groignard, Antoine, naval engineer, — ft. at 
Sollies, (Var,) 4 Feb. 1727 — engineer, 1745 — 
assists in defence of Havre, 1759 — constructs 
first basins of Toulon and Brest, 1783-84 — 
director at Toulon, 1796 — tf. at Paris, 1797. 

Grolier de Servier, Jean, Viscount d'Aguisg, 
1 bibliophile, — ft. at Lyons, 1479 — Grand-trea- 



632 



GEOLLIEE— GROTE. 



surer to Francis I., about 1526 — ij. at Paris, 22 
Oct. 1565 — his library dispersed, 1675. 

Grollier, Cesar, {Glorierius,) — b., about 
15 10 — ij. after 1582? Historia expugnatce et 
direptce urbis Jtomce per exercitum Caroli V., 
1637. 

Grolman, Karl Ludwig Wilhelm von, 
statesman, jurist, — fi. at Giessen, 23 Jul. 1775 
—Prof. Law there, 1798 — judge at Court of 
Appeal, 1804— charged (with Schwabe) to pre- 
pare penal code for the Duchy, 1806— Sector of 
Univ., 1810 — Chancellor, 1815 — called to 
Darmstadt, 18 16 — Privy Councillor, 1819 — 
Minister of Interior and of Justice, 1821 — Ty., 
14 Feb. 1829. Grundsatze der Criminalrechts- 
wissenschaft, 1798 — TJeber die Begmmdimg des 
Strafrechts, $c., 1799 — Theorie des gerichtlichen 
Verfahrens in biirgerlichen Rechtsstreitigkeiten, 
1800. 

Groningen, in Holland,— destroyed by Nor- 
mans, before 900 — subject to Bps of Utrecht, 
soon after 1100 — revolts, 1166 — unsuccessfully 
besieged by Austrians, 1503 and 15 14 — belongs 
to United Provinces, 1576 — taken by Spaniards, 
1579 — recovered by Prince Maurice, joins 
Union of Utrecht, 1594 — citadel built, 1607 — 
unsuccessfully besieged by Prince-bishop of 
Minister, 1672 — suffers from inundation, 1686, 
and Dec. 17 17 — seized by French, 19 Feb. 
1795. University of, founded, 1614. 

Gronovius, {Johan Frederik Gronov,) philo- 
logist, — b. at Hamburg, 10 Sep. 161 1 — Prof. 
History and Eloquence, Deventer, 1643 — Prof. 
Belles Lettres, a Greek Language and History, b 
Leyden, 1658,* 1651b — fr. there, 28 Dec. 1671 
— De Sesterciis, 1643 — Lectiones Flautince, 
1640. 



Engl. Cyc. 



Meyer, Conv.-Lex. 



Gronovius, Abraham, philologist, — b. at 
Leyden, 1694 — fc. Librarian to University, 17 
Aug. 1775. Varia geographica, 17 39 — edition 
of Justinus, 17 19. 

Gronovius, Jakob, archceologist, §c, — b. at 
Deventer, 20 Oct. 1645 — visits England, 1688 
— Prof. Belles Lettres, Pisa, about 1673 — Prof. 
Belles Lettres, Leyden, 1679 — tf. there, 21 Oct. 
17 16. Thesaurus Antiquitatum Grcecarum, 
1697 — Geographi antiqui, 1694.. 

Gronovius, Johan Frederik, botanist, — b. 
1690 a —tJ. at Leyden, i76o, bc 1762 s — Dis- 
putatio camphorce historiam exhibens, 17 15 — 
Flora virginica, 1739, a i743 c — Flora orientalis, 

1755- 

a Eees' Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Conv.-Lex. 

Gronovius, Laurentius Theodore, naturalist, 
— h. at Leyden, 1730— if. there, 1778. Muse- 
um ichthyologicum, 1754-56 — Zoophylacium 
gronovianum, 1763-81. 

Groot. [Gerard, Grotius.] 

Gros, Antoine Jean, Earon Gros, painter, — 
b. at Paris, 16 Mar. 177 1 — becomes pupil of 
David, 1785 — enters School of Fine Arts, 1787 
— presented to Napoleon, at Milan, Dec. 1796 
— member of Legion of Honour, 1808 — member 
of Academy of St Luke, Nov. 1811 — received 
at Academy of Fine Arts, 18 16 — Prof. Design 
and Painting at School of Fine Arts, 18 16 — 
Baron, by Charles X., 1825 — officer of Legion 



of Honour, 1828 — closes his atelier, 1835 — 
drowns himself at Meudon, 26 Jun. 1835. 
First Consul on horseback, 1802 — Flague of 
Jaffa, 1804 — Battle of Aboukir, 1806 — Cupola 
of St Genevieve, 181 1-25 — Capture of Madrid, 
1810. 

Gros. [Boze, Legros.] 

Groschef, {Groschvpf) Heinrich Augustin, 
bibliographer, — if. at Leipsic, about 17 15. FJe 
gentis Trilleriance. ortu, 1705 — Nova librorum 
rariorum collect io, 1709-16. 

Grose, Francis, antiquary, herald,— b. in 
Middlesex (?) 17 31 — resigns his office of Eich- 
mpnd Herald, 1763 — if. at Dublin, May, 1791. 
Views of Antiquities in England and Wales, 
1773-76 — Views of Antiquities in Fr eland, 
1794 — Military Antiquities, 1786-88. 

Gross, David Gabriel Albert von, — b., 6 
Dec. 1756— tf. at Weimar, 18 Nov. 1809. 
TJeber den Fienst des Offiziers im Feld, 1803 — ■ 
Historisch-militdrisches Handbuch fiir die Ge~ 
schichte der Feldzuge von 1792-1808, 1808. 

Grossbeeren, in Prussia, — the Duke of 
Eeggio defeated by Prince Royal of Sweden, 
23 Aug. 1813. 

Grosser, Samuel, philologist, — b. in Silesia, 
1664 — M.A. Leipsic, 1685 — rector of the 
School of Gorlitz, 1695-1736 — member of 
Academy of Sciences, Berlin, 17 12 — if., 24 
Jun. 1736. 

Grosseteste, Robert, Bp of Lincoln — b. pro- 
bably about 1 175 — archdeacon of Chester, 1210 
— archdeacon of Wilts, 1220 — D.D. 1 224 — chan- 
cellor of Oxford Univ. (Magister Schoko'um.,) be- 
fore Feb. 1534 — Bp of Lincoln, 1235 — supports 
Univ. of Oxford against the legate Otho, 1238 
— dispute with dean and chapter of Lincoln, 
establishes his authority over them, 1244— ap- 
pears before Pope Innocent IV. at Lyons, 1245 
— suspended for refusing to institute an Italian 
to benefice, 1253 — excommunicated by Inno- 
cent, 1253 — if. at Buckden, 9 Oct. 1253. 

Grossman, Gustav Friedrich Wilhelm, dra- 
matist, actor, — b. at Berlin, 1746,* 1744 b — if. 
at Hanover, 20 May, 1796. Wilhehnine von 
Blondheim, 1775 — Uicht mehr als sechs Sc'hiis- 
seln, 1780. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Gross-Waradin, in Hungary, — passes into 
possession of Siebenburgen, 1556 — unsuccess- 
fully besieged by Turks, 1598 — taken by them, 
1660 — recovered by Austrians, 1692. Peace 
of, between Ferdinand I. and John Zapolya, 
concluded, 24 Feb. 1538. 

Grote, George, historian, philosopher, — b. at 
Clayhill, near Beckenham, Kent, 17 Nov. 1794 
— leaves Charterhouse School and enters Pres- 
ent, Grote & Co.'s Bank, 1809 — marries, 1820 
— commences preparation for History of Greece, 
1823 — M.P. London, 1832-41 — introduces mo- 
tion in favour of the ballot, 25 Apr. 1833 — 
corresponding member of French Institute, 
1858 — Vice-Chancellor of London Univ. i860 
— Foreign Associate of Institute, 1864 — Trustee 
of British Museum, 1869 — Pres. Univ. Coll. 
London, 1869 — tr. in London, 18 Jun. 1871. 
History of Greece, 1846-56 — Plato and the 
other Companions of Sokrates, 1865. 

Grote, John, philosopher,— b. at Beckenham, 



GROTEFEND— GRUFFYDD AB LLYWELYN". 



633 



Kent, 5 May 1813— B.A. Cambridge, 1835 — 
fellow of Trin. Coll., about 1839 — vicar of 
Trumpington, 1847 — Prof. Moral Philosophy, 
Cambridge, 1855 — tf. at Trumpington, 21 Aug. 
1866. Bxploratio Philosophica, 1865 — Examin- 
ation of the Utilitarian Philosophy, 1870. 

Grotefend, Georg JTriedrich, philologist 
and archaeologist, — ft. at Miinden, Hanover, 9 
'Jun. 1775 — studies at Gottingen, 1795-97 — 
deciphers cuneiform inscriptions of Persepolis, 
1802 — director of Lyceum, Hanover, 1821 — Xf. 
15 Dec. 1853. Budimenta linguae JJmbricce, 
1835-38 — Neue Beitrage zur Brlauterung der 
Persepolitanischen Keilschrift, 1837 — der Ba- 
by lonischen Keilschrift, 1840 — Zur Geogra- 
phic und Geschichte von Alt-Ltalien, 1840-42. 

Grotius, Hugo, theologian, jurist, historian, 
— ft at Delft, 10 Apr. 1583 — enters Univ, of 
Leyden, 1594 — accompanies embassy to Paris, 
introduced to the king, 1598 — called to the 
bar, 1599 — historiographer to States of Holland, 
1601 — Advocate-general for the Treasury, 1607 
— pensionary of Rotterdam, 161 3 — envoy to 
England, 1615,* 161 3 b — imprisoned, May 1619 
— escapes, 21 Mar. 1621 — at Paris, 1621-22 — 
returns to Rotterdam, 1631 — at Hamburg, 
1632-4 — counsellor to Queen of Sweden, 
ambassador to Court of France, 1635-44. — visits 
Sweden, 1645 — ft. at Rostock, 28 Aug. 1645. 
Annotationes in V. T., 1644 — in N. T., 1641-6 
— Be veritate religionis christians, 1636 — Be 
jure Belli et Pads, 1623 — Lntroduction to the 
Jurisprudence of LLolland, 1631 — Annales et 
histories- Belgicce usque ad inducias anni 1609, 
1657 — Be antiquitate reipublicce. Batavicce, 
16 10 — Poemata, 16 17 — Epistolce, 1687. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Grotius, Willem, jurist, — ft. at the Hague, 
1597 — tf., 1662. Enchiridion de principiis 
juris naturalis, 1667 — Vitce juris consultorum, 
1690. 

Grou, Jean, theologian, — ft. in diocese of 
Boulogne, 17 31 — ft. in England, 1803. 
Translations from Plato, 1762-70 — Moral tiree 
des confessions de Saint Augustin, 1786. 

Grouber de Groubental, economist, — 5j., soon 
after 1800. La finance politique, 1755 — Theorie 
generate de V administration des finances, 1788 
— Principes elementaires de gouvernement, 1802. 
Grouchy, Emmanuel, Marquis de, Mar- 
shal and Peer of France, — ft. at Paris, 
23 Oct. 1766 — enters the army, 1780 — Major- 
general, contributes to conquest of Savoy, 
1792 — commands in La Vendee, 1793 — General 
of Division, 1795 — serves under Hoche, 1796-7 
— in campaign of Piedmont, 1798 — defeats 
Belleo-arde at Alexandria, Jun. 1798 — defeats 
Austrians at the Bormida, 14 Jun. 1799 — 
wounded, captured by Austrians at Novi, 16 
Jul. 1799 — contributes to victory of Hohen- 
linden, 3 Dec. 1801 — compels capitulation of 
the Prince of Hohenlohe at Prenzlau, Oct. 
1805 — wounded at battle of Friedland, grand 
cordon of Legion of Honour, 14 Jun. 1807 — 
distinguishes himself in Russian campaign, 
commands Sacred battalion,' 18 12 — dis- 
tinguishes himself at battle of Vauchamps, 14 
Feb. 1 8 14 — Marshal of France, 18 14 — fails to I 



prevent advance of Bliicher to "Waterloo, 18 
Jun. 1815 — banished, goes to America, 1815 — ■ 
reinstated in titles, &c, 1831 — Peer, 1832 — ft. 
at StEtienne, 29 May 1847. 

Grouvelle, Philippe Antoine, — ft. at Paris, 
1758 — secretary to executive council, 1792 — 
accompanies Minister of Justice to the Temple, 
reads sentence of death to Louis XVI., 20 Jan. 
1793 — ambassador to Denmark, Jun. 1793 — 
member of legislative body, 1800 and 1802 — 
tf. at Varennes, 30 Sep. 1806. Me'moires 
historiques sur les Templiers, 1805 — edition of 
Lettres de Mine de Sevigne, 1804. 

Grub Street Journal, London, — continued 
in original folio size to 29 Dec. 1737 — in 4to, 
as Literary Courier of Grub Street, 5 Jan. to 
27 Jul. I738. a a Notes and Queries. 

Gruber, Georg "Wilhelm, musical composer, 
— ft. at Nurnberg, 1729 — chapel-master at 
Niirnberg, 1765 — if. there, 22 Sep. 1796. 

Gruber, Johann Daniel, historian, — studies 
at Halle, 1709 — Prof. Law, there, 1723 — Prof. 
Law, Giessen, 1724 — lj. historiographer and 
librarian of Hanover, 24 Mar. 1748. Be 
cult ura historice universalis, 17 14. 

Gruber, Johann Gottfried, — ft. at Naumburg 
on the Saal, 29 Nov. 1774 — studies at Leipsic, 
1792 — Prof. Philosophy, Halle, about Dec. 
1 8 15 — rj., 7 Aug. 1 85 1. WithErsch edits the 
Allgemeine Lucyclopcidie der Wissenschaften 
tend Eiinste, from 181 8 — TJeber die Bestimmung 
des Menschen, 1800 — Geschichte des menschlich- 
en Geschlechts, 1806 — Wieland's Leben, 1815- 
16 

Gruber, Johann Sigismund, bibliographer, 
— ft. at Niirnberg, 4 Dec. 1759 — "d"., 3 Dec. 
1795, a 1805. b Bie Liter atur der musikalischen 
Jiunst, 1783 — Bie Literatur der Kaujieute, 
1787 — Bie Literatur der Frauen, 1794. 
a Biog. Univ. b Meyer, Conv.-Lex. 

Gruber a Sancto Ignatio, Gregor Maxi- 
milian, publicist, — ft. in Austria, 1739 — Prof. 
Public Law, Vienna, 178 1 — &., 20 Apr. 1799. 
System einer allgemeinen Biplomatik, 1783 — 
System der diplomatischen Chronologie, 1784. 

Grudius, Nicholas, statesman, poet, — ft. at 
Louvain, about 15 15 — sent to Venice, 157 1. 
Negotia, 1566 — Otia, 1611. 

Gruffydd ab Llywelyn, King of Gwynedd 
and Prince of Wales, — takes possession of 
kingdom on death of lago ab Idwal, 1039 — ■ 
defeats Saxons at Crossford on the Severn, 
1039 — drives out Hywel ab Edwyn from S. 
Wales, 1039 — defeats Hywel at Pencadair, 
1041 — makes himself master of all Wales, 
1044 — gives hostages to Edward the Confessor, 
1046 — joins Irish fleet in devastating coasts of 
Severn, 1049 — invades earldom of Worcester, 
1050 — puts to death Gruffydd ab Rhydderch 
and his brother Rhys, 1055 — with Aelfgar' 
invades Herefordshire, defeats Earl Ralph, and 
burns Hereford, 24 Oct. 1055 — defeats and 
kills Earl Leofgar, 17 Jun. 1056 — swears 
fealty to Edward, 1056 — aids Aelfgar to re- 
cover his earldom, 1058 — escapes from Rhuddlan 
on approach of Harold and Tostig, Christmas 
Day 1063 — killed by his own men, 5 Aug. 1064, 
1063.* H Annals of England. 



6 34 



GRUMBACH— GTTALA-BICHIERI. 



Grumbach, Wilhelm von, adventurer, — b., 
1503— gets Bp of Wurtzburg assassinated, 1558 
■ — besieges Wurtzburg, 1563 — executed, 12 
Dec. 1566. 

Grunaeus, Simon, antiquary, — b. in Silesia, 
1564 — tj. at Liegnitz, 1628. Basiliensium 
monumentorum antigraphy 1602. 

Grundler, Louis Sebastien, general, — b. at 
Paris, 29 Jul. 1774 — enters the army, 1792 — 
serves under Jourdan, 1799 — * n armv °f Italy, 
1801 — distinguisbes bimself at battle of Jena, 
1806 — at siege of Stralsund, 1807 — commander 
of La Manche, 1808 — cbief of tbe staff of Duke 
of Reggio, 1 810 — serves in Russian campaign, 
General of Brigade, 18 12 — wounded at passage 
of tbe Beresina, jSov. 18 12 — under Macdonald, 
takes part in battles of Liitzen, Bautzen, and 
Leipsic, 1813 — Baron, 181 3 — commander of 
La Seine and of Paris, 18 14 — Count, com- 
mander of Seine et Marne, 18 15 — Marechal de 
Camp, Jun. 18 18— b. at Plessis, 27 Sep. 1833. 

Gruner, Cbristian Gottfried, physician, — 
b. in Silesia, 1744 — studies at Leipsic, 1765 — 
M.D. Halle, 1770 — Prof. Botany, Jena, 1773 
— councillor, 1776 — physician to Elector of 
Saxe' Coburg, 1791 — b. at Jena, 4 Dec. 18 15. 
Censura librorum hippocrateorum, 1772 — 
Gedanlcen vber die Medicin und die Mediciner, 
1 7 72 — Aphrodisiacus, 1789 — Bibliothek der 
alien Arzte, 1780-82. 

Gruner, Johann Friedricb, philologist, — 
b. at Coburg, 1723 — Prof. Rhetoric and Roman 
Antiquities, Coburg, 1747-64 — Prof. Theology, 
Leipsic, r.764 — If. there, 29 Mar. 1778. In- 
trocluctio in antiquitates Romanas, 1746 — 
Opuscula ad illustrandam historiam Germanice 
pcrtineniia, 1760-61. 

Gruner, Jobann Gerhard, miscellaneous 
writer,- — b. at Coburg, 1734 — Privy Councillor, 
President of the Chamber, 1783 — b. at Coburg, 
1 Jul. 1790. Historische und statist ische 
JBeschreibung des Fiirstenthums Koburg-Saal- 
feld, 1783-93. 

Gruner, Earl Justus von, statesman, diplo- 
matist, — b. at Osnabruck, 28 Feb. 1777 — 
studies at Gottingen, 1797 — at Halle, 1798 — 
Director of Administration, Posen, 1805 — 
President of Police, Berlin, 1809 — captured, im- 
prisoned by the French, 1 8 1 2-13 — administrator 
of Rhine provinces, 181 3 — ambassador to 
Helvetic Confederation, 18 15 — b. at Wiesbaden, 
8 Feb. 1820. 

Gruner, Tbeopbilus a (Theodor*) Sigis- 
mund, naturalist, — b., 1778. Beschreibung 
der Gletscher, 1760-62 — Katurgeschichte der 
Schiceiz, 1773. a Biog. Univ. b Meyer, Conv.-Lex. 

Grupen, Cbristian TJlricb, historian, — b. at 
Harburg, 1692 — b\, 10 May 1767. Origines 
Germanice, 1764-68. 

Gruter, Jobann, {Janus,*) philologist, — b. at 
Antwerp, 3 Dec. 1560 — leaves Cambridge Univ. 
for Leyden, 1579 — ^ r0 ^ History, Heidelberg, 
1592— librarian, 1602 — loses his library at 
sack of the city, 1622 — b. near Heidelberg, 20 
Sep. 1627. Inscriptions antiquoe totius orbis 
Romani, 1601 — Lampas, 1602. a Conv.-Lex. 

Gruyer, Antoine, Baron, general, — b. at 
St Germain, 15 Mar. 1774 — wounded at battle 



of Fleurus, 26 Jun. 1794 — distinguishes him- 
self in campaign of Italy, 1796 — wounded at 
battle of Austerlitz, 2 Dec. 1805 — officer of 
Legion of Honour, 1 805 — General of Brigade, 
Feb. 18 1 3 — wounded at battle of Leipsic, 18 
Sep. 1813 — takes Mery-sur-Seine, Feb. 1814 — 
arrested, 31 Dec. 1815— exiled, 1816 — b. at 
Strasburg, 27 Aug. 1822. 

Grynseus, Jobann Jacob, theologian, — b. at 
Berne, 1540 — D.D. Tubingen, 1564 — Prof. 
Theologv, Basel, 1575 — Prof. Theologv, 
Heidelberg, 1584— Prof. Theology, Basel, 1586- 
1612 — b., 31 Aug. 1618. 

Grynseus, Simon, theologian, Qc, — b. in 
Suabia, 1493— Prof. Greek, Heidelberg, 1523 
— Prof. Theology, Basel, 1529 — visits Eng- 
land, 153 1 — assists at Conferences of Worms, 
1540 — b. at Basel, 1541. Edition of the 
Almagest, 1538. 

Grynseus, Simon, {the younger,) — b. at 
Berne, 1 Dec. 1539 — Prof. Moral Philosophy, 
Basel, 1580 — b. there, Sep. 1582. Commentarii 
duo ; de ignitis meteoris, §c,, 1580. 

Grypb, Andreas, dramatist, — b. at Gross- 
glogau, Silesia, 1616 — syndic of Glogau, 1647 
— b. there, 1664. Werke, 1657. 

Grypb, Christian, — b. at Fraustadt, 1649 — 
Prof. Greek, Breslau, 1674 — b. there, 1706. 

Gryphe, Sebastian, printer, — b. in Suabia, 
1493 — settles at Lyons, J528 — b. there, 7 
Sep. 1556. Latin Bible, 1550 — Thesaurus 
lingua sancta?, (Pagninus,) 1529. 

Guadagni, Leopold Andreas, jurist,—h. at 
Florence, 1705 — Prof. Law, Pisa, 1731— b-, 6 
Mar. 1785. Exercitationes in jus civile, 1766. 

Guadagnolo, Filippo, orientalist, — b. in 
Italy, about 1596 — b. at Rome, 27 Mar. 1656. 
Apologia pro Christiana religione, 1631 — 
Breves arabicce linguce institutiones, 1642 — 
Biblia sacra Arabica, 1671. 

Guadalajara, Guadalaxara, in Spain,— con- 
quered by Moors, under Tarik, 711 — retaken 
for Alfonso I. of Castile, 108 1 — raised to rank 
of city by Henry IV., 1464. 

Guadaloupe, island in West Indies, — dis- 
covered and named by Columbus, 1493 — 
colonised by French, Jun. 1635 — bought by 
Louis XIV., 1664 a — attacked by English, 1690 
and 1703 a — taken by English, Apr. to May 
1759 — restored to Fi'ance, 1763 — again taken 
by English, 10-21 Apr. 1794 — retaken by 
French, Feb. 1795 — revolt of blacks, 21 Oct. 
1 801 — suppressed, 1802 — retaken by English, 
6 Feb. 1 810 — ceded to Sweden, 3 Mar. 1813* 
— restored to France by Treaty of Paris, 30 
May 1 8 14 — devastated by hurricane, 26 Jul. 
1825 — by earthquake, 8 Feb. 1843 — slavery 
abolished, by Republican government, 1848 — 
seat of a bishopric, 1850. a Encyc. Mod. 

Guadet, Marguerite Elie, Girondist leader, 
— b. at StEmilion, 1758 — deputy to Legislative 
Assembly, 1791 — arrested, 2 Jun. 1793 — 
executed at Bordeaux, 17 Jul. 1794. 

Guagnino, Alessandro, historian, — b. at 
Verona, 1538 — b. at Cracow, 16 14. Res 
Bolonicce, 1574 — Sarmatiw European descriptio, 
1581. 

Guala-Bichieri, Jacopo, [Gualo, JFalo,) Car- 



GUALDO-PRIORATO— GTIASTALLA. 



635 



dtnal, — ft. at Vercelli, about 11 80 — goes to 
Home, 1205— Cardinal by Innocent III., i207, a 
1205 b — mediates between Siena and Florence, 
1207 — legate in France, 1208 — effects recon- 
ciliation of Philip Augustus with his wife 
Ingeburga, 121 1 — follows Prince Louis to 
England, May 1216 — excommunicates him for 
accepting crown of England, 12 16 — exacts 
procurations and sequesters livings of supporters 
of Louis, 12 16 c — joint guardian, with Earl of 
Pembroke, of Henry III., Oct. 12 16 d — crowns 
Henry III. at Gloucester, 28 Oct. I2i6 d — 
takes part in concluding peace between Henry 
and Louis, at Staines, 11 Sep. 12 17 ° — absolves 
Louis, 1 2 1 7 — exacts heavy sums from the 
clergy, close of 1217° — quits England, after 
Jul. 12 18 — founds monastery and hospital at 
Vercelli, 12 19 — sent to Sicily to engage 
Frederick II. in crusade, aids in founding Univ. 
of Vercelli, 1227 — ft. at Eome, May 1227. 
a Bicg. Uniy. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

c Matthew Paris. d Annals of England. 

Gualdo-Priorato, Galeazzo, Count of 
Comazzo, historian, — ft. at Vicenza, 1606 — ft. 
there, 1678. Istoria delle guerre degli imp. 
Ferdinando II et III, $c, 1641 — Istoria del 
ministerio del cardin. JSIazarmi, 1669 — Istoria 
delle rivohizioni de Francia sotto il regno di 
Luigi XIV., 1670. 

Gualior. [Gwalior.] 

Gualo. [Guala-Bichieri.] 

Gxiano, — mentioned by Herrera, 1601 — by 
Garcilaso de la Vega, 1609 — by Frezier, 17 14 
—by Ulloa, 1748 — -brought to Europe by 
Humboldt, 1804 — imported to England from 
Chincha Islands, 1843 — from Patagonia, 1845. 

Guanzellis, Giovanni Maria da, Dominican, 
— rj. near Faenza, 1557 — Bp of Polignano, 1607 
• — rj. there, 16 19. Index librorum expurgan- 
dorum in studiosorum gratiam confectus, 1607. 

Guarantee, of Government Officers, in Great 
Britain,— provided for, by Act 30 and 31 Vic. 
c. 108, 20 Aug. 1867. 

Guarcos, Niceola di. [Genoa.] 

Guard, Imperial, in France, — formed by 
Napoleon as Consular Guard, 1799 — re-named, 
1804 — disbanded by Louis XVIII., 18 14 — re- 
established^ Napoleon III., 1854 — surrender 
to Germans at Metz, 28 Oct. 1870. 

Guard, National, of France, — instituted by 
Committee of Safety, 13 Jul. 1789— legalized, 
Dec. 1790 — organized by decree of 14 Oct. 
1 79 1— staff of, dissolved by Convention, after 
13 Vendemiaire, 5 Oct. 1795 — reorganized, by 
Napoleon, 18 14 — prohibited from choosing 
officers, 1 8 15 — dissolved by Charles X. for de- 
manding dismissal of Villele's ministry, 29 Apr. 
1827 — again formed, 28 Jul. 1830 — reconsti- 
tuted by law of 22 Mar. 1831 — defection of, 
contributes to revolution of Feb. 1848 — en- 
tirely remodelled by decree of 11 Jan. 1852 — 
take part in Communist insurrection at Paris, 
spring, 1 87 1. 

Guard, Royal, in France, — instituted at Re- 
storation of Bourbons by ordinance of 1 Sep. 
1 8 15 — constituted by ordinance of 27 Feb. 
1825 — dissolved after revolution of Jul. 1830. 

Guardians, — appointment of, by fathers, au- 



thorized by Acts 4 and 5 Ph. and Mar. c. 84, 
1557; and 12 Car. II. , c. 24, 1660 — in chivalry, 
abolished by Act 12 Car. II. c, 24, 1660. 

Guards, Body, {Gardes du Corps du Roi,) in 
France, — instituted by Charles VII., and com- 
posed of Scots, about 1448 — suppressed, 12 
Sep. 1791 — reestablished by Louis XVIII. , 
1 8 14 — dissolved, 1830. 

Guards, Coast, in France, — disbanded, 1791 
— reestablished, 1799 — suppressed, 18 14 — re- 
established, 1 83 1. [Garde Mobile, Grena- 
diers, Life-Guards, Praetorian.] 

Guards, French, — organized, 1553 — take 
the popular side and form part of National 
Guard of Paris, 1789. 

Guarin, Pietro, orientalist, — b. near Rouen, 
1678 — enters Congregation of St Maur, 21 
Oct. 1696 — rj. at Paris, 29 Dec. 1729. Gram- 
matica hebraica et chaldaica, 1724-6 — lexicon 
hebraicum et chaldaico-biblicum, 1746. 

Guarini, Giovanni Battista, classical scholar, 
— fj. at Verona, about 1425 — succeeds his father 
as Prof. Greek and Latin, Ferrara, 146 1 — still 
Prof, there in 1495 — rj. at Venice, 15 13. De 
ordine docendi et studendi, 1498. 

Guarini, Giovanni Battista, poet, — rj. at 
Ferrara, 10 Dec. 1537 — enters service of Duke 
Alfonso IL, about 1567 — ambassador to 
Venice, Savoy, Pome, Germany, and Poland, 
1567-78 — retires from Court, 1582 — tr. at 
Venice, 4 Oct. 1612. Pastor Fido, 1585 — 
letter e, 1603. 

Guarini, Camillo Guarino, architect, §c, 
— ft. at Modena, 1624 — ft. at Milan, 1683. 
Fuclides adauctus et methodicus, 1671 — Com- 
pendio delta sf era celeste, 1675 — Cozlestis mathe- 
matical pars prima et secunda, 1683 — Archi- 
tettura civile, 1737. 

Guarini, {Guarino,) Veronese, classical 
scholar, — ft. at Verona, 1370 — goes to Con- 
stantinople to study under Emmanuel Chryso- 
loras, about 1390 — returns to Italy, about 
1395 — Prof. Greek Language and Literature, 
Venice, 14 15 — Prof. Greek, Verona, about 1422 
— tutor to Lionello d'Este at Ferrara, Jul. 1429 
— interpreter between Greek and Latin theolo- 
gians at Council of Ferrara, 1433 — Prof. Greek 
and Latin, Ferrara, 1436 — rjf. there,4Dec. 1460. 
Translation of Strabo, 1470 — Grammatics In- 
stitutiones, 1487 — Plularchi Vitce, 1488. 

Guarino. [Favorinus.] 

Guarna, Andrea, of Salerno. JBellum gram- 
maticale, 151 1. 

Guarnacci, Mario, — b. at Volterra, 1701 — 
retires from Papal Court, 1757 — Is., 21 Aug. 
1785. Origini Italiche, 1768-72 — Vitce et res 
gestce Fontificum Iiomanorum et Cardinalium a 
Clemente X. ad Clementem XII, 175 1. 

Guasco, Ottaviano de, historian— fj. at Pi- 
gnerol, 17 12 — goes to Paris, 1738 — fc. at 
Verona, 178 1. Dissertations historiques, 1756 
— De Vusage des statues chez les Anciens, 1768. 

Guastalla, in Italy, County and Duchy of, 
— territory given by Empress Angilberge to 
monastery of Placentia, 877 — ceded by Bp of 
Reggio to Boniface, Marquis of Tuscany, soon 
after 1000 — seized by Cremonese, about 11 80 
— seized by Richard de St Boniface of Verona, 



6 3 6 



GUASTALLA— GTTELDERLAND. 



1247 — occupied and fortifications destroyed by- 
Gilbert de Correggio, 1307 — confirmed to him 
by Emperor Henry VII., 131 1 — falls under 
power of lords of Milan, 1346 — lordship of, 
given by the Visconti to Guido Torelli, 1406 
— his sons Christopher and Peter Guido 
succeed, 1449 — Guido Galeotto and Fran- 
cesco Maria, sons of Peter Guido, 1460 — 
Francesco Maria alone, 1479 — Peter Guido, 
(son,) i486 — Achilles, (brother,) 1494 — 
serves against Charles VIII. at Fornova, 
Novara, &c, 1495 — ally of Louis XII., 1500 
— present at battles of Ghiarra d'Adda and 
Agnadello, 1509 — passes into service of Julius 
II., Oct. 15 1 2- -murdered, Nov. 1522 — Lodo- 
vica, (daughter,) 1522 — County conquered by 
Spaniards, 1525— sold by permission of Charles 
V. to Ferdinand de Gonzaga I., 3 Oct. 1539 
— C;esar, (son,) 1557 — Ferdinand II., (son,) 
1575 — erected into a Duchy by Emperor Fer- 
dinand II., 2 Jul. 1 62 1 — CiESAR II., (son,) 
Aug. 1630 — Ferdinand III., (son,) Feb. 
1632 — Charles IV., Duke of Mantua, (son- 
in-law,) Jan. 1678 — Vincent de Gonzaga, 
(grandson of Ferdinand II.,) Aug. 1692 — An- 
thony Ferdinand, (son,) Apr. 17 14 — 
Joseph, (brother,) Apr. 1729—011 his death 
occupied by Empress-queen Maria Theresa, 
Aug. 1746 — given to Don Philip, Infant of 
Spain, Duke of Parma, by Treaty of Aix-la- 
Chapelle, 18 Oct. 1748 — Duchy of, given by 
Napoleon I. to his sister Pauline, 1806 — an- 
nexed to Parma, and given to Ex-empress 
Maria Louisa, 18 15 — at her death passes to 
Duke of Modena, Dec. 1847. [Modena.] 

Guastalla, city, — seized by Venetians, 14 10 
— seized by Marquis of Mantua, 14 Feb. 141 8 
— laid under interdict by Alexander VI., 1499 
— attacked by Venetians, 151 1 — fortifications 
strengthened, 1636 — occupied by Prince Eu- 
gene, 1 70 1— capitulates to Duke of Vendome, 
9 Sep. 1702 — retaken by Imperialists, 5 Dec. 
1706 — occupied by Gen. Merci, 19 May 1734 
■ — the king of Sardinia defeats Imperialists at, 
19 Sep. 1734 — occupied by Spaniards, 1745 — 
occupied by Imperialists, Apr. 1746. 

Guatemala, Central America, — coast of, dis- 
covered by Columbus, 1502 a — conquered by 
Spaniards, about 1524 — erected into a Cap- 
tain-generalship by Charles V., 1527 — forms 
part of Mexican empire of Iturbide, 1821 b — 
one of the United States of Central America, 2 
Jul. 1823 b — secedes from union, and becomes 
independent republic, 21 Mar. i847 a — new 
constitution established, 19 Oct. 1851^ 

a SJacculloch. b Engl. Cyc. 

Guatemala, city, — founded by Alvarado, 
1524 a — destroyed by volcanic eruption, 11 Sep. 
1541 b — La Antigua, capital of Spanish king- 
dom, built soon after 1541 — destroyed by erup- 
tion and earthquake, Jun. 1773 — La Nucva 
{Santiago de Guatemala) built, i774, a 1776 c b 
— earthquake, Apr. i83o. b 

a Engl. Cj'c. b Conv.-Lex. c Maccullocu. 

Guatimozin, Emperor of Mexico, — fj., 
about 1497 — succeeds Cuitlahuetzi, 1520 — put 
to death by Cortez, 1522. 

Guayra, La, in Venezuela, — founded by 



Osorio, 1588 — attacked by English, 1739 and 
1743 — free port, by ordinance of 12 Oct. 1778 
— destroyed by earthquake, 1812. 

Gubbio, {JEugubium, Lguvium,) — visited by 
Frederick II., 1240 — receives charters from 
him, 1242 and 1248. [Eugubine Tables.] 

Gude, {Gudius,) Marquard, antiquary, — 
b. at Eensburg, t Feb. 1635 — ir., 26 Nov. 
1689. De clinic is sive grabatariis veteris Ec- 
clesice, 1657 — Antique inscriptiones, $•<?., 1731. 

Gudin, Charles Etienne Cesar, General, 
— n. at Montargis, 13 F'eb. 1768 — enters the 
army, 1782 — distinguishes himself under 
Moreau in campaigns of 1795-6 — General of 
Brigade, 1796 — defeats Austrians at Grimsel, 
passes the St Gothard, Feb. 1799 — at battle of 
Philipsburg, passes the Lech, 1 800 — General of 
Division, 6 Jul. 1800 — serves under Davoust, 
1805 — defeats Prussians near Hoffenhausen, 
Oct. 1806 — takes fort of Custrin, 1806 — dis- 
tinguishes himself at battle of Pultusk, 1806 
— at Eylau, 1807 — Grand Officer of Legion of 
Honour, 7 Jul. 1807 — Commander of St Henry 
of Saxony, 1808 — -governor of Fontainebleau, 
1809 — distinguishes himself in campaign of 
Austria, 1809 — Grand Cordon of Legion of 
Honour, 1809 — distinguishes himself at Wag- 
ram, 6 Jul. 1809 — distinguishes himself in 
Russian campaign, 1812 — falls at attack on 
Volontina-Gora, Aug. 181 2. 

Gudius. [Gude.] 

Gudme, Andreas Christoph, — b. in Schles- 
wig, 177 i, a 1779 b — if. at Wiesbaden, 1835. 
Schleswig-LLolstein ; Statistic beider Herzogthii- 
mer, 1833. 

a Biog. Univ. b Meyer, Conv.-Lex. 

Gudmundus, Andreae, — tf. at Copenhagen, 
1654. Voluspa, 1673 — Lexicon Lslandicum, 
1683 

Guebres. [Parsees.] 

Guebriant, Jean Baptiste Budes, Count 
de, Marshal of France, — fc. in Brittany, 
1602 — Marechal de Camp, 1636 — defeats Im- 
perialists at Brisach, 1638 — defeats Duke of 
Lorraine in Franche-Comte, 1639 — obtains 
victories over Imperialists at Wolfenbiittel, 29 
Jun. 1 641 — and at Ordingen, 1642 — Marshal 
of France, 1642 — killed at siege of Rotlrweil, 
24 Nov. 1643. 

Guebriant, Benee du Bee, — marries Count 
de Guebriant, 1632 — widow, 1643— ambassa- 
dress to King of Poland, 1 645 — tf . at Peri- 
gneux, 2 Sep. 1659. 

Guelderland, province of Holland, {Pays de. 
Gueldre, Gelria, Geldria,) — forms part of 
Prankish kingdom of Austrasia, about 570 — 
erected into County for Otto II. by Emperor 
Henry IV., 1079 — Ermen garde (daughter) 
and Gerard I. (her husband) succeed, 11 13 — 
Gerard II., (son,) about 1128 — Henry I., 
(son,) 1 141 — Gerard III., (son,) 1177 or 1178 
— Otto II., (or III.,) (brother,) end of 1183 
— goes on the crusade, 11 89 — Gerard IV., 
(son,) 1204? 1206? 1209? — Otto III., (or 
IV.,) (son,) 1229 — supports William Count of 
Holland in his competition for Empire, 1247 
— Reynold I., (son,) 1271 — claims Duchy of 
Limburg against Count of Berg, 1280 — taken 



GUELF— GUERNIER. 



6 37 



prisoner by Duke of Brabant at battle of 
Woeringen, Jim. 1288 — liberated, Oct. 1289 — 
accompanies Henry VII. to Italy, 13 10 — re- 
volt, beaded by bis son, 13 18 — treacherously 
arrested and imprisoned, 1320 — tf., 9 Oct. 1326 
■ — Reynold II., (son,) 1326 — accompanies 
Emperor Louis of Bavaria to Italy, 1327 — 
sends auxiliaries to Edward III. for war witb 
Scotland, 1333 — bis County erected into aDuchy 
by Louis, 19 Mar. 1339— joins, Edward III., 
at siege of Cambray, 1339-40 — Reynold III., 
(son,) Oct. 1343 — serves witb Edward III. in 
Normandy, 1 346 — contests of tbe factions of tbe 
Hekerains and Bronchorts, 1350-60 — Edward, 
(brother) deposes Reynold, May 1361 — mor- 
tally wounded at battle of Bastweiler, Aug. 
1 37 1 — Reynold III. restored, 1371 — tf., 4 
Dec. 1 37 1 — succession disputed by tbe Heke- 
rains and Broncborts, 137 1-9 — William I. of 
Juliers, generally recognized, 1379 — receives 
investiture, 1383 — aids Teutonic knights against 
Prussians, 1384 — war with the Braban^-ons, 
1386 — --accompanies Duke of Bourbon to Africa, 
1390 — becomes Duke of Juliers on death of 
his father, 1393 — war renewed with Braban- 
90ns, 1397-9 — Reynold IV., (brother,) Feb. 
1402 — [Juliers] — Arnold oe Egmond, 1423 
— war with his rival, Adolpb, Duke of Berg and 
of Juliers, 1425-34 — invades and ravages Juli- 
ers, 1437-40 — again, 14^4 — revolt of his son 
Adolph, 1458 — deposed and imprisoned by 
Adolph, Jan. 1465 — restored by Charles the 
Bold, Duke of Burgundy, 1470 — cedes the 
Duchy to Charles the Bold, 30 Dec. 1472 — tf., 
Feb. 1473 — on death of Charles, title of Duke 
assumed by Adolph, son of Arnold, 1477 — his 
sister Catherine recognized Duchess on his 
death, Jun. 1477 — Archduke Maximilian of 
Austria acquires sovereignty, 1483 — claimed 
by Charles of Egmond, 1492 — cession of, by 
him to Duke of Cleves, 153S— cession of, by 
"William Duke of Cleves to Emperor, 1543 — 
one of the United Provinces, 1578 — conquered 
by Louis XIV., 1672 — evacuated by French, 
1673 — part of, given to Prussia at Peace of 
Utrecht, 17 13 — invaded by French, 1794 — 
forms part of French Empire, 1 810-14 — P ar ^ 
of kingdom of Netherlands, 18 14. 

Guelf, Guelph, Welf, Souse of— founded (?) 
by Guele, son of Isembert, Count of Altdorf, 
and Irmintrudis, (sister of Charles the Great,) 
who died, 820 — two branches of, united by 
marriage of Cunegunda to Azzo III. of Este, 
who died, 1097 — second line of, established in 
Germany by Welf the Great, Duke of Bavaria, 
1055 — decline of; about 1150-60 — Otto, grand- 
son of Henry the Lion, obtains from Frederick 
II. grant of some of their domains with title 
of Duke of Brunswick, 1235. 

Guelf, Order of, Guelphic Order, of Han- 
over, — instituted by George, Prince of Wales 
and Prince Regent of England, 12 Aug. 18 15 
— statutes revised, 1841. 

Guelfs and Gnibellines, {Papal and Im- 
perial parties,) — strife between, originates in 
dispute about investitures between Gregory 
VII. and Emperor Henry IV., 1073-6 — names 
first used as battle-cries {Guelf and Waiblingen) 



at combat of Weinsberg, between Conrad of 
Franconia and Heniy the Lion, 11 40 — begin 
to be adopted at Florence, about 1 200 — original 
distinction disappears, between 1 300-1350 — 
names continue in use till about 1450. 

Guenee,Antoine, theologian, — h. atEtampes, 
23 Nov. 17 17 — Prof. Rhetoric, Coll of Plessis, 
1741 — ■tf. at Fontainebleau, 27 Nov. 1803. 
Lettres de quelques Juifs ...dJK.de Vol- 
taire, 1769. 

Guerande, — unsuccessfully besieged by Nor- 
mans, 919 and 953 — taken by Louis of Spain, 
1342 — by Duguesclin, 1373 — unsuccessfully 
besieged by de Clisson, 1379 — and by Marshal 
de Rieux, 1489 — chateau demolished, 16 14 — 
occupied by Royalists, Mar. 1793 — again at- 
tacked by them, 7 Jul. 18 15. Treaties of, be- 
tween Charles V. of France and John of Mont- 
fort, cession of Duchy of Brittany to latter, con- 
cluded, 12 Apr. 1365 — between Charles VI. and 
John Duke of Brittany, ratified, 4 Apr. 1381. 

Guerchy, Claude Francois Louis Regnier, 
Count de, — general, diplomatist, — fc. in Bur- 
gundy, 17 15 — enters the army, 1729 — wounded 
at battle of Guastalla, 1734 — distinguishes 
himself in the war of 1756 — ambassador to 
London, 1763 — tf. at Paris, 1767. 

Guercino, {Giovanni Francesco Barbieri,) 
painter, — fc. at Cento, near Bologna, 2 Feb. 
i59o, ab 1592° — makes acquaintance of Car- 
avaggio at Rome, before 1609 — returns to 
Cento, 1623 — settles at Bologna, 1642 — tf. at 
Bologna, 22 Dec. 1666. 

a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c "Wornum. 

Guericke, Otto von, natural philosopher, — 
6. at Magdeburg, 1602 — burgomaster, 1646-81 
— invents air-pump, about 1650 — tf. at Ham- 
burg, 11 May 1686. JExperimenta nova ut 
vocant Magdeburgica, 1672. 

Guerin, Eugenie de, — b., 1805 — tf., 31 May 
1848. Journal mid Letters, 1862. 

Guerin, Maurice de, poet, — b. in France, 
18 10 — spends a year with Lamennais, in Brit- 
tany, 1832-33 — marries, 1838 — tj., 1839. 
Journal, Letters and Poems, 1862. 

Guerin, Pierre Narcisse, painter, — b. at 
Paris, 13 May 1774 — obtains grand prize and 
goes to Rome, 1798 — Prof. attheEcole Royale 
des Beaux Arts, 18 14 — admitted to Academy, 
1 8 19 — director of French School, Rome, 1822- 
29 — Baron, 1829,* 1824° — tf. at Rome, 16 Jul. 
1833. Phcedra and Hippolytas, 1%02-^-The 
Emperor pardoning the rebels at Cairo, Ver- 
sailles, 1808 — Cephalus and Aurora, 1817,* 
i8io b — Lido, Lotivre, 18 17. 
a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Conv.-Lex. 

Guerin. [Tencin.] 

Guernica, in Spain, — Treaty of, between 
Alfonso II. of Aragon, and Raymond of Tou- 
louse, concluded, 18 Apr. 1 1 76 a — Oak of, place 
of meeting of Basque parliament, very old in 
1334 b — Ferdinand and Isabella take oath un- 
der it, to uphold Basque fueros, 1476 c — Charles 
V. takes same oath there, 5 Apr. 1526 c — cut 
down by French, 1808. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. 
b Mariana. c Ford. 

Guernier. [Duguernier.] 



6 3 8 



GUERNSEY— GUIDO. 



Guernsey. [Channel Islands.] 

Guerrero, Vicente, — takes part in insurrec- 
tion in Spanish America, 1809 — leader of in- 
surgents, 181 8 — President of Mexican republic, 
1827 — condemned and shot, 14 Feb. 1831. 

Guesclin. [Duguesclin.] 

Guettard, Jean Etienne, naturalist, — b. at 
Etampes, 22 Sep. 17 15 — admitted to Academy 
of Sciences, 1734 — if. at Paris, 8 Jan. 1786. 
Memoire sar les differentes parties des sciences 
et des arts, 1768-83 — Memoire sur la mineralo- 
gie du Dauphine, 1779. 

Guette, de la. [Citri.] 

Gueux, The, (Gcusen, Beggars,) — name 
given to and adopted by Dutch confederates, 
Apr. 1566 — adopt peculiar costume, Apr. 1556 
— totally dispersed, 1567. 

Guevara, Antonio de, historian, — if., 1544. 
Marco Aurelio con el relox de principes, 1529 
— Epistolas familiares, 1539. 

Guez. [Balzac.] 

Guglielmi, Pietro, musical composer, — b. at 
Massa-Carrara, May 1727 — chapel-master of St 
Peter's, Eome, 1793 — ft. there, 19 Nov. 1804. 

Guglielniini, Domenico, natural philosopher, 
— b. at Bologna, 1655 — Intendant-general of 
waters in the Bolognese, 1686 — Prof. Mathe- 
matics, 1690 — Prof. Hydrometry, 1694 — Prof. 
Mathematics, Padua, 1698 — Prof. Medicine, 
1702 — if., 21 Jul. 17 10. Aquarum jluentium, 
mensura nova et inquisita, 1690-91 — Delia na- 
tura de' Jiumi trattato fisico matematico, 1697. 

Guhr, Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, musical 
composer, — b. in Silesia, 1787 — director of or- 
chestra, Niirnberg, 1807 — musical director of 
the Opera, Frankfort, 1821 — if., 23 Jul. 1848. 

Gui de Boulogne, (d'Atwergne,) — Abp of 
Lyons, 1340 — Cardinal, by Clement VI., 1342 
— envoy to Hungary, 1350 — if. at Lerida, 25 
Nov. 1373. 

Gui-Pape, {Guido Papce!) jurist, — studies at 
Lyons, 1415 — LL.D., 1430 — if. at Grenoble, 
1476. Decisiones Gratianopolitance, 1490. 

Guiana. [Guyana.] 

Guibert. [Clement III., antipope.] 

Guibert, Charles Benoit, Count de, general, 
— b. at Montauban, 17 15 — enters the army, 
1 73 1 — distinguishes himself at Dettingen, 1743 
— at Rocoux, 1746 — governor of the Invalides, 
1782— U., 8 Dec. 1786. 

Guibert, Jacques Antoine Hippolyte, Count 
de, — b. at Montauban, 1743 — serves in cam- 
paigns of Germany, 1756— Chevalier of St 
Louis, 1767 — visits Prussia, 1773 — assists 
Count of St Germain in military reforms, 1775 
— Marechal de Camp, 1788 — if., 6 May 1790. 
Essai de tactiquc generate, 1773. 

Guicciardini, Francesco, historian,— b. at 
Florence, 1482 —Prof. Jurisprudence, 1505 — 
ambassador to Ferdinand of Aragon, 15 12 — to 
Leo X., 1513 — Governor of Modena, 1518 — as 
Lieutenant-general of Holy See, defends Parma 
against the French, 152 1 — President of Bo- 
magna, 1523 — member of Commission of 
Twelve, Florence, 1530 — Governor of Bologna, 
1531-34 — contributes to election of Cosmo de 
Medici, 1537 — if. at Arcetri, May 1540. Is- 
toria d' Italia, 1561. 

Guicciardini, Lodovico, miscellaneous writer, 



— b. at Florence, Jun. 1523 — settles in the 
Netherlands, about 1550 — if. there, 1589. 
Descrizione di tutti i Paesi Bassi, 1567. 

Guichard, Karl Gottlieb, — b. at Magde- 
burg, 1724 — serves in Dutch army against 
French, 1747 — visits England, 1754 — aide-de- 
camp to Frederick II., 1757— 'Major Quintus 
Icilius,' by Frederick, 1759 — if. at Berlin, 15 
May 1775. Me moires militaires sur les Grecs 
et les Romains, 1760 — Memoires critiques et 
historiques sur plusieurs points d'antiquite's 
militaires, 1773. 

Guiche, Armand de Gramont, Count de, 
general, — b., 1637 — at siege ofLandrecies, 1655 
— accompanies the king in expedition of Marsal, 
1663 — in service of Holland, against Bp of 
Munster, 1665 — distinguishes himself at battle 
of the Texel, 1668 — returns to France, 1669 — 
serves under Conde in campaign of Holland, 
1672 — defeated by Montecuculli, 22 Nov. 1673 
— if. at Creuznach, Jun. 1764. Memoires con- 
cernant les Provinces- Unies, §c, 1744. 

Guiche, Jean Francois de la, Count de la 
Palice, Marshal of France, — b., about 1570 — 
serves in the army, 1588 — Marshal of France, 
1619— commands at sieges of Clerac, Montau- 
ban, &c, 1621-22 — if., 2 Dec. 1632. 

Guiche, Philibert de la, — b., about 1540 — 
refuses to massacre Protestants at Macon, 1572 
— grand master of artillery, 1578-95 — Governor 
of Lyons, 1595 — if. there, 1607. 

Guiche, Pierre de la, general, diplomatist, — 
b., about 1464 — accompanies Charles VIII. to 
Naples, 1495 — signs treaty with Switzerland, 
at Geneva, 15 15 — commands at battle of 
Marignano, 15 15 — ambassador to England, 
15 1 8 to 1536 — if. at Chaumont, 1544. 

Guichenon, Samuel, historian, — ft. at Ma- 
con, 1607 — historiographer of France, about 
1640 — Count Palatine, 1 65 1 — if. at Bourg, 8 
Sep. 1664. Histoire de Bresse et de Bugey, 
1650 — Histoire ge'ne'alogique de la royale maison 
de Savoie, 1660 — Bibliotheca sebusiana, 1660. 

Guicowar, (Mahratta chief,) — Pillajee 
Guicowar assumes sovereign power in Guzerat, 
between 1720-30 — murderedby Bajaof Judpoor, 
1732 — Damajee, his son, 1732-68 — Syagee, 
1768-92 — treaty between Futteh Singh Guico- 
war and E.I.C., 1780 — Govind Eao, 1792 — 
Ahnund Eao, 1800 — rebellion of Mulhar Eao 
against Ahnund Eao Guicowar, suppressed by 
E.I.C., 1802 — treaties, 1802', 1805, 1817 — 
Syagee Eao Guicowar succeeds Ahnund Eao, 
1 819 — treaty, 1820. 

Guidi, Carlo Alessandro, poet, — b. at Pavia, 
1650 — if. at Frascati, 1712. Poesieliriche, 1671. 

Guidi. [Vidius.] 

Guidiccioni, Giovanni, poet, — 6. at Lucca, 
1480 — Bp of Fossombroni, about 1524 — if. at 
Macerata, Aug. 1541. Orazione, 1568 — Rime, 

'5 6 7- 
Guido. [Ferrara, Mantua, Tuscany, Dukes 

OF.] 

Guido, {Guido Rem',) painter, — b. at Cal- 
venzano, near Bologna, 4 Nov. 1575,* 1574 b 
— studies under'theCaracci, 1595 — goestoEome, 
about 1602 — settles at Bologna, about 1622 — ii. 
there, 18 Aug. 1642. Coronation of the Virgin, 
Bologna, 1 59 5? a Wornum. b Engl. C) r c. 



GUIDO D'AEEZZO— GUILLEMLNOT. 



'39 



Guido d'Arezzo, musician, — ft. at Arezzo, 
probably about 995 ? — enters Benedictine mon- 
astery, 1003 ? — invents new system of musical 
notation, about 1020 ?—"&., probably about 1050 ? 

Guidotti, Paolo, (il Borghese,)— painter and 
sculptor, — ft. at Lucca, 1559 — employed by Six- 
tusV.in the Vatican, between 1585-90 — ft., 1629. 

Guid'Ubaldo, marquis, mathematician, — 
ft. at Urbino, about 1540 — tf., 1601. Plani- 
spheriorum universalium theoria, 1560-81. 
Mecanici, 1577 — Problemata astronomica, 1609. 

Guienne. [Guyenne.] 

Guignes, Chretien Louis Joseph de, orient- 
alist, — ft. at Paris, 25 Aug. 1759 — resident of 
France in China, and correspondent of Acade- 
mies of Science and Inscriptions, 1784 — accom- 
panies Dutch embassy to Pekin, 1794-95 — re- 
turns to Europe, 1801 — attached to ministry 
of Foreign Affairs, 1801-17 — tf. at Paris, 9 Mar. 
1845. — Voyages d Peking, Manilb, et Vile de 
France, 1808 — Bictionnaire Chinois-Prangais 
et Latin, 1813. 

Guignes, Joseph de, orientalist, — ft. at Pon- 
toise, 19 Oct. 17.21 — studies under Fourmont, 
1736 — oriental interpreter, Royal Library, 
Dec. 1745 — F.R.S. London, 1752 — censor 
royal, 1753 — associate of Academy of Belles 
Lettres, 1754 — Prof. Syriac, College Eoyal, 
1757-73 — keeper of antiques in the Louvre, 
1769 — pensionary of Academy of Belles Lettres, 
1773 — tf. at Paris, 19 Mar. 1800. Histoire 
generale des Suns, des Turcs, des Mogols, etdes 
autres Tartar es occidentaux, 1756-58 — edits 
Journal des Savans, 1753. 

Guigues I., (Guigo de Castro Novo,) fifth 
prior of the Grande Chartreuse, — ft. in Dau- 
phiny, 1083 — enters Institute of St Bruno, 11 07 
■ — Superior of the Grande Chartreuse, about 
1 1 10 — rebuilds monastery, 1134— tf. there, 27 
Jul. 1 1 37. 

Guilandinus, Melchior, naturalist, — ft. at 
Konigsberg, about 1500— director of Botanic 
Garden, Padua, 156 1 — Prof. Botany, about 
1564-89 — ft. there, 25 Dec. 1589. Be stirpium 
aliquot nominibus, §c, 1557 — Papyrus, 1572. 

Guildford, in Surrey, — given by will of 
Alfred the Great to his nephew Ethelwald, 900 
— seizure of Alfred son of Ethelred II. , and 
massacre of his Norman attendants, by Harold 
L, at, 1036 — occasional royal residence, from 
about 1 1 60 — castle seized by Prince Louis of 
France, 1216 — deprived of its charters by James 
IL, 3 Apr. 1686. 

Guildford, U.S., — Lord Cornwallis defeats 
Gen. Green at, 15 Mar. 1781. 

Guilford, Francis North, Baron, Lord- 
keeper of the Great Seal, — ft., 22 Oct. 1637 
— enters Cambridge Univ., 1653 — called to the 
bar at Middle Temple, 28 Jun. 1661 — Solicitor- 
general and Knt, 20 May 1671---M.P. Lynn 
liegis, 1673 — Attorney-general, 12 Nov. 1673 — 
Lord Chief Justice of Common Pleas, 25 Jan. 
1675 — member of new council, 1679 — vote of 
impreachment against, by House of Commons, 
21 Dec. 1680 — Lord-keeper, 20 Dec. 1682 — 
created Baron Guilford, 27 Sep. 1683 — tf. at 
Wroxton, in Oxfordshire, 5 Sep. 1685. Phi- 
losophical Pssay on Music, 1677. 



Guilford, Frederick North, Earl op, 
(Lord North*,) Prime Minister op Eng- 
land,— ft. 13 Apr. 1733 — M.P. Banbury, 
1754 s — Lord of the Treasury, 1759*— moves 
expulsion of Wilkes, 1763 — supports American 
Stamp Act, 1765 — Joint Paymaster of the 
Forces, 1766— Chancellor of the Exchequer, 
1767a — First Lord of the Treasury, 1770 — 
assailed by rioters in London, spring 177 1 — 
carries bill regulating Colonial Tea Duty, 1773 
— dismisses Fox, 24 Feb. 1774— brings in 
Boston Port Bill, 14 Mar. — [American 
War] — corresponds secretly with George III., 
1778 — his official residence attacked, 6 Jun. 
1780 — resigns, 20 Mar. 1782 — Joint Secretary 
of State with Fox, in ' Coalition Ministry,' 
Apr. to Dec. 1783 — becomes blind, about 1787 
— succeeds to Earldom, 1790— tf., 5 Aug. 1792. 
a Mahon. 

Guilhem de Clermont. [Saint-Croix.] 

Guilhen de Castro. [Castro.] 

Guilhermy, Jean Francois Cesar, Baron 
de, statesman, antiquary, — ft. in Languedoc, 
about 1750— deputy to States-General, 1789 — ■ 
emigrates, 1791 — in service of Louis XVIIL, 
I 795— Councillor of State, 1814— Intendant of 
Guadaloupe, Jun. 18 14 — • returns to France, 
Baron, 1816 — tf., 12 May 1829. Monographic 
de V eg Use royale de Saint- Penis, 1838. 

Guillard, Nicolas Francois, poet, — ft. at 
Chartres, 16 Jan. 1752 — tf/ at Paris, 26 Dec. 
18 14. Plectre, 1782 — les Horaces, 1786 — - 
03d ipe a Colone, 1787. 

Guillaume, crusader, — sets out as crusader 
with Louis, Count of Blois, 11 99 — Knight 
Templar, 1204 — tf. before Damietta, 1219. 

Guillaume d'Auvergne, {de Paris,) — Bp of 
Paris, 1228-49 — "&•> i 2 49' Opera, 1496. 

Guillaume de Jumiege, (Calculus,) chronicler, 
— tf., about 1090. Writes Historia Nor- 
mannorum, between 1070-87. 

Guillaume de la Pouille, (de Aptilia,) 
poet, historian. Be rebus Normannorum in 
Sicilia, §c. t 1087-99. 

Guillaume le Breton, (Armoricus,) poet, 
historian, — ft. in Brittany, about 1165-70 — 
as chaplain to Philip Augustus attends him in 
campaign of Flanders, 121 3 — at battle of 
Bouvines, Jul. 12 14 — canon of Notre Dame, 
Senlis, about 1219 — tf-, after 1225. Histoire 
des gestes de Philippe Auguste, 121 9? — la 
Philippide, 121 8-24. 

Guillaumot, Karl Axel, architect, — ft. at 
Stockholm, 1730 — goes to Paris, 1745 — to 
Rome, about 1750 — settles at Paris, 1754 — 
admitted to Academy of Architecture, 1773 — • 
controller of Eoyal Buildings, 1777— director 
of manufacture of Gobelins, 1789 — tf., 7 Oct. 
1807. 

Guillemeau, Jacques, surgeon— $. at Or- 
leans, 1550 — surgeon to Charles IX., Henry 
III., and Henry IV., about 1565-1610 — tf. at 
Paris, 16 1 3. (Euvres, 1598. 

Guilleminot, Anne a (Armandy) Charles, 
Count, Peer op France, — ft. in Belgium, 
1774 — follows Napoleon in Austrian campaign, 
1 805- -distinguishes himself at battle of the 
Moskowa, 18 1 2— General of Division, 28 May 



640 



GUILLET DE ST GEORGE— GUISE. 



1 813 — defeats Swedes near Dessau, 28 Sep. — 
Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, Chevalier 
of St Louis, 1814 — Lieutenant-general, 1818 — 
Chief of the staff under Duke of Angouleme, 
1823 — Peer, ambassador to the Porte, 1823-30 
— 3y. at Baden, Mar. 1840. a Biog. "Univ. 

b Meyer, Conv.-Lex. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Guillet de St George, George, historian, 
— ft. in Auvergne, about 1625 — first historio- 
grapher of Academy of Painting, 1682 — tf. at 
Paris, 1705. Les Arts de Vhomme d'epee, 
1670 — Athenes ancienne et nouvelle, 1675 — 
Lacedemone ancienne et nouvelle, 1676. 

Guilleville, Guillaume de, poet, — ft. at 
Paris, about 1295,* i3io h — tf. near Senlis, 
about 1360.° Le Romant des trois Belerinages, 
printed, 1485. a Some Authorities. 

b Others. c Biog. Univ. 

Guillim, John, herald, — ft. in Herefordshire, 
1565 — rouge croix pursuivant of arms, 16 17 — 
&., 1621. Display of Heraldry, 1610. 

Guillimann, Franz, historian, — ft. in 

Switzerland, about 1550 a — historiographer to 

Rodolph II., 1609 — tf., 1612 or 1623. Be 

rebus Helvetiorum, 1598 — Habsburgiaca, 1605. 

H Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Guillotin, Joseph Ignace, physician, — ft. at 
Saintes, 28 May 1738 — M.D. Rheims, 1770 — 
one of Commissioners on Mesmerism, 1785 — 
draws up a Cahier des doleances, and is sum- 
moned by Parliament of Paris, spring 1789 — 
recommends adoption of the guillotine, ISov. 
1789 — deputy to Convention, 1792 — im- 
prisoned, 1792 — released, Jul. 1794 — Xf. at 
Paris, 26 May, 18 14. 

Guillotine— [Guillotin, Joseph I.] — adopted 
in France, by decree of National Assembly, 20 
Mar. 1792 — first used, 25 Apr. 1792. 

Guinea, Africa. [Sierra Leone, Liberia, 
Gold Coast, &c] 

Guinea, gold coin, — coined in England, 
1662-63 — current value of, regulated by par- 
liament, 1696, 1698, and 17 17 — withdrawn from 
circulation, 1817. 

Guinegate, in France, — indecisive battle be- 
tween French and Imperialists at, 7 Aug. 1479 
—Henry VIII. defeats the French, {Battle of 
the Spurs,) 16 Aug. 15 13. 

Guines, (Guisnce,) in France, — founded by 
Northmen, about 920 — head of a County, for 
Siegfried the Dane., 965 — passes to house of 
Brienne, 1293 — seized by English, 1351— 
County finally reunited to crown of France, 
1504 — interview of Francis I. and Henry VIII. 
at, 1520 — captured by Duke of Guise, 20 Jan. 

155* 

Guines, Adrien Louis de Bonnieres, Duke 
or, general, diplomatist, — ft. at Lille, 14 Apr. 
1735 — serves in Seven Years' War, 1756-63 — 
ambassador to Berlin, 1768 to Dec. 1769 — am- 
bassador to London, Nov. 1770 to Feb. 1776 — 
Duke of Guines, 1776 — Governor of Artois, 
1788 — tr. at Paris, 21 Dec. 1806. 

Guingamp, in France, — captm-ed by Count 
de Montfort, 1341 — by Louis of Spain, 1342 — 
by Edward III. of England, 1343 — pillaged 
and burnt by Earl of Northampton, 1345 — 
taken from the Duchess Anne by troops of 



Charles VIIL, Jan. 1489— taken and pillaged 
by La Tremouille, 149 1 — fortress demolished, 
1626. 

Guiot, Florent, — ft. at Semur, 1756 — deputy 
to States-General, 1789 — deputy to Conven- 
tion, Sep. 1792 — takes part with Convention 
against the 'Sections' of Paris, 1795 — mem- 
ber of Council of Ancients, 1796 — sent as 
resident to the Grisons, 1797 — plenipotentiary 
to the Hague, 1798— if. at Avallon, 18 Apr. 
1834. 

Guipuzcoa, Biscay, — conquered by Alfonso 
VIIL, and annexed to Castile, 1200 — overrun 
by Duke of Berwick, 17 19. 

Guiscard, Robert, Duke of Apulia and 
Calabria, — b., about 1015 — joins his brothers 
in Apulia, about 1053 — defeats and captures 
Pope Leo IX. at Civitella, 23 Jun. 1053 — im- 
prisoned by his brother Humphrey, 1054 — on 
Humphrey's death takes chief command, 1057 
— with Roger completes conquest of Apulia 
and Calabria, and receives from his Barons 
title of Duke, 1058-9 — the title confirmed to 
him by Nicholas II., who names him Gonfalo- 
nier of the Church, 1059 — invades Sicily, 1061 
— defeats Saracens, 1063 — unsuccessfully be- 
sieges Palermo, 1064 — besieges Bari, 1068 — 
takes it, Apr. 1071 — assists Roger at capture 
of Catania, 1071 — with him besieges Palermo, 
107 1 — defeats Saracens at sea and takes Paler- 
mo, 10 Jan. 1072 — refuses homage to Gregory 
VII., and is excommunicated, Lent 1074 — 
takes Salerno, 1077 — begins siege of Beneven- 
tum, Apr. 1078 — called to aid Gregory VII. 
against Henry IV., 1080 — does homage to him, 
and receives investiture, 29 Jun. 1080 — in sup- 
port of Michael Paropinaces makes war on 
Alexius Comnenus, 1081 — defeats Alexius at 
Durazzo, 18 Oct. 1081 — takes Durazzo, 8 
Feb. 1082 — returns to Italy, 1082 — delivers 
Gregory VII., besieged in St Angelo by Henry 
IV., and sacks Rome, May 1084 — conducts 
pope to Salerno, summer 1084 — defeats fleet 
of Greeks and Venetians, and raises siege of 
Corfu, Nov 1084 — ti. in Cephalonia, 17 Jul. 
1085. 

Guiscard. [Roger, Count, and King of 
Sicily.] 

Guise, in France, (Guisium Castrum, Guisia,) 
— mentioned, 1050 — castle razed by Counts of 
Flanders and Hainault, 1177 — taken by Count 
of Hainault, 1339— but soon retaken by Jane 
of Hainault, Countess of Blois : held for the 
king, 1424 — taken by Valerand de Luxem- 
bourg, 1425 — erected into a County and given 
to Charles of Anjou, 1444 — unsuccessfully 
attacked by Maximilian, i486 and 1487 — given 
to Jean and Louis d'Armagnac, 149 1 — given to 
Claude of Lorraine, 1520 — [Guisfc, Duke of] 
— erected into a Duchy, 1528 — attacked and 
partly burnt by Henry IV., 1594 — attempted 
by Thomas of Savoy, 1636 — entered by allied 
armies, but again evacuated, 1650 — again 
erected into a Duchy for Prince of Conde, 
1704. 

Guise, Charles de, Cardinal of Lorraine, 
— b. at Joinville, 17 Feb. 1525 — Abp of 
Rheims, 1538— Chancellor of St Michael, 1547 



GUISE— GUN COTTON. 



641 



— crowns Henry II., 26 Jul. 1547 — Cardinal, 
27 Jul. — crowns Charles IX., 15 May 156 1 — 
attends Council of Trent, 1562 — negotiates at 
Madrid marriage of Charles IX. with Elizabeth 
of Austria, 1.569 — crowns her at St Denis, 25 
Mar. 1571— tf. at Avignon, 1574. 

Guise, Charles of Lorraine, 4th Duke 
of, — ft., 20 Aug. 157 1— arrested at Blois on 
murder of his father, and imprisoned at Tours, 
Dec. 1588 — escapes, and goes to Paris, 1591 — 
reconciled with Henry IV., 1594 — Governor of 
Provence, 1595 — reduces Marseilles, 1596 — 
commands in Champagne against the allied 
princes, 1617 — defeats Protestants of Rochelle 
at sea, 1622 — expelled by Richelieu, settles at 
Florence, 1631 — tf. at Cuna, near Siena, 1640. 

Guise, Claude of Lorraine, Duke op Au- 
male and 1st Duke of, — ft., 20 Oct. 1496 — 
obtains from Louis XII. letters of naturaliza- 
tion, 1506 — marries Antoinette de Bourbon, 
151 3 — wounded at battle of Marignano, 15 15 
— receives County of Guise, 1520 — drives Ger- 
mans from Champagne, 1523 — renders services 
to Francis I. in his captivity, 1525 — the County 
erected into a Duchy, 1528 — conquers Luxem- 
bourg, 1542 — tf at Joinville, 12 Apr. 1550. 

Guise, Francis of Lorraine, 2nd Duke 
of, — ft., 17 Feb. 15 19 — wounded at siege of 
Boulogne, 1545 — Duke of Aumale by Henry 
II., 1547 — Lieutenant-general in the Three 
Bishoprics, 1552 — successfully defends Metz 
against Charles V., 31 Oct. 1552 to middle Jan. 
1553 — distinguishes himself at battle of Renti, 
1554 — commands expedition to Italy, Jan. 
1557 — recalled and named Lieutenant-general 
of the armies, Aug. 1557 — takes Calais, 8 or 
10 Jan. 1558 — takes Guines and Ham, Jan. — 
takes Thionville, 25 Jun. — opposes Peace of 
Cateau-Cambresis, end of 1558 — exercises chief 
power under Francis II., 1559-60 — frustrates 
conspiracy of Amboise, 1560 — retires from the 
court after Colloquy of Poissy, 156 1 — by mas- 
sacre of Vassy renews civil war, 1 Mar. 1562 — 
defeats and captures Conde at Dreux, 19 Dec. 
1562 — again made Lieutenant-general of the 
kingdom, Dec. 1562 — begins siege of Orleans, 
6 Feb. 1563 — assassinated, 15, a 18 b Feb. 1563. 

a Biog. Univ. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Guise, Henry of Lorraine, 3rd Duke of, 
■ — ft., 31 Dec. 1550 — serves under his father at 
siege of Orleans, 1563 — succeeds to the title, 
Feb. 1563 — serves in Hungary against Turks, 
1566-8 — distinguishes himself at Jarnac, 1569 
• — successfully defends Poitiers against Coligni, 
1569 — contributes to victory of Moncontour, 
1569 — marries Catherine of Cleves, 1570 — 
orders assassination of Coligni, 22 Aug. 1572 — 
promotes massacre of St Bartholomew, 24 Aug. 
1572 — wounded at Dormans, and acquires sur- 
name of Bala f re, 1575 — head of the League, 
1576 — expels Germans, 1587 — appears at Paris, 
and defeats Henry III., (Day of the Barricades,) 
12 May 1588 — Lieutenant-general of the king- 
dom, Jul. 1588 — at States-General at Blois 
demands office of Constable, Dec. 1588 — assas- 
sinated there, by order of the king, 23 Dec. 1588. 

Guise, Henry II. of Lorraine, 5th Duke 
of, — ft. at Blois, 4 Apr. 1614 — -joins Catholic 



League, and takes command of Austrian troops 
at Brussels, 1641 — condemned for conspiracy 
against Richelieu, 1641 — generalissimo of 
Neapolitan army, end of 1647 — taken prisoner 
and sent to Madrid, Apr. 1648 — released, 3 
Jul. 1652 — attempts re-conquest of Naples, Oct. 
1654 — Grand Chamberlain of France, 1655 — 
ft. at Paris, 2 Jun. 1664. 

Guise, Jean de, Cardinal of Lorraine, — 
ft., 1498 — Cardinal, 15 18 — ambassador to 
Charles V., 1536 — dismissed from the court, 
1542 — tf., 18 May 1550. 

Guise, Louis II. of Lorraine, Cardinal de, 
— ft. at Dampierre, 6 Jul. 1555 — Abp of 
Rheims, 1574 — Cardinal, 1578 — assists at con- 
ference of St Germain en Laye, 1585 — Pres. 
Clergy at States-General at Blois, Dec. 1588 
— assassinated there by order of Henry III., 
24 Dec. 1588. 

Guise, Louis III. of Lorraine, Cardinal 
de, — ft., Jan. i575, a May 1585 b — Cardinal, 
Dec. 1615 — takes part in expedition of Poitou, 
1621 — distinguishes himself at attack on St 
Jean d'Angely, and tf. at Saintes, 21 Jun. 162 1. 
a Moreri. b Anselme. 

Guittone d'Arezzo, Fra, poet, — founds 
monastery of St Mary, Florence, 1293 — tf., 
Dec. 1294. Sonnets and Canzoni, in collection 
of Giusti, 1527 — Lettere, 1743. 

Guizot, Elizabeth Charlotte Pauline de 
Meulan, Mme, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at 
Paris, 1773 — marries M. Guizot, 18 12 — tf. at 
Paris, 1 Aug. 1827. Les Evfants, 1812 — ■ 
L'Ecolier, 1821 — Nouveaux Contes, 1823 — 
Education domestique, 1826. 

Gujerat. [Guzerat.] 

Guldenstadt, Johann Anton, naturalist, — ft. 
at Eiga, 1745— travels in the Crimea, the 
Caucasus, &c, 1768-75 — Prof. Natural History, 
St Petersburg, 1775 — tf. there, 23 Mar. 1780. 
Voyages en Russie, 1787-91. 

Guler de Vinegg, Jean,— ft. in the Grisons, 
1562 — laudamman of Davos, 15 91 — Chevalier 
of St Mark, Venice, 1604 — commands against 
Spaniards in the Valteline, 1607 — envoy to 
Louis XIIL, Chevalier, 1636 — tf. at Coire, 
1637. Description of Rhcetia, 1618. 

Gulf Stream, Atlantic Ocean, — known to 
Anghiera, about 1520 a — to Sir Humphrey 
Gilbert, between 1567-76 a — chart of, con- 
structed by Franklin, 1776 — investigated by 
Rennell, 1810-30 — by Maury, 1840-50 — by 
Petermann, before 1869 — its extent questioned 
by Findlay, Feb. 1869 — controversy respecting, 
(Carpenter, Petermann, Johnston, &c.,) 1869-70 
— Petermann's charts published, 1870. 
a Humboldt. 

Gulistan, Peace of,— concluded between the 
Czar and the king of Persia, 18 13. 

Gumilla, Jose, Jesuit missionary, — ft. in 
Spain, about 1690 — goes to South America, 
about 1705 ? — Ptectorof College of Carthagena, 
1738 — returns to Spain, 1738 — tf., about 1758.* 
El Orenoco illustrado, 1745. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Gun. [Cannon, Musket, Rifle, &c] 

Gun Cotton, — invented by Schonbein, 1845-6 
— independently, by Bottger and Otto, 1846 — ■ 
patented, 1847 — rejected by French govern- 
4i 



642 



GUN LICENCE— GTTRWOOD. 



ment, about 1 847 — explosion of, at Faversham, 
1847 — new process of manufacture introduced 
by Von Lenk, 1862 — Committee appointed by 
War Office to consider, 1863 — rejected by 
Austrian government, 1863 or 1864 — fails at 
demolition of Corfu fortifications, 1864 — com- 
pressed, invented by Abel, 1864 — explosion by 
detonating powder, discovered by Brown, about 
1865 — adopted in British service, 1870 — explo- 
sion at Stowmarket, n Aug. 1 87 1. [Collodion.] 

Gun Licence, in United Kingdom, — excise 
duty imposed on by Act 33 and 34 Vic. c. 57, 
9 Aug. 1870. 

Gundamund, (Guntamund,) King of Van- 
dals in Afkica, — succeeds his uncle Hunneric, 
Dec. 484 a — tf., Sep. 496^ a Clinton. 

Gundebald. Gundemar, Gunderic, Gundicar. 
[Burgundy, Kings of.] 

Gundling, Jacob Paul, Baron von, his- 
torian, — ft. near Niirnberg, 1673 — Prof. His- 
tory and Politics, Berlin, 1705 — Chamberlain, 
1726 — tf. at Potsdam, 1731. Leben und Thaten 
Friedrichs I., 17 15. 

Gundling-, Nicolaus Hieronymus, philoso- 
pher, — ft. near Niirnberg, 1671 — Prof. Philo- 
sophy, Halle, 1703 — tf. there, 3 Dec. 1729. 
Via ad veritatem, et speciatim quidem ad logi- 
cam, 17 13 — Via ad veritatem moralem, 17 15 — 
Via ad veritatem juris naturae, 17 14. 

Gundulf, — accompanies Lanfranc from Abbey 
of Bee to Caen, 1062 — accompanies him to 
Canterbury, 1070 — consecrated Bp of .Rochester, 
1077 — rebuilds Rochester Cathedral, about 
1077-80 — builds White Tower, Tower of Lon- 
don, about 108 1 — founds nunnery at Mailing, 
probably 1095-1103 — tf., 8 Mar. 1108. 

Gundulitsch, Ivan, poet, — ft. at Ragusa, 8 
Aug. 1588 — tf., 1638. Die Osmanide, 1626. 

Gunnerus, Johann Ernst, botanist, — ft. at 
Christiania, 16 Feb. 17 18 — Prof. Theology, 
Copenhagen, 1754 — Bp of Drontheim, 1758 — 
D.D., 1760 — takes part in founding Royal So- 
ciety of Sciences of Norway, 1760 — tf. at 
Christiansund, 23 Sep. 1773. Flora Norvegica, 



1766. 



72. 



Gunpowder, — composition of, known to 
Roger Bacon, 1265 — applied to fire-arms, pro- 
bably about 1 300— protected, invented by Gale, 
1865 — pebble, adopted in British service, early in 
1870. Manufacture and sale of, in England, re- 
gulated bv Acts 16 Car. I. c. 21, 1640 ; 12 Car. 
II. c. 5, 1*660 ; 1 Jas. II. c. 8, 1685 ; 29 Geo. II. 
c. 16, 1756 — laws consolidated and amended by 
Act 12 Geo. III. c. 61, 1772 — manufacture of, 
for illegal purpose, punishable by imprisonment, 
by Act 9 and 10 Vic. c. 25,26 Jun. 1846 — 
authority to prohibit exportation of, by Act 16 
and 17 Vic. c. 107, s. 45, 20 Aug. 1853 — laws 
again consolidated and amended by Act 23 and 
24 Vie. c. 139, 28 Aug. i860 — further provi- 
sions by Acts 24 and 25 Vic. c. 130, 6 Aug. 
1861 ; and 25 and 26 Vic. c. 98, 7 Aug. 1862. 

Gunpowder Plot, in England, — for destruc- 
tion of the king (James I.) and parliament, 
formed by Catesby and others, 1604-5 — prepara- 
tions for blowing up parliament house made, 
Dec. 1 604 to Feb. 1605 — visit of Guy Fawkesto 
Romish refugees in Flanders, summer 1 605 — 
mission of Sir E. Baynbam to Rome, to "-ain 



sanction of the pope, Sep. — revealed to the 
Jesuit Garnet, Oct. — made known by letter to 
Lord Monteagle, 26 Oct. — communicated to 
the king, 1 Nov. — arrest of Fawkes in the 
vault, and flight of his associates, 5 Nov. — at- 
tack of sheriffs on Holbcach House, Worcester- 
shire ; Catesby, Percy, and others shot ; Winter 
and others captured, 8 N ov. —trial of conspira- 
tors before special commission, 27 Jan. 1606 — ■ 
executions, 30 and 31 Jan. — annual thanks- 
giving for 5 Nov. appointed by Act 3 Jac. I. c. 1, 
1606 — conspirators attainted by Act' 2 Jac. I. 
c. 2, 1606. 

Gunst, Pieter van, printer, engraver, — ft. 
at Amsterdam, about 1667 a — tf., soon after 
1724? a Huber. 

Gunter, Edmund, mathematician, — ft. in 
Hertfordshire, 15 81 — enters Oxford Univ., 
1599 — M.A., 1606 — invents the sector, about 
1606 — Prof. Astronomy, Gresham College, 
Mar. 16 1 9 — uses a logarithmic scale, before 
1624 — tf. in London, 10 Dec. 1626. Canon 
triangulorum, 1620 — Of the sector, cross-staff, 
fyc, 1624 — Description and use of His Majesty' 's 
dials, 1624. 

Gunter' s Chain, in surveying, — described by 
him, 1624. 

Gunter's Scale. [Sliding Scale.] 

Gunther, Johann Christian, poet, — ft. in 
Silesia, 1695 — tf. at Jena, 15 Mar. 1723. Ge- 
dichte, 1723-35. 

Gunther, Karl, Count of Schwaezburg, — 
ft., 1304 — elected king of the Romans, at 
Frankfort, in opposition to Charles IV., 30 
Jan. 1349 — sells his claim to Charles of Lux- 
emburg, 12 Jun. 1349 — tf., 14 Jun. 1349. 

Gunz, Justus Gottfried, anatomist, — ft. at 
Konigstein, 17 14 — studies at Leipsic, 1733 — 
Prof. Extraord. Anatomy and Surgery, Leipsic, 
1738 — Associate of Academy of Sciences, Paris, 
1738 — first physician to Elector of Bavaria, 
1750 — tf. at Dresden, 1754. De mammantm 
fabrica et lactis secretione, 1734 — De calculum 
curandi viis, 1740. 

Gunzburg, — Marshal Ney defeats Austrians 
at, 9 Oct. 1805. 

Gurgan, province of Fersia, — submits to 
Masaud, 1034. 

Gurney, Joseph John, philanthropist, — ft. at 
Earlham, near Norwich, 2 Aug. 1788 — minister 
in Society of Friends, 1 8 1 8 — visits North 
America, 1837-40 — visits Holland, Belgium, 
&c, with Mrs Fry, 1841 — visits France, &c, 
1842-4 — tf. at Earlham, 4 Jan. 1847. Notes 
on Frisons, 18 19 — Observations on Religious 
Peculiarities of Society of Friends, 1824 — ■ 
Essays on the Evidences, $-c, of Christianity, 
1827 — Winter in TV. Dulies, 1840. 

Gurtler, Nicholas, theologian, — ft. at Basel, 
1654 — Prof. Philosophy, Heilbron, 1685 — Prof. 
Theology, Franeker, 1707 — tf. there, Sep. 17 1 1. 
Lexicon latinum, graecum, §c., 1682 — Institu- 
tiones theological, 1694 — Origines mundi, 1708. 

Gurwood, John, colonel, — ft., 179 1 — enters 
the army, 1808 — distinguishes himself at 
storming of Ciudad Rodrigo, 19 Jan. 181 2 — 
wounded at Waterloo, 18 Jun. 18 15— private 
secretary to Duke of "Wellington, about 1830 — ■ 
Colonel, 1 841 — kills himself at Brighton, 25 



GUSTAVUS I. VASA— GUTTENBERG. 



6 43 



Dec. 1845. Edits Despatches of Duke of Wel- 
lington, 1834-44. 

Gustavus I. Vasa, King of Sweden,— &., 
1490,* 12 May 1496 b — goes to study at Upsala, 
1509 — enters service of regent Sten Sture II., 
15 14 — one of the hostages sent to Christian II. 
of Denmark, treacherously imprisoned hy him, 
15 1 8 — forms project of defending Sweden 
against Christian II. of Denmark, and escapes 
to Liibeck, Sep. 15 19 — his father, Duke of 
Gripsholm, killed in massacre of Stockholm, 8 
Nov. 1520 — heads insurrection in Dalecarlia, 
Jan. 152 1 — defeats Danes at "Westeraas, 29 
Apr. 152 1 — seizes Upsala, Jul. 152 1 — named 
administrator of the kingdom by States at 
Wadstena, 24 Aug. 152 1 b — elected king by 
States, 6 Jun. 1523 — becomes master of Stock- 
holm, 20 Jim. 1523 — concludes Treaty of Mal- 
moe with Frederick I. of Denmark, 1524 — 
limits power of ecclesiastics, 1525 — frustrates 
attempt of pretender, Hans, 1526 — holds as- 
sembly of States at Arhusen or Westeraas, de- 
prives prelates of their castles, and professes 
Lutheranism, 16 Jun. 1527 b — crowned by 
Laurens Petri, Abp of Upsala, 12 Jan. 1528 — 
at national Council held at Oerebro, establishes 
Lutheranism, 1529 — suppresses revolt in Dale- 
carlia, 1533 — treaty of alliance with Christian 
III. of Denmark, 1535,° 1536 b — treaty of peace 
with Russia, 1537,° 1536 b — alliance with 
France, 1542 — the kingdom declared hereditary 
in his house, by States at "Westeraas, 13 Jan. 
1544 b — religious toleration abolished, 1544 — 
makes war on Russia, 1555-7 — alliance with 
Scotland, 1559 — farewell speech to States at 
Stockholm, 25 Jun. 1560 — tf. at Stockholm, 29 
Sep. 1560. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 
c Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Gustavus II. Adolphus, the Great, King of 
Sweden, — b. at Stockholm, 9 Dec. 1594 (v. s.) 
■ — succeeds his father, Charles IX., 8 Nov. 161 1 
— concludes peace with Denmark, 28 Jan. 161 3 
— conquers Ingria, Carelia, and part of Livonia, 
and concludes Peace of Stolbova, 1 6 17 — crowned, 
12 Oct. 16 1 7 — revolts suppressed with rigour, 
1620 — marries Eleanora of Brandenburg, 1620 
— conquers part of Prussia, 1625-6— wounded 
before Dantzic, Feb. 1627 — concludes truce of 
six years with Sigismund, king of Poland, 15 
Sep. 1629 — names his daughter Christina 
heiress to throne, 19 May 1630 — embarks for 
Germany, 30 May, a 24 Jun. b 1630 — con- 
quers Pomerania, Silesia, &c, 1630-1 — rejects 
proposals of Emperor Ferdinand II. for peace, 
1630 — treaty with France, 13 Jan. 163 1 — con- 
cludes treaty of alliance with Elector of Saxony, 
1 Aug. 1 63 1 — defeats Tilly at Leipsic, 7 Sep. 

1631 — again on the Lech, 5 Apr., c 10 Apr. a 

1632 — enters Munich, 17 May 1632 — en- 
trenches himself at Niirnberg, 19 Jun. — unsuc- 
cessfully attacks camp of Wallenstein at Niirn- 
berg, Aug. — commences retreat, 8 Sep. — de- 
feats Wallenstein and is killed at Liitzen, 6, b 
16 a c Nov. 1632. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

b Engl. Cyc. c Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Gustavus III., King of Sweden, — ft. at 
Stockholm, 24 Jan. 1746 — marries Sophia Mag- 
dalena of Denmark, 4 Nov. 1766 — visits France, 



1770 — succeeds his father, Adolphus Frederick 
II., 13 Feb. 1 77 1 — crowned, 29 May 1772 — 
frustrates conspiracy of senate against him, 19 
Aug. 1772 — changes form of government and 
limits power of the nobles, 21 Aug.— prevents 
insurrection in Finland, end of 1772 — visits St 
Petersburg and Copenhagen, 1777 — dissolves 
'States, 26 Jan. 1779 — concludes treaty of neu- 
trality with Russia and Denmark, 1780 — com- 
mercial treaty with United States, 1783 — con- 
vokes States, 26 May 1786 — war with Russia, 
1788 — coup d'etat, arrests leaders of opposition 
and extends prerogative, 3 Apr. 1789 — Treaty 
of Varela, i4Aug. 1790 — shotbyAnkarstroem, 
16 Mar. 1792 — tf. at Stockholm, 29 Mar. 1792. 

Gustavus IV. Adolphus, King of Sweden, 
— ft., 1 Nov. 1778 — succeeds his father Gus- 
tavus III., under regency of Duke of Suder- 
mania, 29 Mar. 1792 — visits court of Catherine 
II., autumn 1796 — marries Frederica of Baden, 
31 Oct. 1797 — goes to Carlsruhe to promote 
union of German princes against Napoleon I., 
1803 — breaks off diplomatic relations with 
German Diet, 1806 — and with England, 1808 
— refuses to make peace with France, 1 809 — 
arrested, 12 Mar. 1809 — compelled to abdicate, 
29 Mar. — his family deprived of succession to 
crown by decree of the Diet, 10 May — quits 
Sweden, 6 Dec. 1809 — divorces his wife, 17 
Feb. 18 12 — assumes name of Col. Gustafsson, 
1814— tf. at St Gall, 7 Feb. 1837. 

Gutbier, JEgidius, orientalist, — 6. in Thu- 
ringia, 16 17— Prof. Oriental languages, Ham- 
burg, 1652 — Prof. Philosophy, 1660 — D.D. 
Giessen, 1660 — tf. near Erfurt, 27 Sep. 1667. 
Novum Testamentum syriacum, 1663 — Lexicon 
syriacwn, 1667. 

Gutenberg, Henne, (Johann,) inventor of 
printing, — ft. at Mentz, about 1400 — is at Stras- 
burg, about 1424 — returns to Mentz, about 
i443, a i445, b before 6 Oct. 1448 c — enters into 
partnership with Johann Fust, i449, b 1450* 
— the partnership is dissolved, Nov. 1455 — tf. 
at Mentz, Feb. 1468,* probably Dec. 1467 b — 
monument erected at Mentz, 1840^ 1837. 15 

a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Schcepflin. 

Guthrie, William, miscellaneous writer, — 6. 
in Scotland, 1701 or 1708 — tf. in London, 1770. 
History of England, 1744-51 — History of Scot- 
land, 1767 — Geographical Grammar, 1770. 

Guthrum, leader of Northmen, — with Ingvar 
and other chiefs, lands in E. Anglia, 869 a — be- 
sieges Cambridge, 875 b — king of E. Anglia, 
870 a — conquers Wessex, 878 — defeated by 
Alfred at Ethandun, May 878 — baptized, and 
takes name of Athelstan, 878 — obtains large 
territory by treaty with Alfred, 878 — at Ciren- 
cester, 879 — settles in E. Anglia, 880 — aided 
by Rollo in defence of his kingdom against 
Alfred, 885 a — tf., 890. 



Lappenberg. 



A.S. Chron. 



Gutta Percha, — discovered by Montgomerie, 
at Singapore, and by Lobb, 1842-3 — brought 
to England by Don Jose de Almeida, 1842. 

Guttenberg, Karl Gottlieb, engraver, — b. at 
Niirnberg, 1744 — goes to Paris, about 1780 — 
tf. there, 1790,* 1792^ 

a Biog. Univ. a Meyer, Conv. Lex. 

41 * 



6 44 



GUTZLAFF— GUZERAT. 



G'utzlaff, Karl, missionary,— b. in Pome- 
rania, 8 Jul. 1803— goes to Singapore, 1823— 
sent to Java, 1826 — visits Siam, 1828 — visits 
China, 18 31-3 — interpreter to British Super- 
intendency in China, 1835 — visits Europe, 
1849— U. at Victoria, Hong Kong, 9 Aug. 1851. 
Journal of three Voyages, 1834 — China opened, 
\%1%—Geschichte des Chines. Reichs, 1847. 

Guy, [Guido, Athens, Dukes of, Lusignan, 
Dampierre.] 

Guy, ofSpoleto, King of Italy, and Emper- 
or of the Romans, — defeated by Berenger, at 
Brescia, 888— defeats him on the Trebia, 889 — 
proclaimed king at Diet of Pa via, 889— crowned 
Emperor at Rome, and King of France, by 
Pope Stephen V., 21 Feb. 891 — U., Dec. 894. 

Guy, Joseph, writer of School Books, — b., 
1784 — ij. in London, 16 Jan. 1867. 

Guy, Thomas, bookseller, — b. in London, 
1643— M.P. Tamworth, 1 694- 17 07 a — founds 
' Guy's Hospital,' 1721— tf., 1724. a Knight. 

Guyana, Guiana, S. America,— discovered 
by Columbus, 1498 a — by Yasco Nunez, 1504^ 
—Dutch settlement in, about 1590,° 1580 d — 
English, about i63o, d 1634°— French, at Cay- 
enne, i6o4, d 1633 c — English settlements given 
up to Dutch, 1667 c — Dutch, occupied by Eng- 
lish, 1796-1802, and again, 1803-14. [Cay- 
enne, Demerara, Essequibo, Surinam.] 
a Some Authorities. b Others. 

c Eng. Cyc. d Macculloch. 

Guyard, Madame, [Adelaide Labi lie,) paint- 
er,— b. at Paris, 1749 — received at Academy of 
St Luke, about 1770 — received at Academy of 
Painting, 1783— painter to Monsieur, 1789 — 
&., 1803. 

Guyard, Laurent, sculptor, — b. at Chaumont, 
(Bassigny,) 1723 — ft. at Carrara, 1788. 

Guyart, Jean, historian, — b. at Tours, about 
1550 — U. near Luce, about 1600. Traite de 
Vorigine, ancienne noblesse et droits royanx de 
Ungues Capet, 1590 — Traite de I' origine,ve'rite, 
et usance de la hi salique, 1590. • 
Guyenne. [Aquitaine.] 
Guyon, Claude Marie, historian, — b. at 
Lons-le-Saulnier, 1699 — ft. at Paris, 1771. 
Continuation de Vhistoireromaine, (of Echard,) 
1736 — Histoire des empires, 1736 — Ristoiredes 
Jndes, 1744. 

Guyon, Fery, general, — b. in Burgundy, 
1505 — Lieutenant-general in the service of the 
Emperor, distinguishes himself at battle of 
Pavia, 1525 — follows Constable de Bourbon to 
sack of Rome, 1527 — takes part in expedition 
to Africa, 1535 — suppresses insurrection at 
Marchiennes, 1566 — ft. at Pesquencourt, 1567. 
Memoires, 1664. 

Guyon, Jeanne Bouvier de la Motte, 
Madame, Quietist,—b. at Montargis, 13 Apr. 
1648 — marries M. Guyon, 18 Jan. 1664" — 
widow, 1676— visits Paris, 1680 b — again, Jul. 
1686— imprisoned at Paris, Jan. 1688— liber- 
ated, Sep. — becomes acquainted with Fenelon, 
about 1689 — imprisoned at Vincennes, Dec. 
1695 to Oct. 1696— dispute between Bossuet 
and Fenelon respecting her doctrines, 1695 — 
imprisoned in the Bastille, May 1698 a — "&. at 
Dkiers, near Blois, 9 Jun. 17 17. Cantiques 



spirituels, 17 15 — Lettres spirituels, 17 17 — 
Opuscules sjnrituels, 1704. 

a Jal. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Guyot, Claude Etienne, general, — b. near 
Lons-le-Saulnier, 5 Sep. 1768 — enters the 
army, 1790 — serves under Beauharnais, 1801 
— distinguishes himself at battle of Eylau, 
1807 — serves in Spain, 1808 — distinguishes 
himself at battle of Wagram, 1809 — General of 
Division, 181 1 — serves in Russian campaign, 
1 8 1 2 — at battles of Liitzen and Leipsic, 1 8 1 3 — ■ 
Count, 1813 — distinguishes himself in campaign 
of 1 8 14 — and at Waterloo, Jun. 18 15 — if. at 
Paris, 28 Nov. 1837. 

Guyot, Germain Antoine, Jurist, — b. at 
Paris, 1694 — ft., 27 Jan. 1750. Traite sur 
plusieurs matieres fe'odales, §c, 1738-50. 
Guyot. [Desfontaines.] 
Guys, Pierre Augustin, — b. at Marseilles, 
about 1722 — if. at Zante, 1801. Voyage lit- 
te'raire en Grece, 1776 — JEssai sur Vantiquite 
de Marseille, 1786. 

Guyse, Jacques de, chronicler, — writes 
Annates Rannonice, and tf. at Yalenciennes, 6 
Feb. 1399. 

Guyton (de) Morveau, Louis Bernard, 
chemist, — b. at Dijon, 4 Jan. 1737 — Advocate- 
general to Parliament of Dijon, 1755 — 
Prof. Chemistry there, 1774 — proposes new 
chemical nomenclature, 1782 — deputy to 
Legislative Assembly, 1791 — Pres., 1792 — 
deputy to Convention, 1792 — member of 
Committee of Public Safety, 1793 — of Council 
of Five Hunched, 1796 — assists in founding 
Polytechnic School, and becomes Prof. Che- 
mistry and Director, 1795 — member of In- 
stitute, 1796 — administrator of the Mint of 
Paris, 1799-1814 — Baron of the Empire, 1811 
— tj. at Paris, 2 Jan. 18 16. Digressions 
academiques, 1772 — Elements de chimie, 1776- 
77 — Traite des moyens de desinfecter Vair, 
1 801 — with Lavoisier and others, Methode d'une 
nomenclature chimique, 1787. 

Guzerat, (Gujerat Guicowar,) — Sena kings, 
at Ballabi, from 144-524 — driven out by [Par- 
thians or] Bactrians or Persians, 524 — Chauras, 
at Anhalvera, 746-931 — tributary to Mahmud 
of Ghizni, (416, a. h.) 1025 :i — invaded by 
Shahab u din, (572,) 1176 — again, and capital 
seized, (591,) 1194 — revolt suppressed by Kutb 
u din, 1 1 96 or 11 97 — finally conquered by Ala 
u din, (697,) 1297 — revolts, 1316 — conquered, 
1 3 18 — revolt of Mogul troops, ravaged by 
Mohammed Khilzi, (748,) 1347 — revolt sup- 
pressed, 1350 — rebellion, 1370-80 — revolt of 
Farhat ul Mulk, (791-2,) 1391— Mozaffer 
Shah defeats Farhat, and becomes governor, 
(791-2,) i39i a — he occupies Malwa. and 
evacuates it, (810-1), 1407-8 — Ahmed Shah, 
(grandson,) succeeds, (815,) 1412 — series of 
wars with Malwa, 1412-22 — wars with Idar, 
&c, and Seiad Khizr of Delhi, (819,) 141 6— 
founds Ahmedabad, about 1425 — recovers 
Bombay and Salsette from the Bahmani king 
of the Deccan, (833,) 1429 — founds Ahmed- 
nagar, about 1430 — Mohammed, (847,) 1443 
— Kutb, (855,) 1451 — war withMEWAR, (861,) 
I 1457 — Daud, (863,) 1459, one week: Mahmud 



GUZMAN— GYPSIES. 



645 



Begarra, (h., 1445,) (863,) 1459 — rescues 
king of the Deccan, 1462 — reduces Girnar, 
(873-875,) 1468-70 — defeats pirates of Balsar at 
sea, 1482 — takes Champaner, (888,) 1483 — 
revolt of Bombay, recovers it by aid of king of 
the Deccan, 1494 — compels Nizam Shahi to 
raise siege of Dowlatabad, 1499 — war w ^ a 
Candeish, 1507 — cooperates with Mamluks of 
Egypt in naval war with Portuguese, (913,) 
1508 — Mozaffer II. succeeds, (917,) 151 1 — 
receives embassy from Shah Ismael, king of 
Persia, 151 1 — wars with Idar, 1511-17 — 
restores Mahmud, king of'Malwa, (924,) 15 19 — 
Secander, (son,) (932,) 1526 — assassinated: 
Mahmud II., (brother,) 1526 — deposed: Ba- 
hadur, (brother,) 1526 — his supremacy acknow- 
ledged by kings of Candeish, Berar, and Ahmed- 
nagar, 1530 — conquers Malwa and annexes it 
'to his kingdom, (Shaban 937,) Feb. 15 31 — 
successful war with Mewar, (938,) 1532 — 
protects and assists Ala u din, 1533 — invasion 
of his kingdom by Humayun, Nov. 1534 — 
expelled, takes refuge at Diu, 1535 — recovers 
his kingdom, (942,) 1535-6 — killed in affray 
with the Portuguese at Diu, (943,) 1537 — 
.Miran Mohammed Shah Farukhi, of Can- 
deish, usurps, (943,) 1537 — Mahmud III. 
(944,) 1538 — murdered by his chaplain, who 
attempts to seize the throne and is killed, 
1553 — Ahmed II., (961,) 1553 — assassinated: 
Mozaffer III., (969,) 1561 — the kingdom 
partitioned and in state of anarchy till con- 
quered by Akber, (980,) 1572 — revolt of 
Mirza Husen suppressed, 1573 — insurrection 
of Mozaffer III., (989,) 158 1— Mirza Khan 
recovers part, (992,) 1584 — pacified, on 
death of Mozaffer, 1593 — conquered by 
Mahrattas, after death of Aurungzebe, 1707 
■ — invaded by English, and the capital taken, 
Jan. 1780 — conquered territory restored by 
treaty with Tippoo Saib, Mar. 1784 — subject to 
British, by treaties w r ith the Peishwa and the 
Rajah of Baroda, 18 17. a Elphinstone. 

Guzman, Alphonso Perez de, military com- 
mander,—^, at Valladolid, 1258- — takes Tarifa 
from the Moors, 1293 — sent to besiege Algesiras, 
takes Gibraltar, 1308 — killed in combat with 
Moors, 1309, 11 i32o. b 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. 

Guzman, Eleonora de, — mistress of Alfonso 
XL of Castile, between 1330-50 — put to death 
by Peter the Cruel, 1351. 

Guzman. [Olivarez.] 

Gwalior, fortress in Hindustan, — built by 
Surya Sena, 773 a — rajahs of, mentioned, 
1008 b — unsuccessfully besieged by Mahmud 
of Ghuznee, 1023 b — besieged and taken by 
troops of Shahab u din of Ghor, 11 96 — lost by 
Mussulmans, 121 1 — blockaded by Shems u din 
Altamsh, 1230 — taken, 1231 — seized by 
Narsingh Rae, 1398 — recovered by Ibrahim 
Lodi, 1 5 19 — acquired by Baber, 1526 — by 
Shir Shah, 1543— recovered by Akber and made 
state prison, 1556 — on fall of empire of Delhi 
seized by Jat Rana of Gohud, 1762 ? — seized by 
Madhaji Scindia, about 1779 — taken by Major 
Popham, 3 Aug. 1780 — and transferred to Rana 
of Gohud: recovered by Madhaji Scindia I., 



1784 — taken by British under Sir H. "White, 5 
Feb. i8o4 b — given up to Scindia, 1805 — sur- 
rendered to British, 2 Jan. i844. d a Wilford. 

b Hamilton. c Thornton. d Conv.-Lex. 

Gwilt, George, architect, — b., 8 Feb. 1775 — 
F.S.A., 14 Dec. 1815 — visits Italy, 1824 — ft. 
in London, 26 Jun. 1856. Restoration of St 
Mary Overy's Church, 1822-5. 

Gwilt, Joseph, architect, — ft. in London, 11 
Jan. 1784— student of Royal Academy, 1801 — 
F.S.A., 9 Mar. 1815 — visits Italy, 1816 — 
F.R.A.S., 1833 — tf. at Henley on Thames, 14 
Sep. 1863. Encyclopedia ■ of Architecture, 
1842 — Translation of Vitruvius, 1826 — Notitia 
Architectonica Italiana, 181 8 — Sciograpihy, 
1822 — edits Nicholson's Principles of Archi- 
tecture, 1848. 

Gwilym, David ap, {David of Glamorgan,) 
bard,—b. in Cardiganshire, 1340 — 1(. at Ivor 
Hael, 1400. Poems, (1792.) 

Gwinne, {Gwijnne,) Matthew, physician, — 
enters St John's Coll. Oxford, 1574 — M.D., 
1593 — attends embassy of Sir H. Uhton to 
courtof France, 1595 — Prof . Medicine, Gresham 
Coll., 1596— physician to the Tower, 1605 — 
F.R.C.P., Dec. 1605 — rj., 1627. Orations, 
1605 — Vertumnus, 1607. 

Gwynedd, (N. Wales,) — kingdom of, con- 
quered by Oswald of Northumbria, 635 — re- 
duced by Egbert, 828 — with Powys and Dyved 
becomes subject to Bhodri Mawr, 844 — 
assigned to his son Anarawd, 880. 

G wynne, Nell, — h , about 1640 — actress at 
Drury Lane, about 1663 — mistress of Charles 
II., before 1670 — quits the stage, 1672 — a"., 
1691. 

Gylippus, — [BC] — goes to Sicily, summer 
414 — takes Plemmyrion, spring 413 — returns 
to Sparta, summer 412 — robs the treasure sent 
by Lysander from Athens, about 404 ? 

Gyllenborg, Karl, Count of, statesman, — h. 
at Upsala, 1 1 Mar. 1679 — secretary of embassy, 
and afterwards resident in England, 1703-17 — 
arrested by order of Privy Council, 17 17 — 
Secretary of State, assists at Congress of 
Aland, 1718 — Grand Chancellor, 1719 — Chief 
Minister of State, 1739 — tJ. Chancellor of Univ. 
of Upfiala, 20 Sep. 1746. 

Gyllenborg", Gustavus Frederick, Count 
von, poet, — h. in Sweden, 1731 — member of 
Swedish Academy, 1786 — tf., 30 Mar. 1809. 
Poems, 1 82 1. 

Gyllenhielm, Karl, Baron von, Grand 
Admiral of Sweden, — ft. in Sweden, 4 Mar. 
1574 — studies in France, 1594-97 — Lieutenant- 
general, distinguishes himself in war with 
Poland, 1600 — taken prisoner by Poles, 1601 
— liberated, 1 6 1 3 — Grand Admiral, 1620 — 
one of the guardians of Christina, 1637 — fr. at 
Carlberg, 7 Mar. 1650. 

Gymnopeedia, — [B C] — introduced at Sparta, 
(01. 28, 4,) 665. 

Gypsies, Gipsies, {Egyptians, Bohemians, 
Zingari, Zigeuner, Zingali, Gitanos,) — men- 
tioned in German paraphrase of Genesis, about 
ii22 a — appear in Flungary, "Wallachia, and 
Cyprus, about 1320 — appear in Germany, be- 
tween 1416-20 b — at Zurich, under Duke Mi- 



6 4 6 



GYROSCOPE— HACHETTE. 



chael of Little Egypt, 141 8— in Italy, 1422 — 
at Paris, 17 Aug. 1427 — in Scotland, 1506. b 
Theory of Indian origin of, advanced by Riidi- 
ger, 1782 — confirmed by other inquirers, and 
by Pott, 1844-5. In England : prohibited the 
kingdom, by Acts 22 Hen. VIII. c. 10, 1530-1 ; 
27 Hen. VIII. c. 25, 1535-6 ; 1 and 2 Ph. and 
.Mar. c. 4, 1554; and 5 Eliz. c. 20, 1562 — con- 
sidered as rogues and vagabonds by Act 17 
Geo. II. c. 5, 1744 — statute of Elizabeth re- 
pealed by Act 23 Geo. III. c. 51, 1783 — 
punishment of death for remaining in, abolished 
by Act 1 Geo. IV. c. 116, 25 Jul. 1820— 
association for reform of, established by Crabb, 
1827. In Scotland: treaty of James V. with 
their prince, John Faw, 15 Feb. 1540 b — 
severe edicts against, Jun. 1541, 1579, and Jun. 
1603. In France : decree of banishment by 



States of Orleans, 1560° — another decree, 
i6i2. b In Spain: edict of Ferdinand the 
Catholic against, 1492 b — banished by Philip 
II., 1591. In Germany: expelled by decree 
of Diet of Augsburg, 1500 b — decree repeated, 
I 53°? J 544> J 548, and i55i. b In Sweden: 
expelled, 1662, 1723, and 1727. In Prussia : 
condemned to be hung, by Frederick II.-, 1748. 
In Hungary and Transylvania: attempts of 
Maria Theresa to civilize and settle, 1768 and 
1773 d — edicts renewed and modified by Josep) 
II., i782. d In Syria : met with by Pococke, 
before 1745. a Chambers' Encyc. 

b Simson. c Encyc. Mod. d Conv.-Lex. 

Gyroscope,— invented by Bohnenberger, 1 817 
— Fessel's, invented, 1851 — improved by Fou- 
cault, 1853 — by Wheatstone, 1854. [Pen- 
dulum.] 



H 



Haarlem, Haerlem, in the Netherlands,- — 
mentioned, before 11 00 — receives charter from 
William, Count of Holland, 1245 a — success- 
fully defended against Gilbert van Amstel and 
the Kemmerlanders, 1268 b - — plenary court 
held at, by Count William, 13 10 b — burnt, 1347 
and 1355 — threatened by Jacqueline, succoured 
by Philip the Good, 1426 — riots of the Cod 
party, 1444 b — captured by 'bread and cheese' 
insurgents, 1492 — submits to Duke Albert of 
Saxony, May 1492 — loses its privileges, 1492 — 
siege of, by Toledo, son of Alva, begins, 9 Dec. 
1572 s — defended by Wybald van Eipperda; 
capitulates, i2, c 14 d Jul. 1573 — the citizens 
massacred, 14-22 Jul. — recovered by Dutch, 
1577 — insurrection at, 1658 — revolution effect- 
ed by French, Jan. 1795. Company of Science, 
established, 1752. lake of, drained, 1849-51. 
a Davies. b Encyc. Mod. c Motley. d Mendoza. 
Haas, Johann Matthias, (Hasius,) geogra- 
pher, — b. at Augsburg, 1684 — Prof. Mathe- 
matics, Wittenberg, 1720— rj. there, 24 Sep. 
1742. Phosphorus Historiarum, 1742 — His- 
torischer Atlas, 1750. 

Haas, Wilhelm, engraver, typefounder, — b. 
at Basel, 1741 — introduces improvements in 
typefounding, 1764 — member of Academy of 
Sciences, Berlin, 1790 — if. in Lucerne, 8 Jan. 
1800. 

Habakkuk, Jewish prophet, — [B C] — fl., 
about 610. 

Habeas Corpus, Writ of, in England,— grant- 
ed by Act 16 Car. I. c. 10, 1641 — again, and me- 
thods of obtaining, defined, by Act 31 Car. II. c. 
2, {Habeas Corpus Act,) 1679 — provision against 
excessive bail, by Act 1 Wm and Mar. st. 2, c. 
2, 1689— extended application of, and other 
provisions, by Act 56 Geo. III. c. 100, 1 Jul. 
1 8 16- — provision respecting issue of, out of 
England into foreign possessions, by Act 25 
Vic. c. 20, 16 May 1862. Suspension of, in 



England, by Acts 1 Wm and Mar. c. 2, 17 
Apr., c. 7, 25 May, c. 19, 23 Oct. 1689. In 
Great Britain, by Acts 1 Geo. I. st. 2, cc. 8 
and 30, 1714; 9 Geo. I. c. 1, 1722; 19 Geo. 
II. c. 1, 1745; 17 Geo. III. c. 9, 1777; 34 
Geo. III. c. 54, 23 May 1794; 35 Geo. III. c. 
3, 5 Feb. 1795; 38 Geo. III. c. 36, 21 Apr. 
1798; 41 Geo. III. c. 26, 2 Apr. 1801; 57 
Geo. III. c. 3, 4 Mar., c. 55, 30 Jun. 1817 ; 
(last two Acts repealed by 58 Geo. III. c. 1, 31 
Jan. 1818.) In Ireland, by Acts 41 Geo. III. 
c. 15, 24 Mar. 1801 ; 43 Geo. III. c. 116, 29 
Jul. 1803; 44 Geo. III. c. 8, 15 Dec. 1803; 
45 Geo. III. c. 4, 22 Feb. 1805; 3 Geo. IV. 
c. 2, 11 Feb. 1822; 3 Wm IV. c. 4, 2 Apr. 
1833 ; 11 and 12 Vic. c. 35, 24 Jul. 1848 ; 29 
Vic. c. 1, 17 Feb. 1866 — continued by Acts 29 
and 30 Vic. c. 119, 10 Aug. 1866 ; 30 Vic. c. 
1, 26 Feb. 1867 ; 30 Vic. c. 25, 31 May 1867 ; 
and 31 Vic. c. 7, 28 Feb. 1868. In Canada, 
8 Jun. 1866. In United States, 24 Sep. 1862, 
and 15 Sep. 1863 — partially restored, 1 Dec. 
1865 — restored in all the States except Texas, 
2 Apr. 1866 — restored in Texas, 20 Aug. i860. 

Haberdashers' Company, (Milaners,) Ion- 
don,- — incorporated by Henry VI., 1447. Hall y 
burnt, 19 Sep. 1864. 

Habesh. [Abyssinia.] 

Habington, William, poet, — fi. in Worces- 
tershire, 5 Nov. 1605 — if. there, 13 Nov. 1645. 
Castara, 1635 — Queen of Arragon, 1640 — Uis- 
tory of Edward IV., 1640. 

Habsburg. [Hapsburg.] 

Hachette, Jeanne, [Jeanne laine,) — at the 
head of the women of Beauvais, compels Duke 
of Burgundy to raise the siege, 10 Jul. 1472 — ■ 
her descendants declared exempt from taxation, 
by Louis XL, 1472. 

Hachette, Jean Nicolas Pierre, mathema- 
tician, §c, — b. atMezieres, 6 May 1769 or 1770 
— Prof. Hydrography, Collioure, 1792 — Prof. 



HACKAERT— HADRIANUS. 



647 



Descriptive Geometry, Polytechnic School, 1795- 
18 16 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 1830 
— tf. at Paris, 16 Jan. 1834. Traite elementaire 
des machines, 181 1 — Elemens de ge'ome'trie d 
trots dimensions, 18 17. 

Hackaert, Jan, painter, engraver, — 6. at 
Amsterdam, about 1635. 

Hacker, Colonel, — in command at the execu- 
tion of Charles I., 30 Jan, 1649 — executed as 
a regicide, 16 Oct. 1660. 

Hackert, Philipp, painter, — ft. at Prenzlau, 
15 Sep. 1737— goes to Paris, 1765 — visits 
Italy, 1768— -Naples, 1782 — first painter to 
king of Naples, 1786 — tf. at Florence, 28 
Apr. 1807. 

Hacket, John, Bp of Lichfield and Co- 
ventry, — ft. in London, 1 Sep. 1592 — enters 
Cambridge Univ., 1608 — takes holy orders, 
1 61 8 — chaplain to Bp Williams, 162 1 — chap- 
lain to James L, 1623 — D.D., 1628 — arch- 
deacon of Bedford, 163 1 — Bp of Lichfield and 
Coventry, 166 1 — rj. at Lichfield, 21 Oct. 1670. 
Century of Sermons, id^^-^-Hfc of Archbishop 
Williams, 1693. 

Hackney Coaches, Cabs, — introduced in 
London, 1625 — attempt to restrain use of, 
by proclamation of Charles I., 1635 — com- 
mission to Master of the Horse to grant licences 
for, issued 1637 — prohibited from standing in 
the streets for hire, by proclamation of Charles 
II., 1660 — tax imposed on by Act 5 and 6 
"Win and Mar. c. 22, 1694— authority to ap- 
point commissioners for regulating, by Act 9 
Anne, c. 23, ss. 1-22, 17 10 — recovery of goods 
left in, provided for, and other regulations, by 
Act 55 Geo. III. c. 159, n Jul. 18 15 — re- 
striction of number abolished by Act 1 and 2 
Wm IV. c. 22, 22 Sep. 1831 — metropolitan, 
regulated by Act 6 and 7 Vic. c. 86, 22 Aug. 
1843 — further regulations by Act 10 and 11 
Vic. c. 89, s. 37, seq., 22 Jul. 1847 — laws re- 
lating to, amended by Acts 16 and 17 Vic. c. 
33, 28 Jun., and c. 127, 20 Aug. 1853; and 
32 and 33 Vic. c. 115, 11 Aug. 1869. 

Hackspan, Dietrich, orientalist, — ft. at 
Weimar, 1607 — Prof. Oriental Languages, Alt- 
dorf, 1636 — Prof. Theology, 1654 — tf., 1659. 
Lucubrationes Frankenthalenses, 1 645 — Sylloge 
disputationum theologicarum et philologicarum, 
1663 — Notce philologico-theologicce in varia et 
difficiliora Vet. et Nov. Test, loca, 1664. 

Haco IV. (V.,) King of Norway, — ft., 1204 
— succeeds Inge II., 12 17 — declines command 
of fleet of crusaders, offered by St Louis, 1 245 
— refuses the Imperial crown, 1246 — subdues 
Greenland and Iceland, about 1 260-1 — sails 
for conquest of Scotland, takes the Orcades 
and Shetland Isles, 1262 — tf. in Shetland Isles, 
15 Dec. 1262. 

Haco. [Norway.] 

Hacquet, Balthasar, a (Belsazar, h ) naturalist, 
— ft. in Brittany, about 1740— Prof. Natural 
History, Lemberg, 1788-1810 — ft. at Vienna, 
10 Jan. 1 8 15. Oryctographia camiolica, 1776- 
89 — PhysiJcalish-politische lieise auf die. . . . 
A Ipen, 1 7 85-7 — Neueste physikalisch-politische 
Reisen, 1796. a Bios?. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Haddick, (Hadik, Haddik,) Andrew, Count 



von, Fieldmarshal, — 6. in Hungary, 1710 
— serves against Turks, 1738 — contributes 
to defeat of Frederick II. at Goerlitz, 1757 — 
enters Berlin by surprise, 1757 — seizes Pirna, 
Sep. 1758 — Governor of Transylvania, 1763 — • 
Fieldmarshal and Pres. Council of War, 1774 
— commands against Turks, 1789 — tf. at 
Vienna, 12 Mar. 1790. 

Haddington, in Scotland, — royal residence, 
before 1200 — burnt, 1244 — parliament held at, 
1548 — again burnt, 1598 — inundation of the 
Tyne, 1775. 

Haddon, Walter, — ft. in Buckinghamshire, 
1516 — enters King's Coll. Cambridge, 1533 — 
Prof. Civil Law, Cambridge, 1550 — Vice- 
Chancellor of Univ., 1550 — Pres. of Magdalen 
Coll., Oxford, 30 Sep. 1552 — incorporated 
LL.D. Oxford, 2 Dec. 1552 — resigns his presi- 
dency, 30 Oct. 1553 — joint-envoy to the Nether- 
lands, 1565-6 — tf., 21 Jan. 1572. Lucubra- 
tiones, 1567 — (with Sir John Cheke,) Reforma- 
tio legum ecclesiasticarum, 157 1. 

Hadj-Khalifa, historian, bibliographer, — ft. 
at Constantinople, serves in the army, (1036- 
43, a. h.) i626-33--returns to Constantinople, 
(1055,) 1645 — raised to the rank of Khalifa, 
(1058,) 1648— tf. at Constantinople, (1068-9,) 
Sep. 1658. Fedzlikeh, 1641 — Tohfet al kobar 
fi asfar al-behar, 1728. 

Hadley, John, astronomer,— F.R.S., 17 17 
— If., 15 Feb. 1744. 

Hadorph, Johann, antiquary, — ft. in Sweden, 
1630 — Secretary to Univ. of Upsala, 1660-76 
— Secretary of Royal Archives, 1669 — tf., 12 
Jul. 1693. 

Hadrian, — declines see of Canterbury offered 
to him by Pope Vitalian, and recommends 
Theodore of Tarsus, 668 a — accompanies Theo- 
dore to England, and is made abbot of St 
Augustine's, Canterbury, 669 a— assists in estab- 
ishing schools of classical learning, 670, et seq. 
— tf., 9 Jan. 708. b a Hook. b Thomas of Elmham. 

Hadrian. [For Popes, see Adrian.] 

Hadrianople. [Adrianople.] 

Hadrianns, (Aclrianus,) — magister officio- 
rum, 397, 399 — prsefectus prsetorio, in Italy, 
400-405, 413-416. 

Hadrianus, P. JElius, Roman Emperor, — 
ft., (9 Kal. Feb.,) 24 Jan. 76 — military tri- 
bune in Moesia Inferior, 95 — qucestor, 101 — 
serves in second expedition of Trajan against 
Dacians, 104 — tribunus plebis. 105 — praetor, 
107 — legatus praetorius in Pannonia Inferior, 
108 — Consul suffectus, (862, a. u. c.) 109 — • 
Archon at Athens, (01. 222, 4,) 112 — legatus 
in war with Parthia, 114 — proclaimed Em- 
peror at Autioch, succeeds Trajan, n Aug. 
117 — reaches Borne, celebrates Trajan's tri- 
umph, 118— suppresses conspiracy of Palma, 
118— remits public debts, latter part 118 — 
sets out on his progress, 119 — builds the wall 
in Britain, 119 — visits Gaul, 120 — winters in 
Spain, 1 2 1-2 — in Africa, 122— at Athens, win- 
ter 122-3 a — again at Athens, 125 a — returns 
to Rome, 126 — assumes title of pater patrice, 
128 — sets out for the- East, 129 — at Athens, 
winter 129-30 a — in Egypt, autumn 130 — in 
Syria, spring or summer 131 — at Rome, winter 



6 4 8 



HAEBERLIN— HAHNEMANN. 



1 3 1-2 — at Athens, 132-3 — at Eome, 135 — 
adopts JElius Yerus, 135 a — if., 10 Jul. 138. 
a Clinton. 

Kaeberlin, Franz Dominic, historian, — b. 
near Ulm, 31 Jan. 1720 — studies at Gottingen, 
1739 — Prof. History at Gottingen, 1742 — at 
Helrastadt, 1746 — Prof. Law, 1751 — if., 20 Apr. 
1787. Allgemeine Weltgeschiclite, 1767-73 — 
Neueste deutschen Heichs Geschichte, 1774-86. 

Haeberlin, Karl Friedrich, jurist, — b. at 
Helmstadt, 5 Aug. 1756 — Prof. German Law, 
Erlangen, 1782 — and at Helmstadt, 1786 — 
assists at Congress of Rastadt, 1798-9 — Coun- 
cillor of Justice, 1799 — if. at Helmstadt, 16 
Aug. 1808. Pragmatische Geschichte der 
neuersten kaiserlichen Wahlcapitulationen, 1792 
■ — Handbuch des deutschen Staatsrechts, 1794-7 
— Deutsche Staatsarchiv, 1796-1808. 

Haefner, {Hafner,) Franz, statesman, — takes 
part in negotiations for peace between Ziirich 
and Berne and the Catholic cantons, 1656 — 
resigns Chancellorship of Soleure, 1660. So- 
lothurnischer Schauplatz historischer Welt- 
gescMchte, 1666. 

Haen, Antoni de, physician, — b. at the 
Hague, a c Leyden, b 1704 — M.D. Leyden, 1735 
— Prof. Clinical Medicine, Vienna, 1754 — first 
physician to Maria Theresa, 1772 — if. at 
Vienna, 5 Sep. 1776. Ratio medendi in noso- 
comio practico, 1757-74 — De colica pictorum, 
1745. a Biog. Univ. b Bees' Cyc. 

c Biog. "Woordenboek. 

Haenke, Thaddeus, naturalist, — b. in Bo- 
hemia, 1 76 1 — settles at Peru, 1796 — if. there, 
18 17. iieliquice BZaenkiana, 1825. 

Haerlem. [Haarlem.] 

Haex, (Raecx,) David, orientalist, — b. at 
Antwerp, about 1595. Dictionarium malaico- 
latinum, 1631. 

Hafiz, {Mohammed Shems Fddin,) poet, — b. 
at Shiraz, about 1300— if., (791, a. h.) 1388^ 
(794,) i3 9 i, b (797,) i394- c 

a Ali Beg. b Doulet Shah. c D'Herbelot. 

Hagedorn, Christian Ludwig von, writer on 
art, — b. at_ Hamburg, 17 13 — Director-general 
of Academies of Art at Dresden and Leipsic, 
1764 — if. at Dresden, 24 Jan. 1780. Betracht- 
ungen iiber die Malerei, 1762. 

Hagedorn, Friedrich von, poet, — b. at 
Hamburg, 23 Apr. 1708 — studies at Jena, 
1726-9 — visits London, about 1729 — if. at 
Hamburg, 28 Oct. 1754. Werke, 1756. 

Hagen, Friedrich Heinrich von der, philo- 
logist, — b. at Sehmiedeberg, (Prussia,) 19 Feb. 
1 7 80 — Prof. German Language and Literature, 
Berlin, 1 810 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 
1 82 1 — if. at Berlin, 11 Jul. 1856. Das Nibel- 
vngenlied, 18 10 — Nordische BZeldenromane, 
1814-28 — Altdeutsche und Altnordische Held- 
ensagen, (2nded.,) 1855 — Minnesinger, 1838-56 
— JJeber die altesten Darstellungen der Faust- 
sage, 1844 — (with Busching) Altdeutsche 
Gedichte des Mitlelalters, 1808. 

Hagen, Johann Georg Friedrich von, nu- 
mismatist, — b. at Baireuth, 1723 — if., 30 Dec. 
1783. Beschreibung der Silbermiinzen der 
Stadt Niirnberg, 1766-9. 

Hagenbach, Peter von, — Governor of Fer- 



rette, &c, 1469 — seized and beheaded by the 
people, 9 May 1474. 

Kagenbuch, johann Kaspar, archaeologist, 
— b. in Zurich, 1700 — Prof. Eloquence, 1730 
— Prof. History, 17 31 — Prof. Greek and Latin, 
1735 — admitted to Academy of Inscriptions, 
Paris, 1752 — Prof. Theology, 1756 — if. at 
Zurich, 5 Jun. 1763. 

Hager, Johann Georg, philologist, geogra- 
pher, — b. at Oberkotzau, i7io, a 1709 b — Rector 
of School of Chemnitz, 1741 — if., 1777. 
Edition of the Iliad, 1740 — Ausfuhrliehe Geo- 
graphic, 1746. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Grubev. 

Hager, Joseph, orientalist, — b. at Milan, 30 
Apr. 1757 — called to Paris, 1802 — Prof. Ger- 
man, Oxford, 1806 — Prof. Oriental Languages, 
Pavia, 1809 — if. at Pavia, 18 19. Explanation 
of the elementary characters of the Chinese, 1801 
— Monument de Yu, 1802 — Pantheon Chinois, 
1806 — Description des medailles chinoises du 
cabinet imperial de France, 1805. 

Haggai, Jewish prophet, — [B C] — prophesies 
late in 52o. a "Ussher. 

Hague, The, (s' Gravenhage, La Saye,) — ■ 
hunting-seat of Counts of Holland, about 1250 
— taken and sacked by troops of Charles of 
Guelderland, 1528 a — conferences for peace, 
between United Provinces and Spain, Feb. 
1608 — tumults, and massacre of the De Witts, 
22 Aug. 1672 — threatened by Marshal Luxem- 
bourg, winter 1672 b — reception of William 
III. at, 26 Jan. 1691 c — conferences for peace 
at, 1708-9 — entrance of Prince of Orange, Sep. 
1787 — taken by the French, 24 Jan. 1795 — 
seat of government transferred to Amsterdam 
by Louis Bonaparte, 1806-13. Treaties of, 
between States of Holland and Louis XIII. , 
signed 17 Jun. 1630 — between Great Britain, 
France, and the Netherlands, concluded, 21 
May 1659. Congress of, attended by princes 
and ambassadors of principal States of Europe, 
Feb. to Mar. 1 69 1. a Davies. 

b Univers Pittoresque. c Macaulay. 

Haguenau,— fortified by Frederick, Duke of 
Suabia, about 1 1 35 — Frederick Barbarossa 
holds his court at, Lent 11 84 — Richard I. 
brought before Diet of, 28 Mar. 1193 — visited 
by Frederick II., Jan. 12 13 — he holds his court 
at, winter 1235-6 — fortifications demolished by 
Imperialists, 1675 — taken by the French, 10 
May 1706 — Marshal de Coigiri establishes his 
camp at, Jul. 1744 — combats between French 
and Austrians near, 17 Oct. and 22 Dec. 1793. 

Hahn, Simon Friedrich, publicist, historian, 
— b. at Klosterbergen, 1692 — studies at Halle, 
1706 — Prof. History, Helmstadt, 17 17 — his- 
toriographer to king of England, librarian at 
Hanover, about 1724 — if. there, 18 Feb. 1729. 
Deutsche Staats- lieichs- und Keyser- Historie, 
1721-4 — Collectio monumentorum veterum et 
recentium ineditorum ad codicum fidem. restitu- 
torum, 1724-6. 

Hahnemann, Samuel Christian Friedrich, 
physician, founder of Homoeopathy, — b. at 
Meissen, Saxony, 10 Apr. 1755 — enters Univ. 
of Leipsic, 1775 — studies at Vienna, 1777 — 
M.D. Erlangen, 10 Aug. 1779 — goes to Dres- 
den, 1784 — settles at Leipsic, about 181 2 — > 



HAILEYBUEY COLLEGE— HALES. 



649 






settles at Paris, 1835 — tf. at Paris, 2 or 3 Jul. 
1843. Org anon der rationellen Heilkunde, 
1 810 — Reine Arzneimittellehre, 181 1-21 — Die 
chronischen Kranhheiten, 1828-30. 

Hailes, Lord, Sir David Dalrymple, judge, 
antiquary, — rj. at Edinburgh, 28 Oct. 1726 — 
Advocate, 24 Feb. 1748 — Jud^e of Court of 
Session, 1766 — Lord of Justiciary, 1776 — tf., 
29 Nov. 1792. Memorials and Letters relating 
to the history of Britain, §c, 1762, 1766 — 
Historical Memoirs concerning the provincial 
Councils of the Scotch Clergy, ^c., 1769 — Canons 
of the Church of Scotland, §c, 1769 — Annals 
of Scotland, 1776-9 — Remains of Christian 
Antiquity, 1776-80. 

Haileybury College, — for cadets of East 
India Company, founded, 1806 — regulations 
respecting, by Acts 3 and 4 Wm IY-. c. 85, 
(India Act,) ss. 103, etc., 28 Aug. 1833, and 1 
Vic. c. 70, 15 Jul. 1837— closed, 7 Dec. 1857. 

Haillan, Bernard de Girard, Seigneur dtx, 
historian, — ft. at Bordeaux, 1535 — historio- 
grapher of France, 157 1 — tf. at Paris, 23 Nov. 
1610. Regum Gallorum icones, 1559 — Dlis- 
toire generate des rois de France, 1576. 

Hainault,. {Hennegau,) Counts of, — 
Bainier I., with Badbod, Duke of Friesland, 
attempts to drive Eollo from Waicheren, about 
875 — taken prisoner by Eollo, and ransomed 
soon after, 876 — quarrels with Zwentibold, 
Duke of Lorraine, is deprived of his County 
and goes to France, 898 — assists Charles III. 
to conquer Lorraine, and is made governor, 911 
— tf., 916 — Bainier IL, (son,) 916 — Bainier 
III., (son,) 932 ?— deposed by Bruno, Abp of 
Cologne, and exiled, 957-8— tf., 97i, a about 
960 b — Bicher, 958 — Garnier and Benaud, 
killed in battle, 973 — Godfrey and Arnulf, 
established by Otto II. , 973 — defeat rivals, 
Bainier and Lambert, 19 Apr. 976 — Bainier 
IV., (son of Bainier III.,) 998 — Bainier V., 
(son,) 1013 — fights at battle of Florennes, 1015 
— Bichilda, (daughter,) and her husband 
Herman, about 1030 — Herman tf., 1050 — 
Bichilda marries Baldwin of Mons, soon 
after ; Baldwin II. of Jerusalem, (son of 
Baldwin I. and Bichilda,) 1070 — goes on the 
crusade, 1096 — at siege of Antioch, 1098 — cap- 
tured by Turks, near Nicrea, 1098 — Baldwin 
III., (son,) 1099 — Baldwin IV., (son,) 11 20 
— carries on war unsuccessfully for possession 
of Flanders, 1128-50 — Baldwin V., (son,) — b., 
1 150 — succeeds, 1 17 1 — attends Emperor Fred- 
erick I. at Diet of Mentz, 11 85 — the County 
ravaged by Count of Flanders, 11 85 — becomes 
Count of Flanders, 1191 — Baldwin VI., 
(son,) 1 195 — Jane, (daughter,) 1206 — Mar- 
garet, (sister,) 1244 — John d'Avesnes, 1280 
— inherits County of Holland, 1299 — [E^hand, 
Counts of] — ravaged by French, 1552-5 and 
1594 — part of County ceded to France by 
Treaties of the Pyrenees, 7 Nov. 1659, and of 
Nimeguen, 17 Sep. 1678 — conquered by French, 
1794 — given up to Netherlands, 18 14 — made 
part of kingdom of Belgium, Dec. 1830. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Encyc. Mod. 

Hainault Forest, in Essex, — disafforested by 
Act 14 and 15 Vic. c. 43, 1 Aug. 1851, 



Haiti. [Domingo, St.] 

Hakluyt, Richard, historian,— h. in Here- 
fordshire, 1553 — enters Christ Church, Oxford, 
I 575— chaplain to English Embassy, Paris, 
1584-9 — Prebendary of Westminster, 1605 — tf., 
23 Oct. 1616. Principal Navigations and Dis- 
coveries of the English Nation, 1589. 

Hakluyt Society, in London, — established, 
1846. 

Halberstadt, inPrussia, — seatof a bishopric, 
804— Diet held at, 1 1 34 — burnt by Henry the 
Lion, 1 1 79 — rebuilt and fortified, 1203 — ceded 
to Brandenburg, at Peace of Westphalia, 1648 
— taken by French, 1758 — annexed to kingdom 
of Westphalia by Treaty of Tilsit, 1807 — 
stormed and garrison captured by Duke William 
of Brunswick- els, 1809 — Gen. Ochs defeated 
by Gen. Tchernitscheff at, 181 3 — recovered by 
Prussia, 181 3. 

Halde. [Duhalde.] 

Haldenwang, Christian, engraver, — u. at 
Durlach, 1770 — engraver to the Court at 
Carlsruhe, 1803 — tf. at Bippoltsau, 27 Jun. 
1831. 

Hale, Adam de Le, trouvere, — fj. at Arras, 
about 1240 — tf. at Naples, about 1286. Le 
jeu de Robin et Marion, 1285. 

Hale, Sir Matthew, Lord Chief Justice 
of England, — b. at Alderley, Gloucestershire, 
1 Nov. 1609 — enters Oxford Univ., 1626— 
enters Lincoln's Inn, 8 Sep. 1629 — called to 
the bar, 17 May 1636— Judge of Common 
Pleas, 25 Jan. 1654 — M.P. Gloucestershire, 
Jul. 1654 — refuses to assist at trial of Col. 
Penruddock, 1655 — retires, Sep. 1658 — M.P. 
Oxford Univ., Jan. to Apr. 1659 — member of 
Convention, Apr. 1660 — Knt, Chief Baron of 
the Exchequer, 7 Nov. 1660 — Chief Justice of 
the King's Bench, 18 May 167 1 — resigns, 21 
Feb. 1676 — tf.,25 Dec. 1676. Contemplations, 
1676 — Pleas of the Crown, 1678 — History of 
the Common Law, 17 13 — Historia placitorum 
Corona:, 1739 — Analysis of the Law, 1739. 

Haleb. [Aleppo.] 

Halem, Gerhard Anton von, historian,— $. 
at Oldenburg, 1752 — director of Begency, 
Oldenburg, about 1 809 — counsellor to Imperial 
Court, Hamburg, 18 10 — tf. at Eutin, 4 Jan. 
1 8 19. Geschichte des Herzogthums Oldenburg, 
1794-96 — Biographie Peters des Grossen, 1803-5 
— Selbstbiographie, 1 840. 

Halenius, Lawrence, — u. in Sweden, 1654 
— tf. there, 1722. Nya Testamentets svenske 
och grekishe concordantier, 1734-42. 

Hales, Alexander of, {the Irrefragable 
Doctor,) scholastic philosopher, — enters Order of 
Friars Minims, a D.D. b at Paris, i222 a — Prof. 



Theology, 1230 b — tf., 27 Aug. 1245. 



Sumi 



universce theologice, 1252 ? 

a Nouv Biog. Gen. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Hales, Sir Edward,— acknowledges his con- 
version to Popery, 1685 — a feigned action 
brought against him to establish dispensing 
power of the king, decision given, 21 Jun. 
1686 — as Lieutenant of the Tower demands 
fees of the Seven Bishops, Jun. 1688 — follows 
James II. in his flight, and is brought back 
with, him, Dec. 1688 — impeached as a traitor 



650 



HALES— HALKETT. 



and committed to the Tower, 1689. 

Hales, James, Justice op the Common 
Pleas, — reader at Grays Inn, 1532, 1537, and 
1540 — king'sserjeant,4Nov. 1544 — Judge C. P., 
10 May 1549 — refuses to join in authenticating 
instrument prepared by Northumberland for 
changing succession, 1553 — imprisoned by Bp 
Gardiner, Oct. 1553 — released, about Apr. 1554 
■ — drowned, near Canterbury, 1555. 

Hales, John, (the ever Memorable,) theolo- 
gian, §c., — b. at Bath, Apr. 1584 — enters 
Oxford Univ., 1597 — Fellow of Merton Coll., 
1606 — M.A., 1 609— Prof . Greek, 1612 — Fellow 
of Eton Coll., 16 1 3 — present at synod of Dort, 
161 8 — canon of Windsor, about 1639 — tf. at 
Eton, 19 May 1656. Golden Remains, 1659. 

Hales, Sir Robert, treasurer to Richard II., 
■ — executed in London by rioters under "Wat 
Tyler, 13 Jun. 138 1. 

Hales, Stephen, natural philosopher, §c, — 
ft. in Kent, 7 Sep. 1677 — enters Cambridge 
Univ. 1696 — Fellow of Bene't College, 1702-3 
■ — perpetual curate of Teddington, about 17 10 
■ — F.K.S., 1717 — D.D. Oxford, 1733 — invents 
new method of ventilation, 1741 — Foreign 
Associate of Academy of Sciences, Paris, 1753 
— tf. at Teddington, 4 Jan. 1761. Vegetable 
statics, 1727. Hcemastatics, 1733. 

Hales, William, mathematician, chronologist, 
■ — Fellow of Trin. Coll., Dublin, 1769 — Prof. 
Oriental Languages, 1782 — rector of Killes- 
handra, 29 Oct. 1787 — tf., 30 Jan. 1831. 
Sonorum doctrina rationalis experimentalis, 
1778 — Analysis cequationum, 1784 — Analysis 
Jluxionum, 1800 — Neiv Analysis of Chronology, 
1809-14. 

Halfd ane, Northman, — ravages North- 
umbria, and invades Strathclyde, 875 — divides 
Northunibria among his followers, 876 — in- 
vades Wessex, 878. 

Halford, Sir Henry, physician, — fc. at 
Leicester, 2 Oct. 1766 — M.A. Oxford, 1778 — 
M.D., 1791 — F.E.C.P., 1794 — settles in Lon- 
don, 1794 — Bart., 1809 — assumes name of Hal- 
ford, 1 8 15 — physician to George IV., William 
IV., and Queen Victoria, 1820-44 — President of 
College of Physicians, 1820 — K.C. Guelphic 
Order, 25 Jun. 1825 — tf. in London, 9 Mar. 
1844. Essays and Orations, 1831. 

Halhed, Nathaniel Brassey, orientalist, — 
fc., about 1 741 — returns from India, 1790 — 
M.P. Lymington, 17 9 1-6 — avows himself 
adherent of Biohard Brothers, 1795 — sells his 
MSS. to British Museum, Mar. 1796 — tf. in 
Surrey, 18 Feb. 1830. Grammar of the 
Bengalee Language, 1778 — Code of Gentoo 
Laws, 1776. 

Haliae, in Greece, — [B C] — battle of, repulse 
of Athenians by allied forces of Corinth and 
Epidaurus, spring 458/* 457. b 

a Muller. b Thirlwall. 

Haliartus, in Bceotia, — [B C] — destroyed by 
Xerxes, 480 — and rebuilt : battle of, Spartans 
defeated and Lysander killed, 395 — supports 
Perseus and is destroyed by Pomans, 171. 

Haliburton, Thomas Chandler, (Sam Slide,) 
humourist, — fc. in Nova Scotia, 1796 — called to 
the bar, 1820— Chief Justice of Common Pleas, 



1829 — Judge of Supreme Court, Halifax, 1840 
— Tesigns and settles in England, 1842,* 1850 b 
— D.C.L. Oxford, 1858 — M.P. Launceston, 
1859 — &• a ^ Isleworth, 27 Aug. 1865. His- 
torical and Statistical Account of Nova Scotia, 
1829 — Clockmaker, 1837 — Old Judge, 1849 — 
Nature and Human Nature, 1 855 — English in 
America, 1851. 

a Gent. Mag. b Chambers' Encyc. 

Halicarnassus, in Asia Minor, — | B C] — 
under Artemisia, joins Xerxes in invasion of 
Greece, at battle of Salamis, 480 — tyranny of 
Lygdamis, 465 a — capital of Caria," 377-6 — 
beautified by MausOlus, about 375 — taken by 
Alexander the Great, 334. a Muller. 

Halidon Hill, near Berwick, — Edward III. 
defeats Pegent Douglas at, i9, : > 13 b Jul. 1333. 

a Annals of England. b Pict. Hist. England. 

Halifax, Charles Montagu, Earl of, 
Prime Minister op England, — fc. atHorton, 
Northamptonshire, 16 Apr. 1661 — enters Trin. 
Coll., Cambridge, 1682 — joins in invitation to 
Prince of Orange, 1688 — member of Conven- 
tion, Jan. 1689 — Lord of the Treasury, Mar. 
1692 — Chancellor of the Exchequer, Apr. 
1694 — M.P. Westminster, 1695 — carries out 
recoinage, 1695 — devises Exchequer Bills, 1696 
— First Lord of the Treasury, 1 May 1697 — one 
of the Lords Justices, Jul. 1698 and May 1699 
— Auditor of the Exchequer, Nov. 1699 — Baron 
Halifax, 1700 — impeached by House of Com- 
mons, Apr. 1 701 — Earl of Halifax and Viscount 
Sunbury, First Lord of the Treasury, 14 Oct. 
1714— tf., 19 May 1715. 

Halifax, George Montagu Dunk, Earl of, 
statesman, — Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, 21 
Mar. 1 76 1 a — suppresses the levellers, Apr. 
1762 — principal Secretary of State, autumn 
1762 — issues general warrant against Wilkes, 
30 Apr. 1763 — dismissed, Apr. 1765— tried 
for arrest of Wilkes, and £4000 damages given 
against him, 10 Nov. 1769 — Lord Privy Seal, 
May 1770 — Secretary of State, Jan. 177 1 — tf, 
8 Jun. 177 1. a Mahon. 

Halifax, George Saville, Maeqtjis of, 
statesman, — fc., about 1630 — contributes to 
restoration of Charles II., 1660 — Privy 
Councillor, 1672 — Earl of Halifax, 1679 — 
opposes Exclusion Bill, 1680 — intrigues in 
favour of Monmouth, 1684 — Pres. Council, 
by James II., 1685 — opposes repeal of Test 
Act and is dismissed, Oct. 1685 — adheres to 
Prince of Orange, Dec. 1688 — Speaker of 
House of Lords in Convention Parliament, Jan. 
1689 — Lord Privy Seal, Feb. 1689 — resigns, 
Oct. 1689 — protests against censorship of the 
press, Mar. 1692 — tf. in London, Apr. 1695. 

Halkett, Hugh, Baron, general— b. at 
Edinburgh, 30 Aug. 1784 — enters the army, 
Apr.- 1794 — Captain in 'German Legion,' 
1803-5 — serves in expedition to Copenhagen, 
1805-6 — at siege of Stralsund, 1807 — at 
Corunna, 1808 — takes part in expedition to 
Walcheren, 1809 — at siege of Badajoz, and 
battle of Albuera, 1 81 1 — at battle of Salamanca, 
1 8 12 — commands first Hanoverian brigade, 
1813 — at Waterloo, Jun. 18 15— C.B., 18 15 — 
enters Hanoverian service, as Major-general, 



HALL— HALLEY. 



6S* 



1815 — Lieutenant-general, 1834 — takes part in 
Schleswig-Holstein war, 1848 — General, 1848 
— tf. at Hanover, 26 Jul. 1863. 

Hall, Basil, naval commander, traveller, — b. 
at Edinburgh, 1788 — enters the navy, 1802 — 
Post-captain, 1817 — tf. at Portsmouth, 11 Sep. 
1844. Voyage of discovery to western coast of 
Corea, §c, 18 17 — Extracts of Journal written 
on coasts of Chili, 1823 — Travels in North 
America, 1829 — Patchwork, 1841. 

Hall, {Halle,) Edward, historian, — b. in 
Shropshire,* in London, 1 ' about 1495 — enters 
Cambridge Univ., 15 14 — studies at Oxford, 
15 1 8 — tf. in London, i543, a i547- b Union of 
the two noble and illustrate families of Lancaster 
and Yorke, 1542. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Hall, Joseph, Bp of Norwich, — ft. at 
Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Leicestershire, 1 Jul. 1574 
— studies at Cambridge Univ., 1589 — Fellow 
of Emmanuel College, 1595 — M.A., 1596— 
Rector of Halsted, about 1597 — D.D., 16 12 — 
Dean of Worcester, 1617 — deputy to Synod of 
Dort, 16 1 8 — Bp of Exeter, 1627 — Bp of Nor- 
wich, Nov. 1 64 1 — imprisoned in the Tower, 
Jan. to Jun. 1642 — ft- at Heigham near Nor- 
wich, 8 Sep. 1656. Contemplations, 1612-15 — 
Virgidemiarum liber, 1597-8 — Episcopacy by 
Divine Right asserted, 1640 — Devout Soul, 
164.4.— Henochismus, 1762. 

Hall, Marshall, physician, — b. at Basford, 
Notts, 1790 — goes to Edinburgh Univ., 1809 
— M.D., 1812 — visits France and Germany, 
1 8 14 — commences practice at Nottingham, 
1815 — settles in London, 1826 — tf. at Brighton, 
11 Aug. 1857. Treatise on Diagnosis, 18 17 — 
Medical Essays, 1824 — Essay on Circulation of 
the Blood, 183 1 — Lectures on the Nervous 
System, 1836 — Theory and Practice of Medicine, 
1837 — Theory of Convulsive Diseases, 1848. 

Hall, Robert, theologian, — ft. at Arnsby, 
Leicestershire, 2 May 1764 — studies at King's 
College, Aberdeen, 178 1-4 — classical tutor, 
Bristol Academy, 1785 — pastor at Cambridge, 
1791 — at Leicester, about 1807 — at Broadmead, 
Bristol, 1826 — tf. there, 21 Feb. 1831. Works, 
1831-32. 

Hallam, Arthur Henry, — b. in London, 1 
Feb. 181 1— goes to Eton, Oct. 1822 — visits 
Italy, 1827-8 — enters Trin. Coll., Cambridge, 
Oct. 1828 — B.A., Jan. 1832 — enters the Inner 
Temple, 1832 — goes to Germany, Aug. 1833 — 
tf. at Vienna, 15 Sep. 1833 — buried at Cleve- 
don, Somersetshire, 3 Jan. 1834. Remains in 
Verse and Prose, 1862. 

Hallam, Henry, historian, — b. at Windsor, 
1777 — B.A., Oxford, 1799 — D.C.L. Oxford, 
and LL.D. Harvard, 1848 — tf. at Penshurst 
in Kent, 21 Jan. 1859. Contributes to Edin- 
burgh Review, 1802, etc. — View of the state 
of Europe during the Middle Ages, 18 18 — Con- 
stitutional History of England, 1827 — Intro- 
duction to the Literature of Europe in the 15 th, 
lQth, and Ylth centuries, 1837-9. 

Hallam, {Halam,) Robert, Cardinal, — 
Chancellor of Oxford Univ., 1403 — Bp of 
Salisbury, 1408 — Cardinal, by John XX1IL, 
141 1 — one of English deputies to Council of 
Constance, asserts supremacy of civil power, 



condemns burning of Huss and Jerome of 
Prague, 1414-17— tf. at Constance, 4 Sep. 1417. 

Halle, in Saxony, — mentioned, 806 a — given 
to Abp of Magdeburg by Otto L, 965 — made a 
city by Otto II., 981 — successfully contends 
with Elector of Saxony, 1435 — the Moritzburg 
built, 1484 — Reformation introduced, 1541 — 
taken by Swedes, 1631 b — by Imperialists, 
1632 b — by Saxons, 1637 b — passes to house of 
Brandenburg by Peace of Westphalia, 1648 — 
Bernadotte defeats Prince Eugene of Wiirtem- 
berg near, 17 Oct. 1806 — annexed to kingdom 
of Westphalia, 1806 — taken by Prussians, 2 
May i8i3. b University of, founded by Duke 
Frederick I., 1694 — united with Wittenberg, 
1 8 15. Orphan Institute, founded by Franke, 
1698. Treaty of, between Protestant Princes 
of the Empire, concluded, 1610. 

a Conv.-Lex. b Meyer, Conv.-Lex. 

Halle, Jean Noel, physician,— b. at Paris, 
6 Jan. 1754 — M.D., 1776 — Prof. Medical 
Physics, School of Health, about 1795 — Prof, 
at College of France, 1804 — admitted to 
Academy of Medicine, 1820 — tf. at Paris, 11 
Feb. 1822. 

Hallelujah. [Alleluiatica, Victoria.] 

Hallenberg, Jonas, historian, numismatist, 
— h. in Sweden, 7 Nov. 1748 — teacher of 
Modern History, Upsala, 1777 — assistant keeper 
of Royal Library, 1783 — historiographer of 
Sweden, 1784 — member of Academy of Belles 
Lettres, 1786 — Director of Royal Cabinet of 
Coins, antiquary of the kingdom, 1803 — Knt of 
Polar Star, 18 12 — ennobled, by Charles John 
(Bernadotte), 18 18— secretary to Academy of 
Belles Lettres, 1819 — tf. near Gothenburg, 30 
Oct. 1834. Svea Rikes historia under K. 
Gustaf Adolph den stores regering, 1790-6 — 
Collectio Nummorum Cuficorum, 1800 — Nu- 
mismata orientalia aere expressa, 1822. 

Haller, Albrecht von, anatomist, botanist, 
— h- at Berne, i6, ab 18 c Oct. 1708 — studies at 
Tubingen, 1723 — studies under Boerhaave at 
Leyden, 1725 — M.D., visits England, 1727 — 
physician to hospital of Berne, 1735 — Prof. 
Medicine, Gottingen, 1736-53 — physician to 
king of England, 1739 — F.R.S., London, i743, b 
1749° — perpetual President of Royal Society 
of Gottingen, 1751 — retires to Berne, 1753 — 
tf. there, 12 Dec., acd Oct. b 1777. Icones 
anatomies, 1756 — Elemenia physiologies Cor- 
poris Humani, 1757-66 — Opera minora, 1762-3 
— Historia stirphim Helvetia indigenarum 
inchoata, 1768 — Bibliothecce anatomice, chirur- 
gice, medicines practiced, $■<?., 1774-87 — Versuch 
Schweizerischer Gedichte, 1732. a Biog. Univ. 
b Engl. Cyc. c Rees' Cyc. d Ersch and Gruber. 

Haller, Gottlieb Emmanuel von, antiquary, 
— b- at Berne, 1735— tf. there, 1786. Bibliothek 
der Schweizer-Geschichte, 1785-7 — Schweizer- 
isches Munz-und Medai lien- Cabinet, 1780-1. 

Haller, Johann, sculptor, — b. at Innspriick, 
1792 — charged to execute some of the sculp- 
tures of the Glyptothek, 18 17-8 — goes to study 
at Rome, 18 19— tf. at Munich, 1826. 

Halley, Edmund, astronomer, — b. at Hag- 
gerston, near London, 29 Oct., a 8 Nov. b 1656 
— enters Oxford Univ., 1673 — at St Helena, 



65* 



H ALLEY'S COMET— HAMBURG. 



1676-8— M.A., Oxford, F.E.S., 1678— observes 
great comet with. Cassini at Paris, 1680 — 
assistant secretary to Eoyal Society, 1685 — 
Captain R.N., conducts expedition to observe 
variations of magnet, 1699 — Savilian Prof. 
Geometry, Oxford, LL.D., 1703 — secretary to 
Royal Society, 17 13 — astronomer-royal, 1720 
— foreign member of Academy of Sciences, 
Paris, 1729 — tf. at Greenwich, i4, a 25 b Jan. 
1742. Catalog us stellar urn Australium, 1679 
— Genera], Chart showing the Variation of the 
Compass, §c, 1701 — edition of Apollonius' De 
Sectione rationis, 1706 — of Apollonius' Conic 
Sections, 17 10 — of Flamsteed' sMistoriaCoelestis, 
17 12 — Tabula?- Astronomical, 1749. 

a Engl. Cye. b Biog. Univ. 

Halley's Comet,— appears, 1378, 1456, Aug. 
1531, 1607, 1682 — its return in 1758 pre- 
dicted, 1705 — researches, by Clairaut and 
Lalande, 1758 — appears, 1759 and 1835. 

Halliday, Sir Andrew, physician, historian, 
— tf. at Dumfries, 7 Sep. 1840. Observations 
on Emphysema, 1807 — Memoir of Campaign of 
1815, 18 1 6 — History of House of Brunswick, 
1820 — Annals of House of Hanover, 1826. 

Halloix, Pierre, (Hallosius,) Jesuit, — b. at 
Liege, 1572 — tf. there, 1656. Illustrium Ec- 
clesia? or ien talis scriptorum, 1633-6. 

Halma, Francis, printer, lexicographer, — at 
Utrecht, 1682 — at Amsterdam, 1701 — at Leeu- 
warden, 17 13. Le Grand Bictionnaire franc ais 
et jlamand, 17 10. 

Kalma, Nicolas, — b. at Sedan, 31 Dec. 
1755 — goes to Paris, about 1790 — principal of 
Coll. of Sedan, 1792 — librarian, St Genevieve, 
1 8 17 — tf. at Paris, 4 Jun. 1828. Translation 
of the Almagest, 1 813-16 — Introduction de 
Geminus aux phenomenes celestes, 1819 — Com- 
mentaire de The'on cV Alexandrie, 182 1-2. 

Halmstadt, in Sweden, — battle of, between 
Charles VIII. of Sweden and Christian I. of 
Denmark, 1450 — fortifications destroyed, 1734. 

Hals, Dirk, painter, — b. at Mechlin, 1588 — 
tf., 1656. 

Hals, Frans, painter, — b. at Mechlin, 
1584 — a", at Haarlem, 1666. 

Haltaus, Christian Gottlieb, historian, — 
b. at Leipsic, 1702 — tf., 11 Feb. 1758. Ca- 
lendar ium meclii avi, 1729 — Be jure publico 
certo Germamco niedii cevi, 1735 — Glossarium 
Germanicum medii cevi, 1758. 

Ham, in France, — taken and burnt by Duke 
of Burgundy, 141 1 — by English, 1415 — falls 
into hands "of Spaniards, 1557 — restored by 
Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis, 1559 — lordship of, 
united to crown by Henry IV., 1589 — besieged 
and taken by royal troops, 10 Jun. 1595 — oc- 
cupied by allies, 18 14 and 1815. Castle, built, 
about 1370^ 1470. h 

a Encyc. Mod. b Moreri and Conv.-Lex. 

Hamadan,— [Ecbatana] — reduced by Ca- 
liph Othman, 634 — almost destroyed by Gengis 
Khan, 1220 — ravaged by Tamerlane, about 
1400— burnt and destroyed by Khosru Pacha, 
(Schoual 1039, a. h.,) Jun. 1630 s — suffers in 
the wars after dethronement of Shah Hussein, 
1722 — siege of, by Turks under Ahmed Pacha, 
begins, (7 Schoual 1136,) 29 Jun. 1724b — 



taken, (12 Silkidje 1136,) 1 Sep. 1724 b — 
annexed to Persia by Nadir Shah, (1143,) 
I 73°- a a Malcolm. b Von Hammer. 

Hamadani, (Abu'lfadhl Ahmed Ben Hosain 
or Bedi Alzeman,) poet, — b. at Hamadan, (358, 
A. h.) 968— tf. at Herat, (398.) 1007. 

Hamah, Maareh and Bami, Principality of, 
Ayubite dynasty established by Saladin, 11 82 — - 
Moclh after reigns, 1295-99. 

Hamaker, Henrik Arent, orientalist, — b. 
at Amsterdam, 25 Feb. 1789 — Prof. Oriental 
Languages, Franeker, 18 15 — removes to Ley- 
den, 1 8 1 7 — tf. there, 7 Nov. 1835. Lectiones Phi- 
lostratea}, 1816 — Specimen catalogi codicum 
MSS. orientalium bibliothecce academic Bugduuo- 
Batavai, 1820 — Miscellanea Phoenicia, 1828. 

Hamel, Jean Noel, musical composer, — b. at 
Liege, 23 Dec. 1709 — goes to Rome, 1728 — 
chapel-master, cathedral of Liege, 1738 — tf. 
there, 26 Nov. 1778. Li Voegge di Chofon- 
taine, 1757- — Symphonies, 1743. 

Haman, — [BC] — favourite of King Aha- 
suerus, hung, about 510 ? 

Hamann, Johann Georg,— b. at Konigs- 
berg, 27 Aug. 1730 — studies at the Univ., 1746 
- — visits England, 1757-8 — tf. at Minister, 21 
Jun. 1788. Sdmmtliche Schriften, 1821-43. 

Hamath, in Syria, — [BC] — Toi, king of, 
makes alliance with David, 1044 a — conquered 
by Assyrians, (temp. Hezekiah,) before 713 a — 
conquered by Chaldeans, before 588 a — [AD] — 
Abulfeda, the geographer, prince of, between 
1300-30. a Ussher. 

Hamberger, Georg Christoph, bibliographer, 
— b. in Anspach, 1726 — M.A. Gottingen, 175 1 
— Prof. Extraord. Philosophy, 1755 — Or- 
dinary Prof, and second Librarian to the Univ., 
1763 — tf., 8 Feb. 1773. Be pretiis rerum 
apud veteres Romanos, 1754 — Bas gelehrte 
Beutschland, 1767. 

Hamberger, Georg Erhard, — physician, 
natural philosopher, — b. at Jena, 21 Dec. 1697 
— Prof. Physics, i737, ac 1726b — Prof. Medicine, 
1744 — tf., Dean of the Faculty of Medicine, 22 
Jul. 1755. Elementa phy sices methodo mathe- 
matico in usnm auditorum conscripta, 171*] — ■ 
Physiologia medica, 1751 — Met hod us medendi 
morbos, 1763. a Biog. Unir. 

b Rees' Cyc. c Ersch and Gruber. 

Hamburg, — founded by Charles the Great, 
808 — a church built, 811 — seat of archbishop- 
ric, 834 — burnt by Northmen, 845 — rebuilt and 
refortified by Abp Anscharius, 865 — becomes 
subject to Dukes of Saxony, 962 — again burnt 
by Obotrites, 980— fortress built. 1063 — pillaged 
and burnt by Vandals, 1012 — by Danes, 1072 
— loses supremacy over churches of the North, 
1 104 — becomes subject to Counts of Holstein, 
1 106 — obtains independent municipal govern- 
ment by Imperial Charters, 11 89 and 11 90 — 
free navigation of the Elbe granted to, by Em- 
peror Frederick I., 1 199 — concurs with Lubeck 
in forming Hanseatic League, 1210 ? 1241 ? — 
obtains neighbouring territory, 1 258 — privileges 
of, protected against Denmark by decree of Maxi- 
milian, 1500 — fortifications extended, 1500 — 
conference at, between Reformers and Roman- 
ists, and Lutheranism adopted, 1529-30 — joins 



HAMEL— HAMILTON. 



653 



league of Sclimalkald, 1536 — rejects the In- 
terim, 1548 — settlement of Merchant Adven- 
turers at, 161 2 — recognized as free imperial 
town, 16 1 8 — threatened by Christian V. of 
Denmark, 17 13 — obtains resignation of all 
claims by Denmark by convention of Gottorp, 
1768 — confirmed in rights of free city by Em- 
peror, 1770 — arrest of Napper Tandy at, by 
order of British minister, 24 Nov. 1799 — 
occupied by Danes, beginning Apr. 1801 — 
evacuated, 23 May 1801 — commerce injured 
by blockade of Elbe, 1803 — occupied by French, 
Jun. 1803 — seizure of English minister, Sir G-. 
Eumbold, at, 25 Oct. 1804 — again occupied 
by the French, under Mortier, Dec. 1 806 — 
execution of the Berlin Decree at, Nov. to Dec. 
1806— incorporated with French Empire, as 
capital of department of Bouches d'Elbe, 13 
Dec. 1 8 10 — occupied by Cara St Cyr., Mar. 
181 3 — evacuated by French, 12 Mar. 1813 — 
occupied by Russians, 18 Mar. — old consti- 
tution restored : taken by Yandamme, 30 May 
— fortified and rigorously treated by Davoust, 
1 8 1 3 — blockade of, by Russians, Oct. 1 8 1 3 — 
40,000 inhabitants driven out by Davoust, 
and the treasure in the bank seized ; evacuated 
by French, 26 May 18 14 — constitution again 
restored; joins German Confederation, 8 Jun. 
1 8 15 — ramparts demolished, 1 8 1 9 — disturb- 
ances at, summer 1830 — cholera breaks out, 
Oct. 1 83 1 — almost destroyed by fire, 5-7 May 
1842 — Constituent Assembly meets, 14 Dec. 
1848 — new constitution adopted, 11 Jul. 1849 
—resisted by Senate : occupied by Prussian 
troops, Aug. 1849 — revised constitution ac- 
cepted, 22 Jul. 1852 — representative govern- 
ment established, 28 Sep. i860— joins North 
German Confederation, 18 Aug. 1866. 

Hamel, Henri, traveller, — embarks at the 
Texel for East Indies, Jan. 1653 — shipwrecked 
on the Corea, Jul. 1653— returns to Holland, 
Jul. 1668. Journal van de ongelukkige voyagie 
van't yatch Be Spermer, gedestineerd na Tayo- 
wan, in'tjaar 1653, 1668. 

Hamel. [Duhamel.] 

Hamel, Jacques de Saint Remi du, — signs 
treaty of the League at Peronne, Jan. 1576 — 
distinguishes himself in campaign of 16 10 — in 
wars of Guienne and siege of Rockelle, 1621- 
28. 

Hameln, in Hanover, — sold by Abbot of 
Fulda to Bp of Minden, 1259 — submits by 
preference to House of Brunswick, soon after : 
the Swedes defeat the Imperialists near, and 
occupy, 1633 — conquered by French, 1757 — 
evacuated, 1758 — passes to French, 1803 — to 
Prussians, 1806 — surrenders to king of Hol- 
land, 8 Nov. 1806. 

Hamelsveld, Isbrand van, theologian, — ft. 
at Utrecht, 1743 — D.D., 1765 — Prof. Theology, 
1784-7 — member of National Convention, 
1795 — Ij. at Amsterdam, 9 ]\!ay 18 12. Trans- 
lation of Eichhom's Introduction to the Old 
Testament, 1 789 — General History of Christian 
Church, 1799- 1 8 19. 

Hamilcar, Carthaginian general, — [BC] — 
commands expedition against Sicily, defeated 
and killed by Gelon at Himera, 480" 



Hamilcar,— [B C] — governor of Sicily, aids 
Agathocles to seize Syracuse, 317. 

Hamilcar, — [BC] — governor of Sicily, op- 
poses Agathocles, 311 — taken prisoner at siege 
of Syracuse and put to death, 309. 

Hamilcar, — [B c] — succeeds Hannoin Sicily, 
commands against Romans, 262 — defeats the 
legion in Thermae, 260 — commands fleet against 
Rome, 257 — with Hanno defeated by Regulus 
and Manlius Yulso off Ecnomus, 256 — defeated 
by Regulus at Adis, 255^ a Zumpt. 

Hamilcar, — [B C] — left in command in 
Cisalpine Gaul, 207 — excites revolt, sacks and 
destroys Placentia, 200 — taken prisoner by 
Cethegus in battle on the Mincius, 197. 

Hamilcar Barca, — [B C] — appointed general 
of Carthaginian army in Sicily, 247 , a 248 b — 
seizes Hercte, and ravages coasts of Italy, 247- 
244 — leaves Hercte and seizes Eryx, 244 — op- 
posed by Fundanus in Sicily, 243 — conducts 
war in Africa, against revolted mercenaries, 
241-238 — sent into Spain, 238 — killed in battle 
with Yettones, 229. 

a Smith's Diet, and Clinton. b Zumpt. 

Hamilton, 2nd Lord. [Arran, Earl of.] 

Hamilton, Alexander, statesman, general, — 
{1. in the Antilles, 11 Jan. 1757 — enters 
Columbia College, New York, 1773 — Captain 
in American army, Mar. 1776 — Lieutenant- 
colonel, aide-de-camp to Washington, 1777 — 
marries, 1780 — leads assault on York Town, 14 
Oct. 178 1 — called to the bar, and member of 
Congress for New York State, 1782 — Secretary 
of Treasury, 1789 — reenters the army, 1798 — 
Commander-in-chief, 1799 — killed in duel with 
Col. Burr, 1 1 Jul. 1 804. (With Madison and 
Jay,) The Federalist, 1788. 

Hamilton, Alexander, orientalist, — Prof. 
Sanscrit and Indian Literature, Haileybury, — 
b. about 1765 — "U. at Liverpool, 30 Dec. 1824. 
Edition of the Hitopadesa, 18 10 — Terms of 
Sanscrit Grammar, 18 15. 

Hamilton, Anthony,— 6. in Ireland, about 
1646 — goes to France with his family, 1649 
— returns to England, 1660 — governor of 
Limerick, by James II., 1685 — follows James 
II. to France, Dec. 1688 — tf. at St Germain, 
1720. Works, 1749 — Memoirs of Count de 
Gramont, 1772. 

Hamilton, David, architect, — h. at Glasgow, 
1768 — tf. there, 5 Dec, 1843. Exchange, 
Glasgow, 1737-40. 

Hamilton, Elizabeth, miscellaneous ivriter, 
— n. at Belfast, 25 Jul. 1758 — if. at Harrogate, 
25 Jul. 1 8 16. Letters of a Hindoo Rajah, 
1796 — Letters on the elementary Principles of 
Education, 1 801-2 — Cottagers of Glenbumie, 
1808. 

Hamilton, Emma Lyon, Lady, — 6. in 
Cheshire, about 1 761— goes to London, 1777 — 
marries Sir William Hamilton, 1791 — becomes 
acquainted with Nelson at Naples, 1799 — Se- 
near Calais, 16 Jan. 18 15. 

Hamilton, Gavin, painter, antiquary,— b. 
at Lanark, about 1730" — a", at Rome, i797- b 
Italian School of Fainting, i773- b 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Nagler. 

Hamilton, James, of Bothwell-haugh, — 



6 54 



HAMILTON— HAMMER-PURGSTALL. 



fights for Queen Mary at Langside, and is taken 
prisoner, 1568— shoots the Regent Murray at 
Linlithgow, Jan. 1570 — escapes to France : &. 
in Ayrshire, 16 19. 

Hamilton, James, Earl of Arran, and 
Duke of, — Pres. Scottish Convention, Mar. 
1689 — Lord High Commissioner for Scotland, 
1690 — titles resigned to, by Duchess Anne, 
1698 — opposes project of Union, 1705 — arrested 
on suspicion of favouring the Pretender, 1708 
• — created Duke of Brandon, 17 1 x — ambassador 
to France, takes part in negotiating Peace of 
Utrecht, 1711-12 — killed in duel with Lord 
Mohun, in Hyde Park, 15 Nov. 17 12. 

Hamilton, James. [Arran, Earl of.] 

Hamilton, ames Hamilton, 2nd Marquis 
and 1st Duke of, — ft. in Scotland, 1606 — 
leads body of Scottish auxiliaries to join Gus- 
tavus Adolphus in Germany, 1631-2 — suspect- 
ed of treasonable designs, 1633— conducts ne- 
gotiations with the parliament, 1641 — created 
Duke by Charles I., close of Oct. i64i, a 12 
Apr. 1643 b — sent by the king to prevent 
union between English and Scottish par- 
liaments, 1643— imprisoned in Cornwall, 1643 
— released, autumn 1646 — invades England, 
Jul. 1648 — defeated by Cromwell, at Preston, 
17 Aug. — captured at Uttoxeter, 25, a 20 b Aug. 
— escapes, 30 Jan. 1649, but is retaken: 
executed in London, 9 Mar. 1649. 

a Guizot. b Annals of England. 

Hamilton, William, 2nd Duke of, — ft., 
16 16 — Earl of Lanark, 1639 — succeeds to the 
title on his brother's death, 1649 — killed at 
battle of Worcester, 3 Sep. 1651. 

Hamilton, John, Abp of St Andrews, — 
falls ill and is attended by Jerome Cardan, J un. 
to Sep. 1551 s — admonishes the Protestant 
party, Mar. 1558 — has Walter Miln burnt at 
St Andrews, Apr. 1558 a — threatens Knox with 
armed opposition, Jun. 1559 — takes part in 
secret convention of Catholics, Feb. 156 1 — 
encourages secret celebration of mass, pleads 
guilty and is imprisoned, May 1563 — -joins plot 
against Darnley, Jan. 1567 — attends Queen 
Mary to Seton, Feb. 1567 — directs counsels of 
Catholic convention in support of Mary, 29 
Jun. 1567 a — treacherously proposes to put her 
to death, 8 Aug. 1567 a — makes his peace with 
Regent Murray, before 15 Sep. 1567 — declared 
a traitor and forfeited by Regent, 18 Aug. 1568 
— hostage in Murray's hands at Stirling, Mar. 
1569 — captured at Dumbarton Castle, and 
hanged without trial at Stirling, 1 Apr. 1570. 
a Tytler. 

Hamilton, Patrick, Abbot of Ferne, 
reformer, — ft. in Scotland, probably 1504 — 
graduates at Univ. of Paris, 1520 — settles at St 
Andrews, 1523 — receives reformed doctrines, 
about 1526 — summoned as a heretic by Cai'd. 
Beaton, flees to Germany, 1527 — returns to St 
Andrews, Jan. 1528 — burnt at Glasgow, 29 
Feb. 1528. 

Hamilton, Robert, mathematician, — ft. at 
Edinburgh, 1742 — Prof. Mathematics, Maris- 
chal College, Aberdeen, about 1780 — ft. there, 
14 Jul. 1829. 



Hamilton, Captain Thomas, novelist, — ft. 
about 1789 — tf., 7 Dec. 1842. Cyril Thornton, 
1827. Annals of Peninsular Campaign, 1849 
— Men and Manners in America, 1833. 

Hamilton, William, (ofPangour,)poet,—b. 
in Ayrshire, 1704 — joins the Pretender, 1745 — 
tf. at Lyons, 25 Mar. 1754. Poems, 1760. 

Hamilton, William, painter, — ft., probably 
in London, about 1750 — R.A., Feb. 1789 — tr., 
Dec. 1801. 

Hamilton, William Gerard, (Single Speech,) 
statesman, — ft. in London, Jan. 1729 — enters 
Oxford Univ., Mar. 1745— M. P., Petersfield, 
1754 — delivers his 'single speech,' 1755 — 
Secretary of State, Ireland, 1761 — Chancellor 
of the Exchequer in Ireland, 1763-84 — predicts 
revolt of American colonies, 1767 a — If. in Lon- 
don, 16 Jul. 1796. Works, 1808. 
a Pict. Hist. England. 

Hamilton, Sir William, diplomatist, — ft. in 
Scotland, 1730 — ambassador to Naples, 1764- 
1800 — F.R.S., 1766— K.B., 1771-2 — Privy 
Councillor, 1791 — marries Emma Lyon, 1791 
— Ij. in England, 6 Apr. 1 803. Campi Phlegrcei y 
1776-77 — Supplement, 1779 — Observations on 
Mount Vesuvius, 1772. 

Hamilton, Sir William, philosopher, — ft. at 
Glasgow, 8 Mar. 1788— enters Balliol Coll., 
Oxford, 1809 — quits Oxford, 1812 — called to 
Scotch bar, 181 3 — Prof. Universal History, 
Edinburgh, 1 82 1 — Prof. Logic and Metaphysics, 
1836 — tr. at Edinburgh, 6 May 1856. Dis- 
cussions on Philosophy and Literature, 1852 — 
edition of Peid's Works, 1846— of Lugald 
Stewart's Works, 1 854, etc. — Lectures on Meta- 
physics, 1859-61. 

Hamilton, Sir William Rowan, mathema- 
tician, — ft. at Dublin, 1805 — Prof. Astronomy, 
Trin. Coll., 1827 — Astronomer Royal for Ire- 
land, 1827 — Knt, by Lord-Lieutenant, 1835 — 
Pres. Royal Irish Academy, 1837 — o". near 
Dublin, 2 Sep. 1865. Lectures on Quaternions, 
1853 — Elements of Quaternions, 1866. 

Hammarskoeld, Lorenz, historian, §c, — ft. 
in Sweden, 7 Apr. 1785,* 1787 b — M.A., Upsala, 
1 812 — assistant in Royal Library, Stockholm, 
1806 — Librarian, 1826 — ft., 15 Oct. 1827. 
Poetiska Studier, 18 13 — LListoriska anteck- 
ningar roerande foertgangen och utvelingen of 
det philosophiska studium i Sverige, 1821 — 
Svenska Vitterheten, 1818-9 — Grunddragen of 
philosophiens Historia, 1825-7. 

a Conv.-Lex. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Hammer-Purgstall, Joseph, Baron von, 
orientalist, — ft. at Gratz, 9 Jun. 1774 — studies 
at Oriental Academy, Vienna, 1787 — interpreter 
to Anglo-Turkish generals in campaign of 
Egypt, 1 801 — secretary of legation, Constanti- 
nople, 1802 — consular agent at Jassy, 1806 — 
accompanies embassy to Paris, 1 810 — court 
interpreter, 18 16 — aulic councillor, 1817 — 
Baron, 1837 — Pres. of Academy of Vienna, 
1847 — Grand Officer of the Medjidie, 1855 — 
Tj., 23 Nov. 1856. Pncyclopaedische JJebersicht 
der Wissenschaften des Orients, 1 804 — Lie 
Staatsverfassung und Staatsverwaltung des 
Osmanischen Peichs, 18 15-6 — Geschichte der 



HAMMERLIN— HANCOCK. 



655 



sehbnen Redekiinste Persiens, 181 8 — Vmblick 
auf einer Reise von Konstantinopel nach dem 
Olympos, §c, 1818 — Geschichte der Assassinen, 
1818 — Motenebbi, der grosste arabische Dichter, 
1824 — Bald des grossten tiirkisehen Lyriker's 
Divan, i825, a i8i3 b — Geschichte des Osmani- 
schen Reichs, 1827-34 — Geschichte der Osma- 
nischen Dichtkunst, 1836-8 — Gemdldesaal 
der Lebensbeschreibungen grosser moslimischer 
Herrscher der ersten sieben Jahrhunderte der 
FLidschret, 1837-9 — Geschichte der goldenen 
Horde in Kiptschak, $c, 1840 — Liter atur ge- 
schichte der Araber, 1 850-6 — Denkwiirdigkciten 
aus meinem Leben, 1858. 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Conv.-Lex. 

Hammerlin, {Hemmerlin,) Felix, theologian, 
— ft. at Zurich, 1389 — Canon of Zurich, 141 1 
— Canon of Zolfingen, 142 1 — D.D. Bologna, 
1426 — assists at Council of Basel, 143 1 — im- 
prisoned at Constance, 1454— tf. after 1457. 
Varice oblectationis opuscula et tractatus, 1497. 

Hammersmith Suspension Bridge, — built 
by Clarke, 1824-7. 

Hammond, Henry, theologian, — ft. at Chert- 
sey, 18 Aug. 1605 — enters Oxford Univ., 161 8 
— Fellow of Magdalen Coll., 1625 — Rector of 
Penshurst, 1633 — D.D., 1639 — Archdeacon of 
Chichester, 1643 — retires to Oxford, 1643 — 
takes part for the king in Treaty of "Oxbridge, 
Jan. 1645 — Canon of Chvistchurch, public 
orator, 1645 — chaplain to Charles I., 1645-7 — 
tf. at "Westwood, "Worcestershire, 25 Apr. 1660. 
Paraphrase and Annotations on the New Testa- 
ment, 1653 — Works, by Fulman, 1684. 

Hammond, Eobert, Colonel, — takes part in 
siege of Bristol, 14 Sep. 1645" — Lieutenant- 
general of Ordnance, summoned to bar of 
House of Commons, 1647— Governor of Isle of 
"Wight, autumn 1647 — Charles I. gives him- 
self up to, 13 Nov. 1647 — escorts the king to 
Carisbrook, 14 Nov. 1647 — provided for, by 
Cromwell, Apr. 1648 — deprived of command, 
27 Nov. 1648^ ^Garlyle. 

Hampden, John, statesman, — ft. in London, 
1594 — enters Magdalen Coll., Oxford, 1609 — 
enters Inner Temple, 161 3 — marries, 1619 — 
M.P. Grampound, Jan. 1621 and 1624 — M.P., 
"Wendover, 1625 — imprisoned for refusing to 
pay general loan, 1627 — liberated by order of 
council, 1627 — loses his wife, 1634 — resists 
imposition of Shipmoney, 1636 — the cause 
decided against him, 12 Jun. 1637 — prevented 
from emigrating by order in council of 1 May 
1637 — M.P. Buckinghamshire, 1640 — moves 
presentation of Remonstrance on Grievances, 
22 Nov. 1 64 1 -—impeached by the king, 3 Jan. 
1642 — [Five Members] — Colonel in Parlia- 
mentary army, 1642 — wounded at combat of 
Chalgrove Field, 18 Jun. 1643 — tf. at Thame, 
24 Jun. 1643 — his remains exhumed by Lord 
Nugent, Jul. 1828. 

Hampden, Renn Dickson, Bp of Hereford, 
— ft. in Barbadoes, 1793 — enters Oriel Coll., 
Oxford, 1810— B.A., 1813 — Fellow and Tutor 
of Oriel, 1814 — Bampton Lecturer, 1832 — 
Principal of St Mary's Hall, 1833 — Prof. 
Moral Philosophy, 1834 — Regius Prof. Di- 



vinity, Oxford, 1836 — vote of censure passed on 
him by Univ. Convocation, 1836 — member of 
Theological Examination Board, 1842 — Bp of 
Hereford, Dec. 1847 — tf. in London, 23 Apr. 
1868. Philosophical Evidence of Christianity, 
1827 — Scholastic Philosophy considered in its 
relation to Christian Theology, 1833 — Lectures 
introductory to the Study of Moral Philosophy, 
1835 — Fathers of Greek Philosophy, 1862. 

Hampton Court Palace, Middlesex, — built 
by Cardinal Wolsey, 1525— given up to Henry 
VIIL, 1526 — French Commissioners enter- 
tained at, 1527 — Philip and Mary keep Christ- 
mas at, 1558 — Charles I. retires to, 1625 — 
Charles I. confined in, 24 Aug. 1647 — he 
escapes, 10 Nov. 1647 — assigned as residence 
of Cromwell, 12 Oct. 1651 — partly rebuilt for 
William III., by "Wren, 1690 — residence of 
Prince of Orange, 1795 — opened to the public, 
1838. Conference, between prelates and puri- 
tans, held at, 14-16 Jan. 1604. 

Hampton Roads, James River, U. S., — 
naval expedition for the South, sails from, 29 
Oct. 1 86 1 — the Federal ships attacked by the 
Merrimac in, 8-9 Mar. 1862 — meeting of Pres. 
Lincoln with Peace Commissioners of Con- 
federate States, 3 Feb. 1865. 

Han, Dynasty of, in China, — [B C] — founded 
by Kan-tsu, 206 — [AD] — becomes extinct, 220.* 

Hanaper Office, in Chancery, — abolished by 
Act 5 and 6 Vic. c. 103, 10 Aug. 1842. 

Hanau, in Hesse Cassel, — head of a County 
of the Empire, 1439,* 1429 b c — partitioned on 
death of Count Reinhard II., 145 1 b — siege 
of, by Imperialists, begins, 1635 — is raised by 
Swedes, 13 Jun. 1636° — County reunited, 1642 
— County divided between Hesse Cassel and H. 
Darmstadt, 1736 — entirely united to Hesse 
Cassel, 17 85 c — erected into a Principality, 1 803 c 
— occupied by French, 1806 — forms part of 
Grand Duchy of Frankfort, 1809 — restored to 
Hesse Cassel, 1813 — Napoleon I. defeats Prince 
Wrede at, 30 Oct. 181 3 — disturbances at, 8 
Mar. 1848 d — occupied by Austrian and Bava- 
rian troops, 1 Nov. 1850^ 

a Rees' Cyc. b Encyc. Mod. c Conv.-Lex. 
d Ann. Reg. 

Hanbal, Ahmed Ibn, Chief of a Moham- 
medan Sect, — ft. at Bagdad, (164, a. h.) 780 — 
tf. there, (241,) 855. 

Hancarville, D', {Pierre Francois Hugues,) 
antiquary, — ft. at Nancy, 1 Jan. 1729 — ac- 
companies Sir W. Hamilton to Naples, 1764 — 
tf. at Padua, 9 Oct. 1805. Antiquites etrusques, 
grecques, et romaines, 1766-7 — Recherches sur 
I'origine, V esprit, et le progres des arts dans la 
Grece, 1785. 

Hanckius, {Martin Hanke,) philologist, — ft. 
near Breslau, 1633 — Prof. History, &c, Eliza- 
beth Coll., 1 66 1 — librarian, 1670 — classifies 
books of Imperial Library of Vienna, 1671 — 
Rector of Elizabeth Coll., 1688— tf. at Breslau, 
24 Apr. 1709. T)e romanarum rerum scriptori- 
bus, 1669-75 — De by zantinarum rerum scriptori- 
bus grcecis, 1677 — De Silesiorum nominibus 
antiquitates, 1702. 

Hancock, John, statesman, — ft. in Mas- 



6 5 6 



HANDEL— HANNO. 



sachusetts, about 1737 ?— graduates at Harvard 
Coll., 1754 — President of Congress of Mas- 
sachusetts, 1774 — excepted from pardon offered 
by Gen. Gage, 1775 — Governor of Massachu- 
setts, 1780-4 and 1787-93— "ft., 1793. 

Handel, George Frederick, musical com- 
poser, — b. at Halie, Saxony, 23 Feb. 1685 a — 
goes to Berlin, 1696, a 1698 b — to Hamburg, 
Jul. 1703 — to Florence, 1706 — visits Hanover, 
1709 — comes to London, close of 1710-— re- 
ceives pension, 17 14 — director of Duke of 
Chandos' chapel, 17 18 — joins Royal Academy 
of Music, 1726 — naturalized in England, 1726 
■ — manager of Haymarket Theatre, Jul. 1729 
■ — visits Oxford, refuses diploma of Mus. D„ 
Jul. 1733 — visits Dublin, Nov. 1741 — honorary 
member of Society of Musical Science, Leipsic, 
1745 — becomes blind, 1751 — ft. in London, 
13 Apr. i759. ac Roderigo, 1706 — Act, Galat- 
tea e Polifemo, 1708 ? — Rinaldo, 171 1 — Passion, 
probably 1 7 1 7 a — Esther, 1720 — first • public 
performance, 2 May 1732 — Acis and Galatea, 
(English,) 1721 — Coronation Anthems, 1727 — 
Deborah,, 1733 — Alexander 's Feast, 1 7 36 — 
Saul, 1738 — Israel in Egypt, 1738 — Messiah, 
commenced, 22 Aug. ; completed, 14 Sep. 1741 
— first produced at Dublin, 13 Apr. 1742 a — in 
London, 23 Mar. 1743 a — Samson, 1742 — Det- 
tingen Te J)eum, 1743 — Judas Maccabceus, 9 
Jul. to 11 Aug. 1746 — produced, 1 Apr. 1747 — 
Joshua, 1747 — Solomon, 1748 — Jephthah, pro- 
duced, 26 Feb. 1752. 

a Schoelcher. b Mainwaring. c Eurney. 
Handel Commemoration, — celebrated in 
Westminster Abbey, 26 May 1784 — second, 24, 
26, and 28 Jun. and 1 Jul. 1834. 

Handel Festival, triennial, at Crystal 
Palace, — commenced, 1862 (or 1859?). 

Haner, George, theologian, — b. in Transyl- 
vania, 1672 — o\ at Birthalmen, 1759,* i74o. b 
Uistoria ecclesiarum Transylvanicarum, 1694.. 
a Eiog. Univ. c Evsch and Gruber. 

Haner, George Jeremias, — b., 1707 — quits 
Univ. of Jena, 1730 — u\, 1777. Adversaria 
de scriptoribus rerum Hungaricarum, <$;c., 1774. 
Hangchow - Foo, (Hangtcheou,) in China, 
(Kinsai,) — metropolis of the Song empire, 
between 960-1279— governed three years by 
Marco Polo, probably 1277-80 — visited by 
Lord Macartney, 1793 — visited by Dutch em- 
bassy, Titzing'and Van Braam, Feb. 1795 — 
taken by rebels, 28 Dec. 1861. 

Hanging, punishment of, — adopted in Eng- 
land, 1 24 1. 

Hanging in chains, — directed in cases of 
murder, bv Act 9 Geo. IV. c. 31, s. 4. 27 Jun. 
1828— sanctioned by Act 2 and 3 "Will. IV. 
e. 75, s. 16, 1 Aug. 1832— abolished by Act 4 
Will. IV c. 26, 25 Jul. 1834. 

Hanifites, Mohammedan sect, — founded by 
Abu Hanifah al Nouman, put to death by 
Caliph Abu Giafar Abdallau II. Almansur, 
767. 
Hanke. [Hanchius.] 
Hanmer, Thomas Bartholomew, statesman, 
§c, — b. about 1676 — Speaker of nouse of 
Commons, Feb. 1714—0". in Suffolk, 1746. 
Edition of Shakespeare, 1744. 



Hanneman, Adrian, painter, — b. at the 
Hague, 1610 or 161 1 — comes to England, about 
1626 — returns to the Hague, about 1642 — 
director of Academy of the Hague, 1665 a — 5j. 
1680. a Nagler. 

Hannibal, Carthaginian general, — [B C] — ■ 
commands in Sicily, sacks and destroys Selinus, 
409— again commands in Sicily, with Himilco, 
and fr. of pestilence, 406. 

Hannibal, Carthaginian general, — [B C] — 
besieged in Agrigentum by Postumius and 
Manilius, escapes to Panormus, 262 — de- 
feated at sea by Duilius, 260— sent to defend 
Sardinia, 259— killed in a mutiny of his 
soldiers, 258. 

Hannibal, Carthaginian general, — [BC] — 
(son of Hamilcar Barca,) h. 247 — accompanies 
his father to Spain, 238 — appointed commander- 
in-chief, 221 — defeats Vaccseans, 220 — besieges 
and takes Saguntum, 219 — sets out for Italy, 
spring 218— passes the Pyrenees and the Alps, 
enters Italy, Oct. 218 — defeats Scipio at the 
Ticinus, autumn 218 — defeats Scipio and Sem- 
pronius on the Trebia, late in 218 — crosses 
Apennines, defeats Flaminius at Lake Trasime- 
nus, early in 2 if — establishes himself in Apulia, 
217 — defeats Paullus iEmilius and Terentius 
Varro at Cannse, (2 Aug.) Jun.? 216 — takes 
Capua, winter 216-215 — repulsed at Nola, 215 
— negotiates with Philip of Macedonia, 215 — 
attempts Tarentum, 214 — seizes Tarentum, 212 
— raises siege of Capua, and marches on Eome, 
211 — defeats Fulvius at Herdonea, 210 — loses 
Tarentum, 209 — raises siege of Locri, 208 — 
retires to Bruttium, 207 — leaves Italy, 203 — 
defeated by Scipio at Zama, 202 — attempts in- 
ternal reforms at Carthage, 201 — accused of 
negotiations with Antiochus, takes refuge with 
him, 193— defeated by Bhodian fleet in Side, 
190 — takes refuge with Prusias of Bithynia, 
190— demanded by Romans, poisons himself, 
about 183. 

Hannibalianus, — Consulwith. Asclepiodotus, 
(1045, a. u. c.) 292. 

Hannibalianus, Flavius Claudius, — named 
King of Pontus and Armenia by Constantine, 
335 — put to death by Constantius, 338, a 337. b 
s Clinton. b Zumpt and Smith's Diet. 

Hanno, geographer, — [B C j — makes his 
Periplus, SI , 3, 5%° ? b 
a Bougainville, Falconer, &c. b Some authorities. 

Hanno, — [B C] — commands in Sicily, till 
capture of Agrigentum, 21 1-2 10. 

Hanno, — [BC] — serves under Hannibal in 
Italy, 218-204? — commands in Africa, till 
arrival of Hannibal, 203. 

Hanno, — [BC] — attempts to make himself 
tyrant of Carthage and is put to death, between 
35 6 "34 6 - 

Kanno, — [B C] — commands at Messana and 
surrenders it to Pome, 264. 

Hanno, — [BC] — defeated by Ap. Claudius 
in Messana, 264 — abandons Agrigentum, 262 — 
recalled and tried: with Hamilcar commands 
the fleet at Ecnomus, 256. 

Hanno, the Great, — [BC 1 — with Hamilcar, 
conducts war against mercenaries in Africa, 



HANNO— HARAMBURE. 



657 



241-238 — continues to be party leader at 
Carthage, till about 202. 
Hanno, Abp of Cologne. [Anno, St.] 
Hanover, Electorate and Kingdom of. 
[Brunswick-Liineburg, Duchy of,] — made an 
Electorate for Ernest Augustus, by Emperor 
Leopold I., 19 Dec. 1692 a — George Louis, his 
son, succeeds, 28 Jan. 1698 — receives investiture, 
9 Jan. 1699 a — becomes King of England, 
[George I.,] 17 14 — Bremerveden and Wildes- 
hausen acquired, 17 19 b — George Augustus, 
[George II. of England,] 1 7 27 — Hadelnland 
acquired, 173 1 — cooperates with England in 
French war, 1741 c — and in Seven Years' War, 
1756-63 — occupied by French, Aug. 1757 — 
Convention of Closter-Seven, Sep. 1757 — the 
French driven out by Prince Ferdinand of 
Brunswick, Mar. 1758 — George William 
Frederick, [George III. of England,] 1760— 
takes part in war with France, 1793° — in- 
cluded in convention of neutrality between 
France and Prussia, 1795 c — taken possession of 
by Prussia, end of Mar. 1801 d — cession of, 
offered by Napoleon to Prussia, and declined, 
1 801 — conquered by France, May 1803 — the 
army dissolved by Convention of Artlenburg, 

5 Jul. 1803 e — ceded to Prussia by Napoleon in 
exchange for Anspach, Cleves, and Neufchatel, 
by treaty signed at Vienna, 15 Dec. 1805 d — 
cession confirmed, and British flag excluded 
from ports of Electorate, by treaty signed at 
Paris, 15 Feb. 1806 — occupied by Count 
Schulenburg, Feb. 1806 — annexed to Prussia 
by patent, 1 Apr. 1806 — again occupied by 
Napoleon, 1806 — forms part of kingdom of 
Westphalia, 1808 — restored to Elector, after 
battle of Leipsic, Oct. 1 8 1 3 — constituted a 
kingdom by Treaty of Vienna, 11 Oct. 18 14 — 
Duke of Cambridge governor-general of, 18 16 
— representative constitution established, 18 19 c 
—George Augustus II., [George IV. of Eng- 
land,] 1820 — William Henry, [William IV. 
of England,] 1830 — new constitution, 1833 e — 
crown passes, on death of William IV., accord- 
ing to Salic Law, to Ernest Augustus, Duke 
of Cumberland, 1837 — new constitution, 1848 
■ — George V., (son,) succeeds, 18 Nov. 1851 — 
joins the Zollverein, 1854 f — treaty of recipro- 
cal succession between Houses of Hanover and 
Brunswick renewed, 3 Mar. 1863 — conquered 
by Prussia, Jun. 1866 — army surrenders, 29 
Jun. 1866 — incorporated with Prussia by royal 
decree, 20 Sep. 1866 — formal possession taken, 

6 Oct. 1866— [Seven Weeks' War]— arrange- 
ment with the ex-king concluded, 18 Oct. 1867 
— property of the ex- king confiscated by Prus- 
sian Chambers, 12 Feb. 1869. 

ft Art de Verifier les Dates. 

b Macculloch. c Engl. Cyc. d Alison. 

e Martin. f Chambers' Encyc. 

Hanover, city, — mentioned, 11 63 — given to 
son of Henry the Lion, 1203 — joins Hanseatic 
League, 1481 — zealous for the Reformation, 
1566 — refuses admission to Tilly's troops, 1625 
— residence of Dukes of Brunswick-Liineburg, 
and capital of the principality, 1636 — ceases to 
be royal residence, 1 7 14 — ramparts partly 
demolished, 1780 — again becomes royal resid- 



ence, 1837 — occupied by Prussians, 17 Jun. 
1866 — formal possession taken, 6 Oct. 1866 — 
Treaty of, between Great Britain, France, 
and Prussia, signed, 3 Sep. 1725. 

Hanoverian Succession, — the crown of 
England settled on Sophia, Duchess Dowager 
of Hanover, by Act 13 and 14 Will. III., c. 6, 
1702 — further secured by Act 6 Ann. cc. 41 
and 66, 1707 — Elector proclaimed King of Eng- 
land, on death of Queen Anne, as George I., 
1 Aug. 17 14. 

Hans Sachs, poet, — b. at Niirnberg, 5 Nov. 
1494— sets out on travels in Germany, 15 11 — 
marries, 15 19 — receives doctrines of Luther, 
about 1520 — marries again, 1561 — ft. at Niirn- 
berg, 25 Jan. 1578. Gedichte, 1570-79. 

Hansa, Hanse Towns, Hanseatic League, 
— originates in alliance of Hamburg and 
Lubeck, for protection of commerce, 1210,* 
i22i, b 1241° — accession of Brunswick, 1247 abc 
■■ — establishes factory [Steelyard] in London, 
i26i, a i25o bc — obtains privileges from Henry 
III., 1266,* i26i b — defeats Erick and Haco, 
kings of Norway, and Waldemar, king of 
Denmark, 1348— prepares a fleet and declares 
war on Christian of Denmark, 1428 c — concludes 
commercial treaty with England, 1478 d — ■ 
deprived of immunities in England, by Queen 
Elizabeth, 1598 — secession of the cities 
declared at Liibeck, 1630 b — [Hamburg, Lu- 
beck, Bremen, and other names of cities.] 
a Engl. Cyc. b Chambers' Encyc. 

c Conv.-Lex. d Pict. Hist. England. 

Hansard, Luke, printer to House of Com- 
mons, — b. at Norwich, 1752 — partner in house 
of Hughs, London, 1774 — sole proprietor of 
the business, 1800 — tf., 1828. 

Hanseatic League. [Hansa.] 

Hansen, Moritz Christoph, poet, $c, — b. 
in Norway, 1794 — studies at Univ. of Christi- 
ania, 18 14 — a", at Konigsberg, 16 Mar. 1842. 
Samlede SJcrifter, 1842. 

Hanway, Jonas, philanthropist, — ft. at 
Portsmouth, 17 12 — visits Russia and Persia, 
1743-50 — commissary of naval stores, 1750 — 
founds Marine Society, 1757 — Magdalen Chari- 
ty, l 15% — 0"-» 5 Sep. 1786. Historical Ac- 
count of British Trade over the Caspian Sea, 

#*•> J 753- 

Hanwell Lunatic Asylum, — restraint of 
patients discontinued by Conolly, Jul. 1839. 

Hapsburg, {Habsburg,) House of, (Habichts- 
burg,) — Werner II. assumes title of Count, 
C\, 1096 — Albert III. takes title of Landgrave 
of Elsass, tf., 1 199 —rises into importance with 
election of Rudolph IV. as King of the Ro- 
mans, 1273 — [Rudolph I. Emperor, Austria, 
and names of Emperors of the Romans.] 

Haque, small hand-gun, — use of, for destruc- 
tion of game, prohibited by Acts 33 Hen. VIII. 
c. 6, 1541-2; 2 and 3 Edw. VI. c. 14, 1548. 

Harambure, Louis Francois Alexandre, 
Baron d.' general, — b. in Touraine, 1 3 Feb. 1742 
— enters the army, 1757 — serves in Seven Years' 
War, 1757-63 — Chevalier of St Louis, 1771 — 
Brigadier, 178 1 — Marehal de Camp, serves 
under Conde, 1788 — deputy to States- General, 
1789 — Lieut.-general, Mar. 1792 — arrested by 
42 



6 5 8 



HARANT— HARDING. 



Convention, 1793 — Commander of St Louis, 
18 15 — tf. at Tours, 27 Dec. 1828. 

Harant, Christoph, Baron de Polzic, 
traveller, — ft. in Bohemia, about 1560 — page 
to Archduke Ferdinand, 1576 — serves in war 
against Turks, 1591 — visits the East, 1598-9 
■ — aulic councillor, 1599 — directs artillery at 
blockade of Vienna, 161 9 — President of the 
Chamber, Prague, beheaded there, 21 Jun. 
162 1. Der christliche Ulysses., 1638. 

Harauti, in Hindustan, — Hara tribe settles 
in, 1342 a — Raja of, obtains fort of Riutimbor, 
about I550. a a Elphinstone. 

Harborough, Market-Harborough, in Zei- 
cester shire— -head-quarters of Charles I. before 
Naseby, Jun. 1645. 

Harbours, — making and improving of, laws 
relating to, consolidated by Act 10 Vie. c. 27, 
11 May 1847 — parliamentary committee on 
construction of, i860 — formation and manage- 
ment of, facilitated by Act 24 and 25 Tic. cc. 
45 and 47, 1 Aug. 1861. 

Harcourt, Anne Pierre de, Marshal of 
France, — ft., 2 Apr. 1 701 — Brigadier of armies 
of the king, 1734 — Marechal de Camp, 1743 
— Governor of Sedan, 1750 — of Normandy, 
1764 — Marshal, 1773 — rj. at Paris, 28 Dec. 

1783. 

Harcourt, Francois, Duke de, Marshal 
of France, — ft. at la Meilleraye, 4 Oct. 1689 — 
Lieutenant-general, 1734 — distinguishes him- 
self at battle of Guastalla, 19 Sep. 1734 — 
Governor of Sedan, Marshal, 1746 — "Jj. at St 
Germain, 10 Jul. 1750. 

Harcourt, Godfrey de, — ft., about 1300 — 
offends Philip VI. and persuades Edward III. 
to break the truce with France, 1345 — Mar- 
shal-general of English army in Normandy, 
distinguishes himself at battle of Crecy, 26 
Aug. 1346 — killed in battle, 1356. 

Harcourt, Henri de Lorraine, Count de, 
general, — ft., 20 Mar. 1601 — distinguishes him- 
self at battle of Prague, 1620 — General-in-chief 
of army of Piedmont, 1639 — at siege of Turin, 
1640 — takes Coni, 1641 — Master of the Horse, 
1643 — commands in Catalonia, 1645 — takes 
Maubeuge and Conde, 1649 — compels Prince 
of Conde to raise siege of Cognac, 1651 — fr. at 
Royaumont, 25 Jul. 1666. 

Harcourt, Henri, Duke de, Marshal of 
France, — ft., 1654 — enters the army, 1672 — 
wounded at siege of Cambray, 1677 — Lieuten- 
ant-general of Normandy, 1677 — Marechal de 
Camp, at siege of Philipsburg, 1688 — commands 
in Luxemburg, 1690 — obtains victory at 
Courteville, 1692 — Commander of Tournay, 
1693 — distinguishes himself at battle of Neer- 
winden, Jul. 1693 — ambassador to Spain, 1697 
— Duke, Peer, 1700 — Marshal, 1703 — b\, 9 
Oct. 17 1 8. 

Harcourt, Sir Simon, 1st Viscount Har- 
court, Lord Chancellor of England, — ft., 
1660 — enters Pembroke Coll. Oxford, 1675 a — 
admitted to Inner Temple, 16 Apr. 1676 b — 
called to the bar, 25 Nov. 1683 b — M.P. Abing- 
don, 1690 — opposes attainder of Sir J. Fenwick, 
1696 — conducts impeachment of Lord Somers, 
1 701 — Rut and Solicitor-general, Jun. 1702 



— attends Queen Anne to Oxford, and is created 
LL.D., Aug. 1702 — conducts prosecution of 
Defoe, 1703 — prepares bill of Union with Scot- 
land, 1707 — Attorney-general, Apr. 1707 — 
resigns, Feb. 1708 — M.P. Cardigan, 17 10 — 
defends Sacheverell, Feb. to Mar. 17 10 — Attor- 
ney-general again, 19 Sep. 1710 — Lord-Keep- 
er, 19 Oct. 17 10 — Privy Councillor, Oct. 17 10 
— Baron Harcourt, 3 Sep. 171 1 — Lord Chancel- 
lor, 7 Apr. 1 7 1 3— ^deprived by George L, 21 
Sep. 17 14 — Viscount Harcourt, 24 Jul. 1721 
— Privy Councillor, 1722 — one of the Lords' 
Justices during absence of George I., 1723, 
1725, and 1727 — ft. in London, 28 Jul. 1727. 
a Campbell. b Foss. 

Harcourt, Simon, Earl Harcourt, — Go- 
vernor to Prince of AVales, (George III.,) 175 1 
— Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, Dec. 1772 — lj. 
at Newnham, 16 Sep. 1777. 

Hardenberg, Friedrich von. [Novalis.] 

Hardenberg, Karl August, Prince von, 
statesman, — ft. in Hanover, 31 May 1750— 
travels in Germany, France, England, 1776-8 
—Count, envoy to London, Privy Councillor to 
Duke of Brunswick, 1778 — Pres. of the Cham- 
ber, 1787 — conveys will of Frederick II. to 
Berlin, 1787 — Prussian Minister of State, 1791 
— army adininistrator, 1793 — ambassador to 
French republic, 1794 — signs Peace of Basel, 
15 Apr. 1795 — Knt of the Black Eagle, Jun. 
1 795 — chief minister, 1 804 to Dec. 1 805— Chan- 
cellor of State, 6 Jun. 18 10— signs Peace of 
Paris, 30 May 18 14 — Prince, Jun. 18 14 — ac- 
companies allied sovereigns to London, Jun. 
1 8 14 — plenipotentiary to Congress of Vienna, 
1 8 14 — Prime Minister, 18 17 — takes part in 
conferences of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1818 — of Trop- 
pau and Laybach, 1820-21 — and of Verona, 
1822 — signs Concordat at Rome, 1822 — rj. at 
Genoa, 26 Nov. 1822. 

Harder, Johann Jakob, physician, — ft. at 
Basel, Sep. 1656 — M.D. there, 1676 — Prof. 
Rhetoric, 1678 — Prof. Anatomy and Botany, 
1687 — Prof. Theoretical Medicine, 1703 — a", 
there, 28 Apr. 17 11. Apiarium observ. medic. 
centum ac physic, experiments refertum, 1687 
— Pceonis et Pythagora exercitt. anatom. et 
medicce, 1687. 

Hardicanute, (Harthacnut,) King of Den- 
mark, and of England, — shares England 
with his half-brother Harold, close of 1035 ? — 
succeeds his father, Cnut the Great, in Den- 
mark, Nov. 1036 — deprived by Harold of 
English dominion, 1037 — joins his mother, 
Elgiva, at Bruges, 1039 — succeeds Harold, 
Mar. 1040— arrives in England. Jun. 1040 — 
imposes heavy taxes, 1 040-1 — disturbances in 
Worcestershire, 104.1 — tf. suddenly at Lam- 
beth, 8 Jun. 1042. 

Harding, James DufBeld, painter, writer 
on art, — ft. at Deptford, 1798 — o". at Barnes, 4 
Dec. 1863. Principles and Practice of Art, 
1845 — Zessons on Art, 1849 — Park and Forest, 
1 841 — Zessons on Trees, 1850. 

Harding, (Hardyny,) John, historian, — ft., 
1378 — enters household of Sir Henry Percy, 
1390 constable of Warkworth Castle, 1405— 
attends Henry V. at Harfleur, 14 15 — tf., after 



HARDING— HAREN. 



6 59 



1465. Chronicle of England under Edward 
IV., 1543. 

Harding, Stephen, founder of the Cistercian 
Order, — returns from Rome and enters monastery 
of Molesme, soon after 1075 — settles at Citeaux, 
21 Mar. 1098 — chosen prior, 1099 — third abbot 
of Citeaux, 1109 — receives there (St) Bernard 
and his followers, 11 13 — tf., 28 Mar. n 34. 

Harding, Thomas, theologian, — b. in Devon- 
shire, 15 1 2 — Fellow of New Coll. Oxford, 1536 
— Prof. Hebrew, 1542 — becomes a Protestant, 
1547 — returns to Romanism, 1553 — D.D., 
Oxford, 1554 — prebendary of Winchester and 
treasurer of Salisbury, 1555 — deprived, goes to 
Louvain, 1558 — has controversy with Bp Jewel, 
between 1554-67 — ft. at Louvain, 16 Sep. 
1572. 

Hardinge, Henry, Viscount, Governor- 
general of India, — b. at Wrotham, Kent, 
30 Mar. 1785 — enters tbe army, Oct. 1798 — 
Captain, 1 804 — serves under Wellington in 
Peninsular war, 1808-14 — wounded at battle of 
Yimeira, Aug. 1808 — distinguishes himself at 
battle of Albuera, May 181 1 — takes part in 
sieges of Badajoz, Apr. 18 12 — wounded at 
battle of Vittoria, 21 Jun. 18 13 — Brigadier- 
general, wounded at Ligny, 16 Jun. 18 15 — 
K.C.B., 18 15— M.P. Durham, 1820 and 1826 
— Secretary at War, Privy Councillor, 1828 — 
Chief Secretary for Ireland, 1830, Nov. 1834 to 
Apr. 1835 and 1 841-4 — Lieutenant-general, 
1842 — Governor-general of India, Apr. 1844 — 
G.C.B., 1 844— defeats the Sikhs at Ferozeshah, 
22-23 Dec. 1845 — created Tiscount Hardinge 
of Lahore, 1846 — returns to England, Jan. 1848 
— Master-general of tbe Ordnance, Feb. 1852 
— Commander-in-chief, Sep. 1852 — Field - 
marsbal, 2 Oct. 1855 — 5J., 24 Sep. 1856. 

Hardion, Jacques, historian, — b. at Tours, 
1686 — admitted to French Academy, 1730 — )j. 
at Versailles, 1766, Nouvelle histoire poetique, 
175 1 — Histoire universelle, 1754-69. 

Hardouin, Jean, Jesuit,— b. at Quimper, 
Brittany, 1646 — librarian to College of Louis 
le Grand, 1683 — fr. at Paris, 3 Sep. 1729. 
Numvni antiqui populorum et urbium illustrati, 
1684 — edition of Pliny's Natural History, 
168 5— Chronologies ex nummis antiquis resti- 
tute specimen prim it in, 1696 — Specimen 
alteram, 1697 — Conciliorum collectio regia 
maxima, 17 15. 
Hardrada. [Harold Haardrada.] 
Hardt, Hermann von der, philologist, — b. 
in Westphalia, 1660 — Prof. Oriental Languages, 
Helmstadt, 1690 — librarian to University, 
1702— if. at convent of Marienburg, 28 Feb. 
1746. Autographa Lutheri, §c., 1690-1 — 
Magnum (Ecumenicum Constantiense concilium, 
1697 — Historia litteraria Reformation is, 17 17 
— Brevia atque solida Hebreeee Ungues funda- 
menta, 1694 — Brevia atque solida Syriacee 
Ungues fundamenta, 1 694. 

Hardwicke, Philip Yorke, 1st Earl of, 
Lord Chancellor of England, — b. at Dover, 
1 Dec. 1690 — enters Middle Temple, 29 Nov. 
1708 — calbd to the bar, 6 May 17 15 — M.P. 
Lewes, May 17 19 — marries, May 17 19 — 
Solicitor-general, 22 Mar. 1720 — Knt, Apr. 



1720 — Attorney-general, 31 Jan. 1724 — pur- 
chases estate of Hardwicke in Gloucestershire, 
1725 — Chief Justice of the King's Bench, 31 
Oct. 1733 — created Baron, 23 Nov. 1733 — 
Lord Chancellor, 21 Feb. 1737 — resigns Chief 
Justiceship, Jun. 1737 — High Steward of Cam- 
bridge Univ., Jul. 1749 — Earl of Hardwicke, 
2 Apr. 1754 — retires, 19 Nov. 1756— death of 
his countess, 1761 — "is, in London, 6 Mar. 
1764. 

Hardwicke, Philip Yorke, Earl of,— b., 
20 Dec. 1720 — M.P. Reigate, 1741 — Chan- 
cellor of Cambridge Univ., 1762— succeeds to 
the title, 1764 — ft., 16 May 1790. Edits Cor- 
respondence of Sir Dudley Carleton, 1775 — with 
Charles Yorke, Athenian Letters, 1741. 

Hardwicke, Philip Yorke, Earl of,— Lord- 
Lieutenant of Ireland, summer 1801 — retires, 
on death of Pitt, Feb. 1806. 

Hardy, Sir Thomas, Bart., admiral, — 6., 
1769— enters the navy, 17 81 — Lieutenant, 
under Nelson, 1793 — Commander, 1797 — 
Flag-Captain to Nelson, in the Victory, Jul. 
1803 — receives last orders of Nelson at Trafal- 
gar, 21 Oct. 1805 — Bart., 1805 — Governor of 
Greenwich Hospital, 1834 — tf., 1839. 

Hardy, Thomas, politician, — b., 3 Mar. 
1 75 1 — with Tooke and Thelwall forms, and is 
named secretary of, the Corresponding Society, 
London, 1792 — arrested on charge of high 
treason and committed to the Tower, May 1794 
— tried, at Old Bailey and acquitted, 29 Oct. to 
5 Nov. 1794 — "&., 11 Oct. 1832. 
Hardyng, John. [Harding.] 
Hare, Julius Charles, theologian, — b. at 
Hurstmonceux. Sussex, 1796 — M.A. Cam- 
bridge, 1 8 19 — rector of Hurstmonceux, 1832 
— prebendary of Chichester, 1851 — chaplain to 
the Queen, 1853 — tf. at Hurstmonceux, 23 Jan. 
1855. (With A. W. Hare,) Guesses at Truth, 
1827 — (with Thirlwall,) translation of JS'ie- 
buhrs History of Rome, 1828 — Mission of the 
Comforter, 1846 — Memoir of John Sterling, 
1848 — Vindication of Luther, 1854. 

Harel, Marie Maximilien, — b. at Rouen, 
1749 — tj. at Paris, 29 Oct. 1823. Voltaire : 
recueil de particular it e's curieuses de sa vie et de 
sa mort, 1781 — Les causes du desordre public, 
1784. 

Haren, Onno Zwier van, poet, diplomatist, 
— b. at Leeuwarden, Apr. 171 1 — takes part in 
negotiations at Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748 — contri- 
butes to the ^establishment of office of Stadt- 
holder, 1748 — tf., 1779. L)e Gcuzen, 1769. 

Haren, Willem van, diplomatist, — b. at 
Leeuwarden, 17 Oct. 1626— studies at Franeker, 
1640 — negotiates Peace of Oliva, 1660 — nego- 
tiates accession of Sweden to the Triple Al- 
liance, 1672 — renews treaties with England, 
1674 — negotiates Peace of Ninieguen, 1678— 
envoy to "Sweden, 1683 and 1690 — assists in 
negotiating Peace of Ryswick, 1697 — ambas- 
sador to England, 1702—13. at Leeuwarden, 15 
Apr. 1708. 

Haren, Willem van, — b. at Leeuwarden, 
1713,* i7io b — }j. at Brussels, 1768. Gevallen 
van Friso, 1742. 

:| Biog. Univ. b Biog. "tt'norrlenbcek. 

42 * 



66o 



HARENBERG— HAROLD II. 



Harenberg, Johann Christoph, orientalist, 
historian, — 1». near Hildesheim, 1696 — ad- 
mitted to Academy of Sciences, Berlin, 1738— 
Prof. History, &c, Brunswick, 1745 — tf. at 
Schoningen, 12 Nov. 1774. Histor. eccles. 
gandersheimensis cathedralis ae collegiatce di- 
plomat., 1734. 

Harfleur, in France, {Harejiotum, Haris- 
florium,) — invested by Henry V., 21 Aug. 
1415 a — capitulates, 22 Sep. 1415 — besieged by 
Count d'Armagnac, relieved by Duke of Bed- 
ford, 15 Aug. 14 1 6 — again by Earl of Hunt- 
ingdon, Oct. 14 1 6 — Genoese fleet captured by 
Earl of Huntingdon off, 25 Jul. 141 7 — re- 
covered by French, 143 i, b 1433 c — again 
captured by English, 1440 — invested by Charles 
VII., Nov. 1449 — capitulates, 1 Jan. 1450 — 
Earl of Warwick takes refuge at, 1470 — Earl 
of Richmond (Henry VII.) sails from, for 
invasion of England, 1 Aug. 1485 — seized by 
Huguenots, 1562. a Art de Verifier les Dates. 
b Annals of England. c Engl. Cyc. 

Hargrave, Francis, jurist, — b. at Liverpool, 
about 1 741 — called to the bar at Lincoln's 
Inn, 1764 — obtains release of negro, James 
Somerset, on Habeas Corpus, 1772 — dismissed 
from office of Counsellor to the Treasury, 1789 
—Recorder of Liverpool, 1 806 — retires from the 
profession, 181 3 — tf. at Chelsea, 16 Aug. 1821. 
Case of James Somerset, 1772 — Collection of 
Slate Trials, 178 c — edition of Coke's Insti- 
tutes, 1 81 8. 

Hargreaves, James, weaver, — invents a 
carding-machine, 1760 — invents the spinning- 
jenny, 1764,1 1767 b — takes out patent, 1770 — 
tf., Apr. 1778. 

a Chambers' Encyc. b Brande and Cox's Diet. 

Harington, {Harrington,) Sir John, miscel- 
laneous writer— -b. at Kelston, near Bath, 1561 
— accompanies Essex as commander of cavalry, 
to Ireland, 1599 — K.B., 1603 — tf., 1612. 
Translation of Orlando Furioso, 159 1 — Epi- 
grams and Letters, 1 804. 

Hariot, Thomas, mathematician, — b. at 
Oxford, 1560 — B.A., 1579 — accompanies 
Raleigh to Virginia, 1584 — observes spots on 
the sun, Dec. 16 10 to Jan. 161 3 — tf. in London, 
Jul. 1 6 2 1 . Report of the newfound land of Vir- 
ginia, 1588 — Artis analyticce Praxis, 1631. 

Hariri, Al, {Abu Mohammed al Kasim,) 
poet, — b. at Bassora, (446, a. h.) 1054 — tf. 
(515,) 1 121, or (510,) 1116. 

Harlaw, in Scotland, — Earl of Mar defeats 
Donald, Lord of the Isles, at, 24 Jul. 141 1. 

Harlay, Achille de, statesman, — b. at Paris, 
1536 — First President of the Parliament, 1582 
— imprisoned in the Bastille by the League, 16 
Jan. 1589— joins Henry IV. at Tours, close of 
1589 — restored to office, 1590 — tf., 23 Oct. 1616. 
Coutume d 1 Orleans, 1583. 

Harlay, Achille de, Baron de Sancy, — 
b. at Paris, 158 1 — enters the army, 1601 — 
ambassador to Constantinople, 16 10- 19— enters 
Congregation of the Oratory, 1619 — accom- 
panies Marshal de Bassompierre to London, 
1626 — envoy to Duke of Savoy, about 1627 — 
Bp of St Malo, 163 1 — tf., 20 Nov. 1646. 

Harlech Castle, in Wales, — built by Edward 



I. about 1283 — seized by Owen Glendower, 
1404 — attempted by the English, Jan. 1405— 
taken from Glendower by Prince Henry, 1406 
— place of refuge of Margaret of Anjou, 1460 
besieged by the Herberts, defended for the 
Lancastrians by David ab Jenan ab Einion, 
and taken, Aug. 1468 — taken by Gen. Mytton 
for the Parliament, 30 Mar. 1647. 

Harleian Collection of MSS., — formed by 
Harley, Earl of Oxford, and his son, purchased 
for British Museum under Act 26 Geo. II. c. 
22, 1753. 

Harless, Gottlieb Christoph, philologist, — b. 
at Culmbach, 1738,* 1740 b — Prof. Greek and 
Oriental Literature, Cobui'g, 1765 — Prof. 
Philosophy and Eloquence, Erlangen, 1770 — 
librarian to the University, 1776 — founds 
Philological School there, 1777 — correspondent 
of Institute, Paris, 1803 — tf. at Erlangen, 2 
Nov. 1 8 15. Vitce philologorum nostrce cetatis 
clarissimorum, 1770-2 — edits Bibliotheca 
Grceca of Fabricius, 1790-1812. 

a Ersch and Gruber. b Conv.-Lex. 

Harleville. [Collin d'Harleville.] 
Harley, Robert. [Oxford, Eakl of.] 
Harlow, George Henry, painter, — b. in 
London, 10 Jun. 1787 s — goes to Rome, 181 8 
— tf. in London, 4 Feb. i8i9. b Copy of the 
Transfiguration, by Raphael, 18 18. 

a Pilkington. b Engl. Cyc. 

Harmenopulus, Constantinus, jurist, ca- 
nonist, — fj. at Constantinople, 1320 s — fl. about 
1350 b (ii43 c )— tf., 1 Mar. i 3 8 3 . a 
a Nic. Comnenus. b Fabricius, Heineccius, &c. 
c Suarez. 
Harmer, Thomas, theologian, — b. at Nor- 
wich, 17 15 — pastor at "VVattisfield, Suffolk, 
1735-88 — tf., Nov. 1788. Observations on 
various passages of Scripture, $c, 1764. 

Harmonia, asteroid, — discovered by Gold- 
schmidt, 31 Mar. 1856. 

Harmonica, {Musical Glasses,) — method of 
forming described by Harsdorffern, 1651 — re- 
invented by Franklin, 1762. 

Harmonites, — sect of, founded by Rapp, in 
"Wurtemberg, about 1780 — emigrate to 
America, soon after. 

Harmonium, — constructed by Alexandre, 
about 1835 — English, by Evans, 1841. 

Harmony of the Gospels, {J)iatessaron,) 
compiled by Tatian, between 150-200. 

Haro, Louis de, Duke of Carpjo, states- 
man, — b. at Valladolid, Feb. 1598 — minister of 
Philip IV., 1644 — concludes peace with the 
Netherlands, 1648 — si<*ns Treaty of the Pyre- 
nees, 1659 — tf. at Madrid, 17 Nov. 1661. 
Harold. [Denmark, Kings of] 
Harold I., Harefoot, King of England, 
— succeeds his father Cnut, Nov. 1035 — 
agrees to partition of England with Hardi- 
canute, ; seizes treasures of Queen Emma, 
1035 — king over all England, 1037 — expels 
Elgiva, mother of Hardicanute, 1037 — tf. at 
Oxford, 17 Mar. 1040 — his body disinterred and 
thrown into the Thames by Hardicanute, 1040 
— but is recovered and reburied. 

Harold II., King of England, — governs 
East Anglia ; with his father, Earl God- 



HAROLD HAARDRADA— HARRINGTON. 



661 



wine, attends Witenagemot at Gloucester, 1051 
— summoned to London, refuses to appear, 
and goes to Ireland, Sep. 105 1 — ravages shores 
of Bristol Channel, spring, 1052— with God- 
wine collects an army at Sandwich, 1052 — 
reconciled to Edward the Confessor, at Witen- 
ageniot at London, Sep, 1052 — succeeds his 
father as Earl of Kent, Apr. 1053 — marches 
against Alfgar and Gruffydd king of Wales, 
fortifies Hereford and makes peace, Oct. to Nov. 
1055 — with Tostig, invades and conquers Wales, 
1063 — shipwrecked on coast of Ponthieu, 
captured by Earl Guy, and released by William, 
Duke of Normandy, 1065 — swears to aid 
William to get crown of England, 1065 — sent 
against Earl Morcar and Edwin, and effects 
reconciliation between them and Edward, Oct. 
1065 — succeeds Edward, 5 Jan. 1066 — crowned 
at Westminster by Abp Aldred, 6 Jan. 1066 — 
the crown claimed by William, and refused: 
joins the fleet at Sandwich, spring : dismisses 
the fleet, 8 Sep.— battle of Fulford, 20 Sep. 
— marches from London against Harold Haar- 
drada and Tostig, Sep. — takes York, 24 Sep. 
— defeats invaders at Stamford Bridge, 25 Sep. 
— landing of William at Pevensey, 28 Sep. — 
marches from the North and reaches Norman 
camp near Hastings, 13 Oct. — killed at battle 
of Hastings, 14 Oct. 1066. 

Harold Haardrada, King of Norway,— 
fc. about 10 16 — escapes from fight of Stikkel- 
stad, 1030 — serves in armies of Eastern Em- 
pire, about 1038-40 — marries daughter of 
Yaroslav I., Duke of Muscovy, about 1045 — 
sole king of Norway on death of his nephew 
Magnus, 1047 — invades England and is joined 
by Tostig, early in Sep. 1066— defeats Edwin 
and Morcar at Eulf ord, 20 Sep. — takes York : 
but loses it and retires to his ships, 24 Sep. — 
defeated and killed by Harold II. at Stamford 
Bridge, 25 Sep. 1066. 

Harold Haarfager, (Fairhaired,) King of 
Norway, — becomes sole ruler, 872 — exiles 
Rolf the Gauger and other chiefs, 876 — if. at 
Trondheim, 933. 

Haroun al Rashid, Caliph of Baghdad, 
— 6. at Rei, (148, a. h.) 765 a — sent with his 
brother Othman, by his father Mohammed 
Mahadi, to invade Eastern Empire, (165,) 78o, b 
781 cd — reaches the Bosphorus, and grants 
peace to Empress Irene for a sum of money, 
(166,) 782 — proclaims his elder brother Musa 
al Hadi, (168,) 784 — succeeds him, (14 Rabia 
I., b . II.,d 170,) 13 Sep., b 1 Oct., d 786— 
treacherously puts to death Jahia ben Ab- 
dallah, chief of the Alides, (176,) 792— sends 
embassy with presents to Charles the Great, 
(183,) 799^ 801 d — persecutes and puts to death 
the Barmecides, (187,) 803 — marches against 
Emperor Nicephorus, invades Phrygia, passes 
Mount Taurus, destroys Heraclea, and makes 
Nicephorus tributary, 803 — threatens Ancyra, 
(190,) 806 d — tf. in Khorasan, (3 Guimadhi II., 
193,) 24 Mar., b 2 Apr. d 809. a Biog. Univ. 
b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Gibbon. 

d Nouv. Biog. Gen. 
Harp, — [BC] — known to Egyptians, about 
1400 — [AD]— used by the Goths, about 400 — 



pedals invented by Hochbrucker, 1720* — by 
Velter, i730 b — Erard's, patented, 1794. 
a Some authorities. b Others. 

Harp Island, Pacific Ocean, — discovered 
and named by Bougainville, 1768. 

Harpalus, — [BC] — banished from Mace- 
donia by Philip, 337 a — accompanies Alexander 
to Asia, 334 — defrauds the treasury and flies to 
Megara, 333 — pardoned by Alexander, and re- 
joins him, 331 — appointed satrap of Babylonia, 
revolts, 326 b — flies to Athens, 325 b — assassin- 
ated in Crete by Thimbron, about 324. 
a Thirlwall. b Clinton. 

Harpe. [Laharpe.] 

Harper's Ferry, in Virginia, V. S., — seized 
by John Brown, 16-17 Oct. 1859 — armoury 
and arsenal destroyed by Federal Commission- 
ers, 18 Apr. 1861 — surrenders to Confederates, 
15 Sep. 1862. 

Harphius, Hendrik, mystic, — ft. in Flanders, 
about 1400-10 ? — tf. at Mechlin, 22 Feb. 1478. 
Theologia mystica, 1502 — Directorium Aure- 
urn, (15 1 3) — Speculum Aureum, 1474. 

Harpsfield, Nicholas, theologian, — Fellow 
of New Coll., Oxford, 1536 — Regius Prof. 
Greek, 1546 — D.D., archdeacon of Canterbury, 
1554 — imprisoned in the Tower, about 1562 — 
3j. there, 1583. Dialogi sex contra summi pon- 
tijicatus, §c, oppugnatores, $c. f 1566 — Historia 
anglicana ecclesiastica, §c, 1622. 

Harpsichord, — introduced in England, about 
1600-20 — falls into disuse, before 1800. 

Harquebus. [Arquebus] 

Harries, Walter, physician, — h. at Glouces- 
ter, about 1647 — studies at Oxford, 1666 — 
settles in London, 1676 — physician to William 
III., 1688 — tf., after 1709. Pharmacologia an- 
ti-empirica, 1683 — Be morbis acutis infantium y 
1694. 

Harrington, Charles Stanhope, Earl of, 
Viscount Petersham, — b., 20 Mar. 1753 — 
enters the army, 3 Nov. 1769 — M.P. West- 
minster, 1776 — aide-de-camp to General Bur- 
goyne, in American war, spring 1777 — suc- 
ceeds to the peerage, 1 Apr. 1779 — marries, 
May 1779 — goes to Jamaica, 1779 — returns 
and is named aide-de-camp to the king, Nov. 
1782 — Governor of Dublin, 1783 — Colonel of 
the Guards, 5 Dec. 1792 — Lieutenant-general, 
1 Jan. 1798 — General, 25 Sep. 1803 — envoy 
to Berlin, spring 1806— Commander-in-chief 
in Ireland, 1806-12 — Constable of Windsor 
Castle, 17 Mar. 181 2 — death of his Countess, 
1824 — t». at Brighton, 15 Sep. 1829. 

Harrington, Henry, physician and musical 
composer,— b., 1729 — M.D. Oxford, 1762 — ft., 
15 Jan. 1816. Nugce Antiquce, 1769. 

Harrington, James, — h. at Upton, North- 
amptonshire, Jan. 161 1 — enters Oxford Univ., 
1629 — attends upon Charles I., 1646 — im- 
prisoned in the Tower, Dec. 1661 — fc. in Lon- 
don, n Sep. 1677. Oceana, 1656. 
Harrington, Sir John. [Harington.] 
Harrington, William Stanhope, Earl of, 
statesman. — Colonel of regiment of Foot, 17 10 
— ambassador to Spain, 17 17 — sent on a mission 
to French army, 1 7 1 9 —volunteer under Mar- 
shal Berwick at siege of Fontarabia, 172 1 — 



65: 



HARRIS— HARTLEBEX. 



joint plenipotentiary at Congress of Soissons, 
1728 — again ambassador to Spain, 1729 — 
concludes Treaty of Seville, 9 Xov. 1729 — 
created Baron Harrington, 20 Xov. 1729 — 
Secretary of State, 1730-42 — Viscount Peters- 
ham, Earl of Harrington, and Pres. Council, 
Eeb. 1742 — again Secretary of State, 24 !Nov. 
1744 — resigns, 10 Feb. 1746 — reinstated, 12 
Feb. — again resigns, 29 Oct. — Lord-Lieutenant 
of Ireland, same time — retires, 1751 — rj., 8 
Dec. 1756. 

Harris, James. [Malmesbury, Earl of.] 

Harris, James, — b. at Salisbury, 20 Jul. 
1709— studies at Oxford, 1725 — M.P. Christ- 
church, 1 76 1 — Lord of the Admiralty, 1762 — 
Lord of the Treasury, 1763— Secretary and 
Comptroller to tbe Queen, 1774 — ft., 22 Dec. 
1780. Hermes, 175 1 — Three treatises on Art, 
§c., 1744 — Philosophical arrangements, 1775 — 
Philological inquiries, 178 1. 

Harris, John, miscellaneous writer, — b., 
about 1670, 1 1667 b — M.A. Cambridge, 1691 
— Boyle Lecturer, 1698 — D.D., 1699 — if. at 
Norton, 7 Sep. 17 19. Navigantium atque 
itinerantium bibliotheca, 1705 — Lexicon teehni- 
cum, 1704-10 — Historg of Kent, 17 19. 
a Rees' Cyc. b Engl. Cyc. 

Harris, John, theologian, — ft. in Devonshire, 
1804 — enters Hoxton Coll., 1823 — D.D., Pres. 
of Cheshunt Coll., 1837 — Principal and Prof. 
Theology, 2se\v Coll., St John's "Wood, 1850 
— if. there, 21 Dec. 1856. Great Teacher, 
1835 — Mammon, 1836 — Pre-Aclamite Earth, 
1847. 

Harris, Moses, naturalist. The Aurclian, 
1766 — EngUsh Lepidoptera, 1775 — Exposition 
of English Insects, i~°~6. 

Harris, Sir "William Snow, electrician, — b. 
at Plymouth, 1792 — discovers new method of 
making lightning conductors, 1820— F.R.S., 
1831 — receives Copley Medal, 1835 — his con- 
ductor adopted in the navy, 1843 — Rut, 1847 
— scientific referee of government, i860 — "ij., 
Jan. 1867. 

Harrison, John, — Colonel in Parliamentary 
army, 1642 — chusen to conduct Charles I. from 
Hurst Castle to Windsor, Dec. 164S — and from 
Windsor to London, Jan. 1649 — member of 
High Court of Justice, Jan. 1649 — opposes 
Cromwell and is sent to the Tower, 1654 — 
joins Fifth Monarchy men, and is again sent 
to the Tower, early in Apr. 1657 — hung as a 
regicide in London, 13 Oct. 1660. 

Harrison, John, mechanician, — b. near 
Poutefract, Yorkshire, 1693 — invents his es- 
capement and compensation pendulum, 1725 — 
goes to London, 1735— perfects his chrono- 
meter, 1759 — receives government reward for 
method of finding longitude, 1767 — tJ. in Lon- 
don, Mar. 1776. 

Harrison, Thomas, architect, — b. at "Wake- 
field, or Richmond, Yorkshire, 1744 — studies 
at Rome, about 1765-70 — ft. at Chester, 29 
Mar. 1829. 

Harrison, William, singer, — b., 18 13 — first 
appears at Covent Garden Theatre, 1839 — 
visits America, 1854-7— joint manager of the 



Lyceum, Sep. 1857 to Mar. 1865 — if. in Lon- 
don, 9 Xov. 1868. 

Harrison, William Henry, President of 
the United States, — b. in Virginia, 9 Feb. 
1773 — enters the army, 1791 — Secretary and 
Lieutenant-governor of North-west Territory, 
1797 — Governor of Indiana, 1 801 -13— General, 
distinguishes himself in wars with the Indians, 
181 1 — in war with Great Britain, 1 812- 13 — 
member of House of Representatives, 18 16 — 
Senator, 1824 — Minister to Columbia, 1828 — 
elected President of United States, 1 840 — rj. at 
Washington, 4 Apr. 1841. 

Harrow School, — founded by John Lyon, 
under charter of Queen Elizabeth, 157 1 — 
petition to Chancery for reform of abuses, un- 
successful, 1 8 10. 

Harrowby, Dudley Ryder, Earl of, states- 
man, — b. in London, 22 Dec. 1762 — M.P. 
Tiverton, 1784 — Under-secretary of State for 
Foreign Affairs, .1789 — Privy Councillor and 
member of India Board, 1790 — Paymaster of 
the Forces, Yice-Pres. Board of Trade, 1791 — 
Chairman of Finance Committee, 1791 — 
marries Lady Susan Leveson Gower, 1795 — 
Treasurer of the Navy, May 1800 — Baron 
Harrowby on death of his father, 1 803 — Secre- 
tary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1804 — envoy 
to Berlin, Nov. 1805 — Pres. Board of Control, 
1 809 — Earl of Harrowby and Viscount Sandon, 
Jul. 1809 — Pres. Council, 181 2 — Chairman of 
Currency Committee, 18 19— retires from office, 
Aug. 1827 — death of his Countess, 1838— rj. at 
Landon Hall, Stafford shire, 26 Dec. 1847. 

Harry, Blind, the minstrel, — at court of 
James IV. of Scotland, 1490-2. Life of Wal- 
lace, 1488. 

Harry, Great, Henry Grace de Dieu, ship of 
war, — built by Henry VIII., 15 13-14 — acci- 
dentally burnt, 1553. 

Hart, Sir Anthony, Loud Chancellor of 
Ireland,— b. at St Kitts, W. Indies, about 
1754 — called to the English bar, 1781 — Vice- 
chancellor of England, May 1827 — Lord 
Chancellor of Ireland, Oct. 1827 — retires, Dec. 
1830 — rj., Lee. 1831. 

Harte, Walter, miscellaneous writer, — b., 
about 1700.- — M.A.Oxford, 21 Jan. 1730 — 
Canon of Windsor, 1751 — rj. at Bath, 1774. 
Historg <f Gustavus Adolphus, 1759. 

Hartensfels, Georg Christoph Petri von, 
physician, naturalist, — b. in Thuringia, 1633 
— first physician to Elector of Mentz, 1664 — 
Count Palatine, 1680 — renders great services 
during siege of Mentz, 1689 — Prof. Medicine, 
Erford, 1690— ft., 11 Dec. 17 18. Azylwn 
lauguentium, 1669 — Elephantographia curiosa, 

4-c, 1715- 

Hartig, Georg Ludwig,— b. near Marburg, 
1764 — Forest-master in Prussia, 1811 — hon- 
orary Prof, at Berlin Univ., 1830 — ft. there, 2 
Feb. 1836. Lehrbuch fur Forster, 1828 (7th 
ed.) — Lehrbuch fur Jdger, 1809 — Forstliches 
unci forstnaturicissenscliaftliclies Con versations - 
Lexicon, 1834. 

Hartleben, Franz Joseph, jurist, — b. at 
Diisseldorf, 1740 — Prof. Roman Law, Mentz, 
1778 — U. at Vienna, 1808. Allgemeine BibHo- 



HARTLEPOOL— HASDRUBAL. 



663 



theh der neuesten jurist. Liter atur, 1787-92 — 
Med it. Pandect., 1778-81. 

Hartlepool, in Durham, — made a borough 
by Xing John, 1200 — plundered by Scots, 131 2 
and 1 3 15 — furnishes five ships to fleet of Ed- 
ward III, before Calais, 1346 — taken by rebels 
under Earls of ^Northumberland and Westmore- 
land, Nov. 1569 — taken by Scottish army, 1644 
— evacuated, and occupied by Parliamentarians, 
1647. 

Hartley, David, philosopher, physician, — ft. 
in Yorkshire, 30 Aug. 1705 — enters Cambridge 
Univ., 1720 — M.A., 1729 — tf. at Bath, 25, a 
28 b Aug. 1757. Observations on Man, 1748^ 
1749. bc a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Tennemann. 

Hartlib, Samuel, miscellaneous writer, — 
settles in England, before 1630 a — Milton ad- 
dresses his Tractate 'Of Education' to, 1644 
— receives a pension, 1646 — living, Apr. 1662. a 
Macaria, 1641 — Considerations concerning Eng- 
land's reformation, 1 647 — Discourse of Hus- 
bandry used in Brabant and Flanders, 1650 — 
Reformed Husbandman, 1651. Compleat Hus- 
bandman, 1659. a Dircks. 

Hartmann, Johann Adolph, historian, — ft. 
at Munster, 1680 — enters Order of Jesuits, 
^98 — professes Lutheranism, 17 15 — Prof. 
Eloquence, Marburg, 1722 — tf. there, Oct. 
1 744. Vita quorumdam pontificum Romanorum, 
1729 — Historia Hassiaca, 1741-6. 

Hartmann, Johann Melchior, orientalist, — 
ft. at Nordlingen, 20 Feb. 1764^ 1765 b — 
studies at Jena, 1786 — follows Eichhorn to 
Gottingen, 1791,* 1788 b — Prof. Oriental Lan- 
guages, Marburg, 1793 — D.D., 1817— tf., 16 
Feb. 1827. JEdrisii Africa, 1791 — Edrisii 
Hispauia, 1802-18 — Anfangsgriiude der he- 
brdischen Sprache, 1798. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Hartmann, Philipp Jacob, physician— $. at 
Stralsund, 1648 — M.D., Valence, 1678 — Prof. 
Medicine, Konigsberg, 1679 — Prof. History, 
1689 — tf. there, Mar. 1707. Succincta succini 
prussici physica et civilis historia, 1677 — Ana- 
tomes phocce, 1683 — De re anatomica veterum, 
1693. 

Hartmann von der Aue, Minnesinger, — ft. 
in Suabia, about 1170— ^'oins the crusade, 1197 
■ — tj-, before 1220. Erec, before 1 197 — Grego'r 
auf dem Steine, Der Arme Heinrich, and Iwein, 
before 1204. 

Hartshorne, Charles Henry, antiquary, — 6. 
at Broseley, 1802 — M.A. Cambridge, 1826 — 
rector of Holdenby, Northamptonshire, 1850 
— if. there, 11 Mar. 1865. Salopia Antiqua, 1841 
— Historical Memorials of Northampton, 1848. 

Hartsoeker, Nicolas, mathematician, natural 
philosopher, — ft. at Gouda, 1656 — studies at 
Leyden, 1674 — accompanies Huyghens to 
Paris, 1678 — returns to Holland, 1696 — 
Foreign Associate of Academy of Sciences, 
Paris, 1699 — Prof. Mathematics and Philo- 
sophy, Diisseldorf, ab Heidelberg, 1704 — tf. at 
Utrecht, 1725. Essai de dioptrique, 1694 — Prin- 
cipes de Physique, 1696 — Conjectures physiques, 
1707-8 — Recueil de plusieurs pieces de Physique, 
1722. a Biog. Univ. 

b Engl. Cyc. c Ersch and Gruber. 



Hartzheim, Joseph, Jesuit, — ft. at Cologne, 
1694 — enters Order of Jesuits, 17 11 — tf., 17 
May 1763. Bibliotheca coloniensis, 1747 — ■ 
Catalog, histor. -critic. MSS. bibliotheccc iccles. 
metropol. coloniensis, 1752 — Concilia Germanic, 

I 759"75- 

Harvard College or University, at Cam- 
bridge, JJ. S., — founded, 1636 — enduwed by 
John Harvard, 1639. 

Harvey, Eliab, admiral, — ft. at Chigwell, 
1759 — enters the navy, 177 1 — serves in 
American war, 1775 — M.P., 1780 — at the 
taking of Martinique and Guadaloupe, 1794 — 
distinguishes himself at battle of Trafalgar, 
Rear-admiral, Oct. 1805 — M.P., 1806-12 — ■ 
serves in Channel Fleet, 1809 — tried by court- 
martial, dismissed the service, 1809 — Yice- 
admiral, 18 10 — Admiral, 18 19— tf. at Chigwell, 
20 Feb. 1830. 

Harvey, Gideon, physician, — ft. in Surrey, 
about 1625 — enters Oxford Univ., 1655 — 
physician to William III. and to the Tower of 
London, 1688 — tf. at Hampstead, 1700. Ars 
curandi morbos expectation, 1689 — De vanita- 
tibus, dolis, et mendaciis medicorum, 1683. 

Harvey, William, physician, discoverer of 
the circulation of the blood, — ft. at Folkestone, 
Kent, 1 Apr. 1578 — enters Cambridge Univ., 
1593 — studies at Padua, under Fabricius 
Acquapendente, 1599 — M.D. Padua, returns 
to England, 1602— F R.C.P., i6o8, a i6o 4 , b 
1603 c — physician to Bartholomew's Hospital, 
i6o8, a i6o4, b 1607 d — Lumleian lecturer on 
anatomy and surgery, Aug. 16 15 — physician to 
James I., 1623 — to Charles I., 1632 d — 
warden of Merton Coll. Oxford, 1643^ 1645 d 
— M.D., 1643, b 1642 d — declines office of Pres. 
of Coll. of Physicians, 1654 — tf., 3 Jun. 1657, a 
i658. b Exercitatio anatomica de motu cordis 
et sanguinis in animalibus, 1628 — Exercita- 
tiones duoe anatomica de circulatione sanguinis, 
§C, 1649 — Exercitationes de generations ani- 
malium, 1651. a Engl. Cye. 

b Biog. Univ. c Bees' Cyc. d Chalmers. 

Harwich, in Essex, — Danes defeated by 
Alfred's fleet off, 885 — made a parliamentary 
borough, by Edward II., 131 8 — Queen Isabella 
with her troops lands at, Sep. 1326 — Edward III. 
sails from, for French war, 22 Jun. 1340— visited 
by Henry VIII., 8 Jun. 1543 — six Protestant 
martyrs burnt at, 15 Jun. 1555 — visited by 
Queen Elizabeth, 12 Aug. 156 1 — Spanish fleet 
appears off, 1625 — visited by Charles II., 3-4 
Oct. 1666 — visited by William III., 1691 — 
gives title of Marquis to family of Schomberg, 
1689 — of Viscount to the Fitz waiters, 1730 — 
of Baron to the Hills, 1756. Landguard Fort, 
attacked by the Dutch, 1 Jul. 1667 — rebuilt, 
1718. 

Harwich, Lord. [Hillsborough.] 

Harwood, Edward, — 6. in Lancashire, 1729 
— pastor at Bristol, 1765 — settles in London, 
1770 — tf. there, 14 Jan. 1794. Introduction to 
study of New Testament, 1^6-j — Translation of 
New Testament, 1768 — View of various 
editions of Greek and Roman classics, 1775 — 
edition of Biographia Classica, 1778. 

Hasdrubal, Carthaginian general, — [B C] — 



66+ 



HASDRUBAL— HASSEL. 



commands unsuccessfully against Regulus, 256 
— sent into Sicily, 254 — defeated by Metellus at 
Panormus, 250 — and put to death at Carthage. 

Hasdrubal, — [B C] — accompanies Hamilcar 
Barca to Spain, 238 — succeeds him as com- 
mander, 229 — concludes boundary treaty with 
Romans, 227 — founds New Carthage, (Cartha- 
gena,) between 229-221 — assassinated, 221. 

Hasdrubal, general, — [BCJ — left by Han- 
nibal his brother in command in Spain, spring 
218 — defeated at the Iberus by the Scipios, 
when setting out for Italy, 216 — reduces the 
revolted Numidians, 213 — defeats Cn. Scipio, 
212 — defeated by P. Scipio at Bsecula, 209 — 
crosses Alps into Italy, spring 207 — defeated 
and killed at the Metaurus, by Nero and 
Livius, 207. 

Hasdrubal, (son of Gisco,) — [BC] — sent to 
Spain, 214 — defeated by Scipio in Bsetica, 206 
— commands forces in Africa against Scipio, 
again defeated by him, 204 — poisons himself, 
203. 

Hasdrubal, — [B C] — forced to capitulate, by 
Masinissa, 150 — commands against Romans 
without the walls, 149-147 — defends Carthage 
against Scipio, and is taken prisoner by Scipio, 
147-146. 

Hase, Johann Matthias,— b. at Augsburg, 
14 Jan. 1684 — studies at Leipsic, 1704 — Prof. 
Mathematics, AVittenberg, 1720 — tf-, 24 Sep. 
1742. Phosphorus Historiarum, 1742 — I)c- 
scriptio geographica et historia regni Bavidici 
et Salomoncei, §c, 1739 — Uistorischer Atlas, 

Haselbauer, Franz, Jesuit, orientalist, — b. 
in Bohemia, 1677 — Prof. Hebrew, Prague, 
1703-23 — tf. at Prague, 23 Sep. 1756. Lexicon 
hebraico-chaldaicum, 1 743 — Fundammta gram- 
matica Hebraicce et Chaldaicce, 1742. 

Haselrig, (Easlerig, Hasilrigge,) Sir 
Arthur, Bart., — prevented from emigrating 
by Order in Council, 1637 a — moves bill of 
attainder against Strafford, 10 Apr. 1641 s — 
one of the Five Members impeached by Charles 
I., Jan. 1642 — receives part of proceeds of 
bishops' lands, end of 1646 b — governor of New- 
castle, 1648 c — member of Council of State, 
Jan. 1649 b — of Cromwell's first parliament, 
1654 — excluded by the Council from Crom- 
well's second Parliament, 17 Sep. 1656 — 
created a Peer, and readmitted, Jan. 1658 — 
refuses to obey call to Upper House, and sits in 
the Commons, 1658 — excepted from Bill of In- 
demnity, Aug. 1660 d — tf., 1660. a Guizot. 

b Annals of England. c Carljie. d Lingard. 

Hasenmuller, Daniel, orientalist, — b. in 
Holstein, 1651 — studies at Kiel, 1670 — at 
Leipsic, 1675 — Prof. Greek, Kiel, 1682— Prof. 
Oriental Languages, 1689 — tf. there, 29 May 
1 69 1. Janua hebraismi aperta, 1691 — edition 
of the Syriasmus, (of Opitz,) 1678 — edition of 
the Septuagint, 1686. 

Hasenmuller, Elias, Jesuit, — enters Lu- 
theran church, 1587— tf., probably about 1590. 
Historia Jesuitici ordinis, 1585. 

Hashem, (Hixem,) Caliph of Baghdad, — 
succeeds his brother Yezid II., (Shaban 105, 
a. h.) Jan. 724 — rebellion of Zeid, 740— tf. at 



Rusafa, (6 Rabia I., 125, a. h.) 7 Jan. 743. 

Hashem I., Abul Walid, King of Cor- 
dova. — b. end of 755 — succeeds his father 
Abdelrahman L, (Rabia II., 172, a. h.) Sep. 
788 — revolt of his brothers, Solyman and 
Abdallah, 788 — defeats Solyman, and besieges 
Abdallah in Toledo, 789 — Toledo reduced, and 
Solyman banished, (174,) 790-1 — carries on 
war with Christians, 791-4 — completes the 
grand mosque, 794-6— tf., (12 Saphar 180,) 26 
Apr. 796. 

Haslar Hospital, in Hants, — built, 1750-62. 

Hassan, Caliph of Baghdad, — succeeds 
his father AH, (40, a. h.) 661 — abdicates in 
favour of Moawiyah, (Rabia I., or GuimadhiL, 
41,) Jul. or Sep. 661 — poisoned by one of his 
wives at Medina, (49,) 669. 

Hassan, Governor of Egypt for the 
Caliphs, — leads expedition into Africa, 697 a — 
overruns Kairoan, occupies Carthage, and de- 
feats Romans and Berbers, 697 — Carthage 
retaken by patrician John, winter 697 — defeats 
Roman fleet and destroys Carthage, 698. 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Hassan Pacha, (Gazi Hassan,) Grand 
Admiral and Grand Vizier of Ottoman 
Empire, — passes, with letters of introduction 
from Ferdinand IV. of Naples, to Constanti- 
nople, 1760 — seized and imprisoned on com- 
plaint of regency of Algiers, 1760 — released at 
intercession of king of Naples ; Vice-admiral, 
1768 — commands squadron in war with Russia, 
1769 — distinguishes himself in combat off Scio, 
5 Jul. 1770 — compels Russians to raise siege 
of Lemnos, 177 1 — Capitan Pacha, (Grand 
Admiral,) 177 1, a 1773 b — reduces Sheikh 
Dhaher, 1775 — subdues Ibrahim and Mourad 
Bey in Egypt; pacifies the Morea, 1779 — 
Commander-in-chief in war with Russia, 1788 
— dismissed and imprisoned at Ismail, by Sultan 
Selim, Apr. 1789 — Grand Vizier, 1789 — put to 
death at Schumla, Feb. or Mar. 1790. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog, Gen. 

Hassan Sabah, Chief of the Ismaelites, 
(Assassins,) Sheikh el Jebel, (Old Man of the 
Mountain,) — b. at Rei, in Persia, about (448, 

a. h.) 1056 — driven from the court of Sultan 
Malik Shah, (474,) 108 1 — propagates doctrines 
of his sect in Persia and Egypt, between 108 1- 
90 — seizes and fortifies castle of Alamout near 
Casbin in Irak, 1090— successfully holds it 
against troops of Malik Shah, 1091 — procures 
murder of Nizam al Muluk, 1092 — makes 
treaty with Sindjar, (497,) 1103 — tf. at Ala- 
mout, (26 Guimadhi I., 518,) 11 24. 

Hasse, Johann Adolph. musical composer, — 

b. at Bergedorf, near Hamburg. 1699 — studies 
in Italy, 1724 — called to Dresden, 17 31 — visits 
England, 1733 — at Dresden, 1740-63 — tf. at 
Venice, 22 Dec. 1783. 

Hasse, Johann Gottfried, orientalist, — b. at 
'Weimar, 1759 — Prof. Oriental Languages, 
Kbnigsberg, 1788 — rrof. Theology, 1788 — tf. 
there, 12 Apr. 1806. Prahtischer Tlnterricht 
iiber die gesammten orientalischen Sprachen, 
1786-93. 

Hassel, Johann Georg Heinrich, geographer, 
— b. at Wolfenbuttel, 30 Dec. 1770— studies at 



HASSELQTHST— HASTINGS. 



665 



Helmstadt, 1789 — in service of king of West- 
phalia, 1809-15 — tf. at Weimar, 18 Jan. 1829. 
Lehrbuch der Statistik der europ. Staatm, 
1812. 

Hasselquist, Frederick, naturalist,— b. in 
East Gothland, 14 Jan. 1722— enters Univ. 
of Upsala, 1 741 — embarks at Stockholm for 
the East, Aug. 1747,* i749 bc — U. at Smyrna, 
9 Feb. 1752. Iter Palastinum, 1757. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Ersch. and Gruber. 
Hassencamp, Johann Mathias, mathema- 
tician, orientalist, — fe. at Marburg, 1743 — 
studies at Gottingen, 1766 — Prof. Mathe- 
matics and Oriental Languages, Pdnteln, 1768 
— tf. at Rinteln, Librarian to the University, 6 
Oct. 1797. Annalen der theol. Liter, und Kir- 
chengesch ichte, 1789-96. 

Hassenfratz, Jean Henri,— b. at Paris, 20 
Dec. 1755 — enters School of Mines, 1782 — 
sent to Styria, 1783 — assists in founding 
Polytechnic School, 1794 — Prof. Physics, 1794 
— imprisoned, member of Institute, 1795 — tf. 
at Paris, 26 Feb. 1827. Siderotechnie, 1812 
— jyictionnaire physique de V Mnayclopedie par 
ordre de matieres, 18 16-21. 

Hasta, Q. Numius,— Consul with P. Mani- 
llas Vopiscus, (867, a. it. c.) 114. 

Hasted, Edward, topographical antiquary, 
— fc. at Hawley, in Kent, 1732 — ft. Master of 
Corsham Hospital, Wilts, 18 12. History of 
Kent, 1799. 

Hastembeck, in Germany,— Marshal d'Es- 
trees defeats Duke of Cumberland at, 26 Jul. 
1757- 

Hasting, Northman, — fj. in Denmark, about 
8 x o a — Sacks Amboise, 8 38 b — takes Nantes, 
843 b — reaches Mans, 866 b — ravages France, 
880-93 — lands in Kent, 893 — [Danes] — his 
■wife and sons captured at Bemtieet by Lon- 
doners, 894°— Alfred liberates and sends them 
back, 894° — fortifies himself at Buttington on 
the Severn, and is defeated by Alfred, 894 — 
seizes Chester and passes into Wales, 894-5 — 
builds fort on the Lea, 896 — goes to France, 
897.. a Biog. Univ. 

b Unirers Pittoresque. C A.S. Chron. 

Hastings, in Sussex,— has a mint, 924 — one 
of the Cinque Ports, as early as 1065 — Wil- 
liam Duke of Normandy defeats Harold II., 
near, 14 Oct. 1066 — burnt by the French, 
1377. 

Hastings, Francis Eawdon, Marquis of, 
Governor-general of India, — h. in Ireland, 
7 Dec. 1754 — enters the army, 177 1 — dis- 
tinguishes, himself in American war, 1776-82 
— Adj utant-general of British forces in America, 
1780 — aide-de-camp to George III., Baron 
Bawdon, 1783 — Earl of Moira, 1793 — Major- 
general, 1794 — charged to direct expedition of 
Quiberon, 1795 — Commander-in-chief of Brit- 
ish forces in Scotland, Constable of the Tower, 
1803 — effects reconciliation of the Prince of 
Wales with the king, 1805 — Lord-lieutenant of 
Ireland, 1805 — Master-general of Ordnance, 
1806— Governor-general of India, 1813-23 — - 
Marquis of Hastings, Dec. 1816 — Governor of 
Malta, 1824— tf. in Baia Bay, 28 Nov. 1825. 
Hastings, Frank Abney,— b., 14 Feb. 1794 



— enters the navy, 1 805 — at Trafalgar, Oct. 1 805 
— dismissed the service, 18 19 — takes service in 
Greek navy, May 1822— at siege of Nauplia, 
1822 — Commander of Artillery in Crete, 1823 
— returns to England, autumn 1 824 — resumes 
service in Greek navy, May 1826 — cooperates 
in relief of Athens, Feb. 1827 — attacks Turks 
at Volo, spring 1827 — defeats Turkish squadron 
at Salona, 29 Sep. 1827 — takes part in expe- 
dition to Acarnania, Nov. — bombards Vasiladbi, 
Dec. — bombards Anatolikon, 25 May 1828 — 
wounded there : tf. at Zante, 1 Jun. 1828. 

Hastings, John, Lord of Abergavenny, — 
one of the competitors with Bruce and Balliol 
for crown of Scotland, 1290 — his claim ne- 
gatived. 

Hastings, Warren, Governor- general of 
India,— b. at Daylesford in Worcestershire, 6 
Dec. 1732 — sent to Westminster School, 1743 
—arrives in Bengal, Oct. 1750 — taken prisoner 
at Cossimbazar by Surajah Dowlah, 1756 — 
serves in expedition under Clive, 1757 — resi- 
dent for E. I. Company at court of Meer 
Jaffler, summer 1757-61 — member of the 
Council, removes to Calcutta, 1761 — returns to 
England, 1764 — embarks for India, spring 
1769 — on the voyage falls in love with Baroness 
Imhoff: second in Council at Madras, 1769 — ■ 
Pres. of Supreme Council of Bengal, 13 Apr. 
1772 — abolishes office of native minister, 1772 
— assists Nabob of Oude against the Rohillas, 
1773-4 — first Governor-general, enters upon his 
office, 1 Jan. 1774 — quarrels with new Coun- 
cillors, 1774 — accused of bribery by Nuncomar, 
11 Mar. 1776 — prosecutes Nuncomar, 1776 — 
procures his condemnation and execution, Aug. 
1776 — unsuccessful attempt of Government to 
displace Hastings, 1776 — his resignation ac- 
cepted, 1778 — disavows it and retains office, 
Jun. 1778 — marries Baroness Imhoff, 1778 — 
sends expedition against the French, Jul. 1778 
— [India, British] — fights a duel with Philip 
Francis, 1780 — receives a bribe from Rajah of 
Benares, 1780 — appoints Sir Elijah Impey 
Judge of Court of Appeal, 24 Oct. 17 81 — orders 
Madras government to restore revenues of the 
Carnatic to the Nabob, 13 Jan. 1783 — disobeys 
the contrary order of Court of Directors : con- 
quest of Benares, 1784 — concludes Treaty of 
Chunar, 1784 — resigns and returns to England, 
Feb. to Jun. 1785 — articles of impeachment 
against him presented by Burke, Feb. 1786— 
trial begins at Westminster, 13 Feb. 1788 — - 
begins his defence, 2 Jun. 1791 — acquitted, 23 
Apr. 1795 — annuity settled on him, 1795 — 
appears as witness at bar of Commons, 18 13 — 
LL.D. Oxford, 18 13 — Privy Councillor, 18 14 
— presented to Emperor Alexander and King 
Frederick William, 18 14 — tf. at Daylesford, 22 
Aug. 1818. 

Hastings, William, Lord, — receives share 
of forfeited estates of Lancastrians from Ed- 
ward IV., 146 1 — Master of the Mint, 146 1 — 
Baron Hastings, 26 Jul. 146 1 — Constable of 
Beaumaris, 1469 — qui^s England with Edward 
IV., 1470— Captain of Calais, 1470 — Chamber- 
lain of the Exchequer, 1472— apparent recon- 
ciliation with the Woodville family, 1483 — ■ 



666 



HASTINGS— HAUTERIVE. 



opposes Regency of Que en-mother Elizabeth, 
Apr. 1483 — seized at Council-board in the 
Tower and beheaded, 13 Jun. 1483. 

Hastings, William, Lord,— joins in rebel- 
lion in favour of Earl of March, May 1405 
— captured and beheaded at Durham, Jun. 
1405. 
Hastings. [Huntingdon, Earl of.] 
Haterius, Q,., rhetorician, — fl., about 1-25. 
Hatfield, in Kent, — Council, held by Abp 
Theodore against Mono thelites, 17 Sep. 680. 

Hatfield Chase, in Yorkshire, — Edwine of 
Northumbria defeated by Penda of Mercia, 14 
Oct. 633. 

Hatfield-House, Herts, — residence of Prince 
Edward, 1546 — residence of Princess Elizabeth 
in charge of Sir Thomas Pope, 1555-8— rebuilt 
by Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury, 16 10 — 
partly burnt, 27 Nov. 1835 — and rebuilt by 
Marquis of Salisbury. 

Hatras, in Hindustan, — town captured by 
British troops, 23 Eeb. 18 17 — fort taken, 1 
Mar. 18 17. 

Hats,— come into use about 1400 ? — licence 
for retail dealers required, and duty imposed, by 
Act 24 Geo. III. c. 51, 1784— stamp on, re- 
quired by Act 36 Geo. III. c. 125, 19 May 
1796 — further regulations by Act 43 Geo. III. 
c. 68, 24 Jun. 1S03. 

' Hats ' and ' Caps,' — names of French and 
Russian factions in Sweden during reigns of 
Frederick and Adolphus Frederick, 1741-72. 

Hatteras, Fort, U. S., — surrenders to Gen. 
Butler, 29 Aug. 1861. 

Hattin, battle of. [Tiberias.] 
Hatton, Sir Christopher, Lord Chancellor 
of England, — h. at Holdenby, 1540 a — ad- 
mitted to Inner Temple, May 1560— introduced 
at Court, before Jun. 1564 — M.P. Higham 
Ferrers, 157 1 — M.P. Northampton, 1572 — 
Captain of the Queen's Guard, 1572- — Vice- 
chamberlain and Privy Councillor, Nov. 1577 
— one of Commissioners for trial of Mary 
Queen of Scots, 1586 — Lord Chancellor, 27 
Apr. 1587 — tf., 20 Nov. I59i. a Treatise con- 
cerning statutes, $•£.,. 1677. a Foss. 

Hatzfeld, Franz Ludwig, Prince von,— b., 
23 Nov. 1756 — Governor of Berlin, 1806 — 
arrested by Napoleon, Oct. — Lieutenant-gen- 
eral, 1807 — ambassador to the Hague, 181 8 — 
to Vienna, 1822 — ft. there, 3 Feb. 1827. 

Hauber, Eberhard David, historian, geo- 
grapher, — b. at Hohenhasbach, i7i5, a 1695 b — 
pastor of St Peter's, Copenhagen, 1746— tf. 
there, 13 Feb. 1765. Versuch einer umstand- 
lichen Ristorie der Landkarten, 1724 — Primitive 
schauenburgicce, 1728 — Bibliotheca acta et 
scripta magica continens, 1738-45. 

a Biog. Univ. b Evsch and Gruber. 

Haubold, Christian Gottlieb, jurist,— b. at 
Dresden, 4 Nov. 1766— enters Univ. of Leipsic, 
1780,=* 178 1 b — lectures on Roman Law, 1786 
—Prof. Legal Antiquities, 1790,* 1789 b — Prof. 
Saxon Law, 1797— Prof. Roman Law, 1799 — 
tf. at Leipsic, 24, a 14 b Mar. 1824. Be legibus 
majestatis popuii Romani, 17%6—Historia juris 
Romani, 1790 — Lineamenta iustitution?im his- 
toricarum juris Romani maxime privati, 1802 



— Institutions juris Romani Utterance, 1809. 
a Biog. Univ. b Erscb and Gruber. 

Hauff, Wilhelm, novelist, — b. at Stuttgard, 
Nov. 1802 — studies at Tubingen, 1820-4 — tf., 
18 Nov. 1827. Sammtliche Werke, 1830. 

Haug, Johann Christoph Friedrich, poet, — 
b. at Niederstotzingen, 176 1 — aulic councillor, 
keeper of Public Library at Stuttgard, 18 16 — 
tf. there, 30 Jan. 1829. Edits the Morgcublatt, 
1807-20 — Zwei hundert Flyperbeln aiif Herrn 
WahVs grosse Nose, 1804 — Epigramme and 
vermischte Gedichte, 1805 — Zwei Hundert 
Fabeln, 1823. 

Haughton, William, dramatist,— ft., about 
1600. Englishmen for my money, 1598 — (with 
Dekker and Chettle) The Pleasant Comodie of 
Patient Grissill, 1603. 

Haugwitz, Christian Heinrich Karl, Count 
von, statesman, — b. in Silesia, 11 Jun. 1758, a 
1752 b — marries daughter of Count Tauenzien, 
1776 — plenipotentiary of Frederick William II. 
to Vienna, 1790 — Minister of Foreign Affairs, 
about Dec. 1792 — envoy to the Hague, 1794 
— Knt of the Black Eagle, 1794 — retires, 1803 
— recalled and sent to Vienna, 1805 — to Paris, 
Jan. 1806 — chief minister, 1806 — curator of 
Breslau Univ., 1811 — tf. at Venice, 9, a 19 b 
Feb. 1832. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Haukal, Abul Kasem Mohammed Ibn, 
traveller, geographer, — sets out from Baghdad, 
(331, a. h.) 942-3 — in Mesopotamia, (358,) 
968-9 — in Africa, (360,) 970-1 — in Sicily, 
(362,) 972-3— at Mecca, (364 or 365,) 974-5 or 
975-6. 

Hauksbee, {Hawksbee.) Francis, natural 
philosopher,— ¥ .R.S. London, 1705. Physico- 
mechanical experiments, 1709. 

Haultin, Jean Baptiste, numismatist,— b. at 
Paris, 1580 — tf., 1640. Figures et empreintes 
des monnaies de France, 16 19 — Xumismata non 
antea antiquariis edita, 1640. 

Hauser, Kaspar, — b., 1812? — appears at 
Niirnberg, 26 May 1828 — wounded by unknown 
assassin, 17 Oct. 1828 — placed by Lord Stan- 
hope with tutor at Anspach, 1832 — shot bv 
unknown assassin, 14 Dec. 1833 — tf. at Ans- 
pach, 17 Dec. 1833. 

Hautefeuille, Jean de, natural philosopher, 
mechanician, — b. at Orleans, 20 Mar. 1647 — 
invents spring-balance for watches, about 1675 
— tf. at Orleans, 18 Sep., a Oct. b 1724. 
Xouveau moyen de trouver la declinaison de 
V aiguille aimantee avec tine grande precision, 
1683 — Balance magnetique, 1702 — Nouveau 
systeme du flux et du reflux de la mer, 17 19 — 
Dissertation sur la cause de I' echo, 1741. 
a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Hautefort. [Surville.] 
Hauterive, Alexandre Maurice Blanc de 
Lanautte, Count of, statesman, — b. at Aspres- 
les-Corps, (Hautes-AIpes,) 14 Apr. 1754 — ac- 
companies ambassador to Constantinople, 1784 
— secretary to consular agent, Jassy, 1785-7 — 
consul at New York, 1792-3 — returns to 
France, 1798 — enters Ministry of Foreign 
Affairs, Aug. 1799 — Councillor of State, Aug. 
1805 — Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1805 — 
Officer of Legion of Honour, 1806 — keeper of 



HAUTE-SERRE— HAWICK. 



667 



archives of Foreign Affairs, 1807 — honorary 
member of Academy of Inscriptions, 1820 — tf. 
at Paris, 28 Jul. 1830. De I'e'tat de la France 
a la fin de Van VIII., 1800. 

Haute-Serre, Antoine Dadin de, jurist, — ft. 
at Cahors, about i6oo, a 1602 b — Prof. Law, 
Toulouse, 1644 — tf. there, 1682. De origine et 
statu feudorum pro moribus Gallice, 1619 — Be 
ducibiis et comitibus provincialibus Gallice, 
1643 — Res aquitanicce, 1648-54. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Hautpoul, Pierre Raimond d', crusader, — 
follows Count of Toulouse to Palestine, 1095 
— distinguishes himself at siege of Antioch, 
1097 — tf. there, Jul. 1097. 

Hautpoul-Salette, Jean Joseph Ange d', 
general, — fo. in Languedoc, 1754 — at battle of 
Fleurus, 26 Jun. 1794 — contributes to taking 
of Ninieguen, General of Brigade, 1794 — dis- 
tinguishes himself at battle of Aldenhoven, Oct. 
1794 — and under Kleber in campaign of 1796 
— wounded at battle of Altenkirchen, 4 Jun. 
1796 — General of Division, 18 Oct. 1 796— 
contributes to victory of Hohenlinden, 3 Dec. 
1800 — Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 14 
Jun. 1804— -contributes to victory of Austerlitz, 
2 Dec. 1805 — Senator, Grand Cordon of Legion 
of Honour, 1806 — serves in Prussian campaign, 
1806-7 — wounded at battle of Eylau, 7 Feb. 
1807 — tf., 12 Feb. 

Hauy, Rene Just, mineralogist, — ft. at St 
Just, Picardy, 28 Feb. 1743 — Prof, at Coll. of 
Navarre, 1764 — member of Academy of Sciences, 
Feb. 1783 — imprisoned, Aug. 1792 — liberated 
through exertions of his pupil Geoffroy St 
Hilaire, 14 Aug. — keeper of mineralogical 
collections at the School of Mines, 2 Aug. 
1794 — member of Institute, 1795 — Prof. 
Mineralogy, Museum of Nat. Hist., 9 Dec. 
1802 — Officer of Legion of Honour, by 
Napoleon I., 18 15 — tf. at Paris, 3 Jun. 1822. 
Exposition raisonnee de la theorie de I'e'lec- 
tricite et du magnetisme, 1787 — Instruction sur 
les mesures deduites de la grandeur de la terre, 
1794 — Traite de miner alogie, 1801 — Traite 
elementaire de physique, 1803 — Traite de 
crgstallographie, 1822. 

Hauy, Valentin, philanthropist, — b. at St 
Just, 13 Nov. 1745 — tf. at Paris, 19 Mar. 1822. 
Essai sur V education des aveugles, 1786 — 
21^ moire historique abregee sur les telegraphies, 
1810. 

Havannah, Havana, (Habana,) Cuba, — 
founded by Diego Velazquez, i5ii, a 1515 b — 
taken by French pirate, 1536, 1 ' 1563 d — by 
buccaneers, 1669 — again by English, under Lord 
Albemarle, 13 Aug. 1762 b — restored to Spain, 
by Peace of Paris, 1763. a Pict. Hist. England. 
b Conv.-Lex. c Bescherelle. d Macculloch. 
Havelock, Sir Henry, general — b. at Bishop- 
wearmouth, 5 Apr. 1795 — enters the Middle 
Temple, 1 8 1 3 — enters the army, J ul. 1 815 — goes 
to India, 1823 — serves in first Burmese war, 
1824-6 — joint envoy to court of Ava, Feb. 1826 
— marries, 1 829 — present at capture of Ghuznee, 
Jul. 1,839 — takes part in forcing the Khoord 
Cabul puss, Jan. 1842 — defeats Mohammed 
Akbar, Apr. 1842 — C.B., 1842 — Persian in- 



terpreter to Gen. Pollock, distinguishes himself 
at affair of Istaliff, 1 842 — serves at battle of 
Maharajpore, Dec. 1843 — Lieutenant-colonel, 
1844 — serves at Moodkee, Ferozeshah, and 
Sobraon, 1845-6 — visits Europe, 1849-50 — 
Adjutant- general of Queen's troops in India, 
1851 — takes part in Persian expedition, 1856-7 
— Brigadier-general, sent to Allahabad, takes 
command of column to oppose mutineers, Jun. 
1857 — marches from Allahabad, 1 Jul. 1857 — 
defeats Nana Sahib near Cawnpore, 16 Jul. — 
enters Cawnpore, 17 Jul. — defeats Nana Sahib 
at Bithoor and burns Bithoor, 19 Jul. — again 
defeats mutineers, 1 2 and 1 6 Aug. — with rein- 
forcements under Outrani enters Lucknow, 25 
Sep. — holds the Besidency till relieved by Sir 
Colin Campbell, 6 Nov. — K.C.B. : tf. at 
Lucknow, 25 Nov. 1857 — patent of Baronetcy 
sealed, 26 Nov. 1857 — and title transferred to 
his son, 19 Jan. 1858. History of the Ava 
campaigtis, 1827. 

Havercamp, Sigebert, philologist, numis- 
matist,— \s. at Utrecht, about 1683 — Prof. 
Greek, Leyden, 1721 — tf. at Leyden, a Utreck.t, b 
2^ Apr. 1742. Editions of Tertullian, 17 18 — 
of Lucretius, 1725 — of Josephus, 1726 — 
Thesaurus Morellianus, 1734 — Universal 
History, 1736 — Introductio in historiam 
Patrice, 1739 — Introductio in antiquitates 
Romanas, 1730 — Xummophylacium regince 
Christince, 1742. 

a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Haverfordwest, in Pembrokeshire, chief seat 
of Flemings, 11 05 — burnt by Llewelyn, 5 Sep. 
1220 — seized by William de Valence, Earl of 
Pembroke, early in 1285 — burnt by French 
allies of Owen Glendower. Jul. 1405 — but 
castle held by Earl of Arundel. 

Havers, Clopton, physician, anatomist, — 
settles in London, 1687. Ostcologia Xova, 
1691. 

Havestadt, Bernhard, Jesuit missionary, — 
ft. at Cologne, about 17 15 — sent to South 
America, 1746 — returns to Europe, about 1768. 
Chilidugu, 1777. 

Havre, Le, (Havre de Grace,) in France, — 
founded and fortifications commenced by Louis 
XII., 1509 — refounded by Francis I., 15 16 — 
betrayed to Queen Elizabeth by Conde, 1562 
— garrisoned by English under Dudley, Earl of 
Warwick; retaken by French, 28 Jul. 1563^ 
1565 b — citadel built by Richelieu, 1564 — seat 
of India Company, 1643 — bombarded by Eng- 
lish, 1678, and Jul. 1694 — again attacked by 
them, 1755 — bombarded by Rodney, Jul. 1759 
— made capital of department of Seine Maritime, 
1854. a Bouillet. b Encyc. Mod. 

Havre de Grace, in Maryland, U. S., — 
plundered and burnt by British, 3 May 1813. 

Hawaii. [Owhyhee.] 

Hawes, Stephen, poet. Passe- Ty me of 
Pleasure, 15 15 — Exemple of Vertu, 1530. 

Hawes, William, physician, founder of Royal 
Humane Society, — ft at Islington, 28 Nov. 
1736 — founds Humane Society, 1774 — M.D., 
1780 — tJ. in London, 5 Doc. 1808. 

Hawick, in Scotland, — burnt, 141 8 — suffers 
from English invasion, 1544 — burnt by in- 



668 



HAWKE— HAYDON. 



habitants, to prevent seizure by Earl of Sussex, 
i57°- 

Hawke, Loud Edward, naval commander, — 
b., 1705 — Captain E.N"., 1734 — distinguishes 
himself in engagement with French fleet be- 
fore Toulon, 1744 — Rear-admiral, 1747 — de- 
feats French fleet off Belleisle, 14 Oct. 1747 — 
K.C.B., M.P. Portsmouth, 1747 — Vice-ad- 
miral, 1748 — serves in Nova Scotia, 1749 — 
commander at Portsmouth, 1750 — takes com- 
mand of Mediterranean squadron, May 1757 
— commands blockading squadron in Bay of 
Biscay, 1758 — defeats French squadron under 
Marshal Conflans in Quiberon Bay, 20 Nov. 
1759 — Vice-admiral of Great Britain, 5 Nov. 
1765 — First Lord of the Admiralty, 2 Dec. 
1765 — Baron Hawke, 1776 — tf. at Shepperton, 
14 Oct. 1781. 

Hawkers and Pedlars, in England — licenses 
required for, by Acts 8 and 9 Wra III. c. 25, 
1697 ; 9 and 10 Wm III. c. 27, 1698 ; and 3 and 
4 Ann , c. 4, 1704 — further regulations respect- 
ing, by Acts 29 Geo. III. c. 26, s. 6, 1789 ; 35 
Geo. III. c. 91, 22 Jun. 1795; 50 Geo. III. c. 
41, 2 Jun. 1 8 10 ; and 52 Geo. III. c. 108, 1 Jul. 
1 812 — granting of licenses to, and enforcing law 
against, entrusted to Commissioners of Stamps, 
by Act 1 and 2 Win IV. c. 22, ss. 75, 76, 22 
Sep. 1 83 1 — laws amended and further pro- 
visions, by Acts 22 and 23 Vic. c. 36, 13 Aug. 
1859; 23 and 24 Vic. c. Ill, s. 20, 28 Aug. 
i860 ; and 24 and 25 Vic. c. 21, 28 Jun. 1861. 

Hawkesbury, Lord. [Liverpool, Earl of.] 

Hawkesworth, John, miscellaneous writer, 
• — b. in London, 17 15 or 17 19 — compiles 
parliamentary debates for Gent. Mag., 1744 — 
Ts., 17 Nov. 1773. Adventure)-, 1752-4 — 
edition of Swift's Works, 1765 — First Voyage 
of Captain Cook, 1773. 

Hawking-. [Falconry.] 

Hawkins, Sir John, admiral, — b. at Ply- 
mouth, about 1520 — takes cargo of negroes to 
Hispaniola, 1562— second cargo, 1564 — third, 
1567 — returns to England, 1568 — treasurer of 
the navy, 1573 — Bear-admiral, serves against 
Spanish Armada, 1588 — Knt, 1588 — sent with 
Frobisher to intercept Plate fleet and harass 
trade of Spain, 1590 — with Drake commands 
expedition against Spanish West Indies, 1595 

— tf., 21 NOV. 1595. 

Hawkins, Sir John, historian of music, 
— b. in London, Mar. 17 19 — magistrate for 
Middlesex, 1761 — suppresses riots at Brent- 
ford, 1768 — at Spitaltields, 1769 — Knt, 1772 — 
tf. in London, 21 May 1789. General History 
of Music, 1776 — edition of Walton's Angler, 
1760 — Life of Dr Johnson, 1787. 

Hawksbee. [Hauksbee.] 

Hawksmoor, Nicholas, architect — b., 1666 
— pupil of Sir Christopher Wren, 1683 — tf., 
Mar. 1736. St Mary Woolnoth, Lombard St, 
17 16-19 — $t George's Church, Bloomsbury, 
I73i- 

Hawkwood, Sir John, (Aguto, Giovanni 
VE-LLxGvGLiA^condottiere, — distinguishes him- 
self in French war under Edward III., from 1346 
■ — captain of marauding companies, ravages 
France, 1360 — threatens Avignon, Dec. 1360 — 



in service of Marquis of Montferrat, sent 
against the Visconti, May 1361 — serves in 
Pisan army against Florence, Jul. 1363 — 
captures Figlini, 17 Sep. 1363 — ravages Flor- 
entine territory, Feb. to May 1364 — sent by 
the Visconti against Mantua, defeats the Im- 
perialists under Charles IV., summer 1368 — 
defeats and captures Malatacca, general of 
Florentines, Dec. 1369— takes Livorno and 
ravages Pisan territory, 1370 — passes to service 
of Gregory XL, Aug. 1372 — burns crops of 
Tuscany, Jun. 1375 — takes and burns Faenza, 
29 Jun. 1376 — by order of Cardinal Bobert of 
Geneva, massacres inhabitants of Cesena, Feb. 
1377 — enters service of Florence, Jan. 1378 — 
defeats Venetians, 1378 — protects Florence 
against Charles of Durazzo, Jul. 1380 — destroys 
Veronese army at Castagnaro, 11 Mar. 1387 — 
effects retreat before troops of the Visconti, 
1390 — founds English hospital at Borne, 139 1-4 
— tf. at Florence, 16 Mar. 1394. 

Hawley, Henry, general, — joint commander 
of auxiliaries sent to Queen of Hungary, 1742 
— serves as major of dragoons at Sheriffmuir, 
1745 — takes chief command at Edinburgh, Jan. 
1746— defeated by Highlanders, at Falkirk, 17 
Jan. 1746 — tf., about 1759. 

Haworth, Adrian Hardy, botanist, entomo- 
logist, — tf. at Chelsea, 24 Aug. 1833. Lepi- 
doptera britannica, 1803-28 — Synopsis plan- 
tarum succulentarum, 1812 — Supplement, 1819. 

Hawthorne, Nathaniel, novelist, — b. at 
Salem, Massachusetts, about 1809 — graduates 
at Bowdoin College, 1825 — American consul at 
Liverpool, 1853-7 — tf. at Plymouth, New 
Hampshire, 19 May 1864. Twice-told Tales, 
1837 — Scarlet Letter, 1850 — House of Seven 
Gables, 1 85 1 — Blithedale Romance, 1852 — Life 
of Tres. Tierce, 1852 — Transformation, 1859 — 
Our Old Home, 1863. 

Haxo, Francois Nicolas Benoit, Baron, 
Peer oe France, general, — b. at Luneville, 
24 Jun. 1774 — serves at siege of Saragossa 
and in campaign of Wagram, 1809 — as general, 
is attached to staff of Napoleon, distin- 
guishes himself at battle of Mohilaw, 18 12 — 
restores fortifications of Hamburg, 181 3 — In- 
spector-general of engineers, 18 15 — directs 
siege of Antwerp under Marshal Gerard, 1832 — 
Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 1832 — tf. 
Peer of France, 25 Jun. 1838," 1837^ 

a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Haydn, Franz Joseph, musical composer, — ■ 
b. at Bohrau, Austria, 31 Mar. 1732 — enters 
service of Count Martzin, 1759 — Chapel- 
master to Prince Esterhazy, 1761-90 — visits 
London, 1791 and 1794 — Mus. D. Oxford, 
1793 — member of French Institute, 1802 — tf. 
at Vienna, 29, a 31 bc May 1809. Twelve 
Grand Symphonies, 1791-4 — Creation, 1798 — 
Seasons, 1800. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

c Ersch and Gruber. 

Haydn, Joseph, litterateur, — tf. in London, 
1856. Dictionary of Dates, 1841 — Book of 
Dignities, 1851. 

Haydon, Benjamin Kobert, painter, — b. at 
Plymouth, 25 Jan. 1786 — student at Royal 
Academy, 1804 — visits the Louvre with Wilkie, 



HAYES— HEATHCOAT. 



669 



1 8 14 — marries, 1821 — kills himself in London, 
22 Jun. 1846. Joseph and Mary resting on the 
road to Egypt, 1807 — Bentatus, 1809 — Judg- 
ment of Solomon, 18 14 — Christ's Entry into 
Jerusalem, 1820 — Raising of Lazarus, 1823 — 
Punch, National Gallery, 1829 — Lectures on 
Painting and Design, 1844-6. 

Hayes, Charles, mathematician, chronologist, 
— ft., 1678 — tf. in London, Dec. 1760. Treatise 
of Fluxions, 1704 — Vindication of History of 
the Septuagint, 1736 — Chronographice Asiaticce 
et AZgyptiacce specimen, 1759. 

Hayes, William, musical composer, — ft. at 
Hanbury, 1708 — tf., about 1779. 

Hayley, William, poet, miscellaneous writer, 
— ft. at Chichester, about 1745 — settles at 
Eartham, Sussex, 1774 — tf., Nov. 1820. Essays 
on Pain ting, 1778 — on History, 1 7 8 1 — on 
Sculpture, 1800 — Life of Milton, 1794 — Life of 
Cowper, 1802. 

Haym, Niccolo Francesco, numismatist, 
bibliographer, — ft. at Borne, about 1670 — tf., 
Mar. 1730. Tesoro Britannico, 1719-20 — 
Bibliotheca Jtaliana, 1726. 

Hayman, Francis, painter,— ft. at Exeter, 
1708 — librarian to Royal Academy, 1770 — tl. 
in London, 2 Feb. 1776. 

Haymarket, London, — Theatre, built, 1720 
— riot at, interior demolished, 16 Jan. 1749— 
made a theatre royal, and rebuilt 1767 — riot at, 
1805 — rebuilt, 1821. 

Haymarket Theatre, (Opera House, Her 
Majesty's Theatre,) London, — opened, 9 
Apr. 1705 — burnt, 17 Jun. 1789 — rebuilt, 
1790 — again burnt, 6 Dec. 1867 — rebuilt, 
1869. 

Haynau, Julius Jakob, Baron von, general, 
— ft. at Cassel, 1786 — enters Austrian army, 
1801 — wounded and captured by French at 
Austerlitz, Dec. 1805 — wounded at Wagram, 
Jul. 1809 — Major-general, 1835 — Field-mar- 
shal lieutenant, 1844 — Commander of Verona, 
1848 — storms Brescia, 30 Mar. 1849 — takes 
command in Hungary, May 1 849 — deprived, Jul. 
1850 — visits London and is assailed at Barclay's 
brewery, Sep. — visits Brussels, 1852 — tf. at 
Vienna, 24 Mar. 1853. 

Hayne, Friedrick Gottlob, botanist, — ft., 
18 Mar. 1763 — goes to Berlin, 1800— Prof. 
Botany there, 1814 — tf., 28 Apr. 1832. Ter- 
mini botanici iconibus illustrati, 1799-18 17. 

Hayne, Isaac, colonel, — promises conditional 
allegiance to king of England after surrender of 
Charlestown, May 1780 — refuses to obey sum- 
mons to British camp, is taken prisoner in arms 
andhung at Charleston by order of Lord Bawdon 
and Col. Balfour, 4 Aug. 178 1. 

Hayti. (Domingo, St.] 

Hay ward, Sir John, historian, — historio- 
grapher of Chelsea Coll., 16 10 — Knt by 
James I., 16 19— tf. in London, 27 Jun. 1627. 
Life of Henry TV., 1599. 

Hazael, King of Syria, — [BC] —reigns, 
probably 886-840.* a Clinton. 

Hazlitt, William, miscellaneous writer, — ft. 
at Maidstone, 10 Apr. 1778 — studies painting 
at Paris, 1802-3 — settles in London, 1803 — tf. 
there. 18 Sup. 1810. Memoirs of Holcroft, 



,1809— Table Talk, i%2$— Spirit of the Age, 
1824— Life of Napoleon, 1827 — Characters of 
Shakespeare's Plays, 18 17 — Conversations of 
Northcote, 1830. 

Hazor, — [B C] — taken and burnt by Joshua, 
Jabin deposed, 1450 a — Jabin, king of, harasses 
Israel, 1285 a — rebuilt by Solomon, about 990 b 
— taken by Tiglath Pileser, 740. b 

a Bib. Cyc. b Ussher. 

Head, Sir George, traveller, — ft. near 
Rochester, 1782 — commissariat-clerk in British 
army in Portugal, 1 809 — assistant Commissary- 
general, May 181 1 — sent to Canada, autumn 
1 8 14 — to Nova Scotia, 181 6 — Knt, 1831 — tf. 
in London, 2 May 1855. Forest Scenes and 
Jncidents in the Wilds of North America, 1829 
— Home Tour, 1836 — Pome, 1849. 

Heaphy, Thomas, painter, — ft. in London, 
about 1 7 80 — member of Society of Painters in 
Water-colours, 1807 — assists in founding, and 
is named Pres. Society of British Artists, 1824 
— visits Italy, 1831 — assists in founding new 
Society of Painters in Water-colours, 1832 — 
tf., 19 Nov. 1835. 

Hearne, Samuel, Arctic navigator, — ft. in 
London, 1745 — enters the navy, 1756 — con- 
ducts expedition for Hudson's Bay Company in 
search of North-west passage, 1769-72 — re- 
turns to England, 1787 — tf. there, Nov. 1792. 
Journey from the Prince of Wales's Fort in 
Hudson's Bay to the Northern Ocean, 1797. 

Hearne, Thomas, antiquary, — ft. at White 
Waltham, Berkshire, 167 8, a b 1680 c — enters 
Oxford Univ., 1695 — employed in Bodleian 
Library, 1701 — M.A., 1703 — second librarian, 
1712 to Nov. 1715 — tf. at Oxford, io, a 21 b 
Jun. 1735. Edits Spelman's Life of Alfred 
the Great, 17 10 — Leland's Itinerary, 17 10 — Be 
rebus Britannicis Collectanea, 17 15 — Camden's 
Annals, 17 17 — Fordun's Scotichronicon, 1722 
— Peliquice Heamiance, 1 856. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Bees' Cyc. 

Hearne, Thomas, painter, — ft. at Brink- 
worth, Wilts, 1744 — tf., 1 8 17. 

Hearth-money, — tax imposed by Act 13 and 
14 Car. II. c. 10, 1662 — repealed by Act 1 
Wm and Mar., sess. 1, c. 10, 1689. 

Heat, latent, — discovered by experiments of 
Black, between 1759-63 — measurement of — - 
[Calorimeter, Thermometer] — radiant, Leslie's 
theory of, announced, 1 804 — mechanical theory 
of, experiments of Joule on, 1850. 

Heath, Charles, engraver, — ft. in London, 
1784 — tf. in London, 17 Dec. 1848. Shake- 
speare Gallery, 1836 — WestalV s Illustrations 
to Lalla Rookh, 1823. 

Heath, James, engraver, — ft., about 1756,* 
1765 b — tf. in London, 15 Nov. 1834. (With 
Schiavonetti) Stothard's Canterbury Pilgrims, 
1817. a Rose, Biog. Diet. b Nagler. 

Heath, James, historian, — ft. in London, 
1629 — enters Oxford Univ., 1646 — ejected as a 
Royalist, 1648 — tf. in London, Aug. 1664. 
Chronicle of the late war in the three kingdoms, 
1 66 1 — Flagellum, 1663. 

Heathcoat, John, inventor of lace-making 
machine, — ft. near Derby, 7 Aug. 1783 — patents 
his first improvement in machinery, 1804 — his 



670 



HEATHCOTE— HECLA. 



traverse bobbin net machine, 1808 — second, 14 
Jul. 1809 — third, 1 8 13 — fourth, 181 6— M.P. 
Tiverton, 1832 — patents a steam-plough, 1832 
— tf. at Tiverton, Jan. 1861. 

Heathcote, Ralph, — ft. in Leicestershire, 
1721 — enters Cambridge Univ., Apr. 1741 — 
prebendary of Southwell, 1768 — tf., 28 May 
1795. Historia Astronomies, 1746 — Irenarch, 
1771. 

Heathfield. [Hatfield.] 

Heathfield, George Augustus Eliott, {El- 
liott,) Lord, general, — ft. in Scotland, about 
17 18 — enters the army, 1735— aide-de-camp to 
George II., accompanies him to Germany, 
1743 — wounded at Dettingen, 27 Jun. 1743 — 
contributes to capture of the Havannah, 1762 
— his light dragoons made a royal regiment, 
1763 — Commander-in-chief in Ireland, 1775 — 
Governor of Gibraltar, 1775 — successfully de- 
fends Gibraltar against French and Spaniards, 
1779 to 2 Feb. 1783 — receives thanks of par- 
liament, 1783 — Lord Heathfield of Gibraltar, 
KB., 14 Jun. 1787 — tf. near Aix-la-Chapelle, 
6 Jul. 1790. 

Hebe, asteroid, — discovered by Hericke at 
Driessen, 1 Jul. 1847. 

Hebel, Johann Peter, poet, — ft. at Basel, n 
May 1760 — studies at Erlangen, 1778 — Prof. 
Ancient Languages, Carlsruhe, 1791 — -Prof. 
Theology and Hebrew, 1798 — Director of 
Lyceum, 1808 — If. at Schwetzingen, 22 Sep. 
1826. Edits Der Pheinldndische Hausfreund, 
1808-15 a -u b — Werke, 1832-4. 

a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Hebenstreit, Johann Christian, physician, 
botanist, — ft. near Naumburg, 1720 — M.D. 
Leipsic, 1748 — Prof. Natural History and 
Botany, member of Imperial Academy of 
Sciences, St Petersburg, 1749 — settles at 
Leipsic, 1761 — ft. there, 27 Sep. 1795. 

Hebenstreit, Johann Ernst, physician, — ft. 
in Saxony, about 1703 — travels in North Africa, 
1732-3 — Prof. Medicine, Leipsic, about 1734 
— ft. there, Dec. 1757. Palceologia therapies, 
1779. 

Heber, {Eber,) — [BC] — ft., summer 2281, a 
2415 b — birth of Peleg, summer 2247 a — tf., 
summer i8i7. a a Ussher. b Clinton. 

Heber, Reginald, Bp of Calcutta, poet, 
— ft. atMalpas, Cheshire, 21 Apr. 1783 — enters 
Oxford Univ., Nov. 1800— Fellow of All Souls' 
Coll., 1804 — travels on the continent, 1805-6 
— takes holy orders, rector of Hodnet, 1 807 — 
Bampton lecturer, 18 15 — prebendary of St 
Asaph, 1 8 17 — preacher of Lincoln's Inn, Apr. 
1822 — consecrated Bp of Calcutta, 1823 — tf. at 
Tricbinopoli, 3 Apr. 1826. Palestine, 1803 — 
Poems and translations, 1 8 1 2 — edition of 
Jeremy Taylor's Works, 18 19. 

Heber, Sir Richard, bibliomaniac,— h. in 
London, 1773 — M.P. Oxford Univ., 1821-6 — 
visits France and the Netherlands, 1825," i8i5 b 
— tf. in London, 4 Oct. 1833. 

a Biog. Univ. b Rose, Biog. Diet. 

Heberden, William, physician, — ft. in 
London, 17 10 — enters St John's Coll., Cam- 
bridge, 1724 — Fellow, 1730 — M.A., 1732 — 
M.D., 1739 — lecturer on Materia Medica, 



j 1739 — F.E.C.P., 1746 — settles in London, 
1748 — F.R.S., 1750 — Associate of Royal 
Society of Medicine, Paris, 1778 — tf. at 
Windsor, 17 May 1801. Commentarii de 
morborum historia et curatione, 1802. 

Heberer, Michael, traveller, — at Malta, 
1585 — leaves Constantinople, Apr. 1588— ac- 
companies Palatine ambassador to Poland, 
1592 — tf. in the Palatinate, about 1610. 
JEgyptiaca servit us, 1 6 1 o. 

Hebert, Jacques Rene, revolutionary leader, 
— ft. at Alenc^on, about 1755 — member of 
municipality of Paris, Aug. 1792 — executed, 24 
Mar. 1794. Le Veritable Pere Duchesne, 1790. 
Hebert, Pierre, sculptor, — ft. at Villabe, 
(Seine et Oise,) 31 Oct. 1804 — first exhibits at 
the Salon, 1836 — tf., 24 Oct. 1869. 

Hebrides, Western Isles of Scotland, 
{Hebudes, Ebudes,) mentioned by Ptolemy, 
140-160 — annexed to crown of Scotland, 1266 
— favour the Pretender, 17 15 and 1745 — Prince 
Charles Edward takes refuge in, 1746 — here- 
ditary jurisdictions abolished, 1748 — visited by 
Johnson, autumn 1773 — by Pennant, 1772— by 
Buchanan, 1782-90 — by Macculloch, about 
1818. 

Hebron, (Kirjath Aiiba, Mamre,) {El 
Kulil,) — [B Cj— cave of Machpelah, bought by 
Abraham, 1859 s — taken by Caleb, 1445 a — 
royal residence of David, 1055 a — occupied by 
Absalom, 1023 s — recovered from Edomites by 
Judas Maccabseus, 163 a — [AD] — seized by 
Simon Giorides, 68— recaptured and burnt by 
Cerealis, under Vespasian, about 69 — given as 
a fief to Gerhard of Avennes, 11 00 — seat of a 
Latin bishopric, 1167 — taken by Saladin, 1187 
— stormed by Ibrahim Pasha, 1834 — visited by 
Prince of Wales, 7 Apr. 1862. a Ussher. 

Hecateeus, of Miletus, — [B C] — historian, 
geographer, — ft., about 550 a — assists at de- 
liberations of the Ionians, 501 — gives advice to 
Aristagoras, 497 — ti., about 47 6. b 

a Larcher. b Smith's Diet. 

Hecatseus, of Gardia, — [B c] — commissioned 
by Alexander to put down revolt of Attalus, 
336 — sent by Antipater and Leonatus for aid in 
Samian war, 323. 

Hecatseus, of Abdera, — [B C] — grammarian, 
critic, §c, — ft, about 325. 

Hecker, August Friedrich, physician, — ft. 
at Kitten, near Halle, 1763 — M.D. Halle, 1787 
— Prof. Medicine, Erfurt, 1790 — Prof. Medicine, 
Berlin, 1805 — tf. there, 11 Oct. 18 n. Therapia 
generalis, 1789 — Grundriss der Physiologia 
Pathologica, 1 7 9 1 -9 — Allgemeine Geschichte 
der Natter tend Arzneikunde, 1793. 

Hecker, Justus Friedrich Karl, physician, 
— ft. at Erfurt, 5 Jan. 1795 — M.D. Berlin, 
1 8 17 — Prof. History of Medicine, &c, 1822—. 
tf. at Berlin, 11 May 1850. Geschichte der 
Heilkunde, 1822-9 — I)ie Lehre vom Kreislaufe 
vor Harvey, 1831 — Her schwarze Tod im liten 
Jahrhundirt, 1832 — Geschichte der neuem 
Heilkunde, 1839. 

Heckewelder, John, Moravian missionary, — 
ft. in England, 1743 — tr., 1826. Histoire, 
mceurs, et cotitumes des nations indiennes, 1822. 

Hecla, Hekla, Mount, volcano in Iceland, — 



HEOQUET— HEGESANDRIDAS. 



671 



eruption of, mentioned, 1004 or 1005 a — 
principal later ones, 1693, 1724, 15 Apr.fo>7 Sep. 
1766, 1772, 1818, 2 Sep. 1845 a an( * J 5 Apr. 
1 846 b — visited by Van Troll, Banks, and 
Solander, 1772 — by Mackenzie, 1 8 1 o — by 
Krug von Nidda, about 1836. 

a Daubeny. b Comp. to Almanach. 

Hecquet, Philippe, physician, — b. at Abbe- 
ville, 1661— M.D. JRheims, 1684— M.D. Paris, 
1694 — Prof. Legal Medicine, 1694 — Dean of the 
Faculty, 17 12 — retires to Carmelite monastery, 
1727— tf. at Paris, 11 Apr. 1737. Be la 
digestion et des maladies de Vestomac, 1711 — 
Novus medicines conspectus, 1722 — La Medecine 
theologique, 1733. 

Htdelin. [Aubignac.] 

Hederich, Benjamin, philologist, — b. at 
Geithen, Misnia, 1675 — Eector of School of. 
Grossenhagen, 1705 — ft. there, 1748. Reales 
Schid-Zexicon, 17 17 — Lexicon archceologicum, 
1745 — Lexicon manuale Gr •cecum, 1722. 

Hedgley Moor, in Northumberland,- — the 
Lancastrians defeated by Jobn Lord Montacute, 
25 Apr. 1464. 

Hedin, Sven Anders, physician, — b. in 
Sweden, 19 Aug, 1750 — studies at Upsala, 1769 
— M.D., 1775 — first physician to the king, 
1798 — Knt of Order of Vasa, 28 Jun. 1807 — 
Counsellor to Coll. of Health, 181 3 — tf. at 
Stockholm, 19 Oct. 1821. Vetenskapshand- 
lingar foer laekare och faeltskaerer, 1793-18 05. 

Hedjaz-ben-Jusuf, Mussulman general, — 
besieges Mecca for Sultan Abdelmalek, (72, 
a. h.) 691 — takes it after eight months, (73,) 
692 — pulls down temple of Mecca and rebuilds 
it, (79,) 693— fights 80 battles with Abderah- 
man, and at last defeats bim, (82,) 701 — builds 
Waset on the Tigris, (83,) 702 — tf., (95,) 

7I3-H- 

Hedley, William, viewer of Wylam colliery, 
— takes out patent for steam-engine, Mar. 
1813. 

Hedlinger, Johann Karl, engraver of medals, 
— b. at Schwitz, 1691 — goes to Paris, 17 17 — 
called to Stockholm by Charles XII., 17 19 — 
visits Italy, 1726 — ti. at Schwitz, 14 Mar. 
177 1. Works, 1781. 

Hedouville, Gabriel Theodore Joseph, 
Count of, Peer of France, — b. in Lorraine, 
i745, a 1755 b — enters the army, 1773 — com- 
mander of army of the West Coast, 1798 — 
sent to St Domingo, 1799 — ambassador to St 
Petersburg, 1801 — Minister of France to Con- 
federation of the Rhine, 1805 — accompanies 
Jerome Bonaparte in Prussian campaign of 
1806— Peer, 18 14 — ft. near Arpajou, 31 Mar. 
1825. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Hedwig, Queen of Poland, — ft-, 1371 — 
elected to succeed her father, Louis of Hungary, 
1382 — arrives at Cracow, 1384 — marries Jagel- 
lon, (Ladislaus V.,) Grand-duke of Lithuania, 
17 Feb. 1386—0-., 1399. 

Hedwig, Johann, physician, botanist, — b. 
at Cronstadt, Transylvania, 8 Oct. 1730 — 
studies at Leipsic, 1752 — M.D., 1759 — settles 
at Chemnitz, 1759 — at Leipsic, 178 1 — if. at 
Leipsic, 7 Feb. 1799. Fundament, hist, natur. 
muscorum frondosorum, 17%2-2—Theoria gene- 



rationis et fructificationis plantarum crypto- 
gamicarum Linncei, 1784 — Stirpes crypto- 
gamicce, 1785-97. 

Hedylus, epigrammatic poet, — [BC] — ft., 
about 250^ a smith's Diet.' 

Heem, David de, painter, — b. at Utrecht, 
1570— tr., 1632. 

Heem, Jan Davitze de, painter, — b. at 
Utrecht, about 1600? — tf. at Antwerp, 1674. 

Heemskerck, Jakob van, admiral, — com- 
mands three expeditions for discovery of North- 
east passage to China, 1595-7 — killed in com- 
bat with Spaniards off Gibraltar, 25 Apr. 1607. 

Heemskerk, Martin van, painter, — b. at 
Heemskerk, 1498,' 1 1494 b — visits Italy, 1532 !i 
— his best works burnt on capture of Haarlem 
by Spaniards, 1573— tf. at Haarlem, 1574. 
a Nagler. b Fiorillo. 

Heer, Christian, Benedictine, — ft. in Switzer- 
land, 17 15 — tf., 1769,* 1767. b (With Herr- 
gott) Nummotheca principum Austria, 1752-3 
— Binacotheca principum Austria, 1768. 
a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Heere, Lucas van, painter, poet, — b. at 
Ghent, 1534 — in England, 1570,* about 1557 b 
— If. at Ghent, 1584. "Nagler. b Bees' Cyc. 

Heeren, Arnold Hermann Ludwig, his- 
torian, §c.,— b. at Arbergen, near Bremen, 25 
Oct. 1760 — studies at Gottingen, 1779 — ^ n * 
D., 1784 — travels in Italy, France, &c, 1786-7 
— Prof. Extr. Philosophy, Gottingen, 1787 — 
member of Academy of Sciences, 1789 — Prof. 
History, 17 99,* i8oi bc — rj. at Gottingen, 6, a 
8 b Mar, 1842. Edition of Stobceus, 1792-1801 
— Ideen iiber den Bolitik, den Verkehr und den 
Handel der vornehmsten Vblker der alien Welt, 
1793-1815 — Handbuch der Geschichte der 
Staaten des Alterthums, 1799 — Handbuch der 
Geschichte des Buropdischen Staaten-Sy stems 
und seiner LColo//ien, 1809 — JJntersuchungen 
iiber die Xreuzziige, 1808 — edits the Gottin- 
gische Gelehrten Anzeigen, 1827. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Conv.-Lex. 

Heerkens, Gerard Nicholas, physician, poet, 

— b. at Groningen, 1728 — tf., 1801. Be 
valet udine litteratorum, 1749 — Be officio medici, 
1752. 

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, philoso- 
pher, — b. at Stuttgard, 27 Aug. 1770 — studies 
at Tubingen, 1788 — at Jena, 1800— succeeds 
Schelling as lecturer, 1806 — Prof Philosophy, 
Berlin, i8i4, a 181 8 b c — visits Vienna, 1824— 
visits Paris, 1827—0-. there, 14 Nov. 1831. 
JJeber die Different des Fichte 'schen und Sc hel- 
ling'' schen Systems, 1801 — Bhdnomenologie des 
Geistes, 1807 — System der Wissenschaft, 1807 

— Wissenschaft der Bogik, 1812-16 — Bncyclo- 
pcidie der philosophischen Wissenschaften, 18 17 
— Grundlinien der Bhilosophie des Bechts, 1821. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Conv.-Lex. 

Hegemon, of Thasos, comic poet, parodist, — 
[BCJ — produces his Gigantomachia at Athens, 
(01. 93, 4,) Sep. or Oct. 41 3. a a Clinton. 

Hegemon, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
113, 2,) 327. a a Clinton. 

Hegesandridas, (Agesandridas,) — [B C] — 
defeats Athenian fleet off Eetionea, 411 — com- 
mands in Thracian wars, 408. 



672 



HEGESIANAX— HEINECCIUS. 



Hegesianax, — [B C] — envoy of Antiochus 
the Great to Romans, 196 and 193. 

Hegesias, rhetorician, historian, — [B C] — fl., 
about 290. 

Hegesias, philosopher, — [BC] — fl., about 
260 ? 

Hegesias, — [BC] — Arehon at Athens, (01. 
114, 1,) 324. 

Hegesippus, (Crobylus,) — [B C] — leading 
orator at Athens, sent ambassador with De- 
mosthenes and others to Philip, 343. 

Hegesippus, comic poet, — [BC] — fl., about 
300. 

Hegetschweiler, Johann, botanist, — ft. in 
Switzerland, 1789 — studies at Tubingen, 1809- 
13— M.D., 1 8 14 — deputy to Diet, Dec. 1830 — 
Councillor of State, 1831 — if. at Zurich, Sep. 

1839. Sammlung von Schweizerpjlanzen, 1824- 
35 — Beitrdge zu einer Kritischen Aufzdhlung 
der Schweizerpjlanzen, 1831 — Die Flora der 
Schweiz, 1838-40. 

Hegewisch, Dietrich Hermann, historian, I 
- — ft. in Holstein, about 1760^ 15 Dec. 1740 hc 
— Prof. History, Kiel, 1782 — Councillor of 
State, 1805 — if., about 1815^4 Apr. i8i2. bc 
Geschichte Karls des Grossen, 1772 — Geschichte 
der frankischen Monarchic, 1779 — Geschichte 
der Beutschen von Konrad I. bis Heinrich II, 
178 1 — Geographische und historische Nachrich- 
ten die Colonien der Griechen betreffend, 1808. 
a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. c Ersch and Gruber. 

Hegira, (Hej'ra,) Era of the, — commences, 
16 Jul. 622. 

Hegner, TJlrich, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at 
Winterthur, in Switzerland, 1759 — M.D. 
Strasburg, 178 1 — if. at Winterthur, 3 Jan. 

1840. Die Molkencur, 1812 — Suschen's Hoch- 
zeit, 1 8 19 — Leben Hans Holbeins des lunger n, 
1828. 

Heiberg, Peter Andreas, dramatist, miscel- 
laneous writer, — ft. in Denmark, 16 Nov. 1758 
—banished, 1799 — clerk in Ministry of Foreign 
Affairs, Paris, 1803-15 — if. at Paris, 30 Apr. 
i84i, ac 1838. b Samlede Skitespil, 1806-19 — 
Lettres d'un Norvegien, 1822. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Conv.-Lex. 

Heidegger, Johann Heinrich, theologian, — 
ft. in Zurich, Jul. 1633 — Prof. Hebrew, Heidel- 
berg, 1656 — Prof. Theology, Zurich, about 
1666 — if. there, Jan. 1698. Enchiridion bibli- 
cum, 1680 — Historia Papatus, 1684. 

Heidegger, John James, adventurer, — ft. in 
Switzerland, about 1660 — arrives in England, 
about 1708 — if. at Richmond, 4 Sep. 1750. 

Heidelberg, in S. Germany,— small town, 
1225 a — enlarged by Count-Palatine Robert, 
1362 — residence of Electors Palatine, from 
1362 — besieged and taken by Tilly, 1622 — 
taken by Swedes, 1633 — blockaded by Bava- 
rians, 1634 — occupied by Gallas, 1635— given 
up by Swedes at Peace of Westphalia, 1648 — 
suffers in French invasion of Palatinate, 1674 
— ravaged and burnt by French, 1689 and 1693 
• — Court of Elector removed to Manheim, I7i9, d 
1709 b — occupied by French, 1799 — annexed to 
Grand-duchy of Baden, 1802. University of, 
founded by Rupert II., 1386 — its library carried 
off to Rome, 1622 cd — partly restored by Pius 



VII., 1 8 15. Castle, (Schloss,) sacked and part- 
ly burnt by French, 1693 — damaged by light- 
ning, 1764: and since uninhabited. Catechism, 
published, 1562 — approved by Synod of Dort, 
1619. 

a Macculloch. b Engl. Cyc. c Bees' Cyc. 
d Encyc. Mod. 

Heidenheim, Wolf Simson, printer,— ft. at 
Heidenheim, Franconia, 1757 — studies at 
Frankfort, 1782 — if. at Roedelheim, 23 Feb. 
1832. 

Heiderabad. [Hyderabad.] 

Heights, Measurement of. [Barometer.] 

Heilbronn, in S. Germany, — given to Bps 
of Wurzburg, between 741-7 — free city, by 
Frederick II., 1225 — annexed to Duchy of 
Wiirtemberg, 7 Sep. 1802. Treaties of, be- 
tween Charles V. and Ulrich VI., Duke of 
Wiirtemberg, who submits to the Emperor, and 
renounces League of Smalkald, signed, 8 Jan. 
1548 — between Sweden and Protestant States 
of Germany, concluded, Mar. 1633. 

Heilbronner, Johann Christoph, mathema- 
tician, — if. at Leipsic, about 1747. Specimen 
histories a'eris, 1740 — Historia matheseos uni- 
versce, 1742. 

Heilmann, Johann David, theologian, — ft. 
at Osnabriick, 1727 — Prof. Theology, Gottin- 
gen, 1758 — if. there, 22 Feb. 1764. 

Heilmann, Johann Kaspar, painter, — ft. at 
Mulhausen, 17 18 — goes to Paris, 1742 — if. 
there, 1760. 

Heim, Francois Joseph, painter, — ft. at 
Belfort, 16 Dec. 1787 — pupil of Vincent at 
Paris, 1803 — obtains grand prize and goes to 
Rome, 1807 — begins to exhibit at Paris, 18 12 
— received at Academy of Fine Arts, 1829 — 
Officer of Legion of Honour, 1855 — if. at 
Paris, Oct. 1865. 

Heim, Johann Ludwig, geologist,— -ft. at 
Solz, 1 741 — if., 1 81 9. Geologische Beschrei- 
bung des Thiiringer Waldgebirgs, 1796. 

Heimbnrg, Gregor,— ft. at Wurzburg, 1400 
— secretary to JEneas Sylvius, attends Council 
of Basel, 143 1 — syndic at Nurnberg, 1431 — 
ambassador from Duke Sigismund to Assembly 
at Mantua, 1459 — &• a ^ Dresden, Aug. 1472. 
Scripta nervosa justiticeque plena, §c., 1608. 

Hein, Pieter, {Piet Hem,) naval commander, 
— ft. at Delftshaven, 1570^ 1578 b — commands 
expedition against Brazil, defeats Portuguese w 
fleet in All Saints' Bay, i626, a 1627 b — captures ' 
Spanish fleet in West Indies, 9 Sep. 1628 — 
Lieutenant-admiral of Holland, 1628 — falls in 
combat on coast of Flanders, 20 Aug. 1629. 
a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Grubsr. 

Heine, Heinrich, poet, miscellaneous writer, 
— ft. at Dusseldorf, 1 Jan. 1800 — studies at 
Bonn, 1 819 — at Gbttingen, 1820— settles at 
Paris, 1 83 1— if. there, 17 Feb. 1856. Gedichte, 
1822 — Reise-bilder, 1826-31 — Buch der Liedcr, 
1827 — Zur Geschichte der neueren schonen 
Liter atur in Deutschland, 1833 — Pier Salon, 
1 8 34-40 — Romancero, 1 850- 1 — Neuer Fruhling, 
1855 — Letzte Gedichte und Gedauken, 1869. 

Heineccius, Johann Gottlieb, jurist, — ft. 
at Eisenberg, 11 Sep. 1681 — studies at Leipsic, 
1700 — M.A., 1703 — Prof. Philosophy, Halle, 



HEINECCIUS— HELGA. 



6 73 



1 7 r 3— Prof . Laws, 1 7 21 — Prof. Laws, Franeker, 
1724 — Prof. Laws, Frankfort, 1727 — again at 
Halle, 1733 — tJ. there, 31 Aug. 1741. An- 
tiquitatum Romanorum jurispritdentiam illus- 
trantium syntagma, 17 18 — JEIementa juris 
naturce et gentium, 1738 — Historia juris civilis 
Romani ac Germanici, 1733 — Elementa juris 
civilis secundum ordinem Institutionum, 1725 
— Elementa juris civilis secundum ordinem 
Pandectarum, 1728 — Elementa juris Germanici, 
1736. 

Heineccius, {Heinecke,) Johann Michael, — 
b. at Eisenberg, 1674— Pastor at Halle, 1708 
— 0". there, 1722. Scriptores rerum Germani- 
carum, 1700 — Be veteribus Germanorum alia- 
rumque nationum sigillis syntagma, 1709. 

Heinecken, Karl Heinrich, writer on art, — 
b. at Liibeck, 1706 — "is., 5 Dec. 1792^ 23 Jan. 
I79i. b Translation of Longinus, 1737 — JSfach- 
richten von Kunstlern und Kunstsachen, 1768- 
71 — New Nachrichten, 1786 — Idee generate 
d' 'une collection complete d' Estampes, 1770. 
a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Heinicke, Samuel, teacher of deaf mutes, — 
b. in Saxony, 1725^ 10 Apr. 1729 b — founds 
Deaf and Dumb Institution at Leipsic, about 
1779 — tf. there, 30 Apr. J 790. Beobachtungen 
ilber Stumme und die menschliche Sprache, 1778 
— JJeber die JDenkart der Taubstummen, 1783,° 
1780. b a Biog. Univ. 

b Ersch and Gruber. * Conv.-Lex. 

Heinitz, Anton Friedrich, a (Friedrich Au- 
gust, 6 ) Baron von, — b. at Dresden, 1724, 11 
1725 b — cbarged to org nize School of Mines, 
1763 — administrator of Mines in Prussia, Min- 
ister of State to Frederick II., 1776 — Pres. of 
Academy of Fine Arts, Berlin, 1787 — lj., 15 
May 1 802. Memoire sur les produits du regne 
mineral de la monarchic prussienne, 1786. 
a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Heinrich, Carl Friedrich, philologist, — b. 
in Saxe-Gotha, 8 Feb. 1774 — studies at Got- 
tingen, 179 1 — Professor at Gymnasium of 
Breslau, 1801 — Prof. Eloquence and Greek, 
Kiel, 1804 — at Bonn, 18 19 — tr. there, 20 Feb. 
1838. Epimenides aus Greta, 1801 — edition of 
Cicero de Re Publica, 1828 — of Juvenal, 1839. 

Heinrich, Joseph Placidus, natural philo- 
sopher, — b. in Bavaria, 1758 — Prof. Philosophy, 
Ingolstadt, 1792 — Canon of Ratisbon, 1821 — 
0"., 18 Jan. 1825. Pasitiones selectee ex physica 
et mathesi, 1791 — Von der Natur und den 
Eigenschaften des Lichts, 1 808 — Bie Phos- 
phorescenz der Kbrper nach alien Umstdnden 
untersucht und erldutert, 1 8 1 1 -20. 

Heinroth, Johann Christian Friedrich Au- 
gust, physician, $c, — b. at Leipsic, 17 Jan. 
1773— M.D., 1805— Prof. Mental Therapeu- 
tics, 1 8 12 — tf., 26 Oct. 1843. Lehrbuch der 
Anthropologic, 1822 — System der psychisch- 
gerichtlichen Medicin, 1825 — Geschichte und 
Kritik des Mysticismus alter bekannten Vblker 
und Zeiten, 1830 — Grundzuge der Criminal- 
psycholugie, 1833. 

Heinsberg, Jean de, Bp of Liege, — takes 
part in crusade against Hussites, 142 1 — ad- 
heres to the peace imposed by Duke of Bur- 
gundy, 1 43 1 — b\ at Diest, 1459. 



Heinse, Johann Jakob Wilhelm, miscel- 
laneous writer, — b. at Langewiesen, Thuringia, 
i749, a 1746 b <> — visits Italy, 1780-3 — ft. at 
Mentz, 22 Jun. 1803. Sdmmtliche Schriften, 
1838.° a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Conv. -Lex. 

Heinsius, Antonius, statesman, — b., about 
1641 — grand pensionary of Holland, 1689-1720 
— a", at the Hague, 13 Aug. 1720. 

Heinsius, Daniel, philologist, — b. at Ghent, 
about 1580 — studies at Leyden, 1594 — Prof. 
History and Politics, 1605 — librarian and 
secretary to the Univ., 1607 — secretary to 
Synod of Dort, 16 18 — ft. at Leyden, 23 or 25 
Feb. 1655. Crepundia Siliana, 1600 — edition 
of Hesiod, 1603 — Maximi Tyrii dissertationes, 
1607 — Aristotelis PoeUca, 161 1 — Moratius et 
de satira Horatiana, 1612 — edition of Terence, 
1618 — Exercitationes sacrceadNov. Test., 1639. 

Heinsius, Nicholas, philologist, — b. at 
Leyden, 29 Jul. 1620 — visits England, France, 
Italy, 1642-8 — called to Stockholm by Queen 
Christina, 1650 — returns to Holland, about 
1655^ 1653 c — envoy to Bussia, 1667^ 1669 b 
— a", at the Hague, 7 Oct. 168 1. Edition of 
Claudian, 1650 — of Ovid, 1652 — of Virgil, 
\dd\ — of Valerius Flaccus, 1680 — Poemata, 
1666. a Biog. Univ. 

b Rees' Cyc. c Ersch and Gruber. 

Heinze, Johann Michael, philologist, — b. at 
Langensalza, 17 17 — studies at Wittenberg and 
Leipsic, 1736-41 — Director of Gymnasium of 
Weimar, 1770^ 1760 b — rj. there, 1790. 
a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Heister, Elias Friedrich, physician, — b. at 
Altdorf, 17 15 — M.D. Helmstadt, 1738 — ft. at 
Leyden, 1740. Apologia pro medicis atheismi 
accusatis, 1736. 

Heister, Lorenz, physician, — b. at Frank- 
fort-on-the-Main, Sep. 1683 — Prof. Anatomy, 
Altdorf,, 17 10 — at Helmstadt, 1720 — tr. there, 
18 Apr. 1758. Be hypothesium medicarum 
fallacia et pemicie, 17 10 — Compend. anatomic, 
veterum recentiorumque observationes complec- 
tenSy 17 17 — Listitutiones chirurgicce, 1739 — 
Systema generate plantarum ex fructificatione, 
1748. 

Helder, The, in Holland, — occupied by 
Abercromby, 27 Aug. 1799 — evacuated, Oct. 
1799. [Texel.] 

Helena, St, island, — discovered by Juan de 
Noya, 21 May 1502 a — visited by Albuquerque, 
15 1 3 — taken possession of by Dutch, about 
1550 — taken by English, and soon after ceded 
to East India Company, 1673 — place of Napo- 
leon's confinement and death, 18 15-21 — vested 
in English crown, i833, b 1834.* 

a Macculloch. b Engl. Cyc. 

Helena, (St,) Flavia Julia, mother of Con- 
stantine the Great, — b. in Bithynia, about 247 
— repudiated by Constantius Chlorus, 292 — 
recalled to court and named Augusta by Con- 
stantine, 306 — visits Palestine, 325-6 — tf. aij 
Nicomedia, 327, a about 328. b 

a Biog. Univ. b Smith's Diet. 

Helepoleis, military engines, — [B C] — intro- 
duced by Demetrius Poliorketes at siege of, 
Salamis, (in Cyprus,) 306. 

Helga, river in Sweden, — battle of, between 
43 



674 



HELIER— HELVETIUS. 



Cnut the Great and Ulf and Eylaf, 1025.3 
a Lappenberg. 

Helier, St, in Jersey, — surprised by French, 
and recovered by Major Pierson, 6 Jan. 1781 — 
Fort Regent erected, 1806-12 — outer harbour 
constructed, 1841-6 — visited by Queen Victoria, 
2-3 Sep. 1846. 

Heligoland, in North Sea, — St Willibrord 
preaches in, between 700-30 — partly destroyed 
by inuudation, 1649 — annexed to crown of 
Denmark, 1714 — seized by British, 1807 — 
formal cession of, to them, by Treaty of Kiel, 
Jan. 1 8 14 — military establishment broken up, 
1821. 

Heliodorus, Bp, romanckt, — £(., about 400. 

Heliometer, — invented by Bouguer, 1747 — 
similar instrument proposed by Savery to Royal 
Society, 1743. 

Helioscope, — invented or improved by 
Scheiner, a 1611. a Weidler. 

Heliostat, — invented by 'SGravesande, 
about 1742. 

Hell, Maximilian, Jesuit, astronomer, — ft. 
at Schemnitz, Hungary, 13 May 1720— enters 
Order of Jesuits, 1 7 38 — assistant in Observatory, 
.Vienna, 1745 — takes holy orders, 175 1 — Prof. 
Mathematics, Clausenburg,. 1754-8 — director of 
Observatory, Vienna, 1758,* 1755, b 1752° — ' 
sent to Lapland to observe transit of Venus, 
1768-70 — tf. at Vienna, 14 Apr. 1792. 
Ephemerides, 1757-91/ -86 b — De transitu 
Veneris ante disown solis die 3 Jun. 1769, 1770 
— De parallaxi solis, 1773. a EngL Cyc. i 

b Biog. "Univ. c Ersch and Gruber. 

Hellanicus, historian, logographer, — [B C] 
— ft., 496/ 481 b — relates events of 407-6 — tf-, 
405-4. ? c 41 1. a 

a Pamphila. b Others. c Clinton. 

Hellanodicae, judges in Olympic games, — 
[BC]— two, first appointed, (01. 50, 1,) 580.* 
a Clinton. 

Hell-fire Club, in London, — suppressed by 
royal proclamation, 172 1. • 

Hellot, Jean, chemist, — ft. at Paris, 1685 — 
admitted to Academy of Sciences, 1735 — 
F.R.S. London, 1740 — tf., at Paris, 1766. Art 
de la teinture des laines, §c, 1750. 

Helmers, Jan Frederick, poet, — ft. at 
Amsterdam, 1767— tf. there, 26 Feb. 1813. 
So/crates, 1790 — De Hollandsche Natie, 181 2 

Helmfield, Simon Grundel, Baron von, 
statesman, field-marshal, — ft. at Stockholm, 
16 17 — distinguishes himself under Charles X. 
in Poland, 1655-6 — defends Biga against 
Bussians, 1656 — governor of Ingermanland, 
1659 — Field-marshal, governor of Narva, 1672 
— Baron, 1674 — serves under Charles XI. 
against Danes, and is killed at battle of 
Landscron, 14 Jul. 1677. 

Helmont, Franz Mercurius van, physician, 
chemist, — ft. at Vilvorde, about 16 18 — tf. at 
Cologne, or Colin on the .Spree, 11 Berlin, b 1699. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Helmont, Johan Baptista van, physician, 
chemist, — ft. at Brussels, 1577 — retires to 
Vilvorde, 1609 — tf. there, 30 Dec. 1644. 
Ortus medicince, 1648-52. 



Helmsley Castle, in Yorkshire, — built about 
1300-10 — held for Charles L, and surrenders 
to Fairfax, 1644. 

Helmstadt, in Duchy of Brunswick, — 
University of, founded by Julius, Duke of 
Brunswick, 1575 — suppressed by Jerome 
Bonaparte, 1809. 

Heloise, — ft., about 1101 — becomes pupil of 
Abelard, about 1 1 1 8 — birth of her son, 
Astrolabius, 1 1 19 — takes the veil at Argenteuil, 
H19 — abbess of the Paraclete, 11 30 — receives 
Abelard's remains there, 16 Nov. 1142 — tf., 16 
May 1 1 64. Epistolce, 16 16. 

Helots, {Spartan slaves,) — [B C] — conquered 
Messenians reduced to this class, 688 — war of 
Sparta with, 479-653 — revolt of, 464 b — first 
instance of emancipation for bravery, (by 
Brasidas,) 424. a Miiller. b Clinton. 

Helpidius, {Elpidius,)— vicarius of Italy in 

Sardinia, 320-43 — visits St Anthony in Egypt, 

328 — consularis Pannonise, 352 — prgefectus 

prsetoris Orientis, 359-60 — tf. in prison ? 362. 

a Smith's Diet. 

Helpidius, {Elpidius, Helfridius,) poet, — £(., 
about 490. 

Helsingborg, in Siveden, — defeat of Hanse- 
atic forces at, 1362 — defeat of Liibeckers, 1535 
— taken by Frederick IV. of Denmark, Nov. 
1709 — his troops, under Gen. Rantzau, de- 
feated by Gen. Steinbock, near, 10 Mar. 17 10 
— the Stockholm Convention between Great 
Britain and Sweden renewed at, 31 Aug. 1805. 

Helsingfors, in Finland, — founded by 
Gustavus Vasa, 1550— site changed, 1639 — ■ 
burnt by Bussians, 1728 — Swedish army shut 
up in, capitulates to Bussians, 4 Sep. 1742 — 
taken by Bussians, spring 1808 — capital of 
Finland, 18 19 — fortifications (Sveaborg) 
bombarded by allied fleet, 9-10 Aug. 1855. 
University of, transferred from Abo, by Czar 
Nicholas, 1827. 

Heist, Bartholomew van der, painter, — ft. 
at Haarlem, 161 3 or 1601 — tf. at Amsterdam, 
1670. 

Helvetian Republic, — constituted by French, 
12 Apr. 1798 — new constitution established, 17 
Feb. 1802 — another proclaimed, 19 May 1802. 
[Switzerland.] 

Helvetii, Celtic tribe, — [B C] — with Cimbri 
and Teutones invade Gaul, 107 — with Cimbri 
invade Italy, 101 — attempt to settle in Gaul, 
and are driven back by Caesar, 58— [AD] — 
refuse to recognize Vitellius, 70. 

Helvetius, (Johann Friedrich Schweitzer,) 
physician, alchemist, — ft. in Anhalt, 1625 — 
settles in Holland, about 1649 — becomes first 
physician to Prince of Orange ; tf., Aug. 
1709. 

Helvetius, Claude Adrien, philosopher, — ft. 
at Paris, Jan. 1715- — ■ visits England and 
Prussia, 1764-65 — tf. at Paris, 26 Dec. 177 1. 
Le Bonheur, 1772 — De V Esprit, 1758 — De 
V Homme, de scsfacultes intellectuelles et de son 
education, 1772. 

Helvetius, Jean Claude Adrien, physician, 
—ft. at Paris, 18 Jul. 1685— M.D., 1708— physi- 
cian to Louis XIV., 17 1 3 — tf., 17 Jul. 1755. 
Idee generate de V economic animate, §c, 1722 



HELVETIUS— HENKE. 



675 



— Principia phys. medic, in tyronum medicines 
gratiam conscripta, i752, a 1728. b 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Helvetius, Johann Adrian, physician, — ft. 
in Holland, about 1661 — tf. at Paris, 20 Feb. 
1727. Lettres sur la nature et la guerison du 
cancer, 1 69 1 — Methode pour gue'rir toates sortes 
de Jievres, $c„ 1694 — Trait e des maladies les 
plus frequences, #c, 1703-7. 

Helvicus, Christoph, philologist, — ft. near 
Frankfort, 26 Dee. 1581 — Prof. Greek and 
Hebrew, Giessen, 1605 — Prof. Theology, 16 10 
— tf. there, 10 Sep. 161 7. Theatrum chrono- 
logicum, 1609 — Chronologia universalis, 16 r 8. 

Helvoetsluys, in Holland, — William, Prince 
of Orange, embarks on expedition to England 
at, 19 Oct. 1688 — taken by French, 22 Jan. 
1795 — preparations of Napoleon at, for invasion 
of England, 1805 — occupied by British, Dec. 
1813. 

Helwig, Christoph,— fj. in Thuringia, 1663 
— M.D. Erfurt, 1693 — tf. there, 1721. Exotica 
curiosa, 17 n. 

Helwig, Georg Andreas, naturalist,— h. at 
Angerburg, Prussia, about 1666— tf. there, 3 
Jan. 1748. Flora quasimodo genita, §c, 
1 7 1 2 — Tractatus de lapidibus et fossilibus, 17 17 
— Flora campana, 17 19. 

Helwig, Johann, physician, — ft. at Nurn- 
berg, 1609 — M.D. Padua, 1634 — tf. at Ratisbon, 
1674. Alphabetum iatricum, 163 1 — Observa- 
tiones physico-medicce, 1680. 

Helwig, Johann Otto, physician, — ft. in 
Thuringia, 1654— M.D. Erfurt, 1675 — tf. at 
Baireuth, 1698^ i693. b Introitus in veram 
atque inaudit. physic, 1678 — Centrum natures 
concentrat., 1682^ 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Helyot, Pierre, {Father Hippolytus,) his- 
torian, — ft. at Paris, 1660 — enters Franciscan 
Order, 1683 — tf. at the convent of Picpus, 
17 16. Histoire des ordres monastiques, 17 14 
-21. 

Hemans, Felicia Dorothea, poetess,— ft. at 
Liverpool, 25 Sep. 1794— marries Captain 
Hemans, 18 12 — visits Wordsworth, 1830 — tf. 
at Dublin, 12 May 1835. Domestic Affections, 
1 8 12 — Forest Sanctuary, 1827 — Records of 
Woman, 1828 — Songs of the Affections, 1830. 

Hemert, Paul van, philosopher, — ft. at 
Amsterdam, 1756 — Prof. Philosophy and Belles 
Lettres tbere, 1790 — tf. at the Hague, 10 Feb. 
1825. Elements de la Philosophic de Kant, 
1795 — Lectuur by het ontbyt en de the tafel, 
1807. 

Hemina, L. Cassius, historian, — [B C] — fl. 
before 146. 

Hemingford, {Hemingburgh,) Walter de, 
historian, — tf. at Gisborough, (Giseburn,) 
Yorkshire, 1347. Historia de rebus gestis 
Edwardi I., II., et III, (Hearne's Collection, 

mO 

Hemling, Hans. [Memling.] 

Hemsterhuys, Tiberius, philologist, — ft. at 
Groningen, 9 Jan., or 1 Feb. 1685— enters the 
Univ., 1698 — rrof. Mathematics and Philo- 
sophy, Amsterdam, about 1705 — Prof. Greek, 
Franeker, 1720— Prof. Greek, Leyden, 1740 — 



tf. there, 7 Apr. 1766. Edits Luciani Colloquia 
et Timon, 1708 — edits Plutus, (of Aristophanes,) 
1744 — Orationes Latince, 1784. 

Henao, Gabriel de, Jesuit, Prof. Philosophy 
and Theology, Salamanca, — ft. at Valladolid, 
161 1 — enters Order of Jesuits at Salamanca., 
about 1626 — tf. there, Feb. 1704. Empyreo- 
logia, 1652 — Averignaciones de las antiguedades 
de Cantabria, 1689-91. 

Henault, Charles Jeau Francois, historian, 
— ft. at Paris, 8 Feb. 1685 — Counsellor of the 
Parliament, 1706 — Pres., 17 10 — admitted to 
French Academy, 1723 — tf. at Paris, 24 Nov. 
1770. Abrege chronologique de V histoire de 
France, 1744. 

Henault, Jean. [Hesnault.] 

Henckel. [Henkel.] 

Henderson, John, actor, — ft. in London, 
1746 — appears on the stage at Bath, 1772 — at 
London, 1777 — tf. there, 3 Nov. 1783. 

Henderson, Thomas, astronomer, — - ft. at 
Dundee, 28 Dec. 1798 — goes to Edinburgh, 
1819 — director of Observatory, Cape of Good 
Hope, Apr. 1832-3 — astronomer-royal for Scot- 
land, 1834 — tf. at Edinburgh, 23 Nov. 1844. 

Henel, Nicholas, historian, — ft. at Neustadt, 
Silesia, 1582 — goes to Breslau, 1637 — tf. there, 
23 Jul. 1656. Silesiographia et Breslographia, 
i6i3, a i6i4 b — Commentarius de vtteribus JC'tis, 
1641,* 1648. b 

a Biog. Univ. b Erscb. and Gruber. 

Hengestdown, Hengston, in Cornwall, — 
Egbert defeats Northmen and West Britons at, 

835. 

Hengist and Horsa, Saxon chiefs, — land 
in England, on invitation of Vortigern, 449, a 
446 b — fight with Vortigern at iEglesthrep, 
Horsa slain, 455 a — Hengist and his son iEsc 
defeat Britons at Crecganford, and assume 
kingly power, 457 c — again defeat Britons at 
Wippedesfleot, 465 c — and again, 47 3 — death of 
Hengist, 488.° a A.S. Cbron. 

b Bede. c Henry of Huntingdon. 

Hengstenberg, Ernst Wilhelm, theologian, 
— ft. at Frondenberg, (Mark,) 20 Oct. 1802 — 
enters Univ. of Bonn, 1 819 — goes to Basel, 1 823 
— Prof., Extraord. Theology, Berlin, 1826 — 
Ord. Prof., 1828— D.D., 1829— tf.., May 1869. 
Christologie des Alten Testaments, 1829-35 — 
Beitriige zur Einleitung ins Alte Testament, 
1 831-9 — Commentar iiber die Psalmen, 1842-5 
— Erlduterungen iiber die Abschnitte des Pen- 
tateuch, 1842 — Offenbarung des heil. Johannes 
erldutert, 1850-51 — Evangelium des heil. Johan- 
nes erldutert, 186 1-2. 

Henisch, George, philologist, — ft. in Hun- 
gary, 1549 — M.D. Basel, Prof. Logic and 
Mathematics, Augsburg, 1576 — tf. there, May 
16 1 8. Edition of Arethetis of Cappadocia, 
1603 — of Hesiod, 1580 — Institutiones dialectics, 
1590 — Thesaurus linguce et sapientice ger- 
manicce, 16 16. 

Henkart, Pierre Joseph, poet,— ft. at Liege, 
1 76 1 — tf. there, 18 15. (With Eeyniere and 
Bassange,) loisirs de trois amis, 1822. 

Henke, Adolf Christian Heinrich, physician 
— ft. at Brunswick, 12 Apr. 1775 — studies at 
Helmstadt, 1795— M.D. , 1799 — Prof.atUniv.of 
43 * 



6 7 6 



HENKE— HENPJON. 



Erlangen, 1805 — Prof. Physiology, Pathology, 
and Legal Medicine, 18 16— Prof. Therapeutics 
and Clinical Medicine, 181 8 — Sj. at Erlangen, 
8 Aug. 1843. Lehrbuch der gerichtlichen 
Medicin, 181 2 — Zeitschrift fiir die Staatsarznei- 
kunde, 1821-50. 

Henke, Heinrich Philipp Conrad, theologian, 
— ft. in Brunswick, 1752— Prof. Theology, 
Helmstadt, 1777 — Abhot of Micbaelstein, 1786 
— abbot of Konigslutter, 1803 — tf. there, 1809. 
Kirchengesch ichte, 1 7 8 8 - 1 804 — Lineamenta in- 
stitutionum fdei christians, 1783. 

Henkel, Joachim Friedrich, surgeon, — ft. at 
Preussisch-Holland, 4 Mar. 17 12 — tr. at 
Berlin, 1 Jul. 1779. JErste Sammlung medi- 
cinischer und chirurgischer Anmerhungen, 1744 
— Neue Anmerhungen, 1769. 

Henkel, Johann Friedrich, chemist, miner- 
alogist, — ft. at Freiberg, Saxony, 1679 — ft., 
Jan. 1744. Flora saturnisans, 1722 — Fyrito- 
logia, 1725 — Henhelius in Miner alogia redi- 
vivus, 1747. 

Henley, John, [Orator Henley,) divine, — ft. 
at" Melton Mowbray, 1692 — enters St John's 
Coll. Cambridge, about 1709 — begins to make 
himself known in London, about 1726 — arrested 
for treasonable speeches by order of Lord 
Chesterfield, 4 Dec. 1746 — fr., 4 Oct. 1756. 

Hennehon, in Brittany, — seized by troops of 
Charles de Montfort, 1341 — besieged by Charles 
of Blois, defended by Jane de Montfort, and 
relieved by Sir "Walter Manny, 1341 — again 
unsuccessfully besieged by Charles of Blois, 
1342 — taken from English by Duguesclin, 
1373 — taken by assault by Prince de Dombes, 
2 May 1590— invested by Mercceur, 5 Nov. 1590 
— surrenders, Dec. 1590. 

Hennecourt, on the Scheldt, — Marshal de 
Guiche defeated by Don Francisco de Melos, 
14 May 1642. 

Hennepin, Louis, Franciscan, — ft. in Flan- 
ders, a 1640 — missionary to Canada, 1675 — 
returns to Europe, 1697 — If. at Utrecht, about 
i7o6. a Description de la Louisiane, 1683 — 
Nouvelle de'couverte d'un tres-grand pays situe 
dans V Amerique entre le Ffotwcau-Mexique et la 
mer Glaciale, 1697. a Ersch and Gruber. 

Hennequin, Claude, theologian, — ft., 1654 — 
tf. at Pans, 1738. Edition of the Vulgate, 

Hennequin, Pierre Antome, painter,— -ft. at 
Lyons, 1763 — tr. at Tournay, May 1833. 

Hennet, Albert Joseph Ulpien, economist, — 
ft. at Maubeuge, 1758 — serves in Ministry of 
Finance, 1777 — sent to organize finances of 
Piedmont, 1 801 — member of Legion of Honour, 
1 8 14 — tf. at Paris, 10 May 1828. Recueil 
methodique des lois, decrets, §c, sur le cadastre 
de France, 1 8 1 1 — Mtmoire sur le re'tablissement 
des finances, 1814 — Traite du credit public, 
1816. 

Henniges, Heinrich von, diplomatist, pub- 
licist, — ft. in Franconia, 5 Sep. 1645 — LL.D. 
Altdorf, 1670 or 1676 — secretary of Prussian 
legation, Diet of Eatisbon, 1679— ambassador 
to Congress of Frankfort, 17 11 — a", there, 26 
Aug. 17 1 1. Observations politicce et morales 
in Hug. Grotii de jure belli et pads, 1673 — Fe 



summa imperatoris Romani potestate circa sacra, 
1676 — circa prof ana, 1677. 

Hennin, Henry Christian, philologist, — 
M.D. Utrecht, 1679— ft. at Utrecht,* Rector of 
Univ. of Duisburg, b 1703. Edition of Juvenal, 
1685 — of Fpistolce itinerarice (of Jakob Tol- 
lius), 1700. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 
Hennin, Pierre Michel, diplomatist, — ft. at 
Paris, 1730 — assists at Congress of Augsburg, 
1 76 1 — resident minister in Poland, 1764 — ad- 
mitted to Academy of Inscriptions, 1785 — 
member of Executive Commission of External 
Relations, 1794-6 — tj. at Paris, 5 Jul. 1807. 

Hennings, August Adolph Friedrich von, 
publicist, — ft. in Holstein, 1746 — secretary of 
Danish Embassy at Berlin, 1772 — Counsellor of 
Justice, Director of General Magazine, Copen- 
hagen, about Dec. 1776 — Counsellor of 
State, 1779 — o\ at Rantzau, 17 May 1827, a 11 
May i826. l3C Fssai historique sur les arts et 
sur leurs progres en Fanemarh, 1778 — Fhilo- 
sophische Versuche, 17%0—Fhilosophisch-statis- 
tische Geschichte des Ursprungs und des Wachs- 
thums der englischen Freiheit, 1783 — Beitruge 
zur Statistih der Fdnischen Staaten, 1784-90. 
a Biog. Univ. b Erscli and Gruber. 

c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 
Hennings, Johann Christoph, — ft. in Hol- 
stein, 1708 — Prof. Physics and Metaphysics, 
Kiel, librarian to Univ., 1738-63 — lj. there, 
about 1764. Specimen planetographice phy- 
sicce, 1738. 

Hennuyer, Jean le, Bp of Lisieux, — ft. at 
St Quentin or near Laon, 1497 — D.D. Coll. of 
Navarre, 1539 — ^ r0 ^ Theology, 1540-56 — 
first almoner to Henry II., 1552— Bp of 
Lisieux, 1560 — opposes edict favourable to 
Calvinists, Jan. 1562 — tr. at Lisieux, 12 Mar. 
1578. 

Henoticon, concordat between churches of 
Constantinople and Alexandria, — published by 
Emperor Zeno, 482 s — rejected by Felix III. 
and Western church, 484 — confirmed by Em- 
peror Anastasius, 496 b — revoked by Justin I., 
519.° a Neander. b Clinton. 

c Art de Verifier les Dates. ' 
Henricians. [Henry the Feacon.~\ 
Henrietta Maria, of England, Duchess of 
Orleans, — ft. at Exeter, 16 Jun. 1644 — taken 
by her mother the queen to France, Jul. 1644 
— visits England with her mother, 1660 — mar- 
ries Philip, Duke of Orleans, 31 Mar. 1661 — 
sent with Louise de Keroual on political mission 
to England, 1670 — tf. suddenly at St Cloud, 30 
Jun. 1670. 

Henrietta Maria, of France, Queen of 
England, — ft. at Paris, 25 ]S T ov. 1609 — marries 
Prince of Wales, (Charles I.,) 13 Jun. 1625 — 
goes to Holland, parts with crown jewels and 
procures arms and stores for the king, 1642 — 
lands at Burlington, 22 Feb. 1643 — the Com- 
mons propose her impeachment, 22 May 1643 — 
joins the king at Oxford, 13 Jul. 1643 — leaves 
England, 14 Jul. 1644 — visits England, May 
1660 — ft. at Chaillot, 10 Aug., a 10 Sep. b 1669. 
a Annals of England. b Biog. Univ. 

Henrion, Denis, mathematician, — teacbes 
Mathematics at Paris, 1607 — Xf., about 1640. 



HENEIOT— HENEY IV. 



677 



Memoires mathematiques, 16 12 — Elements 
geometriques d'Euclide, traduits et commented, 
1 6 15 — Traite des Logarithmes, 1626. 

Henrion de Pansey, Pierre Paul Nicolas, 
jurist, — ft. near Ligny, 28 Mar. 1742 — advo- 
cate at Paris, 1763 — member of Court of Cassa- 
tion, 1800 — Pres. of Court of Cassation, Feb. 
1809 — First Pres. Court of Cassation, 1828 
— 0". at Paris, 23 Apr. 1829. Dissertations 
fe'odales, 1789 — (Euvres, 1843. 

Henriot, Francois, military commander of 
Paris, — ft. at Nanterre, 1761 — commander of 
the Sansculottes, 10 Aug. 1792 — takes part in 
the massacres of Sep. 1792 — in the insurrections 
of 31 May and 2 Jun. 1793 — Commandant- 
general of armed forces in Paris, Jun. 1793 — 
executed at Paris, 28 Jul. 1794. 

Henriquez, Enrico, Jesuit, — tf. at Tibur, 
26 Jan. 1608. Summa Theologia Moralis, 

i59 r -3-. 

Henriquez, Enrico, Cardinal, diplomatist, — 
ft. at Otranto, 1701 — ft., 25 Apr. 1756. Italian 
translation of the Imitation of Jesus Christ, 

1 754-5 , a i734- b 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Henry, Fort, on Tennessee River, U.S., — 
surrenders to Federals, 6 Feb. 1862. 

Henry of Hainault, Emperor of the East, 
— ft. at Valenciennes, ii74 a — takes part in 
fourth crusade, 1203 — defeats Theodore Las- 
caris in Mysia, 1205 — Begent of the Empire 
on defeat of his brother, Baldwin I., at Adri- 
anople, Apr. 1205 — unsuccessfully besieges 
Adrianople and Didymoteichos, 1205 — succeeds 
Baldwin, and is crowned, 20 Aug. 1206 a — • 
marries Agnes, daughter of Marquis of Mont- 
ferrat, 1206 — concludes a truce with Theodore 
Lascaris, 1 207 b — marries daughter of Joannices 
of Bulgaria, 1207— besieges and takes Pema- 
nenos, c Lentianes, b 12 14 — If., n Jun. I2i6. a 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Finlay. 

c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Henry I., the Foivler, Duke op Saxony, 
and King op Germany, — ft., 876 — succeeds 
his father, Otto I., 111 Duchy of Saxony, 912 — ■ 
elected to succeed Conrad I., 918,* 919 c - — in- 
vades and annexes Lorraine, 923-5 a — truce with 
Hungarians for nine years, 926 c — reduces the 
Slaves, 926-30 c — defeats Hungarians at Merse- 
burg, 934 b — interview with the kings of 
France and Burgundy, 934° — tf. at Mansleben, 
Thuringia, 2 Jul. 936. "Art de Verifier-les Dates. 
b Gibbon. c Menzel. 

Henry, the Saint and the Lame, Duke op 
Bavaria, II. King of Germany, and I. Em- 
peror or the Eomans, — ft., 6 May 972 — suc- 
ceeds his father in Duchy of Bavaria, 995 — 
elected King of Germany at Mentz to succeed 
Otto III., 6 Jun. 1002 — defeats his rival, Her- 
man, Duke of Suabia, 1002 — marries Cune- 
gunda, 1003 — passes into Italy, puts to flight 
Ardouin, Marquis of Ivrea, and is crowned 
King of Lombardy at Pavia, 15 May 1004 — 
gives up Bavaria to his son-in-law Henry, 
1004 — drives Boleslaus, king of Poland, out of 
Bohemia, 1006 — erects Hungary into a king- 
dom, 1007— founds See of Bamberg, 10 10 — 
again passes into Italy, and defeats the usurper 



Ardouin, 1013 — restores Pope Benedict VIII., 
beginning 10 14 — crowned Emperor with his 
Queen at Borne, 14 Feb. 1014 — defeated by 
the Poles, 1015 — makes peace with them, 1018 
— goes again to Italy, takes Troja from Greeks, 
102 1 — presides at Council of SeHgenstadt, 1022 
— concludes peace with Eobert, king of France, 
1023 — tf. at Grone, in Saxony, 14 Jul. 1024 — 
canonized by Eugenius II., 1152. 

Henry III., (II.,) the Black, King op Ger- 
many, and Emperor of the Eomans, — ft. at 
Osterbeck, in Holland, 28 Oct. 1017— elected 
King of Germany, 1026 — crowned at Aix-la- 
Chapelle, Easter Day 1028 — marries Gunhilda, 
daughter of Cnut, 1036 — death of his wife, 
18 Jul. 1038 — succeeds his father, Conrad II., 
Jun. 1039 — Heribert, Abp of Milan, submits to 
him at Ingelheim, 1040 — marries Agnes, 
daughter of "William, Duke of Aquitaine, 1 
Nov. 1043 — passes into Italy, holds Diet at 
Eoncaglia, 1046 — deposes Popes Benedict IX., 
Sylvester III., and Gregory VI., at Council of 
Satri, and appoints Clement II., 1046 — crowned 
Emperor with his wife, by Clement II., at 
Eome, Christmas Day 1046 — receives Pope 
Leo IX. at Augsburg, 1050 — interview with 
Henry I. of France, at Mentz, 1054 — again 
passes into Italy, 1055 — holds Diet at Eon- 
caglia, 5 May 1055— interview with Henry I. 
of France, at Yvoi in Luxembourg, 1056 — 
receives Pope Victor II. at Goslar, Sep. 1056 
— fr. at Botfeld, 5 Oct. 1056. 

Henry IV., (III.,) the Great, King or Ger- 
many, and Emperor of the Eomans, — ft., 11 
Nov. 1050 — named Duke of Bavaria, 1052 — 
title transferred to his brother, 1053 — elected 
King of Germany, 1053 — crowned, 17 Jul. 
1054 — succeeds his father, Henry III., under 
Eegency of Agnes, 5 Oct. 1056 — carried off, 
and chief power seized by Anno, Abp of Cologne, 
Easter 1062 — assumes government, about 1065 
— marries Bertha, daughter of Otto, Marquis 
of Suza, 1066 — convokes Council at Mentz, to 
get his marriage annulled, but is prevented by 
the legate Peter Damiani, 1069 — at Diet of 
Goslar, deprives Otto II. of Bavaria, and 
gives Duchy to "Welf, 1071 — his quarrel with 
Gregory VII. respecting investitures, begins 
1073— revolt of Saxons, 1073 — defeats Saxons 
near TInstrut, 8 Jun. 1075 — holds Council at 
Worms and deposes Gregory, 23 Jan. 1076 — 
excommunicated and deprived of kingdom by 
Gregory, at Council of Eome, Lent 1076 — 
promises submission to the pope, at Tibur, 16 
Oct. 1076 — submits and is absolved by Gregory 
at Canossa, 28 Jan. 1077 — breaks his promise, 
Feb. 1077 — his rival, Rudolph of Suabia, 
elected, 17 Mar. 1077 — defeated by Eudolph, 
1078 — defeats him, 7 Aug. 1078 — again ex- 
communicated at Council of Eome, Nov. 1078 
— defeated by Eudolph at Fladenheim, 27 Jan. 
1080 — again excommunicated at Council of 
Eome, 7 Mar. 1080 — procures deposition of 
Gregory and election of Guibert, (Clement III.,) 
at Council of Brixen, 23 Jun. 1080 — defeats 
Eudolph at Wolksheim, in Thuringia, 15 Oct. 
1080 — invades Italy and advances to Eome, but 
retires, spring 1081 — his assistance invited by 



6 7 8 



HENRY. 



Greek Emperor Alexius, 1081 — Hermann of 
Luxembourg elected King of Germany, at Gos- 
lar, 9 Aug. 1 08 1 — forms siege of Rome, 1083 
— enters Rome with Guibert, 21 Mar. 1084 — 
— crowned Emperor by him, 31 Mar. 1084 — 
besieges Gregory in San Angelo, Apr. to May 
1084 — on approach of Robert Guiscard retires 
to Lombardy, May 1084 — returns to Germany, 
and defeats his rivals Hardouin of Luxembourg, 
Welf of Bavaria, and Ecbert of Thuringia, 
1084-5 — makes peace with Hermann, 1088 — 
death of his empress Bertha, 1088 — excom- 
municated by Urban II., 1089 — marries Prin- 
cess Praxede (Adelaide) of Russia, 1089 — 
invests Mantua, Jul. 1090 — takes it, n Apr. 
1 09 1 — returns to Germany, leaving his son 
Conrad to continue war with Countess Matilda, 
1092 — revolt of Conrad, who is crowned king 
at Monza, 1093 — puts Conrad under ban of the 
Empire, and declares Ins second son, Henry, 
successor at Diet of Aix-la-Chapelle, close of 
1098 — revolt of Henry, Dec. 11 04— marches 
against him, but battle prevented, near Ra- 
tisbon, Aug. 1105 — interview with Henry at 
Coblentz, 13 Dec. 1105 — on his way to Diet 
of Mentz is arrested by Henry, 22 Dec. 11 05 
— deprived of Imperial decorations, 23 Dec. 
1 105 — at Diet of lngelheim is refused absolu- 
tion by legate, after Christmas 1105 — escapes 
from confinement, 11 06 — ft. at Liege, 7 Aug. 
1 106. 

Henry V., King of Germany, and Em- 
peror of the Romans, — ft., 11 Aug. 108 1 — 
crowned as colleague of his father, Henry IV., 
6 Jan. 1099 —declared King of Germany, Christ- 
mas 1 1 02 — dethrones his father, Dec. 11 05 — 
crowned, 6 Jan. 11 06 — succeeds, 7 Aug. 1106 
— carries on war unsuccessfully with Count of 
Flanders, 11 07 — with king of Hungary, 1108 
—invades Silesia and is defeated by Boleslaus 
III., near Breslau, 1109 — invades Italy, Aug. 
1 1 10— celebrates Christmas at Florence, 11 10 
— meets ambassadors of Pascal II. at Acqua- 
pendente, 5 Feb. 1 1 1 1 — goes to Rome, demands 
Imperial crown of Pascal II., refuses to re- 
nounce investitures, and arrests the pope, 12 
Feb. 1 1 1 1 — obtains bull, granting investitures, 
and releases him, 8 Apr. — crowned by Pascal, 
13 Apr. — Pascal revokes his concessions, 11 12 
• — excommunicated by Council of Yienne, Sep. 
1 1 1 2 — rebellion of the Princes excited by 
legate, 11 12 — excommunicated by Council of 
Jerusalem, about 1 1 1 2— marries Matilda, daugh- 
ter of Henry 1. of England, 7 Jan. 1 1 14 — excom- 
municated by Council of Beauvais, Dec. 11 14 — 
by Council of Rheims, Mar. 1 1 15 — by Council of 
Cologne, Apr. 11 15 — by Council of Chalons, 
Jul. 1 1 15 — claims estates of Countess Matilda, 
summer 1115 — excommunicated by Council of 
Cologne, Christmas 11 15 — marches into Italy, 
1 1 16— enters Rome, flight of the Pope, early 
1 1 17— crowned Emperor by Maurice Bourdin, 
Abp of Braga, Easter 11 17 — again at Rome, 2 
Mar. 1 1 1 8 — procures election of antipope, 
Maurice Bourdin, (Gregory VIII.,) 9 Mar. — 
crowned again by him, Whit-Sunday 11 18 — 
settles ques.ion of investitures with Calixtus 
II. at Worms, 8 Sep. 1122 — declares war on 



France, n 25 — ft. at Utrecht, 23 May 11 25. 

Henry VI., King of Germany, and Em- 
peror of the Romans, — ft., 1165 — elected 
King of the Romans, Jun. 11 69 — marries Con- 
stance, heiress of Sicily, 27 Jan. 1 186 a — Regent 
of Empire during absence of his father on 
crusade, Apr. 11 89 — claims Sicily on death of 
William the Good, and is opposed by Tancred, 
1 189 — succeeds his father, Frederick Bar- 
barossa, Jun. 11 90 — invades Italy, Nov. 1190 
— crowned Emperor at Rome by Celestine III., 
15 Apr. 1 1 91 — gives up Tusculum to Romans, 
Apr. 1 19 1 — war with Tancred in S. Italy, 
1 1 91 — his wife taken prisoner and sent to 
Tancred; unsuccessfully besieges Naples, and 
sets out for Germany, end of Aug. 1191 — 
imprisons Richard I. of England, Dec. 11 92 — 
excommunicated by Celestine III., early 1193 
— releases Richard, 4 Feb. 11 94 — conquers 
Sicily, 1 194 — crowned at Palermo, 23 Oct. 
1 1 94 — puts to death adherents of Tancred, Dec. 
1 1 94 — returns to Germany, early 11 95 — takes 
the cross, 11 96 — suppresses revolt in Sicily, 
1 196 — fr. at Messina, 28 Sep. 1197. a Kington. 

Henry VII., (V. Count of Luxemburg,) 
King of Germany, and Emperor of the 
Romans, — ft., about 1263 — succeeds his father 
as Count, 1288 — marries Margaret of Brabant, 
28 May 1292 — signs treaty of alliance with. 
Philip the Fair of France against Edward I. of 
England, 1294 — elected to succeed Albert I. as 
King of the Romans, at Rentz, 15 Nov., and at 
Frankfort, 27 Nov. 1308 — crowned at Aix-la- 
Chapelle, 6 Jan. 1309 — procures marriage of 
his son John to Elizabeth, heiress of Bohemia, 
1 3 10 — leaves John Vicar of the Empire, and 
passes into Italy, Oct. 13 10— enters Milan, 23 
Dec. 1 3 10 — crowned King of Lombardy, 6 Jan. 
13 1 1 — pacifies Lombardy, 1311 — death of his 
queen at Genoa, 11 Dec. 131 1 — reaches Rome, 
7 May 1312 — unsuccessfully attempts to expel 
Neapolitan troops, May — crowned Emperor in 
church of St John Lateran, by legate of 
Clement V., 29 Jun. — summons Princes of 
Italy to Pisa, and puts Robert, king of Naples, 
under ban of the Empire, 25 Apr. 131 3 — sets 
out for conquest of Naples, 9 Aug. 131 3 — tf. 
at Buonconvento in Tuscany, 24 Aug. 131 3 — 
Politian, Dominican monk of Montepulciano, 
accused of poisoning him, 13 13 — formal acquit- 
tal of the Order by his son John, king of 
Bohemia, about 1343. 

Henry, King of the Romans, {son of Fred- 
erick II., Emperor,) — ft., 12 12 — crowned as 
colleague of his father in kingdom of Sicily, 
1 2 12 — promise of Frederick to the pope to 
transfer Sicily to his son, on his own accession 
to empire, 1 Jul. 1216 — taken to Germany, 
12 16 — elected King of the Romans at Frank- 
fort, Apr. 1220 — left in guardianship of Engel- 
bert, Abp of Cologne, 1220 — consecrated King 
at Aix-la-Chapelle, 1222 — holds Diet at Frank- 
fort, 1224 — marries Margaret of Austria, at 
Ntirnberg, 1225 — marches into Italy, baffled at 
Verona, returns, 1226 — his queen crowned at 
Aix-la-Chapelle, 1227- — suppresses revolt of 
Duke of Bavaria, 1229 — rebels, 1231 — meets 
his father at Friuli, and submits, Mar. 1232 — 



HENRY RASPON— HEXRY IV. 



679 



holds Diet at Frankfort, Feb. 1234— forms 
league of princes against his father, Dec. 1234 
■ — his rebellion suppressed, summer 1235 — im- 
prisoned, 1235 — a"., about 1242. 

Henry Raspon, Landgrave of Thuringia, 
{king of priests,) — elected King of the Romans, 
after deposition of Frederick II. by Innocent 
IV. at Hocheim, near Wurzburg, 22 May 
1246^ — defeats Conrad on the Main, 25 Jul. 
1246 a — defeated by Conrad, 1247 — tr. at the 
Wartburg, 17 Feb. 1247^ a Kington. 

Henry I., King of France,— b. ioo5, a 
101 1 b — crowned at Rheims, 14 May 1027 — suc- 
ceeds his father, Robert II., 20 Jul. 1031— 
civil war excited by his mother Constance in 
favour of his brother Robert, retires to Fecamp, 
and with aid of Duke of Normandy defeats 
Robert, 1031 — concludes peace with Eudes 
Count of Blois and Champagne, about 1034 — 
suppresses revolt of his brother Eudes, and 
takes him prisoner, 1040-41 c — marries for second 
wife, Anne, daughter of Jaroslav, Duke of 
Russia, 105 1 — aids "William Count of Arques 
against William Duke of Normandy, 1053 — 
has his son Philip crowned at Rheims, 23 May 
1059 — "&. at Vitri, 29, a 4 b Aug. 1060. 
a Art cle Verifier les Dates. 
b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Henault. 

Henry II., King of France, — b. at St 
Germain-en-Laye, 31 Mar. 15 19 — marries 
Catherine de' Medici, at Marseilles, 28 Oct. 
1533 — succeeds his father Francis 1., 31 Mar. 
1547 — present at a duel between two of his 
courtiers, 10 Jul. 1547— crowned, 26 or 28 
Jul. 1547 — sends auxiliaries to Scotland, 1548 
— enters Paris, 16 Jun. 1549 — his queen 
crowned at St Denis, 18 Jun. — present at 
burning of Protestants at Paris, 5 Jul. — carries 
on war with English for recovery of Boulogne, 
Aug. — commences and relinquishes siege of 
Boulogne, autumn : treaty of peace, acquisition 
of Boulogne, agreement for marriage of Prin- 
cess Elizabeth to Edward VI., signed, 24 Mar. 
1550 — enters Boulogne, 15 May 1550 — quar- 
rels with the pope respecting Duchies of Parma 
and Piacenza, 155 1 — prohibits sending money 
to Rome, 155 1 — concludes treaty of Cbambord 
with Maurice of Saxony, 5 Oct. 155 1— declares 
himself protector of German Protestants, and 
takes Toul, Metz, and Verdun, 1552 — unsuc- 
cessfully besieges chateau of Renti, Aug. 1554 
— concludes alliance with Pope Paul IV. against 
Spaniards, 15 Dec. 1555 — makes truce of five 
years with emperor, 5 Feb. 1556 — renews war 
with Philip II., 1556— battle of St Quentin, 
Aug. 1557 — recovery of Calais from English, 
Jan. 1558 — treaty of Cateau-Cambresis, Jan. 
1559 — wounded by Count of Montgommeri, at 
a tournament at Paris, 29 Jun. 1559 — &• a * the 
Palais des Tournelles, 10 Jul. 1559. 

Henry III., King of France, — b. at Fon- 
tainebleau, 19 Sep. 155 1 — as Duke of Anjou, 
wins battles of Jarnac, Mar., and Moncontour, 
Oct. 1569 — unsuccessfully besieges Rocbelle, 
Mar. 1573 — receives offer of crown of Poland, 
18 Aug. 1573 — crowned King of Poland, at 
Cracow, 24 Feb. 1574 — proclaimed King of 
France, 30 May — hears of death of his brother 



Charles IX. and secretly quits Poland, 1 8 Jun. 
— holds Council at Lyons, 6 Sep. — crowned at 
Rheims, 13 or 15 Feb. 1575 — marries Princess 
Louise de Vaudemont, Feb. — enters Paris, 27 
Feb. 1575 — publishes edict of pacification, May 
1576 — assembles States at Blois, declares him- 
self head of the League, Dec. 1576 to Mar. 
1577 — signs Peace of Bergerac, 5 Oct. 1577 — 
founds the Pont Neuf at Paris, May 1578 — 
founds Order of Holy Spirit, Dec. 1578 — revokes 
privileges of Protestants by Edict of Nemours, 
7 Jul. 1585 — 'War of the three Henries,' 1586 
— takes the field in person, Oct. 1587 — Paris 
in the hands of the League, 12 May 1588 — 
flight of the king, 13 May — opens States-Gener- 
al at Blois, 10 Oct. — orders assassination of 
Duke of Guise and Cardinal of Guise, 23 and 
24 Dec. — death of the queen-mother, 5 Jan. 
1589 — decree of the Sorbonne absolving his sub- 
jects from allegiance, early 1589 — allies himself 
with Henry of Navarre, 30 Apr. — advances 
with him towards Paris, Jul. — reaches St 
Cloud, 31 Jul. — assassinated by Jacques Cle- 
ment, 1 Aug.— tf., 2 Aug. 1589. 

Henry IV., the Great, King of France 
and of Navarre, — b. at Pau in Beam, 14 Dec. 
1553 — taken to court of France, 1564^ 156 1 e 
— returns to Pau, i566, a 1562 e — accompanies 
his mother to Rochelle and is received as head 
of Protestant party, 1569 — takes part in battles 
of Jarnac and Moncontour, 1569 — goes to 
court after Peace of St Germain, 1570 — his 
marriage to Margaret of Valois proposed by 
Charles IX. and agreed to, 157 1 — death of his 
mother, the Queen of Navarre, at Paris, 10 Jun. 
1572 — succeeds as King of Navarre: marries 
Margaret at Paris, 18 Aug. 1572— compelled 
to abjure Protestantism, during massacre of 
St Bartholomew, 24 Aug. 1572 — quits Paris 
secretly, 20 Feb. 1576 — and rejoins Hugue- 
nots; concludes treaty with queen-mother, Feb. 
1579 — promotes the ' War of the Lovers,' 1580 
— takes Cahors, 5 May — concludes peace, 26 
Nov. — heir-presumptive of throne of France on 
death of Francis, Duke of Anjou, Jun. 1584 — 
excommunicated and declared incapable of suc- 
ceeding by Sixtus V., 10 Sep. 1585 — opposed 
by the League and the Royalists, ' War of the 
three Henries,' 1586 — besieged in Nerac by 
Mayenne, 1586 — defeats Duke of Joyeuse at 
Coutras, 20 Oct. 1587 — returns to Beam, 1587 
— gives support to Henry III., Apr. 1589 — 
with him invests Paris, Jul. — succeeds Henry 
III., 2 Aug. 1589 — raises siege of Paris and 
retires to Normandy ; defeats Duke of May- 
enne near Arques, 2 1 Sep. — with English aux- 
iliaries sets out from Dieppe for Paris, 19 Oct. 
—unsuccessfully attempts Paris, 1-4 Nov. — 
retires to Tours*, Cardinal of Bourbon proclaim- 
ed king at Paris, 21 Nov. — defeats Mayenne at 
Ivry, 14 Mar. 1590 — forms siege of Paris, 7 
May — death of Cardinal of Bourbon, 9 May — 
captures the faubourgs of Paris, 27 Jul. — raises 
the siege, 30 Aug. — pursues Duke of Parma, 
Sep. — attempts to surprise Paris, Jan. 159 1 — 
invests Chartres, 9 Feb. — condemned by moni- 
torial letters of Gregory XIV., 1 Mar. — capitu- 
lation of Chartres, 19 Apr. — English aiuilia- 



68o 



HENRY. 



lies sent by Queen Elizabeth under Sir John 
Norris, Apr. — another body under Earl of 
Essex, Jul. — besieges Eouen, Nov. — repulsed 
by Duke of Parma near Aumale, Feb. 1592 — 
compelled to raise siege of Eouen, 20 Apr. 
1592 — passes into Champagne, takes Epernai, 
Jul. 1592 — takes Dreux, 18 Jun. 1593 — pro- 
fesses Catholic faith at St Denis, 25 Jul. 1593 
— conference with Duplessis-Mornay at Char- 
tres, Sep. 1593 — attempt to assassinate him 
frustrated, Aug. — anointed king at Chartres, 
27 Feb. 1594 — enters Paris, 22 Mar. — attempt 
of Jean Chatel to assassinate him at Paris, 27 
Sep., a Dec. bc 1594 — expulsion of Jesuits, 29 
Dec. — declares Avar on Philip II. of Spain, 17 
Jan. 1595 — defeats Mayenne and Spaniards at 
Fontaine- Francaise, 5, c 30 d Jun. 1595- — enters 
Lyons, 4 Sep. — his absolution pronounced by 
Clement VIII. at Eome, 17 Sep. — concludes 
peace with Mayenne, Jan. 1596 — opens Assem- 
bly of Notables at Eouen, 4 Nov. 1596 — 
marches into Picardy to oppose Spaniards, Mar. 
1597 — receives submission of Duke of'Mercceur, 
at Angers, spring 1598 — publishes Edict of 
Nantes, Apr. 1598 — Peace of Vervins, 2 May 
1598 — appoints Marquis of Eosni (Sully) super- 
intendent of finances, 1599 — n ^ s marriage with 
Margaret of Valois annulled, 17 Dec. 1599 — 
present at conference of Fontainebleau, 4 May 
1600 — declares war on Duke of Savoy, Jul. 
1600 — marries Maria de' Medici at Lyons, 10 
Dec. 1600 — recalls Jesuits, Sep. 1603 — mediates 
between Venice and the Pope, 1607 — between 
United Provinces and Spain, 1609 — his queen 
crowned at St Denis, 13 May 1610 — assassinat- 
ed at Paris, by Eavaillac, 14 May 16 10. 

a Biog. Univ. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

c Henaujt. d Mezerai. e Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Henry I., Beanclerc, King of England, — 
f>. at Selby in Yorkshire, ic68 — quarrels with 
his brother Eobert and is imprisoned, 1089 — ■ 
reconciled, and assists Eobert in suppressing 
revolt of Normans, 1090 — besieged in Mount 
St Michael by his brothers William II. and 
Eobert, and exiled, 1091 — invited to become 
governor of Domfront, about 1093 — makes Avar 
on Eobert in Normandy, 1095 — present at 
death of William in NeAV Forest, 2 Aug. 1100 
— chosen at Winchester to succeed William II., 
3 Aug. 1 100— crowned at Westminster, 5 Aug. 
— reestablishes laAvs of the Confessor by charter 
of 6 Aug. — reinstates Anselm in the primacy, 
1 1 00 — marries Maud of Scotland, 11 Nov. 
1 1 00 — invasion of his brother Eobert, 19 Jul. 
1101 — makes terms and induces him to retire : 
rebellion of Eobert of Belesme, n 01 — quarrel 
Avith Anselm respecting investitures begins at 
Council of London, Sep. 1103 — invades and 
partly conquers Normandy, 1 1 04 — meets Eobert 
at Northampton, refuses to give up his con- 
quests, Lent 1 106 — defeats and captures Eobert 
at Tinchebrai, 28 Sep. 1106 — and is acknoAV- 
ledged Duke of Normandy : terminates dispute 
with Anselm, autumn 11 06 — contracts for mar- 
riage of his daughter Maud to Emperor Henry 
V., 1 110— passes into Normandy, 11 10 — treaty 
of peace at Gisors, end of Mar. n 13 — goes to 
Normandy, Sep. n 13— invades Wales, Apr. 



1 1 14 — assumes lordship of Welsh Sees, 11 15 — 
assists his nepheAV Theobald of Blois against 
King of France, 11 16 — in Normandy, carries 
on Avar with King of France and Earls of An- 
jou and Flanders, 11 17-20 — death of his queen 
at AVestminster, 1 May 11 18 — defeats King of 
France at Brenneville, near Noyon, 20 Aug. 
11 19 — indecisive engagement near Chateau d' 
Eu, Sep. 1 1 19 — meets Pope Calixtus II. at 
Gisors, close of Oct. 11 19 — peace concluded 
with France through his mediation : returns 
to England, Nov. 11 20 — loses his son William 
by shipwreck, 25 Nov. 11 20 — marries Adelais 
of Louvain, 2 Feb. 1121 — marches against 
Welsh, summer 1121 — resists demand of Earl 
of Anjou for dower of his daughter, 11 23 — re- 
volt in Normandy in favour of Eobert's son 
William, spring 11 23 — passes into Normandy, 
Jun. 1 123 —carries on the Avar there, 1 123-26 — ■ 
returns to England, Sep. 11 26 — visited by 
David of Scotland, 11 26 — compels nobles to 
swear fealty to his daughter Maud, 25 Dec. 
1 1 26 — marries Maud to Geoffrey of Anjou, 
spring 1 1 27 — in Normandy, war with Count of 
Flanders, summer 11 28 — visited by Grand 
Master of the Templars, 1128-29 — in Norman- 
dy, 1 130 — intervieAV with Pope Innocent II. at 
Chartres, returns Avith Maud, Sep. 11 31 — again 
causes fealty to be sworn to her at Northamp- 
ton, 1 1 31 — goes to Normandy, 11 33 — quarrels 
Avith Geoffrey of Anjou, 11 35 — ft. at Eouen, 1 
Dec. 1 1 35. 

Henry II., Fitz-Empress, (Henry Tlan- 
tagenet,) King of England, — ft. at Mans, in 
Maine, Mar. 1133" — brought to England by 
Eobert, Earl of Gloucester, Dec. 1142 — edu- 
cated in Bristol Castle, 1 142-47 b — returns to 
Normandy, about Whitsuntide 1147 — comes 
to England, 1149 — knighted by David of Scot- 
land, at Carlisle, Whitsuntide 1149 — returns 
to Normandy, early 1 150 — invested with Duchy 
of Normandy by Louis VIL, 1 150— succeeds 
his father, Geoffrey, asEarhof Anjou, Touraine, 
and Maine, 7, a 10 b Sep. 1 151 — marries Eleanor 
of Aquitaine, Whitsunday, 18 May 1152 — • 
urged by Earl of Chester, invades England, 
1 152 — concludes peace Avith Stephen, and re- 
ceives fealty as future King of England, at 
Winchester, 7 Nov. 115 3 — with Stephen, visits 
Winchester, London, and Oxford, 11 54 — re- 
turns to Normandy, after Easter 1154 — suc- 
ceeds on death of Stephen, 25 Oct. 11 54 — 
arrives in England, 6 Dec. — crowned at West- 
minster, Avith his queen, 19 Dec. — dismisses 
the Flemish mercenaries, destroys 1000 castles, 
and renews charter of Henry I., 1155 — at 
siege of Bridgenorth Castle, his life saved by 
Hubert de St Clair, 1155 — at great council 
at Wallingford, settles succession, soon after 
Easter 11 55 — obtains permission of Adrian 
IV. to conquer Ireland, 1155 — goes to France, 
does homage to Louis VIL, deprives his brother 
Geoffrey of Anjou and castles of Chinon, Mira- 
bel, and Loudun, 1156 — appoints Becket Chan- 
cellor, 1 156 — drives Scots from north of Eng- 
land, 1 157 — invades Wales, and is defeated 
with great loss in Coleshill Forest, his fleet 
defeated, receives homage of Owam Gwynedd, 






HENRY. 



681 



1 157 — crowned again, at "Worcester, Christmas 
Day 1 157 — on death of his "brother Geoffrey, 
obtains Nantes, 1158 — claims County of Tou- 
louse in right of his wife, takes Cahors, and 
unsuccessfully besieges Toulouse, 1159 — war 
with Louis VII., who supports Count of Tou- 
louse, 1159 — concludes peace, ind arranges 
marriage between his son Henry and Margaret 
of France, Oct., a May b 11 60 — gets the mar- 
riage celebrated, and obtains possession of 
Gisors, as dower of Margaret, 2 Dec. n6o c — 
war renewed, Dec. 11 60 — captures Chaumont, 
1 161 — makes peace with Louis, <Tul., a May c 
1 161 — recognizes Alexander III. as Pope at 
Council of Toulouse, close 1161 — commands 
election of Becket to See of Canterbury, May 
1162 — second expedition to Wales, 1162 or 
1 163 — returns to England, Jan. 1 163 — Con- 
stitutions of Clarendon subscribed, Jan. 1164 
— [Becket, Thomas] — invades W 7 ales ? 1164 — 
suffers great loss, and mutilates "Welsh host- 
ages, 1 1 65 — banishes Becket's family and 
friends, summer 11 66 — makes war on Louis 
VI L, takes castles of Chaumont, Gisors, &c, 
1 1 67 — -subdues revolted nobles of Brittany, 
Poitou, and Guienne, 11 68 — refuses aid to 
Dermot, king of Leinster, 1168 — makes peace 
with Louis, 6 Jan. 11 69 — has his son Henry 
crowned at Westminster by Abp of York, 15 
Jun. 1 1 70 — permits his sons to do homage to 
Louis, 1 170 — reconciled with Becket at Frette- 
ville, Touraine, 22 Jul. a — threatened with in- 
terdict, gives permission for Becket's return, 
12 Oct. c — appealed to by excommunicated 
prelates, speaks severely of Becket, Dec. 1170 
— sends embassy to the pope denying com- 
plicity in Becket's murder, 1171 — returns to 
England, Aug. 1171 — invades Ireland, 18 Oct. 
1 17 1 — acknowledged as king by council of 
prelates at Cashel, 6 Nov. 1171 — arrives at 
Dublin, 12 Nov. 1171 — quits Ireland, 17 Apr. 
1 172 — coronation of Prince Henry repeated, 
and his consort crowned with him, spring 1 172 
—goes to Normandy, May : purges himself of 
murder of Becket, vows to take the cross and 
is absolved by legates at assembly at Avranches, 
2 1 May 1 1 7 2 c — repeats his oath, and promises 
obedience to Alexander III./ at Council of 
Avranches, 27 Sep. 1172° — flight of his three 
sons to France, Mar. 1173 — imprisons Queen 
Eleanor : civil war excited by the princes, 
1 173— fruitless conferences for peace at Gisors, 
1 17 3 — does penance at Becket's tomb, 12 Jul. 
1 174 — raises siege of Rouen, 14 Aug. 1174 — 
reconciled to his sons, at Falaise, 29 Sep. 1 174 — 
releases William the Lion on his doing homage 
at Falaise, 8 Dec. 11 74 — returns to England 
with his son Henry, end 11 74 — recognized 
king of Ireland by Rodeiic and other chiefs, 
1 1 75 — holds great councils at Northampton. a 
Nottingham,' 1 1176 — and at Oxford receives 
homage of* Welsh chiefs, May 1177 — appoints 
Earl John Lord of Ireland, 1177 — reconciled 
with king of France, 1 1 7 8 —death of his son 
Henry, Jun. 11 83 — takes Limoges and other 
castles, captures Bertrand de Born, 11 83 — 
effects reconciliation of his sons at great council 
in London, 30 Nov. 11 84 — refuses to go on 



crusade, 1 1 85 — death of his son Geoffrey, Aug. 
1 186 — takes the cross, n 88 — expelled from 
Touraine by Philip of France and Prince Rich- 
ard, Jan. 1 1 89 — contrives discovery of tomb of 
King Arthur at Glastonbury, 1189(F) — con- 
cludes peace with France, 28 Jun. 1189° — *&. 
at Chinon, 6 Jul. 11 89. 

:i Annals of England. b Engl. Cyc. 

c Art de Verifier les Dates. ° Mackintosh. 

Henry III., King of England, — ft. at 
Winchester, 1 Oct. 1207 — succeeds his father 
John, under guardianship of the legate Gualo 
and William Marshal, Earl of Pembroke, 19 
Oct. 12 16 — crowned at Gloucester, 28 Oct. 
1 2 16 — crowned again by Abp Langton, at 
Canterbury, 17 May 1220 — marches against 
Welsh, Sep. 1221— declared of age by bull of 
Honorius III., 1222 — with Hubert de Burgn 
besieges Bedford castle, Jun. 1224— takes it, 15 
Aug. — confirms Magna Charta and Charta de 
Foresta, 11 Feb. 1225 — holds council at Ox- 
ford, declares himself of age, and refuses to be 
bound by charters, 1227 — marches against 
Llewelyn and concludes peace, Aug. to Sep. 
1228 — collects army for invasion of France, 
quarrels with de Burgh, and dismisses the 
army, Sep. to Oct. 1229 — lands with army in 
Brittany, 5 May 1230 — returns to England, 
Oct. 1230 — makes truce with France, 5 Jul. 
1 2 3 1 — invades Wales, 1 2 3 1 — quarrels with 
Hubert de Burgh, imprisons him, and seizes 
his treasure, 1232 — makes Des Roches his chief 
adviser, garrisons castles with foreigners, 1233 — 
Earl Marshal and Llewelyn make war on, Nov. 
1233 — retires to "Winchester, Jan. 1234 — dis- 
misses foreigners and makes truce with nobles, 
1234 — Edmund Rich, Abp of Canterbury, be- 
comes Chief Minister, 1234— receives ambas- 
sador (Peter de Yinea) from Empei-or Frederick 
II. , asking in marriage his sister Isabella, Feb. 
1235 c — her marriage, at "Worms, 2o, a 15 c Jul. 
1235 — marries Eleanor of Provence, 14 Jan. 
1236 — confirms charters, 28 Jan. 1237 — at- 
tempt to assassinate him at Woodstock, 9 Sep. 
1237 — invites Card. Otho, autumn 1237 — 
marries his sister Eleanor to Simon de Mont- 
fort, 7 Jan. 1238 — sends troops to aid Frederick 
II. at siege of Brescia, after Easter 1238° — 
strengthens Tower of London, 1239 — oppresses 
Jews, Jun. 1239 — expels Simon de Mont fort, 
Aug. 1239 — gets fealty sworn to his son 
Edward, 1 240 — gives Earldom of Richmond to 
Peter of Savoy, 1241 — receives submission of 
David, Prince of Wales, 29 Aug. 1241 — dis- 
misses parliament for refusing money to aid 
Poictevins against French, Feb. 1242— goes to 
Gascony, 1242 — breaks truce and begins war 
with France ; defeated by Louis IX., at Taille- 
bourg, narrowly escapes capture, 20, a d 21 b 
Jul. 1242 — retires to Bordeaux and agrees to 
five years' truce, 1242 — suppresses revolt in 
Gascony, 1243 — arrives in England, 25 Sep. 
1243 — extorts money from the clergy and the 
Jews, close of 1243 — ravages "Wales, 1245 — 
sends envoys to Council of Lyons, 1245 — carries 
vessel containing ' blood of Christ ' in procession 
from St Paul's to Westminster, 13 Oct. 1247 
— refuses to dismiss foreigners, and is refused 



6S; 



HENRY. 



supplies by parliament, Jim. 1248 — extorts 
money from Londoners, 1248-9 — asks pardon 
of them and takes the cross, 7 Mar. 1250 — op- 
presses the Jews, 1250— marries his daughter 
Margaret to Alexander III. of Scotland, Dec. 
1 25 1 — renews vow to go on crusade, 14 Apr. 
1252 — demands three years' tithes of the 
church, by order of the pope, Oct. 1252 — 
obtains grant of parliament, and confirms 
Magna Charta, 3 or 10 May 1253 — passes 
with army to Bordeaux, and ravages Gascony, 
Sep. to Oct. 1253 — accepts Sicily for his son 
Edmund, Mar. i254 d — returns to England, 
visiting Louis IX. at Paris, end of 1254 — 
renews exactions of money, 1255 — visits Scot- 
land, 1255 — threatened with excommunication 
for not seizing Sicily, spring 1256 — fruitless 
invasion of Wales, 1257 — deposed by parlia- 
ment of Oxford, ir Jim. 1258 — Council of 
State formed under Simon de Montfort, Jun. 
1258 — goes to France, Nov. 1259," Dec. 1258 b 
— resigns Normandy by Treaty of Abbeville, 25 
or 28 Mar. 1259 b — returns, end of Apr. i26o a 
— disavows Provisions of Oxford, and seizes 
Tower, Feb. 1261 — retires to Dover, hires 
French mercenaries, takes many castles, 1261 
— retires to the Tower, Nov. 1261 — goes 
to France, Jul. 1262 — on his return accepts 
Provisions of Oxford, 1262 — surrenders to 
Barons, 1263 — with Barons appeals to king 
of France ; award of Louis given at Council of 
Amiens, 23 Jan. 1264 — joined by Prince 
Edward at Oxford, early 1264 — captures 
Northampton, 1 3 Apr. — receivedat Nottingham, 
Apr. — relieves Rochester, besieged by De 
Montfort, after Easter: — defeated and captured, 
with Earl Richard, by the Barons, at LeAves, 
i3, a 14 b May 1264 — a parliament assembled 
by De Montfort, 28 Jan. 1265 — [Commons, 
House of] — set at liberty after battle of 
Evesham, 4 Aug. 1265 — congratulated by 
Clement IV., 1265 d — Dictum de Kenilworth, 

15 Oct. 1266 — takes Kenilworth Castle, after 
several months' siege, Nov. 1266 — inarches 
against Isle of Ely, 1267 — makes peace with 
Llewellyn, summer 1266 — tf. at "Westminster, 

16 Nov. 1272. 

a Annals of England. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 
c Kington. d Lingard. 

Henry IV., (Henry of Lancaster, Boling- 
broke,) King of England, — h. at Bolingbroke, 
Lincolnshire, 1366 — Earl of Derby, as early as 
1380,* 1385 b — marries Mary Bohun, 1386 — 
associate of Gloucester in insurrection of 1387 
— reconciled with Richard II., 1389 — death of 
his wife, 1 394 — takes part in proceedings 
against Gloucester, 1397 — created Duke of 
Hereford, 29 Sep. 1397 — quarrels with Duke 
of Norfolk, formally accuses him of slandering 
the king, in parliament at Shrewsbury, 30 Jan. 
1398 a — wager of battle awarded them by court 
of chivalry at Windsor, 29 Apr.— appears, with 
Norfolk, at Coventry, the combat forbidden by 
the king, who banishes him for ten years, 1 6 
Sep. — retires to Paris, close of 1398 — Duke of 
Lancaster on death of his father, (John of 
Gaunt.) 3 Feb. 1399 — his estates seized by the 
king, 18 Mar. 1399 — lands at Ravenspur, 4 Jul. 



— joined by Earls of Northumberland and 
Westmoreland, leads an army to the Severn : 
has conference with Duke of York at Berkeley, 
and is joined by him, 27 Jul. — occupies Bristol 
and puts Earl of Wiltshire to death, 28 Jul. — 
capture of Richard near Flint, 18 Aug. — has 
interview with him at Flint Castle, 1 9 Aug. — 
takes him to London, 30 Aug. — compels him to 
renounce the crown, 29 Sep. — declared king in 
parliament at Westminster, 30 Sep. — creates 
his eldest son Prince of Wales, Oct. — creates 
Knights of the Bath, ir Oct. — crowned at 
Westminster, 13 Oct. — the kings of France 
and Scotland refuse to recognize him, and 
threaten invasion, Nov. — conspiracy of Earls of 
Huntingdon, Kent, and Salisbury to assassinate 
him is betrayed by Earl of Rutland, 4 Jan. 
1400 — the conspirators killed or captured, and 
many executed, Jan. to Feb. 1400 — visited by 
Manuel, Emperor of the East, 1400 — invades 
Scotland, ancl threatens Edinburgh, Aug. 1400 
—rising in Wales under Owen Glendower, 
Sep. 1400— battle of Homildon Hill, 14 Sep. 
1402 — marries Joanna of Navarre, at Win- 
chester, Jan. 1403 — defeats Percies and Glen- 
dower near Shrewsbury, 2i, de 23 a Jul. 1403 — 
forbids confiscation of church temporalities, 
1404 — conspiracy of Mowbray, Earl of Not- 
tingham, Scrope, Abp of York, and others, in 
favour of Earl of March, spring 1405 — detains 
Prince James of Scotland prisoner, Apr. 1405 — 
excommunicated by Abp of Y^ork, 9 May 
1405 — has Abp beheaded, 8 Jun. — be- 
sieges Berwick, and puts governor to death, 
Jul. 1405 f — the crown settled on Henry and 
his sons, by Act 7 Hen. IY. c. 2, 1406— the 
settlement cancelled, 7 Jun., e 22 Dec. f — escapes 
capture by French pirates, on the Thames, 
1407 — again forbids confiscation of church 
property, 14 10 — sends Duke of Clarence with 
troops to assist Duke of Burgundy, 141 r, c 1412 d 
— supports Donald, Lord of the Isles, in attempt 
on crown of Scotland, summer 141 1 — removes 
Prince Henry from the council, 141 1 — enters 
into alliance with Orleanists, 12 May 141 2 — 
refuses regency during his illness to his eldest 
son, 141 2 — tf. at Westminster, 19/20° Mar. 
141 3. a Engl. Cyc. b Pict. Hist. England. 
c Annals of England. d Art de Verifier les Dates. 
e Mackintosh. f Lingard. 

Henry V., (of Monmouth ,) King of Eng- 
land, — fc. at Monmouth, 9 Aug. 1388 — taken 
to Ireland as hostage by Richard II., 1399 — 
created Prince of Wales by his father, Henry 
IV., Oct. 1399 — fights at battle of Shrewsbury, 
1403 — sent against Owen Glendower, 1405 — 
takes his son Griffith prisoner at Grossmont, 1 1 
Mar. 1405 — removed from the council, 1411 — 
claims the Regency, which is refused him, 
141 2 — succeeds his father, 21 Mar. 141 3 — 
crowned at Westminster, 9 Apr. — seizes party 
of Lollards, near London, 6-7 Jan. 1414^— 
forms alliances with Emperor Sigismund, 
Ferdinand of Aragon, and other princes, 1414 
— sends embassy to Charles YI. of France, 
claims restoration of English possessions in 
France, 10 Jul. 1414 — announces his intention 
of undertaking conquest of France, to parlia- 



HENRY; 



683 



ment, 15 Apr. 1415," 31 May I4i4 d — refuses 
compromise and prepares for war : joins army 
at Portsmouth, Jul. 1415— Earl of Cambridge 
and others conspire against, and are executed, 
2-5 Aug. 1415 — sails from Southampton, 11 
Aug. — lands near Harfleur, i3, b 21 c Aug. — 
begins siege of Harfleur, 16, 18 e Aug. — chal- 
lenges Dauphin to single combat, at Harfleur, 
16 Sep. d — takes it, 22 Sep. — sets out for 
Calais, 8 Oct. e — attempts to cross the Somrae, 
14 Oct. — crosses it, at Peronne, 19-20 Oct. — 
defeats French at Agincourt, 25 Oct. — on 
false alarm massacres the prisoners ; at Calais, 
29 Oct. to 17 Nov. — lands at Dover, 17 Nov. 
— enters London, 23 Nov. — receives visit of 
Emperor Sigismund, Apr. e 141 6 — has conference 
with Sigismund, John Sans Peur, Duke of 
Burgundy, and the Count of Hainault, at 
Calais, 3 Oct. 14.16 s — embarks at Southampton, 
23 Jul. 141 7 — lands near Harfleur, 1 Aug. — 
takes castle of Harfleur, 9 Aug. — takes Caen, 
4 Sep. — castle of Caen surrendered, 20 Sep. 
— holds court at Caen, early 141 8 — besieges 
Rouen, 30 Jul. 141 8 — takes it, i6, a 19 b Jan. 
141 9 — has conferences with Queen of France 
and Duke of Burgundy, at Meulan, 1 Jun. to 
11 Jul. 141 9 — takes Pontoise, 28 Jul. 1419° — 
joined by Philip the Good, Aug. 1419 — cele- 
brates Christmas at Rouen, and settles terms of 
alliance with Burgundy, 1420 — concludes treaty 
of marriage with Princess Catherine of France, 
and for his recognition as king of France, at 
Troyes, 21 May 1420 — marries Catherine at 
Troyes, 2 Jun. — enters Paris with Charles VI., 
18 Nov. — keeps Christmas at Paris, 1420 — 
holds Parliament at Rouen, Jan. 142 1 — returns 
to London, 2 Feb. — his queen crowned at 
Westminster, 24 Feb. — his brother Clarence 
killed at battle of Beauge, 22 Mar. — suppresses 
French monasteries in England, 142 1 f — lands 
at Calais with fresh troops, 1 1 Jun. — begins 
siege of Meaux, 6 Oct. — takes it and hangs the 
governor, 5 Jun., b 2 May, 10 May e 1422 — 
enters Paris with his queen, 30 May a — ft. at 
Vincennes, 31 Aug. 1422 — funeral service at 
St Denis, 15 Sep. — burial at "Westminster, 10 
Nov. e a Engl. Cyc. b Annals of England. 

c Art de Verifier les Dates. d Mackintosh. 
e Lingard. f Collier. 

Henry VI., (of Windsor,) King of Eng- 
land, — b. at Windsor, 6 Dec. 142 1 — succeeds 
his father, Henry V., 1 Sep. 1422 — Regency of 
Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, and John, 
Duke of Bedford, 1422 — crowned at West- 
minster, 6 Nov. 1429 — crowned at Paris, 17 
Dec. 143 1 — death of Bedford, 1435 — founds 
Eton College, 1440— founds King's College, 
Cambridge, 1443 — marries Margaret of Anjou, 
22 Apr. 1445 — Anjou and Maine surrendered 
to French, 1448 a — insurrection of Cade, 1450 
— fall of Cherbourg and loss of Normandy, Aug. 
1450 b — falls ill and is incapable of government, 
Nov. 1453 — Duke of York named Protector, 
14 Feb. 1454 — revokes York's commission and 
releases Duke of Somerset, 5 Feb. 1455 — 
[Wars of the Roses] — wounded and made 
prisoner by York at battle of St Albans, 23, a 
31 c May 1455 — again becomes ill, York named 



Protector, 19 Nov. 1455— recovers and revokes 
commission of Protector, 25 Feb. 1456 — taken 
prisoner by Yorkists at battle of Northampton, 
10 Jul. 1460 — the crown claimed by York, 16 
Oct. 1460 — rescued by the queen, by defeat of 
Warwick at St Albans, i7, a 15° Feb. 146 1 — 
Edward, Duke of York, declared king, as Ed- 
ward IV., 3 Mar. 1461 — escapes with the 
queen and prince to Scotland, end of Mar.— 
surrenders Berwick to Scots, 25 Apr. 146 1 — 
declared usurper by Stat. 1 Edw. IY. c. 1, Nov. 
146 1 — placed in Hardlough Castle, Merioneth- 
shire, 1462 to spring 1464 — after battle of Hex- 
ham, takes refuge in Lancashire, May 1464 — 
captured in Lancashire and taken to the Tower, 
Jul. 1466 — released by Warwick, 6 Oct. 1470 
— the crown again settled on him and his son 
by parliament, beginning 147 1 — again im- 
prisoned by Edward IV., 11 a Apr. 147 1 — 
present at battle of Barnet, falls into Edward's 
hands, and is sent to the Tower, 14 b Apr. — 
found dead in the Tower, probably early in 
Jun., a 22 May d 1471. a Annals of England. 

b Engl. Cyc. c Art de Verifier les Dates. 

d Pict. Hist. England. 

Henry VII., (Henry Tudor, Earl of Rich- 
mond,) King of England, — 6. at Pembroke 
Castle (?), 21 Jan. 1456" — attainted by first 
parliament of Edward IV., 146 1 — placed in 
custody of Sir W. Herbert at Raglan Castle, 
146 1 — set at liberty (and sent to Eton College ?), 
1470 — on return of Edward IV., escapes with 
his uncle Jasper, Earl of Pembroke, to Brit- 
tany, 147 1 — Francis II., Duke of Brittany, 
refuses to surrender them to Edward IV., 1476 b 
— receives announcement of intended rising in 
his favour, Sep. 1483 — attempts to land in 
Dorsetshire, retires to Normandy, Oct. 1483 — 
the revolt suppressed, and Buckingham executed, 
Nov. 1483 — assembles English exiles at Rhedon 
in Brittany, swears to marry Elizabeth, daughter 
of Edward IV., and receives homage as sove- 
reign, Christmas 1483 — takes refuge in France, 
summer 1484 — makes preparations for new* ex- 
pedition, 1484-5 — sails from Harfleur, 1 Aug. 
1485 — lands at Milford Haven, 7 Aug. — 
defeats and kills Richard III. at Bosworth, and 
is proclaimed king on the field, 22 Aug. — 
enters London, 27 Aug. — crowned by Abp 
Bourchier, 30 Oct. — imprisons Edward, Earl 
of Warwick, in the Tower, 1485, b Feb. i486 c 
— the crown settled on him and his heirs by 
Act 1 Hen. VII. c. 1, Nov. 1485 — revokes 
crown grants made since 34 Hen. VI., (1454-5,) 
1485 — institutes Yeomen of the Guard, 1485 
— marries Elizabeth of York, 14,° 18 b Jan. 
i486 — visits Lincoln, Nottingham, Pontefract, 
and York, Apr.-May i486 — his title confirmed 
by bull of Innocent VIII. , Mar. i486 c — in- 
surrection of Lord Lovel suppressed, Apr. 
i486 — makes truce for three years with Scot- 
land, Jul. i486 — Lambert Simnel crowned in 
Ireland, May 1487 — imprisons the queen- 
mother at Bermondsey, 1487 — defeats and 
captures Simnel at Stoke, 16 Jun. 1487 — 
obtains subsidy for war against France in 
behalf of Duke of Brittany, but does not fight, 
1487 — coronation of his queen, 25 Nov. 1487 



6S 4 



HENRY. 



— makes a truce with France, 1488 — sends 
auxiliaries to Anne of Brittany, spring 1489 — 
concludes five years' truce with Scotland, 26 
Dec. 1491 — exacts 'benevolences,' 1492— ap- 
pearance of the Pretender, ' Per kin Warbeek,' 
in Ireland, 1492 — passes over to France, 2 Oct. 
1492 — begins siege of Boulogne, but concludes 
Treaty of Etaples, 3 Nov. d — and returns to 
England : creates 23 Knights of the Bath, 
1494 e — has Sir "William Stanley executed, 15 
Feb. 1494° — concludes commercial treaty 
with Philip, Duke of Burgundy, (' the great 
intercourse,') 24 Feb. 1496 — Cornish insur- 
rection suppressed, Jun. 1497 — is declared 
entitled to property of Eichard III. by Act 11 
Hen. VII. c. 28, 1497 — resumes grants of Ed- 
ward III. and Eichard II. to Edmund of 
Langley, by Act 11 Hen. VII. c. 29, 1497— 
concludes truce of seven years with James IV. 
of Scotland, 29 Sep. 1497 — inarches against 
Warbeek, Sep. — sends him prisoner from 
Taunton to London, 5 Oct. — execution of Earl 
of Warwick, Nov. 1499 — goes with the Queen 
to Calais, May 1500 — negotiates with Arch- 
duke Philip marriage of Prince Arthur with 
Catherine of Aragon, May- Jun. — treaty of 
peace with James of Scotland, and contract for 
his marriage with Princess Margaret, signed, 
24 Jan. 1502 — signs treaty with Ferdinand 
and Isabella of Spain for marriage of Prince 
Henry to his brother's widow, (Catherine,) 
Jun. 1502 — death of the Queen, n Feb. 1503 
— enters into plot against James of Scotland 
with Lord Bothwell and Sir Thomas Toddie, 
16 Apr. 1503 c — his agent, Dudley, chosen 
Speaker of House of Commons, Jan. 1504 — 
empowered to reverse acts of attainder by Act 
19 Hen. VII. c. 28, 1504 — receives Archduke 
Philip at Windsor, and compels him to sign 
new treaty, and to surrender Earl of Suffolk, 
1506 — falls ill, and releases prisoners for debt, 
1507 — tf. at Bichmond, 2i, b 22 c Apr. 1509 — 
buried at "Westminster, 10 May. a Engl. Cyc. 

b Annals of England. c Mackintosh. 

d Art de Verifier les Dates. e Pict. Hist. England. 
Henry VIII., King of England, — fo. at 
Greenwich, 28 Jun. 1491 — created Duke of 
York, i494, a 1 Nov. 149 1 b — Lord-lieutenant 
of Ireland, 11 Sep. 1494 a — President of North- 
ern Marches, 1495 b — Prince of "Wales on death 
of his brother Arthur, before 22 Jun. 1502 
— agreement between Henry VII. and Fer- 
dinand the Catholic for his marriage to his 
brother's widow signed, 23 Jun. 1503 — af- 
fianced, 25 Jun. — dispensation of Julius II. 
obtained, 26 Dec. 1503 — succeeds his father, 
22 Apr. 1509 — marries Catherine of Aragon, 
3. e 7 a Jun. 1509 — crowned with her at "West- 
minster, 24 Jun. — Wolsey introduced to him, 
15 10— joins Holy League against France, 10 
Nov. 15 1 1 — joins new league against France, 
5 Apr. 15 1 3 — goes to France, 30 Jun. 15 13 — 
execution of Duke of Suffolk, Jul. 15 13— with 
Emperor Maximilian defeats French at Gnine- 
gate, 16 Aug. — takes Terouanne, 22 Aug. — 
battle of Flodden, 9 Sep. — takes Tournay, 29 
Sep. — holds his court there, Oct. — returns to 



England, 24 Nov., Oct. e — concludes peace 
with France and Scotland, 7 Aug., a 14 Sep. c 
15 14 — marriage of his sister Mary to Louis 
XII. of France, 9 Oct. 15 14 — makes Card. 
Wolsey chancellor, 22 Dec. 15 15 — joins new 
league against Francis I., 29 Oct. 15 16 — 
makes league with kings of France and Spain 
against Turks, 2 Oct. 151 8 e — competitor for 
Imperial crown on death of Maximilian, Jan. 
15 1 9 — soon withdraws: visited by Emperor 
Charles V. at Dover, visits Canterbury with 
him, 26-31 May 1520 e — interviews with 
Francis I. near Guines, {Field of the Cloth of 
Gold,) 4-25, a 7-24° Jnn. 1520 — visits Charles 
V. at Gravelines, 10- 11 Jul. 1520 — returns, 
Jul. 1520 — present at marriage of Mary Boleyn, 
31 Jan. 152 1 — execution of Buckingham, 21 
May 152 1 — writes book on Seven Sacraments 
against Luther, 152 1 — sends Wolsey to Calais 
to mediate between Charles V. and Francis I., 
Aug. 152 1 — and secretly forms league wiih 
Charles at Bruges, 24 Nov. c — named Defender 
of the Faith by bull of Leo X., 1 r Oct. 152 1 — 
declares war against France, Mar. 1522 b — 
receives visit of Charles at London, and ac- 
companies him to Winchester and Southamp- 
ton, May-Jul. 1522 — raises 'benevolences,' 
and sends army to France, Aug. 1522 — con- 
venes parliament, Apr. 1523 — empowered to 
reverse by letters patent attainders for high 
treason, by Act 14 and 15 Hen. VIII. c. 21, 
1523 — sends army under Suffolk to ravage 
France, Aug. 1523 — supports "Wolsey as candi- 
date for papal chair, Sep. 1523 — ceases to live 
with the Queen, 1524 a — fails in attempt to 
raise funds for Avar with France without 
sanction of parliament, 1525 — reproached by 
Charles V. for secret negotiation with France, 
1525 — concludes treaty with Eegent of France, 
30 Aug. 1525 — Protector of League formed 
against Charles V., Mar. 1526 — his passion for 
Anne Boleyn begins, not later than summer 
1526 e — applies for commission from Clement 
VII. for inquiry into lawfulness of his mar- 
riage, Aug. 1527 — [Catherine of Aragon] — 
declares w T ar on Charles V., 22 Jan. 1528 — - 
concludes truce with him, 8 Jun. 1528 — ap- 
pears before legatine court, 21 Jun. 1529 — ■ 
makes a progress accompanied by Anne Boleyn, 
early in Aug. 1529 — by advice of Craumer asks 
opinion of universities on his marriage, 1529 — 
deprives Wolsey of Great Seal, 17 Oct. — gives 
it to Sir Thomas More ; refuses to receive 
address of parliament against Wolsey, 1529 — 
released from his debts by Act 21 Hen. VIII. 
c. 24, 1529 — acknowledged by Convocation as 
chief protector only and supreme lord of Eng- 
lish Church, 153 1— sees Queen Catherine for 
the last time, at Windsor, Jul. 153 i f — sends 
subsidy to League of Schmalcald, 153 1 — names 
Cranmer Abp of Canterbury, Sep. 1532 c — 
creates Anne Boleyn Marchioness of Pembroke, 
Sep. 1532° — goes to France, has conferences 
with Francis I. near Calais, close of Oct. 1532 
— returns, middle Nov. 1532 f — privately mar- 
ries Anne Boleyn, Nov. 1532 ? Jan. 1533 ? — 
his marriage with Catherine declared null, by 



HENRY. 



685 



Cranmer at Dunstable, 23 May 1533 — his mar- 
riage with Anne Boleyn declared lawful, 28 
May — appeals from sentence of the pope re- 
versing Cranmer' s to a General Council, 29 
Jun. 1533 f — Papal authority in England set 
aside by Act 25 Hen. VIII. c. 21, 30 Mar. 
1534 — the succession regulated by Act 25 Hen. 
VIII. c. 22, 1534 — execution of Elizabeth 
Barton, 21 Apr. 1534 — assumes title of Su- 
preme Head of the Church of England under 
Act 26 Hen. VIII. c. 1, 15 Jan. 1535— execu- 
tion of Bp Fisher, 22 Jun. — of Sir T. More, 6 
Jul.— appoints Thomas Cromwell Vicar-gen- 
eral, 1535 — visitation of monasteries begins, 
summer 1535 — sends Queen Anne to the 
Tower, 2 May 1536 — her execution, 19 May 
— marries Jane Seymour, 20 May— succession 
again regulated by Act 28 Hen. VIII. c. 7, 
1536— imprisons Lord Thomas Howard and 
Lady Margaret Douglas, Jul. 1536 — Pilgrim- 
age of Grace, Michaelmas, 1536 — death of 
Queen Jane, 24 Oct. 1537 — unsuccessful ne- 
gotiations for alliance with German Princes 
against Emperor, 1538 — takes part in dis- 
putation on Eucharist with Lambert, Nov. 
1538 — has Lambert burnt; proclaims Beck- 
et a traitor and forbids his recognition as 
a saint, 16 Nov. 1538 a — excommunicated and 
deposed by bull of Paul III., 17 Dec. 1538 — 
his proclamations declared valid as Acts of Par- 
liament, by Act 31 Hen. VIII. c. 8, 1539 — 
orders prosecution of relatives of Card. Pole, 
who are executed, Jan.-Apr. 1539 — Statute of 
Six Articles passed, Apr., d 30 May 1 ' 1539 — 
imprisons Latimer and Shaxton, 1 Jul. 1539 — 
execution of Abbots of Glastonbury, Reading, 
and Colchester, 14 Nov. and 1 Dec. 1539 — 
marries Anne of Cleves, 6 Jan. 1540 — execution 
of Cromwell, 28 Jul. 1540 — his last marriage 
declared invalid by Convocation, 10 Jul. — and 
abrogated by Act 32 Hen. VIII. c. 25, 24 Jul. 
1540 a — marries Catherine Howard, 28 Jul., a 
8 Aug.' 1 d — execution of Countess of Salisbury, 
27 May 1541 — of Lord Leonard Grey, 28 Jun. 
— makes a progress with the Queen in the 
North, Jul. -Sep. — imprisons Queen Catherine 
in the Tower, Nov. 1541 — assumes title of 
King of Ireland, 23 Jan. 1542 — execution of 
the Queen, i2, a i3, cf 14 d Feb. — war with 
Scotland, Oct. 1542 — concludes treaty with 
Emperor against France, 11 Feb., a 8 Apr. c 
1543 — concludes Treaty of Greenwich for mar- 
riage of his son to Queen of Scots, 1 Jul. 1543 
— marries Catherine Parr, i2, c 10 d Jul. 1543 
— treaty with Scotland declared null by the 
Scots, 11 Dec. 1543 — succession regulated a 
third time by Act 35 Hen. VIII. c. 1, 1544 — 
his debts remitted by Act 35 Hen. VIII. c. 
12, 1544 — concludes treaty with Earl of Len- 
nox, 17 May — gives him in marriage Lady 
Margaret Douglas : invades France, 14 Jul. — 
takes Boulogne, 14,* 18 d Sep. — compelled to 
retire on conclusion of peace between Emperor 
and King of France, 16 Sep. — returns to Eng- 
land, 30 Sep. — extorts a ' benevolence,' 1545 — 
recalls Surrey from Boulogne, 1546 — concludes 
peace with France, 7 Jun. 1546— execution of 
Surrey, 19 or 21 Jan. 1547 — Duke of Nor- 



folk attainted, 27 Jan. 1547 — tf. at Westminster, 
28 Jan. 1547. a Annals of England. 

b Engl. Cyc. c Art de Verifier les Dates. 

d Mackintosh. e Lingard. f Fronde. 

Henry, Prince, son of Henry II of 
England, — fa. in London, 28 Feb. 1155 — 
affianced to Margaret, daughter of Louis VII. 
of France, 2 Nov. 11 60 — crowned by command ' 
of Henry II., by Abp of York, at Westminster, 
15 Jun. 1 1 70 — and receives, then, homage of 
William king of Scotland and his brother 
David: quarrels with his father, and does 
homage to Louis for Aquitaine and Poitou, 
1 1 70 — again crowned with his wife, 117 2 — 
flies with his brothers Richard and Geoffrey to 
court of France, Mar. 117 3 — recognized as sole 
King of England by Louis and by assembly of 
barons and prelates of France, 117 3 — civil 
war begins in Normandy and England, 117 3 — 
reconciled to his father, at Rouen, 29 Sep. n 74 
— returns with him to England, 11 74 — with 
Geoffrey, makes war on Richard in Aquitaine, 
1 1 83 — tf. at Chateau-Martel, 11 Jun. 11 83. 

Henry Fitzroy. [Richmond, Duke of~] 

Henry of Blois, Bp of Winchester., — 
created Abbot of Glastonbury and Bp of 
Winchester, by Henry I., Oct. 11 29 — founds 
Hospital of St Cross, Winchester, 11 32-6 — 
puts his brother Stephen in possession of royal 
treasure at Winchester, 11 35 — as Papal Legate 
holds council at Winchester and condemns 
Stephen's dealings with the bishops, 29 Aug. 
1 1 39 — unsuccessfully attempts to reconcile 
Stephen and Maud, 1 140 — supports Maud and 
receives her at Winchester, 3 Mar. 1141 — 
procures her recognition as ' Lady of England ' 
by synod at Winchester, 7 Apr. 1141 — quarrels 
with her and is besieged in Winchester castle, 
Jul. 1 141 — excommunicates her adherents in 
council at Westminster, 7 Dec. 1141 — drives 
into exile Theobald, Abp of Canterbury, 1 147 
— quits England without leave, and goes to 
Clugny, his castles seized by Henry II., 1155 — 
consecrates Becket Abp of Canterbury, 1162 — 
ft., 6 Aug. 1171. 

Henry d'Alniaigne, son of Richard Earl 
of Cornwall, — taken prisoner by De Mont- 
fort at Lewes, 13 May 1264 — confined at 
Dover castle : released after battle of Evesham, 
Aug. 1265 — assassinated by Guy and Simon de 
Montfort, at Viterbo, Mar. 127 1. 

Henry, Prince, son of James I. of Eng- 
land, — fa. at Stirling Castle, 19 Feb. 1593 — ■ 
Prince of Wales, 30 May 1610 — K.G., 1610 — ■ 
Raleigh writes for him his ' History of the 
World,' 16 1 2 — If., 6 Nov. 16 12. 

Henry I., King of Castile, — fa., 14 Apr. 
1204 — succeeds his father Alfonso III., Aug. a 
6 Oct. b 1 2 14 — "»., 6, a 9 C Jun. 1217. 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

c Biog. UniT. 

Henry II., (of Trastamare,) King of 
Castile, — fa. at Seville, Jan. 1333" — marries 
Joanna de Pennafiel, 27 May 1350 b — obtains 
aid of Pedro, king of Aragon, and carries ou 
war with his brother Pedro the Cruel, 1356-61 
and 1362-4— heads revolt against Pedro, and 
with aid of Duguesclin expels him, 1366 — 



686 



HEXBY. 



proclaimed king at Calahorra, 16 Mar. 1366° 
— defeated by the Black Prince at Xajara, 3 
Apr. 1367 — Pedro reestablished: reenters 
Castile with Duguesclin, early 1368 — besieges 
Toledo, and defeats Pedro near Montiel, 14 
Mar. 1368— puts him to death and succeeds 
him, 23 Mar. 1368 — John of Gaunt assumes 
title of King of Castile, 1368 — tf- at Burgos, 
29 May 1379. a Biog. Univ. 

b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Henry III., the Sickly, King of Castile,— 
fa. at Burgos, 4 Oct. 1379 — succeeds his father 
John I., 10 Oct. 1390 — assumes the govern- 
ment, 10 Aug. 1393 — marries Catherine, 
daughter of John of Gaunt, about close of 
1393 — visited by Mohammed ben Yusef, king 
of Granada, 1396 a — carries on "war with 
Portugal, 1396-9 — sends fleet against pirates of 
Africa, and conquers Tetuan, 1400 — sends em- 
bassy to Tamerlane, 1401 — receives embassy 
from him, 1402 — recognizes Pope Benedict 
XIII., 1403 — declares war on Moors, 1406 — 
tf., 25 or 26 Dec., b Sep. c 1406. a Conde. 

b Art de Verifier les Dates. a N/ouv. Biog. Gen. 

Henry IV., the Feeble, King of Castile, — 
fa. at Yalladolid, 6 Jan. 1425 — marries Blanche 
of Xavarre, 1440 — joins in conspiracy against 
Alvarez de Luna, 1440 — compels his father, 
John II., to banish him, 1441 — separates from 
his wife, 1453, a x 454 b — succeeds his father, 21 
Jul. 1454 — marries Joanna of Portugal, 1455 
— invades Granada, 1455 — takes Ximena, 1456c 
— league of grandees against him, 1459 — xs 
joined by king of Aragon, 1460 — invades 
Xavarre, 146 1 — makes war on Moors of 
Granada and takes Gibraltar, 146 1 — refers his 
quarrel with king of Aragon to arbitration of 
Louis XL, and meets him on the Bidassoa, 
1463 — banishes Marquis de Yillena, his chief 
minister, and the Abp of Toledo, and appoints 
Bertrand de la Cueva minister, 1463 — insurrec- 
tion at Madrid, 1464 — deposed by conspirators 
in favour of his brother Alfonso, at Avila, 5 
Jun. 1465— indecisive battle with rebels, 21 
Aug. 1467 — death of his rival Alfonso, 3 Jul. 
1468 — the crown offered to his sister Isabella, 
who refuses it, but is declared heiress to the 
throne, 1468 — is compelled to repudiate his 
wife and disinherit his daughter, 1468 — enter- 
tains Cid Abu Abdallah, at Archidona, 1469 c 
— marriage of his sister to Ferdinand of 
Aragon, Oct. 1469 — meets Ferdinand and 
Isabella, and is reconciled to them at Segovia, 
summer 1474 — tf., i2, a 20 b Dec. 1474. 
11 Art de Verifier les Dates. 
b Biog. I'niv. c Conde. 

Henry I., King of Xavarre, (III., Count 
of Champagne,) — succeeds his brother Theobald 
ll., 5 Dec. 1270 — proclaimed at Pampeluna, 1 
Mar. 1 27 1 — crowned there, 24 May 1273 — tf., 
21, 22, or 28 Jul. 1274. 

Henry II., {titular) King of Xavarre, 
(Henri d'Albret,) — fa. at Sanguessa, Apr. 1503 
— succeeds his mother Catherine d'Albret, Feb. 
15 1 6 — conferences at Xovon respecting his 
claims to Xavarre, 1-13 Aug. 15 16 — and at 
Montpellier, 15 18 — unsuccessful attempt of 
Andrew de l'Esparre to reestablish him on the 



throne, 1521 — accompanies Francis I. to Italy, 
and is taken prisoner at battle of Pavia, 1525 
— marries Margaret, sister of Francis I., 1526 
— loses his wife, 1549— tf. at Pau, 25 May 
*5SS- 

Henry III., King of Xatarre. [Henry 
IV. of France,'] 

Henry I., King of Portugal, — fa. at 
Lisbon, 31 Jan. 15 12 — Abp of Braga, 1532 — 
Cardinal Abp of Evora, 1540 — Regent for his 
nephew Sebastian, 1562 — succeeds him, 28 Aug. 
1578 — opposed by several rivals: his proposi- 
tion to recognize Philip II. as king of Portugal, 
rejected by States, Jan. 1580 — tf. at palace of 
Almeyren, 31 Jan. 1580. 

Henry the Navigator, Prince, [Bom 
Henrique^) — fa. at Oporto, 4 Mar. 1394 — dis- 
tinguishes himself at conquest of Ceuta, and is 
knighted, 141 5 — created Duke of Yiseu and 
Lord of Covilham : begins to send out ex- 
ploring expeditions, 141 8 — his captains dis- 
cover Madeira, 1418-20 — founds and fortifies 
Sagrez, and establishes nautical school, 14 19 — 
sets out on tour in Europe and the East, 1428 
— gives up his palace to Univ. of Lisbon, 143 1 
■ — commands expedition against Tangier, 1437 
— his officers rediscover the Azores, 1444-50 — 
Cape Yerde Islands, 1460 — tf. at Sagrez, 13 
Xov. 1460. 

Henry the Proud, Dike of Bavaria,— fa. 
no2 a — succeeds his father, Henry the Black, 
1 126 b — marries Gertrude, daughter of Emperor 
Lothaire, 1127 — invested with Duchy of 
Saxony, 11 27 — assists Lothaire at siege of 
Xiirnberg, 1 1 27 — Begent of the Empire, 1 1 32 a 
— receives grant of patrimony of Countess 
Matilda for life, from Innocent II., 11 33 — 
seizes Ulm, and subdues the Hohenstauffen, 
1 1 33 — accompanies Lothaire in expedition to 
Italy, 1 1 36-7 — unsuccessfully competes with 
Conrad of Hohenstauffen for Imperial crown, 
Mar. 1 1 38 — put to ban ©f the Empire by 
Conrad, close of 1 138 — and deprived of Bavaria 
and Saxony : recovers Saxony : concludes treaty 
with Conrad, 11 39 — tf. at Quedlinburg, 19 
Sep., a 20 Oct. 5 1 1 39. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Henry the Lion, Count of Brunswick, 
Dure of Saxony and Bavaria, — fa. at 
Bavensburg, 1 1 29 — succeeds as Count of Bruns- 
wick, and claims Duchy of Saxony, on death of his 
father Henry the Proud, 11 39 — invested, at 
Diet of Frankfort, 1 142 — assumes title of Duke 
of Bavaria, 1144 — subdues Ditmarsh, province 
of Holstein, 1147 — marries dementia, daugh- 
ter of Duke of Zahringen, 1147 — takes part in 
crusade against Slaves, 1147 — reestablished in 
Duchy of Bavaria, by Emperor Frederick L, 
1 154 — accompanies Frederick in expedition to 
Italy, 1 154 — founds Munich and Lowenstadt, 
1 157 — takes part with Frederick I. in reduction 
of Lombards, 11 58 — renews with Waldemar 
the war with Vandals ; founds Schwerin, 
1 1 60 — separates from his wife, 11 62 — fresh 
revolt of Vandals, 11 63 — with Waldemar and 
Albert the Bear, ravages their country and 
coast and subdues them, 11 64 — assists at Diet 
ofWnrzburg, 1 165 — marries Mathilda, daughter 



HENRY BRETISLAS— HENZI. 



68- 



of Henry II. of England, 1168 — deprived of 
succession by "YVelf, 11 69 — loses prospect, of 
Imperial crown, by election of Henry, son of 
Frederick I., king of the Romans, Jun. 1169 
— refuses assistance to Emperor in Lombardy, 
1 1 69 — his aid sought against Noureddin, sets 
out for Palestine, 1172 — received by Emperor 
Manuel, at Constantinople, reaches Jerusalem, 
and returns, 117 3 — breaks with the Emperor, 
1 175 — cited to Diets of Worms, Magdeburg, 
Goslar, 1179 — again cited, refuses to appear, 
and is deprived of all imperial fiefs by Diet of 
Wurzburg, Jan. 1180 — retires to England, 
1 1 84 — obtains permission to return to Bruns- 
wick, 1 1 85 — exiled for three years, n 88 — 
again retires to England, early in 1 1 89 — death 
of his wife, 1 1 89 — recovers part of his estates, 
and defeats Henry, king of the Romans, 1190 
— defeats Duke Bernhardof Saxony, 11 93 — rj., 
6 Aug. 1 195. 

Henry Bretislas, and Henry of Carinthia. 
[Bohemia.] 

Henry of Valois, King of Poland. [Henry 
III., of France.'] 

Henry, King of Sicily. [Henry VI., Em- 
peror.'] 

Henry. \_For other princes of this name see 
Bavaria, Brunswick, Cyprus, Luxemburg 1 , 
Saxony.] 

Henry, Prince, of Prussia. [Frederick 
Henry Louis.] 

Henry, founder of sect of Henricians, — be* 
gins to propagate his opiuions in Switzerland 
and Germany, about ni5 a — excites disturb- 
ances at Le Mans, 11 16 — -joins the Petrobrus- 
sians, before or about 11 27 — condemned by 
Innocent II. at Council of Pisa, and placed in 
custody of Bernard, 11 35 — resumes preaching, 
soon after : mission of Bernard against him, 
1 147 — given up in chains to Bp of Toulouse, 
1 147 — his sect extinct, soon after 1150. 
a Robertson. 

Henry of Huntingdon, historian, — arch- 
deacon of Huntingdon, about uio a — living, 
1154.* Historia Anglorum, completed 11 35 ? 
a Annals of England. 

Henry of Rimini, (Henricus Ariminensis,) 
theologian, — fl., about 1300.- Tractatus de 
quatuor virtutibus cardinalibus, printed about 
1472. 

Henry of St Ignatius, Carmelite, — rj. near 
Liege, 1720. Ethica Amoris, 1709. 

Henry, David, printer, miscellaneous writer, 
— b. near Aberdeen, 17 10 — goes to London, 
about 1724 — "ij. at Lewisham, 1792. Complete 
English Farmer, 1772 — Historical account of 
vogages round the world, 1774. 

Henry, Jean, theologian, — b. at Berlin, 27 
Oct. 1761 — pastor of French Church there, 1795 
— director of Museum of Antiquities, 1795 — 
librarian to the king, 1796-18 16 — president of 
French provincial synod, 1819 — "&., 1831. Con- 
siderations sur les rapports entre I' ' Eg Use et V 
Etat, 1820 — Germon, 181 8. 

Henry, John. [American War.] 

Henry, Matthew, theologian, — ft. in Flint- 
shire, 18 Oct. 1662 — nonconformist pastor at 
Chester, 1687 — at Hackney, 1712 — rj. at Nant- 



wich, 22 Jun. 17 14. Exposition of the Old 
and New Testaments, 17 10 — Life of Philip 
Henry, 1696. 

Henry, Noel Etienne, chemist, — ft. at Beau- 
vais, 26 Nov. 1769 — studies at Hotel-Dieu, 
Paris, 1793 — assistant Prof. School of Phar- 
macy, 1804 — charged to organize temporarv 
hospitals at Paiis, 1 814-15 — fc. at Paris, 30 
Jul. 1832. Manuel de V analgse chimique des 
eaux mine'rales, 1825 — (with Guibourt,) Phar- 
macopee raisonnee, 1828. 

Henry, Patrick, orator, statesman, — h. in 
Virginia, 29 May 1736 — banister, about 1760 
—distinguishes himself on the trial respecting- 
the income of the clergy, 1 Dec. 1763 — mem- 
ber of Virginian legislature, 1765 — of first 
Congress of the Colonies, 1774 — Governor of 
Virginia, 1776 — lj. at Redskill, 6 Jun. 1799. 

Henry, Pierre Francois, translator, §c, — b. 
at Nancy, 28 May 1759 — rj. at Paris, 12 Aug. 
1833. Mistoire de Napoleon Buonaparte, 1826 
— translations of Political Works of J. Har- 
ington, 1789 — of Poscoe's Fife and Pontificate 
of Leo X., 1808-13 — "°f Coxe's History of the 
House of Austria, 1810. 

Henry, Robert, historian, — ft. at StNinians, 
Stirlingshire, 17 18 — Presbyterian minister at 
Carlisle, 1748 — at Berwick, 1760 — minister of 
New Grey Friars Church, Edinburgh, 1768 — ■ 
D.D. Edinburgh, 1770 — moderator of General 
Assembly, 1774 — minister of Old Grey Friars, 
1776— rj., Nov. 1790. History of Great Bri- 
tain, 1771-93. 

Henry, William (Charles?), chemist, — b. at 
Manchester, 12 Dec. 1775 — studies at Edin- 
burgh, 1795— M.D. there, 1807— F.R.S. Lon- 
don, 1 808 — receives the Copley donation, 1 809 
— kills himself, 2 Sep. 1836. Elements of Ex- 
2)erimcntal Chemistry, 18 10. 

Henryson, {Henderson,) Robert, poet, — tf., 
before 1508. Orpheus Kyng, 1508 — Testament 
of Fair e Creseide, 1593 — Fables, 1621. 

Henschenius, Gottfried, hagiographcr, — b. 
in Guelderland, 21 Jan. 1600 — enters Order of 
Jesuits, Oct. 1 6 19 — assistant to Father Bollan- 
dus, 1635 — at Rome, 1658-61 — tf. at Antwerp, 
22 Sep. 1 68 1 — takes part in first fourteen vols. 
of Acta Sanctorum, 1643-80 — takes part in 
Imago primi saculi Soc. Jesu, 1640. 

Hensler, Philipp Gabriel, physician, — rj. in 
Schleswig, 1733 — M.D. Gottingen, 1762 — first 
physician to king of Denmark, 1775 — Prof. 
Medicine, Kiel, 1789 — tf. there, 31 Dec. 1805. 
Tentaminum et obscrvationum de morbo varioloso 
satura, 1762 — Briefe iiber das Blatterbclzen, 
1766 — Geschichte der Lustseuche die zu Eucle 
des XV. Jahrh. in Europa ausbrach, 1783-94 
— JJeber Kranlcenanstalten, 1785. 

Henslow, John Stevens, botanist, — b. at 
Rochester, 1796 — enters Cambridge Univ., 1 814 
— with Sedgwick founds Plnlosopuical Society, 
1819— M.A., 1821— Prof. Mineralogy, 1822— 
takes priest's orders, 1824 — Prof. Botany, 1827 
— rector of Hitcham, Norfolk, 1837 — ft. at 
Hitcham, 1 6 May 1 861. Principles of Botany, 
(Lardners Cabinet Cyclopaedia,) 1836 — Dic- 
tionary of Botanical Terms, 1849. 

Henzi, (Hentzy,) Samuel, burlesque poet , — 



688 



HEXZI— HERAT. 



fc. at Berne, 1701 — banished from Berne, 1744 

— beheaded as conspirator, 16 Jul. 1769^ i749- b 

a Biog. Univ. and Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

b Ersch and Gruber. 

Henzi, Rodolph, — b. at Berne, 1731— if. at 
the Hague, 1803. (With Wagner,) Vues re- 
•marquables des montagnes de la Suisse, 1785. 

Henzner, Paul, traveller, — b. in Silesia, 
1558 — iy. at Oels, 1 Jan. 1623. Itinerarium 
Ger mania, Gallia:, Italia;, §c, 16 12. 

Hepburn, James. [Bothwell, Earl of.] 

Hepburn, James Buonaventura, philologist, 
— b. in Scotland, 1573 — if. at Venice, about 
1620. Dictionarium hebraicum et chaldaicum, 

i59 r - 

Hephsestion, — [BC] — accompanies Alex- 
ander into Asia, 334 — commands fleet in 
Phoenicia, 332 — detached down the Cophen, 
327 — marries Drypetis at Susa, 324 a — if. at 
Ecbatana, autumn 324,* b 325.° 

a Thirlwall. b Clinton. c Droysen. 

Hephaestion, grammarian, — fl., about 150. 

Heptarchy. [Anglo-Saxon Kings of Eng- 
land.] 

Heraclea, Table of. [See Heracleia, in 
Lucania.~\ 

Heracleia, in Bithynia, — [B C] — founded by 
Megarians and Boeotians of Tanagra, (01. 60,) 
559 a — Cleakchus invited by aristocracy seizes 
tyranny, before 364 b — Satyrus succeeds, 353 — 
Timotheus, 346, (353 ?) — Dionysius, about 338- 
306-5 — Amastris, Queen, about 302-288 — 
Clearchus II. and Oxathres slain by Lysima- 
chus, who rules till 281 — return of exiles, 281 
— threatened by Seleucus, 281 — Adiatorix 
made governor by Antony, about 40 ? — put to 
death by Augustus, 29. a Clinton. b Miiller. 

Heracleia, in Lucania, — [BC] — founded by 
colonists from Thurii and Siris, about (01. 87) 
432 — seat of congresses of Italian Greeks till 
taken by Alexander of Epirus, about 326 — 
Pyrrhus defeats Bomans near, 280 — forms 
alliance with Borne, 278. Table of, {Lex Julia 
JIunicipalis,) passed, about — [B C] — 45 — dis- 
covered, — [A D] — 1 732. 

Heracleia, in Sicily, — [BC] — founded by 
Dorieus, (01. 60, 2,) 519,* — by Cleandridas 
and Tarentines, (01. 86, 4,) 433 b — Dion lands 
at, 357- c 

a Miiller. b Other authorities. c Grote. 

Heraeleidae, myth ic, — [B C] — return of, 
(Dorian migration into Peloponnesus,) 1048,* 
H04. b a Callimachus. b Eratosthenes. 

Heracleides, — [B C] — exiled from Syracuse, 
returns with Dion, 357 — defeats Phiiistos at 
sea. 356 — put to death by Dion, 354. 

Heracleides Ponticus, — [BC] — studies 
under Plato at Athens, about 390. 

Heracleitos, of Ephesus, philoso])her, — [B C] 
— ft, 01. 69,) 503-2, a about 513^ 459-8.° 
1 Clinton. b Smith's Diet. c Euseb. 

Heracleonas, Emperor of the East, — 
succeeds Heraelius, with Constantine III., 
Mar., (Feb.) 641 — alone, 24 May — deposed 
and banished by Senate, Sep. 64^. 

Heracles, — [BC] — urged by Nearchus, 
claims to succeed Alexander his father, 323 — 
urged by Polysperchon, again claims throne of 



Macedonia, 310— put to death by Polysperchon, 

3°9- 

Heraolianus, — officer of Honorius, puts 
Stilicho to death, 28 Aug. 408 — comes Africa;, 
409 — revolts, 4i2, a 413 b — invades Italy, flies 
to Carthage and is put to death, 413. 

a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. 

Heraelius, the Patrician, — serves in Persian 
war, 586 a — while governor of Africa, is invited 
by the Senate to send his son against Phocas, 
608 — deposes Phocas, Oct. 610. a Clinton. 

Heraelius, Roman Emperor of the East, 
— b., about 575 a — invited by Senate to depose 
Phocas, 608 — takes part with his father in 
deposing him, Oct. 610 — crowned Emperor, 7 
Oct. 610 a — death of his wife Elavia Eudoxia, 
13 or 14 Aug. 612 — has his daughter Epipha- 
nia crowned, 4 Oct. 612 b — marries his niece 
Martina, 6i4 b — unsuccessful negotiations with 
Chosroes, 618 — plants the Servians and Croats 
as barriers against Avars, after 619 — makes 
peace with Avars, 620 — sets out from Constan- 
tinople on Persian expedition, 5 Apr. 622 b — 
makes Trebizond his head-quarters, and returns 
at close of the campaign, 622 — rejoins army in 
Armenia, Apr. 623 — invades Persia, 20 Apr. — 
takes Gandzaca, (Tauris, Tebris,) 623 — winters 
in Albania, 623-4 — renews the Avar in Persia, 
624 — passes the Tigris, and occupies Amida, 8 
Mar. 625 — reaches the Euphrates and occupies 
Samosata, Mar. 625— defeats Sarbar on the 
Sarus, 625 — -winters near the Halys, 625-6 — 
joined by the K bazars at Tiflis, 626 — defeats 
Persians under Rhazates at Nineveh, 12 Dec. 
627 — plunders a palace of Chosroes, 1 Jan. 
628 — ravages Persia, Eeb. 628 — concludes 
peace with Siroes, Mar. 628 — triumphal entry 
into Constantinople, 628 — becomes supporter 
of Monothelite doctrine, 629 — summoned by 
Mohammed to adopt his faith, 629— publishes 
his Ecthesis, 639— if., 11 Mar. (Feb.) 641. 
c Art de Verifier les Dates. b Clinton. 

Heraelius Constantinus, Roman Emperor 
of the East, — b., 3 May 612 — associated with 
his father, Heraelius, in the Empire, 22 Jan. 
613 — proclaimed Emperor on death of his 
father, 641 — if., 24 May 641. 

Heraldry, — bearing of heraldic devices, 
traceable as early as about 1150 — devices be- 
come hereditary, about 1200— heraldic colle- 
giate chapter held at siege of Rouen, 1428 — 
commission for visitation of all England 
granted by Henry VIII., 1528. 

Heralds' College, College of Arms, — in- 
corporated by Richard III., by charter of 2 
Mar. 1483— charter confirmed by Edward VI., 
4 Jun. 1549 — reincorporated bv charter of 
Philip and Mary, 18 Jul. 1554. 

Herat, in Afghanistan, (Areia,Aria Civitas, 
Artahoana? ArtaJcana ? Alexandreia Arrion ?) 
— becomes subject to Mohammedans witb 
Khorasan, 646 — given to Abul Ali by Toghrul 
Beg, 1040— adorned by Gheias u din, about 
1 170 — seat of the Gourides, about 1 160-1220 
— seized and destroyed by Gengis Khan, 1220 
— again destroyed by Mongols, 1291 — taken by 
Tamerlane, 1 381 —nourishes as seat of learning 
under Sultan Hussein, 1470-1500 — taken by 



HERAULT DE SECHELLES-HERBOUVILLE. 



6S 9 



Sheibani Khan, and house of Tamerlane ex- 
tinguished, about 1505 — retaken by Shah 
Isniael Sophi, and reunited to Persia, 1511 — 
taken by Douranee Afghans, 17 15 — by Nadir 
Shah, 17 3 1 — retaken by Ahmed Khan and 
annexed to Afghanistan, 1749 — unsuccessfully 
attacked by Persians, 1815 — seized by Futteh 
Khan, 18 15 — besieged by troops of Candahar, 
1824 — threatened by Persians under Abbas 
Mirza, 1833 — siege of, by Shah Mahommed, 
(Mirza,) begins 22 Nov. 1837 — is raised, 9 Sep. 
1838 — seized by Yar Mahommed, on death of 
Kamran, May 1843 — threatened by Afghans, 
1856 — occupied by Persians, Oct. 1856 — 
evacuated by them, Jul. 1857 — stormed by 
Dost Mahommed, 26 May 1863— taken by 
Yakoob Khan, son of Shere Ali, 6 May 187 1. 

Herault de Sechelles, Marie Jean, revolu- 
tionary leader, — b. at Paris, 1760 — takes part 
in siege of the Bastille, 1789 — deputy to 
Legislative Assembly, Sep. 1791 — Pres. Con- 
vention, 2 Nov. 1792 — at head of Convention, 
summons Henriot to respect them, 31 May 
1793 — proclaims proscription of Girondists, 2 
Jun. — presides at national fete, 10 Aug. — ■ 
member of Committee of Public Safety, 1793 
— denounced by Bourdon de l'Oise, 16 Dec. 
1793 — arrested, 9 Mar. — and executed, 5 Apr. 

1794- 

Herault, Charles Antoine, painter, — fj. at 
Paris, 1 Jan. 1644 a — admitted to Academy of 
Painting, 25 Jan. 1670 a — lj. at Paris, 19 Jul. 
I7i8, a i7io. b a Jal. b Nagler. 

Herbart, Johann Friedrich, philosopher, — 
fc. at Oldenburg, 4 May 1776— studies under 
Fichte at Jena, 1794 — lectures on Philosophy 
at Gottingen, 1802-5 — Prof. Philosophy, 
Konigsberg, 1809 — at Gottingen, 1833 — &• 
there, 14 Aug. 1841. Allgemeine Pacdagogik, 
1806 — Einleitung in die Philosophic, 181 3 — 
Psychologic als Wissenschaft, 1824-5 — Allge- 
meine Metaphysik, 1828-9 — Kurze Encyclo- 
pddie dcr Philosophic, 1831. 

Herbelot, Barthelemi D', orientalist, — ft. at 
Paris, 14 Dec. 1625 — oriental secretary and 
interpreter to the king, 166 1 — -Prof. Syriac, 
College Royal, 1692 — if. at Paris, 8 Dec. 1695. 
Bibliotheque orientate, 1697. 

Herberstein, Karl, Count von, Bp of Lay- 
bach, — b. in Carniola, 1722 — Bp of Laybach, 
about Dec. 1772 — promotes ecclesiastical re- 
forms in Austria under Joseph II., about 1780 
— *r., 7 Oct. 1787. 

Herberstein, Sigismund, Bakon von, diplo- 
matist, historian, — b. in Carniola, i486 — enters 
Imperial army, 1506 — commander of Styrian 
cavalry, 1509 — envoy to Denmark, 1516 — 
ambassador to Russia, 1517 and 1526 — to Con- 
stantinople, 1541 — lj. at Vienna, 28 Mar. 1566. 
Serum JKoscoviticarum commentarii, 1549. 

Herbert, Edward, Lord Herbert of Cher- 
bury, philosopher, — b. at Montgomery Castle, 
158 1 — enters University Coll. Oxford, 1593 — 
marries, Feb. 1598 — appears at court of Queen 
Elizabeth, 1600— K.B , 1603 — visits the con- 
tinent, 1608-9 — at siege of Juliers, 16 10 — visits 
Italy, 1 6 14- 1 5 — ambassador to France, 161 8- 
24 — Baron in Irish peerage, 1625 — raised to 



English peerage, 1631 — visits Gassendi at 
Paris, 1647 — ff. in London, 20 Aug. 1648. 
Tractatus de Veritate, 1624 — Be Religionc 
Gentilium, 1663 — Expeditio Buchinghami Bu- 
cis in Ream Insulam, 1658 — Poems, 1665 — 
Life and Reign of King Henry VIII., 1649 — 
Memoirs, 1764. 

Herbert, Sir Edward, Lord Chief Justice 
of England,— B. A. Oxford, 21 Apr. 1669 a 
— enters the Middle Temple, 1669 — knt, 19 
Feb. 1683 — Chief Justice of Chester, Oct. 
1683 — Chief Justice of King's Bench, and 
Privy Councillor, Oct. 1685 — member of Court 
of High Commission, 1686 — denies king's 
power to enforce martial law in time of peace, 
and is dismissed, Apr. 1687 — made Chief Jus- 
tice of Common Pleas, Apr. 1687 — follows 
James II. into exile, 1688 — exempted from Act 
of Indemnity, 1690 — if. at St Germains, Nov. 
1698. a Foss. 

Herbert, George, poet, theologian,— b. at 
Montgomery, 3 Apr. 1593 — enters Trin. Coll. 
Cambridge, about 1608 — Fellow, 16 15 — M.A., 
16 16 — public orator of the University, 1619-27 
— takes holy orders, 1625 — prebendary of Lin- 
coln, 1626 — rector of Bemerton, 1630 — tf., 
Feb. 1633. The Temple, 1633— The Priest to 
the Temple, 1652. 

Herbert. [Pembroke, and Torrington, 
Earls of, and Worcester, Marquis of.] 

Herbert, Losinga, Bp of Norwich, — abbot 
of Ramsay, 1087 — buys bishopric of Thetford, 
1091 — removes See to Norwich, 1094 — assists 
at Council of London, Sep. 1103 — ft., 22 Jul. 
1 1 19 — builds Norwich Cathedral, 1096-1119. 

Herbert, Sidney, Lord Herbert of Lea, 
statesman, — b. at Richmond, 18 10 — M.P. South 
Wiltshire, 1832 — Secretary to the Admiralty, 
1 841 — Secretaiy at War, 1845-46 — marries, 
1846 — Privy Councillor, Dec. 1852 — Secretary 
at War, Dec. 1852-55, and again, Jun. 1859 — 
raised to the peerage, 1861 — if. at Wilton, 2 
Aug. 1861. 

Herbert, Sir Thomas, traveller, — b. at York, 
about 1606 — enters Oxford Univ., 162 1 — 
travels in Persia, &c, 1626.30 — named one of 
the Commissioners to receive Charles I. from 
Scots, 1647 — attends the king, 1647-49 — Bart, 
by Charles II., 1660 — rj. at York, 1 Mar. 1682. 
Travels into Africa and Asia the Great, 1634 
— Threnodia Carolina, 1678. 

Herbin, Auguste Francois Julien, oriental- 
ist, — b. at Paris, 13 Mar. 1783 — admitted to 
Academy of Sciences, 1804 — tf. at Paris, 30 
Dec. 1806. Beveloppements des principes de la 
Lanque Arabe moderne, 1 803 — Notice sur BZafiz, 
1806. 

Herbinius, Johann, theologian, naturalist, 
— b. in Silesia, 1633 — M.A. Wittenberg, 1657 
— deputy from Polish Lutherans to Protestant 
Churches of Germany, Switzerland, France, and 
Holland, 1664 — tf. atGraudentz, 14 Feb. 1676. 
Bissertaliones ducc de admirandis mundi cata- 
ractis, §c, 1670 — Religiosce hijovienses cryptce, 
1675 — Be statu Ecclesiarum augustance confcs- 
sionis in Polonia, 1670. 

Herbouville, Charles Joseph Fortune, 
Marquis D', — b. in Paris, 1756 — member of 
44 



690 



HERBST— HERESY. 



Provincial Assembly of Rouen, 1787 — com- 
mander of National Guard there, 1789 — Pres. 
Departmental administration of the Seine-In- 
ferieure, 1790 — imprisoned, Aug. 1792-94 — 
Prefect of the Rhone, 1806-10 — created Mar- 
quis, Lieutenant-general, Chevalier of St Louis, 
1814 — Pres. of Electoral College of the Rhone, 
1815 — Postmaster-general, 1815-16 — fc. at 
Paris, Apr. 1829. 

Herbst, Johann Andreas, writer on music, 
— chapel-master at Frankfort-on-the-Main, 
1628 — removes to Niirnberg, 1641 — returns to 
Frankfort, 1650 — rj. there, 1660. Musica 
Poetica, 1643 — Meletemata sacra Davidis, 
1619. 

Herbst, Johann Friedrieh Wilhelm, natu- 
ralist, entomologist, — h. at Petershagen (Min- 
den,) 1 Nov. 1743 — tf. at Berlin, 5 Nov. 1807. 
Versuch einer natiirlichen Geschickte der Krab- 
ben und Krebse, 1782-1804 — Natur- System der 
Kafer, 1783-95 — Natur-System der Schmetter- 
linge, 1783-95. 

Herburt de Fulstein, Johann, statesman, 
historian, — ambassador to France, 1574. Sta- 
tuta regni polonici, 1567 — Chronicon, 157 1. 

Herculaneum, — partly destroyed by earth- 
quake, 63 — destroyed by eruption of Vesuvius, 
24 Aug. 79 — remains of, discovered by Prince 
d' Elbceuf, 17 13. 

Herculanus, — Consul of Rome with Aspo- 
racius, (1205, a. u. c.) 452. 

Hercules, Pillars of. [Gibraltar.] 
Hercules I., of Este, Duke or Ferrara 
and Modena, — b. 1433 — takes part "with B. 
Coleoue in expedition against Florence, 1467 — 
succeeds Borso, 147 1 — marries Leonora of Ara- 
gon, Jul. 1473 — P u ^ s *° death his nephew and 
rival Niccolo, Sep. 1476 — commands Floren- 
tine troops against the pope and Ferdinand of 
Naples, 1478 — league of the Venetians with 
Sixtus IV. against him, spring 1482 — forms 
alliance with Ferdinand of Naples, Marquis of 
Mantua, and others, 1482— makes peace with 
the pope, 12 Dec. 1482 — concludes peace with 
the Venetians, 7 Aug. 1484— ft., 25 Jan. 1505. 
Hercules II., of Este, Duke of Ferrara, 
Modena, and Reggio, — b., 4 Apr. 1508 — 
marries the Princess Renee of France, at Paris, 
28 Jun. 1528 — succeeds his father, Alfonso I., 
31 Oct. 1534 — receives renewal of investiture 
of Ferrara from Paul III., Feb. 1539 — receives 
Paul III. at Modena, and at Ferrara, Apr. 
1543 — joins the league of the pope and France 
against Spain, 13 Nov. 1556 — General of the 
army of the Church, and Lieutenant-general of 
the king of France in Italy ; makes peace 
with Philip II., 18 Mar. 1558— If., 3 Oct. 1559. 
Herder, Johann Gottfried von, poet, theolo- 
gian, — b. at Mohrungen, East Prussia, 25 Aug. 
1744 — studies at Konigsberg, 1762-64 — Prof. 
Theology, Gottingen, 1775 — settles at Weimar, 
1776 — rj. there, 18 Dec. 1803. VolJcslieder, 
1778 — Der Cid, 1805 — Geist der hebr. Poesie, 
1782 — Ideen zur Philosophic der Geschichte 
der Menschheit, 1784-91 — Gedichte, 1836. 

Herdonius, Appius,— [B C]— Sabine chief- 
tain, — seizes upon the Capitol of Rome, but is 
killed and dispossessed, 460. 



Hereau, Edme Joachim, miscellaneous 
writer, — b. at Paris, 3 Mar. 179 1 — goes to 
Russia, 1809 — settles at Paris, 1819— commits 
suicide, 8 Jul. 1836. Editor of La -Causeuse, 
1822 — Dictionnaire de la conversation, 1832-35. 
Heredia, Pietro Miguel de, physician, — b. 
at Valladolid, Dec. 1590 — tj. first physician to 
Philip IV., Feb. 1659. Opera, 1665. 

Hereford, in England, — seat of bishopric, 676 
— burnt by Elf gar and the Welsh, 24 Oct. 1055 — 
fortified by Harold, 1055 — attacked by Edric 
the Forester and the Welsh, 1067 — Llewelyn 
makes treaty with King John at, and does 
homage, 11 Jul. 1 201 —parliament held at, 
deposes Edward II., 1327 — garrisoned for 
Charles L, 1642 — surrenders to Sir William 
Waller, but is soon reoccupied by Royalists, 
spring 1643 — unsuccessfully besieged by Scots, 
Aug. to Sep. 1645. Cathedral, founded, 825 — 
rebuilt, 1030 — destroyed by Welsh, 1055 — 
again rebuilt, 1079-1115 — partly falls, 1786 — 
restored, and reopened, 30 Jun. 1863. 

Hereford, Henry Bolingbroke, Duke of. 
[Henry IV. of England.] 

Hereford, Humphrey de Bohun, Earl of, 
and Earl of Essex, Constable of Eng- 
land, — takes part in negotiating truce with 
Llewelyn, 1260 — succeeds his grandfather, 1275 
— with Roger Bigod, resists arbitrary exactions 
of Edward I., end of Feb. 1297 — they compel 
him to confirm Magna Charta, Nov. 1297 — o\, 
1298. 

Hereford, Roger Fitz-Osborn, Earl of, 
— succeeds to the earldom, 1070 — marries his 
sister to Ralph de Gael, and with him conspires 
against William I., 1075^ 1073 b — excom- 
municated by Lanfranc, and condemned to per- 
petual imprisonment, 1075. 
a Annals of England. * Pict. Hist. England. 

Hereford, William Fitz-Osborn, Earl of, 
— relieves Exeter, besieged by Cornish men, 
1068 — tf. in Flanders, 1070. 

Heregeld, {Heregyld,) in England, — remitted 

by Edward the Confessor, io5i a — reimposed 

by William the Conqueror ? 1083. a Freeman. 

Herennianus, — Consul of Rome with Se- 

verus, (924, a. u. c.) 171. 

Herennius, M., — [BC] — Consul of Rome 
with C. Valerius Flaccus, (661, a. u. c.) 93. 

Heresbach, Conrad, — b. in Cleves, 1509,* 
1496 b — Privy Councillor to Duke of Cleves, 
1539 — &'•> 14 Oct. 1576. Be educandis erudien- 
disque principibus, 1570-92 — Res Rustica, 1570. 
a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Heresy, Heretics, — penal edict of Constantine 
the Great against, 325 — marriages of orthodox 
with, prohibited by Council of Laodicea, 372 (?) 
— meetings of, prohibited by Theodosius, 30 Jul. 
381 — execution of Priscillian by Maximus, at 
Triers, 385 — declared a crime against the state, 
punishable by confiscation, and in case of 
Manichees, by death, by Code of Theodosius, 
438 — declared incapable of civil or military 
office, meetings prohibited and books to be 
burned, by code of Justinian, 529 — civil crime 
by laws of Recared, 590-600 — burning of, prac- 
tised in England, France, and Germany, before 
i2co a — crusades against, begun by Innocent 



HEREWARD— HERMANN. 



691 



III., 1208 — [Albigenses] — burning ordained 
by Emperor Frederick 11., 1222 a — rigorous 
decrees against, by Councils of Toulouse, 1229 
— of Melun and Beziers, 1233 — placed under 
ban of Empire, and their goods confiscated, by 
decrees of Frederick II. at Ravenna, 22 Feb. 
and Mar. i232 b — reenactedat Cremona, 1238^ 
an I at Padua, 1239 s1 — examination by torture, 
enjoined by bulls of Innocent 1Y., C 1252 — de- 
prived of privilege of sanctuary by Martin IV., 
1281 — and by John XXII., 13.17 — burning of, 
condemned by bull of Leo X. against Luther, 
i52o. d In Spain, burning and confiscation 
prescribed by Peter I. of Aragon, 1197 — In- 
quisition introduced, 1242. In France, ten 
canons of Orleans burnt as Manichees, by 
order of King Robert, 1022 — burnt, by decree 
of Council of Paris, Oct. 12 10 — penalty of death 
for, by ordinance of St Louis, 1229. In England, 
examination by torture authorized by Edward 
II., in case of the Templars, at instance of 
Clement V., 1311-12 — burning of, mentioned 
in Chronicle of Meanx, as early as 1330 — 
in Piers the Plowman's Crede, before 1400 
— punishable by imprisonment, by Stat. 6 Rich. 
II. c. 13, 1381 — by burning alive, by Stat. 2 
Hen. IV. c. 15, (de hcereticis comburendis,) 1401 
— law altered by Act 25 Hen. VIII. c. 14, 1534 
— further provisions by Act 31 Hen. VIII. c. 14, 
1539 — l aw a » am altered by Act 1 Eliz. c. 1, 1559 
■ — burning, abolished by Act 29 Car. II. c. 9, 1677. 
In Scotland, made punishable by burning alive, 
1425. In the Netherlands, made punishable by 
burning or burying alive, by beheading, for 
those who recant, by edict of Charles V., 1521 f 
— former decrees against, confirmed, with ad- 
ditional severities, 153 1 — not allowed to make 
wills, 1540 — estates of, forfeited, 1549 — treated 
as treason, 1554. Baptism of, declared null by 
synods of Carthage, Iconium, and Synnada, 
2 35 d — an( l by Cyprian, Bp of Carthage, in two 
synods, 255^ and by another synod, 256 e — held 
to be genuine, by Stephen, Bp of Rome, 255 — and 
by Council of Aries, 314 — rejected by Council of 
Nice, 325 — controversy revived by Donatists, 
about 345 — validity of, maintained by Augustine, 
about 410 — and by Council of Trent, 1564. 
a Milman. b Kington. c Lecky. 

d Herzog's Encyc. e Neander. f Davies. 

Hereward, Lord of Born in Lincoln- 
shire, — plunders and burns Abbey of Peter- 
borough, Jun. 1070— establishes his 'camp of 
refuge ' in Isle of Ely, and is joined by Earl 
Morcar, 107 1 — blockaded there by William I. 
three months, and escapes with some of his 
followers, 107 1. 

Heribert. [Champagne, Counts of.] 

Hericourt, Louis D', jurist, — b. at Soissons, 
1687 — advocate to the Parliament of Paris, 
17 12— tf. at Paris, 18 Oct. 1752. Lois ecclesias- 
tiques de France,!*] 19 — (Euvres posthumes,!'] 59. 

Heriger, hagiographer, — b. in Brabant, 
about 940 — enters Benedictine Order at Lobbes, 
955 — Abbot of Lobbes, 990 — tf., 31 Oct. ioo9, a 
loo7. b a Biog. Univ. and Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

b Ersch and Gruber. 

Heriot, George, goldsmith, philanthropist, 
■ — b. at Edinburgh, about 1563 — member of 



Incorporation of Goldsmiths, May 1588 — gold- 
smith to Anne of Denmark, 1597 — to James I., 
follows him to London, 1603 — &., 12 Feb. 
1624. Heriofs Hospital, Edinburgh, founded 
by him, completed, 1642 — Heriot Schools, 
established, 1837. 

Herissant, Louis Antoine Prosper, phy- 
sician, bibliographer, — b. at Paris, 27 Jul. 1745 
— tf. there, 10 Aug. 1769. Bibliotheque phy- 
sique de la France, 177 1. 

Heritable Jurisdictions, in Scotland, — 
abolished by Act 20 Geo. II. c. 43, 17 Jun. 1747. 

Heritier, L\ [L'Heritier.] 

Herlicius, David, physician, astrologer, — b. 
in Misnia, 1557 — Prof. Mathematics, Greifs- 
wald, 1585 — Prof. Physics, Stargard, 1598 — 
tf. there, 15 Aug. 1636. Be curationibus 
gravidarum, puerperarum, et infantium, 1584 — 
Exercitationes philosophies de lacrymis, risu, 
§c, 1606. 

Herman of Salza, Grand Master of Teu- 
tonic Order, — takes part in crusade, 11 96 — 
succeeds Herman of Bardt, 1 2 1 o a — distinguishes 
himself at siege of Damietta, 12 18-19 — with 
Frederick II. at Rome, 1220 b — visits Frederick 
at Precina, Dec. 1222 b — mediates between 
Frederick and Count Thomas of Molise, spring 
1223 b — sent into Germany to promote crusade, 
1224 — promotes marriage of Frederick with 
Yolande, 1225 — receives grant of possessions of 
his Order in Palestine, Jan. 1226 b — is trans- 
ferred to Prussia, 1226— accompanies embassy 
to Pope Honorius, Nov. 1226 — goes to Palestine, 
1 227 — promotes breach of truce with the Sultan, 
autumn 1227 — aids Frederick in Palestine, 
1228-9 — attends his coronation at Jerusalem, 
1229 — negotiates peace between Frederick and 
Pope Gregory IX., close of 1229 to May 1230 

— present at reconciliation of Emperor and 
Pope, at Anagni, 1 Sep. 1230 — tries to save 
King Henry, 1235 — attends Diet of Mentz, 
1235 — mediates between Emperor and Pope, 
1236-7 — attends Frederick at Vienna, Jan. 
1237 — holds chapter at Marburg, Jul. 1237 — 
in ill health goes to Salerno, autumn 1238 — tf. 
at Barletta, 1239. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Kington. 

Herman de Sainte-Barbe, Guillaume Heris, 
Carmelite, — b. at Liege, 1657 — ft. there, about 
1707. Carmelus triumphans, 1688. 

Hermann of Luxemburg, Count of Salm, 
— elected king of the Romans, in opposition to 
Henry IV., at Diet of Goslar, 9 Aug. 108 1 — 
crowned by Abp of Mentz, 26 Dec. 1082 — 
makes peace with Henry IV., and is accidentally 
killed, 1088. 

Hermann. [Suabia, Dukes of.] 

Hermann. [Arminius.] 

Hermann Contractus, historian,— -b., 18 
Jul. 1013 — enters monastery of Reichenau, 
1043 — If. near Biberach, 24 Sep. 1054. 
Chronicon, 1054. 

Hermann, Jakob, mathematician, — b. at 
Basel, 1 6 Jul. 1 67 8— travels in France, Germany, 
&c, 1701 — Prof. Mathematics, Padua, 1707 — 
Prof. Philosophy, Frankfort-on-the-Oder, 17 13 

— Prof. Mathematics, St Petersburg, 1724 — ■ 
Prof. Morals, Basel, 1 7 3 1 — Associate of Academy 



692 



HERMANN-HERMOCRATES. 



of Sciences, Paris, 1733 — If. at Easel, 11 Jul. 
1-733. Be Phoronomia, 17 15. 

Hermann, Johann, naturalist, — b. in Alsace, 
1738 — Prof. Medicine, Strasburg, 1768 — Prof. 
Pathology, 1782 — Prof. Botany and Chemistry, 
1784— rj., 4 Oct. 1800. Tabula affinitatum 
animalium, 1785 — Observations zoologies 
posthumce, 1804. 

Hermann, Johann Gottfried Jakob, philo- 
logist, — b. at Leipsic, 28 Nov. 1772 — Prof. 
Philosophy there, 1798— Prof. Eloquence, 1803 
— Prof. Poetry, 1809 — director of Philological 
Seminary, 1834 — admitted to Academy of In- 
scriptions, Paris, 1835— rj. at Leipsic, "31 Dec. 
1848. Be metris Grcecorum et Homanorum 
Poetarum, 1796 — Handbuch der Metrik, 1798 
■ — Be Poeseos generibus, 1794 — De emendanda 
ratione Grcecce grammatics, 1801 — edition of 
the Clouds of Aristophanes, 1799 — of Aristotle 
De Arte poetica, 1802 — De mythologia Gr<B- 
corum antiquissima, 1807 — Brief e ueber Homer 
und Hesiodus, 181 8. 

Hermann, Karl Friedrich, philologist, — b. 
at Frankfort-on-the-Oder,4 Aug. 1804 — studies 
at Heidelberg and Leipsic, 1820-4 — Ph.D., 
1824— Prof. Philology, Marburg, 1832— second 
librarian to the Univ., 1833— Prof. Eloquence, 
Gottingen, 1842— rj. there, 31 Dec. 1855. 
Edition of Lucian Be conscribenda historia, 
!g 2 8 — Ueber das Verhaltniss der neuern 
speculativen Fhilosophie zur Klassischen Alter- 
thumsforschung, 1829 — Geschichte und System 
der Platonischen Philosophie, 1839 — Lehrbuch 
der griechischen Antiquitdten, 1841-52 — Vor- 
traege iiber Archaeologie,\%\\ — Tiber dieStudien 
der griechischen Kiinstler, 1847 — Ueber Gesetz 
und gesetzgebende Gewalt im griechischen 
Alterthum, 1849 — Ueber Grundsdtze und 
Anwendung des Strafrechts im griech. Alter- 
thum, 1855. 

Hermann, Paul, botanist, — b. at Halle, 
1646,* 1640 b — M.D. Padua, 1670 — goes to 
Ceylon, 1670-9 — Prof. Botany, Leyden, 1679 — 
lj., 29 Jan. 1695. Paradisus Batavus, 1698 — 
Jfusei Bidici catalogus, 171 1 — Cynosura materice 
medicce, 17 10. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Hermant, Jean, historian, — b. at Caen, 1650 
— rj., Oct. 1725. Histoire des Conciles, 1695 — 
Histoire de V etablissement des ordres religieux, 
$c, 1697 — Ptistoire des heresies, 17 17 (3rd ed.). 

Hermarchos, (Hermachos,) Epicurean philo- 
sopher, — [BC] — succeeds Epicurus, about 278. 

Hermas, Apostolical Father, — writes his 
Shepherd, 90-1 io, a 139-145. 15 

a Hoole. b Murat. Fragm. 

Hermbstaedt, Sigismund Friedrich, chemist, 
§c, — b. at Erfurt, 14 Apr. 1760 — Prof. Chem- 
istry and Pharmacy, Berlin, 1791 — Prof. 
Chemistry and Technology, at the University, 
1 8 19 — tf. there, Oct. 1833. Systematischer 
Grundriss der allgemeinen Experiment alchemie, 
I 79 I_ 3 ~~ Grundriss der Earbehunst, 1802 — 
Grundsdtze der Technologie, 1816-25. 

Hermeias, (Hermias,) tyrant of Atarneus, 
— [B CJ — invites Aristotle and Xenocrates to 
his court, 347 — taken prisoner by Mentor and 
put to death, 344. 



Hermelin, Samuel Gustav, Baron, mineral- 
ogist, — b. at Stockholm, 4 Apr. 1744 — Coun- 
sellor to Coll. of Mines, 17 81- 18 15 — Knt of 
the Polar Star, 18 10 — fr. at Stockholm, 4 Mar. 
1820. Geographiska Chartor cefver Sverige, 
1797-1807 — Ecerscek till en mineral historia 
cefver Bappmarken och Vesterbotten, 1804. 

Hermenegild, Prince of Boetica, — as- 
sociated with his father Leovigild and his 
brother Recared in kingdom of Visigoths, 573 
— marries Ingunda, Princess of Austrasia, 580 
— embraces Latholic faith, and is persecuted by 
Leovigild: allies himself with Romans, and. 
rebels against his father, betrayed to Leovigild, 
imprisoned and put to death at Tarragona, 584 
or 585,* 4 Apr. 5 86.b 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. h Biog. Univ. 

Hermenericus, — Consul of Rome with Ba- 
siliscus, (1218, a. u. c.) 465. 

Hermericus, (Hermoiericus,) Xing op 
the Suevi, — enters Spain with Yandals and 
Alans, 409 — au war with Gunderic, king of 
Vandals, 419 — ravages Gallsecia, 431-2, 430-1 a 
— peace made by intervention of Censorius, 
433 and 438 — abdicates, 438 — rj., 441. 
a Clinton. 

Hermes, Georg, theologian, — b. at Dreyer- 
walde, near Munster, 22 Apr. 1775 — studies at 
the Academy, Munster, 1792— Prof, at the 
Gymnasium, 1798— Prof. Theology, 1807 — 
Prof. Theology, Bonn, 18 19 — tf. there, 26 May 
1 83 1. Einleitung in die Christ-Katholische 
Theologie, 18 19. 

Hermes, Johann August, theologian, — b. at 
Magdebm-g, 24 Aug. 1736 — studies at Halle, 
1754 — ft. at Quedlinburg, 6 Jan. 1822. Hand- 
buch der Religion, 1779. 

Hermesianax, elegiac poet, — [B C] — tf., before 
302. 

Hermida, Benito y Porras Bermudez Mal- 
donado, statesman, — b. at Santiago de Com- 
postella, 1 Apr. 1736 — Pres. Audience of Seville, 
1786 — Counsellor of Castille, 1792 — charged 
with the surrender of Figuieres to the French, 
1793 — called to the Chamber of Castille, Coun- 
sellor of the King's Chamber, 1799 — retires to 
Saragossa, 1802 — assists at defence of Saragossa, 
1808— Minister of Grace and Justice, by the 
Central Junta, 1808 — returns to Madrid, 1813 
— rj. tbere, 1 Feb. 18 14. Translation of Para- 
dise Lost, 1 8 14. 

Hermilly, Vaquette D', translator, — b. at 
Paris, 1 7 05 , a 1 7 1 o b — rj • there, 1778. Histoire 
generate d'Espagne, de Ferreras, 1742 — La 
Lusiade de Camoens, 1776. a Biog. Univ. 

t Ersch and Gruber and Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Hermippos, comic poet,— [BC] — prosecutes 
Aspasia, 432-1 — ridicules Plato, 431-0. Fhor- 
mophoroi, 426-7. 

Hermippos, of Smyrna, philosopher, — [B C] 
— fl., about 225. 

Hermocrates, — [B C] — rises into notice in 
Sicily, present at Congress at Gela, summer 
424 — one of the commanders-in-chief against 
Athenian invasion, winter 414 — deposed, joins 
Spartan fleet, summer 412 — at Cyno.ssema, 412 
— sentenced to exile, gives up command, 409 — ■ 
retires to Sicily and attempts a revolution in 



HERMODORUS— HERRGOTT. 



6 93 



Syracuse ; fortifies Selinus, enters Syracuse and 
is slain, 407, 

Hermodorus, of JEphesus, — [BC] — assists 
decemvirs at Rome in their legislation, 451. 

Hermogenes, rhetorician, — b., 148 a — fi., 
163-17 1 a — becomes imbecile, 173. Ars Rhe- 
toric^ 1 65 — De Formis Oratoriis, 171. a Clinton. 
Hernandez, Francesco, physician, naturalist, 
— sent to Mexico by Philip II., 1593-1600. 
Nova plantarum, animalium, et miner alium 
mexicanorum historia, 1651^ 1615^ 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Hernandez, Francisca, — seized and im- 
prisoned by Inquisition at Toledo, 1530. 

Hernani, in Spain, — Gen. Evans defeats the 
Carlists near, 5 May 1836. 

Heme's Oak, in Windsor Park, — blown 
down, 31 Aug. 1863. 

Herny, near Metz, — head-quarters of king of 
Prussia, 13 Aug. 1870. 

Herodes, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
180, 1,) 60. 

Herodes I., the Great, King op Judaea, — 
[B CJ — b., about 72, a 62 b — governor of Galilee, 
47 — confirmed in his government by Cassius 
Longinus, 43 — appointed tetrarch by Antony, 
41 — expelled by Parthians, goes to Rome, and 
is appointed king by the Senate, 40 — retakes 
Jerusalem, 37— secures favour of Augustus, 31 
— his territories increased, 30 — again, 20 — 
begins rebuilding of temple, about 21-20 — pre- 
sides at Olympic Games, 18 — visits Rome, 18 
— joins Agrippa in his Euxine expedition, 17 — 
accuses his sons, 11 — puts them to deafly 6 — tf., 
4. a Smith's Diet. b Bib. Cyc. 

Herodes Agrippa. [Agrippa. ] 
Herodes Antipas, tetrarch of Galilee, — [BC] 
— succeeds his father, 4 — [AD] — marries 
Herodias, about 26 — builds Tiberias ; goes to 
Rome, 38— banished to Lyons, 39. 

Herodes, Tib. Claudius Atticus, rhetorician, 
— %.., about 120-176 a — administrator of free 
towns of Asia, about 125 — Consul with C. Bel- 
licius Torquatus, (896, a. u. c.) 143 — defends 
himself before Marcus Aurelius at Sirmium, 
168 — tf. at Marathon, i8o. b 

a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. 

Herodianus, historian, — fl., about 1 80-238. a 

a Clinton. 
Herodianus, JElius, grammarian,— fl., about 
17 3. a a Clinton. 

Herodikos, physician, — [BC] — £[., before 
400. 

Kerodoros, top>ographer, historian, — [B C] — 
ft., before 500. 

Herodotus, historian, — [BC]— ft., (01. 74, 
1,) 484 — leaves Halicarnassus, about 465 a — 
reads his history at Olympia,? (01. 81,) 456 — 
in Egypt, about 450 — reads his history at the 
Panathenrea, ? (01. 83, 3,) 446 — with Samians, 
overthrows Lygdamis, tyrant of Halicarnassus, 
about (01. 84) 444-0 a — goes to Thurii, spring 
443 b — at Athens, about 431 — writing his his- 
tory, to 408. a Muller. b Clinton. 

Heroet de la Maisonneuve, Antoine, poet, 
■ — P|) of Digne, 1552 — tf. at Paris, Dec. 1568. 
Opuscules a" amour, 1547. 
Herold, Johann Basil, — b. at Hochstedt, I 



Suabia, 1511— tf. at Basel, 1581 ? Orthodoxo- 
graph. theologlce sacrosanctce, 1 §$s-^-Hczreso- 
logia, 1556 — Leges antiquce Germanorum, 1557. 
Herold, Louis Joseph Ferdinand, musical 
composer, — fc. at Paris, 28 Jan. 1791 — studies 
at Rome, 1 812- 15 — Chevalier of Legion of 
Honour, 1829 — ft. near Paris, 18 Jan. 1833. 
Marie, 1826 — Zampa,. 1831 — Pre aux Cleres, 
1832. 

Heron, (the Elder,) of Alexandria, mechan- 
ician, — [B C] — fl , about 260. 

Heron, (the Younger,) mechanician, — fl., 
about 610. 

Heron, Robert, miscellaneous writer, — b. at 
New Galloway, 1764 — enters Edinburgh Univ., 
1780 — settles in London, 1799 — imprisoned for 
debt, 1806 — tf. in London, 13 Apr. 1807. Gen- 
eral History of Scotland, 1793-9 — translation 
of Niebuhr's Travels in Arabia, 1792. 

Herophilos, physician, — [B C] — ft, about 
300. 

Herostratos, — [BC]— sets fire to temple of 
Artemis at Ivphesus, 356. 

Herouville de Claye, Antoine de Ricouart, 
Count of, general, — b. at Paris, about 171 3 — - 
tf. Lieutenant-general, 1782. Traite des le- 
gions, 1757. 

Herport, Albert, traveller, — b. at Berne, 
1641 — embarks in Holland for East Indies, 
May 1659 — returns, May 1668. Ostindianische 
Reisebeschreibung , 1 669. 

Herrade de Landsberg, abbess of Hohenburg, 
Alsace, 1167 — tf. there, 25 Jul. 1195. 

Herrera, in Aragon, — the Carlists defeat 
Royalists near, 24 Aug. 1837. 

Herrera, Antonio de Tordesillas, historian, 
— b. at Cuellar, 1549, ad 1559,'' 1565° — first 
historiographer of the Indies and of Castile, by 
Philip II., about 1591 — tf. Secreary of State, at 
Madrid, i9, a 29 b Mar. 1625. Historia general 
de los Hechos de los Castellanos en las Islas y 
Tierra Firma del Mar Oceano, 1 601 -15 — De- 
scription de las Indias occidentales, 1601 — His- 
toria del Mundo, en el reynado del rey Pi. Phe- 
lipe IP, 1 60 1 - 1 2 . a Engl. C yc. b Biog. Univ. 
c Rees' Cyc. d Ersch and Gruber. 

Herrera, Fernando, poet, — b. at Seville, 
1515 — tf. there, about 1595, a before i582, b 
probably soon after 1578,° i597- d Obras en 
verso, 1582 — Relation de la Guerra de Chipre y 
suceso de la Batalla de Lepanto, 1572 — Vida y 
muerte de Thomas Moro, 1592 — edition of Gar- 
cilaso de la Vega, 1580. 

a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

c Ersch and Gruber. d Ticknor. 

Herrera, Francisco de, (El Viejo,) painter, 
— b. at Seville, 1576 — tf. at Madrid, 1650 or 
1656. 

Herrera, Francisco de, (SI Mozo,) painter, 
architect, — b. at Seville, 1622 — subdirector of 
Academy of Painting, Seville, 1660 — first 
painter to the king, 1677 — tf. at Madrid, 1685. 
Herrera, Gabriel Alfonso, writer on agri- 
culture. Libro de agricultura, i52o, a 15 i3- b 
a Ersch and Gruber. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Herrgott, Marquard, Benedictine, — tj. at 
Friburg, 9 Oct. 1694 — enters Benedictine Or- 
der, 17 14 — counsellor and historiographer to 



6 9 + 



HERRICK— HERTFORD. 



Empress Maria Theresa, 1736 — rj. at Vienna, 
19 Oct. 1762. Genealogia diplomat, augusta 
gentis habsburgicce, 1 7 37-38 — Monumentaaugus- 
t<e domus austriacce, 1750 — Numotheca prin- 
cipum Austria, 1752-53 — Pinacotheca princi- 
pum Austrice, 1760. 

Herrick, Robert, poet, — b. in London, 159 1 
■ — studiesat Cambridge, 1615-17 — vicar of Dean 
Priors, Devonshire, 1629 — rj. there, Oct. 1674. 
Hesperides, 1647-48. 

Herring, John Frederick, painter, — b. in 
Surrey, 1795 — begins to practise animal-paint- 
ing, 181 3 — rj. at Tunbridge, 23 Sep. 1865. 
Frugal Meal, National Gallery, 1 847 . 

Herring, Thomas, Abp of Canterbury, — 
b. in Norfolk, 1693 — B.A. Cambridge, 17 14 — 
Fellow of Benet Coll.,* Corp. Chr. Coll., b 17 16— 
M.A., 17 17 — preacher at Lincolns Inn, chap- 
lain to George I., 1726— D.D., 1728 — Dean of 
Rochester, 1731 — Bp of Bangor, 1737— Abp 
of York, 1743 — displays great energy during 
rebellion of 1745— Abp of Canterbury, 1747 — 
3j. at Croydon, 1756^13 Mar. i757- b Sermons, 
1763 — Letters, 1777. a Rees' Cyc. b Hook. 

Herring Fishery, — commenced at Yarmouth 
about 500 a — carried on in Scotland, before 
900 a — by Dutch, as early as 1 170 a — regulated 
by Statute of Herrings, 31 Edw III. st. 2, 
1357 — method of curing discovered, 1397 or 
1416 — regulated by Act 15 Car. II. c. 16, 
1663 — parliamentary committee on, i749^-en- 
couraged and tonnage bounty granted by Act 
23 Geo. II. c. 24, 1750, amended by several 
Acts — further regulated and encouraged by Acts 
26 Geo. III. c. 81, 1786; 42 Geo. III. c. 79, 
22 Jun. 1802; 48 Geo. III. c. 110, 25 Jim. 
1808; 51 Geo. III. c. 101, 26 Jun. 181 1; 52 
Geo. III. c. 153, 28 Jul. 1812 ; 54 Geo. III. c. 
102, 18 Jul. 18 14; 55 Geo. III. c. 94, 14 Jun. 
1815; 1 and 2 Geo. IV. c. 79, 10 Jul. 1821 : 
and 7 Geo. IV. c. 34, 21 Jun. 1827 — bounty 
abolished by Act 1 Will. IV. c. 54, 16 Jul. 
1830 — further regulated by Acts 10 and 11 
Vic. c. 91, 22 Jul. 1847 ; 21 and 22 Vic. c. 69, 
2 Aug. 1858; 23 and 24 Vic. c. 92, 13 Aug. 
i860 ; 24 and 25 Vic. c. 72, 1 Aug. 1861 ; and 
28 and 29 Vic. c. 22, 9 May 1865. 
a Rees' Cyc. 

Herrings, Battle of the, — Sir John Fastolfe 
defeats the French near Rouvrai, i2, a 18 b Feb. 
1429. a Annals of England. 

b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Herrliberger, David, engraver,— 6. at Zurich, 
1697 — tJ- there, 1777. 

Herrnhut, in Saxony, (Bertholsdorf) — Mo- 
ravian settlement, by Zinzendorf, 1722. 

Herrnhuters, [Moravians.] 

Herschel, Caroline Lucretia, astronomer, — 
b. at Hanover, 16 Mar. 1750 -comes to Eng- 
land, 1772 — ret urns to Hanover, 1822 — receives 
gold medal of R.A.S. for her Zone Catalogue, 
1828 — rj. there, 9 Jan. 1848. Catalogue of 
stars taken from Mr Flamsteed 1 s observations, 

$c* i79 8 - 

Herschel, Sir John Frederick William, 
Baut., astronomer, $c, — b. at Slough, near 
Windsor. 1790,* 7 Mar. 1 792 b — B.A. Cam- 
bridge, Senior Wrangler, 181 3— commences his 



astronomical observations, 18 i6, b about 1825* 
— presents first of six Catalogues of double 
stars to Royal Society, 1825 — receives gold 
medal of R.A.S. , 1826 — marries, 1829 — K.H., 
1 83 1 — presents Catalogue of nebulae and star 
clusters to Royal Society, 1833 — arrives at 
Cape of Good Hope, 15 Jan. 1834 — gold medal 
of R.A.S. again voted him, 1836 — Bart., 1837,* 
1838 b — begins observations of southern hemi- 
sphere, 5 Mar. — returns to England, 1838 
— D.C.L., Oxford, ,1839— Pres. li-A.S., 1848 
— Master of the Mint, Dec. 1850-55 — ft. at 
Collingwood near Hawkhurst, 11 May, 1871 
— buried in Westminster Abbey, 19 May. 
Treatise on Sound, (Encyc. Metrop.) 1830 — ■ 
Treatise on Theory of Light, (Encyc. Metrop.) 
1 83 1 — Preliminary Discourse on Study of 
Natural Philosophy, (Lardner's Cyc.) 1831 — 
Treatise of Astronomy, (Lardner's Cyc.) 1836 
— Results of Astronomical Observations at Cape 
of Good Hope, 1 847 — Outlines of Astronomy, 
1849 — Manual of Scientific Enquiry, 1849— 
Essays, 1857 — Physical Geography, 1861 — ■ 
Familiar Letters on Scientific Subjects, 1866. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Athenaeum. 

Herschel, Sir William, astronomer, — b. at 
Hanover, 15 Nov. 1738— comes to England, 
about 1757 or 1759— organist at Bath, 1766 — 
discovers Uranus, 13 Mar. 1781 — F.R.S., re- 
ceives the gold medal, 178 1 — private astrono- 
mer to George III., settles at Slough near 
Windsor, 1781 — investigates the nebuke and 
the galaxy, 1783-4 — discovers a satellite of 
Uranus, 1787 — marries, 1788 — completes his 
great telescope, Aug. 1789 — discovers two 
satellites of Saturn, Aug.-Sep. 1789 — discovers 
other satellites of Uranus, 1790 and 1794 — 
Knt of the Guelphic Order, 18 16 — Pres. 
Astronomical Society, London, 1820 — ft. at 
Slough, i5, a 23, b 25 c Aug. 1822. Star Cata- 
logues, 1786, 1789, and 1802. a Engl. Cyc. 
b Nouv. Biog. Gen. * c Conv.-Lex. 
Hersent, Charles, theologian, — h. at Paris, 
about 1595 — enters Congregation of the Ora- 
tory, 1 6 15— chancellor of cathedral of Metz, 
1627 — visits Rome, 1643 — ft. in Brittany, about 
1660. Optati Galli de cavendo schismate, ad 
ill. et rev. eccl. Gall, primates, archiep. ep. 
liber parceneticus, 1640^ 1648. b 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Hert, {Hertius,) Johann Kicolaus, publicist, 
— b. near Giessen, 1652 — LL.D. Giessen, Prof. 
Laws, 1686 — Chancellor of the Univ., 17 10 — 
b". at Giessen, 19 Sep. 17 10. Flementa pru- 
dentice civilis, 1689 — Tractatus jur. publ. de 
statuum imperii B. G.jure nformandi, 17 10. 

Hertford, — castle, built by Edward the El ler, 
about 905 -9 1 o — captured by Louis the Dauphin, 
6 Dec. 1216 — given, with Earldom, to John of 
Gaunt, 1345— Henry VI. keeps his court at, 
1428-9. Synod of, held, 24 Sep. 673. 

Hertford, Edward and William, Earl;* op. 
[Somerset, Dukes of.] 

Hertford, Edward Seymour, Eakl of, — b., 
about 1539 — his titles and lands granted to 
the Crown, 1552-3 — created Earl of Hertford 
and Baron Beauchamp, by Elizabeth, 1558— 
his marriage to Lady Catherine Grey dis- 



HERTSLET— HERZEN. 



6 95 



covered, autumn 156 1 — committed to the Tower, 
1561— ft., Apr. 1621. 

Hertslet, Lewis,— b., 1787— sub-librarian 
in Foreign Office, 1801 — librarian and keeper 
of papers, 6 Jan. 18 10 — retires, on pension, 20 
Nov. 1857 — ft. at Westminster, 16 Mar. 1870. 
Treaties, 1827 — British and Foreign State 
Papers, 1847. 

Hertz, Henrik, poet, novelist, — {1. at Copen- 
hagen, 25 Aug. 1798 — enters the Univ., 181 7 
■ — visits Germany, Italy, France, and Switzer- 
land, 1833-4— ft. at Copenhagen, 25 Feb. 1870. 
Lustspil, 1832 — Gjengangerbrevene, 1830 — 
Svend Dyrings Suits, 1837 — Kbnig Rene's 
Tochter, 1846 — Lyrical Poems, 1857-62. 

Hertz, (Hertzius,) Michael, bibliographer, — 
b. near Erfurt, 1638 — pastor at Bockau near 
Schneeberg, 1685 — ft. there, 17 13. Bibliotheca 
Germanica, 1674. 

Hertzberg, Ewald Friedrich, Count von, 
statesman, — h. in Pomerania, 2 Sep. 1725 — 
counsellor of legation, 1747 — Minister of 
Foreign Affairs to Frederick II., 1757 — nego- 
tiates peace with Russia and Sweden, 1762 — 
negotiates Peace of Hubertsburg, 1763 — assists 
in first partition of Poland, 1772 — negotiates 
Peace of Teschen, 1779 — promotes the Fiirsten- 
bund, 1785 — Knt of tbe Black Eagle, Curator 
of Academy of Sciences, 1786 — negotiates 
Treaty of Reichenbach, 1790 — ft., 27 May 1795. 

Hervagius. [Herwagen.] 

Hervas y Panduro, Lorenzo, philologist, — 
b. in Spain, 1 May 1735 — returns from Ame- 
rica, 1767 — ft. at Rome, 24 Aug. 1809. Idea 
delV universo, 1778-87 — Storia delta Terra, 
17 8 1-3 — Origine, formazione, meeanismo ed 
armonia degV Idiomi, 1785 — Vocabulario Poly- 
g lotto, 1787- 

Herve, Abp of Rheims, Chancellor of 
France, — Abp of Rheims, 900 — Grand Chan- 
cellor, 91 1-19 — -joins Charles the Simple against 
Hungarians, 919 — crowns Robert, Duke of 
France, as king, at Rheims, 922 — ft. there, 2 
Jul. 922. 

Hervet, Gentian, theologian, — ft. at Olivet 
near Orleans, 1499 — accompanies Cardinal 
Cervin to Council of Trent, 1545 — ordained 
priest, 1556 — takes part in conference of Poissy, 
1561 — assists at Council of Trent, 1562-3 — 
canon of Rheims, 1564 — ft. there, 12 Sep. 
I585, a i584. bc Orationes, 1556 — Basilicon, 
1557 — Canones sanctorum Apostolorum, Con- 
ciliorum, $c, 1561 — Le saint, sacre, universel 
et general Concile de Trente, 1564. a Biog. Univ. 

b Ersch and Gruber. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Hervey, James, theologian, — b. in North- 
amptonshire, 17 14 — studies at Oxford, 173 1-8 
— ft. rector of Weston-Flavel, 25 Dec. 1758. 
Meditations and Contemplations, 1746-7 — 
Theron and Aspasia, 1755 — Correspondence, 
1760. 

Hervey, John, Loed, statesman, — b., 15 
Oct. 1696 — M.A. Cambridge, 17 15 — marries 
Miss Lepell, 1720 — Lord Hervey, on death of 
his brother, 1723 — M.P. Burj% 1725 — Vice- 
Chamberlain, 1730 — fights a duel with Tul- 
teney, Jan. 1731 — Lord Privy Seal, Apr. 1740 



— ft., 8 Aug. 1743. Memoirs of Reign of 
George II, 1848. 

Herville, Jean Baptiste Michel Rene Du- 
rand, Baron d', general, — fj. at Paris, 19 Apr. 
1749 — enters the army, 1768 — wounded at 
siege of Pondicherry, 1777 — re turns to France, 
1 7 82 — distinguishes himself at battle of Gon- 
delour, 1783 — Chevalier of St Louis, 1788 — re- 
turns to France, Jul. 1797 — director of artillery, 
camp of Brest, 1804 — admitted to Legion of 
Honour, 6 Feb. 1804 — Officer, i4Jun. 1804 — 
serves in campaigns of 1806-9 — General of 
Brigade, Commander of School of Artillery, 
Douai, Jan. 1814 — ft. at Paris, 19 Jun. 1830. 

Hervilly, Louis Charles, Count d', — b. at 
Paris, 1755 — distinguishes himself in American 
war, 1779 — commander of Infantry Guard of 
Louis XVI., 1791 — of emigrant expedition to 
Brittany, Jun. 1795 — ft. in London, 14 Nov. 

1795. 

Herwagen, Johann, [Hervagius,) printer, — 
ft., 1564. Scriptores rerum Germanicarum, 

Herwart de Hohemburg, Johann Georg, 

Chancellor of Bavaria, &c, — b. at Augs- 
burg, 1554 — studies at Ingoldstadt, 1574 — ft., 
about 1625,* 15 Jan. i622. b Tabula arithme- 
tics prostaphereseos universales, 16 10 — Chro- 
nologia nova, 16 12 — Catalogus grcecor. manu- 
script, codicum, qui asservantur in inclyta seren. 
Bavaria ducis bibliotheca, 1602. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Herwyn de Nevele, Pierre Antoine, — b. at 
Hondschoot, 18 Sep. 1753 — effects drainage of 
Belgian marshes, 1780-7 — deputy to States- 
General of France, 1789 — distinguishes himself 
at defence of Dunkirk, 1793 — imprisoned at 
Douai, Oct. 1793 to May 1794— member of 
Council of Ancients, 1799 — of Conservative 
Senate, Nov. 1799 — restores drainage works, 
1799-1802' — Peer, 18x4 — Grand Officer of Le- 
gion of Honour, 1815 — ft., 15 Mar. 1824. 

Herz, Mark, physician, — b. at Berlin, 17 
Jan. 1747 — M.D. Halle, 1774— Prof. Philoso- 
phy, Berlin, 1791 — ft. there, 19 Jan. 1803. 
Versuch iiber den Schwindel, 1786 — Brief e an 
Aerzte, 1777-84 — Grundriss der medicinischen 
Wissenschaften, 1782. 

Herzegovina, in Turkey, (B/uchy of St Saba, 
County of Chulm, Sanjalc Hersek,) — incorpor- 
ated with Bosnia, 1326 — i-aised to a Duchy by 
Emperor Frederick III., for Cossac or Hranich 
family, between 1440-60 — acquired by Maho- 
met II., 1467 a — secured to Turks by Treaty of 
Carlowicz, 1697 — insurrection in, Mar. 1861. 
a Von Hammer. 

Herzen, Alexander, political and miscella- 
neous writer, — b. at Moscow, 18 12 — imprisoned, 
1834 — in exile, 1835-9 — pardoned, obtains 
appointment in government office at St Peters- 
burg, 1840— dismissed, 1842 — at Paris, Mar. to 
Jun. 1 848 — establishes a Russian press in Lon- 
don, 1 85 1 — ft. at Paris, Jan. 1870. Originates 
and edits the Kolokol, 1856 — Dilettantism in 
Science, 1842 — letters on the Study of Nature, 
1845-6 — Who's to blame, 1847 — Development 
of Revolutionary Ideas in Russia, 1851 — Me- 
moirs of Empress Catherine, 1859 — My Exile 



6 9 6 



HESE— HESSE-DARMSTADT. 



1855 — Russia and the Revolution, 1 860-1. 

Hese, Jean de, (Hesius, .Esius,) Itinerarium, 
1499. 

Heser, Georg, Jesuit,— ft. in Passau, 1609 — 
enters Order of Jesuits, 1625 — preacher at 
Augsburg, 1642 — at Ingoldstadt, 1649-62 — tf., 
about 1680 ? Dioptra Kempensis, 1650. 

Heshbon, (Esbus, Keshan,) — [BC]- Sihon, 
king of Amorites, defeated and tbe town taken 
by Israelites, 145 1 a — belongs to tribe of Reu- 
ben, 1444 a — taken possession of by Moabites, 
740 a — [AD] — place of importance, about 350. 
a "Ussher. 

Hesiod, (Hesiodos,) poet, — [BC] — ft., about 
859-824^ about (01. 11) 735, 15 between 790- 
640.° a Clinton, after Herodotus. 

b Others, after Veil. Paterc. c Grote. 

Hesnault, Jean, poet,'— tf. at Paris, 1682. 
CEuvres diverses, 1670. 

Hess, Heinrich, Baron von, general, — ft. 
at Vienna, 17 Mar. 1788 — enters tbe army, 
1805 — distinguishes himself at Wagram, 1809 
— serves in campaigns of 1813-14— head of the 
staff in Lombardy, 1830 — Field-marshal-lieu- 
tenant, 1842 — Quarter-master-general and 
chief adviser of Radetzky in war of 1848-9 — 
Baron, Knt of Order of Maria Theresa, 1 849 — 
concludes convention with Prussia, 20 Apr. 
1854 — Commander-in-chief in campaign of 
Italy, Jun. 1859 — Field-marshal, 12 Jul. 1859 — 
member of Imperial Council, Apr. 1861 — tf., 
13 Apr. 1870. 

Hess, Heinrich von, painter, — ft. atDiissel- 
dorf, 19 Apr. 1798 — studies at Rome, 1822-4 
— Prof. Painting, Academy of Munich, 1826 — 
Director of Painted Glass "Works, 1826 — cor- 
respondent of French Institute, Feb. 1862 — tf. 
at Munich, 29 Mar. 1863. Holy Family, 1817 
— Frescoes of All Saints church, Munich, com- 
pleted, 1846. 

Hess, Johann Jacob, theologian, — ft. at 
Zurich, 1 741 — first preacher, Dean of the clergy 
of Zurich, 1795 — tf., 29 May 1828. Hess'sches 
Ribelwerh, 1 768-1 800. 

Hess, Karl Ernst Christoph, engraver, — ft. 
at Darmstadt, 1755 — settles at Augsburg, 1776 
— called to Diisseldorf, 1777 — engraver to the 
court, 1782 — tf. at Munich, 25 Jul. 1828. 

Hess, Ludwig, painter,- — fj. at Zurich, 1760 
— visits Rome, 1794 — tf. at Zurich, 13 Apr. 
1800. 

Hesse, Landgraviate of,— forms part of 
kingdom of Thuringia, and is conquered by 
Clovis, 491 — passes, on death of Henry Raspon, 
to Henry {the Infant) son of Henry II. , Duke 
of Brabant, 1247 — claimed by Henry the Illus- 
trious, Margrave of Misnia, 1254 — after se- 
veral years' war, confirmed to Henry the Infant 
by treaty, 1264 — he obtains rank of prince 
from Emperor Adolphus of Nassau, 1292 — 
divided between his sons Otto and John on 
his death, 1308 — Otto, sole Landgrave, on death 
of John, 1311 — Henry II., (son,) 1328 — 
Herman I., (nephew,) 1376 — his title unsuc- 
cessfully disputed by Otto Duke of Brunswick- 
Gottingen, 1372 — and by Hessian nobles, 1381 
and 1 39 1 — Ludwig I., (son,) the Pacific, 
141 3 — refuses Imperial crown, 1439— acquires 



Counties of Ziegenhayn and Nidda, 1453 — 
Ludwig II., (son,) the Courageous, 1458 — ■ 
cedes Upper Hesse with Nidda to his brother, 
Henry III. : William I. and William II. 
(sons) succeed in Upper Hesse, 147 1 — AVil- 
liam III. (son of Henry III.) succeeds in 
Upper Hesse, 1483 — resignation of William I., 
1493 — death of William III., 1500 — William 
II. alone, 1500 — Philip the Magnanimous, 
(son,) 1509 — on his death, 1567, divided between 
his sons. [Hesse-Cassel, Hesse-Darmstadt.] 

Hesse-Cassel, Langraviate and Electorate 
of, — passes, on death of Philip the Magnanimous, 
to his son William IV., 1567 — Maurice, (son,) 
fj., 1572 — succeeds, Aug. 1592 — acquires half 
Hesse-Marburg on death of his uncle Ludwig, 
1604 — but is deprived of it by decree of Fer- 
dinand II., 1623 — invasion of Tilly, 1623 — 
abdicates, 1627— tf., 1632 — William V., (son,) 
the Constant, ft., 1602 — succeeds, 1627 — joins 
confederation of Leipsic, 1629 — concludes 
alliance with Gustavus Adolphus at Werben, 
1 63 1 — takes part in battle before Niirnberg, 
1632 — tf., 21 Sep. 1637 — William VI., (son,) 
ft., 1620 — succeeds, 1637 — assumes govern- 
ment, 1650— tf., 26 Jul. 1663 — William VII., 
(son,) ft., 1651 — succeeds, 1663 — tf. at Paris, 
21 Nov. 1670 — Charles, (brother,) ft., 1654 
— succeeds, 1670,* 1675 b— tf., 23 Mar. 1730 — 
Frederick I., (son,) 1730 — [Erederick I., 
Xing of Sweden"] — William VIII., (brother,) 
Count of San an, ft., 1682 — succeeds, 1751— ■ 
tf., 29 Jan. 1760 — Frederick II., (son,) ft., 
1720 — marries Mary, daughter of George II. of 
England, 1740— embraces Romanism, about 
1754 — succeeds, 1760 — invasion of Prince Fer- 
dinand of Brunswick, Feb. 1761 — tf., 31 Oct. 
1785 — William IX., (son,) 1785 — takes title 
of Elector, 1803 — [William I., Elector of 
Hesse-Cassel]-— William II., (son,) Elector, 
1 82 1— joins the Zollverein, 1832 — Frederick 
William I. succeeds his-father, 20 Nov. 1847 
— incorporation of Electorate with Prussia, 7 
Sep. 1866. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Conr.-Lex. 

Hesse-Darmstadt, Landgraviate and Grand 
Duchy of, — assigned to George, (ft., 1547,) 
son of Philip I., on his father's death, 1567 — 
tf., 1596 — Ludwig, (son,) the Faithful, ft., 
1577 — takes title of Landgrave on death of 
George, 1596 — disputes succession to Marburg 
with Maurice, Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel, 1604 
— takes possession of Marburg, 1624 — tf., 1626 
— George II., (son,) ft., 1605 — succeeds, 1626 
— tf., 11 Jun. 1661 — Ludwig II., (son,) ft., 
1630 — succeeds, 1661 — tf., 24 Apr., 8 4 May b 
1678 — Ludwig III., (son,) ft., 1658 — succeeds, 
May — tf., 31 Aug. 1678 — Ludwig IV., 
(brother,) ft., 1667 — succeeds, 1678 — tf., 12 
Sep. 1739 — Ludwig V., (son,) ft., 1691 —Lieu- 
tenant-field-marshal of Imperial armies, 1722 
— succeeds, 1739 — tf., 17 Oct. 1768— Ludwig 
VI., (son,) ft., 17 19— Count of Hanau-Lich- 
tenberg, 1736 — succeeds, 1768 — tf-, 4 or 6 Apr. 
1790 — Ludwig VII., (son,) 1790— [Ludwig 
I., Grand Duke] — erected into Grand Duchy, 
with additional territories, by Napoleon, Aug. 
1806 — Ludwig II., (son,) ft., 26 Dec. 1777 — 



HESSE-HOMBURG— HEVELIUS. 



697 



marries Princess Willie! mina Louisa of Baden, 
19 Jim. 1804 — succeeds, Apr. 1830 — ft., 16 
Jun. 1848 — Ludwig III., (son,) b., 9 Jim. 
1806 — co-regent with his father, 5 Mar. 1848 
— marries Princess Matilda of Bavaria, 1833 — - 
succeeds, 16 Jun. 1848 — death of the Duchess, 
1862 — signs military convention with Prussia, 
17 Apr. 1867 — joins N. German Confederation, 
hy treaty of 15 Nov. 1870. 

a Conv.-Lex. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Hesse-Homburg, Landgraviate of, — forms 
part of Hesse-Darmstadt till death of George 
I., Feb. 1596 — then passes to his son, Fred- 
erick I. : Ludwig Philip, (son,) succeeds, 
May 1638 — William Christopher, (brother,) 
Mar. 1643 — Frederick II., (brother,) Aug. 
1681 — Frederick James, (son,) Jan. 1708 — 
Frederick Charles Ludwig William, 
(nephew,) 1746 — Frederick Ludwig, (son,) 
b., 1748 — succeeds, 1751 — loses the sove- 
reignty, by Confederation of the Bhine, 1806 — 
restored by Congress of Vienna, 18 15 — enters 
German Confederation, 17 Jul. 1817 — ft., 1820 
— Frederick Joseph, (son,) h , 1769 — marries 
Princess Elizabeth of England, 7 Apr. 18 18 — 
succeeds, 1820— Ludwig William, (brother,) 
h., 1770 — succeeds, 1829 — Gustavus, (brother,) 
b., 17 81 — succeeds, Jan. 1839 — Ferdinand I., 
(brother,) b., 1783— succeeds, 8 Sep. 1848— 
passes, on his death, to Dukes of Hesse -Darm- 
stadt, early in 1866. 

Hesse, Nicolas Auguste, painter, — b. at 
Paris, 1795 — obtains the grand prize, 181 8 — 
admitted to Academy of Fine Arts, Nov. 1863 
— ft., 14 Jun. 1869. 

Hessel, Johann, theologian, — b. at Louvain 
or Arras, 1522 — D.D., Prof. Theology, Louvain, 
1556 — attends Council of Trent, 1556 to Dec. 
1563 — denies infallibility of the pope, 1562 — 
ft. at Louvain, 7 Nov. 1566. 

Hesseling, Gerard, theologian,— b. at Gro- 
ningen, 1755 — Prof. Theology, Amsterdam, 
1786 — Prof. Philosophy, 1800 — ft. at Amster- 
dam, Nov. 181 1. 

Hesselius, Frans, philologist, — b. at Rot- 
terdam, 1680 — Prof. Eloquence and History 
there, 1702 — canon of Notre-Dame, Utrecht, 
1708 — ft. at Utrecht, 1746. Edition of Fnnius, 
1707 — of Vibius Sequester, 17 11. 

Hesselius, Johan, physician, naturalist, — b. 
at Fahlun, 1687 — M.D. Harderwyck, 1721 — 
admitted to Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, 
1743 — ft. in Wermland, 10 Apr. 1752. 

Hessians, — serye as mercenaries in army of 
Venice, 1687-8 a — in British pay, 1727 — again, 
Oct. 1736, and Mar. 1756 — serve in American 
War, 1776-84. a Finlay. 

Hesychasts, Mystics of Greek Church, — 
under Palamas, maintain Divine light of Mount 
Thabor, 1330-40 — attacked by Barlaam, 1341 
— triumph at two synods of Constantinople, 
1 341 — again at synod of 1351 — fall into 
obscurity after retirement of John Cantacu- 
zenus, 1355. 

Hesychius, of Jerusalem, theologian, — pres- 
byter, 414 ?— ft., 434? 

Hesychius, of Miletus, (Illustris,) historian, 
$c.,— fl., about 54o. a a Clinton. 



Hesychius, of Alexandria., grammarian, — ft., 
before 389^ a Welcher, Alberti. 

Hetseria, of the Friends of the Muses, — 
founded in Greece, about 18 14 — dissolved, 
1 82 1 — renewed, 1824. 

Ketaeria, political association, — founded by 
Rhigas, before 1798 — renewed, about 1816 
— influence of, produces Greek revolution, 
1821. 

Hetsch, Philipp Friedrich von, painter, — b. 
in Suabia, 1758 — studies at Paris, 1780— painter 
to the court, Stuttgard, 1782 — at Bome, 
1 7 85-7 — Director of Gallery of Stuttgard, 
i8oo, a 1798 b — ft., 31 Dec. 1838. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Hetzel, (Ilezel,) Johann Wilhelm Friedrich, 
orientalist, — b. at Konigsberg, 16 May 1754 — 
studies at Jena, 1772 — Prof. Biblical Literature, 
Giessen, 1786 — librarian to the Univ., 1800 — 
Prof. Exegesis and Oriental Languages, Dorpat, 
1 801 — ft., 12 Jan. 1824. Die Bibel, mit 
Bemerkungen, 1780-91 — Geschichte der he- 
braischen Litteratur, 1776 — Biblisches Real- 
Lexicon, 1783-5. 

Heumann, Christoph August, — b. at Alt- 
stadt, Saxe-Weimar, 3 Aug. 1681 — Prof. 
History of Literature and Theology, Gottingeisi, 
1734 — ft. there, 1 May 1764. Be libris 
anonymis ac pseudonymis schediasma, 17 11 — 
Conspectus reipubliccc litter arm, 17 18. 

Heurn, Jan van, {Heurnius,) physician, — b. 
at Utrecht, 1543 — M.D. Pavia, 157 1 — physician 
to Count Egmont, about 1573 — Prof. Medi- 
cine, Leyden, 1581 — ft. there, 1601. Opera, 
1609. 

Heurnius, Otho, physician, §e., — b. at 
Utrecht, 1577 — Prof. Philosophy, Leyden, 
1600 — M.D., Prof. Medicine, 1601— ft., about 
1648 ? Antiquitat. philos. barbaricce lib. II., 
1600 — Babylonica, cegypt. indica, Qc, philos. 
primordia, 1619. 

Heurtier, Jean Francois, architect, — b. at 
Paris, 6 Mar. 1739 — obtains grand prize, 1764 
— studies at Borne, 1764 — ft. at Versailles, 16 
Apr. 1822. Theatre la Place Favart, 1781-3. 

Heusde, Philipp Willem van,— b. at Rot- 
terdam, 17 Jun. 1778 — studies at Amsterdam, 
1797— Prof. Eloquence and History, Utrecht, 
about 1803 — ft. at Geneva, 28 Jul. 1839. 
Initia philosophicce Flatonica, 1827-36 — 
Brieven over den aard en de strekking van 
hooger onderwijs, 1829 — Be Socratische School, 
1834-9. 

Heusinger, Jakob Friedrich, philologist,— 
b. at Useborn, 1718 — ft. at Wolf'enbiittel, 1778. 
Edition of Cicero Be Officii s, 1783. 

Heusinger, Johann Michael, philologist, — 
b. near Gotha, 24 Aug. 1690 — Director of 
Gymnasium, Eisenach, 1730 — ft. there, 24 Feb. 
175 1. Editions of the Ccesars (of Julian), 
1736 — of JEsop, 1 741 — of Cornelias JVcpos, 
1747 — Fmendatioues, 1751. 

Heussen, Hugo Frans van, theologian, — b. 
at the Hague, 26 Jan. 1654 — ft., 14 Feb. 1729. 
Batavia Sacra, 17 14 — FListoria episcoporum 
feeder ati Belgii, 1729. 

Hevelius, {Hevel,) Johannes, astronomer, — ■ 
b. at Dantzic, 28 Jan. 161 1 — travels in Europe, 



6 9 8 



HEWLEY'S CHARITY— HICKES. 



1630-4 — builds observatory at Dantzic, 1641 
— consul, 1651 — F.B.S. London, 1664 — 
Lis observatory burnt, 1679 — rebuilds it: ft. 
at Dantzic, 28 Jan. 1688. Selenographia, 
1647 — Comctographia, r 668 — Mctchina ccelestis, 
1673-9 — Annus climactericus, 1685 — Firma- 
mentum Sobieskianum, 1690 — Prodromus As- 
tro no mice, 1 69 1. 

Hewley's {lady Sarah,) Charity, — adminis- 
tration of, taken from Unitarian trustees by 
decree of Vice-chancellor, 23 Dec. 1833— his 
decree confirmed by House of Lords, 13 Jun. 
1842. 

Hewson, William, anatomist, physiologist, 
■ — b. at Hexham, 1739 — studies under the 
Hunters, in London, 1759 — F.B.S. , and re- 
ceives Copley medal, 1771 — ft., 1 May 1774. 
Lymphatic System, 1774 — Experimental In- 
quiries into Properties of the Blood, 177 1. 
Hexamilion. [Corinth, Isthmus of.] 
Hexham, Northumberland, — seat of a 
bishopric, about 678 — diocese annexed to 
Lindisfarne, 883 — David II. of Scotland halts 
at, Oct. 1346 — the Lancastrians defeated by 
Lord Montacute at, 15 May 1464. Abbey, 
founded by Wilfrid, 674 — sacked by the North- 
men, 821 — burnt by them, 875. 

Hey&en, Friedrich August von, poet,—h. 
in Prussia, 3 Sep. 1789 — ft. at Bresluu, 5 Nov. 
1 85 1. Gedichte, 1852. 

Heyden, Jan van der, painter, — b. at Gor- 
cum, about 1637^ 1640 b — ft. at Amsterdam, 
17 12. a Nagler. b Cony. -Lex. 

Heydenreich, Karl Heinrieh, — b. in 
Saxony, 19 Feb. 1764 — Prof. Philosophy, 
Leipsic, 1789 — ft., 29 Apr. 1801. System der 
JEsthetik, 1790 — Betrachtungen uber die 
Philosophic der nciturlichen Peligion, 1790-1 
— Gedichte, 1792-1802 — Vesta, 1798-1801. 

Heydon, John, — b., 161 9. Theomagia, 
1664. 

Heyking, Henry Charles Hermann Benja- 
min, Baron de, statesman, — b. in Courland, 
22 Jul. 1752 — Major in Imperial Guard, 1778- 
84 — nuncio to Polish Diet, 1784-6, aud 1790-3 
— first Marshal, about 1793— signs Act of In- 
corporation of circle of Pilten with Bussian 
monarchy, and is named Counsellor of State, 
1795 — Pres. of Civil tribunal of Mittau, 1795 — 
senator, member of Secret Council, 1796 — 
Pres. Coll. of Justice for Livonia, 1797 — ft., 
18 Oct. 1809. Surle droit de legation des dues 
de Courlande, 1785 — Fragmens sur la Cour- 
lande, 1792. 

Heylin, Peter, theologian, — b. at Burford, 
Oxfordshire, 29 Nov. 1600 — enters Oxford 
Univ., 16 1 3 — chaplain to Charles I., 1628 — 
prebendary of Westminster, 1631 — D.D., 1633 
— subdean of Westminster, 1660 — ft., 8 May 
1662. Microcosmos, 1625 — Cyprianus Angli- 
cus, 1644 — Fxamen historicum, 1658 — Ecclesia 
restaurata, 1661. 

Heym, Johann, lexicographer, — b. at Bruns- 
wick, 1769 — ft. at Moscow, 28 Oct. 1821. 
Nouveau dictionnaire complet de langue alle- 
mande, russe, et franc aise, \*]<)(>-*] — Dictionnaire 
complet russe-francais-allemand, 1798-1802. 
Heyne, Christian Grottlob, classical scholar, 



— b. at Chemnitz, Saxony, 25 Sep. 1729 — goes 
to Leipsic Univ., 1748 — Prof. Eloquence and 
Poetry, Gottingen, Jun. 1763 — librarian to 
the Univ., 1764 — ft. at Gottingen, 12 or 14 
Jul. 1 812. Editions of Homer, 1802 — and 
Virgil, 1767-75 — Opuscula academica, 1785- 
1815. 

Heyse, Johann Christian August, gram- 
marian, — b. at Nordhausen, 1764— -ft. at Mag- 
deburg, 1829. Allgemeines Fremdworterbuch, 
1804 — Theoretisch-praktische deutsche Gram- 
mat ik, 18 14. 

Heywood, Jasper, — b. in London, 1535 — 
enters Order of Jesuits at Rome, about 1561 — 
Provincial of the Order in England, 15 81 — ft. 
at Naples, 9 Jan. 1598. Translations of 
Seneca s Thyestes, 156 1 — Hercules Furens, 
1561 — Troas, 1581. 

Heywood, John, dramatist, — ft. at Mechlin, 
about 1565. A mery play between the pardoner 
and the frere, %c, 1533 — Parable of the Spider 
and the Fly, 1556 — JVoorkes, 1576. 

Heywood, Peter, — b. in Isle of Man, 1772 — 
embarks on the Bounty, under Bligh, 1787 — 
one of the mutineers, 27 Apr. 1789 —captured by 
the Pandora, near Tahiti, Mar. 1792 — escapes 
shipwreck on coasts of Australia, Aug. 1792 — 
condemned to death by court-martial, 12 Sep. 
1793 — pardoned, reenters the navy, and serves 
till 1 8 14— ft., 1 83 1. 

Heywood, Thomas, dramatist, — H., about 
1600-30. A Woman killed with kindness, 
1617. 

Hezekiah, King of Judah, — [BC] — b., 
750 — succeeds Ahaz, spring 727/ 1 726, b 725,° 
724 d — begins his reforms, 726— pays tribute to 
Sennacherib, 713 — his sickness, 713 — delivered 
from Sennacherib, 710, 713 b — ft., 698, b 699,* 
696.6 a Ussher. b Clinton. <-' Hales. 

d Creswell. e Newman. 

Hiaerne, Urban, physician, naturalist, — b. 
in Sweden, Dec. 1641 — studies at Upsala, 
1660 — visits Holland, England, and France, 
1667-73 — F.B.S. London, about 1670 — 
assessor to Coll. of Mines, 1675 — physician to 
Charles XL, 1684— V. Pres. of Council of 
Mines, 171 3 — ft., 22 Mar. 1724. Orycto- 
graphia Suecana, 17 16. 

Hiarbas, King or Numidia, — [BC]— put 
to death by Pompey, 81. 

Hiberus, M. Antonius, — Consul of Borne 
with Sisenna, (886, a. u. c.) 133. 
Hicetas. [Hiketas.] 

Hickes, George, philologist, antiquary, — b. 
at Newsham, Yorkshire, 20 Jun. 1642 — enters 
Oxford Univ., 1659 — Fellow of Lincoln Coll., 
1664 — M.A., 1665 — takes orders, 1666 — travels 
in France, 1673— chaplain to Duke of Lauder- 
dale, 1676 — accompanies him to Edinburgh, 
1677— D.D. Glasgow, 1678— D.D. Oxford, 
1679 — chaplain to the king, 1681 — Dean of 
Worcester, Aug. 1683 — deprived, Feb. 1690 — 
ft., 15 Dec. 1 7 15. Institutiones Grammaticce 
Anglo-Saxonicce, 1689 — Thesaurus Antiques 
Litt.eraturce Septentrionalis, 1703-5. 

Hickes, John, theologian, — b. in Yorkshire, 
1633 — ejected from his living, under Act of 
Uniformity, 1662 — has audience of Charles II. 



HIDALGO Y COSTILLA— HIGHWAYS. 



699 



and obtains indemnity : joins Duke of Mon- 
mouth, Jun. 1685 — present at Sedgemoor, 6 
Jul. — takes refuge in house of Alice Lisle, and 
is soon after executed, 1685. 

Hidalgo y Costilla, Miguel, — heads insur- 
rection against Spaniards, 14 Sep. 18 10 — cap- 
tured and shot, 27 Jul. 181 1. 

Hiempsal, King of Numidia, — [BC] — 
receives Marius the younger and Cethegus, 88 — 
expelledbyDomitiusAhenobarbus, 82 — restored 
by Pompey, 81 — living, 62. 

Hierapolis, in Syria, — destroyed by earth- 
quake, 494. 

Hierax, theologian, — fl., about 300. 

Hierius, — Consul of Rome with Ardaburius, 
(1180, a. u. c.) 427. 

Hierocles, — proconsul of Bithynia and 
Alexandria, opposes and persecutes Christians, 
about 300. 

Hierocles, of Alexandria, Neo-Platonic 
philosopher, — ft., about 450. 

Hieroglyphics, [Xtosetta Stone.] — [BC] — 
described by Herodotus, about 450 — [AD] — 
investigated by Kircher, about 1530 — by Zoega, 
1787 — attempts of De Sacy and Akerblad to 
decipher, 1802 — deciphered by Young, 18 14 — 
further discoveries by Champollion, announced, 
22 Sep. 1822 — his method adopted by Rosellini 
and Salvolini, 1832 — and further developed by 
Lepsius, 1837 — interpretation of, criticised by 
Lewis, 1862. Grammar of, published by 
Champollion, 1836 — Dictionary, 1841. 

Hieromnemon, Archon at Athens, — [BC] — 
(01. 117, 3,) 310. 

Hieron I., Tyrant op Syracuse, — [B C] — 
victor at Olympia? (01. 73,) 488 a — succeeds 
Gelon, 478 — defeats Etruscan fleet at Cuma3, 
474 — .victor at Pythian games, 474 a — defeats 
Thrasydseus of Agrigentum, 472 — victor at 
Olympia, (01. 77,) 472— again, (01. 78,) 468— 
tf., 467. *M(Uler. 

Hieron II., King of Syracuse, — [BC] — ft. 
before 306 — distinguishes himself in wars of 
Pyrrhus, before 275 — general of Syracusans, 
supplies Rome with corn at siege of Rhegium, 
272 — made king of Syracuse, 270 — defeated by 
App. Claudius in Messana, 264 — makes peace 
with Rome, 263 — supplies Rome at siege of 
Agrigentum, 262 — supplies Aurelius Cotta with 
ships, 252 — supplies Romans at siege of Lily- 
baeum,249 — included in treaty between Carthage 
and Rome, 241 — visits Rome at the Games, 237 
■ — receives presents from Rome out of spoils of 
Marcellus, 222 — supplies Rome with corn, 
217, 216 — fo., before end of 216. 

Hieronymites, Order of, — approved by 
Gregory XL, Oct. 1373. 

Hieronymus, of C'ardia, historian, — [B C] — 
sent by Eumenesto Antipater from Nora, 319,* 
320 b — taken by Antigonus at Gabiene, 315,* 
316 b — employed by him at lacus Asphaltites, 
312 — governor of Bceotia, by Demetrius, 293, 
292 b — tj. after Pyrrhus, 272. 

a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. 

Hieronymus, of Rhodes, Peripatetic philoso- 
pher, — [BC] — ft., about 250," 300. ° 

a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. 

Hieronymus, St. [Jerome.] 



Higden, (Hygden, Hykeden,) Ranulph, 
(Ralph,) Ralph of Chester, historian, — enters 
Benedictine abbey of St Werburgh, Chester, 
probably about 1299 a — "Jj. there, probably 
Mar. 1 363^ Completes the Polyehronieon, 
1357 ? a Babington. 

Higgins, Godfrey, theological antiquary, — 
ft., 177 1 — marries, 1800— rj. near Doncaster, 9 
Aug. 1833. Horce Sabbaticce, 1826 — Celtic 
Druids, 1827 — Mohammed, 1829 — Anacalypsis, 
1836. 

Higgins, {Rigins,) John,— ft., about 1544 — 
if., probably after 1602. Edition of Holcot's 
Dictionary, 1572 — Mirror for Magistrates, 
J574- 

Higgons, Bevil, miscellaneous writer, — ft., 
1670 — enters St John's Coll. Oxford, 1686 — 
follows James II. to France, 1688 — returns to 
England, 1701*— tf. in France, 1 ' Mar. 1735. 
Generous Conqueror, 1702 — Historical and 
Critical Remarks on Bishop Burnet's History of 
his own Times, 1725 — Short View of the Eng- 
lish History, 1723. 

a Ersch and Gruber. b Allibone's Diet. 

High Church Party, — designation comes 
into use, about 1700.* a Burnet. 

High Commission, Court of, — with jurisdic- 
tion in ecclesiastical matters, erected by Act 1 
Eliz. c. 1, 1559 — established in Scotland by 
James L, 1610— abolished by Act 16 Car. I. c. 

II, 1 641 — [Ecclesiastical Commission.] 
High Constable. [Constable, High.] 
Highlanders,— disarming of, ordered by Act 

11 Geo. I. c. 26, 1724 — disarmed by Gen. 
"Wade, 15 Oct. 1725 — national dress of, pro- 
hibited by Act 19 Geo. II. c. 39, 12 Aug. 1746 
— prohibition repealed by Act 22 Geo. III. c. 
63, s. 1, 1782 — [Heritable Jurisdictions ] 

Highlands, of Scotland, — construction of 
roads in, by Gen. "Wade, commenced, 1726 — 
completed, 1737 — rebellions in, {see Stuart, 
James, and Charles Edward, Mar, Earl of, 

M 

Highmore, Anthony, jurist, — ft. in London, 
1758 — ft. near London, 19 Jul. 1829. Review 
of History of Mortmain, 1787 — History of Ar- 
tillery Company of London, 1804 — Treatise of 
Idiocy and Lunacy, 1807 — JPietas Londinensis, 
1810. 

Highmore, Joseph, painter, — ft. in London, 
13 Jun. 1692 — commences painting as profes- 
sion, 17 15 — marries, 1716 — visits Antwerp, 
1732— visits Paris, 1734— loses his wife, 1750 
— Prof, at Academy of Painting, 1753 — o\ at 
Canterbury, 3 Mar. 1780. Portraits of Knights 
of the Bath, 1725 — Practice of Perspective, 
1763. 

Highways, in England,— regulated by Acts 
6 Geo. I. c. 6, 17 19 ; 18 Geo. II. c. 33, 1745 ; 
24 Geo. II. c. 43, 1751 ; and 30 Geo. II. c. 22, 
1757 — statutes consolidated by Act 13 Geo. III. 
c - 78, 1773 — further regulated by Acts 34 
Geo. III. c. 64, 23 May 1794; c. 74, 11 Jun. 
1794; 44 Geo. III. c. 52, 16 May 1803; 54 
Geo. III. c. 109, 23 Jul. 1 8 14; and 55 Geo. 

III. c. 68, 7 Jun. 18 15 — laws consolidated and 
amended by Act 5 and 6 Will. IV. c. 50, 31 
Aug. 1835 — amended and further provisions by 



700 



HIKETAS— HILL. 



Acts 2 and 3 Vic. c. 45, 17 Aug. 1839 ; 4 and 
5 Vic. c. 51, 21 Jim. 1841 ; 4 and 5 Yic. c. 59, 
22 Jun. 1841; 5 and 6 Vic. c. 55, 30 Jul. 1842; 
8 and 9 Vic. c. 71, 31 Jul. 1845 ; 11 and 12 
Vic. c. 63, 31 Aug-. 1848 ; 12 Vic. c. 14, 11 
May 1849 ; 12 a » d 13 Vic. c. 35, 13 Jul. 1849; 
13 and 14 Vic. c. 99, 14 Aug. 1850; 25 and 26 
Vic. c. 61, 29 Jul. 1862 ; 27 and 28 Vic. c. 101, 
29 Jul. 1864 — [Turnpikes.] In South Wales, 
provisions for better management of, by Act 23 
and 24 Vic. c. 68, 6 Aug. i860. 

Hiketas, of Syrcccase, — [BC] — betrays the 
wifeandsister of Dion, 353 — besieges Dionysius 
the Younger in Syracuse, and is defeated by 
Timoleon, 344 — introduces Mago at Syracuse, 
344— defeated and put to death by Timoleon, 

339-8. 

Hiketas, Tyrant of Syracuse, — [BC] — 
makes peace with Msenon, and obtains tyrranny 
of Syracuse, 289 — expelled by Thynion, 279-8. 

Hilarianus, Mecilius, (Meciliamcs,) — cor- 
rector Lucaniae, at Bruttii, 316 — proconsul of 
Africa, 324 — Consul with Pacatianus, (1085, 
A. u. c.) 332 — Prsefectus Praetoris or Urbi, 339. 

Hilarion, St, founder of Monachism in 
Palestine, — ft. at Tabatha near Gaza, about 
290 ? — retires to the desert, about 306 — if. in 
Cyprus, about 371. 

Hilarius, Bp of Poitiers, not later than 
350 — banished to Phrygia by Council of Beziers, 
356 — attends synod of Seleucia, 359 — banish- 
ed from Constantinople, 360 — restored to the 
bishopric, 362 a — accuses Auxentius of heresy, 
364 — if. at Poitiers, 367/' 1 368. b — Comment, in 
Evang. Matth., 356 — Ad Constantium Angus- 
turn, I. 355, II., about 360 — Be Trinitate, 
360 — Be Synodis, 358. 

? Clinton. b Herzog's Encyc. 

Hilarius, Bp of Arles,— ft., about 403 a — 
Bp of Aries, 429 a — presides at Council of 
Ricz, Nov. 439 b — at Council of Orange, 441 c 
— deposed by Leo, Bp of Rome, 445 d — but 
retains his see : if. at Aries, 5 May c 449. 

a Herzog's Encyc. b Clinton. c Biog. Univ. 
d Neander. 

Hilarus, Bp of Rome, — legate from St 
Leo to Council of Ephesus, 449 — succeeds Leo, 
12 Nov. 461 — opposes edict of toleration by 
Anthemius, 467— if., 21 Feb. 468. 

Hildanus. [Fabricius.] 

Hildebert, Arp of Tours, — ft. at Lavardin, 
1 057 --Archdeacon of Mans, 1092 or 1094 — 
Bp of Mans, 1096 a — assists at Council of 
Saintes, 1097 — at Council of Leon, 11 09 — im- 
prisoned, 1 1 n — at Councils of Angouleme, 
1 1 18 — of Rheims, 11 19 — of Chartres, 1121 — 
of the Lateran, 11 23 — Abp of Tours, 11 25 — 
presides at provincial Council of Nantes, about 
1 1 27 —assists at coronation, of Prince Philip, 
ii2Q — attends Council of Etnmpes, 11 30 — if. 
g.t Tours, 18 Dec. 1 1 34, b between Feb. and Jun. 
1 1 33- a a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. 

Hildebrand. [Gregory VII., Bo]?e.~] 

Hildebrandt, Georg 'Evisfaich, physician — 
ft. at Hanover, 5 Jun. 1754 — M.U. Gbttingen, 
1783 — Prof. Anatomy, Brunswick, 1793," 
1785 b — Prof. Medicine, Erlangen, 1793 — Prof. 
Chemistry, 1796 — if. there, 23 Mar. 1816. 



Handbuch der Anaiomie des Menschen, 17 89- 
92 — Lehrbuch der Physiologie des menschlichen 
Korpers, 1796. a Ersch and Gruber. b Conv.-Lex. 

Hildegarda, St, abbess of Rupertsberg, (near 
Bingen on the Rhine,) — ft. in Mentz, about 
1090,=' 1098 or 1099 b — founds convent at Ru- 
pertsberg, 1 148 b — if., about 1 180. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Hildegonda, St, (Prere Joseph,) — if. at 
Abbey of Schonau, 20 Apr. 11 88. 

Hilderic, (Bderic,) King of the Vandals, 
— succeeds Thrasimund in Africa, May 523 — 
recalls Catholic bishops, and appoints Boniface 
to see of Carthage, 523 — deposed by Gelimer, 
Jun. 531 — intervention of Justinian on his 
behalf, 533 — put to death by Gelimer, about 
Sep. 533. 

Hildesheim, in Hanover, — seat of a bishop- 
ric, by Ludwig the Pious, 818— ravaged by 
Saxons, under Eckbert, 1079-1118 — and under 
Henry the Lion, 1 161-70 — conquered by Dukes 
of Brunswick, 1519-23 — discovery of antique 
silver plate at, 17 Oct. 1868. 

Hildreth, Richard, publicist, historian, — ft. 
in Massachusetts, 1807 — if., Jul. 1865. Archy 
Moore, {White Slave,) 1837 — Bentham's Theory 
of Begislation, 1840 — History of United States, 
1 849-5 2 —Japan, 1 857 . 

Hill, Aaron, miscellaneous tvriter, — ft. in 
London, 1684-5 — & oes to Constantinople, 1701-3 
— ' master ' of Drury Lane Theatre, about 
1709 — if. in London, Feb. 1749-50. History 
of the Ottoman Empire, 1709. 

Hill, Sir John, botanist, $c, — ft. at Spalding 
or Peterborough, about 17 16 — Knt of the 
Order of Vasa, 1775 — if., 1775. Review of 
Works of the Royal Society, 1751 — History of 
Materia Medica, 1751 — British Herbal, 1756 — 
Vegetable System, 1759-75. 

Hill, Joseph, lexicographer, — ft. at Bromley, 
near Leeds, 1625— Fellow of Magdalen Coll., 
Cambridge, 1649 — Proctor of the Univ., 1659- 
62 — Minister of English Church at Middle- 
burgh, 1667-73 — at Rotterdam, 1673 — if. there, 
5 Nov. 1707. Edition of Schrevelii Bexicon 
Gr -cecum, 1676. 

Hill, Rowland, theologian, — ft. at Hawke- 
stone, near Shrewsbury, 1744 — Pastor of 
Surrey Chapel, London, 1782-1833 — if. in 
London, Apr. 1833. Village Bialogues, 1801. 

Hill, Rowland, Viscount Hill, general, 
commander- in-chief, — ft. at Prees, Shropshire, 
11 Aug. 1772 — enters the army, 1790 — aide- 
de-camp to Lord Mulgrave, General O'Hara, 
and Sir David Dundas at Toulon, 1793 — 
Colonel, Jan. 1800— accompanies expedition 
under Sir R. Abercromby to Egypt, Mar. 1801 
— wounded at battle of Alexandria, 13 Mar. — 
returns to England, Apr. 1802 — Major-general, 
1806 — serves under Wellington in Portugal, 
1808 and 1809-14 — Lieutenant-general,^ 1800 
— K.B., Mar. 18 12 — distinguishes himself at 
battle of Talavera, Jul. 1809 — and at St Jean 
de Luz, 13 Dec. 1813 — Baron of Almarez and 
of Hawkstone, May 18 14 — at battle of Water- 
loo, Jun. 1 8 15 — second in command of armj? 
of occupation in France, 18 15 — Commander- 
in-chief, 1828 — Viscount, 3 Sep. 1842 — if. at 



HILL— HINDENBUBG. 



701 



Hardwicke Grange, near Shrewsbury, 10 Dec. 
1842. 

Hill, Wills [Hillsborough, Earl of.] 

Hillel, the Elder, (Efassaken,)— lived, [BC] 
no to [AD] io. a a Herzog's Eneyc. 

Hillel, the Younger, head of the School of 
Tiberias, — tf. at Tiberias, 320. a a Bartolocci. 

Hiller, Johann, Baron von, general, — b. at 
Wienerisch-Neustadt, 10 Jun. 1754 — enters the 
army, 1770 — distinguishes himself at taking of 
Novi, 3 Oct. 1788 — serves in campaigns against 
Turks, 1788-91 — against France, 1792-97 — 
Adjutant-general to Marshal Laudon, 1790 — 
Major-general, 1794 — wounded at attack on 
Zurich, 1799 — Field-marshal -lieutenant, Go- 
vernor of the Tyrol, 1805 — Go ernor of Upper 
Austria, 1807 — obtains victory over French and 
Bavarians at Neumarkt, 1809 — commander of 
Order of Maria Theresa, 1809 — contributes to the 
victory of Aspern, Jun. — Governor of Sclavonia, 
181 1 — defeats viceroy of Italy at Klagenfurth, 
1813 — General commanding in Transylvania, 
1 8 14 — in Galicia, 18 14 — tf. there, 5 Jun. 18 19. 

Hiller, Mathias, orientalist, — ft. at Stutt- 
gard, 15 Feb. 1646 — M.A. Tubingen, 1669 — 
Prof. Logic and Metaphysics there, 1692 — Prof. 
Greek and Oriental Languages, and Theology, 
1698 — Abbot of Koenigsbrunn, 17 16 — lj. there, 
Feb. 1725. Lexicon hebraico-talmudicum, 1685 
— Onomasticum sacrum, 1706 — Hierophyticon, 

I7 2 5- 

Hilliard, Nicholas, painter, jeweller, §c, — 
fl. at Exeter, 1547 — goldsmith, carver, and 
painter to Queen Elizabeth : b. in London, 1619. 

Hillsborough, Wills Hill, 2nd Viscount 
and 1st Earl of, — M.P. Warwick, 1741 — 
succeeds his father as Viscount, May 1742 — 
Irish Privy Councillor, Aug. 1746 — created 
Viscount Kilwardine and Earl of Hillsborough, 
3 Oct. 1 75 1 — resigns office of Comptroller of 
the Household to George II., 1756 — raised to 
British peerage as Lord Harwich, 20 Nov. 
1756 — First Commissioner of Trade and Plant- 
ations, Sep. 1763 — joint Postmaster-general, 
Dec. 1766 — Secretary of State for the Colonies, 
20 Jan. 1768 to Aug. 1772 — Viscount Fairford 
and Earl of Hillsborough, 12 Aug. 1772 — 
reappointed Secretary of State, 25 Nov. 1779 
— attacked by the Gordon mob, 1780 — resigns, 
Mar. 1782 — Marquis of Downshire, 19 Aug. 
1789 — if., 18 Oct. 1793. 

Hilton, William, painter, — b. at Lincoln, 3 
Jun. 17.86 — studies at Royal Academy, 1806— 
A.R.A., 1814— R.A., 1820 — keeper of Poyal 
Academy, 1827-39 — marries, 1828 — loses his 
wife, 1835 — "jj. in London, 30 Dec. 1839. 
Ganymede, 1820 — Christ crowned with thorns, 
1825 — Sir Calepine rescuing Serena, 1831 — 
Una entering the cave of Corceca, 1832 — Edith 
and the Monies searching for the body of Harold, 
1834 — Infant Warrior, 1836. 

Himalaya (Himmaleh) Mountains, — ex- 
plored by Turner, 1789— by Webb, 1808— 
Kirkpatrick and Fraser, 1809 and 18 15 — Moor- 
croft, 1812 — the Gerards, 181 8-21 — Victor 
Jacquemont, between 1828-32 — Hodgson and 
Herbert, 1825-50 — Thomson and Hooker, 
1848-50. 



Himera, in Sicily, — [BC] — founded by 
Chalcidians and Syracusans, (01. 33, 1,) 648, a 
(01. 32, 4,) 649 b — occupied by Theron, 476— 
settled by Theron, 466 — Gelon defeats Cartha- 
ginians at, 480 — destroyed by Hannibal, 408— 
Hamilcar defeats Agathocles at, Jun. or Jul. 
310, a Clinton. b M utter. 

Himerius, sophist, — secretary to Julian at 
Antioch, 362 — returns to Athens, 368 — living, 
386. 

Himilco, — [B C] — commands with Hannibal 
(son of Gisco) in Sicily, 406 — takes Agrigentum, 
406 — makes peace 405 — again in command, 
without success, 397 — destroys Messana, 396 — ■ 
besieges Syracuse, his army and fleet destroyed, 
escapes to Carthage and kills himself, 395. 

Himilco, — [B Cj — defends Lilybseum against 
Eome, 250-248. 

Himilco, — [B C] — commands against Mar- 
cellus in Sicily, 214-212. 

Himly, Karl Gustav, physician, — b. at 
Brunswick, 30 Apr. 1772 — studies at Gottingen, 
1792 — Prof. Clinical Medicine, Brunswick, 
1795 — Prof. Clinical Medicine, Jena, 1801 — 
Prof. Practical Medicine director of the Hos- 
pital, Gottingen, 1803-7 — b. at Gottingen, 22 
Mar. 1837. (With J. A. Schmidt,) Ophthal- 
mologische Bibliothek, 1801-7 — Einleitung in 
die Augenheilkunde, 1806. 

Himmel, Friedrich Heinrich, musical com- 
poser, — b. in Brandenburg, 20 Nov. 1765 — 
chapel-master to the king, Berlin, 1795 — tf. 
there, 8 Jun. i8i4, ac i8o4. b Semir amide, 
1795 — T)ie Sylphen, 1807 — Funeral Cantata, 
1799. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Conv.-Lex. 

Hinckelmann, Abraham, orientalist,— b. in 
Misnia, 1652 — tf., 1695. Edition of the Koran, 
1694. 

Hincks, Edward, philologist,— -h. at Cork, 
1792 — studies at Trin. Coll., Dublin ; rector 
of Killeleagh, 1825 — tf. there, 3 Dec. 1866. 
Catalogue of Egyptian Manuscripts, Trin. Coll., 
Dublin, 1843 — On Egyptian Stele, 1842 — As- 
syrio-Baby Ionian Measures of Time, 1865 — On 
Years and Months in use among Egyptians, 1 865. 

Hincmar, Abp of Rheims, — 6. in France, 
806, a 809 b — elected Abp of Rheims, 845 — 
assists at Council of Meaux, 845 — persecutes 
Gotschalk, 848 — assists at Council of Soissons, 
853 — deposes Bp Bothrad, and is compelled by 
Pope Nicholas I. to restore him, 865-6° — 
accepts the False Decretals, 866 — supports 
Charles the Bald, 870 — presides at Council of 
Douzi, 871 — escapes from Bheims on approach 
of Northmen, 882 — tf. at Epernay, 21 Dec. 882. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Herzog's Encyc. c Milman. 

Hincmar, Bp of Laon, 858 a — quarrels 
with his uncle, Abp of Rheims, 866 et seq. — is 
deprived of his abbey and revenue of his see 
by Charles the Bald, 869 a — lays interdict on 
his diocese, 869 — obtains interference of Pope 
Adrian II., Mar. 87 i b — imprisoned at Senlis, 
871 b — degraded and blinded by his uncles, 872 
— tf., about 88o, c 882. a a Herzog. 

b Milman. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Hindenburg, Karl Friedrich, mathema- 
tician, — b. at Dresden, 13 Jul. 1741 — studies 
at Leipsic, 1757 — M.A., 177 1 — Prof. Philo- 



702 



HINDOSTAN— HISTI.EUS. 



sophy, 178 1 — Prof. Physics, 1786 — if. at 
Leipsic, 17 Mar. 1808. (With Bernoulli,) 
Magazinfiir reine und angeivandte Mathematik, 
1786-9 — Archiv der reinen und angewandten 
Mathematik, 1794-9 — Combinatorisch-analy- 
tischen Abhandlungen, 1800. 

Kindostan. [India, and names of separate 
countries.] 
Hiouen-Thsang. [Hwen-Thsang.] 
Hipparchia, Cynic, — [B C] — marries Crates, 
ahout 328. 

Hipparchos, — [B C]— killed at Athens, Jul. 
or Aug. 514. 

Hipparchos, Archon at Athens,— [BC] — 
(01. 71, 1,) 496.* a Clinton.' 

Hipparchos, astronomer, mathematician, — 
[BC] — fl., 160-145 a — observes equinoxes, &c, 
162-127. b a Suidas. b Clinton. 

Hippel, Theodor Gottlieb von. miscellaneous 
writer, — h. in Prussia, 17 41— studies at Konigs- 
berg, 1756 — goes to St Petersburg, 1760 — 
burgomaster of Konigsberg, member of Council 
of War, president of the town, 1780 — if. there, 
1796. tfeber die Fhe, 1774 — Ueber weibliche 
Bildung, 1801 — Zimmermann I. und Friedrich 
II, 1790. 

Hippias, — [B C] — begins to govern at Athens, 
(01. 66, 3,) Jul. or Aug. 514 — expelled, between 
Jul. and Sep. 510 — accompanies Dates in his 
expedition to Greece, 490. 

Hippias, sophist, — [BC] — fl., about 435.* 

a Euseb. 
Hippo Regius, {Bona,) m Africa, — siege of, 
by Vandals, begins May 430 — taken and burnt, 
Jul. 431 — again destroyed by troops of Caliph 
Othnian, about 650 — occupied by Andrea Doria 
for Charles V., 1535 — occupied by French, 
1830. Council of, on discipline, 393. 

Hippocrates, tyrant of Gela, — [BC] — suc- 
ceeds Cleander, 498 — if. during siege of Hybla, 
491. 

Hippocrates, of Chios, mathematician, — 
[B C] — fl., about 460. 

Hippocrates, — [BC] — general with Demo- 
sthenes, takes Nisaea, 424 — defeated and killed 
at battle of Delion, towards end of 424. 

Hippocrates, of Cos, physician — [B C] — fc., 
(01. 80,) 460 a — if., 357- a a Clinton. 

Hippodamas, of Miletus, architect, — [BC] — 
builds Thurii ? 445 a — builds Ehodes ? 407 a . 
a Miiller. 
Hippodamas, Archon at Athens, — [BC] — 
(01. 101, 2,) 375. 

Hippolytus, St, Bp of Portus, (Soma,) — 
fl. about 220-236 — banished from his see, 235 
— put to death, about 236-8 — his statue dis- 
covered at Pome, 155 1 — his Sefutation of 
all the Heresies, discovered at Mount Athos, 
1842. 

Kippomenes, Archon at Athens, — [BC] — 
(01. 14, 3 to 01. 17, 1,) 722-712. 

Hipponax, Iambic poet,—[B C] — fi\, about 
(01. 60,) 540. 

Hippopotamus, — living, brought to London, 
1850. * Fossil, described by Antoinede Jussieu, 
1724. 

Hippys, of Rhegium, historian,— [BC] — fl., 
about 475. 



Hira, (Medschid AH,) — founded, about 190 
— conquered by Mohammedans under Khaled, 
(12, a. h.) 633 a — taken by Wahabees, i8o6. b 
a Ockley. b Bouillet. 

Eire, Philippe de la. [Lahire.] 
Hirsch, Johann Christoph, numismatist, — 
u. at Eegenbach, about 1690,* 14 Jan. 1698 b 
— if. at Anspach, 28 May 1770,=* i78o. b 
Bibliotheca numismatica, 1760. 

a Biog Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Hirsching, Friedrich Karl Gottlob,— fc. at 
Uffenheim, 21 Dec. 1762 — M.A. Erlangen, 
1788 — Prof. Philosophy, 1792 — if. at Erlangen, 
n Mar. 1800. Versuch einer Beschreibung 
sehenswiirdiger Bibliotheken Teutschlands, 
1786-90 — JSfachrichten von sehensioiirdigen 
Gemalde- und Kujjferstich-sammlungen, Miinz-, 
Gemmen-, Kunst-, und Naturalienkabinetten, 
$c, 1786-92 — Allgemeines Archiv fur Lander- 
und Volkerkunde, 1790. 

Hirt, Aloys, archaeologist, — h. in Baden, 27 
Jun. 1759 — visits Italy, 1782-96 — Prof. Arcbi- 
tecture and Fine Arts, member of Academy of 
Sciences, Berlin, 1796 — Prof. Archaeology, 
Univ. of Berlin, 18 10 — if. at Berlin, 29 Jun. 
1837. Baukunst viach den Grundsdtzen der 
Alien, 1809 — Geschichte der Baukunst bei den 
Alten, 1 82 1 -7 — Geschichte der bildenden Kilnste 
bei den Alten, 1833. 

Hirt, Johann Friedrich, theologian, — ft. in 
Thuringia, 17 19 — Prof. Philosophy, Jena, 
1758 — superintendent, 176 1 — Prof. Theology, 
1769 — Prof. Theology, Wittenberg, 1775 — 
if. there, 29 Jul. 1783. Biblia hebraa analytica, 
1753 — Instituliones arabicae linguae, 1770 — 
Orientalische und exegetische Bibliothek, 1772-6 
— Bibliorum analyticorum pars chaldaica, 1757. 
Hirtemherg, Joachim Pastorius de, his- 
torian. Floras Folonius, 1679 — Historiae 
Folonicae plenioris partes duo, 1685. 

Hirtius, A., historian, — [BC| — legatus to 
Caesar in Gaul, 58 — intercedes for Q. Cicero, 
with Caesar at Antioch, 47— one of ten praetors 
named by Caesar, 46 — with Caesar at Xarbonne, 
18 Apr. 45 — takes refuge at Puteoli, Mar. 44 
— Consul with C. Yibius Pansa, (711, a. u. c.) 
43 — opens the senate, 1 Jan. 43 — begins 
Mutine War, Feb. 43 — killed at siege of 
Mutina, 27 Mar. 43. 

Hirzel, Solomon, historian, — ft. at Zurich, 
13 May 1727 — member of Privy Council, 1773 
— Pres. of Finance, 1785 — if. at Zurich, 15 
Nov. 18 18. Isaak Iselius, 1782 — Fdle Ziige 
aus der Schweizergeschiclitc, 1806 — Geschichte 
von Zurich, 18 14- 18. 

Hisn-Dhervera, in Spain, — Almansor defeats 
Christians at, (390, a. h.) iooo. 

Hisn-Xariz, in the Pyrenees, — Walid brn 
Abdelhamid defeats the Franks, pursues them, 
and is taken prisoner, (end of 272, a. h.) Apr. 
or May 886. 

Hispaniola. [Domingo, St.] 
Histiaeus, tyrant of Miletus, — [B C] — guards 
bridge at the Danube during Scythian expedi- 
tian of Darius, 513 — kept at Susa 7 510-496 — 
comes down to the coast, 496 — attempts to 
establish himself at Chios, 494 — killed by 
Harpagos and Artaphernes, 494. 



HISTORIOGRAPHER ROYAL— HOCHE. 



7°3 



Historiographer Royal, in France,— office 
of, instituted by Charles IX., about 1570 — 
ceases at the Revolution, 1789. 

Hitchcock, Edward, geologist, — fj. at Deer- 
field, in Massachusetts, U. S., 24 May 1793— 
pastor of Congregational Church, Conway, 
1 82 1-5 — Prof. Chemistry and Natural History, 
Amherst Coll., 1825-45 — State Geologist, 1830 
— LL.D. Harvard Univ., 1840— President and 
Prof. Natural Theology and Geology, Amherst 
Coll., 1845-54— D.D. Middlebury Coll., 1846 
— sent to Europe as Agricultural Commissioner 
for Massachusetts, 1850 — tf. at Amherst, Mass., 
27 Feb. 1864. Geology of the Connecticut Val- 
ley, 1823 — Report on Geology of Massachusetts, 
1833-41 — Elementary Geology, 1 840 — Religion 
of Geology, 1851. 

Hixem Ben Abdelmalik, Caliph, — fj., about 
688 or 690 — succeeds his brother Yezid, (25 
Shaban, 105, a. h.) 724 — rebellion of Zaid, 
grandson of Hussein, (121,) 738 — tf. at Rusafa, 
(6 Rabia I., 125,) 7 Jan. 743. 

Hixem (Haschem) I., Abul Walid, King 
of Cordova — fj., 757 — declared successor of 
his father, Abderahman ben Moawiyah, re- 
ceives oath of allegiance, (170, a. h.) 786-7 a 
(end of 171,) 788 b — proclaimed king, (24 
Rabia II., 171, a 172,*) 1 Oct. 787,* 788* — 
revolt of his brothers Suleiman and Abdallah, 
788— defeats Suleiman at Hisn-Boulkh, (173,) 
789 — besieges Toledo, 789 — receives submission 
of Abdallah, 789 — proclaims the Algihed (Holy 
War) in Spain (175,) 791 — his armies pene- 
trate into France, 791-2 — capture of Gerona 
and Narbonne, (177,) 793-4— his death foretold 
by astrologer, (178,) 794 — names his son Al- 
hakem successor, (179,) 795-6— tf., (12 Saphar 
180,) 26 Apr. 796. 

a Conde. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Hixem II., al Muyad Billah, King of 
Cordova, — fj., about 966 — declared heir to the 
crown by his father Alhakem, 976— succeeds, 
(2 Saphar 366, a. h.) 30 Sep. 976 — Moham- 
med ben Abdallah appointed regent (hagib) : 
[Almansur.] — proclaimed sovereign at Fez, 987 
— on death of his mother, appoints Abdelmalik 
regent, 1002 — gives permission to Christian 
exiles to reside in Cordova, (396,) 1006 — ap- 
points Abderahman regent, Oct, 1008 — arrested 
by his cousin Mohammed ben Hixem, and the 
hagib deposed, Feb. 1009 — report of his death 
published, sham burial, 1009 — reappears at 
Cordova, (7 Dhul hadja, 400,) 22 Jul. 1010 — 
has Mohammed beheaded, (10 Dhul hadja,) 25 
Jul. — has the hagib beheaded on suspicion of 
treason, ion — disappears on capture of Cor- 
dova by Suleiman ben Alhakem, (6 Schoual 
403,) 20 Apr. 1013. 

Hixem III., el Motad Billah, King of 
Cordova, — fj., (364, a. h.) 974— proclaimed on 
death of Yahia ben Ali, (Rabia I. 417,) May 
1026 — received at Cordova, (8 Dhul hadja, 
420,) 18 Dec. 1029 — reduces the refractory 
walies, 1029-30 — rebellion, quits Cordova, (12 
Dhul hadja, 422,) 30 JS T ov. 1031 — tf. at Hisn 
Abi Xarif, (Saphar 428,) Nov. or Dec. 1036. 

Hoadly, Benjamin, Bp of Winchester, — 
b. at Westerham, Kent, 1676— enters Cam- 



bridge Univ., 169 1 — Fellow of Catherine Hall, 
1697 — M.A., 1699 — takes orders, 1700 — rector 
of Streatham, 17 10 — Rp of Bangor, 17 15 — 
by his sermon on the Kingdom of Christ gives 
rise to the Bangorian Controversy, 31 Mar. 
17 17 — violent debates respecting it in Convo- 
cation, May : Convocation prorogued by royal 
order, 10 May: Bp of Hereford, 1721 — Bp of 
Salisbury, 1723 — Bp of Winchester, 1734 — tf. 
at Chelsea, Apr. 1761. Works, 1773. 

Hoadly, Benjamin, physician, — fj. in Lon- 
don, 10 Feb. 1705-6 — F.R.S., 1726— M.D. 
Cambridge, 1729 — physician to the king's 
household, Jim. 1742 — to household of Prince 
of "Wales, Jan. 1745-6 — tf. at Chelsea, 10 Aug. 
1757. Three Letters on Organs of Respiration, 
1737 — Suspicious Husband, 1747. 

Koang-ho, Yellow River, in China, — sources 
of, explored by order of Kublai Khan, about 
1270-90. 

Hoare, Prince, painter, dramatist,— -n. at 
Bath, about 1755 — studies at Rome, 1776 — 
foreign secretary to Royal Academy, 1799 — 
tf. at Brighton, Dec. 1834. 

Hoare, Sir Richard Colt, Bart., topographer, 
antiquary, — b. at Stourhead, 9 Dec. 1758 — 
Bart., 1787 — tf., 19 May 1838. Translation of 
Itinerarium Cambria by Giraldus Cambrensis, 
1806 — Ancient History of South Wiltshire, 
1 81 2 — History of Modern Wilts, 1822-30. 

Hoare, William, painter, — b. at Bath, a Eye 
in SufFolk, b about 1706 — R.A., 1768— tf. at 
Bath, 1792. a Engl. Cyc. b Rees' Cyc. 

Hobart Town, Van Biemen s Zand,— found- 
ed, 1804. 

Hobbema. [Hobbima.] 

Hobbes, Thomas, philosopher, — fj. atMalmes- 
bury, 5 Apr. 1588 — enters Oxford Univ., 1603 
— tutor to Lord Cavendish, 1608— accompanies 
him to France and Italy, 1610 — tutor to Earl of 
Devonshire, 1631 — accompanies him to France 
and Italy, 1634-7 — resides at Paris, 1641-53 — 
mathematical tutor to Prince of Wales, 1647 — ■ 
his opinions condemned by parliament, 1666-— 
tf., 4 Dec. 1679. Translation of Thucydides, 
1628 — Elcmenta philosophica de Cive, 1642 — 
Human Nature, and Be Corpore Politico, 1650 
— Leviathan, 165 1 — Letter upon Liberty and 
Necessity, 1654 — Translation of Homer, 1675 
— Decameron physiologicum, 1678 — Behemoth, 
1679. 

Hobbima, Minderhont, (Meindert,) painter, 
— fj. at Amsterdam, 1638 — paints, 1650-63 or 
1689 — marries, 2 Oct. 1668 — tf. at Amsterdam, 
Dec. 1709. 

Hobhouse, Sir Benjamin, statesman, — h., 
about 1757 — M.A. Oxford, 26 Jun. 17 81 — 
called to the bar, 17 81 — travels in France and 
Italy, 1783-5 — M.P. Bletchingley, Feb. 1797 
— Secretary to Board of Control, 1803-4 — 
first commissioner for investigating debts of 
Nabobs of the Carnatic, about 1805 (?) — Bart, 
by patent, 22 Dec. 181 2— tf. in London, 14 
Aug. 1831. 

Hobkirk's Hill, — Lord Rawdon defeats Gen. 
Greene at, 25 Apr. 1 7 8 1 . [American War. ] 

Hoche, Lazare, general, — h. at Montreuil, 
near Versailles, 24 Feb., a 25 Jun. b 1768 — 



704 



HOCHKIECHEN-HOFFMAN. 



enters the army, 1784 — distinguishes himself 
at Neerwinden, 1793 — defends Dunkirk, 1793 
— Commander-in-chief of army of the Moselle, 
1793 — imprisoned at Paris, 1793-4 — defeats 
emigrants at Quiberon, Jul. 1795 — quells in- 
surrection in la Vendee, 1796 — commands 
expedition to Ireland, Dec. 1796 — commands 
army of Sambre-et-Meuse, 1797 — defeats 
Austrians at Neuwied, Altenkirchen, Diedorff, 
&c.,- 1797 — tf. at Wetzlar, i5, a 18 b Sep. 1797. 
a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Hochkirchen, — Marshal Daun defeats Fred- 
erick II. at, 14 Oct. 1758 — Napoleon I. defeats 
Eussians and Prussians, 21 May 1813. 

Hbchst, on the Main, — Tilly defeats Christ- 
ian, Duke of Brans wick, at, 10 Jun. 1622 — 
Clerfait defeats Jourdan, 11 Oct. 1795. 

Hochstadt, in Bavaria, — Imperialists de- 
feated by Elector Palatine, 20 Sep. 1703 — 
Marlborough and Prince Eugene defeat the 
French, 13 Aug. 1704. 

Hocquincourt, Charles de Mouchy, Mar- 
shal d', — ft. in Picardy, 1599 — Marechal de 
Camp, 1639 — commands at battle of la Marfee, 
164.1 — at siege of Gravelines, Jun. to Jul. 1644— 
Lieutenant-general, 1645 — contributes to de- 
feat of Turenne at Eethel, Dec. 1650 — Mar- 
shal of France, 4 Jan. 1651 — Viceroy of Cata- 
lonia, 1653 — commands in Flanders, 1654 — 
goes over to the Spaniards, 1655 — killed at 
siege of Dunkirk, 13 Jun. 1658. 

Hodges, Nathaniel, physician, — enters Ox- 
ford Univ., 1648— M.A., 1654— M.D., 1659— 
commences practice in London, about 1660 — 
F.B.C.P., 1672 — rj. in Ludgate prison, 1684. 
Loimologia, 1672. 

Hodges, William, painter, — b. in London, 
about 1744 — accompanies Captain Cook as 
draftsman, 1772 — B.A., 1787- — rj., 6 Mar. 1797. 

Hodierna, (Adiema,) Johann Baptist, as- 
tronomer, — b. at Eagusa, 1597 — tf. at Palma, 
1660. Thaumantice miraculum, 1652 — De 
systemate orbis cometici deque admirandis cozli 
characteribus, 1656. 

Hody, Humphrey, theologian, — fj. at Od- 
combe, Somersetshire, 1 Jan. 1659 — enters 
Univ. of Oxford, 1676— M. A., 1682 — Fellow 
of Wadham Coll., 1684 — D.D., 1692 — Eegius 
Prof. Greek, 1698 — Archdeacon of Oxford, 
1704 — tf., 20 Jan. 1706. Case of Sees vacant 
by TJncanonical Deprivation, 1693— De Bibli- 
orum textibus originalibus, 1704 — De Grcecis 
illustribus linguce Graicai litterarumque hu- 
maniorum Instauratoribus, 1742. 

Hoe von Hoenegg, Matthias, theologian,— 
fo. at Vienna, 1580 — studies at Wittenberg, 1597 
■ — lectures on Theology, 1600— superintendent 
at Plauen, 1603 — tf. at Dresden, 4 Mar. 1645. 
Oratio detestans Bapam et Calvinistas, 1601 — 
Commentarii in Johannis Apocalypsin, 1610-40. 

Hoeike Tatars, — under Bogra Khan invade 
Turkistax, 993 — Elik Khan, 994 — Elik Khan 
takes possession of Turkistan, 999— Elik Khan 
invades Ghazni, 1005 — Elik Khan defeated by 
Maiimud, 1006 — conte^ of Toghan Khan 
with Khitan Tatar, 1012-1025. 

Hcepfner, Johann Georg Christian, archaeo- 
logist, — b. at Leipsic, 4 Mar. 1765 — tf., 20 



Dec. 1827. Beschreibung der hduslichen, got- 
tesdienstlichen, sitt lichen, §c, Zustandes der 
Griechen, 1795-1800 — Handbuch der griechis- 
chen Mythologie nebst einer Einleitung in die 
Theologie der Griechen, 1795. 

Hoerberg, Pehr, painter, — b- in Sweden, 
1746 — studies at Boyal Academy, Stockholm, 
r'7 84— settles at Olstorp, 1790 — member of 
Swedish Academy, 1797 — tr., historical painter 
to the king, i8i6, a i8i9. b 

a Engl. Cyc. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Hoest, George, traveller, statesman, — b. at 
Aarhus, Jutland, 1734 — consul at Mogador, 
Morocco, 1760— returns to Copenhagen, 1776 
— tf., about 1792, a 1795. b Efterretninger om 
Marokos og Fes, 1779. 

a Biog. TJniv. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Hoet, Gerard, painter, — b. at Bommel, 1648 
— tf. at Utrecht, a at the Hague, b 1733. 

a Bees' Cyc. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Hoeven, Jan vander, zoologist, — b- at Eot- 
terdam, 9 Feb. 1801 — studies at Leyden Univ., 
1819-24— Ph.D., 1822— M.D., 1824 — Prof. 
Zoology, Leyden, 1835—0". at Leyden, 11 Mar. 
1868. BZandboek der Dierkunde, 1827-33 — 
with De Vriese, edits Tijdschrift voor natuur- 
lijke Geschiedenis en Bhysiologie, 1834-45 — 
Redevoeringen en Verhandelingen, 1846 — Bhilo- 
sophia Zoologica, 1864. 

Hofacker, Karl Christoph, jurist,— b. in 
Wiirtemberg, 26 Feb. 1749 — studies at Tubin- 
gen, 1766 — Prof. Law, 1773 — rj., 20 Apr. 
1793. Distitutiones Juris Bomani, 1773 — 
Nuhere Entwickelung tend Vertheidigung seiner 
systematischen Methode im Vortrage des Bb- 
mischen Bechts, 1773. 

Hofer, Andreas, Swiss patriot leader, — b. at 
St Leonard, valley of Passeyer, 22 JNTov. 1767, ac 
1765 b — deputy to Conference of Brunnecken, 
Nov. 1805 — of Vienna, Jan. 1809 — heads in- 
surrection in the Tyrol, Apr. 1809 — defeats 
Bavarians at Innsbruck, 28 May — ruler of the 
TjtoI, Aug. — betrayed to the French, 20 Jan. 
1 810 — shot at Mantua, 2o, a 25 b Feb. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Ersch and Gruber. 

Hoff, Karl Ernst Adolph, statesman, na- 
turalist, — b. at Gotha, 1 Nov. 177 1 — secretary 
of legation to the secret Chancery, 1792 — ■ 
counsellor to the Chancery, 18 13 — assists in 
reform of the University of Jena, 1817-18 — 
Co-director of Collections of Sciences and 
Arts, 1831— tf. there, 24 May 1837. Geschichte 
der durch Ueberlieferung nachgeivisenen na- 
ti/rlichen Verdnderangen der Erdoberjldche, 
1822-41 — Die Hohenmessungen in und um 
Thiiringen, 1833. 

Hoffbauer, Johann Christoph, philosopher, 
— b. at Bielefeld, 19 May 1766 — studies at 
Halle, 1785 — Prof. Philosophy, 1794 — tf. at 
Halle, 4 Aug. 1 827. Analytik der Xlrtheile und 
Schliisse, 1792 — NaturrecJtt aus dem Begriffe 
des Bechts entwickelt, 1793 — Anfangsgriinde 
der Logik nebst einem Grundriss der Erfah- 
rungsseelenlehre, 1794 — Anfangsgriinde der 
Msralphilosophie nebst einer allgemeincn Ge- 
schichte dersclben, 1798 — Geschichte der TJni- 
versitat zu Halle bis zum Jahre 1805, 1805. 

Hoffman, Francois Benoit, miscellaneous 



HOFFMANN— HOGEND ORP. 



7°5 



writer, — b. at Nancy, u Jul. 1760 — goes to 
Paris, 1784 — member of Legion of Honour, 
1 82 1— ft. at Paris, 25 Apr. 1828. (Ettvres, 
1828-9. 

Hoffmann, Christian Gottfried, jurist— h. 
in Lusace, 1692 — Prof. Natural Law, Leipsic, 
17 18 — Prof. Natural Law, Frankfort-on-the- 
Oder, 1723 — tf. there, 1735. Hist, juris 
Bomani Justinianei chronologica, 1718-26 — 
Novum volumen Scriptorum rerum Germani- 
carum, §c, 17 19 — Nova Scriptorum ac Monu- 
mentorum partim rarissimorum, partim inedit- 
orum collection 1 7 3 1 - 2 . 

Hoffmann, Ernst Theodor Wilhelm, (Ama- 
deus,) novelist, $c, — b. at Konigsberg, 24 Jan. 
1776 — assessor of Court at Posen, Mar. 1800 a 
■ — Counsellor at Warsaw, summer 1804 — 
Musical Director of the Theatre at Bamberg, 
1808 — at Dresden, 181 3 — Judge at Berlin, 
18 14 — tf. there, 25 Jun., a 21 JuL, b 24 Jul. c 
1822. Phantasiestiicke in Callot's Manier, 
1 8 14 — Nachtstiicke, 18 17 — Die Serapions- 
br iider, 1 8 1 9 - 2 1 — Meister Floh, 1822. 

a Carlyle. b Engl. Cye. c Conv.-Lex. 

Hoffmann, Friedrich, physician, — b. at 
Halle, 1660 — M.D. Jena, 1681 — settles at 
Minden, 1682 — visits Holland and England, 
1684 — physician to Elector of Brandenburg, 
1686 — Prof. Medicine, Halle, 1693- 1742— ad- 
mitted to Academy of Sciences, Berlin, 1701 — 
F.R.S. London, 1720 — admitted to Academy 
of Sciences, St Petersburg, 17 31 — tf. at Halle, 
12 Nov. 1742. Opera, 1740. 

Hoffmann, Johann Gottfried, publicist — b. 
at Breslau, 19 Jul. 1765 — studies at Halle, 
1784 — at Konigsberg, 1787 — Prof. Practical 
Philosophy, 1807 — Councillor of State, Berlin, 
1808 — Prof. Political Sciences, 18 10 — attends 
Congress of Vienna, 1 814 — admitted to Academy 
of Sciences, 1832 — tf. at Berlin, 12 Nov. 1847. 
Beitrdge zur Statist ik des preuss. Staats, 1821 
■ — Die Lehre vom Gelde, 1838 — Die Lehre von 
den Steuern, 1840 — Das Verhdltniss der Staats- 
gewalt zu den Vorstellungen Hirer Unterthanen, 
1842. 

Hoffmann, {Hofmann,) Johann Jakob, 
philologist, — b. at Basel, 1635 — Prof. Greek, 
1667— Prof. History, 1684 — tf. there, May 
1706. Lexicon universale, 1677,* 1667 b — 
Continuatio, 1683. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Hoffmann, Johann Moritz, physician,— b. 
at Altdorf, 1653— M.D. there, 1675— Prof. 
Anatomy, 1677-1709 — Prof. Botany, 1698 — tf. 
at Anspach, 31 Oct. 1727. Continuation of 
Florce Aldtorfince delicice, 1703. 

Hoffmann, Johann Wilhelm, jurist, — b. at 
Zittau, 17 10 — studies at Frankfort, 1728 — 
LL.D., 1732 — Prof. History, Wittenberg, 1737 
■ — Prof. Laws, 1739 — tf. there, 12 Nov. 1739. 
Diss, dejuribus e migrant ium propter religionem, 
1732 — Diss, de jure publico quod in rom. 
imperio interregni magni tempore obtinuit, 1736 
■ — De lubrico art is diplomatics, 1737. 

Hoffmann, Moritz, physician, — b. in Bran- 
denburg, 1622 — studies at Altdorf, 1638 — at 
Padua, 1 64 1 — Prof. Anatomy and Surgery, 
Altdorf, 1648 — Prof. Botany, 1653 — tf., 1698 



— Florce Aldtorfince delicice sylvestres, 1662 — 
Florce Aldtorfince delicice hortenses, 1660. 

Hoffmann, Tycho, — b. in Denmark, Dec. 
17 15 — studies at Copenhagen, 1735-8 — F.R.S. 
London, about 1745 ? — tf. Councillor of 
Justice, 14 Feb. 1754. Portraits historiques 
des hommes illusires de Danemark, 1746. 

Hoffmannsegg, Johann Centurius, botanist, 
■ — b. at Dresden, 23 May 1766 — studies at 
Gottingen, 1786 — visits Portugal, 1797-1801 
— tf. at Dresden,. 13 Dec. 1849. (With Link,) 
Flore Portugaise, 1809-33. 

Hoffmanowa, Klementyna z Tanskich, 
miscellaneous writer, — b. at Warsaw, 23 Nov. 
1798 — superintendent of Normal School for 
governesses at Warsaw, 1827 — marries M. 
Hoffman, 1829 — tf. at Paris, 20 Sep. 1845. 
Wybor Pism, 1833 — Pisma Posmiertne, 1849. 

Hofland, Barbara, miscellaneous writer, — b. 
at Sheffield, 1770 — marries T. B. Hoole, 1796 
— widow, 1798 — marries Mr Hofland, 1808 — 
settles in London, 1811 — widow again, 1843 — 
tf., 9 Nov. 1844. Decision, 1824 — Son of a 
Genius, 1822 — Poems, 1805. 

Hofland, Thomas Christopher, painter, — 
b. at Worksop, 25 Dec. 1777 — settles in 
London, 18 14 — visits Italy, 1840 — tf. at 
Leamington, 3 Jan. 1843. Views of White 
Knights, seat of Duke of Marlborough, 1816-19 
— British Angler's Manual, 1839. 

Hofmannswaldau, Christian Hofmann von, 
poet, — b. at Breslau, 1618— tf. there, 1679. 
Gedi elite, 1673. 

Hogarth, William, painter, engraver, — b. 
in London, 10 Dec., a 10 Nov. b 1697 — ap- 
prenticed to Gamble the silversmith, probably 
i7i2 b — begins business as engraver, 1720 — 
studies under Thornhill, 1724 — marries Thorn- 
hill's daughter, 173CV 23 Mar. 1729b — serjeant 
painter to the king, 1757 — tf. in London, 26 
Oct. 1764. Illustrations to Hudibras, 1726 — 
Modern Midnight Conversation, 1732 — Harlot's 
Progress, 1733-4 — Pake's Progress, 1735 — 
Marriage a la Mode, 1745 — Lord Lovat, 1746 P 
— Industrious Apprentice, Idle Apprentice, 
1747 — March to Finchley, 1746 — Analysis of 
Beauty, 1753 — Flection, 1758 — Sigismunda, 
1759. a Wornum. b Sa i a# 

Hogendorp, Dyrk, Count van, general, — b. 
at Rotterdam, 1761 — Minister of War to Louis 
Bonaparte, 1806 — Plenipotentiary to Vienna, 
1807 — to Berlin, 1809 — to Madrid, 18 10 — 
General of Division, aide-de-camp to Napoleon I. , 
Jan. to Mar. 1 8 1 1 — serves in Russian campaign, 
1 8 12 — governor of Hamburg, Jun. 1813 — 
serves under Napoleon at Waterloo, Jun. 1815 — 
tf. in Brazil, 1830. 

Hogendorp, Ghisbert Karl, Count van, 
statesman, — b. at Rotterdam, 27 Oct. 1762 — 
goes to Berlin, and enters the array, 1773 — 
visits America, 1783 — LL.D. Leyden, 1784 — 
pensionary of Rotterdam, about 1787 — resigns, 
1795 — contributes to reestablishment of House 
of Orange, 1 8 1 3 — Pres. of Commission for pre- 
paring New Constitution, 1813-14 — Minister of 
Foreign Affairs, V.P. Council of State, 18 14 — 
Grand Cross of the Lion, 18 14 — tf. at the 
Hague, 5 Aug. 1834. 

45 



706 



HOGG— HOLBEIN. 



Hogg, James, {Ettrick Shepherd,) poet, — 5. 
at Ettrick, Selkirkshire, 25 Jan. ? 1772 — makes 
acquaintance of Scott, 1801 — marries, 18 14 — 
if. at Altrive, 21 Nov. 1835. Mountain Bard, 
1803 — Queen's Wake, 18 13 — Poetic Mirror, 
1 8 14. 

Hogue, La, Cape, — Admiral Russell defeats 
de Tourville off, 19, 20, and 22 May 1692. 

Hohenburg, near Langensalza, — defeat of 
Saxons by Emperor Henry IV. at, 8 Jun. 1075. 

Hohen-Friedberg, — Frederick II. defeats 
Austrians and Saxons at, 4 Jun. 1745. 

Hohenlinden, in Bavaria, — Moreau defeats 
Archduke John of Austria, 3 Dec. 1800. 
Convention of, between French and Imperialists, 
extending armistice for 45 days, signed 28 Sep. 
1800. 

Hohenlohe, Conrad of,— enters service of 
Frederick II., 1220 — made Count of Molise, 
1229 — visits Frederick at Capua, 1242 — attends 
him at Verona, 1245. 

Hohenlohe, Godfrey of, — enters service of 
Frederick II., 1220— attends him at Eavenna, 
1 23 1 — joint guardian of Conrad, King of the 
Romans, about 1240 — attends him to Verona, 
1245. 

Hohenlohe, Godfrey of, — elected Grand 
Master of Teutonic Knights, to succeed Conrad 
of Feuchtwagen, 14 Sep. 1297 — "a., 1309. 

Hohenlohe, Henry of, — elected Grand 
Master of Teutonic Knights, 1244 — c\, 1253 ? 

Hohenlohe -Bartenstein-Jaxtberg, Karl 
Joseph Justin Ernst, Prince von, general, — fj., 
12 Dec. 1767/ 1 1766 b — seigneur of Oberbronn, 
Alsace, 1787 — serves under Prince of Conde, 
1793 — Chevalier of St Louis, 1796 — Marechal 
de Camp, by Louis XVIII., 1797 — takes part in 
Russian campaign, 1812 — Lieutenant-general, 
1815— rj., 6 Jul. 1838^ 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen, Prince Friedrich 
Ludwig von, general, — ft., 31 Jan. 1746 — 
serves in Hanoverian war, 1762 — commands 
under Duke of Brunswick in expedition of 
Champagne, 1792 — takes part in campaigns of 
the Rhine, 1793-4 — commander of army on 
the Ems, 1795 — Lieutenant-general, 1796 — 
succeeds to possessions of family of H. Langen- 
burg-Ohringen, 1805 — at battle of Jena, 14 
Oct. 1806— rj. in Silesia, 26 Feb. i8i7, a i8i8. b 
a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Hohenlohe - Waldenburg - Bartenstein, 
Prince Ludwig Aloysius Joachim von, 

general, Marshal or France, — h., 18 Aug. 
1765— enters service of the Palatinate, 1784 — 
serves under Prince of Conde in campaigns of 
1792-3 — surrounded by army of Pichegru, 
effects retreat, 1793 — serves on the Rhine, 
1796-8 — Major-general, 1799 — governor of the 
two Galicias, 1 807 — takes part in campaigns of 
18 1 3- 14 — naturalized in France, 18 15 — com- 
mander of St Michael and the Holy Ghost, 9 
Jun. 1815— serves in expedition to Spain, 1823 
— Peer and Marshal of France, 1827 — rj. at 
Paris, 31 May, a 4 Jun. b 1829. 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. 

Hohenlohe - Waldenburg - Schillingsfurst, 
Alexander Leopold Franz Emmerich, Prince, 
\os, — fc., 17 Aug. 1794 — ordained priest, 1815 



—enters Society of Heart of Jesus, at Rome, 
1 8 16 — settles in Bavaria, 18 17 — makes pre- 
tensions to miraculous cures, 1819 — is refused 
papal sanction, 1821 — Grand Provost of Gross- 
waradein, 1829 — Bp in partibus of Sardica, 
1844 — rj. near "Waldenburg, 1850. Der im 
Geiste der Jcatholischen Kirche betende Christy 
1 8 1 9— Was ist der Zeit- Geist ? 1 82 1 . 

Hohenstauffen, in Suabia, — Frederick von 
Buren, lord of, serves Emperor Henry IV. in 
war with his rival Rudolph, 1077-80 — marries 
Agnes, daughter of Henry, and receives Duchy 
of Suabia, 1080 — carries on war against Guelfs 
and Zahringens, 1085-1105 — o\, 1105 — [Sua- 
bia, Dukes of, Conrad, Frederick I., Frederick 
II. and other Kings of Germany.'] — house of, 
occupies imperial throne, 11 38-1 254. 

Hohenwarth, Sigismund Anton, Count 
von, Prince of Gerlachstein, Abp op 
Vienna, — fj. at Gerlachstein, 1730 — enters 
Order of Jesuits, 1747 — Bp of Trieste, 1772 — 
tutor to sons of Grand Duke of Tuscany, 1778 
— Bp of Saint-Poelten, 1784 — Abp of Vienna, 
1803 — Pres. of Commission of Public Instruc- 
tion, 1806 — Grand Cross of Order of Leopold, 
1 8 18 — rj. at Vienna, 1 Jul. 1820. 

Hohenzollern, House of, — founded by Count 
Thassilo, who fc., 800 — Conrad I. becomes 
Burgrave of Niirnberg, 1200 — dignity of prince 
and burgraviate made hereditary for Frederick: 
III., 1273 — Frederick VI. acquires margravi- 
ate of Brandenburg, 141 7 — [Frederick of Ho- 
henzollern] — division of, into two branches, 
H.-Sigmaringen and H.-Hechingen, 1576 — 
sovereign rights of, ceded to king of Prussia, 
by treaty of 7 Dec. 1849 — ^ e °f Highness 
conferred on heads of : hereditary possessions 
of Prince of H.-Hechingen, ceded to Prince of 
H.-Sigmaringen, by family compact, 3 Feb. 
1850. 

Hohenzollern-Hectingen, Prince Frans 
Xavier von, field-marshal,— h., 1757 — serves 
in army of the Netherlands, 1793 — Major- 
general in army of Italy, 1796 — serves in Italy, 
1799 — taken prisoner at Ulm, at battles of Ess- 
ling, Aspern, &c, 1809 — commands in Galicia, 
1 81 2 — in Saxony against French, 1813 — tr. at 
Vienna, 5 Apr. 1844. 

Hoijer, Benjamin Karl Henrik, philosopher, 
— h. at Klingsbo, Dalecarlia, 1 Jun. 1767 — • 
studies at Upsala, 1783— Ph.D., 1788— Prof. 
Philosophy. 1809- — fr. at Upsala, 13 Jun. 1812. 
Samlade Skrifter, 1825-7. 

Holbach, Paul Thyry, Baron d', philoso- 
pher,- — h. in the Palatinate, 1723—13. at Paris, 
21 Jan. 1789. Systems de la Nature, 1776 — 
Le bon Sens, 1772 — La Morale Universelle, 
1776. 

Holbein, Hans, the elder, painter, — 6. at 
Augsburg, about 1459-60 — living there, 1524. 

Holbein, Hans, the younger, painter, — rj. at 
Augsburg, 1495 — removes to Basel, 15 15-16— 
obtains right of citizenship, 1520 — goes to 
England, enters family of Sir Thomas More, 
1526 — in service of Henry VIII. not later than 
1537 — "0. in London, 1543. Portrait of Amer- 
bach, 15 1 9 — Frescoes, Town Hall of Basel, 
1508-21 — Altar piece, Martyrdom of St Sebas- 
tian, between 1510-16 — Mis family group, 15^6 



HOLBEIN— HOLLAND. 



707 



— The Passion, 15 2 1-5— the Meyer Madonna, 
Darmstadt, 1526 ?— -Henry VIII., Queen Jane, 
and Henry VII, 1537 — this picture burnt at 
Whitehall, Jan. 1698— Dance of Death, 1538- 
45 — Exhibition of his works at Dresden, 15 
Aug-, to 15 Oct. 187 1. 

Holbein, Sigmund, painter— b. at Augs- 
burg, about 1465 — paints there, 1494- 1507 — 
goes to Basel, 15 16 — tf. at Berne, between 6 
Sep. and 18 Nov. 1540. 

Holberg, Ludvig, Baron von, poet, drama- 
tist— -b. at Bergen, Norway, 1684— Prof. Me- 
taphysics, Copenhagen, 17 18 — Prof. Eloquence, 
1720 — Rector of the University, 1735 — Baron, 
1747 — tf., 27 Jan. 1754. Peder Paars, 1719 — 
Hans Mikhelsens Metamorphosis eller Forvand- 
linger, 1726 — Niels Klims Subterraneous Jour- 
ney, \i\\ — Danmarks Piges Historie, 1732-5 
— Helteheltinds historier, 1739-45. 

Holborn Valley Viaduct, london, — first 
stone laid, 3 Jun. 1867 — opened by Queen 
Victoria, 6 Nov. 1869. 

Holcroft, Thomas, dramatist, translator, — 
b. in London, Dec. 1745 (o.s.)— devotes him- 
self to literature, about 1780 — arrested on 
charge of high treason, but liberated without 
trial, 1794 — tf., 23 Mar. 1809. Memoirs, 1816. 
Holden, Henry, theologian, — b. in Lanca- 
shire, 1596 — studies at Paris, 1623— tf. there, 
about 1665. Divince jidei analysis, 1652 — 
Marginal notes on the New Testament, 1660. 

Holder, William, writer on music, §c, — b., 
1 6 14 — rector of Blechingdon, 1642 — invents 
method of teaching deaf and dumb, 1659 — 
F.R.S., 1660 — tf. in London, 24 Jan. 1697. 
Elements of Speech, 1669 — Treatise on Princi- 
ples of Harmony, 1694. 

Holderlin, Johann Christian Friedrich, 
poet, — b. in Suabia, 1770 — tf. at Tubingen, 7 
Jun. 1843. lyrische Gedichte, 1826 — Hype- 
rion, 1797-99. 

Holford, George Peter,— B.A. Cambridge, 
1788 — M.A., 1791 — called to the bar at Lin- 
coln's Inn, 12 Jul. 1791 — M.P. Bossiney, Dec. 
1802 — under-secretary to Commission on affairs 
of India, Mar. 1804 to Feb. 1806— introduces 
bill for better management of prisons of Lon- 
don, 14 Jun. 1 8 14 — tf. in London, 30 Apr. 1839. 
Holinshed, (Hollynshed,) Raphael, {Ralph,) 
historian, — M.A. Cambridge, 1544? — tf. at 
Bromcote, Warwickshire, about 1580. Chroni- 
cles comprising the description and history of 
England, Ireland, and Scotland, 1577. 

Holkar, Jeswunt Rao, Mahratta Chief- 
tain, — declares himself regent, 1801 — defeated 
by Dowlut Rao Sindia, at Indore, 14 Oct. 1801 
— defeats Sindia near Poona, 25 Oct. 1802 — 
war declared against, by British, 16 Apr. 1804 
— attacks Delhi, 8 Oct. — repulsed, 17 Oct. — 
defeated by Gen. Fraser, at Deig, 13 Nov. 1804 
■ — defeated by Gen. Lake, near Bhurtpoor, 2 
Apr. 1805 — joins Sindia, 15 Apr. — ravages 
British territories, Sep. — signs peace with Eng- 
lish, and gives up his maritime provinces, 24 
Dec. 1805 — tf. at Bampurah, 27 Oct. 181 1. 

Holkar, Mulhar Rao, Mahratta Chief- 
tain, — takes part in invasion of Gujerat, 17 21 
— leads army to Delhi, 1735 — obtains grant of 



territory in Malwa, about 1736 — contributes to 
conquest of Bhopal, 1738 — assists at siege of 
Bassein, 1739 — takes part in war against Ro- 
hillas, 1 75 1 — defeated by Afghans at battle of 
Paniput, 1761 — ft., 1765. 

Holkar, Mulhar Rao, Mahratta Chief, — 
b., 1804 — succeeds his father Jeswunt Rao, 
181 1 — defeated by Sir T. Hislop, at Mehud- 
poor, 21 Dec. 1817 — makes peace with Brit- 
ish, 6 Jan. 18 1 8 — tf., 1833. 

Holkar, Tuckagee, Mahratta Chieftain, 
— takes chief command of Mahratta army, 1767 
— member of Council of Regency, takes part in 
war against the English, 1774 — renews hos- 
tilities^ 1778 — defeated by Colonel Goddard, 
1782 — joins alliance against Tippoo Saib, 1786 
—introduces European discipline and tactics in 
his army, 1792 — &., 1797. 

Holl, Elias, architect, — b. at Augsburg, 
1573 — as Protestant, loses his place of city 
architect, 1630 — tf., 1636. Rathhaus, Augs- 
burg, 1615-20. 

Holland, Counts of, County of, [Batavi, 
Frisii, Netherlands,] — forms part of County of 
Friesland, 860 — separate County, 86 3, a 922 b — 
hereditary, for Dietrich II., by Emperor Otto 
III., 985 — Arntjlph the Great, succeeds his 
father, 988 — Dietrich III., (son,) 1003 or 
1004 — makes pilgrimage to Holy Land, 1039 
— Dietrich IV., (son,) Dec. 1039 — invasion 
by Counts of Flanders, 1045 c — Florence I., 
(brother,) 1049— Dietrich V., (son,) b., 1057 
— succeeds, 1061 — name of Holland first used, 
in grant of Emperor Henry IV., 1064 d — 
Florence II., (son,) 1091 — Dietrich VI., 
(son,) 1 1 22 — visits Pope Innocent II. at Rome, 
1 1 39 — goes to Jerusalem, 1139-40 — Florence 
III., (son,) Aug. 1 157 — assists at Diet of 
Roncaglia, 1158 — receives submission of West 
Frisians, 1161 — defeated and made prisoner by 
Philip of Alsace at Arnstein, 11 66 — confined at 
Bruges till 27 Feb. 1168 — makes war on 
Frisians, 1178-84 — sets out with Emperor 
Frederick I., n 89 — tf. at Antioch, 1 Aug. n 89 
— Dietrich VIL, (son,) 11 89 — acknowledges 
himself vassal of Duke of Brabant for South 
Holland, 3 Nov. 1200 — takes Bois-le-Duc, 4 
Sep. 1202 — taken prisoner by Duke of Brabant, 
Sep. 1202 — tf. at Dort, 4 Nov. 1203 — Ada, 
(daughter,) 1203 — married to Louis, Count of 
Loss, Nov. 1203 — deprived and banished by 
William I., brother of Dietrich VIL, 1203 — 
Florence IV., (son,) b., 12 10 — succeeds, Feb. 
1223- — conducts expedition against Stade, 1234 
— William II., (son,) 1234 — Florence V., 
(son,) b., 1254 — succeeds, 1256 — assumes go- 
vernment, not later than Jul. 1266 — carries on 
war with West Frisians, 1272-82 — wounded at 
battle of Alkmaar, 20 Aug. 1272 — again sub- 
dues West Frisians, 1287-8 — quarrels with 
Guy, Count of Flanders, and is captured by 
him, 1290 — assassinated near Muyderberg, 28 
Jun. 1296 — John I., (son,) b., 1281 — succeeds, 
1296 — marries Elizabeth, daughter of Edward 
I. of England, 7 Jan. 1297 — tf., 10 Nov. 1299 
— John II., {John d'Avenes, Count of Hain- 
ault,) (uncle,) 1299 — obtains investiture from 
Emperor Albert, 15 Aug. 1300 — loses Zeeland 
45-* 



708 



HOLLAND— HOLLOWAY. 



to Guy, Count of Flanders, 1 300 — defeated in 
attempt to recover it, Mar. 1304 — South Hol- 
land conquered by Guy, but recovered, 1304 — 
fo., 22 Aug. 1304 — William III., (son,) 1304 — 
"William IV., (son,) succeeds, Jun. 1337 — 
besieges Utrecht, 1345 — a truce negotiated; 
marches against Frisians, falls into ambuscade 
and is killed, Sep. 1345 — Margaret, (sister,) 
1345 — receives investiture from her husband, 
Emperor Louis of Bavaria, 15 Jan. 1346 — 
rebellion of her son, William, rise of the 
factions of the Kabbeljaw and Hook, 1350 — 
obtains English auxiliaries, and defeats Wil- 
liam off Walcheren, about Feb. 1351 — defeated 
by him, 4 Jul. 1351 — retires to England: peace 
arranged by mediation of Edward III., 7 Dec. 
1354 — U. at Valenciennes, 23 Jun. 1356 — 
William V., (son,) 1356 — makes treaty of 
peace with John d'Arkel, Bp of Utrecht, Jun. 
1356 — visits London, and becomes insane, 1356 
— his brother Albert protector, Feb. 1358 — 
investiture of Holland, Zeeland, &c, given to 
Albert, by Emperor Charles IV., about 1371 — 
death of William, Apr. 1389 — Albert, recog- 
nized as Count, 1389 — driven into exile, 1392-4 
— if., 13 Dec. 1404 — William VI., (son,) 1404 
— Jacqueline, (daughter,) 1417 — declares itself 
no lief of Empire, 141 8 — great inundation, 
142 r — cession of her estates to Duke of Bur- 
gundy, 1433 — war wrtn Hanse Towns, 1438-41 
— Holland forms one of United Provinces, 
1578 — forms part of Batavian Republic, 1795 
— [Holland, Kingdom of.] a Some authorities. 
b Others. c Davies. d Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Holland, Kingdom of, — constituted by Na- 
poleon I. for his brother Louis Bonaparte, 
1806 — on his resignation, incorporated with 
French Empire, 18 10 — expulsion of the French, 
and recall of Prince of Orange, Nov. 181 3 — 
with Belgium, forms kingdom of. the Nether- 
lands, May 18 15 — again separate kingdom 
under William I., 183c?— William II. succeeds 
on abdication of his father, 1840 — William 
III., (son,) Mar. 1849. 

Holland, New. [New Holland.] 

Holland, Henry Fox, 1st Lord, statesman, 
— h., 1705 — M.P. Hendon, 1735 — Inspector- 
general of Board of Works, 1737 — M.P. 
Windsor, 1741 — ( ommissioner of the Treasury, 
1743 — marries Lady Caroline Lennox, 2 May 
1744 — Secretary at War, Privy Councillor, 
1746 — Secretary of State, Nov. 1755 — Pay- 
master-general of the Forces, 1757 — his wife 
created Baroness Holland, 6 May 1762 — resigns, 
and is raised to the peerage, 16 Apr. 1763 — 0. 
at Kensington, 1 Jul. 1774. 

Holland, Henry Rich, 1st Earl of, — 
created Baron Kensington, 8 Mar. 1622 — Earl 
of Holland, 1624 — K.G., 1625 — opposes Straf- 
ford, 1640 — member of Committee sent to 
Scotland to watch proceedings of Charles I., 
autumn 1640 a — deprived of his office of groom 
of the stole, May 1642 — attempts to regain 
favour of the king, fights on his side at New- 
bury , a 1643 — appears in arms for Charles I., 
Jul. 1648 — taken prisoner by Parliamentarians 
at St Neots, 10 Jul. — executed, 9 Mar. 1649. 
a Guizot. 

Holland, Henry Richard Vassall Fox, 



Lord, statesman, — fc. in Wiltshire, 21 Nov. 
1773 — succeeds to the peerage on death of his 
brother Stephen, Dec. 1774 — enters Christ 
Church, Oxford, Oct. 1790 — travels on the 
continent, 1791 — honorary M.A., 20 Jun. 1792 
— visits Spain and Italy, 1793-6 — marries 
Elizabeth Vassall, Lady Webster, and assumes 
name of Vassall, 9 Jul. 1797 — makes first 
speech in House of Lords, Jan. 1798 — visits 
Germany, 1800— visits Spain, 1802-5 — com ' 
missioner and plenipotentiary with Lord Auck- 
land for settling disputes with United States, 
Privy Councillor, Aug. 1806 — Lord Privy Seal, 
15 Oct. 1806 to Apr. 1807 — Chancellor of 
Duchy of Lancaster, Nov. 1830 — fc. at Ken- 
sington, 22 Oct. 1840. Some Account of the 
Life and Writings of Lope Felix de Vega Carpio, 
1806 — Three Comedies from the Spanish, 1807 
— Foreign Reminiscences, 1850 — Memoirs of the 
Whig Party, 1852. 

Holland, Henry, architect, — fc., about 1746 — 
tf. in London, 17 Jun. 1806. Fortico of 
Carlton House, about 1784 — (old) Lrury Lane 
Theatre, 1794. 

Holland, James, painter, — b. at Burslem, 
Sep. 1800 — settles in London, 1819 — first 
exhibits at Royal Academy, 1824 — visits 
France, 1830 — visits Italy, 1836 — member of 
Society of British Artists, 1841-8 — member of 
Society of Painters in Water-colours, 1858 — ft., 
12 Feb. 1870. Greenwich Hospital, 1836— 
Lisbon, 1839. 

Holland, Sir John. [Huntingdon, Earl or.] 

Holland, Philemon, translator, — n. at 
Chelmsford, about 155 1 — incorporated M.A. 
Oxford, 1587 — M.D. Cambridge, 1591 — tJ., 
Feb. 1636. Translations of Livy, 1600 — 
of Suetonius, 1606 — of Flutarch's Morals, 
1657 — of Fliny's Natural History, 1601 — ■ 
of Camden's Britannia, 16 10. 

Hollar, Wenzel, ' designer, engraver, — fo. at 
Prague, i6c>7, ac 1603 b — pupil of MattheAv 
Merian at Frankfort, about 1620 — enters 
service of Lord Arundel, and accompanies him 
to England, 1636 — taken prisoner at siege of 
Basing House, 1645 — returns from Antwerp, 
1652 — sent to Tangier, to take views of the 
town, fortifications, &c, 1669 — "ft. in London, 
28 Mar. 1677. Virgin and Christ, after 
Diirer, 1625 — Greenwich, 1637 — Ornatus mu- 
liebris Anglicanus, 1640. a Engl. Cyc. 

b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Bryan. 

Holies, (Hollis,) Denzil, statesman, — ft. at 
Haughton, Nottinghamshire, 1597 — M.P. 
Dorchester, 1627 — compels Speaker to sit till 
resolution against tonnage and poundage passed, 
2 Mar. 1629 —advises Charles I. respecting Straf- 
ford, May 1 641 — one of the Five Members 
impeached by the king, 3 Jan. 1642 — one of the 
Commissioners to treat with Charles I. at Ox- 
ford, Nov. 1644 — goes abroad, 1647 — created 
Baron Hollis, Apr. 1661 — ambassador to 
France, 1663 — plenipotentiary at Breda, 1667 
— tf., 1680. 

Hollis, Thomas, philanthropist, — ft. in Lon- 
don, Apr. 1720 — student at Lincoln's Inn, 
1740 — travels on the continent, 1748 and 1750 
— tf. at Corscombe, Dorsetshire, 1 Jan. 1774. 

Holloway, Thomas, engraver, — ft. in London, 



HO LLO WAY— HOLSTEIN. 



709 



1748 — tf. at Coltishall near Norwich, Feb. 
1827. Cartoons of Raffaelle, 1800-26 a — Illus- 
trations to Zavater's Physiognomy, 17 89-98. b 
a Ruland. b Watt. 

Holloway, John, admiral, — ft. at Wells, 
Somersetshire, 1742 — enters the navy, 1760 
— serves under Lord Howe in N. America, 
1778 — serves under Rodney in West Indies, 
1779 — Post- Captain, Jan. 1780— takes part in 
relief of Gibraltar, Sep. 1782 — Captain of the 
Fleet under Admiral Hotham, 1794 — assists in 
suppression of mutiny at Spithead, May 1797 — 
llear-admiral, Feb. 1799 — Vice-admiral, Apr. 
1804 — serves under Lord Keith, 1804-7 — Go- 
vernor of Newfoundland, 1807-9 — Admiral, 
Oct. 1809— tf. at Wells, 26 Jun. 1826. 

Holm, The, in Kent, — the Northmen de- 
feated by Kentish men, 902^ 904. b 

a A.S. Chron. b Florence of "Worcester. 

Holman, James, the blind traveller, — ft., 
.1791 — enters the navy, Dec. 1798 — Lieutenant, 
1807 — invalided, 18 10 — his first travels in 
Europe, 18 19-21 — second, 1822-4 — arrested as 
a spy in Russia, 1824 — travels in Asia, Africa, 
America, and Australia, 1827-32 — Tj. in Lon- 
don, 29 Jul. 1857. Narrative of Journey in 
1819-20-21, 1822 — Travels through Russia, 
Siberia, §c, 1825 — Voyage round the World, 
1834. 

Holmes, Sir Robert, naval commander, — 
sent out by African Company, captures Dutch 
settlements on coast of Africa, 1661 — takes 
Goree and Cape Corse Castle, 1664 — reduces 
New Amsterdam, (New York,) 27 Aug. 1664 a 
• — Knt by Charles II., 27 Mar. 1666 b — destroys 
Dutch shipping in the Ylie, autumn 1666 — 
Commander-in-chief at Portsmouth, Sep. 1667 
■ — as governor of Isle of Wight, receives Charles 
II. and James, Duke of York, Jul. 167 1 — un- 
successfully attempts to capture Dutch Smyrna 
fleet, 13 Mar. 1672 — again receives the king 
in Isle of Wight, 2 Jul. 1675. 

a Annals of England. b Charnock. 

Holmskiold, Theodor von, physician, na- 
turalist, — ft. in Denmark, 1732— Prof. Medi- 
cine and Natural History, Soroee, 1762 — Knt 
of the Danebrog, 1781— "&., 1793. JBeataruris 
otia fungis Daniels impensa, 1790-99. 

Holmstroem, Israel, poet, — auditor-general 
of Swedish militia, 1697 — secretary to Charles 
XII., follows him in his campaigns, 1700-8 — 
ft. in Lithuania, 24 Feb. 1708. 

Holobolus, Manuel, theologian, — mutilated 
and confined in a convent by Michael Palasolo-- 
gus, about 1262 — appointed master of school 
for ecclesiastics by Germanus, 1267 — opposes 
union of Latin and Greek Churches : banished, 
1273 — attends Council of Constantinople, 1283. 

Holste, Lucas. [Holstenius.] 

Holstein, (Holsatia, Cimbric Chersonese,) — 
subdued by Charles the Great, who transports 
10,000 families to Flanders, Brabant, and Hol- 
land, 803 — forms part of the Empire by treaty 
with king of Denmark, 811 — given to Adolph 
of Salingsleben, Count of Schauenburg, by 
Conrad II., 1030 — erected into a County for 
his grandson Adolph, about mo — Adolph 
II., (son,) 1 1 33 —obtains Wagria, about 1 140 — 



with Henry the Lion makes w r ar on the Yan- 
dals, 1163 — killed in combat, 11 64— AdolPh 
III., (son,) 1 1 64 — carries on war with Cnut 
VI. of Denmark, from n 92 — cedes to him the 
Dithmarsh and Eendsburg, 1200 — takes Lau- 
enburg, 1200 — taken prisoner by Prince Wal- 
demar of Denmark, 1201 — released on giving 
up Holstein, 1203 — b\, 1232 — Adolph IV. 
(son) recovers Holstein, 1224 — resigns his 
estates and becomes Cordelier, 1240 — tf., 1260 
■ — Gerhard, (son,) 1240 — attempts of Den- 
mark to reconquer — Henry, (son,) 1281 — 
Gerhard II.., (son,) 1 3 1 o — defeats Christopher, 
king of Denmark, at Gottorp and conquers part 
of Schleswig, 1325 — deposes him and is declared 
regent of Denmark, 1326 — with Waldemar 
Duke of Schleswig again defeats him, 1329 — 
concludes treaty and agrees to his restoration, 
at Ripen, 25 P'eb. 1330 — defeats and imprisons 
Otto, son of Christopher, 1334 — assassinated, 
1 Apr. 1340 — Henry II., (son,) 1340 — his 
sister Elizabeth seized and detained by Wal- 
demar, king of Denmark, 1362 — joins Sweden 
and the Hanse Towns in war with Denmark, 
and takes Copenhagen, 1362 — refuses crown of 
Sweden, 1363 — takes possession of Schleswig, 
1375 — if., 1 38 1 — Gerard III., (VI.,) (son,) 
1 38 1 — receives investiture of Schleswig, from 
Olaus, king of Denmark, 1386 — family com- 
pact between Counts of Holstein and of Schauen- 
burg for reciprocal succession, 1390 — refuses 
to do homage for Schleswig, 1392 — makes w r ar 
on the Dithmarshes, 1403-4 — killed in com- 
bat, 1404 — Henry III., (VI.,) (son,) 1404 — 
deprived of Schleswig by judgment of Emperor 
Sigismund, 1415 — Adolph VII., (brother,) 
142 1 — provisional arrangement respecting 
Schleswig, by Treaty of Wordinborg, 1435 — 
receives investiture of Schleswig from Ckris- 
toph III. of Denmark, 1441 — refuses crown 
of Denmark, 1448 — !?., 4 Dec. 1459 — Chris- 
tian I., (nephew,) (king of Denmark, Nor- 
way and Sweden,) 1459 — procures erection 
of Holstein into a Duchy by Frederick III., 
Feb. 1474 — John {king of Denmark) and 
Frederick. I. (sons) dispute succession, 148 r 
— agree to hold jointly, 1484 — make partition 
of the two Duchies, 10 Aug. 1489 — invade the 
Dithmarsh and are defeated, Feb. 1506 — 
Christian II. {king of Denmark) with Fred- 
erick I., Feb. 15 1 3 — Christian obtains from 
Charles V. right of investiture of Dukes of 
Holstein, 152 1 — Frederick refuses homage, 
1522 — he accepts crown of Denmark, on de- 
position of Christian, 1523 — [Frederick I.] — 
Christian II. ft., 1503 — succeeds his father 
Frederick in Holstein and Schleswig, 1533 — 
publishes Act of Union, declaring Duchies 
fiefs of Denmark, 1533 — elected King of Den- 
mark, 1534— [Christian III.]— division of the 
Duchies between Christian and his brothers, 

I544- 

Holstein - Gottorp : Adolph IX. — ft., 
1526— with his brothers receives investiture 
from Charles V. at Brussels, 1548 — aids king 
of Denmark in subjugation of Dithmarshes, 
1559 — visits England, and is made K.G. by 
Q,ueen Elizabeth, 1560 — aids Philip II. against 



710 



HOLSTEIN-AUGUSTENBURG— HOLT. 



Dutch, 1572— tf., 1 Oct. 1586 — Frederick, 
(son,) t., 1568 — succeeds, 1586 — tf., Jun. 
1587 — Philip, (brother,) h., 1570 — succeeds, 
1587 — ft., Oct. 1590 — JohnAdolph, (brother,) 
$•> 1 515 — becomes Abp of Bremen, 1585 — 
Bp of Liibeck, 1586 — succeeds in Gottorp, 
1590 — with Christian IV. of Denmark receives 
homage of Hamburg, 30 Oct. 1603 — founds 
library at Gottorp, 1606 — obtains for his family 
right of primogeniture, 1609 — tf., 31 Mar. 
1616 — Frederick, (son,) fc., 1597 — succeeds, 
1616 — receives Dutch Remonstrants and founds 
Frederickstadt for them, 1621 — sends embassy 
to king of Persia, 1638 — obtains cession of 
rights of suzerainty over Schleswig from king 
of Denmark, by Treaty of Roeskilde, 1658 — 
cession confirmed by Treaty of Copenhagen, 
1660 — tj., 10 Aug. 1659 — Christian Albert, 
(son,) ft., 1641 — Bp of Liibeck, 1655 — suc- 
ceeds, 1659 — joins alliance of France, Sweden, 
and England, 1672 — agrees to conference with 
king of Denmark at Rendsburg, and is made 
prisoner by him, 25 Jun. 1675 — renounces 
sovereignty by treaty of 10 Jul. 1675 — places 
himself under French protection, about 1676 
— reinstated by Treaty of St Germain, 2 Sep. 
1679 — renewed rupture with Denmark, 1684 
— peace restored by mediation of Emperor, 20 
Jun. 1689 — tf. at Kiel, 6 Jan. 1695 — Fred- 
erick IV., (son,) h., 1671- — succeeds in Got- 
torp and Schleswig, 1694-5 — marries Hedwig 
Sophia, daughter of Charles XL of Sweden, 
1698 — generalissimo of Swedish troops in Ger- 
many, 1698 — his Duchy conquered by king of 
Denmark, 1699 — peace restored by mediation 
of France, 18 Aug. 1699 — joins Charles XII. 
in Poland, and is killed at battle of Clissow, 
19 Jul. 1702 — Charles Frederick, (son,) fi., 
19 Apr. 1700 — succeeds, 1702 — administra- 
tion of Christian Augustus, his uncle ; Ton- 
ningen seized and destroyed by Danes, 17 15 — 
on death of Charles XII. is declared Prince 
hereditary of Sweden, 17 18— Schleswig given 
up to Denmark by Treaty of Stockholm, 1720 
— marries Anne Petrowna, daughter of Peter 
the Great, 1 Jun. 1725 — tf-, 18 Jun. 1739 — 
Charles Peter Ulrich (son) succeeds, 1739 
— regency of Adolph Frederick of Sweden : 
Grand-Duke of Bussia and heir-presumptive 
of the Empire, 18 Nov. 1742— [Peter III. of 
Russia] —Paul Petrowitz, (son,) h. at St 
Petersburg, 1 Oct. 1754 — succeeds in Hol- 
stein-Gottorp, 1762— declared Duke of Russia 
and heir-presumptive, 1762 — gives up claim to 
Schleswig and agrees to exchange of Gottorp 
for Counties of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst, 
^69 — arrangement carried out, on surrender 
of Duchy of nolstein to Denmark, 16 Nov. 
!^ 73 — Duchy incorporated with Denmark by 
letters patent of Christian VII., 6 Sep. 1806 
— occupied by Swedes and Russians, 181 3 — 
restored to Denmark by Treaty of Kiel, Jan. 
18 14 — member of German Confederation, 18 15 
— representative constitution introduced by law 
of 28 May 1 83 1 — disputes respecting succession 
to the throne begin, on death of Frederick 
VI., Dec. 1839. [Schleswig -Holstein.J 
Holstein-Augustenburg,— falls to Ernest 



Gunther, son of Duke Alexander of Sonder- 
burg, 1627— Frederick, (son,) 1689 — Ernest 
Augustus, (brother,) 1692 — Christian Au- 
gustus, (nephew,) 173 1 — Frederick Chris- 
tian I., (son,) 1754 — Frederick Christian 
II., (son,) 1795 — Christian Charles 
Frederick Augustus, (son,) 1814. 

Holstein-Beck, — falls to Augustus Philip, 
son of Duke Alexander of Sonderburg, 1627 — 
Augustus, (son,) 1675 — Frederick "William, 
(son,) 1689 — Frederick Louis, (uncle,) 17 19 
— Frederick William II., (son,) 1728 — 
Frederick William III., (son,) 1749 — 
Charles Louis, (uncle,) 1757 — Peter 
Augustus, (brother,) 1774 — Frederick 
Charles Louis, (grandson,) 1775 — William 
Paul Leopold, (son,) 1816. 

Holstein-Eutin, — separate principality for 
Christian Augustus, son of Duke Christian 
Albert, 1695 — Adolphus Frederick, (son,) 
succeeds, 1726 — becomes king of Sweden, 1750. 
[Adolphus Frederick.] 

Holstein-Glucksburg, — falls to Philip, son 
of John the Younger of Sonderburg, 1627 — 
Christian, (son,) 1663 ■ — Philip Ernest, 
(son,) 1698 — Frederick, (son,) 1729 — 
Frederick Henry, (son,) 1766 — tf., and his 
line extinct, 13 Mar. 1779. 

Holstein-Ploen, — falls to Joachim Ernest, 
son of Duke John the Younger of Sonderburg, 
1622 — John Adolphus, (son,) 1671 — Major- 
general of Imperial cavalry, serves against Turks, 
1664 — commands troops of Brunswick in Al- 
sace, 1674-5 — contributes to defeat of Marshal 
Crequi at Consarbriick, and to capture of 
Treves, 1675 — obtains Counties of Oldenburg 
and Delmenhorst and cedes them to king of 
Denmark in exchange, 1676 — Marshal-general 
of armies of States of Holland, 1693 — tf., 1704 
— Leopold Augustus, (grandson,) 1704 — 
Joachim Frederick, (grandson of Joachim 
Ernest,) 1706 — receives investiture from Em- 
peror, 1710 — John Adolphus, 1722 — con- 
firmed in possession by Emperor, 1723 — 
Frederick Charles, 1729 — tf., and his line 
extinct, 10 Oct. 1761. 

Holstein-Sonderburg, — separate principal- 
ity for John the Younger, son of Christian 
III. of Denmark, 1564 — Alexander, (son,) 
1622 — John Christian, (son,) 1627 — Chris- 
tian Adolphus, (son,) 1653 — Leopold 
Christian, (son,) 1702 — Louis Charles, 
(brother,) 1707. 

Holstenius, {Lucas Holste,) philologist, 
librarian of the Vatican, — fc. at Hamburg, 
1595 — visits England, 1622 — embraces Ro- 
manism at Paris, about 1625 — accompanies 
Cardinal Barberini to Rome, 1627 — librarian 
of the Vatican, 1636 — receives Queen Christina's 
profession of Catholic faith, at Innspruck, 1655 
— tf. at Rome, Feb. 1661. Porfihyrii liber de 
vita Tythagorce, 1630 — Demophili, Democrat is 
et Secundi veterum philosophorum Sententice 
Morales, 1638. 

Holt, Sir John, Chief Justice of Eng- 
land, — fc. at Thame, Oxfordshire, 30 Dec. 
1642 — admitted to Gray's Inn, Nov. 1652 — 
enters Oriel Coll., Oxford, 1658 — called to the 



HOLTY— HOMBURG. 



bar, 27 Feb. 1663 — Recorder of London, 
Feb. 1686 — Knt, 1686 — King's Serjeant, 
Easter 1686 — opposes abolition of Test Act, 
and is dismissed from recordersbip, 1687 — 
member of Convention Parliament, Jan. 1689 
— Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench, 17 
Apr. 1689 — with Justice Eyre refuses to give 
reasons to House of Lords for judgment pro- 
nounced by them, Feb. 1698 — declines offer of 
Great Seal, but acts as Chief Commissioner, 
5-21 May 1700 — tf. in London, 5 Mar. 1709-10. 

Hblty, Ludwig Heinrich Christoph, poet, 
— 6. in Hanover, 21 Dec. 1748 — studies at 
Gbttingen, 1769 — tf. at Hanover, 1 Sep. 1776. 
Gedichte, 1783. 

Holtzmann, Adolf, philologist, — b. at Carls- 
ruhe, 1 8 10 — Prof. German Language and 
Literature, Heidelberg Univ., 1852 — tf. at 
Heidelberg, 1870. Ueber den Umlaut, 1843 — 
Beitrage zur Erkliirung der persischen Keilin- 
schriften, 1845 — Indische Sagen, 1845-7 — Kelten 
und Germanen, 1855 — JJntersuchungcnuber das 
Nibelungenlied, 1854 — Altdeutsche GrammatiJc, 
1870. 

Holwell, John Zephaniah, physician, — b. 
at Dublin, Sep. 171 1 — embarks for Calcutta, 
1732 — principal physician and surgeon to the 
Presidency, 1746 — commander of that town, 
attacked by Surajah Dowla, imprisoned in the 
Black Hole, 1756 — governor of Bengal, 1759- 
61 — tf., 5 Nov. 1798. India Tracts, 1758 — His- 
torical Events relative to Bengal and Hindostan, 
§c, 1765-71— Dissertations on Origin, Nature, 
and pursuits of Intelligent Beings, 1788. 

Holy Alliance, The,— projected by Alex- 
ander, Emperor of Russia, and Madame 
Krudener, Sep. 18 15 — Prince Regent of Eng- 
land refuses to join ; signed, by sovereigns of 
Russia, Austria, and Prussia, at Paris, 26 Sep. 
1 8 15 — made public by Emperor Alexander, 6 
Jan. 1 8 16 — production of copy, refused by 
British ministers, 9 Feb. 1 8 1 6— doctrines of, 
denounced by Lord Lansdowne and Mr Brougham 
in parliament, 4 Feb. 1823. 

Holy Coat. [Treves.] 

Holy Ghost, Order of the, — Neapolitan, 
instituted by Louis of Anjou, king of Naples, 
25 May 1352 — French, 1. Instituted at 
Montpellier, by Count Guy, about 1198 — de- 
clines and is united with Order of St Lazarus, 
1672 — reestablished, 1708 — reunited with 
Order of St Lazarus, by Clement XIII. , be- 
tween 1758-69 — 2. Instituted by Henry III., 
31 Dec. 1578 — abolished, 1789 — reestablished, 
1815 — again abolished, 1830. 

Holy Island. [Lindisfarne.] 

Holy Land. [Palestine.] 

Holy Maid of Kent. [Barton, Elizabeth.] 

Holy Office. [Inquisition.] 

Holy Places, in Palestine, — guardianship 
of, regulated by treaty between France and the 
Porte, 1740 — riot respecting, at Jerusalem, 
1757 — assigned to Greek Church by Imperial 
edict, 1757 — Holy Sepulchre burnt, rebuilt by 
Greeks, 1 808 — French and Russian intervention, 
1 8 10 — negotiations broken off by Greek revolu- 
tion, 1821 — the French government demands 
strict execution of Treaty of 1740, Jun. 1850 — 



validity of Latin claims acknowledged by the 
Porte, 9 Feb. 1852 — on remonstrance of Russia, 
the Porte ratifies privileges of Greeks by firman 
of mid. Feb. 1852 — fruitless negotiations, and 
mission of Afif Bey to Jerusalem, 1852 — 
delivery of silver star and key to Latin 
patriarch, 22 Dec. 1852 — [Crimean War] — 
advance of Russian forces to Danubian pro- 
vinces, early in 1853 — mission of Mentschikoff 
to Constantinople, Mar. 1853 — the question 
settled, 22 Apr. 1853. 

Holy Sepulchre, Church of, — dedicated, by 
Helena, 335 — burnt by the Persians, 614 — 
rebuilt by Modestus, 614-628 — razed to its 
foundation, by Mansom, 1010 — rebuilt, 1048 — ■ 
enlarged by kings of Jerusalem, 11 00- 1200 — ■ 
partly burnt, 1808. 

Holy Sepulchre, Order of the, — instituted 
by Godfrey of Bouillon, 17 Jul. 1099* — by 
his brother Baldwin, no3. b 

a Some Authorities. b Others. 

Holy Wars. [Crusades.] 

Holyoake, Francis, — ft. in Warwickshire, 
about 1567 — studies at Oxford, about 1582 — 
rector of Southam, 1604 — tJ., 1653. Etymolo- 
gical Dictionary of latin Words, 1606. 

Holyoake, Thomas, — ft. near Southam, 16 16 
— M.A.. Oxford, 1639 — tf., 1675. latin 
Dictionary, 1677. 

Holyrood Abbey, — founded by David I., 
1 1 28 — council held at, 1177 — Balliol holds 
parliament at, 1295 — plundered by Edward 
III., 1332 — burnt by troops of Richard II., 
1385 — destroyed by Earl of Hertford, 1544 — 
suppressed, 1547. 

Holyrood House, Edinburgh, — royal resid- 
ence, by James V., 1528 — murder of Rizzio at, 
1566 — Charles I. crowned in the chapel, 1633 
— partly destroyed by troops of Cromwell, 1650 
— rebuilt, by Charles II., 1671-9— occupied by 
Prince Charles Edward, 1745 — residence of 
Count d'Artois, 1795-9 — visited by George IV., 
1822 — residence of Charles X. of France, 
1830-31 — Queen Victoria holds levee at, 1842 
— repaired, 1850. 

Holzbauer, Ignaz, musical composer, — b. at 
Vienna, 17 11 — director of the Court theatre, 
1745 — tf. at Mannheim, 1783. 

Holzer, Johann Evangelist, painter, — b. in 
the Tyrol, 1709 — tf. at Clemenswerth, Jul. 
i740, a i74i. b Frescoes of Benedictine Church 
at Schwarzach, near Wiirzburg, 1737. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Homage, feudal, — in England, abolished by 
Act 12 Car. II. c. 24, 1660. 

Homann, Johann Baptist, chartographer, — 
b. in Suabia, 1664 — member of Academy of 
Sciences, Berlin, and geographer to Emperor 
Charles VI., 1715 — tf., 1 Jul. 1724. Atlas, 1716. 

Homberg, Wilhelm, physician, chemist, — 
b. at Batavia, 8 Jan. 1652 — practises medicine 
at Rome, 1685 — admitted to Academy of 
Sciences, Paris, 1691 — physician to Duke of 
Orleans, 1704 — tf. at Paris, 24 Sep. 17 15. 

Homburg, [Hesse-Homburg,] — gambling 
tables established, 1841 — suppressed by decree 
of National Assembly at Frankfort, 1849 — re- 
opened on withdrawal of the troops. 



712 



HOME— HONFLEUR. 



Home, Earl or, Lord Chamberlain op 
Scotland, — invades England and is defeated 
by Sir William Btilmer, 151 3 — distinguishes 
himself at Flodden, 9 Sep. 15 13 — sides with 
English party against Albany, 15 15 — executed 
at Edinburgh, 8 Oct. 15 16 — his brother, Sir 
George Home, executed, 9 Oct. 

Home, Sir Everard, surgeon, — fc. at Edin- 
burgh, 1756 — Bart., physician to Prince 
Begent, 18x3 — tf. at Chelsea, 31 Aug. 1832. 
Lectures on Comparative Anatomy, 18 14. 

Home, Henry. [Karnes, Lord.] 

Home, {Hume,) John, dramatist, — fc. at 
Leith, 22 Sep. (o. s.) 1722 — licensed to preach, 
4 Apr. 1745— serves in royal army and is 
captured by Pretender, at Falkirk, 1745 — 
minister of Athelstaneford, 1746 — resigns, 
Jun. 1757 — marries, 1770 — removes to Edin- 
burgh, 1779 — tr.,4Sep. 1808. Douglas, 1756. 

Homer, (Homeros,) mythic,— [BC] — fl., 
962-927,=* 850-776^ n84, c 688-685.d 
a Clinton. b Grote. c Dionysius. d Theopompus. 

Homeric Poems, — [B C] — begin to be com- 
mitted to writing, 776-700.* a Clinton. 

Homeros, of Byzantium, grammarian, tragic 
poet,— [BC]— fl., about 278.* a Clinton. 

Homicide, — in self-defence or misfortune, 
justifiable by Stat. 6 Edw. I. c. 9, 1278 — in 
preventing murder, or burglary, justifiable by 
Act 24 Hen. VIII. c. 5, 1532-3 — without 
felony, no punishment for, by Act 9 Geo. IV. 
c. 31, s. 10, 27 Jun. 1828 — repealed by c. 95, 
reenacted by c. 100, of 24 and 25 Vict., 6 
Aug. 1 86 1. 

Homildon Hill, — Hotspur defeats the Scots 
at, 14 Sep. 1402. 

Homiliarium, — compiled for Charles the 
Great by Paul the Deacon and Alcuin, about 
790. 

Homilies, in England, — first book of, 
published by Cranmer, 1547 — second book, (by 
Jewell ?) published, 1562 — in Germany, revived, 
by Zinzendorf, 1747. 

Hommel, Karl Ferdinand, jurist, — fc. at 
Leipsic, 6 Jan. 1722 — Prof. Laws, 1750 — Prof. 
Feudal Law, 1752 — Prof. Civil Institutes, 
1756 — if., 16 May 1 78 1. Oblectamenta juris 
feudalis, 1755 — Bibliotheca juris rabbinica et 
Saracenorum arabica, 1752 — Rhapsodia Quces- 
tionum, 1764-8 1 — Jurisprudentia numismatibus 
illustrata, 1763 — Deutscher Flavius, 1763 — 
Paling enesia librorum juris veterum, 1767-68. 

Homoeopathy, — originated by Hahnemann, 
about 1796. 

Homoian, — theological party founded by 
Acacius, before 359. 

Homoousion and Homoiousion, — terms 
come into use, the first as designation of 
Orthodox dogma, at Council of l^ice, 325— the 
second, of Arian dogma, at Council of Seleucia, 

359- 

Hompesch, Ferdinand von. Grand Master 

of Order of Malta,— b. at Dusseldorf, 9 Nov. 

1744 — Grand Master, 1797— submits to the 

French, 1798 — tf. at Montpellier, 1803,* 1805. b 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Horns, in Syria, — Ibrahim Pasha defeats 
the Turks at, 8 Jul. 1832. 



Homullus,— Consul of Rome with Junius 
Glabrio, (905, a. tj. c.) 152. 

Hondekoeter, Egidius, (Gilles,) painter, — 
6. at Utrecht, 1583 — tf., about 1626,* 1653. b 
a Nouv. Biog. Gen. a Nagler. 

Hondekoeter, Gysbrecht van, painter, — b. 
at Utrecht, 16 13 — tf., 1653^ a Nagler. 

Hondekoeter, Melchior van, painter, — fc. 
at Utrecht, 1636 — tf. at Amsterdam, 3 Utrecht, b 
3 Apr. 1695. a B i og> TJniv. b Wornum. 

Hondius, (Hondt,) Abraham, painter, en- 
graver, — h. at Rotterdam, 1638— tf. in London, 
1695,* i69i. b a Nagler. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Hondius, (Hondt,) Hendrik, {the elder,) 
engraver, — fc. at Ghent, a Duffel, bc 1573 — tf. at 
the Hague, i6io, ac i645. b Institutio Artis 
Perspectives, 16 10. a Biog. TJniv. 

b Ersch and Gruber. c Nagler. 

Hondius, Hendrik, (the younger,) engraver, 
— ft. in London, 1580? — tf., about 1650,* not 
before 1648. b Prcestantissimorum aliquot 
theologorum protestantium effigies ceri incisce, 
1602 — Theatrum honoris in quo pictorum Belgii 
insigniorum imagines, 161 8. 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Nagler. 

Hondius, (Hondt,) Josse, geographer, $c, — 
fc. in Flanders, 1546,* 1563 b — tf. at Amsterdam,* 
London, 161 1. Treatise on the construction 
of globes, 1597 — Maps and plates in Sir W. 
Raleigh 1 s Description of Guiana, 1599. 
a Biog. TJniv. b Ersch «.nd Gruber. 

c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Hondius, (Hondt,) Willem, engraver, — Jb. 
at the Hague, 1601. 

Hondschoote, in France, — destroyed by 
Charles VI., 1383 — ravaged by plague, 1548 — 
by the French, 1558 — by plague, 1578 — burnt, 
1576 and 1582— secured to France by Treaty of 
Aix-la-Chapelle, 1668 — seized and burnt by 
Dutch, 1708— Gen. Houchard defeats Duke of 
York at, 8 Sep. 1793. * 

Honduras, Central America, — discovered by 
Columbus, 1502 — taken possession of by Spain, 
1523 — forms part of Spanish kingdom of 
Guatemala, till 1820 — part of Mexican empire 
under Iturbide, 1820— one of the federal States 
of Central America, 1823 — independent repub- 
lic, 1352. 

Honduras, British, — transferred from Spain, 
1670 — settlement, 1742 — erected into a colony, 
12 May 1862. 

Hone, William, miscellaneous writer, — h. at 
Bath, 1779 — establishes himself as bookseller 
in London, 1800 — tried on criminal informa- 
tions for libellous parodies, conducts his own 
defence on three trials and is acquitted, 18-20 
Dec. 1 8 17 — public subscription raised for him, 
1818 — tf. at Tottenham, 6 JNov. 1842. Poli- 
tical House that Jack built, 18 16 — Apocryphal 
Neiv Testament, 1820 — Ancient Mysteries, 1823 
— Every-day Boole, 1826 — Table Book, 1827- 
28 — Year Book, 1829 — edition of Strut? s Sports 
and Pastimes, 1838. 

Honfleur, in France, — taken and pillaged by 
Edward III., 1346— Again taken by English, 
1430 — retaken by Charles VII., 1440 — be- 
sieged and taken by Henry IV., 1590 — recap- 
tured soon after, and finally reduced by Henry 



HONG KONG— HOOD. 



7 J 3 



IV., 5 Jun. 1594 — occupied by Germans, 23 
Feb. 187 1. 

Hong Kong, in China, — taken possession of 
by British. 1841 — ceded to them by Treaty of 
Nankin, 30 Aug. 1 842 — erected into a colony, 26 
Jun. 1843 — ravaged by typhoon, 31 Aug. 1848. 

Honiger, (Roninger,) Nicholas, philologist, 
— tf., about 1598. Edition of B tide's Greek 
Lexicon, 1585 — Speculum papce Bomani, 1586 
— Propugnactilum castitatis ac ptidicitice, <$;c., 
1554 or 1575 — Historische Erziihlung der otto- 
manischeu Bforte, 1573. 

Honorius, Augustus Flavius, Roman Em- 
peror of the West, — u. at Constantinople, (0 
Id. Sep.,) 9 Sep. 384 a — Consul with Euodius, 
(1139, a. u. c.) 386 — Csesar, 386 b — accom- 
panies his father in his triumphal entry to 
Home, (Id. Jun.,) 389 — returns to Constan- 
tinople, 391— declared Augustus, 10 Jan. 393 
— Consul with Arcadius, (1147,) 394 — pro- 
claimed, by his father Theodosius, Emperor of 
the West at Milan, about Sep. 394 — succeeds 
Theodosius, with Arcadius, (16 Kal. Feb.,) 17 
Jan. 395 — Consul with Arcadius, (1149,) 396 
— Consul with Eutychianus, (1151,) 398 — 
marries his cousin Maria, daughter of Stilicho, 
398 — confiscates revenues of pagan temples, by 
decree of 29 Jan. 399 b — visits cities of N. Italy, 
399 — Consul with Arcadius, (1155,) 402 — 
takes up his residence atRavenna, 404° — Consul 
with Aristametus, (1157,) 404 — enters Rome 
in triumph, and suppresses gladiatorial shows, 
404 c — intercedes for Chrysostom, 406 c — Con- 
sul with Theodosius, (1160,) 407 — marries 
Thermantia, daughter of Stilicho, 408 a — puts 
Stilicho to death, 23 Aug. 408 — repudiates 
Thermantia, 408 — Consul with Theodosius, 
(1162,) 409 — enacts laws against Donatists, 
4io-i2, d 414 e — puts to death usurper Con- 
stantine, 18 Sep. 411 — Consul with Theodosius, 
(1165,) 412 — again, (1168,) 415 — Consul with 
Constantius, (1170,) 417 — enters Rome in 
triumph, 417 — Consul with Theodosius, (1171,) 
418 — issues rescript against Pelagius, 30 Apr. 
418 d — Consul with Theodosius, (1175,) 422 — 
5j. at Ravenna, 15 or 27 Aug. 423^ a Clinton. 
b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Milman. 

d Robertson. e Gibbon. 

Honorius I., Pope, — ordained successor to 
Boniface V., 14 May 626, a 27 Oct. 625 b — 
sends pallium to Abps of York and Canterbury, 
627 — sanctions doctrine of Monotbelites, 633 — 
tf., 12 Oct. 638 — his memory anathematized by 
Council of Constantinople, 28 Mar. 681 c — the 
sentence confirmed by second Council of Nice, d 
787. a Fleuri. b Pagi. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 
d Biog. Univ. 

Honorius II., Pope, (Zamberto, Bp o/Ostia,) 
— papal legate at Worms, ratifies Concordat, 
19 Feb. 1 122 a — succeeds Calixtus II., 21 Dec. 
1 1 24 — a rival, Theobald, elected same day, 
gives place to him : opposes succession of Roger 
11., Count of Sicily, in Duchies of Calabria, 
Apulia, and Naples, 11 27— besieged by Roger 
in Benevento, excommunicates him, 11 27 — 
recognizes Emperor Lothaire, 11 28 — gives 
Roger investiture, 22 Aug. 1128 — &., 14 Feb. 
1 1 30. a Milman. 



Honorius II., Antipope. [Cadalus.] 
Honorius III., Pope, (Cencio Savelli,) — suc- 
ceeds Innocent III., 18 Jul. i2i6 a — urges the 

crusade, 5 Dec. 12 16 approves Order of St 

Dominic, Dec. 12 16— crowns Peter de Courte- 
nay Emperor of the East, 1217 — excommuni- 
cates Dauphin Louis for his invasion of Eng- 
land, Apr. 1 2 17— supports Simon de Montfort, 
summer 1217 b — honours Dominic, 12 17 — cor- 
responds with Emperor Frederick II. respecting 
crusade, 1219-20 — crowns him in St Peter's, 22 
Nov. 1220 — threatens him with excommuni- 
cation for neglecting the crusade, Nov. 1221 c 
— has conference with Frederick at Veroli, Apr. 
1222 c — declares Henry III. of England of age, 
1222 — has another conference with Frederick 
at Ferentino, spring 1223° — writes haughtily 
to him, 5 Jun. 1226 b — his claims on English 
benefices rejected, 1226 — arbitrates between 
Emperor and the Lombards, 5 Jan. 1227,° 17 
Nov. 1226 b — tr., 18 Mar. 1227. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Milman. 

c Kington. 
Honorius IV., Pope, (Jacopo Savelli,) — car- 
dinal deacon, 1261 — succeeds Martin IV., 2 
Apr. 1285 — confirms Carmelite Order, 1286 — 
proclaims crusade against Aragonese ; 3j., 3 
Apr. 1287. 

Honorius of Autun, theologian, — fl., about 
1120-30. 

Honorius de Sancta Maria, Father, [Blaise 
Vauzelle,) — fi. at Limoges, 1651 — enters Order 
of Carmelites at Toulouse, 1671 — "ft. at Lille, 
1729. Tradition des peres et des auteurs ecclesi- 
astiques stir la contemplation, 1708 — Beflexions 
sur les regies et sur I' usage de la critique touch- 
ant Vhistoire de Veglise, §c., 1712-20. 
Honour. [Legion of Honour.] 
Hontheim, Johann Nicholas, — $>. at Treves, 
27 Jan. 1 70 1 — Prof. Civil Law, at the Univ., 
1732 — Bp of Treves, 1748 — signs retractation 
of his doctrine, 1778 — ft. in Luxemburg, 2 
Sep. 1790. Becas legum illustrium, 1736 — 
Mistoria trevirensis diplomatica et pragmatica, 
1750 — Justini Febronii jurisc. de statu prcesenti 
Bcclesice, 1763. 

Honthorst, {Bundhorst,) Gerhard, painter, 
— 6. at Utrecht, 1592 — comes to England, be- 
fore 1630? — "Jj. at the Hague, i66o, a i662. b 
a Nagler. b Biog. Univ. 

Hood, Alexander. [Bridport, Lord.] 
Hood, Samuel, Viscount, admiral, — fi. at 
Butley, Somersetshire, 12 Dec. 1724 — enters 
the navy, 1740— marries, Aug. 1759 — serves in 
the Seven Years' War under Sir Charles Saun- 
ders, 1760-63 — Bart., 1778 — Rear-admiral, 
commands under Rodney in the West Indies, 
1780 — takes chief command, Jul. 178 1 — defeats 
Count de Grasse, Feb. 1782— distinguishes 
himself in combats of 9 and 12 Apr. 1782 — 
contributes to Rodney's victory over De Grasse, 
12 Aug. 1782 — raised to Irish peerage, 1782 — 
M.P. Westminster, 1784— Lord of the Admi- 
ralty, 1788 — Commanderof Mediterranean fleet, 
1793 — occupies Toulon, 28 Aug. 1793 — takes 
Bastia, 1794 — Governor of Greenwich Hospital, 
Apr. 1796 — raised to English peerage as Vis- 
count Hood, 1 Jun. 1796 — Admiral, 1709^- 



HOOD— HOOPER. 



G.C.B., 1804 — If. at Bath, 27 Jun. 18 16. 

Hood, Sir Samuel, admiral, — ft., Nov. 1762 a 
— enters the navy, 1776 — commander, Feb. 
1782 — distinguishes himself under Lord Hood 
at Toulon, 1793 — at reduction of Corsica, 1794 
— serves at battle of the Nile, 1798 — joins 
Nelson at Palermo, Feb. 1799— Commander- 
in-chief on Barbadoes and Leeward Isles 
station, 1803 — takes Tobago and Dutch settle- 
ments in Guiana, 1803 — K.B., 1803 — defeats 
French squadron off Rochefort, and loses his 
arm in the action, 25 Sep. 1806 — M.P. West- 
minster, 1 806 — takes part in expedition to Co- 
penhagen, 1807 — receives thanks of parlia- 
ment, early in 1808 — Rear-admiral, 18 10 — 
Commander-in-chief in India, 18 n — C.B., 
1812— G.C.B., 1815— *., 24 Dec. 1815. 
a Cunningham. 

Hood, Thomas, poet, humorist, — ft. in Lon- 
don, 1798 — sub-editor of London Magazine, 
1821 — ij. in London, 3 May 1845. Whims 
and Oddities, 1826-8 — Comic Annual, 1829-37 
— Up the Rhine, 1839 — Plea of the Midsummer 
Fairies, §c, 1827 — establishes and edits Hood's 
Magazine, 1844. 

Hooft, Pieter Cornelisz, poet, historian, — ft. 
at Amsterdam, 16 Mar. 158 1 — travels in France 
and Italy, 1598-1602 — tf. at the Hague, 21 
May 1647. Nederlandsche Historien, 1642-54. 

Hooge. [Hooghe.] 

Hoogeveen, Hendrik, Hellenist, — ft. at Ley- 
den, Jan. 17 1 2 — rector of Gymnasium of 
Woerden, 1733 — of Breda, 1745-61 — If. at 
Delft, 1 79 1. Doctrina Particularum Linguce 
Grcecce, 1769 — Dictionarium Analogicum Lin- 
gu(B Grcecce, 1800. 

Hooghe, (Hooge, Hooch,) Pieter de, painter, 
— ft. in Holland, 1643 — fr., 1708. 

Hooghe, {Hooge, Hooch,) Romain de, en- 
graver, — living, 1662-88. 

Hooghly, in Bengal, — Dutch factory estab- 
lished at, 1625 — Portuguese fleet destroyed by 
Mohammedans at, 1632 — English factory, 1640 
— bombarded, and partly burnt by British, 1686. 

Hoogstraaten, David van, poet, $c, — ft. at 
Rotterdam, 1658 — tf. at Amsterdam, 13 Nov. 
1724. Poemata, 17 10 — Woordenboeh der Ne- 
derlandsche en latynsche taal, 1704. 

Hoogstraaten, Jakob van, Dominican, — ft, 
at Breda, a Hoogstraten, b about 1454 b — Prof. 
Theology, Louvain, a Cologne, 5 1485 — fo. at 
Cologne, 21 Jan. 1527. 

a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Hoogstraaten, Samuel van, — ft. at Dort, 
1627 — tf-, 1678. Inleyding tot de hooge Schoole 
der Schilderkonst, 1641. 

Hoogvliet, Arnold, poet, — ft. at Vlaardingen 
near Rotterdam, 3 Jul. 1687 — tf., 17 Oct. 1763. 
Abraham the Patriarch, 1727 — translation of 
Ovid's Fasti, 17 19. 

Hook, James, musical composer, — ft. at Nor- 
wich, 1746 — )j., 1827. 

Hook, James, Dean of Worcester, — ft., 
about 1763 — marries, 1797 — M.A. Oxford, 
1799 — chaplain to George III., 1802— prebend- 
ary of Winchester, 1807 --Dean of Worcester, 
1825 — tf. at Worcester, 5 Feb. 1828. Anguis 
in Herba, 1802. 



Hook, Theodore Edward, novelist, — ft. in 
London, 22 Sep. 1788 — Accountant-general 
and Treasurer to the Colony of Mauritius, Oct. 
1 8 13 — arrested, and sent to England, Feb. 
181 8 — imprisoned, 1823-5 — ft. in London, 24 
Aug. 1 841. Edits New Monthly Magazine, 
1836-41 — John Bull newspaper, 1820-41 — 
Sayings and Doings, 1824-8 — Gilbert Gumcy, 
18 35— Jack Brag, 1837— Life of Sir D. Baird, 
1832. 

Hooke, Luke Joseph, theologian, — ft. at 
Dublin, 1 7 16— Doctor of the Sorbonne, and 
Prof. Theology, 1750 — deprived of Mazarin 
Librarianship, 1791 — ft. at St Cloud, 12 Apr. 
1796. Religionis naturalis revelatai et catho- 
lics principia, 1754 — edits Memoires du Mare- 
chal de Berwick, 1778. 

Hooke, Nathaniel, historian, — assists 
Duchess of Marlborough in compiling her 
Memoirs, published, 1742 — ft., 19 Jul. 1763. 
Pom an History, 1733-71. 

Hooke, Robert, mathematician, §c.,—b. at 
Freshwater, Isle of Wight, 18 Jul. 1635 — 
enters Oxford Univ., 1653 — curator of experi- 
ments to the Eoyal Society, 1662 — F.R.S., 
1663 — Prof. Geometry, Gresham Coll., 1664 — 
surveyor to the city of London, 1666 — secretary 
to Royal Society, 1677 — M.D., 1691 — ft. at 
Gresham Coll., 3 Mar. 1703. 

Hooker, (Vowell,) John, historian, — ft. at 
Exeter, about 1524 — M.P. Exeter, 157 1 — U-, 
1 60 1. Order and Usage of keeping of the 
Parliaments in England, 1572 — Catalogue of the 
Bishops of Fxcester, 1584 — edition of Holins- 
hed's Chronicle, 1586. 

Hooker, Richard, theologian, — ft. at Heavy- 
tree near Exeter, about 1554 — studies at Ox- 
ford, 1573 — M.A., Fellow of Corpus Christi 
Coll., 1577 — lecturer on Hebrew, 1579 — takes 
orders, about 158 1 — marries, about 158 1 — 
rector of Drayton Beau champ, 1584 — master 
of the Temple, 1585 — rector of Boscombe, 
Wiltshire, 159 1 — prebendary of Salisbury, 
Jul. 1591 — rector of Bishopsbourne, Kent, 
Jul. 1595 — tf. there, 2 Nov. 1600. Laws of 
Ecclesiastical Polity, 1594-7 -1604. 

Hooker, Sir William Jackson, botanist, — 
ft. at Norwich, 1785 — travels for scientific pur- 
poses, 1806-14 — marries, 1815 — Regius Prof. 
Botany, Glasgow, 1820 — Knt, by William IV., 
1836 — Director of Kew Gardens, 1841 — D.C.L. 
Oxford, 1845 — ts. at Kew, 12 Aug. 1865. 
Tour in Lceland, 1809 — Muscologia Britanniea, 
(with Taylor,) 181 8 — Flora Scotica, 1821 — 
Exotic Flora, 1823-7 — with Greville, Jcones 
Filicum, 1826-37 — edits Botanical Miscellany, 
1828-33 — Journal of Botany, 1849, &c. — joint 
editor of Annals and Magazine of Natural His- 
tory, 1837, &c. 

Hoole, John, translator, §c, — ft. at Tenter- 
den^ Kent, in London, b about 1727 — tf. at 
Dorking, Surrey, 1803. Tasso's Jerusalem 
Delivered, 1762 — Ariosto's Orlando Furioso, 

i773" 8 3- 

a Biog. Univ. b Bees Cyc. 

Hooper, George, Bp of Bath and Wells, 
— ft. in Worcestershire, 1640 — enters Christ's 
Coll., Oxford, 1656 — D.D., 1677 — chaplain to 



HOOPER— HOPPER. 



vs 



Charles II., 1680 — attends Monmouth at his 
death, 1685— Dean of Canterbury, and chap- 
lain to William III. and Mary, 1 691— refuses 
primacy of Ireland, 1701— Bp of St Asaph, 
May 1702— Bp of Bath and Wells, Mar. 1703 
— tl. at Barkley, Somersetshire, 1727. Works, 
1757. 

Hooper, John, Bp of Gloucester,— ft. in 
Somersetshire, about 1495 — enters Merton 
Coll., Oxford, 1514— B.A., 15 18— quits Eng- 
land, about 1540?— settles in London, 1547— 
Bp of Gloucester, 1550— committed to the Fleet 
for refusing to wear canonical vestments, 1551 
— on suppression of the see he is made Bp 
of Worcester, 1552 — imprisoned, Jul. 1553 — 
burnt at Gloucester, 9 Feb. 1555. 

Hoorne, Jan van, physician, stir (/eon,- — ft. at 
Amsterdam, 162 1 — Brof. Anatomy, Leyden, 
1653 — tJ. there, 1670. Opuscula anatomico- 
chirurgica, 1707 — Microcosmus, 1660. 

Hop Plant,— introduced in England from 
Flanders, about 1524 — malicious cutting of, 
made capital offence, by Act 6 Geo. II. 0, 37, 
s. 6, 1733. 

Hop Trade, in England, — regulated by Acts 1 
Jas. I. c. 18, 1603; 9 Ann. c. 12, 1710; 7 
Geo. II. c. 19, 1734; 14 Geo. III. c. 68, 1774; 
26 Geo. III. c. 5, 1786; 39 and 40 Geo. III. 
c. 81, 28 Jul. 1800 ; 43 Geo. III. c. 69, 4 Jul. 
1803; 45 Geo. III. c. 94, 10 Jul. 1805, and 48 
Geo. III. c. 134, 30 Jim. 1808 — provisions 
against fraud in, by Act 54 Geo. III. c. 123, 
1 8 14— law amended by Act 29 Vic. c. 37, 11 
Jun. 1866. 

Hope, Sir John. [Hopetoun, Earl of.] 

Hope, Thomas, — marries Hon. Louisa Beres- 
ford, 16 Apr. 1806 — tf., 3 Feb. 1831. Costume 
of the Ancients, 1 809 — Designs of Modem Cos- 
tumes, 18 12 — Origin and Prospects of Man, 
1 82 1 — Anastasius, 1819. 

Hopetoun, John Hope, Lord Niddry, Earl 
of, general,— fc., 17 Aug. 1766 — enters the 
army, May 1784 — Lieutenant-colonel, Apr. 
1793 — serves in West Indies, 1794-7 — Colonel, 
May 1796 — M.P. Linlithgowshire, 1796 — 
marries, 1798 — wounded at the Helder, 27 
Aug. 1799— death of his wife, 20 Mar. 1801 — 
again at battle of Alexandria, 21 Mar. 1801 — 
negotiates surrender of Cairo by the French, 
Jun. 1 801 — Major-general, May 1802 — marries 
again, 9 Feb. 1803 — Lieutenant-general, Apr. 
1 808 — accompanies Sir Jobn Moore to the 
Peninsula, Aug. 1808 — completes defeat of 
French at Corufia, 16 Jan. 1809 — receives 
thanks of parliament, 25 Jan. 1809 — K.B., 20 
Apr. — takes part in Walcheren expedition, 
autumn 1 809 — Commander-in-chief in Ireland, 
181 1 — distinguishes himself at Nivelle, 10 
Nov. 1 81 3 — at StJeandeLuz, 10 Dec. 181 3 — 
invests citadel of Bayonne, 25 Feb. 18 14 — 
wounded and taken prisoner by the French, at 
Bayonne, 14 Apr. 1814 — created Baron Niddry, 
17 May 1814 — G.C.B., 2 Jan. 1815— succeeds 
to Earldom, 29 May 18 16 — General, 18 19 — ft. 
at Paris, 27 Aug. 1823. 

Hopital, Francois de V, Count du Hallier, 
Mahshal of France, — f>., 1583 — enters the 
army, Jan. 161 1— serves in campaign of the 



Loire, 1620 — in Huguenot war, 1621-2 — 
Marechal de Camp, i622, a 1633 b — distin- 
guishes himself at siege of Rochelle, 1628— 
serves in Italy, 1630 — takes part in war against 
Duke of Lorraine, 1631 and 1633 — assists at 
siege of St Michael, 1633 — defeats Poles at 
Yvoy, May 1634 — Lieutenant-general, 6 Apr. 
1637 — takes Bruges, Limburg, and Renti, 1638 
— wounded before St Omer, 1638 — Governor 
and Lieutenant-general of Lorraine, Apr. 1639 
— contributes to capture of Arras, 1640 — Mar- 
shal of France, 23 Apr. 1643 — wounded at 
battle of Rocroy, 19 May 1643 — Governor of 
Paris, 1649 — Governor-general of Champagne, 
1655 — lj. at Paris, 20 Apr. 1660. 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. 

Hopital, Guillaume Francois Antoine 1', 

Marquis de Sainte-Mesne, Count d'En- 
tremont, mathematician, — ft. at Paris, 1661 — ■ 
studies under John Bernoulli, 1692 — member 
of Academy of Sciences, 1693 — solves problem 
of curve of quickest descent, 1696 — ft., 2 Feb. 
1704. An'alyse des Infiniment-Vetits, 1696 — ■ 
Traite analytique des sections coniques, 1707. 

Hopital, {Hospital,) Michel de V, Chancel- 
lor of France, — ft. at Aigueperse, Auvergne, 
about 1505 — studies at Padua, about 1524-30 
—returns to France, 1534 — marries and be- 
comes Counsellor to parliament of Paris, 1537 
— ambassador to Council (of Trent) at Bologna, 
1547 — Superintendent of Finances, Feb. 1554 
— Chancellor, Mar. 1560 — convokes Assembly 
of the Notables, Aug. 1560 — opens States- 
General at Orleans, 10 Dec. 1560 — attends 
Conference of Poissy, 156 1 — originates tribu- 
nals of Commerce at Paris, 1563 — deprived, 
May 1568 — saved from Massacre of St Bar- 
tholomew by order of the Queen, 1572 — tf. at 
Yignay, 15 Mar. 1573. (Euvres completes, 
1824. 

Hopkins, Ezekiel, theologian, — fi. in Devon - 
shie, 1633 — B.A. Oxford, 1653 — chaplain to 
the Earl of Truro, 1669 — Bp of Raphoe, 1671 
— Bp of Londonderry, 1681 — expelled by Tyr- 
connel, 1688 — tf. in London, 22 Jun. 1690. 

Hopkins, Samuel, theologian, founder of the 
Hopkinsians, — ft. in Connecticut, 17 Sep. 1721 * 
— graduates at Yale Coll., 1741 — Minister at 
Houssatonnoc, 1743 — dismissed, Jan. 1769 — 
settles at Newport, Rhode Island, 1770 — ts. . 
there, 20 Dec. i8o3. a a Allen. 

Hopkins, Stephen, statesman, — h. in Provi- 
dence, U.S., 7 Mar. 1707 — Speaker of General 
Assembly, 1741 — Chief Justice of Rhode Island, 
1 75 1 — governor, 1755 — member of Congress, 

1774-9—*-, x 3 J ul - 1785- 

Hopkins, William, theologian,— ft. at Eves- 
ham, 1647 — prebendary of Worcester, 1675 — 
assists Bp Gibson in his edition of Anglo-Saxon 
Chronicle, 1692— and in translation of Cam- 
den's Britannia, 1695 — tf., 1700. 

Hopkinson, Francis, political and miscel- 
laneous writer, — ft. at Philadelphia, about 1737 
— member of Congress for New Jersey, 1776 
—resigns office of Judge of Admiralty, Penn- 
sylvania, and is named Judge of District Court, 
1790 — tt., 9 May 1791. Works, 1792. 

Hopper, Mark,— studies at Basel, 1533— 



7 i6 



HOPPERS— HOEN. 



Prof. Greek, 1544 — Prof. Logic, 1545 — Prof. 
Physics, 1549 — ij. at Basel, 1564. Lexicon 
Latino -Gr cecum, 1563— edition of Lucian, 1563 
— of Apuleius, 1560. 

Hoppers, Joachim, statesman, jurist, — ft. in 
Friesland, 11 Xov. 1523 — studies at Louvain, 
1541 — member of great Council of Mechlin, 
about Dec. 1554 — of secret Council of Brussels, 
1 56 1 — charged to organize University at Douai, 
1565 — Minister at Court of Spain, 1566 — tf. at 
Madrid, 25 Dec. 1576. De juris arte, 1553 — 
Lsagoge in veram jurisprudentiam, 1580 — 
iSeduardus, 1656. 

Hoppner, Henry Parkins, Arctic voyager, 
— ft., about 1795 — serves in the navy, 1808-15 
— takes part in expedition of Ross to polar 
regions, 181 8 — in second expedition, 1819-20 
— receives parliamentary prize, 1820 — accom- 
panies Parry, 1821 — accompanies Boss, 1824 — 
if., 22 Dec. 1833. 

Hoppner, John, painter, — ft. in London, 4 
Apr. 1758— student at E.A., 1775 — first ex- 
hibits, 1780 — portrait painter to Prince of 
"Wales, 1789 — A.R.A., 1793 — B.A., 1795 — a"., 
23 Jan. i8io, a about i8i5. b 

a Pilkington and Redgrave. b Nagler. 

Hopton, Sir Ralph, — defeats Sir AY. Waller 
at Stratton, 1643 — accepts command of royal 
forces in the West, Jan. 1645 — defeated by 
Fairfax at Torrington, 10" Feb. 1645 — delivers 
up his arms and ammunition, and retires to 
Scilly, Mar. 1645 — tf. at Bruges, 1652. 
Horace. [Horatius.] 

Horanyi, Francis Joseph Alexis, historian, 
— ft. at Buda, 15 Feb. 1736 — tf. at Pesth, 11 
Sep. 1809. Memoria Hungarorum et Provin- 
cialium scriptis editis notorum, 1775-7 — Lohan- 
nis Bethlemii historica transilvanica, 1782 — 
31. Simonis de Keza, chronicon LLungaricum, 
1782 — Nova mem. Hungarorum et Provincial., 
1792. 

Horatius Flaccus, Qu., poet,— [BC] — ft. at 
Yenusia, (6 Id. Dec. 689, a. it. c.) 8 Dec- 65— 
goes to study at Borne, 53 — at Athens, 47 — 
joins army of Brutus, as military tribune, (712,) 
42 — returns to Borne, and obtains appointment 
of qusestor's clerk, 41 — introduced to Maecenas, 
41 and 40 a — his visit to Brundusium, 37 — tj., 
(o Kal. Dec 746,) 27 Xov..8. Sat. lib. I., 38,* 
35 b — Sat. LI., 38, 33, ;l 30 b — Epod., 38, 31,* 
30-29 b — Carm. lib. L., 38, 27 z—Carnu LL., 38, 
25 *—Carm. ILL, 38, 23 *—Carm. L, LL,IIL, 
23 b — Epist. lib. L, 38, 20/ 21-0 b — Carm. 
Sac, 17 ab — Carm. LV., i5, a i3 b — Epist. LL., 
1 3 b — Epist. ad Pis., 1 3. b a Clinton. b Fischer. 
Hbrberg, Pehr, painter, engraver, — ft. in 
Sweden, 1746— admitted to Academy of Fine 
Arts, Stockholm, painter to the king, 1797 — fc., 
1806. 

Hormayr, Joseph von, historian, — ft. at 
Innspriick, 20 Jan. 1781 — employed in depart- 
ment of Foreign Affairs, Vienna, 1802 — ac- 
companies Prince Lichtenstein to Congress of 
Presburg, 1805 — promotes revolt in the Tyrol, 
1809 — historiographer of the empire, 1815 — 
called to Munich, 1828 — ministerial resident at 
Hanover, 1832 — at Bremen, 1839-46 — ft. 
Director of Boyal Archives, at Munich, 5 Nov. 



1848. Kritisch-diplomatische Beitrdge zur 
Geschichte Tirols im Mittelalter, 1802-3 — Oestr. 
Plutarch, 1807-20 — Archiv fur Geschichte, 
Statist ik, Literatur and Kunst, 1810-28 — 
Taschenbuch fur die vaterldndische Geschichte, 
1 81 1 -48 — Wien, seine Geschichte und Penh' 
ic iirdigkeiten, 1823-5. 

Hormisdas, Bp of Bome, — succeeds Sym- 
machus, 26 Jul. 514 — sends embassies to Con- 
stantinople, and effects reconciliation of Greek 
and Latin churches, 515, 517, and 519 — con- 
demns writings of Faustus of Biez, 520 — }?., 6 
Aug. 523. 

Hormisdas (LLormouz) I., King of Persia, 
— succeeds his father, Sapor I., Dec. 27i, a Jan. 
272 b — recalls Manes from exile, 272 — ft., 272 
or 273, a 273. b 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Clinton. 

Hormisdas (Hormouz) II,, King of Persia, 
— succeeds his father, JV arses, 303,* 301 b — 
*., 3 IO > a 3°8- b 
. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Clinton. 

Hormisdas (LLormouz) III., (IV.,) King 
of Persia, — succeeds his father, Chosroes the 
Great, Mar. 579 — his armies defeated by Bo- 
mans under Maurice and Philippicus., 579-88 — ■ 
his general Bahrain defeats Turks, 589 — Bah- 
rain defeated by Bomalius in Albania, revolts, 
589 — deposed and put to death by Bahrain, Sep. 
590, a 589- b a Clinton. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Hormouz. [Hormisdas.] 

Horn, Arvid Bernhard, Count von, states- 
man, — ft. in Finland, 1664 — Major-general, 
1700 — Count, 1706— Pres. of the Chancery of 
Sweden, 17 10 — leader of revolution of 17 19 — - 
President of Diet, contributes to elevation of 
Frederick of Hesse-Cassel, 1720 — retires, 1738 
— &., 1742. 

Horn, Cape, — discovered by Lemaire and 
Schouten, early in 1616. 

Horn, Chromatic, — used in England, about 
1740 — improved by Spandau, 1772. 

Horn, Franz Christoph, novelist, critic, — ft. 
at Brunswick, 30 Jul. 1781 — studies at Jena, 
1799 — settles at Berlin, 1809 — tf. there, 19 
Jul. 1837. Die Diehter, 1801 — Novellen, 
1819-20 — Geschichte und LCritik der Poesie 
und Beredsamkeit der Peutschen von Luther 's 
Zeit bis zur Gegenivart, 1822-29 — Shakspeare's 
Schauspiele, 1823-31. 

Horn, Friedrich von, Count of Aminne, 
general, — ft. in Sudermania, 1725 — enters the 
army, 1742 — enters French army, 1743 — assists 
at siege of Maestricht, 1748 — retires with rank 
of Colonel, 1749 — aide-de-camp to Marshal 
d'Estrees, 1757 — contributes to victory of 
Hastembeck, 1757 — recalled to Sweden, 1760 — 
Major-general, commander of Order of the 
Sword, 1770 — takes part in coup d'Etat, 1772 
— Count, 1772 — Lieutenant-general, 1778 — if., 
1 Jan. 1796. 

Horn, George, (Hornius,) historian,— $. in 
the Palatinate, 1620 — Prof. History, Leyden, 
about 1648 — o". there, 1670. Llerum Britanni- 
carum lib. VLIL, 1648 — Be originibus Ameri- 
canis, 1652 — Histor 'ice philosophies, lib. VLL., 

1655- 
Horn, Gustav Carlsson, Constable of 



HORN— HORSLEY. 



70 



Sweden, general, — ft. in Upland, 1592 — studies 
at Jena, Tubingen, and Rostock, 1608-12— 
senator, 1624 — takes Colberg, 1629 — dis- 
tinguishes himself under Gustavus Adolphus in 
Thirty Years' War, 1630-32— taken prisoner by 
Duke Bernhard at Nordlingen, 1634 — ex- 
changed, 1642— commands expedition to Den- 
mark, 1644 — Count of Bjoerneborg, and Con- 
stable, 165 1 — Governor-general of Livonia, 
Grand-marshal and Minister of War, 1652- — 
ft. at Skara, 16 May 1657. 

Horn, Heinrich Wilhelm von, general, — ft. 
in Silesia, 31 Oct. 1762 — enters Prussian army, 
1778 — Staff-captain, 1794 — defends fort of 
Hagelsberg near Dantzic, 1806 — Commander of 
Colberg, 18 1 1 — Colonel, Brigadier, in campaign 
of Russia, 18 12 — member of Legion of Honour, 
1812 — commands under General Torek, 1813- 
14 — Major-general, Jul. 18 13 — governor of 
Magdeburg, 18 14 — inspector of the Landwehr, 
18 16 — Lieutenant general, Apr. 18 17 — Knt of 
the Red Eagle, 181 8— ft. at Munster, 31 Oct. 
1829. 

Horn, (Homes,) Philippe de Montmorenci- 
Nivelle, Count van, — ft., 1522 — distinguishes 
himself at battle of St Quentin, 1557 — at 
battle of Gravelines, 1558 — arrested by Duke 
of Alba at Brussels, 1567 — beheaded, with 
Count Egmont, 4 Jun. 1568. 

Hornbeck, Jan, theologian, — ft. at Haarlem, 
161 7 — Prof. Theology, Utrecht, 1644 — Prof. 
Theology, Leyden, 1654 — ft. there, 1666. 
Summa controversiarum religionis, 1653 — 
Socinianismus confutatus, 1650 — Theologia 
jvractica cum irenica, 1663. 

Home, George, Bp of Norwich, — ft. near 
Maidstone, 1730 — enters Univ. Coll., Oxford, 
1745 — Fellow of Magdalen Coll., 1750 — M.A., 
1752 — takes holy orders, 1753 — D.D., 1764 — 
Pres. Magdalen Coll., 1768 — chaplain to the 
king, 1771-81 — Vice-Chancellor of the Uni- 
versity, 1776-80 — Dean of Canterbury, 17 81 
— Bp of Norwich, 1790 — ft. at Bath, 17 Jan. 
1792. Commentary on the Psalms, 1776. 

Home, Thomas Hartwell, theologian, Bibli- 
cal critic, — ft. in London, 20 Oct. 1780 — edu- 
cated at Christ's Hospital, 1789-95— sub-libra- 
rian to Surrey Institution, 1809-23 — marries, 
1 81 2 — admitted to holy orders, 18 19 — senior 
assistant librarian, British Museum, 1824-60 — 
F.S.A., 1828 — B.D. Cambridge, 1829 — pre- 
bendary of St Paul's, 1 831 — ft. in London, 27 
Jun. 1862. Introduction to Critical Study of 
the Holy Scriptures, 18 18. 

Home Tooke. [Tooke.] 

Herneck. [Ottocar of Horneck.] 

Horneck, Anthony, theologian, — ft. at 
Bacharach, 1641 — studies at Queen's Coll., 
Oxford, 1660 — tutor to Lord Torrington, 1665 
■ — preacher at the Savoy, 167 1 — prebendary of 
Westminster, 1693 — ft., chaplain to the king, 
1696. 

Homemann, Friedrich Conrad, traveller, — 
ft. at Hildesheim, 1772 — sent by African 
Association of London to explore interior of 
Africa, 1797-9. Journal of Travels, 1802. 

Horner, Francis, politician, — ft. at Edin- 
burgh, 12 Aug. 1778— studies at the Univ., 



1792-5 — settles in London, 1803 — M.P. St 
Ives, Nov. 1806 — member of Commission on 
affairs of Nabob of Arcot, 1806 — chairman of 
Bullion Committee, 18 10 — visits Italy, 1814 — 
ft. at Pisa, 8 Feb. 18 17. 

Horner, Leonard, — ft. at Edinburgh, about 
1785 — assists in founding Edinburgh School of 
Arts, 1823 — Warden of London Univ., 1827— 
Inspector of Factories, 1833 — Pres. Geol. 
Soc, 1847— ft. in London, 5 Mar. 1864. 
Memoirs and Correspondence of Francis Horner, 
1843 — Translation of Villaris Life of Savona- 
rola, 1862. 

Homer's Method, — of solving equations, in- 
vented, 1 819. 

Horologius. [Dondi.] 

Horrebow, Christian, mathematician, — ft., 
about 17 18 — ft., 1776. 

Horrebow, Peter, astronomer, — ft. in Den- 
mark, 1679 — studies at Copenhagen, 1703 — 
Prof. Mathematics and Astronomy, Copenhagen, 
1 7 1 o, a 17 i4 b — member of Academy of Sciences, 
1725 — ft. there, 1764. Clavis Astronomice, 
1725 — Copernicus triumphans, 1727. 

a Biog. Univ. b Erseh and Gruber. 

Horrocks, (Horrox,) Jeremiah, astronomer, 
— ft. at Toxteth near Liverpool, about 16 19 — 
studies at Cambridge, before 1633 — observes 
transit of Venus, 24 Nov. 1639 — ft., 3 Jan. 
1641. Opera, 1673. 

Horsa. [Hengist.] 

Horsburgh, James, hydrographer, — ft. in 
Scotland, 23 Sep. 1762— settles in England, 
1805 — F.R.S., 1806 — hydrographer to the 
East India Company, 1809 — ft., 14 Apr. 1836. 

Horse-Guards, in England, — troop of, 
raised, 1660 — second troop, 1661 — third, 1693 
— fourth, 1702. 

Horse-racing, — [B C] — introduced in Olym- 
pic Games, (01. 33,) 648— [AD]— in England, 
provisions against excessive increase of, by 
Acts 13 Geo. II. c. 19, 1740, and 18 Geo II. 
c. 34, 1745. 

Horse-shoes, — improved, patented by Good- 
enough, i860 — introduced in England, r 868. 

Horses, in England, — exportation of, pro- 
hibited by Stat. 11 Hen. VII. c. 13, 1495— in- 
crease and improvement of breed promoted by 
Acts 27 Hen. VIII. c. 6, 1535 6; 32 Hen. VIII. 
c. 13, 1540, and 8 Eliz. c. 8, 1565 — stealing, 
declared felony without benefit of clergy, by 
Acts 1 Edw. VI. c. 12, 1547, and 2 and 3 
Edw. VI. c. 33, 1548 — sale of, in fairs and 
markets, regulated by Acts 2 and 3 Ph. and 
Mar. c. 7, 1555, and 31 Eliz. c. 12, 1580— 
duties on, imposed by Acts 43 Geo. III. c. 161, 
12 Aug. 1803, and 45 Geo. III. c. 13, 18 Mar. 
1805 — let to hire, duties on, regulated by Act 
16 and 17 Vic. c. 88, 20 Aug. 1853 — race-horses, 
duty on, by Act 19 and 20 Vic. c. 82, 29 Jul. 
1856 — amended by 20 Vic. c. 16, 21 Mar. 1857. 

Horsley, John, antiquary, — ft. in Scotland, 
1685 — M.A. Edinburgh, 1701 —minister of 
Dissenting congregation, Morpeth, 172 1 — 
F.R.S., about 1722 — ft. at Morpeth, 12 Dec. 
1731. Britannia JZcmana, 1732. 

Horsley, Samuel, Bp of St Asaph,— ft. in 
London, 1733^ 1737 b — LL.B. Cambridge, 1758 



7 i* 



HORST— HOSTIUS. 



■ — stakes holy orders, 1759— F.R.S., 1767 — Se- 
cretary R. S., 1773 — Archdeacon of St Alban's, 
17 81 — commences controversy with Priestley, 
1783 — Bpof St David's, 1788 — Bp of Rochester, 
and Dean of Westminster, 1793 — Bpof St Asaph, 
1802 — tf. at Brighton, 4 Oct. 1806. Edition of 
the Works of Sir I. Newton, 1779-84 — Biblical 
Criticism, 1820. a Engl. Cyc. b Rees' Cyc. 

Horst, Gregor, physician,— b. at Torgau, 
1578 — M.D. Basel, 1606 — Prof. Medicine, 
Giessen, 1608 — tf. at Ulm, 1636. Opera 
mcdica, 1660. 

Horstius, (Jacob Ilerlo,) theologian, — fc. at 
Horst, in Guelderland, about 1590 — tf. at 
Cologne, 1644. Paradisus animal Christiana, 
1644 — Works of St Bernard, 1641. 

Hortensius, Q., orator, — [BC] — fe. ? 114— 
"begins public oratory, 95 — serves as legatus 
and military tribune in Social "War, 91-90 — 
defends Cn. Pompeius, 86 — leading orator, 
83-70 — quaestor, 81 — sedile, 75 — praetor 
urbanus, 72 — Consul with Q,. Caeeilius Metellus, 
(685, a.u.c.) 69 — defends Verres, 70 — opposes 
Gabinian law, 67— opposes Manilian law, 66 
— joined with Cicero, 63 — takes part in debate 
respecting Clodius, 61 — Advocate, after 60 — 
opposes sumptuary law of Pompey and Crassus, 
55 — tf., after Apr. 50. 

Horticultural Society, of London, — estab- 
lished, 1804 — incorporated by Royal Charter, 
1808 — Gardens of, established, 18 17 — at 
Chiswick, 1822 — at S. Kensington, opened by 
Prince Albert, 5 Jun. 1861— of Paris, founded, 
1827. 

Horto, (Buerta,) Garcias ab, botanist, — 
Prof. Philosophy, Lisbon, 1534. Coloquios 
dos simples drogas da India, 1563. 

Horton, Anne, (Anne Luttrell,) Duchess 
of Cumberland, — fc., about 1747 — privately 
married to Duke of Cumberland, 2 Oct. 177 1 
— again a widow, 18 Sep. 1790— tf., 1803. 

Hosea, Jewish prophet, — [BC] — fl., about 
785, a 7 84-7 25. b a Bib. Cyc. b Ussher. 

Hosein, son of Caliph Ali, — disputes suc- 
cession with Yezid I., (60, a. h.) 680 — de- 
feated and killed at battle of Couffah, (61,) 
10 Oct. 680. 

Hosier, Sir Francis, admiral, — enters the 
navy, 1692 — Captain, 1696 — captures French 
ship of war, 17 10 — Rear-admiral, 17 19 — Vice- 
admiral, 1723 — sent to America, prevents 
Spanish galleons sailing from Porto Bello, Jun. 
1726 — retires to Jamaica, Dec. 1726 — "Q. at sea, 
23 Aug. 1727. 

Hosiery. [Stocking-frame.] 
Hosius, (Osins,) Bp of Cordova, — b., about 
257 a — ]jp of Cordova, about 297 a — assists at 
Council of Eliberi, about 300 or 305— sent to 
Alexandria by Constantine, 324 b — presides at 
Council of Nice, 325— induces Constantine to 
ratify Nicene Creed, c 325— assists at Council of 
Sardica, 347 — refuses to concur in depo- 
sition of Athanasius, 355 — banished to Sirmium 
by Constantius, 356 — compelled to attend 
Council of Sirmium, 357 — submits and returns 
to Cordova, end of 357 a — tf., 358. a Clinton. 
b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Gibbon. 

Hosius, Stanislaus, Cardinal, ■ — b. at 



Cracow, 5 May 1504 — Bp of Culm, 1549 — > 
Cardinal, 25 Mar. 1561 — legate and Pres. 
Council of Trent, Jan. 1562 to Dec. 1563 — 
ambassador from Sigismund Augustus to Rome, 
l 5^9 — a", at Caprarola, 5 Aug. 1579. Confessio 
catholics fidei christians, 155 1. 
Hoskins, John, painter, — tr., 1664. 
Hospinian, Rudolph, theologian, historian, 
— 0. at Altdorf, 1547 — pastor at Zurich, 1594 
— tf. there, 11 Mar. 1626. De origine et pro- 
gressu Bituum, 1585 — Be Templis, 1587 — De 
monachis, 1588 — Historia Sacramentaria, 1598- 
1602 — Historia Jesuitica, 1619. 

Hospitals, in England, — gifts to, assured by 
Act 14 Eliz. c. 14, 1572 — founding of, en- 
couraged by Acts 39 Eliz. c. 5, 1597, and 21 
Jac. I. c. 1, 1623 — declared exempt from poor 
rates, 1760. Lying-in, regulated by Act 13 
Geo. III. c. 82, 1773 — amended as to licence 
duty by Acts 44 Geo. III. c. 98, s. 1, 28 Jul. 
1804; 48 Geo. III. c. 149, sched. A., 2 Jul. 
1808; and 55 Geo. IIT. c. 184, n Jul. 18 15. 

Hospitallers, Knights, Knights of St John 
of Jerusalem, Knights of Malta, — instituted 
for protection of pilgrims, about 1048 ? 1092 ? 
— establish themselves in England, 1100 — em- 
powered by the pope to elect Superior, 11 13 
— statutes of, fixed by Raymond du Puy, 1 1 1 8 
■ — receive great privileges from Emperor Fred- 
erick I., 1 1 85 — driven from Palestine, settle in 
Cyprus, 1291 — settle in Rhodes, 1309 — dis- 
persed on capture of Rhodes by Solyman II., 
1522 — settled in Malta by Charles V., 1530 — 
suppressed in England by Act 32 Hen. VIII. 
c. 24, 1540 — suppressed in France, by Legis- 
lative Assembly, 19 Sep. 1792 — again dispersed 
on capture of Malta by Napoleon I., 1798. 

Hospodar, (Woiwode,) of Danubian Princi- 
palities, — appointed for life, since Treaty of 
Adrianople, 1829. 

Hosschius, (De Hosche,) Sidronius, poet, — 
fc. near Ypres, 1596 — tf. at Tongres, 1653. 
Elegit, 1656,* 1635^ 

a Biog. Univ. b Erscb and Gruber. 

Host, Jens Kragh, historian, — h. at St 
Thomas, 15 Sep. 1772 — tf. at Copenhagen, 26 
Mar. 1844. Gustav IV. Adolf's Leben und 
Begierung, 1808-9 — Entwurf einer Geschichte 
der ddnischen Monarchic unter Christian VII, 
1 81 3 — Der Geh. Cabinetsminister Graf Strue- 
nsee und dessen Ministerium, 1824. 

Host, Nicolas Thomas, botanist, — 6., 1763 
— tf. at Vienna, 1834. Icones et descriptiones 
graminum Austriacorum, 1801-9 — Flora Aus- 
tria ca, 1827. 

Hoste, Sir William, Baht., naval commander, 
— b., about 1778 — enters the navy, and serves 
under Nelson, before 1794 — Post-captain, 1802 

— defeats French and Italian squadron oif 
Lissa, 13 Mar. 1 811— takes part in capture of 
Fiume and attack on Rovigno, Jul. to Aug. 1 8 1 3 
- — takes Cattaro, 5 Jan. 18 14 — takes Ragusa, 
28 Jan. 18 14 — Knt of Maria Theresa, 18 May 
1814— Bart., 23 Jul. 1814— K.C.B., Jan. 1815 

— tf., commander of Royal George, in London, 
6 Dec. 1828. 

Hostius,i?o<^,— [B C] -fl., about (576, a. u. c.) 
178. 



HOTH AM— HOURS. 



719 



Hotham, Sir Henry, admiral, — ft., 19 Feb. 
1776 — Post-captain, 13 Jan. 1795 — charged to 
conduct the Duke of Sussex from Lisbon to 
England, summer 1804. — assists under Sir R. 
Strachan at capture of French squadron, 4 Nov. 
1805 — serves on coast of Spain, 1809 — Captain 
of the Fleet, Dec. 181? — Rear-admiral, Jun. 
1 8 14 — K.C.B., Jan. 18 15 — Commander of 
Channel Fleet, 18 15 — marries Lady Frances 
Rous, 1 8 16 — Commander-in-chief in the Medi- 
terranean, Mar. 1831—11. at Malta, 19 Apr. 

1833- 

Hotham, Sir John, — imprisoned by Charles 
I. for his speeches against arbitrary measures, 
Apr. 1640— named governor of Hull by the 
parliament, Jan. 1642 — refuses to deliver the 
town up to the king, and is proclaimed traitor, 
23 Apr. 1642 — repulses royal forces under Earl 
of Lindsay, Sep. 1642 — arrested by parliament 
on charge of plotting to give up Hull to the 
king, 29 Jun. 1643 — tried with his son by 
court-martial, Dec. 1644 — his son hung, 1 Jan., 
himself, 2 Jan. 1645. 

Hotman, Francois, jurist, — ft. at Paris, 

1524^ 1529 b — embraces Reformed faith, 1547 

— Prof. Law, Strasburg, 1550-61 — quits 

France, 1572 — tf. at Basel, 1590. Opera, 1599. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Hotspur. [Percy, Henry.] 

Hottentots, — first make themselves known to 
Europeans by massacre of Almeyda, viceroy of 
India, and his followers at Table Bay , about 1509. 

Hottinger, Johann Heinrich, orientalist, — 
ft. at Zurich, 1620— studies at Geneva, 1638 — 
goes to Leyden, 1639 — visits England, 1641 — 
Prof. Scriptural Theology, Zurich, 1642— Prof. 
Oriental Languages, Heidelberg, 1655 — Rector 
of Univ., 1656 — recalled to Zurich, 1661 — tf., 
5 Jun. 1667. Thesaurus philologicus, 1649 — 
Historia orientalis, 1 65 1 -67 - - Etymologicum 
orientale, 1661. 

Hottinger, Johann Jacob, classical scholar, 
■ — ft. at Zurich, 1750 — tf. there, 4 Feb. 181 9. 
Edition of Theophfastus, 18 11 — of Xenophon's 
Memorabilia, 1820. 

Hottinger, Johann Jacob, theologian, his- 
torian, — ft. at Zurich, 1652 — tf. there, 18 Dec. 
1735. Helvetische Kirchengeschichte, 1708-29. 

Hotze, Johann Conrad a (David b ) von, gen- 
eral, — ft. in Zurich, about 1740 — enters service 
of Russia, 1774 — of Austria, 1787 b — Major- 
general, serves under Marshal Wurmser against 
the French, distinguishes himself at the lines 
of Weissenburg, 1793 — Field-marshal-lieu- 
tenant, 1795 — distinguishes himself at Neres- 
heim, Aug. 1797 — occupies the Grisons, 1799 
— killed at second battle of Zurich, Sep. 1799. 
a Biog. Univ. b Erscb and Gruber. 

Houard, David, — ft. at Dieppe, 26 Feb. 
1725 — Advocate at Paris, 1747 — admitted to 
Academy of Inscriptions, 1785 — tf. at Abbe- 
ville, 15 Dec. 1802. Anciennes lois de France, 
conserves dans les coutumes anglaises, 1766 — 
Truite sur les coutumes anglo-normandes, §c, 
1776-81 — Dictionnaire analytique . . . et 
critique de la coutume de Normandie, 17 80-1. 

Houbigant, Charles Francois, Hebraist, — 
t). at Paris, 1686 — enters Congregation of the 



Oratory, 1704 — tf., 31 Oct. 1783. Racines 
Eebraiques sans points-voyelles } 1732 — Pro- 
legomena in Scripturam sacram, 1746 — Biblia 
Hebraica cum notis criticis, 1753. 

Houbraken, Arnold, painter, engraver, — ft. 
at Dort, 1660 — ft. at Amsterdam, 17 19. Groote 
Schonburg der Nederlantsche Konstschilders en 
Skilderessen, 1 7 1 8 - 2 1 . 

Houbraken, Jacob, engraver, — ft. at Dort, 
Dec. 1698— tf. at Amsterdam, i78o, ac about 
i790. b Heads of Illustrious Persons of Great 
Britain, 1748. a Engl. Cyc. 

b Biog. Univ. c Ersch and Gruber. 

Houchard, Jean Nicolas, general, — ft. at 
Forbach, 1740 — enters the army, 1755 — serves 
under Custine, 1792 — commander of armies of 
the Moselle, the North, and the Ardennes, 1793 
—obtains brilliant victory at Hondschoote, 8-9 
Sep. 1793 — condemned to death by revolution- 
ary tribunal at Paris, 17 Nov. 1793. 

Houdan Deslandes, Francois Silvain 
Denis, — ft. near Tours, 1754— serves at siege 
of Gibraltar, 1782 — tf., 1807. Histoire du 
siege de Gibraltar, 1783. 

Houdon, Jean Antoine, sculptor, — ft. at 
Versailles, 20 Mar. 1741 — obtains grand prize 
and goes to Rome, 1760 — returns to France, 
1770 — member and Prof, of Academy of Paint- 
ing and Sculpture, 26 Jul. 1777" — marries, 
1786 — member of Institute, 1796 — of Legion 
of Honour, 1802 — tf. at Paris, 15 Jul. 1828.* 
La Frileuse, 1784 s — Statue of Voltaire, i8io. a 
a Jal. 

Houdry, Vincent, Jesuit, — ft. at Tours, 163 1 
— tf. at Paris, 1729. Bibliotheque des pre- 
dicateurs, 171 2-33. 

Houel, Jean Pierre Louis Laurent, painter, 
engraver, — ft. at Rouen, 1735 — member of 
Academy of Painting, about 1780 — tf. at Paris, 
14 Nov. i8i5, a i8i3. b Voyage pittoresque de 
Sidle, 1782-7. a Biog. Univ. b Nout. Biog. Gen. 

Hough, John, Bp of "Worcester, — ft. in 
Middlesex, about 1650 — enters Magdalen Coll., 
Oxford, 1669 — M.A., 1676 — prebendary of 
Worcester, 1685 — elected Pres. Magdalen Coll., 
Oxford, 15 Apr. 1687 — deprived by James II., 
Sep. 1687 — restored, 1688 — Bp of Oxford, 
1690 — of Lichfield and Coventry, 1699 — of 
Worcester, 17 17 — tf., 8 Mar., a May b 1743. 
a Rees' Cyc. b Annals of England. 

Houghton, Major, — explores the course of 
the Niger, 17 90-1. 

Houllier, Jacques, {Hollerius,) physician, — 
Dean of the Faculty, Paris, 1546 — tf., 1562. 
Opera practica, 1612. 

Hounslow Heath, Middlesex, — the London- 
ers under Earl of Gloucester assemble on, 1267 
— survey of, 1546 — army of Charles I. encamps 
on, 1642— parliamentary troops under Fairfax 
assemble, 3 Aug. 1647 — camp formed by James 
II., Jun. 1686— camp broken up, 1688 — re- 
view of volunteer cavalry, by Queen Mary, 
May 1692 — army under Marlborough encamps 
on, 1740 — site of first base for Ordnance Sur- 
vey, taken by Roy, 1784-5. 

Hours, — [B C] — division of natural day into 
12, in general use, after 200 — [AD] — division of 
sidereal day into 24 in common use, about 400. 



HOUSE-BREAKING— HOWE. 



House-breaking. [Burglary.] 
House-duty, — imposed by Act 7 and 8 "Wm 

III. c. 18, 1696— altered by Act 3 and 4 Wm 

IV, c. 39, 14 Aug. 1833 — granted in lieu of 
window -tax, by Act 14 and 15 Vic. c. 36, 24 
Jul. 1 85 1. 

House of Correction, — erection and manage- 
ment of, provided for by Acts 7 Jac. I. c. 4, 
1609; 14 Geo. II. c. 33, 1741; 17 Geo. II. 
c. 5, 1744; 19 Geo. III. c. 74, 1779; 22 Geo. 
III. c. 64, 1782; and 24 Geo. III. sess. 2, c. 
55, 1784 — laws relating to, consolidated by 
Act 4 Geo. IV. c. 64, 10 Jul. 1823. [Gaols.] 

Houtman, Cornelisz, maritime explorer, — 
at Lisbon, about 1590 — conducts expedition to 
East Indies by the Cape, 1595-7 — second ex- 
pedition, 1598-1600. 

Houtman, Frederick, maritime explorer, — 
fc., about 1570 — goes to East Indies, 1598-1600 
governor of Amboyna, 1607 a — tf., about 161 3. b 
Spraakende Woordboek in de Maleysche onde 
Madagaskarische talen, 1603 — Journal van de 
Reyse der Hollandsche Schepen in Oost-Indien, 
1598. a Ersch and Gruber. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Hoveden, Roger de, historian, — ft., about 
1200. 

Howard, Catherine. [Catherine, Queen 
of Henry VIII.] 

Howard, Charles, Lord Howard of Effing- 
ham, Earl op Nottingham, Lord High Ad- 
miral of England, — fc., 1536— ambassador 
to France, 1559 — M.P. Surrey, 1562 — General 
of cavalry, 1568 — succeeds to the peerage, 
K.G., 1572 — Lord High Admiral, 1585 — de- 
feats Spanish Armada, 1588 — takes part with 
Essex in capture of Cadiz, 1596 — Earl of Not- 
tingham, 1596 — Lieutenant-general of Eng- 
land, 1599 — ambassador to Spain, 1605 — re- 
tires, 161 8 — tf., 14 Dec. 1624. 

Howard, Lord Edward, — serves in Imperial 
army in Flanders against the French, 149 1-2 
— accompanies his father in expedition to Scot- 
land and is knighted, 1497 — king's standard- 
bearer for life, by Henry VIII. , 1509 — Admiral 
and Commander-in-chief of forces to be em- 
ployed in Papal service, 7 Apr. 15 11 — Admiral 
of England, Wales, &c, 19 Mar. 15 12 — con- 
voys Marquis of Dorset to Spain, to aid Em- 
peror Ferdinand, summer 15 12 — ravages 
French coast : defeats French fleet near Brest, 
10 Aug. 15 1 2 — killed in attempt to destroy 
French fleet, 25 Apr. 1513. 

Howard, Henry, painter, — fc., 31 Jan. 1769 
— studies at Royal Academy, 1788 — studies at 
Rome, 1791 — A.E.A., 1801 — R.A., 1808 — 
secretary, 181 1-47 — tf. at Bath, 5 Oct. 1847. 

Howard, Henry. [Surrey, Earl of.] 

Howard, John, philanthropist, — fc. in Lon- 
don, about 1726 — settles at Cardington near 
Bedford, 1757 — sheriff of Bedford, 1773 — visits 
most of the prisons of England, 1773— visits 
prisons and hospitals of the Continent, 1778-9 
and 178 1-3 — visits Malta, Constantinople, 
Smyrna, Venice, 1785-87— tf. in the Crimea, 
20 Jan. 1790. State of the Prisons in England 
and Wales, 1777 — Appendix, 1780 and 1784 
— Account of the principal Lazarettos in Eu- 
rope, 1789. 



Howard, Sir John, 1st Duke of Nor- 
folk, — as Knt distinguishes himself in French 
wars, 1452-3 — with Talbot defeated at Chatil- 
lon, Jul. 1453 — Constable of Norwich Castle, 
146 1 — takes part in invasion of Brittany, 1462 
— treasurer of King's Household, 1468— attends 
Lady Margaret to Flanders, on her marriage 
to Duke of Burgundy, summer 1468 — Lord 
Howard, Captain-general at sea, 1470— deputy 
governor of Calais, 147 1 — summoned to parlia- 
ment, 1472 — E.G., Apr. 1472— takes part in 
negotiations with Duke of Burgundy, Jun. 
1472 — again at Bruges and Utrecht, May 1473 
— attends the king to France, Jul. 1475 — as- 
sists in negotiating treaty with king of France, 
Aug. 1475 — Captain-general against Scots, 
1480 — Constable of the Tower, 1482— adheres 
to Richard III., 1483— Earl Marshal of Eng- 
land, and Duke of Norfolk, 28 Jun. 1483 — 
High Steward of England, 30 Jun. — attends 
coronation of Richard, 6 Jul. 1483 — Lord Ad- 
miral for life, 25 Jul. 1483 — killed atBosworth 
Field, 22 Aug. 1485. 

Howard, Sir John, — gentleman of the bed- 
chamber to Edward 1., 1306 — attends corona- 
tion of Edward II., 1307 — serves against Scots, 
1310-11 — governor of Norwich Castle, 1317 — 
commissioned to raise forces and march against 
Scots, 1 32 1 — takes part in expedition to Gas- 
cony, 1324 — tf., 1 33 1. 

Howard, Sir John, — named Admiral and 
Captain of the navy in the North, 1335 — again, 
1347 — assists at siege of Calais, 1347— living, 
1388. 

Howard, Lady Frances. [See Essex, 
Robert Devereux, Earl of, and Somerset, 
Robert Carr, Earl of.] 

Howard, Thomas, and others. [Norfolk, 
Dukes of.] 

Howard, "William, [Stafford, Lord.] 

Howard, Sir William, Chief Justice of 
Common Pleas, — Justice of Assize, Northern 
circuit, 1293 — summoned to parliament, 1295 
— Chief Justice, C.P., Oct. 1297 to 1308. 

Howe, Elias, inventor of sewing machine, — 
ft. in Massachusetts, U.S., 1819 — patents his 
sewing machine, 10 Sep. 1846 — visits England, 
1847-9— tf. at Brooklyn, 2 Oct. 1867. 

Howe, John, theologian, — fc. at Lough- 
borough, Leicestershire, 17 May 1630 — enters 
Cambridge Univ., 1647 — removes to Oxford, 
1648 — B.A. Oxford, 18 Jan. 1649 — M.A., 9 
Jul. 1652 — minister of Great Torrington, early 
1654 — domestic chaplain to Cromwell, before 
Mar. 1657 — ejected from his living, 1662 — 
chaplain to Lord Massarene, Antrim Castle, 
167 1-5— pastor in London, 1675 — goes abroad 
with Philip Lord Wharton, 1685 — preacher to 
English Church at Utrecht, 1686 — returns 
to London, 1688 — tf. there, 2 Apr. 1705. 
Works, \*}iOf. 

Howe, John, politician, — Vice-chamberlain 
to Queen Mary, 1689— member of Convention 
Parliament, 1*689 — Privy Councillor, 1702 — 
Paymaster-general of Guards and Garrisons, 
Jan. 1703 — retires, 17 14 — tf. at Stowell, Glou- 
cestershire, 172 1. 

Howe, Richard, Earl, Howe, admiral,— {»., 



HOWE— HUBERT WALTER. 



721 



1725 — enters the navy, 1739 — takes part in 
siege of Fort William, and is made Post-cap- 
tain, 1745 — serves in the Channel Fleet, 1756 
—takes Cherbourg and Martignon, 1758 — suc- 
ceeds to Irish title of Viscount, 1758— defeats 
French squadron under de Conflans, 20 Jun. 
1759 — treasurer of the Navy, Aug. 1765— 
Rear-admiral, Commander-in-chief in the 
Mediterranean, Oct. 1770 — M.P. Dartmouth, 
1775 — defeats French squadron under D'Es- 
taing off Rhode Island, 1778 — Admiral, and 
Viscount of Great Britain, 1782 — relieves Gib- 
raltar, 1782 — First Lord of the Admiralty, Jan. 
1783 — raised to British earldom, Aug. 1788 — 
commander of Channel Fleet, Jun. 1793 — ob- 
tains victory over French fleet off Brest, 1 Jun. 
1794 — receives thanks of parliament, 1794 — 
E.G., and General of Marines, 1795 — quells 
mutiny at Portsmouth, 1797 — ft. in London, 5 
Aug. 1799. 

Howe, Sir William, general, — Commander- 
in-chief of British forces in America, May 1775 
— commands at battle of Bunker Hill, Jun. 
1775 — besieged in Boston, winter 1775-6 — 
retires to Halifax, spring 1776— joint commis- 
sioner with Lord Howe for restoring peace, 
summer 1776 — distinguishes himself at Long 
Island, Aug. 1776 — takes possession of New 
York, Sep. 1776 — obtains victory at the Bran- 
dywine, Sep. 1777 — crosses the Schuylkill, 22 
Sep. 1777— returns to England, May 1778 — ft. 
there, 18 14. 

Howel, Lawrence, theologian, — b., about 
1660 — M.A. Cambridge, 1688 — ft. in Newgate, 
London, Jul. 1720. Synopsis Canonum, §c„ 
1 7 10- 1 5 — View of the Pontificate, $c, 17 12. 

Howell the Good. [HyweL Dda.] 

Howell, James, miscellaneous writer, — b. in 
Wales, about 1596 — B.A. Oxford, 161 3 — Fellow 
of Jesus Coll., 1623 — M.P. Richmond, 1627 — 
clerk of the Council, Whitehall, 1640 — im- 
prisoned, 1643— historiographer-royal, 1660 — 
ft. in London, Nov. 1666. Dodona's Grove, 
1640 — Epistolm Ho-Eliance, 1645-55. 

Howick, Loud. [Grey, Earl.] 

Howitzer, — invented in Germany, about 
1593 a — used in Italy, 1618 b — introduced in 
France and Great Britain, about i683. b 
a Rees' Cyc. b Engl. Cyc. 

Howley, William, abp of Canterbury, — 
b. in Hampshire, 1765 — enters New Coll. Ox- 
ford, 1783 — Prof. Divinity, 1809 — Bp of Lon- 
don, 1 813 — Abp., 1828 — opposes Catholic 
Emancipation, 1829 — opposes Reform Bill, 
1831 — U., 1848. 

Hoyer, Johann Gottfried von,— fc., 9 May 
1767 — officerof artillery, 178 1 — Major-general, 
inspector of fortresses in Pomerania, 1818 — ft. 
at Halle, 7 Mar. 1848. Allgemcines Worter- 
buch der Artillerie, 1804-12 — Supplenicntband, 
1 83 1 — Allgemeines Worterbuch der Kriegs- 
baukunst, 1 8 15 — liter at ur der Kriegswissen- 
schaften tend Kriegsgeschichte, 1831-40. 

Hrosvitha, Nun or Abbess of Gandersheim, 
poetess — enters the convent, probably before 
959 — living, 968. Opera, (printed,) 150 1. 

Huarte, Juan. Examen de ingenios para 
las scuncias, §c, 1580. 



Huascar, — shares empire of Peru on death 
of his father, Huayna Capac, with his brother 
Atahualpa, 1525 a — twice defeated by Atahualpa, 
and taken prisoner, 1532 a — seeks aid of Pi- 
zarro, and is put to death by Atahualpa, 1532? 
a Prescott. 

Hubba, Northman, — lands in Devonshire, 
is defeated and killed, and the Raven banner 
captured, 878. 

Huber, Francois, naturalist, — b. at Geneva, 
2 Jul. 1750 — ft. at Lausanne, 22 Dec. 183 1. 
Nouvelles observations sur les abeilles. 1796. 

Huber, Johann Jacob, anatomist, §c. — b. 
at Basel, 1707 — studies under Haller at Berne, 
1730 — M.D. Basel, 1733 — Prof. Medicine, 
Gottingen, 1737^ 1739 b — Prof. Anatomy and 
court physician, Cassel, 1740^ 1742 b — Coun- 
sellor of State, physician to the prince, 1748 — 
ft. at Cassel, 1778. 

a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Grnber. 

Huber, Johann Rudolph, painter, — ft. at 
Basel, 1658,* 1668 b — ft., 1748. 
a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber and Nagler. 

Huber, Ludwig Ferdinand, litterateur ',— - 
b. at Paris, 15 Sep. 1764 — secretary of legation 
for Saxony, at Mentz, 1787 — ft. at Ulm, 24 
Dec. 1804. Neueres Franz. Theater, 1795-7 
— Sdmmtliche Werke seit 1802, 1806-19. 

Huber, Maria, theologian, — h. at Geneva, 
1695 — ft. at Lyons, 1753. Systemes des 
theologiens anciens et modernes concilies, 17 31 — 
lettres stcr la religion essentielle a Vhomme, 

*739- 

Huber, Michel, litterateur, — ft. in Bavaria, 
1727— Prof. French, Leipsic, 1766 — ft. there, 
15 Apr. 1804. Translations of Gessner's 
Death of Abel, 1761 — Gellerfs letters, 1770 — 
Winckelmann's History of Art, 1781 — Manuel 
des curieux et des amateurs de I'art, 1797. 

Huber, Theresa, {Maria Theresa Heyne,) 
miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Gottingen, 7 May 
1764 — marries J. G. Adam Forster, 1784 — 
widow, 1794 — marries L. F. Huber, 1795 — 
widow, 1804 — ft., 15 Jun. 1829. Erzdhlungen, 
1830-3. 

Huber, Ulric, jurist, — b. at Dorckum, 
Holland, 1636 — studies at Franeker, 1651 — at 
Utrecht, 1654 — Prof. Eloquence, Franeker, 
about 1657 — ft. there, 8 Nov. 1694. Institu- 
tionum histories civilis tomi tres, 1692 — De 
Jure Civitatis, 1674. 

Huber, Victor Aime, historian, publicist, 
§c,— b. at Stuttgart, 10 Mar. 1800 — studies at 
Wurzburg and Gottingen, 1816-20 — visits 
France, Spain, England, &c, 1821-23— Prof. 
History of Literature, and Modern History, 
Rostock, 1833 — Prof, at Marburg, 1836— at 
Berlin, 1843-50 — originates Janus, 1845-8 
— ft., 10 Aug. 1869. Geschichte des Cid, 1829 
— Skizzen aus Spanien, 1828-35 — Englische 
Universitdten, 1839-40 — Reisebriefen aus Bel- 
gien, Frankreich, unci England, 1855. 

Hubert, Francois, engraver, — b. at Abbe- 
ville, 1744 — ft., 1809. 

Hubert, St., Order of, — instituted by Gerard 
V. Duke of Juliers, 1447 — revived by 
Electoi Palatine, 1709. 

Hubert Walter, {Fitz- Walter,) Abp of 
46 



7 22 



HUBERT DE BURGHE— HUESCA. 



Canterbury, — justiciary, 1185 — Dean of 
York, 1 1 86 — Bp of Salisbury, 22 Oct. 11 89 — 
accompanies Abp Baldwin and Ranulph de 
Glanville to Palestine, 1190 — commands 
English, contingent at siege of Acre, till arrival 
of Richard L, 1 190-1 —sent on a mission to 
Tyre, Aug. 1191 — negotiates truce for three 
years with Saladin, n 92 — has interview with 
the king in castle of Trifels, 11 93 — arrives in 
England, Apr. 11 93— elected Abp of Canter- 
bury, 30 May 1 1 93 — Chief Justiciary, Sep. 
1 193 to Jul. 1 198 — officiates at second corona- 
tion of Richard, Apr. 1 1 94 — has a controversy 
with "William Fitzosbert, 1196 — apprehends 
him and puts him to death : crowns John, 27 
May 1 1 99 — Chancellor, 6 Jun. n 99 — holds a 
synod at "Westminster, 1200 — again crowns 
John and his queen Isabella, Oct. 1201 — 
entertains the king at Canterbury, Christmas 
1204 — tf. at Tenham, 13 Jul. 1205. 

Hubert de Burg-he. [Burghe.] 

Hubert de l'Espine, traveller. Description 
des admirables et merveilleuses regions longtaines 
et estranges nations paiennes de Tartarie, 1558. 

Hubertsburg, Treaty of, — between Prussia, 
the Emperor, and Saxony, end of Seven Years' 
War, signed, 15 Feb. 1763. 

Hubner, Martin, publicist, — b. in Hanover, 
1723 — Prof. History, Copenhagen, 175 1 — 
correspondent of Academy of Inscriptions, 
Paris, probably 1756 — F.R.S. London, 1758 
— Councillor of State, 1770 — tf. at Copen- 
hagen, 7 Apr. 1795 — Le Politique Danois, 
1756 — De la saisie des batiments neutres, 1759 
— Essai sur Vhistoire du droit naturel, 1757. 

Hue, Evariste Regis,— b. at Toulouse, 1 
Aug. 18 1 3 — joins the Lazarist fathers, about 
1837 — missionary to China, 1839 — travels in 
Tartary and Tibet, 1 844-6 — returns to 
Toulouse, 1849 — tf. at Paris, 31 Mar. i860. 
Voyage dans la Tartarie, §c, 1852 — L 'Empire 
Chinois, 1854 — Le Christianisme en CAine, 

1857- 

Huchtenburg, {Hugtenburch,) Jacob, paint- 
er, — b. at Haarlem, 1640— tf. at Rome, 1696. 

Huchtenburg, Johan van, painter, — b. at 
Haarlem, 1646 — if. at Amsterdam, 1733. 
Victories of Prince Eugene and Marlborough, 

Hudde, Jan, mathematician, — b. at Am- 
sterdam, i64o, a 1633 b — directs the inundations 
for repulse of the French, 1672 — tf., 1704. 
a Biog. TJnir. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Huddleston. Father, — assists Charles II. in 
escape from Worcester, 1651 — attends him at 
his death, Feb. 1685— by order of James II. 
publishes account of conversion of Charles to 
Romanism, 1688. 

Hudson, Henry, maritime discoverer, — 
commands three expeditions for discovery of 
north-east passage to China, 1607-8-9— dis- 
covers Hudson river, 1608 — discovers Hudson's 
Bay, 1 6 10. 

Hudson, John, philologist, — b. in Cumber- 
land, about 1662 — enters Oxford Univ., 1676 
— M.A., 1684— Fellow of Univ. Coll., 1686 — 
librarian of Bodleian, 17 01 — Principal of St 
Mary's Hall, 17 12— tf. at Oxford, 27 jSTov. 



17 19. Editions of Velleius Paterculus, 1693 — 
of Thucydides, 1696 — of Dionysius of Halicar- 
nassus, 1704 — of Longinus, 17 10 — of Josephus, 
1720. 

Hudson, Thomas, painter, — ft. in Devon- 
shire, 1701 — has Joshua Reynolds for a pupil, 
1740-41 — visits Italy, about 1752 — tf. at 
Twickenham, Jan. 1779. Portrait of Handel, 
1756. 

Hudson, Port, U.S., — unsuccessfully attacked 
by Federals, 14 Mar. 1863. 

Hudson, William, botanist, — b. in West- 
moreland, 1730 — F.R.S. , Nov. 1761 — tf- in 
London, 23 May 1793. Flora anglica, 1762. 

Hudson River, New York, — discovered by 
Henry Hudson, 1608. 

Hudson's Bay, N. America, — probably 
entered by Sebastian Cabot, 15 12 — redis- 
covered by Hudson, 1610. Company, incor- 
porated by Charles II., 2 May 1670— opposed 
by North West Company, 1783— union of the 
two Companies, 1821 — privilege of exclusive 
trading, east of Rocky Mountains, conferred 
by Royal licence for 21 years, 13 May 1838 — 
grant of Vancouver's Island to, for ten years, 
1849-59 — surrender of territories and rights to 
the Crown, and incorporation of territories with 
Dominion of Canada, authorized by Act 31 and 
32 Vic. c. 105, 31 Jul. 1868 — cession carried 
out, 9 Apr. 1869. [Bed River.] 

Hue and Cry, — in English Law, for pursuit of 
felon, enjoined by Stat. Westm. 1, 3 Edw. I. c. 9, 
1275 — regulations respecting, by Stat. 13 Edw. 
I. Stat. Wynton, cc. 1-6, 1285 — laws amended 
by Act 27Eliz. c. 13, 1585 — benefit of, refused 
to persons travelling on Sunday, by Act 29 
Car. II. c. 7, s. 5, 1676 — further provisions by 
Acts 8 Geo. II. c. 16, 1735 ; 22 Geo. II. c. 24, 
1749, and 22 Geo. II. c. 46, s. 34, 1749. 

Hue de Caligny, Jean Antenor, military 
engineer, — b. at Yalognes, 1657 — assists at 
siege of Courtrai, 1683 — conducts siege of 
Furnes, 1693 — director-in-chief of engineering 
works in Flanders, 1693 — Chevalier of St 
Louis, 1694 — director of fortifications of Bur- 
gundy, 1 7 1 4-3 r — tf. there, 1 7 3 1 . 

Hue de Caligny-Langrune, Hercule, gen- 
eral, engineer, — b., 1665 — takes Yillefranche, 
Montalban, &c, 1691 and 1693 — distinguishes 
himself at defence of Rheinberg, 1702 — at 
taking of Lerida, 1707 — at capture and defence 
of Tortosa, 1708 — director of fortifications in 
Normandy, 17 10 — tf. at Yalognes, 1725. 

Huen, Nicole le, — visits Holy Land, 1487. 
Le Grand Voyage de Hierusalem, 1488. 

Huerta, Geronimo de, poet. Florando de 
Castilla, 1588. 

Huerta, Vicente Garcia de la, poet,— b. in 
Estremadura, Jan. 1729,* 1734 11 — member of 
Spanish Acadeni}', 1759 — tf at Madrid, i797, a 
1787^ La Ra quel, 1778 — Vocabulario Militar 
Espanol, 1760 — Obras Poeticas, 1778 — Tcatro 
Espanol, 1785-8. a Biog. Univ. b Ticknor. 

Huesca, in Spain, (Osca, — [BCj — school 
founded at, by Sertorius, 77 — [AD] — taken by 
Moors, 713 — surrendered to Franks, by Waly 
Hasan, 797 — retaken by Al Hakim, 798 — 
occupied by him, 802 — surrenders to Calib ben 



HUET— HUGO. 



723 



Hafsun, 886 — taken by Sancho Ramirez, king 
of Aragon, 1088 — besieged by king of Aragon, 
who is killed there, 1094 or 1095 — siege re- 
sumed by Pedro I., 1096 — defeat of Moors 
near, 1 8 Nov. — taken by Pedro, 25 Nov. — taken 
by Castilians, 1435 — victory of Carlists near, 
24 May 1837. University of, founded by 
Pedro IV., 1354. 

Huet, Francois, philosopher, — ft. at Villeau, 
(Eure et Loire,) 26 Dec. 18 14 — tf. at Paris, 1 
Jul. 1869. Carte'sianisme, 1843 — Essais sur 
la reforme Catholique, 1856 — (with Bordas-De- 
moulin,) Science de V Esprit, 1864. 

Huet, Paul, painter,' — ft. at Paris, 3 Oct. 
1804 — studies at the Ecole des Beaux- Arts, 
1820-4 — first exhibits at the Salon, 1827 — 
visits Italy, 1839-44 — tf. at Paris, 10 Jan. 
1869. 

Huet, Pierre Daniel, theologian, — ft. at Caen, 
8 Feb. 1630— second tutor to the Dauphin, 
1670 — admitted to French Academy, 1674 — 
takes orders, 1676 — Bp of Avranches, 1689 — 
resigns, 1699 — tf. at Paris, 26 Jan. 1721. 
Edition of Latin Classics In TJsum JDelphini, 
about 1670-90— Demonstrate Evangelica, 1679 
— Censura philosophies Cartesians, 1689 — 
Traite philosophique de la faiblesse de V esprit 
humain, 1738. 

Hufeland, Christoph Wilhelm, physician, 
• — ft. in Saxony, 12 Aug. 1762 — M.D. Gottin- 
gen, 1783 — Prof. Medicine, Jena, 1793 — called 
to Berlin, physician to the king, i8oi, a 1798 b 
— Prof. Pathology, 1809 — Counsellor of State, 
1810 — lj. at Berlin, 25 Aug. 1836. Makro- 
biotik, 1796 — ^TJeber die Natur, Erkenntnissmit- 
tel und Heilart der Skrophelkrankheit, 1795 — 
Geschichte der Gesundheit, 1812 — Enchiridion 
medicum, 1836. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Hugh Capet. [Capet.] 

Hugh the Great, Count of Paris, (the 
Abbe,) — on death of his father, Robert, king of 
France, procures election of Rudolph, Duke of 
Burgundy, to the throne, 923 — on death of 
Rudolph gives crown to Louis d'Outremer, 936 
— marries Hedwig, sister of Otto I., king of 
Germany, 938 — forms a league against Louis, 
939 — seizes Rheims, 940 — defeats Louis near 
Laon, 941 — -peace concluded by mediation of 
Pope Stephen VIII. and William, Duke of 
Normandy, 942 — again at war with Louis, 
946-953 — raises Lothaire to the throne, 954 — 
invested with Duchies of Burgundy and Aqui- 
taine, 954 — exercises chief power in France 
till his death, 16 Jun. 956. 

Hugh, Count of Provence, and King of 
Italy, — on expulsion of Rudolph, accepts 
crown of Italy, and gives County of Provence 
to Boson, beginning 926 — proclaimed at Pavia, 
spring: crowned at Milan, 21 Jul. 926 — sends 
Luitprand, ambassador to Rom anus, Emperor 
of the East, 927 — takes his son Lothaire as 
colleague, 931 — goes to Rome, 931 — marries 
Marozia, 932 — expelled from Rome by her 
son Alberic, 932 — threatens Rome, but is com- 
pelled to retire, 933 — induces Rudolph to re- 
linquish claim to kingdom of Italy by cession 
of part of Provence, 933 — defeats his rival, 
Arnold, Duke of Bavaria, 934 — again fails 



before Rome, and makes peace with Alberic, 
936 — deprives his brother Boson of Tuscany, 
936 — expels Saracens from Provence, 942 — 
bribes Huns to quit Italy, 944 — they return 
and ravage Lombardy, 945 — compelled to ab- 
dicate in favour of Berenger, Marquis of Ivrea, 
945 — returns to Provence, May 946 — tf., 22 or 
24 Apr. 947. 

Hugh. [See Burgundy, Cyprus, and Tus- 
cany.] 

Hugh of Avalon, the Great, Bp of Lincoln, 
— ft., about 1135? — enters priory of Villar- 
benoit, about 1143? — deacon, about 1153 — 
enters the Great Chartreuse, about 1160 — 
procurator of the house, about 11 70 — comes to 
England, and is named prior of Witham by 
Henry II., about 1175 — elected Bp of Lincoln, 
May 1 1 86 — consecrated, 21 Sep. 11 86 — success- 
fully resists demand of Richard I. for military 
aid abroad, Dec. 1197 — his interview with. 
Richard at Roche d'Andeli, Aug. 1 198— goes to 
Normandy again, Feb. 1 199— attends King John 
there, Apr. 1 1 99 — visited by Prince Louis and 
Arthur at Paris, Jun. 1200 — visited by the 
king, Oct. 1200 — tf. in London, 16 Nov. 1200 
— buried in his cathedral of Lincoln, 24 Nov. 

Hugh of St Chers, — enters Dominican 
Order, 1225 — Provincial of France, 1227 — 
again, 1236 — created Cardinal by Innocent IV., 
1244 — attends Council of Lyons, summer 1245 
— legate in Germany, 1250 — tf. at Orvieto, 19 
Mar. 1263. 

Hugh of St Victor, Mystic, — leaves Saxony 
and enters abbey of St Victor, Marseilles, about 
1 1 1 8 — removes soon after to Paris : teaches 
Theology at Paris, from 11 33 — tf. there, 1141. 

Hugh, Count, of Vermandois, the Great, — 
marries Adelaide, heiress of Vermandois, about 
1080 — assumes the cross, early in 1096 — ship- 
Avrecked, and made prisoner by Alexius, Em- 
peror of the East, close of 1096 — takes part in 
capture of Nicsea, May to Jun. 1097 — contributes 
to victories of Doryheum, Jul. 1097 — and of 
Antiooh, Jun. 1098 — returns to France, 1098 — 
again leads an army to the East, 1101 — de- 
feated by Saracens in Asia, Jul. 1101— tf. at 
Tai-sus, 18 Oct. 1 1 01. 

Hughes, Sir Edward, admiral, — Lieutenant 
R.N., 25 Aug. 1740— -serves under Admiral 
Boscawen in expedition against Louisburg, 
1758 — at capture of Quebec, 1759 — Rear- 
admiral, Jan. 1778 — K.B., 1778 — Commander- 
in-chief on East India station, early in 1779 — 
takes Goi-ee, 1779 — Vice-admiral, Sep. 1780 — 
defeats squadron of Hyder Ali at Mangalore, 8 
Dec 1780 — encounters French fleet under 
Admiral Suffrein, 17 Feb. and 12 Apr. 178 1, 8 
Sep. 1782, and 20 Jun. 1783 — Admiral, 1 Feb. 
1793 — tf. in Essex, 17 Jan. 1794. 

Hughes, John, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at 
Marlborough, 1677 — Clerk to Commissions of 
the Peace, 1717—0". in London, 17 Feb. 1720. 
Siege of Damascus, 1720 — Letters, 1773. 

Hugo, Charles Louis, historian, — ft. in Lor- 
raine, 1667 — Abbot of Estival, 1722 — Bp of 
Ptolemais, 1728 — tf. at Estival, 2 Aug. 1739. 
Traite sur Vorigine et la ge'ne'alogie de la maison 
de Lorraine, 17 11 — Annates ordinis Ercemon- 
46* 



7^4 



HUGO— HUILLARD-BREHOLLES. 



stratensis, 1734 — Sacrce antiquitatis monu- 
ment a, 1725. 

Hugo, Gustav, jurist, — fc. in Baden, 23 Nov. 
1764 — studies at Gottingen, 1782-5 — LL.D. 
Halle, 1788 — Prof. Law, Gottingen, 1792 — ft. 
there, 16 Sep. 1844. Lehrbuch des Civilistisch- 
en Cursus, 18 11-22 — Civilistiches Magazin, 
1814-37. 

Hugo, Herman, Jesuit, — b. at Brussels, 1588 
— enters Order of Jesuits, 1605 — tf. at Rhein- 
berg, 11 Sep. 1629. De prima scribendi origine, 
16 1 7 — De militia equestri antiqua et nova, 
1630. 

Hugo, Joseph Leopold Sigishert, general, — 
h. at Nancy, 1774 — -enters the army, 1788 — 
takes part in dissolution of Legislative Body, (18 
Fructidor,) 3 Aug. 1797 — serves under Moreau, 
1799-1801 — Marshal of the Palace to Joseph 
Bonaparte at Naples, 1806 — follows him to 
Spain, 1809 — General of Division, 18 13 — 
governor of Madrid, 181 3 — governor of Thion- 
ville, defends it against the allies, 18 14 — re- 
ceives cross of St Louis, 18 14 — tf. at Paris, 30 
Jan. 1828. 

Hugon, (Hugonet,) Guillaume, Chancellor 
of Burgundy, — negotiates peace between 
Louis XL and Charles the Bold at Bovines, 
1474 — murdered at Ghent, 3 Apr. 1477. 

Hugtenburg. [Huehtenburg.] 

Huguenin, Sulpice, revolutionary leader, — 
fc., about 1750 — assists at taking of Bastille, 1.4 
Jul. 1789 — at attack on the Tuilcries, 20 Jun. 
1792 — drives municipality from Hotel deVille, 
9 Aug. 1792 — as Pres. of Council of the Com- 
mune, proclaims the country in danger, 2 Sep. 
1792 — arrested, 14 Aug. 1793. 

Huguenots, (French Protestants,) — the re- 
formed doctrines preached in France by Lefevre 
d'Etaples and Farel, 152 1-4 — martyrdom of 
Pavanes at Paris, 1524 — Calvin preaches, 1533 
— Edict of Chateaubriand, 155 1 — introduction 
of Inquisition proposed, registration of Edict is 
refused by the parliament, 1557 — assembly of, 
at Paris attacked, and several tried and exe- 
cuted, Sep. 1557 — first national synod at Paris, 
25-29 May 1559 — persecution of, by Prancis 
II., begins with strangling and burning of Anne 
du Bourg, magistrate, 23 Dec. 1559. 

1560: Conspiracy of Amboise, Mar. — name 
comes into use ; Edict of Romorentin, May — 
cause of, supported by Coligny, at Council ex- 
traord. at Fontainebleau, Aug. — attempt to 
seize Lyons, 5 Sep. — meeting of States-General 
at Orleans, 18 Oct. — arrest of Conde, 31 Oct. 

1 56 1 : Anthony, king of Navarre, declares 
himself protector of, early in the year — for- 
bidden to preach by Edict of St Germain, 31 
Jul. — refuse submission and take arms, Aug. — 
Colloquy of Poissy, 9 Sep. 

1562 : public worship permitted to, by Edict 
of St Germain, 17 Jan. — Massacre of Vassy, 1 
Mar. — seize Orleans, 2 Apr. — and many other 
towns : joined by Conde, 1 1 Aug. — English 
auxiliaries under Earl of Warwick occupy 
Havre de Grace, Sep. — lose Rouen, 26 Oct. — 
threaten Paris, Dec. — defeated at battle of 
Dreux, 19 Dec. 

1563: siege of Orleans begins, 6 Feb. — as- 



sassination of Duke of Guise, 18 Feb. — Pacifi- 
cation of Amboise, 19 Mar.— Orleans given up 
to the king : join with Catholics to drive 
English out of Havre, 28 Jul. 

1564 : send a colony to Florida. 

1565 : conferences at Bayonne, May. 

1566 : reconciliation attempted by Edict of 
Roussillon, Feb. 

1567 .: receive succours from Elector Palatine, 
summer — surprise Orleans, 28 Sep. — threaten 
Paris, 25 Oct. — battle of St Denis, 10 Nov. 

1568 : arrival of fresh auxiliaries from Elec- 
tor Palatine, Feb. — association formed at Tou- 
louse against, 12 Mar. — Peace of Lonjumeau, 
27 Mar. — again take arms, Sep. — joined by 
Jeanne d'Albret, Queen of Navarre, at La Ro- 
chelle, Sep. — decree of banishment against 
their ministers, 25 Sep. 

1569: battle of Jarnac, 13 Mar. — joined by 
Henry of Navarre, [Henry IV of France,]— 
combat of Roche-Abeille, 25 Jun. — siege of 
Poitiers, end of Jul. to Sep.— battle of Mon- 
contour, 3 Oct. — lose St Jean d'Angely, 2 Dec. 

1570: ravage the provinces and occupy 
Arnai-le-Duc ; Peace of St Germain, 15 Aug. 

157 1 : negotiations opened by Charles IX. 
with Queen of Navarre and Admiral Coligny, 
spring. 

1572 : their leaders attend marriage of 
Henry of Navarre at Paris, 1 8 Aug. — assas- 
sination of Coligny, 22 Aug. — Massacre of St 
Bartholomew, 24 Aug. 

1573 : s i e g e °f I*a Rochelle, Mar. to Jun. 
— fourth edict of pacification, 6 Jul. — lose 
Sancerre, 19 Aug. — sign confederation at 
Milhau, Dec. 

1574 : formation of third party (Zes Ife'con- 
tents et les Folitiques) : rise in Poitou, the South, 
and Normandy, spring — Henry III. resolves 
to continue the war, in Council at Lyons, Sep. 

1575 : execution 6f Montbrun, 12 Aug. — ■ 
joined by Duke of Alen^on, Sep. — truce for 
six months concluded, 22 Nov. 

1576 : the Duke of Alencon with German 
auxiliaries renews the war, Mar. — joined again 
by king of Navarre : by fifth edict of paci- 
fication, (Peace of Monsieur,) obtain free exer- 
cise of their religion, 14 May — protest against 
States-General at Blois, Dec. 

1577 : Catholic association formed at Peronne, 
15 Feb. — [the League] — Edict of Nantes, 
13 Apr. 1598— toleration confirmed by the Re- 
gent, May 1 6 10 — assembly of, at Rochelle, end 
of 1620 — war with Louis XIII. : Peace of 
Montpellier, confirmation of Edict of Nantes, 
20 Oct. 1622 — renewed war, early in 1625 — 
peace concluded, 5 Feb. 1626 — fall of Ro- 
chelle, 28 Oct. 1628 — Pacification of Nismes, 14 
Jul. 1629 — emigration of, commences, 1666 — 
emigration of, prohibited by royal edict, 1669 — . 
excluded from public offices, 1679 — further 
emigration, 168* — dragonnades in Beam and 
other provinces, 1685 — driven from France by 
Revocation of Edict of Nantes, 1685 — the Re- 
vocation confirmed, 13 Apr. 1698. 

Huillard-Breholles, Jean Louis Alphonse, 

J historian, — b. at Paris, 8 Feb. 1817 — Prof. 

I History, Lycee Charlemagne, 1838-42 — mem- 



HUISSEAU— HUMBOLDT. 



725 



ber of commission on Historical Monuments, 
1839 — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 1854 — 
member of Academy of Inscriptions, Jan. 1869 
• — tf. at Paris, May 1871. Becker ches sur les 
monuments et V histoire des Normands, $•<?., 1844 
— translation of Matthew Paris, 1 840-1 — His- 
toria Diplomatica Frederici Secundi, 1852-9 — 
Vie et correspondance de Pierre de la Vigne, 1 864. 

Huisseau, J. d', theologian, — b., about 1620 
• — tf. in England, before 1690. La Discipline 
des Eglises reformees de France, 1650. 

Hulagu, Mongol Prince, — b., (614, a. h.) 
1 2 17 — receives government of Western Asia 
from his brother Mangou Khan, 125 1 — destroys 
Assassins in Persia, (654,) 1256 — forms siege 
of Baghdad, (loMoharram 656,) 22 Jan. 1258 
■ — the Caliph Mostazem surrenders, (4 Saphar,) 
10 Feb. — pillages and burns the city, 10-16 
Feb. — puts Mostazem to death, (14 Saphar,) 20 
Feb. — takes Damascus, 1258 — takes Aleppo, 
and puts Sultan Naser-Yusuf to death, (658,) 
1260 — receives letter from Pope Alexander IV., 
1260— c\, (19 Eabia II. 663,) Feb. 1265. 

Hull, Kingston-upon-Hull, Yorkshire, — 
purchased and harbour begun by Edward I., 
1296— Mint established at, 1299 — fortifications 
completed, 1326 — Edward III. received at, by 
William de la Pole, 1332 — visited by Henry 
VI., autumn 1448 — assists him with troops, 
Dec. 1460 — the plague rages, 1472, 1476, and 
1478 — made a suffragan see, 1534 — surprised 
by the rebel Hallam, 1536 — visited by Henry 
VIII. and his queen, 1541 — by Lord Eegent 
of Scotland, Oct. 1569 — association to support 
Queen Elizabeth formed at, 1583 — the plague 
again, 1635-8 — magazine of stores formed at, 
1639 — visited by Charles I., 1639 — held for 
the parliament by Sir John Hotham, from Jan. 
1642 — the king is refused admission, 24 Apr. 
1642 — unsuccessfully besieged by Charles I., 
Apr. to Sep. 1642 — besieged by Marquis of 
Newcastle, and successfully defended by Fair- 
fax, 2 Sep. to 11 Oct. 1643 — visited by Duke 
of York, 1663 — threatened by Dutch fleet, 
1667 — fortifications renewed, 1680 — deprived 
of its charters by James II., summer 1688 — 
they are restored by him, Oct. 1688 — Jacobite 
garrison surprised, and Prince of Orange pro- 
claimed, 3-4 Dec. 1688. 

Hullin, Pierre Auguste, Count de, general, 
— b, at Geneva, a at Paris, b 6 Sep. 1758 — Ser- 
jeant in the French Guards, 1780 — takes part 
in capture of the Bastille, 14 Jul. 1789 — distin- 
guishes himself in campaign of Italy, 1796 — 
— commander of Milan, 1797-8 — contributes to 
defence of Genoa, 1799 — sent on secret mission 
to Algiers, Jul. 1802 — General of Division, 
1803,* i8o4 b — Pres. Council of War which 
condemned the Duke d'Enghien, Mar. 1804 — 
Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 1 804 — serves 
in campaign of Austria, commander of Vienna, 
1805 — in campaign of Prussia, commander of 
Berlin, 1806 — Count of the Empire, 1808 — 
military commander of Paris, 1 812-14 — exiled, 
Jul. 1 8 15 to Dec. 1 8 19 — ft. at Paris, 11 Jan. 
1841/ 24 Aug. 1832.° a Biog. Univ. 

b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Conv.-Lex. 

Hiillmann, Karl Dietrich, historian, — b. at 



Erdeborn, (Mansfeld,) 1765 — rector of High 
School at Bonn, 1818 — rj., 12 Mar. 1846. 
Geschichte des TJr sprung s der Stande in Deutsch- 
land, 1806-8 — Stcidtewesen des Mittelalters, 
1825-9 — TTrspriinge der Kirchenverfassung des 
Mittelalters, 1831. 

Hulot, Henri, advocate, — b. at Paris, 1732 
— if., 1775. Cinquante livrcs du Digeste, 1 803-5. 
Kumaita. [Paraguay.] 
Human Sacrifices, — [B C] — abolished at 
Rome, 97 — [ADJ — suppressed in Khondistan 
by British Agency, under Col. John Campbell, 
1837-49. 

• Humane Society, Eoyal, in London, — 
founded by Hawes, 1774. 

Humayun, Mogul Emperor or Hindustan, 
— 3. at Cabul, 1509 — accompanies his father 
Baber into India, 1526 — named Governor of 
Badakshan : succeeds Baber, (937, a. h.) 1530 — 
gives up Punjab to his brother Camran ; quar- 
rels with Bahadur Shah, (940,) 1532 — con- 
quers Guzerat, (Jamadi al awal 941 to Saphar 
942,) Nov. 1534 to Aug. 1535 — loses it, 1535-6 
— marches against Shir Khan, probably (Sa- 
phar 944) Jul. 1537 a — besieges and takes 
Chunar, 1538 a — takes Gour, probably Jun. or 
Jul. 1538 a — loses Chunar, and retreats: sur- 
prised and defeated by Shir Khan, on the 
Ganges, (6 Saphar 946,) 26 Jan. 1539 — a gain 
defeated by Shir Khan at Canouj, (10 Mohar- 
ram 947,) 16 May 1540 — escapes to Camran 
at Lahore, Jul. 1540 — deserted by Camran, 
makes attempt on Scinde, 1540- 1 — finds re- 
fuge at Amercot, 1542 — renews attempt on 
Scinde, Oct. 1542 — retires to Candahar, 1543 
— escapes to Persia, 1544 — with Persian forces 
takes Candahar, Sep. 1545 — takes Cabul, win- 
ter 1545-6 — recovers it from Camran, Apr. 
1547 — invades Balkh, spring 1549 — defeated 
by Camran and deserted by his army, 1550 — 
defeats Camran, and recovers Cabul, 155 1 — 
Camran betrayed to him and blinded, 1553 — 
invades the Punjab, Jan. 1555 — takes Delhi 
and Agra, about Jul. 1555 — U. at Delhi, Jan. 
1556. a Elphinstone. 

Humbert. [Savoy, Dukes of.] 
Humbert, Jean Robert Marie, a (Joseph 
Amable, h ) general, — b, at Rouveroye, Lorraine, 
25 Nov. i755, a 1767 b — enters the army, 1792 — 
General of Brigade, 1793 — leads expedition to 
Ireland, defeats General Lake, takes Castlebar, 
Aug. 1798 — surrenders to Lord Cornwallis, 8 
Sep. — exchanged. Mar. 1799 — serves under 
Leclerc, at St Domingo, 1802— goes to Ame- 
rica, 1804 — If. at New Orleans, 27 Feb. 1823. 

a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

- Humboldt, Friedrich Heinrich Alexander, 
Baron von, naturalist, — b. at Berlin, 14 Sep. 
1769 — studies at Frankfort-on-tbe-Oder, 1787- 
8 — at Gottingen, 1789 — visits the Rhine, Hol- 
land, and England with George Forster, 1790 
—studies mining at Freiburg, 1791 — Mining 
Superintendent at Baireuth, 1792-5 — goes to 
Paris, summer 1798— embarks with Bonpland 
for S. America, Jim. 1799 — returns to Europe, 
Aug. 1804 — visits Italy with Guy-Lussac, 181 8 
— England, 1820— settles at Berlin, 1826 — 
accompanies Bose and Ehrenberg to Siberia 



726 



HUMBOLDT— HUNDRED. 



and the Caspian, 1829 — visits England again, 
1 841 — visits Denmark, 1845 — ft., 6 May 1859. 
Mincralogische Betrachtungen iiber einige Ba- 
salte am Rhein, 1790 — Voyage aux regions 
equinoxiales du nouveau Continent, 1809-25 — 
A.sie Centrale, 1843 — Examen critique de la 
ge'ographie du nouveau Continent, 1835-8 — 
-De distributione geographica plantarum, 18 17 
— Plantes equinoxiales, recueillies au Mexique, 
§c., 1809 — Vues des Cordilleres et monuments 
des peuples indigenes d# V Amerique, 18 10 — 
Kosmos, 1845-58. 

Humboldt, Karl Wilhelxn, Baron von,— 
statesman, philologist, — h. at Potsdam, 22 Jun. 
1767 — studies at Frankfort and Gottingen, 
1788 — marries, Jul. 1791 — visits Italy and 
France, 1797 — Prussian resident at Rome, 
1802 — plenipotentiary, 1806-8 — ambassador to 
Vienna, 18 10— member of Academy of Sciences, 
Berlin, 1810 — plenipotentiary at Chatillon, 
1 8 14 — signs Treaty of Paris, 18 14 — plenipo- 
tentiary at Congress of Vienna, 18 15 — ambas- 
sador to London, 18 16 — Minister and Privy 
Councillor, Berlin, 1 8 1 9— excluded from Minis- 
try and Council of State, Dec. 18 19 — tf., 8 
Apr. 1835. JEsthetische Versuchen, 1799 — 
Priifung der JJntersuchungen iiber die TJrbe- 
wohner Hispaniens vermittelst der Baskischen 
Sprache, 1821 — JJeber die Kawissprache auf 
der Insel Java, 1836-40 — Ideen zu einem Ver- 
such die Grenzen der Wirksamkeit des Staats zu 
bestimmen, 1857 — Briefe an erne Freundin,\%a t ri . 

Hume, Alexander, poet, — fc., about 1560 ? 
— If., 1609. Hymnes, 1599. 

Hume, David, philosopher, historian, — ft. at 
Edinburgh, 26 Apr. 171 1 — visits France, 1734-7 
— goes to London, 1737 — secretary to General 
St Clair, 1746 — accompanies him to Vienna 
and Tmin, 1747 — librarian to Faculty of Ad- 
vocates, Edinburgh, 1752 — accompanies Lord 
Hertford as secretary of embassy to Paris, 1763 
— returns, 1766 — Under-secretary of State, 
1767 — returns to Edinburgh, 1769 — tf. there, 
25 Aug. 1776. Treatise of Human Nature, 
1738 — Essays, 1742-52 — History of England, 
1754-61 — Natural History of Religion, §c, 
1757 — -Inquiry concerning the Principles of 
Morals, 1751 — Political Discourses, 1752. 

Hume, David, Baron of the Exchequer 
in Scotland,— ft. in Scotland, 1756 — tf. at 
Edinburgh, 30 Aug. 1838. Commentaries on 
the Law of Scotland relative to the classification 
and punishment of crimes, 1797. 

Hume, James Deacon, — b. at Newington, 
Surrey, 28 Apr. 1774 — clerk in the Custom 
House, 1790 — settles in London, 1822 — pre- 
pares code of Customs laws, 1823-5 — joint- 
assistant secretary to the Board of Trade, Jul. 
1829 — retires, 1840— tf., 12 Jan. 1842. 

Hume, Joseph, political reformer, — ft. at 
Montrose, 1777 — studies at Edinburgh Univ., 
1793 — member of Coll. of Surgeons, Edinburgh, 
1796 — surgeon in East India Company's 
service, 1797 — Persian interpreter to the army, 
1802-7 — returns from India, 1808 — visits 
Spain and Portugal, 1809-10 — M.P. Wey- 
mouth and Melcombe Regis, 18 12 — M.P. 
Montrose, 1818-30— attends Queen Caroline 



to St Paul's, 29 Nov. 1820 — commences his 
attempts for financial reform, Jun. 1821 — his 
motion for Committee on Irish Church 
negatived, 4 Mar. 1823 — his resolutions on 
state of the nation negatived, 4 May 1826 — > 
M.P. Middlesex, 1830— his proposal of fixed 
duty on imports (corn) rejected, 1 Mar. 1834 — 
obtains Committee on Orange Lodges, Aug. 
1835 — banquet to, at Drury Lane Theatre, 23 
Jan. 1837— M.P. Kilkenny, 1837 — M.P. 
Montrose, 1842-55 — t). at Burnley Hall, 
Norfolk, 20 Feb. 1855. 

Humieres, Louis de Crevant D', Marshal 
of France, — governor of Compiegne, Jun. 
1646 — Lieutenant-general of armies of the 
king, 18 Oct. 1656— has a command at battle 
of the Dunes, Jun. 1658 — distinguishes him- 
self at siege of Dunkirk, 1658 — governor of 
Flanders and Marshal of France, 1668 — takes 
Aire, 1676 — contributes to victory at Cassel, 
Apr. 1677 — takes Ghent, 1678 — Courtrai, 
1683 — sent to compliment James II. on his 
accession, 1685 — Grand Master of Artillery, 
1685 — commands in Flanders, 1689 — defeated 
by Prince de Waldeek, at Walcourt, Aug. 1689 
— Chevalier of the orders of the king, 1 Jan. 
1 69 1 a — at siege of Namur, 1692 — ft. at Ver- 
sailles, 30 Aug. 1694. » jal. 

Hummel, Johann Nepomuk, musical com- 
poser, — ft. at Presburg, 1778 — studies under 
Mozart at Vienna, 1783-85 — visits London, 
1791 — in service of Prince Esterhazy, 1 803-11 
— Chapel-master to Grand Duke of Weimar, 
i8i8, a 1820 b — visits London, i83oandi833 — 
tj. at Weimar, 17 Oct. 1837. 

a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Humphrey. [Gloucester, Duke of.] 

Humphrey, Lawrence, theologian, — ft. at 
Newport-Pagnel, about 1527 — M.A. Oxford, 
1552 — quits England, 1555 — Regius Prof. 
Divinity, Oxford, 156Q — Pres. Magdalen Coll., 
1561 — Dean of Gloucester, 1570 — Dean of 
Winchester, 1580 — &., 1 Feb. 1590. life of 
Bp Jewell, 1573. 

Humphry, Ozias, painter, — ft. at Honiton, 
8 Sep. 1742 — studies in Italy, 1773-7 — A.R.A., 
1779 — visits India, 1785-8 — R.A., 1791 — 3j. 
in London, 9 Mar. 18 10. 

Hunald, Duke of Aquitaine. [Aquitania.] 

Hunauld, Francois Joseph, physician, — 
ft. in Brittany, 24* Feb. 1701 — admitted to 
Academy of Sciences, 1724 — as physician to 
Duke of Richelieu, accompanies him to Vienna, 
1725 — F.R.S. London, 1735 — Prof. Anatomy, 
Jardin des Plantes, 1730 — ft., 15 Oct. 1742. 

Hund, Wiguleus, — ft. in Bavaria, 15 14 — 3j. 
Pres. of Council, at Munich, 1588. Metropolis 
Salisburgensis, 1582 — Bayrisch Stammenbuch, 
1585-6. 

Hundeiker, Johann Peter, — ft. at Laffert, 
Hildesheim, 29 Nov. 1751 — founds school for 
adults, reforms school for children there, about 
1775 — removes to chateau of Vechelde, 1804 
— expelled, 1 8 1 3 — Xl. at Friedstein near 
Dresden, 2 Feb. 1836. 

Hundred, The, division of a shire, — liability 
of, to damages for crimes, regulated by Acts 1 
Geo. I. st. 2, c. 5, 17 14; 9 Geo. I. c. 22, 1722 ; 



HUNDRED DAYS— HUNGARY. 



727 



8 Geo. II. c. 22, 1735 ; 10 Geo. II. c. 32, 1737 ; 
11 Geo. II. c. 22, 1738; and 22 Geo. II. c. 
46, 1749 — former statutes repealed by Acts 7 
and 8 Geo. IV. c. 27, 21 Jim. 1827 — laws con- 
solidated and amended by Act 7 and 8 Geo. IV. 
c. 31,2i Jun. 1827 — further provisions by Acts 
2 and 3 Wm IV. c. 72, 1 Aug. 1832, and 9 and 
10 Vic. c. 99, s. 44, 28 Aug. 1846. 

Hundred Days. [Napoleon I.] 

Hundreders, Hundredors,— impanelling of, 
upon juries, abolished in civil actions, by Act 
4 and, 5 Ann., c. 16, 1705 — and in actions 
on penal statutes, by Act 24 Geo. II. c. 18, 

*75 r - 

Hungarian Revolution, (1848 - 9,) [Kos- 
suth,] — revolt of Sclavonia and Croatia, un- 
der Jellachich, early in Jun. 1848 — Transyl- 
vania unites itself to kingdom of Hungary, Jun. 
— Diet opens at Pesth, 5 Jul. — assembly at 
Vienna refuses to receive Hungarian deputation, 
Sep. — Count Lemberg sent as military com- 
missioner to dissolve the Diet, is assassinated 
at Buda, 28 Sep. — Provisional Government 
established, under Batthyani and Kossuth : 
defeat of Jellachich at Valaneze near Buda, 29 
Sep. — martial law declared by the Emperor, 3 
Oct. — insurrection at Vienna, 6 Oct. — Prince 
Windischgratz commander-in-chief of Imperial 
forces, 16 Oct.— Hungarian army sent to assist 
insurgents of Vienna is defeated, end of Oct. 
— execution of Robert Blum, 9 Nov. — abdica- 
tion of Ferdinand I. in favour of his nephew 
Francis Joseph? 2 Dec. — the Diet proclaims it 
treason to acknowledge allegiance to Emperor, 
8 Dec— occupation of Presburg, by Windisch- 
gratz, 18 Dec. — insurgents defeated by Jel- 
lachich, at Weisselburg, 18 Dec. — by Schlick, 
at Kaschau, 21 Dec. — and at Szikszo, 28 Dec. — 
by army of Jellachich, at Mohr, 29 Dec. 

1 849 : defeated by Gotz, near Thursowka, 
and driven across the Waag, 2 Jan. — capture of 
Buda-Pesth by Windischgratz, 5 Jan. — the 
Diet removed to Debreczin : dissolution of 
Austrian Diet and proclamation of new consti- 
tution, Hungary reduced to a province, 6 Mar. 
— defeat of Austrians at Waitzen, 9 Apr. — 
declaration of independence, by Diet at De- 
breczin, Kossuth named Governor, 14 Apr. — 
defeat of Austrians at Gran, 17 Apr. — siege of 
Koniorn raised: evacuation of Pesth by 
Austrians, Apr. — Russian troops sent to assist 
Austrians, May — meeting of Emperors of 
Austria and Russia at Warsaw, 22 May 
— Russians under Paskiewich enter Hungary, 
17 Jun. — capture of Kronstadt by Gen. Liiders, 
2 1 Jun. — Gorgey defeated by Gen. Wohlgemuth, 
at Szered, 21 Jun. — battle of Eperies, 23 Jun. 
— occupation of Raab by Emperor, 29 Jun. — 
indecisive battle of Acz, 2 Jul. — occupation of 
Debreczin by Russians, 3 Jul. — occupation of 
Ofen by Austrians, bombardment of Pesth, 1 1 
Jul. — defeat of Jellachich at St Thamas, 14 
Jul. — battle of Waitzen, 14-17 Jul.— recapture 
of Kronstadt by Russians and Austrians, 14 
JuL — battle of Komorn, 16 Jul. — capture of 
Hermanstadt by Gen. Liiders, 21 Jul. — battle 
of Miskolcz, 23 Jul. — Bern enters Moldavia, 23 
Jul. — Gen. Liiders defeats Bern at Schassburg, 



(Segesvar,) 31 Jul. — capture of Deoreczin by 
Russians, 2 Aug. — recovery of Raab by Klapka, 
3 Aug. — capture of Szegedin by Haynau, 3 
Aug. — Bern retakes Hermanstadt, 5 Aug. — 
defeat of Bern by Liiders, 6 Aug. — defeat of 
Hungarians by Haynau, at Temeswar, 9 Aug. 

— resignation of Kossuth, dictatorship of 
Gorgey, 11 Aug. — surrender of Gorgey to 
Russians, at Vilagos near Grosswardein, 1 3 Aug. 
— reoccupationofRaab by Austrians, 15 Aug. — 
Hungarian refugees find protection in Turkey, 
Sep.— joint demand of Austria and Russia for 
surrender of refugees is refused by the Porte, 
16 Sep. — surrender of Komorn, 28 Sep. — 
execution of Batthyani, 6 Oct. — Hungarian 
refugees leave Widdin for Schumla, 3 Nov. 

— Russia demands their expulsion, Austria 
their imprisonment, 5 Nov. — British fleet 
enters the Dardanelles, 5 Nov. — refugees 
removed to Konieh, 31 Dec. 

Hungary.. — [Dacia, Pannonia.]— settlement 
of Huns in, 377— conquered by Gepidae, 489 — 
by Lombards, 526 — occupied by Avars, 568 — 
conquered by Charles the Great, 799— invaded 
by Ungri and Magyars under Almus and Arpad, 
888-900 — Duke Geysa, grandson of Arpad, con- 
verted to Christianity, between 97 2-97 — Stephen 
I., son of Geysa, succeeds, 997 — receives title of 
king, 1000 — conquest of Transylvania and 
Bulgaria : Peter, the German, elected, 1038 
— Andrew I., 1047 — Bela I., (brother,) 1061 
— Solomon, (son,) 1063— Geysa I., 1075 — 
Ladislaus I., (brother,) 1077 — acquisition of 
Croatia, (and Dalmatia ?) 1087 — Coloman, 
(son ?) 1095 — passage of crusaders through, 
1096 — Stephen II., (son,) n 14 — Bela II., 
1 131 — acquisition of part of Servia, 11 38 — 
Geysa II., (son,) 1 141 — Stephen III., (son,) 1 161 
— Bela III., (son,) 1174 — division of the king- 
dom into counties ; Emerich, (Henry,) (son,) 
1 196 — Ladislaus II., (III.,) (son,) 12.04 — An- 
drew II., (brother,) 1205 — grant of the Golden 
Bull, 1222 — concordat concluded, 1233 — Bela 
IV., (son,) 1235 — invasion of Tatars, 1241 — 
[Batou Khan]— Stephen IV. (V.,) (son,) 1270 
— takes title of King of Bulgaria ; Ladislaus 
III., (IV.,) (son,) 1272— Andrew III., the Ve- 
netian, 1290— succession disputed by Charles 
Martel of Naples and Albert of Austria, be- 
tween 1290-6 — Charobert, recognized in life- 
time of Andrew, close of 1300— opposed by 
Wenceslaus IV., king of Bohemia, 1301-4 — 
by Otto of Bavaria, 1305-7 — elected, 1307 — 
Louis the Great, (son of Charobert,) 1342 — 
acquisition of whole of Dalmatia, 1357— union 
with Poland, 1370-82 — Maria, (daughter,) 
1382 — Sigismund, (Marquis of Brandenburg, 
consort of Maria, since 1386,) 1392 — Emperor, 
141 1 — Albert of Austria and Elizabeth, 
(daughter of Sigismund,) 1437 — Ladislaus 
IV., (V.,) (king of Poland,) 1440 — Interreg- 
num on his death, 1444 — regency of John 
Huniades, 1445— Ladislaus V., (VI.,) (son of 
Albert,) 1453 — Mathias Corvinus, (son of 
Huniades,) 1458 — Ladislaus VI., (VII.,) king 
of Bohemia, 1490 — devastated by the Peasant 
War: Louis II., (son,) 15 16— conquered by 
Turks, 15 2 1 -6 — election of John Zapolski, 



7* 



HUNGERFORD MARKET— HUNTER. 



Nov. 1526 — Ferdinand I„ Archduke of Austria 
and Emperor, Jan. 1527 — ravaged by Turks 
and almost entirely subjugated, 1541-51 — [See 
names of Emperors of the Romans] — expulsion 
of Turks, 1687 — the crown declared hereditary 
in House of Austria by Emperor Leopold, 31 
Oct. 1687 — delivered from Turkish dominion by 
Treaty of Carlowitz, 1699— independence of 
the kingdom declared, use of Magyar language 
guaranteed by Articles 10, 16, and 17 of Diet, 
1 7 90- 1 — [Hungarian Re volution] — [Austria] 
— dissatisfaction excited by Imperial Rescript of 
16 Jan. 1 86 1 — the Rescript condemned by Gen- 
eral Congress at Pesth, n Feb. — refusal of Em- 
peror to receive address of Diet, and threat of 
dissolution, 30 Jun. — address of Diet received, 
14 Aug. — dissolution of Diet, 22 Aug. — union 
with Transylvania affirmed by Transylvanian 
Diet, 6 Dec. 1865 — Diet opened by Francis 
Joseph at Pesth, 14 Dec. 1865 — Constitution 
restored by Rescript of 17 Feb. 1867 — corona- 
tion of Francis Joseph as King of Hungary, 8 
Jun. 1867 — new army organization provided 
for, by Compromise of Feb. 1868. 

Hungerford Market, London, — opened, 3 
Jul. 1833 — demolished, for Charing Cross Rail- 
way, Apr. 1862. 

Hungerford Suspension Bridge, London, — 
opened, 1 May 1845 — removed, Jul. 1862. 
[Clifton.] 

Huniades, (FTunyady,) John Corvinus, Re- 
gent op Hungary,— fj., about 1400— contri- 
butes to election of Ladislaus, king of Hungary, 
1440 — defeats Amurath II. at Sofia in Bulgaria, 
Sep. 1442 — again at Kunobitza, 24 Dec. 1443 
— distinguishes himself at battle of Varna, 10 
Nov. 1444 — Captain-general, Regent of Hun- 
gary, 16 May 1445— ravages Austrian ter- 
ritories, 1446— defeated by the Turks in Bul- 
garia, 1448 — falls into disgrace with Ladislaus 
V., 1453 — defeats Mahomet II. near Belgrade, 
14 Jul. 1456 — compels him to raise the siege, 
22 Jul. — C". at Zemlin, 10 Sep. 

Huniades, Ladislaus, — assassinates Count 
von Cillei, 11 Nov. 1456 — executed at Buda, 8 
Mar. 1457. 

Huniades, Mathias. [Mathias Corvinus.] 
Huningen, Huningue, in France, — fortified, 
for Louis XIV., by Vauban, 1679-82 — partly 
dismantled at Peace of Ryswick, 1697 — bridge 
destroyed, 1752 — Moreau passes the Rhine at, 
26 Oct. 1796 — capitulates to Imperialists, 2 
Feb. 1797 — passage of Austrians and Bavarians 
over the Rhine at, 17 Dec. 1813 — fortress 
taken by them, 14 Apr. 18 14 — again taken by 
Austrians, 26 Aug. 18 15 — fortifications de- 
stroyed, Oct. 1 815. 

Hunne, {Hun,) Richard, — disputes with a 
parson about a bearing sheet, is sued and im- 
prisoned in the Lollards' Tower, 15 14 — mur- 
dered there, Dec. 15 14 — convicted of heresy by 
B[> of London, 16 Dec. — his body exhumed 
and burnt in Smithfield, 20 Dec. 15 14. 

Hunneric, King op the Vandals, — marries 
Eudocia, daughter of Valentinian III., 462 — 
succeeds his father, Genseric, Jan. 477 — sum- 
mons synod at Carthage, about 20 May 483 — 
publishes ^dic*. against Catholics, 25 Feb. 484 
— U., Dec. 4.84. 



Hunnius, Egidius, theologian, — h. in Wiir- 
temberg, 21 Dec. 1550 — M.A. Tubingen, about 
1567 — Prof. Theology, Marburg, 1576 — Prof. 
Theology, Wittenberg, first preacher of the 
Court, 1592 — superintendent of churches, 1595 
— assists at conference of Ratisbon, 1602 — tf. 
at Wittenberg, 4 Apr. 1603. Works, 1607. 

Huns, Hunni,— [BC] — invade China, about 
200 — the Great Wall built for defence against 
them : their progress checked by Emperor 
Vouti, 141-87 — [AD]— reach the Volga and 
drive the Alani beyond the Don, 93 — expel 
Goths from Dacia, 376 — settle in Hungary, 
377 — with Goths and Alani, defeated by Theo- 
dosius, 17 Nov. 379 — ravage Armenia and the 
East, 395 — invade Illyricum, 441 — under 
Bleda and Attila, devastate Illyricum and 
Thrace, 442 — Bleda slain by Attila, 444 — ex- 
pelled from Hungary by Gepidse, 489 — invade 
Persia, 505 — ravage Armenia, 515 — again, 
532 — in Thrace, Mar. 559 — reach Constanti- 
nople, and are defeated by Belisarius, summer 
559 — retire beyond the Danube, autumn 559. 

Hunt, Henry, politician, — 6. in Wiltshire, 
1773 — offers assistance to government in case 
of invasion, 1801 — unsuccessful candidate for 
Bristol, 18 12 — presides at Reform meetings at 
Westminster, 15 Nov. 18 16 — and at Man- 
chester, 1 6 Aug. 1 8 19 — arrested and imprisoned, 
same day : tried for conspiracy at York, May 
1820 — released from Ilchester gaol, makes 
public entry into London, 4 Nov. 1822 — M.P. 
Preston, 1830 — tf. at Alresford, 13 Feb. 1835. 
Hunt, James Henry Leigh, poet, miscella- 
neous writer, — ft. in Middlesex, 19 Oct. 1784 — 
marries, 1809 — fined and imprisoned with his 
brother for article in the 'Examiner,' 1812-15 
— visits Italy, 1822 — receives pension from the 
government, 1847 — tf. at Putney, 28 Aug. 
1859. Joint editor of the Examiner, 1808 — 
Feast of the Poets, 1*815 — Story of Mimini, 
1816 — Indicator, about 1818 — Companion, 1828 
— Captain Sword and Captain Fen, 1835 — 
Men, Women, and Books, 1847 — The Town, 
1848 — Autobiography, 1850 — Table Talk, 1851 
— Old Court Suburb, 1855. 

Hunt, Thomas, orientalist, — ft., 1696 — M.A. 
Oxford, Oct. 1721— D.D., 1744 — Prof. Arabic, 
Hertford Coll., 1738— F.R.S., 1740— Regius 
Prof. Hebrew, 1747 — tf. at Oxford, 31 Oct. 
1774. Le antiquitate, elegantia, iitilitate 
lingua arabicce, 1739 — Le usu dialectorum 
orientalium, 1748. 

Hunt, William, painter,— %. in London, 
1790 — student at Royal Academy, 1808 — 
member of Water-colour Society, 1827— tf., 10 
Feb. 1864. 

Hunter, Henry, miscellaneous writer, — fj. in 
Perthshire, 1741 — minister of Scotch church in 
London, 177 1 — tf. at Bristol, Oct. 1802. Sacrtd 
Biography, 1783, &c. — translations of Sonnini's 
Travels, 1799 — St Pierre's Studies of Feature, 
1796 — and Lavater's Physiognomy, 1789-98. 

Hunter, John, stirgeon, anatomist, — h. at 
Long Calderwood, near Glasgow, 14 Jul. 1728 
— commences study of Anatomy in London, 
1748 — enters Oxford Univ., 1753 — pupil at St 
George's Hospital, 1754 — lectures on Anatomy, 
1754-9 — Staff-surgeon at Belle-Isle and in the 



HUNTER -HUNTLY. 



729 



Peninsula, 176 1-3 — commences practice in 
London, 1763— F.R.S., 1767— surgeon to St 
George's Hospital, 1768— surgeon to the king, 
1776 — Inspector-general of Hospitals, Surgeon- 
general to the army, 1790 — ft. in London, 16 
Oct. 1793. Natural History of Human Teeth, 
177 1-8 — Treatise on Venereal Disease, 1786 
— Observations on certain parts of the Animal 
Economy, 1786 — Treatise on the Blood, Inflam- 
mation, and Gunshot Wounds, 1794 

Hunter, John, naval commander, — ft. at 
Leith, Sep. 1738 —enters the navy, 1754- — 
serves under Lord Howe in America, 1776 — 
accompanies expedition to found Botany Bay, 
1786 — Governor of New South Wales, 1796- 
180 1 — Bear-admiral, 1807 — Vice-admiral, 
1810— if., 13 Mar. 1821. 

Hunter, John, classical scholar, — ft. in Dum- 
friesshire, 1747 — Prof. Humanity, St Andrews, 
about 1777 — Principal of United Coll., St 
Salvador and St Leonard, 1835 — if. at St 
Andrews, 18 Jan. 1837. Editions of Virgil, 
1799 — Horace, 1797. 

Hunter, William, physician, anatomist, — 
ft. at Long Calderwood, near Glasgow, 23 May 
17 18 — studies at Glasgow Univ., 1732-7 — goes 
to London, 1741 — commences lecturing on 
Anatomy, 1746 — F.R.C.S., 1747 — M.D. Glas- 
gow, 1750 — physician to the Queen, 1764 — 
F.E.S., 1767— F.S.A., 1768— Prof. Anatomy, 
Royal Academy, 1768 — founds his Museum, 
1770 — Pres. of Coll. of Physicians, 17 81 — 
Associate of Academy of Sciences, Paris, 1782 
— if., 30 Mar. 1783. Anatomia uteri humani 
gravidi, 1774. 

Hunter, William, surgeon, orientalist, — ft. 
at Montrose, about 1760 — M.D. Aberdeen, 
Apr. 1777 — enters service of East India Com- 
pany, 17 8 1 — Prof, and Examiner, Coll. of Cal- 
cutta, 1784-94 — Secretary of Asiatic Society, 
1794-1808 — if. in Bengal, 1815. Concise Ac- 
count of Pegu, 1784 — Hindostanee-English 
Dictionary, 1808. 

Huntingdon, — castle built by Edward the 
Elder, about 916 — gives title of Earl to 
Waltheof, son of Siward, about 1070 — entered 
and plundered by Royalists, 1645. 

Huntingdon, David, Earl of. [David I. 
of Scotland, J 

Huntingdon, Francis Hastings, 2nd Earl 
of, • — K.B., 29 May 1533 — succeeds his 
father, 1544 — E.G., 23 Apr. 1549 — commands 
English forces in France, 1550 — suppresses 
insurrection of Duke of Suffolk and takes him 
prisoner, 1553 — if., 23 Jun. 1561. 

Huntingdon, George Hastings, 1st Earl 
of, — Privy Councillor to Henry VIII., attends 
him at sieges of Terouenne and Tournay, 15 13 
— created Earl of Huntingdon, Dec. 1529 — 
sent against insurgents of Lincolnshire, 1536 — 
fc., 24 Mar. 1544. 

Huntingdon, John Holland, Earl of, — 
charged with custody of John Latimer, accuser 
of Duke of Lancaster, murders him, Apr. 1384 
— created Earl, by Richard II., 1387— takes 
part in proceedings against Duke of Gloucester, 
1 397 — created Duke of Exeter, 1397— reduced 
to his former title by Henry IV., and im- 



prisoned, 1399— joins in plot to release Richard 
II. and murder Henry, Jan. 1400 — beheaded 
at Pleshy, 15 or 16 Jan. 1400. 

Huntingdon, Selina, Countess of, — ft., 24 
Aug. 1707 — marries Theophilus, Earl of Hunt- 
ingdon, 1728 — widow, Oct. 1746 — head of 
Calvinistic Methodists, 1770 — if., 17 Jun. 
1791. 

Huntingdon, Theophilus Hastings, 7th 
Earl of, — ft., 1650 — succeeds to the title, Feb. 
1655 — withdraws from party of Monmouth and 
is made Privy Councillor by Charles II., 1683 
— Chief Justice in Eyre of Forests, &c, north 
of Trent, 1684 — deprived of his offices, 1689 — 
excluded from Act of Indemnity, May 1690 — 
sent to the Tower, 1692 — if. in London, 30 
May 1 701. 

Huntington, Kobert, Bp of Raphoe, — ft. 
in Gloucestershire, 1636 — enters Oxford Univ., 
1652— Fellow of Merton Coll., 1658— M.A., 
1663 — chaplain to English factory, Aleppo, 
1670-82 — visits Palestine, 1677 — Egypt, 1680-1 
— D.D., 1683— provost of Trim Coll., Dublin, 
1683-91 — Bp of Raphoe, Aug. 1701 — if. there, 
2 Sep. 1701. 

Huntington, William, 's.s.,' theological 
writer, — ftrnear Cranbrook, 1744 — if. at Tun- 
bridge Wells, 1 81 3. 

Huntly, Alexander Gordon, 1st Earl of, — 
one of the hostages for ransom of James I. of 
Scotland, 1423 — joint commissioner to conclude 
treaty of peace with England, 1437 — created 
Earl of Huntly by James II., 1449 — defeats 
Lord Crawfurd at Brechin, 18 May 1452 — if., 
1470. 

Huntly, Alexander Gordon, Earl of,— 
succeeds to the title, 1507 — commands left 
wing of Scots at Flodden, 15 13 — opposes 
Arran, 151 3-14 — member of Council of 
Regency, 15 16 and 1522 — if., 1524. 

Huntly, George Gordon, Earl of,— suc- 
ceeds to the title, 1470 — Privy Councillor to 
James III., 1484 — to James IV., 1488 — 
Lieutenant of the North, 1491 — Chancellor of 
Scotland, 1498— if., 8 Jun. 1507. a a Crawfurd. 

Huntly, George Gordon, Earl of, — suc- 
ceeds to the title, 1524 — Lieutenant of Scotland, 
1536 — opposes marriage of Queen Mary to 
Prince Edward of England, 1543 — Chancellor 
of Scotland, 1546 — challenges Duke of 
Somerset to single combat, at Musselburgh, 
and is taken prisoner in the battle, 1547 — 
escapes, 1548 — restored to Chancellorship, and 
receives grant of Earldom of Moray, 1548 — 
Lieutenant of the North, makes unsuccessful 
expedition against John of Moydart, is im- 
prisoned and sentenced to exile, 1554 — de- 
prived of Earldoms of Mar and Moray, 1554 — 
rebels, and is killed in combat at Corichie, 28 
Oct. 1563. 

Huntly, George Gordon, Earl of, — 
restored to Earldom, by Queen Mary, and 
made Privy Councillor, 27 Jun. 1566 — supports 
the queen, 1567 — if., May 1576. 

Huntly, George Gordon, Earl and 1st 
Marquis of, — succeeds to the Earldom, 1576 
— heads the Catholic party, 1587 — intrigues 
with Spain, rebels and is imprisoned, 1589 — 



73o 



HUXTLY— HUSSITE WAR. 



kills Earl of Moray, 7 Feb. 1592 — received 
into favour with James YL, 1593 — excom- 
municated by the kirk, Sep. 1593 — act of 
oblivion granted to, Nov. 1593 — defeats Argyle 
at Glenlivat, 1594 — driven from Scotland, 
1595 — becomes a Protestant, spring 1597 — 
created Marquis, 17 Apr. 1599 — reconciled 
with Argyle, 1602 — &., 15 Oct. 1636. 

Huntly. George Gordon, 2nd Marquis of,— 
succeeds to the title, 1636 — supports Eoyalist 
cause in Scotland, 1644 — beheaded, by order of 
Scottish parliament, 30 Mar. 1649. 

Huntly, George, Marquis of. [Gordon, 
Duke of.] 

Hupfeld, Hermann, Hebraist, — rj. at Mar- 
burg, 1796 — studies under Gesenius at Halle, 
1822 — Prof. Extraord. Theology, Marburg, 
1825 — Prof. Theology and Oriental Languages, 
1830— Prof. Theology, Halle, 1842— rj. there, 
24 Apr. 1866. TJeber Begriff und Methode der 
scgenannten biblischen Einlcitung, 1844 — Aus- 
fiihrliche hebraische Grammatik, 1841. 

Huppazoli, Francesco, reputed centenarian, 
— fj. at Casal, Piedmont, 8 Mar. 1587 ? &., 
27 Jan. 1702. 

Hurd, Richard, Bp of 'Worcester, — fc. in 
Staffordshire, 1720 — enters Emmanuel Coll., 
Cambridge, 1733 — M.A. , Fellow of Emmanuel 
Coll., 1742 — takes holy orders, 1744— rector of 
Thurcaston, 1757 — Archdeacon of Gloucester, 
1767— D.D., 1768 — Bp of Lichfield and 
Coventry, 1775 — tutor to Prince of Wales and 
Duke of York, 1776 — Bp of Worcester, 1781 — 
F.R.S. Gottingen, 1781 — declines primacy, 
1783— rj. at Hartlebury, 28 May 1808. Com- 
mentary on Horace's Ars Poetica, 1749 — 
Dialogues, 1758-64 — Introduction to Study of 
the Prophecies, 1772— edition of TFarburton's 
Works, 1788 — Life of Warburton, 1795. 

Hurdis, James, poet, — rj. at Bishopstone, 
Sussex, 1763 — studies at Oxford, 1780 — Fellow 
of Magdalen Coll., 1786 — M.A., 1787 — 
Prof. Poetry, 1793 — D.D., 1797 — rj., 23 Dec. 
1 801. Poems, 1808. 
Hurtado de Mendoza. [Mendoza.] 
Hus, (Huss,) Johann, religious reformer, — 
ti. at Hussinatz, Bohemia, 1369,* 1373 b — 
begins to study writings of Wickliffe, 1391 c — 
M.A. Prague, 1396 — teaches at the Univ., 
1398 — ordained priest, 1400 — Dean of Faculty 
of Philosophy, 15 Oct. 140 1 — commissioned 
by Abp of Prague to investigate alleged mira- 
cles at Wilsnack, 1405— complaints brought 
against him, by the clergy, 1408 — appeals to the 
pope, 1408 — Rector of Univ. of Prague, 1409 
■ — procures decree for redistribution of votes at 
the Univ., Jan. 1409 — renewed complaints 
against him, appeals again to the pope, 1409 — 
bull of Alexander Y. for suppressing Wick- 
liffe's works published at Prague, 9 Mar. 141 o 
— excommunicated by John XXI1L, 18 Jul. 
1410 — cited to Papal Court, sends three 
deputies, 141 o — excommunicated for contu- 
macy, and threat of interdict on any place he 
stayed at, Feb. 141 r — delivers to the Univ. a 
confession of faith, which is accepted as 
orthodox, Sep. 1411— preaches against indul- 
gences, 1411-12 — holds disputation on Papal 



theses, 7 Jun. 141 2 — has the bull burnt: 
again excommunicated, close of 141 2 — quits 
Prague, Dec. 141 2 — returns, 1414 — obtains safe- 
conduct of Emperor Sigismund, Oct. 14 14 — 
sets out for Council of Constance, 21 Oct. d — 
arrives at Constance, 3 Xov. — arrested and 
imprisoned, 28 Nov. — removed to castle of 
Gottlieben, Mar. 141 5 — admitted to hearing 
before the Council, 5, 7, and 8 Jun. — con- 
demned, degraded from priesthood, and burnt, 
6 Jul. 1415. Fifth centenary of his birth cele- 
brated in Bobemia, 1869. JForks, 1869 — 
Letters, &c., 1869. a Some authorities. 

b Others. c Herzog's Encyc. d Milman. 
Hus-Desforges, Pierre Louis, musician, 
composer,— it. at Toulon, 14 Mar. 1773,* 1778 b 
—settles at Paris, about 1825 — a\ at Pont-le- 
Yoy, (Loire-et-cher,) 20 Jan. 1838. Methode 
de Violoncelle, 1828. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Hnskisson, William, statesman, — fj. in 
Worcestershire, 11 Mar. 1770— sent to Paris, 
1783 — present at siege of Bastille, 1789 — 
private secretary to Lord Gower, at Paris, 
1790 — Under-secretary of State for War and 
the Colonies, 1795 — M.P. Morpeth, 1796 — 
M.P. Liskeard, 1804 — Secretary of the 
Treasury, 1804— M.P. Harwich, 1807— M.P. 
Chichester, 18 12 — Chief Commissioner of 
Woods and Forests, 18 14 — member of Com- 
mittee of Finance, 1819 — M.P. Liverpool, 1823 
— Pres. of Board of Trade, Treasurer of the 
Xavy, 1823 — Secretary of State for the 
Colonies, 1827-9 — killed at opening of Liver- 
pool and Manchester Railway, 15 Sep. 1830. 
Huss. [Hus, Johann.] 
Hussars, — name applied to body of troops 
raised by Hungarian magnates, 1458 s1 — 
regiment of, formed in France by Louis XIV., 
1692. b a Brande and Cox's Diet. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. 
Hussein Behader, Abul Ghazi, Sultax of 
Persia, — rj. at Herat, (842, a. h.) 1438-9 — 
on death of Baber retires to Kharisniia, 1457 
— King of Mazanderan, about (863,) 1459 — 
expelled by Abu Said, 146 1 — seizes Herat and 
makes himself master of Rhorasau, (873,) 1469 
— Sultan, Aug. 1470 — defeats Mahmud, son of 
Abu Said, and recovers Balkh, (Moharram 
876,) Jun. 147 1 — besieges Balkh, and takes it, 
(878,) 1473-4 — revolt of his eldest son, (902,) 
1496-7— rj., (16 Dhu'l hajjah 911,) 10 May 
1506. 

Hussein, Shah, Rixg of Persia, — rj. about 
(1086, a. h.) 1675 — succeeds his father Soly- 
man, (1106,) 20 Jul. 1694 — blockaded in 
Ispahan by Afghans under Mir Mahmud, Mar. 
1722 — abdicates, 22 Oct. 1722 — put to death 
by Aschraf, (1142,) 1729. 
' Hussey, Richard. [Vivian, Lord.] 
Hussite War,— [Hus, Johann,] — begins 
with riot at Prague, storming of town-hall, by 
Zizka, 30 Jul. 141 9 — [Zizka] — submission of 
Prague to Emperor Sigismund, Dec. 141 9 — 
capture of Prague by Zizka, Jul. 1420— in- 
vasion of Bohemia by Sigismund, 1420 — 
crusade against Hussites proclaimed by Pope 
Martin Y., 17 Mar. 1420 a — victory of Huss- 



HUTCHESON— HUXHAM. 



73i 



ites over Sigismund on Mount Wittkow, u, b 
14 c Jul. 1420 — battle of \Yysckebrad, 1 Nov. 
1420 — battle of Saaz, 1 Sep. 142 1 — victory of 
Deutschbrod, 18 Jan. 1422 — Articles of Prague 
accepted by Abp, Jan. 1422 — negotiations for 
peace interrupted by deatli of Zizka, Oct. 1424 
—war continued by the two Procops, 1424 — 
rout of Germans at Aussitz, 16 Jun. 1426 — 
flight of crusaders, Jul. and Aug. 1427 — 
defeat of new army of crusaders at Tachau, 
(Taass,) 14 Aug. 143 1 a — schism between 
States of Bohemia and Hussites, respecting 
decree of Council of Basel, granting communion 
in two kinds, 1433 — compaetata of Prague 
concluded, 20 Nov. 1433 d — Hussites defeated 
and Procop the Holy killed, by army of the 
States,. 31 May 1434 — adhesion of Sigismund 
to the Compaetata at Iglau, 5 Jul. 1436 — 
Sigismund enters Prague and is recognized as 
king, 23 Aug. 1436 — the Taborites subdued by 
George Podiebrad disappear, 1453. 

a Milman. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

c Engl. Cye. d Encyc. d. Gens du Monde. 

Hutcheson, Francis, philosopher, — b. in 
Ireland, 8 Aug. 1694 — studies at Glasgow 
Univ., 17 10-16 — Prof. Moral Philosophy, 
Glasgow, LL.D., 1729 — tf. there, 1747. In- 
quiry into Original of Ideas of Beauty and 
Virtue, 1720 — System of Moral Philosophy, 

1755- 

Hutchins, John, topographical antiquary, — 
b. at Bradford-Peverel, 1698 — ft. rector of 
Wareham, 21 Jun. 1773. History and An- 
tiquities of County of I) or set, 1774. 

Hutchins, Thomas, geographer,— -b. in New 
Jersey, about 1730 — imprisoned in England on 
charge of corresponding with Franklin, 1779 — 
geographer-general of United States, about 
1780 — tf. at Pittsburg, 28 Apr. 1789. 

Hutchinson, John, theologian, natural philo- 
sopher, — b. at Spennithorne, Yorkshire, 1674 
— tf., 28 Aug. 1737. Moses's Principia, 
1724-7 — Philosophical and theological Works, 
1748. 

Hutchinson, John Hely. [Donoughmore, 
Earl of.] 

Hutchinson, John, colonel, — b. at Notting- 
ham, 1 6 16 — marries Lucy Apsley, 1638 — 
Lieutenant-colonel in parliamentary army, 1 642 
— governor of Nottingham Castle, 1643 — M.P. 
Nottingham, 1645 — member of High Court of 
Justice for trial of Charles I., 1649 — dismissed 
from offices, retires to Owthorpe, 1660 — arrest- 
ed and imprisoned, Oct. 1663 — tf. at Sandoun 
Castle, 11 Sep. 1664. 

Hutchinson, Lucy, {Apsley,) — b. in the 
Tower, 29 Jan. 1620 — marries Col. Hutchin- 
son, 3 Jul. 1638 — is refused permission to 
attend him in prison, 1664 — widow, 1664, 
life of Colonel Hutchinson, 1806. 

Hutchinson, Thomas, Governor of Mas- 
sachusetts, — b. at Boston, 9 Sep. 17 11 — 
graduates at Harvard Coll., 1727 — Lieutenant- 
governor, 1758-71 — Chief Justice, 1760 — sus- 
pected of favouring the Stamp Act, his house 
attacked by rioters, Aug. 1765 — Governor, 1769 
— comes to England. Jun. 1774 — a", at Bromp- 
ton, 3 Jun. 1780. History of Colony of Mas- 



sachusetts, 1760-7 — Collection of original 
Papers relative to history of the colony, 1769. 

Hutchinson, William, topographical anti- 
quary, — fi., about 1732— tf., 1 814. History 
and Antiquities of County Palatine of Durham, 
1 7 85-7 — History of Cumberland, 1 7 94-8 — View 
of Northumberland, 1778-80. 

Hutta, Elias, — publishes a Polyglott Bible, 
1599- 1600 — tf. at Niimberg, 1603. 

Hutten, Ulrich von, Knight, poet, theolo- 
gian, — b. at Steckelberg, 22 Apr. 1488 — placed 
in monastery of Fulda, 1499 — runs away, 1504 
— studies at Erfurt and Cologne, 1504-5 — re- 
moves to Frankfort Univ., 1506 — wanders 
about Germany, 1508-12 — studies law atPavia 
and Bologna, 15 12- 17 — writes against tyranny 
of Duke Ulrich of Wurternberg, 15 17 — present 
at siege of Pavia, 15 12 — Knt, by Emperor 
Maximilian, and receives laurel crown as Impe- 
rial poet, 15 17 — enters service of Abp of Mentz, 
1518 — becomes friend of Franz von Sickingen, 
and joins Suabian League, 15 19 — supports 
Luther, 1520 — follows Charles Y. to siege of 
Metz, 152 1 — at Basel shunned by Erasmus, 
1522 — refused shelter at Zurich, 1523 — tf. in 
Isle of Ufenau, lake of Zurich, 29 Aug. 1523. 
Triumph us Capnionis, 1515—Ppistola? Obscur- 
orum Viro rum, about 1515-16— Trias Pomaua, 
(Dialogi,) 1520— edits Valla's He f also credita 
et ementita Donatione Constanthd Magni, 15 17. 

Huttich, (Huttichius,) Johann, archaeologist, 
numismatist, — b. at Mentz. about 1480 — canon 
of Strasburg, 1530— tf., 4 Mar. 1544. Collec- 
tanea antiquitatum in urbe atque agro Mogun- 
tino repertarum, 1520 — Vitce Imperatorum cum 
iconibus, 1525. 

Hutton, Charles, mathematician, — ft. at 
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 14 Aug. 1737 — marries, 
1760 — Prof. Mathematics, Royal Military 
Academy, Woolwich, 1773— F.R.S., 10 Nov. 
1774 — foreign secretary, Jan. 1779 — retires 
from the Royal Society, end of 1783 — LL.D., 
Edinburgh, 1779 — retires with pension from 
his Professorship, 1807 — loses his wife, 1817^ — 
tt. in London, • 27 Jan. 1823. Treatise on 
Mensuration, 1770 — Principles of Bridges, 1772 
— Mathematical Tables, 1785 — Tracts, Mathe- 
matical and Philosophical, 1786 and 1812 — 
Mathematical and Philosophical Dictionary, 
1795 — Course of Mathematics, 1798 — (with 
Pearson and Shaw) Abridgment of Philoso- 
phical Transactions, 1809. 

Hutton, James, geologist, natural philoso- 
pher, — b. at Edinburgh, 1726 — studies at the 
University, 1740 — M.D. Leyden, 1749 — tf. at 
Edinburgh, 26 Mar. 1797. Theory of the 
Earth, 1796 — Dissertations on Natural Philo- 
sophy, 1792 — Investigation of the Principles of 
Knoioledge, 1794. 

Hutton, William, miscellaneous writer, — b. 
at Derby, 30 Sep. 1723 — establishes himself as 
bookseller at Birmingham, 1750 — his house 
and villa destroyed by rioters, 1791 — tf. , 20 
Sep. 1 8 15. History of Birmingham, 17 81 — 
Court of Bequests, 1784 — History of Derby, 
1790 — Roman Wall, 1801 — Autobiography, 
1816. 

Huxham, John, physician, — b. atHalberton, 



732 



EUY— HYDEE ALI KHAN. 



Devonshire, 1694 — tf. at Plymouth, 1768. 
Observations de Aere et Morbis Epidemicis, 
1 7 39-70 — Essay on Fevers, 1739 — Ulcerous Sore 
Throat, 1750 — Antimony, 1756. 

Huy, Netherlands, — taken by troops of the 
States-General, 1595 — taken by French under 
Crequi, 1675 — again, by Villeroi, 1693 — re- 
covered by Prince of Orange, 28 Sep. 1694 — 
taken by Marlborough and Coehorn, 26 Jun. 
1703 — by Marshal Yillars, 1705 — retaken by 
Marlborough, Jul. 1705 — fortress demolished, 
17 1 8. Cathedral commenced, 131 1. 

Huydecoper, Balthasar, philologist, poet, — 
b. at Amsterdam, about 1695 — tf. there, 21 
Sep. 1778. Gedichte, 1788 — Proeve van taal- 
en dichtkunde in vrijmoedige aanmerkingen op 
Vondels herscheppingen van Ovidius, 1730. 

Huyghens, Christian, mathematician, as- 
tronomer, — b. at the Hague, 14 Apr. 1629 — 
studies at Ley den, 1645 — at Breda, 1646-8 — 
accompanies Henry, Count of Nassau, to Den- 
mark, 1649 — visits France, 1655, 1660, and 
1663 — applies pendulum to clocks, 1656 — visits 
England, F.E.S., 166 1 and 1663 — discovers 
satellite of Saturn, 25 Mar. 1665 — settles at 
Paris, 1666 — returns to Holland, 1681 — again 
in England, 1689 — tf. at the Hague, 8 Jun. or 
Jul. 1695. Horologium, 1658 — Systema Satur- 
ninum, 1659 — Horologium Oscillatorium, 1673 
— Trait e de la lumiere, 1690 — Cosmotheoros, 
1698 — Opuscula posthuma, 1703. 

Huyghens, Constantine, statesman, poet, — 
b. at the Hague, 1596 — visits England, 16 18 
— again, as secretary to Dutch embassy, Jan. 
to 30 Apr. 1621 — third time, Dec. 1621 — 
translates some of Donne's Poems into Dutch, 
before 1630 — tf., 13 Jan. 1687. Poemata, 1644 
— Gedichte, 1687. 

Huyot, Jean Nicolas, architect, — ft. at 
Paris, 1780 — studies at Some, 1807-13 — sub- 
inspector of government works, 18 13 — visits 
the Levant, 1817-21 — Prof, at School of 
Architecture, 1821 — admitted to Institute, 
1823 — tf. at Paris, 2 Aug. 1840. 

Huysmann, Cornelius, painter, — b. at Ant- 
werp, 1648 — is., 1727. 

Huysmann, Jacob, painter,— it. at Antwerp, 
1656 — tf., 1696. 

Huysum, Jan van, painter,— §. at Amster- 
dam, 1682 — tf., 1749- 

Huzard, Jean Eaptiste, veterinary surgeon, 
— b. at Paris, 1755 — Prof, at School of Elfort, 
1772 — Inspector-general of Veterinary Schools 
of France, 1794 — admitted to Academy of 
Sciences, 1795 — tf. at Paris, 30 Nov. 1839^ 1 
Dec. i838. b Instructions et observations sur 
les maladies des animaux domestiques, 1795. 
a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Hvitfeld, Arnold, Chancellor of Den- 
mark, historian, — b., 1549 — ambassador to 
England, 1597 — to Bremen, 1602 — tf., 13 Dec. 
1609. 

Hwen Thsang, Chinese pilgrim, — travels 
through India, 631-43. 

Hwiid, Andreas Christian, orientalist, — b. 
at Copenhagen, 1749 — studies at Gottingen, 
1777 — Prof, at Univ. of Copenhagen, 1781 — tf-, 



3 May 1788. De vita Cyri major is et minoris, 

1775- 

Hybreas, of Mylasa, — orator, [BC] — ex- 
postulates with Antony against plunder of My- 
lasa, 41 — defends Mylasa against Labienus, 40 
— restored to his borne by Yentidius, 38. 

Hybrilides, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
72, 2,) 491. 

Hydaspes, river of India, — [BC] — reached 
by Alexander, his victory over Porus on the, 

3 2 7- 

Hydatids, — observed and described by Hart- 
mann, 1685 — by Tyson, 1692. 

Hyde, Anne, — b., 1637 — Maid of Honour to 
the Princess of Orange, in 1659 — secretly mar- 
ries James, Duke of York, 3 Sep. 1660 a — in- 
famous charges against her character by Berke- 
ley and others, Sep., Oct. — birth of her son, 22 
Oct. — is publicly acknowledged by James, 24 
Dec. — received into Komish communion, Aug. 
1670 s — tf-, 31 Mar. 167 I. a Lingard. 

Hyde, Edward and Henry. [Clarendon, 
Earls of.] 

Hyde, Lawrence. [Eochester, Earl of.] 

Hyde, Sir Nicholas, Chief Justice of 
England, — b., about 1572? — M.P. Christ- 
church, Hants, 1603 — Lent Eeader at the 
Middle Temple, 1617 — prepares defence of 
Buckingham, 1626 — Knt, early in 1527 — Chief 
Justice of the King's Bench, 5 Feb. 1627 — 
tf. at Hinton Lodge, Hampshire, 25 Aug. 1631. 

Hyde, Thomas, orientalist, — b.atBillingsley, 
Yorkshire, 29 Jun. 1636 — assists Walton in 
editing the Polyglot, 1653 — studies at Oxford, 
1658 — under-librarian of the Bodleian, 1659 — 
prebendary of Salisbury, i66o, a 1666 h — prin- 
cipal librarian of the Bodleian, 1 665-1 701 — 
archdeacon of Gloucester, 1678 — D.D., 1682 — 
Laudian Prof. Arabic, 1691 — Eegius Prof. 
Hebrew, canon of Christchurch, 1697 — tf. at 
Oxford, 18 Jan. 1703. Tabulae Stellarum fix- 
arum ex observatione Ulugh Beighi, 1665 — De 
ludis orientalibus, 1694 — Veterum Persarum et 
Magorum Eeligionis Mistoria, 1700. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Eees' Cyc. 

Hyde Park, London, — becomes Crown pro- 
perty on dissolution of the monasteries, 1535 — 
surveyed, divided, and sold, 1652 — resumed by 
Crown, 1660 — Guards encamp in, 31 Jul. 17 15 
— enlarged by Queen Caroline, the Serpentine 
formed, 1730 — troops encamp in, Jun. 1780 — 
Yolunteers reviewed in, Jun. 1799 — review of 
London Volunteers in, by George III., 26 and 
28 Oct. 1803 — demonstrations against Sunday 
Trading Bill, 24 Jun. and 1 Jul. 1855 — bread 
riots, 14, 21, and 28 Oct. 1855 — review of 
Yolunteers by Queen Victoria, 23 Jun. i860 
— riots in, by Garibaldians and Papists, 28 
Sep. and 5 Oct. 1862 — review, 4 Jul. 1864 — 
riot, attempt of Eeform League to hold meet- 
ing in defiance of Government, 23 Jul. 1866 — 
placed in charge of Metropolitan Police, 1 Apr. 
1867 — Eeform meeting in, prohibited, 1 May 
1867 — prohibition revoked, 4 May — held, 6 
May. 

Hyder Ali Khan, Eegent of Mysore, — 
b. near Bednore, (1131, a. h.) 17 i8-i9, a 
(1129,) 1 7 1 7 b — marries, 1 740 — seizes territories 



HYDERABAD— HYWEL DDA. 



733 



of Bangalore, 1747 — fights with the French 
against Mahrattas, 1750 — distinguishes him- 
self at battle of Trichinopoli, Aug. 1754— de- 
poses Kandih Eao and is chosen raja of Mysore, 
1762 — makes truce of three years with Mahrat- 
tas, 1763 — conquers Maldive Isles, 1764 — seizes 
Calicut, 1765 — carries on war with Nizam of 
the Deccan, 1766 — with the Mzam attacks 
English troops, Sep. 1767— defeated by them 
near Vellore, Dec. 1767 — continues war with 
English, 1768 — invades and plunders the Car- 
natic, Jan. 1769 — marches to Madras, and 
concludes treaty of alliance with English, 4 
Apr. 1 769 — at war with Mahrattas, 1 7 70 to Jul. 
1772 — forms alliance with Mahrattas, and ob- 
tains services of French officers, summer 1780 
— captures detachment of English under Col. 
Baillie, 10 Sep. 1780 — takes Arcot, 31 Oct. 
1780 — defeated by Sir Eyre Coote at Cud- 
dalore, 1 Jun. 178 1 — besieges Tellicherry, and 
is repulsed by Major Abington, 7 Jan. 1782 — 
tJ. at Arcot, a Chitor, b (3 Saphar 1198,) 7 Dec. 
1782. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Hyderabad, in Hindustan, — founded (as 
Bhagnagar) by Mohammed Kuli, king of Gol- 
conda, about 1585 — taken and plundered by 
troops of Aurungzebe, 1686. 

Hydraulic Crane, — invented by Armstrong, 
1846. 

Hydraulic Press,— suggested by Pascal, be- 
fore 1660 — patented by Bramah, 1796. 

Hydraulic Earn, — invented by Montgolfier, 
about 1795. 

Hydrochloric Acid Gas, — discovered by 
Priestley, 1772 — its composition determined by 
Davy, 1 8 10. 

Hydrocyanic Acid, Prussic Acid, — disco- 
vered and investigated by Scheele, 1782 — 
further investigation of, by Berthollet, 1787. 

Hydrogen, — properties of, investigated by 
Cavendish, 1766 — applied to balloons, by Ca- 
vallo and Montgolfier, 1782. 

Hygeia, asteroid, — discovered by De Gas- 
paris, 12 Apr. 1849. 

Hyginus, Bp of Eome, — succeeds Telespho- 
rus, 139 — rj., 142. 

Hyginus, (Higinus,) C. Julius, — [BC] — 
brought to Eome by Julius Caesar, (707, a. u. c.) 
57— fl., about (01. 193,) (745,) 9. 

Hyginus Gromaticus, surveyor, — fl., about 
110-120. 

Hygrometer, — invented by de Saussure, 
about 1783 — de Luc's, about 1786 — Daniell's, 
1819. 

Hyksos {Shepherd Kings). [ Egypt.] 

Hyndford, John Carmichael, Earl of, 
diplomatist, — fi., 1701 — marries, 1732 — suc- 
ceeds to the title, Sep. 1737 — High Commis- 
sioner to the General Assembly of the Kirk, 
1738 — Knt of the Thistle and envoy to Court 
of Frederick the Great, 1742 — envoy to Eussia, 
1744 — contributes to the Peace of Aix-la- 
Chapelle, 1748 — Privy Councillor, 1749 — am- 



bassador to Vienna, 1752 — Lord Vice-admiral 
of Scotland, 1764 — &., 19 Jul. 1767. 

Hypatia, philosopher, mathematician, — mur- 
dered by clergy of Alexandria, Lent 415. 

Hypatius,— Consul of Eome with Patricks, 
(1253, a. u. c.) 500. 

Hypatius, Fl., — Consul of Eome with Fl. 
Eusebius, (1112, a. u. c.) 359. 

Hyperbolos, — [BC] — first mentioned by 
Aristophanes in Acham., 425 — ostracized by 
combination of Midas and Alkibiades, 416-5 — 
murdered by oligarchs of Samos, 411. 

Hyperides, {Hypereides,) orator, — [B C] — fj., 
about 396 — equips a trireme against Eubcea, 
358 — prosecutes Philocrates with Demosthenes, 
346 — proposes desperate measures after Cheer - 
oneia, 338 — accuses Demosthenes, about Har- 
palus, 324 — takes prominent part in Lamian 
war, 323 — put to death by Antipater, 6 Oct. 
322. 

Hypsseus, C. Plautius, — [BC] — Consul of 
Eome with T. Manlius Torquatus, (407, 
A.U.C.) 347. 

Hypsseus, M. Plautius, — [BC] — Consul of 
Eome with M. Fulvius Flaccus, (629, a. u. c.) 
125. 

Hypsicles, mathematician, astronomer, — fl., 
i6o, a not before S5°- b 

a Selden. b A. de Morgan. 

Hyrcanus I., Joannes, — [BC] — High 
Pries r, Prince of the Jews, — with Judas 
his brother defeats Cendebeus, 137 — assumes 
High-priesthood and drives Ptolemy into 
Dagon, 135 — besieged in Jerusalem by An- 
tiochus Sidetes, 134 — accompanies Antiochus 
against Parthia, May 129 s — reduces parts of 
Samaria, and makes alliance with Eome, 129 b « 
— besieges Samaria and destroys it, 109— joins 
Sadducees, 108 c — tf., 106 or beginning 105. 
a Clinton. b Oxf. Tab. c Jahn. 

Hyrcanus II., Joannes, — [BC] — High 
Priest and King of the Jews, — appointed 
High Priest by Alexandra, 78 — succeeds Alex- 
andra as sovereign, 69 — resigns sovereignty to 
Aristobulus, 66 — takes refuge with Aretas, 65 — 
reinstated at Jerusalem by Pompey, 63 — revolt 
of Alexander suppressed by Gabinius, 56, 54 * 
— deprived of sovereignty : revolt of Aristo- 
bulus, 55, 53 a — revolt of Alexander, beginning 
54, 53 a — restored to sovereign power by Julius 
Csesar, 47 — power confirmed by Antony, 42 — 
taken prisoner by Parthians, 40 — returns to 
Jerusalem to Herod's court, 33 a — put to death 
by Herod, 30. a Jahn. 

Hysiee, — [B C] — Argives defeat Spartans at, 
(01. 27, 4,) 66 9 . a a Muller. 

Hywel Dda, {Howell the Good,) Legislator 
of the Kymry, — succeeds his father Cadell as 
Prince of Dinevor, (and of Powis ?) about 910 
— goes to Eome and obtains sanction of Pope 
Anastasius for his code, 926 or 928 — acquires 
Gwynedd on death of Idwal, 943 — tf., 948 or 
95°. 



734 



IALYSOS— IBYCUS. 



I 



Ialysos, in Rhodes, — [B C] — Damagetos last 
king of the Eratidse, about 650,* 668. b 
a Smith's Diet. b Muller. 

Iambic Verse, — [BC] — originated by Ar- 
chilochus, about 670. 

Iamblichus, of Chalets, Neo-platonic philo- 
sopher, — ft., 309~329. a a Clinton. 

Ianthe, asteroid, — discovered by Peters, 18 
Apr. 1868. 

Ibarra, Joachim, printer, — ft. at Saragossa, 
11 Jul. 1726— tf. at Madrid, 23 Nov. 1785. 
Translation of Sallust, 1772 — edition of Don 
Quixote, 1780. 

Ibas, Bp of Edessa, — succeeds Babulas, 
435 — defends Theodore of Mopsuestia ; ab- 
solved from suspicion of Nestorianism by 
Councils of Tyre and Berytus, Feb. 449 — con- 
demned by Council of Ephesus, deposed and 
imprisoned, Aug. 449— reinstated by Council 
of Chalcedon, 451 — tf., 457 — his letter on 
Nestorianism condemned by Council of Con- 
stantinople, 553- a a Neander. 

Iberia, {Georgia,) — [BC] — invaded by Pom- 
pey, 65 — [AD] — Christianity introduced, about 
270-310 — made a province of Persia by Sapor 
II., 365-6 — subject to Caliphs of Baghdad, 
about 700. [Georgia.] 

Ibn-al-Atsyr, Abul Hassan Ali, (^22- 
Eddin,) historian,— -b. in Mesopotamia, about 
1 1 60 — fr. at Mosul, about 1233. 

Ibn-al-Khatib, Mohammed ben Ahmed, 
historian, — h. at Granada, 1313 — tJ., (776, 

a. h.) 1374. 

Ibn Batuta, of Tangiers, traveller, — fl. , 
1340-50 — at Delhi, 1341. 

Ibn-Cotaibah, Abu Mohammed Abdallah, 
philologist,— h. at Baghdad, (213, a. h.) 829 — 
ft., (276,) 890. 

Ibn-Doreid, Abubekr Mohammed, poet, — 

b. at Bassorah, (223, a. h.) 838— rj. at Bagh- 
dad, (321,) 933. 

Ibn-Junis, Ali ben Abdelrahman, astro- 
nomer, poet, — b. at Cairo, (369, a. h.) 979 — 
applies pendulum to measurement of time, 
about 1000 a —tf., (399,) 1008. 

a Young and Humboldt. 

Ibn-Khaldun, Waly Eddin Abu Zeid Abd- 
alrahman, historian, philologist, — b. at Tunis, 
(732, a. 11.) 1332 — in the service of General 
Mohammed, (7-49,) 1348 — settles in Egypt, 
(784,) 1382— chief cadi, (786,) 1384 — again, 
(803,) 1400— rj. at Cairo, (808,) 1406. 

Ibn-Khilcan, Shems Eddin Abul Abbas 
Ahmed, historian, — b. at Arbel, (608, a. h.) 
12 r 1 — fo. chief cadi at Damascus, (681,) 
1282. 

Ibrahim, Caliph, — succeeds his brother 
Yezid 111., (20 Dhul hadja 126, a. h.) 5 Oct. 
744. — deposed by Menvan, (early in 127,) Nov. 



744 — recognized as Imaum by party of the 
Abassides, (129,) 746 — goes on pilgrimage to 
Mecca, captured by partisans of Merwan and 
put to death, (130,) 747 a — rj., (132,) 750.* 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Some authorities. 

Ibrahim, Sultan of the Ottomans, — b., 
about 161 3 — imprisoned, 1636 — succeeds his 
brother Amurath IV., (Schoual 1049, a. h.) 
Eeb. 1640 — besieges and takes Azof from Cos- 
sacks, (1051,) 1641 — declares war on Venetians, 
(1055,) 1645 — invasion of Candia, (Babia II. 
1055,) May 1645 — deposed and strangled, (28 
Bedgeb 1059,) 28 Jul. 1649^ 17 Aug. 1648. 15 

a Cantimir. b Ricaut and Hist. Univ. 

Ibrahim. [Ghazni, Dynasty of-] 

Ibrahim Lodi, Emperor op Delhi, — suc- 
ceeds his father, Secander, 15 17 — subdues and 
puts to death his brother Juanpur, 15 18 — in- 
vasion of Baber, 1524— second invasion, Dec. 
1525 — defeated and killed at Panipat, 21 Apr. 
1526. a a Elphinstone. 

Ibrahim Bey, Chiee of the Mamelukes, 
— b. in Circa ssia, about 1735 — made governor 
of Cairo by Mohammed Abu Dahab, 1776 — on 
death of Mohammed shares power with Mourad 
Bey, Jun. 1776 — on occupation of Cairo by 
Napoleon, retires to Syria, 1798 — attempts to 
raise siege of El Arisch and is defeated by 
Kleber and Begnier, 7 Feb. 1799 — takes part 
in battle of Heliopolis, 1800 — with Nassouf 
Pacha surprises Cairo, 1800 — capitulates to 
Kleber, and evacuates * Cairo, 25 Apr. 1800 — 
proposes submission to Napoleon, 1802 — tf. at 
Dongola in Nubia, Aug. 1 8 1 6. 

Ibrahim Pacha, Viceroy of Egypt, — b. in 
Albania, 1789 — generalissimo of Egyptian 
army, by Mehemet Ali, commands expedition 
against Wahabees, 18 16-19 — sent against 
Greek insurgents, 1824 — takes Navarino, Feb. 
1825 — repulsed at Nauplia by Ypsilanti: be- 
gins siege of Missolonghi, Dec. 1825 — battle 
of Navarino, 1828 — blockaded in the Morea 
by the allies, 1828 — capitulates, and evacuates 
Greece, 16 Sep. 1828 — undertakes conquest of 
Syria, Oct. 1831 — storms Acre, May 1832 — 
defeats army of the Sultan at Konieh, 20 Dec. 
1832 — Treaty of Kutayeh, 14 May 1833 — 
defeats army of Mahmoud II. at Nezib, 24 
Jun. 1839 — is compelled by English inter- 
vention to give up Syria to the Sultan, Nov. 
1 840 — visits England and France, 1 846 — suc- 
ceeds his father, Mehemet Ali, as Viceroy, 1 
Sep. 1848 — tf. at Cairo, 9 Nov. 1848. 

Ibrahim-El-Halepy, jurist,- — b. at Aleppo, 
about 1456— If., (956, a. h.) 1549. 

Ibrahim Effendi, — establishes printing-press 
in Turkey, about 1726 — tf., 1744. 

Ibrail. [Brailow.] 

Ibycus, legendary poet, — [B C] — fl. at court 



ICAROS— ICTINUS. 



735 



of Polycrates of Samos, about (01. 60) 540,* 
539, b 544- c 

a Smith's Diet. b Hieron. c Cyril. 

Icaros, island, — [B Cj — colonized from 
Miletus, about 750. 

Ice, Regelation of,— observed by Faraday, 
1850 — investigated by Tyndall, 1856 — by 
Thomson, 1857. 

Iceland, —discovered by Norwegians, about 
860 — Norwegian settlement at Reykjavik, 874 
— introduction of Christianity by Olaf Tryggva- 
son, king of Norway, 995-1000 — Roman alpha- 
bet adopted by Bp Islief, 1057 — formation of the 
Gragas, (code of' Laws,) 11 20 — becomes sub- 
ject to Haco, king of Norway, 1264 — with Nor- 
way, subject to Denmark, 1387 — printing in- 
troduced, about 1529 — Lutheran Reformation, 
1550 — famine, 1784-5 — abolition of the Al- 
thing, 1800 — reorganized by decree of 8 Mar. 
1843— visited by Hooker, 1809 — by Mackenzie, 
1 8 10 — by Henderson, 18 14- 15 — by Barrow, 
^34 — by Baring-Gould, 1 86 1 — dissolution of 
the Althing, new form of government estab- 
lished, summer, 1871. 

Iceni, British tribe, — defeated by Ostorius, 
50— oppressed by Catus Decianus, revolt under 
Boadicea, and capture many Roman posts, 61 — 
defeated by Suetonius near London, 61. 

Icilius, I., — [B C] — tribunus plebis, obtains 
assignment of Aveutine to the plebs, 456 — 
again tribune, 455 — excites revolt of army 
against Decemvirs, in affair of Virginia, 449. 

Icilius, Sp. , — [B C] — one of the plebeian 
envoys from Mons Sacer, 494 — tribunus plebis, 
492-481 ? 471 — sedile, 491. 

Icolmkill. [Iona.] 

Iconium, \Konieh,) Sultans or, — con- 
quered by Seljukides, and made seat of kingdom 
by Solyman, first Sultan, (467, a. h.) 1074 — 
he invades Syria and takes Antioch and 
Laodicea, (477,) 1084 — refuses tribute to 
Emir of Aleppo and makes war on him, is 
defeated and kills himself, 1085 — interregnum, 
1085-92 — Kilidsch Arslan I., 1092— Saisan, 
(Male ic shah,) (son,) (500,) 1107 — war with 
Alexis Comnenus, 1 107-16 — deposed and 
blinded by his brother Masotjd L, who suc- 
ceeds him, (oil,) 1 1 17 — treaty of peace with 
Emperor Manuel, 1143 — war renewed, 1145 — ■ 
again makes peace, and forms alliance with 
Manuel against crusaders, 1147 — Kilidsch 
Arslan II., 1155 — Gajazeddin Kaikhosrotj 
I., (son,) (588,) 1 1 92 — deprived by his brother 
Rokneddin, 1200 — takes refuge with Alexis 
Angelus, and is baptized ; accompanies Alexis 
in flight from Constantinople, 1204 — on death 
of Rokneddin recovers the throne, (602,) 1205 
— seizes Attalia, (607,) 1210 — with Alexis 
makes war on Theodore Lascaris, and is killed, 
1210 — Azzeddin Kaikaous, (son,) 1210 — 
captures and puts to death Togrul Shah, 
Sultan of Erzeroum, 121 3 — Alaeddin Kaiko- 
bad, (brother,) (616,) 1219 — makes conquests 
in Georgia, Armenia, and Mesopotamia : 
Gregory IX. writes to him, 1235 — besieges 
Tarsus, 1237 — a", there, (Schoual 634.) Mayor 
Jun. 1737 — Gajazeddin Kaikhosuou II., 



(son,) 1237 — his kingdom invaded by Mongols, 
1241 — becomes tributary to them, (642,) 1244-5 
— Azzeddin Kaikaous II., (son,) 1244-5 — 
deposed by Khan of Mongols in favour of his 
brother Rokneddin, (645,) 1247 — defeats 
Rokneddin and recovers kingdom, 1254 — 
Rokneddin restored by Hulagu, 1255 — war 
between the brothers : seeks refuge with 
Michael Paloeologus who gives him up to 
Mongols, (659,) 1261 — (ft. at Kaptchak, 1278) ' 
— Rokneddin alone, 1261 — strangled by 
order of Mongol governor, (666,) 1267 — ■ 
Gajazeddin Kaikhosrou III., (son,) fc., 
1263-7 — put to death by Ahmed Khan, (682,) 
1283 — Gajazeddin Masoud II., (son of 
Kaikaous,) 1283 — killed in battle with one of 
his Emirs, (693,) 1294 — the Sultanate dis- 
membered. [Konieh.] 

Iconoclasts, {Image-breakers,) — excite atten- 
tion in the East, soon after 700 — supported by 
edict of Emperor Leo III., before Sep. 726 !l 
— revolt excited in Greece by execution of 
edict, 726 — revolt of Italy against Leo, 728 
et seq. — denounced by Gregory II. in letters to 
Leo, 726, a 729^ 730° — edict of Council of 
Constantinople and deposition of Patriarch 
Germanus for refusing to subscribe edict, Jan. 
730 — denounced by Gregory III. ; his envoy, 
Priest George, seized and imprisoned in Sicily, 
by officers of Leo, 731— Council of Rome 
against Priest George, 731 — -excommunicated 
by second Council of Rome, Nov. 732 — second 
envoy of Gregory to Leo imprisoned in Sicily, 
732 — his tbird envoy reaches Constantinople, 
and delivers letter ; fleet sent by Leo to Italy 
is destroyed by storm, 732-3 — opposed by 
John Damascenus, 732 e — appeal of pope and 
prelates of Italy to Emperor against, 733 e — 
supported by Constantine Copronymus, who 
begins persecution of image-worshippers, 752 — 
Council of Constantinople, in support of, Feb. to 
Aug. 754 — condemned by Pope Stephen IV. at 
Lateran Council, 769 s — persecution of Catholics 
by Leo. IV., 780— reestablishment of image- 
worship by Empress Irene, 780 — unsuccessful 
attempt to hold Council against, at Constanti- 
nople, 786 — anathematized, and image-worship 
reestablished by second Council of Nicsea, 787 
— publication of the Libri Carolini, 790 f — ■ 
supported by Council of Frankfort, 794 — 
denounced by Council of Constantinople, about 
Christmas 814- — supported by Emperor Leo 
V., and by Council of Constantinople, Apr. 
815 — proposal for reconciliation by Michael 
the Drunkard fails, 821 — censure of both 
parties by Councils of Paris, Nov. 825, a and 
Aix-la-Chapelle, Dec. 825 a — supported by 
Emperor Theopnilus at Council of Constanti- 
nople, 829 — final establishment of images under 
Regency of Theodora, by Council of Constanti- 
nople, 19 Feb. 842 — anathematized by Council 
of Constantinople, 869, 870.* 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Muratori. 

c Pagi. d Baronius. e Dufresnoy. 

f Gibbon. ? Herzog. 

Ictinus, architect, — [BC] — completes the 
Parthenon, 438 — completes Phigalian temple, 
about 431. 



73 6 



IDA— ILLUS. 



Ida, Angle, — founds kingdom of Nor thumbria, 
547 — tf., 56o. a a A.S. Chron. 

Idatius, chronicler, — ft. in Spain, about 395 ? 
— sees Jerome, 407 a — Bp of Lemica in Gal- 
laecia, 427 a — captured by Suevi, 26 Jul. 460 a 
— released, Nov. 460 a — living, 469^ 
a Clinton. 

Idatius, Bp of Emerita, — takes part in 
persecution of Priscillian, 380-385. 

Ideler, Christian Ludwig, chronologist, — ft. 
near Perleberg, 21 Sep. 1766 — tutor to Princes 
William Frederick and Charles, of Prussia, 
1816-22 — Prof, at Berlin Univ., 1821 — 
foreign member of French Institute, 1839 — if., 
10 Aug. 1846. Historischen TJntersuchungen 
iiber die astronomischen Beobachtungen der 
Alien, 1806 — Untersuchung iiber den TJr sprung 
und die Bedeutung der Sternnamen, 1809 — 
Eandbuch der mathematischen und technischen 
Chronologie, 1825-6 — Die Zeitrechnung der 
Cliinesen, 1839. 

Ideler, Julius Ludwig, — ft. at Berlin, 3 
Sep. 1809— tf. there, 17 Jul. 1842. Meteoro- 
logies veterum Grcecorum et Romanorum, 1832 
— Aristotelis Meteorologia, 1834-6 — Fsalterium 
Copticum, 1837 — Hermapion, 1841. 

Ides, Everard Isbrand, traveller, — ft. in 
Holstein, about 1660 — sent as Russian ambas- 
sador to China, 1692-4 — ft. in Russia, about 
1700. Journey from Moscow to China, 1704. 

Idiots, Asylum for,— established in London, 
1847 — incorporated by Royal Charter, 1862. 

Idomeneus, of Lampsacus, Epicurean philo- 
sopher, — [BC] — fl., 310-270. 

Idria, in Austria, — quicksilver mines dis- 
covered, 1497. 

Idstadt, in Denmark, — defeat of Schleswig- 
Holsteiners by the Danes, 25 Jul. 1850. 

Idumeea, (Edom,) — [BC] — subjected by 
Chedorlaomer of Elam, about 1925 a — by 
descendants of Esau, about 1700 a — by David, 
about 1040 a — revolts against Judah, after 
spring 889 a — recovered by Uzziah, about 
810 a — made independent by Rezin of Syria, 
741 a — joins Nebuchadnezzar against Judah, 
590 a — subdued by John Hyrcanus, about 125 b 
— Antipater, prefect, made procurator of Judaea, 
48— [AD] — joins in defence of Jerusalem 
against Titus, 70 — visited by Burckhardt, 18 12. 
a Ussher. b Bib. Cyc. 

Iffland, August "Wilhelm, dramatist,— ft. 
at Hanover, 1759 — makes his debut at Gotha, 
1777 — director of theatre, Berlin, 1796 — director 
of court plays, x8n — tf. there, 20 Sep. 1814. 
Werhe, 1798. 

Iglau, in Moravia, — Treaty of, by which 
the Emperor Sigismund accepts the Compacts 
of Prague and is acknowledged King of 
Bohemia, concluded, 5 Jul. 1436— assembly of 
Catholic States at, 1467. 

Iglesias de la Casa, Jose, poet, — ft. at 
Salamanca, about 1753 — tf.. 26 Aug. 1791. 
Foesias, 1798. 

Ignarra, Niccolo, antiquary, — ft. near 
Naples, 21 Sep. 1728 — admitted to Academy 
of Herculaneum, 1755— Prof. Exegesis, Univ. 
of Naples, 1763 — director of royal printing- 
press, 1782 — tutor to Prince Francis, 1784 — j 



canon of Naples, 1794 — tf. there, 6 Aug. 1808. 
De palcestra Neapolitana, 1770 — Doctissimi 
Mazzochi vita, 1778 — Opuscula, 1807. 

Ignatius, St., of Antioch, Apostolic Father, 
— Bp of Antioch, 69-70 a — thrown to the lions, 
there, 20 Dec. ii5, a 107. b Epistle to Romans, 
23 Aug. 115 a — controversy respecting Syriac 
version of his Epistles begins, 1845. 

a Clinton. b Some authorities. 

Ignatius, St, (JVicetas,) Patriarch of Con- 
stantinople, — ft., about 799 — commander of 
Lifeguards, 8 1 2 — becomes a monk, 8 1 3 — Patri- 
arch, 846-7 — excommunicates Bardas and is 
exiled, 857 — [Photius] — reinstatedby Emperor 
Basilius, 867— tf., 23 Oct. 878. 

Ignatius Loyola. [Loyola.] 

Ignorantines, Congregation of, — established 
in France by Abbe dela Salle, 1724 — suppress- 
ed, 1789 — reestablished by Napoleon, 1806. 

Igor. [Russia, Dukes op.] 

Ihre, Johan, philologist, — ft. in Sweden, 3 
Mar. 1707 — visits Oxford, London, and Paris, 
1730-3 — Skythian Prof. Polite Literature and 
Political Science, 1738 — Kntof the Polar Star, 
1759 — tf., Nov. or Dec. 1780. Glossarium 
Siciogothicum, 1769 — Svenkst Dialect-Lexicon, 
1766 — TJlphilas illustratus, 1752-5. 

Iken, Conrad, theologian, orientalist, — ft. at 
Bremen, 1689 — D.D.Utrecht, pastor, Prof. 
Theology and Oriental Languages, Bremen, 
1720— tf. at Bremen, 30 Jun. 1753. Antiqui- 
tates hebraicce, 1732 — Thesaurus novus theolo- 
gico-philologicus, 1732. 

Ikshidites, Saracen Dynasty of, — rule in 
Syria and Egypt, 934-968^ a Gibbon. 

Ilaulph, Gothic military commander, — quits 
service of Belisarius, joins Totilas, and reduces 
Dalmatia, 549. 

Ildefonso, St, in Castile, — Palace of, built by 
Philip V., 1700-20 — Treaty of, alliance be- 
tween France and Spain, signed 19 Aug. 1796 
— its terms altered by Convention of 19 Oct. 
1803. 

Ilderim. [Bajazet I.] 

Ilergetes, of Spain, — [BC] — conquered by 
L. Manlius Acidinus, between 206-199. 

Illiberis. [Elvira.] 

Illiger, Johann Karl Wilhelm, naturalist, 
— ft. at Brunswick, 19 Nov. 1775 — studies at 
Helmstadt, 1799-1802 — tf., 10 May 1813. 
Versuche einer systematischen Terminologie des 
Thierreichs und Fflanzenreichs, 1800 — Maga- 
zin fiir Insehtenhunde, 1802-7 — Frodromus 
systematis Mammalium et Avium, 1 8 r 1 . 

Illinois, U. S., — territory discovered by 
French, 1670 — settlements in, 1673 — ceded to 
English, 1763 — ceded by Virginia to United 
States, 1787 — admitted as State of the Union, 
3 Dec. 1818. 

Illuminati, Society of the, — founded by 
"Weishaupt in Bavaria, 1 May 1776 — suppress- 
ed, by edicts of 22 Jun. 1784 and 2 Mar. 1785. 

Illus, (Ellus, Myllus,) general, — holds office 
under Emperor Leo I., between 457-472 — 
joins in expulsion of Emperor Zeno, 475 — with 
his brother Trocondus joins Zeno, Jul. 477 — 
appointed consul alone, 478 — puts down con- 
spiracy of Marcian, 479 — proclaims Leontius 



ILLYRIA— INA. 



737 



Emperor, 484 — defeated near Seleucia, 484 — 
blockaded, in Papyrius, near Tarsus, 484-8 — 
put to death, 488. 

Illyria, {Illyricum, Illyris,) Illyrians, — 
[BC] — invade Macedonia and expel Amyntas 
II., soon after 394 a — Bardylis, king of, de- 
feated and killed by Philip of Macedonia, 359 
— Cleitus, his son, revolts from Alexander and 
is subdued, 335 — regains independence after 
death of Alexander, 323 — Teuta becomes 
queen on death of ber husband Agron, 231 — 
invaded by Romans, 229 — siege of Issa, 229 — 
naval victory of Fulvius, 22 Jun. 229 b — con- 
clude treaty with Rome, 229 — greater part of, 
given by Rome to Demetrius Pharius, 228 c 
— defeat and expulsion of Demetrius by L. 
JEmilius Paullus, 219 c — Scerdelaides, 211- 
204? — Pleuratus, his son, about 204-180 — 
invasion of Perseus, 169 b — Gentius, conquer- 
ed by Romans, about 168-7 — Roman province, 
168-7 — Csesar carries on war in, 35-34 b — [A.D] 
■ — war with Rome renewed, 7 b — reduced, 9 b 
— invaded by Quadi and Sarmatee, 374— forms 
part of Eastern Empire, 476— invaded by 
Sclavonians, 547 — [Croatia, Dalmatia.] 

a Thirhvall. b Clinton. c Smith's Diet. 

Illyria, Kingdom of [Illyrian Provinces.] 

Illyrian Provinces, — seized and so named 
by decree of Napoleon, 14 Oct. 1809 — recover- 
ed and united as kingdom of Illyria to Austrian 
empire, 1813 — ceded to Austria by Congress of 
Vienna, 18 15 — subdivided into Duchies and 
Counties, 1849. 

Imad-Eddin, Mohammed, (El-Kateb,) his- 
torian, — b. at Ispahan, (519, a. h.) 1 125— is 
successively secretary to Noureddin and Saladin : 
5j. at Damascus, (597,) 1201. 

Imad ed Doulah, (Abul Hassan Ali ben 
Bouyah,) founder of dynasty of the Bowides 
{Deilemites,) — fj., about (281, A. h.) 904— con- 
quers Schiraz and province of Fars, (322,) 932 
— tr., (G-uimadha I. 338,) Nov. 949. 

Images, Image Worship, — introduction 
of, into Christian churches, condemned by 
Council of Illiberis, (Elvira,) between 300-305 
--destruction of, enjoined by Caliph Yezid II., 
723. [Iconoclasts. J In Germany, denounced 
by Carlstadt, 1522. In Switzerland, denounced 
by Zwingle, and removed from churches of 
Zurich, 1523. In England, removal of, ordered 
by Act 3 and 4 Edw. YI. c. 10, 1549. In 
Austria, prohibited by Joseph II. , about 1782. 

Imhert, Barthelemi, poet, — b. at Nismes, 
1747 — tf. at Paris, 23 Aug. 1790. (Euvres 
poetiques, 1777. 

Imbonati, Carlo Giuseppe, Cistercian, — b. 
at Milan, about 1650 — tf. at Rome, 19 Oct. 
1687,* after i696. b Bibliotheca latino -hebraica, 
1694^ 1696. b a Biog. Univ. b Ncmv. Biog. Gen. 

Imeritia, Circassia, — detached from kingdom 
of Georgia, becomes independent, soon after 
1400 — Salomon I. proclaimed King, 1745 — 
throws off yoke of the Turks, and is dethroned : 
restored by Russia, 1769 — his successor David 
dethroned and succeeded by Salomon II., 
1793 — he owns allegiance to Russia : abdicates 
in favour of Russia, and the province is incor- 
porated with Russia, 1810. 



Imhof, Jacob Wilhelm, genealogist, — b. at 
Nurnberg, 1651 — rj. there, 20 Dec. 1728. 
Notitia S. R. I. G. procerum tarn ecclesiast. 
quam secular, historico-heraldico-genealogica, 
1684 — Excellentium in Gallia familiarum gene- 
alogice, 1687 — Begum pariumque Magnce 
Britannice historia genealogica, 1690. 

Immaculate Conception. [Conception.] 

Immermann, Karl Lebrecht, dramatist, 
novelist, — b. at Magdeburg, 24 Apr. 1796 — 
studies at Halle, 18 13— rj. at Diisseldorf, 
25 Aug. 1840. Gesammelte Sehriften, 1834-43. 

Imola, Innocenzio da, painter, — b. atlmola, 
1494,* 1490° — pupil of Francia, 151 r, a 1506 b 
— fr. at Bologna, about i55o, a 1542.° Altar- 
piece, Gallery of Bologna, 15 17 ab — Altar-piece, 
Faenza, 1526 a — Crucifixion, Bologna, 1549.* 
a Biog. Catalogue. b Engl. Cyc. c Ersch and Gruber. 

Impeachment, in England, — by Commons, 
resorted to, 1376 — falls into disuse, 1460- 1620 
— frequent, between 1620-8 8 — pardon under the 
Great Seal not pleadable to, by Act 12 and 13 
Wm III. e. 2, 1 70 1. In America, adopted in 
case of Pres. Johnson, Mar. 1868. 

Imperato, Ferrante, naturalist. Dell'istoria 
natter ale, 1599. 

Imperial Chamber, — established at Frank- 
fort-on-the-Main by Maximilian I. at Diet of 
Worms, 1495 — after several changes, trans- 
ferred to Spire, 1527 — to Wetzlar, about 1680 
— extinct, 1806. 

Imperiali, Giuseppe Rene, Cardinal, — b. 
at Genoa, 1651 — Cardinal, legate at Ferrara, 
1690— legate to Milan, 17 11 — U. at Rome, 
Jan. 1737. 

Impey, Sir Elijah, — Chief Justice of Bengal, 
— 1774 — passes sentence of death on Nundco- 
mar, Aug. 1775 — Judge of the Sudder Dewanee 
Adaulut, Oct. 178 1 — recalled, Jul. 1782 — im- 
peached, 1788 — o\, 1 Feb. 1812. 

Importunus, — 6Ws^ofRome,(1262,A.u.c.) 

5°9- 

Impressment of seamen for the navy, — recog- 
nized and regulated by Acts 2 Rich. II. c. 4, 
1378; 2 and 3 Phil, and Mar. c. 16, 1555; 
5'Eliz. c. 5, 1562; 7 and 8 "Wm III. c. 21, 
1696 ; 2 .Ann. c. 6, 1703 ; 4 and 5 Ann. c. 19, 
1705; 13 Geo. II. cc. 17 and 28, 1740, and 
50 Geo. III. c. 108, 20 Jun. 1810. 

Imprisonment for Debt, — [Arrest] — in 
England and Wales, — abolished, and punish- 
ment of fraudulent debtors provided for, by Act 
32 and 33 Vic. c. 62, 9 Aug. 1869— statutes 
relating to, repealed, by Act 32 and 33 Vic. c. 
83, 9 Aug. 1869. In France, abolished, Mar. 
1867. 

Impropriations, Feoffees for, — constituted 
by John Preston, 1624 a — prosecuted by Laud, 
censured by Star Chamber and their livings 
forfeited to the Crown, 13 Feb. i633. b 

a Carlyle. b Annals of England. 

Ina, King of Wessex, — succeeds Ceadwalla, 
Apr. 688 — publishes his code, 693-4 — receives 
from Kentish men composition for murder of 
Mul, 694 — defeats Geraint, king of Cornwall, 
710 — at war with Ceolred, king of Mercia, 
715 — kills Cynewulf the Atheling, 721 — ex- 
pels Aldbright the Atheling and makes war on 
47 



738 



INAROS— INDIA. 



South Saxons, 722 — defeats them and kills 
Aldbright, 725 — abdicates and goes to Rome, 
728 — founds Anglo-Saxon school at Rome ? 
and &., 728. 

Inaros, — [BC] — in Egypt, revolts against 
Persia, 461 — aided by Athens, defeats Achse- 
menes, 460— captured by Megabyzos and put 
to death, 455. 

Inchbald, Elizabeth, novelist, actress, — fc. 
near Bury St Edmunds, 1753 — marries, 1772 — 
left a widow, 1779— retires ^ rom ^ e sta o e > l l%9 
— tf. in London, 1 Aug. 1821. Simple Story, 
1 79 1 — Nature and Art, 1796 — edits British 
Theatre, 1806-9 — Modem Theatre, 1809. 

Inchofer, Melchior, Jesuit,— b. at Vienna, 
1584 — enters the Order, 1607 — cited before 
Congregation of the Index, for his publication 
of Letter of the Virgin to the Messinese, and ac- 
quitted, 1630 — settles at Rome, 1636 — goes to 
Macerata, 1647— tf., 28 Sep. 1648. Trac- 
tatus Syllepticus, 1633 — Eistoria Sacra Latini- 
tatis, 1635 — Annates Ecclesiastici regni Eun- 
garice, 1644. 

Incledon, Benjamin Charles, singer,— fc. in 
Cornwall, 1764 — pupil of Jackson at Exeter, 
1772-9 — appears on the stage at Covent 
Garden, 1790 — "U., 1826. 

Inclosure of Wastes, §c, in Great Britain, — 
authorized and regulated by Act 29 Geo. II. c. 
36, ss. 1-5, 1756 — amended by 31 Geo. II. c. 41, 
1758 — usual provisions respecting, consolidated 
in Act 41 Geo. III. c. 109, 2 Jul. 1801 — amend- 
ed, and further facilitated and regulated, by Acts 
1 and 2 Geo. IV. c. 23, 19 Apr. 1821 ; 3 and 4 
¥m IV. c. 35, 24 Jul. 1833, and c. 87, 28 Aug. 
1833 ; 6 and 7 Wm IV. c. 115, 20 Aug. 1836, 
and 3 and 4 Vic. c. 31, 23 Jul. 1840— parlia- 
mentary committee on, 1844. Commissioners 
appointed for England and Wales, and their 
powers defined by Act 8 and 9 Vic. c. 118, 8 
Aug. 1845 — amended by 9 and 10 Vic. c. 70, 
26 Aug. 1846, and 10 and 11 Vic. c. Ill, 23 
Jul. 1847 — further provisions by Acts 11 and 
12 Vic. c. 99, 4 Sep. 1848 ; 12 and 13 Vic. c. 
83, 1 Aug. 1849 ; 14 and 15 Vic. c. 53, 1 Aug. 
1851 ; 15 and 16 Vic. c. 62, s. 4, and c. 79, 30 
Jun. 1852; 17 and 18 Vic. c. 97, 10 Aug. 
1854; 20 and 21 Vic. c. 31, 10 Aug. 1857 ; 22 
and 23 Vic. c. 43, 13 Aug. 1859. 

Income Tax, in Great Britain, — proposed 
by Pitt, 4 Dec. 1798— imposed by Act 39 Geo. 
III. c. 13, 9 Jan. 1799 — repealed by Act 42 
Geo. III. c. 42, 4 May 1802 — reimposed, as 
Property Tax, by Act 48 Geo. III. c. 122, 11 
Aug. 1803 — abandoned, 19 Mar. 18 16 — re- 
imposed by Act 5 and 6 Vic. c. 35, 22 Jun. 1842 
— continued by Acts 8 and 9 Vic. c. 4, 24 Apr. 
1845; 11 and 12 Vic. c. 8, 13 Apr. 1848; 14 
and 15 Vic. c. 12, 5 Jun. 1851, and 15 and 16 
Vic. c. 20, 28 May 1852 — renewed for seven 
years and extended to Ireland, by Act 16 and 
17 Vic. c. 34, 28 Jun. 1853— doubled by Act 
17 and 18 Vic. c. 10, 12 May 1 854— increased 
by Acts 17 and 18 Vic. c. 24, 12 May 1854, 
and 18 and 19 Vic. c. 20, 25 May 1855 — re- 
duced by Act 20 Vic. c. 6, 21 Mar. 1857 — 
increased, and relief extended to incomes under 
£150, by Act 22 and 23 Vic. c. 18, 13 Aug. 



1859— reduced D y Acts 23 and 24 Vic. c. 14, 
3 Apr. i860. 
Incumbered Estates. [Encumbered E- 

states.] 

Indemnity, Acts of, in England,— for treasons 
and state offences, between 1 Jan. 1637 and 24 
Jun. 1660, passed, 12 Car. II. c. 11, 1660— for 
adherents of James II., passed, 2 Wm and Mar. 
c. 10, 20 May 1690 — for advisers of the em- 
bargo on exportation of corn, 7 Geo. III. c. 7, 
16 Dec. 1766— for protecting authorities from 
penalties in respect to proceedings during sus- 
pension of Habeas Corpus Act, 41 Geo. III. c. 
66, 23 Jun. 1 801, and 58 Geo. III. c. 6, 27 
Mar. 1 81 8 — for infringement of Currency Acts, 
21 Vic. c. 1, 12 Dec. 1857. 

Independence. [Declaration of Independ- 
ence. ] 

Independents, {Congregationalists,) Sect of, 
— originates in England, about 1580 — [Brown- 
ists] — congregation of, at Leyden, 16 10 — 
[Robinson, John] — reestablished in England, 
by Henry Jacobs, 1616 — established in America 
by Robinson, 1620 — become a powerful politic- 
al party under Cromwell, 1648-58 — publish 
declaration of faith and order, (Savoy Con- 
fession,) 12 Oct. 1658 — their ministers ejected 
from livings by Act of Uniformity, 1662 — in- 
fluence of, declines after Toleration Act, 1689 
— form association with Presbyterians and Bap- 
tists, as Three Denominations, 1730. [Con- 
gregational Union.] 

Index Expurgatorius, Index Librorum 
Prohibitorum, Fapal,— issued by Paul IV., 
1557 and 1559 — extended by Pius V., 1564— 
republished with additions, 1595, 1607, 1648, 
1 8 19, &c. [Congregation of the Index.] 

India, (Eindustan,) — [B C — [Buddhism]— 
part of N". W. region conquered by Darius, 
520-485 — expedition of Alexander the Great, 
330 — part of N. region included in Greek 
kingdom of Bactria, about 255-134 — [AD] — 
dynasty of Andra ends, 436 a — invaded by Mo- 
hammedans under Mohalib, (44, a. h.) 664 — 
conquest of Scinde by them, (92.) 711 — ex- 
pulsion of Mohammedans, (132,) 750 — embassy 
sent to, by Alfred the Great, 883 — hrst in- 
vasion by Sultan Mahmud, (House of Ghaz- 
ni,) 1 00 1— [Ghor, House of] — threatened by 
Moguls under Gengis Khan, (614-61^,) 1217- 
21 — greater part of, conquered by Shems u din 
Altamsh, 1226-32 — [Delhi] — unsucci ssful in- 
vasions of the Moguls, 1304-5 — [Bengal, 
Deckan, Guzerat, &c.]— invasion of Tamer- 
lane, 1398-9 — Portuguese settlement on 
Malabar coast, 1498 — first European factory 
established by Vasco de Gama, 1502 — estab- 
lishment of Mogul Empire at Delhi by Baber, 
1526 — [East India Company, India, British] 
— rise of the Mahrattas, 1650-80. 
a Elphinstone. 

India, British, [East India Company,] — 
the Portuguese defeated by the English rn 
coast of Bombay, 1614 — expulsion of Portu- 
guese from Ormuz by Persians assisted by the 
English, 1622 — Presidency of Madras i^Fort 
St George) established, 1654 — defence of Surat 
by English against Mahrattas, 1664 — Regency 



INDIA— INDIA STOCK. 



739 



of Bombay, 1687 — Presidency of Calcutta 
established, 1707 — invasion of Nadir Shah, 
1739 — wars between English and French in 
India begin, 1746 — capitulation of Madras to 
the French, Sep. 1746 — siege of Pondicherry, 
1748 — recovery of Madras, Aug. 1749 — arrival 
of Clive, and capture of Arcot, 1751 — Treaty of 
Pondicherry, Dec. 1754 — capture of Calcutta 
by Suraja Dowla, 20 Jun. 1756 — the Dutch 
excluded from Mahratta territories by treaty 
between English and the Peishwa, 1756 — Cal- 
cutta retaken, Jan. 1757 — capture of Ohander- 
nagore by English, Mar. 1757 — battle of 
Plassy, Jun. 1757 — war with the French in 
the Carnatic, 1757 — the government remod- 
elled by commission from Directors, Jun. 1758 
— capture of Arcot by Count de Lally, Oct. 
1758 — siege of Madras by Lally, Dec. 1758 to 
Feb. 1759 — territory extended by treaty with 
Mir Jaffier, Apr. 1759 — Vansittart succeeds 
Clive as governor, Jul. 1760 — battle of Pani- 
put, Jan. 1 76 1 — French power broken, 17 60-1 
— rise of Hyder Ali to supreme power in 
Mysore, about 176 1 — by Treaty of Paris, the 
French recover their forts, Feb. 1763 — war 
with Mir Jaffier, 1763 — capture of Patna, Nov. 
1763 — battle of Buxar, Oct. 1764 — Nabob of 
Oude, Suja ud Dowla, restored to his dominions, 
but Shah Alum made governor of Corah and 
Allahabad, May 1765 — grant of the Dewanee, 
12 Aug. 1765- — alliance with the Nizam of the 
Deckan against Hyder Ali, Nov. 1766— Verelst 
succeeds Clive as governor, Jan. 1767 — attack 
on the English by the Nizam and Hyder Ali, Sep. 
1767 — Cartier becomes governor, Dec. 1769 — 
great famine, 1770 — Warren Hastings govern- 
or, Apr. 1772— administration of justice accord- 
ing to. Hindu and Mohammedan law, authorized 
by E. I. Company, 1772 — capture of Tanjore, 
1773 — occupation of Salsette and Bassein, Dec. 
1 774 — treaty with Ragoba, the deposed Peishwa, 
IVJ ar. 1775 — treaty with Asof ud Dowla, Subah- 
dur of Oude, giving him Corah and Allahabad, 
and ceding Benares to the English, 21 May 
1775 — Lord Pigot governor of Madras, Dec. 
1775 — prosecution of Nundcomar, 1776 — war 
with France renewed, Jul. 1777 — capture of 
Pondicherry, Oct. 1777 — conquest of Gujerat 
by Goddard, 1780 — defeat of Sindia, Apr. 
1780— war with Hyder Ali begins, Aug. 1780 
— [Coote, Sir Eyre] — Lord Macartney go- 
vernor of Madras, Jun. 17 81 — several naval 
engagements between English and French 
fleets, 1782 — [Hughes, Admiral, Suffrein, 
Admiral — Hyder Ali succeeded by his son 
Tippoo Saib, Dec. 1782 — war with him: — 
[Mathews, Gen.] — Treaty of Versailles, 1783 
—Pitt's India Bill passed, Aug. 1784 — [Board 
of Control] — Lord Cornwallis, governor-gen- 
eral, 1786 — the governor-general authorized to 
act against will of the Council by Act 26 Geo. 
III. c. 16, 1786 — the king empowered to recall 
the governor, by Act 26 Geo. TIL c. 25, 1786 
— cession of Guntoor by the Nizam, Sep. 1788 
— settlement of the lands commenced, 1789 — 
completed and declared perpetual, 1793 — war 
with Tippoo Saib renewed, Dec. 1789 — alliance 
with the Nizam and Mahrattas against him, 



summer 1790 — treaty of peace with Tippoo, 
Mar. 1792 — judicial reforms effected, 1793 — 
renewal of war with France, 1793 — Sir John 
Shore governor-general, Aug. 1793 — [Teign- 
mouth, Lord] — Lord Hobart governor of 
Madras, Sep. 1794 — conquest of Ceylon by the 
English, 1795 — Earl of Mornington governor- 
general, May 1798 — [Wellesley, Marquis]— 
Clive governor of Madras, Aug. 1798 — war 
renewed with Tippoo, early in 1799 — storming 
of Seringapatam,May 1 7 99 — Treaties of Mysore, 
Jun. and Jul. 1799— acquisition of Surat, May 
1 800 — government of Arcot assumed by Eng- 
lish, Jul. 1 80 1 — acquisition of Rohilcund and 
the Doab, Nov. 1801 — of Furruckabad, Jun. 
1802 — Treaty of Bassein, Dec. 1802 — [Mah- 
rattas] — cession of Cuttack by Raja of Berar, 
Dec. 1803 — war with Holkar begins, Apr. 
1804 — Marquis Cornwallis again governor-gen- 
eral, Jul. to Oct. 1 805 — on his death the govern- 
ment administered by Sir G. Barlow, Oct. 1805 
— mutiny of Sepoys at Vellore, 1806 — Lord 
Minto governor -general, Jul. 1 807 — war with 
Eaja of Travancore, 1807 to P'eb. 1809 — 
mutinies at Madras, Chittledroog, and Sering- 
apatam, Aug. 1809 — capture of Amboyna, Isle 
of Bourbon, Banda, Ternate, and Mauritius, 
1 810 — incursions of the Pindarries begin, 
1 812— Marquis of Hastings governor, Oct. 
1 813 — war with the Nepaulese, 18 14-15 — 
[Ghorka War] — war with the Pindarries, 
1817-18— Lord Amherst governor, Aug. 1823 
—Burmese War, 1824-6— capture of Bhurt- 
pore, Jan. 1826 — Lord William Bentinck 
governor, Jul. 1828 — abolition of suttees de- 
creed, Dec. 1829 — admission of natives to 
magistracies and juries, by Act 2 ¥m IV. c. 
117, 16 Aug. 1832 — annexation of Coorg, Apr. 
1834— Lord Auckland governor, Sep. 1835 — 
Afghan War, 1838— [Dost MahommedJ — 
Lord Ellenborough governor, Feb. 1842 — 
war with the Beloochees, 1843— [Scinde] — oc- 
cupation of Gwalior, Dec. 1843 — Sir Henry 
Hardinge governor, May 1844 — purchase of 
Danish possessions in India, Feb. 1844 — war 
with the Sikhs, 1845-9 — Earl of Dalhousie 
governor, Aug. 1847 — annexation of the Pun- 
jab, Mar. 1849— second Burmese War, 185 1-3 
— annexation of Pegu, Dec. 1852 — of Nag- 
poor, Dec. 1854 — of Oude, 7 Feb. 1856 — 
Viscount Canning governor, 29 Feb. 1856 — 
mutiny of the Sepoys, 1857-8 — [Sepoy War] 
— government of, transferred from the Com- 
pany to the Crown, Indian Council appointed, 
by Act 21 and 22 Vic. c. 106, 2 Aug. 1858 — 
amalgamation of Koyal and Indian armies by 
order of Gov. -gen., 10 Apr. 1861 — law con- 
cerning civil service in, amended by Act 24 
and 25 Vic. c. 54, 1 Aug. 1861 — sale of waste 
lands in, regulated by resolution of Gov. -gen., 

17 Oct. 1 861 — opening of Legislative Council, 

18 Jan. 1862— Lord Elgin governor, Mar. 1862 
— Sir John Lawrence, Dec. 1863 — powers of 
Gov. -gen. enlarged, and law respecting territo- 
rial limits of Presidencies amended, by Act 28 
and 29 Vic. c. 17, 9 May 1865 — Lord Mayo 
Viceroy, Dec. 1868. 

India Stock,— created by authority of Act 
47 * 



74° 



INDIA MUSEUM— INFORMERS. 



22 and 23 Yic. c. 39, 13 Aug. 1859— its provi- 
sions extended to India Bonds by 23 and 24 Vic. 
c. 5, 23 Mar. i860 — registration and transfer of, 
provided for by Acts 25 and 26 Yic. c. 7, n 
Apr. 1862 ; 26 and 27 Vic. c. 73, 28 Jul. 1863 ; 
and 27 and 28 Vic. c. 50, 25 Jul. 1864. 

India Museum, — founded in London by E. 
I. Company, 1800. 

India Rubber. [Caoutchouc] 
Indian Mutiny. [Sepoy War.] 
Indian Territories, British America, — limits 
of, defined, 1821 — form part of diocese of Ru- 
pert's Land, 1849. 

Indian Territory, N. America, — purchased 
as part of Louisiana of France by United 
States, 1803. 

Indiana, U. S., — French settlements in, 
about 1702 — included in cession of Virginia 
to United States, 1787 — with Illinois erected 
into a territory, 1800— made a separate terri- 
tory, 1809 — insurrection of Shawnees, sup- 
pressed by Gen. Harrison, 181 1 — admitted as 
State of the Union, 18 16. 

Indibilis, Spanish chieftain, — [B C] — com- 
mands auxiliaries under Hanno, 218— defeats 
and kills P. Scipio, 212 — joins P. Scipio the 
younger, 209— revolts and is defeated, 206 — 
revolts again, and is defeated and killed, 205. 
Indicopleustes. [Cosmas Indicopleustes.] 
Indiction of Constantinople, The, — com- 
mences, 1 Sep. 3i2, a 313^ 314^ 315* 

a Some authorities. b Others. 

Indiction, Pontifical, The,— [B C]— com- 
mences, 25 Dec. or 1 Jan. 313. 
Indies, East. [India.] 
Indies, West. [West Indies.] 
Indigo, {Indicum,) — described by Marco 
Polo, about 1290 — brought to Europe, before 
1500. In England, use of, prohibited, by Act 23 
Eliz. c. 9, 158 1 — prohibition repealed by Act 
13 and 14 Car. II. c. 11, 1662. In langnedoc, 
prohibited, 1598 — prohibition repealed, 1737. 
In Germany, prohibited by decree of Diet, 1577, 
1594, and 1603 — by Imperial edict, 1654. 

Indium, metal, — discovered by spectrum 
analysis, by Reich and Richter, 1867. 

Indore, capital of Makva, in Hindustan, — 
territory of, granted to Mulhar Rao Holkar, 
1733 — town built, 1767 — defeat of Jeswunt 
Rao Holkar by Sindia at, 14 Oct. 1801 — taken 
by Col. Murray, 24 Aug. 1804 — restored, 1805 
— mutiny at, 1 Jul. 1857. 

Induction Coil, — constructed by Ruhmkorff, 
about 1850— improved by Fizeau, 1853. 

Induction of Electric Currents, — discovered 
by Faraday, 183 1-2. 

Indulgence, Declaration of, — published by 
Charles II., 26 Dec. 1662 — condemned by par- 
liament, 27 Feb. 1663. 

Indulgences, (iV^;«/,) — granted to crusaders 
by Council of Clermont, Nov. 1095— granted 
to pilgrims visiting Rome at the Jubilee, by 
Boniface VIIL, 2 Feb. 1300 — again by Clem- 
ent VI., 27 Jan. 1343 — grant of, to encourage 
crusade against Ladislaus king of Naples, by 
John XXIII., 1411— preached by Tezel, 1502- 
17 — promulgated by Leo X,, 15 17 — opposed 
by Luther at 'Wittenberg, 15 17 — denounced by 
Zwingli, 15 1 8— authorized, and Luther's opin- 



ions condemned, by bull of Leo X., 9 Dec. 15 18 
— regulated by decree of Council of Trent, 
Dec. 1563. 

Indus, The, river, — sources of, visited by 
Moorcroft, i8i5. a a Encyc. d. Gens du Monde. 

Industrial Exhibitions, — protected by Act 
28 Vic. c. 3, 27 Mar. 1865. 

Industrial and Provident Societies, — form- 
ation of, legalized by Act 15 and 16 Vic. c. 
31, 30 Jun. 1852 — law amended by Acts 17 
and 18 Vic. c. 25, 16 Jun. 1854; and 19 and 
20 Vic. c. 40, 7 Jul. 1856 — laws amended and 
consolidated by Acts 25 and 26 Vic. c. 87, 7 
Aug. 1862 ; and 30 and 31 Vic. c. 117, 20 Aug. 
1867. 

Industrial Schools, in Great Britain, — ex- 
tension of, provided for by Act 20 and 21 
Vic. c. 48, 17 Aug. 1857 — amended by Act 23 
and 24 Vic. c. 108, 28 Aug. i860— laws relat- 
ing to, consolidated and amended by Act 29 
and 30 Vic. c. 118, 10 Aug. 1866. In Scotland, 
laws consolidated and amended by Act 24 and 
25 Vic. c. 132, 6 Aug. 1861. In Ireland, pro- 
visions of Act extended to Ireland, by 31 Vic. 
c. 25, 29 May 1868. 

Inez de Castro, — secretly married to Don 
Pedro of Portugal, 1345 — assassinated by order 
of Alfonso IV., 1355 — her remains exhumed by 
Don Pedro, and homage done to her as queen, 

1357- 

Infant School, — established at New Lanark 
by Robert Owen, about 1812 — at Westminster, 
1819. [Wilderspin.] 

Infante, Infanta, — titles given to younger 
sons and the daughters of kings of Spain, as 
early as 999. 

Infanticide, — checked by Constantine the 
Great, by provision for maintenance of destitute 
children, 315 — the law extended to Africa, 322 
— further provisions, 329 and 331 a — condemn- 
ed as murder by Vafentinian, 374.* In England, 
concealment of death of bastard child made 
evidence of, against mother, by Act 21 Jas. I. c. 
27, 1623 — law amended by Acts 43 Geo. III. 
c. 58, 24 Jun. 1803 ; and 9 Geo. IV. c. 31, 27 
Jun. 1828. a Lecky. 

Infernal Machines, — constructed for de- 
fence of Antwerp by Gianibelli, spring 1585— 
used in attempt to assassinate Napoleon, First 
Consul of France, 29 Dec. 1800 — again, by 
Fieschi, to assassinate Louis Philippe, 28 Jul. 
1835 — again, to assassinate Napoleon III. and 
the Empress Eugenie, 14 Jan. 1858. 

Inflections, in Grammar, — theory of their 
origin announced by Home Tooke, 1786-1805 
— demonstrated by Bopp, 18 16. 

Influenza, epidemic catarrh, — appears in 
Europe, 15 10 — rages, 1557, 1580 — fatal in 
London, 1729 — in Russia, 17 8 1-2 — prevails in 
England, 1782, 1803, 1831, 1833, 1836-7. 

Informers, in England, — required to appear 
in person, and made liable to costs if action 
withdrawn, by Act 18 Eliz. c. 5, 1576 — con- 
tinued by Act 27 Eliz. c. 10, 1585 — prosecu- 
tions to be within a year, by Act 31 Eliz. c. 5, 
1589 — provision against malicious information, 
by Act 4 and 5 Wm and Mar. c. 18, 1692— 
course of proceeding amended by Act 48 Geo. 
III. c. 58, 1 Jim. 1808. 



INFUSORIA— INNOCENT II. 



74i 



Infusoria, [microscopic animalcules,) — in- 
vestigated and classified by Miiller, 1773-86 — 
by Ehrenberg, 1837. 

Ingeburga, sister of Cnut VI. of Denmark, 
• — marries Philip Augustus, king of France, 14 
Aug. 1 193 — divorced on pretext of affinity, 4 
Nov. 1 1 93 — the divorce sanctioned by Pope 
Celestine III., 1195 — set aside by him, and 
Philip commanded to receive her, but refuses, 
Jun. 1 196 — recalled in consequence of interdict 
of Innocent III., 1200 — again dismissed, 1201 
— but restored again, 12 13 — tf., 1236. 

Ingegneri, Angiolo, miscellaneous writer, — 
fc. at Venice, 1550 — tf.; about 16 13. De' rimedj 
contra Vamore, 1576 — Danzadi Venere, 1584 — 
Del buon segretario, 1594. 

Ingemann, Bernard Severin, poet, — b. in 
Denmark, 28 May 1789 — travels in Germany, 
France, and Italy, 181 8- 19 — Prof. JEsthetics 
and Danish Literature, Academy of Soroe, 1822 
— rj • , 1862. Procne, 1 8 1 2 — Den Sorte Bidder, 
1 8 14 — Reiselyren, 1820 — Waldemar, 1824 — 
Waldemar Seier, 1826 — Dronning Margrete, 
1836 — Holger Danslce, 1837 — Drei Wochen vor 
Weihnacht, 1851. 

Ingenhousz, Johann, natural philosopher, 
■ — b. at Breda, 1730 — F.R.S. London, 1769 — 
Aulic Councillor, Imperial Physician, 1772— 
invents the eleetrophorus, about 1778 — ft. near 
London, 7 Sep. 1799. Experiments upon 
Vegetables, 1779 — Essai sur la nourriture des 
Plant es, 1798. 

Ingenuus, one of the Thirty Tyrants, — 
governor of Pannonia, 258 — proclaimed Em- 
peror, by army of Moesia, and defeated and 
killed by Gallienus, 260. 

Inghirami, Francesco, archceologist, — 6. at 
Volterra, 1772 — ft. at Florence, 17 May 1846. 
Monumenti Etruschi, 182 1-6 — Letter e di Elrus- 
ca Erudizione, 1828-30 — Galleria Omerica, 
1829-31 — Storia della Toseana compilata, ed in 
sette Epoche distribuita, 1841-3. 

Inghirami, Tomaso Fedra, poet, orator, — 
ft. at Volterra, 1470 — goes to Pome, 1483 — 
Count Palatine, by Maximilian, 1493 — tf. li- 
brarian of the Vatican at Rome, 6 Sep. 15 16. 

Inglis, Henry David, (Derwent Conway,) 
miscellaneous ivriter,—b. at Edinburgh, 1795 
— ft. in London, 20 Mar. 1835. Tales of Ar- 
dennes, 1825 — Spain in 1830, 1831 — Ireland 
in 1834, 1834 — New Gil Bias, 1832. 

Inglis, Sir James, — Secretary to Queen- 
dowager Margaret, 15 15. {Complaint of Scot- 
land, about 1548 ?) 

Inglis, Sir John, general, — b. in Nova 
Scotia, 15 Nov. 18 14 — enters the army, 1833 
— serves in Canada, 1837 — distinguishes him- 
self at battle of Gujerat, Feb. 1849 — marries, 
1851 — Colonel, Jun. 1855 — takes part with 
Sir H. Lawrence in defence of the Residency, 
Lucknow, May 1 857 — on death of Major Banks, 
conducts the defence and holds out till relieved 
by Havelock and Outram, 25 Sep. 1857 — 
Major-general and K.C.B., 1857 — appointed 
commander in Ionian Isles, 1862 — rj. at Hom- 
burg, 27 Sep. 1862. 

Inglis, Sir Robert Harry, Bart., statesman, 
— b. in London, 12 Jan. 1786 — B.A. Oxford, 
1806— marries, 1807— M.A., 1809— F.S.A., 



1 8 16 — called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, 1818 
— M.P. Dundalk, 1824— M.P. Ripon, 1826— 
M.P. Oxford Univ., 1829-53 — Trustee of 
British Museum, 1834 — Privy Councillor, 1853 
— tf. in London, 5 May 1855. 

Ingolstadt, in Bavaria, — fortified by Lud- 
wig the Strong, 1250 — obtains privileges from 
Ludwig the Bavarian, 1312 — becomes seat of 
Dukes of Bavaria Ingolstadt, 1392 — fortifica- 
tions destroyed by the French, 1800 — restored, 
1827. University of , founded, 1472 — the Jesu- 
its gain admission, 1549 — but are expelled, 
1773 — removed to Landshut, 1800 — to Munich, 
1826. 

Ingres, Jean Dominique Auguste, painter, 
— b. at Montauban, 17 81 — studies under Da- 
vid at Paris, about 1797-1801 — obtains first 
prize of the Academy, 1802 — goes to Rome, 
about 1804 — marries, 18 13 — member of In- 
stitute, 1825 — Director of French Academy at 
Rome, 1833 — settles at Paris, 1842 — receives 
Grand Medal of Honour at International Ex- 
hibition, 1855 — senator and member of Council 
of Public Instruction, 1862 — U. at Paris, 14 
Jan. 1867. Bonaparte as First Consul, 1804 — 
CEdipus and the Sphinx, 1808 — Apotheosis of 
Homer, in the Louvre, 1827 — Birth of Venus, 
1848 — Odalisque, 1839 — another Apotheosis of 
Homer, 1866. 

Ingria, Ingermanland, [Government of St 
Petersburg}) — seized by the Swedes, 1609 — 
reconquered by Peter the Great, 1703 — con- 
firmed to Russia at Peace of Nystadt, 17 21. 

Inkermann, in the Crimea, — ■ defeat of 
Russians by British and French, 5 Nov. 
1854. 

Inner and Middle Temple, Inns of Court, 
London, — seat of Knights Templars, about 
1 1 85 — on suppression of the Order, pass to 
'Professors of the Common Law,' 1312. 

Innkeepers, — law respecting liabilities of, 
amended by Act 26 and 27 Vic. c. 41, 13 Jul. 
1863. 

Innocent I., Bp of Rome, — succeeds 
Anastasius, Dec. 4oi, a Apr. 402 b — -interferes 
against Donatists, 404 — demands a Council 
at Thessalonica in behalf of Chrysostom, 
405 — refuses to hold communion with his per- 
secutors, 407 — present at first siege of Rome 
by Alaric, 408 — fails in attempt to make 
terms with Alaric, 409 — confirms decrees of 
Councils of Carthage and Milevium against 
Pelagius, 416 — tf., 12 Mar. 417. 

a Pagi. b Tillemont. 

Innocent II., Pope, (Gregorio Papi,) — suc- 
ceeds Honorius II., 15 Feb. n 30 — opposed by 
Peter de Leon [Anacletus] : driven from 
Rome, retires to France, and is received 
at Cluny, where he consecrates the Abbey 
Church : acknowledged Pope by Council of 
Etampes, Apr. n 30— by Henry II. of Eng- 
land, at Chartres : by Council of Wurzburg, 
Oct. 1 1 30 — holds Council of Clermont, Nov. 
1 1 30 — received by Emperor Lothaire at Liege, 
spring 1 1 31 — visits St Denis and Clairvaux, 
1 13 1 — holds Council of Rheims, mid. Oct. 
1 131 — publishes a bull in favour of Heloise, 28 
Nov. 1 131 — returns to Italy with Lothaire, 
spring 1 132 — reaches Rome, May 11 33 — 



742 



INNOCENT. 



crowns Lothaire Emperor, 4 Jim. 11 33 — again 
driven away, retires to Pisa, 1133 — holds 
Council of Pisa, and excommunicates Ana- 
cletus, May 11 34 — ratifies by letter Stephen's 
title to crown of England, 11 36 — again 
restored by Lothaire, n 37 — death of his rival, 
Jan. 1 1 38 — another antipope elected, Victor 
III.: who soon withdraws, 1138 — taken 
prisoner by Eoger, king of Sicily, 22 Jul. 1138 
— confirms to Eoger his title of king, Jul. — 
released, 1 Aug. — holds second Lateran 
Council, and condemns Arnold of Brescia, Apr. 
1 1 39 — condemns Abelard, 1140 — insurrection 
at Rome against, 1143 — tf., 24 Sep. 1143. 

Innocent III., antipope, — elected in opposi- 
tion to Alexander III., 29 Sep. 117 8 — captured 
and imprisoned, n 80. 

Innocent III., Pope, {Lothario,) — fc. at 
Anagni, about 1160 — Cardinal, n 89 — succeeds 
Celestine III., 8 Jan. 1198 — recovers the 
March of Ancona from Markwald and the 
Duchy of Spoleto from Conrad, 1198 — ap- 
pointed guardian of Frederick, king of Sicily, 
[Frederick II., Emperor,] Nov. 1198 — 
supports Otto of Brunswick as King of Ger- 
many, 1 198-1208— sends army against Mark- 
wald in Sicily, summer 1200 — lays interdict on 
France, 1200 — [Ingeburga] — proclaims a 
crusade, 1200 — employs Walter de Brienne, 
1 20 1 — confirms title of king to Premislas of 
Bohemia, 19 Apr. 1204 — sends legate who 
crowns Joannice king of Bulgaria, 8 Nov. 1204 
— crowns Pedro II. of Aragon at Rome, n 
Nov. 1204 — appoints Stephen Lang-ton Abp 
of Canterbury, summer 1 205 — proclaims 
crusade against the Albigenses, early in 1208 
— lays England under interdict, 23 Mar. 1208 
— holds a parliament at San Germano, 1208 — 
procures marriage of Frederick of Sicily to 
Constantine of Aragon, spring 1209 — crowns 
Otto IV. at Rome, Sep. 1209 — excommunicates 
him, absolves his subjects from allegiance, Nov. 
1 2 10 — sends Pandulf and Durand to England, 
121 1 — absolves subjects of King John from 
allegiance, 121 1 — pronounces his deposition, 
1 2 12 — first meeting with Frederick of Sicily, 
Apr. 12 1 2 — approves his election of King of 
the Romans, 1212 — exhorts to a new crusade, 
Jun. 12 1 3 — revokes excommunication of King 
John, 20 Jul. 12 1 3 — removes the interdict 
from England, 6 Dec. 121 3 — prohibits inva- 
sion of England by Philip of France, 1213 — 
annuls marriage of Alfonso IX. of Leon and 
Berengaria, but legitimates their children, 
1 2 14 — censures Abp Langton and the barons, 
19 May 1 2 15 — holds fourth Council of the 
Lateran, Nov. 12 15 — annuls Magna Charta, 
excommunicates the barons, and suspends 
Abp Langton, Dec. 12 15 — excommunicates 
king of France and the Dauphin, spring 12.16 
— o\ at Perugia, 16 or 17 Jul. 1216. 

Innocent IV. , Pope, {Sinibaldi de Fieschi,) 
— Cardinal, by Gregory IX., 1227 — succeeds 
Celestine IV. after long vacancy, 24 or 25 Jun. 
1243 — sends embassy to Frederick II., Jun. 
1243 — enters Rome, 15 Nov. 1243 — concludes 
treaty with Frederick, end of Mar. 1244 
— quarrels with him, Apr. — creates twelve 



cardinals, summer 1244 — goes to Genoa, 
7 Jul. — makes heavy exactions in England, 
takes David of Wales under his protection, 

1244 — arrives at Lyons, 2 Dec. — holds 
Council of Lyons, 1245 — [Frederick II. Em- 
peror] — meets St Louis at Cluny, close of 

1245 — and again, 1246 — publishes crusade 
against Frederick, 1246 — attempts are made 
on his life, 1246 — rejects mediation of St 
Louis, 1246 — promotes crusade against Conrad, 
son of Frederick, 1251 — quits Lyons, 19 Apr. 
1 25 1 — offers crown of Sicily to Richard, Earl 
of Cornwall, 1252— settles at Perugia: goes to 
Rome, Oct. 1253 — sets out to take possession of 
Naples, ,1254 — his troops defeated by Manfred, 
Nov. 1254 — Xj. at Naples, 7 Dec. 1254. 

Innocent V., Pope, {Pietro de Tarantasia,) 
— succeeds Gregory X., 21 Feb. 1276— o\, 22 
Jun. 1276. 

Innocent VI., Pope, {Ftienne d' Albert,) — 
Cardinal Bp of Ostia, 1342 — succeeds Clement 
VI., 18 Dec. 1352 — sends Cardinal Albornoz 
as legate to Italy, who reduces the papal pro- 
vinces to submission, 1353 — excommunicates 
the Grand Companies who overrun territory of 
Avignon, 1361 — tf. at Avignon, 12 Sep. 1362. 

Innocent VII., Pope, {Cosmat de Meliorati,) 
— Cardinal of Sainte-Croix, 1389 — succeeds 
Boniface IX., 17 Oct. 1404 — revolt in Rome, 
escape of the Pope to Viterbo, 6 Aug. 1405 — 
returns to Rome, excommunicates Ladislaus, 
king of Naples, 1406 — makes peace with him 
soon after : fr., 6 Noy. 1406. 

Innocent VIII., Pope, {Giovanni Battista 
Cibo,) — Cardinal, 1473 — succeeds Sixtus IV., 
29 Aug. 1484 — canonizes Leopold, Marquis of 
Austria, Jan. 1485 — aids Neapolitan barons 
against Ferdinand I., 1485 — prohibits reading 
of the thesis of Pico della Mirandola, 1487 — ■ 
obtains from Pierre d'Aubusson custody of 
Zizim, 1488 — receives him at Rome, Mar. 
1489 — excommunicates Ferdinand of Naples, 
29 Jun. 1489 — pronounces his deposition, 11 
Sep. 1489 — tf., 25 Jul. 1492. 

Innocent IX., Pope, {Giovanni Antonio 
Facchinetti,) — ft. at Bologna, 15 19 — attends 
Council of Trent, 1561 — Cardinal, 1583 — suc- 
ceeds Gregory XIV., 29 Oct. 159 1 — tf., 30 Dec. 

I59 1 - 

Innocent X., Pope, {Giovanni Battista 
Panjili,) — ft. at Rome, 7 May 1574 — Cardinal, 
6 Jul. 1629 — succeeds Urban VIII., 15 Sep. 
1644 — is governed by Donna Olimpia Malda- 
chini : prohibits cardinals quitting States of 
the Church without permission of the pope, by 
bull of 4 Dec. 1645 — enjoins residence of 
cardinals in Rome, 25 Feb. 1646 — acquires 
territory of Albano, 1647 — takes and razes 
Castro, and reunites the Duchy to Papal States, 
1647 — declares Treaty of Westphalia void, 26 
Nov. 1648 — condemns Jansenism, 1653 — tf-, 6 
Jan. 1655. 

Innocent XI., Pope, {Benedetto Odescalchi,) 
— h. at Como, 161 1 — Cardinal, 1647 — succeeds 
Clement X., 21 Sep. 1676 — his quarrel with 
Louis XIV. respecting revenues of vacant 
benefices (the regale) begins, 1678 — (the 
question settled by assembly of French clergy, 



INNOCENT XII.— INSTITUTE OF FRANCE. 



?43 



1682) — condemns propositions of casuists, by- 
bull of 2 Mar. 1679 — puts an end to right of 
asylum of foreign ambassadors in Rome, May 
1687 — refuses to receive French ambassador, 
Lavardin, with militaiy escort, 1687 — confirms 
decree of Inquisition against writings of 
Molinos, 19 Nov. 1687— joins League of Augs- 
burg, 1689 — a"., 12 Aug. ^689. 

Innocent XII., Pope, \Antonio Pignatelli,) 
— fc. at Naples, 13 Mar. 1615 — Cardinal, Abp 
of Naples, 1681 — succeeds Alexander VIII., 12 
Jul. 1 69 1— prohibits nepotism, 28 Jun. 1692 
— terminates the quarrel with Louis XIV., 
1693— successfully resists attempt of Emperor 
Leopold to revive Imperial investiture, 1697 — 
condemns Fenelon's Explication des Maximes 
des Saints, 12 Mar. 1699— rj., 27 Sep. 1700. 

Innocent XIII., Pope, {Michel Angelo 
Conti,)—b. at Eome, 15 May 1655— Bp of 
Viterbo, 17 12 — Cardinal, 7 Jun. 1707— suc- 
ceeds Clement XL, 8 May 1721— if., 7 Mar. 
1724. 

Innocentius, jurist, — fl., about 335. 

Inns of Court, London, — Royal Commission 
on, appointed, 5 May 1 854 — Report published, 
10 Aug. 1855. 

Innsbruck, in the Tyrol, — raised to rank of 
a city by Duke Otto I. of Meran, 1234 — 
University of, founded by Emperor Leopold L, 
1672 — converted into Lyceum by Joseph II., 
1782 — restored, 1792 — suppressed, 18 10 — re- 
established, 1826. 

Inoculation, for small-pox, — in England, 
introduced by Lady Mary "Wortley Montagu, 
about 1721 — prohibited by Act 3 and 4 Vic. c. 
29, 23 Jul. 1840. In Russia, introduced by 
Henry Bachesacht, before 1800. In France, 
introduced by Nicholas Bablot, before 1802. 

Inquisition, Holy Office, Inquisitors, — 
originates in commission by Innocent III. for 
conversion of Albigenses, 1203 — proceedings 
regulated by Council of Toulouse, Nov. 1229 — 
cruelties of the, excite resistance in Germany, 
1232 — jurisdiction of courts of, defined and 
regulated by Gregory IX., about 1233 — intro- 
duced in Spain, 1 248 — established in Portugal, 
about 1543 — unsuccessful attempt to establish, 
in Naples, 1546-7 — tribunal for protection 
against, instituted in Naples, 1547 — powers of, 
limited in Venice by concordat with Julius III., 
155 1 — established in Portugal, 1557 — abolished 
in Duchy of Parma, 1769 — in Tuscany, by 
Duke Leopold, 1787 — inLombardy, by Emperor 
Joseph II., about 1787 — in all Italy, by 
/ Napoleon, 1808 — in Portugal, by the Cortes, 
between 1818-26. Spanish establishment of, 
suggested by Alfonso de Hodeja, Prior of 
Seville, and Philip de Barberis, Inquisitor of 
Sicily, 1477 — authorized by bull of Sixtus IV., 
Nov. 1478— execution of the bull suspended by 
Isabella : constituted by Ferdinand and Isabella, 
Sep. 1480 — first edict of, issued at Seville, 
2 Jan. 148 1 — appeal of victims to the pope, 
148 1 — the pope complains to Ferdinand and 
Isabella, and reserves right of appointment of 
Inquisitors to himself, Jan. 1482 — appointment 
of Torquemada, Feb. 1482 — appellate juris- 
diction given to Abp of Seville, 1482 — royal 



council of the Supreme Inquisition appointed 
by Ferdinand, 1483 — organic laws of, promul- 
gated at Seville, 29 Oct. 1484 — new articles 
added, 1488 and 1498 — new ordinances pub- 
lished by Valdez, 156 1 — introduced by Charles 
V. in the Netherlands, 1550 — abolished there, 
1567 — suppressed by decree of Napoleon L, 4 
Dec. 1808 — and by the Cortes of Cadiz, 12 Feb. 
18 1 3 — reestablished by Ferdinand VI L, 21 
Jul. 1 8 14 — again suppressed by the Cortes, 
1820 — extinguished by royal decree, 1835. 
Roman, {Congregation of the Holy Office,) 
founded by bull of Paul III., Apr. 1543 — its 
powers confirmed and extended by Pius IV., 
1564 — reorganized by Sixtus V., 1588 — prison 
of, broken open and victims liberated, on death 
of Paul IV., 1559. 

Insane Prisoners, — in Great Britain, con- 
finement and maintenance of, provided for by 
Acts 39 and 40 Geo. III. c. 94, 28 Jul. 1800 ; 48 
Geo. III. c. 96, 23 Jun. 1808 ; 56 Geo. III. c. 
117, 1 Jul. 1816; 9 Geo. IV. c. 40, 15 Jul. 1828 ; 
1 and 2 Vic. c. 14, 30 Mar. 1838 ; 3 and 4 Vic. 
c. 54, 4 Aug. 1840; 14 and 15 Vic. c. 81, 7 
Aug. 1 85 1 ; 23 and 24 Vic. c. 75, 6 Aug. 
i860 ; 27 and 28 Vic. c. 29, 23 Jun. 1864. 

Inscriptions, Academy of, at Paris, — in- 
stituted, 1663— suppressed, 7 Sep. 1793 — re- 
constituted as division of the Institute, by 
Louis XVIII., 1 816. 

Inscriptions, Ancient, — collection of, made 
by Cyriacus of Ancona, 1435. [See Boeckh, 
Gruter, Fabretti, Muratori, Orelli, &c.j 

Insolvency, Insolvent Debtors, — in Eng- 
land, relief of, provided for, by Acts 22 and 23 
Car. II. c. 20, 1670 ; 2 fm and Mar. st. 2, c. 
15, 1690; 2 and 3 Ann. c. 16, 1703; 10 Ann. 
c. 20, 1711 ; 6 Geo. I. c. 22, 1719; 11 Geo. 
I. c. 21, 1724, and various amending and con- 
tinuing Acts; 32 Geo. II. c. 28, {Lords' Act,) 
1759; 26 Geo. III. c. 44, 1786 ; 33 Geo. III. 
c. 5, 1793, and 48 Geo. Ill, c. 123, 30 Jum 
1808— temporary court established by Act 53 
Geo. III. c. 102, 10 Jul. 1813 — further pro- 
vision for relief of, by Act' 1 Geo. IV. c. 119, 
26 Jul. 1820 — laws consolidated and amended 
by Act 7 Geo. IV. c. 57, 1826, with several 
amending and continuing Acts — provisions con- 
tinued and extended by Acts 1 and 2 Vic. c. 
110, 16 Aug. 1838; and 2 and 3 Vic. c. 39, 
17 Aug. 1839— relief of non-traders provided 
for by Act 5 and 6 Vie. c. 116, 12 Aug. 1842 ; 
amended by 7 and 8 Vic. c. 70, 6 Aug., and c. 
96, 9 Aug. 1844 — further provisions by Act 8 
and 9 Vic. c. 127, 9 Aug. 1845 — jurisdiction of 
Court of Review in Bankruptcy in, transferred 
to Court for Relief of Insolvent Debtors and to 
County Courts, by Act 10 and 11 Vic. c. 102, 
22 Jul. 1847 — business of, transferred to Court 
of Bankruptcy by Act 24 and 25 Vic. c. 134, 
6 Aug. 1 86 1 — statutes relating to, repealed, and 
winding up of business of the Court provided 
for and regulated by Act 32 and 33 Vic. c. 83, 
9 Aug. 1869. 

Institute of France, — constituted as the In- 
stitut National, by union of the French 
Academy, and Academies of Inscriptions, Fine 
Arts, and Sciences, 1795— constitution revised 



744 



INSTITUTES— IODINE. 



by Bonaparte, Jan. 1803 — again by Louis 
XVIII., 21 Mar. 1816 — class of Moral and 
Political Sciences added by Louis Philippe, 
26 Oct. 1832. 
Institutes. [See Justinian.] 
Institution, Royal. [Royal Institution.] 
Insubres, Celtic tribe, — [BC] — defeated by 
C. Flandnius, 223 — again defeated by consuls 
Purperco and Marcellus, 196 — encountered by 
proconsul Yal. Flaccus at Milan, 194. 

Insurance, Marine, — regulated by ordinance 
of Barcelona, about 1435 ? — by ordinance of 
Florence, 1523 — by Caroline Code of Charles Y., 
155 1 — by further ordinances of Philip II., 1563 
and 1565 — by ordinance of Louis XIY., 1681. 
In England, appointment of Court of Policies 
of Assurance, authorized by Act 43 Eliz. c. 12, 
1601 — amended by Act 13 and 14 Car. II. c. 
23, 1662 — erection of two corporations for, by 
the king, authorized by Act 6 Geo. I. c. 18, 
17 19 — further regulated by Acts 19 Geo. II. c. 
37, 1746, and 28 Geo. III. c. 56, 1788— duties 
on, regulated by 54 Geo. III. c. 144, 27 Aug. 
1 8 14 and Stamp Acts — restrictions on effect- 
ing, repealed by Act 5 Geo. IV. c. 114, 24 Jun. 
1824. On Lives, regulated, and insurance pro- 
hibited when insurer has no interest, by Act 
14 Geo. III. c. 48, 1774 — duty on certain 
policies reduced to one penny by Act 33 and 34 
Yic. c. 32, 1 Aug. 1870 — law relating to Com- 
panies amended by Act 33 and 34 Yic. c. 61, 
9 Aug. 1870. Fire, duties on, regulated by 
Acts 37 Geo. III. c. 90, s. 23, 22 Jun. 1797 ; 
44 Geo. III. c. 98, 28 Jul. 1804; 9 Geo. IV. 
c. 13, 9 May 1828 ; 19 and 20 Yic. c. 22, 5 
Jun. 1856. 

Interdict, Ecclesiastical, — laid on a parish 
of his diocese, by Hincmar, Bp of Laon, 870 
— laid on France, by Gregory V., 998. [For 
subsequent interdicts see names of countries.] 

Interest, of money, — [BC] — Roman, regu- 
lated by law of Twelve Tables, 450 — restric- 
tions on rate removed by Licinian laws, 366-5 
— former law reestablished, 357 — rate again 
lowered, 347 — prohibited by Genusian law, 
341 — law respecting, made same for the Socii 
as for Roman citizens by Sempronian law, 193 
— [AD] — rate reduced* to 6 per cent, by 
Justinian, 529. In England, legal rate of, re- 
duced to 10 per cent, by Act 37 Hen. VIII. c. 
9, 1543-4 — taking of, prohibited by Act 5 and 
6 Edw. VI. c. 20, 1552— repealed by 13 Eliz. 
c. 8, 1570 — restricted to 8 per cent, by Act 21 
Jac. I. c. 17, 1623 — to 6 per cent, by Act 12 
Car. II. c. 13, 1660 — to 5 per cent, by Act 12 
Ann. st. 2, c. 16, 17 13 — laws relating to, re- 
pealed by Act 17 and 18 Yic. c. 90, 10 Aug. 

i854- 

Interference of Light, — observed and 
described by Grimaldi, 1665 — explained, and 
name adopted, by Young, 1 802 — laws of, 
established by Arago and Fresnel, 1816. 

Interim, The, — formulary of faith and 
church discipline, published by Charles V. at 
Diet of Augsburg, but rejected by Catholics and 
Protestants, 15 May 1548 — abolished by Treaty 
of Passau, 15 Aug. 1552 — another adopted at 
Diet of Leipsic, 22 Dec. 1548. 



Intermarriage, (Connubium,)—*[B C] — be- 
tween Patrician and Plebeian orders at Rome, 
restored by Lex Canuleia, 455. 
Interment. [Burial.] 
International Copyright. [Copyright.] 
International Exhibition. [Exhibition.] 
Interregnum, in England. [England, 
Kings of.] 

Interrex, Interreges, Roman, — [B C] — 
elected by senate from the whole body, from 
482 — appointment of, discontinued after second 
Punic War, 218-202 — renewed, 82, 53, and 

Inveges, Agostino, historian, — ft. in Sicily, 
1595 — ts. at Palermo, 1677. Annali della 
cittd di Falermo, 1649-51 — La Carthagine 
siciliana, 1650. 

Inventions, — exhibited at International Ex- 
hibitions in United Kingdom, protection of, 
provided for by Act 33 and 34 Yic. c. 27, 14 
Jul. 1870. 

Inverlochy, in Scotland, — Montrose defeats 
Argyle at, 2 Feb. 1645. 

Inverness, in Scotland, — castle destroyed 
and rebuilt by Malcolm III., 1057-93 — receives 
charters from William the Lion, 11 65- 12 14 — 
taken by Edward I. and by Bruce, 1303 — 
burnt by Donald, lord of the Isles, 1411 — 
James I. holds parliament at, 1427 — held 
by Cromwell, 1650 — castle blown up by the 
rebels, 1746 — damaged by earthquake, 18 16. 
Cathedral, founded, 17 Oct. 1866. 

Inverury, in Scotland, — Bruce defeats the 
English at, 22 May 1308. 

Investiture of Benefices,— dispute respect- 
ing, between popes and emperors, originates 
with decree of Gregory VII. at Council of 
Rome, prohibiting lay investiture, Feb. 1075 — 
[Henry IV. , Empeeok] — prohibition confirmed 
by Urban II., 1090 — right of, given up by Henry 
V., 9 Feb. mi — at Council of the Lateran, 
Henry refuses to ratify the treaty and arrests 
Pope Pascal II., 12 Feb. 1111 — and compels 
him to concede the right by treaty of 1 1 Apr. 
mi — Pascal revokes the grant at second 
Council of the Lateran, Mar. 11 12 — lay, de- 
clared heresy by Council of Yienne, Sep. 1 1 1 2 
— again prohibited by Councils of the Lateran, 
Mar. 1 1 16, and of Rheims, Oct. n 19 — the 
dispute terminated by renunciation of the 
claim, by Emperor, at assembly of Worms, 8 
Sep. 1 1 22 — the treaty ratified by Calixtus II. 
at Rome, 23 Sep. 1122. 

Inwood, Charles Frederick, architect, — ft., 
28 Nov. 1798— o\, May 1840. 

Inwood, Henry William, architect, — ft., 22 
May 1794 — 0"., probably by shipwreck, Mar. 
1843. 

Inwood, William, architect, — ft. near Lon- 
don, about 1 77 1 — tf., 16 Mar. 1843. (With 
Henry Inwood) St Pancras Church, London, 
1819-22 — (with Charles Inwood) Westminster 
Hospital, 1832-4. 

Io, asteroid, — discovered by Peters, 19 Sep. 
1865. 

Iodine, elementary body, — discovered by 
Courtois, 1 8 12 — properties of, ascertained by 
Gay Lussac and Davy, 1814. 



ION— IRELAND. 



745 



Ion, of Chios, tragic poet, — [B C] — begins to 
exhibit, (01. 82,) 451 — meets Sophocles at 
Chios, 440— obtains third prize, (01. 87, 4,) 
Feb. or Mar. 428 — tf., before 421. 

lona, one of the Hebrides, — St Columba 
preaches in, about 565 — monastery burnt by 
Northmen, about 795 and 802— the monks 
slain by Northmen, 807 — again ravaged by 
them, Christmas 986— burnt, 1069 — visited by 
Magnus of Norway, 1097 — settlement of Bene- 
dictine monks, and Augustinian nuns in, about 
1290-1300 — seat of Bp of the Isles, 1507 — 
monastery demolished, 156 1 — given to Earls of 
Argyle, about 1695 — visited by Johnson, 1773. 

Iona Club, — instituted, 1833. 

Ionia, — [BC] — conquered by Croesus, 560- 
555 — conquered by Persians, 544-539 — revolts, 
501. [Ionian War.] 

Ionian Islands, — included in Eastern Em- 
pire, as the Tenia of Cephallenia, by Leo the 
Philosopher, about 890 — taken possession of 
by Duke of Calabria, 1081 — become possession 
of Venetian republic, between 1 386-1499 — 
seized by the French, 1797 — confirmed to them 
by Treaty of Campo Formio, Oct. 1797— taken 
by Russians and Turks, declared independent 
republic under joint protection, 1799 — restored 
to France by Treaty of Tilsit, 1807 — taken by 
Collingwood, 1809-10 — placed under protection 
of Great Britain, by treaty with Russia, 5 Nov. 
1815 — constitutional charter passed, 1817 — 
ratified by Prince Regent, 18 19 — modern Greek 
adopted as official language, 1852 — cession of, 
to Greece, by protocol of 28 May 1864. [See 
names of separate Islands.'] 

Ionian War, — [B C] — Aristagoras revolts, 
summer 501 — obtains help from Athens and 
Eretria, 500 — Sardis burnt, 499 — Ionians and 
allies defeated near Ephesus, 499 — Athens and 
Eretria leave the confederacy, 499 — Cyprus, 
Caria, cities on the Hellespont and in Thrace, 
revolt, and are subdued, 498 — Clazomense and 
Cyme taken, 498 — Aristagoras leaves Miletus 
and is slain in Thrace, 497 — Histia3us escapes 
from Susa, and comes down to the coast, 496 — 
the confederates are defeated at Lade, 494 — 
Miletus taken, 494 — iEaces reinstated in the 
tyranny of Sanios, 494 — Chios, Lesbos, Tene- 
dos, taken by the Persians, 493 — Byzantium 
and Chalcedon taken by the Persians, 493 — 
Ionia completely subjugated by Persia, before 
492. 

Iophon, tragic poet, — [B C] — obtains second 
prize, (01. 88, 1,) 428 a — ft., after 405. a 
a Clinton. 

Iowa, one of the United States, — French 
settlements in, 1686 — as part of Louisiana, pur- 
chased by United States, 1803— and added to 
territory of Missouri : erected into a territory, 
1838 — admitted to the Union, 28 Dec. 1846. 

Ipecacuanha, — introduced as a medicine in 
Europe, 1680. 

Iphicrates, general, — [B C] — serves at battle 
of Cnidus ? 394 — at battle of Lechaeum, 393 — 
doubles length of Greek sAvord, 393 a — cuts off 
the Spartan mora, 392 — commands at the Hel- 
lespont, 389 b — besieges Nicolochus at Abydos, 
388 — aids Seuthes against Cotys, 387 — sent in 



aid of Pharnabazus against Egypt, 377 — sent 
to aid Korkyra, midsummer 373 — with Callis- 
tratus prosecutes Timotheos, Nov. 373 — his 
speech against Harmodius, de Imagine, 37 1 b — ■ 
commands against Epaminondas in aid of 
Sparta, 369 — sent against Ampbipolis, about 
367 — joint- commander of fleet in Social War, 
355 — prosecuted by Aristophon and Chares, 
355— "&., before 348. a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. 

Ipsilanti. [Ypsilanti.] 

Ipsus, in Phrygia, — [BC] — defeat of An- 
tigonus and his son by Cassander and the allies, 
Aug. 301. 

Ipswich, in Suffolk, — ravaged by Northmen, 
991 — they land at, and defeat East Anglians, 
18 May 1010 — fortifications strengthened, 1204. 
Town hall, built, 1867. 

Iran. [Persia. ] 

Irasa,— [BC] — visited by the Greeks, about 
631. 

Irdjar. [Bokhara.] 

Ireland, (Ir, Eri, Erin,) (Greek, Icrne, 
Latin, Hibemia, Jicvema,)— described by Pom- 
ponius Mela, about 50 ? — its inhabitants, the 
Scots, make descents on Britain and Gaul, be- 
tween 350-430 — mission of Palladius, about 
431 — mission of St Patrick, about 440-460 a — 
ravaged and the churches plundered by North- 
umbrians, 684 b — descent of Northmen on, 748,* 
795 b — [Danes] — Anlaf establishes his supreme 
acy in, 853 b — ravaged by Northmen, 905 — de- 
feat of Northmen at Tara, 980 — Brien Boru, 
king of, defeats Northmen at Clontarf and is 
killed, 1 o 1 4 — Mal achi succeeds him, 1 014 — and 
rj., 1022 c — Godred Chronan establishes himself 
in, 1068 — Waterford seat of a bishopric by 
Ostmen, 1096 — invaded by Magnus III. of 
Norway, who is defeated and killed, Aug. 1 103 — 
O'Connor the Great acknowledged King, 1 136° 
—invaded by Godred of Man, 1 143 — supremacy 
of Rome acknowledged by Synod of Kells, 1152 
— Henry II. of England authorized by Pope 
Adrian IV. to undertake conquest of, 1155 — 
Murloch O'Lochlin, 1156 — succeeded by 
Roderick O'Connor, 1166 — Dermot Mac 
Murrough seeks aid of Henry II., 1 168 — Eng- 
lish invasion under Fitzgerald and Fitz- 
stephen, associates of Richard de Clare, Jim. 
1 169 — [Strongbow] — invasion of Henry II., 
18 Oct. 1 17 1 — English slaves set at liberty: 
Henry is acknowledged King at Council 
of Cashel, 6 Nov. 1171 — Hugh de Lacy ap- 
pointed governor, 1 17 3 — divided into twelve 
counties: general insurrection, 1.1 74 — pro- 
mulgation of bull of Adrian IV., and submis- 
sion of chief's to Henry II., 1175 — Earl John 
declared Lord of, and the country partition- 
ed among knights and nobles, 1177 — [John, 
King of England] — English settlers in, 
reduced to obedience by John, Jun. to Aug. 
1 2 10 — Piers Gaveston named governor by 
Edward II., 1308 — invasion of, by Edward 
Bruce, 13 15- 18 — ordinance for the state of, 
31 Edw. III. st. 4, c. 1-19, 1357 — Lionel, son 
of Edward III., named Lieutenant of, 1 Jul. 
1 36 1 — [Clarence, Lionel, Duke or] — whole 
revenue of, given to Robert de Vere, by Rich- 
ard II., 1385 — [Oxford, Earl op]— expeditions 



74 6 



IRELAND. 



of Richard II., 1394 and 1399 — Irish residents 
at Oxford and Cambridge expelled the realm 
by Stat. 1 Hen. VI. c. 3, 1422— Richard, Duke 
of York, appointed Lieutenant, 5 Jul. 1449 — 
currency of, prohibited in England, by Stat. 17 
Edw. IV. c. 1, 1478— Gerald, Earl of Kildare, 
made Deputy for life, 1484 — Lambert Simnel 
supported in, 1487 — Perkin "Warbeck ac- 
knowledged, 1492 — Poyning's Law passed, 
1495 — Earl of Surrey, Lord-lieutenant, 
Apr. 1520 — Pierce Butler [Ormond, Earl 
of] Deputy, 6 Mar. 1522 — negotiations for 
conquest of, between Earl of Desmond and 
other nobles and Francis I. of France, 1522 — 
descent of Scots on, 1523 — Sir W. Skeffington 
Deputy, Aug. 1529 — rebellion of Lord Thomas 
Fitzgerald, 1534 — Lord Leonard Grey 
Deputy, 1537 — the royal supremacy proclaimed; 
suppression of the monasteries ; Commission of 
Inquiry into state of, sent, 1537 — rebellion of 
O'Connor, O'Neil, and others, 1540° — title of 
King of, assumed by Henry VIII., 23 Jan. 
1542— the title confirmed by Act 35 Hen. VIII. 
c. 3, 1544 — [Great Britain, United Kingdom] 
— rebellion of Shan O'Neil, 1565 — projected 
invasion of, promoted by Gregory XIII., fails, 
1578 — capture of Smerwick in Kerry, by Span- 
iards under Fitzmaurice, Jul. 1579 — the in- 
vaders joined by Italians, but compelled to sur- 
render, 1 1 Nov. 1580 d — Sir John Perrott Lord- 
deputy, 7 Jan. 1584 — rebellion of Tyrone, 1594 
— Earl of Essex, Lord-lieutenant, 12 Mar. 
1599 — Lord Mountjoy appointed, Oct. 1599 
— Kinsale seized and fortified by party of 
Spaniards, Sep. 1601 — they surrender, Jan. 
1602 — rebellion of O'Dogherty in Ulster 
breaks out, Apr., and is suppressed, Jun. 
1608— [Ulster, Settlement of]— Wentworth 
Lord-deputy, Jul. 1633 — [Strafford, Earl of] 
— insurrection breaks out, Oct. 164.1 — [Irish 
Rebellion, Cromwell, Oliver] — Irish troops 
in service of Charles I. in England, 1643-4 — 
Act for settlement of, passed by the parlia- 
ment, 12 Aug. 1652 d — second Act passed, 
26 Sep. 1653 d — Declaration of Charles II. 
for settlement of, 28 Nov. 1660 — Act of 
Settlement passed by Irish parliament, 1662 
— Explanatory Act, Aug. 1665 — free trade 
opened with foreign countries, 1667 — supports 
James II., 1689 — [William III., Tyrconnel, 
Sarsfeld, Walker, George, Ginkell, Gen.] 
Treaty of Limerick, Oct. 1691 — new oaths 
imposed for, by Act 3 Wm and Mar. c. 2, 1691 
— right of William and Mary to crown of, 
recognized by Act of Irish parliament, 4 Wm 
and Mar. c. 1, 1692 — settlement of Protestants 
in, encouraged by Act (Irish) 4 Wm and Mar. 
c. 2, 1692 — the parliament prorogued and 
government carried on by Lords Justices, 1692 
— parliament again meets, 27 Aug. 1695— legis- 
lation of parliament of James II. declared void 
by Act 7 Wm III. c. 3, 1695— English and 
Irish Acts against foreign education enforced 
by c. 4 ; Romanists disarmed, by c. 5 ; articles 
of Treaty of Limerick confirmed with limita- 
tion, by Act 9 Wm III. c. 2, 1697 — forfeited 
estates in, ordered to be sold by Act 11 Wm 
III. c. 2, 1699 — made treason to impeach the 



Protestant succession by Act 2 Ann. c. 0, 1703 
— foreign Protestants naturalized by c. 14 — 
provision for better securing dependency of, by 
Act 6 Geo. I. c. 5, 17 19 — census of Protestants 
in, taken by order of Lord-lieutenant, Nov. 
1741 — landing of Thurot at Carrickfergus, 
Feb. 1760 — parliaments of, limited to eight 
years by Act passed, 2 Feb. 1768 — formation 
of Volunteer army in, 1779 — freedom of trade 
conceded, by resolutions introduced by Lord 
North, Dec. 1779 — legislative independence 
claimed by Convention of Dungannon, 17 81 
— ' Declaration of Rights ' adopted by Irish 
parliament, on motion of Grattan, 16 Apr. 
1782 — legislative independence conferred by 
Act 28 Geo. III. c. 28, 1783 —Volunteer 
convention at Dublin, project of parliament- 
ary reform discussed, 10 Nov. 1783 — Na- 
tional Congress proposed and prevented, Jun. 
1784 — agitation in, non-importation agree- 
ments with England signed, summer 1785 — 
outrages of the Defenders, Jan. 1793 — Earl 
Fitzwilliam Lord-lieutenant, 10 Dec. 1794 — 
he favours Catholic emancipation and is re- 
called, 21 Feb. 1795 — Earl Camden appointed, 
n Mar. 1795 — Catbolic Relief Bill rejected, 
Mar. 1795 — influence of United Irishmen 
increases, summer 1795 — Orange Societies 
instituted, 1795 — O'Connor and Griffin found 
guilty of bigh treason, 1 Sep. 1795 — Habeas 
Corpus Act suspended, 26 Oct. 1796 — French 
invasion frustrated, Dec. 1796 — [Hoche, Gen.] 
reform motion negatived by Irish House of 
Commons, Grattan secedes, 15 May 1797— 
[Irish Rebellion of 1798] — Irish regiment of 
dragoons disbanded for insubordination, Apr. 
1799 — legislative Union with Great Britain 
completed by Act 39 and 40 Geo. III. c. 67, 
2 Jul. 1800 — parliament of, closes, 2 Aug. 
1800 — insurrection in Dublin, 23 Jul. 1803 — 
[Emmett, Robert]— repeal of the Union pro- 
posed at meeting in Dublin, 1 Sep. 18 10 — 
[O'Connell, Daniel] — meeting of Catholic 
committee prohibited by Wellesley Pole's cir- 
cular, Mar. 1 8 1 1 — Walter Cox set in the 
pillory at Dublin for recommending repeal, 27 
Mar. 1 81 1 — the committee dispersed by a 
magistrate, 23 Dec. 1811 — the coasting trade 
of, encouraged by Act 1 Geo. IV. c. 26, 30 
Jun. 1820 — visit of George IV., 15 Aug. to 5 
Sep. 1 82 1 — disorders caused by the Whiteboys, 
1822 — famine in, from failure of potato crops, 
spring 1822 — Insurrection Act, 3 Geo. IV. c. 
1, 11 Feb. 1822 — state of, considered by Com- 
mittee of House of Lords, 1825 — currency of, 
assimilated to British by Act 6 Geo. IV. c. 79, 
27 Jun. 1825 — agitation by Catholic Associa- 
tion, 1828— Catholic Emancipation effected, 
1829 — disfranchisement of forty-shilling free- 
holders in, by Act 10 Geo. IV. c. 8, 13 Apr. 
1829— Public Works in, authorized and regu- 
lated by Act 1 and 2 Wm IV. c. 33, 15 Oct. 
1 83 1 — amended by Act 6 and 7 Wm IV. c. 
108, 20 Aug. 1836 — agitation for repeal con- 
tinued, meetings prohibited, 1831 — [Repeal 
Association] — Protestant address against Re- 
form Bill presented to the king, 28 Feb. 1832 
—Irish Reform Act 2 and 3 Wm IV. c. 88, 7 



IRELAND— IRISH CHURCH. 



747 



Aug. 1832— Insurrection Act, 3 Win IV. c. 4, 
2 Apr. 1833— [Irish Church, Tithes, Munici- 
pal Reform, Poor Law, MaynoothJ — National 
Education Society incorporated, 23 Sep. 1845 
[Queen's Colleges]— famine, from failure of 
potato crop, 1845-7 — better prevention of 
crime and outrage provided for by Act 11 Vic. 
c. 2, 20 Dec. 1847— rebellion suppressed, 1848 
— [O'Brien, Smith] — visit of Queen Victoria, 
1-12 Aug. 1849 — commission for sale of En- 
cumbered Estates opens, Oct. 1849— Party 
Processions prohibited, Mar. 1850 — Catholic 
Defence Association formed at Dublin, 22 Apr. 
1 85 1 — meeting of Irish Tenant League on 
site of battle of the Boyne, 14 Jul. 1851 — 
communication with England by submarine 
telegraph opened, 1 Jun. 1852 — visit of Queen 
Victoria to Industrial Exhibition, Dublin, 29 
Aug. 1853 — better preservation of peace in, 
provided for by Act 19 and 20 Vic. c. 36, 30 
Jun. 1856 — visit of the Queen and Prince Con- 
sort, 22-30 Aug. 1 86 1 — Fenian conspiracy dis- 
covered, autumn 1 865 — [Fenians] — Peace 
Preservation Act (1856) amended and reenacted 
by Act 33 and 34 Vic. c. 9, 4 Apr. 1870— 
land laws amended by Act 33 and 34 Vic. c. 
46, 1 Aug. 1870. a Todd. b Annals of England. 
c Pict. Hist. England. d Lingard. 

Ireland, Duke of. [Oxford, Robert de 
Vere, Earl of.] 

Ireland, John, miscellaneous writer, — fo. near 
Birmingham, 1808. Graphic Illustrations of 
Hogarth, 1794-99 — Life and Letters of John 
Henderson, 1786. 

Ireland, John, Dean of "Westminster, — 
fc. at Ashburton, 8 Sep. 17 61 — enters Oriel 
Coll. Oxford, 1780 — vicar of Croydon, 1793 — 
prebendary of Westminster, Aug. 1802 — Dean, 
Feb. 1 8 16— M.A. and D.D., 18 19— founds 
four scholarships at Oxford, 1825 — "&., 1 Sep. 
1842. V indicia Regia, 1797 — Nuptia Sacrce, 
1821. 

Ireland, Samuel, miscellaneous writer, — rj. 
in London, about 1760 — takes part with his 
son in the Shakespeare forgeries, 1795— rj., 
Jul. 1800. Picturesque Tour through Holland, 
1790 — Picturesque Views on the Upper Avon, 
1795 — Graphic Illustrations of Hogarth, 1794. 

Ireland, William Henry,— fj. in London, 
1777 — forges Shakespearian MSS., 1795 — rj., 
17 Apr. 1835. 

Ireneeus, St, Bp of Lyons, — b. at Smyrna, 
probably between 135-145, a 120-140 b — sent to 
Rome to Eleutherus, 177 — succeeds Photinus, 
Bp of Lyons, 177 — living, 197. 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Smith's Diet. 

Irene, asteroid, — discovered by Hind, 19-20 
May 1 85 1 — seen by Gasparis, 23 May. 

Irene, daughter of the Khan of the Chazars, 
— marries Constantino Copronymus, 732 — 
becomes Empress of the East, 741. 

Irene, Empress of the East, — b. at 
Athens, about 750 — marries Leo (IV.), 3 
Sep. 769 — becomes Empress, 775 — assumes the 
government on Leo's death, in the name of her 
son, Constantine V., Sep. 780 — restores image- 
worship, 780 — procures convocation of Council 
of Nice, 787 — sends an army into Italy, which 



is defeated by troops of Charles, 788 — banished 
by her son, 790— recalled, 792 — puts her son 
to death and reigns alone, 797 — a conspiracy 
formed against her, deposed by Nicephorus, 
802 — lj. in Lesbos, 803. 

Ireton, Henry, general,— h. in Nottingham- 
shire, 1610 — enters Trin. Coll., Oxford, 1626 — 
distinguishes himself at battle of Naseby, Jun. 
1645 — marries Cromwell's daughter Bridget, 
1646 — has intercourse with the king at Hampton 
Court, Aug. to feep. 1647 — member of High 
Court of Justice for trial of Charles I., 1649 — 
Lord-deputy of Ireland, 1650 — forms siege of 
Limerick, 11 Jun. 1651 — takes it, 23 Oct. — 
tf. at Limerick, 15 Nov. 1651 — buried in 
Westminster Abbey, 6 Feb. 1652 — his body 
exhumed, gibbeted, and burnt at Tyburn, 1660. 

Iriarte. [Yriarte.] 

Iridium, metal, — discovered by Tennant, 
1804. 

Iris, asteroid, — discovered by Hind, 13 Aug. 
1847. 

Irish Church, [Ireland,] — Papal authority 
in Ireland recognized by Synod of Kells, 
1 152 — abolished, and Henry VIII. declared 
head of the Church, 1539 — English reformed 
Liturgy introduced, 1550 — but soon falls into 
disuse : reestablishment of Catholic worship 
prevented by Mountjoy, 1603 — expulsion of 
Catholic priests under penalty of death, by pro- 
clamation of James I., 4 Jul. 1605 — commission 
of graces issued, 1605 — Convocation of Clergy 
meets at Dublin ; Articles of Eeligion agreed to, 
16 15 — Catholic clergy ordered to quit, by Lord- 
deputy Falkland, 21 Jan. 1623 — Articles of 
Church of England finally adopted by, 1635 — 
revised Prayer Book of England adopted by Con- 
vocation, 1662 — Romish ecclesiastics banished 
on pain of death, by (Irish) Act 9 Wm III. c. 
1, 1697 — intermarriage of Bomanist and 
Protestant forbidden by c. 3 — building of 
churches out of forfeited estates authorized by 
parliament, 1702 — registration of Romish 
clergy required by Act 2 Ann. c. 7, 1703 — 
Romanists disqualified for Grand Jury, by Act 
4 Ann. c. 6, 1705 — penal laws against Catholics 
mitigated, 1778 — endowment of Catholic clergy 
unsuccessfully proposed by Pitt, 1799 — united 
with Church of England, and continuance of 
United Church declared essential part of the 
Union, by Act of Union, 39 and 40 Geo. III. 
c. 67, art. 5, 2 Jul. 1800 — laws relating to 
temporalities of, altered, first-fruits abolished, 
Ecclesiastical Commission appointed, by Act 3 
and 4 Wm IV. c. 37, 14 Aug. 1833 — amended 
by Acts 4 and 5 Wm IV. c. 90, 15 Aug. 1834, 
and 6 and 7 Wm IV. c. 99, 20 Aug. 1836— 
Committee on, appointed, on motion of Lord 
John Russell, 3 Apr. 1835 — resolution for 
appropriation of surplus revenue to general 
education, carried in House of Commons, 6 
Apr. — leads to resignation of ministry, 8 Apr. 
1835 — Royal Commission on, appointed, Nov. 
1867 — Report published, 29 Sep. 1868— dis- 
establishment and disendowment of, provided 
for and regulated by Act 32 and 33 Vic. c. 42, 
26 Jul. 1869 — meeting of General Synod, at 
Dublin, 14 iSep. 1869 — Sustentatiuu Fund 



74-S 



IBISH REBELLIONS— IKVIXG. 



originated, 1870 — disestablished, and union 
with Church of England dissolved, 1 Jan. 187 1 
— General Synod opens, 13 Apr. 187 1. 

Irish Rebellions,— [Ireland,] — of 1 641 : in- 
surrection under Roger More and Sir Pkelirn 
0'Xeil, breaks out, 23 Oct. — attempt on Dub- 
lin fails, same day: massacre of Protestants, 
Oct., Nor. — Earl of Ormond namedLieutenant- 
general in Ireland, by Charles I., Nov. — 
National Association formed to uphold Catholic 
faith and defend the king, 3 Dec. 

1642 : insurgents proclaimed traitors by the 
king, 1 Jan. — petitions complaining of delay in 
suppressing the rebellion, presented to parlia- 
ment, and conference of Commons with the 
Lords respecting, Jan. — Supreme Council of 
Catholics chosen by Synod of Kilkenny, 10 
May — commissioners sent by English parlia- 
ment to examine state of affairs, autumn — 
National Assembly meets, 1 Oct. 

1643 : Charles I. commissions Ormond to 
negotiate 'with confederated Catholics, Jan. — 
truce for a year agreed to, 15 Sep. — which is 
condemned by parliament : Irish troops sent 
by Ormond to join the king, Xov. 

" Secret commission given by Charles I. to 
Earl of Glamorgan to raise troops and treat 
with Catholics, Mar. 1645— a treaty concluded, 
25 Aug. 1645 — the intrigue discovered, 17 Oct. 
1645 — peace published at Dublin and Kil- 
kenny, condemned by Synod of Waterford, 6 
Aug." 1 646 — Dublin surrendered to the parlia- 
ment by Ormond, 22 Feb. 1647 — Catholic army 
defeated by Jones, governor of Dublin, 8 Aug. 
1647 — new Council appointed, 4 Jan. 1648 — 
Jones and Monk conclude truce with O'Xeil, 
Sep. 1648 — Ormond makes terms with Catho- 
lics, Jan. 1649 — treaty of O'Xeil with par- 
liamentary army, 8 May 1649 — Cromwell, 
Lord-lieutenant " and General, 22 Jun. 1649 — 
Ireton Deputy, Jun. 1650 — negotiation for aid 
carried on with Duke of Lorraine, 1651 — 
capitulation of Limerick to Ireton, 27 Oct. 
1 65 1 — treaty with Lorraine frustrated, Mar. 
1652 — suppression of rebellion completed, May 
1652 — treaty for aid concluded by leaders of 
insurrection with French Directory, Jun. 1796 
— frustrated by battles of Bantry Bay, 1796 — 
and Carnperdown, 1797. 

Of 1798: Earl Moira's proposal for con- 
ciliatory measures rejected by Irish House of 
Lords, 19 Feb. — conspiracy to seize Dublin 
castle betrayed, and frustrated by arrest of the 
Directory, 12 Mar. — arrest of Lord Edward 
Fitzgerald, 19 May — city and county of 
Dublin declared in state of insurrection, arrest 
of the Sheares, 21 May — martial law pro- 
claimed, 23 May — Lady" Fitzgerald banished, 

23 May — repulse of rebels at Carlowand Naas, 

24 May — capture of Wexford and Enniscorthy, 
repulse" at Xew Eoss, 25 May— Sir Edward 
Crosbie and others hanged at Dublin, 4 Jun. 
— victory of Gen. Xugent at Ballynahineh, 12 
Jun. — Marquis Cornwallis, Viceroy, arrives in 
Dublin, 20 Jun. — militia regiments empowered 
to serve in Ireland, by Act 38 Geo. 111. c. 66, 
21 Jun. 1798 — Oen. Lake defeats the rebels at 
Vinegar Hill, 21 Jun. — the Sheares executed, 
O'Connor and others pardoned on giving in- 



formation, 19 Jul. — amnesty published, Jul. — 
French troops under Gen. Humbert land at 
Killala, 22 Aug. — they surrender to Gen. Lake 
at Ballinamuck, 8 Sep". — French frigates on the 
way to aid the rebels, captured by Sir J. B. 
Warren, Wolfe Tone among the prisoners, 12 
Oct. — arrest of Xapper Tandy and confederates 
for treason, at Hamburg, 24 Xov. 

Irish Society, — [Londonderry,] — incorpor- 
ated, 16 19 — charter cancelled, 1637 — renewed, 
1662. 

Irnerius, Werner, {Gamier,) (Wernerius, 
Guarnerius, LLimerius, Yrnerius, §c.,) jurist, 
— h. at Bologna? about 1065 a — sent by Em- 
peror Henry V. to Borne to hasten election of 
Pope, 1 1 18 b — 3j. there, between 11 26-38. a 

s a Biog. TJnir. b Xouv. Biog. Gen. 

Iron, — exportation of, from England, pro- 
hibited by Stat. 28 Edw. III. c. 5, 1354 — 
importation of manufactured goods prohibit- 
ed by Stat, 1 Bich. III. c. 12, 1483-4 — 
erection of works restricted by Act 23 Eliz. 
c. 0, 15 8 1 — use of pit coal for smelting, pa- 
tented by Dudley, 1619 — his invention not 
generally adopted till 1740 — rolling, process of, 
patented by Cort, 17 Jan. 1783 — puddling, 
patented by Cort, 13 Feb. 1784 — introduction 
of the hot blast by Xeilson, patented, Sep. 
1828 — Bessemer's process introduced, Oct. 
1855 — application of magnetism, patented by 
Bobinson, 1865. Armour Flates, suggested in 
America, 1812 — experiment on, at Woolwich, 
1827 — used by the French at attack on Kin- 
burn, 1855. 

Iron Bridge, — at Coalbrookdale, completed, 

1779- 

Iron-clad War-ship, — the first completed, 
La Gloire, i860. 

Iron Crown, Order of the, in Austria, — in- 
stituted by Xapoleon, 1805. 

Iron Crown, of Lombardg, — used at coron- 
ation of Agilulph, 591 — of Charles the Great 
as king of Italy, 774 — of Frederick IV., 1452 
— of Charles V., 1530 — of Xapoleon, 26 May 
1805 — given up to Victor Emmanuel, on the 
conclusion of peace with Austria, 11 Oct. 1866. 

'Iron Mask,' state prisoner in France, — 
placed in the chateau of Pignerol, 1662 — ft. in 
the Bastille, 1703. 

Ironmongers' Company, of London, — incor- 
porated, 1464. 

Iron Steamboat, — exhibited on the Thames, 
9 May 1822. 

Irun, in Spain, — captured and pillaged by 
British Auxiliary Legion, under Gen. Evans, 17 
May 1837. 

Irving, Edward, theologian, — ft. at Annan, 
Scotland, 4 Aug. 1792 — goes to Edinburgh 
Univ., 1805 — M.A., 1809 — master of Hadding- 
ton school, 1 810 — master of Kirkaldy school, 
18 1 2 — licensed as preacher, 1815 — removes to 
Edinburgh, 181 8 — assistant to Dr Chalmers at 
Glasgow r , autumn 18 19 — minister of Caledonian 
Chapel, London, Jul. 1822 — married at Kirk- 
aldy, 13 Oct. 1823 — begins study of prophecy, 
and becomes acquainted with H. Drummond, 
about 1824 — attends conference at Albury, 
1S26 — his church in Begent Square opened, 
1827 — makes missionary tour in Scotland, 



IRVING— ISABELLA. 



749 



1828 — originates the Morning Watch, 1829— 
makes second missionary tour in Scotland, and 
attends Albury Conference, 1829 — sanctions the 
' speaking with tongues,' Oct. 1830 — is con- 
demned by London Presbytery, and denies its 
authority, Oct. 1830 — ejected for heresy by the 
Presbytery, May 1831 — deposed by Presbytery 
of Annan, Mar. 1833— tf. at Glasgow, 7 Dec. 
1834. Orations for the Oracles of God, 1823 — 
Judgment to Come, 1823 — Missionary Sermon, 
1824 — Lectures on Baptism, 1828 — Sermons on 
the Trinity, 1828 — Church and State, 1829. 

Irving, Washington, novelist, historian, — 
fi. at New York, 3 Apr. 1783 — visits Europe, 
1803-6 — visits Great Britain, 18 15 — goes to 
Paris, 1 8 20 — goes to Madrid, 1826 — secretary 
of embassy, London, 1829 — LL.D. Oxford, 
1830 — returns to New York, 1832 — minister 
plenipotentiary to Madrid, 1741-46 — ft., 28 
Nov. 1859. Knickerbocker s History of New 
York, 1809 — Sketch-book, 1818-20 — Brace- 
bridge Hall, 1822 — Tales of a Traveller, 1824 — 
Life of Columbus, 1828 — Companions of 
Columbus, 1 83 1 — Conquest of Granada, 1829 — 
Mahomet and his Successors, 1849-50 — Life of 
Oliver Goldsmith, 1855 — Life of Washington, 
1855 — Life and Letters, 1862. 

Irwin, Eyles, poet and traveller, — fo. at Cal- 
cutta, 175 1 — enters service of E. India Com- 
pany, 1767 — suspended, 1777 — visits England, 
1777 — reinstated, 1778 — returns to E urope, 
1785 — superintendent of affairs of China Com- 
pany, 1792-94 — U- at Clifton, 14 Oct. 1817. 

Isaac, — [BC] — b., spring 1896^ 2030 b — 
offered up, 187 1 a — marries Rebekah, summer 
1856,* 1990 b — birth of Esau and Jacob, spring, 
1 836,3 1970 b — covenant renewed to him, 1 804 a 
— blesses Jacob and Esau, autumn 1760 a — Jy., 
spring I7i6, a i850. b a Ussher. b Clinton. 

Isaac I. Comnenus, Emperor of the East, 
— proclaimed Augustus by army in Asia, 8 Jan. 
1057 — deposes Michael VI. and succeeds him, 
31 Aug. 1057 — defeats Hungarians, 1059 — 
deposes and banishes the patriarch, Michael 
Cerularius, Nov. 1059 — abdicates in favour of 
Constantine Ducas, Dec. 1059 — ft. inmonastery 
of Stude, 1 06 1. 

Isaac II., Angelus, Emperor of the East, 
— his life threatened by Andronicus Comnenus, 
1 1 85 — succeeds him, 12 Sep. n 85 — with the 
Sultan of Iconium unsuccessfully opposes pass- 
age of crusaders under Frederick Barbarossa, 
1 1 89 — furnishes fleet for passage of the Helles- 
pont, 1 1 90 — dethroned and blinded by his 
brother Alexius, 8 Apr. 1195 — restored, 18 Jul. 
1203 — ratifies treaty of his son Alexius with 
crusaders, 1 203 — put to death, by Alexius 
Ducas, 25 Jan. 1204. 

Isaac Comnenus, — viceroy of Cyprus, by 
Alexius II. 1 1 82 — makes himself independent, 
1 x 84 a — dethroned by Richard I. of England, 
1 191. a Finlay. 

Isaac Levita. [Levita.] 

Isabella, St, Order of,— founded by Ferdi- 
nand VII. of Spain, 24 Mar. 18 15. 

Isabella, daughter of Amaurg L., king of 
Jerusalem, — inherits titular sovereignty of 
Jerusalem on death of her sister Sibylla, n 89 
— divorces Humphrey, seigneur de Thoron, 



and marries Conrad of Montferrat, 11 92— as- 
sassination of Conrad in Syria, 29 Apr. 11 92 — 
marries Henry, Count of Champagne, who 
refuses title of king, n 92 — on bis death, mar- 
ries Amaury of Lusignan, king of Cyprus, — 
1197. 

Isabella of Angouleme, Queen op England, 
— b., about 1 1 85 — betrothed to Hugh of 
Lusignan, Count of La Marche, 1200 — marries 
John, king of England, 24 Aug. i20o a — 
crowned with him at Westminster, 8 0c<\ 
1200 b — suspected and disgraced, about 1212 c 
— reconciled with her husband, 12 15 — left a 
widow, Oct. 1 2 16 — marries Hugh Lusignan, 
i2i7, a 1220 c — instigates attempt on life of St 
Louis, 1 244 c — takes the veil at Fontevraud ; 
If. there, I245, a 1246.° a Art de Verifier les Dates. 
b Annals of England. c Strickland. 

Isabella, daughter of Xing John of England, 
— offered in marriage to Henry, king of the 
Romans, by her brother Henry III., 1225 — 
demanded in marriage by Emperor Frederick 
II., Nov. 1235 — betrothed to him, 27 Feb. 
1236 a — embarks at Sandwich, 11 May — enter- 
tained at Cologne, May to Jun. — married to 
Frederick at Worms, 15 Jul. — meets her brother 
Richard, Earl of Cornwall, in Sicily, 1241 a — 
tf., 1 Dec. I24i. a a Kington. 

Isabella of France, Queen of England, — • 
{)., 1295 — marries Edward II., at Boulogne, 25 
Jan. 1309 — arrives in England, 7 Feb. 1309 — ■ 
accompanies Edward to coronation of Louis X., 
1 3 1 3 — aids escape of Mortimer from the Tower, 
1323 — quarrels with the Despensers, 1 324 — sent 
to France, arranges dispute between Edward and 
her brother, Charles IV., respecting Gascony, 
May 1325 — intrigues with Mortimer against 
the Despensers, and is joined by Earl of Kent, 
1325 — banished by Charles IV. takes refuge in 
Hainault, and engages her son, Edward, to 
Philippa, 1326 — lands, with Mortimer and other 
exiles and a small army, at Orwell, 24 Sep. 1326 
— joined by the barons, has Prince Edward pro- 
claimed guardian of the realm, Oct. — [Edward 
II., Edward III., Despenser] — rules with 
Mortimer in name of her son, 1327 — imprisoned 
at Castle Rising, end of Nov. 1330 — ti. there, 
22 Aug. I358. a a Strickland. 

Isabella of Valois, Queen of England, — ft., 
9 Nov. 1387 a — marries Richard II., at Calais, 
3 Nov. 1396 — enters London, 13 Nov. — refuses 
to acknowledge Henry IV., 1399 — confined at 
Haveringe-atte-Bower, early in 1400 — returns 
to France, 140 1 — marries Charles of Angou- 
leine, 1406 — becomes Duchess of Orleans, Nov. 
1407 — a"., 13 Sep. i4io. a a Strickland. 

Isabella, of Bavaria, Queen op France, — 
b., 1 37 1 — marries Charles VI., 13 Jul. 1385 — 
her liaison with the Duke of Orleans becomes 
known, 1405 — her paramour Bois-Bourdon 
arrested and drowned, 141 7 — kept in confine- 
ment at Tours, 1417 — liberated by John, Duke 
of Burgundy, she takes title of regent, Nov. 
1417— enters Paris with the Duke, 14 Jul. 1418 
— treats with Henry V. of England, 14 19 — 
concludes with him Treaty of Troyes, 1420 — 
tf. at Paris, 30 Sep. 1435. 

Isabella, Queen op Castile, and after- 
wards op Spain, — b., 23 Apr. 145 1— declines 



750 



ISABELLA II.— ISIASLAV III. 



crown of Castile, offered by the Confederates, 
1468 — acknowledged heir to the crown, 9 Sep. 
1468 — marries Ferdinand V. of Aragon, at 
Valladolid, 19 Oct. 1469 — disinherited by her 
brother Henry IV. and her sister Joanna, suc- 
ceeds to throne of Castile, 13 Dec. 1474 — ob- 
tains bull of Sixtus IV. for introducing Inqui- 
sition into Spain, 1478 — becomes queen of 
Aragon and Navarre, on death of John II., 
Jan. 1479 — [^ er( linand V.,] — favours Colum- 
bus, 1492 — consents to proscription of Jews, 
Mar. 1492 — Ximenes her confessor, 1492 — if. 
at Medina del Campo, 26 Nov. 1504 — buried 
in the Alhambra, 18 Dec. 1504. 

Isabella II. , Queen of Spain, — ft. at Ma- 
drid, 10 Oct. 1830 — oath of allegiance to her, 
taken by the Cortes, 20 Jun. 1833 — succeeds 
her father Ferdinand VIL, 29 Sep. 1833 — 
proclaimed queen, 2 Oct. — and placed under 
guardianship of her mother; the succession 
disputed by Don Carlos, civil war lasts till 
Sep. 1 840 — the Queen-regent deprived of her 
power, 13 Aug. 1836 — but reinstated, 18 Jun. 
1837 — again deprived, 12 Oct. 1840 — regency 
of Espartero, 8 May 1841 to Jul. 1843 — de- 
clared of age, 8 Nov. 1 843 — marries her cousin 
Don Francisco de Assis, 10 Oct. 1846 — depos- 
ed, 29 Sep. 1868 — [Spanish Revolution] — 
abdicates in favour of her son, Prince of Astu- 
rias, 25 Jun. 1870. 

Isabella, Queen op Portugal, — marries 
Alfonso, son of John II. of Portugal, Nov. 
1490 — left a widow, 12 Jul. 149 1 — marries 
Emmanuel, king of Portugal, 1497 — if., 24 
Aug. 1498. 

Isabella of Austria, Clara Eugenia, In- 
fanta of Spain, — ft., 1566 — -offered by her 
father Philip II. in marriage to Henry of 
Navarre, 1584 — her marriage with Duke of 
Guise proposed, 1593 — marries Archduke Albert 
and receives the Netherlands as her dower, 
1599 — assists at siege of Ostend, 160 1-4 — 
governess of the Netherlands on death of her 
husband, 1621 — receives Queen Mary of France, 
1632— &., 1633. 

Isabey, Jean Baptiste, painter, — ft. at 
Nancy, 11 Apr. 1767 — studies under David, 
1790 — first miniature painter to Napoleon, 
1805 — accompanies Empress Maria Louisa to 
Vienna, 18 14— if., 18 Apr. 1855. Barque d' 
Isabey, 1797 — Revue clu premier Consul dans 
la cour des Tuileries, 1 802 — Escalier da Musee, 
about 181 7. 

Isseus, orator, — [B C] — fl.,between42o-348. a 
a Smith's Diet. 

Isaiah, Jewish prophet, — [B C] — prophesies, 
763 (759) to 713 — [AD] — controversy respect- 
ing genuineness of last 27 chapters originated 
by Koppe — 1779-81. 

Isambert, Francois Andre, jurist,— -b. at 
Aunay, 30 Nov. 1792 — advocate to Court of 
Cassation, 181 8— counsellor to Court of Cassa- 
tion, Aug. 1830 — member of Chamber of 
Deputies, Oct. — member of Constituent Assem- 
bly, 1848 — if., 13 Apr. 1857. Rccueil general 
des anciennes lois franqaises, 1822-33 — Trade 
du droit public ct du droit des gens, 1823 — 
Trade sur la voirie, 1825-30. 



Isarchos,— [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
89, 1,) 424. 

Isauria, Isaurians, in Asia Minor, — [B C] 
— war against pirates of, commenced by P. 
Servilius, 77— concluded by their subjugation, 
75 — war renewed by Pompey, spring 67 — 
finished, midsummer 67 — [AD] — rebellion of 
Trebellianus in, 264 — Probus defeats banditti 
and captures their leader Palfurius, 279 — 
plunder Lycaonia and Pamphylia, 353 — ravage 
Pamphylia and Cilicia, 404-5-6-7 — Zeno takes 
refuge in, winter, 475-7 — in Constantinople, 
support rebellion of Longinus, 491 — banished 
from Constantinople, again rebel against Anas- 
tasius, 492 — defeated at Cotyseum in Phrygia, 
492 — the war ended and the chief Athenodorus 
taken and put to death, 497 — betray Eome to 
Totila, 549 — conquered by Soliman I., Sultan 
of Iconium, 1074-80 — by Amurath I., and made 
part of Turkish empire, 1360-80. 

Isauricus. [Vatia, P. Servilius.] 

Iscanus, Josephus, (Joseph of Exeter,) poet, 
— accompanies Richard I. to Palestine, 11 90 — 
if., about 1224. Be bello Trojano,\>eiore 1190 
— Antiocheis, after 11 90. 

Iselin, Isaak, jurist, §c, — ft. at Basel, 17 
Mar. 1728 — member of Great Council, 1754 — 
second Secretary of State, 1756 — if., 15 Jun. 
1782. JJeber die Geschichte der Menschheit, 
1764-70 — Vermischte Schriften, 1770. 

Iselin, Jacob Christoph, theologian, philolo- 
gist, — ft. at Basel, 168 1 — Prof. History and 
Antiquities, 1707 — Prof. Theology, 17 n — As- 
sociate of French Academy of Inscriptions, 
17 17— if., 14 Apr. 1737. 

Isembert of Xaintes, architect, — employed 
in completing London Bridge, (?) 1209. 

Isert, Paul Erdman, traveller, — embarks at 
Copenhagen for Guinea Coast, 1783 — returns 
to Europe, 1787 — if. in Africa, 1789. 

Ishmael, — [BC] — ft., winter i9io, a 2044, b 
1912° — sent away with his mother, by 
Abraham, i892 a — if., winter 1773, a 1907^ 

a Ussliev. b Clinton. c Prideaux. 

Isiaslav I., Jaroslavich, (Demetrius,) 
Grand Duke of Eussia, — succeeds his father 
Jaroslav I., 1055 — defeats and takes prisoner 
the rebel Vseslav, at battle of Niemen, 3 Mar. 

1067 a — expelled by revolt of his subjects, takes 
refuge with Boleslaus II. of Poland, io67, b 

1068 a — restored by him, 1067 or 1068 — de- 
prives Vseslav of his states, 1069 — again ex- 
pelled, returns to Poland, 1073 — seeks aid of 
Gregory VIL, who treats Eussia as fief of the 
Holy See, 1075 — reestablished by Boleslaus, 
1077 — killed in batttle, 1078. 

a Biog. Univ. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Isiaslav II., Mstislavich, Grand Duke 
of Eussia, — distinguishes himself in war with 
Prince of Polotsk, 11 27 — takes part in civil 
war in Poland, 11 46 — deprives and succeeds 
Igor II., 1 147 — imprisons Igor, 1147 — puts 
him to death: defeated and deposed by 
Sviatoslav, brother of Igor, 1149 — restored by 
aid of Hungarians, 1 150— if., 1154. 

Isiaslav III., Davidovich, Grand Duke of 
Eussia, — succeeds Eostislav, and is deprived 
by Jurij, 1154. 



ISIDORE— ISRAEL. 



75 » 



Isidore, St. Bp of Seville, theologian, — 
fc. at Carthagena, about 570 a — succeeds Se- 
cundus as Bp of Seville, about 600 — pre- 
sides at secoud Council of Seville 619 — at 
Council of Toledo, 633 — tJ. at Seville, 4 Apr. 
636. a Xouv. Biog. Gen. 

Isidore, of Pelusium, theologian, — tf., 45°- 
Isidore of Moscow, Abp of Thessaloxica, 
— goes to Rome, about 1435 — Patriarch at 
Kiev, 1437— sent to Council of Florence to 
oppose union of Latin and Greek churches, Sep. 
1437— signs decree of union, Jul. 1439 — Car- 
dinal, 6 Sep. 1439 — deprived and imprisoned 
at Moscow, 1440— escapes to Rome, 1443 — 
sent by Pope Nicholas to Constantinople, 145 1 
— rj. at Rome, 27 Apr. 1463. 

Isidorian Decretals. [Decretals, False.] 
Isidores, of Miletus, the Elder, architect, — 

fl -> 532 ' « ,. 

Isidorns, jurist,— fl., about 533. 

Isidorus, the Younger, — fl., 557. 

Isidorns, Fl. Anthemius,— Consul of Rome 
with Senator, (1189, a. u. c.) 436. 

Isis, Worship of, at Rome,— [B C]— intro- 
duced about 85 — statue removed from Capitol 
by decree, resisted, 58 — private, forbidden, 53 

iEmillius Paullus, consul, begins destruction 

of temples, 50— new decrees to destroy, 47 — 
worship sanctioned by Triumvirs, 43 — [AD] — 
established, under Vespasian, about 70. 

Isla, Juan, a (Jose Francisco de, h ) Jesuit, — b. 
at Segovia, Apr. 1714— fc. at Bologna, Dec. 
I7 83, a 1781. 15 Vida de frag Gerundio de 
Compazas, 1758-72. 

a Biog. L'niv. b Erscb. and Gruber. 

Islamism. [Mohammed.] 

Isle, De 1'. [Delisle.] 

Isle de Rhe. [Rhe.] 

Isle of Man. [Man, Isle of.] 

Isle of Wight. [Wight, Isle of.] 

Isly, The, in Algeria,— Marshal Bugeaud 
defeats army of Morocco at, 14 Jul. 1844 — gives 
title of Duke to Bugeaud, 1844. 

Ismail, Ismailof, in Bessarabia, — taken by 
Count Romanzof, 1 Aug. 1770 — by Suwarrof, 
22 Dec. 1790, and the garrison massacred: 
ceded to Russia by Treaty of Bukharest, 18 12 
— given up to Moldavia by Treaty of Paris, 
1856. 

Ismail. [Granada, Kingdom of.] 

Isoard, Joachim Jean Xavier d' , Cardinal, 
Abp of Alch,— b. at Aix, Provence, 23 Oct. 
1766— auditor of the rota, at Rome, Jun. 1S04 
— follows Pius VII. to France, 1809 — takes 
part in the Concordat of 18 17 — ordained 
priest at Rome, 1825 — Cardinal, Jun. 1827 — 
Abp of Auch, Peer of France, Jan. 1829 — rj. at 
Paris, 7 Oct. 1839. 

Isocrates, orator — [B C]— fj. at Athens, about 
Aug. 436 a — excuses himself from trierarchy, 
355 — performs trierarchy, 352 — starves him- 
self, 338. a His Panegyric, 380 — Flataicos, 
374 — Archidamus, 366 — Be Face, 356-5 
— Peri antidose.os pros Megacleidtn, 355 — 
Peri antidoseos pros Bysimachon, before mid- 
summer 353 — Areopagitica, 353? Fhilippus, 
between Mar. and Aug. 346 — begins his 



Panathenaic Oration, 342 — completes it, 340. 
a Clinton. 

Isocrates, of Apollonia, orator, — [BC] — 
contends unsuccessfully for prize given by 
Artemisia, 352. 

Isomorphism, — discovered by Mitscherlich, 
1819. 

Isothermal Lines, on maps, laid down by 
Humboldt, 18 17 — improved by Kaemtz and 
Berghaus, 1831 and 1838. 

Ispahan, in Persia, — taken by Tamerlane, 
(7S9, a. h.) 1387 a — made capital of Persia by 
Shah Abbas, (998,) 1590 a — besieged by- 
Afghans, under Mahnioud, (Guimadhi 1133,) 
Apr. 1721 a — taken, (14 Sepher 1134,) 23 Nov. 
i72i, a 1722 b — recovered by Nadir Shah, 
(1141,) 1729 a — seat of government removed to 
Teheran, 1795.° a Art de Verifier les Dates. 
b Hist. Univ. c Engl. Cyc. 

Israel, Kingdom of, (political history,) — 
[B C] — rivalry of the tribe of Ephraim mani- 
fested against Gideon, 1245 s — against Jephtha, 
leading to civil war, 1 1 87 a — 11 tribes side with 
Ishbosheth against David, 1055-10483 — ri- 
valry of Israelites and revolt of Sheba, 1023 a 
— rebellion of Jeroboam against Solomon, after 
Abijah*s prophecy, 978 a — revolt of the 10 
tribes, establishment of the kingdom under 
Jeroboam I., spring 975, a May 976 b — establish- 
ment of idolatry at Dan and Bethel, 6 Dec. 
975 a — Levites and others desert to the king- 
dom of Judah, winter 974 s1 — revolution, Nadab 
killed by Baasha, who usurps the kingdom, 
summer 953 a — revolution, Elah killed by 
Zimri, who is again dethroned by Ornri, sum- 
mer 929^ 930 b — division of the kingdom, 
Tibni reigning over part till summer 925 a — 
Samaria built for royal residence by Omri, 
summer 924,3 926 b — Phoenician idolatry in- 
troduced by Ahab, 918 a — Elijah's reformation, 
906,° about 916 b — Moabites revolt from 
Ahaziah, autumn 897, a 894 ? b — revolution, 
Jehu kills Jehoram and takes the throne, 
884 a — Phoenician idolatry put down by Jehu, 
884 a — the transjordane territory lost, Jehoahaz 
tributary to Hazael of Syria, spring 856,* 855- 
839 b — the kingdom raised to its ancient extent 
and splendour by Jeroboam II., 825-784° — 
anarchy, 784-773,3 782-771 b — revolution, 
Zechariah killed by Shallum, who after a month 
is killed by Menahem, who takes the throne, 
774, a 770 b — Menahem tributary to Pul of 
Assyria, spring 773, a 769 b — revolution, Pekah 
kills Pekahiah and reigns instead, 759 ;l — Pekah 
tributary to Tiglath Pileser, the transjordane 
tribe transported into Assyria, 741 a — revolu- 
tion, Pekah killed by Hoshea, anarchy till 
Hosea takes the throne, 739-730,* 738-730 b — 
Hoshea tributary to Shalmaneser of Assyria, 
730 a b — Samaria besieged and taken by Shal- 
maneser, transportation of the people to 
Assyria, 724-721,3 723-721 b — final transport- 
ation of the people, and colonization of the 
country by Assyrian tribes, by Esarhaddon, 677,3 
about 695 b — Josiah's reforms extended amongst 
the Jews remaining in territory of Israel, 
spring 630,3 62 2. b [Palestine, Jews, &c] 
a rssher. b Clinton. c Bib. Cliron. 



75 2 



ISRAEL— ITALY. 



Israel, {rulers,) — [B C] — Jeroboam L, 
spring 975 to winter 954,* 976-955^ 963-943,° 
98o-959, d 971-951 e — Nadab, winter 954 to 
winter 953" 2 > a 955-954. b 943-94*/ 959~958/ 
951-950 e — Baasha, winter 953-2 to summer 

93°> a 958-935^ 95°"9 2 7/ 95 2 "9 2 9> f 953"93 1 > b 
943-919° — Elah, summer 930 to summer 929/ 
919-918,° 927-926/ 9 2 9 - 9 28, f 931-930/ 935- 
934 d — Zimri, summer 929/928/ 93o, b 918,° 
926 e — Tibni, summer 929 to summer 925. 



.924, 
■9°7. 



930-928 
934"9 2 3> 



-Omri, summer 929-91 8, a 
9 26- 9 i5, e 928-917 f — 



Ahab, 918-897/ 917-897/918-898/ 915-894/ 
907-888,° 923-902 d — Ahaziah, with Ahab, 
summer 898-897 a — alone, 897-896/ 898-896/ 
888-887,° 894-889,° 902-901 d — Joram, 896- 
884,* 895-884/ 887-876,° 889-883/901-889* 
—Jehu, 884 to spring 856,* 876-848,° 883-855/ 
884-855/ 883-856/ 889-861 d — Jehoahaz, 
spring 856-839,* 856-840,? 848-832/ 855- 
838,° 855-840/ 855-839/ 861 -848 d — Jehoash, 
with Jehoahaz, spring 841-839,* alone, 839 to 
spring 825,* 839-823/ 832-817/ 840-824/ 
841-828-6,° 840-824 s — Jeroboam I L, with 
Jehoash, spring 836 to spring 825/ 817-777/ 
826-786/ alone, spring 825-784,* 824-772/ 
823-783/ 831-790/ 824-783 s — (Interregnum, 
11 years/ 7 years/ 22 years/) — Zachariah, 
autumn 773 to spring 772/771-770/ 769-768/ 
778/ 772-771/766-765,° 772s — Shallum, 
spring 772/ 771/ 770/ 778,° 765,° 768/ 772- 
771 s — Menahem, spring 772-761,* 770-760/ 
7 6 5-754 c 77 J -7 6 o/ 768-750/ 771-761 s— (In- 
terregnum, 777-766/ less than 1 year/ 1 
year/)— Pekahiah, 761-759/ s 759-758/ 757- 
755, d 7 6 °-75 8 / 754"753> c 7 6 4"744 e — Pekah, 
759, to spring 739/ 759"73 8 ,s 757"73 8 / 758- 
7 2 9> f 753-726/ 755-735 d — (Interregnum, 9 
years/) — Hoshea, spring 739-721/ 730-721/ 
738-721/729-721/ 726-718/ 727-718/ 744- 
736.° *Ussher. b Clinton. ° Des Vignolles. 
d DuFresnoy. e Marsham. f Newman. S Petau. 

Israel, (alliances,) — [B C] — of Baasha with 
Benhadad of Syria, before 940 * — of Omri with 
Benhadad of Syria, about 925 * — alliance of 
Ahab with Sidon, (marries Jezebel, about 928/) 
918* — of Ahab with Jehoshaphat of Judah, 
Athaliah married to Jehoram, 907 * — war with 
Syria, summer 897/ 898 b — of Ahaziah with 
Jehoshaphat of Judah in his attempt to renew 
the Eastern trade, winter 897 * — of Jehoram 
with Jehoshaphat of Judah, spring 895/ 894 ? b 
— of Jehoram with Ahaziah of Judah, 884* — 
of Pekah with Rezin of Syria, 742 * — of 
Hoshea with So of Egypt, winter 725.* 
* TJsslier. b Clinton. 

Israel, (wars,) — [BC] — of Jeroboam with 
Rehoboam and Abijah of Judah, spring 975 — 
defeated by Abijah in Mount Ephraim, 957/ 
976-957 b — of Nadab, Elah and Zimri against 
Philistines in Gibbethon, 953-929 * — of Baasha 
against Asa, Rama taken and recovered, 940/ 
941, 951 ? b — of Baasha against Benhadad of 
Syria, Israel ravaged, 940 * — civil war between 
Omri and Tibni, summer 929 to summer 925 * 
■ — of Ahab against Benhadad, Samaria besieged 
unsuccessfully, spring 901 * — Benhadad de- 
feated, summer 900 a — Ahab slain at Ramoth 



Gilead, 897/ 898 b — of Jehoram with Jehosha- 
phat of Judah, against the Moabites, spring 
895/ 894 ? b — of Jehoram against Benhadad of 
Syria, Samaria besieged, and miraculously de- 
livered, 893-2 *— of Jehoram against Hazael of 
Syria, Jehoram wounded, 884* — of Jehoash 
against Benhadad of Syria, three victories, 
836/ 837 b — of Jehoash against Amaziah of 
Judah, Jerusalem plundered, 826* — of Jero- 
boam II. against Syria, Damascus and 
Hamath taken, 825/ Aug. 800 ° — of Menahem 
against Syria, Thapsacus taken, 773* — of 
Pekah and Rezin of Syria against Judah, Jeru- 
salem besieged, 742-1*— of Hoshea against 
Shalmaneser of Assyria, Samaria taken, 724- 
721/723-720^ *Ussher. b Clinton. ° Newman. 

Israelite Congress, held at Pesth, 14 Dec. 
1868. 

Isselt, Michael von, historian, rj. near Ham- 
burg, 17 Oct. 1597. Historia belli Coloniensis, 
1584. 

Issus, in Cilicia, — [B C] — Alexander defeats 
Darius at, Nov. 333 — [A D]— Candidus defeats 
Niger, 194 — Heraclius encamps near, 622. 
Ister. [Danube.] 

Isthmian Games — [B C] — in Greece, suspended 
during the power of the Kypselids, about 650- 
580 — periodically celebrated, after (01. 49) 
584-0 — Romans admitted, 228 — Sikyon con- 
ducts them, 146 — Corinth recovers the direc- 
tion, about 45— [AD]— still celebrated, 362.* 
a Clinton. 

Isthvanfius, Nicholas, historian, — fc. in 
Hungary, 1535 — rj. at Presburg, 16 15. Sistor. 
de rebus Hungaricis lib, XXXIV., 1622. 

Istria — [BC]— invaded by Romans, 221 — 
Manlius carries on war in, 178 — conquered by 
Caius Claudius, 177 — [AD] — overrun by Goths, 
between 500-600 — conquered by Franks under 
Pepin, 789 — forms a Margraviate, from about 
950 — subject to Dukes of Dalmatia, 1170 — 
Western, on outlawry of Duke Henry, falls to 
patriarchs of Aquileia, 1204 — taken by Vene- 
tians, given to Austria by Treaty of Campo 
Formio, 1797 — Eastern, passes to Austria, and 
is incorporated with Carinthia — whole territory 
of, ceded to Napoleon by Treaty of Presburg, 
and united to Illyria, 1 805 — restored to Aus- 
tria, 181 3. 

Istria,Vincentello d'. Viceroy of Corsica, 
— ft., 1308 — enters service of the king of Ara- 
gon, 140 1 — gets himself proclaimed Count of 
Corsica, 1409 — Viceroy, 142 1 — beheaded at 
Genoa, 1434. 

Istria, Duke of. [Bessieres.] 

Istrias, Cape d\ [Capo d'Istrias.] 

Istrus, (Istria, IstropoUs,) in Mcesia, — 
[BC]— colony from Miletus, 633, 656-5,* 654^ 
* Euseb. b Hieron. 

Istrus, (Ister,) historian, — [BC] — fi. 250- 
220. 

Italian Architecture. [Renaissance.] 

Italian Eepublic, — name substituted for 
Cisalpine Republic, under presidency of Na- 
poleon, (5 Pluviose an X,) 25 Jan. 1802. 

Italian Version of the Bible, by Martini, 
published 1769-78. 

Italy, — [BC] — [seenamesof ancient divisions, 



ITHOME— IVAN III. 



753 



Apulia, Campania, Etruria, &c, and Rome]— 
entirely subjugated by Rome, on fall of Vulsinii, 
(489, a.u.c.) 265 — transpadane, receives the 
jus Latii, 89 — [AD] — ravaged by pestilence, 
252-267 — subjugated by Constantine, 312 — in- 
vaded by Alaric, 400— by Attila, 451— erected 
into a kingdom by Odoacer, 476 — conquered 
by Ostrogoths under Theodoric, 493 — his 
grandson Athalaric succeeds, 526 — Theodatus 
raised to the throne by Amalasuntha, 534 — 
Vitiges, 536 — HeldibAld, (Theodebald,) 540 
— Eraric 541 — Totila elected, 541— Teias, 
552— conquered by Narses, annexed to Greek 
empire, 553 — Exarchate of Eavenna estab- 
lished, 568 — conquered by Lombards, under 
Alboin, 568-73 — [Spoleto, Duchy of, Be- 
nevento] — invaded by Pranks, under Pepin, 
754 — conquered by Charles the Great, 773-4 
—[Tuscany, Duchy of] — erected into a king- 
dom for Lothaire, Emperor, by Louis le 
Debonnaire, 820 — confirmed to him by Treaty 
of Verdun, 843 — Saracen invasion, 846 — Louis 
II. succeeds, 855 — Charles II., the Bald, 875 
— conquered by Carloman, 877— Charles III., 
the Fat, 880— Berenger, 888— partly con- 
quered by Guy of Spoleto, 889 — partition of, 
between Berenger and Lambert, 896 — invasion 
of the Huns, 899 — Louis of Aries, 900-905 — 
Eudolph, King of Burgundy, 922-26— Hugh, 
King of Provence, 926 — Lothaire II., (son,) 
945 — Berenger II., and his son Adalbert, 
950 — conquered by Emperor Otto I., 961- — 
Ardouin, Marquis of Ivrea, gets himself 
crowned king, 1002 — but is driven away by 
Emperor Henry II., 1004 — invaded by Nor- 
mans, 1 01 6— [Guiscard, Apulia, Calabria] — 
kingdom of Two Sicilies, erected, 1 1 3 1 — rise 
of independent republics, about 1020-1100 — 
[see names of principal Italian cities, and of 
the Popes and German Emperors, Lombard 
League, Guelphs and Ghibellines, Savoy] — 
Turkish invasion, conquest of Otranto, 1480 — 
French invasion under Charles VIII., 1494 — 
[Louis XII., Prancis I., Charles V., war of 
the Spanish Succession] — kingdom of Sar- 
dinia constituted, 1720 — [Cisalpine Republic, 
Italian Republic] — erected into a kingdom by 
Napoleon I., 1805 — the kingdom dissolved, 
1 814 — Austrian possessions in, form Lombardo- 
Venetian kingdom, by Treaty of Vienna, 1815 
— disturbances excited by the Carbonari, sup- 
pressed by Austria, 1820-21— insurrections in, 
break out, Feb. 1831 — suppressed, Mar.— in- 
surrections break out, 1848 — battle of No- 
vara, 23 Mar. 1849 — siege of Rome, 3 Jun. 
to 3 Jul. — Treaty of Milan, 6 Aug. — fall of 
Venice, 22 Aug. — Austro-Sardinian war, 1859 
— '[see Napoleon III., and battles of Monte- 
bello, Magenta, and Solferino] — annexation 
of Lombardy, part of the Papal States, Parma, 
and Modena, to Sardinia, by Treaty of Villa- 
Franca, 11 Jul. 1859, and Treaty of Zurich, 
10 Nov. 1859— annexation 0I Tuscany to Sar- 
dinia, 22 Mar. — treaty of cession of Savoy and 
Nice to France, 24 Mar. i860— annexation of 
the Marches, Umbria, and Two Sicilies, to Sar- 
dinia, 17 Dec. i860 — [Garibaldi] — first par- 
liament of Italy meets at*Turin, 18 Feb. 1861 



— erected into a kingdom for Victor Emmanuel, 

14 Mar. 1 86 1 — recognized by English go- 
vernment, 30 Mar. — protest of the Pope against, 

15 Apr. — recognized by Napoleon III., 27 Jun. 
— recognized by Russia, 2 Jul. — by i 'russia, 1 1 
Jul. — convention for evacuation of Papal States 
by French troops concluded, 15 Sept. 1864 — 
transfer of capital from Turin to Florence de- 
creed, n Dec. 1864— census taken, 31 Dec. — ■ 
kingdom recognized by Spain, Jul. 1865 — 
alliance with Prussia ratified, 12 Jun. 1866 — 
[Seven Weeks' War] — annexation of Vene- 
tia voted, 21-29 0°^ 1866— the government, 
and all who took part in the invasion of the 
States of the Church, excommunicated by Pius 
IX., 1 Nov. 1870 — the capital transferred to 
Rome, 1 Jul. 187 1. 

Ithome, in Messenia, — [B C] — surrenders to 
Lacedaemonians, 455. 

Ithycles, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
95, 3,) 398. 

Ittig, (Ittigius,) Thomas, theologian, — fj. at 
Leipsic, 31 Oct. 1643 — Prof. Theology there, 
1677 — o". at Leipsic, 7 Apr. 17 10. Bibliotheca 
patrum apostolicorum grceco-latina, 1690 — De 
hceresiarchis cevi apostolici, 1703. 

Itursea, (Jetur,) — [B C] — conquered and 
colonized by Israelites, about 1300 a — possessed 
by transjordane tribes, ii5i b — occupied by 
other nations, after 740 b — subdued by Aristo- 
bulus, about 106? — taken from Zenodorus, by 
Rome, and given to Herod, about 20 a — forms 
part of Philip's tetrarchy, 4. 

a Smith's Diet. Bib. b TJssher. 

Iturbide, Augustine de, Emperor of 
Mexico, — ft. in New Spain, 1784 — enters the 
army, 1801 — publishes the Plan of Iguala, for 
union of Spain and Mexico, 24 Feb. 1821 — 
takes possession of the capital, Sep. 1821 — gets 
himself proclaimed Emperor, 18 May 1822 — 
abdicates, 20 Mar. 1823 — retires to Italy, May 
1823 — returns to Mexico, and is arrested, Jul. 
1824 — shot, 19 Jul. 1824— his two grandsons 
declared princes of the blood by Maximilian, 
1865. 

lulus, C. Julius, — [BC] — 1. Consul with P. 
Pinarius Rufus Mamercinus, (265, a. u. c.) 
489 — 2. Consul with M. Geganius Macerinus, 
(307,) 447 — with L. Verginius Tricostus, (319,) 
435— again, (320,) 434. 

lulus, L. Julius,— [BC]— Consul with L. 
Papirius Crassus, (324, a. u. c.) 430. 

lulus, Vopiscus Julius, — [BC] — Consul 
with L. JEmilius Mamercinus, (281, a. tj. c.) 

473- 
Ivan I. and II. [Russia, Grand Dukes of.] 
Ivan III., Vassilivich, the Threatening,— 
ft., about 1439 — succeeds his father, 28 Mar. 
1462 — his army defeated in Kasan, 1468 — 
makes the Khan of Kasan tributary, 1470 
— suppresses revolt of Novogorod, 1470 — 
marries Princess Sophia, daughter of Constan- 
tine Palaeologus, at Rome, 1 Jun. 1472 — the 
revolt renewed, and the republic abolished, 
1475 — refuses tribute to Ahmed, Khan of the 
Golden Horde, and defeats him, about 1476 — the 
war renewed, Ahmed defeated and killed, 148 1 
— defeat of the Poles, 148 2- — defeat and capture 
48 



754 



IVAN IV.— JACKSON. 



of Khan of Khasan, 1487 — defeats theLivonians 
near Pleskof, 1492 — names his younger son 
Vassili his successor, 1497 — \f., 7 Oct. 1505. 

Ivan IV., Vassilivich, the Terrible, Grand 
Duke and 1st Czar of Bussia, — ft., 1529 — 
succeeds his father, 4 Dec. 1533, under re- 
gency of his mother — , and, on her death, of a 
triumvirate, 1538 — puts them to death, 1543 — 
crowned, takes title of Czar, i545, a 16 Jan. 
J 547 b — marries Anastasia, 1545 — publishes 
his code, 1550 — takes Kasan, Oct. 1552 — takes 
Astrakan, and receives submission of the 
Tatars, 1554 — confirms treaty of peace with 
Sweden, 1554 — breaks it, 1555 — renews it, 
1557 — destroys Teutonic Order, 156 1 — loses 
his wife, 1563 — seizes Polotsk, 1563 — resigns 
the sovereignty in favour of Jediguer the 
Tatar, 1568 — slaughters citizens of Novogorod, 
1570 — his general defeats Tatars of the Crimea, 
157 1 — makes peace with Poland, 157 1 — 
attacked by Swedes and Poles, asks intervention 
of Gregory XIIL, who procures a truce for 
ten years, 15 Jan. 1582 — if., 19 Mar. 1584. 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 
Ivan V., Alexeiovich, Czar op Eussia, — 
ft., i663, a 1666 b — succeeds his brother Theo- 
dore, 27 Apr. 1682 — his brother Peter I. 
associated with him, Jun. 1682 — marries Pras- 



kovia, 1683 — abdicates, 1689 — tf. 26 Jan. 1696. 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nout. Biog. Gen. 

Ivan VI., Czar of Eussia, — ft., 23 Aug. 
1740 — succeeds Anne, 29 Oct. 1740, under 
regency of Biren : deposed and imprisoned, 
6 Dec. 1 74 1 — attempt to reinstate him fails, 
and he is put to death, 16 Jul. 1764. 

Ives, Edward, traveller, — embarks for East 
Indies, Aug. 1754 — returns to England, Mar. 
1759. Voyage from England to the Indies, 

1773- 

Ivetaux, Nicolas Vauquelin, Seigneur d', 
poet, df-c, — ft. near Falaise, 1567 — tutor to Duke 
of Vendome, 1606 — to Dauphin, Aug. 1609 — 
dismissed for licentious conduct, 161 1 — ft., 9 
Mar. 1649. Institution d'un prince, 1604. 

Ivica. [Balearic Isles.] 

Ivory, James, mathematician, — ft. at Dundee, 
1765 — studies at Univ. of St Andrews, 1779 — 
at Edinburgh, 1785 — Prof. Mathematics, 
Eoyal Military Coll., 1804-19— F.E.S., 1815— 
receives Eoyal Medal, 1826 and i839^Knt of 
the Guelphic Order, receives pension, 1831 — 
LL.D. St Andrews, 1839 — fr. near London, 21 
Sep. 1842. 

Ivry, in France, — Henry IV. defeats Duke 
of Mayenne, 14 Mar. 1590. 



Jabesh Gilead,— [B C] — taken by Israelites 
in civil war, 1419 a — besieged by Nahash the 
Ammonite, and relieved by Saul, io55. b 
a Bib. Chron. b Ussher. 

Jablonowski, Vladislaus, general, — ft. in 
Poland, 1769 — enters the French army, 1789 — 
distinguishes himself in campaign against the 
Bussians, 1792 — under Kosciusko, 1794 — serves 
in French army, 1798 — Adjutant-general, 1799 
— distinguishes himself at defence of the 
bridge of Var, May 1800 — )j., commander of 
Polish legion in expedition to St Domingo, 
1802. 

Jablonski, Carl Gustav, naturalist, — ft., 
1756 — tf. at Berlin, 1787. Natur-system alter 
bekannten in- und auslundischen Insekten, 

I783-7- 

Jablonski. Daniel Ernst, theologian. — ft. at 
Dantzic, 20 Nov. 1660 — studies at Frankfort- 
on-the-Oder, 1677 — pastor at Magdeburg, 
1683 — settles at Berlin, 1693 — D.D. Oxford, 
1706 — Pres. Academy of Sciences, Berlin, 1733 
— ts. there, 26 May 1741. BibliaHebraica, 1699. 

Jablonski, Jchann Theodor, — ft. at Dantzic, 
1665^ 1654 b — secretary of Eoyal Society of 
Berlin, 1700 — rj. tbere, 1731. Dictionnaire 
allemantl et frangais, 1 7 1 1 . 

a Biog. Univ. b Erscn and Grnber. 

Jablonski, Paul Ernst, orientalist, — ft. at 
Berlin, 1693 — as government commissioner 
visits public libraries of Europe, 17 14 — Prof. 
Theology, pastor of Protestant church, Frank- 



fort -on-the- Oder, 1722 — member of Academy 
of Sciences, Berlin, 1722 — 5j. at Frankfort, 13 
Sep. 1757. Pantheon JEgyptiorum, 1750-2 — 
De Memnone Grcecorum et JEgyptiorum, 1753 — 
Institutiones Histoj^iae Christiana antiquioris, 
1754 — Institutiones Histories Christiana re- 
centioris, 1756. 

Jaca, Jacca, in Spain, — [B C] — taken by M. 
Porcius Cato, 197 — [AD] — taken by Charles 
the Great, 778 — citadel built, 1592 — held by 
the French, 1808-14. Council of, for intro- 
duction of Eoman ritual in Aragon, 1600. 

Jackson, capital of Mississippi, U. 8., — 
occupied and partly burnt by Gen. Grant, 14 
May 1863. 

Jackson, Fort. [New Orleans.] 

Jackson, Port, in Australia, — discovered by 
Captain Cook, May 1770. 

Jackson, Andrew, general, President of 
the United States, — ft. in South Carolina, 
15 Mar. 1767 — serves in war of Independence, 
1782 — member of House of Eepresentatives, 
1796 — Major-general of State fore s, Tennessee, 
1797 — serves in war with England, 181 2 — 
Major-general in service of U. S., 18 14 — takes 
Pensacola, 7 Nov. 18 14 — defeats British at 
New Orleans, 8 Jan. 18 15— commands against 
Seminole Indians, 181 8 — negotiates with 
Spain the cession of Florida, and is named 
first governor, 1821 — senator, 1822— Pres. of 
United States, 1828-37 — refuses to renew Bank 
Charter, 1833— tf. near Nashville, 8 Jun. 1845. 



JACKSON— JACOBS. 



755 



Jackson, John, chronologist, — b. in Yorkshire, 
1686 — enters Jesus Coll., Cambridge, 1702 — 
master of Wigston's Hospital, Leicester, 1729 
—ft. there, 12 May 1763. Chronological 
Antiquities, 1752. 

Jackson, John, painter, — b. in Yorkshire, 31 
May 1778— studies at Boyal Academy, 1797 — 
A.R. A., 6 Nov. 1 8 15— B.A.,ioFeb. 1817— visits 
Italy with Chantrey, 1 8 1 9 — member of Academy 
of St Luke, Eome, 1819 — tr. in London, 1 
Jun. 1831. Portraits, of Canova, 1820 — 
Flaxman, 1827 — Marquis of Chandos, 1830. 

Jackson, Thomas, theologian, — b. in Dur- 
ham, 1579 — enters Oxford Univ., 1595 — Pres. 
Corpus Christi Coll., 1630 — prebendary of 
Winchester, 1635— dean of Peterborough, 1638 
— ft., 1640. Works, 1672-3. 

Jackson, Thomas Jefferson, (' Stonewall ' 
Jackson,) general, — b. in Virginia, Jan. 1824 
— enters West Point Academy, 1 843 — serves in 
Mexican war, 1847 — Prof. Chemistry, Lexing- 
ton, 1852 — accepts commission in Confederate 
army, spring 1861 — contributes to defeat of 
Federals at Bull Pun, 21 Jul. 1861 — distin- 
guishes himself in battles of the Chickahominy, 
25-30 Jun. 1862 — defeats Gen. Banks at Cedar 
Mountain, 9 Aug. 1862 — seizes Manassas, 27 
Aug. — captures Harper's Ferry, 15 Sep. — dis- 
tinguishes himself at battle of Antietam, 17 
Sep. — contributes to defeat of Burnside at 
Fredericksburg, 13 Dec. — and to defeat of 
Hooker at Chancellorsville, where he is mortally 
wounded, 2 May 1863 — ft., 9 May 1863. 

Jackson, William, musical composer, — b. at 
Exeter, 1730 — organist of the Cathedral, 1777 
— ft. at Exeter, 12 Jul. 1803. 

Jacksonville, U. S., — burnt by Federals, 
28 Mar. 1863. 

Jacob, Jewish patriarch, — [B C] — ft., spring 
1836,* 1970 b — blessed by Isaac, goes to Haran, 
autumn 1760,* 1893 b — marries Leah and Ba- 
chel, 1753 c — birth of Levi, 1756,* 1889 b — 
returns to Canaan, spring 1740^ 1873b — death 
of Eachel, 1732,° 1729 d — removes to Egypt 
with his family, winter 1706,* 1840 b — ft i} 
1689^ 1823^ " a TJssher. b Clinton. 

c Bib. Chron. d £>u Fresnoy. 

Jacob, Henry, theologian, — founds first Con- 
gregational Church in England, about i6i6 a 
1 — goes to Virginia, 1624. Reasons taken out 
of God's Word and the best of human Testi- 
monies, proving the necessity of reforming our 
Churches of England, 1604. a Neal. 

Jacob, Henry, — b., about 1609 — B.A. 
Oxford, 1628-9 — probationer Fellow of Merton 
Coll., 1630 — amanuensis to Selden, 1636 — 
M.A., 1636 — expelled from his Fellowship and 
College by parliamentary visitors, 1648 — tr. at 
Canterbury, 1652. 

Jacob, Jean Claude, centenarian, — ft. in the 
Jura, about 1670 — presented to the Constituent 
Assembly, Paris, Oct. 1790 — ft. in the Jura, 
Dec. 1790. 

Jacob de Saint-Charles, Louis, bibliograph- 
er,— b. at Chalons-sur-Saone, 1608 — enters 
Carmelite Order, 1625 — visits Eome, 1639 — 
ft., librarian to Pres. de Harlay at Paris, 10 
May 1670. Bibliotheca pontificia, 1643 — 



Traite des plus belles bibliotheques du monde, 
1644 — Bibliographia Farisina, 1644. 

Jacob, St, in Switzerland, — the Dauphin 
defeated by the Swiss, 1444. 

Jacobseus, Oliger,— b. in Denmark, 1650 — 
Prof. Physic and Philosophy, Copenhagen, 1680 
— ft., 1701. De Ranis dissertatio, 1676 — 
Bartholomcei Scales historia Florentinorum, edita 
ex bibliotheca Medicea, 1677 — Museum regium, 
1695. 

Jacobe, (Jakobe,) Johann, engraver, — b. at 
Vienna, 1733 — ft. there, 24 Jul. 1797. 

Jacobi, Christian Friedrich, litterateur, — b. 
in Denmark, 12 Mar. 1739 — assessor to Su- 
preme Court, 1772 — Counsellor of Justice, 
1774 — of State, 1776 — secretary of Society of 
Sciences, 1780 — ft., 18 10. Samlade Skrifter, 
1817. 

Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich, philosopher, — 
b. at Diisseldorf, 25 Jan. 1743 — has govern- 
ment appointment at Munich, 1779 — assists in 
founding Academy of Sciences, Munich, 1804 
— Pres., 1807 — ft. at Munich, 10 Mar. 18 19. 
Woldemar, 1799 — Eduard Allwill's Brief - 
sammlung, 178 1 — TJeber die Lehre des Spinoza, 
1785 — David Hume uber den Glauben, 1787 — 
Sendschreiben an Fichte, 1799. 

Jacobi, Johann Georg, poet, — b. at Diissel- 
dorf, 1740 — studies at Gottingen, 1758 — Prof. 
Belles Lettres, Friburg, 1784 — ft. there, 4 Jan. 
18 14. Sdmmtliche Werfce, 1807-13. 

Jacobi, Karl Gustav, mathematician, — b. at 
Potsdam, 10 Dec. 1 804 — studies at Berlin Uni *., 
1 82 1 — Prof. Mathematics, Konigsberg, 1827-42 
— ft., member of Academy of Sciences, Berlin, 
18 Feb. 1 85 1. Mathematische Werke, 1846-51. 

Jacobin Club, (Breton Club,) — originated by 
Breton deputies at Versailles, 1788 — establishes 
itself in Jacobins' Convent, Paris, about Oct. 
1789 — Danton secedes and forms Cordeliers' 
Club, 1790 — secession of Monarchists who 
form Feuillans' Club, 1790 — suppressed at 
Nanci, Sep. 1790 — the Cordeliers rejoin it, 
1791 — denounced by Kaunitz, Mar. 1792 — are 
the governing power, 1792— [French Revolu- 
tion] — purges the members, Mar. 1794 — locked 
out of their hall by Legendre, 17 Jul. 1794— 
attempt an insurrection, Nov. 1794 — closed, 
Nov. 1794 — members of, hunted down, 1795. 

Jacobins, — in Ecclesiastical History, name 
applied to Preaching Friars, who settle at 
Paris, 1 2 1 7— resist reform, and are driven away, 
1501 — reestablished, 1504 — suppressed, 1789. 

Jacobites, in Great _5n'tam,— support James 
II. and the Stuarts, from 1688— rebel in Scot- 
land, 17 15 — [Stuart, James F. E., and Mar, 
Earl ofJ— again, 1745. [Stuart, Charles 
Edward.] 

Jacobites, Sect of, Monophysites of Syria, — 
revived by Jacob Baradai, (Jacob of .Nisibis,) 
545-578. a [Jacobus, BPOFEDESSA.] a Neander. 

Jacobs, Christian Friedrich Wilhelm, — b. 
at Gotha, 6 Oct. 1764 — studies at Jena, 1781 
—at Gottingen, 1784 — Prof. Ancient Liter- 
ature, member of Academy of Sciences, 
Munich, 1807 — Chief Librarian, director of 
Cabinet of Coins, Gotha, 18 10 — ft., 30 Mar. 
1847. Fmendationes criticce in scriptores 
48* 



75* 



JACOBS— JAFFA. 



veteres, 1796 — Charactere der Diehter atter 
Nationen, 1793-1803 — translation of Velleius 
Pater cuius, 1793 — Beitrdge zur altern Liter- 
atur, 1835-43 — Vermischte Schriften, 1823-44 
— Elementarbuch der griech. Sprache, 1805 — ■ 
Schriften fur die Jug end, 1842-4. 

Jacobs, Jurien, painter, — b. in Switzerland, 
1610 — tf., 1664. 
Jacobs, Lucas. [Lucas van Leyden.] 
Jacobsen, {Jacobs, Jacopsen,) Michael, ad- 
miral, — fi. at Dunkirk, about 1550 — post-cap- 
tain in service of Spain, 1585 — distinguishes 
himself in the Armada, 1588 — tf- at Dunkirk, 3 - 
in Spain, b 1633. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 
Jacobus, {the Elder,) Bp op Edessa, 545- 
578. [Jacobites.] 

Jacobus, {the Younger,) Bp op Edessa, 651- 
710. Epistola de Orthographia Syriaca, dis- 
cussed by Assemani, 17 19 — by Wiseman, 1828 
— edited by Martin, and by Phillips, 1869 — 
portions of his Syriac Grammar discovered 
and printed by Wright, 1871. 

Jacobus, Magnus, Bp of Nisibis, — at 

Council of Mcsea, 325— at Council of Antioch ? 

341 — animates citizens at siege of Nisibis by 

_ *, 35o ? 338 ? 

Jacopone, {Jacopo da Todi,) poet, — tf., 25 

Dec. 1306. Cantici Spirituali, 1490. 

Jacotin, Pierre,— b. near Langres, n Apr. 
1765 — assists in preparation of register of lands 
in Corsica, 1781-96 — accompanies expedition of 
Egypt, 1798 — director of geographical en- 
gineers, 1799 — colonel, 1801 — rj.,4Apr. 1827. 
Jacotot, Joseph,— b. at Dijon, 4 Mar. 1770 
— director of Polytechnic School, 1793 — retires 
to Belgium, 18 15 — lecturer on French, Louvain, 
Oct. 1 8 18 — returns to France, Aug. 1830 — tf. 
at Paris, 30 Jul. 1 840. Enseignement universel, 
Langue maternel, 1822 — Langue etrangere, 
1824 — Mathematiques, 1828 — Musique, dessin, 
et peinture, 1824. 

Jacquard, Joseph Marie, mechanical in- 
ventor, — b. at Lyons, 7 Jul. 1752 — takes part 
in defence of the city, 1793— patents his loom, 
1 801 — receives gold medal for net-making 
machine, 1 804 — member of Legion of Honour, 
1 8 19 — tf. near Lyons, 7 Aug. 1834. 
Jacquard Loom. [Jacquard, J. M.] 
Jacqueline, Countess of Holland, — b., 
1400 — marries John of Touraine, 1415 — left a 
widow, and succeeds her father, 141 7 — marries 
John IV., Duke of Brabant, 4 Apr. 14 18 — her 
title disputed by her uncle, John of Bavaria, 
she unsuccessfully besieges him in Dort, spring 
141 8 — recognizes him as her heir-presumptive, 
Feb. 1419 — her estates sold to him by her hus- 
band, 1420 — she takes refuge in England, 142 1 
■ — gets her marriage annulled by Pope Benedict 
XIII., 1422 — marries Humphrey, Duke op 
Gloucester, 1423 — attempts to recover her 
inheritance, and is defeated and taken prisoner 
by Philip, Duke of Burgundy, Oct. 1424 — 
escapes to Holland, beginning 1425 — widow 
again, Apr. 1427 — recognizes Duke of Bur- 
gundy as her lieutenant and heir, by treaty of 
3 Jul. 1428 — secretly marries Frans de Borselen, 
1432 — gives up her states to Duke of Bur- 
gundy, 1433 — tf., 8 Oct. 1436. 

Jacqueline {Jacquetta ?) of Luxemburg, — 



marries John, Duke of Bedford, 1433 — left a 
widow, 1435 — marries Richard Woodville, 
about 1436 — visited by Edward IV. at Stony- 
Stratford, 1463 — her daughter married to Ed- 
ward, 1464. [Elizabeth, Queen op Edward 
IV.]— tf., 1472. 

Jacquemont, Victor, naturalist, traveller, — 
b. at Paris, Aug. 1801 — goes to America, Nov. 
1826 — visits London, 1827 — embarks at 
Brest for India, Aug. 1828 — tf. at Bombay, 7 
Dec. 1832. Correspondance pendant son voyage 
dans I'lnde, 1834 — Voyage dans VInde, 1835. 

Jacquerie, La, — insurrection of the peasantry 
in Picardy, breaks out, 12 May 1358 — sup- 
pressed, Jun. 1358. 

Jacques, Mathieu Joseph, theologian, — b. 
in France, 1736 — Prof! Theology, Besancon, 
1775 — quits France, 1791 — settles at Paris, 
1 801 — dean of the Faculty of Theology, Lyons, 
1 8 10 — tf. there, 16 Feb. 1821. Frcelectiones 
theologicce, 178 1-6. 

Jacquier, Francois, mathematician, — b. at 
Vitry-le-Francais, 17 n— Prof. Holy Scripture, 
Coll. of the Propaganda, 1733— Prof. Experi- 
mental Physics, Rom. Coll., 1746 — Prof. Mathe- 
matics, 1773 — tf. there, 3 Jul. 1788. (With Le- 
seur) Isaaci Newtoni philosophies naturalis prin- 
cipia mathematica, 1739-42 — Elementi di per- 
spettiva, 1755 — Trattatointomolasphcera, 1775. 

Jacquin, Nicolas Joseph, Bakon, botanist, 
— b. at Leyden, 16 Feb. 1727 — sent to America 
by Emperor Francis I., T 755 — returns, 1760 — 
Prof. Botany and Chemistry, Vienna, after 
1763 — Baron, Chevalier of St Stephen, 1806 — 
tf. at Vienna, 24 Oct. 1 817. Selectarum stirpium 
Americanarum historia, 1763 — Observationes 
botanicce, 1764-71 — Eortus botanicus Vindo- 
bonensis, -&c, 1770-6 — Icones plantarum 
rariorum, 1781-93. 

Jaen, in Spain, — entrance of Abdelrahman 
into, 21 Jan. 919 — surprised by rebels, 920 
— retaken by Abdelrahmann, 922 — the Wali 
of, proclaimed king of Spain, 10 16 — besieged 
and taken by the Almoravides, 1090 — unsuc- 
cessfully besieged by Alfonso, n 81 — by Ferdi- 
nand II., 1224 — taken by Mohammed Abu 
Abdallah, (629, a. h.) 1232 — conquered by 
Ferdinand III. ? and annexed to Castile, 1234 
— territory of, ravaged by Mohammed, king of 
Granada, 1273 — attacked by Moors, 1295, 
1368, and 1407 — earthquake at, 17 12. 

Jaffa, Joppa, in Syria, ( Ydfa) — [BC] — 
taken by Jonathan Maccabseus, about 153 — 
taken and fortified by Simon, between 143-135 
— annexed to province of Syria, by Pompey, 66 
— taken by Herod, 39 — [A D]— destroyed by 
Cestius Gallus, (818, a. u. c.) 65 — again de- 
molished by Vespasian, (820,) 67 — seat of a 
bishopric, before 500— taken by Saracens, 636 
— by Godfrey of Bouillon, 1098 — Genoese fleet 
surprised and burnt by Saracens, near, 1099 — 
head of a County, 1099 — unsuccessfully besieged 
by Saracens of Egypt, 11 23 — fortifications de- 
molished by Saladin, rebuilt by crusaders, 
1 1 90- 1 — attacked by Saladin, and relieved by 
Richard I., Jul. to Aug. 1192 — sacked by 
Malek Adel, 11 97 — occupied and fortified by 
Frederick II., winter of 1228-29 — occupied by 
French crusaders, 1239 — gives title of Count to 



JAFFE— JAMES I. 



757 



Walter de Brienne, 1239 — unsuccessfully be- 
sieged by Nodgemeddin, 1244 — fortifications 
strengthened by St Louis, 1250-52— taken by 
Sultan Bibars, 1266— sacked by Arabs, 1722 — 
sacked by Mamelukes, 1775 — taken by Na- 
poleon, 7 Mar. 1799 — his massacre of Turkish 
garrison of El Arish at, 11 Mar. 1799 — taken 
possession of, by Mehemet Ali, 1832 — earth- 
quake at, 22 Jan. 1837 — restored to Turks, 
1840 — visit of Prince of Wales, Mar. 1862. 

Jaffe, Phillip, historical writer, — b. near 
Posen, 17 Feb. 18 19 — coadjutor with Pertz, in 
the Monumenta Germanics, 1854-63 — Prof. 
Extraord. History, Berlin Univ., 1862 — kills 
himself, Apr. 1870. Geschichte des deutschen 
, Peiches tenter Lothar den Sachsen, 1 843 — unter 
Konrad III., 1845 — Eegesta Pontificum, 1851 
— Bibliotheca Serum Germanicarum, 1864-9. 

Jaffier, Mir, — made Subahdar of Bengal on 
defeat of Suraja Dowla at Plassy, Jim. 1757 — 
grants the Northern Circars to the French, 
1757 — transfers power to his son Mir Casim, 
Jul. 1760 — resigns, autumn 1760 — reinstated by 
British, Aug. 1763 — tf. at Calcutta, Jan. 1765. 

Jagellon, Duke of Lithuania, — b., about 
1 354 — embraces Christianity and marries 
Hedwig, queen of Poland, 17 Feb. 1386 — reigns 
as Ladislaus V. : cedes Lithuania to his cousin 
Withold, 1392 — loses his wife, 1399 — marries 
again, 140 1 — refuses crown of Bohemia, 1402 
— defeats Teutonic Knights, near Tannenberg 
in Prussia, 15 Jul. 141 o — marries a third wife, 
1417 — a fourth, 1427 — arrested and confined 
by his brother Suidrigelon, 1430 — cedes 
Lithuania to him; deposes him, 1432 — makes 
truce for twelve years with the Knights, 1434 
— *., 31 May 1434. 

Jagellon Dynasty, in Poland, [Jagellon] — 
ends with death of Sigisnmnd II., 1572. 

Jagerndorf, — Field-marshal Apraxin defeats 
Prussians at, 30 Aug. 1757. 

Jago, St. [Santiago.] 

Jahn, Friedrich Ludwig, — b. at Lanz, 11 
Aug. 1778 — tf. at Freiburg, 15 Oct. 1852. 
Pas deutsche Volksthum, 18 10 — Runenbldtter, 
1 8 14 — Neae Runenbldtter, 1828. 

Jahn, Johann, orientalist, theologian, — b. in 
Moravia, 18 Jun. 1750 — Prof. Oriental Lan- 
guages, Biblical Archaeology, &c, 1789 — 
charge of heresy brought against him by Card. 
Migazzi, 1792 — deprived of his chair, 1808 — 
if. at Vienna, 16 Aug. 1816. Introductio in 
Libros Sacros Vet, Feed., 1804 — Archceologia 
Biblica, 1 805 (both works put in the Papal In- 
dex) — Einleitung in die Gbttlichen Schriften des 
alien Bundes, 1793 — Arabische Sprachlehre, 
1796 — Arabische Chrestomathie, 1802 — Lexicon 
Arabicum-Latinum, 1 802. 

Jains, (Jainas,) religious sect, — originates in 
Hindustan, about 500-700 — attains highest 
prosperity, about 1 100-1200 — declines, after 
1200. 

Jakob, Ludwig Heinrich von, philosopher, 
— b. in Magdeburg, 26 Feb. 1759 — studies at 
Halle, 1773— Prof. Philosophy there, 1789 — 
pro-rector of University, 180 1-4 — Prof. Political 
Economy, Kharkov, 1807 — reinstated at Halle, 
1816 — co-rector, 1824 — Xf. at Lauchsted, 22 



Jul. 1827. Lehrbuch der Nationaloehonomie, 
1805 — Grundriss der allgemeinen Logilc, 1788 
— Staatsjinanzwissenschaft, 1 82 1 . 

Jales, Camp of, in France, — established by 
Royalists, 1790 — destroyed, Jul. 1792. 

Jallabert, Ludwig, a (Jean, h ) natural philo- 
sopher, — b. at Geneva, Jul. 17 12 — Prof. Ex- 
perimental Physics, 1737 — correspondent of 
French Academy of Sciences, 1739 — F.R.S., 
London, 1740 — Prof. Mathematics, 1750 — 
Prof. Philosophy, 1752 — Syndic, 1765 — tf., 
Apr. 1768. Experiences surV 'electricite, in^S. 

a Ersch and Gruber. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Jalula, in Persia, — Tezdegerd defeated by 
Saracens under Said, 637. 

Jamaica, island of the West Indies, — dis- 
covered by Columbus, 2 or 3 May 1494 — taken 
possession of, by Juan de Esquivel for Diego 
Columbus, 1509 — visited by Diego, who founds 
St Jago de la Vega, (Spanish Town,) 1523 — 
invaded by British under Sir Anthony Shirley, 
1596 — again, under Col. Jackson, 1638 — cap- 
tured by Penn and Venables, May 1655 — rem- 
nant of the Spaniards expelled, 1658— legisla- 
tive assembly appointed by commission of 
Charles II., 13 Feb. 1661 — title of England to, 
recognized by Treaty of Madrid, 1670 — earth- 
quake destroys Port-Royal, 7 Jun. 1692 — 
ravaged by the French, 1694 — hurricanes, 
1 7 12, 1722 — constitution completed, 1728 — 
pacification of Maroons in, 1738 — hurricane, 
20 Oct. 1744 — martial law proclaimed, 1745 — 
negro revolt suppressed, 1760 — another revolt, 
1765 — hurricane and earthquake, Oct. 17 So- 
threatened by French and Spaniards, 1782 — 
rebellion of Maroons, 1795-6 — again threat- 
ened by French squadron, which is defeated 
by Admiral Duckworth, 1806 — slave-trade 
abolished, 1807 — seat of a bishopric, 1825 — 
negro insurrection breaks out, 22 Dec. 1831 — 
abolition of Slavery, 1833 — system of appren- 
ticeship abolished, 1 Aug. 1838 — immigration 
commenced, 1839 — sanctioned by legislature, 
1840 — cholera rages, 1850 — Encumbered Es- 
tates Act passed, 1854 — constitution remodel- 
led, 1854 and 1856 — negro riots at Morant Bay, 
n Oct. 1865 — martial law proclaimed in the 
district by Gov. Eyre, 13 Oct. — [Gordon, Geo. 
W.] — constitution abolished by House of As- 
sembly, 21 Dec. 1865— Royal Commission of 
Inquiry, under Sir H. Storks as temporary 
governor, opens at Spanish Town, 24 Jan. 
1866 — closes, 3 Apr.— provision for govern- 
ment of, made by Act 29 Vic. c. 12, 23 Mar. 
1866 — Report of Commission presented to par- 
liament, 18 Jun. 1866 — new Legislative As- 
sembly opens, new constitution promulgated, 
16 Oct. 1866 — the church disestablished by 
expiry of Clergy Act, 31 Dec. 1869. 

James, Apostle, (son of Zebedee,) martyred, 
about 42. a a Bib. Cyc. 

James {Jay me,) I., the Conqueror, King of 
Aragon, — b. at Montpellier, 1 Feb. 1208 — 
placed in charge of Simon de Montf ort, 1 2 1 1 - 
14 — succeeds his father Pedro II., 17 Sep. 
1 213 — marries Eleonora of Castile, 1221 — the 
marriage annulled by Council of Lerida, 1229 
— defeats the Moors in Majorca, 1229— takes 



758 



JAMES. 



the town of Majorca, and captures the king, 
31 Dec. 1229 — receives Abu Said, king of 
Valencia, 1230 — exchanges Balearic Isles for 
County of Urgel, 1 231— adopted as son and 
successor of Sancho VII. of Navarre, 1231 — 
obtains bull of Gregory IX. for crusade and 
conquest of Valencia, 1233 — renounces his 
claim on Navarre in favour of Theobald Count 
of Champagne, 1234 — marries Yolande, 
daughter of king of Hungary, 8 Sep, 1235 — 
defeat of Moors of Valencia, 1237 — siege and 
capture of Valencia, truce for seven years with 
Zaan, king of Valencia, 1238 — breaks the truce 
and conquers kingdom of Valencia, 1239 — ex- 
pels Moors of Valencia by ordinance of 6 Jan. 
1248 — concludes treaty with Louis IX. respect- 
ing disputed territorial rights, 11 May 1258 — 
with Alfonso of Castile conquers Murcia, 1265- 
6 — embarks for Palestine and is driven back by 
a storm, 1269 — assists at Council of Lyons, 
where the Pope refuses to crown him, 1274 — 
Moorish inroad, 1275 — his generals defeated 
by Moors of Granada, 1276 — takes habit of Cis- 
tercians, and if. at Xativa, 25 Jul. 1276. 

James (Jay me,) II., the Just, King of Aba- 
gon, — becomes king of Sicily (James I.) on 
death of his father, Pedro III., Nov. 1285 — 
succeeds his brother Alfonso III. as king of 
Aragon, Jun. 1291 — gives up Sicily to his 
brother Frederick : promises to restore Sicily 
to Charles II. of Naples, by treaty of Jun. 
1295 — marries Blanche of Naples, 1 Nov. 1295 
— visits Borne, attends marriage of his sister 
Yolande (Violante) with Bobert, Duke of 
Calabria, 1297 — unsuccessfully attempts con- 
quest of Sicily, 1298 — declares his son James 
heir to the crown, 1301 — with Ferdinand of 
Castile attacks the Moors, 1309 — death of his 
queen, 12 Nov. 13 10 — marries Mary, daughter 
of the king of Cyprus ; on renunciation of his 
son James names Alfonso heir, 13 19 — death of 
his queen, Mary, Apr. 1321 — his aid invited by 
Sardinians against Pisa, 1321 — marries Elisen- 
da of Moncada, Christmas 1321 — sends fleet to 
Sardinia under Alfonso, who defeats the Pisans, 
1323-4 — the conquest of Sardinia completed, 
1326 — ft. at Barcelona, 2 Nov., a 31 Oct. b 
1327. a Biog. Univ. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

James I., King or Scotland, — b., about 
1 39 1 — captured on his way to France by the 
English, 30 Mar. 1406 — death of his father, 
Bobert III., and nominal beginning of his 
reign, 6 Apr. 1406 — imprisoned in the Tower 
of London, 14 Apr. 1406 — removed to Notting- 
ham Castle, 1407 — accompanies Henry V. to 
France, 141 7 — marries Joanna, daughter of 
Earl of Somerset, 24 Feb. 1424 — liberated by 
Henry V., Apr. 1424 — proclaimed king, 1424 
— crowned at Scone, 21 May 1424 — holds a par- 
liament at Perth, 12 Mar. 1425 — arrests there 
many of the nobles, 24 Mar. — holds a parlia- 
ment at Inverness, and arrests many of the 
Highland chiefs, 1427 — has the Duke of 
Albany with his two sons and Earl of Lennox 
executed as traitors, 24 May 1424,* 1428^ 
1425° — makes treaty with Charles VII. of 
France, 1429 — renews truce with England, 
1430 — sends his daughter to France to be be- 



trothed to the Dauphin, (Louis XL,) 1435 — 
excites discontent by resuming estates granted 
to nobles, 1435 — war with England, besieges 
Boxburgh Castle, but suddenly disbands his 
army, Aug. 1436 — spends Christmas at Perth, 
1436 — murdered by conspirators at Perth, 21 
Feb. 1437. a Annals of England. 

b Pict. Hist. England. c Tytler. 

James II., King of Scotland, — fi. 1430 — 
succeeds his father, James L, 21 Feb. 1437 — 
plots of Crichton and Livingston to secure his 
person, 1438 — assumes the government, 1444 
— marries Mary of Guelderland, 1449— assas- 
sinates Douglas at Stirling, 1452 — receives 
Margaret of Anjou and Prince Edward, and 
leads an army into England in their behalf, 1460 
— killed at siege of Boxburgh, 3 Aug. 1460. 

James III., King of Scotland, — fc. 1 Jun. 
1452 — succeeds his father, James II., 3 Aug. 
1460 — fifteen years' truce with England con- 
cluded, 1 Jun. 1464 — supreme power placed in 
the hands of his favourites, the Boyds, 1466 

— marries Margaret of Denmark, 1469 — 
dismisses the Boyds and puts Alexander to 
death, 1469 — imprisons his brother, Earl of 
Mar, who soon dies, 1477, a 1480 b — his brother, 
Duke of Albany, arrested, but escapes to 
France, 1477, a 1480 b — breaks treaty with 
England, 1480 — title of king assumed by Al- 
bany, who agrees to hold the kingdom as vas- 
sal of Edward IV., Jun. 1482 — leads an army 
to meet Gloucester, his favourites hung by 
Angus, himself shut up in Edinburgh castle, 
and his army disbanded, Jul. 1482 — his formal 
reconciliation with Albany, Aug. 1482 — ap- 
points him Lieutenant-general of the kingdom : 
flight of Albany to England, 1483 — makes 
three years' truce with Bichard III., 21 Sep. 
1484 — death of his queen, i486 — rebellion of 
nobles, 1487 — his son taken prisoner, spring 
1488 — makes terms with rebels, May 1488 — 
defeated by nobles, and kilkd-i^-^igitLjiea^ 

^?»ftackjijicfi, 11 Jun. 1488. tL^C-v, -^ k 
a Annals of England. b Pict. Hist. England. 
James IV., King of Scotland, — 6., 17 
Mar. 1472 a — joins rebellious nobles against his 
father, James III., 1487— succeeds his father, 
11 Jun. 1488 — crowned at Scone, 26 Jun. r a — 
concludes three years' truce with England, 1488 

— suppresses insurrection of Lords Forbes, 
Lyle, and others, 1489 — visits the Highlands, 
1490 — plot of Bothwell and Todd to seize and 
give him up to Henry VII., frustrated, 149 1 — 
another plot formed by Angus and frustrated, 
1491 — favours ' Perkin Warbeck,' 1492 — visits 
the Highlands, 1493 — extends truce with 
England, 1494 — invades England with the 
Pretender, Oct. 1496 — again, 1497 — besieges 
Norham, and retires before Surrey : treats 
with Henry VII., and banishes the Pretender, 
Jul. 1497 — concludes truce with Henry for 
seven years, 29 Sep. 1497 — concludes treaty 
for marriage with Margaret of England, 24 Jan. 
1502 — marries her, 8 Aug. 1503 — makes 
alliance with Louis XII., 22 May 1512 — 
invades England, 15 13 — defeated and killed at 
Flodden Field, 9 Sep. 15 13. a Tytler. 

James V., King of Scotland, — fc., 10 



JAMES. 



759 



Apr. 1512 — succeeds his father, James IV., 
under regency of Queen Margaret, 9 Sep. 
15 1 3 — crowned at Scone, Oct. — under 
regency of Duke of Albany, 15 14 — as- 
sumes the government, 1528 — concludes 
treaty of peace with Henry YIIL, 1534 — 
marries Madeleine of France, at Paris, 1 Jan. 
1537 — her death, 7 Jul. 1537 — marries Mary 
of Lorraine, 1538 — visits Highlands and Isles, 
1540 — consents to meet Henry VIII. at York, 
but breaks his word, autumn T541 — English 
invasion, 1542 — his army defeated at Solway 
Moss, and the nobles taken prisoners, 25 Nov. 
1542 — rj. at Falkland, 14 Dec. 1542. 

James VI. and VII. of Scotland. [James 
I. and II. of England.] 

James I., Xing of England, (VI., of 
Scotland,) — h. at Edinburgh Castle, 19 Jun. 
1566 — succeeds his mother, Mary, as king of 
Scotland, 24 Jul. 1567 — crowned at Stirling, 
29 Jul. — regency of Murray, 1567 — of Lenox, 
1570— Mar, 1570 — and Morton, 1572 — assumes 
the government, early in 1578 — chief power 
exercised by his favourites, 158 1 — seized by 
Earl of Gowrie at Kuthven, 1582 — [Ruthven, 
Raid of] — makes treaty with Queen Elizabeth, 
who grants him a pension, 29 Jul. 1585 — 
besieged in Stirling Castle by the banished 
lords and is compelled to pardon them, Oct. 
1585 — dismisses his favourite Arran, and de- 
prives him of his titles and estates, 1585-6 — con- 
cludes treaty of alliance with England, 8 Jul. 
1586 — intercedes with Queen Elizabeth for 
lite of his mother, 1587 — cooperates in pre- 
parations against the Armada, 1588 — marries 
Anne of Denmark, 24 Nov. 1589 — endeavours 
to restore peace in Europe, 1590 — invested 
with Order of the Garter, by Queen Elizabeth, 
summer 1590 — escapes treasonable attempt 
of Bothwell at Holyrood Palace, 27 Dec. 
1591 — and another at Falkland, 1593 — made 
prisoner by Bothwell, 24 Jul. 1593— released, 
Sep. 1593— - battle of Glenlivat, Oct. 1594 — 
reduces Catholic lords in northern districts, 
1594 — his life in danger in tumult at Edin- 
burgh, Dec. 1596 — suppresses the insurrection, 
1597 — the Gowrie Conspiracy, 1600 — sends 
embassy to intercede with Queen Elizabeth for 
Essex, 1 60 1 — proclaimed King of England, 24 
Mar. 1603 — creates 700 knights, Mar. to Jun. — 
enters London, 7 May — plot to seize him on 
his way to Windsor fails, Jun. — crowned at 
"Westminster, 25 Jul. — presides at Hampton 
Court Conferences, Jan. 1604 — orders Jesuits 
and seminary priests to quit the realm, 22 Feb. 
1604 — his succession recognized by Act 1 Jac. 
1, c. 1, 1604 — assumes title of ' King of Great 
Britain, France, and Ireland,' 24 Oct. — [Gun- 
powder Plot] — visited by Christian IV. of 
Denmark, Jul. 1606 — recommends union of 
England and Scotland, 1607— prorogues par- 
liament, 4 Jul. 1607 — mediates truce for twelve 
years between Spain and the Netherlands, 1609 
— convokes the parliament, Feb. 16 10 — takes 
Robert Carr into his favour, 16 10 — founds a 
Komish seminary, 8 May — creates his son 
Henry, Prince of Wales, 30 May — prorogues 
the parliament, 1 Jul. — reassembles it, 16 Oct. 



—prorogues it, 6 Dec. — dissolves it, 9 Feb. 
161 1— institutes Order of Baronets, 161 1 — 
imprisons his cousin Arabella Stuart, 161 1 — 
marries Princess Elizabeth to Elector Palatine, 
161 3 — [Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia] — 
dissolves the parliament, 7 Jun. 16 14 — extorts 
a benevolence, 16 14 — George Villiers becomes 
his favourite, 16 15 — visits Scotland and re- 
establishes the bishops in their supremacy, 
16 17— publishes the ' Book of Sports,' 24 May 
161 8— refuses aid to Elector Palatine, 16 18 — 
has Baleigh executed, Oct. 161 8— death of his 
queen, 1 Mar. 16 19 — assembles a parliament, 
30 Jan. 1620 — concludes treaty for marriage of 
Prince Charles to Infanta of Spain, Apr. 1620 
— liberates Komish recusants, 1620 — prohibits 
talking of public affairs, by proclamation of 23 
Dec. 1620 — censures petition of the parliament, 
Dec. 1 62 1 — tears their protest from the 
Journal and adjourns the House, 19 Dec. 1621 
— dissolves the parliament, 8 Feb. 1622— im- 
prisons Sir E. Coke and Pym, and sends other 
members to Ireland, 1622 — agrees to the 
treaties for the Spanish marriage, Jul. 1623 — 
breaks off the treaty, Dec. 1623 — meeting of 
parliament, 19 Feb. 1624 — declares war on 
Spain, 10 Mar. — permits Count Mansfeldt to 
enlist troops in England, 1624 — rj. at Theobald's, 
27 Mar. 1625. Essays of a Prentice in the 
Divine Art of Poesy, 1584 — Poetical Exercises, 
159 1 — Dcemonologie, 1597 — True Laiv of free 
Monarchies, 1598 — Basilikon Doron, 1599 — 
Discourse of the Gowrie Conspiracy, 1600 — 
Triplici Nodo Triplex Cuneus, 1605 — Pre- 
monition to all most mighty Monarchies, 1608 — 
Remonstrance for the Eight of Kings, 16 15 — 
Counterblast to Tobacco, 16 16. 

James II., King of England, (VII., of 
Scotland,) — b. in London, 15 Oct. 1633 — de- 
clared Duke of York immediately : formally 
created Duke, 27 Jan. 1643 — captured by Fair- 
fax, at Oxford, and with his brother and sister 
placed in charge of Earl of Northumberland, 
Jun. 1646 — escapes to Holland, Apr. 1648 — 
takes a command in French army, and serves 
under Turenne, 1653 — appointed Captain-gen- 
eral of army of Italy by Mazarin, 1656 — is 
compelled by Charles II. to resign, and enters 
Spanish service, 1656 — commands English 
exiles against Turenne, and is repulsed at Mar- 
dyke, Sep. 1657 — distinguishes himself at bat- 
tle of the Dunes, 1658 — comes to England with 
his brother, Charles II., May 1660 — Lord 
High Admiral and Lord Warden of the Cinque 
Ports, 1660 — marries Anne Hyde, 3 Sep. 1660 
— publicly acknowledges her, 24 Dec. — re- 
ceives grant of all lands of the regicides in 
Ireland, 1663 — takes command of fleet against 
the Dutch, Apr. 1665 — defeats the Dutch in 
Solebay, 3 Jun. — assists in checking the Great 
Fire, Sep. 1666 — Buckingham intrigues 
against him, 1668 — avows his conversion to 
Romanism, 1669 — death of his wife, Mar. 167 1 
— takes command of fleet against the Dutch, 
Mar. 1672 — defeats Dutch fleet in Solebay, 28 
May 1672 — on passing of the Test Act, resigns 
his post of Admiral, early in 1673 — marries 
Mary of Modena, 21 Nov. 1673 — intrigues for 



760 



JAMES— JAMESONE. 



excluding him from the succession begun by 
Shaftesbury, 1674 — marries his daughter Mary 
to William, Prince of Orange, 4 Nov. 1677 — 
is ordered to quit the kingdom, and retires to 
Brussels, 4 Mar. 1679 — [Exclusion Bill] — 
returns to England, Sep. 1679 — sent as Lord 
High Commissioner to Scotland, Oct. 1679 — 
returns, Feb. 1680 — presented as a Eomish 
recusant, 26 Jim. — returns to Scotland, sum- 
mer 1680 — again presented as a recusant, 29 
Nov. — holds a parliament in Scotland, Jul. to 
Aug. 1681 — visits England, Mar. 1682 — ship- 
wrecked on his return, 5 May — leaves Scotland, 
May — Charles II. dispenses with Test Act, and 
restores him to his post of Admiral, 1684 — at- 
tends Charles in his last illness, 1685 — succeeds 
him, 6 Feb. 1685 — accepts pension from Louis 
XIV., Feb. — publicly celebrates mass, Easter — 
opens negotiations with Pope Innocent XL ; 
crowned, 3 May — meeting of parliament, 19 
May — revenue for life granted to him, by 1 
Jac. II. c. 1, 1685 — invasion of Scotland by 
Earl of Argyle, May — of England by Duke of 
Monmouth, Jun. — battle of Sedgemoor, 6 Jul. 
— appoints Jeffreys Lord Chancellor, Sep.— 
claims authority to keep Eomish officers in his 
service, is opposed by parliament, and dismisses 
the Houses, 20 Nov. —sends Castlemaine as am- 
bassador to Eome, Jan. 1686 — grants dis- 
pensations to clerical converts to Eomanism, 
1686 — directs preachers to abstain from con- 
troversial subjects, Mar. 1686 — his dispensing 
power affirmed by Judges, Jun. — [Hales, Sir 
Edward] establishes Ecclesiastical Commis- 
sion, Jul. — forms a camp on Hounslow Heath, 
Jul. — receives papal nuncio, Jul. — restores 
public profession of Eomanism, 1686 — his 
demand from Cambridge Univ. of degree for a 
monk resisted, Feb. 1687 — publishes Declar- 
ation for liberty of conscience in Scotland, 12 
Feb. 1687 — in England, 4 and 27 Apr. — his 
mandate to Oxford Univ. to elect Farmer Pres. 
of Magdalen Coll. resisted, spring — again forms 
camp on Hounslow Heath, Jun. — dissolves 
parliament, 2 Jul. — receives papal nuncio at 
Windsor, 3 Jul. — entrusts government to 
Sunderland and Father Petre, Jul. — dissolves 
the parliament, 2 Jul. — makes a progress 
through the country, autumn — admits Father 
Petre into the Council, Nov. — reissues Declar- 
ation for liberty of conscience, 25 Apr. 1688 — 
orders it to be read in churches, 4 May — 
[Seven Bishops] —birth of his son, 10 Jun. — 
[Stuart, James Francis E.]— warned of in- 
tended invasion by Prince of Orange, Sep. — 
— seeks advice of bishops, 2 Oct. — restores 
charter to London, Oct. — dissolves Ecclesiasti- 
cal Commission, 8 Oct. — reinstates Pres. and 
Fellows of Magdalen Coll., 15 Oct.— dismisses 
Father Petre and Sunderland, 22 and 27 Oct. 
— landing of Prince of Orange, 5 Nov. — [Wil- 
liam III.] — his commissioners make arrange- 
ment with the Prince, 8-9 Dec. — leavesWhite- 
hall in disguise, and throws Great Seal into the 
Thames, 1 1 Dec. — seized near Faversham and 
brought back to London, 16 Dec. — goes to 
France, 23 Dec. — takes up his residence at St 
Germains, 28 Dec. — lands at Kinsale in Ire- 



land, 14 Mar. 1689 — enters Dublin, 24 Mar. — 
lays siege to Londonderry, 20 Apr. — holds a 
parliament at Dublin, 7 May — his army in- 
creased by French troops under Lauzun, early 
in 1690 — encamps on the Boyne, Jun. 1690 — 
defeated by William III. on the Boyne, 1 Jul. 
— escapes to France : his project of invasion of 
England frustrated by victory of La Hogue, 
May 1692 — goes to Calais to prepare for in- 
vasion of England, his project frustrated by 
Admiral Eussell, Feb. 1696 — tf. at St Germains, 
6, a 16 b Sep. 1701. a Annals of England. 

b Art de Verifier les Dates. 
James, George Payne Rainsford, novelist, 
§c, — ft. in London, 1801 — British Consul at 
Norfolk, Virginia, 1852 — Consul-general for 
Austrian Ports in the Adriatic, 1856 — fc. at 
Venice, i860. Richelieu, 1825 — Darnley, 
1830 — Memoirs of Great Commanders, 1832 — 
Life and Times of Louis XLV., 1838. 

James, John Angell, theologian, — ft. at 
Blandford, 6 Jun. 1785 — Congregational pastor 
at Birmingham, May 1 805 — celebrates his 
jubilee, Sep. 1855 — rj. at Birmingham, 1 Oct. 
1859. Anxious Lnquirer, 1834 — Works, 
1860-4. 

James, Robert, physician, — ft. in Stafford- 
shire, 1703 — patents his Fever Powder, about 
1750 — M.D. Cambridge, by mandamus, 25 
Jun. 1755— licentiate of B.C. P., 1765 — rj. in 
London, 23 Mar. 1776. Medicinal Dictionary, 
1743 — Dissertation upon Fevers, 1751 — Vin- 
dication of the Fever Fourier, 1778. 

James, Thomas, theologian, §c, — ft. at New- 
port, Isle of Wight, about 157 1 — Fellow of 
New Coll., Oxford, 1593 — M.A., 1599 — keeper 
of the Bodleian Library, 1602-20 — D.D., 1614 
— "a", at 'Oxford, Aug. 1629. Eclogce Oxonio- 
Cantabrigienses, 1600 — Catalogus Librorum in 
bibliotheca Bodlciana, 1605. 

James, Thomas, maritime explorer, — at- 
tempts discovery of North-west Passage, 1631- 
2. Voyage, 1633. 

James, William, historian, — rj., 1827. 
Naval History of Great Britain, 1822. 

James Island, near Charleston, V. S., — the 
Federals defeated bv Confederates, 16 Jun. 
1862. 

Jameson, Anna, writer on art, §c., — ft. at 
Dublin, 19 May 1797 — marries Eobert Jameson, 
1823 — tS., 17 Mar. i860. Characteristics of 
Women, 1832 — Handbook to Public Galleries of 
Art in and near London, 1842 — Lives of Farly 
Dalian Painters, 1845 — Poetry of Sacred and 
Legendary Art, 1848 — Legends of the Monastic 
Orders, 1850 — Legends of the Madonna, 1852 
— History of our Lord and of his Precursor, as 
represented in Art, i860. 

Jamesone, George, painter, — ft. at Aberdeen, 
1586 — pupil of Eubens at Antwerp, 1616 — 
returns to Scotland, [628 — Charles I. sits to 
him, 1633 — tf. at Edinburgh, 1644. 

Jamesone, Robert, geologist, §c, — ft. at 
Leith, 11 Jul. 1774 — studies under Werner at 
Freyburg, 1 800 — Prof. Natural History, Edin- 
burgh, 1804 — founds Wernerian Society, 1808 — 
13. at Edinburgh, 28 Apr. 1 854. Geology of Arran 
and Shetland Ishs, 17 98 — Mineralogy of Scottish 



JAMIESON— JAPAN. 



761 



Isles, 1800 — Characters of Minerals, 1805 — 
Elements of Geognosy, 1809 — System of Miner- 
alogy, 1806-9 — founds and edits Edinburgh 
Philosophical Journal, 18 19 — and Edinburgh 
New Philosophical Journal, 1826. 

Jamieson, {Jameson,) John, miscellaneous 
writer, — b. at Glasgow, 3 Mar. 1759 — studies 
at the Univ., 1768 — minister at Edinburgh, 
1795 — ft. there, 12 Jul. 1838. Etymological 
Eictionary of the Scottish Language, 1808 — 
Hermes Scythicus, 18 14. 

Jamyn, Amadis, poet,—b. in Champagne, 
1538 — if. there, 1585. (Euvres, 1575. 

Jane. [Joanna, Queen of Naples.] 

Jane Grey. [Grey, Lady Jane.] 

Jane Seymour. [Seymour, Jane.] 

Jane Shore. [Shore, Jane.] 

Janeiro. [Rio de Janeiro.] 

Janfortius. [Forti] 

Janina. [Joannina.] 

Janissaries, Ottoman Infantry, — organized 
by Orchan, 1326-59 — increased by Amurath I., 
1360 — depose Bajazet II., and raise Selim to 
the throue, 1512 — procure death of Amurath 
II., 1595 — depose and kill Othman II., May 
1622 — elevate and depose Mustapha, 1622 — 
depose Ibrahim, 1649 — Mohammed IV. 
abolishes law which required the Christian 
rayahs to give up then- children for the corps, 
1680 — depose Mustapha II., 1703 — procure 
death of Grand Yizier, imprison Achmet III., 
and elevate Mohammed, 1730 — revolt against 
Selim III., May 1806— kill him, 28 Jul.— 
rebel against Mahmoud II., Jun. 1826 — mas- 
sacred by Mahmoud, 15 Jun. 1826. 

Jan May en's Land, island in Arctic 
Ocean, — discovered by Mayen, 161 1 — visited by 
Scoresby, 18 17. 

Janowitz. — Torstenson defeats Imperialists 
at, 6 Mar. 1645. 

Janozki, (Janisch,) John Daniel, — n. at 
"Wiborgy 1 AVieniar, b 1720 — keeper of the Zaluski 
Library, about 1747 ? — ft. at Eabimost, 1786. 
Nachrichten von den in cler Zaluskischen Biblio- 
thek sich befrndenden raren polnischen Buchern, 
1747-53 — Polonia litterata nostri temporis, 
1750-66 — Janociana, 1776-79. 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Rees' Cyc. 

Jansen, Zacharias, optician, — with his 
father, Hans Jansen, invents the compound 
microscope, about 15 90- 16 00 — invents the 
telescope, ? 16 10. 

Jansenists, Jansenism. [Janssen, Bp of 
Ypres] — sect of, originates in France, about 
1640 — condemned by Innocent X., 1653 — 
Pascal publishes the Lettres Provinciates, 1656 
— again condemned by Alexander VII., 1656 
— miracles reported in support of, 1656, 1661, 
&c. — refuse to subscribe formulary prepared in 
accordance with the bull, 1665 — make com- 
promise with Clement IX., (Peace of Clement 
IX.,) 1668— Father Quesnel banished, 1685 
— Port-Royal suppressed, 1709 — condemned 
by Clement XL, in the bull 'TJnigenitus,' 
17 1 3 — appeal to General Council, 17 14— per- 
secuted and exiled by Regent Orleans, 1720. 
Jansenius. [Janssen.] 
Janssen, (Jansenius,) Cornelisz, theologian, 



— b. at Hulst, 15 10 — Prof. Divinity, Louvain, 
1562 — takes part in Council of Trent : Bp of 
Ghent, 1568 — U. there, 10 Apr. 1576. 

Janssen, (Jansenius,) Cornelisz, Ep of 
Ypres, — b. in the Netherlands, 1585 — D.D. 
Louvain, 1619 — Prof. Holy Scripture, 1630 — 
Bp of Ypres, 1635 — ft., 6 May 1638. Augustinus, 
published, 1640 — perusal of, prohibited by 
Inquisition, 1641 — and by Urban VIII. , 6 Mar. 
1642. [Jansenism.] 

Janssens, Abraham, painter,— -b. at Ant- 
werp, 1569 — ft., 163 1. 

Janssens, Cornelisz, painter, — n. at Am- 
sterdam, 1590 — in England, 1618-48 — if. at 
Amsterdam, 1665. 

Janssens, Johan "Willem, general, — u. at 
Ximeguen, 12 Oct. 1762 — enters the army, 
1777 — serves against the French, 1793 — ■ 
Commissary-general of French troops in service 
of Holland, 1797 — Governor of Cape Colony, 
1802-6 — Councillor of State, Secretary to 
Ministry of War, 1806 — Governor-general of 
Dutch East Indies, 1 8 1 1 — defeated, taken 
prisoner by the English at Batavia, Sep. — 
returns to France, Baron of the Empire, 18 12 
— tf. in Holland, 1 Jun. 1833. 

Janssens, Victor Honorius, painter, — b. at 
Brussels, 1664 — ft. there, 1739. 

Jansson, Jan, printer, — tf., about 1666. 
Atlas, 1641-6 and 1656-8. 

Sanuarmus,^ Consul of Rome, with Justus, 
(1081, a. u. c.) 328. 

Januarius, Pomponius, — Consul of Rome, 
with Maximianus Aug., (1041, a. u. c.) 288. 

Januarius, St, Order of, — instituted by 
Charles, king of Sicily, [Charles III. of Spain,'] 
6 Jul. 1738 — suppressed, 1806 — revived, 18 14. 

January, — in England, made first month of 
the year by Act 24 Geo. II. c. 23, 1751. 
[Calendar.] 

Janus, Gate of, Pome, — [BC] — said to be 
built by Numa Pompilius : closed in consul- 
ship of T. Manlius, (519, a. u. c.) 235— again, 
by Octavius, (725,) 29, and (729) 25 — [AD] — 
closed by Vespasian, (824) 71. 

Janvier, Antide, mechanician, — n. in the 
Jura, 175 1 — settles at Paris, 1784 — receives gold 
medal for astronomical machine, 1802 — tf. at 
Paris, 23 Sep. 1835. — Manuel chronome'trique, 
1 8 10 — Pecueil des machines composees et exe- 
cutees par A. Janvier, 1827. 

Japan, Empire of, (ffipkon, Yanghou, Zi- 
pangu,) — Buddhism introduced, 69,* ? 552 b ? 
— Chinese letters introduced, about 284 — ■ 
phonetic alphabet invented, aboiit 810 b — the 
supreme power of the Mikado usurped by his 
chief captain, Joritomo, ii43, b 1192,° ii52 d 
—invaded by Kublai Khan, 1284,* i28i c — 
printing practised, since 1206 — made known to 
Europe by Marco Polo, 1298— the Onin war, 
1466-77 c — earthquakes in, 1475, 1498, 1515 — 
attempt made to trade with China, 1523 — 
reached by Portuguese, who are admitted to 
trade, 1542 — arrival of Francis Xavier and 
other Jesuit Missionaries, 1549 — embassy from, 
sets out, 22 Feb. 1583 c — received by Gregory 
XIII., Mar. 1585^ — arrive in Japan, 1590— 
supreme power seized by Fide Josi (Taiko- 



762 



JAPANESE EMBASSY— JASLNSEX 



Sania), first Ziogoon of whole of Japan, 1585 
— persecution of Christians in, 1587, 1590, 1597 
— reached by the English adventurer, William 
Adams, 19 Apr. 1600 — the Dutch admitted to 
trade, 1607 or 1609 — John Saris obtains 
authority from James I. to trade with, 1609 — 
the English receive permission to trade, 1612 
— they withdraw, about 1622 — massacre of 
Christians, 12 Apr. 1637 — foreigners ex- 
pelled and natives forbidden to travel, 1637 — 
the Dutch removed to Nagasaki, 1641, 1639 c — 
unsuccessful attempt of Charles II. to renew 
trade with, 1653 a — visited by Kaempfer, 1690- 
2 — earthquake and volcanic eruption, 1707 — 
visited by Thunberg, 1772 and 1776 — by 
Golownin, 1811 — attempt of Sir Stamford 
Baffles to trade, fails, 1 8 1 3 — visited by Siebold, 
1825-30 — earthquake and volcanic eruption, 
1828— visited by .Belcher, 1845 — by Mathison, 
1849 — ports opened to foreigners, by American 
treaty of commerce, 31 Mar. 1854 — Russian 
treaty, Oct. 1757 — British treaty negotiated by 
Lord Elgin, signed, 29 Jul. 1858 — visited by 
Hodgson, 1859-60 — attack on British legation, 
5 Jul. 1 861 — attempt to assassinate British 
envoy, 26 Jun. 1862 — revolution in, autumn 
1862 — convention with England, France, 
America, and Holland, concluded, 25 Jun. 1866 
— treaty of commerce with Italy concluded, 
25 Aug. 1866 — public reception of Duke of 
Edinburgh by the Mikado, 22 Sep. 1869. 
a Encyc. Brit. b Chambers' Encyc. 

c Dickson. d Edinb. Rev. (XCVI.) 

Japanese Embassy, to Europe. I. Sails 
from Japan, 22 Feb. 1583 — reach Lisbon, 10 
Aug. 1584 — interview with Philip II., at 
Madrid: reach Home, 20 Mar. 1588 — received 
by Gregory XIIL, Mar. 1585 — sail from 
Lisbon, 30 Apr. 1586 — reach Goa, 29 May 
1587 — reach Japan, 1590. 2. Received by 
Napoleon III., 13 Apr. 1862 — arrive in London, 
30 Apr. — embark for the Hague, 12 Jun.--- 
reach Berlin, 18 Jul. — St Petersburg, 10 Aug. 
— Lisbon, 17 Oct. 3. To France, 15 Apr. to 
20 Jun. 1864. 4. Jan. 1867. 5. To England, 
the brother of the Tycoon received by Queen 
Victoria at Windsor, 4 Dec. 1867. 

Japanese Language, — Grammar of, com- 
piled by Alcock, 1 86 1. 

Japanese Martyrs, Franciscan Friars, — 
crucinednear Nagasaki, 5 Feb. 1597 — beatified, 
3 Jan. 1627 — canonized by Pius IX.., 7 Jun. 
1862. 

Japix, (Japicx, Japiks,) Gysbert, poet, — u. 
in Friesland, 1603 — lj. there, 1666. Friesche 
Rymlerye, 1668. 

Jaquelein. [Rochejaquelein.] 
Jaqueline. [Jacqueline.] 
Jaquerie. [Jacquerie.] 
JarcM, Solomon, Rabbi, — fc. at Troyes, 
Champagne, 1040^ no4 b — travels in the 
East, 1 1 33-40 b — tf. there, 1105,* n8o. b Com- 
mentar. in Fentateuchum, (1475) — Commentar. 
in Canticum, Ecelesiasten, Ruth, Fster, Daniel, 
Fsdram, Kehemiam, (1487) — Commentar. in 
Talmud, (1520). a Biog. Univ. b Bees' Cyc. 
4 Jardin des Plantes,' Far is,— founded by 
Louis XIIL, 1635. 



Jardinier, Claude Donat, engraver, — n. at 
Paris, 1726 — tf. there, 1774. 

Jardyn, Karel du, -painter, — it. at Amster- 
dam, about 1638, a 1635 b — u. at Venice, 1678. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Erscb and Gruber. 

Jared, — [ BC ] — &•> summer 3544, a 367 8 b — 
birth of Enoch, sum. 3382 s — tf., sum. 2582^ 
a Ussher. b Clinton. 

Jarnac, in France, — the Huguenots defeated 
by Duke of Anjou, Conde killed, 13 Mar. 1569. 

Jaromir. [Bohemia.] 

Jaropolk I., Grand Prince of Russia,-t— 
ft., about 960 — succeeds his father Sviatoslav, 
973 — defeats and kills his brother Oleg, 97 5, a 
977 b — seizes his territory: drives Vladimir 
from Novogorod, 977 b — defeated and put to 
death by Vladimir, 980. 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nouy. Biog. Gen. 

Jaropolk II., Grand Prince of Russia, — 
succeeds his brother Mstislav, n 32 — defeats 
Boleslaus, king of Poland, n 38 — "&., 1140. 

Jaroslav I., Grand Prince of Russia, — 
revolts against his father, Vladimir I., 10 15 — 
defeats and dispossesses his brother Sviatopolk, 
1 01 6 — defeated and Sviatopolk restored by 
Boleslaus, king of Poland, 1018 — expels and 
succeeds Sviatopolk, 1019 — invades Livonia, 
1028 — founds Dorpat, 1030 — sends expedition 
against Constantinople, 1043 — makes peace 
with Greek Emperor, 1047— marries his daugh- 
ter Anne to Henry I, of France, 1051 — &., 7 
Feb. 1055. 

Jaroslav II., Grand Prince of Russia, — 
succeeds his brother Youri, 1237 — invasion of 
Russia by Batou Khan, 1239 — -his son Alex- 
ander (Newski) repulses the Swedes, about 
1 241 — goes to do homage to Batou Khan, 1246 
— rj., 36 Sep. 1246. 

Jaroslav III., Grand Prince of Russia, 
— succeeds his brother Alexander Xewski, 1264 
— sets out for the Golden Horde and dies on 
the way, 1272. 

Jaroslavl, in Russia,— founded by Jaroslav 
I., j 025 — subject to Dukes of Moscow, 1426 — 
raised to commercial importance under Peter 
the Great, about 1700. 

Jarric, Pierre du, Jesuit, — ft. at Toulouse, 
1565 — tf. at Saintes, 16 16. FListoire des choses 
memorables advennes tant es hides orientales 
que aatres pays de la decouverte des Fortugais, 
1608-14. 

Jarrow, Yarrow, in Durham, — monastery, 
founded by Benedict Biscop, 681 — burnt by 
Northmen, 870 — again destroyed by' William 
I., 1070 — the church rebuilt, 1783. 

Jars, Gabriel, mineralogist, — b. at Lyons, 
29 Jan. 1732 — visits mines of Germany, Eng- 
land, Sweden, &c, 1757-66 — admitted to the 
Academy, 1768— tf. at Clermont, 20 Aug. 1769. 
Voyages metallurgiqnes, 1774-81. 

Jasher, (Jashar,) Book of, — a forgery by 
Jacob Hive, 175 1 — the fraud exposed in 
Monthly Review, Dec. 175 1 — again brought 
under discussion, 1827 and 1833 — republished 
by Donaldson, 1854. 

Jasinski, James, general, — distinguishes 
himself in campaign against the Russians, 



JASMIN— JED AIA. 



1 6 3 



1792 — takes Wilna, 24 Apr. 1794 — distin- 
guishes himself at battle of Polany, 1794 — 
member of Supreme Council, 1794 — falls at 
defence of Praga, 4 Nov. 1794. 

Jasmin, Jacques, poet, — 6. at Agen, 6 Mar. 
1798 — visits Paris and receives a pension, 1840 
— Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 1846 — if. at 
Agen, 4 Oct. 1864. Lou Gharibari, 1825 — 
VAbuglo de Castel-Cuille, 1836 — las Papil- 
lotos de Jasmin, 1835-43. 

Jason, Tyrant of Pher^, Tagos of 
Thessaly,— [BCJ — succeeds Lycophron at 
Pheroe, after 395 — obtains government of all 
Thessaly, 375 — chosen Tagos, 374 ? — intercedes 
for Timotheos at Athens, Nov. 373 — joins The- 
bans after Leuctra, 371 — slain, 370. 

Jassy, {Yassy,) in Moldavia, {Jassiorum 
municipium,) — burnt, 1723 — occupied by Rus- 
sians, 14 Sep. 1739 — restored to Turks by 
Peace of Belgrade, 18 Sep. 1739— again occu- 
pied by Russians, 1769 — ravaged by plague, 
1772 — fortifications destroyed by Russians, 
1 788 — burnt by Janissaries, 1 822 — again burnt, 
1827 — insurrection at, Apr. 1848 — occupied by 
Russians, 1853— by Austrians, autumn 1854 — 
riots at, on election of Prince Charles of Hohen- 
zollern as Hospodar, Apr. 1866. [Danubian 
Principalities]. Treaty of, between Catherine 
II. and Sultan Selim, signed, 9 Jan. 1792. 

Jaubert, Pierre, — b. at Bordeaux, 17 15 — if. 
at Paris, 1780. Dictionnaire raisonne univer- 
sel des arts et metiers, 1773. 

Jaubert, Pierre Amedee Emilien Probe, 
orientalist, diplomatist, — b. at Aix, (Provence,) 
3 Jun. 1779— interpreter to Egyptian expedi- 
tion, 1798 — Prof. Turkish, 1801 — envoy to 
Constantinople, 1804 — to Persia, 1805 — re- 
turns, 1807 — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 
9 Jan. 1807 — again visits the East, 18 14 and 
18 1 8 — contributes to conclusion of Treaty of 
Adrianople, 1829 — admitted to Academy of 
Inscriptions, 1830 — Prof. Persian, at the Coll. 
de France, May 1838 — Pres. Asiatic Society of 
Paris, 1838 — Peer of France, Councillor of 
State, Dec. 1841 — Officer of Legion of Honour, 
1845 — if. at Paris, Jan. 1847. Elements de la 
grammaire Turque, 1823-34 — Geographic a" 
Edrisi, 1836-40. 

Jaucourt, Louis, Chevalier de, — b. at 
Paris, 26 Sep. 1704 — F.R.S. London, 1756 — 
if. at Compi^gne, 3 Feb. 1780, Collaborateur 
in the Encyclopedic, 1750-80. 

Jauffret, Gaspard Jean Andre Joseph, Bp 
of Metz, — b. in Provence, 13 Dec. 1759 — if. 
at Paris, 12 May 1823. De la religion, 1790 
— Du cidte public, 1795 — Memoire pour servir 
a Vhistoire de la religion, 1803. 

Jauregui y Aguilar, Juan de, poet, painter, 
— b. at Toledo, a Seville, 15 Mar. 1566^ about 
1570 b — goes to Rome, 1607— equerry to Queen 
Isabella de Bourbon, 16 12 — if. at Madrid, 
1650,* 1641. 13 Translation of the Pharsalia, 
1684 b — Orfeo, 1624b — Mimas, 161 8 — Apologia 
de la pint ur a, 1633. 

H Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Java, island of Indian Archipelago, — [B C] 
— settlement of Hindoos from Caliuga, 75 — 
[AD] — subject to Hindoo Princes, from about 



1 1 90? — mentioned by Marco Polo, 1295 — 
conquered by Arabs, 1478 — Portuguese settle 
in, 15 1 1 — the Dutch, 1595 — [Batavia] — Eng- 
lish factory in, 16 19 — [Bantam] — wars with 
tbe Dutch, 1674-1708, 1718-23, and 1740-55 — 
— taken by English, 181 1 — given up to king of 
the Netberlands by Treaty of Paris, 18 16 — be- 
comes after five years' war a Dutch province, 
1830— slavery abolished in, 20 Sep. 1859. 

Javolenus Priscus, jurist, — fl., about 125- 
150. 

Jay, John, jurist, statesman, — b. at New 
York, 12 Dec. 1745 — delegate to Congress at 
Philadelphia, 1774— Pres., 1776 — assists in 
framing constitution of New York State, 1777 
— Chief Justice of the State, 1778— minister- 
plenipotentiary to Spain, 1779 — joint commis- 
sioner to treat for peace with Great Britain, 
1782-3 — envoy-extraordinary to Great Britain, 
concludes treaty, 1784 — governor of New York 
State, 1795 — retires, 1801— if. at Bedford, 17 
May 1829. 

Jay, William, theologian, — b. at Tisbury, 
Wiltshire, 8 May 1769 — pastor at ArgyJe 
Chapel, Bath, Jan. 1791 — if. there, 27 Dec. 
J 853. Works, 1845-9. 

Jean d'Acre, St- [Acre.] 

Jean d'Angely. [St Jean d'Angely.] 

Jean de Luz, in France, — marriage of Louis 
XIV. and Maria Theresa of Spain, celebrated 
at, 9 Jun. 1660 — Wellington defeats Soult be- 
fore, 10 Nov. 1 81 3 — declared a free port by 
Wellington, 1813. 

Jean Paul. [Richter.] 

Jeannin, Pierre, statesman, — b. at Autun, 
1540 — second Pres. of Parliament of Dijon, 
1581-1602 — Intendant of Finances, 1602 — 
negotiates peace between the Dutch and the 
king of Spain, 1607 — if., 31 Oct. 1622? Nego- 
tiations, 1656. 

Jeaurat, Edme Sebastien, astronomer^ — b. 
at Paris, 1724 — Prof. Mathematics at the 
Military School, 1753 — admitted to Academy 
of Sciences, 1753 — to Institute, 1796 — if., Mar. 
1803. 

Jebb, John, Bp of Limerick, — b. at 
Drogheda, 27 Sep. 1775 — takes holy orders, 
1799 — Bp of Limerick, 1823 — if., 7 Dec. 1833. 

Jebb, John, divine and physician,— -b. in 
London, 1736 — B.A. Cambridge, 1757 — M.A. 
and Fellow of St Peter's Coll., 1760 — ordained 
priest, 1763 — advocates reform, 1768 — resigns 
his livings, 1775 — M.D. St Andrews, 1777 — 
F.R.S., 1778— if., 2 Mar. 1786. Works, 1787. 

Jebb, Sir Richard, Bart., physician, — b., 
about 1730 — F.R.C.P., 1768 — physician ex- 
traord. to the. king, about 1777 — physician in 
ordinary to Prince of Wales, 1780 — to the 
king, 1786 — if. at Windsor, 4 Jul. 1787. 

Jebb, Samuel, physitian x classical scholar, 
— enters Cambridge Univ., before 17 18 — if. in 
Derbyshire, 1772. Edits Justin Martyr's 
Dialogue with Trypho, 17 19 — Bibliotheca 
Literaria, from 1722 — > Baconi Opus Majus f 

1733- 

Jedaia, (Jedaaiah,) Ben Abraham Hap- 
penini Bedraschi, Rabbi,— -if. at Barcelona, 
about 1298. Bechinat Olam, 1476. 



764 



JEDBURGH-JENISCH. 



Jedburgh, in Scotland, — seat of Malcolm 
IV., about 1 1 60-5 — marriage of Alexander 
III. at, 1285 — tbe castle recovered from tbe 
English and demolished, 1409 — stormed by 
Earl of Surrey, 1523 — taken by Earl of Hert- 
ford, 1545. Abbey, founded or rebuilt by 
David I., 1 1 18 or 1147. 

Jedda, Jidda, Djidda, port of Mecca, — for- 
tified by Sultan of Egypt, 15 14 — massacre of 
Christians at, 15 Jun. 1858 — bombarded by 
English, 23 Jul. and 5 Aug. 1858. 

Jeddo, Yeddo, in Japan, [Japan, Empire 
of,] — British subjects allowed to reside at, 1862 
— seat of government transferred to Miako, 
autumn 1862 — British Residency burnt, early 
in 1863 — American Residency burnt, May 
1863. Treaty of, commercial, between Great 
Britain and Japan, signed, 26 Aug. 1858. 

Jefferson,Thomas, President of the United 
States, — ft. in Virginia, 2 Apr. 1743 — called 
to the bar, 1767 — member of Virginia House 
of Burgesses, 1769 — deputy to the Convention 
at Williamsburg, Aug. 1774 — member of Con- 
gress at Philadelphia, Jun. 1775-6 — governor 
o f Virginia, 1779-81 — minister to Franc e , M ay 
1784-9 — envoy to London, but soon returns to 
Paris, 1786 — Secretary of State, 1790-3— Vice- 
president of United States, 1796 — Pres., 1801-9 
— tf. at Monticello, Virginia, 4 Jul. 1826. 
Notes on Virginia, 1782. 

Jeffrey, Francis, Lord Jeffrey, — ft. at 
Edinburgh, 23 Oct. 1773 — studies at Univ. of 
Glasgow, 1787 — at Edinburgh, 1789-90 — at 
Oxford, 1791 — at Edinburgh, 1792-3— joins 
Speculative Society, Dec. 1792— called to the 
Scottish bar, Dec. 1794 — takes part with 
Sidney Smith, Horner, and Brougham in 
founding the Edinburgh Review, 1802 — duel 
with Moore at Chalk Farm, Hampstead, 1806 — 
visits America, 181 3 — rector of Glasgow Univ., 
1 82 1 — dean of the Faculty of Advocates, 1829 
— M.P. Perth, 1830— M.'P. Malton, 1831 — 
Lord Advocate, 1830 — M.P. Edinburgh, 1832 
— rj. at Craigcrook, near Edinburgh, 26 Jan. 
1850. Edits Edinburgh Review, 1803-29 — 
Contributions to Edinburgh Revieiv, 1844. 

Jeffreys, George, Baron "Wem, (Judge 
Jeffreys,) — ft. at Acton in Denbighshire, 1648 
— enters Middle Temple, 19 May 1663 — 
marries, May 1667 — called to the bar, 22 Nov. 
1669 — Knt, 1677 — Recorder of London, 22 Oct. 
1678 — Chief Justice of Chester, Apr. 1680 — 
Bart., 17 Nov. 1681 — Chief Justice of the King's 
Bench, 29 Sep. 1683 — passes sentence of death 
on Algernon Sidney, 1683 — presides at trials of 
Titus Oates, and Baxter, May 1685 — created 
Baron Wem, 15 May 1685 — executes com- 
mission for trial of adherents of Monmouth, 
(Bloody Assize,) Aug. to Sep. 1685 — Lord Chan- 
cellor, 28 Sep. 1685 — High Steward on trial of 
Lord Delamere, Jan, 1686 — seized by the 
populace, and committed to the Tower, 13 Dec. 
1688— tf. there, 18 Apr. 1689 — his remains 
removed from the Tower to St Mary's, Alder- 
manbury, after 2 Sep. 1692 — discovered there, 
1810. 

Jeffries, John, physician, — ft. at Boston, 
U. S., 1747 — accompanies Gen. Howe to 



Halifax, and is named Surgeon-general to 
British forces, 1776 — settles in London, 1780 
— crosses the Channel in a balloon, 7 Jan. 
1785' — returns to Boston, 1789 — "ft. there, 18 19. 

Jegher, Christopher, engraver, — ft. in Ger- 
many, 1596, a 1578 b — if. in Holland, 1670,* 
l66o, b 1635.° a Ersch and Gruber. 

b Heller. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Jehangir, Abul Mozaffer Noureddin Mo- 
hammed, Mogul Emperor, — ft., about 1570 
— declared successor to the throne by his father, 
Akber, and named viceroy of Ajmir, 1599 — 
seizes on provinces of Hindustan, (Shaban 1009, 
a. h.) about Nov. 1600 — instigates murder of 
Abul Fazl, (1011,) 1602 — makes his submis- 
sion to Akber, 1602 — succeeds him, (Guimadhi 
1014,) Oct. 1605 — suppresses rebellion of his 
son Khusru, and imprisons him, Mar. 1606 — 
sends an army into the Deckan, 1607 — insur- 
rection of pretended Khusru at Patna, (1017- 
19,) 1607-10 — marries Nourjehan, (1020,) 
161 1 — receives ambassador from James I. of 
England, Dec. 16 15 — [Roe, Sir T.] — declares 
Shah Jehan heir-apparent, 16 16 — removes to 
Mandu, Oct. 16 16 — visits Guzerat, Sep. 161 7 
to Sep. 161 8 — falls ill, autumn 1621 — fixes his 
court at Lahore, (1031,) about Oct. 1622 — re- 
bellion of his son Shah Jehan, 1623 — marches 
against Roushenias in Cabul, 1625 — seized by 
Mohabat Khan on the Hydaspes, (Guimadhi II. 
1035,) Mar. 1626 — escapes by plots of Nourje- 
han : — U. on his return from Cashmir to 
Lahore, (28 Saphar 1037,) 28 Oct. 1627. 

Jehoiachin, (Jeconiah, Coniah,) — [BC] — 
made king of Judah by Nebuchadnezzar, 
spring 599, a Mar. 598 b — taken captive by 
Nebuchadnezzar to Babylon, autumn 599," 
Jun. 598 b — released by Evil Merodach, 15 
Apr. 562,* (187, N. E.) Feb. 561.* 

a Ussher. b Clinton. 

Jehoiakim. [Jews, political history.'] 

Jeipur, (Jypoor,) in Hindustan, — founded, 
967 — ally of Akber, about 1560 — overrun by 
Mahrattas, from about 1780 — treaty with 
British, 1803 — annulled, 1805 — another treaty, 
1818. 

Jekyll, Sir Joseph, Master of the Rolls, 
—ft. in Northamptonshire, about 1664 — enters 
Middle Temple, 1680 — called to the bar, 1687 
— Chief Justice of Chester, 1697 — M.P. Eye, 
1698 — Knt, about 1698 — one of the managers 
of impeachment of Sacheverell, 17 10 — Master 
of the Rolls, 13 Jul. 17 17 — one of the com- 
missioners of the Great Seal, Jan. to Jun. 1725 
— brings in the Gin Act, and Mortmain Act, 
1736 — ft., 19 Aug. 1738. 

Jellalabad, in Afghanistan, — occupied by 
British, 1839 — [Afghan War] — besieged by 
Akbar Khan, successfully defended by Gen. 
Sale, 18 Jan. to 5 Apr. 1842 — evacuated by 
British, Oct. 1842. 

Jemappes, in Belgium, — Dumouriez defeats 
Austrians at, 6 Nov. 1792. 

Jena, in Saxe- Weimar, — Napoleon I. defeats 
the Prussians, 14 Oct. 1806. University of, 
founded by Elector John Frederick, 1547 — 
opened, 2 Feb. 1558. 

Jenisch, Bernhard, Baron von, orientalist, 



JENKINS— JERROLD. 



765 



' — ft. at Vienna, 10 Nov. 1734— secretary of 
embassy at the Porte, 1755 — interpreter, at 
Temesvar, 1757 — secretary of the Cabinet, 1770 
— charge d'affaires of the Emperor at the Porte, 
1772 — keeper of Imperial Library, 1772 — aulic 
councillor, 1776 — counsellor to the privy 
chancery, 1791 — director of Italian chancery, 
1798 — tr. at Vienna, Feb. 1807. Defatis 
Knguarum orientalium, 1780 — Historiapriorum 
regum Persarum post jirmatum in regno islamis- 
mum, 1782. 

Jenkins, David, Judge for South Wales, 
— fc. in Wales, 1586 — enters Oxford Univ., 
1597 — taken prisoner at Hereford and sent to 
the Tower, 1645 — ■impeached of treason, fined 
for contempt, and committed to Newgate, be- 
tween 1650-55 (?) — liberated, 1656 or 1660 — 
ft. at Cowbridge, 6 Dec. 1667. Works, 1648 
— Reports, 1661. 

Jenkins, Henry, reputed centenarian, — 
witnesses battle of Flodden Field, ? 15 13 — if. at 
Ellerton-upon-Swale, 8 Dec. 1670. 

Jenkins, Sir Leoline, {Llewellyn,) statesman, 
— b. in Wales, 1623 — enters Jesus Coll., Ox- 
ford, 1641 — takes up arms for Charles I., 1642 
—quits Oxford, 1649— LL.D. Oxford, 16 Feb. 
1661 — Principal of Jesus Coll., 1 Mar. 1661 — 
Judge of Court of Admiralty, 1665 — Judge of 
Prerogative Court, 1668 — Knt, Jan. 1670 — am- 
bassador to Holland, 1673 — negotiates Treaty 
of Nimeguen, 1676-9 — M.P. Oxford Univ., 
1679 — Privy Councillor and Secretary of State, 
Feb. 1680 — resigns, Apr. i684 — tf. 1 Sep. 1685. 
Letters, §c, 1724. 

Jenkins, (Jenkyns,) Robert, Captain, — has 
an ear torn off by Spanish officer, 173 1 — ex- 
amined before House of Commons, and exhibits 
the ear, 16 Mar. 1738. 

Jenkinson, Anthony, engraver,— &., 1562. 

Jenkinson, Charles. [Liverpool, Earl op.] 

Jenner, Edward, discoverer of vaccination, — 
fi. at Berkeley, Gloucestershire, 17 May 1749 
— studies under John Hunter in London, 177 1- 
73 — M.D. St Andrews, 1792 — makes first ex- 
periment of vaccination, May 1796 — surgeon 
and physician of Royal Navy, 1 801— receives 
grant of £10,000 from parliament, 1802 — of 
£20,000, 1807— tf. at Berkeley, 26 Jan. 1823. 
Enquiry into the causes and effects of the 
Variola Vaccina, 1798 — New observations on 
the Variolce Vaccina, 1799. 

Jennerian Institution, Royal, London, — 
founded, 19 Jan. 1803 — merges in National 
Vaccine Establishment, Dec. 1808. 

Jenson, (Janson,) Nicholas, printer, — sent 
by Charles VII. to Mentz, to obtain informa- 
tion of the discovery of printing, close of 1458 
— settles at Venice, about 1469 — Count Palatine, 
by Sixtus IV., 1475 — tf., before 3 Feb. 1482. 

Jenyns, Soame, miscellaneous writer, — fi. in 
London, 1704 — studies at Cambridge, 172 1 — 
M.P. Cambridgeshire, 1741 — M.P. Dunwich, 
1754— Lord of Trade, 1755-80 — M.P. Cam- 
bridge, 1761 — tf., 18 Dec. 1787. Free In- 
quiry into the Nature and Origin of Evil, 1756 
— View of the Internal Evidence of the Chris- 
tian Religion, 1876. 

Jerdan, William, miscellaneous writer, — 6. 



at Kelso, 1782 — settles in London, 1805 
— becomes editor of the Literary Gazette, Jul. 
18 17— retires, 1850— tf., 11 Jul. 1869. Auto- 
biography, 1852-3. 

Jeremiah, Jewish prophet, — [B C]— called as 
a prophet, 629,* b 628 c — the scroll burnt by the 
king, autumn 6o6, a Nov. or Dec. 605° — im- 
prisoned by Pashur, 590 a — again imprisoned as 
a bad subject, 590" — set free by Nebuchad- 
nezzar, 588, a 587° — carried into Egypt by 
Johanan, late in 587.* a Ussber. 

b Bib. Cyc. c Clinton. 

Jeremie, Sir John, — h. in Guernsey, 19 
Aug. 1795 — Chief Justice of St Lucia, West 
Indies, Oct. 1824 — Procureur and Advocate- 
General of the Mauritius, 1832 — Judge of 
Supreme Court of Ceylon, 1836— Knt, Governor 
of Sierra Leone, Oct. 1840 — tf. there, 23 Apr. 
1 841. Four Essays on Colonial Slavery, 1831 
— Letter on Negro Emancipation and African 
Civilization, 1 840. 

Jergeau, in France, — taken by Joan of Arc, 
and Earl of Suffolk captured, 12 Jun. 1429. 

Jericho, — [B C] — destroyed by Joshua, 
145 1 a — rebuilt by Hiel, about 930 b — Pompey 
encamps at, 63 — sacked by Herod, 39— rebuilt 
by Herod, about 35-30 — adorned by Archelaus, 
4- [A D] 7 — [A D] — destroyed by Romans dur- 
ing siege of Jerusalem ? 70. 

a Ussber. b Bib. Cyc. 

Jerome, St, (Eusebius Hieronymus So- 
phronius,) Father of the Latin Church, — ft. in 
Pannonia, Apr. 331 a — at Aquileia, 370 — sets 
out for the East, 373 — retires to desert of 
Chalcis, 374 — ordained presbyter at Antioch, 
spring 379 — at Constantinople, 380 — secretary 
to council at Borne, 382 — begins to revise 
translation of Scriptures at Rome, 382 — quits 
Borne, Aug. 385 a — settles at Bethelehem, 386 a 
— acquainted with Augustine, about 394 b — con- 
ceals himself from Pelagians, 416-418 — tf., 30 
Sep. 420. Vita S. Fauli Erem., about 375-— 
Vita S. Hilarionis Erem., about 390 — -Vita 
Malchi llonach., about 390 — Alter cat. lucif. 
et Orthod., about 378 — Adv. Helvidium, about 
382—^^. Jovinianum, about 393 — - Contra 
Vigilantium, about 406 — Contra Joan. Hierosol. 
399, 397 a — In Rujinum, about 402 — -Dialog, 
contra Pelagianos, about 415 — Be Viris 
Illustribus, about 392 — DeNominibus Hebraiis, 
about 388-390 — De Situ et Nominibas locoritm 
Hebraicorum, 388 — -Comment, in Genesim, 388 
— -in Ecclesiasticum, 388 — in Canticum Canti- 
corwn, 383 — in Jesaiam, 397-41 1 — in Jeremiam, 
415- — in Ezechielem, 411 -414 — in Danielem, 
407 — in Prophetes Minores,, 392-406 — in 
Matthaum, 398 — in Pauli Epistolas, 387 — 
Old Test., original translation from Hebrew, 
finished, ^05— revised translation, 390-1. 
a Clinton. b Herzog's Encyc. 

Jerome of Prague, follower of John Hus, — 
h. about 1360-70— D.D. Paris, 1399 — visits 
England, 1400 — regulates Cracow University, 
1410 — cited by the Council of Constance, 1415 
— arrested by Duke of Bavaria, 25 Apr. 1415 — 
recants at Constance, 23 Sep. 1415 — retracts, 
and is burnt there, 30 May 141 6. 

Jerrold, Douglas Wiliiam, dramatist, hu-. 



766 



JERSEY— JERUSALEM. 



mourist, — ft. at London, 3 Jan. 1803 — becomes 
a eompositor, 18 18 — joins the staff of Punch, 
1 841 — rj. in London, 8 Jun. 1857. Black-eyed 
Susan, 1822— Rent Bay, 1830 — Men of Cha- 
racter, 1838 — Bubbles of the Bay, 1842 — 
Time works Wonders, 1845 — Caudle Bectures, 
1 846 — Chronicles of Clovernook, 1 846 — St Giles 
and St James, 1851 — edits Jerrold's Shilling 
Magazine, iSsi—Bloyd's Weekly Newspaper, 
1852-57. 

Jersey, one of the Channel Islands, {Ccesarea,) 
—[Channel Islands]— held for Charles L, by 
Sir Philip and Sir G. Carteret, 1642— Prince 
Charles takes refuge in, Apr. 1646 — Charles II. 
proclaimed in, 1649 — taken by Blake and 
Haines, 22 Oct. 165 1 — attacked by French 
under Prince of Nassau, 1 May 1779— again, by 
Baron de Rullecourt, 6 Jan. 17 81 — [Helier, 
St, Pierson, Major]— visited by Queen Vic- 
toria, 2-3 Sep. 1846. Code, compiled, 1771. 
Jersey, New. [New Jersey.] 
Jerusalem, {topographical history,) {Salem, 
Jebus,Hierosolyma,Meli&, Capitolina, JElKhuds) 
— [B C] — taken in part by Israelites, about 1445 a 
— recaptured by Jebusites after Joshua's death, 
1427 b _ taken by David, 1048 a — Zion built by 
David, 1045 a — Temple built by Solomon, 10 12- 
1005 — taken by Shishak of Egypt, spring 97 1 a 
—threatened, by Zerah the Cushite, saved by 
Asa, about 940 — plundered by Philistines, 
spring 888 a — threatened by Hazael of Syria, 
about 838— taken and plundered by Jehoash of 
Israel, 826 a — fortified by Uzziah, after 810 a — 
improved by Jotham, about 750-740 — adorned 
by Hezekiah, the aqueduct built, 7 1 3 a — forti- 
fied by Manasseh, after 699— taken by army of 
Esarhaddon, 677 b — taken and destroyed by 
Nebuchadnezzar, after year and a half's siege, 
Jun. 587,° 27 Jul. 588, a 16 Jun. 589/586^— 
rebuilt by Zerubbabel, after 536/ 534-516 d — 
fortified by Nehemiah, after 454,* 444 b — 
visited by Alexander,? 331 — taken by Ptolemy, 
324, b 320 d — visited by Ptolemy Euergetes, 
245 — taken by Antiochus the Great, 206 d — 
retaken by Scopas, 199 — again submits to An- 
tiochus, 198— dismantled and plundered by An- 
tiochus Epiphanes, Dec. i68, c 170 d — taken by 
Judas Maccabieus, 163-2 — dismantled by Ly- 
sias, 163 — fortified by Jonathan, 153 d — taken 
wholly from Syrians by Simon, and re-fortified, 
142 — again held by Syrians, 133-128 — siege of, 
by Hyreanus and Aretas, raised by Scaurus, 
65 d — taken by Pompey, (690, a.u.c.) 63 — pil- 
laged by Crassus, 54 — fortified by Antipater, 
47-43 — seized by Antigonus and Partlrians, 
40 d — unsuccessfully besieged by Herod the 
Great, 39— taken by Herod, 37— visited by 
Cleopatra, 34 d — earthquake, spring 31 — Tem- 
ple rebuilt, about 17-9 — [AD] — disturbances 
at, 48 — conquered by insurgents, under Eleazar, 
66 — unsuccessfully assailed by Cestius, 66 — 
invested by Titus, (14 Xanthicus,) 13 Apr. 70 — 
first wall taken, (7 Artemisius,) 6 May—second 
wall stormed, (12 Artemisius,) 11 May — wall 
of the Antonia taken, (1 Pansemus,) 28 Jun. — 
the Temple burnt, (10 Lous,) 5 Aug.— last wall 
taken, (8 Gorpucus,) 2 Sep. 70 — the city razed, 
Sep. 70 — visited by Hadrian, 130 — rebuilt by 



Hadrian, 131°— [iElia Capitolina]— occupied 
by Barchocheba, about 133-135 — visited by 
the Bordeaux pilgrim, about 333 — recovers its 
ancient name, about 335 — adorned by Constan- 
tine and Helena, about 335 — Jews permitted 
to visit, once a year, about 350 — unsuccessful 
attempt of Julian to rebuild the Temple, 363— 
erected into a patriarchate by Council of Chal- 
cedon, 451 — repaired and adorned by Justinian, 
527 — the holy vessels restored to the Temple by 
Belisarius, 534 — visited by Antoninus, martyr, 
570 — Gregory the Great founds hospital at, 
590-604 — taken by Chosroes II. and the Jews, 
the Christians massacred, Jun. 614 — visited by 
Arnulph, 614 — churches restored by Modestus, 
614-628 — visited by Heraclius, who banishes 
*he Jews, spring 629 — siege of, by Abu Obei- 
dah, formed, close of 636 — entered by Caliph 
Omar, (16, a.h.) 637 — [Holy Places] — visited 
by Arculfus, about 690 — taken by Zimisces, 
before 970 — becomes subject to Fatimite 
Caliphs of Egypt, about 976 — becomes place 
of pilgrimage, about 1000 — pilgrimage of Ger- 
man prelates to, 1065 — conquered by Afsiz, 
lieutenant of Malek Shah, (469,) 1076, 1077 d 

— given to the Turkman Ortok, about 1084 — 
on his death, held by his sons, 109.1 — visited 
by Peter the Hermit, about 1093 — recovered 
by Sultan Afdal, (489,) 1096— siege of, by 
Crusaders, formed, 7 Jun. 1099 — taken, 15 
Jul. 1099 — erected into a kingdom, under 
Godfrey of Bouillon, 23 Jul. 1099 — visited 
by Saewulf, 1102 — by Benjamin of Tudela, 
about 1160-70 — by William of Tyre, about 
1 1 70— taken by Saladin, Oct. 11 87 — threat- 
ened by crusaders under Richard I., and the 
fortifications strengthened by Sakdin, 1192 
— fortifications demolished by order of Sultan 
Melek of Damascus, 12 19 — taken possession of 
by Emperor Frederick II., by treaty with 
Malek el Kamel, 17 Mar. 1229 e — again taken 
by Mussulmans, 1239 — given up to the Franks 
by Sultan of Damascus, 1243 — ravaged by 
Kharismians, 1244 — nominally annexed to 
kingdom of Sicily, 1277 — the Christians ex- 
pelled by Sultan Ascraf, May 1291 — becomes 
subject to Ottoman Sultan, Seliml., (922,) 15 16 

— walls rebuilt by Solyman the Magnificent, 
1542 — submits to Mehemet Ali, 1832 — seized 
by Fellahin insurgents, and recovered by Ibra- 
him Pasha, 1834 — restored to Sultan by 
European intervention, 1841 — made seat of 
Protestant bishopric, by England and Prussia, 
Nov. 1 841 — visit of Prince of Wales, 31 
Mar. to 10 Apr. 1862 — [Palestine Ex- 
ploration, and names of travellers]. Synods 
of, respecting Pelagius, 415 — to confirm de- 
cree of Synod of Constantinople against 
Monophysites, 536 — against Monothelites, 634 
— against Iconoclasts, 730, 1099, 1107, 1143 — 
against Cyrillus Lucaris and Calvinism, 16 
Mar. 1672. a Ussher. b Bib. Cyc. c Clinton. 

d Smith's Diet. Bib. e Kington. f Petavius. 
Jerusalem, {rulers,) — [BC] — Melchize- 
dek, king of Salem, 191 3 a — Adonizedek, king 
of Jerusalem, 1450^ 

a Ussher. 
Jerusalem, Kingdom of, — erected for God- 



JERVAS— JEWELL. 



767 



frey of Bouillon, 23 Jul. 1099— his brother 
Baldwin I. succeeds, 18 Jul. 11 00 — Bald- 
win II., Apr. 1 1 18 — Fulk, of Anjou, (son-in- 
law,) 21 Aug. 1 131 — Baldwin III., (son,) 
1 144 — Amaury I., (brother,) Feb. 1162 — 
Baldwin IV., (son,) Jul. 117 3 — Baldwin V., 
(nephew,) Mar. 11 86 — Guy of Lusignan, 11 86 
— taken by Saladin, 1187 — titular kings, who 
reside at Acre, are Conrad of Montferrat, 1192 
— Henry of Champagne, 1192— Amaury II. 
of Lusignan, n 97 — John of Brienne, 1210. 

Jervas, Charles, painter, — visits France and 
Italy, before 1709 — again in Italy, 1738 — fr. 
in London, 2 Nov. 1739. Translation of Don 
Quixote, 1742. 

Jervis, Sir John. [St Vincent, Earl of.] 
^ Jervis, Sir John, Chief Justice of the' 
Common Pleas, — b., 1802 — called to the bar, 
1824 — M.P. Chester, 1832 — Solicitor- General, 
4 Jul. 1846 — Attorney- General, and Knt, 7 
Jul. — Chief Justice, 15 Feb. 1850— ft., 1 Nov. 
1856. 

Jesse, Edward, naturalist, — ft. near Halifax, 
14 Jan. 1780 — ft. at Brighton, 28 Mar. 1868. 
Gleanings in Natural History, 1832-5 — Scenes 
and Tales of Country Life, 1844 — Anecdotes of 
Dogs, 1846— edits White's Selborne, 1849 — 
Walton and Cotton's Angler, 1849. 

Jesselmer, (Jesulmer,) Rajput state, — found- 
ed by tribe from N. India, first mentioned, 731 
■ — seat of government removed to, 1156 — 
alliance with British, 181 8. 

Jessey, Henry, theologian, — ft. in Yorkshire, 
1 60 1 — enters St John's Coll., Cambridge, 161 8 
— leaves the Univ., 1624 — ordained priest, 1627 
■ — settles in London, 1635 — deprived of his 
benefice, and imprisoned, 1660 — liberated, 1663 
— tf., 4 Sep. 1663. 

Jester, {Fool,) Court, — in the service of 
kings of France, (John II., Charles V, and 
VI.,) as early as 1350-80. 

Jesuates, Order of, — founded in Italy, and 
approved by Urban V., 1367 — suppressed, and 
their possessions given to Hospitallers of Italy, 
1668. 

Jesuits, Order of, Society of Jesus, — found- 
ed by Ignatius Loyola, 15 Aug. 1534 — con- 
ditionally sanctioned by bull of Paul III., 27 
Sep. 1540 — unconditionally approved by him, 
1543 — college of, established at Gandia in 
Spain by Francis Borgia, 1546 — mission of, to 
Japan, 1549 — [Xavier, Francisco de] — estab- 
lished in France, Spain, Portugal, and Ger- 
many, and missions sent to the East, Africa, 
and America, before 1556 — mission to Abys- 
sinia, 1557 — Constitutions published, 1558 — 
their General, Lainez, takes part in Council of 
Trent, between 1558-65— missionaries sent to 
England by Gregory XIII. , Jul. 1580 — 
[Campion, Edmund, and Parsons, Robert] — 
banished the kingdom by Act 27 Eliz. c. 2, 
1584 — commissioners appointed by Queen 
Elizabeth, with power to banish, 15 Jan. 1585 
— banished from France by decree of parlia- 
ment of Paris, 29 Dec. i594, a confirmed by 
royal edict, 7 Jan. 1595 a — establish a college 
at Galata, 1603 b — recalled to France by Henry 
III., end of 1603 — his letters patent lor their 



restoration registered by parliament of Paris, 2 
Jan. 1604 — take part in Gunpowder Plot, 1605 
— expelled from Venice, 9 May 1606— [Paul V., 
Pope, Sarpi, Paolo] — settle in Paraguay, soon 
after 1600 — sent by Emperor Ferdinand II. to 
overthrow Protestantism in Bohemia, 1619 — 
[Thirty Years' War] — expelled from Turkey, 
1628 — but reenter it: expelled from Abyssinia, 
1632 — oppose the Jansenists in France, 1650 
— [Port-Royalists] — attacked by Pascal in the 
Lettres Frovinciales, 1656 — readmitted to 
Venice, on request of Alexander VII., 1657 — 
accused of conspiracy by Titus Oates, 1678 — 
[Popish Plot]— expelled from Portuguese ter- 
ritories by King Joseph, 3 Sep. 1759 — their 
teaching prohibited and societies dissolved by 
parliament of Paris, 6 Aug. 1762 — and by 
other parliaments of France, 1762-3 — suppress- 
ed in France by edict of Louis XV., Nov. 1764 
— expelled from Spain by Charles III., 2 Apr. 
1767— expelled from Naples, 5 Nov. 1767 — 
from Parma, 7 Feb. 1768- — from Malta, 1768 — 
suppression of, demanded by France, Spain, 
Portugal, and Naples, 1768 — dissolution of, by 
brief of Clement XIV., 21 Jul. 1773 — permit- 
ted to have colleges and schools in Russia, by 
brief of Pius VII. , 1801 — and in kingdom of 
Two Sicilies, by brief of 30 Jul. 1804 — re- 
established by Pius VII., 7 Aug. 18 14 — read- 
mitted to Spain, by Ferdinand VII., 18 15 — 
expelled from Petersburg and Moscow, by Em- 
peror Alexander, 1 Jan. 18 17 — from Russia, 
25 Mar. 1820 — readmitted to Sardinia, about 
1820 — their schools and colleges in France 
closed, by Charles X., Jun. 1828 — regulations 
respecting, in England, by Act 10 Geo. IV. c. 
7, 13 Apr. 1829 — College of the Propaganda 
placed under their charge by Gregory XVI., 2 
Oct. 1836 — expelled from Switzerland, 3 Sep. 
1847 — from Genoa, 1 Mar. 1848 — from Na- 
ples, 1 1 Mar. — expelled from Papal States by 
Pius IX., 29 Mar. — from Austria by Ferdi- 
nand, 8 May- -from Sicily, 31 Jul. — return to 
Rome, 1849 — to Austria, 1854 — suppressed in 
Spain, by Provisional Government, 13 Oct. 
1868. a Encyc. Mod. b Herzog. 

c Art de Verifier les Dates. 
Jesuits' Bark. [Cinchona.] 
Jesus Christ, Order of, — instituted at Avig- 
non, by John XXII. , 1320. 

Jesus College, Cambridge, — founded by Bp 
Alcock, 1496. Oxford, founded by Hugh Price, 
157 1 — receives new charter from James I., 
1622 — further endowed by Sir L. Jenkins, 
1685. 

Jesus and Mary, Order of,— instituted in 
Italy, by Paul V., 16 15. 

Jew, Wandering, — legend of the, related by 
Matthew Paris, about 1259. 

Jewell, {Jewel,) John, Bishop of Salisbury, 
— h. in Devonshire, 22 May 1522 — enters 
Merton Coll., Oxford, 1535 — removes to Corpus 
Christi Coll., 1539— B.A., 1540— M.A., 1544— 
declares himself a Protestant, 1546 — subscribes 
confession of Romish faith, 1553 — escapes to 
the continent, summer 1554— returns, 1559 — 
Bp of Salisbury, Jan. 1560— pronounces chal- 
lenge to Papists at Paul's Cross, Lent 1560 — 



7 68 



JEWISH DISABILITIES-JEWS. 



D.D. Oxford, 1565— ft. at Monkton Farieigh, 
Sep. 157 1. Apology for Church of England., 
1562 — Defence of the Apology, 1567. 

Jewish Disabilities. [Jews.] 

Jewish Mundane Era, — [B C] — commences, 
vernal equinox, 3761. 

Jews, [political history,) — [BC] — a nomade 
people, 1921-1491 a — call of Abraham, 4 May 
i92i, a 2055^ 1961,° i9i8 d — Jacob and his 
family settle in Egypt, winter 1706 a — enslaved 
by Barneses Mianiun, 1576 a — by Aniasis, 
1575 e — the Exodus, (1 mo. 15,) 5 May — 
passage of the Red Sea, 11 May i49i, a i625, b 
1531,° i488, d 1648/ 1593 s — a theocratic state, 
149 1- [AD] 70 — law given at Sinai, (3 mo. 3,) 
22 Jan. 149 1 a — wanderings in the wilderness, 
Oct. 1490 to 30 Apr. 1451,* 1608 f — conquest 
of Palestine and allotment of the land com- 
pleted, autumn 1445 a — -first division, 1602 f 
— second division, 1596/ 1553, s 1579 b — 
federal republican government under priests 
and judges, i445-io95, a i579~i096, b 1602- 
1104/ 1553-1077 g — Tabernacle set up at 
Shiloh, 1444 a — attempt of Abimelech to estab- 
lish a monarchy, 1236,* 1319/ 1273,? 1305 b — 
various attempts at idolatry, about i4i5-noo a 
— ark taken by Philistines, autumn 11 17 — 
remains at Kirjath-jearini, autumn 1 1 17-1045 a 
— a monarchy established, Saul chosen by God, 
spring 1095, a May or Jun. iQ96, b 1104/ 1077 s 
— foreign conquests begin, Hagarenes subdued, 
about 1060 a — the ark brought from Gibeah to 
Jerusalem by David, 1045 a — Syria, Idumeea, 
&c, conquered, period of greatest power, 1035 to 
about 980 a — David's census, summer 1017 a — 
building of the Temple, 1012-1005 a — foreign 
trade flourishes under Solomon, about 990 — 
idolatry introduced by Solomon, about 990 — 
Syria lost under Solomon, about 980 a — 
rebellion of Jeroboam against Solomon, about 
978 a — revolt of the ten tribes under Jeroboam, 
from Eehoboam, May 975, a May 976, b 979 h — 
Levites and priests settle in the kingdom of 
Judah, winter 975-4 a — idolatry introduced 
again by Eehoboam, summer 972 a — Asa re- 
news the national covenant, spring 941,* 
942 b — reformation under Jehoshaphat, 9i2, a 
9 1 3 b — Jehoshaphat attempts to renew com- 
merce with India, autumn 897 a — Iduma?a 
lost, under Jehoram, summer 889 a — revolu- 
tion by Athaliah, who seizes the throne, 
884, a 883 b — counter-revolution by Jehoiada, 
who places Joash on the throne, spring 878,^ 
877 b — Reformation by Joash, summer 857, 
spring 856 a — idolatry restored by Joash, 
Zachariah stoned, spring 840^ after 834 e — 
Idumsea regained, the kingdom prospers under 
TTzziah, 810 — idolatry encouraged by Ahaz, 
autumn 742 a — Idumsea lost and the kingdom 
imperilled by Ahaz, spring 741 a — Eeforrnation 
by Hezekiah, national covenant renewed, 3 
Jun. 726 a — idolatry restored by Manasseh, 
894 a — Manasseh carried to Babylon as a 
captive, 677-643 a — the kingdom tributary to 
Assyria, to 610 a — Eeformation by Manasseh, 
643 a — idolatry restored by Amon* 643 a 
— Eeformation of Josiah, spring 630 a — great 
book of the law found, summer 624/ Mar. 



or Apr. 622 b — renewal of national covenant, 
4 May 623 a — Pharaoh Necho dethrones 
Jehoahaz, and makes Jehoiakim king as 
his tributary, 610 a — Jehoiakim tributary 
to Nebuchadnezzar, 606 a — the Seventy 
Years' captivity, 606-536^ (143-212, N.E.,) 
6o 5-536, b 590-520^ 608-538 cd — first trans- 
portation of the people, including Daniel, 
to Babylon, 6o6, a summer 606 b — Jehoiakim 
rebels, autumn 603 a — second transportation, 
summer 600 a — Jehoiachin dethroned by 
Nebuchadnezzar, Zedekiah made king, the 
Temple spoiled, third transportation, autumn 
599 a — Zedekiah rebels, 593 k — Jerusalem 
taken, 588 a — [Jerusalem and Temple] — 
Zedekiah captured, 631, 1 620,™ 667, 11 602 ° — 
fourth transportation, autumn 588 a — Gedaliah 
murdered by Ishmael, Johanan conducts flight 
into Egypt, autumn 587 a — final deportation 
of the people by Nebuzaradan, 584 a — Je- 
hoiachin released, 560 a — edict of Cyrus for 
return of Jews from Babylon, autumn 537,* 
(212, N.E.,) 536,^ 538° d — defeat of Hainan's 
plot, Feast of Puriin instituted, early in 509 a 
— Ezra with his colony arrives at Jerusalem, 
(5 mo. 1,) summer 46 7, a 457 h — Eeformation 
by Ezra, completed, (9-12 mo.,) early in 466 a 
— Nehemiah arrives at Jerusalem, spring 454,* 
444 e h — renewal of national covenant, (7 mo. 
24,) autumn 454 a — Eeformation by Nehemiah, 
444-3 e — Johanan kills Jeshua in the Temple, 
and the Satrap of Syria imposes a fine on the 
daily sacrifice, 402 a — deportation by Artaxerxes 
III. after Phoenician revolt and Egyptian war, 
350 a — Jaddua refuses tribute to Alexander at 
siege of Tyre, 332 a — Alexander secures the 
Jews in their national freedom, 332 a — Judaea 
assigned to Ptolemy, 301 — persecuted by 
Antiochus, 167 — revolt under Mattathias, 
summer 166 p — Judas Maccabaeus takes the 
command, 166 — independence ratified by Eome, 
162 — tributary to Antiochus of Syria, 134 — 
again independent, 130 — rebellion against 
Alexander Janneeus, 95-81 — arbitration of 
Pompey, between Hyrcanus II. and Aristo- 
bulus II. , 63 — Eoman conquest, under Pompey, 
63 — census taken by Quirinius, 10 p — [AD] — 
expelled from Eome by Tiberius, 16 p — mas- 
sacre of, at Jerusalem, by Floras, 16 May 66 p 
— revolt at Jerusalem, 66 — fall of Jerusa- 
lem, 70. 
a Ussher. b Clinton. c Petavhis. d Marsham. 
e Bib. Cyc. f Hales. S Jackson. h Newton. 

1 Euseb. k Bib. Chron. l Sulp. m Afric. 

n Deni. ° Chron. Pasch. P MHman. 

Jews, {alliances,) — [B C] — of Abraham with 
Canaanitish chiefs against Chedorlaomer, 1914* 
— of Abraham with Abimelech of Gerar, 1897 a 
— of Joshua with Gibeonites, 145 1 a — of David 
(commercial) with Hiram of Tyre, winter 1046 a 
— of David with Toi, king of Hamath, against 
Syria, autumn 1044 a — of Solomon with 
Pharaoh of Egypt, whose daughter he marries, 
autumn ioi4 a — of Solomon with Hiram of 
Tp-e, autumn ioi3 a — of Asa with Benhadad 
of Syria against Israel, spring 94o, a 941, 951 ? b 
— of Jehoshaphat with Ahab of Israel, spring 
908 a — with Ahaziah of Israel, autumn 897 " — 



JEWS. 



769 



with Jelioram against Moab, spring 895, a 894 b 
— of Jehoram with Jehoram of Israel, 892- 
885 a — of Ahaziah with Jehoram of Israel 
against Syria, 884 s b — of Hezekiah with 
Merodach Baladaa of Babylon, spring 713^ 
7 1 2 b — of Hezekiah with "Egypt, _ 7 1 3 a — of 
Zedekiah with idumaea and neighbouring 
countries against Nebuchadnezzar, 599 a — of 
Zedekiah with Pharaoh Hophra of Egypt, 
against Nebuchadnezzar, summer 589 a — of 
Judas Maccabaeus with Rome, 162° — of Jona- 
than with Alexander Balas, about 150— with 
Demetrius Nicator, 145. 

a Ussber. b Clinton. c Milman. 

Jews, {wars,) — [BO]— of Abraham against 
Chedorlaomer and confederate kings, 1914* — 
against Amalekites at Repkidim, middle Jun. 
149 1 a — against Amalekites and Canaanites 
at Kadesh Barnea, Sep. 1490 a — against king 
of Arad at Mount Hor, Sep. 1452 a — -against 
Sihon and the Amorites, 145 1 a — against Og, 
king of Bashan, 145 1 a — against Midianites, 
145 1 a — against Canaanites, conquest of Canaan, 
1 45 1 to autumn 1445 a — against Cushan-risha- 
thaim, king of Mesopotamia, {first Servitude,) 
summer 141 3 — Othniel successful against him, 
summer 1405,* 1558-50^ 1572-64,° i5 2 6-i8, d 
1529-21,° 1562-54/ 1467-59,5 1389-81 h — 
against Moabites, Amalekites, and Ammonites, 
under Eglon, {second Servitude,) summer 1343 
— Eglon successful against them, winter 1325/ 
1510-1492/ 1341-23/ 1419-1401,? 1524- 
1506,° 1478-60^ 1481-63,6 1514-1496*' — 
Philistines defeated by Shamgar, i294 h — 
against Canaanites, under Jabin, king of Hazor, 
{third Servitude,) summer 1305 — Barak suc- 
cessful against him at Megiddo, summer 1285/ 
1321-1301,5 1426-1406,° 1380-60/ about 1296,* 
1 303-1285, h 1412-1392/ 1383-63^ 1416-1396* 
— against Midianites, {fourth Servitude,) sum- 
mer 1252 — Gideon successful against them, 
i245, a 1368-59,° 1320-13,* i 35 2-45,b 1323-16,6 
1356-49/ 1242-35 h — civil war, Abimelech 
against Shechem, summer 1233,* 1261-545 — 
against Philistines, 1 148 - 1 107 h — against 
Ammonites, {fifth Servitude?) autumn 1206 — 
Jephthah victorious over them, autumn n88, a 
1257-39/ 1228-10, e 1261-43/ 1271-53,° 1226- 
1208 d — civil war, Jephthah against Ephraim, 
autumn n88, a 11 84-66 s — against Philistines, 
{sixth Servitude,) 1148-1107/ 1 spring 1156 s — 
Samson's victory at Lehi, spring 1136 s — Ark 
of the Covenant lost, autumn ui7, a 1128 11 — 
Samuel's victory at Ebenezer, spring 1096^ 
1074,5 1099^ no7, h 1128/ 1179-59,6 1212- 
1172/ 1222-1182/ 1177-37/ 1208-1168/ 
1 1 35- 1 095? s {seventh Servitude ox Anarchy,) 
1 1 19-1099 e — of Saul against Nahash and the 
Ammonites at Jabesh Gilead, summer 1095 a — 
of Saul against the Philistines, spring 1093 to 
spring 1055^ 1093-56 b — of Saul against 
Amalekites, Agag's death, about 1087 k — of 
Saul against David during his outlawry, 1063- 
60 a — of transjordane tribes against Hagarenes 
of Arabia, about 1060 a — of David, when an 
outlaw, against Amalekites, &c, spring 1060 
to spring 1055 a — civil war between David and 
Ishbosheth, summer 1048 a — of David against 



Jebusites, Jerusalem taken, autumn 1040 a — 
against Philistines, spring io47-4 a — against 
Moabites, 1 044 a — against Syrians of Zobah, 
under Hadadezer, summer io44, a 1034' — 
against Idurnseans, 1044 a — against the 
Northern League formed by Ammonites, 1037 
to winter 1036 a — against Ammonites, Kabbah 
taken, winter 1035-3 a — civil war, rebellion of 
Absalom, spring 1023 s1 — against Israelites 
under Sheba, summer 1023 — against Philistines, 
autumn 1018 a — of Rehoboam and Abijah and 
Asa against Jeroboam of Israel, 973-95i, a 976- 
957 b — Abijah's victory on Mount Ephraim, 
957 a — of Rehoboam against Shishak of Egypt, 
Jerusalem taken and plundered, spring 971/ 
972, b 9741 — of Asa against Zerah the Ethio- 
pian, Asa's victory at Mareshah, spring 941, a 
943/ 944/ 946 k — of Asa against Baasha of 
Israel, Ramah taken, spring 94o, a 941/ 951 ? 
— of Jehoshaphat with Ahab against Benhadad 
of Syria, defeat at Ramoth Gilead, summer 
8g7, a 898 b — of Jehoshaphat with Moabitish 
league, which is miraculously defeated, 896 a 
— of Jehoshaphat with Jehoram of Israel, 
against Moabites, spring 895, a 894 ? b — of 
Ahaziah with Joram of Israel, against Hazael 
of Syria, 884 a — of Jehoash against Hazael of 
Syria, Jehoash pays tribute, 839 a — of Ama- 
ziah, with Israelitish mercenaries, against 
Idurnseans, 826 a — of Amaziah against Jehoash 
of Israel, Amaziah taken and Jerusalem plun- 
dered, 826 a — of Jotham against Ammonites, 
759 a — °f Jotham and Ahaz against Rezin of 
Syria and Pekah of Israel, 742 a — Jerusalem 
besieged, Elath taken, captives carried to 
Damascus and Samaria, spring 741 a — of Ahaz 
against Idurnseans and Philistines unsuccessfully, 
spring 740 a — of Hezekiah against Philistines 
successfully, 717 a — of Hezekiah against Sen- 
nacherib of Assyria, Hezekiah pays tribute, 
713* — Sennacherib's army destroyed, 7ii, a 
7i3, b 710 k — of Josiah with Pharaoh Necho of 
Egypt, Josiah killed at Megiddo, 6io, a May 
609 h — of Jehoiakim against Nebuchadnezzar of 
Babylon, Jehoiakim taken, 600 to spring 599 a 
— of Jehoiakim against Nebuchadnezzar, J eru- 
salem besieged, Jehoiakim taken to Babylon, 
autumn 599, a Jun. 598 b — of Zedekiah against 
Nebuchadnezzar, Jerusalem besieged, winter 
591-0 — taken, 27 Jul. 588, a Jun. 587 b — against 
Artaxerxes III., siege of Jericho, and im- 
pressment of Jews in Egyptian war, 351 a — of 
Judas Maccabseus against Antioehus, 166- 161 
— of Jonathan against Antioehus, about 153 — 
of Jonathan, with Alexander Balas, against 
Demetrius, 150 — of John Hyrcanus against 
Antioehus, siege of Jerusalem, treaty of submis- 
sion to kings of Syria, 134— civil war, rebellion 
against Alexander Jannaeus, 95-81 — civil war 
between Hyrcanus II. and .Aristobulus II., 
from 69 — Roman conquest by Pompey, 63. 

a Ussber. b Clinton. c Hales. d Jackson. 

e Du Fresnoy. f Des Vignolles. 5 Petavius. 

h Marsham. i Bib. Cyc. k Bib. Cbron. 

1 Newton. m Smith's Diet. Bib. 

Jews, {rulers,) — [BC] — Moses, 1491-51/ 
1648-1608/ i593-53» Cl62 5- I 585> d *53 I -i49 I > e 
1488-48 f — Joshua, 145 i, a i6o8, b 1553,° (11 

49 



77° 



JEWS. 



mo.,) 1585,* i49i-77, e 1448-23/ 1605 s— the 
Eldbks, i477-67, e 1423-1388*' — Othniel, 
sum. 1405,* 1564-24/ I5i8-i478, c 1550-10,* 
1554,? i459, e I 3^ 1 f — Ehud and Shamgar, 
wint. 1325,* i5o6-i426, b i46o-i38o, c i4oi, e 
1492-12,* 1496,? i323-i294 f — Deborah and 
Barak, sum. 1285^ 1406-1368/ 1360-20,° 
i392-52, d 1396,3 i3oi, e 1285 f — Gideon, 1245 
to sum. 1236^ 1249-1209, 11 1349,8 1 359-1 9, b 
1313-1273^ 1345-1305,1 1254^ 1235 f— Abim- 
elech, sum. 1236 to sum. 1233^ 1309,? 1195/ 
I3i9-i6, b 1273-70,° 1305-2,1 i2i4 e — Tola, 
aut. 1233 to aut. i2io, a I3i6-i293, b 1270-48,° 
1192/ 1302-1279,1 1306,? 121 1 e — J air, aut. 
1210 to aut. n88, a 1293-71^ 1248-26,° 1279- 
57,11169/ u88, e 1283^ — Jephthah, aut. 11 88 
to sum. u8i, a 1253-47^ 1208-1202,° 1130/ 
1239-33,1 1243,8 n66 e — Ibzen, sum. 1181 to 
aut. 1175,* 1190-82/ u6o, e 1127/ i247-4o, b 
1202-1195,° 1237,8 1233-26 1 — Elon, aut. 
1175 to aut. n65, a 1230,8 H53, e 1119/ 1240- 
3o, b 1195-85,° 1226-16 1 — Abdon, aut. 1165 
to aut. 1 157^1220,8 1109/1230-22/ 1185-77,° 
1216-1208,1 1 143 e — Eli-, aut. 1157 to aut. 
iii7, a 1182-42/ 1137-17,° n68-28, df 1152,? 
i 1 15-1095 e — Samson, sum. 11 37 to sum. 
ni7, a 1172,? 1119-1099/ 1222-1182/ 1177- 
37,° about 1208-1188,1 ii35-i5, e 1148-28/ 
(anarchy, 1112-1092S) — Samuel, 1116 to 
spring 1095, a 1108-1096,1 about no2, k 1122- 
1104/ 1097-77,° 1092,8 1099-79/ 1095-55/ 
1107-1091*' — Saul, spring 1095-55/ 1104- 
1070/ 1077-57/ May or Jun. I0 96-56, d 1080- 
40,8 1079-59/ 1067-55,* 1069-59/ io 9 i-5i f 
— over Judah only, spring 1055 to sum. (aut.) 
1048^ 1096-561 — Ishbosheth, (Ishui, Esh- 
baal,) over other tribes, spring 1055 to sum. 
1048 a — David, over all the tribes, sum. (aut.) 
1048 to aut. ioi5, a 1070-30/ 1057-17,° 1056- 
16/ (over Judah, 1055-47, over Israel, 1047- 
i5, e ) 1051-12/ 1040-1001,8 io59-i9 ik — Solo- 
mon, spring 1015 to aut. 1015 — alone, spring 
975, a 1001-962,8 1019-979/ 1016 to May 976/ 
IOI4-9SO, 1 1012-97 1 f — Eehoboam, spring 975- 

95 8 > a 975-957/ Nay 97 6 -959> d 9 62 "94^> g 9 8 °" 
963/979/ 97 1-954 f — Abijah, 958 to spring 
955> a 973/ 963-960/ 957-955/ 959-95 6 / 946- 
944,s 954-952 *— Asa, spring 955-914/ 960- 
919/ 952-911/ 956-916/ 944-9048 — Jeho- 
shaphat, 914 to spring 889/ 904-879,8 911- 
887/ 915-891/ 919-9021 — Jehoram, Vice- 
regent, sum. 898 — associated with Jehoshaphat, 
spring 892 to spring 889/ 883-876 s — alone, 
spring 889-885/ 891-885/ 890-887-883/902- 
896-890 i — Ahaziah {Azariah) with Jehoram, 
sum. 886-885/ 884 1— alone, 885-884/ 876- 



875,8 890-! 



»3 f — Athaliah, (queen,) 



884 to spring 878,* 883-877/" 875-870,8 
883 £ — Joash, (Jehoash,) spring 878-839/ 878- 
838/877-837/ 870-831/ 883-845/ 878-838,° 
877-838 f — Amaziah, 839 to spring 811/ 838- 
809/° 838-812/ 837-808/ 831-803,8 845- 
8 1 6 i — (interregnum, 1 1 years b ) — Uzziah, 
(Azariah,) spring 811 to autumn 758/ 
809-757/ e 815, 812-764/ May 808-757/ 
803-752,8806-754! — JoTHAM,aut.758tospring 
742, a 757-741. le 75 6 -74i, d 752"737> s 754- 



739/ 763-744 f — Ahaz, spring 742 to spring 
726/775-759/741-727/741-726/1737-726,8 
748, 744-731/ 739-724 ! — Hezekiah, spring 
727-699/ 726-696,1 726-698/ 727-698^ 723- 
694,8 724-696/ 742, 731-713 f — Manasseh, 
699 to spring 643/ 696-641 , H 698-643,° 697- 
642/ 694-690,8 713-659 f — Amon, spring 643- 
641/ e 644-639/ 659-658/ 642 to May 640/ 
640-639,8 641-640 » — Josiah, 641 to spring 
6io, ae 639-609/ s 658-628/ May 640 to May 
609/ 640-6091 — Jehoahaz, (Shalhim,) 6io, aa 
6o8, h 609,11s Mayto Aug. 609/ 628 f — Jehoia- 
xim, (Eliakim,) 610 to spring 599/ e 609-598/ 
Aug. 609 to Mar. 598/ 608-598/ 609-599/ 628 - 
618 £ — Jehoiakin, (Jeconiah,- Coniah,) spring 
599 to aut. 599/ e 598/ 599"59 8 / Mar - to 
Jun. 598/ 598-597/ 618 f — Zedekiah, 599 
to 27 Jul. 588/ 598-588/1 Jun. 598 to Jun. 
587/ 598-587,8 599-589/ 618-608I— -Geda- 
liah, Sep. to Nov. 588. a 

After the Captivity : Zerubbabel, spring 
536 s — Nehemiah, spring 454 s — Jonathan, 
Asmoncean, first of the priest-kings, 152 — 
Simon, 143 — John Hyrcanus, 135 — Aristo- 
bulds, 106 — Alexander Jannjeus, 105 — ■ 
Alexandra, 78 — Hyecanus II., last of the 
Asmongeans, 69 — civil war with his brother 
Aristobulus II., 69-63. 

After Roman Conquest : Antipater, the 
Idumsean, procurator of Judaea, 47 — Herod 
the Great, king, by Eoman senate, 40-4 — on 
his death the kingdom divided : Archelaus, 
his son, 4 (ethnarch, 1) — Herod Antipas, 
tetrarch of Galilee and Persea, 4 — Herod 
Philip II. , tetrarch of Ituraea and Gaulonitis, 
4 — [AD] — on banishment of Archelaus, 6 — 
Judsea made a Eoman province, Coponius first 
procurator : Pontius Pilate, procurator, 25- 
35 — Herod Agrippa I., king, by Caligula, 
37-44 — his dominions augmented by tetrarch. y 
of Herod Antipas, 39 — Cusptus Fades, pro- 
curator, 44— Tiberius Alexander, before 47 
— Yentidius Cumanus, 47 — Antonius Felix, 
5°> 53» m some years before 521 — Herod 
Agrippa II., king, with teeharchies of Philip 
and Lysanias, 52, m about Feb. 53 d — Porcius 
Festus, procurator, probably aut. 6o, m 58 ? — 
Albinus, 62 — Gessius Florus, 64. 



Ussher. b Hales. 



Jackson. 



Clinton. 



e Petavius. f Marsham. 8 Des Vignolles. 
h Bib. Cyc. 1 Du Fresnoy. k Newton. 

1 Newman. m Smith's Diet. Bib. 

Jews, (miscellaneous,) (after fall of Jeru- 
salem,) — colony of, settle in China, probably 
between 58-75 — rebel in Gyrene and Egypt, 
1 15 a — rebellion suppressed by Lusius, 1 17 — re- 
bellion of Barchocnebas, 132-135 a — meeting 
of, with Christians at harvest festival in Spain, 
prohibited by Council of Elvira, about 305 — 
forbidden to raise tumult against Christians on 
pain of being burnt, by edict of Constantine, 
315— revolt of, suppressed by the Caesar Gallus, 
352— favoured by Julian, 363 — tolerated and 
protected by Theodosius, 398 — prohibited from 
buying Christian slaves, by Theodosius, 415 — 
expelled from Alexandria, by Cyril, 415 — 
excluded from military service, 418 — forbidden 



JEWS— JEZZAE. 



77* 



to build synagogues, by Theodosius the 
Younger, 429 — persecuted in Persia, about 430- 
530 — persecuted by Catholics in Italy, and pro- 
tected by Theodoric, about 520— declared in- 
capable of holding offices of state, by Justinian, 
about 528-31 — marriage of, with Christians, 
forbidden in France, by Council of Orleans, 
533 — severe edicts of Justinus II. against, 567 
—pains and penalties inflicted on, by Council 
of Toledo, 586 — protected by Gregory the 
Great, 590-604 — rise against Christians at 
Antioch, Sep. 610 a — persecuted by Visigoths 
in Spain, 612-712 b — assist Chosroes to take 
Jerusalem, 614-7- disqualified for civil and 
military office in France, by Clotaire, 615 s— 
expelled from Medina by Mohammed, 623 — join 
the Moors in conquest of Spain, 7 1 2 — forcible 
baptism of, ordered by Leo the Isaurian, 723 ^— 
marriage with Christians prohibited by Council of 
Rome, 743— favouredby Charles the Great, about 
8 00 — excluded from civil offices in France, by 
Council of Meaux, c 845 — persecuted in France, 
IOIO g — pillaged and massacred by crusaders, in 
Germany, 1096— protected by Emperor Henry 
IV., about 1098 f — dealings with, subject 
to jurisdiction of ecclesiastical courts, about 
1130-50 — protected by St Bernard, 1147 — 
protected in Egypt by Saladin, 1170-90 — 
banished from France by Philip Augustus, 
Apr. 1 1 82 — ordered to wear distinctive dress, 
by Council of the Lateran, 12 15 — excluded 
from public offices in Aragon, 1228 — massacre 
of, at Fulda, 1236 — saved from further massa- 
cres, by Frederick II., who convokes assembly 
to consider their treatment, 1236 d — expect 
their Messiah, about 1 240 u — Innocent IV. 
issues letters of protection to, about 1245 — 
forbidden to employ Christian nurses, by In- 
nocent IV., 1 245— privileged in Poland, as early 
as 1264 — expelled from France, and their 
property confiscated, by Philip the Fair, 1301 
and 1306 — persecuted by French peasantry, 
1 32 1 — charged with causing the plague in 
Europe by poisoning wells, and massacred, 
1348-50 — find asylum in Poland, under Casimir 
the Great, about 1 360 — persecuted and plunder- 
ed by Wenceslaus and the German Princes, by 
compact of Niirnberg, 1389 s — massacre of, in- 
stigated by Abp of Seville, 1391 c — finally ban- 
ished from France, by edict of Charles VII., 17 
Sep. 1394 — banished from Spain by Ferdinand 
and Isabella, 1492 — from Portugal, by Em- 
manuel the Fortunate, 1496 — from Naples and 
Sicily, 1504 — burning of their books opposed 
by Eeuchlin, 15 13 — driven from Prague and 
Bohemia, about 1520 — conflagrations in Ger- 
many laid to their charge, 1542 — prohibited 
from holding land, by Paul IV., 1555 — expelled 
from Papal States, except Koine and Ancona, 
by Pius V., 1569 — tolerated by Sixtus V., 
1585-90 — permitted to settle in Holland, 1603 
— again expelled from France, by Louis XIII. , 
1 6 15 — deprived of privilege of farming the 
revenue in Hungary, by Ferdinand II., 1630 
— hold grand council in Hungary respecting 
Messiah, 1650 — in Prussia, regulated by edict of 
Frederick II., 1750— limited toleration conceded 



to, in Austria, 1782 — relieved from capitation 
tax in France, by Louis XVI., 1784 — recog- 
nized as citizens of French republic, Sep. 179 1 
— expelled from Eussia, by Empress Elizabeth, 
x 795 — relieved from capitation tax, in German 
States, 1 803 — Napoleon I. assembles Sanhedrim 
at Paris, respecting their doctrine and discipline, 
10 Feb. to 9 Mar. 1 807 — obtain virtual equality 
of civil rights in Prussia, 1812 — in Bavaria, 
18 13 — successively in other German States, by 
1833 — condition of, in Eussia, ameliorated by 
ukase of Nicholas I., 1835 — complete equality 
promised to, in Germany, 1 848 — outbreak 
against, in Stockholm, 3 Sep. 1852 — admitted 
into Norway, i860 — acquire right to hold land 
in Austria, i860 — made eligible to public 
offices in Eussia by ukase of 26 Jan. 1862 — in 
Algeria, naturalized in France by Government 
of National Defence, Sep. 1870. 

In England, settle, as early as 750 — Henry 
II. extorts large sums from, 11 88 — massacre of, 
in London, Sep. 11 89 — at York and other 
towns, Feb., Mar. 1 190— persecuted by King 
John, 1 2 10 — plundered by Henry III., 1252 
— pillaged and massacred, 1264 — usurious 
practices of, restrained by statute, 1275 — ac- 
cused of clipping the coin and seized, 1 2 Nov. 
1278 — many hung soon after: banished by 
order of Edward I., 31 Aug. 1290 — Conference 
concerning reiidmission of, held by Cromwell, 
at Whitehall, 12 Dec. 1655 — again settle in, 
after 1660 — compelled to provide for their 
Protestant children, by Act 1 Ann. c. 30, 1701 
— naturalization of, without taking the sacra- 
ment, permitted by Act 26 Geo. II. c. 26, 1753 
— the Act repealed by 27 Geo. II. c. 1, 1754 — 
refused admission to freedom of city of London, 

1 7 85 — the order rescinded, Mar. 1828 — admitted 
to exercise of elective franchise, by Act 2 Wm 
IV. c. 45, 7 Jun. 1832 — relief of, when elected 
to municipal offices, provided by Act 8 and 9 
Vic. c. 52, 31 Jul. 1845 — disabilities relieved by 
Act 9 and 10 Vic. c. 59, 18 Aug. 1846— their 
marriages solemnized before certain periods 
legalized by Act 10 and 11 Vic. c. 58, 2 Jul. 
1847 — liberty of religious worship, on same 
footing as Protestant Dissenters, given by Act 

18 and 19 Vic. c. 86, 14 Aug. 1855 — made 
eligible for seats in parliament by Act 21 and 
22 Vic. c. 49, 23 Jul. 1858 — relieved from 
obligation of Sunday observance by Act 34 and 
35 Vic. c. 19, 26 May 1871. 



a Clinton. 



Gibbon. 



Enerl. Cvc. 



d Kington. e Art cle Verifier les Dates. 

f Robertson. S Milman. 

Jezzar, (the Butcher,) (Ahmed,) Pacha or 

Acre, — fo. in Bosnia, about 1735 — sold as a 

slave to Ali Bey, about 1755? — escapes from 

Egypt, 1773 — governor of Beirout, 1775 — 

besieged by the Emir Yusuf and Sheikh 

Dhaher, submits to Dhaher ; named Pacha of 

Acre and Syria, 1775— made Pacha of Three 

Tails and Vizier, 1784 — deprived, 1791 — rejects 

overtures of Napoleon, and with cooperation of 

Sir Sidney Smith, defends Acre against 

Napoleon, spring 1799 — gives friendly recep- 

49 * 



772 



JHANSI— JOANNA II. 



tion to envoy of Napoleon, Col. Sebastiani, 
1802 — rj. at Acre, 1804. 

Jhansi. in Hindustan, — territory of, lapses 
to British government, 1854 — mutiny of the 
garrison, 1857 — the town recovered by Sir 
Hugh Rose, Apr. 1858. 
Jidda. [Jedda,] 

Joachim, Abbot of Flora, {the Prophet,) 
— rj. in Calabria, 1130,* ii45 b — if., 30 Mar. 
i202, b 1 20 1 or 1207.= His Everlasting Gospel 
condemnedby Council of the Lateran, 1 215 — and 
by Council of Aries, 1260 — unsuccessful attempt 
to canonize him, i346. d a Biog. Univ. 

b Milman. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. d Robertson. 
Joachim. [Brandenburg, Electorate of.] 
Joachim, King of Naples. [Murat.] 
Joachim, George, {Rhcticus,) mathematician, 
— b. at Feldkirch, 16 Feb. .1514— Prof. Mathe- 
matics, Wittenberg, 1537 — studies under 
Copernicus, 1539-41 — rj. at Caschau, 4 Dec. 
1576. Narratio de libris revolutionism Co- 
pernici, 1540 — Ephemeris ex fundamentis Co- 
pernici, 1550. 

Joan, Fair Maid of Kent, — b., about 
1326 — marries Edward the Black Prince, at 
Windsor, 10 Oct. 1361 a — stopped by insurgents 
under Wat Tyler on Blackheath, 1 1 'Jun. 1381 b 
— her apartments in the Tower entered by 
them, 14 Jun. — obtains pardon for her son, Sir 
John Holland, for killing a friar, 1384 — fc., 
Jul. 1385. a Strickland. b Lingard. 

Joan, Pope, — legendary, 853 — story told by 
Stephen de Bourbon, about 1240-30 — refuted 
by Blondel, 1649 — investigated by Dollinger, 
1863. 

Joan of Arc, {Jeanne d'Arc,) La Pucelle 
d' Orleans, — b. at Domremy, about 1412* — 
first professes to hear supernatural ' voices,' 
about 1423-4 — announces her mission to De 
Baudricourt, gov. of Vaucouleurs, May 1428 — 
to the Dauphin, Charles, 28 a Feb. 1429 — 
receives rank of military commander, effects 
entrance into Orleans besieged by the Eng- 
lish, 29 Apr. — compels them to raise the siege, 
8 May— defeats English at Jergeau, 12 Jun., a 
before 18 May b — and again at Patay, and 
takes Talbot prisoner, 18 May, b Jun. 3 — 
attends coronation of Charles at Eheims, 17 Jul. 
— severely wounded in attack on Paris, 1 2 Sep. 
—her family ennobled by royal edict, 29 Dec. 
— goes to Compiegne besieged by Duke of 
Burgundy and the English, May 1430— captured 
in a sortie against Burgundian quarters, 24,° 
25 b a May — given up to English, her trial 
demanded * by Univ. of Paris, authorized by 
king of England and France : condemned to 
be burnt as heretic, ' submits ' on the scaffold, 
24 May 143 1 — relapses, burnt at Rouen, 30 
May 143 1 — married to Robert des Armoises, (?) 
before 1439 d — &•> (?) a ^ ter I 444 d — sentence 
reversed by the pope, 7 Jul. 1456. 

a Lingard. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

c Biog. Univ. d Delepievre. 

Joanes, {Joanez, Jaanes,) Vicente, painter, 

— b. in Valencia, 1523 — rj. at Bocairente, 21 

Dec. 1579^ I 5 8l - b a En s^- Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Joanna I., Queen of Navarre, — fj., 1270 

— succeeds her father, Henry I., Jul. 1274— 



taken by her mother to Paris, 1274— affianced 
to Philip (the Fair) of France, May 1275 — 
marries him, 16 Aug. 1284— founds Coll. of 
Navarre in Paris Univ., 1304 — ft. at Vincennes, 
2 Apr. 1305. 

Joanna II., Queen of Navarre, — fi., 28 
Jan. 131 1 — declared to be excluded from throne 
of France by Salic -Law, by States held 2 
Feb. 1 3 17 — marries Philip of Evreux : with him 
succeeds Charles the Fair, Feb. 1328 — com- 
pelled to sign articles securing independence of 
the kingdom, and crowned at Pampeluna, 1329 
— goes to France with Philip, 1331 — returns to 
Navarre, 1335 — on death of Philip, sole 
sovereign, Sep. 1 343 — aids the king of France 
against the English, 1346— rj. at Conflans, 8 
Oct. 1349. 

Joanna of Navarre, Duchess of Brittany, 
and Queen of England, — contracted to 
Jobn, heir of Castile, 1380 — captured and 
carried to Paris, 1381 — marries John de Mont- 
fort, Duke of Brittany, n Sep. 1386 — effects 
reconciliation between her husband and Con- 
stable de Clisson, 1393 — left a widow, 1 Nov. 
1399 — regent for her son in Brittany, 1399- 
1401 — obtains dispensation from the pope (of 
Avignon), and marries Henry 1Y. of England, 
by proxy, at Eltham, 3 Apr. 1402 — arrives in 
England, Jan. 1403 — the marriage again 
celebrated at Westminster, 7 Feb. — crowned, 

26 Feb. — her foreign attendants dismissed, Feb. 
1404 — widow again, Mar. 141 3 — her son 
Arthur of Brittany taken prisoner by the 
English at Agincourt, 1415 — accused of witch- 
craft and imprisoned at Pevensey, 141 8 — 
released, Jul. 1422 — ft. at Havering-atte- 
Bower, 9 Jul. 1437. 

Joanna I., Queen of Naples, — b., 1326 — 
married to her cousin Andrew, son of Charo- 
bert, king of Hungary, 26 Sep. 1333 — succeeds 
her grandfather, Robert, on throne of Naples, 
Jan. 1343 — the regency claimed by Clement 
VI. ; suspected of consenting to murder of her 
husband, 18 Sep. 1345 — marries Louis of 
Tarentum, 20 Aug. 1 346,3- 1 347 b — invasion by 
Louis I., king of Hungary, Nov. 1347 — em- 
barks for Provence, 15 Jan. 1348 — sells Avig- 
non to Clement VI., 19 Jun. 1348 — returns 
with her husband to Naples, end of Aug. 1 348 
— renewed Hungarian invasion, 1 350 — declared 
innocent of the murder of her husband by 
Clement VI., May 1352 — crowned with Louis, 

27 May 1352 — death of Louis, 25 May 1362 
— marries James, titular king of Majorca, and 
excludes him from any share in the govern- 
ment, about May 1363 — his death, 1375 — 
marries Otto of Brunswick, 25 Mar. 1376 — 
refuses him title of king : embraces party of 
Clement VII., and Urban VI. proclaims crusade 
against her, 1378 — adopts as her successor 
Louis of Anjou, 23 Jun. 1380 — submits to 
Charles of Durazzo, Jul. 1381 — put to death 
by his order, 22 May 1382. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. 

Joanna II., Queen of Naples,— b., 137 i, a 
1368 b — marries William, son of Leopold, 
Duke of Austria, 1389,* 1404 b — left a widow, 
15 Jul. 1406 — succeeds her brother Ladislaus, 



JOANNA-JOANNES LAURENTIUS. 



'73 



6 Aug. 1414 — marries James of Bourbon, 
Count of La Marche, 10 Aug. 1415 — kept in 
confinement by him, 1415-16 — rescued by tbe 
people, deprives him of title of king, 13 Sep. 
141 6 — he escapes to France, 1419 — attacked 
by Louis III. of Anjou, adopts Alfonso V. of 
Aragon, and gives him Duchy of Calabria, 
1420 — quarrels with him, 142 1 — adopts Louis 
of Anjou, 2 Jun. 142 1 — capture of Naples by 
Alfonso, 1423 — recovers Naples by aid of 
Genoese, 12 Apr. 1424 — again adopts Alfonso, 
4 Apr. 1433— tf., 2 Feb. 1435. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. 

Joanna, the mad, Queen of Castile, — ft. 
at Toledo, 14^9 — marries Philip, Archduke of 
Austria, 21 Oct. 1496 — birth of her son 
Charles, (Charles V.,) 1500— becomes queen 
on death of her mother, Isabella, Nov. 1504 — 
in England with Philip, Jan. 1506 — arrives 
with him in Spain, Apr. 1506— left a widow, 
25 Sep. 1506— loses her reason, 1506— fo. at 1 
Tordesillas, 12 Apr. 1555. j 

Joanna, of Castile, — disinherited by her 
father, Henry IV., in favour of her aunt 
Isabella, 1468 — reinstated, on marriage of 
Isabella, 1469 — affianced to Duke of Guienne, 
who refuses to marry her, 1469 — gets herself 
proclaimed Queen of Castile, 1474 — affianced 
to Alfonso, king of Portugal, 1475 — unsuccess- 
ful intervention of Alfonso in her behalf, 1476 
— becomes a nun at Coimbra, 1476 — makes 
profession, 11 Nov. 1480. 

Joannes, {John of Brienne,) Latin Em- 
peror of the East, — ft., 1:148 — at taking of 
Constantinople, 1204 — crowned king of Jeru- 
salem, 3 Oct. i2io a — leads expedition against 
Egypt and takes Damietta, 5 Nov. 12 19 ■ — 
marries Berengaria, sister of Ferdinand, king 
of Castile, 1222 — gives his daughter Iolante to 
Emperor Frederick II., 1225 — elected Emperor 
of the East, 1229 — crowned, 1231 — if., 23 
Mar. 1237. a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Joannes I., Zimisces, Emperor of the 
East, — ft. in Armenia, 925 a — general in 
service of Nicephorus Phocas, 963 — defeats 
Saracens at Adana in Cilicia, 963 — conquers 
Cilicia and invades Syria, 964 — deprived of his 
command, 967 — conspires with Empress Theo- 
phano against Nicephorus, and assassinates 
him, 10 Dec. 969 — proclaimed Emperor, same 
day : associates with himself Basilius and 
Constantine, sons of Bomanus, 969 — marries 
Theodora, 970— marches against Bussians in 
Bulgaria, 97 1 b — takes Marcianopolis, defeats 
Sventislav at Parasthlava, and makes peace 
with him, Jul. 971 b — his campaigns in the 
East, 974-5 — prepares for siege of Damascus, 
975 — tl., 10 Jan. 976. 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Finlay. 

Joannes II., Comnenus, (Calojoannes,) Em- 
peror of the East, — ft., 1088 — declared 
Augustus by his father Alexius, 1092 — marries 
Pyrisca, Hungarian princess, 11 05 — succeeds 
Alexius, Aug. 11 18 — his sister Anna, with 
Nicephorus Bryennius, conspires against him, 
1 1 18— marches against Turks, and takes Lao- 
dicea, 11 19 — takes Sozopolis, n 20 — drives 
barbarians out of Thrace, spring 11 22 — sub- 



dues Servians, n 23— death of his wife, 11 24 
— campaign against Stephen II. of Hungary, 
1 1 24 — campaign in Armenia, 1 1 3 1 — subdues 
Raymond, Prince of Antioch, and enters the 
city, 1 1 38 — returns to Constantinople, 1141 — 
invades Cilicia, 1142 — tr. at Anazarba, in 
Cilicia, 8 Apr. 1143. 

Joannes III., IV., VI., Emperors of the 
East. [Vataces, Lascaris, and Cantacuzenus.] 

Joannes VI., (V.,) Palaeologus, Emperor 
of the East, — ft., 18 Jun. 1332 s1 — succeeds 
under regency of Cantacuzenus, 15 Jun. 1341 
— Joint-emperor with Cantacuzenus in name, 
1347 — rebels, 1353 — succeeds John Cantacu- 
zenus, Jan. 1355 — loses Adrianople to Murad, 
1 36 1— becomes tributary to Murad; attempts 
to get aid from Western States, 1369-70 — 
arrested and released by Manuel at Venice, 
1370 — conspiracy of his son Andronicus with 
Sanji, 1385 — imprisoned by Bayazid and An- 
dronicus, 1389? — released, 1391 ? — a"., 1391. 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Joannes VII., Palaeologus, Emperor of 
the East,— ft., 25 Dec. 1390 — Joint-emperor 
with his father, Manuel, 141 9 — succeeds him, 
21 Jul. 1425 — visits Italy, Nov. 1437 to early in 
1440— agrees to minion of Churches of Rome 
and Constantinople at Florence, Jul. 1439 — ^ > 
1448. 

Joannes, Bp of Jerusalem, theologian,— 
succeeds Cyril, 386 — quarrels with Jerome, 
about 394— reconciled, about 400 — accused of 
favouring Pelagius, 415 — £r., 4i7, a 416. b 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Pagi. 

Joannes, Patriarch of Antioch, theolo- 
gian, — appointed patriarch, 427^428-9 b — op- 
poses Cyril, 431 — reconciled to him, 432 — 13., 
441-2. a Cave. b Tillemont. 

Joannes, jurist, — employed on the Digest by 
Justinian, 530-3 — one of the subsequent com- 
missioners, 534. 

Joannes, — Consul of Rome with Varanes, 
(1209, a. tj. c.) 456 — Consul with Puseus, 
(1220,) 467. 

Joannes of Antioch, Scholasticus, Patri- 
arch of Constantinople, — appointed, 565 — 
&., 31 Aug. 577^578? 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Joannes of Cappadocia, Patriarch of Con- 
stantinople, — succeeds Timotheus, 517 — o\, 
Feb. 520. 

Joannes of Cappadocia, Patriarch of Con- 
stantinople, — succeeds Eutychius, 582 — as- 
sumes title of (Ecumenical Patriarch, 588 — tf-, 
595-6- 

Joannes Eleernosynarms, Patriarch of 
Alexandria, theologian, — appointed, 606-9 — 
ft., 616. 

Joannes Galenus, philosopher— -chartophy- 
lax to Andronicus Paloeologus, junior, 1328-41. 

Joannes Italus, philosopher,— employed by 
Michael Ducas, about 1075— becomes princi- 
pal teacher of Philosophy, 1077 — compelled to 
retract his heresies, 1084. 

Joannes Lanrentius, of Philadelphia, (Ly- 
dus,) Byzantine writer, — ft., 490 — MS. of his 
work, on Roman Magistrates, discovered at 
Constantinople, 17 81 — published, 1812. 



74 



JOANNES-JOHN XII. 



Joannes. [For others, see John.] 

Joannice. [Bulgarians.] 

Joannina, Janina, in Albania, — seat of a 
bishopric, 879 — the Emperor Alexius Comne- 
nus defeated and the town taken by Bohemond, 
1082 — devastated by plague, 1368 and 1378 — 
taken by Turks, 1432 — expulsion of Albanian 
Greeks from, 16 n — captured by Ali Pasha, 
and made capital of his pashalic, about 1788 — 
recovered by Turks, 1822. 

Jobst, Jodocus, Josse, of Luxemburg, Mar- 
quis of Moravia,— 6., about 1350 — elected 
Emperor in rivalry with Sigismund, 1 Oct. 
1410 — tf., 8 Jan. 141 1. 

Jocelyn of Brakelonde, — writes his Chronica, 
about 1200-10. 

Jocelyn of Courtenay. [Edessa.] 

Jode, Arnold de, engraver, — ft. at Antwerp, 
about 1636 — afc London, 1667. ? 

Jode, Pieter de, (the Elder,) engraver, — ft. 
at Antwerp, 1570 — ft. there, 1634. 

Jode, Pieter de, (the Younger,) engraver, — 
ft. at Antwerp, i6o6, ac i6o2. b a Engl. Cyc. 
b Biog. Univ. c Erscta and Gruber. 

Jodelle, Etienne, dramatist, — ft. at Paris, 
1532 — his Cleopatre Captive exhibited before 
Henry II. at Rheims, 1552 — fr. at Paris, Jul. 
1575. CEuvres, 1574. 

Jodocus. [Jobst.] 

Jodrell, Richard Paul, litterateur, — ft., 13 
Nov. 1745— F.R.S., 1772 — F.S.A., 1784— 
D.C.L. Oxford, 4 Jul. 1793— M.P. Seaford, 
1794 — ft. in London, 26 Jan. 1831. Illustra- 
tions of Euripides, 1781-90 — Knight and 
Friars, 1785 — Seeing is believing, 1786. 

Joecher, Christian Gottlieb, — ft. at Leipsic, 
1694 — Prof. Philosophy, 1730 — Prof. History, 
1732 — librarian to the "Univ., 1742 — tf., 10 
May 1758. Allgemeines Gelehrten-Lexicon, 

i75°- 

Joel, Jeicish prophet, — [B C] — prophesies, 
8oo-78o, a about 85o, b about 710,° about 625/ 1 
about 675, e about 808. f a De "Wette, &c. 
b Winer. c Bertholdt. d Credner. 

e Jahn. f TJssher. 

Johannaeus Finnus. [Jonsson, Finn. 

Johannisberg, in Germany, — Marshals d' 
Estrees and Soubise defeat Prince of Bruns- 
wick, 30 Aug. 1762. 

Johannot, Alfred, painter, engraver, — ft. at 
Offenbach, 21 Mar. 1800 — taken to Paris, 1 807 
— tr. there, 7 Dec. 1837. 

Johannot, Tony, painter, engraver, — ft. at 
Offenbach, 9 Nov. 1803 — ft. at Paris, 4 Aug. 
1852. 

John, Apostle and Evangelist, — at Jerusa- 
lem, about 52 — at Ephesus, about 65 — at Pat- 
mos, about 95 — o\, about 100. 

John the Baptist, — begins his ministry, 28. 

John I., Poi'E, — succeeds Hormisdas, 13 
Aug. 523 — sent by Theodoric as ambassador 
to Emperor Justinus, 525 — crowns Justinus, 
25 Mar. 525 ? — imprisoned at Ravenna by 
Theodoric, and tf. there, i8, a 27 b May 526. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. 

John II., Pope, (Mercury,) — succeeds Boni- 
face II,, 22, a 31° Jan. 533 — receives embassy ( 



from Justinian, 534 — fr., i8, a 26,^ 27 b May 
535. a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

b Biog. Univ. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

John III., Pope, (Catelin,) — succeeds Pela- 
gius I., 18 Jul. 560 — tf., 13 Jul., a 25 Oct. b 573. 
a Pagi and Muratori. b Mansi. 

John IV., Pope, — succeeds Severinus, 24 
Dec. 640 — condemns the Monothelites and 
the Ecthesis of Heraclius, 641— writes to bishops 
of Scotland and Ireland on celebration of 
Easter and on Pelagianism: )j., 11 Oct. 642. 

John V., Pope, — legate of Agathon to Coun- 
cil of Constantinople, 680-681 — succeeds Be- 
nedict II., 10 Jun. 686, a 23 Jul. 685 b — re- 
covers jurisdiction over sees of Sardinia : fr., 
7 Aug. 687, a 1 Aug. 686. b 

a Fleuri. b Pagi. 

John VI., Pope, — succeeds Sergius L, 28 
Oct. 701 — induces Gisulph, Duke of Beneven- 
tum, to retire from Campania, 70 r — appeases 
agitation caused at Rome by arrival of Theophy- 
lact, exarch of Ravenna, 702 — at Council "of 
Rome, absolves St Wilfred and sends him back 
to his diocese, 704 — rj., 9 Jan. 705. 

John VII., Pope, — succeeds John VI., 1 
Mar. 705 — fr., 17 Oct. 707. 

John VIII., Pope, — succeeds Adrian II., 14 
Dec. 872 — crowns Charles the Bald Emperor, 
875 — appoints Ansegisus primate of the Gauls 
and of Germany, 876 — asks aid of Charles the 
Bald against Saracens, 876-7 — meets Charles 
at Pavia, May 877 — is compelled to pay tribute 
to Saracens, 877 — seized by Lambert, Duke of 
Spoleto, escapes to France, spring 878 — holds 
Council of Troyes, Aug. 878 — is robbed at 
several towns and excommunicates .the cri- 
minals, 878 — crowns Louis the Stammerer, 7 
Sep. 878 — on request of Basilius, recognizes 
Photius as patriarch of Constantinople, and 
sends embassy to him, 879 — threatened again 
by Saracens, obtains help of Emperor Basilius, 
879 — adopts Boso Duke of Lombardy, 879 — 
permits Methodius to use Sclavonic language 
in divine service, 879 — crowns Charles the 
Fat Emperor, 881 — excommunicates Anspert, 
Abp of Milan, about 881 — proposes massacre 
of Saracens, 882 — ft., 15 Dec. 882. 

John IX., Pope, — succeeds Theodore II., 
Jul. 898 — unsuccessfully opposed by Sergius ; 
holds Councils of Rome, 898 — of Ravenna, 898 
— If., 30 Nov., a Aug. b 900. 

a Mansi. b Pagi. 

John X., Pope, — made Abp of Ravenna, by 
Lando, 914 — succeeds Lando, through in- 
fluence of Theodora, 15 May 9i4 a — crowns 
Berenger Emperor, 24 Mar. 916" — leads an 
army against Saracens and defeats them, Aug. 
9i5, b 916 e — his contest with Marozia, 925 — 
murdered by order of Guido and Marozia, May 
or Jun. 928. 

a Milman. b Fleuri. c Pagi and Muratori. 

John XI., Pope, — ft., 906 — succeeds Stephen 
VII., 20 Mar. 931 — the supreme power 
exercised by Alberic : fr. in the prison of St 
Angelo, Jan. 936. 

John XIL, Pope, (Octavian,) — b., 938 — 
succeeds his father Alberico as patrician of 
Rome, 954— takes possession of holy see on 



JOHN. 



775 



death of Agapetus II., Jan. 956 — threatened 
by Berenger, calls Otto I. to his aid, 961 — 
crowns Otto Emperor, 2 Feb. 962 — the Eomans 
complain to Otto of his profligacy, Otto remon- 
strates with him : allies himself with Adalbert, 
son of Berenger, against Otto, 962 — flies from 
Eome on approach of Otto, and carries off part 
of the treasures, 963 — deposed by Council 
of Eome, Nov. 963 — returns to Eome, early 
in 964 — massacres and mutilates his adversa- 
ries, Feb. — holds a council and deposes his 
rival, Leo VIII., 26 Feb. — 0., 14 May 964. 

John XIII., Pope, — succeeds Leo VIII. , 1 
Oct. 965 — seized and imprisoned by the nobles, 
and afterwards expelled, 965 — recalled on ap- 
proach of Otto, 966 — his enemies put to death 
by Otto, 967 — crowns Otto Emperor, Christmas 
967 — tf., 5 or 6 Sep. 972. 

John XIV., Pope, — succeeds Benedict VII., 
Nov. 983^ 19 Oct. 984 b — deposed and im- 
prisoned by antipope Boniface. (VII), Mar. 
984;* — ^. i n castle of St Angelo, 20 Aug. 
984,* 30 Aug. 995. b 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. 

John XV., (titular,) — elected, on death of 
John XIV., 984^ 25 Apr. 986 b — tf., before Jul. 
985,* Apr. 9 86. b 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. 

John XVI., Pope, — succeeds, Jul. 985^ 
986 b — driven from Eome by Crescentius, 987 
— restored by Otto III.,' 987 — canonizes 
Uldaric Bp of Augsburg, 30 Jan., c 3 Feb. d 993 
— "ft'i 996' a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

b Biog. Univ. c Fleuri. d Pagi. 

John XVII., Pope, (Sicco,) — succeeds Silves- 
ter II., 9 Jun. 1003 — tf., 31 Oct. 1003. 

John XVII., Antipope, (Philagathus,) — 
appointed by Crescentius on expulsion of 
Gregory V., 997 — expelled by Otto III., Feb. 
998 — barbarously treated by Gregory, 998. 

John XVIII., Pope, (Phasian,) — succeeds 
John XVII., 26 Dec. 1003,* 19 Mar. 1004 b — 
abdicates and retires to a monastery, May 1009 
— 0\, 18 Jul. 1009. a Pagi. b Biog. Univ. 

John XIX., Pope, (Romano,) — succeeds his 
brother Benedict VIII., 19 Jul., a Aug. b io24, a b 
between n Apr. and 6 Jun. 1025° — crowns 
Conrad Emperor, Easter 1027 — expelled, Jun. 
1033 — restored by Conrad : tf. at Eome, 8 
Nov., a end of May b 1033. a Biog. Univ. 

b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Mansi. 

John XX. or XXI., Pope, (Pedro,) — succeeds 
Adrian V., 13 Sep. 1276 — ft., 16 or 17 May 
1277. 

John XXII., Pope, (Jacques cVEuse,) — fc. 
at Cahors, about 1244 — Bp of Frejus, 1300 — 
Abp of Avignon, 29 Aug.- 13 10 — Cardinal, Bp of 
Porto, 131 2 — elected at Lyons, succeeds Clement 
V., 7 Aug. 1 316 — crowned at Lyons, 5 Sep. — 
establishes his seat at Avignon, Oct. 1316 — 
erects Toulouse into archbishopric, 1 3 1 7 — 
founds sees of Tulle, Lavaur, and Mirepoix, 
1 318 — establishes reserves of benefices, 13 19 — 
forms league with Eobert of Naples, 1320 — 
publishes bull against Franciscans, 1322 — 
against Louis of Bavaria, 1323 — excom- 
municates Galeazzo Visconti, 1324 — excom- 
municates Louis, 20 Mar. 1324 — antipope 



elected, [Nicholas V.,] 1328 — reconciled with 
the Visconti, 1328 — accused of heresy, 1330 — 
publishes a recantation, 3 Dec. 1334 — ft. at 
Avignon, 4 Dec. 1334. 

John XXIII., Pope, (Balthasar Cossa,) — 
Cardinal, 1402 — legate to Bologna, besieges and 
makes himself master of the city, before 1410 — 
succeeds Alexander V., 17 May 1410 — ordained 
priest, 24 May — consecrated, 25 May — has 
interview with Emperor Sigismund at Lodi, 
141 3— convokes Council of Constance, 141 3 — 
opens it, 5 Nov. 1414 — is compelled to abdicate, 
2 Mar. 1415 — has interview with Sigismund, 

19 Mar. — escapes from Constance in disguise, 

20 Mar. — declared contumacious and suspended, 
14 May — deposed, 29 May — imprisoned, May 
1415-19 — recognizes Martin V., at Florence, 
13 May 141 9— Dean of the Sacred College, 
May — tf., 22 Nov. 1419. 

John, (Lackland,) King of England, — fj. 
at Oxford, 24 Dec. 11 66— affianced to Hadwisa, 
(Joanna,) daughter of William, Earl of Glou- 
cester, 1 1 76— declared Lord of Ireland, May 
11 77 — joins his brother Geoffrey in war against 
Eichard, 11 84— goes to Ireland, Mar. 11 85— 
offends the chiefs by his insolence, and is recalled, 
Dec. 1 1 85 — receives earldom of Mortaigne and 
many great estates from Eichard, Jul. n 89 — 
marries Hadwisa, 29 Aug. n 89— begins to 
intrigue against Eichard, and is prohibited the 
kingdom, 1190 — comes to England, seizes 
castles of Nottingham and Tickbill, summei 
1 191— takes the part of Geoffrey, Abp of York, 
and procures expulsion of the Guardian, Long- 
champ, Oct. 1 19 1 — with Philip Augustus offers 
bribes to the Emperor to keep Eichard a 
prisoner, autumn 11 93 — gives up part of 
Normandy to Philip, 1193 — his castles and 
estates seized by Eichard, spring 11 94 — escapes 
to Normandy : is there pardoned by Eichard, 
May — present at death of Eichard, and is de- 
clared his successor, 8 Apr. 1199 — recognized 
as Duke of Normandy, 25 Apr. — his nephew 
Arthur supported in Normandy by Philip : 
crowned at Westminster, Ascension Day (27 
May) — returns to Normandy, Jun. — makes a 
progress through England, Feb., Mar. 1200 
— makes peace with Philip, who acknowledges 
him king, 23 May 1200 — divorces his queen 
and marries Isabel of Angouleme, 1200 — 
crowned with her, 8 Oct. — receives homage 
of king of Scotland, at Lincoln, 22 Nov. — 
visits Philip at Paris, Jul. 1201 — defeats 
French and Poictevins before castle of Mira- 
beau, and captures Arthur and Eleanor, 31 
Jul. 1202 — sends Arthur to Falaise, thence to 
Eouen ; imprisons Eleanor in England : cited 
by Philip to answer for murder of Arthur, 
refuses to appear, and is pronounced con- 
tumacious, and to have forfeited his territories 
in France, 1203 — Normandy conquered by 
Philip, 1204 — claims right of appointing Abp 
of Canterbury, his nominee set aside by 
Pope Innocent III., 1205 — invades France, 
Jun. 1206 — takes Montauban, 1 Aug. — burns 
Angers, Sep. — makes truce with Philip, returns 
to England, Dec. — seizes a thirteenth of all 
property, deprives Geoffrey of see of York, 



776 



JOHN. 



1207 — expels monks of Canterbury, and seizes 
their possessions, Jul. 1207 — interdict laid on 
the kingdom, 23 Mar. 1208 — receives homage 
and tribute of king of Scotland, Aug. 1209 — 
excommunicated by the pope, Nov. 1209 — ■ 
extorts money from the Jews, 1209 — suppresses 
rebellion in Ireland, Jan. to Aug. 12 10 — in- 
vades Wales and reduces Llewellyn, Jul. 1211 
— unsuccessfulmissionofDurandandPaiidulph, 
121 1 — his subjects absolved from allegiance, 
121 2 — secretly negotiates with Mohammed al 
Nassir, 1 2 1 2 —frustrates plot of the Barons 
against him, 12 12— threatened with French 
invasion, sends a fleet to ravage coasts of 
France, close of 12 12 — receives Pandulph, and 
is reconciled to the Church, 1 3 May — surrenders 
his dominions to the pope and does homage, 
15 May — recalls the banished prelates and 
monks, 24 May — excommunication revoked, 
20 Jul. — interdict removed, 6 Dec— invades 
France, Feb. 12 14 — joins league for par- 
titioning France : battle of Bouvines, Jul. 
1 2 14 — makes a truce for five years, 1 9 Oct. — and 
returns to England : signs Magna Charta, 15 
Jun. 1 2 15 — levies foreign troops, Aug., Sep. 
— appeals to the pope, 1 3 Sep. — takes 
Kochester Castle, 30 Nov. — with Fulk de 
Breaute ravages the North, close of 12 15 — 
invades Scotland, Jan. 12 16 — arrival of Prince 
Louis of France, May — captures Lincoln, 22 
Sep. — at Lynn, 9 Oct. — ft- at Newark, 19 Oct. 
1216. 

John I., King of France, (posthumous 
son and successor of Louis X.,) — h., 15 Nov. 
1316—13., 19 Nov. 1316. 

John II., the Good, King of France, — ft., 
26 Apr. I3i9, a between 1310-20 b — succeeds 
his father Philip of Valois, 22 Aug. 1350 — 
crowned at Rheiins, 26 Sep. — puts to death 
the Constable, Eaoul, Count of Eu and of 
Guines, 19 Nov. — institutes Order of the Star, 
Oct. 1 35 1 — convokes States-general for sub- 
sidies for war with England, Dec. 1 355 — seizes 
and imprisons king of Navarre, Apr. 1356 — 
defeated and taken prisoner by the .Black 
Prince at Poitiers, 19 Sep. 1356 — concludes 
truce for two years, 23 Mar. 1357 — taken to 
London, Apr. 1357— Peace of Bretigny, May 
1360 — liberated, 25 Oct. 1360— reaches Paris, 
13 Dec. — on violation of the treaty by flight 
of his son from London, returns to London, 
early in 1364 — tf. there, 8 Apr. 1364. 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 
John I., King of Aragon, — ft., 27 Dec. 
1350 — marries Jane, daughter of Count of 
Armagnac, 1372 — marries Yolande, daughter 
of Duke of Bar, 1384— succeeds his father, 
Pedro IV., 5 Jan. 1387 — recognizes Clement 
VII. as pope, 1387— repulses Count of Ar- 
magnac, 1390 — sends an army to reduce Sar- 
dinia and Sicily, 1389, a 1392 b — q\, 19 May 

1395- 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Xouv. Biog. Gen. 
John II. of Aragon. [John II. of Navarre.'] 
John I., King of Castile and Leon, — b. 
at Epila, 20 Aug. 1358 — marries Leonora of 
Aragon, 18 Jun. 1375 — succeeds his father, 
Henry II., 29 or 30 May 1379— crowned with 



his wife, 25 Jul. — assembles the Cortes and 
declares for Clement VII., 1379 — n ^ B ^ ee ^ c ^ e " 
feats the Portuguese, 1381 — invades Portugal, 
1381 — death of Leonora, 18 Aug. 1382 — mar- 
ries Beatrice of Portugal, May 1383 — on death 
of Ferdinand, king of Portugal, claims the 
crown, 1383 — invades Portugal, 1384 — unsuc- 
cessfully besieges Lisbon, 1384 — again invades 
Portugal, 1385 — defeated, by John I. at Alju- 
barotta, 14 Aug. 1385 — his kingdom invaded 
by John of Gaunt, 1386 — makes peace with 
him and arranges marriage of his son Henry 
with daughter of his rival, 1387 — the treaty 
confirmed by the Cortes, Henry takes title of 
Prince of Asturias, 1388 — ft., 9 Oct. 1390. 

John II., King of Castile and Leon, — 
h., 6 Mar. 1405 — succeeds his father, Henry 
III., Dec. 1406— regency of his mother and 
his uncle Ferdinand — [Ferdinand I. of Ara- 
gon~\ — crowned at Segovia, 15 Jan. 1407 — 
marries his cousin Mary of Aragon, 141 8, a 
1420 b — influence of Alvarez de Luna pre- 
dominant, 1420 — seized and imprisoned by 
Grand Master of St Iago, 1420 — invades 
Granada and defeats Moors at Figuieres, 143 1 
— again invades Granada and defeats Moors at 
Guadix, 1435 — taken prisoner by insurgents 
and compelled to banish his favourite, 1441— 
death of his queen, 1445 — marries Isabella of 
Portugal, 1447 — "&., 21 Jul. 1454. 
a !N T ouv. Biog. Gen. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

John I. of Navarre. [John I., King of 
France.] 

John II., King of Aragon and Navarre, 
— i).,* 29 Jun. 1397 — marries Blanche, daughter 
of Charles III. of Navarre, 141-9 — succeeds 
Charles III., Sep. 1425 — joins league against 
Alvarez de Luna, 1426 — crowned at Pam- 
peluna, 15 May 1429 — taken prisoner by Mi- 
lanese at battle of Gaeta, 5 Aug. 1434 — but 
soon released : death of his queen, 3 Apr. 1441 
— refuses to give up the crown to Don Carlos, 
1441— invades Castile and is defeated at 01- 
medo, 1445 — marries Joanna Henriquez, 1447 
— revolt and imprisonment of Don Carlos, 1452 
— liberates him, 1453 — concludes treaty with 
Henry IV. of Castile, 1455 — Don Carlos re- 
news civil war and is disinherited, 1455 — de- 
feats Don Carlos at Estella, 1456 — succeeds 
his brother Alfonzo in Aragon, 5 Jul. 1458 — 
joins conspiracy against king of Castile, 1460 
— declares Sicily and Sardinia reunited to Ara- 
gon, 30 Aug. 1460 — arrests Don Carlos, 2 
Dec. 1460 — liberates him, 146 1 — makes alli- 
ance with Louis XL and disinherits his daugh- 
ter Blanche, 1462 — imprisons her at Orthes, 
where she dies, 2 Dec. 1464 — invasion by Don 
Pedro and the Catalans, Jan. 1465 — death of 
his queen Joanna, Feb. 1468 — takes Barce- 
lona, 17 Oct. 1472 — takes Perpignan, defends 
it against the French, who raise the siege, Jun. 
1473 — tf. at Barcelona, 19 Jan. 1479. 

John III., d'Albret, King of Navarre, 
— marries Catherine, queen of Navarre, 14 
Jun. 1484 — crowned with her at Pampeluna, 
10 Jan. 1494 — Treaty of Tarbes, 1497 — 
refuses a passage through his states to Ferdi- 
nand of Aragon, and allies himself with Louis 



JOHN T L— JOHN CASIMIR. 



777 



XII., 1511 — declares for Council of Pisa 
against Julius II., and is excommunicated by 
Julius II., 18 Feb. 1512* — conquest of the 
kingdom for Ferdinand, by Duke of Alva, 
summer 15 12 — retires to Beam ; unsuccessfully 
attempts to recover Navarre, 15 13- 14- 15- 16 — 
fc. at Pau, 17 Jan. 15 1 6. a Mariana and Zurita. 
John I. , the Great, King of Portugal, — 
ft. at Lisbon, Apr. 1357— Grand Master of Order 
of Avis, 1364 — discovers conspiracy of the 
queen, ETeonora, and murders her favourite, 6 
Dec. 1383 — Regent of the kingdom, 16 Dec. 
1383 — accepts the crown, 6 Apr. 1385 — defeats 
king of Castile at Aljubarotta, 14 Aug. 1385 
— obtains dispensation from vow of chastity, 
and marries Philippa, daughter of John of 
Gaunt, 2 Feb. 1387 — makes ten years' truce 
with Castile, 1387— surprises Badajoz, 1396 — 
death of his wife, 14 14— holds a tournament 
at Lisbon, 1414 — takes Ceuta, autumn 1415 — 
concludes treaty of perpetual peace with 
Castile, 1431— tf., 14 Aug. 1433. 

John II., the Perfect, King of Portugal, 
— 6. at Lisbon, 3 May 1455 — recognized heir 
to the crown, 25 Jun. 1455 — marries Leonora 
of Lancaster, 22 Jan. 147 1 — at capture of 
Arzila in Tangier, Aug. 147 1 — distinguishes 
himself at battle of Toro, 1476 — succeeds his 
father, 29 Aug. 148 1 — establishes a fort on 
coast of Guinea, 1482 — puts to death Duke 
of Braganza for conspiracy, 21 Jun. 1483 — 
declines proposals of Columbus, about 1484 — 
sends a fleet to India, 1492 — sends a fleet to 
America, 1493 — disputes possession of the new 
world with king of Castile, and submits to 
arbitration of Alexander VI., 1493 — tf., 14 
Sep., a 25 Oct.b 1495. 

a Mariana. b Another authority. 

John III., King of Portugal, — ft. at Lis- 
bon, 6 Jun. 1502 — succeeds his father, Em- 
manuel, 19 Dec. 152 1 — marries Catherine, 
sister of Charles V., 5 Feb. 1525 — introduces 
Inquisition at Lisbon, 1526 — favours the 
Jesuits, 1540,* 1541 b — sends Xavier to Japan, 
1542 — tf. at Lisbon, 7, h n a Jun. 1557. 
a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 
John IV., King of Portugal, — ft. at 
Villaviciosa, 19 Mar. 1604 — marries Luisa de 
Guzman, 12 Jam 1633 — succeeds Philip III. 
on reestablishment of independence, 1 Dec. 
1640 — defeats Spaniards at Badajoz, 1644 — ■■ 
plot of Bp of Coimbfa to deliver him to 
Spaniards is frustrated, 1653 — tf., 6, a 26 b Nov. 
1656. Defensa de la Miisica, 1649. 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

John V-, King of Portugal, — ft. at Lisbon, 
22 Oct. 1689 — succeeds his father, Pedro II., 
9 Dec. 1706 — proclaimed, 1 Jan. 1707 — battle 
of Almanza, 1707 — marries Maria Anna of 
Austria, 28 Oct. 1708 — Treaty of Utrecht, 
17 1 3 — makes peace with Spain, 13 Feb. 17 15 
— founds Royal Academy of History, 1720 — 
title of Most Faithful Majesty accorded to him 
and his successors by bull of Benedict XIV., 23 
Dec. 1748 — o\, 31 Jul. 1750. 

John VI., King of Portugal, — ft. at Lis- 
bon, 13 May 1767^ 1769 b — marries Charlotte, 
Infanta of Spain, 9 Jun. 1785,* 8 May 1784 b 



— named Prince of Brazil, 1788 — governs 
during his mother's illness, 1789,3 1792 b — 
joins first coalition against France, Sep. 1793 
— withdraws his troops, Jul. 1795 — assumes 
the government with title of Regent, 1799 — 
Spanish and French invasion, 1801 — [Penin- 
sular "War] — a plot formed for making his 
wife regent, frustrated, 1 805— partition of the 
kingdom by Treaty of Fontainebleau, Oct. 1 807 

— embarks with royal family for Brazil, 30 
Nov. 1807 — protests against invasion of Napo- 
leon, 25 Nov. 1808 — seizes French Guiana, 
1809 — makes treaty of alliance with England, 
19 Feb. 1 8 10— adheres to Treaty of Paris, 18 14 
— raises Brazil to rank of a kingdom, 16 Dec. 
1 8 15— recognized King of Portugal on death of 
Queen Maria, 16 Mar. 1816 — crowned, 16 Feb. 
1 8 1 8 — accepts constitution framed by the 
Cortes, 26 Feb. 1821 — embarks for Europe, 26 
Apr. 1821 — again accepts the constitution, 23 
Sep. 1822 — rebellion of Don Miguel, May 
1823 — modifies the constitution, 1823— recog- 
nizes independence of Brazil, 5 Nov. 1825 — tf. 
at Lisbon, i, a 10 b Mar. 1826. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 
John, King of Scotland. [Baliol, John.] 
John of Luxemburg, the Blind, King of 
Bohemia, — ft., about 1298 (?) — becomes king 
of Bohemia by his marriage with Elizabeth, 
daughter of King Weneeslaus, 1309 — Count of 
Luxemburg, by cession from his father, Henry 
VII., 1309 — crowned at Prague by Abp of 
Mentz, 5 Feb. 131 1 — vicar of the Empire in 
his father's absence, 131 1 — leaves Bohemia 
and resides at Luxemburg, 131 9 — attends mar- 
riage of his sister to Charles the Fair, Aug. 
1322 — takes prisoner Frederick of Austria at 
Mifhldorf, Sep. 1322 — joins confederation of 
princes at siege of Metz, 1324 — acquires Silesia, 
1327 — contributes to victory of Philip of Valois 
over Flemings at Cassel, 1328 — vicar of the 
Empire for Louis of Bavaria, 1330 — subdues 
revolted towns in Lombardy : makes a treaty 
with the pope, 1331 — joins league of Bp of 
Liege against Duke of Brabant, 1332 — again 
invades Italy, 1333 — invades Poland, and com- 
pels Casimir to cede his claims on Silesia, 1335 
— becomes blind, 1340 — procures deposition of 
Louis of Bavaria, 1346 — killed at battle of 
Crecy, 26 Aug. 1346. 

John I., Albert, King of Poland,— ft., 27 
Dec. 1459 — succeeds his father, Casimir IV., 
1492 — renews treaty with Bajazet II., 1492 — 
makes war on Wallachians, 1496 — concludes 
peace, 1499 — seeks the help of Tatars against 
Russians, 1500 — puts to death Peter, son of 
the Waiwode of Wallachia, 1500 — secretly 
makes peace with Russians, 1501 — ij. at Thorn, 
17 Jun. 1501. 

John Casimir, (Casimir V.,) King of Po- 
land, — ft., 1609 — promotes election of his 
brother Ladislaus VII., 1632 — sent ambassador 
to Spain, and is arrested at Marseilles by order 
of Richelieu, 1638 — liberated, 1640 — enters 
Society of Jesuits at Loretto, 1643 — Cardinal, 
1647 — elected to succeed Ladislaus, 20 Nov. 
1648 — crowned, 17 Jan. 1649 — makes peace 
with Cossacks, 17 Aug. 1649 — marries widow 



JOHN SOBIESKI— JOHN OF LEYDEN. 



of his brother, 1649 — the war renewed, 1650 — 
defeats Cossacks and Tatars near B-eretesko, 30 
Jan. 1 65 1 — driven from the kingdom by 
Charles of Sweden, retires to Silesia, 1655 — 
the war continues, 1656 — treaty of Vehlau, 
1657 — treaty of Oliva, 1660 — his project of 
abdicating and .naming his successor opposed 
by Grand Marshal Lubormiski, 1665 — con- 
fiscates his possessions and sentences him to 
death, 1665 — is compelled to revoke the pro- 
scription, 1666 — death of his wife, 1667 — in- 
vasion of Tatars and Cossacks, 1667 — [Sobieski, 
John] — abdicates at Diet of Warsaw, 16 Sep. 
1668 — retires to France: secretly marries 
Francoise Mignot, 14 Sep. 1672 — tr. at Nevers, 
16 Dec. 1672 — his remains transferred to 
Cracow, 1675. 

John Sobieski, King of Poland. [So- 
bieski.] 

John I., King of Sweden, — succeeds Erick 
X., 1220 — fj. 1223. 

John II. , King of Sweden. [John I., of 
Denmark. .] 

John III., King of Sweden,— ft., 21 Dec. 
1537 — marries Princess Catherine of Poland, 
1562 — dethrones his brother Erick and succeeds 
him, 30 Sep. 1568 — makes peace with Den- 
mark, 17 Dec. 1570 — unsuccessfully attempts 
to reestablish Romanism, 1570-82— death of 
his queen, 1583 — returns to Lutheranism, 1583 
— gets his son Sigismund elected king of 
Poland, 1586 — 3j., 17 Nov., a 19 Oct. b 1592. 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

John 'SansPeur,' Duke of Burgundy, — 
b. at Dijon, 28 May 1371 — marries Margaret 
of Bavaria, 12 Apr. 1385 — taken prisoner by 
the Turks at Nicopolis, 28 Sep. 1396 — succeeds 
his father, 23 May, a 28 Apr. b 1404 — takes 
Gravelines from the English, 1405 — gets Duke 
of Orleans assassinated at Paris, 23 Nov. 1407 
— obtains victory over the Liegecis at Othei, 
23 Sep. 1408 — reconciled with Orleans family, 
early in 1409 — Governor of the Dauphin, 27 Dec. 
1409 — league formed against him by Bernard 
d'Armagnac, early in 1410 — peace signed at 
Bicetre, 2 Nov. 1410 — the war renewed, 141 1 
■ — escapes to Flanders, Aug. 141 3 — unsuccessful 
negotiations with Emperor and King of Eng- 
land at Calais, Oct. 141 6 — leads army to Paris, 
Sep. 141 7 — liberates the queen at Tours, Nov. 
141 7 — she names him Governor of the king- 
dom, 10 Jan. 141 8 — treaty of peace agreed to, 
23 May 1418 — conferences at Meulan, 30 May 
to 30 Jun. 141 9 — assassinated at the Bridge of 
Montereau, 18 Aug. 1419. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. 
b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

John, the Constant, Elector of Saxony, — 
b., 30 J un. 1467 —succeeds his brother Frederick 
the Wise, May 1525 — allies himself with 
Philip of Hesse in defence of Lutheranism, 
1526 — presents Confession of Faith to Charles 
V. at Augsburg, 1530— ft., 16 Aug. 1532. 

John Frederick, the Magnanimous, Elector 
of Saxony, — b. at Torgau, 30 Jun. 1503 — 
marrirs Sibylla of Cleves, 1527 — administrator 
on death of his father, John the Constant, 
for his brother, John Ernest, 1532 — introduces 
Lutheranism in his states, 1533 — put to the 



ban of the empire, 1547 — defeated and taken 
prisoner by Charles V. at Miihlberg, 24 Apr. 
1547 — liberated on renouncing Electorate and 
all his states, 1552 — succeeds his brother, 1553 
— tr. at Weimar, 3 Mar, 1554 

John George I., Elector of Saxony, — b., 
5 Mar. 1585 — administrator of see of Merse- 
burg, 1603 — marries Sibylla of Wurtemberg, 

16 Sep. 1604 — her death, 20 Jan. 1606 
— marries Madeleine of Brandenburg, 19 Jul. 
1607 — succeeds his brother, Christian 11., 23 
Jun. 161 1 — supports Emperor Ferdinand II. 
against Bohemians, 1620— forms alliance with 
Sweden, 1631 — his troops contribute to victory 
of Leipsic, Sep. 1631 — takes Leipsic, 13 Sep. — 
takes Prague, 1 1 Nov. — loses it and all Bohemia, 
to Wallenstein, May 1632 — continues the war : 
makes peace with Emperor, at Prague, 10 May 
1635 — defeated by Swedes at Dommitz,23 Oct. 
1 635, and at Witstock, 4 Oct. 1636 — contributes 
to victory of Imperialists over French, at 
Dutlingen, 24 Sep. 1643 — ft., 8 Oct. 1656. 

John II., Falceologus, Marquis of Mont- 
ferrat,— succeeds his father, Theodore, Apr. 
1338 — recovers Asti from Robert of Sicily, 26 
Sep. 1339— recalls banished Ghibellines, 1339 
— defeats Neapolitans and recovers castle of 
Gamenaro, 1345 — recognized Lord of Yalenzia, 

17 Jun. 1357 — with Duke of Milan, defeated 
by Count of Savoy and his allies, Jul. 1347 — 
escapes seizure by Duke of Milan, 1348 — takes 
Asti and Alba from the Yisconti, 1 35 6 — delivers 
Pavia from them, and seizes Novara, 1357 — is 
compelled to give up Novara and Alba, at As- 
sembly of Milan, 8 Jun. 1358 — renews war 
with Galeazzo Yisconti, close of 1369 — 1$., be- 
tween 14-20 Mar. 1372. 

John, (Juan,) Don, of Austria, general, — b. 
at Batisbon, 25 Feb. 1546 — defeats and drives 
the Moors from Spain, 1570— commands fleet 
sent against Turks, obtains victory at Lepanto, 
7 Oct. 157 1 — makes descent on coast of Africa, 
1573 — Governor of the Netherlands, Nov. 
1576 — defeats insurgents at Gemblours, 31 Dec. 
1577 — tf. at Bouges near Namur, 1 Oct. 1578. 

John, (Juan,) Don, of Austria, general, — b. 
at Madrid, 1629 — Commander-in-chief of 
Spanish army in Italy, takes Naples, 1647 — 
takes Barcelona, 1652 — commands in Flanders, 
1656 — defeated by Turenne at battle of the 
Dunes, 14 Jun. 1658 — defeated by the Por- 
tuguese at Estremos, 1660 — tf. at Madrid, 17 
Sep. 1679. 

John of Cappadocia, praetorian prafeci of 'the 
East, — appointed by Justinian, 530 — dismissed, 
Jan. 532 — restored, before Jun. 533 — banished, 
541 — recalled, between Jun. 548 and 1 Apr. 
549- 

John of Damascus. [Damascenus, Joan- 
nes.] 

John Hyrcanus. [Hyrcanus.] 

John of Leyden, — b. at the Hague, about 
1495 (?)— -joins Anabaptists at Minister, 1533 — 
besieged there by Bp of Munster, close of 1534 
— organizes a government, and is named king : 
the town taken by treachery, Jun. 1535— 
tortured, mutilated, and put to death, Jan. 



rOHN PEIMICEEIUS— JOHNSTONE. 



John Priinieerius, secretary to Honorius, — ■ 
supported by Castinus and Aetius, is pro- 
claimed Emperor on death of Honorius, 423 — 
captured by Artaburius and Aspar, sent prisoner 
to Placidia at Aquileia, and put to death, J ul. 425 . 

John. [Athens, Bavaria, and Brabant, 
Dukes or ; Brandenburg 1 , Electorate of ; 
Brittany, Dukes of; Holland, Counts of; 
Lorraine, Dukes of; Montferrat, Marquisate 
of ; Saxe-Weimar, Dukes of ; Thessaloniea 
and Trebizond, Empires of.] 

John of Bruges. [Eyck, Jan van.] 

John of the Cross, (Juan de la Cruz,) St, 
mystic, — ft. in Old Castile, 1542 — enters Car- 
melite Order, at Medina del Campo, 1563 — 
becomes friend of St Teresa, 1563 — ordained 
priest, 1567 — tf. at monastery of Ubeda, 14 
Dec. 1591 — beatified by Clement X., 1675 — 
canonized by Benedict XIII., 1726. Works, 
1619. 

John of Gaunt. [Lancaster, Duke of.] 

John of Salisbury, — b., about 11 10? — 
studies at Paris, 11 37 — chaplain to Abp Theo- 
bald of Canterbury, 1151 — sent to court of 
Adrian IV., 1156 — procures canonization of 
Becket, 1 17 3 — Bp of Chartres, 11 76 — assists 
at Council of the Lateran, 11 79 — if. at Char- 
tres, 25 Oct. 1 1 80, 1 181, or 1 1 82. 

Johnes, Thomas. [Jones.] 

John's, St, College, Cambridge, — founded by 
Margaret, Countess of Eichmond, 151 1. 

John's, St. College, Oxford, — founded by Sir 
Thomas White, 1555. 

Johnson, Samuel, divine, political writer, — 
b. in Staffordshire or Warwick shire, 1649 — 
while chaplain to Lord William Eussell pub- 
lishes his Julian the Apostate, 1682 — fined and 
imprisoned, 11 Feb. 1684 — his book burnt by 
the hangman : publishes address to soldiers at 
Hounslow camp, autumn 1686 — degraded from 
priesthood, set in the pillory, and publicly 
whipped through London, 21 Nov. 1686 — his 
degradation declared illegal by House of Com- 
mons, 11 Jun. 1689 — refuses deanery of Dur- 
ham offered by William III., but accepts a pen- 
sion, 1689— tl., about May 1703. Works, 1710. 

Johnson, Samuel, lexicographer, moralist, — 
ft. at Lichfield, 18 Sep. 1709 — enters Pembroke 
Coll., Oxford, 31 Oct. 1728 — leaves the Coll., 
autumn 1731 — death of his father, Dec. 1731 — 
marries and opens a school, 1735 — goes to Lon- 
don with Garrick, Mar. 1737 — begins to con- 
tribute to Gentleman's Magazine, Mar. 1738 — 
commences the English Dictionary, 1747 — loses 
his wife, 17 Mar. 1752 — M.A. Oxford, 20 Feb. 
1755 — receives pension from George III., 1762 
— first meets Boswell, 16 May 1763 — LL.D. 
Dublin, 23 Jul. 1765 — his interview with George 
III., Feb. 1767 — Prof. Ancient Literature, 
Eoyal Academy, 1769 — visits the Hebrides with 
Boswell, 1773 — LL.D. Oxford, 1775 — visits 
France, 1775 — tf. in London, 13 Dec. 1784. 
Life of Savage, 1744 — Vanity of Human Wishes, 
1749 — Irene, 1749 — Rambler, 1750-2 — English 
Dictionary, 1755 — Idler, 1758 — Rasselas, 1759 
■ — Edition of Shakespeare, Oct. 1765 — Journey 
to Western Islands of Scotland, 1775 — Taxation 
no Tyranny, 1775 — Lives of the Foets, 1779-81. 

Johnson, Thomas, botanist, — tf., 30 Sep. 



1644. Iter in Agrum Cantianum, 162$ — 
Ericetum Hamstedianum, 1632 — edits Gerard's 
Herbal, 1633. 

Johnson, Sir William, Bart., general, — b. 
in Ireland, about 17 15 — unsuccessful in expe- 
dition against French fort at Crown Point, 
1755 — defeats and captures Baron Dieskau, 
1755— tf-, 1774. 

Johnston, (St John's Town,) in Scotland, — 
Aymer de Valence defeats Bruce at, 22 Jul. 
1306. 

Johnston, Alexander Keith, geographer, — 
b. at Eirkhill near Edinburgh, 28 Dec. 1804 
— visits Germany, 1842 — F.E.G.S. and Geo- 
grapher to the Queen for Scotland, 1843 — 
meets Humboldt at Paris, 1845— F.G.S., Lon- 
don, 1848 — F.B.S.E., 1850— receives medal of 
Great Exhibition for his Physical Globe, the 
first constructed, 1851 — honorary LL.D. Edin- 
burgh, 1865 — tf. at Ben Ehydding, 9 Jul. 1871. 
National Atlas, 1843 — Physical Atlas, 1848 — 
Dictionary of Geography, 1850 — Chart of dis- 
tribution of Health and Disease, 1852 — School 
Atlases of Physical Geography, 1852 — General 
Geography, 1852 — Classical Geography, 1853 — 
and Astronomy, 1855 — Eoyal Atlas, 1861. 

Johnston, Arthur, physician, poet, — b. in 
Aberdeenshire, 1587 — M.D. Padua, 1610 — re- 
sides in France, 1612-32 — physician to Charles 
I., 1632 — tj. at Oxford, 1641. Parerga, 1632 
— Eoetarum Scoticorum Delicia, 1637 — Eara- 
phrasis Eoetica Esalmorum Davidis, 1637. 

Johnston, George, naturalist, — b., 1798 — 
M.D., Edinburgh, 1819 — tf., 3 Jul. 1855. 
History of British Zoophytes, 1838 — History 
of British Sponges and Lithophytes, 1842 — In- 
troduction to Conchology, 1850. 

Johnston, James. Norvegian account of 
King Haco's expedition against Scotland, 1782 
— Lodbrokar Qvida, 1782 —Antiquitates Celto- 
Scandiccc, 1786. 

Johnston, James P. W., chemist, — b. at Pais- 
ley, about 1796 — studies under Berzelius, in 
Sweden, 1830— reader in Chemistry and Min- 
eralogy, University of Durham, 1833— F.E.S., 
1837— tf. at Durham, 18 Sep. 1853. Elements 
of Agricultural Chemistry and Geology, 1842 
■ — Lectures on Agricultural Chemistry and Geo- 
logy, 1844 — Catechism of Agricidtural Chemis- 
try and Geology, 1 844 — Notes on North Ameri- 
ca, 1 85 1 — Chemistry of Common Life, 1853-5. 

Johnstone, Bryce, theologian, — b. at Annan, 
1747 — enters Univ. of Edinburgh, 1762 — 
minister of Holywood, 177 1 — D.D., 1786— tj., 
1805. Commentary on Revelation, 1794 — In- 
fluence of Religion on Civil Society, 1801. 

Johnstone, Chevalier de, — b. at Edinburgh, 
1720 — aide-de-camp to the Pretender, 1745 — 
at battle of Preston, Oct. 1745 — escapes from 
Culloden, and goes abroad, Apr. 1746 — tf. in 
France, about 1790-5 (?) Memoirs of the 
Rebellion, 1820. 

Johnstone, John, physician, — b., about 1768 
— settles at Birmingham, about 1796 — M.D. 
Oxford, 1800 — tf. at Birmingham, 28 Dec. 
1836. Life and Works of Earr, 1828 — 
Medical Jurisprudence, 1800. 

Johnstone, John Henry, actor, singer, — b. 
at Tipperary, 1750 — appears at Covent Garden 



780 



JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES— JONES. 



Theatre, Oct. 1783 — atDrury Lane, 1803 — tf., 
26 Dec. 1828. 

Joint Stock Companies, in United Kingdom, 
— individual liability of members provided for by 
Act 6 Geo. IV. c. 91, 5 Jul. 1825 — right to sue 
and be sued in name of their officers conferred 
by Act 4 and ¥m IV. c. 94, 15 Aug. 1834 — 
new regulations by Act 7 Wm IV. and 1 Vic. 
c. 73, 17 Jul. 1837 — registration, incorporation, 
and regulation of, provided for by Act 7 and 
8 Vic. c. 110, 5 Sep. 1844 — provisions con- 
solidated by Act 8 and 9 Vic. c. 16, 8 May 
1 845 —provisions for winding up affairs of, by 
Acts 11 and 12 Vic c. 45, 14 Aug. 1848, and 
12 and 13 Vic. c. 108, 1 Aug. 1849— -repeal of 
winding-up Acts and new regulations by Act 
19 and 20 Vic. c. 47, 14 Jul. 1856 — amended 
by Acts 20 and 21 Vic. c. 14, 13 Jul. 1857, 
and 21 and 22 Vic. c. 60, 23 Jul. 1858— com- 
promises and arrangements between creditor 
and shareholder facilitated by Act 33 and 34 
Vic. c. 104, 10 Aug. 1870. 

Jointure, — in bar of dower, denned and regu- 
lated by Act 27 Hen. VIII. c. 10, s. 6, 1535-6. 

Joinville, Jean, Sihe de, historian, — ft. at 
chateau of Joinville, in Champagne, about 
1224 — affianced to Alais de Grand-Pre, 1231 — 
Seneschal and Grand Master of the house to 
Count of Champagne, 1239 — follows St Louis 
on his first crusade, 1248 — returns to France, 
1254 — marries again, 1 261— gives evidence on 
inquest for canonization of Louis, 12-18 Aug. 
1282 — tf., probably 1319. "Writes his Histoire 
de St Louis, 1309. 

Jomelli, Eiccolo, musical composer, — ft. at 
Avellino, a Aversa, b in Naples, 17 14 — called to 
Borne, 1740 — to Vienna, 1749 — settles at 
Stuttgard, about 1755,° 1748 b —tf. at Naples, 
28 Aug. 1774. a Bees' Cyc. 

b Ersch and Gruber. c Biog. Univ. 

Jomini, Henri, Baron, general, historian, — 
ft. in the Pays de Vaud, 6 Mar. 1779 — Lieut. - 
col. of Swiss militia, 1795 — goes to Paris, 1799 — 
aide-de-camp to General Ney, 1804 — Col., 1805 
— contributes to capture of Mack's army, 1805 
— as chief of the staff of Marshal Ney dis- 
tinguishes himself in campaigns of 1806-7 — 
Baron, 1807 — accompanies Marshal Ney to 
Spain, 1808 — suspended, 1809 — General of 
Brigade, 18 10 — historiographer of the empire, 
181 1 — distinguishes himself in Eussian ex- 
pedition, 1 8 12— governor of Wilna, and of 
Smolensko, 1 8 1 2 — distinguishes himself at 
battle of Bautzen, 18 13 — deserts to the allies, 
18 13 — accompanies Emperor Alexander to 
Paris, and is named Chevalier of St Louis, 
1 8 15 — at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 181 8 — 
of Verona, 1823 — aide-de-camp to Emperor 
Nicholas, 1825— settles at Brussels, 1855 — tf. 
at Passy, 24 Mar. 1869. Traite des grandes 
operations milit aires, 1804 — Vie politique et 
militaire de Napoleon, 1827 — Precis de I' Art 
de Guerre, 1838 — Histoire critique et militaire 
des campagnes de la Revolution de 1792 d 1801, 
$c, 1819-24. 

Jonah, Jewish Prophet,— [B C] — lives, before 
825/ 862, b about 840,° about 750 ? 

a Ussher. b Bib. Chron. c Drake. 



Jones, Ernest Charles, poet, politician, — 
called to the bar at the Middle Temple, 1 844 
— becomes Chartist leader, 1845-6 — imprisoned, 
1848-50— tf. at Manchester, 26 Jan. 1869. 
Wood-spirit, 1841 — Battle-l)ay, 1855 — Songs 
of Democracy, 1 856-7 . 

Jones, George, painter, — ft., 1786— student 
at Eoyal Academy, 1801 — A.E.A., 1822 — E.A., 
1824 — Librarian, 1834-40 — Keeper, 1840-50 — 
tf. in London, 19 Sep. 1869. Life of Chantreg, 
1849. 

Jones, Inigo, architect, — ft. in London, 
before 19 Jul. 1573 a — in Denmark, about 
1604-5 — employed at English Court, 1605 — 
surveyor of the works to Prince Henry, 16 10- 
12 — visits Italy a second time, 1612-15 — 
surveyor of the works to James I., 1615 — 
member of commission for repair of St Paul's, 
1620 — quarrels with Ben Jonson, 1631 — tf. in 
London, 21 Jun. 1652. a Banqueting House, 
JFh itehall, 1 6 1 9 - 2 2 — Piazza and eh urch, Co ven t 
Garden, 1631-8 — Stonehenge restored, 1655. 
a Cunningham. 
Jones, Jeremiah, theologian, — ft., about 
1693 ? — tf., 1724. Method of settling the 
Canonical Authority of the New Testament, 
1726-27. 

Jones, John, theologian, §c, — ft. in London, 
10 Jan. 1827. Ecclesiastical Researches-, 1812 
— Greek and English Lexicon, 1823. 

Jones, John Gale, delegate of London Cor- 
responding Society, — convicted of sedition, 9 
Apr. 1797— committed to Newgate for alleged 
infringement of privileges of House of Commons, 
is refused a trial, and is sent out of prison by 
stratagem, Mar. 18 10. 

Jones, John Paul, adventurer, — ft. in Scot- 
land, 6 Jul. i747, a about 1736 b — settles in 
Virginia, 1773 — distinguishes himself in 
American war, 1776-83 — makes a descent on 
English coast at Whitehaven, 1777 — captures 
the Serapis, off Flamborough Head, Sep./ 1 
Aug. b 1779 — receives gold medal from American 
Congress, Feb. 17 81 — at Paris, 1789-90— tf. at 
Paris, 18 Jul. 1792. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 
Jones, Owen, (Myfir,) antiquary, — ft., 
1740 — tf., 1814. Myvyrian Archeology of 
Wales, 1 801-7. 

Jones, (Johnes,) Thomas, translator, — ft. in 
Wales, about 1749 — tf. atHafod, 23 Apr. 1816. 
Translations of Eroissart, 1803-7 — °^ Broc- 
quiere, 1807 — of Monstrelet, 1809. 

Jones, William, (Pones of Nayland,) theo- 
logian, — ft. in Northamptonshire, 30 Jul. 1726 
— enters Univ. Coll., Oxford, about 1744 — ■ 
B.A., 1749 — ordained priest, 1751 — F.B.S., 
1780 — tf., Feb. 1800. Catholic Doctrine of the 
Trinity, 1756 — Physiological Disquisitions, 
1 7 8 1 — Art of Music, 1 7 84 — The Scholar armed 
against Errors of the Times, 1792 — Letter from 
Thomas Bidl to his brother John, 1792 — Life 
of Bp Home, 1795 — originates the British 
Critic, 1793. 

Jones, Sir William, orientalist, §c., — ft. in 
London, 28 Sep. 1746 — enters Oxford Univ., 
1764 — tutor to Lord Althorp, i765-~o — 
F.E.S., 1772 — M.A., 1773 — called to the bar, 
Jan. 1774— visits France, 1780-1 — Knt, Judge 



JONKOPING— JOSEPH II. 



7*i 



of Supreme Court of Bengal, 1783 — marries 
and goes to India, Apr. 1783 — tf. at Calcutta, 
27 Apr. 17.94. Life of Nadir Shah, 1773 — 
Jfoeseos Asiaticce Commentariorum lib. VI., 
1774 — Moallahat, 1783 — Laivs of Manu, 1794 
— translations of Sacuntalu, 1789. 

Jonkoping", Treaty of, — for peace between 
Sweden and .Denmark, signed, 10 Dec. 1809. 

Jonson, [Johnson,) Benjamin, dramatist, — 
b. at Westminster, 1574 — settles at Oxford, 
about 161 6 — poet laureate, 16 19 — tf., 6 Aug. 
1637. Every Man in his Humour, 1598 — 
Sejanus, 1603 — Volpone, 1605 — Epicozne, 1609 
— A lehemist, 1 6 1 o. 

Jonsson, Finn, (Finnus Johannceus,) his- 
torian, — ft. in Iceland, 16 Jan. 1704 — studies 
at Copenhagen, 1725 — Bp of Skalholt, 1754 — 
tf., 23 Jul. 1789,* about i8io. b Ristoria 
Ecclesiastica Islandice, 1772-8. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Jonston, Johann, naturalist, — b. in Posen, 
1603 — tf. in Silesia, 1675. Thaumatographia 
nat., 1632 — Bendrographia, <S;c, 1662 — Ris- 
toria animalium, 1649-53. 

Joppa, {Jaffa,) in Palestine, — [BC] — sea- 
port of Jewish kingdom, about 1040 ? — taken 
by Jonathan Maccabasus, about 155 ? — occupied 
and fortified by Simon, about 140 ? — annexed 
to Syria by Pompey, 63— restored to the Jews 
by Caesar, 40 — seized by Herod the Great, 39 
— assigned to Archelaus, 4— [AD] — taken and 
burnt by Cestius, 66 a — destroyed by Vespasian, 
67 a — seat of a bishopric, about 530? — taken 
by Arabs under Omar, 636 — by crusaders, 
1099 — by Saladin, and fortifications destroyed, 
1 1 88 — refortified by Bichard I. of England, 
1 191 — sacked by Malek el Adel, (604, a. h.) 
1207° — recovered by crusaders, 1207= — again 
fortified by Frederick II., 1228 b — occupied by 
crusaders, 1239 b — unsuccessfully besieged by 
Kharismian allies of Nodgemecldin, 1 244 b 
— occupied by St Louis, again fortified, 1253 d 
—sacked by Arabs, 1722 d — by Mamelukes, 
1775 d — by Napoleon I., who massacres the 
prisoners at, 1799. 

a Josephus. b Kington. 

c Art de Verifier les Dates. d Smith's Diet. Bib. 

Jordaens, Jacob, painter, — b. at Antwerp, 
1594 — tf. there, 18 Oct. 1678. 

Jordan, Camille, — b. at Lyons, n Jan. 177 1 
— distinguishes himself in defence of Lyons, 
1793 — member of Council of Five Hundred, 
1797 — deputy to Louis XVIIL, receives cross 
of Legion of Honour, 18 14 — member of 
Chamber of Deputies, Counsellor of State, 18 16 
— tf., 19 May 1821. 

Jordan, Dorothea, {Dorothy Bland,) actress, 
■ — ft. at Waterford, about 1762 — appears on 
Dublin stage, 1777 — at Drury Lane, 1785 — 
becomes mistress of William, Duke of Clarence, 
1791 — the connection ends, 181 1— tf. at St 
Cloud, 3 Jul. 1 8 16. 

Jordanes. [Jornandes.] 

Jorge Juan y Santacilia. [Juan. J 

Jorgenson, Jorgen, — b. at Copenhagen, 
1779 — sent to England, 1793 — assumes go- 
vernment of Iceland, Jun. 1809 — sent to Eng- 
land, Aug. 1809— tf., probably soon after 1825. 



Travels through France and Germany in the 
years 1815-17, 1817. 

Jorisz, David. [David-George.] 

Jornandes, (Jordanes?) Bp of Bayenna, 
historian, — fi., about 550. Be Rcgnorum suc- 
cessione, 551 a — Be Getarum origine et rebus 
gestis, 552. a a Clinton. 

Jortin, John, miscellaneous ivriter, — ft. in 
London, 1698 — studies at Cambridge, 17 15 — 
Fellow of Jesus Coll., Oct. 1721 — M.A., 1722 
— takes holy orders, 1724 — settles in London, 
1 7 30- 1 — chaplain to Bp of London, and pre- 
bendary of St Paul's, 1762 — Archdeacon of 
London, 1764 — tf. there, 5 Sep. 1770. Lusus 
poetici, 1722 — Observations on Authors, ancient 
and modern, 172,1-2 — Remarks upon Ecclesias- 
tical History, 175 1-4 — Life of Erasmus, 
1758-60. 

Jorullo, Volcanic mountain in Mexico, — sud- 
denly formed, 29 Sep. 1759. 

Jose, Antonio, dramatist, — produces his 
comic operas, 1730-40 — seized as a Jew, im- 
prisoned in the Inquisition, and burnt, 1745. 

Joseph, Hebrew patriarch, — [B C] — b., spring 
i745, a i879, b about *9°6 C — sold info Egypt, 
spring 1728^ i862, b 1890° — made governor of 
Egypt, winter i7i5, a 1849^ 1876 c — brings his 
father and brothers into Egypt, winter 1706,* 
1840^ 1867 c — tf., spring 1675^ 1770^ 

a Ussher. b Clinton. c Smith's Diet. Bible. 

Joseph I., Emperor of the Eomans, — ft. 
at Vienna, 26 Jul. 1678, a 1676 b — crowned 
King of Hungary, 9 Dec. 1687 — King of the 
Bomans, 24 Jan. 1690 — marries Wilhelmina 
Amelia of Hanover, 1699 — takes Landau, 1702 
and 1704 — succeeds his father, Leopold, 6 May 
1705 — puts Electors of Cologne and Bavaria to 
ban of the Empire and deprives them of their 
states, 29 Apr. 1706 — conquest of Naples 
effected by Count Daun, 1707 — revives claims 
of the Empire on grand fiefs of Italy, 1707 — 
the pope, Clement XL, resists, but is compelled 
to submit : puts Duke of Mantua to ban of 
the Empire, 1708 — tf., 17 Apr. 17 11. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. 

Joseph II., Emperor of the Bomans, — ft., 
13 Mar. 1 741 — marries Maria Isabella of 
Parma, 6 Oct. 1760 — who dies, 27 Nov. 1763 
— elected King of the Bomans, 27 Mar. 17 4 
— marries Maria Josephine of Bavaria, 23 Jan. 
1765 — succeeds his father, Francis, 18 Aug. 
1765 — declared by his mother, Maria Theresa, 
co-regent of hereditary states, 1765 — death of 
his second wife, 28 May 1767— visits Italy, 
1769 — has interview with Frederick the Great 
at Neiss, they discuss the partition of Poland, 
25 Aug. 1769 — again at Neustadt, 1770 — joins 
in first partition of Poland, Jul. to Aug. 1772 
—visits court of France, Apr. to May 1777 — 
claims succession to Bavaria, and invades 
Electorate, early in 1778— Treaty of Teschen, 
13 May 1779 — meets Empress Catberine, 24 
May — and follows her to St Petersburg : on 
death of his mother becomes king of Hungary 
and Bohemia, 29 Nov. 1780 — refuses to be 
crowned, and removes crown of St Stephen from 
Presburg to Vienna, 1780 — suppresses monas- 
teries, prohibits pilgrimages, and prohibits 



782 



JOSEPH— JOUFFROY. 



publication of Papal bulls, 1780 — at Diet of 
Ratishon, Mar. 17 81— again goes to Paris, 
spring 17 8 1 — publishes edict of toleration, 13 
Oct. 178 1 — dissolves the Barrier Treaty, and 
orders fortresses of the Netherlands to be dis- 
mantled, Nov. 1 78 1 — suppresses pensions, 178 1 
— receives Pope Pius VI. at Vienna, Mar. to 
Apr. 1782-^goes to Home, Dec. 1783 — Treaty 
of Fontainebleau, 8 Nov. 1785 — his interview 
with Empress Catherine at Cherson, 18 May 
1787 — accompanies her to the Crimea, May to 
Jun. 1787 — declares war on Turkey, 10 Feb. 
1788 — opens the campaign, Mar. — forms siege 
of Belgrade, 25 Apr. — is compelled to raise it, 
and retires across the Save : gives the command 
to Laudon, Aug. — by his rigorous measures 
excites Belgians to insurrection, Jun. 1789 — 
loses his niece, Archduchess Elizabeth, 18 Feb. 
1790 — tf., 20 Feb. 1790. 

Joseph, King of Naples and Spain. [Bo- 
naparte, Joseph.] 

Joseph Emmanuel, King of Portugal, — 
fc., 6 Jun. 17 14 — marries Princess Maria Anna of 
Spain, 19 Jan. 1729 — succeeds his father, John 
V., 3 Jul. 1750 — escapes with his family from 
earthquake of Lisbon, 1 Nov. 1755 — attacked 
by assassins near Lisbon, 3 Dec. 1758 — expels 
Jesuits, 3 Sep. 1759 — suppresses the bull In 
Ccena Domini and the Index, 6 Apr. 1768 — de- 
prives Inquisition of censorship of books, 8 Apr. 
— deprives it of its special powers, 20 May 1769 
— abolishes distinction of Old and New Christ- 
ians, 25 May 1773 — tf. at Lisbon 24 Feb. 
1777. [Ponibal, Marquis of.] 

Joseph, Father, (Francois leclerc du Trem- 
blay,) confidant of Richelieu, — b. at Paris, 4 
Nov. 1577 — becomes a Capuchin monk, 1599 — 
procures recall of Richelieu from exile, and be- 
comes his agent, 1619 — tf., 18 Dec. 1638. 

Josephine, {Marie Josephe Rose de Tascher de 
la Pagerie,) Empress of France, — b. at Mar- 
tinique, 1763 or 1767 — taken to France, and 
married to Viscount de Beauharnais, 1779— 
visits Martinique, 1787-90 — her husband ex- 
ecuted, 1794 — rescued from prison by Tallien, 
1794 — marries Napoleon Bonaparte, (19 Ven- 
tose an IV.,) 9 Mar. 1796 — crowned Empress 
at Paris, 2 Dec. 1 804 — crowned Queen of Italy 
at Milan, 26 May 1805 — divorced, 16 Dec. 
1809 — retires to Malmaison : visited by Em- 
peror Alexander, 1814 — tf., 29 May 1814. 

Josephus, Patriarch of Constantinople, 
— appointed, 141 6 — attends Council of Flo- 
rence, and tf. there, 16 Jun. 1439. 

Josephus, Flavins, historian, — ft. at Jeru- 
salem, 38 a — spends three years with the recluse 
Banus, 54-57 — joins the Pharisees, 57, 53 ? — 
wrecked on voyage to Rome, 6 3 — at Rome, 64 il 
— general of Jews in Galilee, 66 — defends 
Jotapata, and gives himself up to Vespasian, 67 
— set free, 70 — at siege of Jerusalem, 70 — 
settles at Rome, 71 — finishes his Jewish War, 
about 75 — finishes his Antiquities, close of 93 
— tf., after 97. a Clinton. 

Joshua, — [BC]— ft., (Jew. era, 2406, :i ) 1037, 
1537, b 1665c — defeats Amalekites at Rephidim, 
mid. Jun. 149 1 — servant to Moses at Sinai, 
Jan. to Jul. 1 49 1 — goes as one of the spies 



from Kadesh Barnea, end of Aug. 1490 d — ap- 
pointed leader in place of Moses, 145 i, d 1585 c 
— enters Canaan, (1 mo, 10,) 30 Apr. 145 1 d — 
divides Canaan amongst the tribes, 1445 d — tf., 
1427, t about 1555.° 
a Tsem. David. b Bib. Cyc. c Clinton. d Ussher. 

Josiah. [See Jews, j 

Josquin-Deprez. [Depres, Josquin.] 

Josse. [Jobst] 

Jost, Isaak Markus, historian, — ft. at Bern- 
burg, 22 Feb. 1793 — studies at Gottingen,i8i3 
— at Berlin, 1814-16 — settles at Frankfort-on- 
the-Main, 1835 — tf., 1862. -Geschichte der 
Israeliten, 1820-29 — Neuere Geschichte der 
Israeliten, 1846 — Translation of the Mishna, 
1832-34 — Erkliirende Worterbuch zu Shak- 
speare, 1831 — edits Israelitischen Annalen, 
1839-41 — edits, with Creizenach, Zion, 1841- 
42. 

Jotapata, in Palestine, — invested by Ves- 
pasian and Titus, 24 Apr. 67 — defended by 
Josephus: taken by assault, 2 Jun. 67. 

Joubert, Bartheleini Catherine, general, — 
ft. at Pont-de-Vaux, 14 Apr. 1769— enters the 
army, 1 784 — Adjutant-general, 1 7 94 — distin- 
guishes himself at battle of Loano, General of 
Brigade, 1795 — distinguishes himself at Mon- 
tenotte, 11 Apr. 1796 — wounded at Millesimo, 
13 Apr. — again at passage of the Tanaro, 17 
Apr. — takes Verona, Jun. — defeated by "YVurm- 
ser, at Corona, end of Jun. — distinguishes 
himself at Castiglione, 6 Jul. — General of Divi- 
sion, close of 1796 — distinguishes himself at 
battle of Rivoli, 14 Jan. 1797 — in expedition 
of the Tyrol, 1797 — General-in-chief of army 
of Italy, Aug. 1798 — takes possession of Pied- 
mont, Dec. 1798 — falls at battle of Novi, 15 
Aug. 1799. 

Joubert, Laurent, physician, — ft. in Dau- 
phiny, 1529— M.D. Montpellier, 1558— Prof. 
Anatomy, 1566 — Chancellor of the University, 
1574 — physician to the king, 1579 — &•> at 
Lombez, 21 Oct. 1583. Paradoxa niedica, 1566 
— Erreurs populaires au fait de la medicine, 
$c., 1570. 

Jouffroy, Marquis de, — ft. inFranche Comte, 
about 1 75 1 — attempts to apply steam to navi- 
gation, 1776 and 1783— again, 1816 — tf., 1832 
— his claim to discovery of steam navigation 
acknowledged by Academy of Sciences, 1840. 

Jouifroy, Theodore Simon, philosopher, — ft. 
near Mouthe, (Doubs,) 1796 — studies at the 
Normal School, 18 14 — reader in Philosophy, 
1817-22 — Prof. Pbilosophy, College Bourbon, 
1817-20 — Prof. Ancient Philosophy, Faculty 
of Letters of Paris, 1828 — Assistant Prof. 
History of Modern Philosophy, 1830 — member 
of Chamber of Deputies, 1831 — Prof. Greek 
Literature and Philosophy, Coll. de France, 
1833 — resigns his chair and is named librarian 
to the Univ., 1838 — member of Council of 
the Univ., 1840 — tf. at Paris, 4 Feb. 1842. 
Translations of Dug aid Stetvart's Sketches of 
Moral Philosophy, 1826 — of Works of Thomas 
Reid, 1828-35 — Melanges p>hilosop>hiques, 1833 
— Cotirs de Droit Natitrel, 1835 — Nouveaux 
Melanges philosophiques, 1 842 — Cours d'Esthe- 
tique, 1843, 



JOTJNPOOR— JOYEUSE. 



7S3 



Jounpoor. [Juanpur.] 

Jourdain, — b. in Palestine, about 1200 — 
becomes Preaching Friar, 1220 — Patriarch of 
the Order, 6 Aug. 1221— ft. by shipwreck, near 
Acre, 13 Feb. 1237. 

Jourdain, Margery, the Witch of Eye, — ac- 
cused as confederate of Duchess of" Gloucester 
against Henry VI., and executed, 1441. 

Jourdan, Jean Baptiste, Peep, and Mar- 
shal of France, — b. at Limoges, 2 Apr. 1762 
— enters the army, 1778 — serves in American 
war, 1778-82 — serves under Dumouriez in 
campaign of Belgium, 1792 — General of 
Division, 30 Jul. 1793 — wounded at battle of 
Hondschoote, 8 Sep. — Commander-in-chief of 
army of the North, Oct. — raises the blockade 
of Maubeuge, Oct. — defeats Austrians at 
Arlon, May 1794 — takes Charleroi, 25 Jun. — 
obtains victory over Austrians at Fleurus, 26 
Jim.— defeats Clairfait before Maestricht, 18 
Sep. — takes Juliers on the Roer, 2 Oct. — takes 
the fortress of Luxemburg, 1795 — passes the 
Rhine, 7 Sep. 1795— again, Jul. 1796— de- 
feated by the Austrians at "Wurzburg, 3 Sep. 
1796 — resigns his command, and is chosen 
member of Council of Five Hundred, 1797 — 
Pres., 23 Sep., 1797 — secretary, 21 Jan. 1798 
— again Pres., 24 Sep. — commands army of the 
Danube, 1798 — defeated by Austrians at 
Ostrach, 20 Mar. 1799— again at Stockach, 
25 Mar. — reelected to Council of Five Hun- 
dred, May — excluded, Nov. — chief adminis- 
trator of Piedmont, 1800 — Councillor of State, 
1802— member of Conservative Senate, Jan. 
1803 — Marshal of the Empire, 19 May 1804 — 
Grand Cordon of Legion of Honour, 1 Feb. 
1805 — governor of Naples, 1806 — follows 
Joseph Bonaparte to Spain, 1808 — Chevalier 
of St Louis, 1814 — Count, 1815 — called to 
Chamber of Peers, Mar. i8i9, a i8i8 b — 
ft., governor of the Hotel des Invalides, at 
Paris, 24 Nov. 1833. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Jourdan, Mathieu Jouve, (Coupe-tete,) — b. 
at St Just near Puy, Velay, 1749 — head of the 
Brigands of Avignon, Nov. 1791 — arrested at 
Marseilles, 1793 — executed, 27 May 1794. 

' Journal des Savants,' — commenced, 5 
Jan. 1655. 

' Journal de Trevoux.' [Trevoux.] 

Journals, of Souse of Lords, — commence, 
1509 — of House of Commons, commence, 1547. 

Jouvancy, Joseph, a (Pierre, b ) Jesuit,— %. 
at Paris, 14 Sep. 1643 — enters the Order, 1659 
— called to Rome, 1699 — ft. there, 29 May 17 19. 
Hist, societatis Jesu pars quinta * * ab anno 
1591 ad annum 1616, 17 10 — He ratione discendi 
et docendi, 1692. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Jouvenet, Jean, painter, — b. at Rouen, 21 
Aug. 1 647 , 11 before 1 May 1644*' — received at 
Academy of Painting, 1675 — one of the rectors, 
1707 — ft. at Paris, 5 Apr. 17 17. Esther before 
Ahasuerus, 1675. a Biog. Univ. b Jal. 

Jouy, Victor Joseph Etienne de, miscellaneous 
writer, — b. at Jouy, near Versailles, 1769,* 
1764 b — serves in the army, 1782-99 — settles at 
Paris, about 1 800— admitted to Academy, 18 15 
— librarian of the Louvre, after 1830— ft. at 
Paris, Oct," 1 4 Sep. b 1846. L' Hermits de la 



chaussee d'Antin, 18 15 — L'Hermite en Erison, 
1823 — Z'Hermite en Liberie, 1824. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. 

Jovellanos, Gaspar Melchior de, statesman , 
miscellaneous ivriter, — b. in the Asturias, 
i749, a b 1744° — admitted to Spanish Academy, 
1769— Chief Judge of King's Court, Madrid, 
1778 — exiled with Cabarrus, 1790— founds the 
Lnstituto Asturiano, Gijon, 1794 — minister of 
grace and justice, 1799, 1 *797 c — imprisoned in 
Majorca, 1 801-8 — member of Central Junta, 
1809 — ft., 27 Nov. 181 1. Obras, 1830-2. 

a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Conv.-Lex. 

Jovianus, JTlavius Claudius, Roman Em- 
peror, — chosen Emperor on death of Julian, 
(0 Kal. Jul.) 27 Jun. 363— ft., ( 14 .Kal. Mar.) 
17 Feb. 364. 

Jovinian, Ltalian monk, — opposes asceti- 
cism, about 388 — condemned by Siricius, Bp of 
Rome, 390 — escapes to Milan, is opposed by 
Ambrose and condemned, 390 — banished by 
Theodosius, 12 Sep. 390 — Jerome writes 
against, 393 — ft., before 406? — living and 
again banished by Honorius, 412. ? 

Jovinus, — revolts against Theodosius and 
assumes the purple at Moguutiacum, Sep. 410 
— negotiates with Ataulphus, 412 — taken pri- 
soner by Ataulphus at Narbonne, and put to 
death, 413. 

Jovinus, Valens, general of Valentinian, — 
defeats Alamanni, about Jun. 366 — Consul 
with Lupicinus, (1120, A. u. c.) 367 — sent to 
command in Britain, 367. 

Jovius, Paul. [Giovio.] 

Joyce, cornet in parliamentary army, — 
seizes Charles I. at Holmby House and takes 
him to Childersley, 4 Jun. 1647. 

Joyce, Jeremiah, miscellaneous writer, — b., 
1764 — prosecuted with Hardy, Home Tooke, 
and others, 1794 — ft., 1816. Scientific Hia- 
loyues, 1807 — Dialogues on Chemistry, 1807 — 
Arithmetic, 1808. 

Joyeuse, Anne de, Admiral or France, — 
b., about 156 1 — distinguishes himself at siege 
of la Fere, 1580 — Duke, 1580 — Admiral of 
France, 1582— governor of Normandy, 1583 
— commands army of Guienne, 1587 — defeat- 
ed and killed at battle of Coutras, 20 Oct. 
1587. 

Joyeuse, Francois de, cardinal, — b., 24 
Jun. 1562 — Abpof Narbonne, 1582 — Cardinal, 
about 1583 — negotiates reconciliation of Henry 
IV. with the pope, 1593 — Abp of Bouen, 1604 
— Pres. of General Assembly of the Clergy, 
1605 — legate of Paul Y. in France, 1606 — ■ 
negotiates peace between Rome and Venice, 
1607 — namedmember of regency by Henry IV., 
1 6 10 — crowns Queen Mary de' Medici at St 
Denis, 13 May 16 10 — crowns Louis XIII. at 
Rheims, 17 Oct. — Pres. of States, General, 
16 14 — ft. dean of the cardinals, at Avignon, 
27 Aug. 1615. 

Joyeuse, Jean Armand, Makquis de. Mar- 
shal of France, — b., 1631 — serves with dis- 
tinction in the Netherlands, Germany, and 
Spain for nearly 50 years, 1648-97 — Chevalier, 
1688 — Marshal of France, 1693 — wounded at 
battle of Neerwinden, Jul. 1693 — governor of 



784 



JUAN— JITEL. 



the three bishoprics, 1697 — "&• at Paris, 1 Jul. 
17 10. 

Juan, Don. [John, Don.] 

Juan Fernandez, island in the Pacific Ocean, 
— visited by Anson, 1741- — Spanish settlement 
on, 1750— earthquake, 175 1 — visited by Car- 
teret, 1767 — earthquake and submarine volcanic 
eruption, 1835. [Selkirk, Alexander.] 

Juan y Santacilia, George, mathematician, 
— b. at Orihuela, 17 12 — enters the navy, 1725 
— goes to America, 1735— if. at Cadiz, 21 Jim. 
1774. Examen maritime- theorico-practico, 1 7 7 1 . 

Juanpur, (Jonpur,) in Hindustan, ■ — fort 
built by Feroze Shah Toghluk, 1370 — inde- 
pendent, after 1394 — the king besieges Delhi, 
(856, a. h.) 1452 — war with Behlol Lodi, 
commenced, 1452 — territory annexed to Delhi, 
(883,) 1478 — a brother of Ibrahim proclaimed 
King and defeated, about 1515-16 — occupied by 
Baber, 1526 — besieged by Shere Khan, 1538-9 
— conquered by Akber, 1559 — Shere Shah II. 
attempts to regain, defeated by Khan Zeman, 
1560 — Khan Zeman rebels, 1564 — seized by 
Vizier of Oude, 1760 — ceded to E. I. Company, 

1775. 

Juanpur, {Rulers,') — Kiiaja Jehan, (796, 
a. h.) 1394— Mobakik, (802,) 1399 — Ibrahim, 
(804,) 1401 — Mahmud, (844,) 1440 — Mo- 
hammed, (862,) 1457 — Htjsen, 1457. 

Juarez, Benito, Pkesident of Eepublic 
of Mexico, — b., 1809 — member of Institute of 
Arts and Sciences, Mexico, 1830 — member of 
State Legislature, 1833 — Prof. Canon Law, 
Oaxaca, 1834 — deputy to Congress, 1846 — Go- 
vernor of Oaxaca, 1848-52 — banished by Santa 
Anna, 1853 — Minister of Foreign Affairs and 
Justice to Alvarez, Oct. to Dec. 1855— member 
of Congress, 1856 — Pres., Jan. 1858 — is defeated 
by Zuloaga and retires to Vera Cruz, Jan. 1859 
■ — recognized as Pres. by United States, Apr. 
1 859 — reenters Mexico after defeat of Miramon, 
Jan. 1 86 1 — Pres. again, 11 Jun. 1861 — decrees 
dissolution of religious orders and seculariza- 
tion of Church property, Jun. — suspends pay- 
ments to creditors of the State, 17 Jun. — 
[Mexican Expedition] — convention of Soledad, 
19 Jan. 1862 — revolt of Almonte, who is pro- 
claimed Pres., 3 Jun. 1862 — on approach of 
the French removes to San Luis de Potosi, 10 
Jun. — [Maximilian, Empekok of Mexico] — 
abandons San Luis, Nov. 1863— declares his 
Presidency extended, Dec. 1865 — orders Maxi- 
milian to be shot, 19 Jun. 1867 — reenters 
Mexico, 16 Jul. 1867 — reelected Pres., Oct. . 

Juba I., King of jNumidia, — [BC] — at 
Bome, to oppose Masintha, 62 — succeeds his 
father Hiempsal : his kingdom proposed to be 
made a Eoman province by Curio, 50— joins 
Pompey's party, defeats and kills Curio, 49 — 
takes part in African war against Caesar, 47 — 
defeated at Thapsus, kills himself, (pr. Non. 
Apr. 708,) 4 Feb. 46.* a Fischer. 

Juba II., King of Mauritania, — [BC] — 
historian, §c, — carried to Eome by Caesar for 
his triumph, 46 — restored to kingdom of JSu- 
midia by Augustus, 30 — Numidia exchanged 
for Mauritania, 25 — tf. [AD] 18 or 19, 11 4.'" 
a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. 



Jube, Auguste, general,— b. near Montlhery, 
1765 — Inspector-general of the coasts, 1794 — 
Adjutant-general, 1796 — Marechal cie Camp, 
1 8 16 — tf. at Dourdan, 1 Jul. 1824. JBistoire 
des guerres des Gaulois et des Erancais en 
Italic, 1805. 

Jubilee, — of .Roman Church, proclaimed by 
Boniface VIII. , with general indulgence to 
pilgrims to Eome, 1300 — period of celebration 
reduced to fifty years by Clement VI., 1350 — 
to thirty-three years by Urban VI., 1388 — 
again raised to fifty by Nicholas V., 1450 — 
fixed to twenty-five by Paul II., 19 Apr. 1470. 
Of the Reformation, celebrated in Germany, 
1617. Shakespeare, celebrated at Stratford- 
on-Avon, 6-8 Sep. 1769 — another, 1824. Na- 
tional, on commencement of fiftieth year of 
reign of George III., 25 Oct. 1809. 

Juda Hakkadosch, Eabbi, — b. at Sephora, 
120. Completes the Mishna, about 190-200. 

Juda, Leo de, theologian, — b. in Alsace, 
1482 — studies at Basel, about 1502 — tf. in 
Switzerland, 1542. Translation of the Bible, 

1543- 

Judah, Kingdom of. [See Jews.] 

Judas Levita, Eabbi,— b., 1090— "&., 1140. 

Judges, [see Jews.] 

Judges, at Rome, (Judices,) — [B C] — selection 
and appointment of, regulated by Lex Semprouia 
of C. Gracchus, 123 — Lex Servilia Ccepionis, 
106 — Lex Servilia Glaucicc repetundarum, pro- 
bably 104— to be chosen by the Tribes, by Lex 
Plant i a, 89 — to be chosen from the Senators, 
by Lex Cornelia, 80 — to be chosen from Se- 
nators, Equites, and Tribuni JErarii, by Lex 
Aurelia, 70 — further regulations by Leges Pom- 
peice, 55 and 52 — re-constituted and increased 
in number by Augustus, 28 ? 

Judges, of Superior Courts in England, — 
hold office during good behaviour, removable 
by the Crown on address of parliament, by Act 
13 "Wm III. c. 2, 1702 — their commissions 
not to cease by demise of the Crown, by Act 1 
Geo. III. c. 23, 19 Mar. 176 1. 

Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, 
— constituted by Act 3 and 4 Wm IV. c. 41, 14 
Aug. 1833. 

Judith, — [B C] — kills Holof ernes and de- 
livers Judaea, spring 6$6, a (Msan,) about Apr. 
633^ about 525, c about 5io, d about 475, e 
about 400/ 688.S 
a Ussher. b Clinton. c Euseb. d Whiston. 

e Jul. Afric. f Sulp. Sev. S Petavius. 

Judith, daughter of Charles the Bald, — ' 
marries Ethelwulf, king of England, at Eheims, 
1 Oct. 856 — on his death marries bis son 
Ethelbald, 858 — sent back to France; retires 
to a convent, 860 — carried off by Baldwin 
Iron-arm, Count of Flanders, 862. 

Judson, Adoniram, missionary, — b. in Mas- 
sachusetts, 9 Aug. 1788 — visits England, 181 1 
— arrives at Rangoon, Birmah, Jul. 1813 — visits 
Boston, U. S., 1845 — Ij. at sea, 12 Apr. 1850. 
Birmcse translation of the Bible, 1835 — Bir- 
mese and English Dictionary, 1852. 

Juel, Nicholas, admiral, — b. in Denmark, 
8 May 1629 — serves in Dutch fleet under Tromp 
and Buyter, 1652 — distinguishes himself at 



JUGGEENAUTH-JULIITS II. 



785 



siege of Copenhagen, 1659 — takes possession of 
Isle of Gothland, 1676 — defeats Swedish fleet 
twice, Jun, 1676 — governor of Gothland, 1676 
— obtains third victory, 1-2 Jul. 1677 — Lieu- 
tenant-general, Admiral, Jul. 1677 — Knt of 
the Elephant, 1679— U. at Copenhagen, 8 Apr. 
1697. 

Juggernauth, (Jagannat,) Pagoda of—in 
Orissa, completed, 1198 — becomes place of pil- 
grimage, probably about 1740. 

Jagurtha, King of Ntjmidia, — [B C] — 
adopted by Micipsa, 149 — sent to aid Scipio 
against Numantia, 134 — kills Hiempsal and 
defeats Adherbal, 1 1 8— obtains division of the 
kingdom, 1x7 — takes Cirta and kills Adherbal, 
112 — purchases peace of Calpurnius Bestia, 1 1 1 
— summoned to Eome, assassinates Massiva, 
and returns to Africa, 1 1 1 — defeats Aulus Pos- 
tumus and sends his army under the yoke, no 
— defeated by Csecilius Metellus, 109— joined 
by Bocchus, 108 — defeated by Marius, 107 — 
taken prisoner, early in 106 — carried to Eome 
to triumph of Marius, and starved to death, 1 
Jan. 104. 

Jukes, Joseph Eeete, geologist, — ^, near 
Birmingham, 10 Oct. 181 1 — B.A. Cambridge, 
!3^6 — M.A., 1 841 — naturalist to exploring 
expedition to Australia, &c, Jan. 1842 to Jun. 
1846 — engaged on Geological Survey of United 
Kingdom, 1846 — Director of Geological Survey 
of Ireland, 1850— Prof. Geology, lloyal Coll. 
Science, 1854 — rj., 29 Jul. 1869. Excursions 
in Newfoundland, 1842 — Student's Manual of 
Geology, 1858 — Physical Structure of Australia, 
1850. 

Julia, — [BC] — ft., 832 — married to Cn. 
Pompey, 59— rj., Sep. 54. 

Julia, — LB C] — fc., 39 — married to Marcellus, 
25 — married to Vipsanius Agrippa, 23 — ac- 
companies him to Syria, 17 — Agrippa dies, 12 

— married to Tiberius Nero, 1 1 — Tiberius 
leaves her, 6 — banished to Pandataria, 2 — tj. 
[AD] 14. 

Julian, Cardinal, (Giuliano Cesarini,)— 
ij., 1398 — Cardinal, by Martin V., 1426 — legate 
in Germany, preaches crusade against the Hus- 
sites, 1427 — presides at Council of Basel, Jul. 
143 1 to Jan. 1438 — ambassador from Eugenius 
IV. to Ladislaus, king of Hungary, 1443 — 
urges him to violate his treaty of peace with 
Amurath II., 1444 — disappears at battle of 
Varna, 10 Nov. 1444. 

Julian, Count, Governor of Ceuta, — success- 
fully defends Ceuta against Musa, 709 — offers 
to aid the Moors in conquest of Spain, 709 — 
takes part in overthrow of Koderic the Visigoth, 
7 10-7 1 1. 

Julian Era, — [BC] — commences, 1 Jan. 

45- 

Julian Period, — [BC] — commences, 1 Jan. 

4713. 

Julianus, Bp of Eclanum, theologian, — ap- 
pointed, about 416 — refuses to sign the 
Tractoria, 418 — and appeals to General Coun- 
cil ; deposed, 41 8 — banished by Emperor, takes 
refuge with Theodore of Mopsuestia, 420 — 
befriended by Nestorius at Constantinople, 428 

— condemned by Council of Ephesus, 431 — at- 



tempts to regain his station, 439 — rj., before 
455- 

Julianus, Bp of Halicaknasstjs, — banished 
from Alexandria by Justinian, 539. 

Julianus. (1.) Consul of Eome with Piso, 
(928, a.u.c.) 175. (2.) CW^withCrispinus, 
(977,) 224. (3.) C'onsulvfith. Paulinus, (1078,) 
325- 

Julianus, jurist, — publishes Epitome of No- 
vella, 556 ? 570.* a Freherus. 

Julianus, Anicius, — Consul with Petronius 
Probianus, (1075, a. u. c.) 322. 

Julianus, Didius. [Didius.] 

Julianus, Fiavius Claudius, Apostata, 
Eoman Emperor — ft., 17 Nov. 331-2 — im- 
prisoned in Asia, 354 — removed to Italy, 355 
— prisoner at large at Athens, 355 — proclaimed 
Caesar at Milan, 6 Nov. 355 — sent into Gaul, 
1 Dec. 355 — defeated near Eheims, 356 — 
defeats and takes Chnodomarius at Strasburg, 
Aug. 357 — invades Germany, 358 and 359 — 
proclaimed Emperor by his troops at Paris, 
Apr. 360 — marches against Constantinople, 
360-1 — Emperor by death of Constantius, 3 
Nov. 361 — enters Constantinople, n Dec. 361 
— sets out on his Persian expedition, 5 Mar. 
363 — defeats Sapor at Ctesiphon, Jun ? — 
killed in battle, 26 Jun. 363. De Constantii 
Rebus Gestis, not before 356 — Encomium Eu- 
sebice, early in 357 — Letter to Sallustius, 360 — 
Letter to Senate and People of Athens, 361 — 
Letter to Themistius, 361 — Kaisares, Oct. 362 
— Misopogon, 363 — Contra Christianos, 363. 

Julianus, M. Aquilius, — Consul with P. 
Nonius Asprenas, (791, a. tj. c.) 38. 

Julianus, Salvius, jurist, — fl., about 1 30 — 
Consul with Torquatus, (901, a. tj. c.) 148. ab 
a Clinton. b Zumpt. 

Julich. [Juliers.] 

Julien, Pierre, sculptor, — ft . at St Paulien, 
17 3 1 — obtains the grand prize, 1765 — studies 
at Eome, 1768-72 — admitted to the Academy, 
1778 — rj. at Paris, 17 Dec. 1804. 

Julien, Simon, painter,— 3&. at Toulon, 1736 
— rj. at Paris, 23 Feb. 1800. 

Juliers, Julich, (Juliacum,) in Prussia, — 
head of a County, about 940 — erected into a 
Duchy by Emperor Charles IV., 1357 — united 
witb Berg, under Duke Adolph, 1420 a — under 
Gerard "VII., 1437 b — united with Cleves, 
under John the Pacific, 15 21 — on extinction 
of ducal family, seized "by Maurice of Nassau, 
1609 — taken from him by Spaniards, under 
Count of Berg, 1622 — given to Palatine house 
of Neuburg at Peace of the Pyrenees, 1659 — 
taken possession of by French, 3 Oct. 1794 — 
confirmed to France by Treaty of Luneville, 
1 80 1 — assigned to Prussia by Congress of 
Vienna, 18 14. 

a Conv.-Lex. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Julin. [Wollin.] 

Julius I., Bp of Eome, — succeeds Mark, 
6 Feb. 337 — holds Council of Eome, protects 
Athanasius, and reestablishes him in his see, 
342 — writes Letter to the Eusebians, 342 — "0., 
12 Apr. 352. 

Julius II., Pope, (Giuliano della Eovere,) — 
ft. near Savona, about 1440 — Cardinal, Bp of 
50 



786 



JULIUS III.— JUNOT. 



Avignon, 147 1 — contributes to elevation of 
Innocent VIII., 1484 — banished by Alexander 
VI., about 1493 — accompanies Charles VIII. 
^expedition to Naples, 1494 — procures election 
of Pius III., Sep. 1503 — succeeds him, 1 Nov. 
1503 — permits marriage of Henry Prince of 
Wales with Catherine of Aragon, by bull of 
26 Dec. 1503 — reconquers the Roxnagna, from 
Caesar Borgia, the Bentivoglie and the Venetians, 
1504 — commences rebuilding of St Peter's, 18 
Apr. 1506 — joins in League of Cambray, Dec. 
1508 — unsuccessfully negotiates with Venetians, 
1509 — ratifies the League, by bull of 2 Mar. 1509 
— publishes bull against Venice, Mar. 1509 — 
condemns appeal of Venice to a Council, by bull 
of 1 Jul. 1509 — receives submission of Vene- 
tians and absolves them, 25 Feb. 15 10 — forms 
alliance with Venice against France, 15 10 — 
besieges and takes Mirandola, 21 Jan. 151 1 — 
his army defeated and Bologna taken by 
Trivulzio, retires to Rome, 1511 — convokes 
General Council at Borne, by bull -of 18 Jul. 
1511— [Lateran, XIX., Council of,]— forms 
the Holy League, Oct. 15 11 — excommunicates 
Louis XII., and lays interdict on France, 21 
Jul. 1512 — tf., 21 Feb. 1513. 

Julius III., Pope, [Giovanni Maria del 
Monte,) — c.atArezzo, 10 Sep. 1487 — Cardinal, 
1536 — legate of Paul III. at Council of Trent, 
1545 — succeeds Paul III., 8 Feb. 1550 — opens 
the Jubilee, 24 Feb. 1550 — reopens Council of 
Trent, 155 1 — threatens Henry II. of France 
with excommunication for supporting Duke of 
Parma, 1551— "ft., 23 Mar. 1555. 

Julius Africanus. [Africanus.] 

Julius Caesar. [Caesar, C. J.] 

Julius Romanus. [Griulio Romano.] 

Jumilhac, Antoine Pierre Joseph Chapelle, 
Marquis de, general, — h. at Paris, 31 Aug. 
1 7 64 — enters the army, 1777 — Lieutenant- 
colonel of Constitutional Guard, 179 1 — arrested, 
Aug. 1792 — takes part in expedition of Qui- 
beron, 1795 — receives cross of St Louis, 1795 
— serves in campaign of Russia, member of 
Legion of Honour, 1 8 1 2 — Lieutenant-general, 
1 8 14 — Commander of St Louis, May 18 16 — tf. 
at Lille, 19 Feb. 1826. 

Juncker, {Junker,) Johann, chemist, — fc. 
near Giessen, 1680— M.D. Halle, 17 18— Prof. 
Medicine, 1729-59 — tf. there, 1759. Conspectus 
formularum medicarum, 1730 — Conspectus 
chemice in forma tabularum, 1730-44— Com- 
pendium materia medicce, 1760. 

Jung- Stilling, Johann Heinrich, Pietist, — 
fc. in Westphalia, 12 Sep. 1740— Prof. Econo- 
my, Marburg, 1787 — Prof. Political Economy, 
Heidelberg, 1804— tf. at Karlsruhe, 2 Apr. 
1817. Jugend, Junglings-Jahre,§c, 1777-8 — 
Theobald, 1797 — Theorie der Geisterkunde, 
1808. 

Junge, Joachim, (Jungius,) mathematician, 
&c.,— ii. at Liibeck, 22 Oct. 1587 — Prof. 
Mathematics, Giessen, 1609-14 — M.D. Padua, 
2618 — Prof. Medicine, Helrastadt, 1625 — 
Rector of Johanneum, Hamburg, 1629 — tf. 
there, 23 Sep. 1657. Geometria empirica, 1688 
(6th ed.) — Logica Hamburgensis, 1638 — Boxo- 



scopice physicce minores, 1662 — Karmonid 
theoretica, 1678. 

Jungermann, Ludwig, botanist, — n. at 
Leipsic, 1572 — visits England, about 16 16 — 
Prof. Botany, Altdorf, 1625 — if. there, 1653. 
Catalog, plantarum omnium qum circa Alt- 
dor jium JVoricum reperiuntur, 16 15 — Kortus 
Eystettensis, 1613. 

Jungfrau, The, Bernese Alps, — ascent of, 
by brothers Meyer of Aarau, Aug. 18 11 — by 
peasants of Grindelwald, 1828 — by Forbes and 
Agassiz, 28 Aug. 1841 — bv a lady, 13 Aug. 
1863. 

Jungmann, Josef Jakob, lexicographer, bib- 
liographer, — fc. in Bohemia, 16 Jul. 1773 — 
Prof. Latin at the Grammar School, Prague, 
1815 — Prefect, 1834 — Rector of the Univ., 
1840 — tf. at Prague, 16 Nov. 1847. Slownik 
Cesko-Kemecky, 1835-9 — History of Bohemian 
Literature, 1825 — Gesammelte Schriften, 1841. 
Junia Tertia, (Tertulla,) wife of C. Cassius, 
— tf., 22. 

Junius, Adrian, philologist, §c, — fj. at 
Horn, i5i2, a 1 Jul. 151 i b — tf. at Armuiden, 
near Middelburg, 16 Jun. 1575. Lexicon 
Graco-latinum auctum, 1548 — Be anno et 
mensibus commentarius, $c, 1553 — JSfomenclator 
omnium rerum, 1567. a Biog. Univ. 

b Ersch and Gruber. 
Junius, Franciscus, philologist, — b. at 
Heidelberg, 1589 or 159 1 — goes to England, 
1620 — librarian to the Earl of Arundel, 1620-40 
— visits Friesland, 1672-4 — tf. at Windsor, 19 
Nov. 1677. Edits Ulphilas's Version of the 
Four Gospels, 1665 — Be pictura Veterum, 1637 
— Etymologicum Anglicanum, 1743. 

Junius, [Bu Jon,) Franciscus, theologian, — ■ 
ft. at Bourges, 1 May 1545 — minister of Wal- 
loon church, Antwerp, 1565 — chaplain to Prince 
of Orange, 1568 — called to Heidelberg by 
Elector Palatine, 1573 — Prof. Theology, 
Leyden, 1592 — tf. there, 23 Oct. 1602. Opera, 
1607 — (with Tremellius) Latin Version of the 
Bible, 1590. 

Junius, Letters of, — begin to appear in 
Public Advertiser, 21 Jan. 1769 — prosecution of 
publisher and printers, Jun. 1770 — [Woodfall] 
— close, 21 Jan. 1772 — authorship of, first 
ascribed to Sir Philip Francis, by John Taylor, 
1 8 16 — hand- writing of, investigated by Chabot, 
and Franciscan authorship reasserted by Twis- 
tleton, 1 87 1. 

Juno, asteroid, — discovered bv Harding, at 
Lilienthal, 1 Sep. 1804. 

Junot, Andoche, Duke of Abraxtes, 
Marshal of France, — b. at Bussy-les- 
Forges, 24 Sep., a Oct. b 1771 — enters the army, 
1 79 1 — serves at siege of Toulon, 1793 — aide- 
de-camp to Napoleon, 1794 — distinguishes 
himself in Italian campaign, 1796-7 — follows 
Napoleon to Egypt, 1798 — distinguishes him- 
self at combat of Nazareth, 8 Apr. 1799 — con- 
tributes to overthrow of the Directory, .(18 
Brumaire,) 9 Nov. 1799 — commandant of Paris, 
(9 Thermidor,) 28 Jul. 1800 — General of 
Division, 1801 — Colonel-general of Hussars, 
May 1804 — governor of Paris, early in 1804 — 
receives Grand Eagle of Legion of Honour, 



JTTNOT— JUSTICIAR OF SCOTLAND. 



787 



Jul. 1804,° Feb. 1805 — ambassador to Portugal, 
1805 — takes possession of Portugal, end of 
1807 — Duke of Abrantes, 1807 — signs Con- 
vention of Cintra, 30 Aug. 1808— distinguishes 
himself at second siege of Saragossa, 1809 — 
takes part in Eussian expedition, 1812— if. at 
Montpellier, a Montbard, b 28 Jul. 1813. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Junot, Laura Pennon, Duchess of 

Abrantes, — fj. at Montpellier, 6 Nov. 1784 — 

' marries Junot, 1 800 — widow, 1 8 1 3 — tf . at 

Chaillot, 7 Jun. 1838. Memoires ou Souvenirs 

historiques sur Napoleon, 1831. 

Junquera, in Spain, — Abdelrahman III. 
defeats kings of Leon and Navarre at, 921. 

Jupiter, planet, — . satellites, discovered by 
Simon Marius, 29 Dec. 1609 a — by Galileo, 
(Medicean Stars,) 7-10 Jan. 16 10 — seen by 
Thomas Harriott, 17 Oct. 16 10 — eclipses of, 
lead to discovery of velocity of light, by 
Eoemer, 1675. Spots observed and time of 
rotation determined by D. Cassini, 1665 — 
spots investigated by Schwabe, 1834.* Flat- 
tening, observed by Cassini, before 1666 a — his 
observation published, 1691.* a Humboldt. 

Jurieu, Pierre, theologian, — fi. at Mer, 
(Orleans,) 24 Dec. 1637 — Prof. Theology, 
Academy of Sedan, 1674— pastor, Prof. Theo- 
logy, Botterdam, 168 1 — ft. tbere, n Jun. 
17 13. Histoire du calvinisme et du papisme 
mis en parallele, 1682 — Histoire critique des 
dogmes et des cultes, 1704. 

Jurin, James, mathematician, physician, — 
fc., 1684— Fellow of Trim Coll. Cambridge, 
17 1 1 — 5. Pres. E. C. P., 1750. Physico- 
Mathematical Dissertations, 1732 — Distinct 
and Indistinct Vision, 1738 — translation of 
Geography of Yarenius, 17 12. 

Jury, Juries, in England, — regulations 
respecting persons to serve on, by Stat. West- 
minster, 13 Edw. I. c. 38, 1285 ; 21 Edw. I. 
st. 2, 1293; 28 Edw. I. c. 9, 1299-1300; 2 
Hen. V. st. 2, c. 3, 1414 — (de medietate lin- 
guae,) 8 Hen. VI. c. 29, 1429 ; 23 Hen. VIII. 
c. 13, 1531-2; 4 and 5 Wm III. c. 24, 1692; 
7 and 8 Wm III. c. 32, 1695 ; 3 Geo. II. c. 
25, s. 18, 1730; 4 Geo. II. c. 7, 1731 — laws 
relating to, consolidated and amended by Act 6 
Geo. IV. c. 50, 22 Jun. 1825 — amended by 
Acts 3 and 4 Wm IV. c. 42, s. 35, 14 Aug. 
1833, and 5 and 6 Wm IV. c. 76, ss. 121-123, 
9 Sep. 1835 — in County Courts, regulated by 
Act 9 and 10 Vic. c. 95, 26 Aug. 1846 — officers 
of Court of Bankruptcy exempt from serving 
on, by Act 12 and 13 Vic. c. 106, s. 47, 1 Aug. 
1849 — jury process abolished , and new pro- 
visions as to special, by Act 15 and 16 Vic. c. 
76, s. 104, 30 Jun. 1852 — decision of judge 
permitted in lieu of verdict, by Act 17 and 18 
Vic. c. 125, 12 Aug. 1854 — in Chancery suits, 
provided and regulated by Act 21 and 22 Vic. 
c. 27, 28 Jun. 1858 — verdict of majority 
admitted in Scotland, by Acts 17 and 18 Vic. 
c. 59, 31 Jul. 1854, and 22 and 23 Vic. c. 7, 8 
Aug. 1859— law respecting petit juries in 
Ireland amended by Act 31 and 32 Vic. c. 
75, 31 Jul. 1868 — special and common, laws 
relating to qualifications, attendance, &c, 



amended by Act 33 and 34 Vic. c. 77, 9 Aug. 
1870. In France, trial by, in criminal cases, 
introduced by National Assembly, 30 Apr. 
1790 — regulated by decree of 29 Sep. 1791. 
At Rome, introduced, Aug. 187 1. 

Jussieu, Antoine Laurent, botanist, — ft. at 
Lyons, 12 Apr. 1748 — studies at Paris, 1765 — 
M.D., demonstrator of Botany, Jardin du Eoi, 
1770 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 1773 
— administrator-in-chief, 1777 — Prof. Eural 
Botany, 1793 — ft. at Paris, 15,* 17 b Sep. 1836. 
Genera Plantarum, 1788. 

* Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. 

Jussieu, Bernard de, botanist, — ft. at Lyons, 
1699 — M.D. Montpellier, 1720 — sub-demon- 
strator of Botany, Jardin du Eoi, 1722 — 
member of Academy of Sciences, 1725 — fr. at 
Paris, 6 Nov. 1777. 

Jussieu, Joseph de, botanist, — ft. at Lyons, 
1704 — accompanies La Condamine to Peru, 
1735 — member of Academy of Sciences, May 
1743 — returns to France, 177 1 — tf. at Paris, 
11 Apr. 1779. 

Justice Clerk, of Scotland, — made one of 
the Judges of Court of Session, 1532 — acquires 
style of Lord Justice Clerk, about 1650 — made 
Pres. of Court of Justiciary, 1672 — ex-officio 
Pres. of second division of Court of Session by 
Act 48 Geo. III. c. 151, 18 11. 

Justice-seat, Courts of, — held to inquire of 
infraction of forest-laws, 1632. 

Justices, Lords. [Lords Justices.] 

Justices in Eyre, Itinerant or of Assize, in 
England, — appointed by parliament of North- 
ampton, 1 176 — provision for yearly visit to 
each county, by Magna Charta, 12 15 — author- 
ized to try civil causes by Stat. Westminster 
II. 13 Edw. I. c. 3, 1285— jurisdiction of, 
extended to Wales and County Palatine of 
Chester by Act 1 Will. IV. c. 70, 23 Jul. 1830. 

Justices of the Peace, in England, — appoint- 
ed by 1 Edw. III. stat. 2, c. 16, 1327 — empowered 
to try felonies, by 34 Edw. III. c. 1, 1 360-1 — 
wages fixed by Stat. 12 Eich. II. c. 10, 1389 
— form of appointment of, settled by judges, 
1590 — attorneys, solicitors, and proctors', while 
in practice, declared incapable of the office, by 
Act 5 Geo. II. c. 18, 1732 — qualifying estate 
required by same Act, and by Act 1 8 Geo. II. 
c. 20, 1745 — protection of, provided for by 
Acts 24 Geo. II. c. 44, 175 1 ; and 43 Geo. III. 
c. 141, 11 Aug. 1803 — exempted from taking 
the sacrament as qualification, by Act 9 Geo. 
IV. c. 17, 9 May 1828 — jurisdiction of, in Ge- 
neral and Quarter Sessions, defined by Act 5 
and 6 Vict. c. 38, 30 Jun. 1842 — duties of, 
further defined by Acts 11 and 12 Vict. cc. 42, 
43, and 44, 14 Aug. 184.8 ; 14 and 15 Vict. c. 
100, s. 19, 7 Aug. 1851; and 18 and 19 Vict, 
c. 126, 14 Aug. 1855. In Scotland, office of, 
mentioned, 1587 — regulated by statutes of 
1609, 1617, 1633, 1661, 1686 — invested with 
same authorities as in England by Act 6 Ann. 
c. 6, 1707. 

Justiciar of Scotland, — office exists in time 

of Malcolm IV., 1153-65 — acquires title of 

Justice-General, about 1500 — civil jurisdiction 

of, passes to Court of Session, 1537 — office 

50 * 



7^ 



JUSTIN MARTYR— JUXON. 



merges in that of Lord Pres. of Court of Ses- 
sion, 1836. 

Justin Martyr. [Justinus.] 

Justina, Flavia, Roman Empress, — marries 
Yalentinian I., 368 — regent for her infant son 
Yalentinian II., 383 — unsuccessfully attempts 
to procure from Ambrose toleration for Arians, 
Apr. 385 — flies with her son to Thessalo- 
nica, on invasion of Maximus, Aug. 387 — tf., 
388. 

Justinianus I., (Flavius Anicius,) Roman 
Emperor, — b. at Tauresium, 5 May 482, or 
11 May 483 — Master-general of Eastern 
armies, 520 — adopted by Justin I., 520 — Con- 
sul with Valerius, (1274, a. u. c.) 521 — marries 
Theodora, about 522 — joint Emperor with 
Justin, crowned with Theodora, 1 Apr. 527 — 
succeeds Justinus, 1 Aug. 527 — carries on war 
with Persia, 528-532, — [Belisarius] — orders 
compilation of his code, 13 Feb. 528 — publishes 
edicts against philosophers, pagans, and here- 
tics, latter part of 529 — suppresses schools of 
Athens, 529 — concludes a league with Abys- 
sinians and Homerites, 531 — sedition of Con- 
stantinople, named Nika, Jan. 532 — com- 
mences rebuilding of church of St Sophia, 532 
— ratifies peace with Persia, 533 — war with 
Vandals, 533-4 — [Pandects, Institutes, No- 
veils] — condemns Anthimus, Bp of Constan- 
tinople, Severus of Antioch, and Petrus of 
Apamea, 6 Aug. 536 — invasion of empire by 
Chosroes, Persian war begins, spring 540 — 
extinguishes the consulship, 541 — war in 
Africa, 543 — summons Pope Vigilius to Con- 
stantinople, 545 — concludes peace with Chos- 
roes, Apr. 545 — receives Vigilius, 5 Feb. 547 — 
death of Theodora, 28 Jun. 548 — sends Narses 
to conduct Gothic war, 551 — confirms election 
of Pope Pelagius, ^^^ — receives embassy from 
Avars, 557 — bribes the Huns to retire, 559 — 
makes peace with Chosroes for fifty years, 
562 — plot against him discovered, Nov. 562 — 
adopts heresy of the Incorruptibles, 564 — &., 
14 Nov. 565. 

Justinianus II., {Rhinotmetus,) Emperor 
of the East, — b. about 670 — declared Au- 
gustus, by his father Constantine III., 681 — 
succeeds him, Sep. 685 — concludes treaty of 
peace with Caliph Abdelmalik, and agrees to 
suppress rebellion of Maronites, 686 — makes 
war on Sclavonians, and incorporates 30,000 
in his army, 688— breaks the peace with Sara- 
cens, is defeated, and cedes Armenia, 690 — ex- 
pels inhabitants from Cyprus, 690 — orders 
massacre at Constantinople, and is the same 
night deposed by the patrician Leontius, 695 — 
mutilated and banished to the Crimea : escapes 
and takes refuge with the Chazars ; afterwards 
with Bulgarians, 702 — reestablished by Ter- 
bellis, close of 705 — puts to death Leontius and 
Absimarus, 705 — makes war on Bulgarians 
and is defeated, 708 — orders sack of Ravenna, 
709 — orders devastation of Cherson and the 
Crimea, revolt excited ; seized and beheaded by 
Philippicus Bardanes, 11 Dec. 711. 

Justinianus, general, — b. about 530 — dis- 
tinguishes himself in Gothic campaign, 550 — 
Commander-in-chief against Persia, 575-6 — 



recalled, 577 — conspires against Tiberius, 578 
—again, 579. 

Justinus I., (Flavius Anicius,) Emperor op 
the East, — b. in Thrace, 450 — serves with 
distinction in Imperial army under Leo I. and 
II., about 470-490 — Commander of the Guards, 
under Anastasius, before 518 — proclaimed Em- 
peror by the army, 9 Jul, 518 — puts to death 
Amantius and Andreas, 19 Jul. 518 — with 
Pope Hormisdas effects reunion of Greek and 
Latin churches, 519 — orders mutilation of 
Severus of Antioch, 519 — names Vitalianus 
Consul and puts him to death, 520 — puts an 
end to Olympic Games of Antioch, 520 — 
makes treaty with Cabades, 521 — persecutes 
Manicheans, 524 — refuses toleration to Arians, 
525— rebuilds Antioch after earthquake, 526 — 
declares his nephew Justinian Augustus, 1 
A P r - 527— tf-, 1 Aug. 527. 

Justinus II., Emperor of the East, — 
succeeds his uncle Justinian I., 14 Nov. 565 — 
Consul alone, (1319, a. it. c.) ^ — P u f s *° 
death senators iEtherius and Addieus, and 
orders assassination of his cousin Justinus, ^66 
— refuses aid to the Gepidae against Lombards, 
566 — deprives Narses of his command in Italy, 
Apr. 567 — receives embassy from Turks, and 
fomis alliance with them, 568 — sends embassy 
to Turks, 569 — gives protection to Armenians, 
571 — Persian war renewed, 572-5 — deranged, 
574 — appoints Tiberius Csesar, Dec. 574 — peace 
for three or five years with Chosroes, 575 — 
creates Tiberius Augustus, 26 Sep. 578 — if., 5 
Oct. 578. 

"Justinus, the Martyr, [or philosopher) — b., 
103, a 118 b — converted to Christianity, 133,* 
about 140 b — martyred at Rome, i65, a i66, c 
i67, d 168. e Apologia I., i5i, af 139 s — Dia- 
logue vjith Trypho, 158 h — Apologia II., about 
164.1 a Tiliemont. b Halloix. c Dupin. 

d fleury. e Maran. f Clinton. S Neander. 
h Paddle. » Otto. 

Justus, — Consul of Rome with Januarinus, 
(1081, a. v. c.) 328. 

Justus, Archbishop of Canterbury, — 
consecrated Bp of Rochester, by Augustine, 604 
— retires with Mellitus to Gaul, but is recalled 
by Laurentius, 616 — succeeds Mellitus as Abp 
or Canterbury, 624 — "&., probably 10 Nov. 
630^ s Le Neve. 

Jutes, The, — invade Britain with the Saxons, 
and obtain settlements in Kent, about 449 ? 

Juthungi, Alamannie tribe, — defeated by 
Aurelian on the Danube, 271 — defeated by 
Aetius in Gaul, 430. 

Juvara, Filippo, architect, — b. at Messina, 
1685— tf. at Madrid, 1735. 

Juvenalia, at Rome, — games instituted by 
Nero, 59. 

Juvenalis, Decius, {Deamtts Junius,) satirist, 
poet, — b. about 40 — tf. about 120. Sat. XIII, 
Il8. a a Clinton 

Juvencus, Vettius Aquilinus, poet. His- 
toric? Evangelicce, about 332. 

Juxon, William, Archbishop of Canter- 
bury, — b. at Chichester, 1582 — Fellow of St 
John's Coll., Oxford, 1598 — Pres., 1621 — Lord 
High Treasurer, 1625-41 — clerk of the king's 



KAAB— KALENBEKG. 



789 



closet, 1632 — Bp of Hereford, 1633 — trans- 
ferred to London, 1633— Lord Treasurer, 1635 
— advises the king to save Strafford, May 1641 
— resigns treasurership, 1641 — attends Charles 



I. in Isle of Wight, 1647 — attends him on the 
scaffold, Jan. 1649 — imprisoned for contumacy, 
hut soon released, 1649 — Abp of Canterbury, 
1660 — tf., 4 Jun. 1663. 



K. 



Kaab, (Caab,) Ben Zohair, Rabbi and poet, 
— abandons Judaism and makes his peace with 
Mohammed, (9, a. h.) 630 s — rj., (41,) 662. b 
a Ockley. b Biog. Univ. 

Kaaha, {Caaba,) of Mecca, — taken possession 
of,byCossai, about 450-460 — restored by Sultan 
Mustapha, 1630. 

Kaas, Nicholas, statesman, — b. in Denmark, 
1 5 35 —Chancellor of the kingdom, 1573 — first 
Regent, 1588 — tf., about 1594. 

Kabel, Adrian van (Lev,— painter, engraver, 
— b. at Byswick, 1631 — tf. at Lyons, 1695. 
Kabul. [Cabul.] 
Kabyles. [Algeria.] 

Kadlubek, (Kodlubko,) Vincent, historian, 
— b. inPoland, 1161 a — Bp of Cracow, 1208-18 
— enters Cistercian Order, 121 8 — tf • in Poland, 
8 Mar. 1223. Historia polonica cum commen- 
tario anonymi, (1612). a Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Kaempfer, Engelbert, botanist, traveller, — 
ft. at Lemgo, 16 Sep., a Nov. b 165 1 — studies at 
Univ. of Cracow, 1674 — at Univ. of Konigsberg, 
1677 — accompanies embassy to Persia. 1683-4 — 
surgeon in Dutch East India Company, 1685 — 
goes to Batavia, 1689 — in Japan, Sep. 1690 to 
Nov. 1692 — re turns to Amsterdam, 1693 — M.D. 
Leyden, 1694 — ft. at Lemgo, c 2 Nov. 17 16. 
Amoznitatum exoticarum politico-physico- 
medicarum fasciculi V., 17 12 — History of 
Japan, 17 27. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

c Xouv. Biog. Gen. 
Kaestner, Abraham Gotthilf, mathematician, 
— b. at Leipsic, 27 Sep. 17 19 — Prof. Mathe- 
matics, Gottingen, 1756 — Director of Observ- 
atory, 1762 — tf., 20 Jun. 1800. Anfangs- 
griinde der Math ematilc, 175 8-69 — Sin ngedich te, 
1781. 

Kaeuffer, Christian Gottlieb, historian, — 
b. near Gorlitz, 24 Apr. 1757 — pastor at 
Beichenbach, 1809 — superintendent, 1821 — tf., 
8 Aug. 1830. 
Kaffa. [Caffa.] 
Kaffraria. [Caffraria.] 
Kaffirs. [Caffre War.] 
Kagosima, in Japan, — attacked and burnt 
by Admiral Kuper, 15 Aug. 1863. 

Kahding, in China, — taken by Taepings, 1 
May 1862 — retaken from Taepings by allies, 
24 Oct. 1862. 
Kahira. [Cairo.] 
Kainardji. [Kutchuk Kainardji.] 
Kairwan, (Cairoan,) in Africa, — founded by 
Okbah, (50, a. h.) 670 a — head of a principality 
subject to Caliphs : becomes subject to Ibrahim 
ben Aglab— [Aglabites]— about (184,) 800— 



subject to Fatimites, about 900— to Zeirites, 
972 — to Almohades, 1150 — partly subjugated 
by Dragut, (956,) 1549. a Ockley. 

Kaiserslautern, — castle built by Frederick 
Barbarossa, 1153 — the French under Gen. 
Hoche repulsed by Duke of Brunswick near, 
28, 29,and3oNov. 1793 — Field-marshal Moel- 
lendorf defeats French, 23 May 1794— Prince 
of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen defeats French, 20 
Sep. 1794. 
Kaiserswerth. [Kayserswerth.] 
Kaitbai, Ascraf, Sultan of Egypt, — suc- 
ceeds Tamarboga, (872, a. h.) 1468— sends ' 
succours to Circassians, (893,) 1488 — fights 
indecisive battle with Bajazet II. in Cilicia, 
(894,) 1489 — carries on war with Bajazet, 
(895-900,) 1490-5 — sends embassy to Pope In- 
nocent TILL in behalf of Zizim, about 1490 — 
tf., (901,) 1496. 

Kalafat, in Wallachia, — occupied by Turks, 
Oct. 1853 — [Citate] — evacuated by them, 
1854. 

Kalb, Johann, Bahon von, general, — b. near 
Niirnberg, 1732 — serves in American War of 
Independence, 1777-80 — falls at battle of 
Clermont, 17 Aug. 1780. 

Kalchberg, Johann Nepomnk de, poet, — b. 
in Styria, 1765— tr., 3 Feb. 1827. Sdmmtliche 
JFcrke, 1816. 

Kalckreuth, Friedrich Adolph, Count von, 
field-marshal, — b. in Prussia, 1737 — enters 
the army, 1752 — adjutant to Prince Henry in 
Seven Years' War, 1758 — Count, 1788 — Lieu- 
tenant-general, 1790 — commands army of 
Poland in campaigns against France, 1792-4 — 
signs capitulation of Mentz, 1793 — governor of 
Thorn and Dantzic, 1806 — surrenders Dantzic 
to the French, 27 May 1807 — Field-marshal, 
1807 — plenipotentiary at Peace of Tilsit, Jul. 
— governor of Berlin, 18 10 — tf. there, 18 Jun. 
1818. 

Kalderoon, in Persia, — Selim I. defeats 
Ismael, king of Persia, (920, a. h.) 26 Aug. 

Kaldi, George, Jesuit, — b. in Hungary, 
about 1572 — enters the Order at Borne, 1598 
— tf. Prof. Theology, Presburg, 1634. Hun- 
garian translation of Bible, 1626. 

Kale, (Half) willem, painter, — b. at Am- 
sterdam, 1630 — tf., 1693. 

Kaleidoscope, — invented by Brewster, 
1817. 

Kalenberg, Principality of, in Germany, — 
united with Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel, 1473 — 
passes to Brunswick-Liineburg, 1634 — passes 



79- 



KALEXDAE-KAXG-HI. 



to the Zelle line, 1648— to Elector of Han- 
over, 1705. 

Kalendar. [Calendar.] 

Kalidasa. [Calidasa.] 

Kalilah and Dimnah, (Ealilag andDamnag,) 
Sanscrit Book of Fables, — extant in India, soon 
after 500 — translated into Pehlvi, probably be- 
tween 530-580 — translated from Pehlvi into 
Arabic by Abdallah ibn al Mukaffa, who tf., 
762. Syraic version of, made by Nestorian, 
Periodeutes Bud, about 570 — mentioned by 
Kestorian, Ebed-Yeshu, about 1280-90 — exist- 
ence of, reported to Proff. Bickell and Benfey, 
May 186S — again to Benfey, 11 Jun. 1870 — 
discovered in monastery at Mardin, by Dr 
Socin for Benfey, 19 Aug. 1870 — copy received 
by Benfey, Apr. 1871 — discovery announced in 
Allgemeine Zeitiuig, Jul. — in Academy, 1 Aug. 
1871. 

Kalisch, Kalisz, in Poland, — founded about 
655 (?) —taken by Duke Boleslaus of Silesia, 
1144 — burnt, and the castle betrayed to Duke 
Henry of Breslau, 1284 — castle taken by 
Knights of the Cross, who are repulsed before 
the town, 1331 — taken by Duke of Masovia, 
1383 — taken by Swedes, before 1600 — re- 
covered by Poles, 1656 — Augustus, king of 
Poland, defeats the Swedes near, 29 Oct. 1706 
— Gen. Winzingerode defeats Gen. Eegnier, 
13 Feb. 1 81 3 — meeting of sovereigns of Eussia 
and Prussia at, 2 Apr. 181 3 — review of Bus- 
sian troops before Emperors of Eussia and 
Austria, and kiug of Prussia, Sep. 1835. 
Council of, held by Abp of Gnesen, 1457. 
Treaties of, between Casimir the Great and 
Teutonic Knights, for restoration of recent 
conquests by the Knights, and renunciation of 
claim to Pomerania by Casiinir, signed 8 Jul. 
— ratified, 23 Jul. 1343 — between Eussia and 
Prussia, signed 28 Feb. 1813. 

Kaliyuga. [Caliyuga.] 

Kalkbrenner, Christian, musical composer, 
— b. in Hesse-Cassel, 22 Sep. 1755 — tf. at 
Paris, 10 Aug. 1806. 

Kalkbrenner, Friedrich "Wilhelm Michael, 
musical composer, — b. at Cassel, 1788,* 1784 b 
— studies at Paris, 1798 — goes to London, 1814 
— settles in France, 1823 — tf. near Paris, 10 
Jun. 1 849. a Conv.-Lex. b >"ouv. Biog, Gen. 

Kail, Abraham, — b. in Denmark, 1743 — 
librarian of the Univ., Copenhagen, 1765 — 
Prof. Greek, there, 1767,3 1770 b — Prof. North- 
ern History and Mythology, 1778 — member of 
Academy of Sciences, 1782,3 i78o b — Prof. 
Mytholo'gy and History of the Fine Arts, Char- 
lottenburg, about 1782 — historiographer of 
Denmark and Norway, 1 808 — Chevalier of 
Danebrog, 1817— tf., 5 Dec. 1821. Supple- 
mentuia Lexicorum Grcecorum, 177 1. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Kalm, Peter, naturalist, traveller, — ft. in 
Finland, 17 15— Prof. Natural History, Abo, 
about 1746 — travels in North America, 1748- 
51—0"., 16 Nov. 1779. En resa til 2\orra 
Amerika, 1753. 

Kalmar. [Calmar.] 

Kameel, Malek el, Sultan of Egypt, — 
succeeds his father, Seif-Eddin, (615, a. h.) 



1 21 8 — recovers Damietta from crusaders, 1221 
— makes treaty with Frederick IE, gives up 
Jerusalem to him, 1229 — tf., (635,) 1238. 

Kamensky, Mikhail Federovich, Count,— 
general — ft. in Eussia, about 1735 — lieutenant- 
general, with Suwarrof defeats Turks at Kos- 
ludje, 1774 — at Eimnik, 22 Sep. 1789 — ■ 
serves against the Poles, 1794 — Field-marshal, 
1802 — Commander-in-chief against French in 
Poland, Dec. 1806 — commands against Turks, 
1809 — tf. at Bucharest, 12 Aug. 1809. 

Karnes, Henry Home, Lord, jurist and 
metaphysician, — ft. at Karnes, Berwickshire, 
1696 — called to the bar, 1724 — Judge of Court 
of Session, 1752 — one of the Lords' Commis- 
sioners of Justiciary, 1763 — tf., 27 Dec. 1782. 
Decisions of the Court of Session, 1741-66-80 — 
Historical Law Tracts, 1759 — Principles of 
Equity, 1760 — Pntroduction to the Art of 
Thinking, 1761 — Elements of Criticism, 1762 
— Sketches of the History of Man, 1774 — 
Gentleman Farmer, 1776. 

Kaminietz, Kaminieck, in Poland, — found- 
ed, about 1 33 1 — fortified soon after: has rank 
of a city, 1374 — defeat of Turks by Poles at, 
22 Oct. 1633— peace between Poles and Khan 
of Tatars concluded at, 17 Dec. 1653 — held by 
Turks, 1672-99 — unsuccessfully attacked by 
Poles and Bussians, 1688 — and by Poles, 1689 
— captured by Eussians, 1793 — its walls level- 
led, 1812. 

Kampen, Nicolaas Godfried van, historian, 
— ft. at Haarlem, 15 May 1776 — Prof. German 
Language, Ley den, 18 16 — Prof. Dutch Litera- 
ture, Amsterdam, 1829 — rj. there, 14 Mar. 
1839. Geschiedenis der Fransche Heerschappij 
inEuropa, 1815-23 — Staat-en aardrykskundige 
beschrijving van het koningrijk der Xederlanden, 
1 816 — Vaderlandsche karakterkunde, 1826-8 
Geschichte der Niederlande, 183 1-3. 

Kamptz, Karl Albert Christoph Heinrich. 
von, statesman, — ft. at Schwerin, 1769 — enters 
service of Prussia, 1804 — director of ministry 
of Police, 1 8 17 — first director of ministry of 
Public Instruction, 1824 — director of ministry 
of Justice, 1825 — Minister of Justice, 1830 — 
rj. at Berlin, 3 Nov. 1849. Jahrbiicher fur 
die preuss. Gesetzgebung, Eechtswissenschaft 
unci Eechtsvenvaltung, 1814-40 — Annalen der 
preuss. innem Stuatsvencaltung, 1821-34. 

Kamtschatka, — partly conquered by Peter 
the Great, 1696 — completely tributary, 1706 — ■ 
revolts, 17 3 1 — visited by Capt. King, 1779 — 
by Lutke, 1827-30 — by Erman, 1829 — by Do- 
bell, 1829. 

Kandahar. [Candahar.] 

Kandy, Ceylon, — General Macdowall's em- 
bassy to, 1800 — conquered by General Mac- 
do wall, Feb. 1803 — recovered by natives and 
British prisoners killed, Jun. 1803 — taken pos- 
session of by the British, 18 15. 

Kane, Elisha Kent, traveller, — ft. at 
Philadelphia, 1822 — assistant surgeon in U. S. 
navy, 1843 — takes part in expedition to search 
for "Franklin, May 1850 to Oct. 1851 — again 
explores Arctic regions, May 1853 to jSoy. 1855 
— tf. at the Havannah, 16 Feb. 1857. 

Kang-Hi, Emperor of China, — ft., 1654 — 



KANOUGE— KATONA. 



791 



succeeds his father Chun-chi, 1662 — assumes 
the government, 1667 — introduces teaching of 
European astronomy, 1667 — revolt of Prince 
of Yunnan, 1673 — revolt of Kaldan, 1676 — 
annexes Quang-Tung to his Empire, 1680 — 
annexes Fo-Kien, 1681 — annexes Formosa, 
1683 — concludes a peace with Eussia, 3 Sep. 
1689 — annexes Tibet, about 1700 — persecu- 
tion of Christians, 17 17 — tf., 20 Dec. 1722. 

Kanouge, {Kanyacubja,) in Hindustan, — 
Bathas acquires, about 470 — submits to Mah- 
niud of Ghizni, (408, a. h.) 10 17 — Eathas 
expelled by Shahab u din, H93, a (591,) 
ii94 b — massacre at, by Mohammed Khilzi, 
about 1340 — belongs to king of Juanpur, 1400 
— Baber becomes master of, about 1528 — 
Humayun defeated by Shir Shah, 1540 — sacked 
by Mahrattas, 176 1. a Tod. b Elphinstone. 

Kansas, TT. S., — part of Nebraska, purchased 
from the French, 1 803 — organized as a territory, 
1 854 — contests among settlers respecting 
slavery, lead to civil war, 1856 — constitution 
agreed to, excluding slavery, 1859 — admitted 
to the Union, 29 Jan. 1869. 

Ka,nt,Inxma,m\el, philosopher, — fj. at Konigs- 
berg, 22 Apr. 1724 — enters the Univ., 1740 
— M.A., 1755 — Prof. Logic and Metaphysics, 
1770-94 — Bector of the Univ., 1786— member 
of Academy of Berlin, 1787— tf. at Konigsberg, 
12 Feb. 1804. Allgemeine Raturgeschichte 
und Theorie des Himmels, 1755 — De Mundi 
Sensibilis atque Intelligibilis Forma et Prin- 
cipiis, 1770 — KritiJc der reinen Vernunft, 1781 
— KritiJc der praJctiscJien Vernunft, 1788 — 
KritiJc der JJrtJieilsJcraft, 1790 — Prolegomena 
zu einer jeden Jciinftigen MetapJiysiJc, 1783 — 
Grundlegung der MetapJiysiJc der Sitten, 1785 
— MetapJiysiscJie Anfangsgrunde der Naturwis- 
senscJiaft, 1786 — P/ie Religion innerhalb der 
Grdnzen der blossen Vernunft, 1793 — Anthro- 
pologic in pragmatischer HinsicJit, 1798. 

Kantemir, Prince Antiochus a (Constan- 
tinos b ) Demetrius, diplomatist, translator, — 
fc. at Constantinople, 10 Sep. 1708,* 1709 b — 
studies at St Petersburg, 1725 — resident at 
British Court, 173 1 — plenipotentiary, 1732 — 
plenipotentiary to Court of France, 1738,* 
1736 b — tf. at Paris, a in Italy, b 1 Mar. 1774. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. 

Kapnist, Basil, poet,—b. in Eussia, 1756— 
U., 28 Oct. 1823. 

Kaptschak, in Tatar y, — forms a Khanate 
under Batou, about 1240 — divided into four 
Khanates, 1441 — name attached to one of the 
four, which loses its last Khan, 1506 — and is 
divided between Kazan, Astrachan, and the 
Krim. 

Karaites, sect of,— founded by Anan ben 
David, about 750-770 — tomb inscriptions of 
the, in the Crimea, investigated by Firkowitsch, 
1839-53. 

Karak, Kharrack, {Icarus,) island in Persian 
Gulf — Dutch settlement in, 1748 — the Dutch 
expelled by Arabs, about 1765 — occupied by 
the French, 1807 — taken possession of by the 
English, 1839. 

Karamania, — conquered and made part of 
Ottoman Empire, by Bajazet II., i486. 



Karamsin, Nikolai Mikhaelovich, historian, 
— fc. in Eussia, 1 Dec. 1765,* 1766 b — visits 
Germany, France, England, &c, 1789-91 — tf. 
at the Tauridan Palace, 3 Jun., a 13 May b 1826. 
History of Russian Empire, 1816-29. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. 

Karmathians. [Carmathians.] 

Karnkowski, Stanislaus, prelate, statesman, 
— {>., about 1520 — Bp of Vladislav, (or Cujavie,) 
1563 — draws up the Peace of the Dissidents, 
1573 — crowns Stephen Bathori King of 
Poland, May 1575 — primate of Poland, 158 1 
— proclaims Sigismund III., 1586 — convokes 
assembly at Kief to declare null the constitu- 
tion established by John Zamoyski, 1590 — tf. 
at Lowicz, 18 Jim. 1603. 

K&rs, in Armenia, — submits to Timour, 
(788, a. h.) 1386 a — castle of, rebuilt by 
Amurath III., about 1580 — taken by Nadir 
Shah, 1735 — the Turks defeated by Persians 
at, 31 May 1744 — the Turks defeated by Paskie- 
vich, 1 Jul. 1828 — taken by Paskievich, 5 Jul. 
— invested by Eussians under Mouravieff, 16 
Jun. 1855 — defended by General Williams : as- 
sault repulsed, 29 Sep. 1855 — capitulates to 
Gen. Mouravieff, 12 Dec. 1855 — restored to Tur- 
key by Treaty of Paris, 1856. a Von Hammer. 

Karsten, Dietrich Ludwig- Gustav, miner- 
alogist, — h.atButzow, 1768 — Prof. Mineralogy, 
&c, Berlin, 1790 — tf. there, 20 May 18 10. 
Museum LesJceanum, 1789. 

Karsten, Wenceslaus Johann Gustav, — 
mathematician, — fc. in Mecklinburg-Strelitz, 
1732 — studies at Eostock, 1750 — at Jena, 
1752 — Prof. Natural History and Mathematics, 
Halle, 1773 — tf. at Halle, 17 Apr. 1787. 

Kasan, Kazan, Casan, in Russia,— founded 
by great-grandson of GengisKhan, 1257 — seat 
of independent Khanate, 1441 — conquered by 
Ivan II. and annexed to Eussia, 1552 — burnt 
by Eussians, 1774 — again burnt, Sep. 1815 and 
1842. -University of, opened, 1814. 

Kasbek, in the Caucasus, — ascent of, by 
Freshfleld, 1 Jul. 1868. 

Kaschau, in Hungary, — Gen. Schlick de- 
feats Hungarians near, 4 Jan. 1849. Cathedral 
(Elizabeth-Pfarrkirche) built, 1342-82. 

Kate, Lambert Ten, grammarian, — 0. at 
Amsterdam, 23 Jan. 1674 — tf. there, 14 Dec. 
1731. Aanleiding tot de kennisse van het ver- 
hevene deel der Nederduitsche sprake, §c, 1723 
— Gemeenschap tusschen de Gottische SpracJce 
en de Nederduytsche, 17 10. 

Kater, Henry, mathematician, — fr. at Bristol, 
16 Apr. 1777 — assists Col. Lambton in trigo- 
nometrical survey of India, 1795 — enters Eoyal 
Military Coll. Sandhurst, 1808— Chevalier of 
St Anne, by Emperor of Eussia, 18 14 — em- 
ployed in ascertaining length of seconds pen- 
dulum, 1 818 — tf. in London, 26 Apr. 1835. 

Katherine. [Catherine.] 

Katona, Istvan, {Stephen,) historian,— fc. 
in Hungary, 13 Dec. 1732 — enters Order of 
Jesuits, 1750 — tf., 17 Aug. 1 81 1. Historia vri- 
tica primorum Hungarian Pucum, 1778 — Histo- 
ria critica Regum Hungarice stirpis Arpudiance, 
1779-80 — Historia critica Regum stirpis Aus- 
triaccc, 1795-18 11. 



19- 



JXATTE— KEBLE COLLEGE. 



Katte, Lieutenant, — assists attempt of Prince 
Frederick of Prussia to escape, and is beheaded 
by Frederick William L, 1730. 

" Katzbach, — Blticher defeats the French on 
the, 26 Aug. 1 813. 

Kaufmann, Maria Anna Angelica Catha- 
rina, painter, — b. in the Grisons, 30 Oct. 1741 
— goes to Borne, 1763 — comes to England, 
1765 — B.A., 1768 — marries Antonio Zucchi, 
17 81 — If. at Rome, 5 Nov. 1807. 

Kaunitz, Wenceslaus Anton, Prince von, 
statesman, — b. at Vienna, i7io, a i7ii bc — 
travels in Germany, Italy, France, and Eng- 
land, 1732-5 — Auiic Councillor of the empire, 
1735 — Imperial Commissioner at Diet of Ra- 
tisbon, 1739 — ambassador to Borne, 1741 — 
minister plenipotentiary to Turin, 1742 — am- 
bassador to the Netherlands, 1744 — ambassa- 
dor to Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748 — 
Minister of State and of Conferences, 1748 — 
Knt of the Golden Fleece, 1749 — ambassador to 
France, negotiates alliance of Austria and 
France, 1750 — Knt. of St Stephen of Hungary, 
1750 — Chancellor of the Court and of State, 
1753 c — Chancellor of the Netherlands and of 
Italy, 1756 c — Prince of the Empire, by Francis 
L, 1764 — Chief Minister, 1790-2 — ft., 24 Jun. 
1794. * Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

c Conv.-Lex. 

Kaye. [Cains.] 

Kaye, John, Bp of Lincoln, — b. at Ham- 
mersmith, 1783 — B.A. Cambridge, 1804 — 
Master of Christ's Coll., Cambridge, 18 14 — 
D.D. 1815 — Begius Prof. Divinity, 1816 
— Bp of Bristol, 1820 — Bp of Lincoln, 
1827 — resigns Mastership of his college, 
1830 — visitor of Balliol Coll. Oxford, 1848 
— ft., 19 Feb. 1853. Ecclesiastical History 
of second and third Centuries, 1826 — Writings 
and Opinions of Clement of Alexandria, 1835 — 
Council of Niccea in connection with Athana- 
sius, 1853 — External Government and Discipline 
of the Church during first three Centuries, 

1855. 

Kayserswerth, in Prussia, — castle built by 
Frederick Barbarossa, between 1150-90 — be- 
sieged by Imperialists and Prussians, 1689— 
taken by them, 1702 — Deaconesses Institute, 
founded by Fliedner, 1836. 

Kazinczy, Ferencz, (Francis,) — b. in Hun- 
gary, 27 Oct. 1759 — takes part in the con- 
spiracy of Martinovics, and is imprisoned, Dec. 
1794 — liberated, 1801 — member of Hungarian 
Academy, 1830 — ft., 22 Aug., a Nov. b 1831. 
Works, 1814-16. a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. 

Kazwini, Zachariah Ben Mohammed Ben 
Mahmoud, el, naturalist, geographer, — b. at 
Kazwin, in Persia, about 1200 — living at Da- 
mascus, 1 23 1 — retires from public life, about 
1258 — ft., (682, A. H.) 1283. Cosmography, 
1263 — Arabic text edited by "Wustenfeld, 
1848-9. 

Kean, Charles, actor, — b. at Waterford, 18 
Jan. 181 1 — first appears at Drury Lane Thea- 
tre, 1 Oct. 1827 — visits America, 1830 — again, 
1839 — marries Ellen Tree at Dublin, 29 Jan. 
1842 — visits America, 1845 — revives Shake- 
speare's historical plays, at the Princess's Thea- 



tre, 1 850-60 — makes a tour round the world, 
1863-66 — ft. in London, 22 Jan. 1868. 

Kean, Edmund, actor, — b. in London, about 
1787 ? — marries Miss Chambers, Jul. 1808 — 
first appears at Drury Lane Theatre, 26 Jan. 
1 8 14 — visits America, 1820 — again, 1825 — ft. 
at Richmond, 15 May 1833. 

Keane, John, 1st Lord Keane, general, — b., 
1781 — enters the army, 1793 — serves in cam- 
paign of Martinique,' 1809 — Colonel, serves 
under Wellington in Spain, 1812-14 — Major- 
general, cooperates with Admiral Cochrane in 
attack on New Orleans, 18 14 — commander of 
forces in Jamaica, 1823-30 — at Bombay, 1833 
— commands expedition of Scinde, 1838 — takes 
Ghuznee, 21-25 Jul. 1839 — Baron Keane of 
Ghuznee, Dec. 1839 — returns to England, 
1840 — ft. at Burton Lodge, Hampshire, 24 
Aug. 1844. 

Keating, Sir Henry Sheehy, Lieutenant- 
general, — b., 1777 — enters the army, 31 Aug. 
1793 — serves under Sir C. Grey in Martinique, 
and is severely wounded and taken prisoner, 
1794 — Lieut.-col., 1804 — commander of island 
of Roderigues, 1809 — captures St Paul's, Isle 
of Bourbon, 1809 — conquers Isle of Bourbon, 
1 8 10 — wounded in attack on Isle of France, 
1810— Colonel, 1813— C.B., 1815 — K.C.B., 
1836 — Lieutenant-general, 1837 — ft. at Chel- 
tenham, 12 Sep. 1847. 

Keats, John, poet, — b. in London, 1796 — 
goes to Italy, Dec. 1820 — ft. at Rome, 24 Feb. 
1 82 1. Endymion, 1818 — Lamia, Eve of St 
Agnes, Hy per ion, 1820. 

Keats, Sir Richard Godwin, admiral, — b. 
in Hampshire, 16 Jan. 1757 — enters the navy, 
1770 — serves under Rodney at Gibraltar, 1780 
— in American war, 1781-5 — in expedition of 
Quiberon, 1795 — under Nelson, 1803— distin- 
guishes himself against the French at St Do- 
mingo, 6 Feb. 1806 — takes part in expedition 
against Copenhagen, 1807 — Rear-admiral, 2 
Oct. 1807 — takes part in expedition to Sweden, 
transports Spanish forces under the Marquis of 
La Romana to Spain, 1808 — K.B., 1808 — 
takes part in expedition to the Scheldt, 1 809 — ■ 
Yice-admiral, 181 1 — Governor of Newfound- 
land, 1 8 13 — Major-general of Royal Marines, 
18 1 8 — Governor of Greenwich Hospital, 1821 
—ft., 5 Apr. 1834. 

Keble, John, poet, theologian, — b. at Fair- 
ford, Gloucestershire, 25 Apr. 1792 — enters 
Corpus Christi Coll., Oxford, 12 Dec. 1806 — 
B.A., 1810— Fellow of Oriel Coll., Apr. 18 11 
— M.A., 18 13 — Public Examiner, 18 14- 16 — or- 
dained deacon, 1815 — priest, 1816 — college 
tutor, 1818 (1817?) — resigns, 1823 — Prof. 
Poetry, Oxford, 1831 — takes part in originat- 
ing Tractarian movement, 1832 — preaches 
Assize Sermon (on National Apostasy) at Ox- 
ford, Jul. 1833 — contributes to Tracts for the 
Times, 1833 — marries, 10 Oct. 1835 — Vicar of 
Hursley, Mar. 1836 — ft. at Bournemouth, 29 
Mar. 1866. Christian Year, 1827 — Lyra In- 
nocentium, 1846 — De Toetica Vi Medica, 1844 
— Edition of ILoolcer, 1863. 

Keble College, Oxford, — first stone laid, 25 
Apr. 1868 — opened, 23 Jun. 1870. 



KEEPER— KELLERMANN, 



793 



Keeper. [Lord Keeper.] 

Kehl, in Baden, — fortified by Vauban, 1688 
— ceded by France to Baden, 1697 — taken by 
Marshal Yillars, 9 Mar. 1703 — by Marshal 
Berwick, 28 Oct. 1733 — by the French, 13 
Sep. 1793 — surprised byMoreau, 24 Jun. 1796 
— bombarded by Archduke Charles, 29 Oct. 
1796 — surrenders to him, 9 Jan. 1797 — given 
up to French, 21 Apr. 1797 — united to French 
Empire by decree of Senate, Jan. 1808 — re- 
stored to Baden, 18 14 — its fortifications dis- 
mantled, 18 15. 

Keill, John, mathematician, — b. at Edin- 
burgh, 167 1 — enters Oxford Univ., 1694 — 
Sedleian Prof. Natural Philosophy. 1700 — 
F.R.S., i7o8, a 1701 b — accompanies the Pala- 
tines to America, 1709 — Savilian Prof. As- 
tronomy, 17 10— M.D., 17 13 — "&., 1 Sep. 1721. 
Examination of Dr Burnet's Theory of the 
Earth, 1698 — Introductio ad veram Ehysicam, 
1702 -— Introductio ad veram Astronomiam, 
17 1 8. a Rees' Cyc. b Chalmers. 

Keiser, Reinhard, musical composer,— $. at 
Leipsic, 1673 — settles at Hamburg, 1694 — 
■chapel-master to king of Denmark, 1722 — ft. 
at Hamburg, 12 Sep. 1739. Circe, 1734. 

Keith, George, founder of Marischal College, 
— succeeds his grandfather as Earl Marshal, 
15 8 1 — one of the commissioners to superintend 
reorganization of King's College, Aberdeen, 
1583 — founds Marischal College, 2 Apr. 1593 
— Lord High Commissioner to parliament of 
Scotland, 6 Jun. 1609 — ft., 5 Apr. 1623. 

Keith, George Elphinstone, Viscount, 
admiral, — ft. at Elphinstone, 12 Jan. 1746 — 
enters the navy, 1762 — Captain, 1775 — takes 
part in American war, 1780-3 — M.P. Dumbar- 
tonshire, 1780 — secretary to the king and 
Chamberlain of Scotland, 1783 — distinguishes 
himself at siege of Toulon, 1793 — K.B., Rear- 
admiral, 1794 — commands expedition to the 
Cape of Good Hope, 1795 — captures Dutch 
squadron in the bay of Saldanha, raised to Irish 
peerage, 1795 — M.P. Stirlingshire, 1796 — com- 
mands under Lord St Vincent in the Mediter- 
ranean, 1799 — Commander-in-chief, bombards 
and takes Genoa, 1800 — commands fleet con- 
veying army of General Abercomby to Egypt, 
1 801 — Peer of England, receives thanks of 
parliament, 1801 — commands fleet of the North, 
1803-7 — Admiral of Channel Fleet, Feb. 1808 
— Viscount, 1 814 — o\ at Tullialan, Ireland, 10 
Mar. 1823. 

Keith, James, field-marshal, — fj. at Freter- 
essa, Kincardineshire, 11 Jun. 1696 — joins the 
Pretender and is wounded at Sheriffmuir, 
17 15 — attainted, 17 16 — goes to Madrid, 17 17 
and 1720 — to St Petersburg, about 1728 — as 
Lieutenant-general in Russian army, serves 
against France, 1735 — distinguishes himself in 
campaigns against the Turks, 1736-7 — contri- 
butes to capture of Oczakoff, 1737 — commands 
in Finland, takes Isles of Aland, 1741 — am- 
bassador to Sweden, occupies Stockholm, Nov. 
1743 to Jun. 1744 — Field-marshal of Prussia, 
15 Sep. 1747 a — Governor of Berlin, about 1749 
— takes part in invasion of Saxony, Sep. 1756 
— distinguishes himself at battle of Prague, 



May 1757 — contributes to victories of Rosbach 
and Leuthen, 1757 — directs siege of Olmiitz, 
Jun. 1758 — joins Ziethen in Saxony, Sep. 1758 
— falls, at Hochkirchen, 14 Oct. 1758. 
a Carlyle. 

Keith, Sir Robert Murray, diplomatist, — ft., 
20 Sep. 1730 — commands Highland auxiliary 
corps in Seven Years' War, 1756-63 — envoy to 
Dresden, 1769 — interferes at Copenhagen "for 
protection of the queen Matilda, and is created 
K.B., 1772 — ambassador to Vienna, Nov. 1772 
— ft. at Hammersmith, 1795. 

Keith, Thomas, mathematician, — fj. in York- 
shire, 1759 — settles in London, 17 81 — Prof. 
Geography and the Sciences to Princess 
Charlotte, 1801 — Accountant to British 
Museum, 18 14 — ft. in London, 29 Jun. 1824. 
Practical Arithmetician, 17 89 — Use of the 
Globes, 1805. 

Kelat. [Khelat.] _ 

Kelbite Dynasty, in Sicily, — founded by 
Hassan, 948 — overthrown by Maniaces the 
Catapan, 1038. 

Kellehoven, Moritz, painter, — b. at Alten- 
rath, Berg, 1768^ 1758 b — goes to Vienna, 
1779 — painter to the Elector, Munich, 1784 — ■ 
first Prof. Academy of Painting, 1808 — ft., 
Director of Academy, i83i, a i83o. b 

a Biog'. "Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Keller, Dorotheus Ludwig Christoph, 
Count, diplomatist, — b. at Gotha, 19 Feb. 1757 
— plenipotentiary of Prussia at court of Sweden, 
1779 — a ^ the Hague, 1789 — assists at the con- 
ferences of Antwerp, 1793 — envoy to Vienna, 
1797-1805 — Saxon ambassador to Congress of 
Vienna, 18 14 — first Pres. of Regency of Erfurt, 
1815 — ft. at Stettin, 22 Nov. 1827. > 

Kellermann, Francois Christophe, Duke 
of Yalmy, marshal and peer of France, — b. 
at Strasburg, 30 May 1735 — enters the army, 
1752 — distinguishes himself in Seven Years' 
War, 1756-63 — serves in Poland, 177 1 — 
Marechal de Camp, 1785 — Commander of 
Alsace, 179 1 — obtains victory over Prussians 
and Austrians at Yalmy, 20 Sep. 1792 — called 
to bar of the Convention, 14 Nov. 1792 — Com- 
mander-in-chief of army of the Alps, May 1795 
— defeats Piedmontese at Bonneville, takes 
Lyons, Aug. — deprived and arrested, 18 Oct. — ' 
Commander-in-chief of army of the Alps, Nov. 
1796 — Pres. of Conservative Senate, 2 Aug. 
1 801 — Grand Eagle of Legio'nof Honour, Feb. 
1805 — Marshal of France, 1805 — Prefect of 
Electoral Coll. of Upper Rhine, 1805 and 1811 
— Peer of France, Grand Cross of St Louis, 1 8 14 
— ft., 12 Sep. 1820. 

Kellermann, Francois Etienne, Duke of 
Valmy, general, — b. at Metz, 1770 — serves in 
campaign against Prussians, 1793 — distinguishes 
himself at passage of the Tagliamento, 1797 — 
General of Brigade, 1797 — distinguishes himself 
in campaign of Italy, 1799 — contributes to 
victory of Marengo, General of Division, 1800 
— wounded at Austerlitz, 1 805 — serves in 
Portugal, 1808 — Commander-in-chief in North 
Spain, 1 809 — distinguishes himself in campaign 
of Saxony, 181 3 — Inspector-general of Cavalry, 
1814 — ft! at Paris, 2 Jun. 1835. 



79+ 



KE LLGREN— KENNET. 



Kellgren, Johan Henrik, poet,—b. in West 
Gothland, i Dec. 175 1— goes to Stockholm, 
1774 — member of Swedish Academy, 1786 — 
tf., Apr. 1795. Samlade SJcriftes, 1796. 

Kells, in Ireland, synod of, acknowledges 
supremacy of Home, 1152 — castle built, 1178. 
Monastery founded, (by St Columba ?) 550. 

Kelly, John,— b. at Douglas, Isle of Man, 
1 Nov. 1750— tutor to Marquis of Huntly, 
1779— LL.D. Cambridge, 1799— tf., 12 Nov. 
1809. Manx translation of the Bible, 1772 — 
Gaelic Grammar, 1803. 

Kelly, Michael, musical composer and singer, 
— b. at Dublin, 1762 — appears at Drury Lane 
Theatre, 1787 — tf., 1826. Reminiscences, 1826. 

Kelso, in Scotland, — damaged in border 
wars, 1522, 1542, 1544— made a burgh of 
barony, 1634 — burnt, 1686 and 1738. Abbey, 
transferred from Selkirk by David I., 11 28 — 
destroyed by Earl of Hertford, 1545. Floors 
Castle, built, 17 18. 

Kemal-Eddin Abul Kasern Omar, {Ebn 
A.ladim,) historian, — h. at Aleppo, (588, A. H.) 
1 1 92— tf. at Cairo, (660,) 126 1-2. 

Kemhle, Charles, actor,— b. at Brecknock, 

25 Nov. 1775 — appears at Drury Lane Theatre, 
Apr. 1794 — visits America, 1832 — Examiner 
of Plays, quits the stage, 1840 — tf., 12 Nov. 
1854. 

Kemhle, George Stephen, actor, — appears 
at Covent Garden Theatre, 1783 — tf., 1822. 

Kemhle, John Mitchell, historian, antiquary, 
— h. in London, 1807 — B.A. Cambridge, 1830 
—resides in Germany, 1849-55— tf. at Dublin, 

2 6 Mar. 1857. Anglo-Saxon I'oems of Beoivulf, 
1833 — Codex cliplomaticus cevi Saxonici, 1839- 
40 — Saxons in England, 1849. 

Kemhle, John Philip, actor,— b. at Prescot, 
Lancashire, 1 Feb. 1757 — appears at Drury 
Lane Theatre, Sep. 1783 — manager, 1790 — 
manager of Covent Garden Theatre, 1803-17 — 
tf. at Lausanne, 26 Feb. 1823. 

Kemhle, Sarah. [Siddons.] 

Kemp, John, Cardinal, Abp of Canter- 
bury, and Chancellor of Exglaxd, — b. at 
"Wye in Kent, 1380 — assists in proceedings 
against Sir John Oldcastle, Sep. 141 3 — am- 
bassador to Aragon, Jul. 141 5— Dean of the 
Arches, 1415— Bp of Bochester, 141 9 — Bp of 
Chichester, 28 Feb. 142 1 — Bp of London, 17 
Nov. 142 1 — Chancellor, 16 Mar. 1426— Abp 
of York, 8 Apr. 1426 — resigns the Great Seal, 
25 Feb. 1432 — joint ambassador to France, 
1439— Cardinal Priest, 18 Dec. 1439 — endows 
College at Wye, 1447— again Chancellor, 31 
Jan. 1450— Cardinal Bp, Jul. 1452 — Abp of 
Canterbury, by Papal bull, 21 Jul. 1452— tf., 
22 Mar. 1454^ I457. b a Foss. b Le Neve. 

Kemp, Joseph, musical composer, — b. at 
Exeter, 1778 — Mus. B. Cambridge, 1808 — 
Mus. D., 1809 — tf. in London, 22 May 1824. 
System of Musical Education, i8i9.(?) 

Kempelen, Wolfgang, Barox, mechanician, 
— b. at Presburg, 1734 — exhibits his Automaton 
Chess-player at Paris, 1783 — tf., 1804. 

Kempenfelt, Richard, admiral,— b. at West- 
minster, 1720 — Lieutenant R.N., 1741— Post- 
captain, 1757 — Captain of the fleet and Bear- 



admiral, 1779 — captures French convoy on the 
way to W. Indies, close of 17 81— appointed to 
the Royal George, early in 1782— drowned by 
sinking of his vessel at Spithead, 29 Aug. 
1782. 

Kempis, Thomas a, {Thomas EGimmerlein, 
Malleolus,) theologian, — b. at Kempen, near 
Cologne, 1380 — sub-prior of Mount St Agnes, 
1425 — prior, 1448 — tf., 147 1. 

Ken, Thomas, Bp of Bath axd Wells, — b. 
at Berkhampstead, Herts, 1637 — enters Oxford 
Univ., 1657 — Fellow of Winchester Coll., 1666 
— prebendary of Winchester, 1669 — visits 
Home, 1675 — D.D., 1679 — chaplain to Charles 
II., 1684— Bp of Bath and Wells, 1685— one 
of the Seven Bishops committed to the Tower, 
1688 — deprived as a nonjuror, 1691 — tf. at 
Longleate, 19 Mar. 171 1. Works, 1721. 

Kendal, Ermengard Melnsina von Schulen- 
herg, Dlchess of, mistress of George I., — 
created Duchess of Munster, 17 16 — Duchess of 
Kendal, 17 19 — tf., 1743- 

Kenilworth, Warwickshire, — castle built by 
Geoffrey de Clinton, about n 20 — garrisoned 
for Henry II., 1 173-4 a — held by De Mont- 
fort, 1264 — besieged by Henry III., 1266 — 
surrendered to him, Nov. 1266 — tournament 
held at, by Earl of Leicester, 1279 a — becomes 
possession of the crown under Henry IV., 1399 
— given by Queen Elizabeth to Bobert Dudley, 
Earl of Leicester, 9 Jun. 1563 — Queen Eliza- 
beth entertained at, by Leicester, Jul. 1575. 
Dictum de, terms of accommodation agreed to 
between Henry III. and the Barons, passed at 
Coventry, 15 Oct. 1266. a Dugdale. 

Kenmure, William Gordon, 6th YiscorxT, 
— succeeds to the title, 1698 — joins the 
Pretender, Oct. 17 15 — taken prisoner at 
Preston, 13 Nov. 17 15 — beheaded in London, 
24 Feb. 17 16. 

Kennedy, James, Bp of St Andrews, — 
b., about 1405 — Bp of Dunkeld, 1437 — Bp of 
St Andrews, 1440 — Lord Chancellor, 1444 — 
visits Borne, 1446— founds Coll. of St Salvador, 
1455 or 1458 — tf. at St Andrews, 10 May 
1466. 

Kennedy, Sir James Shaw, general, — fc., 
about 1789 — enters the army, 1805 — present 
at siege of Copenhagen, 1807 — in retreat from 
Corufia, 1808 — aide-de-camp to Major-gen. 
Craufurd, 1809 — at siege of Ciudad Kodrigo, 
1 8 12 — at siege of Badajoz, 1812 — at battle of 
Salamanca, 1812 — returns to England, Dec. 
1 8 12 — serves as Deputy-assistant Quarter- 
master-general, at Quatre Bras, Ligny, and 
Waterloo, 16, 17, 18 Jun. 1815 — commands at 
Calais, 1 815-18 — Assistant Adjutant-general in 
Ireland, 1826 — at Manchester, Dec. 1826-36 
— Inspector-general of Constabulary Force of 
Ireland, 1836-8 — Major-general, Nov. 1846 — 
Lieut. -gen., Jun. i860 — General, Aug. 1862 — 
tf. at Bath, 30 May 1865. 

Kennedy, John, chronologist, — tf. at Bradley, 
Derbyshire, about 1770. Scripture Chronology, 

Kennet, — Ethelred II. defeated by North- 
men at, 1006. 

Kennet, White, Bp of Peterborough, 



KENNETH II.— KEPLER. 



795 






antiquary, — b. at Dover, 1660 — enters Oxford 
Univ., 1678 — D.D., 1695 — Dean of Peter- 
borough, 1707 — Bp of Peterborough, 1718 — 
tf., 19 Dec. 1728. Parochial Antiquities 
attempted in the history of Ambrosden, Bnr- 
cester, §c, 1695 — Register and Chronicle, 
Ecclesiastical and Civil, 1728. 

Kenneth II., MacAlpin, King of the 
Scots, — succeeds Alpin, 836 — the Picts sub- 
mit to, about 843 — tr., 859. 

Kenneth III., King or Scotland, — 
succeeds, about 970 — does homage to Edgar 
at Chester, 972 — conquers Strathclyde : 
murdered by Fenella, 994. 

Kenneth IV., the Grim, King of Scotland, 
— succeeds Constantine IV., 995 — attacked 
and killed by Malcolm, Prince of Cumberland, 
at Monivaird, 1003. 

Kennicott, Benjamin, Hebraist, — 6. at 
Totnes, Devonshire, 4 Apr. 17 18 — studies at 
Oxford, 1744 — Fellow of Exeter Coll., about 
1747 — M.A., 1750 — D.D., 1761 — HadclifTe 
Librarian, Nov. 1767 — canon of Christchurch, 
Oct. 1770 — tf. at Oxford, 18 Sep. 1783. 
Hebrew Bible, 1776-80 — On the state of the 
printed Hebrew Text of the Old Testament, 

1753-9- 

Kensal Green Cemetery, near London, — 
opened, 31 Jan. 1832. 

Kensington. [Horticultural Society's 
Gardens. ] 

Kensington Museum, South, — opened, 24 
Jun. 1857. 

Kensington Palace, — purchased of Earl of 
Nottingham by William 111., 1690. 

Kent, [Cantium, Cantivaraland,) — [BC] — 
Cresar invades, 55 — [A D] — kingdom of, founded 
by Hengist, 455 ? 446 ? — his son Esc (Eric) 
succeeds, 488? — Ethelbert, 568 — Eadbald, 
616 — tf., 20 Jan. 640 — Eucombert, 640 — tf., 
14 Jul. 664 — Egbert, 664 — Lothaire, Jul. 
673 — ravaged by Ethelred of Mercia, 676— fc., 6 
Feb. 685 — ravaged by Ceadwalla, 687 — 
Wihtred and Webheard, 692 ? 690 ? — 
"VVihtred alone, 694 — he prohibits idolatry, 
696 — Eadbert, 23 Apr. 725 — Ethelbert 
II., 748 — Alric, 760 — Offa makes war on, 
771 — he defeats Kentish men at Otford, 774 — 
Edbert Praen, 794 — taken prisoner and 
mutilated by Cynulf of Mercia, 796 — subject to 
Mercia, 796 — Cuthked ; Baldred, 805 — 
jonquered by Egbert of Wessex, and his son 
Ethel wulf made king, 823 — his son Athelstan 
appointed, 837 — his brother Ethelbert, 851 
— united with Wessex under him 860 — in- 
vaded by Northmen, 865, 885, 893 — [Hasting] 
— again, 980, 994, 999, 1006, 1009-11 — forms 
part of earldom of Godwin, about 1035 ? — 
insurrections of Wat Tyler in, 1381 — and of 
Jack Cade, 1450 — entered by Cornish insurgents 
under Lord Audley, 1497. 

Kent, Earls of. [Godwine, Odo of Bayeux, 
Hubert de Burgh.] 

Kent, Fair Maid of. [Joan.] 

Kent, Holy Maid of. [Barton, Elizabeth.] 

Kent, Edmund Plantagenet, Earl of, — b., 
5 Aug. 1 30 1 — created Earl, 1321 — joins Isa- 
bella, Queen of Edward II., in France, 1325 — 



with her invades England, Sep. 1326 — con- 
spires against Mortimer, 1329 — executed, 19 
Mar. 1330. 

Kent, Edward Augustus, Duke of, Earl 
of Dublin, and Duke of Strath earn, — &., 
2 Nov. 1767 — as Colonel, serves under O'Hara 
at Gibraltar, 17 90-1 — distinguishes himself in 
campaign in Martinique and Guadaloupe, 
1794 — Lieutenant - general, 1796 — created 
Duke of Kent and of Strathearn and Earl of 
Dublin, 1799 — governor of Gibraltar, 1802— 
suppresses mutiny of the garrison, Christmas 
1802 — recalled, 1803 — Field-marshal, 1805 — 
marries Princess of Leiningen, 20 May 1818 — ■ 
birth of his daughter, Princess Victoria, 24 
May 1 8 19 — tf. at Sidmouth, 23 Jan. 1820. 

Kent, James, musical composer, — b. at Win- 
chester, 1700 — organist of Winchester Cathe- 
dral, 1737-74 — tf. at Winchester, 1776. Twelve 
Anthems, 1773. 

Kent, James, Chief Justice of New York, 
— b. at Fredericksburg, New York, 31 Jul. 
1763 — Counsellor in Supreme Court, 1787 — 
member of State Legislature, 1790-4 — Prof. 
Law, Columbia Coll., settles at New York, 
1794 — appointed with Judge Eadcliffe to revise 
legal code of New York, 1 800 — Chief Jus- 
tice, 1804 — Chancellor, about 18 14 to Aug. 
1823 — reappointed Prof. Law, 1 823 — tf. at New 
York, 12 Dec. 1847. Commentaries on Ameri- 
can Law, 1826-30. 

Kent, Maria Louisa Victoria, Duchess of, 
— b., 1786 — marries the Prince of Leiningen, 
1803 — widow, 1 8 14 — marries Edward, Duke 
of Kent, at Coburg, May 181 8 — at Kew, Jul. 
1 81 8 — removes to England, spring 18 19 — 
widow again, 1820 — tf. at Frogmore, 16 Mar. 
1861. 

Kent, William, architect, landscape-gar- 
dener, — b. in Yorkshire, 1684 — studies paint- 
ing in Italy, 17 10 — in service of Earl of Bur- 
lington, 17 16 — tf. in London, 12 Apr. 1748. 

Kentish Petition, — signed at Maidstone, 29 
Apr. 1 70 1 — presented to House of Commons, 
8 May, and the petitioners presenting it im- 
prisoned. 

Kentucky, U. S.,< — Europeans arrive in, 1767 
— settlement formed, 1775 — separated from 
Virginia, 1790 — becomes one of the United 
States, 1792 — sends delegates to Congress of 
Confederate States, Jan. 1863. 

Kenyon, Lloyd, Lord Kenyon, Chief 
Justice of England, — b. in Wales, 5 Oct. 
1732 — enters Middle Temple, 7 Nov. 1750 — 
called to the bar, 7 Feb. 1756 — M.P. Hindon, 
and Chief Justice of Chester, 1780 — engaged 
in defence of Lord George Gordon, 1780 — 
Attorney- general, Mar. 1782 — Master of the 
Polls, 30 Mar. 1784 — Bart., 24 Jul. 1784 — 
raised to the peerage, and appointed Chief 
Justice, 9 Jun. 1788 — tf. at Bath, 4 Apr. 1802. 

Kepler, (Jtepplcr,) Johann, astronomer, — b. 
at Weil, Wiirtemberg, 21 Dec. 157 1 — at school 
of Maulbronn, 1586— M. A. Tubingen, Aug. 
1591 — lecturer on Astronomy at Gratz, about 
1594 — virits Tycho Brahe at Benach, near 
Prague, Jan. 1600 — Imperial mathematician, 
assistant to Tycho Brahe at Prague, Sep. 1601 



79 6 



KEPPEL-KEW GABDEXS. 



— principal mathematician to th.3 Emperor, 
Oct. — Prof, at Univ. of Linz, 1612 — tf. at 
Batisbon, 15 Nov. 1630. Frodromus Dissertat. 
Cosmography 1596 — Be Fundamentis Astro- 
logies, 1602 — Faralipomena ad Vitellionem, 
1604 — F)e Stella Nova, 1606 — Astronomia 
Nova, 1609 — F)e Cometis, 1619 — Harmonice 
Mv/ndi, 1619 — Fabules Rudolphines, 1627 — 
Epitomes Astron. Copern., 1618-22. 

Keppel, Augustus, Viscount, admiral, — 
fc. in Suffolk, 2 Apr. 1725 — accompanies Anson 
round the world, 1740-5 — negotiates treaty 
with Dey of Algiers, close of 1749 — negotiates 
treaties with Tripoli and Tunis, 175 1 — M.P. 
Chichester, 1755 — takes Goree, Dec. 1758 — 
contributes to defeat of French fleet under 
Marquis de Conflans, 1759 — takes Belleisle, 7 
Jun. 1761 — Bear-admiral, 1761 — Lord of the 
Admiralty, 1 7 65 — Vice-admiral, 1 775 — Admiral, 
commander of Channel Fleet, Jan. 1778 — en- 
gages the French off Ushant, 27 Jul. — tried 
by Court Martial and acquitted, 7 Jan. to 11 
Feb. 1779 — First Commissiouer of the Ad- 
miralty, and Privy Councillor, 30 Mar. 1782 — 
raised "to the peerage,* 8 Apr. 1782 — tf. in Suf- 
folk, 3 Oct. 1786. 
Ker, John. [Eoxburghe, Duke of.] 
Kerala. [Malabar, Ganara.] 
Keralio, Louis Felis G-uinement de, his- 
torian, — h. at Bennes, 17 Sep. 17 31 — tutor to 
Don Ferdinand at Parma, about 1756— ad- 
mitted to Academy of Inscriptions, 1780 — tf. 
at Grosley, (Seine-et-Oise,) 10 Dec. 1793. 
Sistoire de la Guerre entre la Russie et la Tur- 
quie, 1773 — Ftistoire de la Guerre des Turcs et 
des Fusses, 1736-9, 1777. 

Kerbela, (JTeshedFf ossein,) in Turkey, — taken 
by "Wahabees, and inhabitants massacred, 2 
Apr. 1 80 1 — Shiite Shrine of, Shah Nasreddin 
makes pilgrimage to, Dec. 1870: first visit of 
Shah to, since conquest of Baghdad by Osman- 
lees. 

Kerckhove, Johan Polyander van der, theo- 
logian, — b. at Metz, 26 Mar. 1568 — studies at 
Geneva, 1588 — pastor of French church at 
Dort, 1591-1610 — Prof. Theology, Leyden, 
1610-46 — assists at Synod of Dort, 161 8-1 9 — 
tf. Bector of Univ. of Leyden, 4 Feb. 1646. 

Keresstury, Aloys Joseph de, historian, — 
ft. in Hungary, 1765 — Prof. History, Pesth, 
about 1809 — a", there, 21 Apr. 1825. Com- 
pendium histories universalis, 1817-19 — Bis- 
sertatio de FLungarorum origins atque primis 
incunabulis, 18 19. 

Keresztes, in Transylvania, — Mahomet III. 
defeats Imperialists at, 23 Oct. 1596. 

Kerguelen - Tremarec, Yves Joseph de, 
maritime discoverer— b. in Brittany, 1745— 
discovers Kerguelen's Land, 1772— revisits it, 
1773-4 — tf., Mar. 1797. Relation d'un voyage 
dans la mer du Nord, 1771— Relation de deux 
voyages dans les mers australes et les Fides, 1782. 
Kerguelen's Land, Island of Desolation, 
[Kerguelen-Tremarec,] — visited by Captain 
Cook, Dec. 1776. 

Kerkhove, Joseph van den, painter, founder 
and director of Academy of Fainting, Bruges, 
— b. at Bruges, 1669 — tf. there, 1724. 



Kerouaille, Mademoiselle. [Portsmouth, 
Duchess of.] 

Kertch, in the Crimea — [Panticapaeum, 
Bosporus] — [AD] — taken by the Huns, 375 
— held by Genoese, 1280 — conquered by Turks, 
1473 — seized by Bussians, 1771 — ceded by 
Turkey to Bussia, 1774 — made a free port, 
1822 — Russian fleet and stores at, captured by 
allies, 24 May 1855. 

Kessel, Ferdinand van, painter, — ft. at 
Antwerp, 1660 — tf., about 1710^ i696. b 
a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Nagler. 

Kessel, Jan van, painter, u. at Amsterdam, 
1648^ at Antwerp, 1644 b — court painter to 
king of Spain, 1686 — tf. at Amsterdam, 1698, a 
at Madrid, i7o8. b a Biog. Woordenboek. 

b Conv.-Lex. 

Kessel, Jan van, painter, b. at Antwerp, 
1626— tf., about 1690? 

Kessel, Theodor van, engraver, — S. in Hol- 
land, about 1620. 

Kessels, Matthias, sculptor, — b. at Maes- 

tricbt, 20 May, 1781,* 1784^ d — goes to St 

Petersburg, 1806 — returns to Maestricht, i8i7 d 

— goes to Borne, 1818 — tf. there, 3 Mar. 1836. 

a jSouv. Biog. Gen. b Conv.-Lex. 

c Biog. Woordenboek. d Xagler. 

Kesselsdorf, — Prince Leopold of Dessau 
defeats Saxons under Prince Charles of Lor- 
raine at, 15 Dec. 1745. 

Kestner, Christian "Wilhelm, physician, — 
b. in Thuringia, 1694 — M.D., Halle, 1719 — 
tf., 13 May 1747. Jfedicinisches Gelehrten- 
Lexicon, 1740 — Bibliotheca medica optimorum 
per si?igulas medicines partes auctorum delecta 
circumscripta, 1746. 

Ket. [Kett.j 

Ketel, Cornelisz, painter, — b. at Gouda, 
1548 — visits England, 1587-81 — living at 
Leipsic, i6oo. a a Descamps. 

Ketelaer, Nicholas, printer, — $. at Utrecht. 
Scholastica historia super Novum Testamen- 
turn, 147 3, a 1475 b — Fusebii Historia Ecclesias- 
tica, 1474 — Th. a Kempis defuncti opera, 1474. 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Woordenboek. 

Kett, Robert, the tanner, — heads insurrec- 
tion in Norfolk, Jul. 1549 — his forces dispersed 
by Earl of "Warwick, end of Aug. — hung, with 
his brother, Nov. or Dec. 1549. 

Kettilmundsson, Matts, Administrator of 
Siceden, — distinguishes himself in war against 
Bussians, 1291 and 1293 — supports revolt of 
Dukes Eric and Yaldemar, 1304 — commands 
insurgents against King Birger, 13 17 — gets 
himself declared Administrator, 131 7 — obtains 
recognition of Magnus as king, 13 19 — resigns 
his office, 1320 — tf., 1337. 

Keulen, Jan van, hydrographer, — tf., 1705. 
Edition of Le Xouveau grand illuminant Flam- 
beau de la mer, 1687. 

Keulen, Ludolph van, mathematician,— -tf., 
at Leyden, 16 10. Be circulo et adsenptis, 1596 
— Fundamcntaarithmetica et gcometrica, (17 16.) 

Kew Bridge, near London, built by Paine, 

1789. 

Kew Gardens, in Surrey, {Botanic,) formed 
about 1750-60 — parliamentary committee on 
management of, appointed, 1838 — Lindley's Be- 



KEW HOUSE— KIEFFER. 



797 



pjrt presented,. May 1840 — transferred to Com- 
missioners of Woods and Forests, 1840 — opened 
to the public, 1 84 1 — Palm Stove completed, 1848. 

Kew House, — leased by Frederick, Prince of 
"Wales, about 1730 — purchased and pulled 
down by George III., about 1789. 

Kew Palace, —purchased for Queen Char- 
lotte, 1781. 

Key, Willem, painter, — ft. at Breda, 1520 
— ft., 5 Jul. 1568. 

Khadija, — marries Mohammed, about 595 
—ft., 621. 

Khaled, military commander, — ft. ,5 82 — com- 
mands cavalry of the Koreish against Moham- 
med at battle of Ohud, (3, a. h.) 623 — saves 
army of Mohammed at battle of Muta, 629 — 
invades Persia, (12,) Mar. 632 — takes Bozrah, 
633 — besieges Damascus, Feb. 633 — defeats 
Werdan, general of Heraclius, at Aiznadin, 13 
Jul. 633 — storms Damascus, 30 Aug. 634 — 
takes part in siege of Aleppo, 638 — commands 
at battle of Yermuk, Nov. 636 — ft. at Eniesa, 
(21,) 642. 

Khalil, Dhahery ben Schahin, — ft. at 
Jerusalem, (813, a. h.) 1410-11— governor of 
Alexandria, (839,) 1435-6 — superintendent of 
Mint of Cairo, (840,) 1436-7— Vizir, (841,) 
1437-8 — commander in Syria, (843,) 1439 — 
goes to Cairo, (854,) 1450-1. Zobdad Kaschef 
al memalek, about 142 1. 

Khandeish. [Candeish.] 

Kharizm, Kharizmians, in Turkestan, — 
conquered by Catiba of Khorasan, (93, a. h.) 
712 a — conquered by Sultan Mahmud, (407,) 
10 16 a — contests of Ghorians against, in Kho- 
rasan, (599,) 1202 — invasion of Shahab u din 
repulsed, (600,) 1203 — take Ghazni, (612,) 
1 2 15 — under Sultan Jelal u din, the kingdom 
overthrown by Moguls under Gengis Khan, 
(618,) 1221 a — assist ISodgemeddin, ravage 
Syria, and pillage Jerusalem, i244. b [Khiva.] 
a Elphinstone. b Kington. 

Khelat, in Ghxjlzie, — unsuccessfully besieged 
by Ameen Khan and his brother Shureef, Mar. 
1865 — Shere Ali defeats Ameen Khan near, 6 
Jun. — taken possession of by Shere Ali, 14 Jim. 

Khemnitzer, Ivan Ivanovich, fabulist,— ft. 
at St Petersburg, 1744 — ft. consul-general at 
Smyrna, 20 Mar. 1784. Works, 1799. 

Kheraskov, Mikhail Matyievich, poet,^ — 
ft., 25 Oct. 1733 — curator of Moscow Univ., 
1802 — ft. at Moscow, 27 Sep. 1807. Rossiada, 
1 7 85 — Vladimir, 1786. 

Kherson. [Cherson.] 

Khevenhuller, Franz Christoph, Count 
von, — ft., 1588 — ft., 1650. Annates Ferdin- 
andei, 1640-6. 

Khitans, {Tatar,) — contest of Toghan Khan 
with, 1012-25 a — invited to assist revolted 
governor of Kharizm, about H52. b 

a De Guignes. b Elphinstone. 

Khiva, [Kharizm,] Orgunje, {Chorasmia,)'m 
Central Asia,— conquered by Gengis Khan, 
1 22 1 — independent kingdom under his descend- 
ants, till conquered by Timur, 1379 — conquered 
by Uzbeks under Sheibani Khan, 151 1 — un- 
successful Russian expeditions against, 17 17 
and 1839-40 — visited by Captain Abbot, end of 



1839 — commercial treaty with Russia, 1854 — 
visited by Vambery, 1 860- 1 — Russian campaign 
against, spring 187 1 — terminates before 7 Jun. 

Khodjent, in Bokhara, — besieged by Ro- 
manoffsky, 29 May 1866 — taken by assault, 8 
Jun. 

Khoi, in Fersia, — Shah Ismael defeats Se- 
lim I. at, 15 14. 

Khondemyr, Gaiatheddin Mohammed Ben 
Hoinameddyn, historian, — named one of the 
commissioners for making peace between Abu 
Said and Ibrahim Mirza, (862, a. h.) 1457 — 
ft., after 1522. FJielassat al Akhbar, about 
1495 — Habyb alseir Afrad Albaschar one 
Akhbar Afrad, after 1523. 

Khondistan, The Khonds, in India, — first 
come in contact with Euglish, 1835 — revolt of, 
suppressed by Gen. Sir Henry Taylor, 1836-7 — 
suppression of human (MeriaA) sacrifices by 
British Agency, under Col. John Campbell, 
1837-49. 

Khoord Cabul Pass. [Afghanistan.] 

Khorasan, [Persia,] — conquered by the 
Caliphs, 646 — revolts, 750 — independent under 
the Taherites, 820 — under Sofarides, 872 — in 
possession of Samanis, 892 — Alptegin go- 
vernor, 961 — Mahmud governor, 993 — inde- 
pendent under Mahmud (389, a. h.) 999 — Sel- 
juks settled in, by Mahmud of Ghazni, about 
1020 — ravaged by Uzbeks, 1 150— submits to 
Timur, about 1380 — conquered by Shabak 
Khan, 1507 — Herat separated from, by Afghans, 
17 16 — recovered by Nadir Shah, 1735 — part 
of, annexed to Cabul, 1747 — conquered by Agha 
Mohammed, 1797 — explored by Khanikoff, 
1858-60. 

Khosru. [Chosroes.] 

Khyher Pass. [Afghanistan.] 

Khyrpur, in Hindustan, — incorporated with 
British empire, 1853. ♦ 

Kiachta, in Siberia, — becomes important 
trading place, 1727. 

Kicinski, Pius, statesman, — ft. in Poland, 
1752 — secretary to the Diet, 1782 — first secre- 
tary to the king, 1783-92 — deputy to Diet of 
Grodno, 1784 and 1788-92 — takes part with 
the insurgents, 1794 — recalled to the Senate, 
1 8 15 — ft. at Warsaw, 1828. 

Kickx, Jan, naturalist, — ft. at Brussels, 1772 
— ft. there, 1831. Flora Bruxellensis, 1812 — 
Tentamen mineralogicum, 1821. 

Kidd, William, captain F.JSF., — commission- 
ed by Lord Chancellor Somers to suppress 
piracy in E. Indies, 1699 — turns pirate, and 
with three of his companions is hung, 23 May 
1701. 

Kidd, William, naturalist — ft. at Hammer- 
smith, 1803 — ft. there, 7 Jan. 1867. British 
Song Birds, 1856. 

Kidderminster, in Worcestershire, — seat of 
carpet manufacture, from 1735. 

Kidnapping, — in Great Britain, prohibited 
by Acts 11 and 12 Wm III. c. 7, 1700, and 
9 Geo. IV. c. 31, ss. 20 and 21, 27 Jun. 1828. 
In Ireland, by Act 10 Geo. IV. c. 34, 4 Jun. 
1829. 

Kieff. [Kiew.] 

Kieffer, Johann Daniel, orientalist, — ft. at 



79 3 



KIEL— KILLIGREW. 



Strasburg, 4 May 1767 — interpreter to the 
French embassy at Constantinople, Mar. 1796 
— imprisoned there, 1798-1801 — assistant Prof. 
Turkish Language, Coll. of France, 1804 — 
Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 22 Jan. 18 15 
— deprived of his post of private interpreter to 
the king for Oriental Languages, Dec. 1829 — 
Vice-Pres. Asiatic Society, 1831 — &., 29 Jan. 
1833. Assists in Turkish translation of Bible, 
1827 — with Biancki, Dictionnaire Turc-Fran- 
tois, 1835-7. 

Kiel, in Rohtein, — burnt by the Slaves, 1072 
— member of Hanseatic League, before 1400 — 
taken by Imperialists, 1627 — unsuccessfully 
besieged by Danes, 1628 — by Swedes, 1643 — 
taken again by Imperialists under Gallas, 1643 
— seat of Dukes of Holstein-Gottorp, 1721-73 
— occupied by Danish troops, Nov. 1863. 
University of, founded, 1665. Treaty of, be- 
tween Great Britain, Sweden, and Denmark, 
for cession of Norway to Sweden, concluded, 14 
Jan. 1 8 14. 

Kien-Lung, Emperor of China, — b., about 
17 10— succeeds his father, Yung-Ching, i735, a 
1736 b — carries on war with Tatar tribes, 1754- 
60 — war with Ava, 1768 — publishes edict 
against Christian religion, 1753 — reduces Miao- 
tse, 1775 — receives English embassy, 1793 — 
[Macartney, Lord] — abdicates in favour of 
his son, 1795 — u - ., 7 Feb. 1799. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Medhurst. 

Kiew, Kiow, Kieff, in Russia, — taken from 
the Khazars by Oskold and Dir, 864 — head of 
a Grand-Duchy and capital of Southern Bussia, 
about 882 — Christianity introduced, 988 — 
capital of all the Bussias, 1037-1167 — subject 
to the Golden Horde, 1240 — taken from them 
by Gedimin, Grand-Duke of Lithuania, 1320 — 
aunexed to Poland, 1569 — ceded by truce of 
Andrussow to Bussia for two years, 1667 — 
finally ceded to Bussia, 1686. Cathedral, built, 
1037 — Theological Academy, founded, 1661 — 
University, founded, 1833. 

Kilcullen, in Kildare, — plundered by Danes, 
936, 944, and 1037 — General Dundas defeats 
the rebels at, 24 May 1798. 

Kildare, in Ireland, — see founded, about 
500 ? — parliament held at, 1309 — Protestant 
bishop of, consecrated, 1550 — see united with 
Dublin, under Act 3 and 4 ¥m IV. c. 37, 14 
Aug. 1833. 

Kildare, Gerald Fitzgerald, 8th Earl of, 
Lord Deputy of Ireland, — succeeds to the 
title on death of his father, Thomas, and is made 
Lord Deputy, 1478 — favours rebellion of Lam- 
bert Simnel, May 1487 —pardoned, 1487— 
deprived of his office, 1491 — attainted, as sup- 
porter of ' Perkin Warbeck,' by Sir E. Poynings, 
1494 — arrested and sent to London, 1495 — 
K.G. and again made Lord Deputy, 1496 — tj. 
at Kildare, Sep. 15 13. 

Kildare, Gerald Fitzgerald, 9th Earl of, 
Lord Deputy op Ikeland, — appointed High 
Treasurer of Ireland, 1503 — succeeds his father 
in the Earldom, 15 13 — takes part in subduing 
the Irish, 1514-17 — visits Henry VIII. and is 
named Lord Deputy, 15 15 — deprived, 1520 — 
accompanies Henry to the Field of the Cloth of 



Gold, 1520 — marries Lady Elizabeth Grey, 
soon after — again Lord Deputy, 1524 — joins 
in preparations for general insurrection : called 
to London and committed to the Tower, 1527 
— pardoned and liberated, 1530 — again Lord 
Deputy, 1532 — wounded at attack on Castle 
of Bir, 1533 — summoned to London and im- 
prisoned, Feb. 1534 — tf. there, 12 Dec. 1534. 

Kilfenora, see of, — mentioned, 1265 — united 
to Clonfert, 1741 — to Fillaloe, 1752 — and the 
three to Kilmacduagh, under Act 3 and 4 Wm 
IV. c. 37, 14 Aug. 1833. 

Kilian, St, — goes to Borne and obtains 
sanction of Pope Conon for preaching in Thu- 
ringia, and is ordained Bp of Wiirzburg, 687 — 
murdered with his fellow-missionaries, 689. 

Kilian, Bartolomaeus, engraver, — b. at 
Augsburg, 1630 — tf. there, 1696. 

Kilian, Lucas, engraver, — b. at Augsburg, 
1579 — tf. there, 1637. 

Kilian, Philipp Andreas, engraver, — b. at 
Augsburg, 1 7 14 — Court-engraver to the king 
of Poland, 1744 — tf. at Augsburg, 1759. 

Kilian, Wolfgang, engraver, — b. at Augs- 
burg, 1581 — tf. there, 1662. 

Kilidge Arslan I„ (Soliman the Younger,) 
Sultan of Iconium, — succeeds the Emir 
Abul Cassem, (485, a. h.) 1092 — defeated by 
the crusaders before Nicasa, and again at 
Dorylseuni, May to Jul. 1097 — defeats three 
bodies of crusaders, (Bamadan 494,) Jul. 1101 
—killed in battle, (20 Dhu'lka Dah 500,) 13 
Jul. 1 107. 

Kilidge Arslan II., Azzeddin, Sultan of 
Iconium, — succeeds his father Masoud, (550, 
a. h.) 1 155 — defeated by Emperor Manuel, 
near Antioch, (554,) 1159 — demands peace of 
him, 1 1 60 — renews the war and defeats Manuel 
at Myriokephalon, 1176 — concludes peace, 
1 177 — arrested by his son Cothbeddin and is 
compelled to declare him his successor, (583,) 
1 1 87 — capture of Iconium by Frederick I., 
(586,) 1 190 — tf., (17 Shaban 588,) 28 Aug. 
1192. 

Kilinski, John, — b. in Poland, about 1755 
— organizes insurrection at Warsaw, Apr. 1794 
— member of Council of Government, Colonel 
of Warsaw militia, Apr. to Oct. — captured and 
imprisoned by Bussians at St Peterburg, Oct. 
— tf. at Warsaw, 1817. 

Kilkenny, Ireland, — castle, partly built, 
destroyed by Donald O'Brien, king of Thomond, 
1 193 — castle rebuilt by William Earl of Pem- 
broke, 1 1 95 — parliament held at, before Lionel, 
Duke of Clarence, Feb. 1367 — walled, by 
Bobert Talbot, 1400 — head-quarters of the 
Catholic party, 1641 — besieged by Cromwell, 
23 Mar. 1650 — surrenders, 28 Mar. — gives 
title of Earl to Butler family, 1793. Statute of, 
for abolition of Brehon Law, passed 1367. 

Killala, Ireland, — occupied by the French, 
22 Aug. to 8 Sep. 1798. See of, united to 
Achonry, 1607 — to Tuam, 1833. 

Killaloe, Ireland. [See Kilfenora.] 

Killiecrankie, Pass of, in Scotland, — Vis- 
count Dundee defeats Gen. Mackay, 17 Jul. 1689. 

Killigrew, Anne, painter, — b., 1660 — tf., 
1685. 



KILLIGREW— KING. 



799 



Killigrew, Thomas, ' King Charles 's Jester,' 
dramatist, — ft. in Middlesex, 1611 — envoy to 
Yenice, 165 1 — groom of the bed-chamber to 
Charles II., 1660 — if. at Whitehall, 1682. 
Flags, 1664. 

Killigrew, Sir William, —ft., 1605— Knt, 
Vice -chamberlain to Charles II., 1660 — If., 
1693. 

Kilmacduagh, Ireland. [See Kilfenora.] 

Kilmaine, Charles Jennings, general, — ft. at 
Dublin, about 1750— enters army of France, 
about 1765 — serves under Lafayette in 
American war, 1775-83 — General of Brigade, 
about 1792 — distinguishes himself at battle of 
Jemappes, 1792 — in campaign of Italy, 1796 
■■ — tf. at Paris, 15 Dec. 1799. 

Kilmainham Hospital, Dublin, for soldiers, 
— founded by Charles II., 1680. 

Kilmallock, in Ireland, — sacked and burnt 
by Fitzmaurice, about 1568. 

Kilmarnock, William Boyd, Earl of,— 
joins the Pretender, 1745 — captured at 
Culloden, 16 Apr. 1746 — beheaded on Tower 
Hill, 18 Aug. 1746. 

Kilmore, Ireland, — seat of a bishopric, 1454 
— see united with Ardagh, 1661 — separated 
and forms part of Tuam, 1742 — again united 
with Ardagh under Act 3 and 4 Wm IV. c. 37, 
14 Aug. 1833 — both united with Elphin, 1841. 

Kilsyth, Scotland, — Montrose defeats Baillie 
at, 15 Aug. 1645. 

Kilwarden, Lord, Chief Justice of Ike- 
land, — murdered by insurgents at Dublin, 23 
Jul. 1803. 

Kilwarline, Viscount. [Hillsborough.] 

Kilwinning Abbey, Scotland, — founded by 
Hugh de Moreville, about 1140. [Free- 
masons.] 

Kimholton, Lord. [Manchester, Earl of.] 

Kimchi, David, rabbi, — ft. at Narbonne, 
probably about n 90— arbiter between French 
and Spanish rabbis respecting Maimonides, 
1232 a — tf. in Provence, b about 1240. Michlol, 
1545 — Sepher Scorasain, 1490. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Kimchi, Joseph, rabbi, — fl. at Narbonne, 
about 1 1 60. 

Kimchi, Moses, rabbi, — ft. at Narbonne, 
about 1 150. 

Kimmerians, — [B C] — first appear in Asia 
Minor, about 876 a — invade Asia Minor, 782, b 
1078° — take Sardis, 635 — expelled byAiyattes, 
not before 617, 616? — driven by Scythians 
into Asia Minor, 7. a strabo. 

b Orosius. c Eusebius. 

Kimon,— [B C] — ft. about 502 — imprisoned 
on death of his father Miltiades, 489 — dedicates 
his bridle in the Parthenon, 480 — at Platsea, 
479 — serves under Pausanias, in Cyprus and 
at Byzantium, 477 — takes Eion, 476 — expels 
Dolopians from Scyros, 476 — transports bones 
of Theseus to Athens, 468, 472° — defeats 
Persians at the Eurymedon, 466, a 469 c — re- 
covers the Thracian Chersonese, 466 — reduces 
Tbasos, 463^ 465 c — conducts aid to Sparta, 
464 and 46 1, a 462 b — tried and acquitted; 
afterwards ostracized, end of 46i, a 463 c — not 
suffered to fight at Tanagra, 457 —recalled by 



Pericles, beginning 456^ 454-3 — negotiates 

five years' truce with Sparta, 450/ 451 c — killed 

at Kition in Cyprus, 449. a ciinton. 

b Grote., c Zumpt. 

Kinaethon, (Kinaithon,) Cyclic poet, — [B C] 
-fl., (01. 3, 4,) 7 6 5 , a (01. 3) 7 68. b 

a Eusebius. b Miiller. 

Kinaethus, (Kinaithos,) rhapsodist, — [BC] 
— fl., about (01. 69) 504. 

Kinburn, in Russia, — Suwarrof defeats the 
Turks at, 1787 — bombarded and taken by allied 
French and English fleets, 17 Oct. 1855— given 
up to Bussia by Treaty of Paris, 1856. 

Kind, Johann Friedrich, poet, $c, — ft. at 
Leipsic, 1768 — tf. at Dresden, 25 Jun. 1843. 
Gedichte, 1808 — Erzdhlungen und Heine 
Romane, 1820 — Der Freischutz, 1821. 

' Kinder-Garten,' — the system originated in 
Germany by Froebel, 1837. 

Kineas, orator, — [BC] — accompanies Pyr- 
rhus to Italy, 280 — ambassador to Borne, 280 
and 288— to Sicily, 278 ?— tf., before 276 ? 

King. [Supremacy, Royal,] 

King, Edward, miscellaneous writer, — ft. in 
Norfolk, 1735— F.B.S., 1767— F.S.A., 1770— 
Pres., 1784 — tf., 16 Apr. 1807. Mnnimenta 
Antiqua, 17 99- 1805 — Essag on the English 
Government, 1767 — Morsels of Criticism, 1788. 

King, Gregory, herald, genealogist, — ft. at 
Lichfield, 15 Dec. 1648 — in service of Sir W. 
Dugdale, 1662-7 — tf. in London, 29 Aug. 
1712. Observations on State of England, 1810. 

King, Peter, Lord King, Lord Chancellor 
of England, — ft. at Exeter, 1669 — studies at 
Leyden, 1692-4 — enters the Middle Temple, 
Oct. 1694 — called to the bar, 8 Jun. 1698 — 
M.P., 1699^ 1701 b — marries, 1704 — Becorder 
of London, 27 Jul. 1708 — Knt, Sep. 1708 — 
takes part in impeachment of Dr Sacheverell, 
1709 — Chief Justice of Common Pleas, 14 
Nov. 17 14 — Privy Councillor, Apr. 17 15 — 
Speaker of House of Lords, Jan. 1725 — Lord 
Chancellor, 1 Jun. 1725 — raised to the peerage 
as Baron King of Ockham, 29 May 1725 — 
resigns, 29 Nov. 1733 — tf. at Ockham, in 
Surrey, 22 Jul. 1734. Inquiry into the Con- 
stitution, Discipline, §c, of the Primitive 
Church, 1 69 1 — History of the Apostles' 1 Creed, 
1702. a Chalmers. b Foss. 

King, Sir Richard, Bart., admiral, — ft. in 
Dorsetshire, 28 Sep. 1 771— Post-captain, B. N., 
1792 — captures two Dutch ships of Avar, off the 
Texel, 24 Oct. 1798— at Trafalgar, Oct. 1805 
— Bart., Nov. 1806 — K.C.B., 1816— Vice- 
admiral, 1821 — Gr.C.B., 1833 — tf. at Sheerness, 
Commander-in-chief in the Medway, 5 Aug. 
1834. 

King, Rufus, statesman, diplomatist, — ft. in 
Maine, U. S., 1755 — enters Harvard Coll., 
1773 — admitted to the bar, 1778 — member of 
Cougress, 1784 — minister plenipotentiary to 
court of St James's, 1796-1803 — again, 1825 
— tf., 1827. 

King, Thomas, actor, dramatist, — ft. in 
London, 1730 — appears at Drury Lane Tbeatre, 
1759 — retires, 1801 — tf., 1805. 

King, William, Abp of Dublin, — ft. at 
Antrim, 1650 — studies at Trin. Coll., Dublin, 



8oo 



KING— KIRBY. 



1667-73 — Dean of St Patrick's, 1688— D.D., 
1689 — Bp of Deny, 1691— Abp of Dublin, 
1702 — one of the Lords Justices in Ireland, 
1717, 1721, and 1723 — tf. at Dublin, 8 May 
1729. State of the Protestants in Ireland, 
169 1 — De origine mali, 1702. 

King", William, satirical and miscellaneous 
writer, — b. in London, 1663— enters Oxford 
Univ., Michaelmas 1681— M.A., 1688— LL.D., 
1692— advocate at Doctors Commons, 1692 — 
secretary to Princess Anne, 1694 — takes part 
in controversy on Epistles of Phalaris, 1697 — 
Judge of Court of Admiralty in Ireland, 1702 ? 
— rj. in London, 25 Dec. 17 12 — History of 
Heresies, 1688 — Animadversions on pretended 
Account of Ireland, 1694 — A Journey to 
London, 1698 — Dialogues of the Dead, 1699 — 
Vindication of Dr Sacheverell, 17 10. 

Sing of the English,— title of, assumed by 
Egbert, 828. 

King of France,— title of, assumed by Louis 
TIL, instead of king of the French, 1171 — 
exchanged for 'king of the French,' by 
National Assembly, 1789— reassumed by Louis 
XVIII., 1 814 — again exchanged for 'king of 
the French ' by Louis Philippe, 1830— assumed 
by Edward III. of England, 1 337— relinquished 
by George III., by proclamation, 3 Jan. 1801. 

King of Ireland,— title assumed by Henry 
VIII., 1542. 

King of the Romans, — title of, assumed by 
the Emperor, about 1014 ? 

King of Rome, — title given by Napoleon I. 
to his son, b., 20 Mar. 18 11. 

King George's Islands, S. Pacific Ocean,— 
discovered by Byron, 1765 — visited by Captain 
Cook, 1773. 

King's Bench. [Queen's Bench.] 

King's Bench Prison. [Queen's Prison.] 

King's College, Aberdeen, — founded by 
James IV., 1494. [Aberdeen, Univ. of.] 

King's College, Cambridge, — founded by 
Henry VI., 1441 . Chapel commenced by Henry 
VI., and completed, 1530. 

King's College, London,— incorporated, 1828. 
Hospital, established, 1839. 

King's County, Ireland, — formed on con- 
fiscation of district (West Glenmalery) to the 
crown, 1557. 

King's Evil, (Scrofula,) The, — touching for, 
practised by Edward the Confessor, 1043-66 — 
by Louis XL of France, 1480 — by Charles 
VIII. at Pome, 20 Jan. 1495— at Naples, 15 
Apr. 1495— by Francis I., 1527— by Charles 
II., 1660-84— by Queen Anne, 1703-15— office 
for the ceremony omitted from the Liturgy, 
since 17 19 — practised by Prince Charles Edward 
at Holyrood, 1745— by Louis XVI. at Rheims, 
1775. 

Kingsborough, Edward King, Viscount — 
{,_ } I?95 — enters Exeter Coll., Oxford, Jun. 
1 8 14— M.P. Cork, 1820-6— rj. at Dublin, 27 
Feb. 1837. Antiquities of Mexico, 1831. 

Kingsdown, Pemberton Leigh, Lord, — 6., 
I793 — called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, 18 16 
—M.P. Rye, 1831 — Attorney-general to Prince 
of Wales, 1 841 — Chancellor of Duchy of Corn- 
wall, and Privy Councillor, 1 843 — assumes 



name of Leigh, 1843 — created Baron Kings- 
down, 1858 — r/. in Kent, 7 Oct. 1867. 

Kingston, Jamaica, — founded, 1693 — incor- 
porated, 1802. 

Kingston, Canada, — founded, 1793 — incor- 
porated, 1838 — seat of government transferred 
to Toronto, 1849. Queen's University, incor- 
porated, 1 841. 

Kingston on Hull. [Hull.] 

Kingston on Thames, (More-ford,) in Sur- 
rey, — Council at, under Egbert of Wessex and 
Ethelwolf of Kent, 838 — place of coronation 
of seven Anglo-Saxon kings, (Edward the Elder 
to Ethelred II.,) 901-979 — treaty between 
Henry III. and Prince Louis of France, the 
latter abandoning attempt on English crown, 
signed at, 11 Sep. 1216. 

Kingstown, Dublin, — name substituted for 
Dunleary on visit of George IV., 1821. 

Kinker, Jan, poet, — h. near Amsterdam, 
about 1760 — Prof. Flemish Literature at Liege, 
18 17 — rj., about 1825. 

Kinsale, in Ireland, — gives title of Baron to 
the de Coureeys, 1181 — the English defeat 
French and Spanish fleet at, 1380 — occupied 
by Spanish force, Sep. 1601 — retaken by Sir 
G. Carew, Jun. 1602 — held for James II., 
1688 — James lands at, with French troops, 14 
Mar. 1689 — recaptured by Earl of Marlborough, 
5 Oct. 1690. 

Kinsbergen, Jan Hendrik van, admiral, — 
h. in Guelderland, 1735 — enters the navy, 
about 1750 — in service of Russia, 1767-76 — 
negotiates peace with Morocco, 1776 — con- 
tributes to victory of Doggersbank, 5 Aug. 
178 1 — Count of Doggersbank, by Louis Na- 
poleon, 1806 — senator by Napoleon, 18 10 — rj., 
27 May 1 8 19. 

Kinski, Franz Joseph, Count, general, — b. 
at Prague, 6 Dec. 1739 — en ters the army, 1759 
— Maj or-general, 177 3 — distinguishes himself 
in campaigns of Bohemia, 1778-9 — sub-director 
of Military Academy of Vienna Neustadt, 1780 
— accompanies Joseph II. to Italy, 1783 — fol- 
lows him in campaign against Turks, 1788 — 
takes part at siege of Quesnoy, Aug. 1794 — 
retires, 1801 — tJ. at Vienna, 9 Jun. 1805. 
Works, 1785-7. 

Kios, — [BC] — founded by Miletus, 626, a 
(01. 38, 3,) 62 1, b 625 c— taken by Prusias of 
Bithynia aided by Philip of Macedonia, and 
named Prusias, 203. 

a Eusebius. b Hieron. c Syncellus. 

Kippis, Andrew, miscellaneous writer, — fi. 
at Nottingham, 1725 — pastor of Presbyterian 
congregation at Westminster, 1753 — D.D. 
Edinburgh, 1767 — F.S.A., i77i, a 1778 Ll — 
F.R.S., 1772,3 1779 13 — *&., 8 Oct. 1795. Ed- 
ition of Biographia Britannica, 1778-93 — Life 
of Captain Cook, 1788. a Engl. Cyc. b Rees' Cyc. 

Kipzak, Kapzak, in Asia, — occupied by 
Jujy, son of Zengis Khan, 1227 — occupied by 
Batou and the Golden Horde, 1236. 

Kirby, John Joshua, painter, — fj. in Suffolk, 
17 16 — rj., 1774. Perspective of Architecture, 
1761. 

Kirby, William, entomologist, — b. in Suffolk, 
19 Sep. 1759 — rector of Barham, Suffolk, 1782 



KIRCHDENKERN— KLAPROTH. 



— F.L.S., 1788— F.G.S., 1807— F.R.S., 1818— 
Hon. Pres. of Entomological Society, 1833 — 
Pres. of Nat. Hist. Museum, Ipswich, 1847 — 
if. at Barham, 4 Jul. 1850. Monographia 
Apum Anglice, 1802 — (with Spence) Introduc- 
tion to Entomology, 1815-26 — Habits and In- 
stinct of Animals, (Bridgewater Treatise,) 1830. 

Kirchdenkern, on the Rhine, — Prince Fer- 
dinand of Brunswick defeats Marshal de Broglie 
and Prince de Soubise at, 15 Jul. 1761. 

Kircher, Athanasius, mathematician, anti- 
quary, §c.,— b. at Geysen, near Fulda, 1602 — 
enters Order of Jesuits, 16 19 — quits chair of 
Philosophy and Oriental Languages, Wurzburg, 
163 1 — goes to Avignon, 1633 — Prof. Mathe- 
matics, Roman Coll., 1635-43 — if. at Rome, 28 
Nov. 1680. Ars Magnesia, 1631 — Lingua 
JEgyptiaca restituta, 1643 — Ars Magna Lucis 
et TJmbrcB, 1645 — Musiorgia Universalis, 1650 
— (Edipus JEgyptiacus, 1652-4 — China il- 
lustrata, 1667 — Latium, 1671 — Mundus sub- 
terraneus, 1664 or 1668. 

Kircher, Conrad, theologian, — quits his pas- 
torate at Augsburg, 1586 — if., after 1622. Con- 
cordantice Vet. Test. Greece, §c., 1607. 

Kirchholm, in Livonia. — the Poles defeat 
army of Charles IX. of Sweden, 27 Sep. 1605. 
Treaty of, between Abp of Riga and Master of 
Teutonic Order, concluded, 30 Nov. 1452— 
annulled, 1525. 

Kirchmaier, Georg Kaspar, chemist, §c.,— 
b. in Franconia, 1635 — if., 28 Sep. 1700. 

Kirghises, Tatar tribes, middle and lesser 
hordes of, submit to Russia, 17 31 — visited by 
Pallas, 1769 — visited by Wood, 1839. 

Kirjath-jearim, (Kirjath-Baal, Baali,) — 
[B C] — city of the Gibeonites, confederate with 
Israel, 1451 — ark remains here, 1117-1046,* 
1 128 till after 1049. b a Ussher. b Clinton. 

Kirkaldy, Sir William, of Grange,— joins 
conspiracy against Cardinal Beatoun, spring 
1546 — surrenders to the French at St An- 
drews, and is imprisoned, summer 1546 — 
escapes to France : returns to Scotland, 1559 
— narrowly escapes assassination by Bothwell 
at Carberry Hill, 1567 — unsuccessfully pursues 
Bothwell to Norway, 1567 — contributes to de- 
feat of Mary at Langside, May 1568 — govern- 
or of Edinburgh Castle, May 1568 — takes the 
side of Queen Mary, and holds the castle for 
her, 1570 — besieged by Marshal Berwick, 
surrenders, 28 May 1573 — hung, 3 Aug. 1573. 

Kirkcudbright, in Scotland, — reached by 
Agricola, 82 — created a royal burgh by James 
II.', 1455 — Henry VI. takes refuge at, 1461-3 
—visited by James IV., 1501 and 1508 — 
attacked by Manxmen under Thomas Earl of 
Derby, 1507 — the Duke of Albany lands at, 7 
Oct. 1523 — Queen Mary takes refuge in the 
parish, 15C8 — visited by James VI., 1587 — 
riot on appointment of Episcopalian curate, 
1663 — visit of English fleet, 1690 — attacked 
by Paul Jones, 1778. 

Kirkdale, in Yorkshire, — bone-cave dis- 
covered, 1 82 1. 

Kirke, Percy, Colonel, — left in command in 
West of England, after execution of Mon- 
mouth, 1685— sent by William III, to relief 



of Londonderry, Jun. 1689 — raises the siege, 
30 Jul. 

Kirnberger, Johann Philipp, writer on 
music, — b. at Saalfeld, Thuringia, 1721 — if. at 
Berlin, 27 Jul. 1783. Lie Kimst des reinen 
Satzes, 1774— Grundsdtze des Generalbasses, 
1781. 

Kirstenius, Peter, physician, §c, — b. at 
Breslau, 1577 — M.D. Basel, 1601— if., Prof. 
Medicine, Upsala, 1640. Grammatica Ara- 
bica, 1608-10 — Liber de vero usu et abusu me- 
dicine, 1 610. 

Kirwan, Richard, chemist, §c, — ft. in Ire- 
land, about 1750 — F.R.S., London, about 
1779— receives tne Copley medal, 1782 — Pres. 
Royal Irish Academy, 1789,* 1783 b — if., 22 
Jun. 1 8 12. Essay on the Constitution of Acids, 
1787 — Elements of Mineralogy, 1794. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Kisfaludy, Karoly, poet, — b. in Hungary, 6 
Feb. 1788 — serves in Austrian army, 1805-10 
— settles at Pesth, 1817 — if., 21 Nov. 1830. 
Works, 1831. 

Kisfaludy, Sandor, poet, — b. at Siimeg, in 
Hungary, 22 Sep. 1772 — serves in the army, 
1793-1800 — at battle of Zurich, 1799 — settles 
at Siimeg, 1801 — tf. there, 28 Oct. 1844. 
Himfy, 1800-7 — Works, 1847. 

Kissingen, in Bavaria, — meeting of Emper- 
ors of Russia and Austria at, 16-22 Jun. 1864. 

Kit Cat Club, — formed in London, about 
1688 a — dissolved, about 1720. 

a Brande and Cox's Diet. 

Kitto, John, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Ply- 
mouth, 4 Dec. 1804 — travels in the East, 1829- 
33 — D.D. Giessen, 1844 — receives pension 
from the Queen, 1850 — ij. at Cannstadt, Wiir- 
temberg, 25 Nov. 1854. Tutorial Bible, 1838 
— Tutorial History of Talestine, 1839-40 — 
The Lost Senses, 1845 — edits Cyclopedia of 
Biblical Literature, 1845 — Journal of Sacred 
Literature — 1848-53. 

Kitts, St. [Christophers, St.] 

Kiuperli. [Koproli.] 

Klagenfurt, in Austria, — ■ given by Em- 
peror Maximilian I. to States of Carinthia, 
1518 — burnt, 1535, 1723, and 1796 — occupied 
by Napoleon, Mar. 1797 — fortifications de- 
molished by the Freneh, 1809. 

Klaproth, Julius Heinrich, orientalist, — 
tf. at Berlin, 11 Oct. 1783 — studies at Halle, 
1801 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, St 
Petersburg, interpreter to Russian embassy 
to China, 1805 — sent to the Caucasus, 1807- 
9 — quits Russia, 18 12 — settles at Paris, 
1 8 15 — Prof. Asiatic Languages, 18 16 — if. at 
Paris, 27, ab 20 c Aug. 1835. Reise in den 
Kaukasus, 1 812-14 — Asia Tolyglotta, 1823 — 
Me'moires relatifs d VAsie, 1824-8 — Tableau 
historique, geographique, etlmographique, et po- 
litique du Caucase, $c, 1827 — Vocabalaire et 
Grammaire de la langue Georgienne, 1827 — 
Examen critique des Travaux de M. Champol- 
lion,jeune, sur les Hieroglyphes, 1832. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Conv.-Lex. 

Klaproth, Martin Heinrich, chemist, — b. 
in Saxony, 1 Dec. 1743 — assistant to Valentine 
Rose at Berlin, 177 1 — member of Royal Acade- 
5i 



8o2 



KLEBER— EXUBER. 



my of Arts, 1787 — of Sciences, 1788 — Prof. 
Chemistry, Berlin, 1809 — Knt of the Bed 
Eagle, 181 1 — if. at Berlin, 1 Jan. 18 17. 
Beitrdge zur chemischen Kenntniss der Mineral- 
korper, 1795- 18 15 — (with Wolf) Chemisches 
Worterbuch, 1 807 -19. 

Kleber, Jean Baptiste, general, — b. at 
Strasburg, 1754 — enters the army, 1792 — dis- 
tinguishes himself at siege of Mentz, 1793 — 
wounded at combat of Tourfou, 19 Sep. 1793 
— General of Division, contributes to victory of 
Fleurus, 26 Jun. 1794 — takes Maestricht, Nov. 
1794 — leads army of Sambre and Meuse across 
the Bhine, 1795 — takes part in expedition of 
Egypt, and is wounded at siege of Alexandria, 
1798 — distinguishes himself in expedition of 
Syria, spring 1799 — and at siege of Acre, May 
1799— obtains victories over Turks at Mount 
Thabor, 17 Apr. 1799 — and at Heliopolis, 20 
Mar. 1800 — takes Cairo, Mar. — assassinated 
at Cairo, 14 Jun. 1800. 

Klein, Bernhard, musical composer, — b. at 
Cologne, 1794 — Director of Music at the Ca- 
thedral, 1 81 3-1 9 — Director of Music and Prof, 
of Singing, Univ. of Berlin, 1822 — if. at Ber- 
lin, 9 Sep. 1832. » 

Klein, Ernst Ferdinand, jurist, — b. at 
Breslau, 1743 — cooperates in editing new Code 
of Prussia, 1788-94 — rector of Univ. of Halle, 
1791 — if. at Berlin, i8, a 28 b Mar. 1810. 
Annalen der Gesetzgebung und Rechtsgelehrsam- 
Jceit in den preuss. Staaten, 1788-1809. 

a Conv.-Lex. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Klein, Jacob Theodor, naturalist, — b. at 
Konigsberg, 1685 — if. at Dantzic, 27 Feb. 1759. 
Naturalis clispositio echinodermatum, 1734 — 
Quadrupedum dispositio et hist, naturalis, 1751 
— Hist, pisciitm naturalis, 1740-9 — Historian 
avium prodromus, 1750. 

Kleinschrod, Gallus Aloys Kaspar, jurist, 
— b. at Wurzburg, 6 Jan. 1762 — Prof. Boman 
and Criminal Law there, 1785 — if, Dean of the 
Faculty of Law, 17 Nov. 1824. Systematische 
Entivickelung der Grundlagsverfassung und 
Grundwahrheiten des peinlichen Rechts, 1794-6 
■ — (with B. F. Klein) Archiv des Kriminal- 
rechts, 1798-1808. 

Kleist, Ewald Christian von, poet,— b. in 
Pomerania, 17 15 — studies at Konigsberg, 17 31 
— officer in Danish army, 1736 — wounded at 
battle of Kunnersdorf, 12 Aug. 1759— if., 24 
Aug. Gedichte, 1756. 

Kleist, Heinrich von, poet, — b. at Frank- 
fort-on-the-Oder, 10 Oct. 1776 — studies at the 
Univ., 1799 — kills himself at Berlin, 21 Nov. 
1 8 1 1 . Gesammelte Schriften, 1826. 

Kleist von Nollendorf, Friedrich Heinrich 
Ferdinand Emil, Count von, general, — b. at 
Berlin, 9 Apr. 1762— serves in campaigns of 
1788 and 1792 — Adjutant-general of the king, 
1803-7 — takes part in campaigns of 1812-13 — 
distinguishes himself at battle of Bautzen, 20 
May 1 813 — defeats French near Nollendorf , 30 
Aug. 1 81 3 — contributes to victory of Leipsic, 
18 Oct. — General of Infantry, Count, 1814— 
follows the king to England, 18 14 — Field- 
marshal, 1821 — if. at Berlin, 17 Feb. 1823. 
Klenau, Johann, Count von, Baron von 



Janowitz, general, — b. in Bohemia, about 1760 
— Lieutenant -colonel, 1794 — serves under 
Clairfayt, 1795 — aide-de-camp to Marshal 
Wurmser in Italy, 1796 — serves under Kray in 
Germany, 1800 — at battle of Wagram, 1809 — 
General of Cavalry, 1 813 — distinguishes himself 
at battle of Leipsic, 18 Oct. 181 3 — receives 
capitulation of the French at Dresden, Nov. 
1813 — if. commander of Moravia, 1819. 

Klengel, Johann Christian, painter, — b. in 
Saxony, 5 May 1751 — member of the Academy, 
Dresden, 1783 — member of the Academy of 
Arts, Berlin, 1786 — Prof, at Academy of Fine 
Arts, Dresden, 1802 — if. there, 19 Dec. 1824. 

Klenze, Leo von, architect, — b. at Hildes- 
heim, 1784 — visits Italy, 1808 — court architect 
to Maximilian, king of Bavaria, 18 15 — made 
Privy Councillor and ennobled by Ludwig, 
1 83 1 — visits Greece, 1834 — goes to St Peters- 
burg, 1839 — foreign Associate of French In- 
stitute, 1 841 — if. at Munich, 26 Jan. 1864. 
Glyptothek, commenced, about 181 6 — Walhalla, 
18 Oct. 1830-9 — Pinacothek, 1826-36 — Im- 
perial Museum, St Petersburg, completed, 1 85 1 . 

Klingemann, August, dramatist, — b. at 
Brunswick, 1777 — director of theatre there, 
1813-29 — if., 24 Jan. 1831. Theater, 1808-20. 

Klingenstierna, Samuel, mathematician, 
natural philosopher, — b. in Sweden, 1689 — 
visits Germany, France, and England, 1727-30 
— F.B.S. London, 1730 — Prof. Mathematics, 
Upsala, 1730 — if. at Stockholm, 28 Oct. 1785,* 
1765. 15 a B i og> Tj n i T# b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Klinger, Friedrich Maximilian von, poet, 
— b. at Frankfort-on-the-Main, 19 Feb. 1753 
— goes to St Petersburg, 1780— director of 
corps of Cadets, 1799 — -^nt °^ St Vladimir, 
1806 — Lieutenant-general, 1811 — if. at St 
Petersburg, 25 Feb. 1831. Werke, 1809-16. 

Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb, poet,—h. at 
Quedlimburg, 2 Jul. 1724 — studies at Jena, 
1745 — at Leipsic, 1746 — visits Switzerland, 
1750 — goes to Copenhagen, 1751-4, and 1763 
— marries, 1754 — death of his wife, 1758 — 
settles at Hamburg as Danish ambassador, 
177 1 — if. there, 14 Mar. 1803. Messias, 1773. 

Klotz, Christian Adolph, philologist, — b. at 
Bischoffswerda, 1738— Prof. Pbilosophy, Got- 
tingen, 1762 — Prof. Eloquence, Halle, 1765 — 
if. at Berlin, 31 Dec. 177 1. Edition of Tyrtceus, 
1764 — Vindieice Horatiance, 1764 — Opuscula 
varii argumenti, 1767 — Opuscula philologica et 
oratoria, 1772 — Bibliothek der elenden Scriben- 
ten, 1768-71. 

Klotz, Keinhoid, philologist, — b. at Stol- 
berg, 13 Mar. 1807 — studies at Leipsic Univ., 
1826-31 — Prof. Extraord. Philology, Leipsic, 
1832 — Assistant Director of Philological Semin- 
ary, 1834 — Prof. Philology, 1849— if., Aug. 
1 870. Edition of Clement of Alexandria, 1 8 3 1 - 
34 — of Denarius' Liber de Grceca Lingua Par- 
ticv.lis, 1835-42 — of Cicero's Orations, 1835-9 
— Handbuch der Lat. Liter aturgeschi elite, 1 846 
—Edition of Ciceronis Opera Omnia, 185 1-6 
— Pmendationes Catullianai, 1859. 

Kluber, Joseph Ludwig, publicist, — b. near 
Fulda, 1762 — Prof. Jurisprudence, Eiiangen, 
1786 — Prof. Law, Heidelberg, 1807 — Coun- 



KLUGEL— KNOLLES. 



803 



sellor of State, and Privy Counsellor at Carls- 
ruhe, 1808 — Counsellor of Embassy in service 
of Prussia, 18 17 — tr. at Frankfort-on-the- 
Maine, 16 Feb. 1837. Aden des Wiener Con- 
gresses in den Jahren 1814 und 1815, 1 815-19 
— edition of the Schlussacte und der Deutschen 
Bundesacte, 181 6 — Offentliches Rechl des Deuts- 
chen Bundes, $c. t 18 17. 

Kliigel, Georg Simon, mathematician, — ft. 
at Hamburg, 19 Aug. 1739 — P r °£ Mathema- 
tics, Helmstadt, 1766 — Prof. Mathematics, 
Halle, 1788 — tf. at Halle, 4 Aug. 1812. En- 
cyclopcedie, 1782-4 — Mathematisches Wbrter- 
buch, 1803-8. 

Kluit, Adrian, historian, §c, — ft. at Dort, 
9 Feb. 1735 — studies at Utrecht, about 1760 — 
Prof. Eloquence, Middelburg, 1776 — Prof. 
Dutch Archaeology, Leyden, 1779 — deprived, 
1795— reinstated, Feb. 1802 — Prof. Statistics 
of Holland, 1806 — rj. at Leyden, 12 Jan. 1807. 
Historia critica comitatus Hollandice et Zelan- 
dice, 1777-82 — Historie der Hollandsche Staats- 
regeling tot aan hetjaar 1795, 1802-5. 

Kmety, George, general, — ft. in Hungary, 
1 8 13— first lieutenant and adjutant of regiment 
in Austrian army, trains battalion of volunteers 
for national army at Baab, 1 848 — as colonel, 
serves under Gbrgey in campaign of 1849 — 
retires to Turkey, 1849 — comes to England, 
1 85 1 — as major-general in Turkish army com- 
mands irregulars in Anatolia, 1854 — takes part 
in defence of Kars, 1855 — defeats Eussians 
near Tachmaz, 29 Sep. 1855 — escapes to Con- 
stantinople and is named Lieutenant-general, 
close of 1855 — ft. in London, Apr. 1865. 

Knapp, Georg Christian, theologian, biblical 
critic,— ft. at Halle, 17 Sep. 1753 — studies at 
the Univ., 177 1 — at Gottingen, 1774 — Prof. 
Theology, Halle, 1777— rj. there, 14 Oct. 1825. 
Edition of Greek Testament, 1797 — Scripta 
varii argumenti, 1805. 

Knebel, Carl Ludwig von, poet, $c„ — ft. in 
Franeonia, 30 Nov. 1744—11. at Jena, 23 Feb. 
1834. Sammlung Tcleiner Gedichte, 18 15 — 
Disticlien, 1827 — Elegien des Froperz, 1798 — 
translation of Lucretius, 1821 — Litterarischer 
Nachlass und Brief wechsel, 1835 — Brief wech- 
sel mit Goethe, 1851. 

Kneller, Godfrey, painter, — ft. at Liibeck, 
1648 — visits Italy and studies with Carlo 
Maratti and Bernini, 1672 — comes to England, 
1674 — state painter to Charles II., James II., 
William III., Queen Anne, and George I., 
1680-17 23 — Knt, 1692 — lj. in London, 1726,* 
Oct. i723. b 

a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Knesebeck, Karl Friedrich, Baron yon 
dew, field-marshal, — ft. in Prussia, 5 May 1768 
— enters the army, 1782 — distinguishes himself 
in campaigns of 1792-4 — envoy to Cassel, 1805 
— at battle of Auerstadt, 1806 — ambassador to 
Russia, 1811-12 — Lieutenant-general, first Ad- 
jutant-general of the king, 18 13 — General of 
Infantry, 1825 — lj. Field-marshal, 12 Jan. 
1848. 

Knibb, William, Baptist missionary, — ft. at 
Kettering, Northamptonshire, about 1800 — 
goes to Jamaica, Nov. 1824 — visits England, 



1833-4, 1842, and 1845 — tr. in Jamaica, 15 
Jul. 1845. 

Knight, Henry Gaily, traveller, antiquary, 
— ft., 2 Dec. 1786— sets out for Spain, Greece, 
and the East, 1808— M.P. Aldborough, 1824 — 
M.P. Malton, 1830— M.P. North Nottingham- 
shire, 1 835 — member of the Fine Art Commis- 
sion, 1 841 — ft. in London, 9 Feb. 1846. 
Architectural Tour in Normandy, 1836 — Nor- 
mans in Sicily, 1838 — Ecclesiastical Architec- 
ture of Italy, 1842-4. 

Knight, Richard Payne, — ft. in Hereford- 
shire, about 1750 — M.P. Leominster, 1780 — 
M.P. Ludlow, 1 7 84- 1 806— trustee of British 
Museum, 18 14 — fc. in London, 24 Apr. 1824. 
Worship ofPriapus, 1786 — Analytical Inquiry 
into the Principles of Taste, 1805 — edition of 
Homer, 1820 — Nummi veteres, 1830. 

Knight-Bruce, Sir James Lewis, Lord 
Justice of Appeal in Chancery, — ft. in 
Devonshire, 1 791— enters Lincoln's Inn, 18 12 
—called to the bar, 1817 — M.P., 1831 — D.C.L. 
Oxford, 1834 — assumes surname Bruce, 1837 — 
Vice-chancellor, 1 841 — one of the Lords 
Justices, 1 85 1 — ft. at Eoehampton, 7 Nov. 
1866. 

Knighthood, in England, — obligation to 
receive, defined and regulated by Statutum de 
Militibus, 1 Edw. II., 1307 — put in force by 
James I., Jan, 1626 — compulsory taking order 
of, abolished by Act 16 and 17 Car. I. c. 20, 
1642. 

Knighthood. [See Bath, Garter, Templars, 
and other names of Orders.] 

Knighton, Henry, historian. Writes Com- 
pilatio de eventibus Anglice a tempore regis 
Edgari usque mortem regis Bicardi Secundi, 
about 1400. 

Knight's Service, Tenure by, in England, — 
abolished by Act 12 Car. II. c. 24, 1660. 

Knights of the Shire, — absenting themselves 
from parliament, to be amerced, by Act 5 Bic. 
II. st. 2, c. 4, 138 1-2 — wages of, regulated by 
Act 12 Bic. II. c. 12, 1388— required to be 
actual knights, by Act 23 Hen. VI. c. 15, 
1444-5 — oaths and declarations to be taken by, 
prescribed by Act 30 Car. II. st. 2, 1677 — new 
oaths substituted by Act 1 ¥m and Mar. s. 1, 
c. 1, 1688— [Jews, Abjuration] — to have 
estate of £600 per annum, by Act 9 Ann. c. 5, 
17 10 — property qualification of, enforced and 
amended by Act 33 Geo. II. c. 20, 1760 — 
abolished by Act 21 and 22 Vic. c. 26, 28 Jun. 
1858. 

Knoller, Martin von, painter, — ft. in the 
Tyrol, 1725 — obtains great prize of Austrian 
Academy for painting, 1753 — visits Borne, 
1755-8— settles at Milan, 1765 — ft. Prof, at 
the Academy, 1804. Frescoes at V alders near 
Hall, Tyrol, 1764 — Frescoes at Neresheim, 
Wiirtemberg, 1770-5. 

Knolles, Richard, historian, — enters Oxford 
Univ., about 1560 — tf. at Sandwich, 1610. 
History of the Turks, 16 10. 

Knolles, {Knowles, Knollys,) Sir Robert, 

general, — ft. in Cheshire, about 1317 — serves in 

French wars, 1349-70 — defeated by Dugues- 

clin, near Pont- Villain, 1370 — leads English 

5i * 



8 04 



KNOLLIS— KOEBERGER. 



army from Calais to Paris, 1373 — takes part 
in siege of Nantes, 1380 — disperses followers 
of Wat Tyler, Jun. 138 1 — tf. in Norfolk, Aug. 
1407. 

Knollis, Knowles, Sir Francis, statesman, 
— b. at Grays in Oxfordshire, about 1530 — 
one of the Commissioners on trial of Mary 
Queen of Scots, 1586 — tf., 1596. Treatise 
against Usurpation of Papal Bishops, 1608. 

Knorr, Georg Wolfgang, engraver, — b. at 
Niirnberg, 1705 — tf. there, 1761. Thesaurus 
rei herbarice hortensisque universalis, 1750 — 
Mojtumentorum et aliarum quce ad sepulcra 
veterum pertinent rerum imagines, 1753 — 
Delicice natures selectee, 1766-7. 

Knorr von Rosenroth, Christian, Baron, 
— h- near Liegnitz, 1636 — tf-, 1689. Kabbala 
denudata, 1677-83 — Neuer Helikon, 1684. 

Knott, Edward, (Matthias Wilson,) Jesuit, 
— b. in Northumberland, 1580 — enters the 
Order, 1606 — assists as Provincial of his Order 
in England, at General Assembly at Eome, 
1646 — tf. in London, 1656. Charity Mistaken, 
1630 — Infidelity Unmasked, 1652. 

Knowles. [Knolles.] 

Knowles, James. Dictionary of the English 
Language, 1835. 

Knowles, James Sheridan, dramatist,— b. at 
Cork, 1784 — removed to London, 1792 — 
relinquishes the stage, about 1845 — tf. at Tor- 
quay, Nov. 1862. Cuius Gracchus, 18 15 — 
Virginius, 1820 — The Hunchback, 1832 — 
Rock of Rome, 1849 — Alexina, 1866. 

Knox, John, religious reformer, — ft. at Had- 
dington or Gifford, 1505— enters Univ. of St 
Andrews,* Glasgow, 13 152 1 — ordained priest, 
probably before 1530 — begins to teach at St 
Andrews, about 1530 — declares himself a Pro- 
testant, about 1542 — takes refuge with Douglas 
of Longniddry, 1543-5 — companion of Wishart, 
1545-6 — taken prisoner by the French, Jun. 
1547— liberated, goes to England, Feb. 1549 
— chaplain to Edward VI., Dec. 155 1 — declines 
offer of a benefice in London, Apr. 1553— 
marries, 1553 — escapes to France, Jan. 1554 
■ — visits Switzerland, spring 1554 — visits Cal- 
vin at Geneva, 1554 — minister to English exiles 
at Frankfort, JN'ov. 1554 — accused' of high 
treason, returns to Geneva, Mar. 1555— visits 
Scotland, Aug. 1555 — returns to Geneva, Jul. 
1556 — burnt in effigy at Edinburgh, 1556 — 
leaves Geneva for Scotland, Jan. 1559 — is 
refused a passage through England, Mar. — 
lands at Leith, 2 May — proclaimed an outlaw 
and a rebel, May — forbidden to preach at St 
Andrews, 9 Jun. — preaches there, 10 Jun. — 
the Reformation established by parliament, 24 
Aug. 1560 — loses his wife, Dec. 1560 — his 
first interview with Queen Mary, Sep. 156 1 — the 
second, May 1562 — third, at Lochleven, May 
1563 — fourth, 1563 — quarrels with Earl of 
Moray, 1563 — tried for high treason and ac- 
quitted, Dec. 1563 — marries again, Mar. 1564 
— reconciled with Moray, beginning of 1565 — 
inhibited from preaching, 19 Aug. 1565 — visits 
England, Dec. 1566 — returns, before 25 Jun 
1567 — struck with apoplexy, Oct. 1570 — 
quarrels with Kirkaldy of Grange, end of 1570 



— tf., 24 Nov. 1572. An Admonition, 1554?— 
First Blast of the Trumpet against the mon- 
strous Regiment of Women, 1558 — History of 
the Reformation of Religion in the realm of 
Scotland, 1573. a Beza and Verheiden. b M'Crie. 

Knox, Robert, traveller, — b., about 1641 — 
goes to India, 1657 — prisoner in Ceylon, 1659- 
79 — returns, Sep. 1680. Historical Relation 
of the Island of Ceylon, 1681. 

Knox, Robert, anatomist, — b. at Edinburgh, 
4 Sep. 1791 — M.D. Edinburgh, 18 14 — Assist- 
ant-surgeon in the army, 18 15 — at Cape of 
Good Hope, 1817-20 — F.R.S.E., 1823 — 
F.R.C.S.E., 1825 — Conservator of Museum of 
Comparative Anatomy, Jan. 1825 — lectures at 
Edinburgh, 1 825-44 — settles in London, 1 845 — ■ 
tf. at Hackney, 20 Dec. 1862. Races of Men, 
1850 — Manual of Artistic Anatomy, 1852 — 
Manual of Human Anatomy, 1853. 

Knox, Vicesimus, miscellaneous writer, — b. 
in London, 8 Dec. 1752— head master of Tun- 
bridge Grammar School, 1778-1811 — tf. at 
Tunbridge, 6 Sep. 1821. Essays, 1777 — 
Liberal Education, 17 81. 

Knupfer, Nikolaus, painter, — b. at Leipsic, 
1603— tf., 1660 ? 

Knutsson, Torkel, Grand Marshal and 
Senator of Sweden, — regent and tutor to 
son of Magnus II., 1 290-1 302 — beheaded at 
Stockholm, 6 Feb. 1306. 

Knyghton. [Knighton.] 

Kobell, Ferdinand, painter, engraver, — b. at 
Mannheim, 1740 — studies at Paris, 1768-70 — 
tf. at Munich, 1799,* i796. b 

a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Kobell, Franz, painter, — b. at Mannheim, 
1749 — in Italy, 1776-85 — tf. Court-painter at 
Munich, 1822. 

Koberstein, August, historian, — b. in Po- 
merania, 10 Jan. 1797 — studies at Berlin 
Univ., 1816-20 — Prof, at the Institute of 
Naumburg, 1824 — First Prof., 1855 — tf. at 
Schulp forte near Naumburg, 8 Mar. 1870. 
Grundriss der Geschichte der Deutschen Na- 
tional-literatur, 1827. 

Koch, Christophe Guillaume de, publicist, 
— b. in Alsace, 1737— Prof, of Law, Strasburg, 
177 1 — Chevalier of the Empire, by Joseph II., 
1780 — deputy from Protestants of Alsace to 
Paris, 1789 — deputy to Legislative Assembly, 
1790 — Rector of Strasburg Univ., 1810 — tf. at 
Strasburg, 25 Oct. 18 13. Tableau des revo- 
lutions de V Europe, 1771-90 — Histoire abre'gee 
des traite's de paix, 1796-1 8 18. 

Koch, Joseph Anton, painter, — b. in South 
Germany, 1768— tf at Home, 12 Jan. 1839. 

Koch, Wilhelm Daniel Joseph, botanist,— 
b. near Zweibruckcn, 177 1 — Prof. Medicine 
and Botany, Erlangen, 1824 — tf. there, 14 Nov. 
1849. Entomologische Hefte, 1803 — Synopsis 
Jlorce Germanicce ct Helvetica;, 1835-7. 

Kock, Charles Paul de, novelist, dramatist, 
— b. at Passy, near Paris, 21 May 1794 — tf. at 
Paris, Aug 187 1. QLuvres, 1844-5. 

Koeberger, Wenceslaus, painter, §c, — b. 
at Antwerp, 1554 — tf., 1634,* about i6io, b 
after i6co. c a Rose's Biog. Diet. 

b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Nagler. 



KOELER— KONIG. 



805 



Koeler, (Koehler,) Johann David, historian, 
numismatist, — b. near Leipsic, 1684 — Prof. 
Logic, Altdorf, 1710— Prof. History, 17 14 — 
Prof. History, Gottingen, about i735, a 1725 b 
— ft. there, 1755. Fasti universitatis Altorfiuce, 
1 7 1 9- 2 3 — Historische Miinzbelustigungen ,1729- 
50 — Sertum familiaruni augustarum, 1721-31. 
a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Koenigseck, Lothaire Joseph George, 
Count yon, field- marshal, — b., 1673 — serves 
in Imperial army, 1692 — Lieutenant-general 
■ Field- marshal, 1708 — commander of Milan, 
1708-12— governor of the Netherlands, 17 12- 
17 — ambassador to Paris, 17 18 — General 
Field-marshal, Privy Councillor, 172 1 — com- 
mands army of Italy, 1734 — defeats Marshal 
de Broglie at la Secchia, 14 Sep. — Pres. of 
Council of "War, 1736 — defeated by Prussians 
at Czaslow, 17 May 1742 — ft., 8 Dec. 1751. 

Koenigsmark, Johann Christoph, Count 
von, general, — b. in Germany, 25 Feb. 1600 — 
enters service of Gustavus Adolphus, 1630 — 
obtains victory over Imperialists at Wolfenbiit- 
tel, 1642 — takes Prague, 1648 — assists at coron- 
ation of Queen Christina, 1650 — Count, Field- 
marshal, 1650 — tf. at Stockholm, 20 Feb. 1663. 

Koenigsmark, Maria Aurora, Couxtess of, 
^-b., about 1678— goes to Dresden and be- 
comes mistress of Augustus II. of Poland, 1694 
• — sent as ambassadress to Charles XII., who 
refuses to receive her, 1702 — tf. at Quedlin- 
burg, 1725^ 16 Feb. 1738. b 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Koenigsmark, Otto "Wilhelni, Count von, 
general, — b. at Minden, Westphalia, 5 Jun. 
1639 — ambassador from court of Sweden to 
England, 1661 — assists at siege of Maestricht, 
1673— enters service of Venice, and is named 
Commander-in-chief, 1686 — defeats Turks in 
the Morea, summer 1686— distinguishes him- 
self at siege of Nauplia, Aug. 1686 — defeats 
Mehemet Pasha near Patras, 23 Jul. 1687 — 
takes part in siege of Negropont, Jul. to Sep. 
1688— Ij., 25 Sep. 1688. 

Koenigsmark, Philipp Christoph, Count 
von, — b., about 1640 — procures assassination 
of Mr Thynne, at London, 12 Feb. 1682 — tried 
and acquitted, 28 Feb. — is suspected of in- 
trigue with Sophia Dorothea, electoral prin- 
cess of Hanover, and is murdered by order of 
the Elector, 1694. 

Kohath— [B cj— b., i84i, a about 1716^ 
1662° — birth of Amram, about i646, b 1630,° 
— o"., 1708^ about 1583,° 1529.° 

a Clinton. b Bib. Chron. c Du Fvesnoy. 

Koh-i-noor, {Mount ain-of- Light,) diamond, 
— comes into possession of Ala-u-din, soon 
after 1300 — falls to Baber, 1526 —given up by 
Mohammed Shah to Nadir Shah, 1739— ac- 
quired from Shah Shuja by Runjeet Singh, 1 
Jun. 1813 -- on abdication of Dhuleep Singh, 
surrendered to Queen Victoria. 1849 — re-cut and 
exhibited at Great Exhibition in London, 1851 
— again re-cut, 1852. 

Kolapur, in Hindustan, — taken possession 
of, by E. India Company, 1844. 

Kolbe, Karl "Wilhelm, engraver, §c, — b. at 
Berl n, 20 Nov. 1757 — member of Academy, 
1795 — tf. in Dessau, 13 Jan. 1835. 



Kolbe, (Kolben,) Peter, traveller, — b. in 
Baireuth, about 1675 — studies at Halle, 1700 
— visits Cape of Good Hope, 1704-13 — a", at 
Neustadt, 1726. Vollstdndige Beschreibung 
des Afrihanischen Vorgebirges der Guten Hoff- 
nung, 17 19. 

Kblcsey, Ferencz, poet, §c, — b. in Hungary, 
8 Aug. 1790 — deputy to the Diet, 1832 — tf., 24 
Aug. 1838. Works, 1832-8. 

Kolin, in Bohemia, — Marshal Daun defeats 
Frederick II. at, 18 Jun. 1757. 

Kollar, Jan, poet, §c, — b. in Hungary, 29 
Jul. 1793 — studies at Jena, 18 17 — pastor at 
Pesth, 1819-48 — Prof. Archaeology, Vienna, 
1849 — tt« there, 29 Jan. 1852. Narodnie 
Zpiewanhy, 1823-7 — Slawy Dcera, 1824 — 
Veber die liter drische Wechselseitigheit zwischen 
den Stdmmen tend Mundarten der slaivischen 
Nation, 1831. 

Koller, Franz, Baron von, general, — b. in 
Bohemia, 27 Nov. 1767 — enters the army, 1 7 85 
— serves under Clairfayt, 1792 — under Prince 
of Coburg, 1793 — Colonel, serves in campaign 
of 1805 — distinguishes himself in campaign of 
1809 — Major-general, Chevalier of Maria 
Theresa, 1809 — Adjutant-general to Prince of 
Furstenberg, 181 3 — one of the commissioners 
to conduct Napoleon to Elba, 18 14 — ft. at Na- 
ples, 22 Aug. 1826. 

Kollontay, Hugo, statesman, — b. in Poland, 
1750 — Inspector-general of Cracow Univ., 
1777 — Rector, 1782-6 — Vice-chancellor of the 
crown, 1788 — takes part in preparing constitu- 
tion of May 1 791 — retires to Dresden, 1792 — 
member of Supreme National Council, 1794 — 
imprisoned at Olmutz, 17 94- 1803 — ts. in Po- 
land, 1812. 

Kollowrath - Krakowski, Johann Karl, 
Count von, field-marshal, — b. at Prague, 21 
Dec. 1748 — enters the army, 1766 — Colonel, 
1788 — distinguishes himself at siege of Bel- 
grade, Sep. to Oct. 1788 — Field-marshal-lieu- 
tenant, serves under Clairfayt, 1792 — Coun- 
cillor of War, Apr. 1801 — Commander in 
Bohemia, 1803 — covers retreat of Archduke 
Ferdinand, 1805 — distinguishes himself at 
Wagram, 1809 — Field-marshal, 10 Sep. — 
Commander-general of Bohemia, 1815 — Grand 
Officer of Legion of Honour, 18 15 — receives 
gold cross of Civil Order of Austria, 1815 — tr., 
5 Oct. 1 8 16. 

Koln. [Cologne.] 

Kcmorn. [Comorn.] 

Konarski, Stanislaus, litterateur, — b. in 
Poland, 1700 — tf. at Warsaw, Aug. 1773. 
Collectio legum, statutorum et constit. regni Po- 
lonies et magni ducatus Lithuania;, 1732-9. 

Konewka, Paul, artist,— %., 184.1 — tr. at 
Berlin, 10 May 1871. Blatter zu Goethes 
Faust, (silhouettes,) 1866 — Shakespeare's Mid- 
summer Night's Bream illustrated, 1868. 

Konieh, Koniyeh, [leoniunv m Turkey } — 
Ibrahim Pasha defeats Turks near, 20 Dec. 1832. 

Konig, Frisdrich, mechanician. — b. at Eisle- 
ben, 17 Apr. 1775 — arrives in London, 1806 — 
obtains' patent for steam-press, 29 Mar. 18 10 — 
second patent, for cylinder press, 30 Oct. 1 8 1 1 — 
third, 1 8 13 — tf. at Oberz ell, in Bavaria, 17 Jan. 
1833. 



8o6 



KONIGGRATZ— KOSSAKOWSKI. 



Koniggratz, battle of. [Sadowa.] 
Konigsberg, in Prussia, — founded by Otto- 
car of Bohemia, 1255-7 — plundered and burnt, 
1264 — joins Hanseatic League, 1365 — resid- 
ence of Grand Master of Teutonic Knights, 
1457-1528— coronation of Frederick III. as 
King of Prussia at, 1701 — occupied by Rus- 
sians, 1758-64 — seized by the French, 1807 — 
visited by king of Prussia, 13 Sep. 1869 — 
ravaged by cholera, summer 1871. Cathedral 
founded, 1332. University, founded by Duke 
Albert I., 1544. 

Konigstein, in Saxony, — fortress commenced 
by Elector Christian I., 1589 — completed, 1731 
— taken by Marshal de Maillebois, 1745 — by 
Gen. Custine, 28 Oct. 1792 — surrenders to 
Prussians, 4 Mar. 1793 — retaken by Marceau, 
1796 — the king of Saxony takes refuge at, 
May 1849 — fortress of, given up to Prussia, 24 
Oct. 1866. 

Kdnigswartha, in Bohemia, — Barclay sur- 
prises the French at, 19 May 181 3. 
Konrad. [Conrad. ] 

Koornhert, Theodor, — ft. at Amsterdam, 
1522 — secretary to city of Haarlem, 1562 — 
secretary to the burgomasters, 1564 — presents 
petition of Confederates to Duchess of Parma, 
1566 — rj. at Gouda, 1590. Works, 1630. 

Koppe, Johann Benjamin, biblical critic, — 
b, at Dantzic, 19 Aug. 1750 — Prof. Theology, 
Gottingen, 1775 — preacher to the Univ. 
1777 — Court-preacher at Hanover, 1788 — Is., 
12 Feb. 1 79 1. Novum Test, grcece. perpetua 
annotatione illustration, 1778-83. 

Koproli, {Kiuperli,) Mohammed, Grand 
YiziEK, — b. in Anatolia, 1585 — Grand Yizier, 
ahout (1065, a. h.) 1655 — rj. at Adrianople, 
(1072,) 31 Oct. 1661. 

Koproli, (Kiuperli,) Fazil Achmet Kiu- 
perli Ogli, Grand Yizier, — b., 1626 — suc- 
ceeds his father, (1072, a. h.) 1661 — distin- 
guishes himself in campaign of Hungary, 1662 
— defeated at St Gothard by Montecuculi, 22 
Jul. 1664 — concludes Peace of Temesvar, 1664 
— takes Candia, about 167 1 — Caminiek, 1672 
— defeated by Sobieski at Choczim, 11 Nov. 
1673 — Is. near Adrianople, 30 Oct. 1675. 

Koproli, Mustapha, Grand Yizier, — ap- 
pointed, Nov. 1689 — secures elevation of Achmet 
II., 1691 — falls at battle of Salankemen, 19 
Aug. 1 69 1. 

Korah, Dathan, and Abiram,— [B C]— con- 
spiracy of, against Moses and Aaron, 1 489,3- 
147 i. b a Ussher. b Bib. Chron. 

Koran, Alkoran, The, — scattered leaves of, 
collected into a volume by Abubeker, 634 — 
revised and sanctioned by Caliph Omar, 652 — 
first printed at Rome, 1530— and burnt by order 
of Pope Clement VII. ; translated into English 
by Sale, 1734 — into French by Savary, 1783 — 
the copy of, made by Hafiz Osman, (1094, a. h.) 
1683, reproduced by photography, by Kemal 
Bey, at Constantinople, 1871. 

Koray, (Coray,) Adeimantos, hellenist,—h. 
at Smyrna, 27 Apr. 1748 — M.D. Montpellier, 
1788— arrives at Paris, 28 May 1788 — tf. at 
Paris, 6 Apr. 1833. Greek translation of Bec- 
caria, 1801 — Bibliotheqm Hellenique, 1805-27 
— Atakta, 1828-32 — with La Porte du Theil 



and others, translation of Geography of Strabo, 
1805-19. 

Kordofan, in Africa, — conquered by king 
of Sennaar, 1770 — by king of Darfur, about 
i795, a 1776 b — conquered by Mehemet Ali, 
1820. a Eees' Cyc. b Chambers' Encyc. 

Koreish, Tribe op, Arabia, — acquire cus- 
tody of the Caaba at Mecca, about 460 — oppose 
pretensions of Mohammed, 613-622 — defeated 
by him at Beder and Ohud, 623 — and again 
in expedition of the nations, 625 — conclude 
truce with him near Mecca, 629 — surrender 
Mecca, 629. 

Kbrner, Karl Theodor, poet, — b. at Dresden, 
Sep. 1791 — studies at Leipsic, 1810, and Ber- 
lin, 181 1 — serves against French, 181 3 — falls 
in battle, 26 Aug. 18 13. Leier und Schwert, 
1 8 14 — Poetischer Nachlass, 18 14-15. 

Kornmann, Heinrich, jurist, — b. in "Wiir- 
temberg— rj. at Frankfort, after 1620. Templum 
natural historicum, 161 1 — Liber de miracidis 
vivorum, 16 14 — Liber de miracidis mortuorum, 
l620, a i6io. b a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Korosi. [Csoma.] 

Korte, Wilhelm, biographer, — b. at Aschers- 
leben, 24 Mar. 1776 — studies at Halle, 1796- 
9 — Is. at Halberstadt, 30 Jan. 1846. Leben 
Gleims, 181 1 — Leben Carnots, 1820 — Leben 
und Studien Fr. Aug. Wolfs des Philologen, 

1833. 

Kortiim, Karl Arnold, humourist, — b. at 
Miihlheim, 5 Jul. 1745 — rj. at Bochum, in 
county of Mark, 15 Aug. 1824. Die Jobsiade, 
1784 — DieMagische Laterne, 1784-86 — Adams 
Sochzeitfeier, 1788 — Skizze einer Zeit und 
Literaturgeschichte der Arzneilcunde, 1809. 

Kortiim, Johann Friedrich Christoph, 
historian, — b. in Mecklenburg-Strelitz, 24 Feb. 
1788— Prof. History, Basel, 1821 — Prof. 
History, Berne, 1826 — Prof. History, Heidel- 
berg, 1840 — Is., 4 Jun. 1858. Friedrich I. 
mit seinen Freunden und Feinden, 181 8 — Ent- 
stehungsgeschichte der freistddtischen Biinde im 
Mittelalter und in der nenern Zeit, 1827-9 — 
Geschichte des Mittelalters, 1836-7. 

Kosciusko, Thaddeus, general, — b. in 
Lithuania, 28 Oct. 1746,* 1756, 15 1753 c — dis- 
tinguishes himself in American war, 1777-83 
— Major-general in Polish army, 1789 — dis- 
tinguishes himself in campaign against Russians, 
1792 — Commander-in-chief of national forces, 
1794 — defeats Russians at Raclawice, 4 Apr. 
— defeated by Russians and Prussians near 
Warsaw, Jun. — defends Warsaw, Jun. to Aug. — • 
defeated and captured at battle of Macziewice, 
10 Oct. — liberated by Emperor Paul, Dec. 1796 
— visits London, May 1797 — visits America, 
1797 — goes to France, 1798 — settles in Switzer- 
land, 1 8 16 — Is. there, 15 Oct. 1817. 

a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Conv. Lex. 

Kosegarten, Ludwig Theobul, poet, — b. in 
Mecklenburg, 1 Feb. 1758 — pastor at Alten- 
kirchen, Isle of Rugen, 1792 — Prof. Histoiw, 
Greifswald, 1808 — Is. Rector of the Univ., 20 
Oct. 1 81 8. Lyrische Dichtnngen, 1823-5. 

Kossakowski, Simeon, — b. in Poland, 1742 
— joins the confeder tion of Bar, 1768 — sent to 
revolutionize Lithuania, 177 1 — devotes himself 
to Russia and takes part in conspiracy of 



KOSSOVA— XBASINSKI. 



807 



Targowice, 1792 — assumes title of Grand Duke 
of Lithuania, 1792 — agent of Diet of Grodno, 
1793 — hung at Wilna, 23 Apr. 1794. 

Kossova, Cossova, Cassova, — Amurath I. 
defeats the Servians, Bulgarians, and Hungar- 
ians at, and is killed in the hattle, (Bamadan 
791, a. h.) Aug. or Sep. 1389,* (783,) i38i b 
— Amurath II. defeats John Huniades, 1448. 
a De Guignes. b Turkish Annals. 

Kossuth, Lajos, (Louis,) dictator of Hun- 
gary, — ft. at Monok, 27 Apr. 1802 — admitted 
advocate, and settles at Monok, 1822 — removes 
to Pesth, 1 831 — attends the Diet as represent- 
ative of a magnate, 1832- 6 — imprisoned at 
Buda, 1837 — the Diet declares his imprison- 
ment unjust and refuses supplies till he is 
liberated, 1 840 — editor of Pesth Journal, Jan. 
1841— marries, 10 Jan. 1841— elected deputy 
for Pesth, Nov. 1847 — proposes and heads 
deputation to Vienna to demand new ministry, 
Mar. 1848 — Minister of Finance, Mar. 1848 — 
promotes the insurrection, Jun. 1848 — [Hun- 
garian Revolution] — proposes declaration of 
Independence of Hungary, 14 Apr. 1849 — 
Provisional Governor and Pres. Committee of 
Defence, Apr. — resigns in favour of Gorgei, 1 1 
Aug. — escapes to Turkey and is kept prisoner : 
joined by his wife and family at Kutayia, Feb. 
1850 — liberated, Aug. 1851 — arrives in Eng- 
land, 17 Oct. 1 85 1 — goes to America, Nov. 
1 85 1 — returns to England, Jun. 1852 — gets 
bank-notes lithographed for circulation in Hun- 
gary, i860 — injunction granted against printing 
them, Feb. 1861 — publishes address to Hun- 
garians, 6 Jun. 1866 — elected deputy to Diet, 
Jul. 1867. 

Koster, Henry, traveller, — ft. at Liverpool, 
1793 — ft. at Fernambouc, 20 May 1820. 
Brazil, 18 16. 

Koster, Lawrence, {Laurent Janszoon,) 
printer, — ft. probably at Haarlem, about 1370 
— living, 1430. 

Kotah, in Hindustan, — unsuccessfully be- 
sieged by Mahrattas and their allies, 1744 — 
the Baja, Zalim Singh, concludes treaty with 
British government, 1817 — his successor, 
Keshour Singh, defeated by British, 30 Sep. 
1 82 1 — taken by Sepoy mutineers, 1857 — 
stormed by Gen. Boberts, 30 Mar. 1858. 

Kbthen, capital of Anhalt-Kbthen, — devas- 
tated by Emperor Henry I., 927 — besieged 
by Abp Gunther of Magdeburg, 1406 — 
seized by Emperor and given to Gen. Ladron, 
1547 — castle rebuilt, 1597-1606. 

Kotzebue, August Friedrich Ferdinand 
von, dramatist, — ft. at Weimar, 3 May 1761 — 
studies at Jena, 1777 — goes to St Petersburg, 
178 1 — at Vienna, 17 98- 1800— exiled to Siberia, 
1800 — Bussian Consul-general at Konigsberg, 
1 8 14 — assassinated at Mannheim, 23 Mar. 18 19. 
Sdmmtliche dramatische Werhe, 1797-1823. 

Kotzebue, Otto von, traveller, — ft. at Beval, 
19 Dec. 1787 — accompanies Krusenstern round 
the world, 1803-6 — conducts expedition to 
polar seas, 18 15-18 — conducts expedition round 
the world, 1823-6 — tf. at Beval,*5 Feb. 1846. 
Entdeckungsreise in die Siidsee, 1821 — Neue 
Eeisen um die Welt, 1830. 

Kouli Khan. [Nadir Shah.] 



Koum, in Persia, — built or rebuilt by Sara- 
cens, about 800 — destroyed by Timur Leng, 
about 1386 — visited by Chardin, about 1675 — ■ 
pillaged by Afghans, 1722. 

Kourakin, Alexander, Prince, diplomatist, 
— ft., 18 Jan. 1752 — accompanies Paul I. to 
Prussia and France, 1776 and 1782 — Minister 
and Vice-chancellor of the Empire, 1796-1802 
— ambassador to Vienna, 1806 — concludes 
Peace of Tilsit, 1807 — Privy Councillor, Field- 
marshal, 1807-8 — ambassador to Paris, 1808-12 
— tf. at Weimar, 6 Jul. 18 18. 

Kourakin, Boris Ivanovich, general, di- 
plomatist, — ft. in Bussia, 18 Aug. 1677 — serves 
in expeditions of Azof, 1695-6 — at battle of 
Narva, 1700 — envoy to Borne, 1705 — to Ham- 
burg, 1708 — contributes to overthrow of Charles 
XII., at Pultawa, 1709 — ambassador to Han- 
over, 1709-10 — negotiates Treaties of the Hague, 
Mar. and Aug. 17 10 — member of the Privy 
Council, 17 1 3 — Knt of St Andrew, 17 17 — 
returns to Bussia, 1721 — Minister of Foreign 
Affairs, 1722 — ambassador to France, 1723 — 
plenipotentiary to Congress of Soissons, 1727 
— tf. at Paris, 17 Oct. 1727. 

Kowno, in Russia, — the castle taken and 
destroyed by Teutonic Knights, 1362 a — taken 
from Bussians by Poles, and burnt, i66i a — 
reached by Napoleon I., who crosses the Niemen 
near, 24 Jun. 18 12 — his army recrosses it on 
the retreat, 13 Dec. 1813. a Zedler. 

Kozloff. [Eupatoria,] 

Kozlov, Ivan Ivanovich, poet, — ft. in Bussia, 
1774 — tf., 1838. Works, 1840. 

Krafft, Adam, sculptor, architect, — ft. at 
Niirnberg, about 1435, a about 1430 b — tf. at 
Schwabacb, 1507 or 1508. Stone tabernacle, 
Church of St Laiorence, 1496-1500. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Nagler. 

Krafft, Jean Louis, engraver,— -ft. at Brus- 
sels, 1705 a — tf., about 1770.* Tresor des 
fables choisies, 1733. a Nagler. 

Krain. [Carniola.] 

Kranach, Lucas. [Cranach.] 

Krantz, (Crantz,) Albert, chronicler, — ft. at 
Hamburg, about 1450 — rector of Univ. of Bos- 
tock, 1482 — syndic of Hamburg, 1489 — tf. 
there, 15 1 7 . Chronica regnorum Aquilonarium, 
1546 — Saxonia, 1520 — Wandalia, 15 19 — His- 
toria ecclesiastica Saxonice, 1548. 

Krascheninnikof, Stephen, traveller^ — ft. at 
Moscow, 17 12- 13 — accompanies expedition to 
Siberia and Kamtschatka, 1733-43 — tr. at St 
Petersburg, 1754-5. Description of Kamt- 
schatka, 1755. 

Krasicki, Ignacy, poet, — ft. at Dubiecko, 
Feb. 1734 — Bp of Warmia, about 1766 — Abp 
of Gnesen, 1795 — q\ at Berlin, 14 Mar. 1801. 
Works, 1803-4. 

Krasinski, John, — forms Confederation of 
Bar, 1768 — member of Commission for re- 
forming laws of Poland, 1789 — assists at Diet, 
1791— tf., 1805. 

Krasinski, Valerian, Count, — ft. in White 
Bussia, about 1780— Polish envoy to England, 
1830-1 — tf. at Edinburgh, 22" Dec. 1855. 
Pise, Progress, and Decline of the Reformation 
in Poland, 1839-40 — Panslavism and Ger- 



SoS 



KEASXOI— KEUSENSTEEN. 



Krasnoi, in Russia, — Prince Kutusoff defeats 
Napoleon I. near, 17 Nov. 1812. 

Kraus, (Krauss,) Johann Baptist, Bene- 
dictine, — ft. at Eatisbon, 12 Jan. 1770 — enters 
the Order, 17 15 — Prince-abbot of St Emmeran, 
Eatisbon, 1742 — tf., 14 Jim. 1762. Catalogus 
bibliotheccc Sancti Emmerani, 1748-50 — Acten- 
massige Nachrichten von der die Gewissensfrei- 
lieit betreffenden Friedenshandlungen, von 1555 
bis 1648, 1759—Pacificatio Westphalica, 1759. 
Kraus, Johann XJlrich, engraver, — ft. at 
Augsburg, about 1645 — ft., 17 19. 

Krause, Georg Friedrich, economist, $e.,— 
ft. in the Ukraine, 2 Apr. 1768 — goes to Berlin, 
1784 — officer of artillery in Polish campaign, 
1794 — prepares plan of administration of 
Poland, 1 801 — sent to organize insurrection in 
Silesia, 1813 — tf., 22 Nov. 1836. Compendium 
der hbhern Forsticissenschaft, 1824 — Versuch 
eines Systems der National und Staats-Oeko- 
nomie, 1830. 

Kray, Peter, a {Paul*) von, Baron, general, 
— ft. in Hungary, 5 Feb. 1735 — Major- 
general, 1790 — distinguishes himself in cam- 
paigns against French, 1793-5— serves under 
Wartensleben, Field-marshal- lieutenant, 1796 
■ — takes Mantua, 1799 — Commander-in-chief of 
army of the Ehine, 1800 — defeated at Hohen- 
linden by Moreau, 3 Dec. — tf. at Vienna, 19 
Jan. i8o4, a i8oi. c a Biog. Univ. 

b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Conv.-Lex. 

Krayenhoff, Cornelisz Eodolph Theodore, 
general, — ft. at Nimeguen, about 1759 — enters 
the army, 1795 — Inspector-general of fortifi- 
cations, 1798 — aide-de-camp to King Louis 
Napoleon, 1 805 — serves in campaigns of 
Holland, 1805, 1806, and 1809 — Inspector- 
general of engineers, 18 10 — governor of 
Amsterdam, 24 Nov. 18 13 — directs siege of 
Naarden, 181 3-14 — tf. at Nimeguen, about 
1838. 

Kremlin, The, Moscow, — built by Demetrius 
III., about 1367— reconstructed for ivan III., 
1485 — Napoleon fails in attempt to destroy, 
Oct. 1812. [Moscow.] 

Kreutzer, Rodolph, musical composer, — ft. at 
Versailles, 15 Nov. 1766 — tf. at Paris, a Ghent, b 
6 Jan. I 831. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Kreuznach, in Prussia, — given to see of 
Spire, by Henry IV., 1065 — sold to Count 
Henry of Sayn, 1241 — mineral springs at, dis- 
covered, 1478 — frequently plundered in Thirty 
Years' War, 1619-48 — the citadel blown up by 
the French, 1689. 

Kreytmayr, (Kreitmayer,) Wiguleius Xa- 
vier Aloys, Baron von, statesman, — ft. at 
Munich, Dec. 1705 — studies at Utrecht and 
Levden, 1724-5 — Court Councillor to Elector 
of Bavaria, 1725— Chancellor of Aulic Council 
by Maximilian Joseph, 1745 — Vice-chancellor 
of Privy Council, 1749 — prepares new criminal 
code, 175 1 — tf., Oct. 1790. 

Krieg, Johann Friedrich, general,— ft. in 
Brisgau, 1730 — enters French army, 1746 — 
wounded at battle of Rosbaeh, 1757— dis- 
tinguishes himself at battle of Minden, 1759— 
receives 16 wounds at battle of Clostercamp, 
1760— wounded in Corsican campaign, 1778 — 
takes part in siege of Gibraltar, 1780 — con- 



tributes to defence of Thionville, 1792 — im- 
prisoned, 1793-4 — tf. at Bar-sur-Ornain, about 
Dec. 1803. 

Krotzka, — the Turks defeat the Austrians 
under Count Wallis at, 22 Jul. 1739. 

Krbyer, Henrik Nikolaj, zoologist, — ft. at 
Copenhagen, 22 Mar. 1799 — member of French 
Commission of the North, explores coasts of 
Norway, 1838-40 — charged with formation of 
Natural History Collection for the king : visits 
S. America, 1840-1 — member of Legion of 
Honour, 1841 — Inspector of Eoyal Museum of 
Nat. Hist., 1842 — attends meeting of naturalists 
at Gratz, 1843 — Ph.D. Kiel, 1843 — tf., before 
1870. Panmarks Fislce, 1834-53 — edits and 
contributes to Xatur Mstorik Pidsskrift, from 
1843. 

Krudener, Bourkhard Alexis Constantin, 1 
Baron de, diplomatist, — ft. in Livonia, 25 
Jim. 1744 — charge d'affaires at Venice, 1780,* 
i784 b — ambassador to Copenhagen, 1793,* 
1786 b — envoy to Dresden, 1798 — to Berlin, 
1800 b — tf., 14 Jim. 1802. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Krudener, Julienne Wittinghoff, Baroness 
de, mystic, — ft. at Eiga, 1766, a 21 Nov. 1764 b 
— marries the Baron de Krudener, 1780,* 1782 b 
— accompanies him to Venice, 1784 — separates 
from him, 1791 — appears as a prophetess, 1814 
— has interview with Emperor Alexander at 
Heilbronn, May 18 15 — establishes herself at 
Paris, Jul. 18 15 — promotes the Holy Alliance, 
1815 — tf. in the Crimea, 13 Dec. 1824. Valerie, 
1803. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Krug, Wilhelm Traugott, philosopher, — ft. 
in Prussia, 22 Jim. 1770— studies at Witten- 
berg, 1788 — Extraord. Prof. Philosophy, Frank- 
fort-on-the-Oder, 1801 — Prof. Logic "and Me- 
taphysics, Konigsberg, 1804 — Prof. Philosophy, 
Leipsic, 1809 — D.D., 1830 — deputy to first 
Constitutional Diet, 1833 — tf. at Leipsic, 13 
Jan. 1842. Versuch einer systematischen Pn- 
cyclopddie der Wissenschaften, 1796- 1804 — Per 
Schonen KUnste, 1802 — Aphorismen zur Philo- 
sophic des Pechts, 1800 — Fundamentalphiloso- 
pltie, 1803 — System der theoretischen Philoso- 
phic, 1806-10 — Geschichte der Philosophie alter 
Zeit, 1 8 15 — Allgemeines Handworterbuch der 
philosophischen Wissenschaften, 1827-8 — Meine 
Lebotsreise in scchs Stationen, vonUrceus, 1826. 
Kruger, Dietrich, engraver, — ft. at Munich, 
about 1570 — tf. at Borne, 1650. 

Kruger, {Krug,) Lucas, engraver, §c, — ft. 
at Niirnberg, about 1489 — tf. there, 1535. 

Kruger, Theodor, engraver,— $., 1646 — tf., 
17 15. (With Mogalli, &c.,) Museum Florenti- 
num, 17 10. 

Kruilov. [Krylow.] 

Krummacher, Friedrich Adolf, theologian, 
— ft. in Westphalia, 13 Jul. 1768 — tf., 1845. 
Parabeln, 1805 — Pie Kinderwelt, 1806 — Pas 
Leben des heiligen Johannes, 1833. 

Krunitz, Johann Georg, — ft. at Berlin, 1728 
— tf. there. 20 Dec. 1796. Oekonomisch-techno- 
logische Encyclopadie, 1773-96. 

Krusenstern, Adam John, traveller, hydro- 

grapher, — ft. in Esthonia, 8 Nov. 1770 — serves 

in British navy, 1793-9 — conducts expedition 

I of discovery round the Avorld, 1803-6 — Knt of 



KRUSINSKI— KUTUSOFF SMOLENSKOI. 



St Anne — 1805— Knt of Bed Eagle, 1810— ft. 
in Esthonia, 12 Aug. 1846. Reise urn die Welt 
in den Jahren 1803, &c, 1810-14 — Beitrage 
zur Rydrographie der grosser n Oceane, 1819 — 
Atlas de V Ocean Pacijiqite, 1824-7 — Recueil 
de me'moires hydrographiques, §c, 1824-7 — 
Supplements, 1835. 

Krusinski, Judas Thaddeus, Jesuit,— b. in 
Poland, about 1677 — Proctor-general of Per- 
sian missions, 1720 — returns to Poland, 1725 
— at Diet of Warsaw, 1748 — rj. at Kaminiek, 
1754. Chronicon peregrinantis, 1 7 3 1 . 

Krylow, (Krilojf,) Ivan Andreevich, fabu- 
list, — b. at Moscow, 2 (13) Feb. 1768 ?— secre- 
tary to Prince Galitzin, 1801 — attached to 
Imperial Library, 18 12-41 — Counsellor of State, 
1830— ft. at St Petersburg, 11 (23) Apr., a 9 (21) 
Nov. b 1844. Works, 1847. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Ralston and Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Kublai Khan, (Chi-Tson,) Grand Khan of 
the Mongols,— Khan of the Mongols, 1259— 
invades China and expels the Mantchus, 1260 
— builds palace atPekin, 1267 — conquers south 
China, and founds the Yuen dynasty, 1279 — 
visited by Marco Polo, between 1280-94 — tf. 
at Pekin, 1294. 

Kufic Coins, {Mohammedan,) — first struck 
by order of Caliph Omar, (18, a. h.) 638 a — by 
Abdalmalek, (79,) 695. b a Makrizi. 

b Almakin and other authorities. 

Kiigelgen, Gerhard and Carl von, {twin- 
brothers,) painters, — b. at Bacharach on the 
Bhine, Jan. 1772 — study at Bome, 1791 — 
Gerhard settles at Dresden, 1804 — murdered 
near Dresden, 1820 — Carl, court painter at St 
Petersburg, 1799 — travels in the Crimea, 1804 
and 1806 — in Finland, 18 18 — tf. at Bevel, 9 
Jan. 1832. 

Kugler, Franz Theodor, archaeologist, §c, — 
b. at Stettin, 19 Jan. 1808 — studies at Berlin, 
1826 — Prof, at Academy of Fine Arts, 1835 
— visits Italy, 1835 — France and Belgium, 
1843 — admitted to Academy of Berlin, 1849 — 
fr., 18 Mar. 1858. Den/cm ciler der bildenden 
Kunst im Mittelalter in den preuss. Staaten, 
1 830 — Museum, 1833 — Handbuchder Geschichte 
der Malerei von Konstantin d. Gr. bis auf die 
neuere Zeit, 1837 — Gedichte, 1840 — Mandbuch 
der JCunstgeschichte, 1 841-2. 

Kuk, Ephraim Moses, poet, — b. at Breslau, 
1731— tf., 1790. 

Kuklmann, Quirinus, visionary, — b. at 
Breslau, 165 1 — burnt at Moscow, 3 Oct. 1689. 

K'uhn, Karl Gottlob, physician, — b. in Mer- 
seburg, 1754 — M.D. Leipsic, 1783 — Extraord. 
Prof. Medicine, 1793 — Prof. Anatomy and 
Surgery, 1 802 — Prof. Physiology and Pathology, 
1819— tf., 19 Jim. 1840. Opera medicorum 
Grcecorum quce supersunt, 1%21-30—Opitscula 
academica et philologica, 1827-8 — Geschichte 
der medicinischen und physikalischen Elek- 
tricitut, 1783. 

Ku-Klux-Klan, — secret Society of ex-rebels, 
organized in Tennessee, U. S., 1868 — crimes 
of, made punishable in Federal Courts, Pres. 
authorized to suspend Habeas Corpus Act, Apr. 
1871. 

Kulmbach, Hans von, painter, engraver, — 
tl., about 1545.* Madonna Enthroned, St 



Sebald's, Niirnberg, 1513 s — Adoration of the 
Kings, discovered, 187 1. a Nagler. 

Kunckel, Johann, chemist, — b. in Schleswig, 
1630 — called to Berlin, 1679 — rj. at Stockholm, 
1702. Oeffentliche Zuschrift von dem phosphoro 
mirabili, 1678 — Laboratorium chymicum, 1716. 

Kunersdorf. [Cunersdorf.] 

Kunobizza, — Amurath II. defeated by John 
Huniades, 24 Dec. 1443 or Jan. 1444.* 
a Von Hammer. 

Kunth, Karl Sigismund, botanist, — b. at 
Leipsic, 18 Jun. 1788 — goes to Berlin, 1806 — 
at Paris, 1813-19 — Prof. Botany, Vice- director 
of Botanic Garden, Berlin, 181 9 — admitted to 
Academy of Sciences, 1829 — tf. at Berlin, 22 
Mar. 1850. Flora Berolinensis, 181 3 — Nova 
genera et species plantarum, 1815-25 — Die 
Mimosen, 1819 — Die Grdser des tropischen 
Amerika, 1829-33 — Enumeratio plantarum 
omnium hucusque cognitarum, 1833-50. 

Kuntz, Karl, painter, — b. at Manheim, 28 
Jul. 1770 — visits Switzerland, 1790 — court 
painter, Baden, 1 805 — director of Picture Gal- 
lery, Carlsruhe, 1829 — tf. there, 8 Sep. 1830. 

Kupetzki, Johann, painter, — b. near Pres- 
burg, 1666 a — rj. at Niirnberg, 1740. a Nagler. 

Kurdistan,— subject to Caliphs of Baghdad, 
about 640-868 —conquered by the Moguls, 1 258 
— by Tamerlane, 1388 — forms part of Persia, 
1502 —submits to the Ottomans, 1516 a — visited 
by Bich, 1820 — massacre of Nestorians in, by 
Beder Khan Bey, 1 843 b — visited by Grant, 
1844 — by Layard, 1846 and 1850. 

a Von Hammer. b Layard. 

Kurile Islands, — discovered by Bussians, 
1713-20. 

Kuster, Ludolf, philologist, — fj. in West- 
phalia, 1670 — visits England, 1700-5 — Prof, 
at Joa.chim Coll., Berlin, 1705 — admitted to 
Academy of Inscriptions, Paris, 17 13 — tf. there, 
1 7 1 6. Historia Critica Homer i, 1 696 — edition 
of Suidas, 1705 — of Jamblichus, 1707 — of 
Aristophanes, 17 10. 

Kiistrin, in Prussia, — founded, about 1530 
— bombarded by Bussians, 15-22 Aug. 1758 — ■ 
surrendered to the French, 1 806 — restored to 
Prussia, 18 14. 

Kutchuk Kainardji, — Treaty of, between 
Bussia and Turkey, cession of Azof to Bussia, 
freedom of the Black Sea established, concluded 
21 Jul. 1774. 

Kutusoff Smolenskoi, Mikhail Lavionovich 
Golenischtscheff, Phince, general, statesman, 
— ti., 1745 — enters the army, 1761 — serves in 
Polish campaigns, 1764-9— distinguishes him- 
self against Turks, 1770 — at battle of the 
Posts, 177 1 — serves in the Crimea, 1772-3 — 
Brigadier, 1783 — Major-general, 21 Nov. — 
Governor-general in the Crimea, 1787 — 
wounded at siege of Oczakoff, Aug. 1788 — 
commands under Suwarrof at siege of Ismaeloff, 
1790 — Lieutenant-general, 25 Mar. 1791 — 
distinguishes himself at battle of Matschine, 
Apr. 1791 — ambassador to the Porte, Jun. 1793 
to May 1794 — Commander-in-chief in Finland, 
1794 — military governor of St Petersburg, 
1 801 — commands forces sent to assistance of 
Austria, 1805 — defeated at Austerlitz, 2 Dec. 
— governor of Lithuania, 1806-11 — obtains 



8io 



KUYCK— LABORDE. 



victories over Turks, 181 1 — concludes Treaty of 
Bucharest, 16 May 1812 — Prince, Pres. of the 
Council, generalissimo, 18 12 — defeated by Na- 
poleon at the Moskowa, 26 Aug. 18 12— Field- 
marshal, 18 1 2 — ft. at Bunzlau, Silesia, 16 Apr. 
1813. 

Kuyck, Jan van, painter on glass, — fj. at 
Dort, 1530 — burnt there, 28 Mar. 1572. 

Kyd, Thomas, dramatist. Cornelia, (trans- 
lation,) 1594 — First part of Jeronimo, 1605 — 
Spanish Tragedy, 1599. 



Kynaston, Sir Francis, poet, — fc. in Shrop- 
shire, 1587 — tf., about 1642. Leoline and 
Sydanis, 164.1. 

Kyriel, Sir Thomas, — leads troops into 
Normandy, to reinforce Somerset, 1450 — de- 
feated by Constable of France at Fourmigni, 
15 Aug. 1450 — made prisoner at battle of 
Barnet, and beheaded, 147 1. 

Kyrle, John, ' the Man of Boss,' — ft. in 
Gloucestershire, about 1634 — tf. at Boss, 
Herefordshire, 1724. 



Laaland, island in the Baltic, — defeat of 
Danish fleet by the Swedes off, 23 Oct. 1644 — 
traversed by Charles X. in his march across 
the Baltic, 1657-8. 

Laar, (laer,) Pieter van, (II Bamboccio,) 
painter, engraver, — fc. at Laaren, 16 13 — rj. at 
Haarlem, about 1673. 

Labadie, Jean, mystic, — b. inGuienne, 1610 
— renounces Catholicism, 1650 — pastor at Mont- 
auban, 165 1-9 — goes to Geneva, 1659 — pastor 
at Middleburgk, 1666 — tJ. at Altona, 1674. 

La Barre, Jean Francois Lefevre, Che- 
valier de, — b., 1747 — accused of mutilating 
a crucifix, 1765 — condemned by tribunal of 
Abbeville to be mutilated and burnt alive, 1766 
■ — sentenced to be beheaded and burnt, by 
Parliament of Paris, 5 Jun. 1766 — executed at 
Abbeville, 1 Jul. 

Labarum, (Standard of the Cross,) — adopted 
by Constantine the Great, about 312 ? or 322 ? 

Labat, Jean Baptiste, Dominican, — b. at 
Paris, 1663— goes to Martinique as superior of 
the missions of the Antilles, 1693- 17 06 — tf. at 
Paris, 1738. Kouveau voyage aux iles de 
V Amerique, 1722 — Voyage en Espagne et en 
Italie, 1730. 

Labbe, Philippe, Jesuit, — b. at Bourges, 10 
Jul. 1607 — fr. at Paris, 25 Mar. 1667. CI. 
Galeni vita ex propriis operibus collecta, 1660 — 
Concordia chronologica, technica, et historica, 
1670 — SS. Concilia ad regiam editionem exacta, 
1671-2,. 

Labe, Louise, (la belle Cordiere,) poetess, — b. 
at Lyons, 1526 — distinguishes herself at siege 
of Perpignan, 1542— IT. at Lyons, Mar. 1566. 
CEuvres, 1555. 

Labedoyere, Charles Angelique Francois 
Huchet, Count de, general, — b. at Paris, 1786 
— as officer in Imperial Guard, serves at 
Eylau, 1807 — aide-de-camp to Marshal 
Lannes, 1808 — wounded at Tudela, 1808 — 
distinguishes himself at capture of Eatisbon, 
Apr. 1809 — wounded at Essling, 21 May 1809 
• — aide-de-camp to Prince Eugene (Beauhar- 
nois), Jul. 1809— serves in Russian expedition, 
18 1 2 — distinguishes himself at Liitzen and 
Bautzen, 18 13— joins Napoleon I. on his return 
from Elba, Mar. 18 15— at Waterloo, 18 Jun. 



1 815 — tried by court martial and executed, 
19 Aug. 1815. 

Labeo, M. (?) Antistius, jurist,— {B C] — 
nominates senators, 18. 

Labeo, Q. Antistius, jurist, — [BC] — kills 
himself, 42. 

Labeo, Q. Fabius, — [B C] — quaestor urbanus, 
196 — compels augurs to pay tributum : praetor, 
189 — releases Roman prisoners at Gortyne, 
takes Telmissus : triumvir to plant Potentia 
and Pisaurum, i86, :i i84 b — Consul with M. 
Claudius Marcellus, (571, a.tj.c.) 183 — ponti- 
fex, 180. a Smith's Diet. b Zumpt. 

Labergerie, Jean Baptiste Rougier, Baron 
de, writer on agriculture, — b. in Touraine, 
1759 — rj., 1836. Histoire de V agriculture 
ancienne des Grecs, 1829 — Histoire de V agri- 
culture ancienne des Bomains, 1834 — Histoire 
de l' agriculture des Gaulois, 1829. 

Laberius, Decimus, mimographer, — [B C] — 
b. about 107 — appears on the stage at Caesar's 
command, Oct. 45 — rj., (711," a. u. c.) Jan. 43. 

Labienus, T. — [B C] — tribunus plebis, 63 — 
legatus to Caesar in Gaul, 58— again, 54-50 — 
joins Pompey, 49— legatus to Pompey, 48— 
defeated at Ruspina by Caesar, 46 — legatus to 
Scipio : defeated and killed at Munda, by 
Caesar, 45. 

Labienus, Q. — [B C] — joins Brutus and Cas- 
sius, 44— sent to Parthia, 42 — contrives the 
Parthian inroad in the East, 40 — defeated by 
Ventidius and killed, 39. 

Labienus, T. historian, orator, — his works 
burnt by decree of the senate, kills himself, 12. 

Labitte, 3&eques,jurist, — {■[., about 1550-84. 
Index legum quce in Bandectis continentur,!^^-]. 

Lablache, Lodovico, singer, — b. at Naples, 
6 Dec. 1794 — marries, 1 812 — goestoMilan,i8i7 
— to Paris, 1830 — appears in London, 1835 — 
at St Petersburg, 1852 — private singer to Em- 
peror of Russia, Knt of. St Andrew, 1857 — tf. at 
Naples, 23 Jan. 1858. 

Laborde, Count Alexandre Louis Joseph 
de, traveller, litterateur, — b. at Paris, 17 Sep. 
1773— travels in Spain, 1 800-1 — auditor to 
Council of State, 1808 — Master of Requests, 
member of Legion of Honour, 1809 — member 
of Institute, 18 13 — Adjutant-major of National 



LABORDE— LA CHASTRE. 



811 



Guard of Paris, 1814 — receives cross of St 
Louis, Apr. 18 14 — member of Chamber of 
Deputies, 1822 — takes part in insurrection of 
Jul. 1830— Prefect of the Seine, and aide-de- 
camp to Louis Philippe, 1830 — tf., 24 Oct. 
1842. Voyage pittoresque et historique de V 
Espagne, 1807-18 — Ltineraire descriptif de V 
Espagne, 1808 — Collection de vases Grecs de M. 
le Comte de Lamberg, 1813-24 — Voyage pittor- 
esque en Autriche, 182 1-3 — Les monuments de 
la France classes chronologiquement, 1832-6. 
Laborde, Jean Benjamin de. [Borde.] 
Labourdonnais. [Mahe.] 
Labourdonnais, Mahe de, (Chess-king,) — 
fc., 1795— If., 1840. 

La Bourdonnaye, Francois Kegis, Count 
de, statesman, — b. at Angers, 19 Mar. 1767 — 
emigrates, 1792 — member of Chamber of 
Deputies, 18 15 — Minister of the Interior, Aug. 
1828 — raised to the peerage, 1830 — rj. near 
Beaupreau, 28 Aug. 1839. 

Labourers, in England, — wages, &c, regu- 
lated by Stat, of Labourers, 23 Edw. III. c. 1, 
1349 — [Wages] — erection of dwellings for, 
facilitated by Act 18 and 19 Vic. c. 132, 14 
Aug. 1855. 

Laboureur, Jean le,— b. at Montmorency, 
1623 — commander of St Michael, 1664 — "&, at 
Paris, Jun. 1675. Les Tomb eaux des per sonnes 
illustres, avec leurs elcges, genealogies, armes, et 
devises, 1642 — Relation du voyage de la reine 
de Pologne, et du retour de la marechale de Gue- 
briant, 1647 — Tableau genealogique des 16 quar- 
tiers de nos rois depuis St Louis, 1683. 

Labrador, N. America, — coast of, discovered 
by Sebastian Cabot, 1496 — visited by Corte 
Real, 1501 — probably visited by Sebastian 
Cabot, 1513 s — explored by Frobisher, 1576 — 
rediscovered by Hudson, 16 10- -Moravian set- 
tlement in, 1752. b a Engl. Cyc. b Maceulloch. 
Labrousse, Clotilde Suzanne Courcelles de, 
— b. in Perigord, 8 May 1741 — enters Fran- 
ciscan Order, about 1760 — imprisoned at Borne, 
1792-6— returns to Paris, 1798 — tr., 1821. 
Fropheties concernant la revolution francaise, 
suivies d'une prediction qui annonce la Jin du 
monde, 1790. 

Labrousse, Jacques de, general, — b. in Peri- 
gord, i486 — defends Leith against the Scotch, 
156 1 — falls at battle of Dreux, 19 Dec. 1562. 
Labrousse, Nicolas de, Count de Verteil- 
lac, general, — b., 1648 — serves in campaign of 
Holland, 1672 — wounded at siege of Dole, 1674 
— at sieges of Ghent and Ypres, 167 8 — wounded 
at battle of St Denis, 1678 — Brigadier of armies 
of the king, 1686 — Major-general, serves at 
sieges of Philipsburg, Frankenthal, and Mailn- 
heim, 1688 — contributes to defence of Mentz, 
1689 — assists at siege of Mons, governor of 
the town, 169 1 — Marechal de Camp, serves at 
siege of Ftirnes, Jan. 1693— falls in combat at 
Boussu, 4 Jul. 1693. 
La Bruyere. [Bruyere, Jean la.] 
Labuan, in the Malay Archipelago, — ceded 
to England, 1 846 — seat of colonial government, 
Oct. 1848. 

La Caille, Nicolas Louis de, astronomer, — 
b. at Bumigny, near Rosoy, 15 Mar. 17 13 — 



studies at Paris, 1729— Prof. Mathematics, 
Mazarin Coll., 1738— employed with Cassini 
in measurement of arc of meridian, 1739-40 — 
Assistant Astronomer, Academy of Sciences, 
1741 — at Cape of Good Hope, 1750-4— tf. at 
Paris, 21 Mar. 1762. Fundamenta astvono- 
mice, 1757 — Tabulae Solares, 1758 — Journal 
historique du voyage fait au Cap de Bonne 
Esperance, 1763 — Coelum Australe stelliferum, 
1763. 

Laccadive Islands, in the Indian Ocean, — 
discovered by Vasco de Gama, 1499 — ceded by 
Tippoo to the English, 1792. 

Lace, — Venetian, mentioned, 1483 a — worked 
in Flanders, before 1495. Pillow, invented 
by Barbara IJttmann, 156 1 b — manufacture of, 
developed in France by Colbert, 1666. Machine 
for making, attempted by Strutt, 1758. Bob- 
bin-net machine, patented by Heathcoat, 1 809 
— improved by Brown, 1 8 1 1 — by Morley, X 8 1 1 
and 1824 — by Leaver and Turton, 1811 — 
smuggled into France, 18 15 — Jacquard system 
applied to, 1837. Ln England, making of 
bone-lace taught to peasantry of Bedfordshire 
by Queen Catherine of Aragon, 153 1 -3 a — 
manufacture of pilloiv-lace carried on, 1620. 
Importation of, prohibited by Acts 1 Ric. III. 
c. 10, 1483-4, and 19 Hen. VII. c. 21, 1503-4 
— license for, granted to Earl of Suffolk by 
James I., 1606 — prohibited by royal proclama- 
tion, 30 Apr. 1635 — and again, 20 Nov. 1661, 
by Acts 14 Car. II. c. 13, 1662, and 9 and 
10 Wm III. c. 9, 1698— permitted by Acts 11 
and 12 Wm III. c. 11, 1700, and 5 and 6 
Anne, c. 17, 1706 (French excepted) — again 
prohibited by Acts 3 Geo. III. c. 21, 1762, 
and 5 Geo. III. c. 48, 1765. Factories, placed 
under regulation of Factories' Acts by Act 24 
and 25 Vic. c. 117, 6 Aug. 1861. 

a Palliser. b Beckmann. 

Lacedsemon. [Sparta.] 

Lacepede, Bernard Germain Etienne de la 
Ville-sur-Illon, Count de, naturalist, — b. at 
Agen, 26 Dec. 1756 — goes to Paris, 1776 — 
sub-demonstrator in the Cabinet du roi, 1785 — ■ 
Prof, at Museum of Natural History, member 
of Institute, 1796 — Pres. of Senate, 1801 — 
Grand Chancellor of Legion of Honour, 1803- 
14 — recalled to Chamber of Peers, Mar. 181 9 
— "&. at Epinay, 6 Oct. 1825. Histoire naturelle 
des quadrupedes ovipares, 1788 — Histoire na- 
turelle des reptiles, 1789 — Histoire naturelle 
des poissons, 1798- 1803 — Histoire naturelle des 
cetaces, 1 804. 

Lacerda. [Cerda.] 

Lachaise, Francois d'Aix de, Jesuit,— b. at 
Aix in Forez, 25 Aug. 1624 — confessor to 
Louis XIV., 1675 — superior of Mont Louis, 
1705 — tj., 20 Jan. 1709. 

Lachares, — [B C ] — demagogue at Athens 
after restoration of democracy, 307 — aided by 



)r, makes himself tyrant of Athens, (01 
120, 2,) 299^ 296 b c — escapes to Bceotia, 299 
— expelled from Cassandrea, 279.= 
a Clinton. b Thirlwall. c Smith's Diet. 

La Chastre, (La Chdtre,) Claude Louis, 
Duke de, — b. at Paris, 30 Sep. 1745 — enters 
the army, 1761 — Chevalier of St Louis, 1779 



LACHES— LACPOZE. 



: — deputy to States -General, i*5 
1792— serves in Flanders, 1793- 



) — emigrates, 
-in Portugal, 
1797 — charge d'affaires of Louis XVIII. in 
England, 1807 — first equerry, 180S — ambas- 
sador to London, 18 14 — Peer of France, 17 
Aug. 1 8 15 — returns to Paris, May 18 16 — rj. 
at Meudon, 13 Jul. 1824. 

Laches,— [B CJ— Arclion at Athens, (01. 95, 
1,) 400. 

Laches, — [BC] — takes Messina, 427 — tried 
for peculation, 426 — at battle of Delion, 424 
— commissioner about the 50 years' truce, 421 
—commander in Argos, killed at battle of 
Mantiueia, 41 S. 

Lachiche, Claude Quentin, engineer, — ft. at 
Dole, 1719 — at siege of Friburg, 7744 — pro- 
jects canal of the lihone and Ehine, 1765 — a", 
at Paris, 14 Oct. 1802. Prospectus d'un canal 
de vingtcinq lieues de longueur, 1790. 

Lachmana, Karl, philologist, — ft. at Bruns- 
wick, 4 Mar. 1793— studies at Leipsic and Got- 
tingen, 1 809-1 1 — Prof. Extraord., Konigsberg, 
igjg — p ro f. Extraord., Berlin, 1825 — Ordinary 
Prof. 1827 — member of Academy of Sciences, 
1830 — D.J)., LL.D. Gottingen, 1837— U. at 
Berlin, 13 Mar. 1851. Ueber die ursprungliche 
Gestalt des Gedichts von der Niebelimgen Noth, 
i2,id — editions of the New Testament, 1834 and 
1842 — Betrachtungen iiber die Bias, 1847 — edi- 
tion of Caius, 1 841 — of Niebelungen Lied, 1826 
— translation of Shakspeare's Sonnets, 1820 — 
edition of Lessing's Works, 1838-40. 

Laclede, N. de, — fc., Jan. 1736. Histoire 
generate da Portugal, 1735. 

Laclos, Pierre Ainbroise Francois Choderlos 
de, litterateur, — ft. at Amiens, 1741— enters 
the army, 1759 — secretary to Duke of Orleans, 
1789 — tt. at Tarente, 5 Oct. 1803. Les Liaisons 
dangereuses, 1782. 

Lacolombe, Jacques, litterateur, — ft. at 
Paris, 1724 — a", there, 180 1, a i8u. b Diction- 
naire Eucyehpedique des Arts et Metiers, 1789- 
91 — Dictionnaire Encychpedique des Sciences 
mathe'matiques et physiques, 1792 — Encyclope- 
diana, 1792 — Dictionnaire Encychpedique de 
V Art aratoire et du Jardinage, 1797. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

La Colonibiere. [Vulson.] 

Lacolonie, Jean Martin de, — ft. at Bordeaux, 
1674 — a", there, 26 Nov. 1759. Memoires con- 
tenant les evenements de la guerre depuis le 
siege de Namur en 1692 jusqii a la bataille de 
Belgrade, 1737. 

La Condamine. [Condamine.] 

Lacordaire, Jean Eaptiste Henri, Father 
Lacordaire, — ft., 12 Mar. 1802 — settles as 
advocate at Paris, 1821 — ordained priest, 1827 
— associated with Montalembert and Lamennais 
in editing L'Avenir, 1830— the paper con- 
demned by Gregory XVI., and discontinued, 
1832 — enters Dominican Order at Pome, 1839 
— preaches at Xotre-Dame, Paris, 1841 — mem- 
ber of Constituent Assembly, Mar. 1848 — re- 
tires, May — director of College of Sorreze, 
1853— received at French Academy, i860 — tr. 
at Sorreze, 22 Nov. 1861. Vie de Saint 
Dominique, 1840 — (Euvres, 1858. 

Lacordaire, Jean Theodore, anatomist, ento- 



mologist, — ft., 1 Feb. 1 801 — four times visits 
America, 1825-32 — Prof. 'Zoology, Liege, 
1835 — Prof. Comparative Anatomy, 1838 — 
Dean of the Univ., 1850 — a", at Liege, 31 Aug. 
1870. Introduction a V Entomologie, 1834-7 — - 
Histoire naturelle des insectes, 1854-68. 

Lacoste, Etienne Clement, Baron, general, 
— ft. in Dauphine, 27 Dec. 1773 — enters the 
army, 1792 — assists at siege of Toulon, 1794 — 
wounded at battle of St Laurent de la Monga, 
6 May 1794 — distinguishes himself at Areola, 
Oct. 1796 — follows Napoleon to Egypt, 1798 — 
takes part in siege of Acre, 1799 — at battle of 
Alexandria, 1801 — serves in Austrian compaign, 
1805 — in Prussian and Polish, 1806-7 — dis- 
tinguishes himself in Peninsular campaigns, 
1808-12 — Baron, and General of Brigade, 1813 
— falls in campaign of Saxony, 1813. 

Lacoste, Jean, {Janus a Costa,) jurist, — ft. at 
Cahors, about 1560— tf. there, 13 Aug. 1637. 
Comment, ad institutiones juris civilis, 17 14 — 
Comment, in Decretales, 1676. 

Lacretelle, Jean Charles Dominique de, 
historian, publicist, — ft. at Metz, 3 Sep. 1766,* 
27 Aug. 1763 b — goes to Paris, 1787 — assistant 
Prof. History, Faculty of Letters, 1 809 — Cen- 
sor Imperial, 18 10* — member of French 
Academy, 181 1 — titular Prof. History, 18 12- 
48 — ennobled by Louis X VIII., 1822 — 
Chevalier of St Michael, 1826 — Commander of 
Legion of Honour, 1845 — $• at Macon, 26 
Mar. 1855. (With Eabaut Saint-Etienne) 
Precis historique de la Revolution francaise, 
1 801-6 — Histoire de France pendant le dix- 
huitieme siecle, 1808 — Histoire de France pen- 
dant les guerres de religion, 18 14-16 — Histoire 
de V Assembled Constituante, 1821 — E Assem- 
bled Legislative, 1824 — La Convention nation- 
ale, 1824-5 — Histoire de France depuis la 
Restauration, 1829-35 — Histoire du Consulat et 
de V Empire, 1846. a Xouv. Biog. Gen. 

b Conv.-Lex. 

Lacretelle, Pierre Louis, jurist, — ft. at 
Metz, 1 75 1 — member of Legislative Assembly, 
1 79 1 — member of Legislative Body, 180 1-2 — 
member of Institute, i8o3, a 1801 b — tf., 5 Sep. 
1824. (Euvres, 1823-4. a Nouy. Biog. Gen. 
b Conv. Lex. 

Lacroix, De, — secretary of embassy at Con- 
stantinople, 1670-80 — rj., 1704 ? Memoires 
concernant diver ses relations tres-curieuses de 
V empire ottoman, 1684 — Guerres des Turcs 
avec la Pologne, la Moscovie, et la Hongrie, 1689. 

Lacroix, Silvestre Francois, mathematician, 
— ft. at Paris, 1765 — Prof Mathematics, Mili- 
tary school, 1787 — Prof. Analysis, Polytechnic 
School, 1799 — member of Academy of Sciences, 
May 1799 — Prof. Mathematics, Coll. of France, 
1 8 15 — ft. at Paris, 25 May 1843. Trait e du 
calcul differentiel et du calcul integral, 1797 — 
Elements d'Algebre, 1799 — Complement des 
Elements d'Algebre, 1799 — Traite du calcul des 
probabilites, 1816. 

Lacroix du Maine, Francoise Grude, Sieur 
de, bibliographer, — ft. at Mans, 1552 — assas- 
sinated at Tours, 1592. Bibliotheque francaise, 
1584. 

Lacroze, Mathurin Veyssieres de, oriental- 



LACPJTZ— LADISLAUS. 



813 



ist, — ft. at Nantes, 4 Dec. 1661 — tf. Prof. Phi- 
losophy at French Coll., Berlin, 21 May 1739. 
Histoire du christianisme des Indes, \~\i\ — 
Histoire du christianisme d' Ethiopie et d'Arme- 
nie, 1739 — Lexicon JEgyptiaco-latinum, 1775. 
Lacruz, Juan de, (Pantoja,) painter, — ft. 
at Valencia, 1545 — tf. at Valladolid, 16 10. 

Lacruz y Cano, Eamon de, dramatist, — ft. 
at Madrid, 12 May 1728 — tf., 4 Nov. 1795. 
Teatro, §c, 1788. 

Lactantius, Lucius Coelius, (Ccecilius 
Firmianus,) rhetorican, theologian, — ft., ahout 
250 — teaches rhetoric at Mcomedeia, becomes 
a Christian? 301 — tutor to Crispus, son of 
Constantine, 3 1 7 — tf., about 325-30. a a Clinton. 
Lacteal Vessels, — discovered by Aselli, 1622. 
Lacuee, Jean Gerard de, Count de Cessac, 
statesman, — ft. near Agen, 4 Nov. 1752 — 
deputy to Legislative Assembly, 1790 — member 
of Council of Ancients, 1795 — secretary, May 
1796 — Prcs., Oct. — member of Council of Five 
Hundred, 1799 — member of Institute, 1799 — 
Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, Governor 
of Polytechnic School, General of Division, 
1800 — Director-general of the conscription, 
1807 — Grand Eagle of Legion of Honour, 
Count, 1809 — director of administration of the 
war, Jan. 18 10 — receives cross of St Louis, 
1814 — called to Chamber of Peers, 1831 — ft. 
at Paris, 18 Jim. 1841. 
Lacuna. [Laguna.] 
Lacurne. [Sainte-Palaye.] 
Lacy, Hugh de, Earl of Ulster, — ap- 
pointed governor of Ireland, by Henry 11., 
spring 1 1 72 — deputy to Earl John, 1178 — 
but soon ordered to resign : the family expelled 
from Ireland by Xing John, 12 10. 

Lacy, Luis de, general, — ft. at St Roch, near 
Gibraltar, n Jan. 1775 — enters the army, 
1784 — distinguishes himself in campaigns 
against French, 1794-5 — serves in French 
army, 1803-8 — serves with distinction in 
Peninsular campaigns, 1808-14 — Commander- 
in-chief of army of Galicia, 18 12 — attempts 
reestablishment of the Cortes, 18 16- 17 — shot, 
in Majorca, 5 Jul. 1817. 

Lacy, Koger de, — surrenders Chateau- 
Gaillard to Philip of France, 1 Jun. 1202. 

Lacydes, (Lakudes,) Academic philosopher, 
{New,) — [B C] — succeeds Arkesilaos as presi- 
dent, 267-6— tf., 241-0. 

Ladakh, (Middle Thibet,) visited by Moor- 
croft, 1820 — conquered by Gholab Singh, of 
Cashmere, 1835 — visited by Forsyth and Shaw, 
Jul. 1870. 

Lade, — [BC] — defeat of Ionian fleet by 
Persians, 494. 

Ladislaus. [See Bohemia and Poland.] 
Ladislaus* the Posthumous, — King or Bo- 
hemia and Hungary, — ft., 22 Feb. 1440 — 
the supreme authority seized by the adminis- 
trator, George Podiebrad, 1444— chosen King 
of Hungary, 1445 — goes to Buda, Feb. 1453 — 
crowned King of Bohemia, 28 Oct. 1453 — 
enters Breslau,and receives homage of Silesians, 
ri Dec. 1454 — demands in marriage Princess 
Madeleine of France, 1457 — tf. at Prague, 23 
Nov. 1457. 



Ladislaus, (VI. ?) King of Bohemia, and 
(VI. or VII.) of Hungary, - ft., about 1456 — 
recognized as successor of Podiebrad, 19 Jul. 
1469 — proclaimed King of Bohemia, 27 May 
147 1 — crowned at Prague, 16 Aug. 147 1 — 
makes terms with his rival, Matthias, King of 
Hungary, 12 Feb. 1475 — the convention con- 
firmed at Olniutz, 7 Dec. 1478 — forms alliance 
with Louis XI. against Archduke Maximilian 
and Mary of Burgundy, 1480 — enters Hungary 
with an army, on death of Matthias, and is 
proclaimed King, 15 Jul. 1490 — crowned, 21 
Sep. — gives up Silesia to his brother John 
Albert, and his part of Austria to Maximilian, 
1491— makes alliance with Venetians against 
Turks, repulses army of Bajazet, 1501 — marries, 
1502 — 'Concludes peace with Bajazet at Buda, 
20 Aug. 1503 — permits publication of crusade 
against Turks, 15 14 — concludes with Maxi- 
milian convention of Vienna, 15 15 — tf. at Buda, 
13 Mar. 15 1 6. 

Ladislaus I., (St Lancelot,) King of 
Hungary, — ft., about 1031^ 1041 b — elected 
to succeed his brother Geysa, 1077 — acquires 
Croatia and Dalmatia, 1087 b — promulgates 
new laws at Diet of Zablon, 1092 — tf., 29 Jul. 
1095— canonized by Celestine III., 1192. 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nouy. Biog. Gen. 
Ladislaus II., King of Hungary, — ft., 
about 1 1 34 — one of the competitors for the 
throne on death of Geysa II., Jun. 1161 — 
crowned, 15 Jul. 1161 — excommunicated by 
Abp of Gran, 8 Jan. 1162 — tf., 14 Jan, 1162. 

Ladislaus II., (III.,) King of Hungary, — 
ft., about 1185 11 — succeeds his father Emeric, 
end of 1203, or beginning of i204 b — tf., 7 
May 1205. » Nouy. Biog. Gen. 

b Art de Verifier les Dates. 
Ladislaus III., (IV.,) King of Hungary, — 
ft., about 1250 — succeeds his father, Stephen 
IV. or V., 1272 — continues war with Bohe- 
mians : carries on war with Cumans, 1282 — 
defeated by them, 1285 — makes terms with 
them and adopts their customs, 1285— assas- 
sinated by them, 19 Jul. 1290. 

Ladislaus IV., (V.,) King of Hungary. 
[Ladislaus III., King of Poland.] 

Ladislaus V., (VI.,) and VI., (VII.,) Kings 
of Hungary. [Ladislaus, the Posthumous, 
and Ladislaus VI., of Bohemia.] 

Ladislaus, {Lancelot,) King of Naples, — 
ft., about 1375 — succeeds his father, Charles 
III., under regency of his mother, Margaret, 
1386 — driven from Naples by Louis of Anjou, 
and reinstated by Otto of Brunswick, 1387 — 
Pope Urban VI. unsuccessfully attempts to 
seize Naples, 1388 — marries Constance, daugh- 
ter of Manfred of Clermont, 5 Sep. 1389 — 
crowned by legate of Boniface IX. at Gaeta, 29 
May 1390 — repudiates Constance, May 1392 — 
takes Aquila and defeats troops of his rival, 
summer 1392 — unsuccessfully besieges Naples, 
Apr. to May 1395 — recovers his kingdom, Jul. 
1399— gets himself crowned King of Hungary, 
5 Aug. 1403 — but soon retires : marries Mary, 
daughter of James I. of Cyprus, 1403 — effects 
arrangement between Innocent VII. and the 
Romans, 1404 — loses his wife, Sep. 1404 — at- 



8i4 



LADISLAUS I.-LAENXEC. 



tempts to seize Borne, Aug. 1405 — excommuni- 
cated and deprived of his kingdom by the pope, 
18 Jun. 1406 a — besieged in St Angelo, sub- 
mits, and is named gonfaloniere of the church, 
9 Aug. 1406 a — again enters Eome and appoints 
governors, 25 Apr. 1408 — retires, 23 Jun. — 
his troops driven away by Alexander V. , 31 
Dec. 1409 — protects Gregory XII. and occu- 
pies Eome, 1410 — defeated by Louis at Bocca 
Secca, i7, a 19° May 1411 — cited to appear 
before John XXIII., by bull of 15 Aug. — cru- 
sade published against him : makes peace with 
the pope, 15 Jun. 141 2 — surprises and plun- 
ders Eome, 8 Jun. 141 3— falls ill at Perugia, 
1414 — tf. at Xaples, 6, a c 16 b Aug. 1414. 
a ililman. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

c Art de Verifier les Dates. 
Ladislaus 1., {Her man,) Duke of Poland, — 
6., 1043 — succeeds his brother Boleslaus II., 
108 1 — obtains from Gregory VII. removal of 
interdict from Poland, 108 1 — marries Judith, 
daughter of Duke of Bohemia, 1083 — marries 
Sophia, daughter of Emperor Henry III., 1088 
■ — carries on war with Prussians, 1092-7 — re- 
volt of his son, 1096 — tf., 26 Jul. 1102. 

Ladislaus II., Duke of Poland, — ft., 1104 
— succeeds his father, Boleslaus III., in part of 
his dominions, 1138 — attacks his brothers Bo- 
leslaus and Micislaus, and expels them, 1 142 — 
besieges them and is defeated, 1146 — escapes 
to Germany, 1146 — ft. at Altenburg, 4 Jul. 
H59. a a Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Ladislaus III., (Laskonogi,) Duke of Po- 
land, — h., 1 168 — succeeds his father, Miecis- 
laus III., 1203 — o". at Posen, 17 Mar. 1231. 

Ladislaus III., (IV.,) (Zoktek,) Duke of 
Poland, (I. King,) — fc., 1260 — succeeds 
Przemislaus II., 1296 — deposed, 1300 — attends 
the jubilee at Eome, 1300 — restored, 1304 — 
carries on war with Teutonic Knights, from 
1304 — with permission of Pope John XXII. 
takes title of king, 1320— defeats Teutonic 
Knights at Plowce, 27 Sep. 1321 — marries his 
son to Anne, daughter of Gedymin, Grand Duke 
of Lithuania, 1325 — ft. at Cracow, 2 or 10 
Mar. 1333. 

Ladislaus II., King of Poland. [Jagel- 
lon.] 

Ladislaus III., King of Poland,— fc., 31 
Oct. 1424 — succeeds his father, Jagellon, 1434 
— elected king of Hungary, 1440 — concludes 
a truce with Amurath II. at Szegedin, Jun. 
1444. — at the instigation of Cardinal Julian 
violates the truce ; defeated and killed at battle 
of Varna, 10 Nov. 1444. 

Ladislaus IV., King of Poland, — h. at 
Cracow, 9 Jun. 1595 — succeeds his father, Si- 
gismund III., 13 Nov. 1632— crowned,. 18 Feb. 
1633 — compels Eussians to raise siege of Smo- 
lensko, 1632 — defeats Turks in Moldavia, 1634 
makes truce for 26 years with Sweden, 12 Sep. 
1635 — begins war with Cossacks, 1637 — mar- 
ries Ceciiia, daughter of Emperor Ferdinand 
II., 1637 — she dies, 1644 — marries Maria 
Louisa of Xevers, 1646— tf. in Lithuania, 19 
May 1648. 

Ladmiral, Jan, engraver, — b. at Leyden, 
1680 — a"., after 1746. 



Ladoga Canal, in Russia, — commenced by 
Peter the Great, 17 18 — completed by Empress 
Anne, 1732. 

Ladon, in France, — battle of, between Gen. 
d'Aurelle de Paladines and Prince Frederick 
Charles of Prussia, 24 Xov. 1870. 

Ladrone Islands, in Pacific Ocean, — dis- 
covered by Magalhaens, 152 1 — Spanish mis- 
sions to, 1667, a 1688 b — named by Jesuits 
Mariana Islands : visited by Anson, 1742. 
a Chambers' Encyc. b Bees' Cyc. 

Ladvocat, Jean Baptiste, doctor and libra- 
rian of the Sorbonne, — b. at Vaucouleurs, 3 
Jan. 1709 — Prof, at the Sorbonne, 1740 — 
librarian, 1742 — rj. at Paris, 29 Dec. 1765. 
Dictionnaire geographique portatif , 1747 — Dic- 
tionnaire historique portatif des grands homines, 
1752 — Grammaire he'braique, 1755. 

Lady of Mercy, Our, Order of — founded by 
James I. of Aragon, 121 8 — women admitted to, 
1261. 

Lady of Montesa, Our, Order of, — founded 
by James II. of Aragon, 13 17. 

Laelianus, — Consul of Eome with Pastor, 
(916, a. u. c.) 163. 

Laelianus, (Lollianus, Allianus,) TTlpius 
Cornelius, — one of the Thirty Tyrants, 267 — 

Laelius, C, — [BC] — ft., about 235 — [com- 
mands fleet at capture of Xew Carthage, 210] 
— with P. Corn. Scipio Africanus in Spain, 
210-206 — and in Africa, 204-202 — quaestor 
extraord., 202 — praetor in Sicily, 196 — Consul 
with L. Corn. Scipio, (Asiaticus,) (564, a. u. c.) 
190 — commands in Cisalpine Gaul, 190, 189, 
183 — commissioner in Macedonia, against Car- 
thage, 174 — sent to inquire into charges against 
C. Cassius in the Grisons, 170. 

Laelius, C, Sapiens, orator. — [BC] — rj., 
about 186-5 — tribunus plebis, 151 — praetor, 
145 — Consul with Q,. Servilius Caepio, (614, 
a. u. c.) 140 — opposes popular party and move- 
ments, 132-122. 

Lsenas, C Popillius, — [BC] — Consul with 
P. iElius Ligus, first plebeian with plebeian 
colleague, (582, a. u. c.) 172 — overbears An- 
tiochus, Jul. to Aug. 168 — Consul with M. 
JEniillius Lepidus, (596,) 158. 

Laenas, M. Popillius, — [BC] — (1.) Consul 
with Cn. Manlius Capitolinus, defeats Tibur- 
tines, (395, a. u. c.) 359 — Consul with M. 
Fabius Ambustus, again defeats Tiburtines, 
(398,) 356 — Consul with L. Corn. Scipio, 
celebrates first plebeian triumph over Gauls, 
(404,) 350 — Consul with M. Valerius Corvus, 
(406,) 348. (2.) Consul with Sp. Nautilus 
Eutilus, (438,) 316. (3.) Praetor, 176— Consul 
with L. Postumius Albums, (581,) 173 — defeats 
Ligurians, 173 — censor, 159. (4.) Consul with 
Cn. Calpurnius Piso, conducts war with Xu- 
niantia, (615,) 139 — defeated by Xumantines, 
138. 

Laenas, P. Popillius, — [BC] — Consul with 
P. Eupilius, prosecutes accomplices of Tib. 
Gracchus, (622, a. d. c.) 132. 

Laennee, Rene Theophile Hyacinthe, phy- 
sician, — b. at Quimper, 17 Feb. 1781 — goes to 
Paris, 1800 — M.D., 18 14 — invents the stetho- 
scope, 1 8 15 — chief physician to the Hopital 



LAER— LAFUEXTE. 



8i5 



Xecker, 18 16 — Prof. Medicine, Coll. of France, 
182 1 — Prof. Clinical Medicine, 1822 — Tr. in 
Brittany, 13 Aug. 1826. Traite d' 'Auscul- 
tation mediate, 1819. 

Laer, Pieter van de. [Laar.] 

LaBtitia, asteroid, — discovered by Chacornai, 
8 Feb. 1856. 

Laetorius, M„ — [B C] — first plebeian magis- 
trate at Eome, (asdile ?) 495. 

Lsetus, general, — serves under Severus in the 
East, 195 — governor of Egypt, 202 — Consul 
with Cerealis, (968, a. u. c.) 215. 

Laetus, — Praetorian prefect, kills Commodus, 
and makes Pertinax Emperor, 31 Dec. 192 — 
instigates murder of Pertinax, 24 Mar. 193 — ■ 
put to death by Didius Julianus, 193. 

Laevinus, C. Valerius, — [BC] — Consul sufF. 
with Q. Petillius Spurinus, (578, a. u. c.) 176. 

Laevinus, M. Valerius,— [B C] — praetor pere- 
grinus, 215 — concludes league between JEto- 
lians and Eome, 215 — serves in X. Greece, 212- 
211-210 — Consul with M.Claudius Marcellus, 
(54:4:, a.u.c.) 210 — takes Agrigentum and expels 
Carthaginians from Sicily, 210— proconsul in 
Sicily, 209-207 — makes descents on Africa, 208- 
207, about 206 — in X. Greece, 201 — tf., 200. 

Laevinus, P. Valerius, — [BC] — Consul with 
Tib. Coruncanius, (474, a. it. c.) 280— defeated 
by Pyrrhus at Heraclea, 280. 

Lafage, Raimond de, designer, engraver, — 
6. at l'lsle, (Albigeois,) 1654? 1656 ? 1652 ?— 
tf. at Paris, 1684? 1690? 

Lafaye, Antoine de, (Fayits,) theologian, — 
Principal of Coll. of Geneva, 1570 — Prof. 
Philosophy, at Academy, 1577 — Rector, 1580 — 
Prof. Theology, 1584 — accompanies Beza to 
conference of Montbeliard, 1589 — tf. at Geneva, 
about 1618 a ? i6i5. b Translation olJosephus, 
1560 — of Livy, 1582 — De vita et obitu Bezce 
hypomnemata, 1606. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Lafayette, Marie Paul Jean Roch Yves Gil- 
bert Motier, Marquis de, general, — ft. at 
Chavagnac, (Auvergne,) Sep. 1757 — marries 
granddaughter of Duke of Xoailles, 1774 — 
Major-general in American army, serves in War 
of Independence, Apr. 1777-83 — member of 
Assembly of Xotables, Paris, 1787 — deputy to 
States-General, May 1789 — Yice-Pres. Xational 
Assembly, Commandant-general of Paris, or- 
ganizes Xational Guard, Jul. — escorts king and 
royal family to Paris, Oct. — with Bailly founds 
Club of Feuillants, 1790 — suppresses insurrec- 
tion of De Castries, Xov. 1790 — commands 
army of Flanders, 1792 — burnt in effigy, 30 
Jun. 1792 — arrests Commissioners of the As- 
sembly, 15 Aug. — imprisoned at Olmutz, 1792- 
7 — returns to France, 1799 — loses his wife, 
1808 — member of House of Representatives, 
1 8 15 — of Chamber of Deputies, 181 8 — visits 
America, 1824 — Commander-in-chief of Xa- 
tional Guards, takes part in revolution of Jul. 
1830 — tf. at Paris, 20 May 1834. 

Lafayette, Marie Madeline Pioche de la 
Vergne, Countess de La. miscellaneous writer, 
— b. at Havre, 1632 — marries Francis, Count 
de Lafayette, 1655— tf., 1693. (Euvres, 1786. 

La Fere, in France, — invested by Marshal 



de Matignon, end of Jun. 1580 — surrenders, 12 
Sep. — blockaded by Prussians, successfully de- 
fended by Berthier, 18 15 — capitulates to Ger- 
mans, 27 Xov. 1870. 

Laferriere-Levesque, Lords Marie, general, 
— b. in Brittany, 9 Apr. 1776 — enters the 
army, 1792 — aide-de-camp to General Monnet, 
1 7 95— wounded at battle of Jena, 1 806— officer 
of Legion of Honour, 1 807 — Commander, 1808 — 
distinguishes himself in Spain, 1 809-10 — Gene- 
ral of Brigade, Count, 181 1 — commands grena- 
diers of Imperial Guard in campaign of Saxony, 
18 13 — wounded at Leipsic, Oct. — serves in 
campaign of France, 1814 — Inspector-general 
of Cavalry, Chevalier of St Louis, Grand Officer 
of Legion of Honour, 18 14 — Grand Cordon of 
Legion of Honour, 1821 — Grand Cross of St 
Louis, 1823 — recalled to Chamber of Peers, 
1830,* 1832 b — tf. at Vallery, 22 Xov. 1835. 
a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Laffeldt, in Holland, — Marshal Saxe defeats 
the Duke of Cumberland at, 2 Jul. 1747. 

Laffitte, Jacques, banker, statesman, — ft. at 
Bayonne, 1767 — goes to Paris, 1787 — book- 
keeper in bank of Perregaux, 1788 — succeeds 
to the business, 1 809 — regent to bank of 
France, 1809 — Pres. Chamber of Commerce, 
before 1 8 1 3 — governor of bank of France, 
1 8 14— member of Chamber of Deputies, Oct. 
1 8 16 and 18 17 — supports revolution of Jul. 
1830 — Pres. Council, Minister of Finance, 3 
Xov. 1830 to Mar. 1831 — ft. at Paris, May 
1844. 

Laffon de Ladebat, Andre Daniel, statesman, 
financier — b. at Bordeaux, 1746 — deputy to 
Legislative Assembly, 1790 — Pres., 23 Jul. to 8 
Aug. 1792 — saves life of Abbe de Sicard, Sep. 
1792 — member of Council of Ancients, Sep. 
1795 — Pres., 18 Aug. 1797 — exiled, 1797 — re- 
turns, 1799 — visits England, 18 15 — assists in 
founding French Protestant Bible Society, 181 8 
— tf. at Paris, 14 Oct. 1829. 

Lafontaine. [Fontaine.] 

Lafontaine, August Heinrich Julius, novel- 
ist, — ft. at Brunswick, 1759 — tf. at Halle, 183 1. 

Laforce. [Force.] 

Laforge, J. de, poet, — Le Cercle des femmes 
savantes, 1663 — La Hongrie sauve'e, 1664 — 
La Joueuse dupe'e, 1664. 

Lafosse, Charles de, painter, — b. at Paris, 
1640^ 1636 b — at Venice, 1663 b — admitted to 
Academy of Painting, 23 Jun. 1673 b 1683 a 
— tf. at Paris, 13 Dec. 17 16. 

a Biog. Univ. b Jal. 

Lafosse, Jean Baptiste Joseph de, engraver, 
— b. at Paris, 1721 — tf., about 1775. 

Lafosse, Philippe Etienne, veterinary sur- 
geon, — takes part in siege of Bastille, 14 Jul. 
1789 — Veterinary Inspector of Cavalry, 1791 — 
tf. at Yileneuve-sur-Yonne, 1820. Le Guide 
du Mare'chal, §c, 1766 — Cours a* hippiatrique, 
1769 — Dictionnaire raisonnee d' Hippiatrique, 
cavalerie, manege, et marechallerie,!']'] 5 — Mem- 
ael d' hippiatrique, 1803. 

La Fratta, in Italy, — besieged by Pi sans, 
who are defeated by Roger II., king of Sicily, 

"35- 

Lafuente. [Fuente.] 



8i6 



LAGALLA— LAHOEE. 



Lagalla, Giulio Cesare, — 6. in Naples, 1571 
— M.D., 1589— Prof. Philosophy, Bom. Coll., 
1597-1624 — tf., 15 Mar. 1624. Be phcenomenis 
in urbe Roma novi telescopii usu a Galileo 
nuperrime suscitatis, 161 2 — Tractatus de 
comet is, 161 3. 

Lagaraye, Claude Toussaint Marot de, 
phikmthrophistf—ii. atEennes, 27 Oct. 1675 — 
tf. near Dinan, 2 Jul. 1755. 

Lagarde, Martin, Bakon, general, — b. at 
Lodeve, 15 May 1770 — enters the army, 1792 
— member of Legion of Honour, Feb. 1804 — 
officer, May 181 1 — General of Brigade, May 
1813 — Chevalier of St Louis, Oct. 1814 — Com- 
mander of Legion of Honour, Jan. 1815 — tf., 
1822. 

Lagerbring, Sven, historian, — b. 1707 — tf. 
at Lund, 5 Lee. 1788. Svea Mikes historia, 
1769-76. 

Lagneau, David, alchemist, — b. at Aix, 
Provence, about 1590 — M.D. Montpellier, 1610 
— tf., after 1659. Rarmonia, 161 1. 

Lagny, in France,— taken and destroyed by 
the English, 1 348 — John, Duke of Burgundy, 
visits, 141 5 — taken by Armagnacs, 141 8 — un- 
successfully attacked by Luke of Bedford, 1432 
—taken by Duke of Parma, 1590. Council of, 
held 1 142. 

Lagny, Thomas Fantet de, mathematician, 
— h. at Lyons, 1660 — member of Academy of 
Paris, 1695 — F.E.S. London, 1718 — tf. at 
Paris, 12 Apr. 1734. Methodes nouvelles et 
abrege'es pour V extraction et V approximation 
des racines, 167 1 — la Cubature de la sphere, 
1702. 

Lagomarsini, Geronimo, Jesuit, philologist, 
— b. at Genoa, 1698 — enters Order of Jesuits, 
17 1 3 — Prof. Ehetoric, Florence, about 1730-50 
— Prof, at Rom. Coll., about 1750 — tf: at 
Borne, 18 May 1773. Antonii Maries Gratiani 
descriptis invito, Minerva, 1746 — Julii Poggiani 
Senensis epistolce et orationes, 1762. 

Lagos, in the Bight of Benin, — blockaded 
by British squadron, 6 Dec. 1851 to n Feb. 
1852 — attacked and taken by British, 24-27 
Dec. 1 85 1. 

Lagos, Bay of, — Tourville surprises English 
and Dutch merchant fleet, 27 Jun.. 1693 — Ad- 
miral Boscawen defeats French fleet under 
M. de la Clue, 17 Aug. 1759. 

Lagrange, translator, — b. at Paris, 1738 — 
tf. there, 1775 — translation of Lucretius, 1768 
—of /Seneca, 1778. 

Lagrange, Joseph de Chancel de, poet, — b. 
at Perigueux, 1 Jan. 1676 — tf. there, 27 Dec. 
1858. Pnilippiqucs, 1723. 

Lagrange, Joseph Louis, mathematician, — 
b. at Turin, 25 Jan. 1736— Prof. Mathematics 
at the Military Coll., 1754 — assists in founding 
Academy of Sciences, 1758 — Prof . Physical and 
Mathematical Sciences, Academy of Berlin, 
1766 — foreign Associate of Academy of 
Sciences, Paris, 1772 — settles at Paris, 1787 — 
foreign member of Boyal Society, London, 
179 1— Prof. Mathematics, Polytechnic School, 
1794 — tf. at Paris, 10 Apr. 1813. Mecanique 
annlijtique, 1788 — The'orie des fonctions analg- 
tiques, 1797 — Resolution des equations numer- 



aires, 1798 — Lecons sur le calcul des fonctions, 
1 801, 

Lagrenee, Louis Jean Francois, painter, — 
b. at Paris, 21 Jan. 1725^ 30 Dec. 1724 b — re- 
turns from Borne, 1753 — admitted to the 
Academy, 31 May 1755— employed by Empress 
Elizabeth at St Petersburg, 1760-3 ;1 — Director 
of French Academy at Borne, 17 81 a — tf. at 
Bome, 19 Jun. 1805. a Jal. b Biog. Univ. 

Lagrive, Jean de, geographer of Paris,- — b. 
at Sedan, 1689 — tf. at Paris, 18 Apr. 1757. 
Manuel de trigonometrie pratique, 1754 — - 
Nouveau Plan de Paris, 1729 — other Plans, 

1735-44. 

Laguerre, Louis, painter, — b. 1663 — visits 
England, 1683 — tf., 172 1. 

Laguna, {Lacuna,) Andrea, physician,— -b. at 
Segovia, 1499 — tf., 1560. Compendium cura- 
tionis prcecautionisque morbi passim popular iter 
grassantis, 1542 — Ppitome Galeni operum, 155 1 
— translation of Pioscorides, 1563. 

Laharpe, Jean Francois de, dramatist and 
miscellaneous writer, — b. at Paris, 20 Nov. 
1739 — tf. there, n Feb. 1803. Lyce'e, on 
Cours de la litterature, 1786 — CEuvres, 1 821-2. 

Lahire. [Lahyre.] 

Lahire, Etienne Vignoles, military com- 
mander, — b-, about 1390 — defeats and captures 
Count de Vaudemont in Champagne, 142 1 — 
distinguishes himself at siege of Orleans, 1427 
— at battle of Patai, 1429 — takes Chartres from 
the English, 1432 — takes Soissons, 1436 — ac- 
companies King Charles to Montauban, 1442 
— tf. there, 11 Jan. 1443. 

Lahire, Philippe de, mathematician, — b. at 
Paris, 18 Mar. 1640 — visits Italy, 1660— ad- 
mitted to Academy of Sciences, 1678 — employed 
with Cassini in measurement of the meridian, 
1683— tf. at Paris, Prof. Astronomy and Ma- 
thematics, Coll. of France, 21 Apr. 17 19. 
Sectiones conicce in JX. libros distribute, 1685 
— Tabulce astronomic^, 1702. 

La Hogue, — Edward III. lands at, 10 Jul. 
1346 — the French fleet under Admiral Tour- 
ville destroyed by English and Dutch near, 19 
May 1692. 

Lahore, in Hindustan, — Jeipal, Baja of, in- 
vades Ghazni, defeated by Sebektegin, (365, 
a. h.) 976 — again defeated by Mahmud, near 
Pesbawur, (391,) 1001 — Anang Pal defeated 
by Mahmud, (399,) 1008 — Jeipal II. defeated, 
Lahore annexed to Ghazni, (413,) 1022 — be- 
seiged by Baja of Delhi, 1043— seat of govern- 
ment of Ghaznevide princes, 1152 — who are 
expelled by Ghorians, 1 1 84-6 — taken and plun- 
dered by Charismians under Jelaleddin, 1225 — 
by Mongols, 1241 — by Gakkars, about 1340 — ■ 
burnt by Baber, who defeats Afgbans near, 
(930,) 1524 — recovered by Humayun, 1555 — 
seized by Hakem, 1566 — besieged by Hakem, 
158 1 — taken by Prince Khusru, 1606 — visited 
by Thevenot, 1665 — taken by Ahmed Shah, 
1748 — seat of independent kingdom, by Run- 
jeet Singh, 1799— [Punjab] — occupied by Sir 
Hugh Gough, 20 Feb. 1846 — becomes part of 
British India, 29 Mar. 1849 — grand Durbar, 
held by Sir John Lawrence, 18 Oct. 1864. 
Oriental College, opened, early in 187 1. Treaty 



LAHYRE— L AM ACHO S. 



817 



of, between Dhuleep Singh and the British, 
signed, 8 Mar. 1846. 

Lahyre, (Zahire,) Laurent de, painter, $c, 
— b. at Paris, 28 Feb. 1606 — ft., 29 Dec. 1656. 

Laine, Joseph. Henri Joachim Hostein, 
statesman, Peer or France, — ft. at Bordeaux, 
11 Nov. 1767 — deputy to Legislative Body, 
1808 — Pres. Chamber of Deputies, 18 14 — 
Minister of Interior, 18 16 to Dec. 18 18 — 
member of French Academy, 18 16 — raised to 
the peerage, 1824 — ft. at Paris, 17 Dec. 1835. 

Lainez, (Zayner,) Jacopo, 2nd General of 
the Jesuits, — b. in Castille, 15 12 — studies at 
Alcala, 1526 — goes to Paris, and attaches himself 
to Loyola, about 1530 ? — assists him in found- 
ing Society of Jesus, 1534 — sent by Paul III. 
to Council of Trent, 1545-7- -succeeds Loyola 
as General of the Order, 1558 — assists at Con- 
ference of Poissy, 156 1 — at Council of Trent, 
1562-3 — ft. at Rome, 19 Jan. 1565. 

Laing, Alexander Gordon, traveller, — b. at 
Edinburgh, 27 Dec. 1794 — enters the army, 
1 8 10 — explores interior of Africa, 1822 and 
1825 — massacred near Timbuctoo, Sep. 1826. 
Travels, 1826. 

Laing, Malcolm, historian, — ft. in Orkney, 
1762 — member of Scottish bar, 1785 — ft., 181 8. 
History of Scotland, with Critical Dissertation 
on Poems of Ossian, 1800 — Edition of Ossian's 
Poems, 1805. 

Laire, Francois Xavier, bibliographer, — b. 
in Franche-Comte, 1738 — ft. librarian of 
Auxerre, 1801. Serie delV edizioni Aldine, 
1790 — Index librorum ab inventa typoyraphia 
usque ad annum 1500, 1791. 

Lairesse, Gerard, painter, engraver, — b. at 
Liege, 1640 — ft. at Amsterdam, 171 1. Groot 
Schilderboek, 1707. 

Lake, Gerard, Viscount Lake, general, — 
b., 27 Jul. 1744 — enters the army, 1758 — 
serves in American war, 1781 — in Holland 
under Duke of York, 1793-4 — defeats the 
French at Lincelles, 18 Aug. 1793 — Com- 
mander-in chief in Ireland, 1797 — defeats Irish 
rebels, and recovers Wexford, 21 Jun. 1798 — 
defeats and takes prisoners the French troops 
under Humbert, at Killala, 8 Sep. 1798 — Com- 
mander-in-cbief in India, 1800 — defeats Mah- 



rattas, and takes Delhi, 12 Sep. 1! 



-takes 



Agra, 17 Oct. — defeats Mahrattas near Las- 
waree, 1 Nov. — Lord Lake, Baron of Delhi 
and Laswaree, 1 Sep. 1804 — defeats Holkar 
near Bburtpoor, 2 Apr. 1805 — returns to Eng- 
land, Sep. 1807 — Viscount, 31 Oct. 1807 — ft. 
governor of Plymouth, 20 Feb. 1808. 

Lake Dwellings, — discovered in Switzer- 
land, and exploration of, commenced by Keller, 
1854. 

Lalain, Jacques de, (le bon chevalier,) — ft. 
in Hainault, about 1421 — distinguishes himself 
at siege of Luxemburg, 1443 — travels in France, 
Spain, England, &c, 1445-50 — attends Jubilee 
at Rome, 1450 — Chevalier of the Golden 
Fleece, 1452 — ambassador from Duke of Bur- 
gundy to the Pope, 1452 — takes part in sup- 
pressing revolt of Ghent, 145 1-3 — killed at 
siege of Poncques, 3 Jul. 1453. 

Lalande, Joseph Jerome Le Francais de, 



astronomer, — b. at Bourg-en-Bresse, 11 Jul. 
1732 — employed in observatory at Berlin, 
1751-2 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 
Paris, 1753 — Prof. Astronomy, Coll. of France, 
1762 — ft. at Paris, 4 Apr. 1807. Traite 
d'' astronomie, 1764 — Memoires sur le passage 
de Venus, 1772 — Bibliographic astronomique, 
avec Vhistoire de V astronomie, (1781-1802,) 
1803 — Voyage d'ltalie, 1786 — edits Connais- 
sance des Temps, 1760. 

Lalande, Michel Richard de, musician, — 
b. at Paris, 1657 — chapel-master to Louis 
XIV., 1683 — ft. at Versailles, 18 Jun. 1726. 

Lallemand, Charles Francois Antoine, 
Bakon, general, — b. at Metz, 23 Jun. 1774 — 
enters the army, 1792 — takes part in expedi- 
tion to St Domingo, 1802 — serves in cam- 
paigns of 1805-6-7 — sent to Spain, 1808 — 
Baron of the Empire, before 181 1 — General of 
Brigade, Aug. 181 1 — receives Cross of St Louis, 
1 8 14 — at battles of Fleurus and "Waterloo, 
1 8 15 — assists in founding a colony in Texas, 
1 8 17 — returns to Europe, 1823 — Peer of 
France, Oct. 1832— Inspector-general of Ca- 
valry, 1833-4 — ft. at Paris, Mar. or Apr. 1839. 

Lallemand, Jean Baptiste, painter, — b. at 
Dijon, about 17 10 — ft., about 1802. 

Lallemant, Nicolas Conteray de, — b. in 
Ardennes, 1739 — Prof. Mathematics, Rheims, 
1764-96 — ft., 12 Sep. 1829. Bibliotheque his- 
torique et critique des therenticograplies, 1763. 

Lallemant, Richard Conteray, painter, — ■ 
b. at Rouen, 1726 — ft. there, 1807. Le Petit 
apparat royal, 1760. 

Lalli, Giovanni Battista, poet, $c, — b. at 
Norcia, Umbria, 1572 — ft. there, 3 Feb. 1667,* 
1637. b Opere, 1630 — Eneide travestita, 1633. 
a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Lally, Thomas Arthur, Count de, general, 
— b. in Dauphine, 1702— at siege of Kehl, 
1733 — distinguishes himself at Etlingen, 1734 
— at Fontenoy, 1744 — at Laffeldt, 1747 — 
Lieutenant-general, 1756 — Governor of French 
possessions in India, 1758 — takes Fort St 
David, 1 Jun. 1758 — takes Arcot, 4 Oct. — be- 
gins siege of Madras, 1 1 Dec. — compelled to 
raise the siege by Admiral Pococke, 19 Feb. 
1759 — loses Arcot, 9 Feb. 1760 — surrenders 
Pondicherry to the English, 14 Jan. 1761 — 
imprisoned in the Bastille, Nov. 1761 — executed 
at Paris, 9 May 1766. 

Lally-Tollendal, Trophime Gerard, Mar- 
quis de, — b. at Paris, 5 Mar. 1751 — recovers 
his father's estates, 1783 — deputy to States- 
General, 1789 — accompanies Louis XVI. to 
Hotel de Ville, 17 Jul. 1789 — arrested, Aug. 
1792 — escapes to England, Sep. 1792 — returns 
to France, 1799 — accompanies Louis XVIII. 
to Ghent, 18 15 — Peer of France, Aug. 18 15 — 
member of French Academy, 18 16— ft. at Paris, 
11 Mar. 1830. Quintus Capitolinus, 1790 — 
Defence des Emigrants, 17 96 — Essai sur la vie 
de T. Wentworth, Comic de Strafford, 1795 — 
Memoires concemant Marie Antoinette, 1 804. 

Lama, Grand, — title assumed by chief of the 
Lamas of Thibet, about 1426. 

Lamachos, — [B C] — left at Sinope to aid the 
people, by Pericles, 445 — loses his ships by flood, 
52 



LAMARCK— LAMBERT OF HERTZFELD. 



near Heracleia, 424 — sent as commander with 
Nikias and Alkibiades to Sicily, 415 — killed, 
414. 

Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de 
Monet, Chevalier de, naturalist, — b. at 
Bazantin, Picardy, 1 Apr., a Aug. b 1744— goes 
to Paris, about 1772 — member of Academy of 
Sciences, 1779 — botanist in tbe Cabinet of the 
Jardin du Roi, 1788 — Prof. Zoology, at tbe 
Museum, 1794-1818 — tf. at Paris, 8 Dec. 
1829. Flore Francaise, 1778 — Systeme des ani- 
maux sansvertebres, 1801 — Histoire naturelle 
des animaux sans vertebres, 1815-22 — Tableau 
ency clop edi que et methodique de la botanique, 
1791-1823. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Lamarliere, Antoine Nicolas Collier, 
Count de, general, — b. near Meaux, 1746 — 
enters tbe army, 1762 — serves in Corsica, 1769 
— Lieutenant of tbe king, Commander of 
Montpellier, 1779-89 — Marechal de Camp, 
179 1 — takes part in defence of Liege, Sep. 
1792 — takes citadel of Antwerp, Nov. 1792 — 
General of Division, 1793 — defeats Dutch at 
Roubaix and Turcoing, May 1793 — executed, 
25 Nov. 1793. 

Lamarque, Francois, statesman, — b. in 
Perigord, about 1755 — advocate to Parliament 
of Paris, 1785 — deputy to Legislative Assembly, 
1791 — to National Convention, 1792 — member 
of Council of Five Hundred, 1796 — Pres., Apr. 
1797 — member of Court of Cassation, 1804-15 
— tf. at Montpont, (Dordogne,) Aug. 1839. 

Lamarque, Maxixnilien, Count, general, 
— b. at St Severs, (Landes,) 22 Jul. 1770 
■ — enters the army, 1792 — serves in army 
of the Pyrenees, 1793 — General of Brigade, 
distinguishes himself at battle of Hohen- 
linden, 1801 — serves in Austrian cam- 
paign, 1805 — reduces insurgents of Calabria, 
General of Division, 1807 — distinguishes him- 
self at Wagram, 1809 — serves in Russian 
campaign, 1812 — in Peninsular campaigns, 
18 1 3-14 — member of Chamber of Deputies, 
1829 — tf. at Paris, 3 Jun. 1832. 

La Martilliere, Jean Favre de, general, — 
b. at Nimes, 10 Mar. 1732— enters the army, 
1757 — serves in Seven Years' War, 1757-63 — 
Cbevalier of St Louis, 1789— directs defence 
of Bellegarde, 1793 — General of Division, 1795 
— commands artillery at battles of Stockach 
and Zurich, 1799 — at siege of Genoa, 1800 — 
senator, Jan. 1802 — Count and Grand Officer 
of Legion of Honour, soon after — tf. at Paris, 
28 Mar. 1 8 19. 

Lamartine, Alphonse de, poet, historian, 
statesman, — b. at Macon, 21 Oct. 1792 — visits 
Italy, 1811-13 — settles at Paris, 18 17 — visits 
Italy again, 1 8 1 8 — attache to French embassy 
at Naples, spring 1820 — marries, 1820 — se- 
cretary of embassy at Florence, 1824 — charge 
d'affaires, 1826-9— wounded in duel with Col. 
Pepe, 1827— received at French Academy, 1 
Apr. 1830 — visits the East, May 1832 to Nov. 
1833— loses his daughter, Jan. 1833— elected 
member of Chamber of Deputies, Jan. 1833 — 
makes his first speech, 4 Jan. 1834 — takes a 
leading part in revolution of Feb. 1848 — 
Minister of Foreign Affairs under the Pro- 



visional Government, 24 Feb. — his Manifesto 
a V Europe, 4 Mar. 1848 — elected by ten 
departments, Apr. 1848— unsuccessful candi- 
date for Presidency of the Republic, 1849 — 
loses his wife, 21 May 1863 — tr., 28 Feb., 
1869. Meditations Foetiques, 1820 — Nou- 
velles Meditations, 1823 — Bernier Chant du 
Felerinage d' Harold, 1825 — Epitres, 1825" — 
Harmonies Foetiques et Feligieuses, 1830 — 
Souvenirs, §c, pendant un voyage en Orient, 
1835 — Histoire des Girondins, 1847 — Trots 
Mois au Fouvoir, 1848 — Raphael, 1849 — 
Histoire de la Revolution de 1848, 1849 — Con- 
fidences, 1849-51 — Histoire de la Eestauration, 
1851-2. 

Lamb, Charles, humourist, poet, — b. in 
London, 18 Feb. 1775— clerk in the India 
House, 1792-1825 — tf. at Edmonton, 27 Dec. 
1834. Specimens of English Dramatic Foets, 
1808 — Tales from Shakespeare, 1807 — Essays 
of Elia, 1830 — Foems, 1836. 

Lamb, Sir James Bland Burges, Bart., 
statesman, journalist, — b. at Gibraltar, 8 Jun. 
1732 — called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, 1777 
— M.P. Helston, 1787 — Under-secretary of 
State for Foreign Affairs, 1789 — commissioner 
of Privy Seal, 1794 — Bart., 1795 — assumes 
name of Lamb, 1821 — tf., 1824. Founds The 
Sun newspaper, about 1790. 

Lamb, William. [Melbourne, Viscount.] 

Lamballe, Marie Therese Louise de Savoie- 
Carignan, Princess de, — b. at Turin, 8 Sep. 
1749 — accompanies Marie Antoinette to tbe 
Temple, Aug. 1792 — massacred, at Paris, 3 
Sep. 1792. 

Lambarde, (Lambert,) William, topograph- 
ical antiquary, — b. in London, 18 Oct. 1536 — 
— enters Lincoln's Inn, 1556 — bencher, 1578 
— J.P. Kent, 1579 — Keeper of Records in the 
Tower, 1600 — tf. at "Westcombe, Kent, 19 Aug. 
1601. Archaionomia, 1568 — Ferambulation of 
Kent, 1576 — Eirenarcha, 158 1 — Bictionarium 
Anglia Topographicum et Historicum, 1730 — 
College of the Foor, at Greenwich, opened, 1576 
— Fandecta Eotulorum, presented to Queen 
Elizabeth, 1601. 

Lambecius, Peter, bibliographer, — b. at 
Hamburg, 1628 — at Rome, 1647-9 — Prof. 
History, Hamburg, 1652 — goes to Vienna, 
1662 — chief librarian of Imperial Library, 1663 
— 0. at Vienna, Apr. 1680. Origines Mambur- 
genses, 1652-61 — Frodromus histor. litteraria*, 
1659 — Comment, de augustissima biblioth. 
Ccesarea Yindobonensi, 1665-79. 

Lamberg, Joseph Maximilian, Count von, 
miscellaneous writer, — b. at Briinn, 24 Nov. 
1729 — tf. there, 23 Jun. 1792. Mes fragments, 
1758 — Essai sur V impossible, 1764 — Yanite de 
quelquesunes de nos connaissances, 1766. 

Lambert. [See Spoleto and Tuscany.] 

Lambert, King of Italy and Emperor of 
the Romans, — b., about 880 — associated with 
his father Guy of Spoleto, 891 — succeeds him 
under regency of bis mother, Dec. 894 — defeats 
and captures his rival Adalbert II. Marquis of 
Tuscany, 898 — tf. near Marengo, Oct. 898. 

Lambert of Hertzfeld, (of Aschaffenburg,) 
historian, — b. in Franconia, about 1020? — 



L AMBEET- LAMETH. 



819 



enters Benedictine Order at Hertzfeld, 1058— 
visits Jerusalem, 1058-9 — tf., about 1080. 
Chronicon, his MS. of, discovered by Melanch- 
thon at Wittenberg, and printed, 1525. 

Lambert, Aylmer Bourke, botanist, — b., 
1761,—F.L.S., 1788— tf., 10 Jan. 1842. De- 
scription of the Genus Pinus, 1803-24 — Illus- 
tration of the Genus Cinchona, 1821. 

Lambert, George, painter, engraver, — fj., 
17 10— tf., 1765. 

Lambert, Henri Joseph, Marquis de, 
military commander, — b., n Feb. 1738 — 
serves in Seven Years' War, 1757-62— receives 
Cross of St Louis, 1763— Brigadier of armies 
of the king, 1770 — first aide-de-camp to 
Marshal Broglie, 1778 — Commander of St 
Louis, 1779— Governor of Arras, 1788— goes 
to St Petersburg, Feb. 1794— tf. at Graudenz, 

19 Jan. 1808. 

Lambert, Jean de, Marquis de Saint-Bris, 
general, — b. inPerigord, 25 Sep. 1586 — page to 
Henry IV., serves in Holland under Maurice 
of Nassau, 1598 — at siege of Eoehelle, 1627-8 
— at siege of Gravelines, 1 644 — Lieutenant- 
general, 1648 — Commander of Order of Holy 
Ghost, Nov. 1 65 1 — tf. at Saint-Bris, Auxerre, 
23 Oct. 1665. 

Lambert, Johann Hienrich, philosopher, 
mathematician, §c, — b. at Miilhausen, 29 Aug. 
1728— secretary to Iselin at Basel, 1745-9 — 
tutor to sons of M. de Salis, 1749-59 — goes to 
Berlin, 1764— tf. at Berlin, 25 Sep. 1777. 
Photometria, 1760 — Insigniores orbitce come- 
tarum proprietates, 1761 — Neues Organon, 1764 
— Beitrdge zum Gebrauche der Mathematih 
und deren Anwendung, 1765-72. 

Lambert, John, — prosecuted for heresy, and 
tried before Henry VIII., burnt in Smithfield, 

20 Nov. 1538. 

Lambert, John, Parliamentary general, — b., 
probably about 1620 — Colonel in Parliamentary 
army at battle of Marston Moor, 2 Jul. 1644 — 
— distinguishes himself at Naseby, 14 Jun. 
1645 — with Cromwell defeats the Scots near 
Preston, 17 Aug. 1648 a — the Duke of Hamil- 
ton surrenders to him, 20 Aug. a — Major-gen- 
eral in Scots' war, Jun. 1650 b — takes part in 
battle of Dunbar, 3 Sep, 1650— routs Colonel 
Ker, at Hamilton, 1 Dec. — routs Gen. Browne 
at Inverkeithing, Jul. 156 1 — at battle of Wor- 
cester, 3 Sep. 1 65 1 — appointed Lord-deputy of 
Ireland, but set aside in favour of Fleetwood, 
1652 s — pacifies the Highlands, summer 1652 
— member of the Council, Mar. 1654 b — of 
Cromwell's first parliament, Sep. 1654 b — Ma- 
jor-general, by Cromwell, May 1655— opposes 
assumption of title of king by Cromwell, and 
is dismissed with a pension, May 1657 — heads 
confederacy against Eichard Cromwell, 1659 — 
member of Council of State, May 1659 — sup- 
presses Royalist insurrection, Aug. 1659 — re- 
warded by parliament, 22 Aug. — disperses 
Eump parliament, 13 Oct. — sent against Monk 
and is deserted by his troops, Nov. — committed 
to the Tower, 6 Mar. 1660 — escapes, n Apr. 
— is defeated near Daventry and retaken, 21 
Apr. — tried and reprieved, Jun.' 1662 — tf. in 
Guernsey, about 1692 ? a Lingard. b Carlyle. 



Lamberti, Jacopo Lodovico, hellenist, — b. at 
Eeggio, 1758^ 1756 b — aids Napoleon in estab- 
lishing Italian Bepublic, 1796 — presents his 
Homer to Napoleon, 18 10 — tf. at Milan, 4 Dec. 
1 81 3. Edition of Homer, 1808 — Sculture del 
palazzo della villa Borghese, %c, 1796. 

a Biog. Univ. b n ou .v. Biog. Gen. 

Lambertini, Prospero. [Benedict XIV., 
Pope.] 

Lamberty, Guillaume de, diplomatist,— b. 
in the Grisons, about 1668 — tf., 1742. Me- 
mories pour servir a Vhistoire du 18 e siecle, 
1724-36. 

Lambeth Articles, — proposed by Abp Whit- 
gift and passed, 10 Nov. 1594 — suppressed by 
Queen Elizabeth, 1595 — brought forward and 
rejected at Hampton Court Conferences, 1604 
— adopted by Irish Church, 16 15. 

Lambeth, Surrey, — Henry III. holds a par- 
liament at, Sep. 1232 — college founded by 
Abp Hubert Walter, and demolished by order 
of Pope Innocent III., 1298 — provincial synod 
held at, 1281 — palace attacked by Wat Tyler, 
1 381 — Lollards' Tower built, 1434 — conference 
between Bishops and Puritans, Feb. 1584 — 
— riot of London apprentices at, Feb. 1641. 

Lambeth Suspension Bridge, — opened, 10 
Nov. 1862. 

Lambinet, Pierre, bibliographer, — b. near 
Mezieres, 1742 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1757 
— tf. at Paris, 10 Dec. 181 3. Becherches his- 
toriques, litteraires, et critiques sur Vorigine de 
V imprimerie, 1798. 

Lambton, John. [Durham, Earl oe.] 

Lambton, William, mathematician, — b., 
about 1748 — employed in measurement of me- 
ridian in Hindustan, about 1801-23 — tf. in In- 
dia, Jan. 1823. 

Lamego, in Portugal, — assembly held at, by 
Alfonso I., for regulation of succession and 
establishment of the Cortes, 1 143. 

Lamennais, Hugues Felicite Robert, Abbe 
de, theological and political writer, — b. at St 
Malo, 19 Jun. 1 782 — goes to Paris, 1 814 — escapes 
to England, Mar. 1 8 15 — ordained priest, 1 8 1 6 — 
visits Eome, 1824 — imprisoned, 1 840-1 — mem- 
ber of Constituent and Legislative Assemblies, 
1 848— tf. at Paris, 27 Feb. 1 854. Bejlexions sur 
V Etat de V Eg Use en France pendant le 18 e siecle, 
§c, 1808 — Essai sur V indifference en matiere de 
religion, 18 17 — La religion consider ee dans ses 
rapports avec I'ordre civil et politique, 1825-6— 
edits the Avenir, 1830-32 — Paroles cVun Oroy- 
ant, 1834 — Esquissed'ime Philosophic, 1840-6. 

Lameth, Alexandre de, politician, — b. at 
Paris, 28 Oct. 1760 — deputy to States- General, 
1789 — Pres. Legislative Assembly, Nov. 1790 
— arrested, 1792 — released, 1795 — member of 
Chamber of Deputies, 1821 — tf. 18 Mar. 1829. 

Lameth, Charles Malo Francois, Count de, 
— b. at Paris, 5 Oct. 1757 — serves in American 
war, and is wounded at siege of Yorktown, 1 7 8 1 
—deputy to States-General, 1789 — Pres. of 
Assembly, Jul. 1791 — arrested, 12 Aug. 1792 — 
aide-de-camp to Murat, 1807 — serves in Aus- 
trian campaign, and is made governor of Grand 
Duchy of Wurzburg, 1 809 — • commander of 
Santona, 1812-14 — Lieut. -general, Jun. 1814—^ 
52* 



820 



LA METTRIE— LANA TERZI. 



member of Chamber of Deputies, 1830 — ft. at 
Paris. 28 Dec. 1832. 

La Mettrie. [Mettrie.] 

Lamey, Andreas, historian, — fc. at Minister, 
1726 — perpetual secretary of Academy, Mann- 
heim, 1763 — visits Italy, 1774-6 — ft. at Mann- 
heim, 17 Mar. 1802. Codex principis olim 
Laureshamiensis abbatice diplomaticus, 1768 — 
Histoire diplomatique des anciens comtes de 
Mavensberg, 1779. 

Lami, Giovanni, archceologist, — ft. at Santa 
Croce, in Tuscany, 8 Feb. 1697— LL.D., Pisa, 
17 19 — visits Paris, 1729 — Prof. Ecclesiastical 
History at the Lyceum, Florence, 1732— tf., 6 
Feb. 1770. De recta patrum Nicenorum fide, 
1730 — De eruditione apostolorum, 1738 — edits 
Nov elle Letter arie, 1740-60 — Delicice erudito- 
rum, 1736-69 — Meursii opera, 1740 — Me- 
morabilia Italorum eruditione prcestantium, 

1743-7- . 

Lamia, in Thessaly. [Lamian War.] 
Lamia, L. iElius, — Consul with M. Ser- 
vilius, (756, a. u. c.) 3. 

Lamian War, — [B C] — return of the exiles 
proclaimed at Olympia, Jul. 324 — democrats of 
Athens send embassies to Alexander, after Jun. 
323 — general rising of Greece, 323 — Anti- 
pater's embassy to Athens, Leosthenes head of 
the League, Boeotians defeated, 323 — Antipater 
defeated at the Spercheios, and shut up in 
Lamia, 323 — he sues for peace, sends fresh 
embassies to Peloponnesus, 323 — Leosthenes 
falls in the siege, Antiphilus takes command : 
Leonatus comes to aid Antipater, is defeated 
and slain, 322 — Antipater escapes from Lamia, 
Craterus brings reinforcements out of Asia, 
322 — battle of Cranon, 6 Aug. 322 — dissolu- 
tion of the confederacy : Xenocrates sent am- 
bassador to Antipater ; Macedonian garrison 
enters Munychia, 17 Sep. 322 — exile of the 
orators : Antipater and Craterus make war on 
iEtolians, winter 322-1, but are called into 
Asia, before summer 321 — 12,000 Athenian 
citizens disfranchised by Antipater and settled 
in Thrace, 322 — restored on death of Antipater, 
320-319. 

Lamoignon, Chretien Francois II. de, — ft., 
18 Oct. 1735 — Pres. a mortier of Parliament of 
Paris, 1758 — Keeper of the Seals, 1787 to Oct. 
1788— ft. at Baville, 16 May 1789. 

Lamoignon, Guillaume de, — ft. at Niver- 
nois, 1 6 17 — Master of Requests, 1644 — first 
Pres. Parliament of Paris, 1658 — ft., 10 Dec. 
1677. Arretes de Lamoignon, 1702. 

Lamoignon, Guillaume II. de, Chancellor 
of France — ft., 1683 — Chancellor, 1750 — 
exiled, 1763— ft., 1772. 

Lamoignon-Malesherbes. [Malesherbes. ] 

Lamoriciere, Christophe Leon Louis In- 
chault de, general and statesman, — b. at 
Nantes, 6 Feb. 1 806 — enters Polytechnic 
School, 1824 — Lieutenant in Algeria, 1830 — 
Lieutenant-colonel of Zouaves, 31 Dec. 1835 — 
wounded at capture of Constantine, 1837 — 
Lieutenant-general, 9 Apr. 1843— member of 
Chamber of Deputies, 1846 — assists at capture 
of La Smala, and receives submission of Abd- 
el-Eader, 1847— Grand Cross of Legion of 



Honour ; member of Chamber of Deputies, Jan. 
1848 — opposes revolution at Paris, 24 Feb. 
1848 — serves under Cavaignac against insur- 
gents, Jun. 1848 — Minister of War, Jun. to 
Dec. 1848 — Envoy Extraord. to Russia, Jul. 
1849 — Vice-Pres. Legislative Chamber, 1850 
— arrested by Prince Louis Napoleon and im- 
prisoned, 2 Dec. 1 85 1 — refuses oath to new 
constitution, is struck out of army list, and quits 
France, 1852 — returns, 1857 — takes command 
of Papal army, Apr. i860 — his troops routed by 
Cialdini, at Castel Fidardo, 18 Sep. i860 — ft. 
near Amiens, 10 Sep. 1865. 

Lamothe. [Mothe le Vayer.] 

Lamothe, Etienne Auguste de, Baron, 
general — ft. at Paris, 5 Apr. 1772— serves in 
campaigns of Revolution and the Empire, 1793- 
181 2 — General of Brigade, 181 2 — Chevalier of 
St Louis, Commander of Legion of Honour, 
1814— ft. at Paris, 1836. 

La Motte, Antoine Houdar de, dramatist, 
— ft. at Paris, 17 Jan. 1672 — member of French 
Academy, 1710 — ft. at Paris, 26 Dec. 1731. 
(Euvres, 1754. 

Lamotte - Fouque, Friedrich Heinrich 
Karl, Baron de, poet, novelist, — fc. at Branden- 
burg, 12 Feb. 1777 — enters Prussian army, 
1796 — ft. at Berlin 23 Jan. 1843. Sigurd der 
Schlangentbdter, 1809 — Undine, 18 13 — Sin- 
tram, .1814 — Altsachsischen Bildersaal, 1818- 
19 — Bertrand du Guesclin, 1821 — Der Sdnger- 
krieg auf der Wartburg, 1828 — Die Weltreiohe, 
1835-40 — Abfall und Busse, 1844. 

Lamotte-Fouque, Caroline, Baroness de, 
miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Nennhausen, 1773 
— ft. there, 21 Jul. 1831. 

Lamotte Valois, Jeanne, Countess, — n. at 
Bar-sur-Aube, 1757 — marries, 1783 — obtains 
introduction to Cardinal de Rohan, 1783 — [Dia- 
mond Necklace] — ft. in London, 23 Aug. 1791. 

Lamouroux, Jean Vincent Felix, naturalist, 
h. at Agen, 3 May 1779 — Prof. Natural His- 
tory, Caen, 1809 — ft. there, Mar. 1825. Dis- 
sertation sur plusieurs especes de fucus, 1805 — 
Histoire des poly piers coralligenes fiexibles, 18 16 
— Dictionnaire des zoophytes, 1824. 

Lampadius, — Consul of Rome with Orestes, 
(1284, a. u. c.) 530. 

Lampadius, Wilhelm August, chemist, — ft. 
in Brunswick, 1772 — studies at Gottingen, 1790 
— travels in Russia, &c, 1793 — Prof. Chemistry, 
Freiberg, 1795 — ft. there, 13 Apr. 1842. Hancl- 
buch der Huttenkunde, 1801-9 — Supplementen, 
1818-26 — Grundriss der Huttenkunde, 1827. 

Lampeter, in Cardiganshire, — Castle taken 
by Henry, Prince of Wales, 1405. St David's 
College, founded by Bp Burgess, 1822 — incor- 
porated, 1828 — obtains supplementary charter, 
Aug. 1852. 

Lampon, the Soothsayer, — [B C] — fl., before 
444 — leads the colony to found Thurii, 444. u 
a Smith's Diet. 
Lampridius, JElius, (Gentianus ?)— one of 
the Hist. Aug. Scriptures, £(., about 300 

Lampsakos, in My si a, — [ B C] — second 
colony planted by Milesians from Psesus, 654.* 
;i Clinton. 
Lana Terzi, Francesco, Jesuit, naturalist, — 



LANARK— LANCASTER. 



821 



fc. at Brescia, 1631 — tf. there, 1687. Magis- 
terium natures et artis, 1684-92. 

Lanark, in Scotland, — Assembly of the States 
held at, by Kenneth II., 978 — burnt, 1244 — 
"Wallace kills the English sheriff and expels the 
soldiers, 1297— surrenders to Bruce, 13 10. 

Lanatus, Agrippa Menenius, — [B C] — Con- 
sul with P. Postumius Tubertus, (251, a. u. c.) 
503 — mediates successfully between patricians 
and plebeians, 494. 

Lanatus, Agrippa Menenius,— [B C]— Con- 
sul with T. Quinct. Capitolinus, (315, a. u. c.) 

439- 

Lanatus, L. Menenius,— [B C]— Consul with 
Proculus Geganius Macerinus, (314, a. u. c.) 
440. 

Lanatus, T. Menenius,— [BC]— (1.) Consul 
with C. Horatius Pulvillus, (277, a. u. c.) 477 
• — defeated by Etruscans, 477. (2.) Consul 
with P. Sestius Capitolinus, (302,) 452. 

Lancashire, — made county palatine for 
Henry, Earl of Derby; by Edward III., 1351 
— distress in cotton manufacturing districts, 
commences about Jul. 1862 — relief committee 
discontinues sittings, 19 Jun. 1865. 

Lancaster, to ion,— Roman station, by Agri- 
cola, 79 — given by "William I. to Roger de 
Poictou, who builds or enlarges the castle, about 
I0 7o — besieged by Hubert Walter, Abp of 
Canterbury, 11 99 — gives title of Earl to Ed- 
mund, son of Henry III., 1266 — burnt by 
Scots, 1322 — gives title of Duke to Henry, 
Earl of Derby, 1351 — again partly burnt by 
Scots, 1389— taken from Royalists by Sergeant- 
major Birch, 12 Feb. 1643 — retaken by Earl 
of Derby, 18 Mar. 1643 — the town occupied by 
the Scots under Hamilton, and the castle un- 
successfully besieged, Aug. 1648 — entered by 
troops of the Pretender, 7 Nov. 17 15 — evacu- 
ated, 9 Nov.— Prince Charles Edward passes 
through, 24 Nov. 1745 — again on his retreat, 
13 Dec. 

Lancaster, Duchy of,— erected for Henry, 
Earl of Derby, by Charter of Edward III., 6 
Mar. 1 35 1 — passes to John of Gaunt, 1362 — 
grant of a chancery and palatine privileges for 
the county by Edward III., 1377 — becomes 
Crown possession by accession of Henry IV., 
1399 — inheritance of, declared independent of 
possession of the Crown, 1399 — court of, estab- 
lished, 1406 — incorporated and confiscated to 
the Crown, by Edward IV., 1461 — enlarged by 
Act 2 and 3 Phil, and Mar. c. 20, 1554 — com- 
mission appointed by parliament for sale of 
lands of, 1649 — the proceedings annulled by 
Charles II., 1660 — commissions to take 
affidavits in, authorized by Act 16 and 17 Car. 
II., 1664 — sale of fee-farm rents authorized by 
Act 22 and 23 Car. II., 1670 — granting of leases 
restrained by Act 1 Ann. s. 1, c. 7, 1701 — 
affairs of, further regulated by Acts 19 Geo. 
III. c. 45, 1779; 2 7 Geo. III. c. 34, 1787; 
48 Geo. III. c. 73, 18 Jun. 1808 ; 52 Geo. III. 
c. 164, 29 Dec. 1 812; 4 and 5 Vic. c. 38, s. 3, 
21 Jun. 1841 ; 11 and 12 Vic. c. 83, s. 14, 31 
Aug. 1848 ; 14 and 15 Vic. c. 94, 7 Aug. 
1851, and 18 and 19 Vic. c. 58, 16 Jul. 1855. 

Lancaster Sound, Arctic Ocean, — discovered 



by Bylot and Baffin, 16 14— explored by Ross, 
1 8 1 8 — by Parry, 1 8 1 9 — passed by Ross, 
1829 — again, 1848 — passed by Kennedy, 
1 85 1. [North- West Passage.] 

Lancaster, Edmund Plantagenet, Earl of, 
— fj. in London, 1245 — Earl of Chester, titular 
King of Sicily, about 1253— created Earl of 
Lancaster by his father, Henry III., 1266 — • 
goes to Palestine, 1269-71— sent to France to 
negotiate respecting Guienne, 1293-4 — ravages 
French coast, 1296 — captures Bordeaux, 28 
Mar. 1296 — tf. at Bayonne, 1296. 

Lancaster, Henry Plantagenet, Earl of, 
— succeeds to the title on death of his brother, 
1322— joins revolt under Queen Isabella and 
Mortimer, 1326 — charged with custody of the 
deposed king, Edward II., and named head of 
regency, Jan. 1327 — forms confederacy against 
Mortimer, but is abandoned by the Earls of 
Kent and Norfolk, 1329 — imprisoned by 
Mortimer, 1330 — released by Edward III., 
i33i— ^., 1345- 

Lancaster, Henry Plantagenet, Earl of 
Derby, Earl and Duke of, general, — Earl of 
Derby, by Edward III., 1338 — wounded in 
combat of Isle of Cagant, 1338 — serves under 
the king in Flanders, 1339 — serves at battle of 
Sluys, 1 341 — envoy to Castile, 1344 — Lieu- 
tenant of the king in Aquitaine, 1 345 — retakes 
many towns from the French, 1345 — assists at 
siege of Calais, 1346-7 — K.G., 1350— assists in 
defeat of Spaniards in the Channel, 1350 — 
Lancaster erected into a Duchy for him, 1 15 r — 
Lieutenant and Captain-general in Brittany, 
1357 — promotes Treaty of Bretigny, 1360 — tf. 
at Leicester, 1362. 

Lancaster, Henry, Duke of. [Henry IV. 
of England."] 

Lancaster, Sir James, Bart., maritime dis- 
coverer, — commands expeditions to East Indies, 
1591-3, and 1601-3 — rj., 1620. 

Lancaster, Joseph, founder of Lancasterian 
Schools, — b., 177 i, a 25 Nov. 1778 b — com- 
mences teaching poor children in London, 1798 
— presented to George III., at Weymouth, 
1805 — goes to America, 1818— tf. at New 
York, 23 Oct., b 24 Sep.* 1838. 

a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Lancaster, Thomas Plantagenet, Earl of, 
— succeeds to the title on his father's death, 1296 
— does homage to Edward I., 1298 — heads con- 
federation of barons to compel removal of 
Gaveston, 13x0 — besieges Scarborough Castle 
and captures Gaveston, May 13 12 — present at 
his execution, near Warwick, 19 Jun. — Pres. of 
the Council, 13 14 — prevents another invasion 
of Scotland, 13 16 — quarrels with Earl War- 
renne, 1317 — renews confederation of barons, 
1 32 1 — defeated and captured at Boroughbridge, 
16 Mar. 1322 — beheaded at Pontefract, 22 
Mar. 

Lancaster, John of Gaunt, {Ghent,) Duke 
of, — h ac Ghent, 1339 — marries Blanche, 
daughter of Henry, Duke of Lancaster, 1359 — 
created Duke, 13 Nov. 1362 — distinguishes him- 
self under the Black Prince at battle of Najara, 
1367 — marries Constance, daughter of Peter 
the Cruel, and assumes title of King of Castile, 



LANCE— LANDI. 



1370 — marches through France from Calais to 
Bordeaux, Jul. to Dec. 1 373 — supports Wickliffe 
at Synod of London, Feb. 1377 — retires to his 
castle of Kenilworth, close of 1377 — takes pos- 
session of Cherbourg, and unsuccessfully be- 
sieges StMalo, 1378 — invades Scotland, 1380 — 
concludes truce, Nov. 1380— his palace burnt 
by Wat Tyler, Jun. 1381 — accused of treason 
by Latimer, a Carmelite friar, Apr. 1384 — is 
reconciled to Eichard II., and returns to court, 
1384 — forms alliance with John I. of Portugal, 
and invades Castile, 1386 — retires to Gascony, 
1387 — marries his daughter Catherine to Prince 
Henry of Castile, 1388 — returns to England 
and effects formal reconciliation between the 
king and Gloucester, 1389— created Duke of 
Aquitaine for life, 1390— tf., 3 Feb. 1399 — n ^ s 
estates seized by Eichard II., 18 Mar. 1399. 

Lance, George, painter, — fj. in Essex, 1802 
— begins to exhibit at Eoyal Academy, 1828 — 
tr., 18 Jun. 1864. 

Lancelloti, (Lancillotti,) D. Secondo, — b. at 
Perugia, about 1575 — enters congregation of 
Mount Olivet, 1594 — tf. at Paris, 13 Jan. 1643. 
Si st. olivetana, 1623 — Mercurius olivetanus, 
1628 — Farfalloni degli antic hi storici, 1636. 

Lancelot, Claude, Port-Royalist, — b. at 
Paris, 16 15 — Tj. at Quimperle, 15 Apr. 1695. 
Nouvette methode pour apprendre la langue 
latino, 1644 — Nouvelle methode pour apprendre 
la langue Grecque, 1655 — Jar din des racines 
grecques, 1657. 

Lancelot-Castello, Gabriel, numismatist, 
archceologist, — b. at Palermo, 1727 — tf. there, 
1794. Le antiche iscrizioni di Palermo, 1762 
— Sicilice veter. populor., terbium, regum, et ty- 
rannorum numismata, $c, 1767. 

Lancers, {Uhlans,) — introduced in Prussian 
army by Frederick II., about 1740 — in Austri- 
an and French armies, 1742 — revived by Na- 
poleon I., 1808 — introduced in English army, 
about 1 8 16. 

Lances, — disused by cavalry, and pistols sub- 
stituted, about 1550. 

Lancia, Bianca, — paramour of Emperor 
Frederick II., 1231 a — married to him, between 
1241-50.* a Kington. 

Lancia, Galvano, statesman, general, — aids 
Manfred to reconquer Sicily, 1 254 — chief 
minister to him, 1254-66 — commands Italians 
at Tagliacozzo, 23 Aug. 1268. 

Lancia, (Lanza,) Manfred, (Frederick ?) 
Marquis of, military commander, — aids Em- 
peror Frederick II., and defeats Milanese near 
Piacenza, 1238 — Governor of Alessandria, 1238 
— unsuccessfully attacks Piacenza, 1239 — Po- 
desta of Alessandria, 1240 — Podesta of Cremo- 
na, defeats Brescians, 1 242 — excommunicated by 
Innocent IV., 1244 — occupies Fornova, 1247 
— defeated and wounded by Parmesans, 1248 
— seizes Vercelli, 1248. 

Lancisi, Giovanni Maria, first physician to 
the pope, — b. at Eome, 1654 — Prof. Anatomy, 
Coll. of la Sapienza, 1684-97 — tf. there, Jan. 
1720. Opera, 17 18. 

Lancre, Pierre de, — Counsellor to parlia- 
ment of Bordeaux, appointed joint-commis- 
sioner with D'Espaguet for prosecution of 



sorcerers in Basque-land, May to Aug. 1609 — 
made Councillor of State, and tr. at Paris, 
about 1630 — Livre des princes, 16 17- — Tableau 
d' inconstance des mauvais anges et demons, 1612. 
Lancret, Michel, engineer, — b., about 1774 
— accompanies expedition to Egypt, 1798 — tr. 
at Paris, 1807. Assists in preparation of the 
Description de V Egypte, 1809. 

Lancret, Nicolas, painter, — b. at Paris, 24 
Jan. 1690 a — received at the Academy, 24 Mar. 
17193 — tj. at Paris, 14 Sep. 1743.* a Jal. 

Lancrinck, Prosper Henry, painter, — b. at 
Antwerp, 1628 — tf. in London, 1692. 

Land, — provisions relating to acquisition of, 
for public undertakings, consolidated by Act 8 
Vic. c. 18, 8 May 1845— amended by Act 23 
and 24 Vic. c. 106, 20 Aug. 1 860— transfer of, 
facilitated by Act 25 and 26 Vic. c. 53, 29 Jul. 
1862. Jn Ireland, sale and transfer of, facili- 
tated by Act 21 and 22 Vic. c. 72, 2 Aug. 
1858 — laws relating to occupation and owner- 
ship of, amended by Act 33 and 34 Vic. c. 46, 
1 Aug. 1870. 

Land Tenure Association, in England, — 
formed, spring 1871. 

Landau, in Bavaria, — free imperial city, by 
Eudolphof Hapsburg, about 1280-90— annexed 
to Lower Alsace, 15 1 1 — ceded to France,i68o — 
fortified by Vauban, 1684 — taken, after several 
months' siege, by Prince Louis of Baden, 10 Sep. 
1702 — invested by Tallard, 18 Oct. 1703 — sur- 
renders to bim, 1 6 Nov. 1703 — recovered by Aus- 
trians, 26 Nov. 1704 — invested by Marshal de 
Bezons, 22 Jun. 17 13 — surrenders, 20 Aug. 17 13 
— ceded to France by Treaty of Eastadt, 17 14 — 
seized by Austrians, summer 1743 — unsuccess- 
fully besieged by Austrians and Prussians, Aug. 
to Oct. 1793 — unsuccessfully attacked by Eus- 
sians, 1794 — given up to France by first Treaty 
of Paris, 18 14 — declared a fortress of German 
Confederation under protection of Bavaria, by 
second Treaty of Paris, 18 15 — fortifications 
strengtbened, 1840. 

Landed Estates Court, Ireland. [Land.] 
Landen, (Neerwinden,) — Marshal Luxem- 
bourg defeats "William III. of England at, 29 
Jul. 1693. 

Landen, John, mathematician, — b. at Pea- 
kirk near Peterborough, 1719— F.E.S., 1766 
— t». at Melton near Peterborough, Jan. 1790. 
Mathematical Lucubrations, 1755 — Residual 
Analysis, 1758 — Memoirs, 1780 and 1790. 

Lander, Eichard, traveller,— -b. at Truro, 8 
Feb. 1804 — accompanies Clapperton to Africa, 
Aug. 1825 — returns to England, Apr. 1828 — 
with his brother John Lander (b. 1806) explores 
course of the Niger, 18 30-1 — returns to Africa, 
1832 — tr. at Fernando Po, Feb. 1834 — Records 
of Captain Clapperton 's last expedition in 
Africa, 1829 — Journal of an expedition to ex- 
plore the course and termination of the Niger, 
1832. 

Landi, Costanzo, — fj. at Placentia, 152 t — 
tl. at Eome, 1564. Veterum numismatum Ro- 
manorum miscellan. explicationes, about 1560. 
Landi, Ortensio, — b. at Milan, about 1500 
— assists at opening of Council of Trent, 1545 
— tr. at Venice, about 1560. Paradossi, 1543 



LANDINO— LANGARA. 



823 



— Sermoni funebri di varj autori nella morte de' 
diversi animali, 1548. 

Landino, Cristoforo, classical scholar, — fi. 
at Florence, 1424,* 1434 b — tf. at Prato Vec- 
chio, .1504. Commentaries on Virgil, 1520 — 
Commentaries on Horace, 1482 — Commentaries 
on Dante, 1481 — translation of Flint/ s Natural 
History, 1476. a Biog. Univ. b Rees' Cyc. 

Lando, Pope, — succeeds Anastasius III., 
913 or 914 — tr., 914. 

Lando, Conrad, Count, adventurer, — serves 
in Italy under Montreal, about 1350— takes 
command of irregular bands, 1354 — defeats 
Bernabo Visconti on the Oglio, 1357 — taken 
prisoner, 1358— killed near Novara, 1363. 

Lando, Lucius, — takes the command on 
death of his brother Conrad, 1363 — serves the 
Florentines against the pope, 1376-7. 

Lando, Pietro, Doge of Venice, — ft., 1461 
— elected to succeed Andrea Gritti, 20 Jan. 
1539 — concludes peace with Turks, 1540— tf., 
8 Nov. 1545. 

Landolt, Solomon^ painter, $c., — fc. at 
Zurich, 1741 — visits Berlin, 1776 — member of 
the great Council, 1777 — takes part in cam- 
paigns against French, 1790-9 — tf- at Andel- 
fingen, 18 18. 

Landon, Charles Paul, painter, litterateur, 
— fc. at Nonant, (l'Orne,) 1760— tf. at Paris, 
1826. Annates du Musee et de I'e'cole moderne 
des beaux-arts, 1801-17 — V'' m e ^ ceuvres des 
peintres les plus ce'lebres, 1803-17 — Galerie des 
hommes les plus ce'lebres de tous les siecles et de 
toutes les nations, 1805-9. 

Landon, Letitia Elizabeth, (L.E.L.,) poetess, 
— b. in London, 1802 — marries George Mac- 
lean, accompanies him to Cape Coast Castle, 
W. Africa, 1838— tf. there, 15 Oct. 1839. 
Life and Literary Remains, 1841. 

Landor, Walter Savage, poet,— b. at War- 
wick, 30 Jan. 1775 — sent to Rugby School, 
1785 — enters Trin. Coll. Oxford, 1793 — leaves 
Oxford, summer 1794 — visits Paris, 1802 — his 
friendship with Southey begins, 1808 — raises a 
troop and serves against the French in the Pen- 
insula, 1808 — marries, 18 n- — leaves England, 
May 1 8 14— settles near Florence, 1821 — visits 
England, May 1832 — settles at Bath, 1835 — 
returns to Italy, 1858 — tf. at Florence, 17 Sep. 
1 8 64. Gebir, 1797 — Count Jidian, 1 8 1 2 — 
Hellenics, 1847 — Idyllia Heroica, 1820 — Lm- 
aginary Conversations, 1824-9 — Popery, British 
and Foreign, 1851 — Last Fruit off an old Tree, 
1853 — Fry Sticks, 1858. 

Landrecies, in the Netherlands, — taken and 
pillaged by John of Luxemburg, 1423 — taken 
by Francis I. of France, 1543 — besieged by 
Emperor Charles V., Sep. 1543— relieved by 
Francis I., end of Nov. 1543 — taken by the 
French, 26 Jul. 1637 — recovered by Spaniards, 
16 Jul. 1647 — besieged by Turenne, 26 Jun. 
1655 — surrenders to him, 14 Jul. 1655— un- 
successfully besieged by Prince Eugene, sum- 
mer 17 1 2 — invested by Prince of Orange, 17 
Apr. 1794 — surrenders to him, 30 Apr. — re- 
taken by French, 16 Jul. — invested by Ger- 
mans, Jan. 1 87 1. 



Landry, Pierre, designer, engraver, — fi. at 
Paris, about 1630. 

Landseer, John, engraver,— 6. at Lincoln; 
1769— Associate Engraver of Eoyal Academy, 
1806— tf. in London, 29 Feb. 1852. Lectures 
on Engraving, 1807 — Sabcean Researches, 1823. 

Landshut, in Bavaria,— the castle [Traus- 
nitz) strengthened by Duke Otto, 11 80 — made 
a regular fortress by Duke Ludwig, 1204 — 
combats between Austrians and French at, 16 
and 21 Apr. 1809. University, transferred 
from Ingolsfcadt, 1800 — removed to Munici, 
1826. 

Landshut, in Silesia, — site of a castle, 1286 
— the town walled, 1296 — Gen. Winterfeld 
defeats Austrians at, 23 May 1745 — Gen. 
Laudohn defeats Prussians at, 23 Jun. 1760. 

Landskrona, — Charles XL of Sweden de- 
feats Christian V. of Denmark at, 14 Jul. 
1677. 

Landtax, in England, — imposed by Act 4 
Wm and Mar. c. 1, 16 Nov. 1689 — annually 
re'imposed : made perpetual, and redemption of*, 
provided for by Act 38 Geo. III. c. 60, 21 
Jun. 1798 — provisions for redemption of, con- 
solidated by Act 42 Geo. III. c. 116, 26 Jun. 
1802— law explained and amended by Acts 53 
Geo. III. c. 142, 14 Jul. 1813 ; 54 Geo. III. 
c. 173, 30 Jul. 1814; 57 Geo. III. c. 100, 10 
Jul. 18 17; 4 and 5 Wm IY. c. 60, 13 Aug. 
1834; 1 and 2 Vic. c. 58, 31 Jul. 1838, and 16 
and 17 Vic. c. 117, 20 Aug. 1853. 

Lane, Sir Richard, Chief Baron of the 
Exchequer, — reader to Middle Temple, 1630 
— Attorney-general to Prince of Wales, 1634 
— defends Earl of Strafford, 1640— Knt by 
Charles I. at Oxford, Jan. 1644 — Chief Baron, 
25 Jan. 1644 — Lord-keeper of Great Seal, 30 
Aug. 1645 — commissioner for surrender of 
Oxford, 1646— deprived of Great Seal, Jun. 
1646 — tf. in Jersey, 1650. Reports in the 
Court of Exchequer in the reign of King James, 

1657- 

Lanfanan, in Scotland, — Siward, Earl of 
Northumbria, defeats Macbeth, 27 Jul. 1054. 

Lanfranc, Abp of Canterbury, — b. at 
Pavia, about 1005 — opens school at Avranches, 
about 1039 a — enters abbey of Bee, 1042 — 
prior, 1046 — is ordered to quit Normandy, by 
Duke William, but has interview with him and 
becomes his friend, 1053 — Abbot of Caen, 1066 
— refuses archbishopric of Rouen, 1067 — con- 
secrated Abp of Canterbury, 29 Aug. 1070 — 
visits Rome, 1 071— holds Council of Win- 
chester, 1072 — Council of London, 1075 — 
Council of Winchester, 1076 — recovers church 
lands from Odo of Bayeux, 1076 — holds Coun- 
cil of London, 1078 — refuses to visit Gregory 
VII. at Rome, 1079 — holds Councils of 
Gloucester, 108 1 and 1086 — tf. at Canterbury, 
24 May io89. a Fe Corpore et Sanguine Fomini 
Nostri, about 1080. a Hook. 

Lanfranco, physician, — b. at Milan, about 
1250 — goes to Paris, 1295 — writes his Chirur- 
gia magna et parva : tf., 1300. 

Lanfranco, Giovanni, painter, — b. at Parma, 
158 1— tf. at Rome, 29 Nov. 1647. 

Langara, Juan de, admiral, — b. in Andalu- 



524 



LANGBAINE— LANGRES. 



sia, about 1730 — defeated and taken prisoner 
by Rodney at Cape StYincent, 15 Jan. 1780 
— enters, with English fleet, port of Toulon, 
Aug. 1793 — compels retreat of English from 
Toulon, Oct. 1796 — Minister of Marine, Jan, 
1797-8 — Captain-general of Spain, 1798 — tf., 
1800. 

Langbaine, Gerard, — b. in Westmoreland, 
1608 — enters Oxford Univ., 1626 — Keeper 
of Archives of the Univ., 1644— Provost of 
Queen's Coll., 1645— tf., 10 Feb. 1658. Edi- 
tion of Longinns, 1636. 

Langbaine, Gerard, — b. at Oxford, 1656 — 
enters the Univ., 1672 — tf., Jun. 1692. Keiv 
Catalogue of English Plays, 1688. 

Langdale, Henry Bickerstetk, Lord, Mas- 
ter of the Rolls, — b. in Westmoreland, 18 
Jan. 1783 — enters Cams Coll. Cambridge, Oct. 
1802— senior wrangler, 1808 — called to the 
bar at Inner Temple, 22 Nov. 1811 — M.A., 
18 1 1 — Master of the Rolls, 19 Jan. 1835 — 
created Baron Langdale, 23 Jan. 1835 — tf. at 
Tunbridge Wells, 1 8 Apr. 1 85 1 . 

Langdale, Sir Marmaduke, general, — b. in 
Yorkshire.about 1590 — embraces Royalist cause, 
1642 — commands at battle of Naseby, 14 Jun. 
1645 — surprises Berwick, May 1648— defeated 
by Cromwell, near Preston, 17 Aug. 1648 — 
goes to France, 1649— Peer, by Charles II., 
Lord-lieutenant of Yorkshire, 1660 — tf. at 
York, 5 Aug. 166 1. 

Lange, {Langius,) Johann, physician, — 
b. in Silesia, 1485 — tf. at Heidelberg, 1565. 
Medici nalium epistolaram miscellanea, 1554. 

Lange, {Langius,) Johann, — b. in Silesia, 
1503 — tf. at Schweidnitz, 1567. Latin trans- 
lation of the Ecclesiastical History of JSficepho- 
rus Callisius, 1553. 

Lange, {Lang,) Johann Michael, orientalist, 
§c, — b. in Germany, 1664 — M.A. Altdorf, 
1687— D.D., pastor, Prof. Theology, 1697— tf. 
at Prentzlau, 1731. Eisscrtatio de Alcorani 
prima inter Europceos editione Arabica, 1703 — 
Philologia barbaro-grceca, 1707-8. 

Langebeek, Jacob, — b. in Denmark, 17 10 — 
studies at Copenhagen, 1728 — employed in 
Royal Library, 1 740 — member of Royal Swedish 
x\.cademy,i754 — tf. Councillor of State, 16 Aug. 
1774. Edits Scriptores rerum Eanicarum medii 
tevi, 1772-4. 

Langendijk, Pieter, poet, — b. at Haarlem, 
i683, a 1662 b — tf. there, about 1756^ 1735. b 
a Conv.-Lex. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Langensalza, in Prussia, — Gen. Flies de- 
feats Hanoverian army at, 27 Jun. 1866. 

Langermann, Johann Gottfried, physician, 
— b. near Dresden, 8 Aug. 1768— M.D., 1797 — 
settles at Baireuth, 1799— Councillor of State 
to king of Prussia, 18 10 — Chevalier of the 
Red Eagle, 1821 — tf., 5 Sep. 1832. Ee methodo 
cor/noscendi curandique animi morbos stabilienda, 

1797.. 

Langeron, Andrault de, -Count, general, — 
b. at Paris, 13 Jan. 1763 — serves in American 
war, 1782-3 — enters Russian army, 1790 — dis- 
tinguishes himself at siege of Ismael, Dec. 1790 
—serves in Champagne, Sep. 1792 — in cam- 
paigns of the Netherlands, 1793-4 — Lieutenant- 



general, 1799 — serves under Buxhowden at 
Austerlitz, Dec. 1805— against Turks in Bes- 
sarabia, 1807 — takes Silistria, 18 ro — com- 
mands against French, 18 12 — takes Thorn, 
Mar. 18 1 3 — distinguishes himself at battle 
of Konigsvarta, 181 3 — contributes to victory 
of the Katzbach, Aug. — to victory of Leipsic, 
18 Oct. — blockades Mentz, Jan. to Feb. 18 14 — 
occupies Paris, 29 Mar. — Governor-general of 
New Russia, 1822 — dismissed, May 1823 — 
follows Emperor Nicholas to Moscow, 1826 — 
serves in Turkish war, 1828-9 — °"-> 4 Jul- I %3 1 - 
Langham, Simon de, Abp or Canterbury, 
Cardinal, — monk of Westminster, 1335? — 
Prior, Apr. 1349 a — Abbot, May 1349 — Lord 
High Treasurer, 21 Nov. 1360 — consecrated 
Bp of Ely, 20 Mar. 1362 — Chancellor, Feb. 
1 )^3 b — Abp of Canterbury, by Papal pro- 
vision, 22 Jul. 1366 — resigns the Great Seal, 
before 16 Sep. 1366 b — Cardinal, Presbyter, by 
Urban V., 27 Sep. 1368 — resigns archbishopric, 
27 Nov. 1368 — and retires to Avignon: em- 
ployed by Gregory XL in negotiations between 
kings of England and France, 1372 — tf. at 
Avignon, 22 Jul. 1376 — his remains removed 
to Westminster Abbey, 1379. 

a Hook. b Foss. 

Langhorne, Jesuit, — condemned under the 
Popish Plot, 14 Jun. 1679 — executed, 20 Jun. 
Langhorne, John, miscellaneous writer, — 
b. in Westmoreland, 1735 — enters Clare Hall, 
Cambridge, 1760 — D.D. Edinburgh, 1766 — 
prebendary of Wells, 1777 — tf. at Blagden, 
Somersetshire, Apr. 1779. Translation of Plu- 
tarch's Lives, 1 77 1 — Poems, 1804. 
Langius. [Lange.] 

Langland, "William, poet, — b. probably 
at Cleobury Mortimer, about 1332 s1 — tf., pro- 
bably about i4co. a Vision of Piers Plowman, 
A-text written, 1362a — B-text, 1 377 a — C-text, 
probably between 1380-90.* a skeat. 

Langles, Louis Mathieu, orientalist, — b. at 
Peronne, 23 Aug. 1763 — Prof. Persian and 
Malay, keeper of Oriental MSS., 1792 — member 
of Committee of Public Instruction, 1793 — tf. 
at Paris, 28 Jul. 1824. Lnstituts politiques et 
militaires de Tamerlan, 1787 — Alphabet Tar- 
tare Mantchou, 1787. 

Langlois, Eustache Hyaeinthe, designer, 
engraver, antiquary, — b- in Normandy, 3 Aug. 
1777 — studies under David at Paris, 1793 — 
settles at Rouen, 18 16 — member of Academy 
of Rouen, 1824 — Prof. Design, at the Muni- 
cipal School, 1828 — member of Legion of 
Honour, 1835 — tf., 29 Sep. 1837. Rccucil de 
quelques vaes, sites, et monuments de France, 
1 8 17 — Essai historique et descriptif sur la 
peinture sur verre, 1832. 

Langlois, Jean Jerome, painter, — b. at 
Paris, about 1782 — admitted to the Institute, 
1838— tf., Dec. 1838. 

Langres, {Lingonum Ci vitas,) in France, — 
seat of a bishopric, before 300 — Constantius de- 
feats Alemanni near, after 297, a 301 b — burnt by 
Yandals, 407— burnt by Attila, 451 — seized by 
Burgundians, soon after — becomes part of 
France, 843 — right of coining money conceded 
to Bps of, by Charles the Bald, 863 — and 



LANGSIDE— LANTABA. 



825 



Charles the Fat, 887 c — the County purchased 
of Duke of Bar by Hugh III., Duke of Bur- 
gundy, and given to Gauthier, Bp of Langres, 
II?9 — erected into a Duchy for him by Louis 
VII., 1 179 — fortified against the English, 
! 362 d — capitulates to Austrians, 1 8 14. Councils 
of, for reformation of the clergy, held before 
Louis the Debonnaire, and Lothaire, 859 — 
respecting investitures, 1077 or 1080. Ca- 
thedral, founded, 380. 

a Clinton. b Euctc. Mod. 



Univers Pittoresque. 



Conv.-Lex. 



Lang-side, in Scotland, — Mary queen of 
Scots defeated by Earl of Murray at, 13 May 
1568. 

Langtoft, Peter de, chronicler, — H., about 
1300. 

Langton, Stephen, Abp of Canterbury, 
— member of the household of Innocent III., 
1 1 98 — Cardinal, priest of St Chrysogonus, 1206 
— elected Abp of Canterbury at Koine, by order 
of Innocent III., Dec. 1206 a — consecrated at 
Viterbo, 17 Jun. 1207— [John, King op Eng- 
land] — visits Borne, summer 12 12 — acknow- 
ledged by King John at Winchester, Jul. 1 2 1 3— 
joins insurgent barons at Council of St Albans, 
4 Aug. 1 2 1 3— meets them at Bury St Edmunds, 
20 Nov. 1 2 14 — censured by the pope, 19 May 
1 2 15 — attends the king at Bunny mede, 15 
Jun. 1215 — goes to Rome, 1215 — suspended 
by the pope, Dec. 12 15 — returns to England, 
May 12 1 8 — crowns Henry III., 17 May 1220 
— presides at Council of Osney, 11 Jun. 1222 
— demands of Henry III. full execution of the 
Charter, Jan. 1223 — ft., 9 JuL-1228. a Hook. 

Langton, Walter de, — Lord Treasurer of 
England, 28 Sep. 1295 a — consecrated Bp of 
Lichfield and Coventry, 22 Dec. 1296 a — dis- 
missed by Edward I., on false accusation, 1 30 1 — ■ 
goes to Borne, purges himself, and is reinstated, 
Jun. 1303 — deprived and imprisoned by Ed- 
ward II., 1307 — again imprisoned, 131 1 — re- 
stored to office, Mar. 131 2 — resigns, 1314— 
ft., 16 Nov. 1321. a Foss. 

Languedoc, province of France, (Gallia 
Celtica or Braccata,) — [BC] — conquered by 
proconsul Domitius, 121 — forms part of Gallia 
Narbonensis, under Augustus, 25 — [AD] — 
ceded by Honorius to the Visigoths, about 412 
— conquered by Saracens, 719 — taken from 
them by Charles Martel, 732— invaded by 
Abdelmalek, 793 — scene of war against Albi- 
genses, 1208, seq. — united to Crown of France, 
1270. Canal of, project for, presented by 
Biquet, 26 Nov. 1662 — commission of investi- 
gation, opens, 8 Nov. 1664 — closes, 17 Jan. 
1665 — construction authorized by edict of 
Louis XIV., Oct. 1666— commenced by Biquet 
and Andreossi, Apr. 1667 — completed, May 
1681. 

Languet, Hubert,— fj. in Burgundy, 15 18 
— studies at Padua, 1547 — deputy to Diet of 
Spire, 1568 — at Paris, Aug. 1572 — ft. at Ant- 
werp, 30 Sep. 158 1. Epistolce ad I. Cainera- 
rium et fiiium, 1646— Arcana sccacli decimi 
sexti, 1699 — Yindicice contra tyrannos, 1579. 

Langusco, Filippo, Count de, Sovereign 
of Pavia, — obtains victory over Beccaria, 1300 



— deprived by Emperor Henry VII., resumes so- 
vereignty, 1 3 1 1 — cakes Vercelli, 1312 — defeated 
and taken prisoner at Placentia, 1 31 3 — ft., 13 15. 

Laniere, Niccolo, painter, musician, — fj. in 
Italy, 1568 — chapel-master to Charles I. of 
England, 1626 — ft. in London, 1646? 

Lanjuinais, Jean Denis, statesman, mis- 
cellaneous writer, — rj. at Bennes, 12 Mar. 1753 
— Advocate, 177 1 — deputy to States-General, 
1789 — to Convention, 7 Jun. 1792 — Pres., Jun. 
1795 — member of Council of Ancients, 1797 — 
of ^enate, 22 Mar. 1800 — Count of the Empire, 
1808 — member of Institute, 16 Dec. 1808 — 
Peer of France, 4 Jun. 18 14 — ft. at Paris, 13 
Jan. 1827. Constitutions de la nation fran- 
caise, 1819 — Etudes biographiques et litteraires 
sur Ant oi ne Arnould, P. Nicole et J. Necker, 
1823. 

Lannes, Jean, Duke of Montebello,Mar- 
shal op France, — fj. at Lectoure, Guienne, 1 1 
Apr. 1769 — enters the army, 1792 — Chef de 
Brigade, 1793 — serves under Napoleon in 
affair of the Sections at Paris, Oct. 1795 — dis- 
tinguishes himself at battle of Millesimo, 26 
Apr. 1796 — at Lodi, 10 May — wounded at 
Areola, 14 Nov. — General of Brigade, 1797 — 
follows Napoleon to Egypt, 1798 — General of 
Division, May 1799 — contributes to victory of 
Aboukir, 24 Jul. — wounded at siege of Acre, 
1799 — takes part in revolution of 18 Brumaire 
(9 Nov.) 1799 — defeats Austrians at Monte- 
bello, Jun. 1800 — contributes to victory of 
Marengo, 14 Jun. — minister plenipotentiary 
at Lisbon, Nov. 1801 — Marshal of the Empire, 
Duke of Montebello, 1804 — distinguishes him- 
self at Austerlitz, 2 Dec. 1805 — in campaigns 
of Prussia and Poland, 1806-7 — Colonel-ge- 
neral of the Swiss, Sep. 1807 — takes part in 
Peninsular campaign, 1808 — commands at 
siege of Saragossa, 1809 — distinguishes himself 
at battle of Eckmiihl, 22 Apr. — takes Batisbon, 
23 Apr. — distinguishes himself at Essling, 22 
May — ft. at Vienna, 31 May 1809. 

Lannoy, Charles de, general, — 6. in Flan- 
ders, about 1470 — Chevalier of the Golden 
Fleece, 15 16 — Viceroy of Naples, 1522 — de- 
feats and takes prisoner Francis I. at Pavia, 
1525 — ft. at Gaeta, 1527. 

Lansdown, near Bath, — Sir "William Wal- 
ler defeated by Boyalists, under Sir Bevil Gran- 
ville, who is killed, 5 Jul. 1643. 

Lansdowne, 1st Makquis op. [Petty, Sir 
William.] 

Lansdowne, Henry Petty Fitzrnaurice, 
Marquis of, statesman, — b. in London, 2 Jul. 
1780 — studies at Edinburgh Univ., 1796 — 
M.A. Cambridge, 1801 — M.P. Calne, 1801— 
Chancellor of the Exchequer, M.P. Cambridge 
Univ., 1805 — loses his seat, 1807 — succeeds to 
the peerage, Nov. 1809 — Secretary of State for 
Home Department, 1828 — for Foreign Affairs, 
1828 — retires, 1829 — Pres. of the Council, 
1 831-41, and 1846-52— ft. at Bowood, 31 Jan. 
1863. 

Lansdowne, Lord. [Granville, George.] 

Lantara, Simon Mathurin, painter, — fi., 
i745, a 1729 b — ft. at hospital of La Charite, 
22 Dec. 1778^ a Bouillet. b Jal. 



826 



LANTHAXIUM— LARDXER. 



Lanthanium, metal, — discovered by Mosan- 
der, 1839^ 1841^ a Conv.-Lex. 

b Chambers' Encyc. 
Lantier, Etienne Francois de, litterateur, — 
ft. at Marseilles, 1734 — admitted to Academy, 
1786 — ft. at Marseilles, 31 Jan. 1826. Voy- 
ages d'Antenor en Grece, 1798 — Contes en 
prose eten vers, 1801 — Les Voyageurs en Suisse, 
1803. 

Lanusse, Francois, general, — b. atHabbas, 
Landes, 3 Xov. 1767 — enters the army, 1792 
--distinguishes himself in campaign of 1793 — ■ 
General of Brigade, is wounded at Mondovi, 
and commands under Augereau at Castiglione, 
1796 — taken prisoner by Austrians ; released, 
Aug. 1797 — takes part in expedition of Egypt, 
1798 — falls at Aboukir, Mar. 1801. 

Lanuze, Vicente Blasco de, historian, — n. 
in Aragon, about 1570 — £r., about 1630. His- 
torias ecclesiasticas y seculares de Aragon, 
1622. 

Lanzi, Luigi, historian of painting, archae- 
ologist, — b. in the Marco d'Ancona, 14 Jun. 
1732 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1749 — keeper 
of cabinet of medals to Grand Duke of Tus- 
cany, Apr. 1775 — if. at Florence, 30 Mar. 
1 8 10. Saggio di lingua Etrusca, 1789 — Storia 
pittorica delta Italia, 1792-6. 
Lanzone. [See Milan.] 
Laocoon, group of sculpture, — discovered at 
Rome, 1506. 
Laodicaea, Era of. [Antioch, Era of.] 
Laon, (landunum,) in France, — attacked 
by Vandals, 40 7 : — by Attila, 451 — submits to 
Clovis, seat of a bishopric, 500 — besieged and 
sacked by Gellimer, vicar of Xeustria, 682 — 
taken by Pepin, 742 — unsuccessfully attacked 
by Normans, 882 — captured by Eudes, 892 — 
recovered by Charles the Simple, 895 — made 
by him a royal residence and capital of the 
kingdom: attacked by Count of Vermandois, 
940 — given to Normans as ransom for Louis 
d' Outremer, 944 — recovered by Louis, 949 
— establishes independent commune, n 10 — 
■which is suppressed by royal decree, 133 1 — 
taken by Duke of Burgundy, 141 1 — retaken 
by French, 14 14 — again taken by Duke of 
Burgundy, 141 8 — given up by him to the 
English, 1419 — recovered by Charles VII., 
1429 — the Reformation makes progress in, 
1560 — supports the League, 1589 — unsuccess- 
fully attacked by Henry IV., 1590 — taken by 
Henry IV., 1594 — depopulated by plague and 
famine, 1668 — .Napoleon I. defeated by Bliicher, 
9 Mar. 18 14 — besieged by allies, 18 15 — capitu- 
lates to Germans, the citadel blown up, 9 Sep. 
1870. 

Lao-Tze, Chinese philosopher, — [BC] — fl., 
about 550-530? 
Laperouse. [Perouse, La.] 
Laplace, Pierre Simon, mathematician, — h. 
at Beaumont-en-Auge, near Honfieur, 22 Mar. 
1749 — studies at Paris, 1767 — Prof. Mathe- 
matics at the Military School, about 1769 — 
admitted to Academy of Sciences, 1773 — 
titular member, 1785 — Minister of Interior, 
Nov. 1799 — Vice-president, Jul. 1803 — member 
of Academy of Berlin, 1808 — Marquis, by 



Louis XVIII. , 1 8 14 — member of French 
Academy, 18 16 — ft. at Paris, 6 Mar., a 5 May, b 
5 Mar. c 1827. Theorie du mouvement et de la 
figure elliptique des planetes, 1784 — Theorie des 
attractions des sphe'roides et de la figure des 
planetes, 178 5 — Exposition du systeme du monde, 
1796 — Trait e de mecanique celeste, 1799-1825 
— Theorie analytique des probabilites, 18 12 — 
Essai philosophique sur les probabilites, 18 14. 
a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 
La Plata. [Plata, La.] 
Lapo, — -Prof. Canon Law, Florence, 1357 — 
banished, and his house burnt by Ghibellmes, 
21 Jun. 1378 — accompanies Charles of Durazzo 
to Rome, 1380 — ft. at Rome, 27 Jun. 1381. 
Lapo, Arnolfi di. [Cambio.] 
Lappenberg, Johann Martin, historian, — ■ 
6. at Hamburg, 1794 — studies at Edinburgh, 
before 1815 — LL.D., Gottingen, 1816 — keeper 
of archives of Senate, Hamburg, 1823 — sent as 
plenipotentiary of Hamburg to conference at - 
Frankfort, 1850 — ft., 28 Nov. 1865. Geschichte 
von England, 1834-7 au( i 1853 — TJrkundliche 
Geschichte des Vrsprungs der Deutschen Hansa, 
1830 — Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch, 1842 — 
Hamburger Rechtsalterthiimer, 1845. 

Lapsi, Treatment of,-— in Church history, 
controversy respecting, begins, about 200-10 
— regulated by Councils of Carthage and Rome, 
251 — by Council of Carthage, 252 — again 
discussed, 304. 

Larceny, in Great Britain, — distinction be- 
tween grand and petty, abolished, and laws 
relating to, consolidated by Act 7 and 8 Geo. 
IV. c. 28, 21 Jun. 1827 — summary conviction 
for simple, in certain cases, authorized and re- 
gulated by Acts 10 and 11 Vic. c. 82, 22 Jul. 
1847 ; 13 and 14 Vic. c. 37, 29 Jul. 1850, and 
18 and 19 Vic. c. 126, 14 Aug. 1855 — law 
respecting, amended by Act 31 and 32 Vic. c. 
116, 31 Jul. 1868. 

Larcher, Pierre Henri, hellenist, — b. at 
Dijon, 12 Oct. 1726 — admitted to Academy of 
Inscriptions, 1778 — tr., Prof. Greek Literature, 
at Paris, 22 Dec. 1812. Translation of Hero- 
dotus, 1786. 

Lardizabal, Manuel de, statesman, — b. in 
Biscay, about 1750 — restored to favour by Fer- 
dinand VII. , 1808 — recognizes Joseph Bona- 
parte as king, Jun. — member of Supreme 
Junta, Sep. — imprisoned at Cadiz, 1811-14 — 
Councillor of State, Minister of the Indies, 18 14 
— tf. in exile in Biscay, Dec. 1823. 

Lardner, Dionysius, mathematician, natural 
philosopher, — ti. at Dublin, 3 Apr. 1793 — 
enters Trin. Coll. Dublin, 18 12 — B.A., 18 17 
— Prof. Natural Philosophy and Astronomy, 
London University, 1828 — visits Paris, 1840 — 
visits N. America, 1840- — settles at Paris, 1845 — 
ft., 1859. Treatise on Algebraic Geometry, 1823 
— Treatise on Differential and Integral Cal- 
culus, 1825 — lectures on the Steam Engine, 
1828 — Discourse on the Advantages of Natural 
Philosophy, 1828 — Cabinet library, 1830-2 — 
projects and contributes to Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 
1830-44 — Handbook of Natural Philosophy 
and Astronomy, 185 1-2 — Museum of Science 
and Art, 1854. 






LAEDNEE— LA SALLE. 



827 



Lardner, Nathaniel, theologian, — b. at 
Hawkhurst, Kent, 6 Juu. 1684 — studies at 
Utrecht and Leyden, 1699-1703 — Presbyterian 
minister, about 1730 — D.D., 1745 — tf. at 
Hawkhurst, 24 Jul. 1768. Credibility of the 
Gospel History, 1727-55 — Supplement, 1756-7 
— Jewish and Heathen Testimonies, 1764-7. 

Larevelliere - Lepaux, Louis Marie de, 
member of Directory of French Republic, — b. in 
Poitou, 23 Aug. 1753 — goes to Paris, 1775 — 
deputy to States-General, 1789 — to Convention, 
1792 — declared outlaw by Committee of General 
Safety, Oct. 1793 — secretary to Convention, 26 
Mar. 1795 — member of Committee of Public 
Safety, 1 Sep. — member of Directory, Oct. 
1795 — takes part in revolution of 18 Fructidor, 
2 Sep. 1796— retires, 18 Jun. 1799— tf. at 
Paris, 27 Mar. 1824. 

Largilliere, Nicolas, painter, — b. at Paris, 
9 or 10 Oct. 1656 a — visits England, 1674, 
and is employed by Charles II. : returns to 
France, 1678 — recalled by James II., 1684 — 
received at Academy of Painting, 30 Mar. 1686 
— tf. at Paris, 20 Mar. 1746. a Jal. 

Largs, in Scotland, — Alexander III. defeats 
Haco and the Norwegians, 3 Oct. 1263. 

Largus, — Consul of Pome with Messalinus, 
(900, a. u. c.) 147. 

Largus, C. Caecina, — Consul with Claudius 
Caesar, (795, a. it. c.) 42. 

Largus, Scribonius, physician., — accom- 
panies Claudius on his British expedition, 43. 

Larissa, in Thessaly, — [B C] — taken pos- 
session of and garrisoned by Alexander II. of 
Macedonia, about 369 — the garris-on withdrawn, 
occupied by Thebans under Pelopidas, 368 — 
with all Thessaly, conquered by Philip of Mace- 
donia, 352. 

Laristan, in Persia, — kingdom of, conquered 
by Shah Abbas, 16 12. 

Larivey, Pierre de, dramatist, — b. at Troyes, 
about 1550? — tf., about 1612 ? Comedies 
facetieuses, 1579. 

Lariviere, Pierre Joachim Henri, — b. at 
Falaise, 1761 — deputy to Legislative Assembly, 
1791 — to Convention, 1792 — member of Coun- 
cil of Five Hundred, 1795— counsellor to Court 
of Cassation, 181 8 — tf. at Paris, 3 Nov. 1838. 
Larmessin, Nicolas de, engraver, — b. at 
Paris, about 1640. 

Larmessin, Nicolas de, engraver, — b. at 
Paris, 1683 — member of Academy, 1730 — tf. 
engraver to the king, 1755. 
Larochefoucauld. [Rochefoucauld.] 
Larochejaquelein- [Rochejaquelein.] 
La Rochelle. [Rochelle.] 
Laromiguiere, Pierre, philosopher, — b. at 
Levignac, (Eouergue,) 3 Nov. 1756 — Prof. 
Philosophy, Coll. of Toulouse, 1784-90 — Prof. 
Logic, Central School, Paris, 1795 — member of 
Institute, 1796— Prof. Philosophy, Univ. of 
Paris, 181 1 — tf. at Paris, 12 Aug. 1837. Le- 
cons de philosophic, 1815 — Paradoxes de Con- 
dillac, 1805. 

Larothiere, in France, — Bliicher defeats 
Napoleon 1. at, 1 Feb. 18 14. 

Larra, Mariano Jose de, miscellaneous 
writer, — b. at Madrid, 4 Mar. 1809 — kills 



himself, 13 Feb. 1837. Obras, 1837. 

Larramendi, Manuel de, Jesuit, philologist, 
— b. in Biscay, about 1690 — tf. in Biscay, about 
1750. La antiquedad y universalid del Bas- 
crteuce en Hspagna, 1728 — Diccionario trilengue 
del castellano bascuence y latin, 1745. 

Larrey, Isaac de, historian, — b. in France, 
about 1638 — tf. at Berlin, 1729^ 17 19.^ His- 
toire d'Auguste, 1690 — L' Heritiere de Guienne, 
1691. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Larrey, Dominique Jean, Baron, surgeon, 
— b. at Beaudeau near Bagneres de Bigorre, 
Jul. 1766 — studies at Paris, 1787 — attached to 
army of the Ehine, 1792 — invents the ambu- 
lance volante, 1793 — at siege of Toulon, 1794 
— attached to army of Italy, 1796 — accompanies 
expedition of Egypt, 1798 — Officer of Legion 
of Honour, 1804— Inspector-general of service 
of health of tbe army, 1805 — serves in cam- 
paigns of Austria, Prussia, Poland, and Spain, 
1805 — Commander of Legion of Honour, Feb. 
1807 — Baron, 1809 — Surgeon-in-chief to grand 
army, 1812 — wounded and taken prisoner at 
Waterloo, Jun. 18 15 — at siege of Antwerp, 
1832 — tf. at Paris, 1842^ at Lyons, 25 Jul. 
1841. 13 Relation chirurgicale de Varmee d' 
Orient, 1804 — Memoires de chirurgie militaire 
et campagnes, 1812-17. 

a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Larue, Gervais de, antiquary, — b. at Caen, 
7 Sep. 1 75 1 — ordained priest, 1775 — member 
of Eoyal Academy of Caen, 1785 — Prof. His- 
tory at the Coll. du Bois, Dean of Faculty of 
Arts, 1786 — member of Legion of Honour, 
Oct. 1826 — Associate of Academy of Inscrip- 
tions, 1832 — tf., 24 Sep. 1835. Recherches sur 
les prairies de Caen, 1804 — Recherches sur le 
ce'lebre tapisserie de la reine Mathilde, 1805 — 
JSssais historiques sur la ville de Caen, 1820 — 
Histoire des Trouveres, 1834. 

Laryngoscope, — brought into use by Turck 
and Czermak, 1857-8. 

Lasalle, Antoine de, — b. at Paris, 1754— tf. 
there, 1829. JJesordre regulier, 1786 — trans- 
lation of -Bacon's Works, 1799-1802. 

Lasalle, Antoine Charles Louis Collinet de, 
general, — b. at Metz, 10 May 1775 — enters 
the army, 1793— aide-de-camp to Kellermann, 
distinguishes himself in campaign of Italy, 
1796-7 — in campaign of Egypt, 1798 — of 
Italy, 1 800- 1 — Commander of Legion of 
Honour, 1804 — General of Brigade, 1805 — dis- 
tinguishes himself at Austerlitz, Dec. 1805 — 
contributes to victory of Jena, 1806 — dis- 
tinguishes himself in campaign of Prussia, 1807 
— General of Division, 30 Dec. — serves in 
Poland, 1807 — in Spain, 1808 — falls at 
Wagram, 6 Jul. 1809. 

Lasalle, Philippe de, mechanician, — b. at 
Sessell, 1723 — receives gold medal for useful 
inventions, 1783 — tf. at Lyons, 27 Feb. 1804. 

La Salle, Rene Robert Cavalier, discoverer of 
the Mississippi,— -b. at Eouen, Nov. ? 1643 a — 
leaves the Jesuits and goes to Canada, 1666 — 
sets out on his first expedition of discovery, 
6 Jul. 1669" — discovers the Ohio, 167 1 a — 
goes to France, 1674— and obtains grant of 
Fort Frontenac : again visits France, 1677 — 



LASAULX— LASCY. 



builds the first vessel on the upper lakes, 1679 
— explores Lakes Huron and Michigan, 1679 — 
returns to Fort Frontenac, 1680 — reaches the 
Mississippi, Dec. 1680 — sees the Great Comet 
of 1680 : returns to Canada, and again sets out 
for the Mississippi, 1 681— reaches its mouth, 9 
Apr. 1682 a — and takes possession of Louisiana 
for Louis XIV. : in France again, 1684 — sets 
out on his third expedition, 24 Jul. 1684 — 
lands in Texas, Mar. 1685 — builds Fort St 
Louis ; sets out on tour of exploration, 1 Nov. 
1685 — murdered by his followers, 19 Mar. 
1687^ a Parkman. 

Lasaulx, Ernst von, philologist, arcliceologist, 
— ft. at Coblenz, 16 Mar. 1805 — studies at 
Bonn and Munich, 1824-30 — Prof. Philology, 
"Wurzburg, 1835 — Prof. Philology and ^Esthe- 
tics, Munich, 1844-7 — deputy to National 
Assembly at Frankfort, 1848— restored to the 
Professorship, 1849 — member of Chamber of 
Deputies, 1849 — *%'■> 10 May 1 861. TJntergang 
des Hellenismus, 1854 — Bhilosophie der schbnen 
Kunste, 1%60—TJeber die theol. Grundlage aller 
p kilos. Systeme, 1856 — Des Solvates Leben, 
Lehre unci Tod, 1857 — Prophetiscke Kraft der 
menschlichen Seele in Dichtern und Denkern, 
1858. 

Lascaris, John IV., Emperor of ISTiciEA, 
— h., 1253 — succeeds his father, Theodore II., 
Aug. 1258, a 1259 b — Michael Palseologus pro- 
claimed Emperor, 1 Jan., a 1 Dec. b 1259 — 
blinded by Michael, 25 Dec. 1261. 

a Finlay. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Lascaris, Theodore I., Emperor of Nicjea, 
— marries Anna Comnena, 1200 — unsuccess- 
fully defends Constantinople against crusaders, 
1203-4 — elected to succeed Alexius V., 1204 — 
takes title of despot in Anatolia, 1204 — defeated 
by Louis, Count of Blois, 1204 — crowned Em- 
peror at Niccea, 1206 — corresponds with 
Innocent III., 1208 — defeats his father-in-law 
Alexius, and the Sultan of Iconium, 12 10 — 
carries on war with Emperor Henry, 12 14 — 
third wife, Maria, daughter of Peter of 
Courtenay, 1219 — ft., 1222. 

Lascaris, Theodore II., Emperor of Nic^ea, 
— h., 1222 — succeeds his father, John Ducas 
Vataces, Oct. 1254,* 1255 b — attacks Bulgarian 
camp on the Hebrus, beginning of 1255 — 
makes peace, 1256 — attacked by Michael, king 
of Bulgarians, 1257 — tf. at Magnesia, Aug. 
1259^ 1258.* 

Finlay. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Lascaris, Andreas Johannes, {Bhyndacenus,) 
classical scholar, — rj-, about 1445 — goes to 
Italy, and is received at Florence by Cosmo de' 
Medici, 1454 — follows Charles VIlI. to France, 
1494 — envoy from Louis XII. to Venice, 1503 
and 1505 — director of Greek Coll. at Pome, 
about 15 1 3 — envoy from Leo X. to Francis I., 
1 5 15 — employed with Budams in Royal 
Library of Fontainebleau, 1518— tf. at Pome, 
1535. Anthologia epigrammatum grcccorum, 
1494 — Callimachi hymni greed, about 1495— 
Scholia grceca in Iliadem, 15 17 — Commentarii 
in septem tragoedias Sophoelis, 151 8. 

Lascaris, Constantino, classical scholar, — 
ouits Constantinople for Italy, 1454 — tutor to 



Hippolyta, daughter of Francesco Sforza, 1455 
— living at Messina, 17 Nov. 1493. Gram- 
matica Grccca, 1476. 

Lascaris, Paul, Grand Master of Order 
of Malta, — 6. at Chastellar, 1560— enters the 
Order, 1584 — Grand Master, 1636— tf. at Malta, 
14 Aug. 1657. 

Las Casas, Bartolomeo de, ' Apostle of the 
Indies,' — b. at Sevilie, 1474— graduates at 
Univ. of Salamanca, 1498 a — with his father 
accompanies Columbus to W. Indies, 1498 b — 
accompanies Oviedo, a (Ovando, b ) to New World, 
1502 — takes priest's orders in St Domingo, 
i5io a — goes to Cuba, 151 1 ? — his expedition 
with Narvaez, 15 13 or i5i4 b — begins to preach 
against repartimientos, 15 14 — embarks for 
Spain, Sep. 1515 b — sees King Ferdinand at 
Plasencia, Dec. i5i5 b — has conferences with 
Card. Ximenes, early in 15 16 — appointed Pro- 
tector of the Indians, 15 16 — returns to St 
Domingo, by Dec. i5i6 b — embarks for Spain, 
May 15 1 7 — sees Ximenes at Aranda, Jul. — 
obtains licence for importation of negroes into 
St Domingo, 15 17 — commission to redress 
Indian grievances, and embarks for America 
again, 1520— attempts to found a colony on 
the mainland, 152 1 — -takes refuge in Franciscan 
monastery, 152 1 — returns to St Domingo, and 
enters Dominican Order, 1522 b — goes' to 
Mexico, 1530 — sets out on voyage to Peru, 
153 1 — again, 1534 — settles at Guatemala, 
1536 — visits Spain, 1539 — declines bishopric of 
Cuzco, 1543 — Bp of Chiapa, returns to Mexico, 
Jul. 1544 — resigns the see, 1547 b — and returns 
to Spain, 1550 — his controversy with Sepulveda, 
1550 — ft. at monastery of Atocha, Madrid, Jul. 
1566. Brevissima relacion de la destruccion de 
las Indias, 1552 — his Historia General de las 
Indias commenced, 1527 ? — in progress, 1561 
— still unpublished. a Prescott. b Helps. 

Las-Cases, Maria Joseph Emmanuel 
Auguste Bieudonne de, Count, historian, — 
h. at Las-Cases, (Haute Garonne,) 1766— at 
siege of Gibraltar, 1782 — distinguishes him- 
self in naval battle near Cadiz, 20 Oct. 1782 — 
emigrates, 1790 — takes part in expedition of 
Quiberon, 1795 — serves under Bernadotte, 1809 
— Master of Bequests, 1 8 1 o — Inspector of public 
establishments, 18 12 — follows Napoleon I. to St 
Helena, 18 15 — arrested, sent to Cape of Good 
Hope, Nov. 1816 — tf. at Paris, May 1842. 
Atlas historique et ge'ographiqtie, 1802 — 
Memorial de Sainte-Helene, 1822-3. 

Lasey, {Lacy,) Peter, Count de, feld- 
marskal, — fc. in Ireland, 1678 — goes to France 
with his uncle, 1691 — enters Bussian army, 
serves as brigadier, and is wounded at battle of 
Pultawa, 1709 — ravages coasts of the Baltic, 
17 19 — Lieutenant-general, 1720 — Gcneral-in- 
chief of infantry, 1728 — Field-marshal, and 
Governor-general of Livonia, about 1735 — 
defeats Swedes at Helsingfors, 1742 — fr., 1751. 

Lascy, {Lacy,) Joseph Maurice, Count de, 
field-marshal, — ft. at St Petersburg, 1725 — 
enters Austrian army, 1744 — distinguishes him- 
self at combat of Velletri, 1745 — at siege of 
Maestricht, 1748 — Colonel, 1748 — saves 
Austrian army at battle of Lowositz, and is 



LASERtfA— LATINI. 



829 



.made Major-general, 1756 — at battle of 
Breslau, Lieutenant-general, 22 Nov. 1757 — 
contributes to victory of Hochkirck, Oct. 1758 — 
occupies Berlin, 1760— Marshal, 1762— Aulic 
Councillor, 1763 — commands against lurks, 
1788— recalled, Feb. 1789 — Xf. at Vienna, 30 
Nov. 1 80 1. 

Laserna. [Santander.] 

Lasion, in JEl-is — [B C] — seized by Arcadian 
exiles and Eleans, latter part of 365. 

Lasne, Michel, engraver, — ft. at Caen, about 
1596 — ft. at Paris, 1667. 

Lasos, of Hermione,— [B C] — lyric poet, in- 
structs Pindar, about 506 a — {{., 503, b 497.° 

a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. c Miiller. 

Lasso, Orlando di, {Orlandus Lassus,) mu- 
sical composer, — ft. at Moils, 1520^ 1530 b — 
goes to Home, 1541-3 — settles at Munich, 1557 
— chapel-master to Duke Albert V., 1562 — 
ennobled by Maximilian, Dec. 1570 — Chevalier, 
by Gregory XIII., Apr. 1574— tr. at Munich, 
about 1595. Magnum Opus Musician, i6o4. b 
a -Biog. Univ. b Con v. -Lex. 

Lastic, Jean Bonpar de, Grand Master 
of Order op Malta, — ft. in Auvergne, about 
1 37 1 — enters the Order, 1395 — Grand Master, 
1437 — defends Rhodes against Sultan of Egypt, 
1444 — U. at Rhodes, 19 May 1454. 

Laswaree, in Hindustan, — Lord Lake de- 
feats the Mahrattas at, 1 Nov. 1803. 

Lateran, The, at Rome, Councils of, — for 
condemnation of Monothelites, held, 5-31 Oct. 
649 — for deposition and excommunication of 
Bp of Porto, 1 Nov. 864 — for restoration of 
Bp of Langres, Aug. 900 — for canonization of 
Udalric, Bp of Augsburg, 31 Jan. 993 — re- 
specting the regalia and investitures, the pope, 
Pascal II., taken prisoner by Emperor Henry 
V., and compelled, to sign treaty conceding 
investitures, 12 Feb. 1111 — for revocation of 
the concession, by Pascal II., 18-23 Mar. 1112 
— for condemnation of privilege of investiture 
and confirmation of excommunication of Em- 
peror, 5 Mar. 1 1 16. General, first of Western 
Church, held by Callixtus II. , 18 Mar. to 5 Apr. 
1 123. II. General, for reunion of the Church, 
under Innocent II., Arnold of Brescia con- 
demned, 20 Apr. 1 1 39. Ill- General, right 
of election of Popes vested in Cardinals, by 
Nicholas II. confirmed : war against Albi- 
genses authorized, held by Alexander III., 5, 
14, and 19 Mar. 1179. IV. General, held by 
Innocent III. : Count of Toulouse deprived 
of his dominions, Albigenses condemned, con- 
fession ordained, new religious Orders pro- 
hibited, &c, n-30 Nov. 1215. V. General, 
convoked by Julius II., 18 Jul. 1511 — meets, 
3 May 15 1 2 — Acts of Council of Pisa declared 
void; continued by Leo X., Apr. 15 13 — the 
Pragmatic Sanction abolished, Concordat with 
Francis I. confirmed, decree on 'printing of 
dangerous books,' imposition of tenths for war 
against Turks ; closes, 16 Mar. 1517. 

Lateranus, (1.) Consul of Pome with Aspre- 
nus, (847, a. u. c.) 94 — (2.) Consu with liu- 
linus, (950,) 197. 

Lateranus, L. Sextius Sextinus, — [BC] — 
triuunus plebis with Licinius Stolo, 376 — first 



plebeian Consul, with L. JEmilius Mamercinus, 
(388, a. u. c.) 366. 

Latham, John, ornithologist, — ft. at Eltham, 
Kent, 27 Jun. 1740 — commences practice as 
surgeon at Dartford, 1763 — F.R.S., 1775 — 
assists in founding Linnajan Society, 1788 — 
F.S.A., 1792 — M.D. Erlangen, 1795 — retires 
from business, 1796 — ft. at Romsey, Hamp- 
shire, 4 Feb. 1837. General Synopsis of 
Birds, 178 1-7 — Index Omithologicus, 1791 — 
General History of Birds, 182 1-4. 

Latham House, — defended by Charlotte, 
Countess of Derby, against Parliamentary forces, 
from Feb. 1644— relieved by Prince Rupert, 
May 1644 — siege renewed by Gen. Egerton, 
Jul. 1645 — surrendered by Col. Rawstone, 2 
Dec. 1645. 

Latil, Jean Eaptiste Marie Anne Antoine 
de, Cardinal, — ft. in the lies Sainte-Mar- 
guerite, 6 Mar. 1761 — ordained priest, 1784 — 
emigrates 1791 — almoner to the Count d'Ar- 
tois, 1*794 — Bp of Chartres, 1821 — Peer, 1823 
— Abp of Rheims, 1824 — crowns Charles X., 
29 May 1825 — Cardinal, by Leo XII., 1826— 
attends Charles X. in England, Jul. 1830 — 3j. 
near Marseilles, 1 Dec. 1839. 

Latimer, Hugh, Bp of Worcester, — ft. at 
Thurcaston, Leicestershire, about 1490 s1 — 
enters Cambridge Univ., about 1504 — Fellow of 
Clare Hall, 1509 — embraces Lutheranism, 
about 1520 — summoned before Wolsey and 
dismissed, 1527 a — chaplain to Henry VIII., 
1530 — cited before bishops as a heretic and 
imprisoned, Jan. 1532 — chaplain to Anne Bo- 
leyn, 1534 — Bp of Worcester, 1535 — resigns, 
Jul. 1539— imprisoned in the Tower, 1541-7 — 
again, Sep. 1553 — commission issued by Car- 
dinal Pole to try him and liidley, 1555 — burnt 
at Oxford, 16 Oct. 1555. Sermons, 1570. 
a Froude. 
Latimer, Lord. [Dauby, Earl of.] 
Latin Church. [See Greek Church.] 
Latin Empire. [Eastern Empire.] 
Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. [Jerusalem.] 
Latin Language, — use of, prohibited in 
Spain, by Hixem I., king of Cordova, about 
790-5 — use of, in English Church, prohibited 
by Edward VI., 1547 — restored by Mary, 1553 
— again disused by Elizabeth, 1558— use of, in 
law pleadings and processes, prohibited by Act 
4 Geo. II. c. 26, 1731. 

Latin War, between confederate cities of 
latium and Borne,— [B C] — first Latin League 
with Rome concluded by Sp. Cassius, (261, 
a. u. c.) 493 a — dissolved, 390-389 — renewed, 
356 b — violated by Rome, 341 — minion pro- 
posed by Latins, rejected by Rome, war begins, 
(414,) 3 4 o, ab (415,) 339,° (410,) 344^— Latins 
defeated at Mount Vesuvius, by Manlius Tor- 
quatus and P. Decius Mus, 34o, ab 339,° 344 d 
— the war continued, Tibur, Praeneste, and 
other towns conquered by Tib. ZEmilius, 
339 a — Pedum conquered, and the war ends, 
339, b 338, a 417,° 4i2. d a Zumpt. 

b Lid dell. c Arnold. d Niebuhr. 

Latini, Brunetto, grammarian, — ft. at Flo- 
rence, about i2oo, a 1230 b — exiled as a Ghibel- 
line, resides in France, 1260-7 — ft. there, 1294. 



830 



LATITAT— LAUDON. 



Tcsoro, 1474 — Fettorica in volgar fiorentino, 
1546. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Latitat, writ of, — abolished by Act 2 ¥m 
IV. c. 39, 23 May 1832. 

Latitudinarians,— party of, become distin- 
guished in Church of England, about 1650-70. 

Latium, — [B G] — conquered by Rome, 340- 
338. [Latin War.] 

Latour, Theodor Baillet, Count von, — ft. 
at Vienna, 15 Jun. 1780 — Minister of "War, 
Mar. 1848 — murdered by insurgents at Vienna, 
6 Oct. 1848. 

Latour d'Auvergne Corret, Theophile Malo 
de, 'First Grenadier of France,' — ft. in Brit- 
tany, 1743 — distinguishes himself in early wars 
of the Revolution, 1792-5 and 1799 — named 
First Grenadier by Napoleon, 1799 — killed at 
battle of Neuburg, 27 Jun. 1800. Nouvelles 
Eecherches sur la Langue, V Origine, et les Anti- 
quit es des Bretons, 1792. 

Latour - Maubourg, Marie Victor Fay, 
Marquis de, general,— ft. in the Vivarais, 11 
Feb. 1756 — enters the army, 1782 — aide-de- 
camp to Kleber in Egypt, 1798 — at battle of 
Austerlitz, General of Brigade, 2 Dec. 1805 — 
— serves in Prussia and Poland, 1806-7 — 
General of Division, 1807 — wounded at Fried- 
land, 14 Jun. 1807 — commands in Spain, 1808 
— takes part in expedition of Russia, 181 2 — 
distinguishes himself at battle of Dresden, 27 
Sep. 1 8 13 — at Leipsic, 18 Oct. — Peer, Jun. 
1 8 14 — Minister of War, 1820 — tf. Governor of 
the Invalides, 1832. 

La Trappe. [Trappe.] 

Latreille, Pierre Andre, naturalist, — b. at 
Brives, 29 Nov. 1762- — goes to Paris, 1778 — 
member of Academy of Sciences, 18 14 — Prof. 
Zoology, at the Museum, 1829 — Chevalier of 
Legion of Honour, 1821 — ft. at Paris, 6 Feb. 
1833. Genera crustaceorum et insectorum, 
1808-9 — Histoire naturelle des reptiles, 1802 — 
Histoire naturelle des crustacees et des insectes, 
1802-5 — Families naturelles, 1825 — Cours a" 
entomologie, 183 1-3. 

Latro, M. Porcius, rhetorician, — fl., about 

Latronianus, ecclesiastical writer, — put to 
death by Maximus with Priscillian and others, 

385. 

L'Attaignant. u Attaignant, L .] 

Latter Day Saints. [Mormons.] 

Latude. [Masers de Latude.] 

Laubanie, Yrieix de Magouthier de, gen- 
eral, — 0. in Limousin, 6 Feb. 163 1 — Major- 
general, 1684 — Marechal de Camp, 1689 — 
governor of Mons, commander of St Louis, 
1693 — governor of Alsace, 1699 — Lieutenant- 
general, 1702 — governor of fortress of Landau, 
1703 — ts. at Paris, 25 Jul. 1707. 

Laubardemont, Jean Martin, Baron de, — 
ft., about 1590 — Councillor of State, Nov. 1631 
— Intendant of the Generality of Touraine, &c, 
1632— Pres. Commission of Inquiry into case 
of Urban Grandier, at Paris, Nov. 1633 — 
member and reporter of Commission to try 
Cinq-Mars and De Thou, 1642 — tf., before 

i 6 57- 
Laud, William, Abp of Canterbury, — ft. 



at Beading, 7 Oct. 1573 — enters Oxford Univ., 
Jul. 1589 — M.A., 1598 — ordained priest, 160 r 
— Pres. of St John's Coll., 16 11 to Nov. 1621 
■ — Dean of Gloucester, 161 6 — as chaplain, ac- 
companies James I. to Scotland, 1617 — Pre- 
bendary of Westminster, Jan. 1620 — Bp of St 
David's, Nov. 162 1 — has controversy with Jesuit 
Fisher, 1622 — chaplain to Buckingham, Jun. 
1622 — Bp of Bath and Wells, Dean of Chapel 
Royal, 1626 — Privy Councillor, 1627 — Bp of 
London, 1628 — Chancellor of Oxford Univ., 
1630 — attends Charles I. to Scotland, 1633 — 
Abp of Canterbury, 16 Aug. 1633 — Chancellor 
of Dublin Univ., 1633 — Commissioner of the 
Treasury, 1634— founds Prof essorship of Arabic, 
Oxford, 1636 — impeached of high treason, com- 
mitted to the Tower, 1 Mar. 1641 — beheaded, 
10 Jun. 1645. History of his Troubles and 
Trial, 1695. 

Lauder, Sir Thomas Dick, Bart., miscel- 
laneous writer, — ft. near Edinburgh, 1784 — • 
succeeds to the baronetcy, i82o, a 1830 b — ft. 
near Edinburgh, 29 May 1848. Highland 
Rambles, 1837 — Great Floods in Moray, 1829, 
1830 — Legendary Tales of the Highlands, 1841. 
a Chambers. b Gent. Mag. 

Lauder, William, — tf. at Barbadoes, about 
177 1. Fssay on Milton's Use and Imitation 
of the Modems, 1751 — Grand Impostor de- 
tected, 1754. 

Lauderdale, James Maitland, Earl of, 
statesman, — ft. in Scotland, 1759 — M.P. New* 
port, 1780 — one of the managers of impeach- 
ment of Warren Hastings, 1788 — succeeds to 
the title, 1789 — one of the representative Peers 
of Scotland in House of Lords, Nov. 1790-6 — 
raised to English peerage, made Privy Coun- 
cillor and Chancellor of Scotland, 1806 — min- 
ister plenipotentiary to France, to conclude 
peace, Aug. 1807 — resigns Great Seal of Scot- 
land, 1807 — tf., 13 Sep. 1839. 

Lauderdale, John Maitland, Duke of, 
statesman, — ft. at Lethington, 161 6 — one of the 
Commissioners to treat with Charles L, 1647 
— taken prisoner at battle of Worcester, Sep. 
1 65 1 — imprisoned, 1651-60 — Secretary of 
State and High Commissioner in Scotland, 
1660 — Duke of Lauderdale, 1673 — publishes 
act of grace for offences against Conventicle 
Act, 1673 — raised to English peerage, 1674 — ■ 
ft., 24 Aug. 1682. 

Laudon, {Loudon,) Gideon Ernst, Baron 
von, field-marshal, — ft. in Livonia, 10 Oct. 
17 16 — enters Russian army, 17 31 — serves in 
Poland, 1733 — in Rhine campaign, 1735 — in 
Turkish war, 1736-9 — enters Austrian army as 
Captain of Pandours, 1742 — becomes a Catholic, 
1754 — Major-general, 1757 — Lieutenant-gen- 
eral, 1758 — contributes to raising of siege of 
Olmiitz, 1758 — contributes to victory of Hoch- 
kirch, Oct. 1758 — defeats Fouque, near Lands- 
hut, 29 Jun. 1760 — takes Glatz and invests 
Breslau, 1760 — seizes Schweidnitz, 1761 — 
Aulic Councillor, 1766 — Commander-general 
of Moravia, 1769— accompanies Joseph II. on 
visit to Frederick II., 1770 — Field-marshal, 
1778 — prevents junction of Prince Henry with 
Frederickin Bohemia, 1778 — takes Belgrade and 



LAUENBURG— LAUTREC 



831 



is named Generalissimo, 1789 — b. at Neu- 
stichen, 14 Jul. 1790. 

Lauenburg, Saxe-Lauenburg, Lower Sax- 
ony, — town built, about 11 82 — separate Duchy 
for John, son of Albert L, Elector of Saxony, 
j: 260 — ducal line ends with death of Julius 
Francis, 19 Sep. 1689 — held by Electors of 
Saxony, 1689 — sold by them to Duke of Bruns- 
wick Liineburg, 1697 — forms part of Elector- 
ate of Hanover, 17 16 — taken possession Of, by 
Napoleon I., 1803 — incorporated with French 
department of Mouths of the Elbe, 18 10 — 
restored to George III. as king of Hanover, 
1 8 14— exchanged with Prussia for East Fries- 
land, 1 8 15 — exchanged with Denmark for 
Swedish Pomerania, 1816 — seized by Austria 
and Prussia, 1863 — ceded to them by king of 
Denmark, by Treaty of Vienna, 30 Oct. 1864 — 
share of Austria sold to king of Prussia, by 
Convention of Gastein, 15 Aug. 1865 — annex- 
ation of, to Prussia, proclaimed, 15 Sep. — 
entry of king of Prussia into, 25 Sep. — an- 
nexation without sanction of Chamber, declared 
illegal by Prussian Chamber of Deputies, 3 
Feb. 1866. 

Laughern, Major-general, — deserts Parlia- 
mentary army, and with Col. Poyer raises 
Royalist standard in S. Wales, Feb. 1648 — 
defeated by Cromwell, at St Fagan, near Car- 
diff, 8 May 1648. 

Laugier, Marc Antoine, litterateur, — b. at 
Manosque, 17 13 — b. at Paris, 1769. Kistoire 
de la republique de Venise, 1759-68. 

Launay, Mlle de. [Staal.] 

Launay, Jean Baptiste, engineer, — b. at 
Avranches, 1769 — erects column of the Place 
Vendome, 1807 — takes it down, 18 14 — b. at 
Savigny sur Orge, 23 Aug. 1827. 

Launay, Nicolas de, engraver, — b. at Paris, 
1739 — member of Academy of Painting, 1777 
— b., 179*. 

Launey, Bernard Rene Jourdan de,— b. at 
Paris, 1740 — succeeds his father as governor of 
the Bastille, 1776 — massacred at siege of the 
Bastille, 14 Jul. 1789. 

Launoy, Jean de, doctor of the Sorbonne, — 
b. at Valderic (Coutances,) 1603 — b. at Paris, 
1678. Opera, 1721-33. 

Laura. [Petrarch.] 

Lauraguais, Louis Leon Felicite, Duke de 
Brancas, Count de, miscellaneous writer, — b. 
at Versailles, 3 Jul. 1733 — Associate of Acad- 
emy of Sciences, 177 1 — b. at Paris, 8 Oct. 
1824. Clytemnestre, 17 81 — Jocaste, 17 81. 

Laurati. [Lorenzetti.] 

Laurens, Henry, statesman, — b. at Charles- 
ton, 1724 — Pres. Council of Safety, 1774 — 
Pres. Congress of Carolina, Jun. 1775 — Pres. 
Congress, U.S., Nov. 1777 — ambassador to Hol- 
land, 1780 — arrested by British, and committed 
to the Tower, Oct. 1780 — liberated, Dec. 178 1 
— signs preliminaries of peace at Paris, 30 Nov. 
1782 — b. at Charleston, 8 Dec. 1792. 

Laurent, {de Graff,) Cornalisz Baldran, 
adventurer, — with Van Horn leads expedition 
to Vera Cruz, 1683 — takes part in various en- 
terprises against Spaniards in the West Indies, 



1685-8 — Lieutenant of the king in St Do- 
mingo, 1694. 

Laurent, Pierre, engraver, — b. at Marseilles, 
1739 — b. at Paris, 1809. 

Laurentian System, in geology, American, — 
investigated and described by Logan, between 
1855-60. 

Laurentius, — ordained by Bp of Rome, in 
opposition to Symmachus, 22 Nov. 498 — re- 
jected by decision of Theodoric, 498. 

Laurentius, Abp of Canterbury, — succeeds 
Augustine, 605 — b., 2 Feb. 1619. 

Lauriston, Jacques Alexandre Bernard 
Law, Marquis de, Marshal and Peer op 
France, — b. at Pondicherry, 1 Feb. 1768 — 
enters French army, 1793 — General of Brigade, 
1800 — envoy to Copenhagen, takes part in 
defence of the town, 1801 — General of Division, 
1802 — serves in campaign of Austria, 1805 — 
takes Ragusa, 1807 — takes part in attack on 
Castel-Nuovo, Governor of Venice, 1807 — con- 
tributes to taking of Madrid, 1808 — to taking 
of Raab, 1809 — to victory of Wagram, 1809 — 
escorts Archduchess Maria Louisa to Paris, 1 810 
— ambassador to St Petersburg, i8n — takes 
part in expedition of Russia, 1 8 1 2 — in campaign 
of 181 3 — taken prisoner at Leipsic, 1 8 Oct. — 
Peer of France, Commander of Royal Guard, 
1815 — Marquis, 1817 — Minister of the king's 
house, 1820 — Marshal, 1821 — b- at Paris, Jun. 
1828. 

Lauro, Jacopo, antiquary, engraver, — b. at 
Rome, about 1630. Antiquce urbis splendor, 
1612-13. 

Lausanne, in Switzerland, — seat of a bishop- 
ric, 580 — interview between Pope Gregory X. 
and Rudolph of Hapsburg, 18 Oct. 1275 — 
forms alliance with Berne and Friburg, 1525 — 
colloquy attended by Calvin, Farel, and Virel, 
followed by adoption of Reformed Faith, 1536 
— taken by the French and made capital of 
department of the Leman, 1798 — capital of 
canton of Vaud, 1 803 — Peace Congress held at, 
Sep. 187 1. Council of, to ratify renunciation of 
Pope Felix V., 16 Apr. 1449. A cademy, found- 
ed, 15 37. Cathedral, commenced, about 1000 — ■ 
consecrated bv Gregory X. in presence of Em- 
peror Rudolph of Hapsburg, 1275. 

Lausitz. [Lusatia.] 

Lautensack, Hans Sebald, engraver, — b. at 
Nurnberg, 1508. 

Lautensack, Heinricb, goldsmith, engraver, 
— b. at Nurnberg, about 1506 — b- there, 1590. 

Lautb, Thomas, physician, — b. at Strasburg, 
29 Aug. 1758 — visits England, France, Hol- 
land, and Germany, 17 81-2 — Prof. Anatomy 
and Surgery, Strasburg, 1785 — Physician-in- 
chief to Civil Hospital, 1795 — b., 16 Sep. 1826 

Lautrec, {Odet de Foist:,) Marshal op 
France, — follows Louis XII. in expedition of 
Italy, 15 1 1 — wounded at battle of Ravenna, 
Apr. 15 1 2 — Lieutenant-general of Francis I. in 
Italy, Aug. 1516 — retakes Verona, 1517 — 
compels Imperialists to raise siege of Parma, 
1521— defeated at la Bicoque, evacuates Italy, 
1522 — wounded at battle of Pavia, 1525 — 
takes Alessandria and Pavia, 1527 — b. at siege 
of Naples, 15 Aug. 1528. 



8 3 2 



LATTTUL^— LAW. 



Lautulae, — [BC] — the Dictator Q,. Fabius 
defeated by Samnites at, (439, a.it.c.) 315. 

Lauwers, Nicholas, engraver, — ft. in Bel- 
gium, 1620 — tj., about 1660. 

Lauzun, Antonin Nompar de Caumont, 
Marquis of Puyguilhem and Duke or, 
Marshal or France, — ft. in Gaseony, about 
1632 — imprisoned in the Bastille, 1669 — re- 
leased and named Captain of the Guards, 1669 
— Marshal of France, commands in Flanders, 
167 1 — disgraced through intrigues of Madame 
de Montespan and imprisoned, Nov. 167 1 — 
exiled, 1676 — goes to England, 1688 — con- 
ducts queen of James II. to France, Dec. 1688 
— conducts auxiliaries to Ireland, Nov. 1689 — 
Duke, 1692 — ft. at Paris, 19 Nov. 1723. 

Lauzun. [Biron.] 

Laval, in France, — castle rebuilt, 840 — head 
of a Lordship, about 1000 — raised to a County 
by Charles VII., 143 1 — raised to a Duchy by 
Louis XL, 148 1 — captured by Talbot, 1466 — 
retaken by French, 1467 — taken by Vendeans 
under Larochejaquelein, 21 Oct. 1793 — the 
Republicans defeated near, 24 Oct. 1793. 

Laval, Anne Adrien Pierre de Mont- 
morency, Duke de, Peer of France, diplo- 
matist, — ft. at Paris, 29 Oct. 1768 — Prince, by 
Louis XVIII. , 1 8 14 — ambassador to Spain, 
Aug. — to Rome, 18 19 — to Vienna, 1828 — to 
London, 1829 — tf. at Montigny, 16 Jun. 1837. 

La Valetta. [Valetta.] 

Lavalette, Antoine Marie Chaman3, Count 
de, politician, — ft. at Paris, 1769 — officer of 
National Guard, assists in defence of the 
Tuileries, 10 Aug. 1792 — serves in campaign of 
Italy, 1796 — aide-de-camp to Napoleon after 
battle of Areola, Oct. 1796 — takes part in ex- 
pedition of Egypt, 1 7 98— Count of the Empire, 
1808 — Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 
1 8 11-— deprived of office of Postmaster-general, 
1814 — Peer, 2 Jun. 18 14 — again Postmaster- 
general, 20 Mar. 1 815 — deprived, Jul. 1815 — 
condemned to death, 21 Nov. 18 15 — escapes 
from prison by aid of his wife, who remains in 
his place, 20 Dec. — assisted in his flight by 
"Wilson, Bruce, and Hutchinson, Jan. 1816 — 
permitted to return to France, 1822 — ti. at 
Paris, 15 Feb. 1830. 

La Valliere. [Valliere.] 

Lavardin, Henri Charles de Beaumanoir, 
Marquis de,— ft., 1643 — sent as ambassador to 
Rome, with troops, to maintain franchises of 
ambassadors, enters Rome, 16 Nov. 1687 — is 
refused audience of Pope Innocent XL and ex- 
communicated : returns to Paris, 1689 — tf. 
there, 19 Aug. 1701. 

Lavardin, Jean de Beaumanoir, Marshal 
de, — ft. in Maine, 155 1 — enters the army and 
serves at siege of Poitiers, 1569 — wounded at 
taking of St Lo, 1574 — Colonel of Infantry, 
takes Villefranche de Rouergue, Cahors, &c., 
1580— commands under Duke de Joyeuse, dis- 
tinguishes himself at battle of Coutras, 1587 — 
joins party of the League, 1589 — Chevalier of 
the Holy Ghost, governor of Maine, Marshal, 
1595 — commander in Burgundy, 1602 — present 
at assassination of Henry IV., 16 10 — Grand 



master of France, assists at coronation of Louis 
XIII., 1612— If. at Paris, 1614. 

Lavater, Johann Caspar, physiognomist,— -ft. 
at Zurich, 15 Nov. 1741 — deacon of Orphan 
House Church, 1769 — first pastor, 1774 — 
wounded at taking of Zurich by French, 26 
Sep. 1799— )j. there, 2 Jan. 1801. Fhysiogno- 
mische Fragmente, 1775-8 — Schweizerlieder, 
1767—Aussichte in die Fwigkeit, 1768. 

Lavater, Ludwig, theologian, — ft. atKyburg, 
1527 — ft. at Zurich, 1586. De spectris leinuri- 
bus et magnis atque insolitis fragoribus et 
prcesagitionibus quae obitum hominum, §c, 
prcecedmit, 1570. 

Lavauguyon, Paul Francois de Quelen de 
Stuer de Caussade, Duke de, peer of France, — ■ 
ft., 30 Jul. 1746 — enters the army, 1758 — am- 
bassador to Holland, 1776 — Brigadier, 17 81 — 
Chevalier of the Holy Ghost, ambassador to 
Spain, 1784 — Chevalier of the Golden Fleece, 
1788 — returns to France, Jul. 1789 — Peer, 
1 8 14— tr. at Paris, 14 Mar. 1828. 

Lavaur, in France, — taken by Simon de 
Montfort, 3 May 121 1 — captured by Raymond, 
Count of Toulouse, Jan. 1220 — fortifications 
demolished, 1229 — seat of a bishropric, by John 
XXII., 13 16 — erected into a County by Louis 
XL, 1462 — reunited to the Crown, 1483. 
Council of, against Albigenses, 12 13. 

Laveaux, Jean Charles Thibault de, lexico- 
grapher, — ft. at Troyes, 17 Nov. 1749 — ft. at 
Paris, 15 Mar. 1827. Dictionnaire francais- 
allemand, 1784-5 — Vie de Frederic II., roi de 
Frusse, 1788-9 — edits Dictionnaire de V Acade- 
mic franc aise, 1803 — Dictionnaire raisonne des 
difficultes grammaticales et litteraires de la 
langue francais, 1822. 

La Vendee. [Vendean War.] 

Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent, chemist, — ft. 
at Paris, 16 Aug. 1743 — Associate of French 
Academy, 1768 — Farmer-general, 1769 — mar- 
ries, 177 1 — improves gunpowder, 1776 — dis- 
covers composition of water, 1783 — guillotined 
at Paris, 8 May 1794. Opuscules chimiques et 
physiques, 1775 — Instructions sur les Nitrieres 
et sur la fabrication de Salpetre, 1777 — Traite 
ele'mentaire de chimie, 1789. 

Law, Edmund, Bp oe Carlisle, — ft. in 
Lancashire, 1703 — B.A. Cambridge, 1723 — 
M.A., 1727 — Archdeacon of Carlisle, 1743 — ■ 
D.D,, 1749 — Master of Peter-House, 1756^ 
i754 bc — Librarian to the Univ., about i76o, b 
1755 c — loses his wife, 1762 — prebendary 
of Durham, 1767 — Bp of Carlisle, 1768 — if. at 
Rose Castle, 14 Aug. 1787. Translation of 
King's Fssay on the Origin of Evil, 17 31 — 
Enquiry into the Ideas of Space and Time, 
1735 — Considerations on the Theory of Religion, 
1745 — edition of Locke's Works, 1777. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Baines. c Rees' Cyc. 

Law, Edward. [Ellenborough, Lord.] 

Lav/, John, ' the projector, ' — ft. at Edin- 
burgh, 21 Apr. i68i, a 1671b — obtains letters 
patent from Regent Orleans for founding 
General Bank, 1716° — projects the 'Missis- 
sippi Scheme,' 17 19 — Controller-general, 
1720 c — tf. at Venice, May 1729. Works, 1790. 
u Engl. Cyc. b Chambers' Encyc. c Henault. 



LAW— LEAGUE. 



833 



Law, William, theologian, — b. at King's- 
Cliffe, Northamptonshire, 1686 — enters Cam- 
bridge Univ., 1705 — Fellow of Emanuel Coll., 
1711 — M.A., 1712 — resides in Gibbon's 
family, about 17 16 — ft. at King's-Cliffe, 9 Apr. 
1 76 1. Remarks on the Fable of the Bees, 1726 
— Serious Gall, 1729 — Way to Divine Know- 
ledge, 1752 — edition of Jacob Boehmen's 
Works, 1765. 

Lawes, Henry, musical composer, — b., 1600 
— gentleman of the Eoyal Chapel, 1625 — tr., 
Oct. 1662. Music to Comus, 1634 — Ayres 
and Dialogues, 1653. 

Lawes, William, musical composer, — gen- 
tleman of the Chapel Eoyal, 1602 — resigns, 
1 6 1 1 — killed at siege of Chester, 1 645 . Fmlms 
for three voices, 1648. 

Lawrence, St, River, in N. America, — ex- 
plored by Cortereal, about , 1501 — by Jacques 
Cartier, 1535. 

Lawrence, St, the Deacon, — martyred at 
Eome, 258. 

Lawrence 0' Toole, St, Abp of Dublin,— 
attempts to negotiate a peace with Strongbow, 
1 1 69 — promotes confederacy of Irish princes 
against the English, n 70 — conducts funeral of 
Strongbow, 1176. 

Lawrence, Andrew, engraver, — fj. at West- 
minster, 1708 — assists Le Bas, at Paris : tf. at 
Paris, 8 Jul. 1747. 

Lawrence, Frederick, biographer, — fj. at 
Bisham, 1821 — called to the bar at the Middle 
Temple, 1849 — tf. in London, 25 Oct. 1867. 
Life of Fielding, 1855. 

Lawrence, Sir Henry Montgomery, Go- 
vernor of Oude, — ft. in Ceylon, 1806 — cadet 
in Bengal artillery, 1821 — Eesident atNepaul, 
1843 — Lieut.-colonel, about 1845 — Eesident at 
Lahore, 1 846 — K. C.B. , 1 848 — Superintendent 
of the Punjab, 1849 — Colonel, 1854 — Governor 
of Oude, 1856 — defeats mutineers atLucknow, 
31 May 1857 — fortifies the Eesidency: wounded 
in a sortie, 2 Jul. — ts., 4 Jul. 1857. 

Lawrence, Stringer, Major-general, — b., 
1697 — distinguishes himself in Indian cam- 
paigns, 1750-61 — rj., 10 Jan. 1775. 

Lawrence, Sir Thomas, painter, — b. at 
Bristol, 4 May 1769 — student at the Eoyal 
Academy, 1787 — A.E.A., 1791 — painter to 
George III., 1792 — E.A., 1794 — Knt, by the 
Prince Eegent, 18 15 — Pres. Eoyal Academy, 
1820 — tf. in London, 7 Jan. 1830. 

Lawrence, Sir William, Bart., surgeon, 
anatomist, — b. at Cirencester, Jul. 1783 — 
apprenticed to Abernethy, Oct. 1799 — 
M.E.C.S., 6 Sep. 1805— F E.S., 1813— Prof. 
Anatomy and Surgery, E.C.S., 18 15 — resigns, 
1819 — principal surgeon to St Bartholomew's 
Hospital, 1824 — marries, 1828 — delivers 
Himterian Oration, 1834— member of Court of 
Examiners, 24 Nov. 1840 — again delivers 
Hunterian Oration, 1846 — Pres. E.C.S., Jul. 
1846 — and again, 1855 — Correspondent of 
French Institute, 1864 — member of Council of 
Medical Education, Bart., 1867— fr. in London, 
5 Jul. 1867. Treatise on Hernia, 1807 — Lectures 
on the Physiology, Zoology, and Natural History 
of Man 1 8 1 9 — translation of Blumenbach' s 



Manual of Comparative Anatomy, 1827 — 
Treatise on Venereal Diseases of the Eye, 
1830. 

Lawyers, — [B C] — first professed, at Eome, 
Tib. Coruncanius, about 281. 

Layamon, poet, — publishes his Brut, (chro- 
nicle of Britain,) soon after 1 200 ? 

Laybach, in Austria, — Congress of, attended 
by sovereigns of Austria, Eussia, and Prussia, 
for the purpose of suppressing revolutionary 
movements, meets, 17 Dec. 1820 — closes, 6 
May 1821. 

Layer, Christopher, — committed to the 
Tower on a charge of enlisting men for the 
Pretender, 20 Sep. 1722 — tried and found 
guilty, 21 Nov. 1722 — executed at Tyburn, 17 
May 1723. 

Lazaretto, — established at Venice, about 
1484 — in England, escape from, subject to 
penalty, by Act 6 Geo. IV. c. 78, 27 Jun. 1825. 
[Quarantine.] 

Lazarists, Order of, (Fathers of St La- 
zarus,) — instituted by de Gondi and placed 
under direction of Vincent de Paul, 1625 — con- 
firmed by Urban VIIL, 163 1. 

Lazarus, St, Order of, — the knights, driven 
from Palestine, follow St Louis to France, 
1253 — confirmed by Alexander IV., 1255 — 
suppressed by Innocent VIIL, and united with 
Order of St John, 1490 — in Italy, united with 
Order of St Maurice, by Gregory XII., 1572 — 
in France, with that of Our Lady of Mount 
Carmel, 1608. 

Lazi, The, — occupy Colchis, about 100 ? — 
their king, Tzathus, visits Constantinople and 
becomes a Christian, 522 — seek aid against the 
Persians, 528 — their country occupied by 
Eomans, 549 — assist Eomans at siege of Petra, 
549-51 — Heraclius leads expedition against, 
626. 

Lazins, Wolfgang, historian, — b. at Vienna, 
15 14 — "is., 19 Jun. 1565. Viennce-Austrice, 
1546 — De gentium aliquot migrationibus, 
sedibus fixis, reliquiis, 1557. 

Lazzari. [Bramante.] 

Lazzarini, Domenico, miscellaneous tcriter, 
— fj. in Ancona, 1668 — Prof. Jurisprudence, 
Macerata, 1690 — Prof. Canon Law, 1791 — 
Prof. Greek and Latin Literature, Padua, 1 7 1 1 
— tf. there, 12 Jul. 1734. 

Lazzarini, Gregorio, painter, — h. at Venice, 
1655 — rj. at Villabona, 1730. 

Lea, river in Hertfordshire, — the Northmen 
sail up the, 895. [Danes, Hasting.] 

Leach, William Elford, naturalist, physi- 
cian, — b. at Plymouth, 1790 — goes to London, 
1808 — M.D. Edinburgh, 181 1 — curator of 
Natural History Department, Brit. Mus., 18 n 
— resigns, about 1818—0". in Piedmont, 25 
Aug. 1836. Zoologist's Miscellany, 18 17 — His- 
tory of the British Crustacea, 18 15. 

Lead, — process of crystallizing silver from, 
invented by Pattinson, 1829 — shot, process of 
making, invented by Watts, 1782. 

Leade, Jane, mystic, — fc. in England, 1623 
— rj., 1704. 

League. [See Cambray, Holy League, 
Lombard, and other special names.'] 
53 



834 



LEAGUE-LEBLANC. 



League, The, in France, — for maintenance 
of the Catholic faith, proposed by Philip II. 
to Duke of Guise, 157 1 — signed at Peronne, 15 
Feb. 1576 — authorized by States-General at 
Blois, and joined by Henry III., Dec. 1576 — 
begins war with the Huguenots, Apr. 1577 — 
headed by the Guises, and favoured by Gregory 
XIII. and Philip II. of Spain, 1584 — opposes 
Henry of Navarre, 1584 — the war renewed, 
summer 1585 — Peace of Nemours, 7 Jul. 1585 
— League of the Sixteen formed at Paris, Sep. 
•1585 — war of the Three Henries, 1586 — day of 
the Barricades, 12 May 1588 — alliance of 
Henry III. with Henry of Navarre against, 
Apr. 1589 — battle of Arques, 21 Sep. 1589 — 
battle of Ivry, 14 Mar. 1590 — siege of Paris, 
by Henry IV., begins, May 1590 — procession 
of priests and monks (la Drolerie) at Paris, 14 
May — ridiculed in the Satire Menippee, 1593 
— begins to break up, close of 1593 — Duke of 
Mayenne concludes peace with Henry IV., Jan. 
1596. 

League of the Public Good, in France, — 
formed by Charles, Duke of Berri, Count of 
Charolais, Duke of Brittany, and others, against 
Louis XL, 1464 — battle of Montlheri, Jul. 
1465 — war terminated by Treaties of Conflans, 
5 Oct., and St Maur, 29 Oct. 1465. 

Leake, Sir John, admiral, — b. at Rother- 
hithe, 1656 — serves in the navy, from 1677 — 
distinguishes himself at battle of La Hogue, 
1692 — Vice-admiral, about 1702 — relieves 
Gibraltar, Oct. 1704 and Mar. 1705 — takes 
part in reduction of Barcelona, 1705 — takes 
Carthagena and Majorca, 1706 — Commander- 
in-chief of the fleet, 1707 — takes Sardinia and 
Minorca, 1708 — Bear-admiral of Great Britain, 
1709 — Lord of the Admiralty, 1709 — tf. at 
Greenwich, 1 Aug. 1720. 

Leake, Richard, naval commander, — b. at 
Harwich, 1629 — master gunner of England, 
1677— tf., 1686. 

Leake, Stephen Martin, herald, antiquary, 
— ft., 1702 — F.S.A., 1726-7 — Clarenceux her- 
ald, 1 741 — Garter, 1754 — tf. in London, 24 
Mar. 1774. Nummi Britannici historia, 1726 
— Life of Sir John Leake, 1750. 

Leake, William Martin, topographical anti- 
quary, — b., 1777 — travels in Asia Minor, 
Greece, and Albania, 1800-10— quits the army 
with rank of Lieutenant-colonel, 1823 — tf., 6 
Jan. i860. Researches in Greece, 18 14 — To- 
pography of Athens, 1821 — Travels in the 
Morea, 1830 — Travels in Northern Greece, 
1835 — Numismata Hellenica, 1854. 

Lease, — required to be in writing by Sta- 
tute of Frauds, 29 Car. II. c. 3, 1677 — to be 
made by deed, by Act 8 and 9 Vic. c. 106, 4 
Aug. 1845. 

Lease and Eelease, — method of conveyance 
by, devised, about 1536 — validity of , established, 
1620 — the lease declared unnecessary, by Act 
4 and 5 Vic. c. 21, 18 May 1841 — use of, dis- 
continued since Act 8 and 9 Vic. c. 106, 4 Aug. 
1845. 

Leather, in England, — exportation of, regu- 
lated by Act 27 Hen. V1IL c. 14, 1535-6— 
prohibited by Act 18 Eliz. c. 9, 1576— laws 



respecting, consolidated by Act 1 Jac. I. c. 22, 
1603 — exportation permitted by Act 20 Car. 
II. c. 5, 1668 — duty imposed on imported, by 
Acts 43 Geo. III. c. 69, 4 Jul. 1803, and 49 
Geo. III. c. 98, 10 Jun. 1809 — duties and 
drawbacks on, repealed by Act 11 Geo. IV. c. 
16, 29 May 1830. 

Lebailly, Antoine Francois, fabulist, — b. at 
Caen, 1756 — tf. at Paris, 13 Jan. 1832. Fables 
Nouvelles, 1784. 

Lebanon, (Libanus,) Mount, in Syria, — 
[Druses, Maronites] — governor of the Leba- 
non to be a Christian, nominated by the Porte, 
by decision of Great Powers, 9 Jun. 1861. 

Lebarbier, Jean Jacques Francois, painter, 
— b. at Rouen, 11 Nov. 1738 — visits Switzer- 
land, 1776 — tf. at Paris, 7 May 1826. 

Lebas, Jean a (Jacques b ) Philippe, engraver, 
— b. at Paris, 1707 — admitted to Academy of 
Painting, 1743 — counsellor of the Academy, 
177 1 — engraver to Louis XVL, 1782 — tf., 14 
Apr. 1783, a i784. b 

a Biog. Univ. k Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Lebe, Gruillaume, engraver, type-founder, — 
b. at Troyes, 1525 — tf. at Paris, 1598. 

Lebeau, Charles, historian, — b. at Paris, 15 
Oct. 1 7 01 — Prof, at Coll. of Plessis, 1727 — 
admitted to Academy of Inscriptions, 1748 — 
Prof. Eloquence, Coll. of France, 1752 — Per- 
petual secretary, 1755 — tf. at Paris, 13 Mar. 
1778. Histoire du Las- Empire, 1757-79. 

Leberecht, Karl von, engraver of medals, — 
b. at Meiningen, 1749 — goes to Russia, 1775 
— first engraver of medals, Director of the 
Mint, St Petersburg, Feb. 1800 — Counsellor of 
State, Chevalier of St Anne, 1806 — member of 
Academies of Fine Arts, Berlin and Stockholm, 
18 1 2 — tf., 30 Oct. 1827. 

Lebeuf, Jean, historian, — ft. at Auxerre, 
1687 — member of Academy of Inscriptions, 
1740 — tf. at Auxerre, 10 Apr. 1760. JDiscours 
sur I'e'tat des sciences dans V etendue de la mon- 
archic francaise sous Charlemagne, 1734 — Re- 
cueil de divers e'erits pour servir d' eclair cisse- 
ment a V histoire de France, 1738 — Histoire de 
la ville et de tout le diocese de Paris, 1754. 

Lebey de Batilly, Denis, (Bathyllus,) jurist, 
— b. at Troyes, 27 Nov. 155 1 — Advocate at 
Paris, 1755-85 — tf. at Metz, 1600. TJionysii 
Lebei Bathilli regii Mediomatricum poesidis 
Emblemata, 1596. 

Leblanc, Claude, statesman, — b., 1 Dec. 
1669 — Counsellor to Council of "War, 17 16 — 
Secretary of State for War, 17 18 — takes part 
in conspiracy of the Prince de Cellamare, 17 18 
— Grand Cross of St Louis, 17 19 — reinstated, 
1726 — tf. at Versailles, 19 May 1728. 

Leblanc, Francois, — tf. at Versailles, 1698. 
Traite historique des monnaies de France depuis 
le commencement de la monarchic, 1690 — Dis- 
sertation sur quelques monnaies de Charlemagne, 
Louis le JDebonnaire, Lothaire et ses successeurs, 
f rappees dans Rome, 1689. 

Leblanc, Marcel, mathematician, Jesuit 
missionary, — b. at Dijon, 1653 — s.ent with 
other mathematicians to Siam, by Louis XIV., 
1687 — returns, and is taken prisoner by the 
Dutch, 1688— Prof. Mathematics, Jesuits' Coll. 



LEBLANC— LECLERC. 



H: 



Dijon, 1690 — embarks for China, 1691 — 0. at 
Mozambique, 1693. JEistoire de la Revolution 
de Stamen 1688, 1692. 

Leblaae, Bichard, translator, — b. at Paris, 
about 15 10 — ft., probably about 1580. Trans- 
lations of BZesiod, 1547 — Virgil' & Georgics, 
1554 — Virgil's Bucolics, 1555 — Cardan's 
Books of Subtilty, 1556. 

Leblanc, Vincent, traveller^ — b. at Mar- 
seilles, 1554 — embarks for the East, 1567 — tl., 
probably about 1640. Les Voyages, fameux du 
sieur Vincent le Blanc, 1649. 

Leblond, Gaspard Michel, antiquary, — b. 
at Caen, 1738 — received at Academy of In- 
scriptions, 1772 — keeper of Mazarin Library, 
1791 — member of Institute, 1796 — "ft., 1809. 
Description des principals pierres gravies, du 
cabinet du due d' Orleans, 1780-4. 

Leblond, (Leblon,) Michael, engraver, — it. 
at Frankfort-on-the-Main, about 1590 — fc. at 
Amsterdam, 1656. 

Lebon, Joseph, — b. at Arras, 1765 — deputy 
to National Convention, 1792 — establishes re- 
volutionary tribunal at Arras, 1794 — executed, 
Oct. 1795. 

Leboulanger, Jean, statesman, — negotiates 
treaty of Confians, 1465 — First Pres. Parlia- 
ment of Paris, 147 1 — ft., 24 Feb. 148 1. 

Lebrixa, Ant. de. [Nebrissensis.] 

Lebrun, Charles, painter, — b. at Paris, 24 
Feb. i6i9 a — painter to the king, 1638 a — goes 
to study at Rome, 1642 ? — returns, before 7 
May 1646. a — received at the Academy, 1648 — 
ennobled, 1662 — first painter to the king, 1 
Jul. 1664 — originates French School of Paint- 
ing at Eome, 1666 — employed at Palace of 
Versailles, 1670-83 — ft. at Paris, 12 Feb. 1690. 
Conference sur V expression des differents carac- 
teres des passions, 1667. a Jal. 

Lebrun, Charles Francois, Duke of Pla- 
centia, statesman, translator, — b. near Cou- 
tances, 19 Mar. 1739 — deputy to States-Gen- 
eral, 1789 — member of Council of Five Hun- 
dred, Oct. 1795 — Pres., 1796 — Third Consul, 
1799 — Arch-treasurer of the Empire, 1804 — 
Governor-general of Liguria and Duke of 
-Placentia, 1 805 — Administrator - general of 
Holland, 1&10 — Peer of France, by Louis 
XVIII.,, 18 14 — Peer, by Napoleon, 1815—0"., 
14 Jun. 1824. Translation of Tasso's Jerusa- 
lem Delivered, J 7 74 — the Iliad, 1776 — the 
Odyssey, 1809. 

Lebrun, Jean Baptiste Pierre, painter, — 
b. at Paris, 1748 — ft., 6 Aug. 1813. Galerie 
des peintres flamands, hollandais, et allemands, 
2792-6. 

Lebrun, M me Vigee, {Marie Louise Elisa- 
beth Vigee,) painter, — b. at Paris, 16 Apr. 
5755 — marries M. Lebrun, 1776 — received at 
Academy of Painting, 1783 — visits Italy, 1789 
—goes to St Petersburg, 1795 — received at 
Academy of Painting, Berlin, 1801. — visits. 
England, 1802-5— ft. at Paris, 30. Mar, 18,42. 
Souvenirs, 1835-7. 

Lebrun, Pigault, novelist, ■ — b., 1742 — ft. at 
Paris, 1835. 

Lebrun, Ponce Denis Eeouchard, poet,— 
b. at Paris, 11 Aug, 1729 — member of Insti- 



tute, 1796 — ft. at Paris, 2 Sep., a 31 Aug. b 
1807. (Euvres, 18 11. a Biog. Univ. b Jal. 
Lebrun. [Tondu.] 

Lecapenus. [Eomanus I., Emperok.] 
Lecat, Claude Nicolas, surgeon, — b. at 
Blerancourt, 1700 — ennobled, 1764 — ft., 20 
Aug. 1768. Trait e des sens, 1740 — Lettres 
concernant V operation de la taille, 1749 — Trait e 
des sensations et des passions, 1766. 
Lecce, Matteo Perez da. [Alesio.] 
Lecchi, Giovanni Antonio, mathematician, 
natural philosopher, — b. at Milan, 1702 — 
enters Order of Jesuits, 17 18 — Prof. Mathe- 
matics, Pavia, 1739 — mathematician to the 
Court, Vienna, 1759 — ft. at Milan, 24 Aug. 
1776. Theoria lucis, 1739 — La idrostatica 
esaminata ne suoi principii, 1765. 

Lech, The, river, affluent of the Danube, — 
Otto I. defeats Hungarians on, 10 Aug. 955 — 
Tilly defeated by Gustavus Adolphus, 5 Apr. 
1632. 
Lech. [See Bohemia and Poland.] 
Lecheeum, harbour of Corinth, — [B C] — 
Spartans defeat Corinthians, (01. 96, 4,) 393. 

Lechevalier, Jean Baptiste, — h. near Cou- 
tances, 1 Jul. 1752 — goes to Paris, 1767 — 
Prof. Philosophy there, 17.70-8 — secretary to 
Count de Choiseul-Gouffier, accompanies him 
to Constantinople, 1785 — member of Academy 
of Gottingen, 1792 — Keeper of Library of St 
Genevieve, 1806— ft., 2 Jul. 18-36. Voyage de 
la Tropontide et du Font-Muxin, about 1786 — 
Voyage de la Troade, 1798. 

Leclerc, Charles a ( Victor b ) Emmanuel, 
general, — b. at Pontoise, 17 Mar. 1772 — enters 
the army, 1791 — at siege of Toulon, 1793 — 
serves in Italy, 1796 — General of Brigade, 1797 
— marries Pauline, sister of Napoleon I., 1797 
— General of Division, 179.9 — distinguishes 
himself at Hohenlinden, 3 Dec. 1800 — com- 
mands expedition of St Domingo,, 1 801-2 — ft. 
there, 2 Nov. 1802. a Biog.. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 
Leclerc, Daniel, physician, — b. at Geneva, 
1652 — ft., 1728.. (With Manget) Bibliotheque 
anatomique, 1688 — Histoire de la me'decine, 
1696. 

Leclerc, David,, painter, — b. at Berne, 1680 
— in England, 17 15 -17 — ft. at Frankfort, 1738. 
Leclerc, Jean, Protestant martyr, — burnt at 
Metz, 1525. 

Leclerc, Jean, theologian, critic, — b. at Ge- 
neva, 19 Mar. 1657 — preaches in London, 
1682 — visits Holland, with Gregorio Leti, 
1682 — Prof. Philosophy, Belles Lettres, and 
Hebrew, at Amsterdam, 1684 — Prof. Ecclesiast- 
ical History, Coll. of Remonstrants, 17 12 — 
retires, 1728 — ft. at Amsterdam, 8 Jan. 1736. 
Liberii a San.cto Amore epistolce theologicce, 1679 
— Twite- de V Incredulite, 1696 — (with Ham- 
mond) Annotated N.exv Testament, 1698 — Ars 
Critica^ in,i\-^ Ilarmonia Evan,geliea, 169.9 — 
(with Laeroze). B.iblippMque wniver&elle- et- his- 
aorique, 1686-93— Bibliotheque ancienne et mo- 
derne, 1714-30. ; 

Leclerc, Nicolas Gabriel* physician,, his- 
torian, — b. in France, 1726 — first physician to 
forces of the. king in Germany, 1.757 — nr&t 
physician to. Grand Duke of Russia, 1769—. 
53 * 



8 3 6 



LECLEEC— LEDEU DES ESSAETS. 



returns to France, 1777 — if. at Versailles, 1798. 
Histoire de la Russie ancienne et modeme, 
1783-94. 

Leclerc, Sebastien, designer, engraver — b. 
at Metz, 26 Sep. 1637 01-1639 — Prof. Perspect- 
ive, Academy of Painting, 1672 — engraver to 
the King, 1693 b — Chevalier, by the Pope, 
1706 — if. at Paris, 25 Oct. 17 14. Pratique 
de la Geometric, 1669 — Systeme de la Vision, 
1679 — Trait e d' Architecture, 17 14 — Prin- 
cipes du Dessin, 1784. 

Leclerc, Sebastien, painter, — b., about 
i684, a — 1676 b — admitted to Academy, 23 Aug. 
1704 — if. at the Gobelins, 1767, 11 29 Jun. 
I763. b a Biog. Univ. b Jal. 

Leclerc, Jean. [Clerc, Jean Le.] 

Leclerc Des Essarts, Louis Nicolas Marin, 
general, — b- at Pontoise, 1770 — enters the 
army, about 1791 — takes part in expedition of 
St Domingo, 1802 — serves in campaign of 
Austerlitz, 1805— General of Brigade, 1805 — 
serves in campaigns of Prussia and Poland, 
1806-7 — distinguishes himself atEckmiihl and 
"Wagram, 1809 — Count, Commander of Legion 
of Honour, 1809 — takes part in Eussian ex- 
pedition, and is wounded at the Moscowa, 1812 
— Chevalier of St Louis, 18 15 — if. at Paris, 
16 May 1820. 

Leclerc. [Buffon.] 

Leclercq, Michel Theodore, dramatist, — b. 
at Paris, 1777 — if. there, 15 Feb. 1851. Pro- 
verbes dramatiques, 1823-6 — Nouveaux Pro- 
verbes dramatiques, 1830. 

L'Ecluse. [Clusius.] 

Lecointre, Laurent, — b. at Versailles, about 
1750 — deputy to Legislative Assembly, 1791 — 
to Convention, 1792 — if. at Guignes, 1805. 

Lecomte, Felix, sculptor, — b. at Paris, 1737 
— member of Academy of Painting and Sculp- 
ture, 177 1 — member of Institute, 18 10 — Prof. 
Sculpture, 18 14 — if. at Paris, n Feb. 18 17. 

Lecomte, Louis, Jesuit, — sent to China, 
1685 — if. at Bordeaux, 1729. Nouveaux Me- 
moir -es sur I'e'tat present de la Chine, 1696- 
1701. 

Leconte, Antoine, (Contius,) jurist, — b. at 
Noyon, about 1526 — if. at Bourges, 1586. 
Opera, 1616. 

Leconte, Louis, sculptor, — b. near Paris. 
1643,° about 1639 b — received at Academy of 
Painting, 25 Jan. 1676 b — if., 25 Dec. i694. b 
il Zani. b Jal. 

Lecoq, Carl Christian Erdmann, Edler von, 
general, — b. at Torgau, 28 Oct. 1767 — enters 
the army, 1780 — serves against French, 1792 
— enters Saxon army, and distinguishes him- 
self at Wagram, 1809 — receives cross of St 
Henry and of Legion of Honour, Jul. 1 809 — 
Lieutenant-general, 18 10 — takes part in ex- 
pedition of Eussia, 1 81 2 — in campaign of 
1 81 3 — Commander-general of Saxon army, 
18 15 — if. in Switzerland, 30 Jun. 1830. 

Lecourbe, Claude Joseph, general, — b. at 
Lons-le-Saunier, 1759 —distinguishes himself 
at battle of Fleurus, Jun. 1794 — distinguishes 
himself in campaigns of the Ehine, the Danube, 
and Switzerland, 1795-9 — General of Division, 
1796 — Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 



Count, Inspector-general of Infantry, 18 14— 
if. at Befort, 23 Oct. 18 15. 

Le Coutenr, John, general, — b. in Jersey, 
1 76 1 — enters the army, 1780 — distinguishes 
himself in defence of the island against the 
French, Jan. 1781 — goes to India, 1782 — takes 
part in defence of Nagur against Tippoo, and is 
taken prisoner, Apr. 1782 — liberated, Mar. 
1784 — Major-general, 4 Jul. 181 1 — Com- 
mander-in-chief of Dutch islands of Curacoa, 
Aruba, and Bonaie, 18 15 — Lieutenant-general, 
1821 — if., 23 Apr. 1835. 

Lecouvreur, Adrienne, actress, — b. in 
Champagne, 1690 — makes her debut at the 
Theatre Francais, 17 17 — if. at Paris, 20 Mar. 
1730. 

Lecreulx, Francois Michel, engineer, — b. at 
Orleans, 1734 — Engineer-in-chief of Lorraine, 
1775 — Inspector-general of bridges and roads, 
1 801 — Pres. of Council, 1809 — if. at Paris, 
1 8 1 2. Memoire sur la construction des chemins 
publics, 1782. 

Lect, Jacques, {Lectins,) jurist, — b. at 
Geneva, 1560 — Prof. Law, 1583 — member of 
Council of State, 1584 — ambassador to Eng- 
land, 1589 — takes part in defence of Geneva, 
1602 — if., 25 Aug. 161 1. 

Lectoure, in France, — seat of a bishopric, 
about 500 — becomes possession of the Ar- 
magnacs, 1325 — besieged by Cardinal d'Albi, 
Jan. 1473 — capitulates, is destroyed, and John 
of Armagnac put to death, 5 Mar. 1473 — ■ 
forfeited by Charles V., Count of Armagnac, 
148 1 — united to the Crown of France by Henry 
IV., 1589. 

Lectures, in England, — publication of, with- 
out consent, prohibited by Act 5 and 6 YVm 
IV. c. 65, 9 Sep. 1835. 

Leczinsky. [Stanislaus I., King of Po- 
land.] 

Led a, asteroid, — discovered by Chacornac, 
i2 > Jan. 1856. 

Lederlin, Johann Heinrich, philologist, — b. 
at Strasburg, 1672 — M.A., 1692 — Prof. 
Hebrew and Greek, 1703 — if. there, 1737. 
Edition of the Onomasti'con of Julius Pollux, 
1706 — edition of the Iliad, 1707. 

Ledesma, Alfonso de, poet, — b. at Segovia, 
1552 — if. there, 1623. Conceptos espirituales 
divididos en tres partes, 1600-16. 

Ledesma, Jose de, painter, — b. at Burgos, 
1630 — if., 1670. 

Le Despenser. [Despenser.] 

Ledos, in Spain, — Alfonso II. , king of 
Oviedo, defeats the Saracens, (179, a. h.) 795. 

Ledoux, Claude Nicolas, architect, — b. in 
Champagne, 1736 — goes to Paris, 1751 — if. 
there, 20 Nov. 1806. L' Architecture conside're'e 
sous le rapport de Vart, des moeurs, et de la 
legislation, 1804. 

Ledran, Henry Francois, surgeon, — b. at 
Paris, 1685 — if, at Paris, 17 Oct. 1770. 
Parallele des differentes manieres de tirer la 
pierre hors de la vessie, 1730 — Observations de 
chirurgie, 173 1 — Traite des operations de 
chirurgic, 173 1. 

Ledru. Des Essart3, Francois Hoch, Bakon, 
general, — b. at Chantenay, 1765 — enters the 



LED WICH— LEEDS. 



837 



army, 1791 — General of Brigade after battle of 
Austeiiitz, Dec. 1805 — serves in campaigns of 
1806-15 — General of Division, 1811 — distin- 
guishes himself at the Moscowa and Smolensk, 
1 8 1 2 — Chevalier of J^ Louis, Grand Officer of 
Legion of Honour, 1814 — if. near Paris, 24 
Apr. 1844. 

Ledwich, Edward, antiquary, — ft. in Ireland, 
1739 — ts., 8 Aug. 1823. Antiquities of Ire- 
land, 1794-6. 

Ledyard, John, traveller, — ft. in Connecticut, 
IT. S., 1 75 1 — comes to London, 177 1 — accom- 
panies Captain Cook on his third voyage, 1776- 
80 — -arrested at Yakutsk and expelled from 
Eussia, Jan. 1788 — embarks at London for 
Africa, 30 Jun. 1788 — tf- at Cairo, 17 Jan. 
1789^ Oct. l'788. b a Allen, Biog. Diet. 

b Biog. Univ. 

Lee, Anne, founder of sect of Shakers in 
America, — ft. at Manchester, about 1735 — joins 
sect of Shakers, 1757 — recognized as their 
chief, 177 1 — goes to America, 1774 — 5j. there, 
8 Sep. 1784. 

Lee, Charles, general, — ft. in N. "Wales, 
17 31 — as Colonel, serves under Burgoyne in 
Portugal, 1762 — goes to America, Nov. 1773 
— Major-general in American army, accom- 
panies Washington to camp before Boston, Jul. 
1775 — commands in the North, 1776 — taken 
prisoner by the British, Oct. 1776 — exchanged, 
May 1778 — disobeys orders of Washington at 
battle of Monmouth, Jun. 1778 — tried by 
court-martial and suspended, 30 Jun. 1778 — ft. 
at Philadelphia, 2 Oct. 1782. 

Lee, Edward, Abp of York — ft. in Kent, 
1482 — enters Oxford Univ., about 1499 — 
envoy to Rome, 1529 — D.D., Abp. of York, 
153 1 — privately marries Henry VIII. and Anne 
Boleyn, at Whitehall, Jan. 1533— is compelled 
to join the Pilgrimage of Grace, 1536 — tf. at 
York, 13 Sep. 1544. 

Lee, Harriet, novelist, — ft. in London, 1756 
■ — If. at Clifton, 1 Aug. 1851. (With Sophia 
Lee,) Canterbury Tales, 1797-1805. 

Lee, Henry, general, — ft. in Virginia, 29 Jan. 
1756 — graduates at Princeton Coll., 1773 — 
joins American army, Sep. 1777 — distinguishes 
himself at battle of Guilford, 15 Mar. 17 81 — 
captures Fort Watson, 23 Apr. — and Fort 
Granby, 15 May — takes Forts Cornwallis and 
Augusta, 5 Jun. — at siege of Ninety-six, Jun. 
■ — at battle of Eutaw Springs, 8 Sep. — member 
of House of Delegates, 1786 — governor of 
Virginia, 1791 — member of Congress, 1799 — 
retires, 1801 — lj„ 2/ Mar. 18 18. 

Lee, Nathaniel, poet, — ft. at Hatfield, about 
1657 — B.A. Cambridge, 1668 — Ij. in London, 
1691. Works, 1734. 

Lee, Richard Henry, statesman, — ft. in 
Virginia, 20 Jan. 1732 — urges resistance to 
Stamp Act, 1765 — member of Congress, 1774 — 
supports Declaration of Independence, 1776 — 
Pres. Congress, Nov. 1784 — Senator, 1789 — 
fo. in Virginia, 19 Jun. 1794. 

Lee, Robert, theologian, — ft. in Durham, 
1804 — studies at St Andrew's Univ., 1824-32 
— minister at Arbroath, 1 833 — minister of Camp- 
sie, 1835 — °f Grey Friars' Church, Edinburgh, 



1 843 — Prof. Biblical Criticism and Antiquities, 
Edinburgh, 1846— condemned for innovations 
in public worship, by General Assembly, 1866 
— ft. at Torquay, 15 Mar. 1868. Reform of 
Church of Scotland, 1864 — Clerical Profession, 
1866. 

Lee, Robert Edmund, general, — ft. in Vir- 
ginia, U. S., 1808 — enters Military Academy 
of West Point, 1825 — enters the army, 1829 — 
distinguishes himself in Mexican war, 1846-7 
— superintendent of West Point, 1852 — Lieut.- 
col. of Cavalry, 1855 — Colonel, 16 Mar. 1861 — 
resigns his commission, 25 Apr. 1 861— Com- 
mander-in-chief of forces of Virginia, 1861 — 
directs the defence of Richmond, from Jun. 

1862 — repulses Gen. M'Clellan, Jul. 1862 — 
defeats Gen. Pope at Manassas, 29 Aug. — 
invades Maryland and Pennsylvania, Sep. — 
battleof Antietam, 17 Sep. — defeats Gen. Burn- 
side at Fredericksburg, 13 Dec. — defeats Gen. 
Hooker at Chancellorsville, 2-3 May 1863 — 
defeated at Gettysburg, 1-3 Jul. 1863 — 
conducts operations on the Rappahannock, Aug. 

1863 to May 1864 — defeats Gen. Grant in the 
Wilderness, 5 May 1864 — retires on the James 
River, 7-8 May — Commander-in-chief of Con- 
federate armies, 6 Feb. 1865 — defeated and 
driven from Petersburg, by Gen. Grant, 2 Apr. 
1865— surrenders with his army to Gen. Grant, 
9 Apr. — Pres. Washington College, 2 Oct. 
1865 — tf. at Lexington, Va., 13 Oct. 1870. 

Lee, Samuel, orientalist, — ft. in Shropshire, 
14 May 1783 — master of Bowdler's School, 
Shrewsbury, 18 10 — enters Queen's Coll. 
Cambridge, 18 13 — B.A., 18 17 — Prof. Arabic, 
1 8 1 9 — Regius Prof. Hebrew, 1 8 3 1 — D . D . , 
l8 33 — Xf.j 16 Dec. 1852. Travels of Ibn 
Batata, 1829 — Hebreiv Grammar, 1830 — 
Book of Job, 1837 — Hebrew, Chaldaic, and 
English Lexicon, 1840. 

Lee, Sophia, novelist, §c, — ft. in London, 
1750 — tf. at Clifton; 13 Mar. 1824. Chapter 
of Accidents, 1780 — The Recess, 1785 — (with 
Harriet Lee) Canterbury Tales, 1797-1805. 

Lee, William, — enters Christ's Coll. Cam- 
bridge, May 1579 a — B.A., 1582-3 a — M.A., 
1586 (?) a — while curate of Calverton, near 
Nottingham, invents the Stocking-Frame, 
1586-9 a — completes his silk-hose frame, 1598 a 
■ — settles at Rouen, after 1603 — ft. at Paris, 
i6io. a a Felkin. 

Leeb, Johann, sculptor, — ft. at Memmingen, 
1790 — studies at Rome, 1817-20 — settles at 
Munich, 1826 — -ft., about 1856. Death of 
Niobe's Son, 1838. 

Leech, John, artist, — ft. in London, 18 17 — 
joins the staff of Punch, 1841 — tf. in London, 
27 Oct. 1864. 

Leeds, Yorkshire, — castlebesiegedby Stephen, 
1 1 39 — taken by Fairfax, 23 Jan., 1643 — deso- 
lated by the plague, 1644-5— Marshal Wade 
encamps near, 1745 — made an assize town, 

1864 — Art Treasures Exhibition, opened by 
Prince of Wales, 19 May 1868. Town-hall, 
opened, 7 Sep. 1858 — Infirmary, hmlt, 1864-8. 

Leeds, Sir Thomas Osborne, Earl of Danby, 
and Duke of, First Minister of England, — 
Treasurer of the Navy, 1671 — Privy Coun- 



838 



LEEDS MERCURY— LEGAL TENDER ACT. 



cillor, 3 May 1672 — Knt, by Charles II. : 
Baron Kiveton, and Viscount Latimer, 15 Aug. 
1673 — Lord Treasurer, 19 Jun. 1674 — Earl of 
Dauby, 27 Jun. 1674 — K.G., 21 Apr. 1677 — 
impeached by the Commons, but proceedings 
stopped, Dec. 1678 — pardoned, 1679 — again 
committed to the Tower, 16 Apr. 1679 — 
released on bail, 12 Feb. 1684 — discharged, 19 
May 1685 — joins Prince of Orange, Nov. 1688 
— Pres. Council, 13 Feb. 1689 — Marquis of 
Carmarthen, 20 Apr. 1689 — Duke of Leeds, 4 
May 1694 — defends Sir Thomas Cooke, and is 
again threatened with impeachment, Apr. to 
May 1695 — dismissed from Presidency, 1699 — 
tf. at Easton, 26 Jul. 17 12. 

Leeds Mercury, daily newspaper, commenced, 
May 17 1 8 — discontinued, 1755 — reestablished, 
Jan. 1767. 

Leeds Times, weekly, commenced, 11 Mar. 
1832. 

Leepe, Jan Anton van der, painter, — ft. at 
Bruges, a Brussels, 5 1664 — tf. at Bruges, 1720. 
a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Leesburg, in America, — Gen. Evans defeats 
the Federals, 21 Oct. 1861. 

Leeuwen, Simon, jurist, — ft. at Leyden, 
1625 — tf. at the Hague, 13 Jan. 1682. De 
origine et progressu juris civilis Romani, §c., 
167 1 — edition of the Corpus juris civilis, 1663 
— Batavia illustrata, 1685. 

Leeivwenhoek. [Lenwenhoek.] 
Leeves, William, musical composer, — ft., 
about 1748 — tf. rector of Wrington, in Somer- 
setshire, 1828. Auld Robin Gray, 1770. 

Lefebure, Simon, engineer, — ft. in Prussia, 
about 1720 — "ft., 1770. SammtlicJie WerJce, 1778. 
Lefebvre, Claude, painter, — ft. at Fontaine- 
bleau, 1633 (?) — received at the Academy, 31 
Mar. 1663 a — tf. in London, 26 Apr. 1675 b — 
at Paris, 5 Apr. 1675.° 

a Jal. b D'Argenville. c Guerin. 

Lefebvre, Francois Joseph, Duke of Dant- 
zic, Marshal of France, — ft. at Rufach, 
(Upper Rhine,) 1755 — enters the army, 1773 
— General of Division, Jan. 1794 — distinguishes 
himself in Germany and the Netherlands, 1794-5 
— defeats Austrians at Altenkirchen, 4 Jun. 
j^gS — distinguishes himself at Stockach, 25 
Mar. 1799 — takes part with Napoleon in re- 
volution of 18 Brumaire, Nov. 1799 — Marshal 
of the Empire, 1804 — serves in Austrian cam- 
paign, 1 805— in Prussian and Polish campaigns, 
! 806.7 — takes Dantzic, Duke of Dantzic, May 
j8o7 — serves in Spain, 1808 — in Germany, 
1 8 09— in Russia, 1 8 1 2 — in campaigns of 1 8 1 3 
and 1 8 14 — Chevalier of St Louis, Peer of 
France, 1814 — excluded from Chamber of 
Peers, 18 15— recalled, 18 19— tf. at Paris, 14 
Sep. 1820. 

Lefebvre-Desnonettes, Count Charles, gen- 
eral— h. at Paris, 14 Dec. 1775 — Colonel at 
Austerlitz, 1805 — General, 1808 — serves in 
campaigns of Austria, Russia, Saxony, 1809-13 
— sentenced to death, goes to America, 18x6 — 
tl. by shipwreck, 22 Apr. 1822. 

Lefebvre de Villebrune. [Villebrune.] 
Leferon, Jean, genealogist. Catalogue des 
connestables de France, chanceliers, grands- 
maitres, admiraux, et marechaux de France, 1555 



— De la primitive institution des roys, heraulds, 
et pour suiv ants d'armes, 1555. 

Lefevre, Claude, painter, — ft. at Fontaine- 
bleau, 1635— member of Academy of Painting, 
1663 — tf. in London, 1675. Fortrait of Col- 
bert, 1666. 

Lefevre, Jean, astronomer, — ft. at Lisieux, 
about 1650 — goes to Paris, 1682 — admitted to 
Academy of Sciences, assists Lahire in verifying 
configuration of the coasts of the Mediter- 
ranean, 1682 — in measurement of meridian, 
1683 — tf., 1706. Connaissance des temps, 1684- 
1701. 

Lefevre, (Lefebvre,) Jean, Seigneur de St 
Remy, &c., herald, chronicler, — ft. at Abbeville, 
about 1394 — at battle of Agincourt, 1415 — 
king-at-arms of the Golden Fleece (of Bur- 
gundy), 1429 — accompanies Jacques de Lalain 
as juge d'armes and historiographer, 1449-53 — 
mediates between Count of Charolais and his 
father, the Duke of Burgundy, 1456 — inter- 
venes on behalf of the Vaudois, 1460 — tf. at 
Bruges, 10 Jun. 1468. Ifemoiresde son temps, 
commenced, 1463. 

Lefevre, Nicolas, chemist, — called to Eng- 
land by Charles II., 1664 — tf-, 1674. Chimie 
theorique et pratique, 1660 — Translation of Sir 
T. Browne's Religio Medici, 1688. 

Lefevre, Robert, painter, — ft. at Bayeux, 
1756 — visits Paris, 1774 — pupil of Regnault, 
1784— tf., 3 Oct. 1831. 

Lefevre, Tannegui, (Tanaquillus Faber,) 
philologist, — ft. at Caen, 16 15 — tf. at Saumur, 
12 Sep. 1672. Edition of Longinus, 1663— 
Epistolarum partes IF., 1659-65. 

Lefevre. [Caumartin, Dacier, Fevre, Or- 
messon, Saint-Marc] 

Lefort, Francois, general, admiral, — ft. at 
Geneva, 1656 — enters the French army, 1670 
■ — enters service of Russia, 1676 — Major, by 
Czar Peter, 1683 — quells insurrection of the 
Strelitzes, 1688— Chief Minister, 1689— Grand 
Admiral and Generalissimo, 1694 — Governor of 
Novogorod, 1697 — tf. at Moscow, 12 Mar. 
1699. 

Lefranc, — ft. in Normandy, about 1720 — 
massacred at Paris, Sep. 1792. Le Voile leve 
pour les curieux, 1791. 

Lefranc, Martin. [Franc] 
Lefranc [Pompignan.] 
Lefrancais. [Lalande.] 
Lefrancy van Berkhey, [Eerkhey.] 
Lefrere, Jean, historian, — ft. at Laval, about 
1500 — tf. at Paris, a Bayeux, b 13 Jul. 1583. 
Edits Fictionnaire latin-francais de Robert 
Estienne, 1572 — Bourgoin's translation of Jose- 
phus, 1573 — La vraye et entiere histoire des 
troubles et guerres civiles advenues de nostre 
temps pour lefaict de la religion, §c, 1573. 
a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Legacies, in England, — duty imposed on, by 
Act 36 Geo. III. c. 52, 26 Apr. 1796— -law 
amended by Act 8 and 9 Tic. c. 76, 4 Aug. 
1845 — again amended, and duty extended to 
real property, by Act 16 and 17 Vic. c. 51, 4 
Aug. 1853. 

Legal Tender Act, TJ. S., making Treasury 
Notes legal tender, proposed by Thaddeus Ste"- 
vens, early in 1862 — passed, 25 Feb. 1862 — 



LEGALLOIS— LEGRAND. 



839 



declared to be constitutional by Supreme Court, 
28 Apr. 1 87 1. 

Legallois, Julien Jean Cesar, physician, — 
h. near Dol-les-Bretagne, about 1775 — M.D. 
Paris, 1801 — 5j. there, Feb. 18 14. Experiences 
sur le principe de la vie, notamment sur celui des 
mouvements du cceur, 18 12. 

Legate, (Leggatt,) Bartholomew, — burnt 
as an Arian in Smithfield, 18 Mar. 16 12. 

Legatine Constitutions, in England,— en- 
acted by Council of London, held by Cardinal 
Otho, 1237 — similar, framed at Council of 
London, held by Cardinal Othobon, 1268. 

Legaygnard, Pierre, — ft., probably in 
Poitou, about 1522. Promptuaire d'unisons, 

I585- 

Legendre, Adrien Marie, mathematician, — 
o. at Toulouse, 8 at Paris, bc i752, ac 1751 b — 
admitted to Academy, 1783 — assists in connect- 
ing Observatories of Greenwich and Paris by 
chain of triangles, 1787 — Councillor for life to 
the Univ., 1808 — Tf. near Paris, 10 Jan. 
1833. Exercices du calcid integral, 1807 — 
Theorie des nombres, 1798 — Elements de geome- 
tric, 1794 — Traite des fonctions elliptiques et 
des integrates Eideriennes, 1825-6. 

a Biog. Univ. and Nouv. Biog. Gen. 
b Engl. Cyc. c Conv. -Lex. 

Legendre, Gilbert Charles, Marquis de St 
Aubin-sur-Loire, — ft. at Paris, 1688 — }r. 
there, 1746. Traite de V opinion, 1733 — An- 
tiquites de la nation et de la monarchic fran- 
^aise, 1 74 1. 

Legendre, Louis, historian,— b. at Eouen, 
1655 — U. canon of Paris, 1733. Nouvelle his- 
toire de France jusqiC d la mort de Louis XIII., 
17 1 8 — Mceurs et coutumes des Francais, 17 12 
— Vie du Cardinal Amboise, 1728. 

Leger, Jean, pastor of the Vaudois, — h. at 
Ville Seche, 2 Feb. 1625^ 16 15 b — pastor of 
St John's, Geneva, 1643-^escapes to France, 
after massacre of the Vaudois, 1655 — assists at 
conferences of Pignerol, Aug. 1 656 — pastor of 
"Walloon Church, Leyden, 1663 — tf. there, 
about 1670? Histoire generate des eglises 
evangeliques des vallees de Fiemont, ou vau- 
doises, 1669. ' a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Leggatt. [Legate.] 

Legge, George and William. [Dartmouth, 
Lord, and Earls of.] 

Legge, Henry Bilson, statesman, — fc., 29 
May 1708 — Lord of the Admiralty, 1746 — Lord 
of the Treasury, 1747 — Envoy Extraord. to 
Court of Berlin, 1748 — Treasurer of the Navy, 
1749 — marries Mary Stawel, 3 Sep. 1750 — 
Chancellor of the Exchequer, Mar. 1754 — re- 
fuses to carry out treaty for Hessian subsidy, 
Jul. 1755 — dismissed, middle of Nov. 1755 — 
reinstated, Nov. 1756 — again dismissed, Apr. 
1757 — again appointed, 29 Jun. 1757 — obtains 
dignity of Baroness Stawel for his wife, 20 
May 1760 — dismissed, 21 Mar. 176 1 — ft., 21 
Aug. 1764. 

Leghorn, (Livorno,) in Tuscany, (Herculis 
Tortus libronis, Fortus Lambronius, Libumus,) 
— sold by the French to Genoa, 1407 — sold by 
Genoa to Florence, 27 Jun. 142 1 a — unsuccess- 
fully besieged by Maximilian L, 1496 b — im- 
proved by Cosmo de Medici and made a free port, 



1548 — merchants encouraged to settle at, by 
indulto of Ferdinand I., 10 Jun. 1593 — seized 
by Napoleon I., 27 Jun. 1796 — ravaged by 
yellow fever, 1804° — annexed to French em- 
pire and its trade destroyed, 1808 — recovers 
freedom, 1814— taken by Austrians, 12-13 
May 1849. * Art de Verifier les Dates. 

b Roscoe. c Encvc. Mod. 

' Legion,' — Memorial presented to House of 
Commons, voted scandalous and seditious, May 
1701. 

Legion of Honour, Order of the, in France, 
— instituted by law of 29 Floreal, an 10, 19 
May 1802— privileges of, altered by ordinance 
of Louis XvTIL, 19 Jul. 18 14 — restored by 
Napoleon I., Mar. 18 15 — pensions reduced by 
Louis XVIII., Dec. 18 16 — the measure repealed 
by Legislative Body, 1820 — constitution re- 
modelled by decree of Napoleon III., 22 Jan. 
1852 — palace of, burnt by Communists, 24 May 
1871. 

Legipont, Olivier, bibliographer, — fc. inLim- 
burg, 1698 — enters Benedictine Order, at 
Cologne, 1720 — rj. at Treves, 16 Jun. 1758. 
Edits Ziegelbauer' $ Historia rei litter, ordinis 
S. Benedicti, ^34 — Conspectus operum trithe- 
mianorum simul edcndorum, 1746 — Fisserta- 
tiones philologico-bibliographicce de ordinanda 
et ornanda bibliotheca, 1726. 

Legislative Assembly, of France, — opens, 1 
Oct. 1791 — merges in National Convention, 20 
Sep. 1792. 

Legnani, Stephano, (il Legnanino,) painter, 
— ft. at Milan, 1660 — tf., 17 15. 

Legnano, near Como, — the Emperor Frede- 
rick I. defeated by Milanese, and independence 
of Lombardy secured, 29 May 1 176 — taken pos- 
session of by the French, 1799. 

Legonidec, Jean Francois Maurice Agathe, 
antiquary, — ft. in Brittany, 1775 — 1j. at Paris, 
1838. Grammaire Celto-bretonne, 1807 — Fic- 
tionnaire Celto-breton, 1821. 

Legote, Paulo, painter, — b., about 1600 a — 
ft. at Cadiz, about i662, b 1670^ 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. 

Legouve, Gabriel Marie Jean Baptiste, 
poet, — h. at Paris, 1764 — member of Institute, 
1798 — tf. at Montmartre, 1812. (Euvres, 
1826. 

Legrain, (Legrin,) Jean Baptiste, historian, 
— h. at Paris, 1565 — tf. at Montgeron, 1642. 
Decade contenant la vie et les gestes du roi Henri 
le Grand, 16 14 — Decade contenant V histoire de 
Louis XIII., depuis fan 1610 jusqu'en 1617, 
1619. 

Legrand, Claude Just Alexandre, general, 
— fc. atPlessier-sur-Saint-Just, 23 Feb. 1762 — 
enters the army, 1777 — General of Brigade, 
1793 — takes part in campaign of Holland, 1794 
— distinguishes himself at passage of the 
Rhine, and takes Diisseldorf, Aug. 1795 — dis- 
tinguishes himself at battles of Wurzburg and 
Liptingen, 1796 — General of Division, 1799 — • 
contributes to victory of Hohenlinden, 1800 — 
Commander of Piedmont, 1801 — Inspector- 
general of Infantry, 1802 — distinguishes him- 
self in campaign of Austria, 1805 — Grand 
Coi-don of Legion of Honour, Count, 1805 — 
distinguishes himself in campaign of Prussia, 



840 



LEGRAND— LEICESTER. 



1806— of Austria, 1809 — of Russia, 18 12 — 
forces passage of the Beresina, saves Napoleon, 
and is wounded, 28 Nov. 18 12 — Senator, 181 3 
— tf. at Paris, 8 Jan. 18 15. 

Leg-rand, Jacques Guillaume, architect, — 
fj. at Paris, 9 May 1743 — tf. at St Denis, 9 
Nov. i8o7, a 10 Nov. i8o6. b Parallele de 
V architecture ancienne et moderne, 1799 — 
Galerie antique, 1806 — Fssai sur I histoire 
generate de V architecture, 1809. 

a Eiog. Univ. b Engl. Cye. 

Legrand, Joachim, historian, — b. at St Lo, 
6 Feb. 1653 — goes to Paris, 1676 — accompanies 
abbe d'Estrees to Portugal, 1692-7, and 1702 
— tf. at Paris, 30 Apr. 1733. Histoire da 
divorce de Henri VIII., 1688 — Histoire de 
rile cte Ceylan {translation from Portuguese), 
1701. 

Legrand, Marc Antoine, dramatist, actor, — 
^ h . at Paris, 1673 — tf . there, 1728. Th e'u tre de 
legrand, 1731. 

Legrand d'Aussy, Pierre Jean Baptiste, 
antiquary, — fj. at Amiens, 1737 — keeper of 
MSS. of Royal Library, 1795 — tf. member of 
Institute, at Paris, 5 Dec. 1800. Fabliaux 
ou Contes des 12 e et 13 e siecles, 1779 — Fables et 
romans anciens, 1781 — Histoire de la vieprivee 
des Francais, 1782. 

Legras, Louise de Marillac, M me , — fj. at 
Paris, 1591 — widow (of Antoine Legras), 1625 
— with St Yincent de Paul, founds the Sisters 
of Charity, 1634 — tf. at Paris, 1662. 

Legros, Nicolas, theologian, — h. at Rheims, 
1675 — tf. at Rynwick, 1751. Sainte Bible 
traduite sur les textes originaux avec les diffe- 
rences de la Vttlgate, 1739. 

Legros, Pierre, sculptor, — fj. at Chartres, 
1628 — received at tbe Academy, 15 Sep. 1663 
— tf. at Paris, 10 May 17 14. 

Legros, Pierre, sculptor, — h. at Paris, 1656, a 
12 Apr. 1666 b — obtains grand prize, studies at 
Rome, 1676 — tf. at Rome, 17 19. 

a Biog. Univ. b Jal. 

Leguat, Francois, traveller, — b. at Bresse, 
about 1638 — tf.' in London, Sep. 1735. 
Voyages et Avcntures de F. leguat, 1708. 

Lehbrija, Antonio de, historian, poet, latin 
scholar, Qc., — fj., 1442 — superintends Com- 
plutensian Polyglott, 1502-17 — tf., n Jul. 
1522. Foemata, 149 1. 

Lehniann, Johann Georg, chartographcr, — 
fj. in Saxony, n May 1765 — Prof, at Military 
Academy of Dresden, 1798 — serves on staff of 
Saxon army in Prussian campaign, 1806 — at 
siege of Dantzic, 1807 — Kntof St Henry, 1809 
— tf. at Dresden, 8 Sep. 1811. Pas Aufneh- 
men mit dem Messtische im Sinne der P.'schen 
Lehrart, 1825. 

Lehmann, Johann Gottlob, mineralogist, — 
member of Royal Society of Berlin, 1754— 
settles at St Petersburg, 1761 — tf. there, 22 
Jan. 1767. Fnticurf einer Hineralogie, 1759-60 
— Cachitiologie, 1761-6. 

Lehwald, Hans von, general,— b. in Prussia, 
1685 — enters the army, 1700 — Major-general, 
1740 — distinguishes himself at battle of Czas- 
lau, 1742 — Lieutenant-general: commander of 
Ulatz, 1744 — distinguishes himself at battle of 



Kesseldorff, 1745 — Field-marshal, 175 1 — com- 
mands against Russians in Konigsberg, 1755 — 
commands against Swedes in Pomerania, 1756 
— drives Gen. Apraxin out of Prussia, 1757 — 
tf. at Konigsberg, 16 Nov. 1768. 

Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Bahox von - , 
philosopher, — fi. at Leipsic, 21 Jun., a 3 Jul., b 

6 Jul. c 1646 — enters the Univ., 1661 — 
M.A., 1664— LL.D. Altdorf, i66 5 , d 1666 ^— 
Councillor of State, assessor to Chamber of 
Justice, Frankfort, 1669 — visits Paris, 1672 — 
visits London, 1673 d — Librarian to Duke of 
Brunswick-Liineburg, 1676 — visits London 
again, 1676 — takes part in project for reunion 
of Catholics and Protestants, 1692 — Pres. 
Academy of Sciences, Berlin, 1702 — Aulic 
Councillor, Baron of the Empire, by Emperor 
Charles YL, 171 1 d — visits England, i7i4 d — 
tf. at Hanover, 14 Nov. i7i4, b i7i6. ad Pe 
Principio Individuationis, 1664. — Tractatus de 
arte combinatoria, 1666 — Regies du Calcul Pif- 
ferentiel, 1684 — Scriptores rerum Brunsvicen- 
sium, 1707 — Codex Jtiris Gentium diplomaticus, 
1693 — Theodicee, 17 10 — JS r oicveat<x Fssais sur 
V Fntendement Humain, 1765— Correspondence 

j with Clarice, 17 17 — Commercium Fpistolicum 
Peibnitianum, 1745. a Tennemann. 

b Engl. Cye. c Conv.-Lex. d Eees' Cyc. 

Leicester, (Patce, Bagce,) — surrendered to 
Ethehieda, 918 — recovered from Danes by Ed- 
mund, 942 a — monastery founded, 1 143 — castle 
demolished by Henry II., n 76 — gives title of 
Earl to Simon de Montfort, 2 Feb. 1239 — 
restored by Simon de Montfort, about 1250-60 
— parliaments held at, by Henry Y., 30 Apr. 
1414 — by Henry YL, 18 Feb. 1426 — stormed 
by Charles I., 31 May 1645 — recovered by 
Fairfax, 18 Jun. 1645. jlfilliary, discovered, 
177 1. a A.S. Chvon. 

Leicester, Earl of. [Montfort, Simon de.] 

Leicester, Philip Sydney, Yiscouxt Lisle, 
and Earl or, — one of Cromwell's peers, 1658 
— succeeds his father as Earl, 1677 — tf., Mar. 
1698. 

Leicester, Robert Dudley, Eabl or, — ft., 

7 Sep. 1533 a — marries Amy Robsart, 4 Jun. 
1550 — Ent, by Edward YL, about 1550 — con- 
demned to death as a traitor, Jan. 1554 — par- 
doned, Easter 1555 — serves at battle of St 
Quentin, 1557 — Master of the Horse to Queen 
Elizabeth, and E.G., 1558 b — sudden death of 
his wife at Cumnor, 1560 a — created Baron 
Denbigh, Earl of Leicester, 1564 — his marriage 
with Mary Queen of Scots proposed by Eliza- 
beth, 1566 — sits on trial of Duke of Norfolk, 
1572 — secretly marries Lady Douglas Howard, 
1572 b — receives Queen Elizabeth at Kenil- 
worth, Jul. 1575 — Captain-general of expe- 
dition to the Netherlands, Dec. 1585 — sent 
again, 1587 — Generalissimo of army raised 
against Spaniards, 1588 — tf. at Cornbury Park, 
Oxfordshire, 4 Sep. 1588. a Strickland. b Burke. 

Leicester, Robert Sydney, Earl of,— serves 
under his uncle, Dudley, Earl of Leicester, in 
the Netherlands, 1586-7— again under Sir 
Francis Yere, 1597 — created Baron Sydney, 13 
May 1603 — Chamberlain to the Queen, Jul. 
1603 — Yiscount Lisle, 1604 — K.G., 1616 — 



LEICESTER— LELAND. 



841 



created Earl, 2 Aug. 161 8 — appointed Lord- 
lieutenant of Ireland, but does not go, 14 Jun. 
1641 — if., 1677. 

Leicester, of Holkkam, Thomas William 
Coke, Earl of, — fc., 4 May 1752 — M.P. Nor- 
folk, 1776 — raised to the peerage as Earl of 
Leicester, of Holkkam, and Yiscount Coke, 12 
Aug. 1837 — if. at Longford Hall, Derbyshire, 
30 Jun. 1842. 

Leigh, Charles, naturalist, — rj.in Lancashire, 
about 1650 — F.R.S., 1684 — if., about 1710. 
Phthisiologia Lancastriensis, 1694 — Natural 
History of Lancashire, Cheshire, and the Peak 
in Derbyshire, 1700. 

Leigh, Edward, miscellaneous writer, — ft. in 
Leicestershire, 24 Mar. 1602 — enters Oxford 
Univ., 1616 — M.A., 1623 — if. in Staffordshire, 
2 Jun. 167 1. Observations concerning the 
twelve Ccesars, 1635 — Critica sacra, 1639 — 
Observations on all the Kings of England, 1662. 

Leighlin, in Ireland, — see of, united to 
Ferns, 1600 — incorporated with Ossory, (under 
Act 3 and 4 Wm IV. c. 37, 14 Aug. 1833,) 
1835. Synod of, respecting celebration of 
Easter, 630. 

Leighton, Alexander, theologian, — fj. at 
Edinburgh, 1568,1 1587 b — M.A., Prof. Moral 
Philosophy at the Univ., 1603-13 — imprisoned 
by Star Chamber, 1630-40 — Keeper of Lam- 
beth Palace as a state-prison, 1642 — if. there, 
1644. a Chalmers. b Biog. Univ. 

Leighton, Robert, Abp op Glasgow, — fj., 
161 1 — enters Edinburgh Univ., 1627 — Min- 
ister of Newbattle, near Edinburgh, 1641 — 
Principal of the Univ., 1653-63— Bp of Dum- 
blane, 1661 — appeals to Charles II. against 
the measures of Sharpe and Lauderdale, 1665 
and 1669 — Abp of Glasgow, 1670 — resigns, 
1673 — if. in London, 26 Jun. 1684. Sermons, 
1692 — Prelectiones Theologies, 1693 — Com- 
mentary on First Epistle of St Peter, 1693 — 
Posthumous Tracts, 1708. 

Leiningen, in Germany, — the County erected 
into a Principality, 1779 — exchange of terri- 
tories, 1803 — mediatized, 1806. 

Leiningen, Princess of. [Kent, Duchess 

OF.] 

Leinster, province of Ireland, — people of, re- 
fuse to pay tribute to Brian Boru, assist the 
Northmen against him and are defeated, about 
998 — Bratjst, king of, captured and killed by 
Northmen, 1018 — Dermod Maolnambo, be- 
comes king, about 1030 — subdues Munster, Con- 
naught, andMeath, and is acknowledged King of 
Ireland : defeated and killed by men of Meath, 
1072 — Marrogh MacMurkogh, assassinated 
at conference with Northmen of Dublin, 1 150 — 
is succeeded by his son Dermod MacMurrogh : 
conquered by Henry II., 1171 — title of King of, 
retained by the MacMurroghs till about 1600. 

Leinster, Book of, Irish MS., compiled, 
1000- — 1 100. 

Leinster, William Robert Fitzgerald, Duke 
of, — b. in Ireland, 1749 — succeeds to the 
peerage, 1776 — Inspector-general of Militia of 
Dublin, 1779 — founds town of Maynooth, 1795 
—if., 20 Oct. 1805. 

Leipsic, {Leipzig}) in Germany, — mentioned, 



1 015 — destroyed by Wratislaus, Duke of 
Bohemia, 1082 — walled, 1123 — licensed to 
hold two fairs, by Margrave Otto, 1156-89 — 
three castles built by Margrave Dietrich, 121 8 
— New Year's Fair commenced, 1458 — three 
fairs confirmed by Emperor Maximilian L, 1507 
— Luther has disputation with Eck and Carl- 
stadt at, 15 19 — the Beformation introduced by 
Henry the Pious, 1539-41 — besieged by 
Elector John Frederick, 1547 — fortifications 
strengthened, about 1550 — surrenders to Tilly, 
1 63 1 — Gustavus Adolphus defeats Tilly near, 
7 Sep. 1631 — evacuated by Imperialists, 12 
Sep. — again taken by them, Oct. 1632 — again 
evacuated, Nov. — taken by Imperialists, Aug. 
2 ^33 — unsuccessfully besieged by Swedes, 
Dec. 1636 to Feb. 1637 — besieged and taken by 
Torstenson, Aug. to Oct. 1642 — evacuated by 
Swedes, 1650 — Book Fair commenced, about 
1667 — devastated by pestilence, 1680-1 — occu- 
pied by Charles XII. , 1706 — taken possession 
of by Frederick II. of Prussia, 29 Aug. 1756 — 
fortifications demolished, 1784- — -occupied by 
Austrians, 22 Jun. 1809 — by Russians, 31 Mar. 
to 30 Apr. 1 813 — by French, 2 May — Napoleon 
defeated by Allies, 16, 18, and 19 "Oct. 1813— 
political disturbances at, 4 Sep. 1830 — insur- 
rection suppressed by military, 30 Aug. 1831 — 
celebrates tercentenary of the Reformation, 1839 
— disturbances at, 1 848, and May 1 849 — entered 
by Prussians, 16 Jun. 1866. University of, 
founded by Elector Frederick, 4 Dec. 1409 — 
confirmed by bull of Alexander VI., 1409. 
Augxisteum, opened, 1835. Interim, signed, 
Mar. 1549. Standard, (of coinage,) introduced, 
1691. Treaty of , (Treaty of Warsaw,) secret, 
between Poland and Hungary, for partition of 
Prussia, signed, 18 May 1745. 

Leith, in Scotland, — mentioned, 1128 — 
ships in the harbour burnt by the English, 
1 31 3 and 141 o — burnt by Earl of Hertford, 
May 1544 — taken possession of by the French, 
1549— besieged by Protestants and English 
auxiliaries, and the French expelled, 1560 — 
citadel built by Cromwell, about 1651 — and 
demolished by order of Charles II., 1660 — 
occupied by forces of the Pretender, 17 15 — 
George IV. lands at, 1822 — parliamentary 
borough, 1832. 

Lejay, Gabriel Franeois, Jesuit, — fj. at 
Paris, 1657 or 1662^3. a't Paris, 1734. Trans- 
lation of Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 1723 — 
Bibliotheca rhetorum, 1725. 

Lejay, Guy Michel, orientalist, — fj. at 
Paris, 1588 — if., Dean of Vezelay, 1674. Edits 
Bible Polyglotte, 1645. 

Lekain, Henri Louis, actor, — b. at Paris, 14 
Apr. 1728 — first appears at the Comedie 
Franchise, 1750 — if. at Paris, 8 Feb. 1778. 

Le Keux, Henry, engraver, — b., 1787— if., 
n Oct. 1868. 

Le Keux, John, engraver, — u. in London, 
1784— if. there, 2 Apr. 1846. 

Leland, (Laylonde,) John, antiquary-, — An- 
tiquary to Henry VIII., 1533 — travels through 
England and Wales to make collections, 1536- 
42— canon of King's Coll., (Chvistchurch,) — 
1543— prebendary of Saruni, 1545 — loses his 



842 



LELAND— LEMOINE. 



reason, 1550 — )y. in London, 18 Apr. 1552. 
Commentarii de Scriptoribus Britannicis, 1709 
— Itinerary of England, 17 10- 12 — De rebus 
Britannicis Collectanea, 17 15. 

Leland, John, theologian, — b. at Wigan, 
1 69 1 — tf., 16 Jan. 1766. View of the prin- 
cipal Deistical Writers, 1754. 

Leland, Thomas, miscellaneous writer, — b. 
at Dublin, 1722,* b 1702° — ft., 1785,* c 1782. b 
Translation of Demosthenes, 1756-70 — History 
of Philip of Macedon, 1758 — History of!rela)id, 
1773. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Rees' Cyc. 
Lelewel, Joachim, statesman, historian, — 
b. at Warsaw, 21 Mar. 1786 — Prof. His- 
tory, Univ. of Warsaw, 18 16 — deprived of 
Professorship at Wilna, and banished, 1824 — 
deputy to the Diet, 1828 — takes a leading part 
in Eevolution of 1830 — goes to France, Oct. 
1 83 1 — banished by Louis Philippe at instance 
of Russia, Mar. 1833 — retires to Brussels: tf., 
29 May 1 86 1. Ancienne Bibliographic Polo- 
naise, 1823-6 — Fssai historique sur la legisla- 
tion Polonaise, 1828 — Histoire de Pologne, 
1829 — Numismatique du Moyen Age, 1836 — 
Le Pologne au Moyen Age, 1846-51 — Geogra- 
phic du Moyen Age, 1852. 

Lelong, Jacques, — b. at Paris, 1665 — 5j. 
there, 1721. Bibliotheca sacra, 1709 — Dis~ 
cours historiques sur les principales editions des 
Bibles polyglottes, 17 13 — Bibliotheque histo- 
rique de la France, 17 19. 

Lely, Sir Peter, (Pieter van der Faes,) 
painter, — b. at Soest, in Westphalia, about 
161 7-1 8 — comes to England, 1 641 — first painter 
to Charles II., 1660 — tr. in London, 30 Nov. 
1680. 

Lemaire, Jacob, maritime discoverer, — b. at 
Alkmaar, about 1590 a — director of expedition 
to India by Cape Horn, 1615— discovers Straits 
of Lemaire, 1616 — ij., 31 Dec. 1616. 
a Engl. Cyc. 
Lemaire, Nicolas Eloi, — b. at TriancoTirt, 
1 Dec. 1767 — Prof. Rhetoric, Coll. of Plessis, 
1790 — Prof. Latin Poetry, Coll. of France, 
181 1 — Dean of Faculty of Letters, 1825 — ft. 
at Paris, 3 Oct. 1832. Bibliotheca Classica 
Latina, commenced, 181 8. 

Lemaire de Beiges, Jean, historian, poet, — 
b. at Beiges, (Hainault,) 1473 — enters service 
of Margaret of Austria, 1503—0"., about 1520 
or 1547. Le Temple d'honneur et de Vertus, 
1503 — la Legende des Venitiens, 1509 — Traite 
de la difference des schismes et des Conciles, 
15 1 1 — Illustrations des Gaules, 15 12. 
Le Maistre. [Sacy, Louis Isaac] 
Lemaistre, Gilles, First President of Par- 
liament of Paris, — b. at Montlheri, about 1499 
— First Pres., 1551— tf., 5 Dec. 1562. De- 
cisions notables, 1566. 

Lemaistre, Pierre,— 6. at Paris, 1638— Ad- 
vocate to Parliament of Paris, 1668 — tf., 17 
Oct. 1728. Coutume de Paris, 1700. 

Lemarrois, Jean Leonard Francois, general, 
— b. at Briquebec, (la Manche,) 1776 — aide- 
de-camp to jSapoleon, distinguishes himself at 
Lodi and Roveredo, 1796— takes part in revo- 
lution of 18 Brumaire, Nov. 1799 — serves in 
campaign of Marengo, Colonel, 1800 — Count, 



General of Division, 1805 — accompanies Napo- 
leon I. in campaign of Austria, 1805 — wounded 
at Jena, 1806 — deputy to legislative body, 1808 
— Governor of Rome, 1809-12 — takes part in 
Russian expedition, 1812 — Chevalier of St 
Louis, 1 8 14 — Peer, by Napoleon, 18 15 — tf. at 
Paris, 13 Oct. 1836. 

Lemasson, Innocent, Carthusian, — ft. at 
Noyon, 10 Mar. 1628 — enters Carthusian Or- 
der, 1647 — General of the Order, 1675 — fr., 8 
May 1703. Annates ordinis Carthusiensis, 
1687. 

Lemherg, in Austria, (Ibivenburg,) — found- 
ed by Leo, Prince of Halicz, 1259 — taken by 
Casimir I. of Poland, 1340,* i348 b — unsuc- 
cessfully besieged by Cossacks, 1648 — by Rus- 
sians, 1666 — by Turks, 1672 — sacked by 
Charles XII., 17 04— coronation of Stanislaus 
Leczinski at, 1704— becomes possession of 
Austria, 1772, b 1783 a — taken by Poniatowski, 
24 May 1 809 — restored to Austria, 1 8 14 — bom- 
barded, 2 Nov. 1848. University, founded, 
1 7 84 — reorganized, 1 8 1 7 . 

a Meyer, Conv. -Lex. b Conv.-Lex. 

Lemercier, Jacques, architect, — h. at Pon- 
toise, about 1600, (i-) about 1585 a — architect of 
the king, 161 8 a — o\ at Paris, i66o, b proba- 
bly Nov. or Dec. i654 # a Coll. and Church of 
the Sorbonne, 1629-35 — Palais Royal, 1629 — 
Old Louvre, 1624 — Church of St Roch, 1633- 
53. * Jal. 

Lemercier, Nepomucene Louis, poet, — b. at 
Paris, 21 Apr. 1771 — member of French 
Academy, 18 10 — tj. at Paris, 6 Jim. 1840. 
Agamemnon, 1797 — Pinto, 1800 — Charle- 
magne, 1 8 16 — Clovis, 1820 — La Demence de 
Charles VI, 1820. 

Lemery, Nicolas, physician, chemist,- — b. at 
Rouen, 17 Nov. 1645 — settles at Paris, 1672 — 
abjures Protestantism, 1686 — admitted to 
Academy of Sciences, 1699 — 3y. at Paris, 19 
Jun. 17 15. Cours de chimie, 1675. 

Lemettay, Pierre Charles, painter, — b. at 
Fecamp, 1726 — 5j. at Paris, 1760. 

Lemierre, Antoine Marin, poet, — b. at 
Paris, 1723 — tf. at St Germain, 1793. (Euvres, 
1 8 10. 

Lemire, Aubert, {Mirceus,) historian, — b. at 
Brussels, 1573 — fr. at Antwerp, 1640. Flogia 
illustrium Belgii scriptorum, 1602 — Fasti Bel- 
gici, 1622 — Annates rerum Belgicarum, 1636. 

Lemnius, {Lemmeus,) Lievin, physician, — 
b. in Holland, 1505 — ft. there, 1 Jul. 1568. 
De occultis naturce miraculis, 1559-64 — De 
habitu et constitutione corporis, 156 1 — Simili- 
tudinum ac Parabolaram qua? in Biblis ex herbis 
atque Arboribus desumuntur explicatio, 1569, 

Lemnos, island of the JEgean, — [B C] — occu- 
pied by Darius, about 511 — taken by Miltiades 
and made subject to Athens, a few years later : 
revolt of, 359-356 — [AD]— passes to Venetians, 
1204 — ceded to Turks, 1478. 

Lemoine, (Lemoyne,) Francois, painter, — b. 
at Paris, 1688 — obtains grand prize of paint- 
ing, 17 1 1- — member of Academy, 30 Jul. 17 18 
— Prof,, about 1724 — first painter to Louis XV., 
1736 — kills himself, 4 Jun. 1737. Apotheosis 
of Hercules, Versailles, 1732-6. 



LEMOINE— LENNOX. 



843 



Lemoine, Louis, general, — ft. at Saumur, 23 
Nov. 1764 — enters the army, 1783 — serves 
against Prussians, Sep. 1792 — serves at Je- 
mappes, 1792 — at Neerwinden, 1793 — distin- 
guishes himself at Quiberon, 1795 — General of 
.Division, takes part in revolution of 1 8 Fructidor 
(4 Sep.) 1797— serves in Italy, 1799 — com- 
mander of "NVesel, 1 8 12 — of Mezieres, 18 14 — 
tf. at Paris, Jan. 1842. 

Lemon, Mark, Editor of ' Punch,' dramatist, 
§c., — ft. in London, 30 Nov. 1809— joint-editor 
of Punch, 1 841 — sole editor, 1843 — tf. at 
Crawley, Sussex, 23 May 1870. 

Lemonnier, Anicet Charles Gabriel, painter, 
— ft. at Eouen, 6 Jim. 1743 — obtains graad 
prize, 1770 — admitted to Academy, 1789 — tf. 
at Paris, 17 Aug. 1824. 

Lemonnier, (juillaume Antoine, miscel- 
laneous writer, — ft. at St-Sauveur-le-Yicomte, 
172 1 — tf. librarian of Sainte-Genevieve, 1797. 
Translation of Terence, 1770. 

Lemonnier, Pierre Charles, astronomer, — 
ft. at Paris, 23 Nov. 17 15 — received at 
Academy of Sciences, 1736 — assists in measure- 
ment of polar circle, 1736 — member of In- 
stitute, 1795 — tf. near Bayeux, 2 Apr. 1799. 
The'orie des cometes, 1743 — Astronomie nau- 
tique, 1 77 1 — Description et usage des prin- 
cipals instruments d' astronomie, 1774. 

Lemontey, Pierre Edouard, miscellaneous 
writer, — ft. at Lyons, 14 Jan. 1762 — admitted 
to French Academy, 18 19 — tf. at Paris, 26 Jun. 
1826. (Euvres, 1829 — Histoire de la regence 
et de la minorite de Louis XV., 1832. 

Lemos, Pedro Juan, Count de,— ft., 1564 — 
President of Council of the Indies, 1603 — 
distinguishes himself at siege of Gstend, 1604 
— Captain-general, 1604 — Viceroy of Naples, 
1612 — if. at Yalladolid, Dec. 1634. 

Lemot, Francois Frederic, sculptor, — ft. at 
Lyons, 4 Nov. 1773 — goes to Paris, about 1786 
— obtains grand prize, 1790 — member of In- 
stitute, 1805 — tf. at Paris, 6 May 1827. Bac- 
chante, 1 80 1 — Bust of Jean Part, 1804 — Pas- 
relief of Napoleon, front of the Louvre, 1808 — 
Equestrian statue of Henry LV., 18 17. 

Lemoyne, Jean Louis, sculptor, — ft. at 
Paris, 1665 — member of Academy of Painting 
and Sculpture, 1703 — tf. at Paris, 1755. 

Lemoyne, Jean Eaptiste, sculptor, — ft. at 
Paris, 1704— obtains grand prize, 1724 — tf. at 
Paris, 1778. 

Lempereur, Louis Simon, engraver, — ft. at 
Paris, 1728 — tf. there, 1808. 

Lempriere, John, classical scholar, — M.A. 
Oxford, 1792 — D.D., 1803 — resigns head- 
mastership of Exeter Grammar School, about 
1 8 10— tf. in London, 1 Feb. 1824. Classical 
Dictionary, (Pibliotheca Classica,) 1788 — 
Translation of Herodotus, (unfinished,) 1792 — 
Universal Piography, 1808. 

Lenfant, Jacques, theologian, historian, — ft. 
at Bazoches, 1661 — pastor of Protestant church 
at Berlin, 1689 — preacher to the king, 1705 
— visits England, 1707 — tf., 7 Aug. 1828. 
Histoire du Concile de Constance, 17 14 — Histoire 
du Concile de Pise, 1724 — Histoire de la guerre 



des Hussites et du Concile de Pale, 1729 — (with 
Beausobre) Translation of New Testament, 
1718. 

Lenglet-Dufresnoy, Nicolas,— ft. at Beau- 
vais, 5 Oct. 1674 — secretary to Elector of 
Cologne, 1705 — sent to Vienna, 17 21 -3 — im- 
prisoned, 1723-5, 1743, 1750, and 1751 — tf., 
16 Jan. 1755. Methode pour etudier l' histoire, 
17 1 3 — Tablettes chronologiques de V histoire uni- 
verselle, 1744 — Histoire de Jeanne d 'Arc, 1753. 

Lenhossek, Michael de, physician, — ft. at 
Presburg, n May 1773 — M.D. Pesth, 1799 — 
Prof. Physiology and Anatomy, Pesth, 1809 — 
Prof, at Vienna, 1 819 — First Physician of Hun- 
gary, Director of the Faculty of Medicine and 
Surgery of Pesth, 1825 — tf. at Buda, 12 Feb. 
1 840. Physiologia medicinalis, 1 8 1 6 - 1 8 . 

Lennep, David Jacob van, poet, philologist, 
—ft. at Amsterdam, 15 Jul. 1774 — Prof. Clas- 
sical Literature, at the Athenseum, 1799 — 
member of the States, 1838 — tf., 10 Feb. 1853. 
Editions of Anthologia Grceca, 1795-1822 — 
Hesiod, 1843-58 — -Ovid, 1807. 

. Lennep, Jacob van, poet, novelist, translator, 
— ft. at Amsterdam, 25 Mar. 1802 — tf., 25 
Aug. 1868. Nederlandsche Legenden, about 
1829 — Onze Voronders, 1838-49 — Dramatic 
Works, 1852-5 — edition of Vondel, 1857-66 — 
Poetical Works, 1859. 

Lennep, Johan Daniel van, philologist, — ft. 
at Leeuwarden, 1724 — Prof. Greek and Latin 
Literature, Groningen, 1752 — Prof, at Frane- 
ker, 1768— tf. at Aix-la-Chapelle, 6 Feb. 177 1. 
Etymologicum Linguce Grcecce, 1790. 

Lennox, Charles Lennox, Duke of, — ft., 
29 May 1672 — created by his father, Charles 
II., Duke of Bichmond, 9 Aug. 1675 — Duke of 
Lennox, 9 Sep. 1675 — the Lennox estates 
given to him, by Boyal Charter, 20 Aug. 1680 
— K.G., 7 Apr. 168 1 — returns from France and 
supports the Bevolution, 1688 — sells the Len- 
nox estates, 1702 — tf. at Goodwood, 27 May 
1723- 

Lennox, Charles Lennox, Duke of, andDvxii 
of Bichmond, &c, — ft. in London, 29 May 1701 
— M.P. Chichester, 1722 — succeeds his father, 
1723 — K.B., 1725 — K.G., 26 May 1726 — Lord 
High Constable of England at coronation of 
George II., 1727 — Master of the Horse, 8 Jan. 
1735 — Privy Councillor, 9 Jan. — Brigadier- 
general, 2 Jul. 1739 — one of the Lords-justices, 
12 May 1740 — Major-general, 1 Jun. 1742 — ■ 
attends George II. at Dettingen, Jun. 1743 — 
again Lord-justice, 1745 — Lieuten ant-general, 
6 Jun. 1745 — employed against the rebels, 
1745-6 — Colonel of the Horse Guards, Feb. 
1750— tf., 8 Aug. 1750. 

Lennox, Charlotte, novelist, — ft. at New 
York, 1720 — sent to England, 1735 — tf., 4 
Jan. 1804. 

Lennox, Esme Stewart, Lord of Aubigny, 
Earl and Duke of,— arrives in Scotland and 
becomes favourite of James VI., Sep. 15.79 — 
created Earl of Lennox, 5 Mar. 1580 — in- 
stitutes proceedings against Morton, 1580 — 
quarrels with the Church, 15 81 — Duke of 
Lennox, Earl of Darnley, &c, 5 Aug. 1581 — 



844 



LENNOX— LENTUL US. 



accused of treason and expelled from Scotland, 
Dec. 1582— tf. at Paris, 26 May 1583. 

Lennox, Lord George Henry, general,— h., 
27 Nov. 1737 — enters the army, 1751 — aide- 
de-camp to Duke of Cumberland in Germany, 
1757 — distinguishes himself in campaigns of 
Germany, 1 760-1 — M.P. Chichester, 1761 — 
Colonel, aide-de-camp to the king, 17 62 — attends 
his brother on embassy to France, 1765 — 
Lieutenant-general, Aug. 1777 — Constable of 
the Tower of London, 17 Feb. 1784 — Go- 
vernor of Plymouth, Nov. 1784 — General, and 
Privy Councillor, Oct. 1793 — tj. at Stoke Park, 
25 Mar. 1805. 

Lennox, John Stewart, of Darnley, Earl 
of, — ft., about 1345 — imprisoned by James I. 
of Scotland, 1424 — condemned and executed, 
25 May 1424. 

Lennox, Ludovic Stewart, 2nd Duke of, 
— ft., 29 Sep. 1574 — succeeds his father, 1583 
— the estates and honours restored to him, 31 
Jul. 1583 — ambassador to France, Jul. 1601 — 
visits Queen Elizabeth, Nov. 1601 — attends 
James VI. to England, 1603 — high commis- 
sioner to parliament of Scotland, 1607 — Earl 
of Richmond, 6 Oct. 161 3 — Earl of Newcastle 
and Duke of Richmond, 17 May 1623 — tf., 16 
Feb. 1624. 

Lennox, Malcolm, Earl of, — swears fealty 
to Edward I. of England, Jun. 1291 — -joins 
Wallace, 1297— joins Bruce, 1305. 

Lennox, Matthew Stewart, Earl of, — suc- 
ceeds his father, 1494 — with Earl of Argyle 
commands at battle of Flodden and is killed, 
9 Sep. 151 3. 

Lennox, Matthew Stewart, Earl of, Re- 
gent of Scotland, — succeeds his father, 
1526 — rival of Bothwell at Court of Queen 
Mary, 1543 — takes Catholic side against Henry 
VIII., 1543 — deserts to Henry, 1544 — de- 
clared guilty of treason, and his estates con- 
fiscated, Oct. 1545 — sails from Dublin for in- 
vasion of Scotland, 17 Nov. 1545 — invades 
Scotland, Sep. 1547— suspected of plotting for 
marriage of Queen Mary with Lord Darnley, 
and imprisoned with his Countess in the Tower 
of London, spring 1562 — returns to Scotland, 
Sep. 1564 — his forfeiture reversed and honours 
restored, Dec. 1564 — refutes charge of con- 
spiracy against Murray, 1565 — joins plot 
against Riccio, 1565 — Lieutenant-governor 
under the king, 16 Jun. 1570 — elected Regent, 
12 Jul. 1570— the party of Mary refuse to ac- 
knowledge him, Aug. 1570 — takes Dumbarton 
Castle, Apr. 157 1 — Edinburgh Caslle held 
against him by Grange, 157 1 — holds a parlia- 
ment at Leith, 9 May 157 1 — made prisoner 
and mortally wounded at Stirling ; tf. there, 
4 Sep. 157 1. m 

Lenoir, Alexandre, antiquary, — ft. at Paris, 
1762/ 1 Dec. 1761 b — keeper of the Museum of 
French Monuments, 1790— tf. at Paris, n Jun. 
1839. Musee des monuments francais, 1800-22. 
a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Lenoir, Etienne, mathematician, engineer, 
— ft. at Mer, (Loire-et-Cher,) 1744 — charged 
to construct Borda's reflecting circle, 1772 — 



engineer of the king, 1786 — member of Legion 
of Honour, 1819 — tf. at Paris, 1832. 

Lenotre, Andre, architect, landscape-gar- 
dener, — ft. at Paris, 16 13 — goes to Rome, 1678 
— tf. at Paris, 1700. 

Lenourry, Denis Nicolas, Benedictine, — ft. 
at Dieppe, 1647 — tf. at St Germain-des-Pres, 
1724. Apparatus ad bibl. maximum Patrum 
veterum, 1703-15. 

Lens, in France, — Conde defeats Archduke 
Leopold at, 20 Aug. 1648. 

Lens, Andreas Cornelisz, painter,— ft. at 
Antwerp, 1739 — tf. at Brussels, 30 Mar. 1822. 
Le Costume, 1770 — Die bon gout, 181 1. 

Lens, Bernard, {the elder,) designer, engraver, 
-r-rj. in London, 1659 — tf., 1725. 

Lens, Bernard, {the younger,) engraver, — ft. 
in London, 1680. 

Lens, Bernard, engraver, — ft. at Brussels, 
about 1730. 

Lent, in England, — observance of, ordered 
by Eadbald of Kent, 640-60 — penalties for 
non-observance of, imposed by Act 2 and 3 
Edw. VI. c. 19, 1548 — further regulations by 
Acts 27 Eliz. c. 11, 1585, and 35 Eliz. c. 7, s. 
22, 1593 — eating flesh in, prohibited by pro- . 
clamation of James I., 1619 and 1625; by 
Charles I., 1627 and 1631. 

Lenthall, William, statesman, — ft. at Hen- 
ley, Oxfordshire, 1591 — M.P.Woodstock, 1639 
— Speaker of House of Commons, 1640 — re- 
fuses to give up the Five Members to Charles 
I., 4 Jan. 1642— dismissed by Cromwell, 1653 
— Speaker again, 1654 — Speaker of the 
'Rump,' May 1659 — tf., 1662. 

Lentulus, Cn. Cornelius, — [BC] — (1.) Con- 
sul with P. JElius Partus, (553, a. tj. c.) 201. 
(2.) Consul with L. Mummius, (608,) 146., (3.) 
Consul with P. Licinius Crassus, (657,) 97. 
(4.) (Clodianus,) Consul with L. Gellius 
Poplicola, defeated by Spartacus, (682, a. it. c.) 
72 — Censor, 70. (5.) Consul with P. Com. 
Lentulus Marcellinus, (736,) 18. (6.) Consul 
with M. Valerius Messalinus, (751,) 3. 

Lentulus, Corn. Cossus, — Consul with Nero, 
(813, a. u. c.) 60. 

Lentulus, Cyriacus, publicist, — ft. at Lentz, 
about 1620 — tf., about 1695. Augustus, 1645 
— Princeps absolutus, 1663 — Germania cum vita 
Jul. Agricolce, 1666. 

Lentulus, L. Cornelius, — [BC] — (1.) Con- 
sul with Q. Publilius Philo, (427, a. tj. c.) 
327 — legatus in the Caudine campaign, 321 — 
dictator, 320. (2.) Consul with M' Curius 
Dentatus, (479,) 275. (3.) {Caudinus,) Con- 
sul with Q. Fulvius Flaccus, (517,) 237 — 
defeats Ligurians, 237 — tf., 213. (4.) Prsetor 
in Sardinia, 211 — Proconsul in Spain, about 
210 — Consul with P. Villius Tappulus, (555,) 
199 — Proconsul in Gaul, 198. (5.) {Lupus,) 
Consul Avith C. Marcius Figulus, (59,s,) 156. 
(6.) (Crus,) accuses Clodius, 61 — Praetor, 58 
— Consul with C. Claudius Marcellus, (705,) 
49 — joins Pompey, flies to Egypt and is put to 
death by Ptolemy, 48. 

Lentulus, P. Cornelius, {Sura,) — [B C]— 
(1.) Qiuestorto Sulla, 8i — Prsetor, 75 — Consul 



LENTULUS— LEO X. 



845 



with. Cn. Aufidius Orestes, (683, a. u. c.) 71 — 
ejected fromthe senate, 70 — Prsetor, 63 — joins 
Catiline, 63 — strangled in prison, 5 Dec. 63. 
(2.) (Spinther,) Curule eedile, 63 — Praetor, 
60 — introduces awnings over theatres ; serves 
in Kispania Citerior, 59, 58 — Consul with Q,. 
Csecilius Metellus Nepos, (697,) 57 — procures 
Cicero's return : Pro-consul in Cilicia, 56 to 
Jul. 53 — joins Pompey, 49 — at Pharsalia, 48 
— returns to Rhodes, 48 — joins conspir- 
ators against Csesar, 44. (3.) (Marcellinus,) 
Consul with Cn. Cornelius Lentulus, (736,) 
18. 

Lentulus, Ser. Cornelius, — [B C] — Consul 
with L. Genucius Aventinensis, (451, a. u. c.) 

3°3- 

Lentulus Gsetulicus, Cn. Cornelius, his- 
torian, poet, — Consul -with C. Calvisius Sabinus, 
(779, a. u. c.) 26 — commands in Upper Ger- 
many, from about 29 — put to death by 
Caligula, 39. 

Lentulus G-aetulicus, Cossus Cornelius — 
[B C I — Consul with L. Calpurnius Piso, (753, 
a. u. c.) 1 — [AD] — defeats the Gsetuli in 
Africa, 6 — accompanies Drusus to Pannonia, 
14 — falsely accused of majestas, 24 — rj., 25. 

Leo L, the Great, Bp or Rome, — sent to 
Carthage to convey tidings of condemnation of 
Pelagius and Ccelestius, 418 — sent by Valen- 
tinian III. to Gaul, about quarrels of Aetius 
and Alvinus, 440 — succeeds Sixtus III., 29 
Sep. 440 — expels Manichseans from Rome, 
443 — has controversy with Hilarius, Bp of 
Aries, and reinstates Celidonius, Bp of Vesontio, 
444-5 — procures severe laws against Mani- 
chseans, 445 — procures condemnation of Pris- 
cillianists at Council of Toledo, 447 — sends 
three legates to Council of Ephesus, with his 
Letter to Flavian, 449 — holds Council at Rome 
against Eutyches, and protests against Acts of 
Council of Ephesus, 449 — procures convocation 
of Council of Chalcedon, in which his legates 
preside, 451 — ambassador to Attila for sparing 
Rome, 452 — intercedes with Genseric for 
sparing Rome, 455 — rj. at Rome, 10 Nov. 461. 

Leo II., Pope,— succeeds Agatho, 16 Apr. 
682— rj., 3 Jul.;" 28 May b 683. 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nouv. Biog 1 . Gen. 

Leo III., Pope, — succeeds Adrian I., 26 
Dec. 795 — acknowledges allegiance to Charles 
the Great, 795 — sends him the keys of St Peter 
and the standard of the city, 796 — attacked and 
imprisoned by Paschal and Campulus, who at- 
tempt to mutilate him, 25 Apr. 799 — rescued, 
26 Apr. — received by Charles the Great at Pa- 
derborn : returns to Rome, Nov. 799 — receives 
Charles at Rome, 24 Nov. 800 — purges him- 
self by oath of the charges of Paschal, at 
assembly, 15 Dec. 800 — crowns Charles 
Emperor, and does homage to him, 25 Dec. 
800 — visits him at Aix - la - Chapelle, 804 
— discovers a conspiracy against himself and 
puts the leaders to death, 815 — sends embassy 
to justify himself to Emperor Louis, 815 — rj., 
11 Jun. 816. 

Leo IV., Pope, — succeeds Sergius II., Jan. 
847 — surrounds the Vatican with walls, (Leo- 



nina,) 848-52 — strengthens fortifications of 
Rome, about 850-2— tr., 17 Jul. 855. 

Leo V., Pope, — succeeds Benedict IV., 28 
Oct. 903 — deprived and imprisoned by Christo- 
pher, Nov. — ft., 6 Dec. 903 (?) 

Leo VI., Pope, — succeeds John X., end of 
Jun. 928 — rj., 3 Feb. 929. 

Leo VII., Pope, — succeeds John XL, 9 Jan. 
936 — effects reconciliation of Hugh, King of 
Lombardy, and Alberic, Duke of Rome: o\, 
before 18 Jul. 939. 

Leo VIII., Pope, — elected on deposition of 
John XII., 22 Nov. 963 — escapes from Rome 
on return of John, Feb. 964 — but is reinstated 
by Emperor Otto, Jun. 964— If., Mar. or Apr. 

9 6 5- 

Leo IX., Pope, (Bruno,) — fc., 21 Jun. 1002 
— Bp of Toul, 1026 — elected to succeed Dama- 
sus II. at Diet of Worms, close of 1048 — re- 
cognized at Rome, 2 Feb. 1049 — visits Ger- 
many, received in state by Herman, Abp of 
Cologne, Mar. io49 a — excommunicates Godfrey 
of Lorraine, and receives him as suppliant at 
Aix-la-Chapelle, 27 Jui. a — consecrates church 
at Rheims, 2 Oct. — holds Council of Rheims, 
3 Oct. — holds Council of Mentz, 19 Oct. — 
spends Christmas at Verona, 1049 — holds 
Council at Vercelli, Sep. 1050 — again visits 
Germany, 1051 and 1052 — his mediation in 
Hungarian war rejected, Aug. to Sep. 1052 a — 
meets Henry III. at Worms, Christmas 1052 a 
— makes war on Normans in Italy, 1053 — ex- 
communicates them at Civitella, 18 Jun. 1053 a 
— defeated and captured, 23 Jun. — liberated, 
12 Mar. 1054 — excommunicates Cerularius, 
Patriarch of Constantinople, and is excom- 
municated by him, 1054 — rj., i3, a 19 b Apr. 
1054. 

a Milman. . b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Leo X., Pope, (Giovanni de' Medici,) — fj. 
at Florence, 11 Dec. 1475 — receives the ton- 
sure, early in 1483 — Abbot of Fonte-dolce, by 
Louis XL, 1483 — Abbot of Passignano, by 
Sixtus IV., 1483 — Cardinal, by Innocent VIII. , 
9 Oct. 1 4.8 8— goes to study at Pisa, 1488 — ■ 
receives insignia of a Cardinal, 9 Mar. 1492* 
— arrives at Rome, 22 Mar. — legate of the 
patrimony and of Tuscany, visits Florence, Apr. 
— returns to Rome, end of Jul. — retires to 
Florence on elevation of Alexander VI., Aug. 
— exiled from Florence, 9 Nov. 1494 — travels 
through Europe, 1499-1500* — as legate of 
Julius II., has chief direction of Papal troops 
in expedition against the French, Jan. 1512 — ■ 
taken prisoner at battle of Ravenna, 11 Apr. 
15 1 2 — escapes from Milan and returns to 
Florence, 31 Aug. 1512 — elected to succeed 
Julius II., 11 Mar. 15 13 — appoints Bembo and 
Sadoleto his secretaries : ordained Priest and 
Bp, 19 Mar. b — Priest, 15 Mar. a — Bp, 17 Mar. a 
— crowned, 19 Mar. a — forms league against 
France, 5 Apr. — [Mechlin] — enters Rome, 
1 1 Apr. — reopens Council of the Lateran, 
27 Apr. — arbitrates between Venetians and 
Emperor elect, Maximilian, 15 13 — makes 
peace with Louis XII., by Treaty of Corbey, 
6 Nov. 15 1 3 — the reconciliation completed 



8 4 6 



LEO XI.— LEO. 



at Council of the Lateran, 31 Dec. — re- 
establishes the Roman Academy, and founds 
Greek Institute, 15 13 — receives embassy from 
Emmanuel, king of Portugal, and sends him 
the consecrated rose, 15 14 — ogives him the 
newly discovered lands, 3 Nov. 15 14 — sends 
Bembo as legate to Venice, close of 15 14 — 
accedes to league against France, Jun. 15 15 — 
visits Florence, end of Nov. 15 15 — has con- 
ference with Francis I. at Bologna, and con- 
cludes Concordat with him, Dec. 15 15 — 
deprives Delia Bovere of Duchy of Urbino, &c, 
and gives them to Lorenzo de' Medici, 15 16 — 
promotes Treaty of London, Oct. 15 16 — frus- 
trates conspiracy of Petrucci and Bandinelli to 
poison him, spring 15 17. — creates 31 Cardinals, 
1 Jul. 15 1 7 — authorizes sale of indulgences, 
15 1 7— cites Luther to Borne, 7 Aug. 15 18 a — 
asserts power to grant indulgences, and con- 
demns Luther's views, by bull of 9 Nov., a Dec. h 
15 1 8 — endeavours to promote league of princes 
against Turks, 15 18 — sends the nuncio Miltitz 
with consecrated rose to Frederick, Elector of 
Saxony, 15 18 — opposes attempt of Charles of 
Spain to obtain title of King of the Bomans, 
15 1 9 — publishes a bull against Luther, 15 Jun. 
1520 — makes treaty with Francis I. for con- 
quest of Naples, Aug. 1520 — publishes another 
bull against Luther, 3 Jan. 152 1 — concludes 
secret treaty with Charles V., 8 Jul., b May ac 
1521 — captures Milan, 19 Nov. 1521 — excom- 
municates Alfonso d'Este, 152 1 — If., 1 Dec. 
152 1. a Roscoe. 

b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Leo XI., Pope, — (Alessandro Ottaviano de' 
Medici,) — b. at Florence, 1535 — Bp of Pistoia, 
1573 — Abp of Florence, 1574 — Cardinal, 1583 
— sent by Clement. VIII. as legate to France to 
receive Henry IV. into the Catholic Church, 
1596 — succeeds Clement, 1 Apr. 1605 — tf., 27 
Apr. 1605. 

Leo XII., Pope, (Annibale della Genga,) 
— b. at Chateau of la Genga, 2 Aug. 1760 — 
Cardinal, 8 Mar. 18 16 — succeeds Pius VII., 
28 Sep. 1823— reforms the administration, by 
decree of Oct. 1824 — proclaims a Jubilee, and 
condemns Bible Societies, 1825 — Xf., 10 Feb. 
1829. 

Leo I., Flavius Magnus, Thrax, Emperor 
op the East, — b., about 400— proclaimed by 
the army on Marcian's death, 7 Feb. 457 — 
composes religious troubles in Egypt, 460 — 
makes peace with Goths, 461 — obtains restor- 
ation of Eudoxia and Placidia, 462 — checks 
the Huns, 466 — appoints Anthemius Emperor 
at Borne, 467 — sends a fleet against the Van- 
dals, 468 — puts to death Aspar and his son, 47 1 
— carries on war with Goths, 471-3 — associates 
in the Empire his grandson Leo, Oct. 473 — Is. 
at Constantinople, 3 Feb. 474. 

Leo II., the Younger, Emperor of the 
East, — b., about 469 — declared Cassar by his 
grandfather, Leo L, Oct. 473 — succeeds him 
under regency of his father, Zeno, Feb. 474 — 

ts., Nov. 474. 

Leo III., Flavius, Isauetjs, (Canon,) Em- 

PEROB op the East, — enters Imperial army, 



about 700 — Commander-in-chief in Asia, 715 
—refuses to acknowledge Theodosius III., Feb. 
716 — marches to Constantinople, and is pro- 
claimed Emperor on resignation of Theodosius, 
25 Mar. 717^ 718 b — besieged in Constanti- 
nople by Solyman and Omar, 15 Aug. 718 to 
15 Aug. 720 — conspiracy of Anastasius II. de- 
tected, puts Anastasius to death, 719^ 721 ? 
— war with Omar, 726 — prohibits image- 
worship, 726 — [Iconoclasts]— defeats and puts 
to death the rebel Cosmas, Oct. 726 — deposes 
and exiles the patriarch Germanus, 7 30— severs 
trans - Adriatic provinces from Boman patri- 
archate, 730 — prepares a fleet for invasion of 
Italy, 732 — loses Bavenna, 734 — division of 
Latin and Greek churches, 734 — war with 
Arabs, 739 — o\, 18 Jun. 741. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Gibbon. 

Leo IV., Chazar, Emperor op the East, 
— b., 25 Jan. 750 — associated with his father, 
Constantine Copronymus, in the Empire, 6 Jan. 
751 — marries Irene, 769 — succeeds his father, 
14 Sep. 775 — supports the Iconoclasts : tf., 8 
Sep. 780. 

Leo V., Flavius, Armenus, Emperor op 
the East, — has a command in the army under 
Nicephorus, before 811 — banished, Mar. 811 — 
pardoned and reinstated by Michael Bhangabe, 
Jul. 811 — serves against Arabs, 812 — against 
Bulgarians, May 813 — deposes and succeeds 
Michael, 11 Jul. 813— defeats Bulgarians, 814 
— invades Bulgaria and makes peace, 815 — 
deprives and exiles patriarch Nicephorus, 815 
— condemns to death Michael the Stammerer, 
820 — assassinated by Michael's adherents, 24 
Dec. 820. 

Leo VI., Flavius, Sapiens, Philosophtjs, 
Emperor op the East, — b., 1 Sep. 866 s — 
declared Augustus, 870— succeeds his father, 
Basil I., 1 Mar. 886— deposes Photius, 886 — 
wars with Arabs in Italy, &c, 887-91 — makes 
war, unsuccessfully, on Bulgarians and Hunga- 
rians, 889-90— recovers southern Italy, 891 — 
marries a fourth wife, Zoe, 901 — excommuni- 
cated by patriarch Nicholas, 902 — Thessalonica 
sacked, 904-11 — exiles the patriarch, 906 — Sj., 
H May (Jul.) 911. a Le Beau. 

Leo, the Hebrew, — goes to Naples after con- 
quest of Granada, 1492. Dialoghi d'amore, 1535. 

Leo, (Leon,) Abp op Thessalonica, philo- 
sopher; theologian, — fl., about 840-870. 

Leo, (Leon,) of Byzantium, historian, rhe- 
torician, — [BC] — fl., about 350 a — ambassador 
to Athens respecting attempt of Philip, about 
340. a Clinton. 

Leo, (Leon,) (Diaconus,) Byzantine historian, 
— b., about 950 a — tf., after 993.* a Hase. 

Leo, of Modena, rabbi, — b. at Modena, about 
1574 — tf. at Venice, 1654. Biblia hebr, rab- 
binica, 1610 — Novo Dittionavio hebraico et 
italiano, 161 2 — Lstoria degli Biti hebraici, §c, 
1638. 

Leo, John, (Africanus,) geographer, — b. at 
Granada, about 1483 a — goes to Africa, 1492 — 
tf. at Tunis, about 1526, b ? 1552. a Description 
of Africa, 1550.* 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. 



LEO— LEOPARDI. 



847 



Leo, Leonardo, musical composer, — b. at Na- 
ples, 1694 or 1 701— tf. there, 1743 or i744, a 

1755* 

a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Leoben, Truce of, — between Austria and 
France, signed, 18 Apr. 1797. 

Leochares, sculptor,— [BC~]—&., about (01. 
102-110, 3,) 372-338. 

Leocrates, {Leokrates,)— [B C] — Arcbon at 
Athens, (01. 17, 1,) 712. 

Leodamas, orator, — [B C] — a citizen of 
Athens, in 404 — fl., 372 a — living, 355.* 
a Clinton. 

Leofgar,— mass-priest of Harold, appointed 
Bp of Hereford, 1056— defeated and killed by 
Griffith, Prince of Wales, 17 Jun. 1056. 

Leofric, Earl of Coventry, — negotiates 
peace between the English and Griffith, Prince 
of Wales, 1056— if., 30 Sep. 1057. 

Leon, Kings of,— [Asturias, Oviedo,] — seat 
of government transferred to Leon by Ordono 
II., 914 — he takes and rases Talavera, 914 — 
defeats Abderahman III., 916 — assists Navar- 
rese against Saracens, 921 — puts to death 
Counts of Castile, 922 — rj. at Leon, Sep. 923. 
Froila II. (brother) succeeds, 923. Alfonso 
IV., (nephew,) 924 — loses his queen Urraca 
Ximena, 926 — abdicates in favour of his 
brother Ramiro, 927 — unsuccessfully attempts 
to recover the throne, 928— tr. in prison, 932. 
Ramiro II., 927 — takes Madrid from the 
Mohammedans, 932 — defeats Abderahman, 
king of Cordova, at Simancas, 6 Aug. 938 — tr., 
5 Jan. 950. Ordono III. (son) succeeds, 950 
— takes Lisbon and dismantles it, 953 — tf., 
Aug. 955. Sancho L, the Fat, (brother,) 955 
— deposed and banished by Ordofio the Bad, 
955 — reestablished by Abderahman, king of 
Cordova, and Garcia, king of Navarre, 960 — 
poisoned by Count Gonzalez, 967. Ramiro 
III., (son,) b., 962 — succeeds, 967 — marches 
against rebels in Galicia, and is defeated, 982 
— tf., Dec. 982. Bermudo II., (Veremundus,) 
(son of Ordofio III.,) succeeds, 982 — defeats 
Mohammed Almanzor, and is defeated by him, 
995 — with the king of Navarre and Count of 
Castile defeats Almanzor, 998 — rj., 999. Al- 
fonso V., (son,) b., 994 — succeeds, 999 — re- 
builds Leon, 10 1 6 — makes war on Saracens, 
1027 — killed at siege of Viseu. 5 May 1027. 
Bermudo III., (son,) 1027 — marries Urraca 
Teresa of Castile, 1028 — marries his sister 
Donna Sancia to Ferdinand of Navarre, 1033 
— the kingdom united with Castile under Fer- 
dinand I., 1037 — separate again on his death, 
under his son Alfonso VI., 1065- 11 09 — and 
again, for Ferdinand II., son of Alfonso VIII. , 
1 157. Alfonso IX., (son,) 1188 — on his death 
reunited to Castile, 1230. 

Leon, city,- — taken from Saracens by Alfon- 
so I. of Oviedo, 744 — seat of a kingdom, 914 
— [Leon, Kings of] — captured and destroyed 
by Mohammed Almanzor, 996 — captured by 
the Hagib Abdelmalek, 1004 — rebuilt by Al- 
fonso V., 1016 — receives first charter of incor- 
poration in Castile, 1020 a — entered by Soult, 
1809. Cathedral of, founded, about 722. b 



Councils of, held, 1 Aug. 1020, 1091, and 18 
Oct. 1 1 14. a Prescott. b Encyc. Mod. 

Leon, Luis de, poet, — b. at Granada, 1527 — 
enters Augustine Order, 1543 — tj., 1591. Obras 
proprias y traducciones, 1631. 

Leon-Leal, Simon de, painter, — b. at Ma- 
drid, 16 10 — h. there, 1687. 

Leon-Pinelo. [Pinelo.] 

Leon, Pierre Cieca de. [Cie^a de Leon.] 

Leonardo Aretino. [Bruni.] 

Leonardo da Vinci. [Vinci.] 

Leonbruno, Lorenzo, painter, — b. at Mantua, 
1489 — tf. at Milan, about 1537 ? 

Leoni, Lodovico, (il Padovano,) painter, §c, 
b. at Padua, 1531 — rj. at Rome, 1606. 

Leoni, Ottavio, (il Padovanino,) painter, 
engraver, — b. at Rome, 157 8, a 1574 b — tf. there, 
1630/ 1 1628. 13 

a Biog. Univ. b Biog. Catalogue. 

Leonicenus, Nicholas, physician, — b. at 
Lonigo, 1428 — tf. at Ferrara, 1524. . Liber de 
epidemia quam Itali morbum gallicum vocant, 
1497 — Opuscula medica, 1532. 

Leonicenus, Omnibonus, grammarian, — b. 
at Lonigo, 1420 — tf., about 1500. 

Leonidas I., King of Sparta, — [B C] — ■ 
succeeds Cleomenes I., about 491 — falls at 
Thermopylae, 480. 

Leonidas II., King of Sparta, — [BC] — 
succeeds Areos II. , 256 — deposed through his 
opposition to reforms of Agis IV., about 242-1 ? 
— restored, 240 — tf., about 236. 

Leonnatus, — [BC] — one of Philip's body- 
guards, before 336 — accompanies Alexander 
into Asia, 332 — body-guard to Alexander, 
331 — obtains satrapy of Lower Phrygia, 324 — 
comes into Europe and relieves Antipater in 
Lamia, early in 322, a 323 b — defeated and 
killed by Athenian forces, 322. 

a Grote. b Thirlwall and Zumpt. 

Leontini. [Leontium.] 

Leontius, — Consul with Sallustius, (1097, 

a. tj. c.) 344. 

Leontius of Byzantium, theologian, — fl. 
about 600. 

Leontius, Bp of Neapolis, (Cyprus,) 
theologian, — tf. there, about 620-30. 

Leontius, Emperor of the East, — com- 
mands against Maronites, before 692 — im- 
prisoned by Justinian II. , 692-5 — governor 
of Greece, 695 — deposes Justinian and succeeds 
him, late in 695 — Venice becomes independent, 
697 — attempts reconquest of Africa, 697-8 — 
deposed by Tiberius Apsimar, and sent to 
a monastery, 698 — put to death by Justinian 

n., 705. 

Leontium, (Leontini,) in Sicily, — [B C] — 
founded by Chalcidians, (01. 6, 4,) 753 a — 
founded by Syracusans, (01. 12, 2,) 730 b — 
Pansetius tyrant, 608 — assisted by Athens, 
summer 427. a Muller. 

b Clinton, Bawlinson, and Smith's Diet. 

Leopardi, Alessandro, architect, sculptor, — 

b. at Venice, about 1450 a — tl. there, 1510, 13 
1515.* a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. 

Leopardi, Griacomo, poet, miscellaneous 
ivriter,—^. at Recanati, 28 Jun. 1798 — lj. at 



848 



LEOPOLD I.— LEOTYCHIDES. 



Naples, 14 Jun. 1837. Canti, 1831 — Operette 
Morale, 1827. 

Leopold I., Emperor of the Romans, — 
ft. at Vienna, 9 Jun. 1640 — crowned King of 
Hungary, 27 Jun. 1655 — King of Bohemia, 14 
Sep. 1656 — elected to succeed his father Fer- 
dinand III., 18 Jul. 1658— [Oliva, Peace of J 
— attends Diet of Eatisbon, 1664 — marries 
Margaret Theresa of Spain, 12 Dec. 1666 — 
discovers and suppresses conspiracy of Hun- 
garian nobles, 1670 — declares Hungarian 
monarchy hereditary, and quarters additional 
troops in Hungary, 1670 — death of the Em- 
press, 12 Mar. 1673— marries Claude Felicite, 
daughter of Archduke of Innspriick, 15 Oct. 
1673 — her death, 8 Apr. 1676 — marries 
Eleonora, daughter of Count Palatine of Neu- 
burg, 14 Dec. 1676 — persecutes Protestants, 
and provokes renewal of the rebellion, 1678 — 
[Tekeli] — abolishes new form of government 
and publishes amnesty, Feb. -1681 — makes 
subsidiary treaty with John Sobieski, 31 Mar. 
1683 — [Nimeguen, Peace of, and Eatisbon, 
Truce of] — his capital saved from the Turks 
by John Sobieski, Sep. 1683 — joins League of 
Augsburg, 1686 — signs Peace of Ryswick, 
1697 — of Carlowitz, 1699 — war of the 
Spanish Succession begins, 1701 — a\ at Vienna, 
6 May 1705. 

Leopold II., Emperor of the Romans, — 
b., 5 May 1747 — marries Infanta Maria 
Louisa, Feb. 1765 — Grand-Duke of Tuscany, 
1765 — succeeds his brother Joseph II. in 
hereditary Austrian states, Feb. 1790 — restores 
privileges of the Belgians, 3 Mar. 1790 — con- 
cludes armistice with Turks at Giurgevo, 19 
Sep. a — elected Emperor, 30 Sep. a — crowned 
at Frankfort, 9 Oct. a — crowned King of Hun- 
gary at Presburg, 15 Nov. a — has interview 
with Comte d'Artois at Mantua, May 1791 
— Treaty of Pilnitz, Aug. 179 1 — ly., 2 Mar. 
1792. a Coxe. 

Leopold I., King of the Belgians, (Leo- 
pold George Christian Frederick, Prince 
of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld,) — b., 16 Dec. 
1790 — enters the service of Russia, 1806 — 
present at interview of Emperors Alexander 
and Napoleon at Erfurt, 1808 — quits Russian 
army, 18 10 — reenters it, and has a command at 
Liitzen, Bautzen, and Leipsic, 181 3 — accom- 
panies allied sovereigns to London, 18 14 — 
serves in campaign of 18 15 — naturalized in 
England, and created Duke of Kendal, 18 16 — 
marries Princess Charlotte, 2 May 18 16 — death 
of his wife, Nov. 1 8 1 7 — declines crown of 
Greece, early in 1830 — elected King of the 
Belgians, Jun. 1 831— marries Princess Louise 
of France, 3 Aug. 1832 — offers to abdicate, 
1848 — tf. at Laeken, 9 Dec. 1865. 

Leopold II., Grand-Duke of Tuscany, — 
fc. at Florence, 3 Oct. 1797 — marries Princess 
Anne of Saxony, 18 17 — succeeds his father, 
Ferdinand III., 17 Jun. 1824 — death of his 
wife, 24 Mar. 1832 — marries Princess An- 
toinette of Naples, 7 Jun. 1833 — grants a con- 
stitution to the Ducby, 1847 — takes part in 
war against Austria, 1848 — flies to Naples, 21 
Feb. 1849 — reinstated by Austrians, 28 Jul. 



1849 — again takes flight from Florence, 27 
Apr. 1859 — tbe Duchy occupied by Sardinian 
troops : abdicates in favour of his son Fer- 
dinand IV., 21 Jul. 1859 — &•> 2 7 Feb. 1871. 
Opere di Lorenzo de' Medici, 1825. 

Leopold, Duke of Austria, — b., 1157 — 
marries Helena, Princess of Hungary, May 
1 174 — succeeds his brother Henry II., 1177 — 
present at reconciliation of Emperor Frederick 
I. and Pope Alexander III. at Venice, Jul. 
1177 — goes to Palestine, 1182 — accompanies 
Frederick on crusade, 11 89 — distinguishes him- 
self at siege of Acre, 11 90 — arrests Richard I. 
of England, 20 Dec. 1192 — gives him up to 
Emperor Henry VI., 28 Dec. — receives part 
of the ransom for Richard, 1194— tf., 21 Dec. 
1 194. 

Leopold, the Glorious, Duke of Austria 
and of Styria, — succeeds his brother Fre- 
derick, 1 198 — carries on war with Emeric, 
king of Hungary, 11 99 — makes peace, 1200 — 
marries Theodora Comnena, 1203 — takes the 
cross and goes to Palestine, 1208 — returns, 
1209 — joins crusade against Albigenses, 1211 
— fights against Saracens in Spain, 1213 — ac- 
companies Andrew II. of Hungary to Pales- 
tine, 1 2 17 — takes part in siege of Damietta, 
121 8 — revolt of his son, 1226 — ft. at San Ger- 
mano, 26 Jul. 1230. 

Leopold II., (III.,) the Valiant, Duke of 
Austria, — b., Apr. 1351 — marries Virido, 
daughter of Bernabo Visconte, Oct. 1364 — 
with his brother Albert III. shares tbe Duchy 
on the death of his father, Rudolph IV., 1365 
— unsuccessfully attempts to relieve Trieste, 
besieged by Venetians, Nov. 1369 — persecutes 
Jews, 1370 — takes part with Teutonic Knights 
in expedition against the Lithuanians, Nov. 
1370— created Knight, 1371 — carries on war 
with Euguerrand de Couci, 1375-6 — and with 
Venetians, 1376 — by partition, becomes sole 
Duke of Carinthia, 1380 — quarrels with the 
Swiss, 1383 — Swiss alliance formed against 
him, 1384 — destroys Richensee, 1385 — killed 
at battle of Sempach, 9 Jul. 1386. 

Leopold, Duke of Anhalt-Dessau. [An- 
halt-Dessau, Duchy of.] 

Leopold, Carl Gustaf af, statesman, — b. at 
Stockholm, 2 Apr. 1756 — studies at Upsala, 
1773 — Librarian to University, 1785 — admit- 
ted to Swedish Academy, 1786 — Librarian of 
Drottiungholm, 1787 — Private Secretary to 
the king, 1788 — Knt of the Polar Star, 1798 — 
Councillor of the Chancery, 1799 — member of 
Academy of Belles Lettres, 1 802 — of Sciences, 
1804 — ennobled, 1809 — Commander of the 
Polar Star, 18 15 — Secretary of State, 1818 — 
&., 3 May, a Nov. b 1829. Works, 18 14. 
a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Leosthenes, — [B C] — General of the League, 
in Lamian War, aut. 323 — defeats Antipater, 
and besieges Lamia, falls in the siege, aut. 323. 

Leostratos, — [BC] — (1.) Arcbon at Athens, 
(01. 27, 2,) 671. (2.) Archon, (01. 74, 1,) 
484. (3.) Archon, (01. 119, 2,) 303. 

Leotychides, King of Sparta,— [BC] — 
succeeds on deposition of Demaratos, 491 — 
gains victory of Mycale, 479 — commands ex- 



LEOVIGILD-LERINS. 



849 



pedition against Aleuadse, (01. 77, 3,) 470 — 
exiled to Tegea, 469. 

Leovigild. [Visigoths.] 

Leowitz, Cyprian, (Leovitius,) astronomer, 
— visited by Tycho Brabe, 1569— tf. in Suabia, 

15 ^' r -,',,;, 

Lepanto, in Greece y — [Naupactus] — held 

by Venetians, before 1300 — unsuccessfully be- 
sieged by Turks, 1475/ 1477 b — taken by 
Bajazet II., i499, b 1500 a — confirmed to Turks 
by treaty, 1503 — Don John of Austria defeats 
Turks at, 7 Oct. 157 1 — recaptured by Vene- 
tians, 1678 — restored to Turks by Treaty of 
Carlowitz, 1699 — taken by Greek insurgents, 
9 May 1829. a Encyc. Mod. b Conv.-vLex. 

Lepelletier, Louis,— b. at Mans, 1663— tf. 
in Brittany, 1733. Bictionnaire de la langue 
bretonne, 1752. 

Lepelletier de Saint-Fargeau, Louis Michel, 
— b. at Paris, 29 May 1760 — deputy to States- 
General, 1 7 8 9 — to Legislative Assembly, 1 7 9 1 — 
to Convention, 1792 — assassinated at Paris, 20 
Jan. 1793. 

Lepere, Jean Baptiste, architect, — b. at Paris, 
about 1762 — accompanies expedition of Egypt, 
1798 — tf. at Paris, 16 Jul. 1844. Church of 
Si Vincent de Paul, commenced, 1824 — com- 
pleted, 1844. 

Lepers, — edict respecting, by Rotharis, king 
of the Lombards, 643 a — hospitals for, estab- 
lished in Italy, before 700 — in Germany and 
France, before 800 — their marriages annulled 
in France, by Pepin, 757 — and by Charles the 
Great, 789 — persecuted in France, and burnt,, 
by Philip the Tall, i32i b — edict for relief of, in 
France, 161 2 — their hospitals reunited with 
Order of St Lazarus, by edict of Louis XIV., 
Apr. 1664.° a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

b Milman. c Univ. Pittoresque. 

Lepers, Isle of, New Hebrides, — discovered 
and named by Bougainville, 1768. 

Lepicie, Bernard, engraver, — b. at Paris, 
1698 — member of Academy of Painting, 1737 
— tf. at Paris, 17 Jan. 1755. Catalogue du 
tableaux du rot, 1752. 

Lepidus, M. iEmilius, — [BC] — (1.) Consul 
of Rome with C. Claudius Canina, (4G9, 
A. u. c.) 285. (2.) Consul with M. Publicius 
Malleolus, (522,) 232. (3.) Ambassador to. 
Egypt, 201 — sole ambassador to Philip III. of 
Macedonia, about siege of Abydos, 200 — Ponti- 
fex, 199 — iEdile, 192 — Praetor in Sicily, 191 
— Consul with C. Flaminius Nepos, (567,) 187 
— Ligurian war, Flaminian way : Pontifex 
Maximus, 180 — Censor with M. Fulvius 
Nobilior, (575,) 179 — Consul with Q. Mucius 
Scaevola, (579,) 175— tf., 152. (4.) Consul 
with C. Popillius Lsenas, (596,) 158. (5.) 
Consul with L. Aurelius Orestes, (628,) 126. 
(6.) Praetor in Sicily, 81 — Consul with Q. 
Lutatius Catulus, (676,) 78— declared a public 
enemy, defeated by Pompey and Catulus, 77 — tf., 
77. (7.) The Triumvir, interrex to hold 
comitia, 52 — Prsetor, joins Caesar, 49 — Pro- 
consul in Hither Spain, 48 — magister equitum 
to Caesar, 47 — Consul with Caesar, (708,) 46 — 
again mag. eq., 45 and 44 — joins Antony, after 
15 Mar. 44 — Pontifex Maximus, 44— goes to 



Gaul and Spain, and conciliates Sext. Pompey, 
before Nov. 44— joined by Antony after Mutine 
war, 28 May 43 — proclaimed a public enemy, 
30 Jun. 43 — Triumvir with Antony and 
Octavian, Oct. 43 — Consul with L. Munatius 
Plancus, (712,) 42 — Africa assigned to him, 
40-36— triumvirate renewed, 37 — attempts to 
seize Sicily, Jul. 36 — deposed and deprived by 
Octavian, 36 — tf., 13. (8.) Consid with L. 
Arruntius, (759,) 6— serves in Dalmatian war, 
9. (9.) Consul with T. Statilius Taurus, (764,) 
11 — province of Asia assigned to him, 21. 

Lepidus Porcina, M. iEinilius, — [B c] — 
orator, — Consul with C. Hostilius Mancinus, 
(617, a. u. c.) 137 — Proconsul in Hither 
Spain, 136 — defeated by Vaccaei, 136 — Augur, 
125, 

Lepidus, Q. iEmilius, — [BC]— Consul with 
M. Lollius, (733, a. u. c.) 21. 

Leporius, theologian, — fl., about 425-430. 

Lepsius, Karl Peter, antiquary, — b. at 
Naumburg, 1775 — studies at Leipsic and Jena, 
J 793-6 — tf., 23 Apr. 1853. Ueber das Alter- 
thum tend die Stifter des Boms zu Naumburg, 
1822. — Geschichte des Moritzldosters zu Naum- 
burg, 1835. 

Leptines, — [B C] — Admiral of Syracusan 
fleet at siege of Motya,. 397 — commands against 
Himilco and Mago, 396 — Admiral, restores 
peace between Lucanians and Thurians, 390 — 
falls in battle near Cronium, 383. 

Lequien, Michel, Bominican, — b. at Bou- 
logne, 1 66 1— tf. at Paris, 1733. Befense du 
texte hebreu et de la version Vidgate, 1690 — 
S. Joannis Bamasceni opera, 17 12 — Oriens 
christianus, 1740. 

Lerambert, Louis, painter, sculptor, — b. at 
Paris, 1 6 14— admitted to Academy, 1663 — tf. 
at Paris, 1678. Bust of Card. Mazarin, 1663. 

Lerida, (Ilerda,) in Spain, — [BC] — Scipio 
defeats Hanno near, (537, a. u. c.) 216— Caesar 
defeats Afranius and Petreius, (705,) 49 — [AD] 
— conquered by Moors, under Mousa, (94, a. h.) 
713 — besieged and taken from Abdallah of 
Cordova, by king of Aragon, (512,) 11 18 
— taken by Raymond Berenger, Count of 
Barcelona, (544,) 1149 — Marshal de la Mothe- 
Houdaneourt defeats Marquis de Leganez near, 
Oct. 1642 — besieged by Count d'Harcourt, 
viceroy of Catalonia,. 9 May 1646 — arrival of 
Leganez to relieve, 27 Sep. — siege raised, 20 
Nov.— -invested by Conde, 12 May 1647 — siege 
raised, 1 7 Jun. — taken by Duke of Orleans and 
Marshal Berwick, 11 Nov. 1707 — invested by 
Suchet, 1 May 18 10 — capitulates, 14 May. 
Councils of held, 6 Aug. 546 — on discipline and 
reformation of the clergy, 29 Mar. 1229 — 
against heretics, Jun. 1237 — for reconciliation 
of James, king of Aragon, to the Church, 19 
Oct. 1246. 

Lerins, Isles of, in the Mediterranean, — 
monastery established in, by St Honoratus, 
about 409 a — surprised and ravaged, and the 
monks massacred, by Saracens, 730 a — at- 
tacked by Genoese pirates, 10 May 1400 — taken 
and pillaged by Spanish fleet, 1544 — taken by 
Doria, 1566 — occupied by Spaniards, 1635-7 — 
taken by English and Austnans, 31 Dec. 1746 
54 



85 o 



LERMA-LESLIE. 



— retaken by Chevalier de Belle Isle, 25 May 
1747. * Du Fresnoy. 

Lerma, Francesco de Rexas de Sandoval, 
Duke of, statesman, — first minister to Philip 
III. of Spain, 1598 — equips a fleet against 
England, 1599 — sends a fleet to assistance of 
Irish, which is dispersed by a storm, 1602 — 
concludes peace with England, 1604 — negoti- 
ates truce with the Dutch, 1608 — procures 
decree for proscription of the Moors, 1 1 Sep. 
1609 — created Cardinal, bj Paul Y., 161 8 — 
dismissed, 20 Oct. 1618 — ft.., 1625. 

Lermontov, Mikhail Ivanovich, poet, novel- 
ist, — h. in Russia, 181 1 — banished to the Cau- 
casus, 1837 — ft. there, 1841. Works, 1840 — 
Geroy nashego vremeni, 1840. 

Lernout, Jan, {Janus Lernutius,) poet, — 
6. at Bruges, 1545 — ennobled by Emperor 
Rudolph II., 158 1 — taken prisoner by the 
English, 1587-92 — ft. at Bruges, 29 Sep. 1619. 
Carmina, 1579. 

Leroi, (Leroy,) Julien a [Jean b ) David, — b. 
at Paris, 1724,* 1728 b — studies at Rome, 
visits Greece, 1754 — member of Institute, 17 95 
— ft. at Paris, 28 Jan. 1803. Ruines des plus 
beaux monumens de la Grece, 1758. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Leros, — [B Cj — colonized from Miletus, 
about 750. 

Leroux, Philibert Joseph, lexicographer, — 
if. at Amsterdam, about 1790. Dictionnaire 
comique, satirique, critique, burlesque, libre, et 
proverbial* 17 18. 

Leroux, "Pierre, philosopher, political econo- 
mist, — b. at Paris, 1798— joint founder, with 
La Chevardiere and Dubois, of Le Globe, 1824 
— becomes advocate of Saint-Simonism, 1831 
— becomes a printer at Boussac, and organizes 
Socialist Association, 1 846 — Mayor of the 
commune of Boussac, 25 Feb. 1848 — member 
of Constituent Assembly, 4 Jun. 1848— of Le- 
gislative Assembly, 1 849 — leaves France, after 
2 Dec. 1 85 1 — returns to Paris, after amnesty 
of 15 Aug 1869 — ft. at Paris, Apr. 1871. Ency- 
clopedia Xouvelle, (with Reynaud,) 1838 — De 
VEgalite, 1838 — JJe VHumanite, 1839 — trans- 
lation of Wert her, 1843 — Revue sociale, 1845- 
7 — D'une religion nationals, 1846 — De la 
Eloutocratie, 1848 — Du Christianisme, 1848— 
Malthus et les economistes, 1 849.. 
Leroux. [Deshautesrayes.] 
Leroy, Jacques, — b. at Brussels, 29 Oct. 
1633 — ft. at Lierre, Brabant, 7 Oct. 17 19. 
Kotitia marchionatus S. Rom. imperii, 1678 — 
Topographia historica gallo-brabantina, 1692 — 
Castella et prcetoria nobilium Brabantice, 1696. 
Leroy, Louis, {Regius,)^-h. at Coutances, 
about 1500 — ft. at Paris, 2 Jul. 1577. Guill. 
Budcei vita, 1540 — Oratio ad Eenricum II, 
1559 — De la vicissitude et variete des choses, 
1576. 
Leroy, Pierre. Satire Ilenippe'e, 1593. 
Leroy de Saint-Arnaud. [ Saint- Arnaud.] 
Lery, Jean de, traveller,^ — b. in Burgundy, 
1534 — pastor at Rio Janeiro, about 1558 — ft. 
in France, 161 1. Histoire d'un voyage fait 
en la terre du Bresil, 1578 — Histoire memora- 
ble de la villede Sancerre, 1574. 



Le Sage, Alain Reve, novelist, dramatist, — 
fc. at Sarzeau, 8 May 1668 — goes to Paris, 1692 
— marries, 1694 — ft. at Boulogne, 17 Nov. 
1747. Kouvelles Aventures de V admirable don 
Quichotte, 1704 — Crispin rival de son Maitre, 
1707 — Le Diable boiteux, 1707 — Histoire de 
Gil Bias de Santillane, 17 15 — Theatre de la 
Eoire, 1721-37. 

Lesbonax, of Mytilene, sophist, philosopher, 
— [B C]— fl. about 30. 

Lesbos, island, — [B C] — occupied, 997 » — 
[1053 b ] — has naval supremacy, about 671- 
602 c — Melanchros, tyrant, overthrown by 
Pittacos, 611 c — revolts, except Methymne, 428 
— recovered by Athens, sum.427 — receives Athe- 
nian colony, 427 c — prepares revolt, spring 412 
— [ADj — taken by Venetians, n 85 — belongs 
to Latin Emperors of Constantinople, 1204 — 
taken by John Yataces, 1224 — recaptured by 
Greeks, 1261 — conquered by Mahomet IL, 
1642. a Callim. b Eratosth. c Clinton. 

Leschenault de la Tour, Louis Theodor, 
naturalist, — ft. at Cbalons-sur-Saone, 13 Nov. 
1773 — travels in the East, 1800-14 — visits 
England, 1814 — India, 1814-21 — South Ame- 
rica, 1822 — ft., 14 Mar. 1826. 

Lesches, cyclic poet, — [BC]— fl. about (01. 
18,) 657.3 a Eoseb. 

Lescot, Pierre, architect, — b. at Paris, 15 10 
or 151 8 — ft., 1570 or 1578. Old Louvre, about 
1540- 

Lescun, Thomas de Foix, Seigneur de, 
Marshal or France, — Governor of Lombardy, 
Marshal, 152 1 — distinguishes himself in cam- 
paigns of 1522 and 1525 — falls at Milan, 3 
Mar, 1525. 

Lescure, Louis Marie, Marquis of, general, 
— b. at Poitou, 1766 — emigrates, 1791 — or- 
ganizes Yendean insurrection, 1792 — distin- 
guishes himself at bridge of Tbouars, at Fon- 
tenay, &c, May — wounded at combat of la 
Tremblaye, Oct. — ft. near Fougeres, 3 Nov. 

J 793- 

Lesdiguieres, Francois de Bonne, Duke 
of, Marshal of France, — b. in Dauphiny, 
1543 — enters the army, 1562 — commands army 
of the Protestants, 1575 — Marshal of France, 
1608 — abjures Calvinism, 1622 — ft. at Valencia, 
28 Sep. 1626. 

Lesko. [Poland.] 

Lesley, Alexander. [Leven, Earl of.] 

Lesley, John, Bp of Ross, — b. in Scotland, 
1527 — canon of Aberdeen and of Murray, 1547 
— assists at conference of Edinburgh, 1560 — 
charged to escort Mary Stuart from France, 
1561 — Abbot of Lindores, 1567 — Bp of Ross 
soon after ; member of Commission of York 
1568 — takes a leading part in intrigues in 
favour of Queen Mary, and is committed to the 
Tower : liberated, goes to France, 1573 — vicar- 
general of Abp of Rouen, 1579— Bp °f Con- 
stance, 1593 — ft. near Brussels, 31 May, 1596. 
De origine moribus et rebus gestis Scotorum, 
1578. 

Lesley, Norman, master of Rothes, — takes 
part in assassination of Cardinal Beaton, 28 
May 1546. 

Leslie, Charles, theologian, §c, — h. in Ire- 



LESLIE -LETRONNE. 



851 



land, about 1650 — studies in London, 167 1 — 
takes holy orders, 1680— Chancellor of Cloyne, a 
Connor, bc 1687 — accompanies the Pretender to 
Italy, 17 15 — If. in Ireland, 1722. Short and 
easy method with the Deists, 1694. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Rees' Cyc. 

Leslie, Charles Robert, painter,— b. in Lon- 
don, Oct. 1794 — taken by his father to America, 
1799 — studies at Royal Academy, about 1813 
— A.R.A., 1821— E.A., 1826— Prof. Painting, 
1847-51 — tr., 5 May 1859. Anne Page and 
Master Slender, 1819 — Sir Roger de Cover leg 
going to Church, 1820 — Uncle Toby and the 
Widow, 1 83 1 — Sancho Panza and the Duchess, 
1849— Life of Constable, 1845 — Handbook for 
young Painters, 1855. 

Leslie, David. [Newark, Lord.] 

Leslie, John, Bp of Clogher, — b. in Scot- 
land, about 1570 — Privy Councillor of Charles 
I. in Scotland, 1633— in Ireland, 1633 — Bp of 
Raphoe, 1633 — besieged in Raphoe by Crom- 
well, 1 641 — Bp of Clogher, 1661— tf., 1671. 

Leslie, Sir John, — b. at Largo, Fifeshire, 16 
Apr. 1766 — studies at St Andrews, 1779— at 
Edinburgh, 1784 — goes to London, 1790 — 
travels on the continent, 1794, 1796, and 1799 
— invents differential thermometer, 1800 — re- 
ceives Rumford Medal of Royal Society, 1 804 
— Prof. Mathematics, Edinburgh, 1805 — Prof. 
Natural Philosophy, 18 19— Knt, 1832— tf. at 
Coates, Fifeshire, 3 Nov. 1832. Translation 
of Buffons Natural History of Birds, 1793 — 
Inquiry into the nature and properties of heat, 
1804— Elements of Geometry, 1809 — Philosophy 
of Arithmetic, 1817. 

Lesoeur. [Sceur, Le.] 

Lesseps, Jean Baptiste Barthelemi, Baron 
de, — b. at Cette, 27 Jan. 1766 — accompanies 
Laperouse to Kamschatka, 1785 — returns to 
France, Oct. 1788 — Consul at St Petersburg, 
1793-1812 — Intendantof Moscow, 1812 — Con- 
sul-general at Lisbon, Sep. 1814 — Charge d' 
Affaires, 18 16 — tf. at Lisbon, 6 Apr. 1834. 
Voyage de La Perouse, 1831. 

Lesser, Augustin Creuze de. [Creuze.] 

Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, poet, miscella- 
neous writer, — b. at Kamentz, Upper Lusatia, 
22 Jan. 1729 — studies at Leipsic, 1746 — gradu- 
ates M.A. at Wittenberg, and returns to Ber- 
lin, 1753 — honorary member of Academy of 
Sciences, Berlin, 1760 — secretary to Prussian 
general at Breslau, 1760 — returns to Berlin, 
1765 — keeper of "Wolfenbiittel Library, 1770 — 
visits Italy, 1772— loses his wife, 1776 — tf. at 
Brunswick, 15 Feb. 1781. (With Moses Men- 
delssohn) Pope als Metaphysiker, 1754 — Miss 
Sarah Samson, 1755 — (with Mendelssohn and 
Nicolay) Bibliothek der schbnen Wissenschaften, 
1757 — Litteratur-Brief, 1759 — Emilia Galotti, 
1772 — Laocoon, 1766 — Minna von Barnhelm, 
1767 — Nathan, 1779 — Wolfenbiittelsche Frag- 
mente eines Ungenannten, 1774-8 — Die Erzie- 
hung des Menschengeschlechts, 1780. 

Lessius, Leonard, Jesuit, — b. in Belgium, 
1554 — enters the Order, 1572 — Prof. Philoso- 
phy, Douai, 1574-81 — Prof. Theology, Louvain, 
i5%5 — If. there, 15 Jan. 1623. Dejustitia et 
jure actionum humanarum, 1621. 



Lestocq, (L'Estocq,) Johann Herman, — b. 
in Hanover, 1697,* 1692 b — goes to St Peters- 
burg, 17 1 3— surgeon to Czar Peter, attends 
him on his travels, 17 16 — surgeon to Princess 
Elizabeth, 1725— Count, by king of Poland, 
1732 — promotes elevation of Elizabeth to the 
throne, 1741 — imprisoned, 1748 — exiled, 1750 
— recalled by Peter III., 1762 — tf., 1767. 
a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

L'Estrange, Sir Roger, political and miscel- 
laneous writer, — b. in Norfolk, 161 6 — follows 
Charles I. to Scotland, 1639 — arrested, 1644 — ■ 
escapes, 1648 — returns to England, 1653 — 
Censor of the Press, 1660-88 — tf. in London, 
1704. Memento, 1662 — Public Intelligencer, 
1665 — translation of JEsop 's Fables, 1692 — of 
Josephus, 1702. 

Lesueur, Eustache, painter, — b. at Paris, 
16 16 — tf. there, 30 Apr. 1655. 

Lesueur, {Le Sueur,) Jean Francois, musical 
composer, — b. near Abbeville, 15 Feb. 1760 — 
organist of Dijon cathedral, 1779 — g° es *° 
Paris, 1784 —chapel-master of cathedral of 
Paris, 1786-8 — chapel-master to Napoleon, 
1804 — member of Institute, 18 15 — tf. at Chail- 
lot, 6 Oct. 1837. Paul et Virginie, 1794 — 
Telemaque, 1796 — les Bardes, 1804. 

Lesueur, Nicolas, (Sudorim,) — b. at Paris, 
about 1540— assassinated near Paris, 2 May 
1594. Translation of Pindar, 1575. 

Letellier, Michel, Chancellor of France, 
— b., 19 Apr. 1603 — lntendant of Piedmont, 
1640 — Secretary of State for War, 1641-66 — 
Chancellor and Keeper of the Seals, 1677 — 
promotes revocation of Edict of Nantes, 1685 
—If., Oct. 1685. 

Letellier, Michel, Jesuit, — b. in Normandy, 
16 Dec. 1643 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1661 — 
procures destruction of Port Royal, 1709 — 
confessor to Louis XIV., 1709— tf. at la Fleche, 
2 Sep. 1719. 

Letellier. [Estrees, Louvois.] 

Lethiers, Guillaume Guillon, painter, — b. 
at Guadaloupe, 1760 — goes to France, 1774 — 
obtains grand prize, 1786 — Director of Acad- 
emy of France at Rome, 1807 — member of In- 
stitute, 1 8 16 — lj. at Paris, 22 Apr. 1832. 
Junius Brutus, 1801. 

Leti, Gregorio, historian, $c, — b. at Milan, 
1630 — abjures Romanism at Geneva, 1661 — 
comes to England, 1680 — tf. at Amsterdam, 
1701. Roma piangente, 1666 — II Nepotismo di 
Roma, 1667 — Teatro Britannico overo Istoria 
della grande Britannia, 1682 — Historia Gene- 
vrina, 1686. 

Leto, asteroid, — discovered by Luther, 29 
Apr. 1 86 1. 

Leto, Giulio Pomponio. [Pomponius.] 

Letort, Louis Michel, Count, general— h. 
at St Germain en Laye, 29 Aug. 1773— dis- 
tinguishes himself at battle of Montebello, 1800 
— at Jena, 1806 — in Spain, 1808 — atWagram, 
1809 — in Russian campaign, 18 12 — General of 
Brigade, Jan. 1813 — wounded atWachau, Oct. 
— distinguishes himself in campaign of 18 14 — 
General of Division, Count of the Empire, 18 14 
— tf. at Charleroi, 18 15. 

Letronne, Jean Antoine, archaeologist, — b. 
54* 



852 



LETTERS-LEVASSEUR. 



at Paris, Jan. 1787 — travels in South France, 
Italy, and Switzerland, 18 10-12 — admitted to 
Academy of Inscriptions, 18 16 — Inspector- 
general of the Univ., 1819 — Prof. History, 
Coll. of France, 1831— Prof. Archaeology, 1838 
— Keeper-general of Archives of the kingdom, 
1840— -tr. at Paris, 14 Dec. 1848. Recherches 
pour servir a Vhistoire de VEgypte pendant la 
domination des Grecs et Romains, 1823 — Recueil 
dcs inscriptions grecques et latines de VEgypte, 
1842-8 — Diplomes et Chartres de Vepoque 
Merovingienne sur papyrus et sur velin, 1844 — 
Observations critiques et archeologiques sur 
I'objet des representations zodiacales qui nous 
restent de Vantiquite, 1824. 

Letters, — [BC] — first written by Atossa, 
before 500. a a Ilellanicus. 

Letters of Marque, — among European 
nations, abolished by Treaty of Paris, 1856. 

Lettres de Cachet. [Cachet.] 

Lettsom, John Coakley, physician, — ft. in 
West Indies, 1744 — sent to England, 1753 — 
F.E.S. London, 177 1 — tf. in London, 1 Nov. 
18 15. Natural History of the Tea Tree, 1772 
— Naturalist's and Traveller s Companion,!']'] 2 
— Life of Fothergill, 1783. 

Lettsom, William Nanson, — fc., 1796 — tr. 
at Paddington, 3 Sep. 1865. Translation of 
the Nbelungenlied, 1850 — edits Walker's 
Shakespeare Versification, 1854 — and his 
Critical Examination of Text of Shakespeare, 
i860. 

Leuca, Leucae, in Asia Minor, — [B C]— built 
by Tachos, 352 — Aristonicus defeats and kills 
P. Crassus at, 131. 

Leucadia, Leucas, {Santa Maura,) island, 
— [B C] — colonized from Corinth, between 665- 
625 r — the town plundered by Eomans, 197 — 
[AD] — held by Counts of Tochis, 1229- 1479 
— conquered by Turks, 1479 — taken by Vene- 
tians, 1684 — lost by Venice, 1797. [Ionian 
Isles.] 

Leuchtenherg, in Bavaria, — falls to Bavaria 
on extinction of male line of landgraves, 1646 
— given with title of Duke, to Eugene Beau- 
harnois, by king of Bavaria, 1817. 

Leuchtenherg, Prince Charles August Eu- 
gene Napoleon, Duke or, — h. at Milan, 9 Dec. 
1810 — goes to Brazil, 1829— marries Maria II., 
Queen of Portugal, at Lisbon, 25 Jan. 1835 — 
tf. at Lisbon, 28 Mar. 1835. 

Leuchtenherg, Maximilian Eugene Joseph 
Napoleon, Duke of, — b. at Munich, 2 Oct. 
1 817 — marries Grand Duchess Maria of Bussia, 
2 (14) Jul. 1839 — tf. at St Petersburg, 20 
Oct. (r Nov.) 1852. 

Leuckfeld, Johann Georg, antiquary, — ft. 
in Thuvingia, 1668 — pastor at Groningen, 1702 
— a"-, 24 Apr. 1726. Antiquitates Rocldenses, 
Blankcnburgenses, §c, 1705-21. 

Leucon, (Leukon,) comic poet, — [BC] — gains 
third prize with the Fresbeis, against Wasps of 
Aristophanes, (01. 89, 3,) 422 — gains third 
prize with Frateres, against the Fax, (01. 89, 
4,) 421. 

Leucothea, asteroid, — discovered by Luther, 
19 Apr. 1855. 

Leuctra, (Leuktra,) — [B C] — victory of 



Epaminondas over Spartans under Cleombrotos, 
(01. 102, 2) Jul. 371. 

Leunclavius, Johannes, (Johann Loewenk- 
lau,) classical scholar, — ft. in Westphalia, 1533 
— tf. at Vienna, 1593. Editions of Manuel 
Fafaologus, 1578 — Xenophon, 1569 — Fion 
Cassius, 1592 — Musulmanicce histories, 1595. 

Leupold, Jacob, mechanician, — ft. near Zwick- 
au, 1674 — tf. 1727. Theatrum Machinarum, 

Leusden, Johan, philologist, — b. at Utrecht, 
1624 — Prof. Hebrew there, 1649-99 — tf., 1699. 
Fhilologus Hebreeus, 1656 — Fhilologus Hebreeo- 
Mixtus, 1663 — Fhilologus Hebreeo-Greecus, 
1670 — Clavis FLebraica et philologica Vet. 
Test., 1683 — Compendium Grcecum Nov. Test. 
1674 — Compendium Biblicum, 1674. 

Leuthen, (Zissa,) in Silesia, — Frederick II. 
defeats Imperialists, 5 Dec. 1757. 

Leuw, (Leeuw,) Willem van, engraver, — h. 
at Antwerp, 1600. 

Leuwenhoek, (Leeuwenhoek,) Anton van, — 
naturalist, microscopist, — ft. at Delft, 1632 — 
F.E.S. London, 1680 — correspondent of Acad- 
emy of Sciences, Paris, 1697 ■ — shows his 
microscope to Peter the Great at Delft, 1692 — 
tf. there, 26 Aug. 1723. Arcana natures 
detecta, 1695-99 — Continuatio, 1697 — Onder- 
vindingen et Beschouwingen der onsigtbare 
geschapene Waarheden, 1634 — Anatomia, §c, 
1687 — Epistola physiological, §c, 1719. 

Levaillant, Francois, traveller, naturalist, 
— ft. in Guiana, 1753 — tf. at Sezanne, 1824. 
Voyage dans Vinterieur de V Afrique par le Cap 
de Bonne Esperance, 1790 — Second Voyage, 
1795 — FEistoire naturelle d'oiseaux d Afrique, 
17 97-1 812 — Histoire naturelle des perroquets, 
1 801-5 — Histoire naturelle des oiseaux de 
paradis, 1803-6. 

Leval, Jean Francois, general, — ft. at Paris, 
17 Apr. 1 76 1 — enters the army, 1779 — General 
of Brigade, 1793 — distinguishes himself under 
Generals Hoche and Jourdain, 1794-6 — as 
General of Division commands at siege of 
Philipsburg, 1799 — takes part in campaigns of 
Moreau on the Ehine, 1 800 — distinguishes him- 
self at Jena, 1 806 — serves in Peninsular cam- 
paigns, 1808-12 — Grand Officer of Legion of 
Honour, 1808 — Governor of Saragossa, 1809 — 
defeats Balesteros at La Guadiana, 1812 — dis- 
tinguishes himself in campaign of Cbampagne, 
18 14 — Chevalier of St Louis, Jun. 1814 — tf., 
1834. 

Levant Company, (Turkey Company,) 
chartered by Queen Elizabeth, 1581 — confirmed 
by James L, 1605 — new cbarterby Charles II., 
1660 — further regulated bv Acts 26 Geo. II. c. 
18, 1753, and 37 Geo. III. c. 84, 19 Jun. 
1797. 

Levasseur, Jean Charles, engraver, — ft. at 
Abbeville, 1734 — member of Academy of 
Painting, 1777 — tf. at Paris, i8i6, a 1804^ 
a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Levasseur, (de la Sarthe,) Rene, — fc. at 
Mans, 1747 — deputy to Convention, 1792 — ■ 
secretary, 29 Jun. 1793 — pronounces eloge of 
Marat, 18 Dec. 1793 — arrested on accusation 
of Jacobin revolt, 18 Apr. 1795— amnestied, 



LEVASSOR— LEWIS. 



853 



Oct. 1795 — member of Univ. of Louvain, 18 19 
— tS. at Mans, 18 Sep. 1834. Memoires, 1829. 

Levassor, Michel, historian, — quits Con- 
gregation of the Oratory, 1675 — retires to Eng- 
land, 1697 — tf. there, 17 18. Histoire generate 
de V Europe sous le regne de Louis XIII., 
1700-11. 

Levavasseur. [Masseville.] 

Levellers, political party in England, — 
acquire power, about 1647 — make terms with 
Cromwell, Nov. 1647 — demand the king's 
death, Nov. 1648 — Lilburne and others im- 
prisoned, 27 Mar. 1649 — excite a mutiny at 
Oxford, which is suppressed by Fairfax, Sep. 
1649. 

Leven, Alexander Lesley, Lord Balgonie, 
and Earl of, general, — as Field-marshal of 
Sweden defends Stralsund against Wallenstein, 
1628 — receives grant of Barony of Balgonie, 
1635. — returns to Scotland and takes part in 
preparations against Charles L, 1639 — takes 
possession of Edinburgh Castle, 23 Mar. 1639 
— forms his camp on Dunse Law, May 1639 — 
again takes command of army, Apr. 1640 — 
seizes Newcastle, Durham, and other towns in 
England, close of Aug. 1640 — receives Charles 
I. at Newcastle, and is created Lord Balgonie, 
Aug. 1 641 — Earl of Leven, n Oct. 1641 — 
commands Scots auxiliaries in England, 1642 
— takes part in battle of Marston Moor, Jul. 
1644 — besieges Newark, 1645 — receives 
Charles I. there, 5 May 1646 — cannonades the 
Hamilton Engagers from Edinburgh Castle, 
1648 a — entertains Cromwell there, Oct. 1648 a 
— serves as volunteer at Dunbar, 3 Sep. 1650 — 
joins in measures for restoration of Charles II., 
and is imprisoned in the Tower, Sep. 1651 — 
released on intercession of Queen Christina, and 
returns to Scotland, 1654 — U. at Balgonie, 4 
Apr. 1 66 1. a Carlyle. 

Leveque, Pierre, — mathematician, — b. at 
Nantes, 3 Sep. 1746 — Prof. Hydrography, 
1772 — Naval Examiner, 1786 — deputy to 
Legislative body, 1797 — member of Institute, 
1 801 — Is., 16 Oct. 1 814. Examen maritime, 
(translation,) 1782. 

Leveque, Prosper, Benedictine, — b. at Be- 
sancon, 17 13 — tS. at Luxeuil, 178 1. Me moire 
pour servir d Vhistoire du cardinal de Gran- 
velle, 1753. 

Leverian Museum,— formed by Sir Ashton 
Lever, disposed of, by lottery, 178*5. 

Levesque, Pierre Charles, historian, — b. at 
Paris, 26 Mar. 1737 — called to Eussia by 
Catherine II., 1773 — returns and is appointed 
Prof, at College Eoyal, 1780 — member of In- 
stitute, 1795 — tf. at Paris, 12 May 1812. His- 
toire de Russie, 1782-3 — la France sous les 
cinq premiers Valois, 1787 — Histoire critique 
de la republique Romaine, 1787. 

Levi— [B CJ— b., 1756,* i88 9 ?b_birth of 
Kohath, 1841 b — "0., 1619,* 1752 ? b 
a Ussier. b Clinton. 

Levi, David, Hebraist, — b., 1740 — has a 
controversy with Priestley, 1787 — &., 1799. 
Rites and Ceremonies of the Jews, 1783 — Lin- 
gua Sacra, 1789 — Pentateuch in Hebrew and 
English, 1789. 



Leviathan. [Great Eastern, steamship.'] 

Levis, Francois Gaston, Marquis and 
Duke de, Marshal of France, — b. in 
Languedoc, 23 Aug. 1720— enters the army, 
1735 — serves at capture and defence of Prague, 
1741 — atDettingen, 1743 — serves in Provence, 
1746 — under Montcalm in Canada, 1756 — suc- 
ceeds him as Commander-in-chief, 1758 — 
Lieutenant-general on his return to France, 
Feb. 1761 — takes title of Marquis, 1762 — 
commands under Conde at Johanuisberg, 1762 
— governor of Artois, 1765 — Marshal of France, 
13 Jun. 1783 — Duke, 1784 — ft. at Arras, 1787. 

Levis, Pierre Marc Gaston, Duke de, — b., 
1755 — deputy to States-General, 1789 — emi- 
grates, 1792 — wounded at Quiberon, comes to 
England, 1795 — created a Peer by Louis 
XVIII. , 1 8 14 — admitted to French Academy, 
1 8 14 — is., 1830. 

Levita. [Elias Levita.] 

Levizac, Jean Pons Victor Lecoutz de, — 
quits France, about 1790 — Is. in London, 18 13. 
Grammaire philosophique et litteraire, 1797 — 
Dictionnaire francais et anglais, 1808. 

Levret, Andre, surgeon, — b. at Paris, 1703 
— tf. there, 1780. Art des accouchements 
de'montre par des principles de physique et de 
me'canique, 1753 — Traite des accouchements la- 
bor ieux, 1770. 

Levrier, Antoine Joseph, — b. at Meulan, 
1756 — ft. at Morflaur, near Belley, 30 Apr. 
1823. Chronologie historique des Comtes de 
Genevois jusqit a V etablissement de la reforma- 
tion en 1535, 1787. 

Lewenhaupt, Adam Ludwig, Count of, 
general, — b. near Copenhagen, 1659 — Governor 
of Eiga, 1706 — defeats Bussians at Liesna, 
1708 — distinguishes himself at Pultawa, 1709 
— signs capitulation of the Borysthenes, 1709— 
imprisoned in Eussia, 1709-19^— if. there, 17 19. 
Memoires, 1757. 

Lewenhaupt, Carl Emilius, Count of, — b., 
28 Mar. 1692 — at siege of Frederikshall, 17 18 
— Lieutenant-general, 1732 — Marshal of the 
Diet, 1734 and 1740 — commands army of Fin- 
land, 1742 — beheaded at Stockholm, 15 Aug. 
I 743- 

Lewes, in Sussex,— i^o Mints established 
at, by Athelstan, between 928-40 a — coinage 
ceases, probably about 11 60 — Simon de Mont- 
fort defeats and captures Henry III. and Earl 
Eichard, 13 May 1264. Mise of, truce con- 
cluded and the king released, 14 May 1264. 
Gluniac Monastery, founded by William Lord 
Warren, 1078. a Rurling. 

Lewis, Sir George Cornewall, Bart., — 
statesman, historian, §c, — b. in Eadnorshire, 
Oct. 1806 — enters Oxford Univ., 1824 — B,A., 
1828 — called to the bar at Middle Temple, 
1 83 1 — member of Commission on Irish Church, 
1 83 1 — Joint-commissioner with Austin in 
Malta, 1837 — Poor Law Commissioner, 1839 
— marries Lady Theresa Lister, 1844 — M.P. 
Herefordshire, and Secretary to Board of Con- 
trol, 1847 — IJnder-secretary of State, Home 
Department, 1848 — Secretary of Treasury, 1850 
— loses his seat, 1852 — M.P. Eadnorshire, Feb. 
1 855— Chancellor of the Exchequer, Mar. 1 855 



»54 



LEWIS— LIBEL. 



to Feb. 1858 — Secretary of State for Home 
Department, Jun. 1859 — Secretary of State for 
War, 1 86 1 — tf. in Herefordshire, 13 Apr. 1863. 
With Tufnell, translation of Miller's History 
and Antiquities of the Boric Race, 1830 — 
Origin and Formation of Romance Languages, 
1835 — On Local Disturbances in Lreland and 
the Irish Church Question, 1836 — Influence of 
Authority in matters of Opinion, 1849 — Trea- 
tise on the Method of Observation and Reason- 
ing in Politics, 1852 — editor of Edinburgh 
Revieiv, 1854-5 — Inquiry into the Credibility 
of Early Reman History, 1855 — Astronomy of 
the Ancients, 1861 — Dialogue on Best Form of 
Government, 1863. 

Lewis, John, divine and antiquary, — fo. at 
Bristol, 29 Aug. 1675 — B.A. Oxford, 1697 — 
M.A. Cambridge, 17 12 — tf. at Margate, 16 
Jan. 1746. Apology for Church of England, 
1714(F) — History of Wickliffe, 1720 — Wick- 
liffe's Translation of New Testament, 1731 — 
Life of Caxton, 1737 — History of Anabaptism, 
1738 — Life of Bp Becock, 1744. 

Lewis, Lady Theresa,— b., 1803— marries 
Sir G. C. Lewis, 1844 — left a widow, 1863 — 
if. at Oxford, 9 Nov. 1865. Clarendon and his 
Contemporaries, 1852 — Journals and Corre- 
spondence of Miss Berry, 1865. 

Lewis, Matthew Gregory, novelist, drama- 
tist, $c, — fi. in London, 9 Jul. 1775 — tf. at 
sea, 14 May 1818. The Monk, 1794 — Castle 
Spectre, 1798 — Alphonso, King of Castile, 1801 
— Timour the Tartar, 1812. 

Lewis-Merryweather, traveller, — b. in Vir- 
ginia, 18 Aug. 1774 — serves in the Militia, 
1796 — private secretary to Jefferson, 1801 — 
with Clarke, leads expedition to explore sources 
of the Missouri, &c, 1803-6 — kills himself, 
1809. 

Lexington, Massachusetts, JJ. S., — engage- 
ment between British and Americans at, 19 
Apr. 1775. 

Lexington, Tennessee, JJ. S., — taken by 
Confederates after four days' fighting, 20 Sep. 
1 86 1 — Gen. Sullivan defeats Confederates 
under Gen. Forrest, 1 Jan. 1863. 

Leybourn, William, mathematician, — tf., 
about 1690 ? Panarithmologia, 1693 — Cursus 
Mathematicus, 1690. 

Leyden, in the Netherlands, [Lugdunum 
Batavurum,) — unsuccessfully besieged by Span- 
iards, 31 Oct. 1573 to 3 Oct. 1574— ravaged 
by pestilence, 1655 — taken by the French, 
1793 — partly destroyed by explosion of gun- 
powder, 12 Jan. 1807. University of, founded 
by Prince of Orange, 1575. Town-hall, built, 

1574. 

Leyden, Johan van, chief of the Anabaptists 
of Munster, — b., about 1500 (?) — goes to 
Munster, 1533 — defends the town against 
Prince- Bishop of Munster, from close of 1534 
— enptured, imprisoned, Jun. 1535 — tortured 
and executed, Jan. 1536. 

Leyden, John, poet, orientalist, — b. in Scot- 
land, 8 Sep. 1775 — studies at Edinburgh, 1790 
■ — goes to Madras, Assistant-surgeon in East 
India Company's service, 1803 — Commissioner 
of Court of Requests in Calcutta, 1809— Assay- 



master at Mint of Calcutta, 18 10 — ft. in Java, 
28 Aug. 181 1. Poetical Remains, 18 19 — con- 
tributes to Scott's Minstrelsy of the Scottish 
Border, 1802. 

Leyden, Lucas van, {Lucas Dammesz,) 
painter, engraver, — b. at Leyden, 1494— h". 
there, 1533. Adoration of the Magi, 1513 — 
Ecce Homo, 15 10 — Return of the Prodigal Son, 
1510. 

Leyden Phial, in Electricity, — devised by 
Von Eleist or Cunseus, 1745. 

Leys, Hendrik, Baron, painter, — b. at Ant- 
werp, 18 Feb. 1 8 15 — studies under Brakeleer, 
1830 — first exhibits, at Salon of Antwerp, 1833 
— Knt of Leopold, 1840 — admitted to Eoyal 
Academy of Belgium, 1845 — commander of 
Order of Leopold, and Officer of Legion of 
Honour, 1867 — ft. at Antwerp, 26 Aug. 
1869. 

Leyva, (Live,) Antonio, Duke de, general, 
— b. in Navarre, about 1480 — at battle of 
Ravenna, 15 12 — repulses Admiral Bonnivet 
before Milan, and retakes Valencia, 1523 — 
distinguishes himself at battle of Kebec, 1524 
— defends Pavia against Francis I. of France, 
1525 — contributes to victory of Pavia, 1525 — 
drives Francesco Sforza from Marignano, 1527 

— takes Casal from the Medici, 1527 — 
repulses and takes prisoner Count St Pol, 
and drives the French from the Milanese, 1529 
— Generalissimo of league against France, 
1532 — follows Charles V. in expedition to 
Africa, 1535— tf., i53 6 - 

Lheritier de Brntelle, Charles Louis, bo- 
tanist, — b. at Paris, 1746 — assassinated there, 
16 Apr. 1800. Stirpes nova, 1784 — Cornus, 
specimen botanicum sisteus, 1788. 

L'Hopital. [Hopital.] 

L'Hote, Nestor, draughtsman, — b. at 
Cologne, 1804 — accompanies Champollion to 
Egypt, 1828 — sent to Egypt again, 1838 — if., 
1842. 

Lhuillier, — leads attack on the Tuileries, 20 
Jun. and 10 Aug. 1792 — President of the 
Commune, Aug. 1792 — takes part in massacres 
of Sep. 1792 — summons Convention to dissolve 
itself, 31 May 1793— is condemned to imprison- 
ment by Revolutionary Tribunal, and kills him- 
self in prison, Apr. 1794. 

Lhuyd, Edward. [Lhwyd.] 

Liancourt. [Rochefoucauld.] 

Libanius, rhetorician, sophist, — b. at 
Antioch, close of 314 s — expelled from Con- 
stantinople, goes to Nicomedeia, 346 — recalled, 
about 350 — at Constantinople, 352 a — goes to 
Antioch, 353 a — living, 391 a — tf., after 395. b 
a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. 

Libanon. [Lebanon.] 

Libavius, Andreas, physician, — Prof. His- 
tory and Poetry, Jena, 1588 — tf. at Coburg, 
161 6. Epistolarum chymic. lib. III., 1595 — 
Alchymia, 1606. 

Libel, in English Laiv, — general verdict 
on trial for, permitted by Act 32 Geo. III. 
c. 60, 1792 — blasphemous and seditious, 
publication of, restrained by Act 60 Geo. 
III., and 1 Geo. IV. c. 8, 30 Dec. 1819 

— further provisions against, by Acts 11 



LIBERATION— LIBRI-CARRUCCI. 



Geo. IV., and 1 Wm IV. c. 73, 23 Jul. 1830; 
6 and 7 Wm IV. c. 76, 13 Aug. 1836 — 
law amended by Acts 6 and 7 Vic. e. 96, 24 
Aug. 1843, and 8 and 9 Vic. c. 75, 31 Jul. 1845. 
Liberation, War of, in Germany, (18 13,) — 
secret negotiations between Gen. Diebitsch and 
Gen. Yorck, 25-30 Dec. 18 12 — convention of 
Potscherau signed, 30 Dec. — offensive and 
defensive alliance between King of Prussia and 
Emperor of Eussia, concluded, at Kaliscb, 28, a b 
27 c Feb. 1 81 3 — ratified, 1 Mar. — Berlin entered 
by Cossacks, 4 Mar. a — accession of Sweden to 
the League, by Treaty of Verebro, 13 Mar. a — 
Prussian Landwehr called out, 14 Mar. — 
declaration of war on Napoleon I. by Prussia, 16 
Mar. — Hamburg occupied by Russians, i8, a 
24 b Mar. — Prussian Landsturm called out, 19 
Mar. — order of Iron Cross instituted by king of 
Prussia, 19 Mar. — proclamation of Emperor 
and King to German people, published at 
Kalisch, 25 Mar. — occupation of Dresden by 
allies, 26 Mar. — secret convention between 
Austria and Russia, 29 Mar. — insurrection 
against French at Ltineburg, 2 Apiv — Witt- 
genstein defeats French near Mockern, 4, a 5 c 
Apr. — Halle occupied by allies, 7 Apr. — Saxony 
refuses to join league against France, 9 Apr. 
— arrival of Napoleon at Mentz, 17 Apr. — at 
Erfurt, 25 Apr. — combat of Weissenfels, 1 
May — battle of Liitzen, 2 May — entry of 
Napoleon into Dresden, 8 May — passage of 
Elbe by French, 1 1 May — battles of Bautzen, 
19-21 May — combat of Reichenbach, 22 May 
—of Haynau, 26 May — recapture of Ham- 
burg by Vandamme, 30,* 31° May — occupa- 
tion of Breslau by Gen. Lauriston, 1 Jun. — 
armistice of Pleswitz, (Poischwitz,) signed, 4 
Jun.— armistice violated by French attack on 
Liitzow, i4, a 17 c Jun. — treaty between 
Austria and Russia and Prussia, concluded 
at Reichenbach, 27 Jun. — plan of campaign 
agreed on, by allies, at Trachenberg, 1 1 Jul. 
— fruitless Congress of Prague, 1 2 Jul. — 
armistice ends, ro, b 16 c Aug. — Austria de- 
clares war on France, 12 Aug. — hostilities 
resumed, 17 Aug. — advance of Napoleon into 
Silesia, 20 Aug. — battle ©f Grossbeeren, 23 
Aug. — of the Katzbach, 26 Aug. — Napoleon 
enters Dresden, 26 Aug. — battle of Dresden, 
26-27 Aug. — battles of Culm, capture of Van- 
damme and French corps by Kleist, 29-30 
Aug. — combats of Wittenberg and Dennewitz, 
5-6 Sep. — Treaties of Toplitz, 9 Sep. — passage 
of the Elbe by Bliicher, 4-5 Oct. — Napoleon 
quits Dresden, 7 Oct. — Bavaria joins allies, 8 
Oct. — cavalry action between Pahlen and 
Murat, at Wachau, 14 Oct. — battles of Leipsic, 
16-19 Oct. — entrance of allied sovereigns into 
Leipsic, 19 Oct. — Napoleon defeats Wrede at 
Hanau, and passes the Rhine, 2o, b 30 ac Oct. — 
combat of Hochheim, approach of allied armies 
to the Rhine, 4 Nov. — overthrow of kingdom 
of Westphalia, Nov. — capitulation of St Cyr 
to allies, at Dresden, 1 r Nov. — capitulation of 
Stettin, 21 Nov. — of Dantzic, 29 Nov. — of 
Torgau, 26 Dec. — Treaty of Kiel, 14 Jan. 18 14. 

a Alison. b Menzel. c Conv.-Lex. 

Liberatus, ecclesiastical historian, — fl., 533- 
35. Breviarum, after Jan. 5S5>* a Clinton. 



Liberi, Pietro, painter, — fj. at Padua, 1605 
— tf. at Venice, 18 Oct. 1687. 

Liberia, Republic of, in Africa, — founded by 
American Colonization Society, 1822 — constitu- 
tion granted, 1839 — independence declared, 24 
Aug. 1847 — recognized by United States, 1861. 
Liberius, Bp of Rome, — succeeds Julius, 
22 May 352 — refuses to condemn Athanasius, 
and is banished by Emperor Constans, 355 — ■ 
Felix II. elected, 355 — submits at Sirmium 
and returns to Rome, 358 — Felix retires: re- 
jects Council of Rimini, 359 — tf., 24 Sep. 366. 

Libertines, (libertini,) sect of, originates, 

Libnah,— [B e] — taken by Joshua, 145 1 a — 
revolts from Jehoram, summer 889 a — besieged 
by Sennacherib, 7 1 3-7 11, a and Assyrian army 
destroyed. a Us-sher. 

Libo, C. Poetilius, Visolus,— [B C]— (1.) Con- 
^withM.Fabius Ambustus, (394, a. it. c.) 360. 
(2.) Tribunus plebis, proposes first law against 
bribery at Rome, 358 — Consul with M. Valerius 
Corvus > (408,) 346 — with L. Papirius Cursor, 
(421,) 333 a — with L. Papirius Mugillanus, 
(428>) 326 — dictator, cheeks Samnites, 313. 
a Zumpt. 

Libo, L. Julius, — [B C] — Consul with M. 
Atilius Regulus, (487, a. it. c.) 267. 

Libo, L. Scribonius, — [BC] — (1.) historian, 
Tribunus plebis, accuses Ser. Sulpicius Galba, 
about Lusitania, 149. (2.) Tribunus plebis, 
56— joins Pompey, 49-48 — with Sext. Pompey 
in Spain, 44 — conducts- Julia to Antony, 40— 
negotiates peace between Sext. Pompey and 
triumvirs, 39 — deserts Pompey, 35 — Consul 
with Antony, 34. (3.)— [AD]— Consul with 
T. Statilius Sisenna Taurus, (796, a. u. c.) 16. 

Libo, M. Annius, — Consul with L. Nonias 
Asprenas Torquatus, (881, a. tj. c.) 128. 

Libo, M. Livius Drusus, — [B C] — Consul 
with L. Calpurnius Piso, (739, a. it. c.) 15. 

Libo, M. Poetilius, — [B C] — Consul with C. 
Sulpicius Longus, (440, a. it. c.) 314. 

Libraries, Free, in England, — Town Coun- 
cils authorized to establish, by Act 13 and 14 
Vic. c. 65, 14 Aug. 1850 — further provisions, 
by Act 18 and 19 Vic. c. 70, 30 Jul. 1855. 

Library, Circulating, — first in London, 
established by Samuel Fancourt, about 1740-5. 

Library, Public, — [B C] — at Athens, formed 
by Peisistratos, about 550-530 ? — taken to 
Persia by Xerxes, (?) 480 — Apellicon's, carried 
to Rome by Sulla, 84. At Samos, by Poly- 
crates, about 530-525. At Alexandria, by 
Ptolemy Soter, 300-285. [Alexandrian Li- 
brary.] At Pergamus, by Eumenes, 180-160 — 
given by Antony to Cleopatra, about 40. At 
Borne, by Asinius Pollio, (by Caesar ?) about 45 
— Octavian, by Augustus, 33— [AD] — Ulpian, 
by Trajan, 107-115 — added by Diocletian to 
his Baths, 290-300. [For modern, see separate 
names of places or Libraries.'] 

Libri, Girolamo Dai, painter, — b. at Verona, 
i472, a 1474 b — If. there, 2 Jul. i555, a 1556. 13 
Deposition from the Cross, church of Malesine, 
1490 — Altarpiece, San Giorgio, Verona, 1526 
— Madonna and Saints, Vittoria Nuova, Verona, 
J 53°* a "Vasari. b Crowe and Cavalcaselle. 

Libri- Carrucci, Guglielmo, Count, mathe- 



8 5 6" 



LIBURNIO— LIECHTENSTEIN. 



matician, — ft. at Florence, 2 Jan. 1803 — Prof. 
Mathematical Physics, Univ. of Pisa, 1823 — 
visits Paris, 1824 — escapes to France, 1830 — 
naturalized in France, 2 Jan. 1833 — member of 
Institute of France, 1833 — judicial report on 
his inspection of public libraries, 4 Feb. 1848 
—escapes to England, May 1848 — convicted of 
stealing books, 22 Jim. 1850 — returns to Tus- 
cany, 1868 — tf. at Fiesole, 28 Sep. 1869. 
Histoire des Sciences Mathematiques en Italic, 
1838-41 — Memoires de Mathematiques et de 
Physique, 1827-9. 

Liburnio, Niccolo, miscellaneous writer, — ft. 
at Venice, 1474 — tf. there, 22 Sep. 1557. Le 
Volgari eleganzie, 152 1 — Be copia et rarietate 
opus, 1522 — le Trefontane soprala grammatica 
e V eloquenza di Dante, 1.526. 

Liceti, Fortunio, physician, — ft. in Genoa, 
1577 — Prof. Logic, Pisa, about 1600 — Prof. 
Philosophy, Padua, 1609 — tf. there, 17 May 
1657. De monstrorum causis, natura et differ- 
entiis, 16 16 — De spontaneo viventium ortu, 
16 1 8 — De lucernis antiquorum reconditis, 
1621. 

Lichfield, in Staffordshire^ — seat of a bishop- 
ric, 669 — raised to archbishopric, 785 — arch- 
bishopric suppressed, 799 — see transferred to 
Chester, 1078 — to Coventry, 1102 — again seat 
of bishopric, jointly with Coventry, 11 29 — 
parliamentary borough, 1305 — Richard II. 
spends Christmas at, 1397 — constituted a city 
by charter of Edward VI., 1549 — made a 
county by itself, by Queen Mary, 1553 — gar- 
risoned for Charles I., early in 1643 — taken for 
the Parliament by Lord Broke and Sir John 
Gell, 2-5 Mar. 1643 — threatened again by 
Royalists, Mar.— besieged by Prince Rupert, 
early in Apr. — capitulates, 21 Apr. — Charles 
I. spends night at, 15 Jun. 1645 — again visited 
by Charles, 10 Aug. and 2 Oct. 1645 — sur- 
renders to Gen. Louthian, 10 Jul. 1646 — gives 
title of Earl to Thomas William Anson, Vis- 
count Anson, 15 Sep. 1831 — double name of see 
discontinued by Order in Council, 24 Jan. 1837. 
Cathedral, rebuilding of, commenced by Bp 
Clinton, 1148 — damaged in the civil war, 1643 
and 165 1 — restored by Bp Hacket, 1662 — 
again restored, 1861. 

Lichtenau, Wilhelmina Enke - Rietz, 
Countess of, — ft. at Potsdam, 1754 — becomes 
mistress of Prince Frederick William of 
Prussia, about 1770 — created Countess of 
Lichtenau, 1795 — tf. at Berlin, 9 Jun. 1820. 
Memoires, 1808. 

Lichtenberg, Principality of, in Prussia, — 
constituted by Duke of Saxe-Coburg, 5 Mar. 
1 8 19 — given up by him to Prussia, 15 Aug. 
1834. 

Lichtenberg, Georg Christoph, — ft. near 
Darmstadt, 1 Jul. 1742— studies at Gottingen, 
1763 — Prof. Mathematics, 1770 — visits Eng- 
land, 1774— Prof. Experimental Physics, Got- 
tingen, 1777 — tf. there, 24 Feb. 1799. Drklti- 
rvng der Hogarthischen Kupferstiche, 1794, 
1807. 

Lichtwer, Magnus Gottfried, fabulist,— -ft. 
at Wurzen, 17 19 — M.A., Leipsic, 1743 — if. at 
Halberstadt, Jul. 1783. Pabcln, 1748. 
Licinian Laws, — [B C] — at Rome, agitation 



commences, 375 — Decemviri appointed, 366 — 
Plebeian consuls, 365. 
Licinio, Gio. Antonio. [Pordenone.] 
Licinius, Flavius Valerius, — ft., 315 — ap- 
pointed Ceesar, 1 Mar. 317 — Consul with Con- 
stantine the Great, (1072, A. u. c.) 319 — put 
to death by Constantine, 323. 

Licinius, Publius Flavius Galerius Vale- 
rius Licinianus, Roman Emperor, — made 
Augustus by Galerius, (3 Id. Nov.) n Nov. 
307 — arranges boundary of empires with Maxi- 
min, 311 — marries Constantia, early in 313— 
defeats Maximin near Heraclea, (prid. Ral. 
May) 30 Apr. 313 — Avar with Constantine be- 
gins, 314 a — defeated by Constantine at Ha- 
drianople, 3 Jul. 323 — again defeated at Chal- 
cedon, 18 Sep. 323 — put to death by Constan- 
tine, 324. a Clinton. 

Licinius. [See Calvus, Crassus, and Lu- 
cullus.] 

Licinus, — [BC] — Governor of Gaul, by Au- 
gustus, 15. 

Licinus, Clodius, annalist, — [B C] — {{., 
after 100. 

Licinus, L. Forcius, — [BC] — Con sul with 
P. Claudius Pulcher, (570, a. u. c.) 184. 

Licinus, M. Fabius, — [BC]— Consul with 
M. Otacilius Crassus, (508, a. it. c.) 246. 

Liebau, Treaty of — annulling feudal sub- 
jection of Duchy of Prussia to Sweden, con- 
cluded, 10 Nov. 1656. 

Liebe, Christian Sigismund, numismatist, 
—ft. in Misnia, 1687 — tf., 1736. Roma Baby- 
lon ex nummis, 17 14 — Gotha nummaria, 1730. 
Lieberkuhn, Johann Nathaniel, anatomist, 
— ft. at Berlin, 171 1 — M.D.; Leyden, 1739 — 
F.R.S., London, 1740 — settles at Berlin, 1740 
— tf. at Berlin, 7 Dec. 1756. Works, 1782. 

Liebknecht, Johann Georg, antiquary, 
mathematician, — ft. in Hesse, 1680 — Prof. 
Mathematics, Giessen, 1710-29 — if. there, 17 
Sep. 1729. 

Liechtenstein, Principality of, — constituted 
by union of lordships of Waduz and Schellen- 
berg, 17 19. 

Liechtenstein, Aloys Gonzago Joseph, 
Prince von, general,— ft., 1 Apr. 1780 — dis- 
tinguishes himself at Leipsic, 18 Oct. 1813 — in 
campaigns of France, 18 14- 15 — tf. at Prague, 4 
Nov. 1833. 

Liechtenstein, Johann Joseph, Prince von, 
general, — ft. at Vienna, 26 Jun. 1760 — distin- 
guishes himself under Coburg in the Nether- 
lands, 1793 — Major-general, Jun. 1794 — F'ield- 
marshal-lieutenant, 1796 — passes to army of 
Italy, 1799 — taken prisoner by French at IJlm, 
1805 — takes part in Treaty of Presburg, Dec. — - 
Commander of Tipper and Lower Austria, 1806 
— wounded at Toun, 19 Apr. 1809 — distin- 
guishes himself at Aspern and Essling, May — 
at Wagram, 6 Jul. — obtains armistice of Na- 
poleon, 11 Jul. — co-director of National Bank 
of Germany, 18 16 — tf. at Vienna, Apr. 1836. 

Liechtenstein, Joseph Weneeslaus, Prince 
von, field-marshal, — ft. at Vienna, 10 Aug. 
1696 — enters the army, 17 14 — distinguishes 
himself in campaigns of 1733-4 — ambassador to 
FVance, 1738-41 — as Field-marshal obtains 
victory of Placentia, 20 Jun. 1746 — conducts 



LIEGE— LIGNE. 



857 



election of King of the Romans, 1764— ft., Di- 
rector-general of Artillery, at Vienna, 9 Feb. 
1772. 

Liege, Liittich, in Belgium, — seat of a 
bishopric, about 712 or 720— devastated by 
Northmen, 882 a — the Emperor Henry IV. 
takes refuge at, 1106 — meeting of Pope 
Innocent II., St Bernard, and King Lothaire, 
at, 22-29 Mar. 1131 — burnt, 1143 — the Crusade 
preached at, by St Bernard, 1 147 — again burnt, 
1 1 85 — seized and pillaged by Henry, Duke of 
Brabant, 121 3— placed under interdict by Cardi- 
nal Otho, 1229— contests between city and the 
bishops, 1 255, 1 302, 1316,1 346, 1 393, and 1403, 
— revolts against the Bp, Louis, de Bourbon, 
1465— taken by Charles the Bold and given up 
to military execution, 14, a 30 b Oct. 1468 — 
again revolts, 1482 and 1484 — besieged and 
taken by Bp Ernest of Bavaria, 1649— revolt 
suppressed by French, 1684— bombarded by 
Marshal de Boufners, 4-9 Jun. 1691 — occupied 
by the French, 1701 — captured by Marl- 
borough, 23 Oct. 1702 — occupied by French 
and evacuated, 1705 — the bishop expelled, and 
reestablished by Austrians, 1789 — annexed to 
France, Jul. 1794 — forms part of kingdom of 
the Netherlands, 18 15 — of Belgium, 1831. 
University of, founded, 1816 — reorganized, 
1835. Cathedral, completed, 1557. Academy 
of Fine Arts, established, 18 19. Councils of , 
held before Lothaire, king of Germany, for re- 
establishment of Otto, Bp of Halberstadt, 29 
Mar. 1,1 3 1 — for deposition of Thierry, Bp of 
Munster, and Bruno, Bp of Osnabriick, as ac- 
complices in murder of St Engelbert, Feb. 
1226. a Encyc. Mod. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 
Liegnitz, in Silesia, — seat of a principality, 
from 1 1 64 — Batou Khan defeats Duke Henry 
of Silesia and the Christian allies near, 9 Apr. 
1 241 — the Saxons under Arnheim defeat Col- 
loredo, 1634 — occupied by Prussians, 1740 — 
Frederick II. defeats Laudon at, 16 Aug. 1760 
— gives title of Princess to Countess Augusta 
von Harrach, 1824 — the castle partly burnt, 
1835. Academy, founded by Emperor Joseph 
I., 1708 — reorganized, 18 10. 

Lierre, Joseph van, painter, — ft. at Brussels, 
about 1530 — fo. at Zwindrecht, about 1583. 

Liesborn, Meister von, painter, — paints the 
Crucifixion, Abbey of Liesborn, about 1465. 
The picture sold and cut to pieces, 1807 — por- 
tions of it acquired for National Gallery, 1854. 
Liesna, {Lcsno,) — Peter the Great defeats 
Gen. Levenhaupt at, 28 Sep. 1708. 

Lieutaud, Joseph, physician— _ -ft. at Aix, 
1704 — received at Academy of Sciences, 1752 
— physician to royal family, 1755 — first phy- 
sician to the king, 1774 — tf. at Versailles, 6 
Dec. 1780. Synopsis universce praxeos me- 
dicce, 1765-70 — Ristoria anatomico-medica, 
1767. 

Lieutenant, military grade, — introduced in 
France, 1444 — powers of, defined by or- 
dinance of 1558 — general, grade introduced 
between 1630-40 — de Hoi, office of, superseded, 
1 79 1— reintroduced, 1814 — suppressed, 1828. 

Lieutenant General of the Kingdom, in 
France, — temporary dignity conferred on 
Duke of Guise, 1558 and 1560 — on Prince of 



Conde, 1563 — on Duke of Anjou, 1567 — on 
Duke of Mayenne, 1589 — on Duke of Orleans, 
1643 — on Count of Artois, 14 Apr. 1814 — on 
Louis Philippe, Jul. 1830. 

Lieven, Johann Heinrich, Count von, ge- 
neral, statesman, — h. in Livonia, 1670 — enters 
service of Charles XII., and serves at battle 
of Narva, 1700 — distinguishes himself at Pul- 
tawa, 1709— senator, 1719—13., i7i9, a 1733. b 

a Conv.-Lex. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Lievens, {Livens, Lywyns,) Jan, painter, 
engraver, — ft. at Leyden, 1607 — goes to Eng- 
land, 1630-41. 

Lifeboat, — patented by Lukin, 1785 — by 
Greathead, 1789 — Wilson's, 1807— prize for 
new, offered by Duke of Northumberland, 1 850 — 
awarded to Beeching, 1851— Peake's, designed, 
before 1857. Lnstitution,JS r ational,mcov\)Oi-3Ltcd, 
1824. 

Life-Guards. [Guards.] 

Ligarius, Q.,— [BC] — legatus to C. Con- 
sidius Longus, in Africa, 50— serves under 
Varus, 49 — taken prisoner after defeat at 
Thapsus, and banished, 46 — defended by Cicero, 
and pardoned by Caesar, late in 46 — joins con- 
spirators, 44 — put to death by triumvirs, 43. 

Lightfoot, John, theologian, — b. at Stoke, 
Stalfordshire, Mar. 1602 — enters Cambridge 
University, 161 7 — assists at Assembly of Di- 
vines, 1643 — Master of Catherine Hall, Cam- 
bridge, 1643 — rector of Great Munden, Hert- 
fordshire, 1644 — D.D., 1652 — Vice-chancellor 
of Cambridge Univ., 1655— ft. Canon of Ely, 
6 Dec. 1675. Frubhim, 1627 — FLorce FCebraiccz 
et Talmudiae, 1648. 

Lightfoot, John, botanist, — ft. in Gloucester- 
shire, Dec. 1735 — M.A. Oxford, 1766 — fc. at 
Ux bridge, Feb. 1788. Flora Scotica, 1775. 

Lighthouses — [Pharos] — erected at mouth 
of the Gironde, {Tour de Corduan,) 1584-1611 
— [Bell Rock, Eddystone, &c] -— on coast of 
England, vested in Trinity House, and other 
provisions respecting, by Act 6 and 7 Wm IV. 
c. 79, 13 Aug. 1836 — further regulated by Acts 
10 and 11 Vic. c. 27, ss. 77, 78, 11 May 1847, 
and 17 and 18 Vic. c. 104, part VI., ss. 389- 
416, 10 Aug. 1854 — provisions respecting colo- 
nial, by Act 18 and 19 Vic. c. 91, 14 Aug. 

Lightning, — identified with electricity by 
Franklin, and conductor suggested by him, 
i749, a 1752 b — first used in England, 1762 — 
Harris's, for ships, invented, 1821. 
a Brande and Cox's Diet. b Engl. Cyc. 

Lignamine, Giovanni Filippo, printer, — ■ 
settles at Eome, about 1469— U., probably 
1482 ? 

Ligne, Charles Joseph, Prince de, field- 
marshal, — b. at Brussels, i2, a 29 b May 1735 — 
enters the army, 1752 — distinguishes himself 
in Seven Years' War, 1757-63 — Lieutenant- 
general, 177 1 — distinguishes himself in cam- 
paign of 1778 — ambassador to Catherine II., 
1782 — General of Artillery, 1788 — assists at 
siege of Oczakov, 1788 — at taking of Bel- 
grade, 1789 — Field-marshal, 1808 — if. at Vi- 
enna, 13 Dec. 1814. Works, 1807 — Fosthum- 
ous Works, 1 8 17. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

i b Conv.-Lex. 



8« 



LIGNIVILLE— LILY. 



Ligniville, Philippe Emmanuel, Count de, 
general, — ft. at Houecourt, 1611 — distinguishes 
himself at battle .of Nordlingen, 1634 — in 
campaign of 1641 — wounded at battle of Be- 
thel, 1650 — serves under Turenne in the 
Netherlands, 1656-8 — enters service of Ba- 
varia, 1559 — envoy to Diet of Ratisbon, 1663 
— governor to Prince Charles, 1664 — Field- 
marshal Lieutenant, serves against Turks, 1664 
— ft. at Vienna, 26 Oct. 

Ligniville, Rene Charles Elisabeth, Count, 
general, — ft., 1757 — enters the army, 177 1 — 
assists at siege of Gibraltar, 1782 — Marechalde 
Camp, 1792 — charged with defence of Mont- 
medi, 1792 — General of Division, imprisoned, 
1793 — returns to France, 1800 — Baron of the 
Empire, 1 809 — ft. in Lorraine, Commander of 
Legion of Honour, 15 Sep. 18 13. 

Ligny, in France, — taken by Imperialists, 
1544 — Napoleon repulses Blucher, 16 Jun. 
1815. 

Ligonier, John, Earl, field-marshal, — ft., 
1678 ? 1687? — volunteer at storming of 
Liege, 1702 — serves at Blenheim, 1703 — at 
attack on Vigo, 1719 — Knt Banneret, at Det- 
tingen,i743— Commander-in-chief in Flanders, 
distinguishes himself at Raucoux, 1746 — dis- 
tinguishes himself at Laffeldt, and is taken 
prisoner, 1747 — M.P. Bath, 1748 — Lieutenant- 
general of the Ordnance, 1748 — Governor of 
Plymouth, 1752 — Visct Ligonier, of Ennis- 
killen, 21 Dec. 1757 — Commander-in-chief, 
1757 — Baron Ligonier of Ripley, 1763 — Earl, 
10 Sep. 1766 — tf., 1770. 

Ligorio, Pirro, architect, antiquary, — ft. at 
Naples, about 1530 a — succeeds Michael An- 
gelo as architect of the Vatican and of St 
Peter's, 1564 — enters service of Duke of Fer- 
rara, 1568 — a", at Ferrara, 1583^ i58o. a 
a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. 

Ligozzi, Jacopo, painter, — ft. at Verona, 
1543 — tf. at Florence, 1627. 

Liguori, Alfonso Maria de, founder of Order 
of Liguorians, — ft. at Naples, 26 Sep. 1696 — 
ordained priest, 1725 — Bp of Santa Agatha, 
1762 — resigns, 1775 — fc. at Nocera de' Pagani, 
1 Aug. 1787 — beatified by Pius VII., 1816 — 
canonized, 1839 — title of Doctor of the Church 
conferred on him by Pius IX., Apr. 1871. 
Theologia moralis, 1755. 

Liguorians, {Eedemptorists,) Order of, — 
founded by Liguori, 1732 — approved by Bene- 
dict XIV., 1759. 

Ligurian Republic, — established at Genoa, 
Jun. 1797 — united with French Empire, 4 Jun. 
1805 — unsuccessful attempt to reestablish, 3-12 
Apr. 1849. 

Ligurians, — [BC] — at war with Rome, 238 
— surprise Q. Marcius Philippus, 186 — many 
of them transferred to Samnium, 180— defeat 
and kill Petillius, 176 — defeated by Popillius, 

*73- 

Ligus, P. iElius, — [B C] — Consul of Rome 
•with C. Popillius Laenas, (first plebeian with 
plebeian,) (582, a. u. c.) 172. 

Lilac, — brought to Europe by Busbecq, 
;about 1550-60. 

Lilburn, Robert, — as Colonel in Parliament- 



ary army defeats Sir Richard Tempest in Lan- 
cashire, Jun. 1648 — receives thanks of par- 
liament and £1000, Jul. 1648— routs Earl of 
Derby at Wigan, Aug. 1 651— deputy Major- 
general, Aug. 1655. 

Lilburne, John, — ft. at Durham, 161 8 — 
condemned to pillory, fined, and imprisoned by 
Court of Star Chamber, for circulating writings 
of Prynne and Bastwick, 1636 — released, Nov. 
1640 — serves in Parliamentary army at Edge- 
hill, Oct. 1642 — taken prisoner at Brentford, 
Nov. 1642 — Major, 1643— at battle of Marston 
Moor, 1644 — Lieutenant-colonel, about 1645 — 
imprisoned, Aug. 1645— visited in the Tower 
by Cromwell, 1647— banished for life by Act 
of Parliament, 1652 — returns, is tried and ac- 
quitted, 1653 — sent to Jersey by Cromwell, 
1653 — ts. at Eltham, Kent, 29 Aug. 1657. 
England's New Chains discovered, 1649. 
L'lle-Adam. [Villiers.] 
Lilieblad, Gustav, orientalist, — ft., 165 1 — 
Prof. Oriental Languages, Upsala, 1681 — tf., 
censor of books, librarian of the Court, 17 10. 
Epistola de Karaitis Lithuanice, 1691. 

Lilienthal, Michael, philologist, — ft. in 
Prussia, 1686— tr., 1750. Editor of the Er- 
leutcrte ^ Erussien, 1 7 24- 8 — De Machiavelismo 
litter ario, 17 13. 

Liliestroem, Johann, diplomatist, — ft. in 
Sweden, about 1580 — concludes truce with 
Poland, 1635—I3., 1657. Translation of Euclid, 
1617. 

Lilio, Luigi, {Aloysius Lilias,) mathema- 
tician, — assists in reformation of the calendar, 
1575— "0-, i57 6 - 

Lille, {Lisle,) in France, {Eyssel,) (Isla, Cas- 
trum Illense, Lilla, Insula,)— castle mentioned, 
863 — enlarged and fortified by Baldwin IV., 
Count of Flanders, 1030,'^ 1007 a — taken by 
Emperor Henry III., 1054,^ 1047 c — S oon 
retaken and restored by Baldwin V. : taken by 
Philip Augustus, 121 3— revolts and is retaken 
by Philip, 12 13/* 1214 b— taken after eleven 
weeks' siege by Philip the Fair, Sep. 1297— 

recovered by Count John of Namur, 1302 

retaken by Philip the Fair, 1303— unsuccess- 
fully attacked by Robert, Count of Flanders 
1 3 14 — restored to Flanders by Charles V. on 
marriage of Count Louis de Male with Mar- 
garet of Flanders, 1369 — burnt, 1382 — passes 
to House of Austria, 1476— subject to Spain, 

1496 — taken by Louis XIV., 27 Aug. 1667 

fortified by Vauban, 1667-72 — taken by allies, 
23 Oct. 1708 — capitulation of the citadel, 7' 
Dec. — ceded to France by Treaty of Utrecht, 
17 1 3— enlarged, 1786 — bombarded by Aus- 
trians, 25 Sep. to 6 Oct. 1792. Toivn Hall, 
built by John Sans Peur as palace of Dukes of 
Burgundy, 141 o, 1430. a a Encyc. Mod. 
b Engl. Cyc. c Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Lillo, George, dramatist,— $. in London 
1693— U., 1739. Sylvia, 1731— George Earn- 
well, 1731 — Fatal Curiosity, 1737 — Arden of 
Feversham, 1762. 
Lilly. [Lyly.] 
Lily. [Lyly.] 

Lily, {Lilly,) William, schoolmaster,—^, in 
Hampshire, about 1466— enters Oxford Univ., 



LILY— LINACRE. 



*59 



i486 — first master of St Paul's School, 15 10 
— ts. in London, Feb. 1523. Brevissima In- 
stitution [Lily's Grammar^) 15 13. 

Lily, {Lilly,) William, astrologer, — 1». in 
Leicestershire, 1 May 1602 — goes to London, 
1620 — begins study of astrology, 1632 — con- 
sulted by the parliament, 1648 — tf. atHersham, 
9 Jun. 1 68 1. Merlinus Anglicus, Junior, 1644 
— Starry Messenger, 1645. 

Lilybaeum, in Sicily, — [BC] — unsuccessfully 
besieged by Pyrrhus, 276 — besieged by 0. 
Atilius Eegulus and L. Manlius Vulso, 250 — 
surrenders, (6 Id. Mar.) 11 Mar. 241. 

Lima, capital of Fern, — founded by Pizarro, 
1535 — suffers from earthquakes, 1582, 1586, 
1609, 1630, 1655, 1678, 1687, 1690, 1697, 
1699, 1716, 1725, 1732, 1734, 1745, 1746, 
1764, 1828— entered by San Martin, 12 Jul. 
1821 — earthquakes at, 1822 and 1828 — cap- 
tured by revolutionists, 6 Nov. 1865. Uni- 
versity of, founded, 157 1. 

Liman, LudwigTheodor,ar^?Yec£, traveller, 
— fe. at Berlin, 18 Nov. 1788 — studies at Paris, 
181 1 — in Italy, 18 14- 19 — Prof, at Academy of 
Architecture, Berlin, 18 19 — accompanies expe- 
dition to Egypt, 1820 — ft. at Alexandria, 11 
Dec. 1820. 

Limborch, Philip van, theologian, — b. at 
Amsterdam, 19 Jun. 1633 — studies at Utrecht, 
1652-4 — piistor at Gouda, 1657 — at Amster- 
dam, 1668— Prof. Theology, Coll. of Remon- 
strants, 1669 — ft. at Amsterdam, 30 Apr. 17 12. 
Prcestantiitm ac Eruditorum Virorum Epistolcc, 
1660 — Theologia Christiana, 1686 — Mistoria 
Inquisitionis, 1692. 

Limburg, County and Duchy of, in the 
Netherlands, — territory falls to Luchvig the 
German, by partition with Charles the Bald, 870 
— forms a County, from about 1060 — Henry II. 
takes title of Duke, before 1170 — sold by Count 
Adolph to John Duke of Brabant, about 1283 
— secured to him by defeat and death of his 
rival the Count of Luxemburg, at Woeringen, 
5 Jun. 1288 "—passes to House of Burgundy, 
1427 a — forms one of the United Provinces, 
1648 — occupied by the French, 1675-9 — 
again, 1700 — recovered by Austrians, 1702 — 
subject to France, 1795 — confirmed to France 
by Treaty of Campo Formio, 1797 — forms part 
of kingdom of the Netherlands, 18 14 — divided 
between Holland and Belgium, by treaty of 15 
Nov. 183 1 — the Dutch portion incorporated 
with Germanic Confederation, by Act of the 
Diet, 5 Sep. 1839. 13 a Encyc. Mod. 

b Encyc. des Gens du Monde. 

Limburg, {city,) in Belgium., — seized by the 
Dutch, 8 ^ep. 1632 — lost by them, 1636 — out- 
works of, destroyed by the French, 1675 — cap- 
tured by Marlborough, 1702. 

Limburg, {on the Lahn,) in Nassau, — French 
detachment defeated by Prussians at, Nov. 
1792 — Austrians driven out by French, Jun. 
1796 — Jourdan defeated by Archduke Charles, 
16 Jun. 1796 — taken by Austrians, 16 Sep. 
1796. Chronicle, written by Johaun Gensbein, 
1336-1402. 
Lime Light. [Drummond.] 
Limerick, in Ireland, — attacked by Danes, 



812 — taken by them, about 850 — made tribut- 
ary to kings of Munster, about 1000 — con- 
quered by Henry II., 11 74— visited by King 
John, the castle built and a mint established, 
1210 — suburbs burnt by Edward Bruce, 13 14 
— rendezvous for his Irish allies, winter 13 16 
— seized by Catholics and made head-quarters 
of their Council, 1641— surrenders to Gen. 
Ireton, 165 1— see of, united with Ardfert and 
Aghadoe, 1667 — declares for James II., 1688 
— unsuccessfully besieged by "William III., 8 
-30 Aug. 1690 — Sarsfield surprises English 
artillery near, Aug. 1690 — besieged by Gen. 
Ginkell, 25 Aug. 1691 — surrenders on con- 
clusion of treaty, 3 Oct. 1691 — castle de- 
molished, 1697 — insurrection at, May 1798 — 
special commission for trial of Fenians at, 1 1 
-19 Jun. 1867. Cathedral, founded, n 80 — 
rebuilt, 1490. Treaty of, concluded with Irish 
by Gen. Ginkell, 3 Oct. 1 691— discussed in 
parliament, Nov. to Dec. 1 691— explained by 
Act of Irish parliament, 1695. 

Limited Liability, of Joint-Stock Companies, 
in England, — provided for, by Act 18 and 19 
Vict. c. 133, 14 Aug. 1855 — amended by Act 
19 and 20 Vict. c. 47, 14 Jul. 1856. [Joint- 
Stock Companies.] 

Limnae,in Greece, — [B C] — colony of Miletus, 
about 750. 

Limnaeus, Johann, historian, publicist, — ft. at 
Jena, 9 Jan. 1592 — ij., 13 May 1665. Be jure 
publico imperii Romano-Germanici, 1629. 

Limoges, in France, {Augustoritum, Le- 
movices, Limodia,) — seat of a bishopric, before 
310" — taken by Visigoths, about 419 — by 
Franks, under Olovis, 507 — revolts, 579 — sub- 
mits to Pepin, 766 — burnt by Northmen, 836 
— head of a County, 837 — takenfromthe English 
by Bertram! du Guesclin, 1370— captured by 
the Black Prince, and the inhabitants massacred, 
Oct. 1370. Councils of, held, 848, 1029, 18 
Nov. 1 03 1, and Lent 1182. [Limousin.] 
Enamels of, celebrated before 1400. a Zedler. 

Limours, in France — lordship of, reunited to 
the crown, 1538 — given to Duchess of Etampes, 
by Francis I., 1545 — chateau built, about 
1550 — erected into a County, 1606. Treaty of, 
between Duke of Amville and Le Tellier, com- 
missioners for Louis XIV., and Gaston of 
Orleans, signed, 28 Oct. 1652. 

Limousin, province of France, — taken from 
Visigoths by Clovis, 507 — taken from Dukes 
of Aquitaine by Pepin the Short, 766 — as part 
of Duchy of Guienne passes to Henry II. of 
England, 1 152 — passes by marriage to Dukes of 
Brittany, 1275 — ceded to England by Treaty of 
Bretigny, 1360 — passes to Counts of Albret, 
1470 — united to crown by Henry IV., 1607. 

Lin, Hans van, painter, — fl. in Holland, 
about 1650. 

Linacre, {Lynacer,) Thomas, physician, — b. at 
Canterbury, about 1460 — Fellow of All Souls' 
Coll., Oxford, 1484— founds Coll. of Phy- 
sicians, 15 1 8 — Pres. of the Coll., 1518-24 — 
prebendary of York, 15 18 — tf., 20 Oct. 1524. 
Translation of Galen's Be Sanitate tuenda, 
15 1 7 — Methodus Medendi, 15 19 — Be Tempera- 



S6o 



LINCOLN— LINDSAY. 



mentis, 152 1 — Be emendata struct ura Latini 
sermonis lib. VI, 1524. 

Lincoln, (Lindum Colonia,) — recovered from 
the Danes by Edmund, 957 — seat of a bishop- 
ric, transferred from Dorchester, 1078,* 1073 b — 
castle built by William I., about 1086 —the foss- 
dyke constructed, about 1100-30 — the castle 
surrendered to Stephen, summer 11 38 — Ealph 
de Gernon besieged by Stephen, 1141 — Stephen 
defeated and captured near, by Kalph and 
Robert of Gloucester, 2 Feb. 1141 — Henry II. 
crowned at, 1155° (?) — earthquake at, 11 85 — 
captured by King John, 22 Sep. 1216 — David 
of Scotland does homage to King John at, 22 
Nov. 1 200 a — besieged by the dauphin Louis 
and the barons, spring 12 17 — the barons de- 
feated by Earl of Pembroke near, and the city 
plundered, (Fair of Lincoln,) 20 May 1217 — 
parliaments held at, 1301, 1305, 1314-15, 1326 
— incorporated, 131 3 — made a staple for wool, 
1352 — visited by Richard II., 1386— by Henry 
VI., 1446 — by Henry VII., 1485 — Catholic 
rising at, 1533 — visited by Charles L, Jul. 
1642 — plot to deliver city to Royalists dis- 
covered, Jul. 1643 — occupied by Royalists, 
1643 — stormed by Earl of Manchester, 5 May 
1644 — visited by William III., Nov. 1695 d — 
made a county of itself, 1716. Cathedral, com- 
menced, about 1073 — completed, 1092 — partly 
burnt, 1 1 24 — occupied as fortress by Stephen, 
1 141 — rent ' a sumtna deorsum ' by earthquake, 
15 Apr. 1 1 85 — enlarged by St Hugh, 11 86- 
1200 — additions, 1235- 1347 — western towers 
completed, 1450 — converted into barracks by 
Cromwell's troops, 1644 — restoration com- 
menced, about 1862. Great Tom of, cast, 1610 
— broken up and recast, 1834-5. 
a Annals of England. b King. c Speed. d Macaulay. 

Lincoln, Abraham, President of United 
States— b. in Kentucky, 1809 — member of 
legislature of Illinois, 1834 — Advocate at 
Springfield, 1837 — member of Congress, 1847 
— unsuccessful candidate for Vice-Presidency, 
1856 — elected President, Nov. i860 — [Con- 
federate States 1 — reelected, 1864 — assassin- 
ated by Wilkes Booth, at Washington, 14 Apr. 
1865. 

Lincoln, Benjamin, general, — ft. at Hing- 
ham, Massachusetts, IT. S., 1733 — distinguishes 
himself at second battle near Stillwater, U. S., 
7 Oct. 1777 — wounded while reconnoitring, 8 
Oct. — takes command of southern army, Dec. 
1778 — marches toward Augusta, Apr. 1779 — 
unsuccessfully attempts to relieve Charleston, 
Juu. — takes part in attack of Savannah, 4 Oct. 
— conducts defence of Charleston against the 
British, Mar. 1780 — capitulates to Sir H. Clin- 
ton, 12 May 1780 — a", at Hingham, Massa- 
chusetts, 1 8 10. 

Lincoln, Henry, Earl of. [Lancaster, 
Earl and Duke of, and Newcastle, Duke of.] 

Lincoln. John de la Pole, Earl of,— created 
Earl, 1467 — named heir to the throne on death 
of Edward Prince of Wales, and appointed 
Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1484 — in support 
of Lambert Simnel, enters England with Lord 
Lovel, 1487— defeated and killed at Stoke, 16 
Jun. 1487. 



Lincoln College, Oxford, — founded by Bp 
Fleming, 1427. 

Lincoln's Inn, London, — becomes Inn of 
Court, soon after 13 10. 

Lincolnshire, — insurrection of Lancastrians 
in, suppressed by Edward IV., 1470 — insurrec- 
tion occasioned by suppression of monasteries, 
Sep. 1536 — suppressed, Oct. 1536. 

Lindanns, Willem Damasus, theologian,— 
fc. at Dort, 1525 — D.D. Louvain, 1552," 1556 b 
— Prof. Holy Scripture, Dillingen, 1552-5 — Bp 
of Ruremonde, 1562 — of Ghent, 1588 — tf., 4 
Nov. 1588. Be optimo genere interpretancli 
Scripturas, 1558 — Fanoplia evangelica, 1563. 
a Biog. Univ. b Rees' Cyc. 

Lindblom, Axel, Abp of Upsala — ft. in 
Sweden, 27 Jul. 1746 — enters Univ. of Upsala, 
1763 — Bp of Linkoeping, 1786 — D.D., 1793 
— Abp of Upsala, 1 Mar. 1805 — receives Berna- 
dotte's profession of Lutheranism at Elsinore, 
1 8 10 — crowns Bernadotte, (Charles John,) 
181 8 — tf. at Upsala, 15 Feb. 1819. 

Linde, Samuel Bogumil, lexicographer, — 
fc. at Thorn, Poland, 177 1 — studies at Leipsic, 
1789 — Prof. Polish Language and Literature, 
1792 — Rector of Lyceum, Librarian of Univ., 
Warsaw, 1803 — tf. there, 8 Aug. 1847. Slow- 
nik Jezyka Folskiego, 1807-14. 

Linden, Jan Antonid van der, physician, — 
ft. at Enckhuysen, 13 Jan. 1609 — Prof. Medi- 
cine, &c, Franeker, 1639 — Librarian, 1648 — 
Prof. Medicine, Leyden, 1651 — ti. there, 5 
Mar. 1664. L)e script is medicis, 1637 — Medi- 
cina physiologica, $•<?., 1653 — editions of Celsus, 
1657 — of Hippocrates, 1665. 

Lindenau, Bemhard August von, astrono- 
mer, statesman, — b. at Altenburg, 11 Jun. 1780 
— studies at Leipsic, 1794 — Director of Observ- 
atory, Gotha, 1808 — aide-de-camp to Grand 
Duke of Weimar in campaigns of 18 14 — Privy 
Councillor and Minister of Saxe-Gotha, 1820 
— Minister of Interior, 183 1-4 — retires, 1843 
— tf., 2 1 May 1 854. Tables barometriques, 1 809 
— Geschiehte der Sternkunde in erstenJahrzehnd 
des 19ten Jalirhundert, 1811. 

Lindisfarne, Holy Island, — see of, estab- 
lished by Aidan, 634 — the church destroyed by 
Northmen, 8 Jan. 794— see removed to Chester- 
le-Street, 875 — again removed to Durham, 995. 
Lindley, John, botanist, — h. near Norwich, 
1799 — Prof. Botany, London Univ., 1829 — 
receives medal of Royal Society, 1858 — 
Examiner in Botany, London Univ., i860— tf. 
near London, 1 Nov. 1865. Introduction to 
Natural System of Botany, 1830 — Introduction 
to Structure and Fhysiology of Plants, 1832 — 
Vegetable Kingdom, 1846— Flora Medica, 1838 
— Fossil Flora of Great Britain, (with Hutton,) 
1 83 1-7 — Genera and Species of Orchidaceous 
Hants, 1837-8 — Flora Orchidacea, 1852 — 
Theory of Horticulture, 1840 — edits Gardener's 
Chronicle, 1841-65. 

Lindos, in Rhodes, — [BC] — Cleobulus ruler, 
about 560. 

Lindsay, Alexander, chartographer, — ac- 
companies James V. of Scotland on expedi- 
tion of discovery, and constructs chart of 
Scotland, about 1540. 



LINDSAY— LINOCIER. 



86i 



Lindsay, (Lyndsay,) Sir David, poet, — b. in 
Scotland, about 1490? — studies at St Andrew's? 
1508-9 — visits Italy, 1510 — servitor to Prince 
James, 1512-24 — Lyon kiug-at-arms, Knt, and 
envoy to Charles V„ 1530 — accompanies James 
IV. to France, Dec. 1535 — tf., before May 
1555; The Dreme, 1528 — Complaint of the 
Papyngo, 1530 — Deploratioun of Queen Magda- 
lene, 1536 — The Monarchie, 1553 — History of 
Sguyer Melarum, about 1548 ? Satyre of the 
Three Estaitis, 1602. 

Lindsay, John, 4th Earl of, general, — b., 4 
Oct. 1702 — succeeds his father as Earl of Craw- 
ford and of Lindsay, 17 13 — in France, 172 1-6 
— enters Imperialist army as a volunteer, 1735 
— distinguishes himself at battle of Claussen, 17 
Oct. 1735 — General in Russian service, spring 
1738 — wounded at battle of Krotzka, 1739 — 
returns to England, Oct. 1741 — has a command 
at Dettingen, 1743 — distinguishes himself at 
Fontenoy, Apr. 1745 — Major-general, 30 May 
1745 — takes command of Hessians against 
rebels in Scotland, Feb. 1746 — distinguishes 
himself at Raueoux, Oct. 1746 — marries Lady 
Jane Murray, 3 Mar. 1747 — Lieutenant- 
general, 26 Sep. 1747 — loses his wife, 1747 — 
tf. in London, 25 Dec. 1749. 

Lindsey, Robert Bertie, Earl of,— b. in 
London, 1582 — Earl, Nov. 1626 — takes com- 
mand of fleet sent to Rochelle ; but returns 
without doing anything, 1628 — Knt, 1630 — 
Constable of England, 163 1 — Lord High 
Admiral of England, 1635 — General-in-chief of 
Royal forces, 1 642 — wounded at Edgehill, 
23 Oct.— tf., 29 Oct. 1642. 

Lindsey, Theophilus, theologian, — b. in 
Cheshire, 20 Jun. 1723 — enters St John's 
Coll. Cambridge, 1741 — Fellow of his Coll., 
1747 — vicar of Catterick, 1764 — resigns his 
living, 1 7 7 3 — commences preaching in London, 
Apr. 1774 — retires, 1793 — tJ. in London, 3 Nov. 
1808. Apology for resigning the cure of Cat- 
terick, 1774. — Sequel, 1776 — Historical Vieiv of 
the state of the Unitarian Doctrine and Worship, 
1783 — Vindici(B Priestleiana, 1788. 

Lindum Colonia. [Lincoln.] 

Linen Company, English, — incorporated 
and regulated by Act 4 Geo. III. c. 37, 1763. 

Linen Manufacture, — in Ireland, carried on, 
befqre 11 00 — improved by Louis Crommelin, 
after 1685 — machinery applied to, 1725 — Linen 
Board, dissolved, 1828. In Scotland, introduced, 
soon after 1700— board of trustees appointed 
for superintendence of, 1727. In England, 
regulated by Acts 28 Hen. Till. c. 4, 1536; 
1 Eliz. c. 12, 1558 ; 15 Car. II. c. 15, 1662 ; 
43 Geo. III. c. 69,4 Jul. 1803 ; 50 Geo. III. 
c. 26, 18 Apr. 1810. 

Ling, Peter Henrik, poet, founder of 
modern gymnastics, — b. in Sweden, 15 Nov. 
1776 — tf., 3 May 1839. Gymnastikens Al- 
manna Grunder, 1840 — Gylfe, 181 2 — Asarne, 
1816-26. 

Lingard, John, historian, — b. at 'Winchester, 
5 Feb. 177 1 — Pres. Coll. of Crookhall, 1810 — 
rector of Hornby, near Lancaster, 181 1 — tf- at 
Hornby, 13 Jul. 1851. History of England from 
the first Invasion by the Romans to the Acces- 
sion of William and Mary in 1688, 1819-25— 



History and Antiquities of the Anglo-Saxon 
Church, 1845. 

Lingelback, Johann, painter,— f>. at Frank- 
fort, 1625 — tf. at Amsterdam, 1687. 

Linghiera, in Sardinia,— the Genoese, under 
Antonio Grimaldi, defeated by allied fleets of 
Venetians and Catalans, 29 Aug. 1353. 

Linguet, Simon Nicolas Henri, miscellaneous 
writer, — b. at Rheims, 1736 — imprisoned in 
the Bastille, 1780-2 — retires to Brussels, 1787 
— executed at Paris, 1794. Annales politiques, 
civiles, et militaires du 18 e siecle, 1777-92 — 
Memoir es sur la Bastille, 1783. 

Link, Heinrich Friedrich, naturalist, — b. at 
Hildesheim, 2 Feb. 1769 — studies at Gottingen, 
1786— M.D., 1789— Prof. Natural History, 
Chemistry, and Botany, Rostock, 1792 — Prof. 
Chemistry and Botany, Breslau, 181 1 — Prof. 
Botany, Director of Botanic Garden, Berlin, 
18 15-5 1 — tf. there, 1 Jan. 1851. Element a 
philosophice botanica, 1824 — Anatomisch- 
botanischen Abbildungen, 1839-42 — Anatomie 
der Pflanzen, 1843-7 — Jahresberichte iiber die 
Arbeiten fur physiologische Botanih, 1842-6 
— Hortus regius botanicus Berolinensis, 1827-33 
— Die Urwelt tend das Alterthum erldutert 
durch die JSfaturkunde, 1820-2. 

Linley, Thomas, musical composer, — acci- 
dentally drowned at Grimsthorpe, Aug. 1788. 

Linley, Thomas, a (John, h ) musical composer, 
— b. at AVells, about 1725 — li. in London, 1795. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Kees' Cyc. 

Linlithgow, in Scotland, — founded by David 
I., 1124-53 — Edward I. spends Christmas at, 
1300 — Earl of Angus defeats Earl of Lennox 
near, 1526 — assassination of Regent Murray at, 
Jan. 1570 — burning of Solemn League and 
Covenant at, 1662 — royal palace of, burnt by 
troops of Gen. Hawley, 1746. 

Linnaean Society, of London, — founded by 
Smith, 1788 — incorporated, 1802. 

Linnaeus, (Von Linne,) Carl, botanist, — b. 
at Rashult in Sweden, May 1707 — studies at 
Lund Univ., 1727 — at Upsala, 1728 — travels in 
Lapland, May to Oct. 1732 — M.D., Harderwyk, 
Jun. 1735 — in service of George Cliffort at 
Hartecamp, 1735-8 — visits England, 1736 — 
Prof. Botany, Stockholm, 1738 — Physician to 
the King, Pres. of Academy of Sciences, 1739 
— Prof. Medicine, Upsala, 1740 — Prof. Botany, 
1741-78 — Archiater, 1746 — Knt of the Polar 
Star, 1753 — ennobled, 1757 — tf. at Upsala, 10 
Jan. 1778. Sy sterna Natures, 1735 — Funda- 
menta Botanica, 1736 — Bibliotheca Botanica, 
1736 — Flora laponica, 1737 — Classes Planta- 
rum, 1738 — Critica Botanica, 1737 — Philoso- 
phia Botanica, 1751 — Fauna Succica, 1746 — 
Hortus Cliffortianus, 1737. 

Linnaeus, Carl von, botanist, — b. at Fahlun, 
Sweden, 20 Jan. 1741 — demonstrator at Botan- 
ical Garden of Upsala, 1759— Prof. Botany, 
1763 — visits London and Paris, 1781 — tf. at 
Upsala, 1 Nov. 1783. Plantarum rariarum 
horti Upsaliensis decades duce, 1762-3 — Supple- 
mentum plantarum systematis vcgetabilium, 
178 1 — Lissertationes botanicce, 1790. 

Linocier, Geoffroi, naturalist, — b. at Tour- 
non, about 1550 — tf-, about 1620? Histoire 
des plantes, 1584. 



86i 



LINSCHOOTEN— LISIEUX. 



Linschooten, Adrian van, painter,— ft. at 
Delft, 1590 — if. at the Hague, 1679? 

Linschoten, Jan Hugo van, traveller, — ft. at 
Haarlem, 1563 — goes to India, 1583-9 — tf. at 
Enckhuysen, 1633. Itinerary . . . to Portu- 
guese East Indies, 1596. 

Lint, Peter van, painter, — ft., 1609. 

Linwood, Miss,— ft. at Birmingham, 1755 
— opens her exhibition in London, 1798 — ti., 2 
Mar. 1845. 

Linz, (Zintz,) in Austria, — purchased by- 
Leopold II. margrave of Austria, 1036 a— as 
part of County of Kyrnberg passes to Leopold 
VI. of Austria, 1 140 b — unsuccessfully attacked 
by peasants under Fahdinger, 1626 — conquered 
by Bavarians, 1741 — partly burnt, 1800 — re- 
pulse of Austrians by troops of Wiirtemberg 
and Saxony, 17 May 1809 — fortifications 
strengthened, 1850. Cathedral built, 1670. 
a Encye. Brit. b Conv.-Lex. 

Liofa, — assassinates King Edmund, at Puck- 
lechurch, Gloucestershire, 26 May 946. 

Lion, Belgian, Order of the,— founded by 
William L, 20 Sep. 18 15. 

Lion of Zahringen, Order of the, in Baden, 
— founded by Grand Duke Charles, 181 2. 

Lion and the Sun, Order of the, in Persia, 
— founded as Order of the Sun, by Feth Ali 
Shah, 1808. 

Lionel. TClarence, Duke of.] 

Lionne, Hugues de, statesman, — ft. at Gre- 
noble, 161 1 — secretary to the Regent, 1646 — 
ambassador to Rome, 1655 — to Spain, 1658 — 
Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1661 — concludes 
Treaty of Breda, 1667 — of Aix-la-Chapelle 
1668 — ti. at Paris, 167 1. Memoir es au roi 
intercepted en 1667, 1668. 

Liotard, Jean Etienne, painter, — fj. at Ge- 
neva, 1702 — at Constantinople, 1738-42 — ti. at 
Geneva, about 1776. 

Lipari, (Zipara,) in the Mediterranean, 
(JEolia? Insulce, Hephestiades, Ziparenses,) — 
[B C] — founded by Cnidians and Rhodians under 
Pentathlus, 627, a [630^] 579 c — by Cnidians, 
(01. 50, 1,) 580-79 d — ravaged by Agathocles, 
between 300-289 e — taken by Carthaginians, 
264 — by Romans, 25 1 — [A D]— taken by Robert, 
king of Naples, 1339 f — by Khair Eddin Bar- 
barossa, 1544 — explored by Spallanzani, 1788. 

a Euseb. b Hieron. c Diod. d Miiller. 
e Grote. f Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Lipenius, Martin, bibliographer, — ft. in 
Brandenburg, 1630 — ti. at Lubeck, 1692. 
Bibliotheca realis theologica, 1685 — Juridica, 
1679 — Philosophica, i6Sz—Medica, 1679. 

Lippe, in Germany, — head of a princi- 
pality, about 1 1 29— on death of Count Simon 
VI. divided for his sons into three parts, 
Lippe-Detmold, Brake, and Buckeburg, (Schau- 
enburg,) 16 13 — on extinction of line of Brake, 
seized by Count Adolphus of Lippe-Detmold, 
t-joy — b u t half the territory assigned to 
Schauenburg-Lippe by Aulic Council, 1734 
and 1737 — convention between the two Houses 
concluded, 1748. 

Lippershey, Hans, spectacle-maker of Mid- 
delburg, — constructs a telescope, before 2 Oct. 
1608. 



Lippi, Filippino, painter, — ft. at Florence, 
1460? — Ij. there, 13 Apr. 1505. Vision of St 
Bernard, Florence, 1480 — Adoration of the 
Kings, i486 — Frescoes in the Brancacci Chapel y 
1482-90 — Frescoes in the Strozzi Chapel, Santa 
Maria Novella, 1487 -1502 — Altarpiece of San 
Donato, Florence, 1496. 

Lippi, Fra Filippo, painter, — ft. at Florence, 
about 141 2 — enters Carmelite monastery, 1420 
—quits it, 1432 — chaplain to convent of San 
Giovannitio, Florence, 1442 — rj. at Spoleto, 
1469. Coronation of the Virgin, Florence, 
1441 — Beath of St Bernard, 1451-63 — Frescoes 
of St Stephen and St John the Baptist, Prato, 
1456-66. 

Lippi, Lorenzo, painter, poet, — ft. at Florence, 
1606 — tr., 1664. Malmantile racquistato, 1676. 
Lipsius, Justus, philologist, §c, — ft. near 
Louvain, 18 Oct. 1547 — Prof. History, Jena, 
1572-4 — Prof. History, Leyden, 1579-91 — ■ 
Prof. Ancient History, Louvain, 1593 — if. 
there, 24 Mar. 1606. Opera, 1637. 

Lirelli, Salvador, geographer, §c, — ft. in 
North Italy, 16 Jun. 1 751— Director of Ob- 
servatory, Turin, 1 79 1 — fj. there, 11 Feb. 1811. 
Liron, Jean, Benedictine, — ft. at Chartres, 
11 Nov. 1665 — enters Congregation of St 
Maur, 1685 — rj. at Mans, 9 Feb. 1749. Apo- 
logie pour les Armoricains et les eglises des 
Gaules, 1708 — Singularites historiques et lit- 
ter aires, 1734-40. 

Lisbon, (Olisipo, Felicitas Julia,) capital of 
Portugal, — taken from Romans by northern 
barbarians, 409 — captured by the Moors, 716 
— pillaged by Northmen, 843 — destroyed by 
Ordofio III. of Leon, 953 — taken by Alfonso 
I. assisted by crusaders, 25 Oct. 1147 or 1148 
— earthquake, 1344 — besieged by Henry II. of 
Castile, 1373 — unsuccessfully besieged by John 
I. of Castile, 1384 — seat of archbishopric, 1390 
— seat of government, 1422 — made principal 
port of the kingdom by Emanuel the Great, 
between 1495- 1520 — earthquake at, 153 1 — 
provincial town under Spanish rule, 1580- 1640 
— the Spanish Armada sails from, 1588 — 
captured by Duke of Braganza, 1640— seat of 
a patriarchate, 17 16 — the great earthquake, 1 
Nov. 1755 — auto da fe at, burning of Malag- 
rida, 21 Sep. 1761 — occupied by Junot, 29 
Nov. 1807 — by Anglo-Portuguese army, Sep. 
1808 — [Torres Vedras.] University, founded 
by Dionysius, 1279 — transferred to Coimbra, 
1308. Moyal Academy of Sciences, founded, 
1778. Aqueduct, completed, 1738. 

Lisburn, in Ireland, — castle built by Sir 
Fulk Conway, 1610 — town, by Lord Conway, 
1627 — burnt by Irish rebels, 1641 — unsuccess- 
fully attacked by O'Neil, Nov. 1641 — taken by 
Sir Charles Coote, 1650 — the church erected 
into a cathedral, 1662 — gives title of Viscount 
to the Vaughans, 1695— linen manufacture in- 
troduced by Huguenot refugees, 1699— castle 
and town burnt, 1707. 

Liscow, Christian Ludwig, satirist, — ft. at 

Wittenberg, 1701 — tf. at Eilenburg, 30 Oct. 

1760. Sammlung satirischer tend ernsthafter 

Schriften, 1739. 

Lisieux, in France, (Zexovium,) — destroyed 



LISLE— LITTA. 



S63 



by Saxons, about 407 — seat of a bisboprie, 
before 528 — pillaged by Normans, 877 — burnt 
by Bretons, 11 30 — taken by Pbilip Augustus, 
1203 — by tbe English, 141 7 — retaken by 
Charles VII., 1448 — seized by tbe League, 
157 1 — reduced by Henry IV., 1590. 
Lisle. [Lille, Delisle.] 
Lisle, Viscount. [Suffolk, Charles Bran- 
don, Duke of ; Northumberland, John Dud- 
ley, Duke of ; and Leicester, Robert and Philip 
Sydney, Earls of.] 

Lisle, Lady Alicia, — widow of John Vis- 
count Lisle, 1664 — charged with harbouring 
rebels after battle of Sedgemoor, tried by Jef- 
freys, and beheaded at Winchester, 2 Sep. 
1685 — her attainder reversed, and her estates 
restored to her son, 1689. 

Lisle, Arthur Plantagenet, Viscount, — 
created, 26 Apr. 1533 — made governor of 
Calais, 1533— accused of design of betraying 
Calais, and imprisoned in the Tower, but ac- 
quitted and ordered to be released, 1542 — U. in 
the Tower, 3 Mar. 1542. 

Lisle, Sir George, — distinguishes himself 
as Royalist officer at battle of Newbury, serves 
atNaseby, 1645 — takes part in defence of Col- 
chester, Jun. to Aug. 1648 — shot by sentence 
of court-martial, 29 Aug. 1648. 

Lisle, John, Viscount, — one of the judges 
of Charles I., 1649 — member of Council of 
State, 1653 — one of Cromwell's peers, 1658 — 
takes refuge in Switzerland, 1660, and is as- 
sassinated by Royalists, at Lausanne, Aug. 
1664. 

Lisniore, in Ireland, — castle, built by Earl 
John, U95, a n85 b — surprised by the Irish, 
1 1 89 — attacked by rebels, 1641 and 1643 — 
burnt, 1645 — visited by James II., 1689 — be- 
comes property of Duke of Devonshire, 1753 — 
court held by Lord- Lieutenant, 1785 — gives 
title of Baron to Cornelius O'Callaghan, 1785 
— and of Viscount to his son, 1806. See of, 
founded, 633 b — united with Waterford, 1363. 
Dean of Lisniore' s Book, Gaelic MS. compiled, 
1512-29 — published, 1862. 

a Macculloch. b Eees' Cyc. 

Lisola, Francois Paul de, publicist, diplo- 
matist, — b. at Salins, 161 3— ambassador from 
the Emperor to England, 1643 — to Poland, 
1660 — to Spain, negotiates marriage of Leo- 
pold with Infante, 1666 — signs treaty with 
Portugal, and takes part in Peace of Aix-la- 
Chapelle, 1668 — tf., early in 1675. Bouclier 
d'Etat et de Justice, 1667 — Politique du Temps, 
1671. 
Lissa. [Leuthen.] 

Lissa, (Issa,) island in the Adriatic, — occu- 
pied by the English, 18 10- 15 — the Franco - 
Venetian fleet defeated by Sir AV. Hoste, off, 
13 Mar. 181 1 — Admiral Tegethoff defeats 
Italian fleet under Admiral Persano, off, 20 
Jul. 1866. 

List, Friedrich, political economist, — b., 
about 1790 — pi-ojects the Zollverein, 18 18 — 
kills himself, 1 846. 

Lista yAragon, Don Alberto, mathematician, 
poet, §c.,— b. at Seville, 15 Oct. 1775 — Prof. 
Poetry and Rhetoric at the Univ., 1808 — quits 
Spain, 1 81 3 — returns, 1817 — visits England, 



1 833— Prof. Mathematics, Madrid, 1 837 — Prof, 
at Seville, 1840— If. there, 5 Oct. 1848. Poesias, 
1822 — Lecciones de Literatura dramatica Espa- 
nola, 1839 — Ensayos literarios y criticos, 1844. 

Lister, Martin, naturalist, — b. in Bucking- 
hamshire, 1638 — B.A., Cambridge, 1658 — 
Fellow of St John's Coll. 1660 — settles at Lon- 
don, 1684 — tf. there, 3 Feb. 171 1. Historia 
sive synopsis conchy liorttm, 1685-93 — Historia- 
rum animalium Anglice tres tractatus, 1678. 

Liston, John, actor, — b., about 17 77 — appears 
at the Haymarket Theatre, London, 1805 — at 
DruryLane, 1823 — at Olympic Theatre, 1831 
— U., 22 Mar. 1846. 

Liston, Robert, surgeon, — b. near Linlith- 
gow, 1794 — M.R.C.S., London, settles at 
Edinburgh, 1818 — Prof. Clinical Surgery, 
Univ. Coll., London, 1835 — surgeon to North 
London Hospital, 1843 — Examiner, R.C.S., 
1846 — tf., 7 Dec. 1848. Elements of Surgery , 
1 8 3 1 — Practical Surgery, 1837. 

Listowel Castle, in Ireland, — held for Lord 
Kerry, and taken by Sir Charles Wilmot, who 
puts the garrison to the sword, 1600. 

Literary Fund, Royal, — instituted, 1790 — 
incorporated, 181 8. 

Lithgow, William, traveller, — b. in Lanark- 
shire, 1583 — sets out on his travels, 1609 — 
imprisoned by Inquisition at Malaga, 1620 — 
returns to England; "a., 1640. Adventures^ 
1614. 

Lithium, metal, — discovered by Arfwedson, 
1817. 

Lithography, art of, invented by Senefelder, 
about 1798. 

Lithotomy, ' high operation' of, practised 
by Colot, at Paris, 1475 — account of method, 
published by Pierre Franco, 1556 — lateral 
operation, practised by Frere Jacques, at Paris, 
1697. 

Lithotrity, instrument for performing, con- 
structed by Gruithuisen, 1812. 

Lithuania, Lithuanians, — mentioned in 
Chronicle of Qnedlinburg, 1009 — partly sub- 
jugated by the Knights Sword-bearers, for 
Albert, Bp of Riga, about 1200 — and by the 
Knights of St John, for Conrad Duke of Ma- 
zovia, about 1220 — united under Ryngold, 
who assumes title of Grand Duke, about 1235 
— Gedimin, Grand Duke, 1300," 1 315 b — 
founds "NVilna and makes it the capital, 1320 — ■ 
killed in war with Teutonic Knights, 1328 b — 
on his death his dominions partitioned among 
his sons : Olgierd carries on war with Poland, 
1350-66 — takes and pillages Moscow, 1368, 
1370, 1373 — his son Jagellon succeeds, i386, a 
1 38 1 b — nominally converted to Christianity, 
1386 — revolt of Vitold, 1390 — alliance with 
Poland, 140 1 — united with Poland under Casi- 
mir, 1444 — invaded by Turks, 1475 — incor- 
poration of Livonia with, 156 1 — union of, 
with Poland, decreed by Diet of Lublin, 1569 
— ceded to Russia, 1774-93-95 — inhabitants 
of, transported to the Ural and the Caucasus, 
by order of Gen. Mouravieff, 1863, 

a E.ncyc. Mod. b Engl. Cyc 

Litta, Pompeo, historian, — b. at Milan, 17 81 
— tf. there, 17 Aug. 1852. Famiglie celebre 
Italiane, 1819-52. 



LITTLE— LIVERPOOL. 



Little, William, ( William of Newbury, Gu- 
lielmus Neubrigensis,) historian, — b. at Brid- 
lington, 1 1 36 — living, 1220? 

Littleton, Adam, — fj. in Shropshire, 1627 
■ — tf. at Chelsea, 1 Jul. 1694. Latin, Greek, 
Hebrew, and English Dictionary, 1679. 

Littleton, or Lyttelton, Sir Thomas, jurist, 
— distinguished as advocate, 1445 — Serjeant 
at Law, 2 Jul. 1453 — obtains grant of ge- 
neral pardon, 1454 — king's serjeant, 13 May 
1455 — obtains second grant of general pardon, 
1461 — Judge of the Common Pleas, 17 Apr. 
1466 — K.B., 1475 — rj. at Frankley, 23 Aug. 
148 1. Treatise on Tenures, probably 148 1 — in 
English, 1539. 

Littrow, Joseph Johann von, mathema- 
tician, astronomer, — ft. in Bohemia, 13 Mar. 
17 8 1 — Prof. Astronomy, Cracow, 1807 — Prof. 
Astronomy, Xasan, 1 8 10 — member of Academy 
of Sciences, St Petersburg, 18 10 — Director of 
Observatory, Vienna, 18 19 — ennobled, 1837 — 
ft., 30 Nov. 1840. Die Wuncler des Himmels, 
1 834 — Theoretische und praktische Astronomie, 
1822-6 — Dioptrik, 1830 — Gnomonik, 1831. 

Liturgies, (Leitourgim,) personal public serv- 
ices, at Athens, — [B C] — mentioned as early as 
the time of the Peisistratidae : companies first 
formed for performance of the choregia, (01. 
92, 1,) 412 — all exemptions from performance 
of, abolished, at instance of Leptines, (01. 106, 
1,) 356 — the law repealed by advice of De- 
mosthenes, 355 — the choregia performed by 
the State for two of the tribes, (01. 127, 2,) 
271. [Trierarchia.] 

Liturgy,— in England, compilation of, com- 
missioned by Edward VI., 1548 — exclusive 
use of, ordered by Act 2 and 3 Edw. VI. c. 
1, 1549 — revision of, 155 1 — use of revised, 
enacted by 5 and 6 Edw. VI. c. 1, 1552 — 
former service restored by Act 1 Mar. c. 2, 
1553 — second, of Edward VI., revised, and 
confirmed by Act 1 Eliz. c. 2, 29 Apr. 1559 — 
alterations of, agreed on at Hampton Court 
Conference, Jan. 1604 — altered by Charles 
I., 1633 — objections to, discussed at Savoy 
Conference, 1661 — amended by Convocation, 
20 Dec. 1 66 1 — alterations confirmed by Act 
14 Car. II. c. 4, 19 May 1662. In Ireland, 
assimilated to English, by Council of Cashel, 
1 1 72 — reformed, introduced, Easter Day (6 
Apr.) 1550. In Scotland, attempt to use, oc- 
casions a tumult at Edinburgh, 23 Jul. 1637 
— withdrawn by royal declaration, 9 Sep. 
1638. 

Liutprand, (luitprand,) King of the Lom- 
bards, — accompanies his father Ansprand to 
Court of Bavaria, 702 — returns from exile, 712 
— succeeds his father, 712 — takes Ravenna and 
occupies towns of the Pentapolis, 728 — defeated 
and driven away by the Exarch aided by Ve- 
netians, 729 — allied with the Exarch, seizes 
Duchy of Spoleto, and threatens Rome, 729 a — 
submits to Pope Gregory II. , 729 — founds Citta 
Nuova, about 734 — makes war on Gregory 
111., 739 — has interview with Pope Zacharias 
at Terni, and makes peace, 742 a — renews the 
war, and attempts conquest of Exarchate of 
Ravenna, but again concludes peace with the 



pope, at Pavia, 29 Jun. 743 a — becomes a monk, 
and fj., Jan. 744, b 743- a 

a Milmau. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Liutprand, {Luitprand,) Bp of Cremona, 
diplomatist, historian, — fj. at Pavia? about 
920? — deacon at Pavia, ambassador from 
Berengarius to Constantinople, 946 — Bp of 
Cremona, 961— ambassador from Otto I. to 
Pope John XXII., 962 — takes part in Council 
of Rome, 963 — ambassador from Otto I. to 
Phocas, 965 — tf. at Cremona, about 970 ? 

Liuva. [Visigoths.] 

Liveries, — for maintenance of suits, giving 
of, prohibited by Act 1 Rich. II. c. 7, 1377 — 
regulated by Acts 16 Rich. II. c. 4, 1392-3, 
and 20 Rich. II. c. 2, 1396-7 — assumption of, 
prohibited by Acts 1 Hen. IV. c. 7, 1399; 2 
Hen. IV. c. 21, 1400-1 ; 7 Hen. IV. c. 14, 
1405-6 ; 13 Hen. IV. c. 3, 141 1 ; 8 Edw. IV. 
c. 2, 1468 — most of these statutes repealed by 
Act 3 Car. I. c. 4, 1627. 

Liverpool, in Lancashire, — receives a charter 
from King John, 28 Aug. 1207 — by charter of 
Henry III. made free borough for ever, 1229 — • 
ravaged by the plague, 1540— by sweating sick- 
ness, 1 $5 1 —mentioned as a decayed town, 1555 
— mentioned by Camden as populous, 15 86 — con- 
sents to pay sbip-money, 1634 — taken by Parlia- 
mentary forces under Col. Ashton, 1643 — siege 
of, by Prince Rupert, formed, about 2 Jun. 1 644 
— taken by him, 26 Jun.— retaken by Sir J. 
Meldrum, 1 Nov. — the castle dismantled, 1659 
— William III. embarks at, for Ireland, 1 1 
Jun. 1690 — made a separate parish by Act 10 
and 11 ¥m. III. c. 36, 1699 — first dock con- 
structed, 1700 — the castle razed, 1721 — visited 
by Prince Albert, who lays foundation-stone of 
the Sailors' Home, Jul. 1 846 — visited by the 
Queen, 9 Oct. 1851 — visited by Duke of Cam- 
bridge, 10 Oct. 1855 — Reform demonstration 
at, 6 Apr. 1866 — meeting of British Associa- 
tion at, Sep. 1870 — visited by Emperor and 
Empress of Brazil, 26 Jul. 1871. Exchange 
built, 1748-54 — burnt, 18 Jan. 1795 — rebuilt, 
1803-9. Custom House, commenced, Aug. 
1828 — completed, 1836. Royal Institution, 
founded, 1814 — incorporated, 1822. Collegiate 
Institution, founded, 1840. Sailors' Home, 
founded, 1846 — burnt, 29 Apr. i860. St 
George's Hall, completed, 1 854. Free Library 
and Museum, founded by Brown, 1 857 — opened, 
8 Oct. i860. School of Arts, established, 1825. 
School of Science, founded by Brown, opened, 
10 Oct. 1 86 1. Liverpool and Manchester Rail- 
way, opened, 15 Sep. 1830. Philosophical and 
Literary Society, established, 1 812. 

Liverpool, Charles Jenkinson, 1st Lord 
Hawkesbury, and 1st Earl of, statesman,— b. 
in Oxfordshire, 10 May 1727 — Under-secretary 
of State, 1 76 1 — Secretary of the Treasury, 
1763— Lord of the Admiralty, 1766 — Lord of 
the Treasury, 1767 — Vice-treasurer of Ireland, 
Privy Councillor, 1772 — Master of the Mint, 
1776 — Secretary of State for "War, 1778-82 — 
Pres. Board of Trade, 1784 — created Baron 
Ilawkesbury, 1786— succeeds to the baronetcy, 
1789 — Earl of Liverpool, 1 Jun. 1796 — rj. in 
London, 17 Dec. 1808. 



LIVERPOOL— LLWYD. 



865 



Liverpool, Eobert Bankes Jenkinson, 2nd 

Earl op, Prime Minister of England, — b. 
in London, 7 Jim. 1770— goes to Paris, 1789 — 
M.P. Rye, 1790— envoy to Coblentz, 1791 — 
becomes Lord Hawkesbury, 1796 — Secretary of 
State for Foreign Affairs, 1801 — negotiates 
Treaty of Amiens, 1801 — Secretary of State for 
Home Department, 1805— and again, 1807— 
succeeds to tbe Earldom, 1 808 — First Lord of 
the Treasury, 18 12— falls ill, 17 Feb. 1827 — 
resigns, Apr. 1827 — ft., 4 Dec. 1828. 

Livia Brasilia, — [BCJ— b., 28 Sep. 56-4— 
married to Tib. Claudius Nero, 41 ? — divorced 
and married to Augustus, 38 — [AD]— -Julia 
Augusta, 14 — excluded from public affairs by 
Tiberius, before 26 — ft., 29. 

Livingstone, Edward, statesman, — b. in New 
York State, 1764 — called to tbe bar, 1785 — 
member of Congress, 1794 — retires, 1801 — 
settles at New Orleans, 1804 — serves under 
Gen. Jackson against tbe English, 18 14 — mem- 
ber of legislature of Louisiana ; prepares Code 
of Criminal Law for the State, 1823 — senator 
of United States, 1829 — Secretary of State, 
1831 — ambassador to France, 1833 — Foreign 
Associate of Academy of Sciences, about 1834 — 
ft. at New York, 23 May 1836. 

Livingstone, Robert, statesman, — b. at New 
York, 1746 — member of Committee for prepar- 
ing Declaration of Independence, 1776— Secre- 
tary of State for Foreign Affairs, Aug. 1781- 
3 — minister plenipotentiary to France, 1801 — 
ft. at Clermont, Feb. 18 13. 

Livins, T. Patavinus, historian, — [B C] — b., 
59 -[AD]ft., 17. 

Livonia, province of Russia, — visited by 
Bremen traders, 1158 — Christianity introduced 
by Meinhard, 1170^ n86 b — overrun by 
Cnut IV. of Denmark, 1195 — Eiga built, 
about 1200 — Order of Christ, (Knights Sword- 
bearers,) instituted by Bp Albert, 1201 or 
1202,* ii98 d — becomes subject to Teutonic 
Knights, 1237 — invaded by Ivan IV., 1558 
and 1559 c — given up to Poland by Gotthard 
Kettler, last Provincial Master, b}" Treaty of 
"Wilna, 29 Nov. 1561 c — again invaded by Ivan, 
1563-4 — by Swedes, 1564 — ceded to Sweden by 
Treaty of Oliva and united with Esthonia, 1660 
— seized by Peter the Great, 1706 c — annexed to 
Russian Empire by Treaty of Nystadt, 1721 — 
ancient privileges of nobles and towns restored, 

1797. 

a Some authorites. ° Others. e Encyc. Mod. 
d Mosheim. 

Livoy, Timothee de,— b. at Pithiviers, about 
1715 — ft. at Paris, 1777. Dictionnaire des 
synonymes fran gais, 1767. 

Lizars, John, anatomist, — ft. at Ambleside, 
21 May i860. Anatomical Plates of the 
Human Body, 1822-6 — Supplement, 1856 — 
Practical Surgery, 1838. 

Llandaff, Cathedral, • — repaired, 1751 — 
restored and reopened, 17 Sep 1861. 

Llanos de Valdes, Sebastiano, painter, — 
b at Granada, about 1602 — assists in founding 
Academy of Painting, Seville, 1660 — ft., after 
1670. 

Llewelyn ap Griffith, Prince of "Wales, 



— succeeds David, spring 1246 — revolts, Nov. 
1256 — ravages the marches, Nov. to Dec. 1262 
— joined by De Montfort, 1263 — they defeat 
Mortimer, 1264 — makes peace with Henry III., 
1268 (?) — summoned to attend parliament of 
Edward I. at "Westminster, 1274 — refuses to 
appear : his affianced bride, Eleanor de Mont- 
fort, on her voyage from France to Wales, is 
captured by the English, 1275— again sum- 
moned, offers a ransom for Eleanor, which is 
refused, his lands declared to be forfeited, 
1276 — on invasion of Wales by Edward I., 
retires to Snowdon, but submits, is taken to 
Westminster and compelled to surrender his 
territories, 1277 — allowed to return, marries 
Eleanor, 13 Oct. 1278 — reconciled with his 
brother David, renews the war, Mar. 1282 — 
surprised by Mortimer and killed, 11 Dec. 1282. 

Llewelyn ap Jorwerth, King oe North 
Wales, — succeeds David, n 94 — promises 
submission to King John, Jul. 121 1 — ravages 
the marches, 12 12 — summoned by Henry III. 
to Worcester, Dec. 1220 — Henry III. marches 
against, but makes peace with him, Aug. 1228 
— allies himself with Earl Marshal, 1233 — with 
him burns Shrewsbury, Jan. 1234 — makes 
peace, 28 May 1234 — ft., 11 Apr. 1240. 

Llorente, Juan Antonio, historian, — b. near 
Calahorra, 30 Mar. 1756 — ordained priest, 1779 
— Secretary-general of Inquisition, 1789 — 
Director-general of National Estates, 1808 — 
settles at Paris, 18 14 — ft. in Spain, 5 Feb. 
1823. Noticia Mografica, 181 8 — Kistoria 
critica de la Inquisicion de Bspana, 181 7-1 8 — 
Noticias historicas de las tres provincias Vas- 
congadas, 1806-8. 

Lloyd, David, miscellaneous writer, — b. in 
Wales, 1625 — ft., 1691. Statesmen and 
Favourites of England, 1665 — Life of General 
Monk, 1660 — History of Plots and Conspiracies, 
1664. 

Lloyd, Henry, general, — b. in Wales, 1729 — 
serves in Austrian army, 1757 — Major-general 
in Russian army, commands against Turks, 
1774 — ft. in Holland, 19 Jun. 1783. Memoir 
on the invasion and the defence of Great 
Britain, 1798 — Introduction to the history of 
the war in Germany, (1756,) §c, 1781. 

Lloyd, Nicholas, — b. in Flintshire, 1634 — 
M.A. Oxford, 1658 — ft. at Newington, Surrey, 
1680. Bictionarium historicum, §c, 1670. 

Lloyd, Eobert, dramatist, — enters Cam- 
bridge Univ., 1751— M.A., 1761 — ft. in London, 
Dec. 1764. New School of Women, 1763 — ■ 
Beath of Adam, 1763 — Capricious Lovers, 1764 
— Poems, 1774. 

Lloyd, William, Bp oe Worcester, — 
b. in Berkshire, 1627 — enters Oxford Univ., 
1639 — Bp of St Asaph, 1680 — one of the 
Seven Bishops imprisoned in the Tower, 1688 
— Lord-almoner, about 1689 — Bp of Lichfield 
and Coventry, 1692 — Bp of Worcester, 1699 
—ft. at Hartlebury Castle, 30 Aug. 17 17. 

Lloyd's List, {Shipping Intelligence?) — 
first published, 17 16 — daily, since 1800. 

Lloyd's, Austrian, — founded at Trieste, 

1833- 
Llwyd, (Lhuyd,) Edward, antiquary, — b.in 

55 



866 



LLWYD-- LOCKE. 



Wales, i66o, a about 1670 b — enters Oxford 
Univ., 1687 — keeper of Ashmolean Museum, 
1690 — M.A., 1701 — if. at Oxford, 1709. 
Archceologia Britannica, 1707 — Lithophylacii 
Britannici Lconographia, 1699. 

a Biog. Univ. b Chalmers. 

Llwyd, (Lhuyd, Lhoyd,) Humphrey, anti- 
quary, — M.A. Oxford, 155 1 — rj., about 1570. 
Commentarioli Britannicce descriptions frag- 
mentum, 1572. 

Loan Societies, in England, — establishment 
and regulation of, provided for by Act 5 and 6 
Wm IV. c. 23, 21 Aug. 1835 — repealed, and 
new provisions made, by Act 3 and 4 Vic. c. 
110, 10 Aug. 1840 — continued by many later 
Acts. 

Loano, in Italy, —Gem Scherer defeats 
Austrians at, 23 Nov. 1795. 

Loans, — [B C] — to foreign legations, for- 
bidden by a Lex Gabinia, 58. 

Lobau, island in the Danube, — taken by 
Napoleon I., 19 May 1809 — occupied by 
French army, after battle of Aspern, 22 May — 
concentration of forces in, beginning of Jul. — 
passage of the Danube by Napoleon, from 4 
Jul. 1809. 

Lobau, George Mouton, Count de, Mar- 
shal or France, — ft. at Pfalzburg, 21 Feb. 
1770 — aide-de-camp to Joubert at battle of 
Novi, 16 Jul. 1799 — distinguishes himself at 
siege of Genoa, 1799 — General of Brigade, and 
aide-de-camp to Napoleon L, 1805 — wounded at 
Priedland, 14 Jun. 1807 — General of Division, 
1807 — serves in Spain, 1808 — contributes to 
victories of Echmuhl and Essling, 1809 — 
Count of Lobau, 1809 — aide-major of Im- 
perial Guard, 18 12 — takes part in expe- 
dition of Eussia, 1 8 1 2 — in campaign of 
Saxony, 18 13 — Chevalier of St Louis, 18 14 
— Peer, by Napoleon, 1 8 15 — distinguishes 
himself at Waterloo, taken prisoner by Eng- 
lish, 18 Jun. 1 8 15 — returns to France, 181 8 — 
member of Chamber of Deputies, 1828 — 
called to Chamber of Peers, created Marshal 
and commander of National Guard of Paris, 
1830 — Tj. at Paris, 29 Nov. 1838. 

Lobeck, Christian August, philologist, $c, 
— h. at Naumburg, 5 Jun. 17 81 — studies at 
Jena, 1797 — Prof. Ancient Literature, &c, 
Konigsberg, 18 14 — rj. there, 17 Feb. 1859. 
Paralipomena grammaticce Grcecce, 1837 — 
Pathologice sermonis Grceci prolegomena, 1843 — 
Pathologice lingua Grcecce elementa, 1853 — 
Aglaophamus, 1829. 

Lobeira, Vasco de, author of ' Amadis de 
Gaula,' — Knt, by Jobn I. of Portugal at battle 
of Aljubarotta, 1386 — ft. at Elvas, 1403. 

Lobel, Matthew, botanist, — b. at Lille, 
i538, ac 1558 b — settles in England, before 
1570 — accompanies English embassy to Den- 
mark, 1592 c — tr. at Higbgate near London, 2 
Mar. 16 16. Stirpium adversaria nova, 1570 — 
Plantarum seu stirpium historia, 1576 — lcones 
stirpium, 158 1. 

a Biog. U n iv. b Engl. Cyc. c Bees' Cyc. 

Lobineau, Gui Alexis, Benedictine, — 6. at 
Rennes, 1666 — rj. near St Malo, 3 Jun. 1727. 
Histoire de Bretagne, 17 17 — Histoire des saints 



de la Bretagne, 1724 — (with Felibien,) Histoire 
de Paris, 1725. 

Lobo, Geronimo, Jesuit, missionary, — b. at 
Lisbon, 1593 — enters tbe Order, 1609 — sent to 
India, 1621 — to Abyssinia, 1624 — expelled, 
1634— returns to India, 1640 — appointed pro- 
vincial at Goa ; returns to Lisbon, 1656— tr. 
there, 1678. History of Ethiopia, 1659. 

Lobositz, — Frederick II. defeats Austrians 
under Gen. Browne, 1 Oct. 1756. 

Local Government, of Towns, — provided for 
by Act 21 and 22 Vic. c. 98, 2 Aug. 1858— 
amended by Acts 24 and 25 Vic. c. 61, 1 Aug. 
1861; and 26 Vic. c. 17, 11 May 1863. 
[Public Health.] 

Loches, in Touraine, — taken by Pepin and 
Carloman, 742 — acquired by Fulk I. of Anjou, 
about 900-10 — collegiate church founded by 
Geoffrey, Count of Anjou, 963 — seized by Earl 
John, 1 1 93 — recovered by Pachard Cceur de 
Lion, 1 1 94 — forms part of dowry of his queen, 
Berengaria, 1 199 — besieged by Philip Augustus, 
1203 — capitulates to him, 1204 — given to 
Dreux de Mello, Constable of France, 1204 — 
redeemed by St Louis, 1251 — visited by St 
Louis, 1254 — visited by Philip the Fair, 1300 
and 1307 — by John II., 1356 — falls into hands 
of the English, 1356 — made a royal residence 
by Charles VII., 1422-61 — made a state prison 
by Louis XL, 146 1 — Henry II. and Catherine 
de' Medici hold their court at, 1559 — visited by 
the Dauphin, Henry (III.), Oct. 1569 — by 
Mary de' Medici on her escape fromBlois, Feb. 
1 61 9. Edict of, in favour of Huguenots, passed, 

i5 6 7. 

Lochleven Castle, in Scotland, — Queen Mary 
imprisoned in, Jul. 1567 — she escapes, 2 May 
1568. 

Lock, letter, (combination padlock,) described, 
1682 — Barron's patented, 1774 — Bramah's, 
1784 — Roivntree's, 1790 — Chubb' s detector, 
18 1 8 — Aubin's, 1830 — Parson's changeable, 
1833 — Hobbs's obtains prize at Great Exhi- 
bition, 2 Sep. 1 85 1. 

Lock, Matthew, musical composer, — b. at 
Exeter, about 1635 — rj. in London, 1677. 
Music in Macbeth, 1672. 

Locke, John, philosopher, — b. at Wrington, 
near Bristol, 29 Aug. 1632 — enters Christ- 
church, Oxford, 1 65 1 — M.A., 1658 — accepts 
invitation to reside with Lord Ashley, 1666— 
accompanies Earl of Northumberland to France, 
1668 — employed to draw up constitution for 
Carolina, about 1669 — secretary of present- 
ations, 1672 — B.M., visits France, 1675 — fol- 
lows Shaftesbury to Holland, 1682 — returns to 
England, 1688 — Commissioner of Appeals, 1688 
— Commissioner of Trade and Plantations, 
1695 — ov at Oates, in Essex, 28 Oct. 1704. 
Adversariorum Methodus, 1686 — Letters mi 
Toleration, (written, 1667,) 1689 — Essay con- 
cerning Human Understanding, 1690 — Thoughts 
on Education, 1693 — On the Reasonableness of 
Christianity, 1695 — Treatise on Civil Govern- 
ment, 1690 — Of the Conduct of the Understand- 
ing, 1706. 

Locke, Joseph, civil engineer, — b. near Shef- 
field, 1805 — apprenticed to George Stephenson, 



LOCKHART— LOGWOOD. 



867 



1 823— assists him in construction of Manchester 
and Liverpool railway, 1826-30 — chief engineer 
of Grand Junction line, 1833-7 — member of 
Legion of Honour, 1845 — M.P. Honiton, 1847 
^-jCT., 18 Sep. i860. 

Lockhart, John Gibson, editor of the Quar- 
terly Review, --b. at Cambusnethan, Lanark- 
shire, 1794 — studies at Glasgow Univ., 1807-10 
— enters Baliol Coll., Oxford, 18 10 — called to 
Scotch bar, 1816 — B.C.L., 1817 — first meets 
Sir W. Scott, 1 8 18 — marries the eldest daugh- 
ter of Scott, 1820 — settles in London, 1826 — 
literary executor of Scott, 1832 — D.C.L., 1834 
— auditor of Duchy of Cornwall, 1843 — visits 
Rome, 1853-4 — tr. at Abbotsford, 25 Nov. 
1854. Contributor to Blackwood's Magazine, 
from 1 8 17 — Peter's Letters to his Kinsfolk, 
18 1 9— Valerius, 1821 — Adam Blair, 1822 — 
Spanish Ballads, 1824 — Life of Burns, 1825 — 
Life of Scott, 1837-9 — edits Quarterly Review, 
1826-53. 

Locomotive, [Steam Engine,] — use of, on 
public roads, regulated by Acts 24 and 25 Vic. 
c. 70, 6 Aug. 1 86 1, and 28 and 29 Vic. c. 83, 5 
Jul. 1865. 

Locre de Roissy, Jean Guillaume, jurist,— 
b. at Leipsic, 20 Mar. 1758 — advocate to par- 
liament of Paris, 1785 — Secretary-general to 
Council of State, 1800-15 — Baron, 181 3 — *&. at 
Mantes, 8 Dec. 1840. Esprit du Code Napoleon, 
1806 — Esprit du Code de Commerce, 1811-13 — 
Esprit du Code de procedure civile, 1 816 — Legis- 
lation civile, commerciale, et criminelle de la 
France, 1826-32. 

Locri, in Ltaly, — [B C] — founded, probably 
711-709 a — by Locrians, (01. 24, 2,) 683, bc 
(01. 26, 4,) 673^ (01. 5, 4,) 757 *— legislation 
of Zaleucus, (01. 30, 1,) 660 d — defended by 
Hieron against Anaxilaos, 47 7 b — joins Pyrrhus, 
280 — taken by Romans, 277 — retaken by 
Pyrrhus, 276 — taken by Hannibal, 215. 
a Clinton. b Muller. c Hieron. 

d Euseb. e Strabo. 

Lodge, Edmund, antiquary, $c„ — b. in Lon- 
don, 13 Jun. 1756 — F.S.A., 1787 — Lancaster 
Herald, 1793 — Norroy King of Arms, 1822 — 
Clarenceux, 1838 — Ij. in London, 16 Jan. 1839. 
Portraits of Illustrious Personages of Great 
Britain, 1821-34 — Lllustrations of British 
History, 179 1 — Life of Sir Julius Ccesar, 1810. 

Lodge, Thomas, miscellaneous writer, — ft., 
about 1556? — enters Oxford Univ., 1573 — 
student at Lincoln's Inn, 1584 — b\, 1625 ? 
Works of Josephus, 1602 — Seneca's Works, 
1 6 14 — The Wounds of Civil War, lively set 
forth in the true Tragedies of Marius and Sylla, 
1594 — (with Greene) A Looking-glass for Lon- 
don and England, 1594 — Rosalynde ; Euphues 
Golden Legacie, $c, 1590. 

Lodge, William, engraver, — ft. at Leeds, 
1649 — tf. there, 1689. 

Lodging Houses, — registry and regulation 
of, provided for by Acts 11 and 12 Vic. c. 63, 
s. 66, 1848, and 14 and 15 Vic, c. 28, 1851— 
establishment of, encouraged by Act 14 and 15 
Vic. c. 34, 24 Jul. 1 85 1 — further provisions 
respecting, by 16 and 17 Vic. c. 41, 4 Aug. 
1853. 



Lodi, in Ltaly, Vecchio, (Laus Pompeia,) — 
[B C] — founded by Cn. Pompeius Strabo, before 
87 — [AD] — suzerainty of, given to Heribert, 
Abp of Milan, by Conrad the Salic, 1019 — de- 
stroyed by Milanese, nu, a 1116 b — seeks aid of 
Frederick Barbarossa, 1 153 — new town founded, 
1 158 — obtains right to elect consuls, 1 162— be- 
sieged by forces of Lombard League, and com- 
pelled to join it, 1 167 b — joins Lombard League 
against Frederick II., 1226 — joins Henry, 
king of the Romans, against the Emperor, Dec. 
i234 c — visited by Frederick II., Dec. 1237 to 
Jan. 1238° — deprived of its Bishopric by 
Gregory IX., and excommunicated, 1239 — 
Frederick holds parliament at, 7 Nov. 1239° 
— aids him at siege of Faenza, 1240° — confer- 
ence of Emperor Sigismund with Pope John 
XXIII. at, Nov. 1413 d — Treaty of, between 
Sforza, Duke of Milan, and the Venetians, con- 
cluded, 5 Apr. 1454 e — taken by Imperialists, 
spring 1522 — by Bayard, 1523 — Napoleon 
defeats Austrians at, 10 May 1796. 

a Engl. Cyc. " b Encyc. Mod. c Kington. 
d Milman. e Conv.-Lex. 

Lodi, Calisto {Piazza) da, painter, — H., 
i5 2 4-5 6 - 

Loefling, Peter, botanist, — b. in Sweden, 31 
Jan. 1729 — tf. in New Andalusia, 22 Feb. 1756. 
Gemmae arborum, 1749 — Lter hispanicum, 1758. 

Loewe, Ludwig, actor, — b. at Rinteln, Jan. 
1795 — goes to Vienna, 18 10 — first appearance 
at the Burgtheater, 9 Feb. 181 1 — at Prague, 
1811-21 — settles at Vienna, 1826 — celebrates 
fiftieth anniversary of his first appearance, 9 
Feb. 1 86 1 — celebrates fortieth anniversary of 
his settlement at Vienna, 1 866 — Knt of Order 
of Francis Joseph and Ernestine Order, 1866 
— Ij. at Vienna, Mar. 1871. 

Loewenhoeck. [Leuwenhoeck.] 

Loewenklau. [Leunclavius.] 

Lofft, Capel, miscellaneous writer, — b. in 
London, 1751— called to the bar, 1775 — be- 
friends Robert Bloomfield, 1800 — and H. Kirke 
White, about 1802 — tj., 1824. 

Log and Line, nautical, — in use as early as 
1570 — mentioned by Bourne, 1577. 

Logan, John, theologian, miscellaneous writer, 
— b. in Scotland, 1748 — enters Univ. of Edin- 
burgh, 1762 — minister at Leifch, 1773 — goes to 
London, 1785 — tf. there, 28 Dec. 1788. Edits 
Poems of Michael Bruce, 1770 — Poems, 17 81 — 
View of Ancient History, 1788 — Sermons, 
1790-1. 

Logarithms, — invented by Napier, 16 14 — 
another system, by Briggs, 1624 — extended by 
Vlacq, 1628. 

Loggan, David, engraver, §e., — b. at Dant- 
zic, 1635 — 3j. in London, 1693 or 1700. Ox- 
onia illustrata, 1675 — Habitus Academicorum 
Oxonice a Doctoread Servientem, 1672. 

Logographic Printing, — patented by John- 
son and Walter, (of the Times,) about 1780— 
method abandoned, after a few years. 

Logographic Reporting, — introduced in 
French National Assembly, Oct. 1790 — dis- 
used, from 10 Aug. 1792. 

Logwood, — use of, as a dye, prohibited by 
Act 23 Eliz. c. 9, s. 2, 158 1 — prohibition re- 
55 * 



868 



LOIR— LOMBARDS. 



pealed by Act 13 and 14 Car. II. c. 11, s. 26, 
1661. 

Loir, Nicolas Pierre, painter, etcher,— b. at 
Paris, 1624 — studies at Rome, 1647 — admitted 
to French Academy of Painting, 1663 — tf. 
Rector of Academy, 1679. 

Loire, The, river of France, — forms southern 
boundary of Frankish kingdom till 507 — great 
inundation of, 1608 — its embankments give 
way, 1846 — and again, Jun. 1856. 

Loisel, Antoine, jurist, — ft. at Beauvais, 
1536— rj. at Paris, 1617. Ilemoires des pays 
de Beauvais et Beauvaisis, 16 17 — Institutes 
coutumieres, §c, 1607 — Opuscules, 1652. 

Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, Augustin Louis 
Armand, orientalist, — fc. at Paris, 14 Aug. 
1805 — member of Asiatic Society of Paris, 
1827 — assistant in Royal Library, 1832— Jr., 10 
Jan. 1840. Manava Dharma Sastra, contest- 
ant les institutions civiles et religieuses des In- 
diens, 1832-3 — Essai sur les fables indiennes, 
1838 — Amarakocha, 1839. 

Loison, Jean Baptiste Maurice, general, — 
ft. in Lorraine, about 1770 — enters the army, 
1792 — General of Brigade, 1794 — takes part 
in conflict of 13 Vendemiaire (26 Oct.) 1795 — 
serves in campaign of Switzerland, 1799 — 
General of Division, Sep. 1799 — distinguishes 
himself in campaign of Italy, 1 799-1 800 — in 
campaign of Austria, 1805 — Grand Cross of 
Legion of Honour, Governor of St Cloud, 1805 
— Governor-general of Minister and Osnabriick, 
1806 — Count, serves in the Peninsula, 1808 — 
takes part in expedition of Russia, 1812 — 
Chevalier of St Louis, 18 14 — at "Waterloo, 
Jun. 1815 — tr. near Liege, 1816. 

Loja. [Loxa.] 

Lolhard, Walter, reformer, — burnt at Co- 
logne, 1322. 

Loli, Lorenzo, engraver, — fj. at Bologna, 
1612 — tf., 1691. 

Lollards, society of, — formed at Antwerp, 
for ministering to the sick, 1300 — toleration 
secured for them by Gregory XL, 1374 and 
1377 — exempted from authority of bishops and 
constituted a religious order by Sixtus IV., 
1472 — obtain further privileges from Julius II., 
1506. In England, their preachers ordered to 
be arrested by 5 Ric. II. st. 2, c. 5, 1381 — 
present remonstrance to the parliament against 
wealth and power of the clergy, 1394 — binning 
of, enjoined by Act 2 Hen. IV. c. 15, [de hcere- 
tico comburendo,) 1401 — party of, seized as 
traitors near London by Henry V., 7-8 Jan. 
1414a — tried and condemned, 1 o Jan. — executed, 
12 Jan. a — statutes against them, repealed by 
Act 1 Edw. VI. C. 12, 1547. a Milman. 

Lollianus, sophist, — fl., about 132.* 

a Clinton. 
Lollianus, — Consul of Rome with Arbetio, 
(1103, a.u.c.) 355. 

Lollius, M.,— [BC]- Consul with. Q. ^mi- 
lius Lepidus, (733, a. it. c.) 21 — legatus in 
Gaul, 16 — defeated there, (Clades Lolliani,) 16 
— accompanies C. Caesar as tutor to the East, 2 
■ — denounced by C. Csesar, rj., 1. 

Lollius Urbicus, — propraetor in Britain, 
constructs Wall of Antoninus, 139. 



Lolme. [Delolme.] 

Lomazzo, Giovanni Paolo, painter, littdra- 
teur, — b. at Milan, 1538 — If., about 1600. 
Trattado delV Arte delle Pittura, Scultura, ed 
Architettura, 1584-5 — Idea del Tempio della 
Pittura, 1590. 

Lombard League, — formed to resist Imperial 
oppression, Apr. 11 67 — defeats Frederick I. at 
Legnano, May 11 67— concludes a truce with 
him for six years, n 77 — Peace of Constance, 
1 1 83 — renewed against Frederick II., 1226 — 
placed under the ban, Jul. 1226 — award between 
the Empire and the League, made by Pope 
Honorius, 5 Jan. 1227 — called to aid of 
Gregory IX., 1229 — again renewed, Oct. 1231 
— peace concluded at Padua, 13 May 1232 — 
again renewed, Nov. 1235 — battle of Cor- 
tenuova, 1237 — siege of Brescia, 1238 — 
fourth campaign against Frederick, Sep. to 
Dec. 1239. 

Lombard Merchants, — settle in London, 
about 1250 — accused of extortion and their 
estates seized by Edward III., 1337. 

Lombard, Peter the, {Master of the Sen- 
tences,) theologian, — Bp of Paris, 1159 — ft., 
about 1 1 60. 

Lombardi, Alfonso, sculptor, — ft. at Ferrara, 
1487 — tf. at Bologna, 1536. 

Lombardi. [Citadella.] 

Lombardo, Pietro, architect, sculptor, — 0. , 
about 1480. 

Lombardo, Tullio, architect, sculptor, — rj., 
1559. Bas-reliefs, del Santo, Padua, 1525. 

Lombards, (Zongobardi, langebarthen,) Lom- 
bard Kingdom, in Italy, — mentioned by 
Tacitus, as a tribe of Suevi, about 100 — 
defeat Vandals in Germany, about 379 — elect 
Agilmond their first king, 389 — occupy 
Rugiland, 487 — under Audoes, occupy part 
of Pannonia, 527,* summer or autumn 526 b 
— his son Alboin succeeds, 543 — pass into 
Italy, Apr. 568 — Cleph (Cleoph) elected, 
Aug. 573 — assassinated, Jan. 575, a 574 b — in- 
terregnum : invade Gaul, and are defeated by 
patrician Mommolus, 576 — pillage Monte Cas- 
sino, 582 — Authakis, son of Cleph, elected, 
584 — defeated by Childebert of Austrasia, 584 
— repulses him, 585 — wins victory over Greeks, 
587 — defeats combined forces of Childebert and 
the Greeks, 589 — again attacked by Franks and 
Greeks,590 — rj. atl J avia,5 Sep.590 — Agilulph, 
Duke of Turin, marries Theodelinda, widow of 
Autharis, Nov. 590 — and is proclaimed King, 
May 591 — becomes a Catholic, about 602 — as* 
sociates his son Adalwald with him, Jul. 604 — 
protects St Columbanus, about 612 — tf.,615 — 
Adalwald succeeds, 615 — regency of Theo- 
delinda : she dies, 625 — deposed and succeeded 
by Akiwald, his brother-in-law, 625 — poisons 
Adalwald, 626 — Rotharis, Duke of Brescia, 
marries Gundeberga, widow of Arrwald, and is 
proclaimed King, 636 — extends his dominions 
W conquests over the Greeks, 641 — compiles 
and publishes Code of Laws, 22 Nov. 643 — 
Rodoaldus (son) succeeds, 652 — Aribert, 
653 — Pertharitus and Godebert, (sons,) 
661 — the kingdom divided between them: 
Godebert is assassinated by Grimoaldus, Duke 



XOMBAEDUS— LONDON. 



of Benevento, and Pertharitus takes refuge 
■with Avars, 662 — G-rimoaldtjs, 662 — defeats 
Pertharitus and the Franks, 665 — seizes and 
pillages Forlimpopoli, 666 — ft., 671 — Pertha- 
kitus reestablished, 671 — associates his sou 
Cunibert with him, 677 — receives Wilfrid, Abp 
of York, 678 — Cunibert, 686 — deprived by 
Alachis, Duke of Trenta and Brescia, 690 — 
defeats and kills him: Liutpert, (son,) 700 — 
under regency of. Ansprand : deposed and suc- 
ceeded by Eagimbert, 701 — Aribert, (son,) 
end of 701 — attacked by Ansprand and Liut- 
pert, defeats them, 702 — defeated by Ansprand 
aud drowned, 7 1 2 — Ansprand succeeds, 7 1 2 — 
&., Jun. 712— Liutprand, (son,) 712— Hilde- 
brand (nephew) associated 'with his uncle, 
736 — succeeds, 744 — deposed, about Aug. 744 
— Eatchis, Duke of Friuli, elected, 744 

— at instance of Pope Zacharias, confirms 
peace with Eomans, 744— besieges Perugia, 
749 — raises the siege and becomes a monk, 749 
— Astolphus, (brother,) Mar. 749 — Deside- 
rius (Didier), Duke of Istria, 756 — overthrow 
of the kingdom by Charles the Great, 774. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Clinton. 

Lombardus, Lambert, painter, — ft. at Liege, 
1482, a 1506 b — tf. there, 1565,* 1560. b 
a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Lombardy, — [Lombards] — forms part of 
the dominions of Charles the Great, 774 — 
[Italy, Kingdom of] — independence of great 
towns gradually established, between 1100- 
1200 — ravaged by Frederick Barbarossa, 1155 
— [Lombard League, and names of principal 
towns] — French invasion of, 1493 — conquered 
by Charles VIII., 1495— Louis XII. carries 
on war in, 1498-1513 — passes to Spanish 
branch (Charles V.) of House of Austria, by 
Treaty of Madrid, 1526— ceded to German 
branch of same House, by treaty between Em- 
peror Joseph I. and Louis XIV., 13 Mar. 1707 
— confirmed to Austria by Treaty of Utrecht, 
17 1 3 — and by Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748 

— invaded by Napoleon L, 1796 — given 
up to France by Austria, by Treaty of 
Campo Formio, 1797 — constituted a republic, 
dependent on France, 1797 — converted into a 
kingdom under Napoleon, May 1805 — Venetia 
annexed to, forms Kingdom of Italy, close of 
1805 — recovered by Austria, 18 14 — confirmed 
to Austria by Treaty of Vienna, and forms 
Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom, 18 15 — in- 
surrections in, Mar. 1848 — reconquered by 
Eadetzky, 1849 — invaded and conquered by 
Napoleon III. and Victor Emmanuel of Sar- 
dinia, 1 859 — cession of principal part to France, 
to be given up to Sardinia, by Treaty of Zurich, 
1859 — forms part of kingdom of Italy, 1861. 

Lombres, (Delumbres,) Antcine de, diplo- 
matist, — ambassador to Elector of Treves, 1635 
— to Prince-bishop of Liege, 1646-50 — to 
Elector of Brandenburg, 1651 — to Poland, 
1656-64— mediator at Congress of Oliva, 1660 
— tf., after 1665. 

Lomenie, Henri Auguste de, Count de 
Brienne, statesman, — b. at Paris, 1594 — 
Secretary of State to Louis XIII., 1638-43 — 
Minister of Foreign Affairs, about 1644 — lj. at 



Paris, 1666. Memoires contenant les evenements 
des regnes de Louis XIII. et Louis XIV., 1661. 

Lomenie de Brienne, Etienne Charles, 
cardinal, — ft. at Paris, 1727 — doctor of the 
Sorbonne, 1752 — Bp of Condom, 1760 — Abp of 
Toulouse, 1763 — admitted to French Academy, 
1770 — Controller-general of Finances, May 1787 
— First Minister, Aug. — Abp of Sens, Cardinal, 
1788 — arrested, 1793 — arrested again : tr., Feb. 
1794. 

Lomi, Aurelio, painter, — ft. at Pisa, about 
1556 — is. there, 1622. St Jerome, Pisa, 1595. 

Lommius, ( Van Latum,) Jodocus (Josse), phy- 
sician, — living at Brussels, 1562. Opera, 1745. 

Lomond, Loch, — its shores ravaged by the 
Manx-men, 1263 — its waters rise on day of 
earthquake of Lisbon, 1 Nov. 1755. 

Lomonosov, Michael Vasilievich, poet, — ft. 
in Eussia, 17 n — studies at Marburg, 1736-9 
— Associate of Academy of St Petersburg, 1741 
— Prof. Chemistry, 1746 — Eector of the Uni- 
versity and Gymnasium, 1760 — Counsellor of 
State, 1764 — lj. at St Petersburg, 16 Apr. 1765. 
Works, 1794. 

Londersel, Assuerus, painter, engraver, — ft. 
at Amsterdam, 1550. 

Londersel, Jan, engraver, — ft. at Bruges, 
about 1580. 

London, (Londinium, Augusta,) capital of 
British Empire, — probably founded by Aulus 
Plantius, about 47 a — famed as place of trade 
and destroyed by Britons under Boadicea, 61 — 
Suetonius defeats Britons near, 61 — Bp of, at- 
tends Council of Aries, 314 — pillaged by Scots, 
367— see founded, 604— burnt, 798 — taken by 
Danes, 839 and 851 — winter-quarters of Danes, 
872 — repaired by Alfred, 886 — burnt, 893 — 
the citizens defeat Danes at Bemfleet, 894 — 
great fire, St Paul's burnt, 962 — burnt, 982 — 
fleet assembled at, to resist Danes, 992 — un- 
successfully attacked by Anlaf and Sweyn, 8 
Sep. 994 — repeatedly attacked by Danes, 1009 
— witanagemote held at, 1012 — submits to 
Sweyn, 1013 — unsuccessfully besieged by 
Danes, 10 16 — buys a truce, and is made winter- 
quarters of the Danes, 1016 — great council at, 
1047 and io49 b — witanagemote assembles at, 21 
Sep. 1051 — again, Mid-Lent 1055 — submits to 
William the Conqueror, Oct. 1066 — receives 
charter from him ; burnt, 24 Mar. 1077 — again, 
St Paul's burnt, 1087— devastated by a hurri- 
cane, 109 1 — receives charter from Henry I., 
1 100 — citizens unsuccessfully claim release of 
Stephen, Apr. 1141— described by Fitzstephen, 
1 1 74 — massacre of Jews at, Sep. n 89 — chief 
magistrate is called lord-mayor, 1191 — tumult 
excited by William Fitzosborne, who is executed, 
Apr. 1 1 96 — entered by the Barons, 24 Mar. 
1 2 15 — intrusted by King John to Eobert 
Fitzwalter, as pledge of safety for the barons, 
Jun. 12 15 — Prince Louis receives homage of 
Barons at, 2 Jun. 12 16 — Prince Louis besieged 
in, by Earl of Pembroke, Aug. 12 17 — tumult 
between citizens and Abbot of Westminster, 
1 Aug. 1222 — accepts Provisions of Oxford, 
22 Jul. 1258 — armed assembly of Barons at, 1 
May 1260 — the Tower seized by Henry III., 
and the walls strengthened; the Barons encanp 



870 



LONDON. 



near, 1 261— citizens take part in victory of 
Lewes, 1264 — deprived of charters, 1265° — 
seized by Earl of Clare, and placed under in- 
terdictby Papal legate, 1267 — the charters re- 
stored, 16 Jul. 1270 — disorders in, provisions 
for redress of, by Act 13 Edw. I. c. 5, 1285 — 
council held at, for regulating government of 
Scotland, Sep. 1305 — new charter granted by 
Edward TIL, 1327 — ravaged by plague, sum- 
mer 1349 and 1 36 1 — entered by "Wat Tyler, 
13 Jun. 1 38 1 — refuses a loan to Bi chard II. 
and is deprived of charters, 1392 — the charters 
soon restored : supplied with water from 
Tyburn brook, 140 1 —tournament held, be- 
tween Marshal and gentlemen of Hainault and 
Earl of Somerset, 1409 — receives Edward IV., 
11 Apr. 147 1 — the sweating sickness rages, 
Sep. to Oct. 1485 — reappears. 1506, 15 17 — 
riot against foreign merchants and artisans, 1 
May 15 1 7 — sweating sickness again, 1528 — 
ravaged by plague, summer 1548 — sweating 
sickness, 155 1 — "Wyatt's insurrection, Feb. 
1554 — erection of new buildings in, prohibited 
by proclamation, 7 Jul. 1580, and by Act 35 
Eliz. c. 6, 1593 — newly-built houses ordered to 
be pulled down, by proclamation, 1602 — enter- 
tains Elector Palatine and Princess Elizabeth, 
Oct. 1612 — the plague, 1625 — citizens fined for 
alleged neglect of duty, 1632 — again, by Star 
Chamber, and their plantation in Ulster seized, 
8 Mar. 1633 — tumult of apprentices, 28 Dec. 
1641— threatened by Charles I., Nov^ 1642 — 
plot of Waller to betray the city, discovered, 
May 1 643 — entrenchments thrown up by citizens, 
Jul. 1643 — occupied by the army, end of Nov. 
1648 — rising of Anabaptists suppressed, 9 Apr. 
1657 — riots in, Dec. 1659 — occupied by Gen. 
Monk, 3 Feb. 1660 — submits to Charles II., 
18 Jun. 1660 — the plague, 1665 — the great 
fire, 2 to 6 Sep. 1666 — rebuilding of, provided 
for and regulated by Act 17 Car. II. c. 8, 1666 
— declared to have forfeited its charters, by 
James II., 12 Jun. 1683 — bodies of monks 
settle in, 1686 — riots, Bomish chapels destroy- 
ed, 7 Oct. 1688 — the charters restored, 8 Oct. 
— fresh riots, 12 Oct. and 12 Dec. — devastated 
by Great Storm, 26 Nov. 1704 — provision for 
building 50 new churches in, by parliament, 
17 1 1 — rendezvous of disaffected persons, fre- 
quent tumults, 17 16 — city gates ordered to be 
shut at night, trainbands kept on duty, during 
rebellion of 1745 — shock of earthquake, 8 
Mar. 1750 — riots occasioned by arrest of 
Wilkes, May to Jun. 1768 — No Popery 
riots, 1780 — [Gordon, Lord George] — raises 
force of Loyal Volunteers, spring 1794 — 
riot on arrest of Sir Francis Burdett, Mar. 
18 10 — great fog, 31 Dec. 181 3 to 7 Jan. 18 14 
— visited by allied sovereigns, Jun. 18 14 — 
corn-law riots, Feb. to Mar. 18 15 — day-patrols 
established in, Oct. 1822 — state visit of the 
Queen to Guildhall, 9 Nov. 1837 — construction 
and use of buildings in, regulated by Act 7 and 
8 Vic. c. 84, 9 Aug. 1844 — Chartist meeting on 
Kennington Common, 13 Apr. 1848 — reception 
of Kossuth, 30 Oct. 1 85 1 — state reception of 
Napoleon III. and his Empress by the Cor- 
poration, 19 Apr. 1855 — local management of, 
provided for, by Act 18 and 19 Vic. c. 120, 14 



Aug. 1855 — visit of the Sultan, Abdul Aziz, 
12-23 Jul- 1867. 

Conferences of on affairs of Greece, 1826 — on 
affairs of Holland and Belgium, 1830 — on Tur- 
ko-Egyptian difficulties, 1840— on Danish af- 
fairs, 1 85 1— another, attended by representatives 
of Great Britain, France, Bussia, Austria, Prus- 
sia, Denmark, Sweden, and German Confeder- 
ation, opens, 25 Apr. — closes without result, 25 
Jun. 1864 — on Black Sea question, meets, 14 
Jan. 1 87 1. [Black Sea.] 

Councils of respecting marriages, held by 
Augustine, 605 ; 8 Sep. 948 ; against simony, 
Sep. 1 103 ; respecting homage and investiture 
of bishops, 1 Aug. 11 07 ; on discipline, 24 
May 1 1 08; against marriage of priests, 8 or 9 
Sep. 1 1 25 ; for reformation of manners, 11 27 ; 
against married priests, 1 Aug. 11 29; on 
necessities of Church and State, Jan. 1136 ; on 
discipline, 13 Dec. 11 38; against maltreatment 
of clergy, Midlent ii42, d 1143S on appeals 
to Rome and on discipline, Midlent 1151 ; to 
revive the customs in charter of St Edward and 
the privileges of the clergy, Lent 11 54; for 
appeal to the pope against the sentences of 
Abp Becket, 1 166 ; on discipline, 18 May 1 175 ; 
dispute between Abps of York and Canterbury 
for precedence, Abp of York thrown down and 
trampled on, Abp of Canterbury fined by legate 
Hugh, 14 Mar. 1176; against the king's going 
on the crusade, 18 Mar. 11 85 ; of all England, 
decreeing four articles of last Council of the 
Lateran, 1200; permitting clergy to read 
divine service in a low voice until the pope 
confirm absolution of Xing John, 25 Aug. 
1213; rejecting Papal bull reserving two pre- 
bends in each cathedral, 13 Jan. 1226 ; for ex- 
communication of maltreaters of Boman clerks 
in England, 1232 ; held by legate Otho, for 
reform of state of the Church in England, 19, 
21, and 22 Nov. 1237 ; held by the same, for 
removal, on satisfaction made, of interdict laid 
on Oxford University, 17 May 1238 ; granting 
a subsidy to the king and refusing one to the 
pope, Feb. 1224; against the pope's demand 
of a third of the revenues of English clergy, 1 
Dec. 1246; against exactions of the pope and 
the king, 13 Jan. 1255, and 22 Aug. 1257 '■> 
on state of the churches of England, 16 May 
1 26 1 ; to repair disorders of civil war, and to 
carry out canons of Council of 1237, 16 Apr. 
1268 ; for release of Amaury de Montfort, the 
pipe's chaplain, 1 Mar. 1282 ; on doctrine, 30 
Apr. 1286; for expulsion of Jews, 1291 ; 
respecting the king's demand of a subsidy, 14 
Jan. 1297 ; respecting a peace with Scotland, 
15 Sep. to 5 Oct. 1305; on discipline, Dec. 
1321, Feb. 1329, 10 Oct. 1342 ; against 
several abuses, 19 Mar. 1343 ; granting a tenth 
of revenues of the clergy to the king for one 
year, 16-24 May 1356; against the Lollards, 
May 1382, 28 Apr. 1391 ; against doctrine of 
Wickliffe, 19 Feb. 1397, and 26 Jan. to 8 Mar. 
1 40 1 ; to renounce obedience to Gregory XII. 
and support Council of Pisa, 23 Jul. 1408; to 
condemn Sir John Oldcastle, Jun. 141 3. 

Treaties of between Emperor elect and kings 
of England and Spain, signed, 29 Oct. 15 16 — 
between England, France, and Bussia, regulating 



LONDON BRIDGE— LONGITUDE. 



871 



government of kingdom of Greece, signed, 6 
Jul. 1S29 ; between England, France, Spain, 
and Portugal, for pacification of the Peninsula, 
expulsion of Don Carlos and Don Miguel, &c, 
signed, 22 Apr. 1834; between England, 
France, Austria, Russia, Prussia, -and Turkey, 
for settlement of dispute between the Sultan 
and Mehemet Ali, 15 Jul. 1840; between 
Denmark and the five Great Powers, respecting 
Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, signed, 8 
May 1852 ; between the Great Powers, for de- 
neutralization of Black Sea, 13 Mar. 1871. 
[Quadruple Alliance.] 

Conventions at, between the GreatPowers and 
Turkey for closing the Dardanelles against ships 
of war, 13 Jul. 1 841 ; between England and 
France for suppression of Slave Trade, 29 May 
1845. a Guest. b Anglo- Sax. Chron. c Speed. 

d Matthew Paris. e Roger de Hoveden. 

London Bridge, — of ivood, partly demolished 
by Danes, under Olaf, 1008 — passed by Cnut, 
1016 — destined by storm, 16 Nov. 1091 — 
rebuilt by William II., 1097 — burnt, n 36 — 
restored, 1163 — of stone, built by Peter of 
Colechurch, 11 76- 1209 — fire on, 10 Jul. 121 2 
— houses built on, as early as 1280 — partly 
destroyed by floating ice, 1282 — passed by Wat 
Tyler, 13 Jun. 1381 — partly falls, 14 Jan. 1437 
— passed by Jack Cade, 1 Jul. 1450 — houses on, 
partly burnt, 13 Feb. 1633— again, 8 Sep. 
1725 — houses removed, bridge widened and 
repaired, 1757-66 — new, built by Rennie, com- 
menced, 15 Mar. 1824 — opened by "William IV., 
1 Aug. 1831 — remains of old, removed, 1832-3. 

London Docks, — opened, 30 Jan. 1805. 

London Gazette, — commenced at Oxford, 7 
Nov. 1665. 

London Institution, — founded, 1806 — 
building erected, 18 15- 19. 

London Library, — established, 1841. 

London University, — incorporated by royal 
charter, 23 Nov. 1836 — charter renewed, 5 
Dec. 1837 — supplementary charter granted, 7 
Jul. 1849 — new charter, 9 Apr. 1858 — building 
opened by Queen Victoria, 11 May 1870. 

Londonderry, County of Ireland, — forfeited 
lands in, granted, to Corporation of London, by 
James I., 1609 — the governing body [Irish 
Society] incorporated by royal charter, 1619. 

Londonderry, Deny, city in Ireland, — takes 
its rise from monastery of St Columba, founded, 
546 — seat of bishopric, 1158 — taken by Eng- 
lish under de Courcy, 1198 — garrisoned by 
English during rebellion of Tyrone, 1566 — 
partly destroyed by explosion of powder 
magazine, and garrison withdrawn, 1568 — fort 
rebuilt, and reoccupied by English, 1600 — 
surprised and burnt by Sir Cahir O'Dogherty, 
1608 — rebuilt by London Companies and takes 
its present name, between 1613-30 — unsuccess- 
fully besieged by Royalists, under Sir Robert 
Stewart, 1649 — gates "closed against troops of 
James II., Dec. 1688 — siege of, by James II., 
formed, 18 Apr. 1689 — defended by Walker; 
siege raised by Col. Kirk, 30 Jul. 1689 — visited 
by Prince Arthur, riots, 28 Apr. 1869 — pro- 
claimed under Peace Preservation Acts, 1 May 
1869. Cathedral, completed, 1633. Foyle 
College, built, 18 14. 



Londonderry, Charles William Vane, 3rd 
Marquis of, — fc. at Dublin, 18 May 1778 — 
enters the army, 1793 — accompanies Earl of 
Moira to Holland, 1794 — takes part under Sir 
R. Abercromby in expedition to Egypt, 1801 
— M.P. Londonderry, 1801-14 — Colonel, aide- 
de-camp to the king, 1803— marries Catherine, 
daughter of Earl of Darnley, 1804 — distin- 



guishes himself under Sir J. M001 



>pain, 



1808 — Adjutant-general to Sir Arthur Welles- 
ley, 1809-13 — death of his wife, 1812 — am- 
bassador to Berlin, 1 813 — K.B., receives thanks 
of House of Commons for services in the Penin- 
sula, 1 81 3 — Baron Stewart, 1 Jul. 18 14 — 
ambassador to Austria, 18 14— plenipotentiary 
to Congress of Vienna, 1815 — marries Frances 
Anne Vane Tempest, and assumes surname of 
Vane, 18 19 — succeeds his brother in the Mar- 
quisate, 1822— Earl Vane and Viscount Sea- 
ham, 8 Jul. 1823— General, 1837— Colonel °f 
Life Guards, 1843 — K.G., 1852 — ft. in London, 
1 Mar. 1854. 

Londonderry, Robert Stewart, Marquis 
of. [Castlereagh, Viscount.] 

Long Island. [Bahamas.] 

Long Island, New York, (Manhattan, Nas- 
sau Island,) discovered by Hudson, 1609 — 
Gen. Howe defeats Americans, 27 Aug. 1776. 

Long Parliament, of England, — meets, 3 
Nov. 1640 — dissolved by Cromwell, 20 Apr. 
1653 — declared to be fully dissolved by Act 12 
Car. II. c. 1, 1660. 

Long, Boger, astronomer, §c., — b. in Nor- 
folk, about 1680 — enters Cambridge "Univ., 
1697— M.A.,,1704— D.D., 1728— F.R.S., Vice- 
chancellor of the Univ., 1729 — Master of Pem- 
broke Hall, 1733 — Lowndes's Prof. Astronomy, 
1749 — rector of Bradwell, Essex, 1751 — tf., 
16 Dec. 1770. Treatise on Astronomy, 1742-64. 

Longchamp, William de, Bp of Ely, — 
consecrated, 11 89 — guardian of the realm 
during absence of Richard L, 1190 — besieges 
Lincoln Castle, 11 91 — imprisons Geoffrey, Abp 
of York, 19 Sep. 1191— expelled by Earl John, 
10 Oct. — retires to Normandy: discovers 
Richard's prison, 1193 — If., 1198. 

Longespee, William. [Salisbury, Earl of.] 

Longeville, near Metz, — the French de- 
feated by the Prussians, and driven into Metz, 
15 Aug. 1870. 

Longhi, Giuseppe, painter, engraver, — b. at 
Monza, 1766 — Prof. Engraving, Milan, 1798 
— If. at Florence, 2 Jan. 1831. 

Longhi, Luca, painter — ft. at Ravenna, 1507 
— fr., 12 Aug. 1580. 

Longinus, — Consul of Rome with Decius, 
(1239, a. u. c.) 486— Consul with Faustus, 
(1243,) 490. 

Longinus, (brother of Zeno,) — taken prisoner 
by Illus, 475 — released, returns to Constanti- 
nople, 485 — aided by Isaurians, excites a sedi- 
tion, 491 — rebels in Isauria, 492 — [Isaurian 
War] — captured by Count Priscus at Antioch, 
and put to death atNicsea, 498. 

Longinus Cassius. [Cassius.] 

Longinus, Dionysius Cassius, philosopher, 
fi., about 213 — secretary to Zenobia, about 
267 — killed, 273.? De Finibus, 265. 

Longitude, Determination of, — method of, 



LONGITUDES— LOPEZ. 



by lunar observation, proposed by "Werner of 
Niirnberg, 15 14 — recommended by Peter Apian 
of Ingolstadt, 1524 — by Oronce'Fine of Bri- 
ancon, about 1530 — by Gemma Frisius of Ant- 
werp, 1530 — by Pedro Nunez, 1560 — by 
Kepler, 1630 — by Morin of Paris, 1635. Re- 
ward for, offered by Philip III. of Spain, 1598 
— by States of Holland, about 1600. In Eng- 
land, reward for discovery of, at sea, proposed 
by Act 12 Ann. st. 2, c. 15, 1714 — commis- 
sioners for discovery of, appointed by Act 14 
Geo. II. c. 39, 1 741 — amended by several Acts : 
reward granted to Harrison, for his chronome- 
ter, 1765 — Acts repealed and new provisions 
made by 14 Geo. III. c. 66, 1774 — amended 
by several Acts : proposal of reward renewed 
by Act 55 Geo. III. c. 75, 7 Jun. 18 15 — new 
provisions by Act 58 Geo. III. c. 20, 8 May 
1 8 1 8 — former Acts repealed and new provisions 
made by Act 9 Geo. IV. c. 66, 15 Jul. 1828. 

Longitudes, Eureau des, — established at 
Paris, 23 Jun. 1795. 

Longjumeau, Peace of, (la Paix boiteuseet 
mal assise,) between Catholics and Huguenots, 
concluded, 23 Mar. 1568 — violated by Catherine 
de' Medici, Sep. 1568. 

Longland. [Langlande, William.] 

Longobardi. [Lombards.] 

Longolius, Paul Daniel, philologist, antiqua- 
ry, — ft. near Dresden, 1704 — tf., 24 Feb. 1779. 

Longomontanus, Christian Severin, as- 
tronomer, — ft. in Jutland, 1562 — Prof. Mathe- 
matics, Copenhagen, 1605 — tr. there, 8 Oct. 
1647. Cyclometria vera, 1612 — Fentas pro- 
blematum philosophies, 1623 — Astronomia 
Danica, 1622. 

Longuerue, Louis Dufour de, orientalist, — 
ft. at Charleville, 1652 — tf. at Paris, 1733. 
Annates Arsacidarum, 1732 — Description 
Mstorique et geographique de la France, 17 19. 

Longueval, Jacques, historian, — ft. near 
Peronne, 18 Mar. 1680 — "&. at Paris, 11 Jan. 
1735. Histoire de VEglise Gallicane, 1730-49. 

Longueville, Louis d'Orleans, Duke de, — 
at battles of Agnadello, 1509 — and Marignano, 
15 1 3 — taken prisoner by English at battle of 
the Spurs, 15 13 — negotiates peace and the 
marriage of Louis XII. to Princess Mary, 15 14 
— succeeds to the title, 15 15 — tf. sovereign of 
Neufchatel, 15 16. 

Longueville, Henry II., Duke de, — ft., 27 
Apr. 1595 — marries Louise de Bourbon- Sois- 
sons, 1617 — governor of Normandy, 1619 — 
joins in plot against Richelieu, 1626 — widower, 
1637 — commands against Spaniards, 1637 — 
takes command of army of Germany, 1639 — 
marries sister of Conde, 1642 — closes cam- 
paign in Piedmont, 1642 — member of Council 
of liegency for Louis XIV., 1643— one of the 
plenipotentiaries to congress of Munster, 1645 
— favours the Frondeurs, 1649 — imprisoned, 
18 Jan. 1650 — tr. at Eouen, 1663. 

Longueville, Anne Genevieve de Bourbon- 
Conde, Duchess de, — ft. atVincennes, 29 Aug. 
1 6 19 — betrothed to Prince de Joinville, 1638 
— marries (after his death) Henry II., Duke 
de Longueville, 2 Jun. 1642 — takes leading 
part in the Fronde, 1649 — escapes from Paris, 



16 Jan. 1650 — returns to the Court, Mar. 165 1 
— widow, 1663 — tf., 15 Apr. 1679. 

Longus, C Sulpicius, — [BC]- Consul with 
P. ^lius Psetus, (417, a. u. c.) 337— with Q. 
Aulius Cerretanus, (431,) 323— with M. Pceti- 
lius Libo, (440,) 314. 

Longus, L. Manlius Vulso. [Vulso.] 

Longus, M' Tullius, — [BC]- Consul with 
Ser. Sulpicius Camerinus, (254, a. u. c.) 500. 

Longus, Tib. Sempronius, — [BC]— Consul 
with P. Corn. Scipio Africanus, (560, a. u. c.) 
194. 

Longus, T. Sempronius, — [BC] — Consul 
with P. Corn. Scipio, (536, a. u. c.) 218 — 
sent to Sicily against Carthaginians : joins 
Scipio and is defeated by Hannibal at the 
Trebia, 218 — defeats Hanno near Grumentum, 
215 — decemvir sacris faciundis, 210. 

Longwy, in France, [Longus Vicus,) — taken 
by Marshal de la Ferte, 1647 — by Marquis de 
Genlis, 1670 — rebuilt by Louis XIV. and for- 
tified by Vauban, 1682 — taken by Prussians, 
22 Aug. 1792— evacuated after battle of Valmy, 
Sep. 1792 — bombarded by Prussians, end of 
Jun. 1815 — captured by them, 11 Sep. 1815 — 
invested by Germans, about 16 Jan. 1871 — 
bombardment commenced, 20 Jan. — surrenders, 
25 Jan. 

Lonicer, Adam, physician, naturalist, — 6. 
at Marburg, 10 Oct. 1528 — M.D., 1554— phy- 
sician to Senate of Frankfort, 1554-86 — &., 19 
May 1586. Naturalis histories opus novum, 

Lons-le-Saulnier, in France, (Zedo Salin- 
arius,) — taken by the French, 1395 — retaken 
by Emperor Maximilian I., 1500— unsuccess- 
fully besieged by French, 1572 — stormed by 
French, 1637 — occupied by Prussians, 5 Feb. 
1871. 

Lonsdale, John Lowther, Earl of,— ft., 
1655 — Knt, on death of his grandfather, Sir 
John Lowther, 30 Nov. 1675 — M.P. West- 
moreland, 1675 — First Lord of the Treasury, 
1690 — one of the Council of Nine, 1690 — 
Lord of the Admiralty, close of Feb. 1692 — 
resists Triennial Bill, 1693 — created Earl of 
Lonsdale, 28 May 1696 — Lord Privy Seal, 
1699 — retires, 1699 — opposes Resumption Bill, 
1700 — one of the Lords Justices, Jul. 1700 — 
tf., 10 Jul. 1700. • * 

Lonsdale, William Lowther, Earl op, — 
ft., 29 Dec. 1757 — becomes Baron and Viscount 
Lowther on death of James, Earl of Lonsdale, 
May 1802 — created Earl of Lonsdale, 7 Apr. 
1807 — tf. at Twickenham, 9 Mar. 1844. 

Loo-Choo Islands, in Chinese Sea, — con- 
quered by Chinese, about 1372 — German mis- 
sion established in, 1 85 1 . 

Loom. [Power-loom.] 

Loon, Theodor van, painter, — ft. at Brussels, 
about 1550 ? — at Louvain, 1595 — lj. at Brus- 
sels, 1630. 

Loos, Philippe, — ft. in Alsace, 1754 — fr. at 
Paris, 1 819. Encyclopaedic fur die jtiinstler, 
1794-8. 

Lope de Vega. [Vega.] 

Lopez. [Ayala, Castaneda, Gomara.] 

Lopez, Don Carlos Antonio, President op 



LOPEZ— LORIA. 



873 



Paraguay, — succeeds Francia, 1840 — abol- 
ishes slavery for all born after 1848 — quarrels 
■with United States, 1855 — submits to arbitra- 
tion, 1 859 — quarrels with British Government, 
1859 — o\, 10 Sep. 1862. 

Lopez, {Lopes,) Eernao, historian,— ft., about 
1380— keeper of Archives to John I. of Por- 
tugal, 1418 — tf., about 1449. 

Lopez, Don Francisco Solano, President 
of Paraguay, — b. in Asuncion, 1827 — sent to 
ratify Treaties of Commerce with France, Eng- 
land, and Sardinia, 1853— elected to succeed his 
father, Sep. 1862 — concludes convention with 
British government, 14 Oct. — proclaimed Pres. 
for ten years, 23 Oct. 1862 — engages in war 
with Brazil, 1865 — [Paraguay]— defeated by 
Gen. Camara and killed at Aquidaban, 1 Mar. 
1870. 

Lopez, (Zoppez,) Roger, physician, — serves 
in Spanish Armada, 1588 — captured by Eng- 
lish, and made physician to Queen Elizabeth : 
corresponds as a spy with Spanish government, 
May 1590 — receives jewel and gems for his 
services, Nov. 159 1 — offers to poison the Queen, 
Sep. 1593 — convicted, 28 Feb. 1594 — hanged 
at Tyburn, 7 Jun. 1594. 

Lopez de Lerena, Don Pedro, statesman, — fc. 
in New Castile, 6 May 1734 — Intendant of 
army of Minorca, 178 1 — of Andalusia and as- 
sistant of Seville, 1783 — Secretary of State for 
Finances, Jan. 1785-8 — Minister of War, 1785 
to Jul. 1787— tf., 2 Jan. 1792. 

Lord High Admiral, &c. [Admiral, Advo- 
cate, Chancellor, Chamberlain, Constable, 
Steward, and Treasurer.] 

Lord Keeper. [Chancellor, Lord.] 

Lord-Lieutenants of Counties, — royal com- 
missions appointing, declared by parliament il- 
legal and void, 15 Apr, 1642 — right of the 
crown to appoint, declared by Act 14 Car. II. 
c. 3, 1662 — appointment of, in Ireland, author- 
ized and regulated by Act 1 and 2 ¥m IV. c. 
17, 23 Aug. 1831. 

Lord of Misrule, in England, — appointment 
of, discontinued since 1640. 

Lords, House of Lords, in England,— recog- 
nized as part of the legislature, as early as 
1322 a — hold conferences with Commons, and 
obtain Petition of Right, 1628 — assemble at 
York on summons of Charles I., 24 Sep. 1640 
— declared incapable of being prorogued or 
dissolved under 50 days from first meeting 
without their consent, by Act 16 Car. I. c. 1, 

15 Feb. 1 641 — not to be adjourned except at 
their own order, by Act 16 Car. I. c. 38, 10 
May 1 64 1 — refuse to confer with Commons 
respecting sparing the life of Strafford, 1 1 May 
1 64 1 — bishops disabled from sitting in, by Act 

16 Car. I. c. 27, Jan. 1642 — majority of, join 
the king, 1642 — assent to attainder of Abp 
Laud, 17 Dec. 1644 — assent to Self-denying 
Ordinance, Apr. 1645 — refuse to concur in 
trial of the king, and adjourned, 2 Jan. 1649 
— voted useless and dangerous by the Com- 
mons, 6 Feb. 1649 — Cromwell authorized to 
create new, 26 May 1657 — new, created, 1657 
— meet, but not recognized by Commons, 20 
Jan. 1658 — dissolved, 4 Feb. 1658 — rein- 



stated in Convention Parliament, 25 Apr. 1660 
— join in invitation to Charles II., 1 May — 
bishops restored to, 1660 — alter a money-bill 
and quarrel with Commons, Apr. 1671 — quar- 
rel with Commons respecting hearing of ap- 
peals, Nov. 1675 — trial of, for treason, regulat- 
ed by Act 7 and 8 Wm III. c. 3, 1696 — quarrel 
with Commons respecting impeachment of 
Somers, 1701 — resolve that annexing any 
clause to a money-bill is contrary to constitu- 
tion and usage of parliament, Dec. 1702 — in 
a conference with Commons, assert right to 
examine public accounts, 16 Feb. 1703 — intro- 
duction of Scottish representative peers under 
Act of Union, 1706— creation of twelve new, 
17 1 1 — bill for limitation of number of, intro- 
duced and abandoned, Mar. 17 19 — creation of 
many new, Jul. 1776— introduction of Irish 
representative peers, under Act of Union, 1801 
— first Catholic peers admitted to, under Relief 
Act, 28 Apr. 1829 — reform of, discussed, 1835 
— creation of life peerages discussed in Com- 
mittee of Privileges, Feb. 1856 — declare that 
peerages for life do not give right to vote in 
parliament, 25 Feb. 1856. a Hallam. 

Lords of Articles, — committee of Scottish 
parliament abolished, 1641. 
Lord's Day. [Sunday.] 
Lords Justices, in England, — frequently ap- 
pointed by William III. to govern during his 
absence, from 1694 — provisional appointment 
of, by Acts 4 and 5 Ann. c. 8, 1705, and 6 
Anne, c. 41, 1707 — in office from death of Queen 
Ann. till arrival of George I., 1 Aug. to 18 
Sep. 17 14 — appointed by George I., 17 19, 1720, 
1723, 1725, and 1727 — by George II. frequent- 
ly after death of Queen Caroline, between 
1737-60 — by George IV., Sep. 1821. 

Lords Justices of Court of Appeal in Chan- 
cery, — appointed by Act 14 and 15 Vic. c. 83, 
7 Au g- 1^51. 

Loredano, Leonardo, Doge of Venice, — 
succeeds Agostino Barbarigo, 3 Oct. 1501 — q\, 
22 Jun. 1521. 

Loredano, Pietro, Doge op Venice, — suc- 
ceeds Geronimo Priuli, 26 Nov. 1567 — }y., 3 
May 1570. 

Lorenzetti, {Lorenzo,) Ambvogio, painter, — 
paints at Siena, 1324. Erescoes in Falace of 
Siena, 1337-9. 

Lorenzetti, {Lorenzo,) Pietro, painter, — 
paints at Siena, 1305. Altarpiece, Siena, 1329 
— Nativity, 1342. 

Lorenzi, Giovanni Battista, {Battista del 
Cavaliere,) sculptor, — h. at Florence, 1528 — ij. 
at Pisa, 7 Jan. 1594. 

Lorenzo de' Medici. [Medici.] 
Loreto, — visited by Frederick II., Mar. 1232 
— the Santa Casa transferred to, 1295 — for- 
tified by Sixtus V., 1587 — taken by the French, 
and the Holy House pillaged, 10 Feb. 1797— 
the Image restored to, 9 Dec. 1802. 

Loria, Roger de, admiral, — h. atLoria, in 
Sicily, about 1250 — takes refuge with Pedro 
III. of Aragon, 1266 — Commander-in-chief of 
naval forces for conquest of Sicily, 1282 — cap- 
tures Angevin squadron, 28 Sep. 1282 — burns 
fleet of Charles of Anjou, at Catona and Reg- 



874 



L' ORIENT— LORRAINE. 



gio, 1282 — captures another squadron off 
Malta, 8 Jun. 1283 — Grand Admiral of Sicily, 
1284 — defeats Neapolitan fleet and captures 
Charles, Prince of Salerno, near Naples, 5 
May, 11 23 Jun. b 1284 — conquers great part of 
Calabria and the Basilicata, 1284-5 — seizes 
Tarentum, 15 Jul. 1285 — defeats French fleet 
and captures Admiral de Lodeve, end of Aug. 
1285— again defeats French squadron and cap- 
tures Enguerrand de Bailleul, off Roses, 16 
Sep., b 1 Oct c — ravages coasts of Languedoc, 
1286 — totally defeats French fleet before 
Naples, 24 Jun. 1287 — seizes Agosta, Jul. 1287 
— defeated by Robert, Count of Artois, in Ca- 
labria, Jun. 1289 — with John of Procida ac- 
companies the Infante Don Frederick to Vel- 
letri, 1295 — assists as plenipotentiary at Con- 
gress of Agnani, 23 Jun. 1295 — refuses to re- 
cognize terms of the settlement, and proclaims 
Don Frederick King of Sicily, 1295 — revolts 
against Frederick, and rejoins James of Aragon, 
; 1297 — takes command of Aragonese fleet and 
besieges Syracuse, 1297 — his nephew captured 
and beheaded by Frederick : defeats Sicilian 
fleet off Cape Orlando, 4 Jul. 1299^ 1300 b — 
again defeats Sicilian fleet, 1300^ i3oi b — at the 
peace, retires to Aragon, 1302 — tf. at Valen- 
cia, 17 Jan. 1305. a Sismondi. 
b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Biog. Univ. d Milman. 

L'Orient, in France, — made depot of French 
East India Company, 1666 — town commenced, 
1720 — fortified, 1744 — unsuccessfully attacked 
by English, 2 Oct. 1746 — naval station, 1770 
■ — free port, 1784. 

Loritus, Eenricus. [Glareanus.] 

Lorraine, Kingdom and Duchy of, (Zotha- 
ringia, Lothringen,) — forms part of kingdom 
of Austrasia, 511 — erected into a kingdom by 
Emperor Lothaire I. for his second son, Lo- 
thaire, 22 Sep. 855 — on death of Lothaire, 
seized by Charles the Bald, 869 — who is com- 
pelled by Louis the German to divide it with 
him, 870 — the partition confirmed by Louis the 
Stammerer, 878 — given up to Louis of Saxony 
by Louis and Carloman, 879 — falls to Em- 
peror Charles the Fat, 882 — and on his de- 
position, to Arnulf, 887 — given by bim to 
Zwentibold, 895 — Louis, king of Germany, 
proclaimed King of, 900 — on his death sub- 
mits to Charles the Simple, king of France, 
who reestablishes the Duke Rainier, 911 — 
his son Gislebert succeeds as Duke, 916 — 
the kingdom disputed between Charles and 
Henry, king of Germany, 918 — ceded to 
Charles by treaty signed at Bonn, 4 Nov. 921 
■ — Gislebert confirmed in the Duchy by Henry 
the Fowler, 925 — Henry, son of Gislebert, 
recognized as Duke, 940 — Conrad the Red, 
944 — mediates successfully between king of 
France and Hugh the Great, 950 — accompanies 
Emperor Otto to Italy, 950 — joins in con- 
spiracy against Otto, and is deprived of Duchy, 
953 — the Duchy given by Otto to Bruno, Abp 
of Cologne, 953— division of, into two Duchies, 
by Bruno, who assumes title of Archduke, 959. 

Lorraine, Upper, (Mosellana,) Duchy of, — 
Frederick L, Count of Bar, established in, 
by Bruno, 959 — invasion of Lothaire, king 



of France, 978 — his son Dietrich succeeds, 
984 — held prisoner by Theodoric, Bp of Metz, 
1011-17 — Frederick. II., (son,) 1026 — tf., 
1027 — Gonthelon I., Duke of Lower Lor- 
raine, named guardian to daughters of Freder- 
ick, unites the two Duchies, 1033 — Gonthe- 
lon II. , (second son,) made Duke by Emperor 
Henry III., 1043 — Albert of Alsace, obtains 
Duchy, 1046 — Gerard of Alsace, (brother,) 
fc., 1038 — created Duke at Diet of Worms, 1048 
— made prisoner by bis rival Godfrey of Lower 
Lorraine, 1048-9— carries on war with God- 
frey; is poisoned, 6 Mar. 1070 — Dietrich II., 
the Valiant, (son,) succeeds, 1070 — takes part 
with Emperor in defeat of Saxons, 1075 — joins 
in conspiracy against Pope Gregory VII., and 
is excommunicated, 1076 — absolved, 1077 — 
Simon, (Sigismund,) (son,) succeeds, 11 15 — 
founds abbey of Stutzelbronn, 11 35 — accom- 
panies his brother, Emperor Lothaire, to 
Italy, 1 1 37 — Matthew I., (son,) 11 39 — fol- 
lows Frederick Barbarossa in his expeditions : 
acquires Nancy, 1155 — Simon II., (son,) 1176 
— re tires to abbey of Stutzelbronn, 1205 — Ferri 
I., (brother,) 1205 — Ferri II., (son,) on resig- 
nation of his father, 1 206 — supports Frederick 
II. in competition for Imperial crown, 121 2 — 
Theobald I., (son,) 12 13 — fights for Otto IV. 
at Bouviues, 12 14 — ravages Alsace, 121 8 — be- 
sieged by Frederick II. at castle of Amance, 
submits to him, and is kept prisoner, 1 Jun. 
1 21 8 — liberated, 12 19 — Matthew II., 
(brother,) 1220 — promotes election of William, 
Count of Holland, to Imperial throne, 1248 — 
Ferri III., (son,) n., about 1239 — succeeds, 
1 251 — Theobald II., (son,) distinguishes him- 
self at battles of Spire, 1298— and Courtrai, 
1302 — succeeds his father, 1304 — at war with 
Bp of Metz, takes prisoners the Counts of Bar 
and Salm, 1309 — accompanies Emperor Henry 
VII. to Italy, 1310 — Ferri IV., (son,) marries 
Isabella of Austria, 1308 — succeeds, 13 12 — de- 
clares for Emperor Frederick III., 13 14 — 
taken prisoner by Louis of Bavaria at Muhl- 
dorf, 1322 — joins confederation of king of Bo- 
hemia, Abp of Treves, and Count of Bar against 
Metz, 1.325 — killed, fighting for Philip of 
Valois at Cassel, 1328 — Ralph, (son,) 1328 — 
allied with Alfonso XL of Castile, contributes 
to defeat of Moors at Salado, Oct. 1340 — takes 
part with Philip of Valois in war of Brittany, 
1 341 — killed at Crecy, 1346 — John L, (son,) 
1346 — assumes the government, 1354 — distin- 
guishes himself at Poitiers, andis taken prisoner 
to England, 1356 — again captured at battle of 
Aurai, 1364 — serves with Teutonic Knights in 
Lithuania, 1365 — distinguishes himself at 
Rosebecque, 1382 — tf. at Paris, 1390 or 1391 
— Charles I., (son,) b., about 1365 — suc- 
ceeds, 1 39 1 or later — with Duke of Bourbon 
besieges Tunis unsuccessfully, but wins a 
victory over Moors, 1391 ? — marries Margaret 
of Bavaria, 1393 — aids Teutonic Knights and 
captures Duke of Lithuania, 1399 — defeats 
Louis, Duke of Orleans, and his allies, 1407 — 
accompanies king of France to siege of 
Bourges, 141 2 — created Constable of France, 
by the queen, Isabella, 141 8 — deprived by 



LORRAINE. 



875 



Charles VII., 1424— tf., 25 Jan. 1431 — Rene of 
Anjou, (son-in-law,) 1431 — John II., (son,) 
Duke of Calabria, b., 1424 — Lieutenant- 
general of Lorraine, 1442 — succeeds, 1453 — 
aids Florentines against Alfonso V. of Aragon, 
1455 — Governor of Genoa, by Charles VII., 
1458— fails in attempt to recover Naples, 1459- 
64 — takes part with League of the Public 
Good, 1464 — makes war on John II. of 
Aragon, 1468 — conquers Catalonia, and tf. at 
Barcelona, 13 Dec. 1470 — Nicholas, (son,) 
b., 1448 — named Lieutenant in the Duchy, 1468 
— succeeds, 1470 — allies himself with Charles 
the Bold against Louis XI., 1472 — tf. at 
Nancy, 24 Jul. 1473 — Rene II., (grandson by 
mother's side of Rene I.,) 1473 — Anthony I., 
the Good, (son,) b., 4 Jun. 1489 — sent to 
Court of France, 1501 — succeeds, 1508 — takes 
part in victory of Agnadello, 1509 — marries 
Renee de Bourbon, 15 15 — distinguishes him- 
self at Marignano, 1515 — subdues revolted 
peasants of Alsace, 1525 — Lorraine declared 
free and independent sovereignty by Diet of 
Niirnberg, 26 Aug. 1542 — tf., 14 Jun. 1544 — 
FuanCis L, (son,) Marquis of Pont-d-Mousson, 
b., 15 Feb. 1517 — succeeds, 1544 — tf. at 
Remiremont, 1 2 Jun. 1545 — Charles II., (son,) 
b., 18 Feb. 1543 — succeeds, under Regency of 
his mother Christine, and Prince Nicholas, his 
uncle, 1545 — taken by Henry II, to court of 
France, and Christine deprived of Regency, 
1552 — marries Claude, daughter of Henry II. , 
Feb. 1559— returns to Lorraine, autumn 1559 
— makes treaty with Charles IX. respecting 
Bar, 157 1 — founds University of Pont-a- 
Mousson, 1572 or 1580 — treaty of peace with 
Henry IV., 1594 — tf. at Nancy, 14 May 1608 
— Henry II. , the Good, (son,) b., 20 Nov. 
1563 — marries Catherine de Bourbon, 1599 — 
succeeds, 1608 — loses his wife, Feb. 1604 — 
marries Margaret de Gonzaga, 1606 — tf., 31 
Jul. 1624 — Francis II., (brother,) Count of 
Vaudemont, b., 27 Feb. 1572 — succeeds, 
1624 — abdicates, 26 Nov. 1624 — Charles III., 
(son,) 1624 — Nicholas Francis, (brother,) on 
resignation of Charles III., 19 Jan. 1634 — 
marries his cousin Claude, and Avith her is 
seized and imprisoned by order of Richelieu, 
1634 — escapes and goes to Florence, Apr. 1634 — 
loses his wife, 1648 — tf., Jan.- 1670— the Duchy 
seized by Louis XIV., 1670 — Charles IV. (son) 
succeeds on death of Charles III., 1675 — 
Leopold, (son,) b., 11 Sep. 1679 — succeeds, 
1690 — reestablished in his states by Treaty of 
Ryswick, 1697 — marries Elizabeth Charlotte 
of Orleans, 1698 — protects the ' Old Pretender,' 
1713-15 — tf., 27 Mar. 1729— Francis Stephen 
(son) succeeds, 1729 — treaty of Emperor and 
Louis XV. for cession of Lorraine and Bar in 
exchange for Tuscany, signed, 3 Oct. 1735 — 
ratified by Francis, 13 Dec. 1736— Stanislaus 
Leczinski, titular king of Poland, recognized 
Duke, 1737 — the Duchy, on his death, united to 
France, Feb. 1766 — a small part of German 
Lorraine ceded to Prussia by Treaty of Vienna, 
1 8 15— fifth part, with Metz, ceded to Germany 
by Treaty of Versailles, 26 Feb. 187 1. 
Lorraine, Lower, [Lothier,) Duchy of, — con- 



stituted on partition of the kingdom, by Bruno, 
Abp of Cologne, and given to Godfrey I., 959 
— Godfrey II. (son) succeeds, 964 — on his 
death given as fief of the Empire to Charles, 
brother of Lothaire, king of France, 976 — 
Otto, (son,) 1001 ? — at his death given by 
Emperor Henry II. to Godfrey III., 1005 — 
leads expedition against Thierry, Count of 
Holland, 1018— is wounded and captured, 29 
Jul. 1018 — attends Emperor Henry II. to con- 
ference with Robert of France at Ivoi, 1023 — 
Gonthelon L, the Great, (brother,) Marquis 
of Antwerp, 1008 — invested with Duchy, 1023 
or 1024 — acquires Upper Lorraine, 1033 — 
Godfrey IV., (son,) 1043 or 1044 — deprived, 
and the Duchy given to Frederick of Lux- 
emburg, 1048 — tf-, 1065 — Godfrey IV. re- 
stored, 1065 — Godfrey V., (son,) the Hunch- 
back, marries Matilda, heiress of Tuscany, 
1063 — succeeds his father, 1069 — conquers 
South Holland, 1071 — contributes to defeat of 
Saxons at Langensalza, 1075 — assassinated, 26 
Feb. 1076 — Conrad, (son of Emperor Henry 
IV.,) b., 1074-6— Godfrey VI., of Bouillon, 
1089 — Henry I., Count of Limburg, succeeds, 
1101 — Godfrey VIL, Count of Louvain, in- 
vested with Duchy on rebellion of Henry L, 
1 1 06 — supports Conrad of Suabia against Em- 
peror Lothaire and is deprived, 1128 — Wal- 
eran, Count of Limburg, 11 28 — Godfrey holds 
part of the Duchy; tf., 1139 — Godfrey re- 
stored, 1 139 — first hereditary Duke — tf-, 15 Jan. 
1 140 — Godfrey II. (VIII.) (son) succeeds, 
1 140— Godfrey III., (IX.,) (son,) b., n 26— 
succeeds, 1 143 — marries Margaret of Limburg, 
1 155 — Henry I. (II.) (son) succeeds, H90 — 
Henry, II., (III.,) (son,) 1235 — one of the 
seven electors charged by Innocent IV. to elect 
successor to Frederick II., 1245 — Henry III., 
(IV.,) (son,) Feb. 1248— John I., the Vic- 
torious, (son,) b., 1251 — succeeds, to the preju- 
dice of his elder brother Henry, 1261 — assumes 
government, Jun. 1267 — acquires Duchy of 
Limburg, 1282 — opposed by Renaud, Count of 
Guelderland, who transfers his claim to Henry 
of Luxemburg : accompanies king of France 
on expedition to Spain, 1285 — defeats Henry 
of Luxemburg at Voringen, 5 Jun. 1288 — John 
IT., the Pacific, (son,) marries Margaret of 
England, 2 Jan. 1294 — succeeds, May 1294 — 
establishes sovereign council of Brabant, 27 
Sep. 13 12 — John III., (son,) b., 1299 — suc- 
ceeds, 1 312 — marries Mary of Evreux, 13 14 — 
Philip of Valois and his allies declare war on 
him, but make peace, 1332 — allies himself with 
Edward III. of England, 1337 — reconciled 
with Philip of Valois, 1347 — obtains from Em- 
peror Charles IV. the Golden Bull of Brabant, 
1349 — tf., 5 Dec. 1355 — Jane, (daughter,) and 
Wenceslaus, Puke of Luxemburg, (married, 
1347,) succeed, 1355 — conquest of Duchy by 
Count of Flanders, 1356 — recovered, and peace 
made, 1357 — revolt of Louvain, 1379 — forms 
siege of Louvain, Dec. 1382 — peace made by 
mediation of Bp of Liege, early in 1383— Jane 
alone, on death of Wenceslaus, Dec. 1383 — 
cedes her estates to Margaret her niece, Count- 
ess of Flanders, 7 May 1404— tf., 1 Dec. 1406 



876 



LORRAINE— LOTTERY. 



— Anthony, marries Jane, daughter of Wal- 
eran III. of Luxemburg, 1402 — recognized 
Duke on death of Countess Margaret, his 
mother, Mar. 1405 — takes title of Duke, Dec. 
1406 — becomes Duke of Luxemburg, 141 1 — 
killed at Aginoourt, 1415 — John IV., (son,) 
ft., 1402 — succeeds, 1415 — marries his cousin 
Jacqueline, Countess of Holland, 141 8 — founds 
University of Louvain, 1425 — tf., 17 Apr. 1427 
— Philip, (brother,) 1427 — on his death, 4 
Aug. 1430 or 15 Oct. 1429, Duchy passes to 
House of Burgundy. [Brabant.] 

Lorraine. [Harcourt, Mayenne, and Mer- 
cceur.] 

Lorraine, Cardinal de. [Guise.] 
Lorraine, Charles Alexandre de, Field - 
Marshal, — ft. at Luneville, 12 Dec. 17 12 — 
Field-marshal, distinguishes himself in Hungary, 
1738 — defeated by Frederick II. at Czaslau, 
1742 — commands against French in Bohemia, 
1742 — commands on the Rhine, 1744 — marries 
Archduchess Mary Anne and is appointed go- 
vernor of Netherlands, 1744 — drives Prussians 
out of Bohemia, Nov. 1744 — defeated by Fred- 
erick II. at Friedberg and Sorr, 1745 — defeats 
General Keith, 1757 — defeated by Frederick II. 
atLissa, 5 Dec. 1757 — Grand Master of Teuto- 
nic Order, 1761 — If. near Brussels, 4 Jul. 1780. 
Lorraine, Claude. [Claude.] 
Lorraine, Robert le, sculptor, — ft. at Paris, 
1666 — received at the Academy of Sculpture, 
1701 — tf., 1743. Galatea, 1701. 

Lorris, Guillaume de, poet, — author of Ro- 
man de la Rose, — tf., i26o, a i24o. b 

a Sismondi. b Kaynouard. 

Losinga, Herbert, — consecrated Bp of Thet- 
ford, 1 09 1 — removes see to Norwich, Apr. 
1094 — founds Benedictine Abbey at Norwich ; 
— if., 22 Jul. 1 1 19. 

Lot, — [B C] — accompanies Terah to Haran, 
autumn 1922 a — accompanies Abraham from 
Haran, May 192 1 a — settled in Sodom, end of 
i92i a — taken prisoner by confederate kings, 
and released by Abraham, spring 1 9 1 2 a — leaves 
Sodom, spring 1897^ a Ussher. 

Lothaire I., Emperor of the Romans, — 
ft., about 795 — associated with his father, 
Louis the Debonnaire, in Imperial dignity, 31 
Jul. 817 — King of Italy, or of the Lombards, 
820 — crowned Emperor by Pascal I., 5 Apr. 
823 — asserts at Rome Imperial supremacy, 
Oct., Nov. 824 a — conspires against his father 
and is deprived of his share in Empire, 830-1 — 
with his brothers makes war on his father, 
defeats and captures him at Rotfeld, 29 Jim. 
833 — deposes him at Diet of Compiegne, 1 Oct. 
833— is pardoned, 834 — succeeds his father, 
20 Jun. 840 — defeated by his brothers at Fon- 
tenai, 25 Jun. 841 — concludes with them Treaty 
of Verdun, Aug. 843 — associates his son Louis 
in the Empire, 849 — retires to Abbey of Prum, 
in Ardennes, Sep. 855— tf. there, 28 or 29 Sep. 
855. a Milman. 

Lothaire II., Emperor of the Romans, 
— ft., 1075 — becomes Duke of Saxony, 1106 — 
marries Richensa, (Richilda,) daughter of 
Henry Duke of Saxony on the Weser, ui3, a 
noo b — rebels against Emperor Henry V., 
1 1 12-14— joins again in revolt, Oct. 11 14 — 



takes part in defeat of Henry at Welfesholz, 1 3 
Feb. 1 1 15 b — rebels again, 1123 — makes peace 
with Henry. 11 24 — elected to succeed Henry 
V., at Diet of Mentz, 30 Aug. 11 25 — crowned 
King of Germany at Aix-la-Chapelle, by Abp 
of Cologne, 13 Sep. 11 25 — opposed by Conrad, 
Duke of Suabia, and Frederick, Duke of Fran- 
conia : procures recognition of Innocent II. by 
Assembly at Wurzburg, Oct. n 30 — has inter- 
view with Innocent at Liege, Mar. 1131 — 
passes into Italy and defeats Conrad, about 
Sep. 1 1 32 — protects Pope Innocent II. at 
Liege, and reconducts him to Rome, Apr. 11 33 
— crowned with his wife, by Innocent II., 4 
Jun. 1 1 33 — holds Diet at Wurzburg, 1136 — 
passes again into Italy, subdues rebel towns, 
conquers Apulia, 11 36-7 — again restores the 
pope, Sep. 1 1 37 — tf. at Bretten, near Trent, 4 
Dec. 1137. 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Lothaire, King of France, — ft., 941 — 
associated in the kingdom with his father, 
Louis d'Outremer, 952 — succeeds him, 954 — 
gives Duchies of Burgundy and Aquitaine to 
Hugh the Great, 955 — marries Emma, 
daughter of Lothaire, king of Italy, 966 — 
associates with him his son Louis, 978 — invades 
Lorraine, 978 — cedes it as fief of France to 
Emperor Otto II., by Treaty of Rheims, 980 — 
again invades Lorraine, 984 — tf. at Rheims, 2 
Mar. 986. 

Lothaire, King of Italy,— associate of his 
father, Hugh of Provence, in kingdom of 
Italy, May 931 — affianced to Adelaide, daughter 
of Rodolph II., king of Burgundy, 938 — on 
abdication of his father retains title and honours, 
945 — authority exercised by Berenger ; marries 
Adelaide, (?) 947 — tf. 22 Nov. 950. 

Lothaire, King of Lorraine, — the kingdom 
erected for him by his father, Lothaire L, 
Emperor, 22 Sep. 855 — marries Theutberga, 
daughter of Theodebert, 856 — divorces her 
and marries AValdrada, 857 — Theutberga proves 
her innocence and returns to him, 858 — in- 
duces Abps of Cologne and Treves to pro- 
nounce her guilty, in Assembly at Aix-la- 
Chapelle, 9 Jan. 860 — their decision con- 
firmed by Council of Aix-la-Chapelle, Feb. 860 
— and by a third Council, 29 Apr. 862 — marries 
Waldrada, 862— the divorce again confirmed 
by Papal legates at Council of Metz, Jun. 
863 — the sentence quashed and legates deposed 
by Nicholas I : is induced to receive back 
Theutberga, Aug. 865 — recalls "VValdrada, 
865 — both are excommunicated, 865 — Lorraine 
ravaged by Hubert, brother of Theutberga : 
aids his brother Louis in Italy against the 
Saracens, 868 — visits Adrian II. at Monte 
Cassino, and is reconciled to the church, 869 
— tf. at Piacenza, 8 Aug. 869. 

Lotharingia, Lothringen. [Lorraine.] 
Lotich, Peter, (Secundus,) poet, — ft. in Ger- 
many, 1528 — Prof. Medicine, Heidelberg, 1557 
— tf. there, 1560. Roemata, 155 1. 

Lottery, Lotteries, — in Germany, established 
at Osnabrvick, 1521. At Florence, sanctioned by 
the state, 1530. In France, by Francis L, 
May 1529,* 1539 b — suppressed, and Royal 
Lottery instituted by Council of State, 30 



LOTTO— LOUIS. 



877 



Jim. 1776 — suppressed by Convention, 16 Nov. 
1794 — reestablished by Directory, 30 Sep. 1797 
— abolished, 1 Jan. 1839^ i836. b In England, 
first drawn 1569 — again, for the colonies, 16 12 
— permitted by Charles I. , 1 630 — suppressed by 
Act 10 and 11 Wni III. c. 17, 1699 — again, 
by 9 Ann. c. 6, 17 10 — annually licensed by 
Act of Parliament, 1709-1823 — government 
loans raised by, 1746 and 1747 — licence im- 
posed on lottery-offices, by Act 19 Geo. ILL c. 
21, 1778 — state, abolished by Act 4 Geo. IV. c. 
60, 1823 — penalty for advertising, imposed by 
Act 6 and 7 ¥m IV. c. 66, 13 Aug. 1836. 
In United States, state, sanctioned, 1776. In 
Hesse Darmstadt, abolished, 1832.° Genoese, 
{Lotto di Genoa,) instituted by Benedetto 
Gentile, 1620 d — prohibited at Rome by Bene- 
dict XIII., 1724-30 — introduced at Rome by 
Clement XII., 1730-40 — into Germany, 1763 d 
— generally forbidden, about i790-i8oo. d 
a Univers. Pittoresque. b Art de Verifier les 

Dates. c Conv.-Lex. d Beckmann. 

Lotto, Lorenzo, painter, — ft. at Venice, 
about 1480 a — painted, i5i3 b -54, i505 a -54— o\ 
at Loreto, about 1558," i56o. c 
a Biog. Catalogue. b Engl. Cyc. c Biog. Univ. 

Loudon Hill. [Drumclog.] 

Loudon, Jane Webb, botanist, $c, — ft. near 
Birmingham, 1800— comes to London, 1826 — 
marries J. C. Loudon, 1831 — ft., 1858. The 
Mummy, 1826 — Ladies' Flower Garden, 1843 — 
Ladies' Country Companion, 1845 — British 
Wild Flowers, 1 844-5 — Entertaining Natural- 
ist, 1850. 

Loudon, John Claudius, botanist, landscape 
gardener, — ft. at Cambuslang, Lanarkshire, 8 
Apr. 1783 — studies at Edinburgh Univ., 1797 
— goes to London, 1803 — visits northern 
Europe, 181 3- 15 — visits France and Italy, 18 19 
— France and Germany, 1828 — ft., i4Dec. 1843. 
Encyclopaedia of Gardening, i%zi—of Agri- 
culture, 1825 — of Plants, 1829 — of Cottage, 
Farm, and Villa Architecture, 1832 — Arboretum 
et Fruticetum Britannicum, 1838 — edits Gar- 
dener's Magazine, 1826-43 — Magazine of Na- 
tural History, 1828-36. 

Loughborough, Lord. [Rosslyn, Earl of.] 

Louis, Louis d'Or, gold coin, — struck in 
France, 1651 — new coinage, about 1785 — 
name resumed under Louis XVIIL, 18x4. 

Louis, St, Order of, in France, — founded by 
Louis XIV., 1693. 

Louis, Fort St, on the Senegal, — ceded to the 
English by Treaty of Versailles, 1763 — retaken 
by the French, 1799. 

Louis, St. [Guadaloupe.] 

Louis {Ludwig) L, i le JJe'bonnaire,' King 
of France, and Emperor op the Romans, — 
ft., 778 — named king of Aquitaine at his birth: 
crowned at Rome by Adrian I., Easter 781 — 
marries Hermengarda, 798 — associate of his 
father Charles the Great in the empire, Aug. 813 
— succeeds him, 28 Jan. 814 — crowned with 
Hermengarda by Pope Stephen IV. at Rheims, 
autumn 816 — holds Diet at Aix-la-Chapelle, 
Oct. 816 — another, Jun. 817 — associates his 
son Lothaire in the empire, Jun. 817 — and 
divides his estates between his three sons : re- 



volt of Bernard, king of Italy, 818— defeats 
and pnts him to death, Apr. 818— loses his 
wife, 3 Oct. 818 — marries Judith of Bavaria, 
82i, a Feb. 819 b — does public penance at Diet 
of Attigny, Aug. 822 — receives homage of 
Harald, king of Denmark, 826 — assigns part of 
his dominions to his son Charles, at Diet of 
Worms, Aug. 829 — his other sons revolt, 830 
— deposed by them at Compiegne, 830 — rees- 
tablished by Diet of Mmeguen, Oct. 830 — re- 
volt of Pepin, 832 — deprives him of Aquitaine, 
and gives it to Charles, 833 — fresh revolt of 
his three sons, seized with Judith and his son 
Charles, 24 Jun. 833 — deposed at Diet of Com- 
piegne, 1 Oct. 833 — imprisoned by Lothaire at 
Aix-la-Chapelle, winter 833-4 — reestablished 
by Diet of St Denis, 1 Mar. 834 — his queen 
and son restored to him : all proceedings 
against him declared null by Diet of Thion- 
ville, Feb. 835 — assigns best part of France to 
Charles, Dec. 837 — invasion of France by 
Hasting, 838 — divides his estates between 
Lothaire and Charles, giving Bavaria to Louis, 
May 839 — revolt of Louis : defeats him, after 
Easter 840 — tf. near Mentz, 20 Jun. 840. 
a Biog. Univ. b Milman. 

Louis II., Emperor op the Romans, — ft., 
about 822 — crowned king of Lombards, 25 Jun. 
844 — associated with his father Lothaire in the 
empire, 849 — crowned at Rome by Leo IV., 2 
Dec. 850 — succeeds his father, 855 — marries 
Ingelberga, 856 — obtains from his brother 
Lothaire cession of territory between Mount 
Jura and the Alps, 858 — fails in endeavour to 
procure reestablishment of Abps of Cologne 
and Treves, 864 — occupies Rome, Mar. 864 a 
— marches against Saracens in Calabria, 866 — 
besieges Capua, 866 — forms siege of Bari, 868 
— takes it, 3 Feb. 871 — treacherously seized 
by Adelgisus, Duke of Benevento, 28 Aug. 871 
— released, 17 Sep. — opposes partition of Lor- 
raine between Charles the Bald and Louis the 
German, 869- — crowned king of Lorraine at 
Rome by Adrian II., Whitsuntide 872 — ij. 
near Brescia, 2 Aug. 875. a Milman. 

Louis III., the Blind, Emperor of the 
Romans, — ft., about 880 — recognized as king 
of Provence three years after death of his 
father, Boson, 890 —marches into Italy, and is 
defeated by Berenger, 899 — again passes into 
Italy, takes Pavia, defeats Berenger, and is 
proclaimed king of Italy, close of 899 or qoo 
— defeats Berenger again, 901 — crowned Em- 
peror at Rome by Benedict IV., 12 Feb. 901 — 
drives Berenger out of Italy, 901 — returns to 
Provence, after 12 Feb. 902 — Lombardy re- 
covered by Berenger : passes into Italy, 905 — 
surprised by Berenger at Verona, blinded, and 
sent back to Provence, Jul. 905 — Ij. at Vienne, 
929. 

Louis IV., King of Germany, — ft., 893 — 
succeeds his father, Arnulph, 899 — formally 
recognized king at Forcheim, 900 — proclaimed 
king of Lorraine in opposition to Zwentibold, 
900 — assumes title of Emperor, 908 — tf. at 
Ratisbon, 9ii, a 21 Jan. 91 2. b 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. 

Louis V., Duke of Bavaria, and Emperor 



8 7 8 



LOUIS. 



of the Romans, — 6., 1287,* i284, b i282 c — 
succeeds his father, Louis the Severe, 1294 — 
elected at Frankfort by five electors, to succeed 
Henry YIL, 20 Oct. 13 14 — defeats and takes 
prisoner his rival Frederick of Austria, at 
Muhldorf, 28 Sep. 1322 — his election quash- 
ed by Pope John XXIL, who orders him to 
abdicate, 9 Oct. 1323 — excommunicated, 21 
Mar. 1324 — marries Margaret of Holland, 
1324 — declared contumacious, deprived, and 
cited to appear before tbe pope, by bull of 11 
Jul. 1324 — the citation declared null by Diet 
of Ratisbon : concludes treaty with Frederick, 
Apr. 1325 d — holds Diet of Spire, Feb. 1326 — 
declares the pope a heretic, 1327 d — crowned 
at Milan, 31 May 1327 — excommunicated by 
the pope, 23 Oct. 1327 — marches on Rome, 
and is crowned there by Bps of Venice and 
Aleria, 17 Jan. 1328— deposes John XXIL, 18 
Apr. — gets Peter de Corbiere elected pope, 12 
May — and is crowned by him, 22 May — quits 
Eome,4 Aug. — sends embassy to Benedict XII.. 
1 335 — meets Edward III. of England at Diet of 
Coblentz, 3 Sep. 1338 d — and appoints him Im- 
perial Ticar : publishes a code of laws for Up- 
per Bavaria, 1341 — sends embassy to Clement 
VI. , 1343 — deposed by Clement, 13 Apr. 1346 
— Charles of Luxemburg elected, Jul. 1346 — 
accidentally killed, u, c 21 d Oct. 1347. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. 

c Nout. Biog. Gen. d Milman. 

Louis I., King of France. [Louis le De- 
bonnaire.~] 

Louis II., le Begne, King of Feance, — fi., 
r Nov. 846 — crowned king of Aquitaine at 
Soissons, 867 — succeeds his father, Charles the 
Bald, 6 Oct. 877 — crowned by Hincmar, at 
Compiegne, 8 Dec. 877 — again by Pope John 
VIII. at Council of Troves, 7 Sep. 878— 
marches against Bernard, Marquis of Septi- 
inania, and rj. at Compiegne, 10 Apr. 879. 

Louis III., King of Feance, — fj. about 
963 a — declared sole heir to the throne by his 
father, Louis II., 879 — succeeds, jointly with 
his brother Carloman, Apr. 879 — they defeat 
the Northmen on the Loire, 30 Nov. 879 — 
form alliance with Louis of Saxony, 880 — 
divides the monarchy with Carloman, Mas*. 
880 — marches against Boson, king of Provence, 
and forms siege of Vienne, 8 So — defeats North- 
men at Saucourt, early in 881 — again defeats 
them, 882 — lj. at St Denis, io, a 3, or 5 b Aug. 
882. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Louis IV., (D : Uutremer,) King of Feance, 
— fc., 921 — taken to England, about 923 — re- 
called to France, succeeds Baoul, 936 — crowned 
at Laon, 19 Jun. 936— again at Rheims, 936 
— assumes the government, 937 — Hugh the 
Great forms a league against, 938 — marries 
Gerberga, 939 — invades Lorraine and Alsace, 
and is driven away by Otto 1. , 939 — defeated 
by Hugh the Great before Laon, 941— retires 
to Burgundy : peace restored by mediation of 
Pope Stephen VIII. and AYilliam I. Duke of 
Normandy, 942 — at a conference ' with the 
Danish king, Aigrold, his attendants are mas- 
sacred, 943— captured by Northmen at Rouen, 



and given up to Hugh the Great, 944 — liber- 
ated, 946 — forms league with Otto and Arnold 
Count of Flanders against Hugh and Richard 
Duke of Normandy, 946 — invades Normandy, 
and is defeated near Rouen ; makes peace with 
Hugh, 950 — reduces rebels in Auvergne, 951 — 
if. at Rheims, 10 Sep. 954. 

Louis V., le Faineant, King of Feance, — 
rj. about 967 — associated in the government 
with his father, Lothaire, 8 Jun. 978 — succeeds 
him, 2 Mar. 986 — rj., 21 May 987. 

Louis VI., le Gros, King of Feance, — 5., 
about 1077 — created Count of Vexin by his 
father, Philip I., 1092 — associated in the 
government, about 1099 — succeeds, 1108 — 
crowned at Orleans, by Daimbert, Abp of Sens, 
3 Aug. 1 1 08 — rebellion excited by his step- 
mother, Bertrada, in favour of her son, Philip 
of Mantes : summons Henry I. of England to 
demolish castle of Gisors, 11 09 — defeats him 
at Neaufle; carries on war in Normandy, 
1 1 1 1 — Peace of Gisors, 1 1 14 — marries Ade- 
laide of Savoy, n 15 — renews war with Eng- 
land, 1 1 16 — defeated by Henry I. at Brenne- 
ville, 20 Aug. 1 1 19 — peace concluded, by 
mediation of Calixtus 1L, Nov. n 19 — the war 
renewed, 1 1 2 1 — marches against Emperor 
Henry V., who retires, n 24 — avenges death 
of Charles the Good, Count of Flanders, and 
gives the County to Cliton, n 27 — has his son 
crowned, 14 Apr. 11 29 — holds Council of 
Etampes, and supports Innocent II. against 
Anacletus, 1130 — loses his son, 13 Oct. 1131 — 
has his second son, Louis, crowned, 25 Oct. — 
captures and destroys St Brison-sur-Loire, 11 35 
— tf., 1 Aug. 1 1 37. 

Louis VII., le Jeune, King of Feance, — fi., 
about 1 1 20 — crowned by Innocent II. at 
Rheims, 25 Oct. n 31 — marries Eleanor of 
Aquitaine, at Bordeaux, Jul. 1137 — succeeds 
his father, Louis le Gros, 1 Aug. 11 37 — crowned 
Duke of Aquitaine, at Poitiers, 8 Aug. n 37 — 
crowned King of France, at Bourges, Christ- 
mas 1 1 37 — unsuccessfully attempts to seize 
County of Toulouse, 1 141 — quarrels with Inno- 
cent II. about appointment of Abp of Bourges, 
1 142 — interdict laid on France: invades 
Champagne, sacks Vitry and burns the church, 
1 142 — makes terms with Celestine II., 1143 — 
makes peace with Count of Champagne, 1 144 
— holds plenary court at Bourges, Christmas 
1 1 45 — receives the cross from St Bernard 
at Vezelai, Easter, 31 Mar. 1146 — appoints 
Abbe Suger and Raoul Count of Vermandois 
regents, Feb. 1147 — sets out for the Holy 
Land, 11 Jun. 1147 — [Crusades] — on his re- 
turn is captured at sea by Greeks, and rescued 
by fleet of Roger, king of Sicily, 1 149— arrives 
in France, close of 1149 — receives homage of 
Prince Henry of England for Duchy of Nor- 
mandv, 1150 — divorces Eleanor, 18 Mar. 1152 
— marries Constance of Castile, 1154 — makes 
pilgrimage of St James, and visits king of 
Castile at Toledo, 1 155-6 — receives at Paris 
Henry II. of England, 1158 — loses his queen, 
1 1 60— marries Alice of Champagne, 13 Nov. 
1160 — with Henry II. receives Pope Alexander 
III., 1 1 62 — gives protection to Abp Becket,n64 



LOUIS. 



879 



— receives Prince Henry of England, and with 
him invades Normandy, 1 1 7 3 — concludes peace 
with Henry II., 1176 or ii77, a 1178 b — visits 
tomb of St Thomas of Canterbury, 21 Aug. 1 179 
— has his son crowned, All Saints 1179 — fc. at 
Paris, 1 8 Sep. 11 80. a Art de Verifier les Dates. 
b Annals of England. 
Louis VIII., le Lion, King of France, — fo., 

5 Sep. 1 187 — marries Blanche of Castile, 23 
May 1200 — repulses King John of England, at 
Eoche aux Moines, Jul. 12 14 — leads crusade 
against Count of Toulouse, i2i5 a — accepts 
barons' offer of crown of England, 26 Apr. 
1 2 16 — lands in England, 21 May — takes Ro- 
chester, May — receives homage of barons at 
London, 2 Jun. — besieges Dover, takes "Win- 
chester, and is repulsed at Windsor, Jun. — 
raises siege of Dover, Nov. — takes Hertford 
Castle, 6 Dec. — Berkhampstead Castle, 20 Dec. 
— threatened with excommunication by legate, 
concludes a truce, and goes to France, early in 
1 217 — returns to England, raises siege of 
castle of Mountsorrel, 12 17 — excommunicated 
by legate, 18 Apr. 12 17 — defeated at Lincoln, 
by Earl of Pembroke, 20 May— fleet sent to 
relieve Louis is defeated by Hubert de Burgh, 
near Dover, 24 Aug. — besieged in London, by 
Pembroke, makes treaty with him, 11 Sep., and 
leaves England ; continues war against Albi- 
genses, unsuccessfully besieges Toulouse, Aug. 
1 2 19 — succeeds his father, Philip Augustus, 14 
Jul. 1223 — crowned with his queen, at Rheinis, 

6 or 8 Aug. — refuses to give up English pro- 
vinces in France to Henry III., 1223 — seizes 
Poitou, 1224 — makes truce with Henry, Jan. 
1225 — leads crusade against Count of Toulouse, 
1226 — forms siege of Avignon, 10 Jun. 1226 — 
takes it, 12 Sep. — overruns Languedoc, autumn : 
If. at Montpensier, in Auvergne, 8 Nov. 1226. 

a Milman. 
Louis IX., St Louis, King of France,— fc. 
at Poissi, 25 Apr. I2i5 a — succeeds his father, 
Louis VIII. , 8 Nov. 1226, under regency of 
Queen Blanche : crowned at Rheims, 29 Nov. 
— acquires County of Toulouse, by treaty with 
Raymond VII., 12 Apr. 1229— concludes truce 
for three years with Henry III., 5 Jul. 1231 
— reduces Count of Brittany, 1231 — forms a 
league with Emperor Frederick II., 1232 b — 
marries Margaret of Provence at Sens, May 
1234 — declared of age, 25 Apr. 1236 — invited 
to meet Frederick II. at Vaucouleurs, 1237 b — 
receives from Venetians the Crown of Thorns, 
and carries it to Paris, 1238 — refuses Imperial 
crown, offered for his brother Robert by Gregory 
IX., 1239— holds plenary court at Saumur, 24 
Jun. 1241 — and there gives Poitou, Auvergne, 
and territories of Albigenses to his brother 
Alfonso : obtains release of French prelates 
from Frederick II., 1241 — defeats Henry III. 
at Taillebourg, 21 Jul. 1242 — again at Saintes, 
22 Jul. — concludes truce for five years with 
Henry, 7 Apr. 1243 — refuses to receive Inno- 
cent II., 1244 — falls ill at Pontoise, Dec. 1244 
— takes the cross : offered as surety for Fre- 
derick II. at Council of Lyons, Jun. 1245 — 
takes the cross at parliament of Paris, Oct. 
1245 c — meets Innocent at Cluny, Dec. 1245 b — 



and again, 1246 b — sets out for Palestine. Jun. 
1248 — has interview with Innocent IV. at 
Lyons, respecting deposition of Frederick II. : 
embarks at Aigues-Mortes, 25 Aug. — spends 
winter in Cyprus, 1248-9 — [Crusades] — cap- 
tured by Sultan of Egypt, 5 Apr. 1250— re- 
leased, 5 May — appeals'to Henry III. of Eng- 
land for aid, 1250 — lands in Provence, 11 Jul. 
1254 — arrives at Paris, 7 Sep. — receives Henry 
III. at Paris, Dec. 1254 — concludes treaty 
with him at Abbeville, 28 Mar. 1259 — arbi- 
trates between Henry III. and the barons, 
[Provisions of Oxford,] at Amiens, 23 Jan. 
1264 — again takes the cross at parliament of 
Paris, 1267 — publishes his Pragmatic Sanc- 
tion, Mar. 1268° — and his Ltablissements> 
about 1270 — embarks at Aigues-Mortes, 1 Jul. 
1270 — forms siege of Tunis, 17 Jul. — takes 
the citadel, 25 Jul. — ft. there, 25 Aug. 1270— 
his remains carried to France, interred at St 
Denis, 22 May 1271 — canonized by Boniface 
VIII., 1 1 Aug. 1297. a Art de Verifier les Dates. 
b Kington. c Milman. 

Louis X., (Hutin,) King of France and 
of Navarre — b., 4 Oct. 1289 — succeeds his 
mother, Jane, as king of Navarre, 1304 — mar- 
ries Margaret of Burgundy, 1305 — crowned 
king of Navarre at Pampeluna, 1307 — confines 
his wife inChateau-Gaillard, 1 314 — succeeds his 
father, Philip the Fair, 29 Nov. 13 14 — recalls 
Jews to France, 28 Jul. 13 15 — marries de- 
mentia, daughter of king of Hungary, 1 Aug. 
— crowned with her at Rheims, 3 Aug. — puts 
his first wife to death, Aug. 13 15 — leads expe- 
dition against Count of Flanders, and unsuc- 
cessfully besieges Courtrai, Aug. to Sep. 1315 
— tt., 5 or 8 Jun. 13 16. 

Louis XI. , King of France, — b. at Bourges, 
3 Jul. 1423 — marries Margaret of Scotland, 
24 Jun. 1436 — heads revolt of the Praguerie, 
against his father, Charles VII., 1439 — ca P~ 
tured and pardoned, and made governor of 
Dauphiny, Jul., a Sep. b 1440 — takes part in war 
in Gascony and Languedoc, 1442 — compels 
Talbot to raise siege of Dieppe, Aug. 1443 — 
death of his queen, 16 Aug. 1444 — at request 
of Emperor Frederick III. marches against 
the Swiss, 1444 — defeats them at Bottelen, 
near Basel, 26 Aug. 1444 — raises siege of 
Zurich : settles in Dauphiny, 1446 — marries 
Charlotte of Savoy, Mar. 145 1 — refuses to re- 
turn to the court and takes refuge in Brabant, 
1456 — succeeds his father, 22 Jul. 1461 — ■ 
crowned at Rheims, i8, a 15 b Aug. — deprives 
all officers of the kingdom, Sep. 146 1 — sup- 
presses Pragmatic Sanction, at request of Pope 
Pius II., 27 Nov. 146 1 — but leaves decree 
unregistered : supports John II. of Aragon in 
his claim of Navarre, 1462 — has fruitless in- 
terview with Henry IV. of Castile on the 
Bidassoa, Apr. 1463 — [League of the Public 
Good] — drives Duke of Brittany out of Nor- 
mandy, 1467 — assembles States-General at 
Tours, Apr. 1468— makes peace with Duke of 
Brittany at Ancenis, 10 Sep. 1468 — instigates 
revolt of Liege, Sep. — - meets Charles the 
Bold at reronr.e, and is imprisoned, 3 Oct. — 
is compelled to cede Champagne and La Brie 



88o 



LOUIS. 



to his brother, 14 Oct. — and to accompany 
Charles to siege of Liege, Oct. — arrests and 
imprisons Cardinal Balue and the Bp of Ver- 
dun, May 1469— institutes Order of St Michael, 
1 Aug. 1469 — -joins army at siege of Perpignan, 
Mar. 1473 — Treaty of Perpignan, ioNov. 1473 
— forms League with Swiss against Charles 
the Bold, 26 Oct. 1474 — prohibits reading of 
works of the Nominalists, 1 Mar. 1475 — re- 
covers part of Picardy from Charles, 1475 — 
concludes truce of nine years with Edward IV. 
of England, 29 Aug. 1475 — has interview with 
him at bridge of Pequigni, same day : makes 
treaty with Charles, at Soleure, end of 1475 — 
puts to death Constable Saint-Pol, 19 Dec. 
1475 — takes possession of Burgundy, Jan. 1477 
— reduces Picardy and Artois and Hainault, 
1477 — P u * s Nemours to death, 4 Aug. 1477 — 
commences proceedings against memory of 
Charles the Bold, 11 May 1478 — makes truce 
with Archduke Maximilian, Jun. 1478 — the 
war renewed, Apr. 1479 — another truce, and 
conferences between Louis and Maximilian at 
Arras and Lille, 1480 — attacked with apoplexy 
at Plessis-les-Tours, 148 1 — makes pilgrimage to 
St Claude, 1482— sends for Francis de Paule, 
hermit of Calabria, Apr. 1482 — rj. at les Tours, 
30 Aug. 1483. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

b Art de Verifier les Dates. 
Louis XII., Father of the People, King or 
France, — h. at Blois, 27 Jun. 1462 — succeeds 
his father as Duke of Orleans, Jan. 1465 — 
marries Jane, second daughter of Louis XL, 
1476 — unsuccessfully claims Regency on death 
of Louis XL, 1483 — made Governor and Lieu- 
tenant-general of Paris, 9 Oct. 1483 — with 
Count of Dunois takes arms against the Regent, 
Anne of Beaujeu, 1485 — submits to Charles 
VIII., Oct. 1485 — retires to Brittany: be- 
sieged in Nantes, by the king, Jun. to Jul. 
1487 — defeated and captured by la Tremoille, 
at St Aubin, 28 Jul. 1488 — liberated, 149 1 — 
follows Charles VIII. to Italy, 1495 — defeats 
Neapolitans at Rapello, Jun. 1495 — takes 
Novara, and is blockaded there by Lodovico 
Sforza, 1495 — delivered by treaty between 
Charles and Duke of Milan, 18 Oct. 1495 — 
succeeds Charles VIII. , 7 Apr. 1498 — crowned 
at Rheims, 27 May — obtains bull of divorce of 
his wife, from Alexander VI., 1498 — marries 
Anne of Brittany, 8 Jan. 1499 — conquest of the 
Milanese by his generals, 1499 — enters Milan, 
6 Oct. 1499 — returns to France, Dec. — re- 
conquest of the Milanese by La Tremoille, Apr. 
1500 — imprisons Lodovico Sforza at Loches, 
1500-10 — in alliance with Ferdinand the 
Catholic conquers Naples, 1501 — quarrels with 
him, 1502 — makes a treaty with the pope, 
1502 — treaty with Archduke Philip for mar- 
riage of Claude, daughter of Louis, to Charles 
of Luxemburg, 5 Apr. 1503 — battle of Semin- 
ara, 21 Apr. — battle of Cerignola, 28 Apr. 
— falls ill : the marriage treaty confirmed, by 
Emperor Maximilian, the pope, Charles, and 
Louis, 1504 — on remonstrance of States- 
General at Tours, revokes the engagement, and 
betroths Claude to Francis, Count of Angou- 
leme, May 1506 — suppresses revolt of Genoa, 



1507— joins League of Cambray, Dec. 1508 — 
defeats Venetians at Agnadello, 14 May 1509 — 
enters Milan, and concludes treaty with the 
pope at Biagrossa, 1509 — returns to France, 
Aug. 1509 — sends an army against Julius II., 
15 1 1 — L Tri vulzio and Gaston de Foix] — ex- 
communicated by Julius II., 21 Jul. 15 12 — 
concludes treaty with Venice, at Orthez, 1513 
— reconquers and again loses the Milanese, 151 3 
— loses his queen, Jan. 15 14 — concludes 
peace with Henry VIII., 14 Sep. 15 14 — marries 
Princess Mary of England, 9 Oct. — fr. at 
Paris, 1 Jan. 15 15. 

Louis XIII., the Just, King of France, — 
fc. at Fontainebleau, 27 Sep. 1601 — succeeds 
his father, Henry IV., under regency of his 
mother, Mary de'Medici, 14 May 1 610— declared 
of age, 2 Oct. 16 14 — marries Anne of Austria at 
Bordeaux, 25 Oct. 16 15 — treats with Prince of 
Conde at Loudun, Feb. 1616 — publishes edict 
of pacification, 2 May — sanctions assassination 
of Marshal d'Ancre, Apr. 1617 — imprisons the 
queen-mother, summer 16 17 — has interview 
with her, near Tours, 6 Sep. 16 19 — marches 
into Normandy and defeats party of Duke of 
Longueville, Jul. 1620 — defeats troops of the 
queen at Pont-de-Ce, 7 Aug.— reconciled with 
her, at Brisac, 13 Aug.— unites Beam to the 
crown, and orders restitution of church property 
by Huguenots, by edict of Oct. 1620— marches 
into Poitou, which submits to him, Apr. to 
May 162 1 — takes Clerac, 4 Aug. — invests 
Montauban, 17 Aug. — raises the siege, 17 Nov. 
— resumes war with Huguenots, Mar. 1622 — 
drives Soubise from Isle of Rie, in Poitou, 16 
Apr. — at siege of Royau, May — besieges 
Montpellier, 2 Sep. — concludes treaty of peace, 
confirming edict of Nantes, 19 Oct. — concludes 
treaty with Venice and Savoy for recovery of the 
Valteline, Jan. 1623 — Richelieu acquires his 
favour, 1623-4 — [Huguenots] — takes part in 
siege of Rochelle, Oct. 1627 — enters the town, 
1 Nov. 1628 — marches to support of Charles, 
Duke of Nevers, against Duke of Savoy, Jan. 
1629 — forces the Pas de Suze, 6 Mar. — makes 
peace with Duke of Savoy, 11 Mar. — raises 
siege of Casal, Mar. — takes Alais, in the 
Cevennes, 16 Jun. — concludes peace, at Alais, 
27 Jun. — publishes edict of pacification, at 
Nismes, 14 Jul. — subjugates Savoy, spring 1630 
— concludes treaty with Duke of Lorraine, at 
Vic, 6 Jan. 1632 — renews the war with him, 
Jun. — concludes treaty of Liverdun, 26 Jun. 
— declares war on Spam and the Empire, early 
in 1635 — forms alliance with Holland, 8 Feb. 
1635— battle of Avein, 20 May — League with 
Savoy and Parma, 1 1 Jul. — loses his minister, 
Richelieu, 4 Dec. 1642 — ft. at St Germain, 14 
May 1643. 

Louis XIV., the Great, King of France, — 
fj. at St Germain, 5, a 16 b Sep. 1638 — succeeds 
his father, Louis XIII. , under Regency of his 
mother, Anne of Austria, 14 May 1643 — 
[Mazarin] — Treaty of Westphalia, 1 648 — the 
Fronde, 1649 — holds a lit de Justice and is 
declared of age, 7 Sep. 1651 — Peace of the 
Pyrenees, 1659 — marries Maria Theresa of 
Austria, at St Jean-de-Luz, 9 Jun. 1660 — on 



LOUIS. 



881 



death of Mazarin, resolves to assume the govern- 
ment, Mar. 1 66 1 — appoints Colbert Controller- 
general, Sep. 1661 — buys Dunkirk from Charles 
II., 27 Nov. 1662 — takes Marsal in Lorraine, 
4 Sep. 1663 — makes peace with Pope Alex- 
ander VII., Feb. 1664 — sends colonies to Cay- 
enne and Canada, 1664 — Treaty of Breda, Jan. 
1667 — conquers Flanders, 1667 — conquers 
Francke-Comte, Feb. 1668 — Treaty of Aix-la- 
Chapelle, 2 May 1668 — visits the Netherlands, 
May 167 1 — declares war on the Dutch, 6 Apr. 
1672 — invades the Netherlands, May — takes 
Orsoi, 3 Jun. — unsuccessful negotiations at 
Utrecht, Jul. 1672 — publishes edict for ex- 
tension of the regale, 10 Feb. 1673 — takes 
Maestricht, 1 Jul. 1673 — declares war on 
Spain, 19 Oct. 1673 — confiscates Principality 
of Orange, and gives it to Count of Auvergne, 
1673 — orders devastation of the Palatinate, 
1674 — takes Besancon, 15 May 1674 — takes 
Dole, 6 Jun. — Salins, 22 Jun. — Dinant, 29 
May 1675 — joins camp before Conde, 21 Apr. 
1676 — takes Valenciennes, 17 Mar. 1677 — 
Ghent, 9 Mar. 1678 — Peace of Nimeguen, 10 
Aug. 1 67 8-— orders dragonnade against Cal- 
vinists, 1680— enters Strasburg, 23 Oct. 168 1 
— loses his queen, 30 Jul. 1683 — death of Col- 
bert, 6 Sep. 1683 — orders bombardment of 
Genoa, May 1684 — receives submission of doge 
of Genoa, at Paris, 15 May 1685 — revokes 
Edict of Nantes, 22 Oct. 1685 — receives 
Siamese embassy, Aug. 1686 — sends Lavardin 
to Rome to maintaiu franchises of ambassadors, 
abolished by Innocent XI., 1687 — seizes County 
of Avignon, 7 Oct. 1688 — declares war on Hol- 
land, 3 Dec. 1688 — receives James II. of 
England, Jan. 1689 — orders second devast- 
ation of the Palatinate, Feb. — declares war on 
English, 25 Jun. — battle of Fleurus, 1690 — 
takes Mons, 9 Apr. 169 1 — death of Louvois, 
Jul. 1691 — takes Namur, 5 Jun. 1692 — creates 
seven marshals, 27 Mar. 1693 — institutes Order 
of St Louis, 10 May 1693 — death of Marshal 
Luxembourg, Jan. 1695 — Peace of Ryswick, 
1697 — forms camp at Compiegne, 1698 — 
accepts crown of Spain for his grandson, 
Philip, Duke of Anjou, 6 Oct. 1700— [Spanish 
Succession, War of the]— creates ten mar- 
shals, 14 Jan. 1703 — sends troops against the 
Camisards, 1703 — expels the Port Royalists, 
1709 — demolishes Port Royal, 17 10 — Peace of 
Utrecht, 17 13 — obtains from Pope Clement 
XI. the bull TJnigenitus, 17 13 — receives Per- 
sian Embassy, 19 Feb. 17 15 — tf. at Versailles, 
I Sep. 1715. a Henault. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Louis XV., the Well-Beloved, King of 
France, — ft. at Versailles, 15 Feb. 1710 — 
becomes heir-presumptive to the throne, 17 n 
— succeeds his great-grandfather, Louis XIV., 
1 Sep. 17 15— Regency of Philip, Duke of Or- 
leans : his marriage with Infanta of Spain 
arranged, 1721 — she arrives at Paris, Jan. 
1722 — crowned at Rheims, 25 Oct. 1722 — 
declared of age at a lit de Justice, 22 Feb. 1723 
— sends back the Infanta to Spain, Apr. 1725 
— marries Maria Charlotte Leczinska, 15 Aug., a 
4 Sep. b — concludes Treaty of Vienna, 18 Nov. 
1738— on death of Emperor Charles VI., de- 



clares for Elector of Bavaria, 1740— sends army 
to support him, Aug. 1741 — takes command in 
Flanders, May 1744 — enters Menin, 7 Jun. 
1744 — falls ill at Metz, 4 Aug. — and receives 
surname of Bien-Aime : receives capitulation 
of Fribourg, 1 Nov. — witnesses battle of Fon- 
tenoy, May 1745 — enters Ostend, 3 Sep. — his 
triumphant entry into Paris, 7 Sep. — enters 
Antwerp, 4 Jun. 1746 — battle of Lawfeldt, 2 
Jul. 1747 — Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 18 Oct. 
1748— engages in Seven Years' War, 1756-63 
— his life attempted by Damiens, 5 Jan. 1757 
— suppresses Order of Jesuits in France, Nov. 
1764 — tf. at Versailles, 10 May 1774. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Henault. 

Louis XVI., King op France, — b. at Ver- 
sailles, 23 Aug. 1754 — becomes heir-presumpt- 
ive on death- of his father, the Dauphin, Dec. 
1765 — marries Archduchess Marie Antoinette, 
16 May 1770 — succeeds his grandfather, Louis 
XV., 10 May 1774 — recalls the parliaments, 
12 Nov. — suppresses the corvees, 12 Mar. 1776 
— appoints Necker controller-general, Jul. 
1777 — concludes treaty of alliance with United 
States of America, 6 Feb. 1778 — Peace of 
Versailles, Sep. 1783 — convokes first Assembly 
of Notables, Feb. 1787— [French Revolution] 
— is compelled to reside at Paris, Oct. 1789 — ■ 
escapes with his family from Paris, but is 
arrested at Varennes, 21 Jun. 179 1 — the 
Tuileries stormed, and the royal family sent to 
the Temple, 10 Aug. 1792— examined before 
the Convention, 11 Dec. 1792 — his defence by 
Deseze, 12 Dec. — sentenced to death without 
delay, 20 Jan. 1793— executed, 21 Jan. 1793. 

Louis XVII., Titular King or France, — 
b. at Versailles, 27 Mar. 1785 — is named Duke 
of Normandy : on death of his brother succeeds 
to title of Dauphin, 4 Jun. 1789— imprisoned 
in the Temple with his father, Louis XVI., 
1792 — recognized King of France by England 
and Russia on death of his father, Jan. 1793 — 
tf. in the Temple, 8 Jun. 1795. 

Louis XVIII., King of France, — b. at 
Versailles, 17 Nov. 1755 — receives title of 
Count of Provence : marries Marie Josephine 
of Savoy, 14 May 177 1— opposes Necker in 
first assembly of Notables, 1787 — escapes from 
France and goes to Coblentz, Jun. 1791 — takes 
part in Prussian invasion of France, Sep. 1792 
— on death of his brother, Louis XVI., is re- 
cognized as Regent of the kingdom, by England 
and Russia, Jan. 1793 — assumes title of king, 
8 Jun. 1795 — rejects proposal of Napoleon to 
renounce his claims, Feb. 1803 — settles in 
England, 1807 — recalled to the throne, lands 
at Calais, 24 Apr. 18 14 — promises a liberal 
constitution, 2 May — enters Paris, 4 May — • 
publishes a charter, 4 Jun. — on return of Na- 
poleon from Elba, retires to Ghent, 20 Mar. 
1 8 15 — returns to Paris, 8 Jul. — proscribes the 
Bonapartists, 24 Jul. — dissolves the Chamber, $ 
Sep. 1 8 16 — ministry of Count Decazes, 18 18 — 
ministry of Villele, 1820— sends an army into 
Spain, under Duke of Angouleme, 1823—13. 
at Paris, 16 Sep. 1824. 

Louis, Dauphin or France,— b. at Fon- 
tainebleau, 1 Nov. 1661 — marries Maria 
56 



S$2 



LOUIS. 



Christina of Bavaria, 1681 — distinguishes him- 
self in campaign of Flanders, 1694 — ft., 14 
Apr. 17 1 1. 

Louis, Duke of Burgundy, and Dauphin 
of France, — ft. at Versailles, 6 Aug. 1682 — 
pupil of Fenelon, who writes his Telemachus 
for him, 1689 — marries Adelaide of Savoy, 
1697 — Generalissimo of army of Flanders, 1708 
— Dauphin, on death of his father, Louis, 17 11 
— tr., 18 Feb. 17 12. 

Louis, Dauphin of France, — ft. at Ver- 
sailles, 4 Sep. 1729 — present at Fontenoy, 1745 
— marries Maria Theresa of Spain, 25 Jan. 
1745 — loses his wife, 22 Jul. 1746 — marries 
Maria Josephe of Saxony, 9 Feb. 1747 — Sj. at 
Fontainehleau, 20 Dec. 1765. 

Louis Philippe, Duke of Orleans, and 
King of the French, — h. at Paris, 6 Oct. 
1773 — Duke of Chartres, 1785 — declares for 
the Revolution, 1789 — Colonel of dragoons, 
1791 — Lieutenant-general, 11 Sep. 1792 — 
fights at Valmy, 20 Sep. 1792 — at Jemappes, 
6 Nov. 1792 — at bombardment of Venloo and 
Maestricht, Feb. 1793 — distinguishes himself 
at Neerwinden, 18 Mar. — summoned before 
Committee of Public Safety, escapes to Nether- 
lands, Apr. — takes refuge in Switzerland, 1793 
— his father, Egalite, executed, 6 Nov. 1793 — 
embarks for America, 24 Sep. 1796 — visits 
"Washington at Mount Vernon, 1797 — arrives 
in England, Jan. 1800 — visits Palermo, 
Jun. 1808 — marries Princess Marie Amelie, 
daughter of Ferdinand of Naples, 25 Nov. 
1809 — visits Spain, May to Oct. 1810 — returns 
to Paris, May 18 14 — withdraws to England, 
Mar. 1815 — again returns to Paris, Jul. 1815 — 
opposes severe measures of Louis XVIIL, 18 15 
— as a prince of the blood royal, forbidden to 
appear in Chamber of Peers, and again settles 
in England, Oct. 18 15 — is permitted to return 
to France, Feb. 18 17 — named Lieutenant- 
general of the kingdom, by Charles X., 1 Aug. 
1830 — on deposition of Charles X., accepts crown 
of France, 9 Aug. 1830 — [French Revolution] 
— visited by Queen Victoria, at Chateau d'Eu, 
1843 — visits the Queen at Windsor, and is 
created K.G., 1844 — abdicates in favour of his 
grandson, 23 Feb. 1848 — [French Revolution, 
1848] — escapes in disguise from Paris, and 
lands in England, 3 Mar. 1848— if. at Clare- 
mont, 26 Aug. 1850. 

Louis, King of Spain, — h., 25 Aug. 1707 
— marries Elizabeth of Orleans, 21 Jan. 1722 
— proclaimed on retirement of his father, 
Philip V., 17 Jan. 1724— tf., 31 Aug. 1724. 

Louis I., the Great, King of Hungary 
and Poland, — ft., 5 Mar. 1326 — succeeds his 
father Charobert, 1342 —subjugates Transyl- 
vania, 1342 — sends troops to aid his uncle 
Casimir, king of Poland, against John of 
Bohemia, 1344 — drives Tatars from Transyl- 
vania, 1344 — subdues the Croatians, 1345 — 
attempts relief of Zara, besieged by Venetians, 
1 345 — marches into Naples to avenge death of 
his brother Andrew, close of 1 347 — enters 
Aversa and puts to death Charles of Durazzo, 
24 Jan. 1348 — compelled to retire by plague, 
end of Apr. — again makes himself master of 



Naples, 1350 — makes truce with Queen Joanna 
and retires, 1350 — attends jubilee at Rome, 
1350 — renews war with Venice, 1356 — takes 
Zara, 17 Sep. 1357 — defeats and captures 
Strascimir, king of Bulgarians, 1362 — succeeds 
Casimir as king of Poland, 1370 — intrusts 
Regency of Poland to his mother, Elizabeth ; 
successfully opposes Jagellon, Duke of Lithu- 
ania, 1377 — "&. at Tyrnaw, 14 Sep. 1382. 

Louis II., King of Hungary and Bo- 
hemia, — h., 1 May 1506 — crowned,»4 Jun. 
1507 — succeedshisfather,LadislausVL, (VII.,) 
Mar. 15 1 6 — his ministers mutilate ambassadors 
of Sultan "Solyman II., 1520 — marries Mary, 
sister of Charles V., 152 1 — defeated and killed 
by Solyman at Mohacz, 29 Aug. 1526. 

Louis of Aragon, King of Sicily, — 6., 4 
Feb. 1338 — succeeds his father, Peter II., under 
Regency of Prince John, his uncle, 8 Aug. 
1342 — crowned at Palermo, 15 Sep. — concludes 
treaty with Joanna, Queen of Naples, 4 Nov. 
1347 — tf., 17 Oct. 1355. 

Louis of Tarentum, King of Naples, — h., 
1320 — marries Joanna, Queen of Naples, 20 
Aug. 1346 — the kingdom occupied by Louis I. 
of Hungary, Jan. 1348 and 1350 — flees to 
Provence, 1350 — 3j., 26 May 1362. 

Louis I., Duke of Anjou, and titular 
King of Naples, — h. at Vincennes, 23 Jul. 
1339 — Chevalier, 1350 — commands at battle of 
Poitiers, 1356 — sent as hostage to England, on 
liberation of his father, King John, 1360 — 
escapes, 1363 — mediates in Brittany between 
widow of Charles of Blois and John de Mont- 
fort, 1363 — governor of Languedoc and 
G-uienne, fights against English, between 1369- 
77 — seizes Regency of France, under Charles 
VI., Sep. 1380 — is deprived, 2 Oct. — adopted 
by Queen Joanna of Naples, 1380— gets him- 
self crowned King of Naples by Clement VII., 
at Avignon, 30 May 1382 — passes into Italy 
with an army, Jun. 1382 — lj. at Biseglia, near 
Bari, 20 Sep. 1384. 

Louis II., Duke of Anjou, and King 
of Naples, — fj. at Toulouse, 7 Oct. 1377 — ■ 
recognized as king of Naples by court of France, 
in opposition to Charles III., 9 Feb. 1385 — 
receives investiture from Clement VII. at 
Avignon, 21 May — opposed by Ladislaus, 
1386 — crowned by Clement, at Avignon, 1 Nov. 
1389 — enters Naples, 15 Aug. 1390 — besieged 
in Tarentum by Raymond de Ursini, 1399 — 
escapes to Naples and to Provence : marries 
Yolande of Aragon, Dec. 1400 — recalled by 
Neapolitans, 1409 — recognized as king by 
Council of Pisa, 27 Jul. 1409 — defeats Ladis- 
laus at Ponte-Corvo, 19 May 141 1 — but again 
takes refuge in France : ft. at Angers, 29 Apr. 
1417. 

Louis III., Duke of Anjou, and King of 
Naples, — 6., 24 Sep. 1403 — marries Catherine 
of Burgundy, Apr. 14 10— she is sent back to 
her father, John Sans Peur, Nov. 141 3 — claims 
kingdom of Naples on death of his father, Louis 
II., 1417— besieges Naples, Aug. 1420 — de- 
feated by Alfonso of Aragon, 6 Sep. 1420 — 
makes secret treaty with Queen Joanna, 1421 
— retires to Rome, 1422 — adopted by Joanna, 



LOUIS— LOUVAIN. 



8S3 



21 Jun. 1423 — enters Naples, Apr. 1424 — re- 
ceives grant of Duchy of Touraine from Charles 
VII., Oct. 1424 — loses Mans, captured by the 
English, 1425 — subdues Calabria, for Joanna, 
1428 — marries Margaret of Savoy, 22 Jul. 
143 1 — besieges Tarentum, 1434 — if. at Cosenza, 
15 Nov. 1434. 

Louis of Parma, King op Etruria,-— ft., 5 
Jul. 1773 — marries Maria Luisa of Spain, 25 
Aug. 1795 — made king of Etruria, by Napoleon, 
1801 — tf. at Florence, 27 May 1803. 

Louis I. of Severs, Count op Flanders, — 
ft., about 1304 — succeeds his father as Count of 
Nevers and Bethel, and his grandfather as 
Count of Flanders, 1322 — arrests the deputies 
of Bruges at Courtrai, n Jun. 1325 — prepares 
for a siege, seized and imprisoned, 22 Jun. — 
liberated and peace made, Dec. 1325 — with 
Philip of Valois defeats Flemings near Oassel, 
23 Aug. 1328 — acquires lordship of Malines, 
1333 — dispute respecting it with Duke of Bra- 
bant, settled by treaty of 31 Mar. 1336 — ex- 
pelled by his subjects, 1337 — returns, Apr. 
1338 — again expelled by Jacob van Arteveldt, 
17 Feb. 1339 — takes refuge at Paris : killed at 
Crecy, 26 Aug. 1346. 

Louis II., de Male, Count op Flanders, 
— ft., 25 Nov. 1330 — wounded at Crecy, 
1346 — succeeds his father, 1346 — compelled 
by the Ghentese to marry Isabel of Eng- 
land, 14 Mar. 1347 — escapes to France, end 
of Mar. — marries Margaret of Brabant, 1 Jul. 
1347 — returns to Flanders, 1348 — concludes 
peace with Edward III., Dec. 1348 — marries 
his daughter to Philip the Bold, and acquires 
Lille, Douai, Bethune, &c, 1369 — insurrection 
at Ghent, 1379 — puts to death 500 men of 
Bruges, Apr. 1380 — defeats the rebels near 
Dixmude, 27 Aug. 1380— again at Nivelle, 13 
May 1 38 1 — defeated by Philip van Arteveldt 
at Beverholt, 1381 — battle of Rosbecque, 27 
Nov. 1381 — tr., 9 Jan. 1384. 

Louis, King op Holland. [Bonaparte, 
Louis.] 

Louis, King of Navarre. [Louis X. of 
France.'] 

Louis. [Anhalt, Bavaria, Brandenburg, 
Flanders, Mantua, Orleans, Wurtemberg-.] 

Louis, St, Bp of Toulouse, — ft., Feb. 1275 
■ — hostage for his father, Charles the. Lame, 
king of Naples, to king of Aragon, 1287-94 — 
refuses crown of Naples and takes orders, 1296 
— Bp of Toulouse, by Boniface VIII., 1296 — 
ft. at Brignolles, 19 Aug. 1298 — canonized by 
John XXIII., 1317. 

Louis, Antoine, surgeon, — ft. at Metz, 1723 
—secretary to Academy of Surgery, Paris, 1764 
— fo., 20 May, 1792. Reciteil sur V electricite 
medicate, 1763 — Positiones anatomicce et chirur- 
gicce de vidneribus capitis, 1749 — Dictionnaire 
de chirurgie, 1772. 

Louis, Louis Dominique, {Abbe Louis,) 
Baron, statesman, — ft. atToul, 13 Nov. 1755 — 
assists Talleyrand in celebration of the mass at 
Feast of Federation, 14 Jul. 1790 — emigrates, 
1793 — returns to France, end of 1799 — Council- 
lor of State, 1 81 1 — Minister of Finance, Mar. 
1 8 14 to 26 Sep. 1 8 15 — Grand Cross of Legion 



of Honour, 28 Sep. 18 15 — member of Chamber 
of Deputies, Sep. 18 15 — again Minister of 
Finance, 30 Dec. 181 8 to 19 Nov. 18 19 — again 
member of Chamber of Deputies, 1828 — signs 
protest against ordinances of Charles X., Jul. 
1830 — Minister of Finance, 13 Mar. 1831 to 
11 Oct. 1832 — Peer of France, 11 Oct. 1832 — 
rj. at Brie-sur-Marne, 26 Aug. 1837. 

Louisa, Order of, — instituted in Prussia, 3 
Aug. 1 8 14. 

Louisa of Lorraine, Queen op France, — 
ft. at Nomeni, 30 Apr. 1553^ 1554 b — marries 
Henry III., Feb. 1575 — left a widow, Jul. 
J 5^9 — tf. at Moulins, 29 Jan. 1601 — her re- 
mains transferred to St Denis, 18 17. 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. 

Louisa of Savoy, Duchess of AngoulIme, 
— ft. at Pont-d'Ain, 14 Sep. 1476 a — marries 
Charles of Orleans, Count of Angouleme, 
1488, b 1490° — left a widow, 1494, 1496° — re- 
turns to the court, 1498 — Begent for her son, 
Francis I., Jul. 15 15 — possesses herself of funds 
destined for army of Italy, and gets Sem- 
blan^ai imprisoned, 1523 — offers her hand to 
Constable de Bourbon, and being rejected de- 
prives him of his estates, about 1522 — Begent 
again during captivity of Francis, 1525-6 — con- 
cludes with Margaret of Austria the Treaty of 
Cambray, 3 Aug. 1529 — rj. at Grez, 22, a 29, b 
i4 c Sep. 1532, 1531.C 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. 

c Notrv. Biog. Gen. 

Louisa, {of Mecklenburg Strelitz,) Augusta 
Wilhelmina Amelia, Queen op Prussia, — ft. 
at Hanover, 10 Mar. 1776 — marries Crown 
Prince of Prussia, 24 Dec. 1793 — becomes 
Queen, Nov. 1797 — accompanies the king in 
campaign against Napoleon I., 1806 — visits St 
Petersburg, Dec. 1808 to Dec. 1809 — tf. at 
Hohenzieritz, 19 Jul. 18 10. 

Louisa Ulrica, Queen of Sweden, — ft. at 
Berlin, 24 Jul. 1720 — marries Prince Boyal of 
Sweden, 17 Jul. 1744 — becomes Queen, Apr. 
1 75 1 — left a widow, visits Berlin, 177 1-2 — 
tf. in retirement, 16 Jul. 1782. 

Louisbourg. [See Breton, Cape.] 

Louisiade Islands, in Pacific Ocean, — dis- 
covered by Bougainville, 1768. 

Louisiana, JST. America, — the region ex- 
plored by Europeans, 15 1 2 — partly colonized by- 
French, 1699 — granted to the Mississippi Com- 
pany, 17 17 — resumed by the Crown, 1720 — 
ceded to Spain, 1763 — recovered by Napoleon, 
1800 — sold to United States, 1803 — forms a 
territory, 1804 — constituted a State of the 
Union, 1812 — invaded by British troops, 18 14 
— [New Orleans] — secedes, 25 Jan. 1861 — 
reconquered by Federals, 1862-3. [New 
Orleans.] 

Loutherbourg, {Lutherburg ,) Philip James 
de, painter, — ft. at Strasburg, 30 Oct. 1740^ 
I 73° c — admitted to Academy, Paris, 1768 — 
comes to England, 1771 — B.A., 1782 — )j. in 
London, 11 Mar. 181 2, a about i8i4. h 
a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Conv.-Lex. 

Louvain, in Belgi urn,— seized and fortified 
by Northmen, about 884 a — head of a County, 
about 1015 — walled, 1156, 1356 b — revolt of 
56 * 



834 



LOUVEIRO— LOWTH. 



weavers against Duke of Brabant, 1379 — sup- 
pressed, 1382 — unsuccessfully attacked by 
Prince of Orange, 1582 — unsuccessfully besieged 
by Prince Frederick Henry of Nassau, 1635 — 
taken by Kleber, 1793. University of, founded 
by Duke John IV., 1423,* 1424/' 1426 c — ob- 
tains privilege of teaching theology, i43o, b 
163 1 d — suppressed by the French, 1797 — re- 
established, 1817 — constitution modified, i83o b 
— relinquished by State, i834 e — restored by 
Catholic clergy, 1 835. e Town-Kail, built, 1448- 
93. b a Motley. b Encyc. Mod. c Davies. 
d Macculloch. e Chambers' Encyc. 

Louveiro, Juan de, botanist, — ft. at Lisbon, 
about 17 15 — tf. there, 1796. Flora Cochin- 
Chinensis, 1790. 

Louvel, Pierre Louis, — ft. at Versailles, 
1783 — assassinates Duke of Berri at Paris, 13 
Feb. 1820 — executed, 7 Jun. 1820. 

Louverture. [Toussaint.] 

Lo'uvet de Couvray, Jean Baptiste, littera- 
teur, — ft. at Paris, 1760 — deputy to Convention, 
1792 — proscribed, 1793 — member of Council 
of Five Hundred, 1795-7 — of Institute, 1796 
— if., 25 Aug. 1797. Amours de Fa 11b las, 1791. 

Louvois, Francois Michel le Tellier, Mar- 
quis de, statesman, — ft. at Paris, 18 Jan. 1641 
— Minister of War, 1666-91 — Chancellor of 
the Orders of the King, 167 1 — projects and be- 
gins erection of the Motel des Invalides, 167 1 
— orders devastation of the Palatinate, 1674 — 
procures revocation of Edict of Nantes, Oct. 
1685 — with Vauban takes Philipsburg, Oct. 
1688 — orders second devastation of the Pala- 
tinate, Feb. 1689 — tf. at Versailles, 16 Jul. 
1691. 

Louvre, The, Paris, — royal residence on the 
site, as early as 560 or 650 — used as state pri- 
son by Philip Augustus, 1204 — included within 
walls of the city, 1367 — the present building 
commenced by Francis I., 1539 — its completion 
undertaken by Louis XIV., 1666 — but the 
works stopped: resumed by Napoleon I., 1802 
—united with the Tuileries by Napoleon III., 
1852-5— partly burnt, the Library destroyed, by 
Communists, 24 May 1871. JIusee des An- 
tiques, founded, 1797 — opened as Muse'e Napo- 
le'on, 1803 — Gale'rie d'Apollon, burnt and re- 
built, 1 66 1 — mentioned as a picture-gallery, 
1787 — reopened after reconstruction, 5 Jun. 
1851. 

Lovat, Simon Fraser, Lord,— ft. near In- 
verness, abo at i668, a 1676 b — goes to France, 
T700 — sent by Prince James Edward to excite 
insurrection in Scotland, 1702 — betrays the 
scheme to the government : imprisoned in the 
Bastille, 1703-8— takes part against the Pre- 
tender and captures Inverness, 17 15 — supports 
the Young Pretender, 1745 — beheaded in Lon- 
don, 9 Apr. 1747. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Chambers' Encyc. 

Love, Christopher, divine, — ft. at Cardiff, 
16 18 — member ol Assembly of Divines, 1643 — 
one of the commissioners of the parliament at 
Treaty of Uxbridge, Jan. 1645— joins in plot 
against Cromwell, and is tried and beheaded, 22 
Aug. 1 65 1. 



Loveira, Vasco. [Lobeira.] 

Lovel, Francis, Viscount, — fights for Rich- 
ard III. at Bosworth, Aug. 1485 — takes sanc- 
tuary and is attainted, Nov. 1485 — fails in 
attempt at insurrection against Henry VH. and 
escapes to Flanders, i486. 

Lovelace, John, Lord Lovelace, — succeeds 
his father, 1670 a — takes part in promoting the 
Revolution, Feb. 1688 b — sets out to join Prince 
of Orange, and is taken prisoner and sent to 
Gloucester Castle, Nov. 1688 b — liberated by 
the citizens, Dec. — enters Oxford in triumph, 
11 Dec. — promotes disorderly assemblages in 
London, and is admonished by William III., 
Jan. 1689 b — ft., 1693. 

a Nicolas. h Macaulay. 

Lovelace, Richard, poet, — ft. in Kent, 1618 
— wounded at siege of Dunkirk, 1646 — ft. at 
London. 1658. Lucasta, 1659. 

Lover, Samuel, poet, novelist, §c, — ft. at 
Dublin, 1797 — member of Royal Hibernian 
Academy of Art, 1828— rj., Jul. 1868. Legends 
and Stories of Ireland, 1832-4 — Lyrics of Ire- 
land, 1858 — Songs and Ballads, 1839 — Metri- 
cal Tales, $c, i860. 

Low Countries. [Netherlands.] 

Lowe, Sir Hudson, general, — ft. at Galway, 
28 Jul. 1769 — enters the army, 1787 — serves in 
Corsica, 1793 — in campaign of Egypt, 1 800-1 
— commander of Capri, 1804 — capitulates to 
the French, Oct. 1808 — governor of Cephalo- 
nia and Ithaca, Apr. 1810 — attached to army 
of Bliicher, Oct. 181 3 — serves in campaign of 
France, Jan. to Apr. 1814 — K.B., Major- 
general, 1 8 14— Governor of St Helena, charged 
with care of Napoleon I., Aug. 18 15 — Lieute- 
nant-general, 1 8 15 — C.B., embarks for St 
Helena, Jan. 18 16 — returns to England, Jul. 
1 82 1 — rj. in London, 10 Jan. 1844. 

Lowendahl, Ulrich Friedrich Woldemar, 
Count von, Marshal oe France, — ft. at 
Hamburg, 1700 — distinguishes himself against 
Turks in Hungary, 17 15-18 — Marechal de 
Camp, 1728 — assists at defence of Cracow, 1733 
— serves in Austrian army, 1734-5 — General 
of Artillery in service of Russia, 1736 — dis- 
tinguishes himself at battle of Choczim, 8 Aug. 
1739 — Lieutenant-general in service of France, 
1743 — distinguishes himself in campaigns of 
1744-5 — Chevalier of the Orders of the King, 
1746 — takes by storm Bergen-op-Zoom, 16 
Sep. 1747 — Marshal of France, Sep. 1747 — 
besieges Maestricht, 1748 — fr. at Paris, 27 
May 1755. 

Lowestoft, in Suffolk, — defeat of Dutch 
fleet under Admiral Opdam, by James, Duke 
of York, off, 3 Jun. 1665 — George II. lands at, 
14 Jan. 1737. 

Lowositz. [Lohositz.] 

Lowry, Wilson, engraver, — ft. at White- 
haven, 1762 — settles in London, 1780 — F.R.S., 
1 8 1 2 — ft . there, 1 8 24. 

Lowth, Robert, Br oe London, — ft. at 
Winchester, 27 Nov. 17 10 — enters New Coll. 
Oxford, 1728^ 1730 b — Fellow of New Coll., 
1734 — M.A., 1737 — Prof. Poetry, 1741 — arch- 
deacon of Winchester, 1750 — rector of East 



LOWTH— LTJCANIANS. 



885 



Woodhay, 1753 — D.B. Oxford, 1754 — prebend- 
ary of Durham, 1755 — F.E.S., 1765 — Bp 
of St David's, 1766 — of Oxford, 1766 — of Lon- 
don, 1777 — tr. at Fulham, 3 Nov. 1787. Life 
of William of Wyheham, 1758 — Introduction 
to English Grammar, 1762 — De sacra poesi 
Hebrceorum, 1753 — Translation of Isaiah, 
1778. a Rees' Cyc. b Chambers' Encyc. 

Lowth, "William, theologian, — b. in London, 
1661 — M.A. Oxford, 1683 — fj. at Buriton, 
1732. Commentaries on the Prophets, 1714-23. 

Loxa, (Loja,) in Spain,— besieged by Fer- 
dinand the Catholic, (887, a. h.) i Jul. 1482 a 
— siege raised by Ali-Attar, 13 Jul. 1482 — 
again besieged and taken by Ferdinand, i486. 
a Preseott. 

Loyal Association, — formed in London, 1 
Dec. 1792. 

Loyalty Loan,— subscribed, 1 Dec. 1796. 

Loyaute, Anne Philippe Dieudonne de, — 
ft. at Metz, 1750 — enters Artillery, 1764 — sent 
to America, Inspector -general of Artillery and 
Fortifications of Virginia, 1776 — Chevalier of 
St Louis, 1791 — imprisoned, Dec. 1791 — 
escapes to England, Sep. 1792 — serves in ex- 
pedition of Quiberon, 1795 — captured by Eus- 
sians at Moscow, sent to Siberia, 1812-24 — "&• 
in France, about 1830. 

Loyer, Pierre le,— fj. in Anjou, 1550 — fo. at 
Angers, 1634. Lrotopegnie, 1576 — Quatre 
livres de spectres, $c, 1586. 

Loyola, Ignatius, (Don Inigo Lopez de Re- 

Cttlde,) POUNDER AND 1st GENERAL OP ORDER 

op Jesuits, — b. in Guipuzcoa, 149 1 — enters 
household of Ferdinand V. of Castile, 1505 — ■ 
wounded at defence of Pampeluna, 15 21 — de- 
votes himself to the Church, at Mont-Serrat, 24 
Mar., a 15 Aug. b 1522 — visits Borne, 1523 — ar- 
rives at Jerusalem, 4 Sep. 1523 — returns to Bar- 
celona, 1524 — goes to Univ. of Alcala, 1526 — 
imprisoned in Inquisition at Salamanca, 1527 — 
liberated, arrives at Paris, Feb. 1528 — M.A., 
1534 — with Lainez and others, founds Order of 
Jesuits, 15 Aug. 1534 — meets members of the 
Order at Venice, 1536 — proclaimed General of 
the Order for three years, 22 Apr. 1541 — fj. at 
Eome, 31 Jul. 1556 — beatified, by Paul V., 
1609, a 1607° — canonized by Gregory XV., 
1622. Constitutiones Societatis Jesu, 1558 — ■ 
JSxercicios espirituales, 1548. a Engl. Cyc. 
b Biog. Univ. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Lozier, Jean Baptiste Charles Bouvet de, 
maritime discoverer, — b. in Brittany, about 
1 705 — commands expedition to Southern Ocean, 
1738-9 — Governor of Isle of Bourbon, 1750 — 
tf. near Pontoise, about 1788. 

Lozier, Bouvet de. [Bouvet.] 

Lubbock, Sir John William, Bart., mathe- 
matician, astronomer, — b. in London, 26 Mar. 
1803— M.A. Cambridge, 1825— F.E.S., 1829 
— Treasurer and Vice-Pres , 1829 — succeeds 
to the baronetcy, 1840 — rj. in Kent, 20 Jun. 
1865. Researches on Physical Astronomy, 1830 
— Classification of different branches of human 
knowledge, 1838 — Theory of the Moon and Per- 
turbations of the Planets, 1833 — Treatise on the 
Tides, 1 83 1 -7. 



Liibeck, in Germany, — founded by Adolphus 
II., Count of Holstein, about 1144 — ceded to 
Henry the Lion, 115 8 — receives code of laws 
from him ; (Liibische Recht ;) seat of bishopric 
transferred from Oldenburg, 11 63— submits to 
Emperor Frederick I., 1181 — recovered by 
Henry the Lion, n 89— taken by Adolphus 
III., Count of Holstein, 1192 — taken by Wal- 
demar, brother of Cnut of Denmark, about 
1202 — expels the Danes, and places itself under 
protection of Frederick II., 1226— free Im- 
perial city, by Frederick II., 1226 — forbidden 
to hold tournaments, 1230 — head of Hanseatic 
League, about 1260 — declines, after dissolution 
of the League in 1630 — bishopric of, given to 
Duke of Oldenburg, 1 802— occupied by Blucher, 
Oct. 1806 — stormed and plundered by French, 
6_Nov. 1806— incorporated with French Em- 
pire, Dec. 1 8 10 — recovers its freedom, spring 
1 8 1 3 — again occupied by French, summer 
18 1 3— freed, 5 Dec. 18 13— disturbances at, 9 
Nov. 1 848 — remains of old city discovered, 
autumn 1852 — abolishes passports, 19 Apr. 
1863. Cathedral, commenced by Bp Gerold, 
1 170— completed, 1341. Town-hall, destroyed, 
1 817. Peace of, between the Emperor and the 
King of Denmark, 22 May 1629. 

Lubienietski, Stanislaus, theologian, — b. at 
Cracow, 23 Aug. 1623 — ft. at Hamburg, 18 
May 1675. PListoria Reformatio nis Polonicce, 
1685 — Theatrum Cometicum, 1668. 

Lubienietski, Theodore, engraver, — b. at 
Cracow, 1653 — tf. in Poland, about 1720. 

Lubienski, Felix, statesman, — b. in Poland, 
about 1756 — nuncio at the Diet of Four Years, 
1787-91 — Minister of Justice in Grand Duchy 
of Warsaw, 1807 — Envoy to Galicia, 1809 — 
follows French army to Paris, 1813. 

Lubin, Edward Eilhard, philologist, — b. in 
Oldenburg, 1565 — Prof. Literature, Eostock, 
J 595 — Prof. Theology, 1605 — rj. there, 1 Jun. 
1621. Clavis Grcecce linguce, 1622 — Anti- 
quarius, 1601. 

Lublin, in Poland, — the citadel besieged by 
Eoman of Eed Eussia, 1205 — burnt, by Mon- 
gols, 1240— Diet held at, by Sigismund Au- 
gustus, 1569— besieged by Eussians and Cos- 
sacks, 1655 — destroyed by Swedes, 1656 — con- 
federation formed for Augustus II. against 
Charles XII. , 1702 — contribution imposed on, 
by Charles XII. , who makes it his head- 
quarters, 1703 — conquered by Eussians, n 
Nov. 1 83 1. Treaty of for reunion of Duchy 
of Lithuania with Poland, 1569. 
Luc. [Beluc] 

Luc, Jean du, (Joannes Lucius,) — b. at 
Paris, about 1500 — Attorney-general to Cath- 
erine de Medicis, 1549. Placitorum summce 
apud Gallos, cur ice lib. XII., 1559. 

Lucanians, — [B C] — allies of Dionysius 
against Thurii, 396 — with the Bruttii defeat 
Alexander of Epirus at Pandosia, 332 — take 
part in second Samnite War, 326 — attack 
Thurii, soon after 290 — Rome declares war 
against them, 284 — submit to Eome, 272 — 
declare for Hannibal, 216 — join allies in Social 
War, 90 — admitted citizens of Eome, 88. 



835 



LTJCANUS— LUCIFER MATCHES. 



Lucanus, BC. Annaeus, poet, — h., 3 Nov. 
2<j? — p U t to death for share in Piso's con- 
spiracy, 30 Apr. 6s. 
Lucar. [Cyrillus Lucar.] 
Lucas van Leyden. [Leyden.] 
Lucas, Sir Charles,— commands right wing 
of Royalist army at Marston Moor, 1644 — raises 
troops for the king- in Essex, May 1648 — 
takes part in defence of Colchester, Jun. to 
Aug. — captured by Fairfax, 27, a 28 b Aug. — 
shot by sentence of Court Martial, 28, a 29 b 
Aug. a Guizot. b Annals of England. 

Lucas, Francois, sculptor, — h. at Toulouse, 
1736 — obtains grand prize, 1761 — Prof. Sculp- 
ture, 1764 — tf. at Toulouse, 1813. 

Lucas, Frederick, politician, — ft. at West- 
minster, 1 8 1 2 — called to the bar, at the Middle 
Temple, 1838 — quits Society of Friends, and 
enters Roman Catholic Church, 1839 — M.~P. 
Meath, 1852 — tf. at Staines, 23 Oct. 1855. 
Originates and edits the Tablet, 1840-55. 

Lucas, Paul, traveller, — fo. at Eouen, 31 
Aug. 1664 — tf. at Madrid, 12 May 1737. 
Voyage au Levant, 1704 — Voyage clans la 
Grece, V Asie Mine lire, 17 10 — Voyage dans la 
Turquie, VAsie, 17 19. 

Lucas, Samuel, journalist, litterateur, — 5. at 
Bristol, 1 81 8— E.A., Queen's Coll. Oxford, 
1842 — M.A., 1846 — called to the bar, at Inner 
Temple, 1846 — founds and edits the Press, 
1853— editor of Once a Week, 1859-65 — tf. at 
Eastbourne, 27 Nov. 1868. Eminent Men and 
Popular Books, 1859 — Biography and Criticism, 
i860 — Secularia, 1862 — Mornings of the Re- 
cess, 1864. 

Lucca, in Italy, (Luca,) — [BC] — Roman 
colony, (577, A. u. c.) 177 — levees of Caesar at, 
winter, 57-56 — municipal town, 49 — [AD] 
—pillaged by Goths, 491 — head of Lombard 
Duchy, by Alboin, about 572 — subject to 
Charles the Great, 774 — to Otto the Great, 
962 — seat of independent republic, about 11 15 
— furnishes an army to Frederick Barbarossa, 
1 173 — conquered by Ghibellines, 1262 — carries 
on war with Pisa, 1269-76 — Castruccio Cas- 
tracani becomes lord of, 1320 — at his death 
again a republic, 1328 — seized by Emperor 
Louis of Bavaria, 16 Mar. 1329 — and sold by 
him to Francesco Castracani : besieged by 
Florentines, 1331 — sold to Mastino della Scala, 
1335 — sold by him to Florence, 1341 — besieged 
by Pisans, Jul. 1341 — defeat of Florentines at, 
2 Oct. 1 341 — surrenders to Pisans, 6 Jul. 1342 
— recovers its liberty by purchase from Em- 
peror Charles IV., 1370— alliance with Flo- 
rence, 1375 — besieged by Florentines, 1430 — 
relieved by Sforza, Jul. 1430 — government of, 
made a close aristocracy by Martinian Law, 
1556 — occupied by French, 1799 — united with 
Piombino, and erected into a Principality, by 
Napoleon, for his sister Elise, 1805 — erected 
into a Duchy by Congress of Vienna, and given 
to Maria Louisa, Duchess of Parma, 18 14 — on 
her death annexed to Tuscany and Modena, 
1847 — forms part of kingdom of Italy, i860. 

Lucceius, L., historian, — [B C] — accuses 
Catiline, 63— sues for consulship, 60 a — in 



Sardinia, $$ — j 0ms Pompey, 49 — tf., after 45. 
a Merivale. 
Lucchesini, Girolamo de, Marquis, diplo- 
matist, — ft. at Lucca, 1752 — librarian to 
Frederick II. of Prussia, about 1779 — Prussian 
envoy to Warsaw, 1788 _ — concludes treaty 
between Prussia and Poland, 29 Mar. 1790 — 
assists at congress of Reichenbaeh, 5 Jul. 1790 
— signs Treaty of Szistowe, 4 Aug. 179 1— 
minister of Prussia at Vienna, Jan. 1793 — 
signs treaty with England, 14 Jul. — has con- 
ference with Napoleon at Bologna, 22 Feb. 
1794 — minister plenipotentiary to Paris, Sep. 
1802 — tf. at Florence, 19 Oct. 1825. 

Lucena, in Spain, — Prince Abdallah de- 
feated and captured by Castilians, (888, a. h.) 
21 Apr. 1483. 

Lucera, in Italy, {Luceria,) — [B C] — taken 
by Samnites, 321 — by Romans, 320 — revolts 
and is reduced by Romans, 314 — [AD] — 
destroyed by earthquake, 63 — taken and de- 
stroyed by Constans II., 663— renovated, the 
castle built, and a colony of Saracens from 
Sicily settled at, by Frederick II., 1222 a — 
Gregory IX. sends Dominican missionaries to, 
1233 a — Saracens expelled and Mosque con- 
verted into a cathedral, by Charles of Anjou, 
1269. a Kington. 

Lucerne, {Luzern,) in Switzerland, — city 
given to abbots of Murbach and Alsace, 768 — 
becomes subject to Austria, 1291 — rebels, and 
joins Swiss Confederacy, 1332 — taken by the 
French, 1 May 1798— and made capital of Hel- 
vetic republic : Protestants tolerated in, 1828 — 
unsuccessfully attacked by the Free Corps, 1 
Apr. 1 845 — Federal army defeats army of the 
Sonderbund, near, 24 Nov. 1847 — visited by 
Queen Victoria, Aug. 1868. 

Lucia, St, island, — colonized by Lord Wil- 
loughby, 1639 a — devastated by Charaibs, 1640* 
— French settlement in, 1650 — bought from 
Charaibs by English, 1664 s — declared neutral 
by Peace of Utrecht, 17 13 — again declared 
neutral by France and England, 1730 — and by 
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748 — taken from 
French settlers by the English, 1762 a — ceded 
to France, by Treaty of Paris, 10 Feb. 1763 
— capitulates to British force, 1778 — devastated 
by hurricane, 1780 — restored to France by 
Treaty of Versailles, 28 Jan. 1783 — taken by 
Gen. Grey and Sir J. Jervis, 1794 — ceded to 
France by Treaty of Amiens, 1802 — taken by 
Commodore Hood and Gen. Grinfield, 1803 — 
great hailstorm in, 29 Oct. 1862. a Bayley. 

Lucianus, of Samosata, satirist, rhetorician, 
— fc., about 120 ab — fl., 165-182° — tf., about 
20O. a a Reitz. b Smith's Diet. c Clinton. 

Lucianus, of Antioch, St, theologian, — ex- 
communicated, 269, a about 280 ? — martyred, at 
Nicomedia, close of 31 i, b Jan. 312.° 

a Tillemont. b Clinton. c Neander. 

Lucifer Caralitanus, Bp, theologian, — legate 
to Council of Milan, for Liberius, 354 — 
banished by Constantius, 355 — recalled by 
Julian, 362 — tf. at Cagliari, 370. 

Lucifer Matches, — come into use, about 1830 
— tipped with phosphorus, about 1834 — tax on, 
proposed by Chancellor of the Exchequer, Apr. 



LUCILIUS— LUDOLPH. 



887 



1 87 1 — monster procession of matchmakers to 
petition against tax, at Westminster, dispersed, 

24 Apr. — tax abandoned, 25 Apr. 
Lucilius, C, poet— [BG]—b., (01. 158, 1,) 

148 — serves under Scipio at Numantia, 134 — 
&., (01. 169, 2,) 103. 

Lucilius, — Consul of Eome with P. Li- 
cinius Valerianus, (1018, a. u. c.) 265. 

Lucius, Bp of Rome, — succeeds Cornelius, 

25 Sep. 252 — martyred, Mar. 253. 

Lucius II., Pope, [Gerard,) — succeeds 
Celestine II., 12 Mar. 1144 — revolution under 
Arnold of Brescia, 1144 — wounded in attempt 
to recover Eome, Feb. 1 145 — fr., 25 Feb. 

Lucius III., Pope, [Ubaldo,) — succeeds 
Alexander III. , 1 Sep. 1 1 8 1 — retires to Velletri, 
1 1 82 — returns to Eome, 11 83 — is again driven 
away, and goes to Verona, Jul. 1 1 84 — holds 
Council of Verona, 11 84 — ft. there, 24 Nov. 
1185. 

Lucius, — sole consul of Eome, (1166, 

A. U. 0.) 413. 

Lucius, Johannes, historian, — ft. in Dal- 
matia, 1614 — fc. at Eome, 1684. De regno 
Dalmatics et Croatia lib. IV. a gentis origine ad 
annum 1480, 1666 — Memorie istoriche di Tra- 
gurio ora detto Trau, 1673. 

Liicke, Gottfried Christian Friedrich, theo- 
logian, — ft. at Egeln near Magdeburg, 23 Aug. 
1792 — studies at Halle, 18 10 — at Gottingen, 
1812— goes to Berlin, 1816 — Prof. Theology, 
Bonn, 1 81 8 — Prof. Theology, Gottingen, 1827 
— ft. there, 14 Feb. 1855. Commentar iiber die 
Schriften des Evangelisten Johannes, 1820-32 
— (witli De Wette and Schleiermacher,) Theo- 
logische Zeitschrift, 1819-22. 

Luckner, Mcolas, Makshal of France,— 
ft. in Bavaria, 1722 — Lieutenant-general in 
French army, 1763 — Marshal of France, Dec. 
179 1 — commands on the Ehine, 1792 — 
executed at Paris, Jan. 1794. 

Lucknow, in Hindustan, — taken by Afghans 
and recovered by Baber, 1529 — taken by 
Akber, 1559 — seat of government removed 
from, to Fyzabad, by Sooja ud Dowla, 1764— 
made capital of Oude, by Asof ud Dowla, 1775 
— Sepoy mutiny breaks out, 30 May 1857 — re- 
lief of the Eesidency, by Havelock, 25 Sep. 
1857 — rebel entrenchments taken, 26 Sep. 

Lucretius, Q., — [B Cj — Consul with C. 
Sentius, (735, a. u. c.) 19. 

Lucretius Cams, T., poet, Epicurean philo- 
sopher, — [BC]— ft., 95 — fr., 52-i, a 55. b De 
Rerum Natura, published early in 57. 
a Euseb. b Donatus. 

Lucrine Lake, in Italy, — filled up by up- 
rising of Monte Nuovo, 1538. 

Lucullus, L. Licinius,— [BC]— Consul with 
A. Postumius Albinus, (603, a. it. c.) 151 — 
subdues the Vaccsei, 151 — pro-consul in Spain, 
1.50. 

Lucullus, L. Licinius, — [BC] — ft., 1 10-109 
— before 106 ? — Qusestor to Sulla, in Greece and 
Asia, 88 — conducts naval operations, early in 
86 to summer 85 — remains in Asia, to close of 
80 — Curule sedile, 79 — Praetor, 77 ? — in Africa, 
76 — Consul with M. Aurelius Cotta, (680, 
a. u. c.) 74 — conducts Mithridatic War, siege 



of Kyzikos to fall of Sinope, 74-7 1 — war against 
Tigranes, 69-68— Mithndatic War, 67-66— re- 
turns to Eome : triumphs, 63 — opposes Pom- 
pey, 62 — witness against Clodius, 61 — charged 
with plot against Pompey, 59— fr., before 56. 

Lucullus, M. Licinius, {Terentius Varro,) 
— [BCJ — Curule sedile, 79— Praetor, 77 — Con- 
sul with C. Cassius Varus, (681, a. u. c.) 73 
— - conducts war against Dardanians, 72 — 
triumphs, 71— legate to settle affairs of Pontus 
as a province, 67 — }j., after 49. 

Luddites, The, — begin their riots and de- 
struction of machinery, at Nottingham, Nov. 
18 1 1 — restraint and punishment of, provided 
for, by Acts 52 Geo. III. c. 16, 20 Mar. 1812, 
and c. 162, 29 Dec. 18 12 — fourteen executed 
at York, 10 Jan. 18 13. 

Lude, Gui, Count du, — distinguishes him- 
self at defence of Metz, 1553 — defends Poitiers 
against Protestants, 1569 — serves under Duke 
of Anjou at siege of Eochelle, 1572 — serves 
under Duke of Mayenne at siege of Brouage, 
1576— Chevalier, 1581 — ft. at Briancon, 1585. 
Lude, Henri de Baillon, Duke du, general, 
— ft., about 1640 — Chevalier, 1661 — distin- 
guishes himself at sieges of Tournai, .Douai, 
and Lille, appointed Grand Master of Artillery, 
1669 — takes part in campaign of Holland, 1672 
— Duke and Peer, 1675 — Lieutenant-general, 
at siege of Cambrai, 1677 — at siege of Ghent, 
1678— U. at Paris, 1685. 

Luden, Heinrich, historian, — ft. at Lor- 
stedt, Bremen, 10 Apr. 1780 — studies at 
Gottingen, 1799-1803— Extraord. Prof. Philo- 
sophy, Jena, 1806 — Prof., 18 10 — tr. there, 23 
May 1847. Ansichte des Rheinbunds, 1808 — 
Die Geschichte des Deutschen Volkes, 1825- 
37- 

Ludewig, Johann Peter von, (ludovicus,) 
historian, — ft. iii Suabia, 15 Aug. 1665/ 1670 b 
— Prof. Philosophy, Halle, 1695 — Prof, 
History, 1703 — Prof. Public LaAV, 1705 — 
Privy Councillor, 17 18 — Chancellor of the 
Univ., 1722 — tf. at Halle, 7 Sep. 1743. 
Scriptores rerum Germanicarum, 17 18 — lie- 
liquid manuscripts omnis cevi diplomatum ae 
monumentorum ineditorum, 1740-41. 

a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Ludlow Castle, in Wales, — taken by De 
Montfort, 1264— surrendered to royal army by 
Eichard, Duke of York, Oct. 1459 — Edward, 
Prince of Wales, keeps his court at, 1482 — 
residence of Henry VII., between 1485- 1509 
— visited by Prince Charles, 16 16 — held for 
Charles I., but is surrendered to the Parlia- 
ment, 1646— falls into decay, after 1690. 

Ludlow, Edmund, general, — ft. in Wiltshire, 
1620 — serves in Parliamentary army at Edge- 
hill, 29 Oct. 1642 — M. P. Wiltshire, about 
Dec. 1645 — one of the judges of Charles L, 
1649 — sent to command in Ireland, 1650 — 
quits England, 1660 — ft. at Vevay, 1693. Me- 
moirs, 1698-9. 

Ludolph, son of Emperor Otto I.,— ft., 934 — 
appointed his successor, 947 — Duke of Suabia, 
950 — excites civil war against his father, 954 
■ — peace made by mediation of Archduke Bruno, 
955 — relieves Canossa besieged by Berenger, 



888 



LTTDOLPHUS— LUNATICS. 



defeats and captures his son Adalbert, 956 — 

X; 957- 

Ludolphus, {Leutholf,) Job, — orientalist, — 
b. at Erfurt, 15 Jun. 1624 — studies at Leyden, 
1645— visits Rome, 1649 — aulic councillor to 
Duke of Saxe-Gotha, 1652 — ft. afc Frankfort- 
on-the-Main, 8 Apr. 1704. Lexicon JEthiopico- 
latinum, 1661 — Grammatical linguce JEthiopicce, 
166 1 — Ilistoria AZthiopica, 168 1 — Grammatica 
Ambaricce linguce, 1698. 

Ludwig I., {Louis,) Karl August, King of 
Bavaria, — b. at Strasburg, 25 Aug. 1786 — 
visits Italy, 1804-5 — serves in French cam- 
paigns, 1806-8 — marries Princess Theresa of 
Hildburghausen, 12 Oct. 1809 — accompanies 
allied sovereigns to London, 18 14 — succeeds 
his father, Maximilian Joseph, 13 Oct. 1825 — 
supports Ultramontane party, 1830-47— creates 
his favourite Lola Montes Countess of Lands- 
felt, which excites disturbances in Munich, 1 848 
— abdicates in favour of his son, Maximilian 
II., 21 Mar. 1848— U. at Nice, 29 Feb. 1868. 
Gedichte, 1829-39. 
Ludwig. [Louis.] 

Ludwig, Christian Gottlieb, botanist,— b. 
in Silesia, 30 Apr. 1709 — Prof. Medicine, 1747 
— tJ., 7 May 1773. Institutiones historico- 
physicce regni vegetabilis, 1742 — Aphorismi 
botanici, 1738 — Definitiones plantarum, 1737. 
Lugdunum. [Lyons.] 
Lugdunum Batavorum. [Leyden.] 
Lugo, in Italy, — sacked by the French, and 
the peasants massacred, Jul. 1796. 

Lugo, in Spain, {Lucerne, Lucus Augusti,) 
— the church made metropolitan, 569 — taken 
from the Moors by Alfonso I., 742 — occupied 
by Sir John Moore, 6-9 Jan. 1809 — junction of 
Ney and Soult at, 29 May 1809 — evacuated by 
the French, end of Jun. 1809. Councils of, 
held 1 Jan. 569, and 572. 

Lugo, Juan de, Cardinal, — b. at Madrid, 
1583 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1603 — goes to 
Rome, 1621 — Prof. Theology there ; Cardinal, 
by Urban VIII. , 1643 — ft., 20 Aug. 1660. 
Opera, 1633-60. 

Luini, {Lovini,) Bernardino, painter, — b. 
at Luino, about 1460 — U., after 1529. 

Luino, Francesco, mathematician, — b. at 
Milan, 1740 — ft. at Mantua, 7 Nov. 1792. 
Esercitazione sulV altezza del polo di Milano, 
1769. 

Lully, [Lulli,) Giovanni Battista, musical 
composer, b- at Florence, 1633 — goes to France, 
about 1645 — superintendent of Music of the 
Palace, 1661 — Pres. of Royal Academy of 
Music, soon after 1669— U. at Paris, 22 Mar. 
1687. 

Lully, Raymond, {Doctor Illuminatus,) phi- 
losopher, — b. in Majorca, about 1234 — sells his 
property and resolves to become a preacher, 
1275 a — lectures at Paris, 1287 b — holds dis- 
putations at Tunis, 1292 a — founds college at 
Paris, 1298 — again visits Africa, and is im- 
prisoned, 1 306-7 — obtains from Clement V., at 
Council of Vienne, concession for establish- 
ment of. Oriental colleges at Paris, Oxford, and 
Salerno, 131 1 — enters Franciscan Order, and 
again goes to Africa, i3i4 a — stoned at Bou- 



giah, 30 Jun. 1315 — ft. on his voyage home, 
1315. Ars generalis, 1287 — Arbor scientice, 
about 13 12. 

a Robertson. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Lumiares, Antonio Valcarcel Pio de Sa- 
boya y Moura, Count de, antiquary, — b- at 
Valencia, about 1740 — tr. there, about 1808. 
Barros Saguntinos, 1779 — Lucentum, 1780. 

Lumley, Sir Ralph., — takes part in plot to 
release Richard II. and murder Henry IV., 
Jan. 1400 — beheaded at Oxford, 10 Jan. 

Lumsden, Matthew, orientalist, — b. in 
Scotland, 1777 — g' oes to India, 1794 — Prof. 
Persian, Coll. of Fort William, 1801 — Persian 
and Arabic, 1805 — returns to England, 1825 — 
if. in London, Mar. 1835. Persian Grammar, 
1810. 

Luna, Alvaro de, Constable of Castile, — b. 
about 1388 — page, at court of Castile, 1408 — 
his influence predominant over John II., 1420 — 
created Constable, 1423 — league formed against 
him and he is banished, 1426 — recalled, 1428 
— again banished, 1439 — P-^ *° res f° re him 
frustrated, 144 1 — Master of Order of Sant 
Jago, 1445 — negotiates marriage of John II. 
with Infanta of Portugal, 1447 — arrested at 
instigation of the Queen, 1452 — beheaded at 
Valladolid, 2, a 5, b 7, c Jun. 1453. Libro de 
las claras mugeres, written 1446. 

a Ticknor. b Mariana. c Ferreras. 

Luna, Fabrizio, lexicographer, — b. at Naples, 
about 1490 — lj., 1559. Vocabulario di cinque 
mila vocabuli toschi non men oscuri che utili 
e necessari, 1536. 

Lunacy, Commissions of, in England, — pro- 
ceedings under, regulated by Acts 3 and 4 Wm. 
IV. c. 36, 28 Aug. 1833 ; 5 and 6 Vic. c. 84, 5 
Aug. 1842; 8 and 9 Vic. c. 100, 4 Aug. 1845; 
16 and 17 Vic. c. 70, 15 Aug. 1853; 18 and 19 
Vic. c. 13, 26 Apr. 1855. 

Lunatic Asylums, —system of restraint in, 
disused by Pinel, at Paris, 1792 — mild treat- 
ment introduced in England, 18 14 — adopted at 
Hanwell, 1839 — [Conolly]. County, in Eng- 
land, erection of, provided for by Act 48 Geo. 
III. c. 96, 23 Jun. 1808 — laws amended by 
Act 9 Geo. IV. c. 40, 15 Jul. 1828— further 
regulated by Acts 8 and 9 Vic. c. 126, 8 Aug. 
1845; 9 and 10 Vic. c. 84, 26 Aug. 1846 — laws 
consolidated by Act 16 and 17 Vic. c. 97, 20 
Aug. 1853 — amended by Acts 18 and 19 Vic. c. 
105, 14 Aug. 1855; and 19 and 20 Vic. c. 87, 
29 Jul. 1856. In Ireland, erection of, provided 
for by Act 1 and 2 Geo. TV. c. 33 — regulated 
by Acts 9 and 10 Vic. c. 115, 28 Aug. 1846, 
and 18 and 19 Vic. c. 109, 14 Aug. 1855. In 
Scotland, regulated by Act 20 and 21 Vic. c. 
71, 25 Aug. 1857 — amended by Act 21 and 22 
Vic. c. 89, 2 Aug. 1858. 

Lunatics, in England — custody and sustent- 
ation of, by the King, provided for by 17 
Edw. II. stat. 2, c. 10, 1323-4 — traverse of in- 
quisition provided for by Act 2 and 3 Edw. VI. 
c. 8, s. 6, 1548 — marriage of, declared void by 
Act 15 Geo. II. c. 30, 1742— conveyance of 
trust and mortgage estates by, authorized and 
regulated by Acts 4 Geo. II. c. 10, 173 1, and 
land 2 Geo. IV. c. 114, 10 Jul. 1821 — laws 



LUND— LUSTRA. 



respecting conveyances by, consolidated and 
amended by Act 6 Geo. IV. c. 74, 27 Jun. 1825 
— new provisions by Acts 11 Geo. IV. and 1 Wm. 
IV. c. 60, 23 Jul. 1830; and 13 and 14 Vic. c. 60, 
5 Aug. 1850 — care and treatment of, regulated 
by Act 9 Geo.IV. c. 41, 15 Jul. 1828— [Lunacy, 
Commissions of, and Lunatic Asylums] — 
laws respecting, consolidated by Act 16 and 17 
Vic. c. 70, 15 Aug. 1853 — amended by Act 25 
and 26 Vic. c. 86 and 111, 7 Aug. 1862. 
Criminal, safe custody of, provided for, by Act 
39 and 40 Geo. III. c. 94, 28 Jul. 1800— new 
provisions and regulations respecting, by Acts 
48 Geo. III. c. 96, 23 Jun. 1808; 56 Geo. III. 
c. 117, 1 Jul. 1816; 9 Geo. IV. c. 40, 15 Jul. 
1828; 1 and 2 Vic. c. 14, 30 Mar. 1838 ; 3 and 
4 Vic. c. 54, 4 Aug. 1840 ; and 23 and 24 Vic. 
c. 75, 6 Aug. i860 — removal of, from India, 
authorized by Act 14 and 15 Vic. c. 81, 7 Aug. 
1 85 1 — law respecting, amended by Acts 30 
Vic. c. 12, 12 Apr. 1867 ; and 32 and 33 Vic. 
c. 78, 9 Aug. 1869. 

Lund, Lunden, in Sweden, — seized and plun- 
dered by band of Vikingar, 920 — seat of 
primacy of the North, 11 04 — taken and burnt 
by Charles VIII. of Sweden, 1452 — Arch- 
bishopric abolished, 1533— Charles XI. defeats 
Christian V. of Denmark, 14 Dec. 1675 — head- 
quarters of Charles XII., 17 16. Treaty of 
peace concluded at, 1679. University of, 
founded, 1668. Cathedral, built, about 1090- 

H45- 

Luneburg. [Brunswick-Luneburg.] 

Luneville, in France, {Lunaris, Lunce Villa,) 
— head of a County, before 1000 — taken by 
Charles the Bold, 1476 — retaken by Prince of 
Vaudemont, 1476 — fortifications strengthened 
by Charles III., Duke of Lorraine, 1587 — 
taken by the French, and the fortifications 
destroyed, 1638 — becomes residence of Stanis- 
laus, ex-king of Poland, 1735. Palace, burnt, 
1755 — again, 23 Nov. 1849. Treaty of, be- 
tween France and German confederation, mak- 
ing the Rhine the common boundary, signed, 9 
Feb. 1801. 

Luni, {Luna,) in Italy, — [B C] — made a 
Roman colony, 177 — [AD] — Benedict VIII. 
defeats Saracens near, 1016 — garrisoned for 
Emperor Frederick II., 1239. 

Lunig, Johann Christian, publicist ,< — ft. at 
Schwalenburg, 1662 — ft. at Leipsic, 1740. 
Das deutsche Reichsarchiv, 1710-22 — Deutsche 
Reichskanzlei, 17 14— Codex Italice diploma- 
ticus, 1725-32 — Corpus juris feudalis ger- 
manici, 1727 — Codex Germanics diplomaticus, 

1732-5. 

Lupercalian Festival,— [BC] — restored by 
Augustus, probably (725, a. tj. c.) 29 a — 
abolished by Pope Gelasius, 496. b 

a Merivale. b Gibbon. 

Lupicinus,— sent into Britain to oppose Picts 
and Scots, 360 — Consul with Jovinus, (1120, 
a. u. c.) 367. 

Lupicinus, St, — ft. in Burgundy, about 390 
— joint-founder, with his brother Romanus, 
of monastery of Condat : ft. at Lauconne in the 
Jura, about 480. 

Lupus. (1.) Consul with Maximus, (985, 



a. tj. c.) 232. (2.) Consul with Probus Au- 
gustus, (1031,) 278. 

Lupus, {Wolf) Christian, canonist,— ft. at 
Ypres, 16 1 2— enters Augustine Order, 1627— 
D.D. Louvain, 1653— deputy to Rome from 
Univ. of Louvain, 1677 — ft. at Louvain, 
10 Jul. 1681. Synodorum general, et provincial, 
statuta et canones, 1665-73. 

Lupus, P. Butilius, — [BC]— Consul with 
L. Julius Caesar Strabo, (664, a. tj. c.) 90 — 
defeated by Marsi and killed, 90. 

Lupus, Virius, — proprietor in Britain, 196 
— purchases peace from the Meatee, 201 — still 
in Britain, 204. 

Lupus Trecensis, theologian, — Bp of Troyes, 
427 — accompanies Germanus to Britain, 429- 
30— rj., 479. 

Lusatia, Lausitz, — conquered by Henry the 
Fowler, 928 — the inhabitants converted to 
Christian faith under Otto I., 968 — devastated 
in the Hussite wars, between 1420-50 — submits 
to Matthias, king of Hungary, 1467 — confirmed 
to him by Treaty of Olmiitz, 1479— at n * s death 
passes to king of Bohemia, 1490 — to Ferdinand 
I. of Austria, 1526 — revolt excited by persecu- 
tion under Ferdinand II., 1620 — reduced by 
John George L, Elector of Saxony, 1620 — 
ceded to Saxony, by Treaty of Prague, 1635. 
Lower and half Upper, ceded to Prussia, 18 15. 

Luscinus, C. Fabricius,— [B C] — ambassador 
to Tarentum, imprisoned, 285-4 — Consul with 
Q. iEmilius Papus, (472, a. u. c.) 282 — 
delivers _ Thurii, 282 — present at defeat at 
Heracleia, 280— ambassador to Pyrrhus, 280 — 
at defeat at Asculum, 279 — Consul again with 
Q. JEmilius Papus, (476,) 278— reduces S. 
Italy, 278— censor with Q. JEmilius Papus, 
275- 

Luscus, T. Annius, — [B C] — Consul with Q. 
Fulvius Nobilior, (601, a. tj. c.) 153. 

Lusignan, Amaury, &c, Kings of Cypkus. 
[Cyprus.] 

Lusignan, Guy of, King of Jerusalem, — 
marries Sibylla, sister of Baldwin IV., king of 
Jerusalem, 1183* — appointed Regent of the 
kingdom, but soon deprived, retires to Ascalon : 
succeeds Baldwin V., Sep. 1 186 »— opposed by 
Raymond, Count of Tripoli ; defeated and 
captured by Saladin at battle of Hattin, 3-5 
Jul. 1 1 87 a — death of Sibylla, 11 89 a — ravages 
Syria and besieges Acre, Aug. 11 89 — [Cru- 
sades]^-titular king of Cyprus, 11 92 — tf., 1194.. 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Lusignan, Stephen of,— ft. in Cyprus, 1537 
— goes to Italy, 157 1 — at Paris, 1577-87 — if., 
1590 ? Corografia e breve istoria universale 
delV isola cli Cipro principiando al tempo di Noe 
per insino al 1572, 1573. 

Lusigny,- — Armistice of, between Napoleon 
I. and the allies, concluded, 24 Feb. 18 14 — 
broken, 4 Mar. 

Lusitanians, — [BC]— pacified by Tib. Grac- 
chus, with all Spain, 179 — at war with Rome, 
defeat Galba, treacherously destroyed by him, 
151 — revolt under Viriathus, 145 — subdued by 
D. Junius Brutus, 138. 

Lustra, in Roman history, — [3 C] — [insti- 
tuted by Servius Tullius, {mythic,) 566]— not 



890 



LUTETIA— LUXEMBOURG. 



performed after the census in 459 and 214 — 
[A D] — last solemnized, 74. 

Lutetia, asteroid, — discovered by Gold- 
schmidt, 15 Nov. 1852. 

Luther, Martin, Reformer, — ft. at Eisleben, 
in Saxony, 10 Nov. 1483 — studies at Erfurt 
Univ., 1501 — M.A., 1503 — enters Augustine 
monastery there, 17 Jul. 1505— priest, 1507 — 
Prof. Philosophy, Wittenberg, 1508 — visits 
Rome, 1510 — D.J)., 19 Oct. 1512 — preacher at 
City Church of Wittenberg, 15 16 — publishes 
his theses on indulgences, 31 Oct. 15 17 — has 
controversy with Dr Eck, 15 18 — meets Car- 
dinal Cajetan at Augsburg, Oct. 15 18 — appeals 
to General Council, 28 Nov. 15 18 — has confer- 
ence with Miltitz at Altenburg, 15 19 — corre- 
sponds with Erasmus, 15 19 — disputes with 
Eekat Leipsic,Jun. to Jul. 1519 — Leo X. issues 
bull against, 24 Jun. 1520 — burns the bull at 
Wittenberg, 10 Dec. 1520 — unconditionally 
excommunicated by Leo X., 3 Jan. 152 1 — 
appears before Diet of Worms, 17-25 Apr. — 
seized on his journey and carried to the Wart- 
burg, Apr. — begins his version of the Bible 
tbere, 1521 — returns to Wittenberg, Mar. 1522 
— preaches against the Zwickau prophets, 1522 
— sent to preach at Jena, Aug. 1524 — [Carl- 
stadt] — casts off dress of a monk, 1524 — 
visited by Grand Master of Teutonic Knights, 
1524 — introduces reformed worship at Witten- 
berg, 1525 — marries Catherine de Bora, 27 
Jun. 1525 — with Melanchthon, has conference 
with Zwingli and (Ecolampadius at Mar- 
burg, 1529 — Diet of Augsburg, 1530 — resides 
at Coburg, 1530— falls ill at Sckmalcald, 1537 
— receives deputation from Elector of Branden- 
burg respecting arrangement with Catholic 
Church, 10 Jun. 1541 — visits Eisleben, effects 
reconciliation of the Counts Mansfeld, 1546 — 
tf. at Eisleben, 18 Feb. 1546. Translation of 
the Bible, 1521-34 — An den christlichen Adel 
deutscher Nation, 1520 — De Captivitate Baby- 
lonica Ecclesice, 1520 — Be Servo Arbitrio, 1525 
— Werke, 1539-58. Monument erected to, at 
Wittenberg, 1821 — at Worms, 1868. 

Luther's Bible, revised by delegates of Prus- 
sia, Wiirtemberg, and Saxony, 1870-71. 

Luti, (Butti,) Benedetto, painter, — ft. at 
Florence, 1666 — settles at Rome, 1690 — o. 
there, 1724. Vest of San Ranicri, Cathedral 
of Pisa, 17 12. 

Lutter, in Germany, — Tilly defeats Chris- 
tian IV. of Denmark at, 27 Aug. 1626. 

Liitzen, in Bavaria, — Gustavus Adolphus 
defeats Imperialists and is killed, 16 Nov. 1632 
■ — Napoleon I. defeats the allies under Emperor 
Alexander and the King of Prussia, 2 May 1 8 1 3. 
Lutzow, Ludwig Adolph Wilhelm, Baron 
von, general, — ft., 18 May 1782 — enters Prus- 
sian army, 1795 — serves at battle of Auerstadt, 
1806 — Major, 1808 — authorized to form a free 
corps, 1 8 1 3 — commands it in the War of Liber- 
ation, 1813 — wounded at combat on the 
Gohrde, 16 Sep.— taken prisoner by the French, 
Mar. 1 8 14 — commander of regiment of Lancers, 
Mar. 1 8 15 — again captured at Ligny, Jun. 
1 8 15 — Major-general, 1822 — ft. at Berlin, 6 
Dec. 1834. 



Luxembourg, Palace of the, in Baris,— 
built for Mary of Medici, 161 2 — converted into 
a prison, 1789 — sittings of the Directory held 
in, 1795 — collection of pictures in, removed to 
the Louvre, about 1780 — blown up by Com- 
munists, 24 May 1 87 1. 

Luxembourg, Baldwin de, Elector and 
Abp of Treves, — ft., 1285 — Abp of Treves, n 
Mar. 1308 — holds a Council at Treves, Apr. 
1 3 10 — accompanies Henry VII. to Italy, 
1 310 — proclaims Louis of Bavaria Emperor, 
1 3 14 — assists his nephew John of Bohemia to 
suppress revolt, 13 15 — administers archbishop- 
ric of Mentz, 1320-3 — assists Edward I. of 
England in war with France, 1338 — con- 
cludes treaty with Philip of France, 1341 — 
contributes to election of Charles IV., Jul. 
1346— tr., 21 Jan. 1354. 

Luxembourg, Christian Louis de Mont- 
morency, Marshal of France, — ft., 9 Feb. 
1675 — Colonel, 1693 — serves in campaigns of 
Flanders, 1693-7 — distinguishes himself at 
combat of Oudenarde, Jul. 1708 — at siege of 
Lille, 1708 — Lieutenant-general, 1708 — com- 
mands rear-guard in retreat from Malplaquet, 
1709 — governor of Valenciennes, 17 n — takes 
part in sieges of Douai, Quesnoi, andBouchain, 
17 12 — Chevalier, 1731 — serves in Germany, 
1733-4 — Marshal, Jun. 1734 — Ij. at Paris, 23 
Nov. 1746. 

Luxembourg, Francois Henri Montmor- 
ency-Bouteville, Duke de, Marshal of 
France, — ft., Jan. 1628 — serves under Duke 
d'Enghien (Conde) in Catalonia, 1647 — distin- 
guishes himself at battle of Lens, 1648 — Mare- 
chal de Camp, 1648 — takes part Avith Conde in 
war of the Fronde, 1649— Lieutenant-general, 
wounded and made prisoner at battle of Rethel, 
1650 — contributes to raise sieges of Valencien- 
nes, 1652 — and Cambrai, 1653 — taken prisoner 
at battle of the Dunes, 1658— serves in Flan- 
ders under Turenne and Conde, 1667 — com- 
mands expedition against Holland, 1672 — con- 
tributes to victory of Seneffe, 1674 — Marshal, 
1675 — takes Valenciennes and Cambrai, 1677 
— distinguishes himself in campaign of 1678—^ 
imprisoned in Bastille, Mar. 1679 to May 1680 
— obtains victory of Fleurus, 1 Jul. 1690 — of 
Leuse, 1691— of Steenkirk, 1692 — of Neer- 
winden, 1693 — tf., 4 Jan. 1695. 

Luxembourg, Jean de, Count of Ligny, — 
governor of Arras, 1414 — of Paris, for Henry 
V. of England, 141 8 — delivers Joan of Arc to 
the English at Compiegne, 1430 — ft. at chateau 
of Guise, 1440. 

Luxembourg, Louis de, Cardinal, — Bp of 
Terouane, 1414 — Chancellor by Henry VI., 
1425 — assists at his coronation as king of 
France, 143 1 — defends Bastille against Charles 
VII., 1436- — Abp of Rouen, 1436 — Bp of Ely, 
1438 — a", at Hartfield, 18 Sep. 1443. 

Luxembourg, Louis de, Count of St Pol, 
Constable of France, — ft., 141 8 — succeeds 
his father, 143 1 — refuses to sign Treaty of 
Arras, 1435 — captures convoy of French artil- 
lery, 1440 — distinguishes himself in campaigns 
against the English, 1445-9— serves against 
insurgents of Ghent, 1452 — distinguishes him- 



LUXEMBUEG— LUYNES. 



self at Montlhery, 1465 — Constable, by Louis 
XI., 1465 — attends Assembly of Notables at 
Tours, 1470 — takes St Quentin, 6 Jan. 147 1 — 
takes possession of it for himself, Dec. 1473 — 
beheaded at Paris, 19 Dec. 1475. 

Luxemburg", (Lutzelburg,) County and Buchy 
of, — acquired by Siegfeied, by cession from Ab- 
bot of Treves, 12 Apr. 963 — Feedeeick I. (son) 
succeeds, 998 — Giselbert, 1019 — Conrad 
I., about 1057 — Henry I., 1086 — William, 
about 1096 — Conrad II., 1128 — Henry II., 
Count of Namur, 11 36 — Ermansette (Her- 
mesiiide) and Theobald, Count of Ear, 11 96 — 
Ermansette and Waleran, Count of Lim- 
burg, 12 14 — Henry III., 1226 — Henry IV., 
1275— Henry V., 1288— [Henry VII. Em- 
peror] — John, King of Bohemia, 1309 — 
Charles, 1346 —[Charles, IV., Emperor]— 
Wenceslaus I., 1353 — erected into a Duchy, 
by Charles IV., 13 Mar. 1354 — Wenceslaus 
II., 1383— [Wenceslaus, Emperor] — Jodocus, 
(Emperor,) 1388 — Anthony of Burgundy, 
Duke of Brabant, 141 1 — Elizabeth of Gor- 
litz, 1415— marries John of Bavaria, 1418 — 
cedes her rights to Philip the Good, Duke of 
Burgundy, about 1425 — resumes the govern- 
ment, 143 1 — expelled, 1440 — again cedes her 
rights to Philip, end of 1443 — passes to House 
of Austria by marriage of Mary, heiress of 
Burgundy, to Archduke Maximilian, 1477 — 
passes to Spanish line, about 1555 — part of, 
ceded to France by Peace of the Pyrenees, 1659 
— again belongs to House of Plapsburg, by 
Treaty of Utrecht, 1 7 1 3 — conquered by the 
French, 1794 — ceded to France by Treaty of 
Campo Formio, 1797 — erected into a Grand 
Duchy, and given to king of the Netherlands 
in exchange for Nassau, by Treaty of Vienna, 
31 May 1 8 15 — divided between Holland and 
Belgium, title of Grand Duke remaining to 
king of Holland, by Treaty of London, 15 Nov. 
1831 — treaty acceded to by king of Holland, 
31 Mar. 1838— admitted to the Zollverein, 
1842 — proposed cession of, to France, by king 
of Holland, resisted by Prussia, Mar. 1867 — 
Conference on, at London, 7-1 1 May 1867 — 
neutralization of, agreed to by treaty under 
guarantee of Great Powers, signed, n May 
1867 — treaty renounced by Prussia, by circular 
letter of 3 Dec. 1870. 

Luxemburg 1 , capital of the Duchy, — taken 
by the French, 984 — by Philip the Good, Duke 
of Burgundy, 22 Nov. 1443 — by Louis XL, 
1479 — retaken by Maximilian, Margrave of 
Baden, 1479 — again taken by the French, under 
Duke of Orleans, 1542 — retaken by Beuier of 
Nassau, ten days after : surrenders to Francis 
I., 1543 — held by the Count of Mansfeldt 
against the French, 1 55 8 — attempted by Marshal 
Biron, 1559 — again unsuccessfully attempted 
by the French, 1597 — narrowly escapes falling 
into the hands ci the French through treachery 
of Peter Pillard, 1660 — similar attempt foiled, 
1678 — blockaded by Marshal Crequi, 1682 — 
bombarded by the French, Dec. 1683 — besieged 
by the French, 8 May 1684 — surrenders, 4 Jun. 
1684 — fortifications strengthened by Vauban, 
1684 — evacuated by French, by Treaty of Bys- 



wick, 1697 — occupied by Spanish, Dutch, and 
Bavarian troops, Jan. 1698 — occupied by 
French, 6 Feb. 1701 — by Dutch, by Treaty, of 
Utrecht, 17 13 — ceded to Austria, by. Peace of 
Baden, 17 14— siege and bombardment of, by 
French, 21 Noy. 1794 — surrenders, and is 
entered by French, 7 Jun. 1795 — entered by 
allies, 13 May 18 14 — garrisoned by Prussians, 
1 8 1 5 — L^ 1126111 * 311 **^ Buchy of] — Prussian 
troops withdrawn, 7 Jun. to 8 Sep. 1867 — 
fortifications demolished, Nov. 1867-70. 

Luycken, Jan, engraver, — b. at Amsterdam, 
about 1649 — tr. there, 17 12. 

Luynes, Charles d' Albert, Duke de, Con- 
stable of France, — b. at Pont-St-Esprit, 5 
Aug. 1578 — Captain of the Louvre, 1615 — ■ 
Grand Falconer, by Louis XIIL, 16 16 — pro- 
motes assassination of Marshal D'Ancre, Apr. 
161 7 — Captain of the Bastille, and Lieutenant- 
general of Normandy, May 16 17— Governor of 
Picardy, and Peer of France, 161 9 — Constable, 
2 Apr. 1621 — tf. at Longueville, 14 Dec. 1621. 

Luynes, Charles Honore d' Albert de, Duke 
of Chevreuse, — is., 7 Oct. 1646 — serves in 
Hungary against the Turks, 1664 — marries 
daughter of Colbert, 1667 — Duke of Chevreuse, 
1667 — serves as Colonel at sieges of Tournai, 
Douai, and Oudenarde, and is wounded at 
Lille, 1667 — at siege of Dole, 1668 — serves in 
campaigns of the Netherlands, 1672-92 — ■ 
Chevalier of the Holy Ghost, 1689 — Governor 
of Guienne, 1692 — tf., 5 Nov. 1712. 

Luynes, Honore d' Albert, Seigneur de, 
— b., about 1540 — arrested on suspicion of 
implication in plot of Coconas, 21 May 1574— 
slays in single combat, (en champs clos,) the last 
authorized in France, Capt. Panier, 1576 — - 
seizes Pont-Saint-Esprit, Nov. 1756 — named 
Governor, 1577 — b. at Melun, Feb. 1592. 

Luynes, Honore Charles d' Albert de, Duke 
de Montfort, general, — b., 6 Dec. 1669— 
serves under Conde in Germany, 1688 — wounded 
at siege of Mons, 1691 — distinguishes himself 
at Neerwinden and Charleroi, 1693 — Marechal 
de Camp, serves in Flanders, 1702 — falls, in 
Alsace, 17 Sep. 1704. 

Luynes, Honore Theodoric Paul Joseph d' 
Albert, Duke de, archceologist, — b. at Paris, 
15 Dec. 1802 — serves in the army, 1818-25 — 
organizes and equips the National Guard of 
Dampierre, 1830 — member of Institute, 1830 
— member of Constituent Assembly, 1848 — 
member of Legislative Assembly, May 1849 — • 
imprisoned by Louis Napoleon, 2 Dec. 1851 — ■ 
gives his collection of coins and medals to Im- 
perial Library of France, Nov. 1862— b. at 
Pome, 14 Dec. 1867. Mudes Numismatiques, 
1835 — Metaponte, 1836 — Choix de Medailles 
Grecques, 1840. 

Luynes, Louis Charles d' Albert, Duke de, 
Peer of France, — b. at Paris, 25 Dec. 1620 
— distinguishes himself against Spaniards, at 
Arras, Aug. 1640 — Grand Falconer, 1643 — ■ 
Chevalier of orders of the king, 166 1 — tl., 10 
Oct. 1690. 

Luynes, Marie Charles Louis d' Albert de, 
Duke de Chevreuse, general,— b., 24 Apr. 
1 7 17 — enters the army, 1732 — distinguishes 



892 



LTTYXES— LYDIA. 



himself in campaign of Bohemia, 1 741-2 — 
takes part in retreat of Belle-Isle, 1742 — 
wounded at Dettingen, 1743 — serves nnder 
Marshal Saxein Flanders, 1744-8 — Lieutenant- 
general, 1 Jan. 1748 — at battle of Ilastem- 
beek, 1757 — takes possession of Hanover, 1757 
—Governor of Paris, 1757 — at battle of Cre- 
velt, 1758 — Chevalier of the Holy Ghost, 1759 
— blockades Lippstadt, 1759 — if. at Paris, 8 
Oct. 177 1. 

Luynes, Paul d' Albert de, Cardinal, Abp 
of Sens, — ft. at Versailles, 5 Jan. 1703 — Abbot 
of Cerisy, 1727 — Bp of Bayeux, 1729 — received 
at French Academy, 1743— Abp of Sens, 1753 
— honorary member of Academy of Sciences, 
1755 — Cardinal, 5 Apr. 1756— Abbot of Corbie, 
1756 — tf. at Paris, 21 Jan. 1788. 

Luz, Ludwig, {Lucius,) theologian, — ft. at 
Basel, 1577 — Prof. Hebrew, 1598 — Prof. Lo- 
gic, 161 1 — rj., 1642. 

Luzac, 'Elias, jurist, $c.,—b. near Leyden, 
19 Oct. 1723 — successfully opposes establish- 
ment of censorship of the press in Holland, 
1766— tr. at Leyden, 1796. Homme plus que 
machine, 1748 — Institutions die droit de la 
■nature et des gens, de Wolf, 1772 — Xederland- 
sclie Letter-Courant, 1759-63 — Annates Bel- 
giques, 1772-6 — Richesse de la Hollande, 1778. 

Luzac, Jean, philologist, — ft. at Leyden, 2 
Aug. 1746— LL.D., 1768— Prof. Greek, 1785 
— Hector of the University, 1794— rj. at Ley- 
den, 12 Jan. 1807. De Socrate cive, 1795. 

Luzan, Ignacic de, poet,— ft. at Saragossa, 
1695^ 1702 b -o - ., 14 May 1754. Poetica 6 
reglas de la poesia en general, 1737. 

a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Luzern. [Lucerne.] 

Luzerne, Cesar G-uillaume de la, Cardinal, 
— ft. at Paris, 7 Jul. 1738— Bp of Langres, 
1770— deputy to States-General, 1789 — emi- 
grates, 1 79 1 — Peer, Minister of State, 18 14 — 
Cardinal, 18 17 — ft., 27 Jim. 1821. 

Luzzara, in Italy, — indecisive battle of, be- 
tween Prince Eugene and Philip V. of Spain, 
15 Aug. 1702. 

Lycaonia, [Pergamus, Phrygia, Galatia,] 
• — Antipater, native chieftain, conquered by 
Amyntas, about 30. 

Lyeia, (Lyhia,) — [B C]— conquered by Har- 
pagus and joined to Persia, after 546 — con- 
quered by Alexander, before spring 333 a — 
forms part of dominions of Antigonus, 323 — 
subject to Ptolemy Philadelphia, 285-247 — con- 
quered from Antiochus by Romans and given 
to Bhodes, 190, b 189°— invaded by Mithri- 
dates the Great, 88— [AD] — conquered again 
by Romans, and made a province with Pam- 
phylia by Claudius, 43 b — made a separate 
province by Vespasian, 72 a — explored by 
Fellows, 1838— again, 1839-40 — a third time, 
and the Xanthian Marbles brought to England, 
1842. a Clinton. b Heeren. c Zumpt. 

Lyciscus, (Zykiskos,) — [» C]— Archon at 

Athens, (01. 109, 1,) 344. 

Lycius, (Lyhios,) sculptor, — [B C] — fl., about 
(01. 88,) 428. 

Lycomede, (Giuseppe Maria Arrighi,) his- 
torian, — ft. in Corsica, 1768 — Director-general 
of Police, Naples, 1808 — returns to Corsica, 1 8 14 



— "if., 13 Jul. 1834. Saggio storico sulk rirolu- 
zio/.i civ Hi e politiche del regno de Napoli, 1812. 

Lycomedes, (LykomedesJ) — [B G] — aids in 
founding Megalopolis, 370 — defeats Spartans 
near Orchomenos, 369 — restores Pellene, with- 
draws from Congress of Thebes, 367 — brings 
about alliance between Athens and Arcadia, 
and is killed, 366. 

Lycon, (Ig/con,) Peripatetic philosopher — 
[BC]— ft., 300— succeeds Straton, (01. 127,) 
270-226. 

Lycophron, (lykophron,) Tyrant or 
Pher.e — [B C] — with Tisiphonus ? from 359 ? 
357-352 — calls in Onomarchus, 352— who is 
defeated : surrenders Pherae to Philip, and 
joins Phayllus, 352. 

Lycophron, Tyrant of Pherjs, — [BC] — 
establishes tyranny and defeats Aleuadse, 404 
and 395. 

Lycophron, of Ch-alcis, one of the Pleias, 
tragic poet, grammarian, — [B C] — fl. at Alex- 
andria, about2 8o-25o, a 285-247. b Alexandra, 
about 259. a a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. 

Lycortas, (Lyleortas,) — [B C] — ambassador 
from Achaean League to Borne, 189 — to 
Ptolemy Epiphanes, 186 — strategus of the 
League, 184 — again, 183-2 — invades Messenia : 
living, 16S. 

Lycurgus, (Lvhourgos,) legislator of Sparta, 
(mythical?) — [BC] — fl. 3 884? 8 17, a about 
850^ a Clinton. b Eawlinson. 

Lycurgus, (Lyhourgos,) King op Sparta, 
— [3 C] — chosen Xing, 220— deposes Agesipo- 
lis III., and reigns sole : takes Athengeum, 219 
- — conspiracy of Cheiton : invades Messenia, 
retires to .zEtolia, 218 — recalled, 217 — ij., 
about 210. 

Lycurgus, orator,— [B C] — ft., about 396 a — 
appointed manager of public revenue, 337 — re- 
stores credit of comic exhibitions at the Lenasa, 
337 b — exacts honours for iEschylus, Sophocles, 
Euripides, probably between 350-330 b — de- 
manded by Alexander in vain, 335 — r/., about 
324-3. Contra lysiclem, 337 — Contra Autoly- 
cum, after 336, and before 330 — Contra Aris- 
togitonem, 331 — Contra Leocratem, 330. 
a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. 

Lydda, (Lod, Diospolis, Lud,) — [BC] — 
gives name to a toparchy, before 152 — annexed 
to Judsea by Demetrius Soter, about 152 — in- 
habitants sold as slaves by Cassius, about 45; — 
[A D] — burnt by Cestius Gallus, 66 — seat of a 
bishopric, before 325 — taken by Saracens, and 
the church destroyed, about 638 — bishopric of 
Lydda and Eamlah instituted by crusaders, 
1099 — church demolished by Saladin, 1191 — 
visited by Robinson, 1838-9. 

Lydgate, John, poet, — subdeacon, 1389 — 
deacon, 1393 — priest, 1397 — ft., probably about 
146 1 ? Fall of Princes, 1494 — History of 
Troy, 15 1 3. 

Lydia — [B C] — Mythic : possesses, with 
Mceonia, supremacy of the Mediterranean, 
(848, Abv. E.) 1 179-1 169 a — Historic : dynasty 
of MermnadaB, 7 16-546, b 727-557° — Gyges, 
king, 716 — at war with Ionian cities, Colo- 
phon taken, about 900 — subjugates Troas, be- 
fore 678 — Ardys, 678 — at war with Ionian 
cities, Priene taken, about 650 — irruption of 



LYDIADES— LYNN REGIS. 



S93 



Kimmerians, about 635 b — war with Kimme- 
rians, Sarclis taken, 634 b — Sadyattes, 629 — 
war of Ardys and Alyattes with Miletus, 623- 
611 — Alyattes, 617 — expels Kimmerians, not 
before 617 d — war with Kyaxares of Media, 
6i5-6io, d 6o8-6o3, b 590-585 e — war with 
Smyrna, taken, about 610 — alliance with 
Kyaxares of Media, 6oo, d 603, b 5856— Crcesus, 
with his father, about 572-560 — war of Croesus 
in Asia 'Minor, about 572-560 — alliance of 
Crcesus wih Greek islands, about 57 1 — Phrygia 
acquired on death of Midas V., about 560— 
all Asia Minor within the Halys, except Lycia 
and Cilicia, subjugated, about 560 — Crcesus 
alone, 560-546 — alliance with Sparta, about 
55 6 f — alliance with Amusis of Egypt and 
Labynetus of Babylon, about 550 — war with 
Cyrus, battle of Pteria, Sardis taken, 546^ 
544. e — annexed to Persia, end of 546 b — revolts 
under Pactyas, subdued by Mazares, 545 — a 
province of Syria under the Seleucidse, after 
joi — conquered by Eomans and given to 
Eumenes of Pergaraus, 189 — on death of 
Attalus III. subject to Rome, 133. 

a Euseb. b Clinton. c Volney. d Fisher. 



Newton. 



Par. Marb. 



Lydiades, (Lysiades, tyrant of Megalopolis^) 
— [BC] — acquires sovereignty, about 244 — 
joins Achaean League, 234 — strategus of _ the 
League, 233, 231, 229? — defeated and killed 
by Cleomenes, 226. 

Lydiat, Thomas, chronologist, — c. in Ox- 
fordshire, 1572— Fellow of New Coll. Oxford, 
1593-1603 — tf., 3 Apr. 1646. Tractatus de 
variis annorum for mis, 1605. 

Lydus, (Joannes Laurentius,)—h. at Phila- 
delphia, Lydia, about 490 — goes to Constan- 
tinople, 511— 13., about 565 ?— his De Magis- 
trates Reipublica Romance discovered at Con- 
stantinople, 1781 — edited by Hase, 18 12 — De 
Ostentis, discovered at same time : edited by 
Hase, 1823. 

Lye, Edward, philologist, — fc. at Totnes, 
i704, ab about 1694° — enters Oxford Univ., 
1713 — ordained priest, 1719 — M.A., 1722 — ft. 
vicar of Yardley-Hastings, 1767. Edits the 
Etymologicon Anglicanum of Francis Junius, 
1743 — Anglo-Saxon and, Gothic Dictionary, 
1772. a Engl. Cyc. b Chalmers. c Rees' Cyc. 

Lyell, Charles,— 5. in Fifeshire, 7 Mar. 
1767 — ft., 8 Nov. 1849. Translation of 'Dante 's 
lyrical poems, 1845. 

Lyly, (Lily, Lilly,) John, the Euphuist, 
dramatic and miscellaneous xoriter, — fi. in Kent, 
1554? — enters Oxford Univ., 1571— M.A., 
1575. Euphues, about 1580 — Euphues and 
his England, about 1582. 

Lyme Regis, in Dorsetshire, — mentioned, 
774 — garrisoned for the Parliament, 1642 — 
siege of, by Royalists, formed, 10 Apr. 1644 — 
defended by Colonel Blake, and raised, 14 Jim. 
x 644 — Duke of Monmouth lands at, 11 Jun. 
1685. 

Lynacer. [Linacre.] 

Lynch, Thomas Toke, theologian, poct,—b. 
at Dunmow, Essex, 5 Jul. 18 18— becomes 
minister of congregation in London, 1849 — 
marries, 1849— tf. in London, 9 May 1871. 



Memorials of Theophilus Trinal, 1850 — Lec- 
tures on some Forms of Literature, 1853 — 
Lectures to Young Men, 1853 — Rivulet, 1856 
— Three Months' Ministry, 1861 — Mornington 
Lecture, 1870 — Sermons for my Curates, 1871. 

Lyndhurst, John Singleton Copley, Bakon, 
Lord Chancellor of England, — fj. at Bos- 
ton, U. S., 21 May 1772 — brought to England, 
1774 — enters Triu. Coll. Cambridge, 179 1 — 
B.A., 1794 — visits America, with Yolney, be- 
tween 1794-7 — M.A., 1797 — Fellow of Trin. 
Coll., 1797 — called to the bar at Lincoln's 
Inn, 1804 — Serjeant at Law, 18 13 — Chief 
Justice of Chester, 1817 — takes part in defence 
of Watson, Thistlewood, and others, 1817 — 
M.P. Yarmouth, Isle of Wight, 1818 — mar- 
ries, 18 19 — Solicitor-general and Knt., 18 19 — 
conducts prosecution of Thistlewood, 1820— 
takes part in proceedings against Queen Caro- 
line, 1820 — Attorney-general, 1823 — M.P. 
Cambridge Univ., 1826 — Master of the Rolls, 
1826 — makes his speech against Catbolic 
Emancipation, Mar. 1827 — Lord Chancellor, 
Apr. 1827 — created Baron Lyndhurst, Apr. 
1827 — supports Catholic Emancipation, 1829 
— retires from the woolsack, 16 Nov. 1830 — 
Chief Baron of the Exchequer, 1830 — opposes 
Reform Bill, 183 1-2 — loses his wife, Jan. 1834 
— Lord Chancellor again, Nov. 1834 — retires, 
1835 — marries again, 1837 — Lord High Stew- 
ard of Cambridge Univ., 1840 — Lord Chancel- 
lor, third time, Sep. 1841 — again retires, 1846 
— tr. in London, 12 Oct. 1863. 

Lynedoch, Thomas Graham, Lord, general, 
■ — 6. at Balgowan, Perthshire, 1748 — marries 
a daughter of Lord Cathcart, 26 Dec. 1774 — 
loses his wife, 1792 — goes to Gibraltar, summer 
1793 — serves as volunteer at defence of Toulon, 
1793 — returns to Scotland and raises a regi- 
ment of foot for the king, Feb. 1794 — M.P. 
Perthshire, about 1794 — Colonel, 1795 — joins 
Austrian army under Wiirmser, in Italy, 1796 
— serves in Minorca and Sicily, 1797— at siege 
of Malta, 1798 — loses his seat for Perthshire, 
1807 — aide-de-camp to Sir John Moore, ac- 
companies him to Sweden and to Spain, 1808 
— takes part in campaign of Corufia, 1 809 — 
in defence of Cadiz, 18 10 — Lieutenant-general, 
Jul. 1810 — defeats the French at Barossa, 
Mar. 181 1 — receives thanks of parliament, 
181 1 — under Wellington, assists at sieges of 
Ciudad Rodrigo and Badajoz, 18 12 — unsuc- 
cessfully contests Perthshire, Oct. 18 12 — com- 
mands division at Yittoria, 21 Jun. 1813— 
takes St Sebastian, 31 Aug. 1813 — takes part 
in passage of the Bidassoa, Oct. 1813 — sent, to 
assist the Dutch against the French, 18 14 — 
unsuccessfully attacks Bergen-op-Zoom, 8 .Mar. 
1 8 14 — receives thanks of parliament and is 
created Lord Lynedoch, 3 May 18 14 — General, 
1 82 1 — governor of Dumbarton Castle, 1829 — - 
ft. in London, 18 Dec. 1843. 

Lynn Regis, in Norfolk, — visited by King 
John, 9 Oct. 12 16 — Edward IY. embarks at, 
for Flanders, 3 Oct. 1470 — held for Charles I., 
1643 — besieged by Earl of Manchester, 28 
Aug. 1643— capitulates, 16 Sep. — visited by 
Cromwell, 1643. 



894 



LYON— LYSANDER. 



Lyon, George Francis, traveller, — fc. at 
Chichester, 23 Jan. 1795 — enters the navy, 
1808 — distinguishes himself at defence of 
Cadiz, 18 10 — at bombardment of Algiers, 18 16 
— travels in Africa, 18 18 — accompanies Parry 
to Polar seas, 1821 — Post-captain, 1823 — con- 
ducts expedition to Polar seas, 1824 — tf. at sea, 
11 Oct. 1832. 

Lyon, John, — founds Harrow School, under 
letters-patent of Queen Elizabeth, 157 1 — U., 
11 Oct. 1592. 

Lyonnais Vespers, [St Bartholomew,) — 31 
Aug. 1572. 

Lyonnet, Pierre, naturalist, engraver, — 6. 
at Maestricht, 1707 — F.E.S. London, 1748 — 
if. at the Hague, 10 Jan. 1789. Traite anato- 
mique de la chenille qui rouge le saule, 1760. 

Lyons, {Lyon,) in France, (Lugdunum) 
• — [B C] — made a municipium by L. Munatius 
Plancus, 43, a about 14 15 — residence of Augustus, 
(738-741, a. u. c.) 16-13— again, (744-5,) 9-8 
— [A D] — visited by Caligula, about 40 — raised 
to rank of a colony by Claudius, about 48 — 
supports Vitellius, 69 — Ireneeus becomes Bp of, 
177 — persecution of Christians, 177 c — Septi- 
mius Severus defeats Albinus near, 197 — 
plundered and partly destroyed by Septimius 
Severus, 197 a — acknowledges the usurper 
Proculus, 280° — Magnentius takes refuge at, 
353 c — Julian repulses the Lseti from, 357 c — 
Gratian takes refuge at, and is killed, 25 Aug. 
383 c — given by Stilicho to Burgundians, 407 — 
sacked by Attila, about 451 — besieged and 
taken by Majorianus, 458 — seized by Chilperic, 
king of the Burgundians, 476 — taken by 
Franks, under Clotaire, 534 — included in 
kingdom of Burgundy, 561 b — partly destroyed 
by inundation of Saone and Rhone, 583 — taken 
by Charles Martel, 733 — by the Saracens, 
about 734-5 — recovered from them, 736 — falls 
to Emperor Lothaire, 843 b — to Charles, king 
of Provence, 855 b — on his death seized by 
Charles the Bald, 863 — again included in 
kingdom of Burgundy, under Boson, 879 — 
ceded by Lothaire II. to Conrad the Pacific, 
about 965 — lordship of, acquired by Abp Bur- 
chard, 1032 — Abp is confirmed in lordship, and 
receives title of Exarch from Emperor Frederick 
I., 1 157 — annexed to crown of France, by 
Philip the Rash, 1 274 d — sovereignty formally 
ceded to Philip the Fair by Abp Peter of 
Savoy, i3i2, d 1363 e — fortified, 1544 — unsuc- 
cessfully attacked by Huguenots, 5 Sep. 1560 — 
surprised by them, 30 Apr. 1562 — opposes the 
League, and submits to Henry IV., 7 Feb. 
1594 — entry of Henry IV. to, Sep. 1595 — re- 
volts against the Jacobins, 29 May 1793 — 
bombarded by army of the Convention, 7 Aug. 
• — taken, 10 Oct. — massacres at, by Fouche and 
Collot d'Herbois, Oct. — Considta held at, which 
constitutes government of Cisalpine Republic, 
30 Dec. 1801 — capitulates to Austrians, 1814 
—supports Napoleon I., Mar. 18 15 — disturb- 
ances at, 21 Nov. 1 8 31 — insurrection, Apr. 
1834 — inundation of the Saone, 1840 — old 
fortifications demolished by decree of the Re- 
public, Mar. 1848 — insurrection, suppressed by 
Gen. Magnan, 15 Jun. 1849 s — the Commune 



proclaimed, 23 Mar. 1871 — the revolt sup- 
pressed, 25 Mar. Hotel de Ville, built, 1646- 
55 — restored, 1863-4. Academy of Sciences, 
founded, 1700. Academy of Fine Arts, founded, 
1 7 24 — the two united, 1758. Councils of, about 
197 ; about 475 ; conference of Catholics and 
Allans, not later than 500; 517; 566; re- 
specting discipline, and provision for lepers, 
583 ; 829 ; 848 ; on simony, by legate Hilde- 
brand, 1055 ; for deposition of Manasses, Bp of 
Rheims, 1079 or 1080; thirteenth General, 
held by Innocent IV., in presence of Baldwin, 
Emperor of the East, for deposition of Emperor 
Frederick II., meets 28 Jun., 5 Jul., and 17 
Jul. 1245; fourteenth General, held by 
Gregory X. , respecting elections of bishops and 
ordinations of clerks, reunion of Eastern and 
Western churches, repression of religious 
orders, affairs of Holy Land, and reformation of 
manners, opens, 7 May, closes, 17 Jul., 1274; 
against Lutheranism, and for reformation of 
manners, 21 Mar. 1528. Treaties of, between 
Louis XII. and Archduke Philip, for marriage 
of Princess Claude to Charles of Luxemburg, 
5 Apr. 1503 — between Henry IV. and Em- 
manuel, Duke of Savoy, 17 Jan. 1601. 

a Smith's Diet. b Engl. Cyc. c Clinton. 

d Encyc. des Gens du Monde. e Conv.-Lex. 

Lyons, Edmund, Lord, Admiral, diplo- 
matist, — ft. at Burton, near Christchurch, 21 
Nov. 1790 — enters the navy, Jun. 1 801 — sent 
to India, distinguishes himself at capture of 
Banda Neira, and escalade of Fort Belgica, 
Aug. 1810 — takes Fort of Marrack, on coast of 
Java, 30 Jul. 1811 — Commander, 21 Mar. 1812 
— Post-captain, 7 Jun. 18 14— blockades Na- 
varino, 1828-9 — distinguishes himself in the 
conquest of the Morea, 1829 — at bombardment 
of Acre, 1832 — conveys King Otho to Athens, 
1833 — K.C.H., 1835 — ambassador to court of 
Greece, Jul. 1835-49 — Baronet, 20 May 1840 — 
ambassador to Berne, Feb. 1849 ^° J an * 1 %5 I 
— to Stockholm, Jan. 1851 to Oct. 1853 — sent 
as second in command to the Black Sea, Aug. 
1853 — conducts landing of English forces 
at Eupatofia, Sep. 1853 — receives thanks of 
parliament, 15 Dec. 1854 — K.G.C.B., 5 Jul. 
1855 — takes chief command of the fleets, 15 
Sep. 1855— D.C.L. Oxford, 4 Jun. 1856— 
Baron Lyons, 25 Jun. 1856 — }j. at Arundel 
Castle, 23 Nov. 1858. 

Lyons, Israel, mathematician, botanist, — n. 
at Cambridge, 1739 — accompanies Phipps to 
North Pole, 1773— tf. in London, 1 Mar. 1775. 
Treatise on Fluxions, 1758 — Fasciculus plan- 
tarum circa Cantabrigiam nascentium, 1763. 

Lyra, Nicolas de, {Lyranus,) theologian, — 
fc. at Lyre, Normandy, about 1270 — cordelier, 
1291 — "ft. at Paris, 23 Oct. 1340. JBiblia sacra 
cum interpretationibus et postillis, 1^7 1-2. 

Lysander, — [B C] — sent as Admiral to Ionian 
coast, to succeed Cratesippidas, to oppose Al- 
kibiades in diplomacy at court of Syria, 407 — 
superseded by Callicratidas, Sep. 406 — Vice- 
admiral under Aracus, 405 — defeats Athenians 
at jEgos-potami : takes Athens, spring 404 — 
attempts to restore oligarchy at Athens, 404 — 
one of the council to Agesilaos in Asiatic War, 



LYSANIAS— MABILLON. 



895 



396 — killed at battle of Haliartus, 395. 

Lysanias, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
78, 3,) 466, and (01. 84, 2,) 443. 

Lysias, orator, — [B C] — o. at Athens, before 
midsummer 458— goes to Thurii, spring 443 — 
remains there, till 413 — returns to Athens, 
before midsummer 41 1 —imprisoned by Thirty 
Tyrants, but escapes to Megara, 404 — returns 
with Thrasybulus, before Jul. 403 — ft., mid- 
summer 378. Contra Eratosthenem, 403 — 
Mantitheo Apologia, after 394 — Olympiaca, 383 
— pro Aristophanis bonis, 388, 387-6 ? — Contra 
Theomnestum, 384. 

Lysias, — [B Cj — Archon at Athens, (01. 24, 
4,) 681. 

Lysias, — [BC] — general of Antiochus Epi- 
phanes, appointed governor of S. Syria, about 
166 a — defeated by Jews at Bethsura, 165 s — 
assumes the government as guardian to An- 
tiochus Eupator, 164 — besieges Jerusalem: 
superseded by Philip, defeats him, 163 — put to 
death with his ward, by Demetrius Soter, about 
Nov. 162. 13 

a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. 

Lysicrates, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
81, 4,) 453- r n 

Lysicrates, Choragic Monwnent of, — [BC] 
— at Athens, erected, (01. Ill, 2,) 335. 

Lysimachides, — [B C] — (1.) Archon at 
Athens, (01. 83, 4,) 445. (2.) Archon, (01. 
HO, 2,) 339. 

Lysimachos, King of Thrace and Mace- 
donia, — [BC] — serves Philip of Macedonia, 
before 336 — body-guard to Alexander, 324 — 
receives Thrace, &c, as his province, 323 — 
joins league against Antigonus, 315 — pacifies 
his dominions, 311— assumes title of king, mid- 
summer 306— joins league against Antigonus 
and Demetrius, and advances into Asia Minor, 
302 — at battle of Ipsus, Aug. 301— his king- 
dom enlarged, 301 — taken prisoner, but released 
by Dromichates, king of the Geta?, 291 — joins 
league against Demetrius and invades Mace- 



donia, after 292, 2! 



-drives out Pyrrhus, 



and reigns in Macedonia, early in 286 — de- 
feated at Corupedion, by Seleucus, and slain, 
Jul. 281. 

Lysimachos, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
86, 1,) 436. 

Lysippos, sculptor, — [BC] — fl., about (01. 
114) 324. 



Lysippos, comic poet, — [BC]— gains a prize 
at the Dionysia, (01. 86, 3,) 434. 

Lysistratos, — [B C] — (1.) Archon at Athens, 
(01. 78, 2,) 467. (2.) Archon, (01. 102, 4,) 
3 6 9- 

Lysitheus, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
78, 4,) 465. 

Lysons, Daniel, topographer, — fc. at Rodmar- 
ton, in Gloucestershire, about 1760 ? — M.A. 
Oxford, 1785 — ft., 3 Jan. 1834. Environs of 
London, 1792-6 — (with Samuel Lysons) Magna 
Britannia, 1806-22. 

Lysons. Samuel, antiquary, — fi. at Rodmar- 
ton, in Gloucestershire, 17 May 1763 — F.S.A., 
1789 — called to the bar, 1798 — Keeper of 
Records in the Tower of London, 1803 — Yice- 
Pres. Society of Antiquaries, 181 2 — ft., 29 Jun. 
1 8 19. (With Daniel Lysons) Magna Britan- 
nia, 1806-22 — Roman Remains discovered at 
Woodchester and Minchinhampton, 1797 — Col- 
lection of Gloucester Antiquities, 1 804. 

Lyte, Henry, botanist, — fr., 1529 — ft., 1607. 
Translation of Dodonceus' History of Plants, 
1578. 

Lyttelton, Edward, Lord, Lord Keeper 
oe the Great Seal, — n. at Mounslow, in 
Shropshire, 1589 — B.A., Oxford, 28 Apr. 1609 
— Chief Justice of North Wales, 1621 — M.P., 
1626 — Recorder of London, Dec. 1631 — 
Solicitor-general, Knt, 17 Oct. 1634 — Chief 
Justice of Common Pleas, 27 Jan. 1640 — Lord 
Keeper of Great Seal, 18 Jan. 1641 — raised to 
the peerage, 18 Feb. 1641 — escapes with the 
Great Seal to Charles I. at York, May 1642 — 
required by Parliament to return with it, or 
lose his place, 1643 — D.C.L. Oxford, 31 Janl 
1644 — First Commissioner of the Treasury, 
Mar. 1644 — commissioned to raise regiment of 
foot-soldiers, 21 May 1644 — ft. at Oxford, 27 
Aug. 1645. 

Lyttelton, George, Lord, historian, miscel- 
laneous ivriter, — ft. at Hagley, in Worcester- 
shire, Jan. 1709 — M.P., 1730 — secretary to 
Frederick, Prince of Wales, 1737 — Lord of the 
Treasury, 1744 — Chancellor of the Exchequer, 
1756-7 — raised to the peerage, 1759 — ft. at 
Hagley, 22 Aug. 1773. Observations on the 
Conversion and Apostleship of St Paul, 1747 — 
Dialogues of the Dead, 1760 — History of Henry 
II. , 1 7 64-7 — Miscellaneous Works, 1774 — 
Poetical Works, 1785. 



M. 



Maas. [Maes.] 

Mabil, Pier-Luigi, litterateur, — n. at Paris, 
31 Aug. 1752 — Prof. Eloquence, Padua, 1806 
■ — Prof. Natural Law, 1809 — retires, 1825 — ft. 
at Noventa, 26 Feb. 1836. Istruzione ai colti- 
vatori della canapa nazionale, 1785 — Piano di 
direzione, disciplina ed economia delle publiche 
scuole elementari di Padova, 1797 — Lettere 
Stellinianc, 1811. 



Mabillon, Jean, Benedictine, — n. near 
Rheims, 23 Nov. 1632— enters the Order, 1654 

— admitted to Academy of Inscriptions, 1701 — 
ft. at St Germain-des-Pres, 27 Dec. 1707. Acta 
sanctorum ordinis S. Benedicti, 1668-1702 — 
Animadversiones in vindicias Kcmpenses, 1677 
— De re diplomalica, 168 1 — Museum Italicum, 
1687-8-9 — Annates ordinis S. Benedicti, 
I7I3-39- 



8 9 6 



MABLY— MACCLESFIELD. 



Mably, Gabriel Bonnot de, publicist, — b. at 
Grenoble, 14 Mar. 1709 — while secretary to 
Cardinal de Tencin, is employed in secret 
negotiations, 1743-6 — b. at Paris, 23 Apr. 
1785. Parallele des Romains et des Frangais, 
1740 — Droit public de V Europe, 1748 — Observa- 
tions sur Vhistoire de France, 1765-90. 

Mabuse, (Maubeuge,) Jan de, {Jan Gossaert,) 
painter, — b. at Maubeuge, about 1470,* 1499 b 
— b. at Antwerp, 1 Oct. i532, a 1562^ Adora- 
tion of the Kings, Castle Howard, exhibited at 
British Institution, 1851 — at Manchester Art 
Treasures Exhibition, 1857. a Wornum. 

a Biog. Univ. and Nouv. Biog. Gen. 
Macadam, John Loudon, — b. in Scotland, 
1756 — surveyor to Metropolitan Commissioners 
of roads, 1827 — b., 26 Nov. 1836. Practical 
Essay on the scientific repair and innervation 
of public roads, 1819 — Remarks on the present 
state of Road-making, 1820. 

M'Alister,Fort, — near Savannah river, U.S. 
— unsuccessfully attacked by Federals, 27 Jan. 
1863 — and again, 1 Feb. 1863 — taken by Gen. 
Sherman, 14 Dec. 1864. 

Macanaeus, (Bomenico della Bella,) — b. in 
the JNovarese, 1438 — b. at Turin, 1.520. Edits 
Sextus Aurelius Victor, 1508 — Delacu Verbano, 
1490. 

Macao, in China, — settlement of Portuguese 
in, 15 17 — given to Portuguese by Emperor of 
China, 1586 a — made a free port, 28 Feb. 
1846 b — tumults between Portuguese and 
Chinese, 1849. a Encyc. Mod. b Conv.-Lex. 
Macarius .ffigyptius, St, — b. in Upper 
Egypt, about 298 a — retires to the desert, about 
330 — presbyter, about 340 — b., about 387.* 
a Clinton. 
Macarius, St, of Alexandria, — : retires to 
desert of Nitria; about 335 — presbyter, about 
340 — b-, 394, a 4°4- b a Tillemont. b Fabricius. 
Macaronic Verse, — invented by Folengo, 
monk of Mantua, 1520. 

Macartney, George Macartney, Earl of, 
diplomatist, — b. near Belfast, 14 May 1737 — 
M.A. Trim. Coll., Dublin, 1759 — negotiates 
alliance with Russia, 1766 — M.P., 1768 — chief 
secretary for Ireland, 1 Jan. 1769 — K.B., 1772 
— Governor of the Islands of Granada, Tobago, 
&c, Dec. 1775 — raised to Irish peerage, 1776 
— captured by the French, 1779 — Governor 
and Resident of Fort St George, Madras, Dec. 
1780-5 — ambassador to China, 1792 — created 
Earl Macartney, Mar. 1794— envoy to Italy, 
1795-6 — raised to British peerage, 1796 — 
Governor of Cape of Good Hope, 1797 — b. in 
Surrey, 31 Mar. 1806. Joxmial of Embassy to 
the Emperor of China in 1792-4, 1807. 
Macassar. [Celebes.] 
Macaulay, Catherine, historian, — b. in 
Kent, 1733 — marries Dr George Macaulay, 
1760 — visits Paris, 1777 — marries Rev. — 
Graham, 1778— visits America, 1785 — b. at 
Binfield, Berks, 22 Jun. 1791. History of 
England from accession of James I. to elevation 
of House of Hanover, 1763-83 — Letters on 
Education, 1790. 

Macaulay, Thomas Babington, Lord Ma- 
caulay, statesman, historian,— -b. at llothley 



Temple, Leicestershire, 25 Oct. 1800 — studies 
at Cambridge, 1818-22— Fellow of Trim Coll., 
1822 — M.A., 1825 — calledto the bar at Lincoln's 
Inn, 1826— M.P. Calne, 1830-M.P. Leeds, 
1832 — member of Supreme Council of Calcutta, 
1835-8 — Secretary at War, 1839 to Sep. 1841 — 
M.P. Edinburgh, Jan. 1840 — Paymaster-gen- 
eral of the Forces, 1846-7 — Rector of Glasgow 
University, 1849— Prof. Ancient History, Royal 
Academy, 1850 — M.P. Edinburgh, Jul. 1852 
— Chevalier of Prussian Order of Merit, 1853 
— raised to the peerage as Baron Macaulay of 
Rothley, 1857 — b. in London, 28 Dec. 1859. 
Contributes to Edinburgh Review, 1825-44 — ■ 
Lays of Ancient Rome, 1842 — History of Eng- 
land from the Accession of James LL., 1849-55- 
61 — Speeches, 1854 — Essays, 1843. 

Macauley, Zacbary, philanthropist, — b., 
about 1768 — b., 13 May 1838. 

Macbeth, King of Scotland, — murders 
Duncan near Elgin, and succeeds him, 1039 — 
defeated by Earl Siward, near Dunsinane, 1054 
— again defeated and killed by Macduff and 
Malcolm at Lumphanan, 5 Dec. 1056. 

Macbride, David, physician, — b. in Antrim, 
26 Apr. 1726 — settles at Dublin, 1749 — M.D. 
Glasgow, 1765 — b., 13 Dec. 1778. Experi- 
mental Essays, 1764 — Introduction to Theory 
and Practice of Medicine, 1772. 

Maccabseus, Jonathan,— [B C] — continues 
war with Bacchides, 160 — makes peace, 158 — 
joins Alexander Balas, 153 — recognized as high 
priest, aut. 152 — supports Demetrius Nicator, 
145 — supports Antiochus VI., 144 — captured 
by Tryphon, 144— put to death, 143. 

Maccabseus, Judas, — [B C] — revolts with his 
father, Mattathias, from Antiochus IV., 167 — 
assumes direction of the war, 166 — defeats 
Ptolemy near Emmaus, 166 — defeats Lysias at 
Bethsura, 165 — occupies Jerusalem except the. 
citadel, and purifies the Temple, 165 — besieged 
in Jerusalem by Lysias, makes peace, 163 — 
defeats Nicanor at Adasa, 161 — proposes 
alliance with Rome, i6o, a 161 b — defeated at 
Eleasa by Bacchides and killed, i6o, a i6i. b 
a Josephus. b Smith's Diet. 

Maccabseus, Simon, — [B C] — succeeds Jona- 
than as high priest, 143 — renews alliance with 
Rome : obtains recognition of Jewish inde- 
pendence, 143 — expels Syrian garrison from 
Jerusalem, 142 — installed as high priest and 
Prince of the Jews, 140 — invasion of Syrians, 
defeated by his sons, 137 — taken by Ptolemy 
and put to death, 135. 

Maccabees, Books of, — included in the 
Vulgate, before 380 — received as canonical by 
Council of Trent, 1563. 

Macchietti, (Maglietti,) Girolamo, (del Crc- 
ccfissajo,) painter, — b. at Florence, about i535, a 
1541 b — living, 1568. a Orlandi. b Lanzi. 
Macciucca. [Vargas.] 
Macclesfield, Chesh ire, — made a free borough 
by Henry, Earl of Chester, (Henry III.,) 1260 
— silk manufacture at, rises into importance, 
1808-25. 

Macclesfield, Thomas Parker, Earl of, 
Lord Chief Justice and Loud Chancellor 
of England, — b. at Leake, in Staff ordshire, 23 



MACCULLOCH— MACEDONIA. 



8 97 



Jul. 1666 — enters Trin. Coll. Cambridge, 9 
Oct. 1685 — called to the bar at Inner Temple, 
21 May, 1 69 1 — Queen's Serjeant and Knt, 
1695 — M.P. Derby, 1705 — one of the man- 
agers of impeachment of Sacbeverell, 1710 — 
Chief Justice of Queen's Bench, and Privy 
Councillor, 13 Mar. 17 10 — created Baron 
Parker, 10 Mar. 1716 — Lord Chancellor, 12 
May, 1 7 1 8 — created Viscount Parker and Earl 
of Macclesfield, 5 Nov. 17 21 — resigns the Great 
Seal, 4 Jan. 1725 — impeached by Commons, 
12 Feb. 1725 — his trial, 5-27 May — fined, 
May 1725 — tf. in London, 28 Apr. 1732. 

Macculloch, John, miscellaneous writer, — 
ft. in Guernsey, 6 Oct. 1773 — M.D.Edinburgh, 
1791 — employed in Mineralogical and Geologi- 
cal Survey of Scotland, 1826-32 — tf. in Corn- 
wall, 21 Aug. 1835. Description of Western 
Islands of Scotland, 18 19 — System of Geology, 
1 8 3 1 — Malaria, 1827. 

Macculloch, John Eamsay, political econo- 
mist and statistician, — ft. in Wigton shire, 1789 

— Prof. Political Economy, London Univ., 
1828— Comptroller of H. M. Stationery Office, 
1838 — tf. in London, 1 1 Nov. 1864. Statisti- 
cal Account of British Umpire, 1837 — Dic- 
tionary of Commerce, 1832 — Geographical Dic- 
tionary, 1 846 — Principles of Political Economy, 
1825. 

MacCurtin, Hugh. — Elements of the Dish 
Language, 1728 — Anglo-Dish Dictionary, 
1732. 

Macdiarmid, John, miscellaneous writer, — ft. 
in Perthshire, 1779 — tf-, 1808. Inquiry into 
the system of Military Defence, 1805 — Lives of 
British Statesmen, 1807. 

Macdonald, Flora, — aids escape of Prince 
Charles Edward, after Culloden, Apr. 1746 — 
imprisoned in the Tower, 1746 — liberated, 1747 
— tf., 1790. 

Macdonald, Etienne Jacques Joseph Alex- 
andre, Duke of Taeentum, Maeshal or 
Feance, — ft. at Sedan or Sancerre, 17 Nov. 
1765 — serves in the army, 1784 — distinguishes 
himself at battle of Jemappes, 30 Oct. 1792 — 
General of Brigade, distinguishes himself at 
taking of Menin, Oct. 1793 — serves under 
Pichegru in Holland, 1795 — General of Divi- 
sion, 1795 — Governor of Boman States, 1798 

— defeats Neapolitans near Otricoli and takes 
the town, 1798 — defeated by Austrians and 
Bussians at the Trebia, 17-19 Jun. 1798 — 
Commander at Versailles, Nov. 1799 — General- 
in-chief of the Army of Beserve, 24 Aug. 1800 
— plenipotentiary to Denmark, 1802 — Grand 
Officer of Legion of Honour, 1804 — serves in 
Italy under Prince Eugene, 1809 — contributes 
to victory of Baab, 1809— of "Wagram, 6 Jul. 
1809 — Marshal of the Empire, 7 Jul. — Duke of 
Tarentum, Apr. 18 10 — commands in Spain, 
1810-11 — in Bussian expedition, 1812-13 — 
contributes to victories of L'utzen and Bautzen, 
1 81 3 — distinguishes himself at battle of Leipsic, 
18 Oct. — in campaign of 18 14 — member of 
Council of War, 6 May — Chevalier of St Louis, 
2 Jun. — Peer, 4 Jun. 18 14— Grand Chancellor 
of Legion of Honour, 10 Jan. 18 16-31 — Com- 
mander of St Louis, 3 May, 18 16 — Major- 



general of National Guard, 1819 — tf. at Paris, 
24 Sep. 1840. 

Macdonald, John, engineer, — ft. at Kings- 
borough, 1759— tf. at Exeter, 16 Aug. 1831. 
Telegraphic Dictionary, 181 6. 

Macdonald de Klor Eenal, Francesco, 
Lieutenant-general, — ft. at Pescara, Naples, 
17 Feb. 1777 — serves in allied army at defence 
of Toulon, 1793 — serves in French army in 
Italy, 1 800 — serves under Massena in Austria, 
1805 — member of Legion of Honour, 1805 — 
distinguishes himself at battles of Lutzen and 
Bautzen, 18 13— officer of Legion of Honour, 
181 3 — Minister of War and Marine to Mm at, 
1 8 14 — Commander of St Leopold, Baron, 18 14 
— tf. at Florence, Sep. 1837. 

Macdonald of Glencoe. [Glencoe.] 

MacDowell, Patrick, sculptor, — ft. at Bel- 
fast, 12 Aug. 1799 — brought to England, 181 1 
— first exhibits at Boyal Academy, 1822 — 
A.B.A., Nov. 1841 — visits Italy, 1842 — B.A., 
1846 — resigns, early in Dec. 1870 — tf., 9 Dec. 
1870. Girl Beading, 1838 — Girl going to 
bathe, 1 8 39 — Love Triumph ant, — 1 844 — Vir- 
ginius, 1847 — Eve, 1849 — Psyche, 1850 — Day- 
Dream, 1853. 

Mace, Thomas, writer on music, — ft., 161 3 — 
living in 1690. Musick's Monument, 1676. 

Macedo, Francisco de, miscellaneous writer, 
— ft. atCoimbra, 1596 — enters Jesuit seminary, 
16 10 — quits the Society, about 1630 — tf. at 
Padua, 1 May 1681. 

Macedo, Jose Agostinho de, poet, miscel- 
laneous writer, — ft. at Evora, about 1770 — 
chaplain to Prince Begent of Portugal, 1 8 1 o — 
tf. at Lisbon, Sep. 1831. Oriente, (Gama,) 
181 1 — A McditacUo, 1811 or 181 8 — Neicton, 
1813. 

Macedonia, (Ma/cedcma,) (Emathia ?) — 
[B C] — kingdom founded, about 700 a — 
Amyntas I., king, [540 P] b — submits to Per- 
sians, 507 a — Alexandee I., [500 ?] b 498 ? * 
— again free, 470 — Peediccas II., 454 — war 
with Athens, about 437-416 a — with Thrace, 
429 — Aechelaos, 413 — assassinated, 399 — 
Oeestes, under guardianship of Aeeopus, 399 
— Aeeopus, 395 — Pausanias, 394 — assassin- 
ated and succeeded by Amyntas II., beginning 
of 393 — Alexandee II., (son,) 369 — assas- 
sinated, 367 — Ptolemy Aloeites, Begent, 
368,* 367 b — Peediccas III., 364 — killed in 
battle with Illyrians, 359 — Fhilippus II., 
(brother,) beginning of 359— Alexander III., 
the Great, (son,) 336— Aeidjeus, (Philippus 
III.,) 323 — Alexandee Aegus, joint sove- 
reign: Begency of Antipater, 321 — Begency 
of Polysperchon, 318 — Aridaeus murdered by 
Olympias, 317 — Alexander, by Cassander, 311 
— Cassander, 316 — Philippus IV., (son,) 296 — 
Antipatee and Alexandee, (brothers.) 296 — 
both put to death and succeeded by Demetrius 
(Polioeketes), 294-287 — subject to Fyrrhus, 
287-286 a — to Lysimachus, 286-281 a — to Seleu- 
cus Nicator, 281 a — to Ptolemy Keraunus, 281- 
2 79 a — invasion of Gauls, 279-277 — Antigonus 
Gonatas, (son,) 283, 277 a — Pyrrhus again, 
273-271° — Antigonus restored, 271 — Deme- 
trius II., (son,) 239 — Antigonus Doson, 
57 



MACEDONIAN EMPIRE-MACHERRY. 



Regent for Philippus, 229 — Philippus V., 220 
— Perseus, 179 — Roman conquest, (01. 153, 1,) 
168 — division of the country into four districts, 
affairs regulated by Commissioners, 167 — ap- 
pearance of the pretender Andriscus, 149 — 
Andriscus defeated by Metellus, 148 — reduced 
to a Roman province, 142 — ravaged by Dardani, 
•who are reduced by Scribonius, 75 — occupied 
by Brutus, 44 — [AD] — ravaged by Goths, 262 
— ravaged by Attila, 447 — by Theodoric, 482 
— colony of Uzes settled in, 1065 c — colonies of 
Turks, before io8i c — colony of Patzinaks, 
1 123 c — of Romans, after 1243 c — conquered by 
Turks, 1430. a Kawlinson. b Clinton. c Finlay. 

Macedonian Empire, — [B C] — Perdiccas di- 
vides the provinces, after mids. 323 — Antigonus, 
Seleucus, Lysimachus, and Ptolemy, assume 
royal titles, midsummer 306. 

Macedonian War,— [B C] — First _ (2 1 1 -205) : 
treaty of alliance between Philip Y. and 
Hannibal concluded, 215 — siege of Apollo- 
nia by Philip, unsuccessful, 214 — treaty 
between Rome and JEtolians against Philip 
negotiated by Lsevinus, 211 — capture of Za- 
kynthos, &c, close of 211 — capture of An- 
tikyra by Lsevinus, spring 210 — conquest of 
JEgina by Galba, 210— siege and capture of 
Echinus by Philip, 210 — alliance of Acheeans 
with Philip, 209 — defeat of JEtolians and 
Romans at Lamia, 209,* 208 b — truce made 
with JEtolians, 209 — Attalus joins the Romans, 
209 — Galba ravages coast near Corinth and is 
defeated by Philip, 209 — occupation of Elis by 
Galba, repulse of Philip at Elis, 209 — Oreos 
in Eubsea betrayed to Romans, and pillaged, 
208 — capture of Opus by Galba, 208 — Attalus 
recalled to Asia, 208 — Romans retire, 207 — 
JEtolians conclude separate peace with Philip, 
205 — peace between Rome and Philip con- 
cluded, 205. Second (200-197) : declaration 
of war by Romans, Galba appointed to the 
command, (01. 145, 1,) spring 200 — Philip 
takes Abydos, 200 — Galba reaches Apolloniae, 
aut. 200 — Claudius Centho sent to relieve 
Athens, aut. — Chalkis seized by Claudius : 
Athens ravaged by Philip, close of 200 — Galba 
succeeded in command by Tappulus, 199 — 
Tappulus superseded by Flamininus, 199 — 
Philip's position forced, 198 — Achaean League 
declares for Rome, 198 — capture of Elatea, 
198 — conference at Nicaea, wint. 198-7' — alli- 
ance of Thebes and Sparta with Romans, 198-7 
— battle of Kynokephalae, aut. 197 — settlement 
of Greece provided for by decree of Senate, 
197— carried out by Flamininus, 196-194 — 
Greece declared free and independent, at Isth- 
mian Games, sum. 196. Third (172-168): 
Perseus prepares for war, 172 — Rome declares 
Avar, Licinius Crassus appointed to the com- 
mand, 172 — negotiations, 172 — Crassus de- 
feated near Larissa, 171 — Hostilius defeated, 
early in 170 — Marcius penetrates into Pieria, 
169 — L. JEmilius Paullus appointed to the 
command, 169 — battle of Pydna, 168. 
a Thirlwall. b Zumpt. 

Macedonians, in Church History. \_See 
Macedonius, Patriarch of Constantino- 
ple.] 



Macedonicus. [Metellus, Q. Caecilius.] 

Macedonius, Patriarch of Constantino- 
ple, — elected by Arians to succeed Eusebius, 
341-2 — deposed by Ccnstantius, 348 — regains 
his see, 350 — deposed at Council of Constan- 
tinople, 360 — his opinions condemned by 
Council of Constantinople, 381. 

Macedonius, Patriarch of Constantino- 
ple, — appointed to succeed Euphemius, 496 — ■ 
deposed by Anastasius, and banished, 511 — 
tf., 516. 

Macer, iEmilius, poet, — [BC] — tf., 16. 

Macer, iEmilius, Homerist, — living, 12. 

Macer, JEmilius, jurist, — fl\, about 230. 

Macer, Clodius, — claims throne at Nero's 
death, executed, 68. 

Macer, C. Licinius, annalist, orator, — [B C] 
— ft., about no — quaestor, 78? — trib. pleb., 
73 — accuses Rabirius, 73 — accused by Cicero, 
66, commits suicide. 

Macerata, in Italy, — University, founded, 
1824. 

Macerinus, M. Geganius,— [BC] — Consul of 
Rome with C. Julius lulus, (307, a. tj. c.) 447 
— Consul with T. Quinct. Capitolinus Barbatus, 
(311,) 443 — with L. Sergius Fidenas, (317,) 

437. 

Macerinus, Proculus Geganius, — [BC] — 
Consul with L. Menenius Lanatus, (314, a. tj. c.) 

440. 

M'Grill, John, orientalist,— h. in "Wigton- 
shire, Scotland, 1833 — Prof. Hebrew and Ori- 
ental Languages, St Mary's Coll., St Andrews, 
1868 — member of Committee for revision of 
Authorized Version of the Scriptures, 1870 — U. 
at St Andrews, 16 Mar. 1871. 

Macgillivray, William, naturalist, — fr. Prof. 
Civil and Natural History, Marischal Coll., 
Aberdeen, 5 Sep. 1852. History of British 
Birds, commenced, 1848 — Lives of Zoologists, 
1834 — History of Molluscous Animals of Aber- 
deen, Kincardine, and Banff, 1843. 

Macgregor, John, economist, — ft. in Scotland, 
1797 — Assistant-secretary to Board of Trade, 
1840 to Aug. 1847 — M.P. Glasgow^, 1847— tf. 
at Boulogne, 23 Apr, 1857. British America, 
1832 — Commercial Statistics, 1 842 — Progress of 
America, 1847. 

Machado. [Barbosa. ] 

Machanidas, Tyrant of Sparta, — [B C] — ■ 
defeated and killed by rhilopcemen, near Tegea, 
207. 

Machares, King of Bosporos, — [BC] — 
made king by his father, Mithridates the Great, 
80 — aids Mithridates at siege of Kyzikos, 7 3 — 
obtains alliance with Rome through Lucullus, 
71 — flies to Chersonesus and kills himself, 65. 

Machault D'Arnonville, Jean Baptiste, 
statesman, — b., 13 Dec. 1701 — Master of Re- 
quests, 1738 — Controller-general of Finance, 
1745 — Minister of State, 1749 — Keeper of the 
Seals, 175c — exiled, 1757 — fr. in prison at 
Paris, 12 Jul. 1794. 

Macherry, (Alvar, Alwar, Alur,) [Me- 
wat] — seized by Raja of Jeipur, about 1720 — 
Rao Raja revolts from Jeipur, after 1780 — 
alliance with British, concluded by Lord Lake, 
1803 — territory increased, 1805 — disaffection of 



MACHIAVELLI— MACLISE. 



899 



Raja towards British, action against him, 
with reconciliation, 1826-7. 

Machiavelli, Niccolo, statesman, historian, 
— ft. at Florence, 3 May 1469— Chancellor of 
the Signoria, secretary of the Ten, 1498 — am- 
bassador to France, 1500, 1504, 1510, 151 1 — 
envoy to Borgia, 1502 — to the Emperor, 1507-8 
—imprisoned at Florence, 1513— tf.at Florence, 
22 Jim. 1527. Del Principe, 1532 — Discorsi 
sulla prima Deca di Tito Livio, 15 16 — Storie 
Florentine, 1525. 

Machon, comic poet,—[B C]— fl., (01. 120- 
130,) 300-260. 

Machynlleth, in N. Wales, — Owen Glen- 
dower holds assembly at, and is crowned Prince 
of Wales, 1402. 
Mac Ian. [Macdonald of Glencoe.] 
Mack von Leibarick, Carl, Baron, general, 
— ft. in Franconia, 25 Aug. 1752 — serves under 
Prince of Coburg in campaign of 1793 — envoy 
to England, Feb. 1794 — Qnarter-m aster-gen- 
eral of Austrian army in Flanders, 1794 — Gen- 
eral-in-chief of Neapolitan army, 1798 — de- 
feated by the French at Civita Castellana, 5 
Dec. — imprisoned at Dijon, Dec. 1798 to Nov. 
1799 — Commander-in-chief in the Tyrol, 1804 
— Pres. Council of War, 1 805— defeated by 
Soult at Memmingen, Sep. 1805 — capitulates 
to Napoleon I. at Ulm, 18 Oct. 1805 — tf. in 
Austria, 22 Oct. 1828. 

Mackay, Andrew, general, — accompanies 
Prince of Orange to England, 1688 — General of 
forces sent against Jacobites in Scotland, 1689 
— defeated by Dundee at Killiecrankie, 27 Jul. 
1689 — erects Fort William at Inverlochy, 1690 
— serves under Ginkell in Ireland, 1691 — passes 
the Shannon at Athlone, 30 Jun. 1691 — de- 
cides victory of Aghrim, 12 Jul. 1691 — killed 
at battle of Steinkirk, 24 Jul. 1692. 

Mackeldey, Ferdinand, jurist, — ft. at Bruns- 
wick, 5 Nov. 1784 — studies atHelmstadt, 1802 
— Prof. Jurisprudence, Marburg, 181 1 — First 
Prof. Laws, Bonn, 1 8 1 8 — Councillor of Justice, 
1824 — tf., 20 Oct. 1834. Theorie der Erb- 
folgeordnung nach Napoleon's Gesetzbuche, 181 1 
— Lehrbuch des heutigen romischen Pechts, 
1814. 

Mackenzie, Sir Alexander, traveller, — ft., 
about 1750 ? — explores Arctic regions of North 
America, 1789 and 1793— returns to England, 
1 80 1. Journeys from Montreal on the river St 
Laivrence across the Continent of North America 
to the Frozen and Pacific Oceans, 1801. 

Mackenzie, Charles Frederick, (Dp Mac- 
kenzie,) — ft. in Scotland, 1825 — enters Cam- 
bridge Univ., 1844 — accompanies Bp Co- 
lenso to S. Africa, as his archdeacon, 1855 
— returns to England, 1859 — head> of Univer- 
sities' Mission to S'. Central Africa, i860 — tf. 
in Africa, Jan. 1862. 

Mackenzie, George. Lives and Characters 
of most eminent Writers of the Scots Nation, 
1708-22. 

Mackenzie, Sir George, jurist, §c, — ft. at 

Dundee, 1636 — defends Marquis of Argyle, 1661 

— King's Advocate, 1677 — tf. in London, 2 May 

1 69 1. Works, 17 16. 

Mackenzie, Henry, physician, miscellaneous 



writer, — ft. at Edinburgh, Aug. 1745 — member 
of the Mirror Club, 1778 — tf. at Edinburgh, 14 
Jan. 1 83 1. Man of Feeling, 177 1 — edits the 
Mirror, Jan. 1779 fco May I 7 8 ° — edits the 
Lounger, Feb. 1785 to Jan. 1787 — Works, 1808. 
Mackenzie River, in British America, — 
discovered and explored by Alexander Macken- 
zie, 1789. 

Mackinnon, William Alexander, political 
and miscellaneous writer, — ft., 1789 — M.P. 
Lymington, 1831 — M.P. Bye, 1857 — tf. at 
Broadstairs, 30 Apr. 1 870. History of Civiliza- 
tion, 1846. 

Mackintosh, Sir James, jurist, historian, — 
ft. near Inverness, 24 Oct. 1765— studies at 
Aberdeen, 1780-4 — at Edinburgh, 1784-7 — 
M.D., 1787 — goes to London, 1787 — called to 
the bar, at Lincoln's Inn, 1795 — lectures on the 
Law of Nature and Nations at Lincoln's Inn, 
1799-1800 — undertakes defence of Peltier, 
Feb. 1803— Knt, Becorder of Bombay, 1804- 
11 — M.P. Nairn, 181 3 — moves amendment of 
criminal laws, 18 18 — Prof. Law and General 
Politics, Haileybury Coll., 1818-24 — M.P. 
Knaresborough, 181 9 — chairman of parlia- 
mentary Committee on Criminal Law, 18 19 — 
Rector of Glasgow Univ., 1822 and 1823 — 
Commissioner for affairs of India, 1830— tf. in 
London, 30 May 1832. Vindicice Gallicce, 1791 
— Introductory Discourse on the Study of the 
Lata of Nature and Nations, 1799 — History of 
England, 1830 — Dissertation on the Progress of 
Ethical Philosophy, 1836. 

Macklin, Charles, actor, dramatist, — ft. in 
Ireland, 1690 ? — appears on the stage in London, 
Feb. 1741 — tf. there, 11 Jul. 1797. Man of 
the World, 17 81 — Love a la mode, 1759. 

Macknight, James, theologian, — ft. in Scot- 
land, 17 2 1 — pastor of Maybole, Ayrshire, 
1753-69 — pastor at Edinburgh, 1772 — tf. at 
Edinburgh, Jan. 1800. Harmony of the Four 
Gospels, 1756 — Translation of the Apostolic 
Epistles, 1795. 

Maclaine, Archibald, theologian, — ft. in 
Ireland, 1722 — pastor of English Church at 
the Hague, about 1746-96 — tf. at Bath, 25 
Nov. 1804. Letters to Soame Jenyns, 1777 — 
translation of Mosheim's Ecclesiastical His- 
tory, 1765. 

Maclaurin, Colin, mathematician, — ft. in 
Scotland, Feb. 1698 — M.A. Glasgow, 17 13 — 
Prof. Mathematics, Marischal Coll. Aberdeen, 
1717 — F.B.S., 17 19 — assistant Prof. Mathe- 
matics, Edinburgh, 1725 — takes active part in 
fortifying Edinburgh against the Pretender, 
1745 — tf. at York, Jun. 1746. Geometrica 
organica, 1720 — Treatise of Fluxions, 1742 — 
Account of Sir I. Newton's Philosophical Dis- 
coveries, 1748. 

Maclean, L. E. [Landon, Letitia E.] 
Maclise, Daniel, painter, — ft. at Cork, 25 
Jan. 181 1 ; (4 Feb. 1806?) — comes to London, 
18 Jul. 1827 — student at Royal Academy, 
1828 — begins to exhibit at the B.A., 1829 — 
visits Paris, 1830 — obtains the gold medal of 
the Academy, 1831 — A.R.A., 1835— B.A., 1840 
— visits Italy, 1855 — travels in Germany, 1859 
— declines Presidency of Boyal Academy, 1 866 
57* 



900 



MACMILLANITES— MADDOX. 



— tf. in London, 25 Apr. 1870. Series of 
Character-Portraits, Fraser's Mag., 1830-38 — 
All Hallow Eve, Mokanna, 1833 — Vow of the 
Ladies and the Peacock, 1835 — Bohemian 
Gipsies, 1837 — Banquet Scene in Macbeth, 
1S4.0— Play Scene in Hamlet, National Gallery, 
1 842 — Shakespeare" s ' Seven Ages,' 1 848 — 
Strongbow and Eva, 1 854 — Story of the Nor- 
man Conquest, 1857 — Meeting of Wellington 
and Bliicher, Westminster Palace, completed, 
1863 — Death of Nelson, Westminster Palace, 
1 863-5 — Xing Cophetua and the Beggar Maid, 
1869 — Paris of Desmond and Ormond, 1870. 

Macmillanites. [Cameronians.] 

MacMurrogh. [Dermot Mac Murrogh.] 

M'Naghten, Sir William Hay, .Bart., 
diplomatist, — fc., about 1794 — accompanies his 
father to India, 1809 — British envoy to Shah 
Soojah, 1839 — attends conference with Akhbar 
Khan, at Cabul, and is shot by him, 25 Dec. 
1841. 

Macnish, Robert, ' the Modem Pythagorean' 
— h. at Glasgow, 1802 — tf., Jan. 1837. Anato- 
my of Drunkenness, 1827 — Philosophy of Sleep, 
1830 — Book of Aphorisms, 1833 — Tales, 
Essays, and Sketches, 1839. 

Macon, in France, (Matisco,) — [B C]— oc- 
cupied by one of Caesar's legions, about 53 — 
[A D] — Septimus Severus defeats Albinus near, 
197 — taken and burnt by Attila, 451 — by 
Saracens, 721 — besieged by Lothaire, 834 — 
head of a County, before 850— taken by Louis 
and Carloman, 880 — destroyed by Huns, 924 
— burnt, 950 — ravaged by plague and famine, 
10*28 — united to Crown of France, by St Louis, 
1238 — receives charter from Philip of Yalois, 
1346 — pillaged by Brabangons, 1361 — assured 
to Burgundy by Treaty of Arras, 1435 — ravaged 
by plague, famine, and the Grand Companies, 
1448 — unsuccessfully besieged by troops of 
Louis XL, 1470 — assured to France by Treaty 
of Cambrai, 1529 — receives the Be formed faith, 
1559 — surprised by royal troops, 1562 — re- 
covered by Huguenots, 1567 — retaken by Duke 
of Nevers: citadel demolished, 1595. Councils 
of, on discipline, 582 — on observance of Sab- 
baths, baptism, and tithes, 585 ; 624 — on dis- 
cipline, 1286. ,,< 

Macon, Fort, V, S., — arsenal at, destroyed 
by Confederates, Mar. 1862 — surrenders to Gen. 
Burnside, 25 Apr. 1862. 

Macpherson, James, miscellaneous writer, — 
fc. in Scotland, 1738 — studies at King's Coll., 
Aberdeen, 1752 — M.P. Camelford, 1780-90 — 
tf. there, 17 Feb. 1796. Poems of Ossian, 
1760-3. [Ossian.] 

Macquer, Philippe, litterateur, — b. at Paris, 
1720 — tf., 27 Jan. 1770. Abre'ge chronologique 
de Vhistoire ecclesiastique jusqu 1 en 1700, 1751 
— takes part in Dictionnaire des arts et metiers, 
1766. 

Macquer, Pierre Joseph, chemist, — fc. at 
Paris, 17 1 8 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 
1745 — is., 15 Feb. 1784. Elements de chimie 
theorique, 114.1 — Elements de chimie pratique^ 
1 7 5 1 — Dictionnaire de chimie, 1 7 65. 

Macrianu3, and Macrianus Junior, — com- 
mand in Persian war for Valerian, 260 — 



assume the empire in expedition of Egypt, 
beginning 261 a — defeated and slain by Aureo- 
lus, 262. a Clinton. 

M'Crie, Thomas, theologian, biographer, — ft. 
at Dunse, Nov. 1772 — enters Edinburgh Univ., 
1788— pastor at Edinburgh, 1795 — D D., 1813 
— tf. at Edinburgh, 5 Aug. 1835. Life of John 
Knox, 1 81 1 — Life of Andrew Melville, 18 19 — 
History of Progress and Suppression of Reform- 
ation in Ltaly, 1827 — Progress and Suppres- 
sion of Reformation in Spain, 1829. 

Macrinus, — Archon at Athens, (869, a. u. c.) 
116. 

Macrinus, M. Opelius Severus, Roman Em- 
peror, — h., 164 — proclaimed Emperor by the 
army on death of Caracalla, 1 1 Apr. 217 — defeat- 
ed by Artabanus, near Msibis, 217 — defeated by 
army of Elagabalus, and killed, 8 Jun. 218. 

Macrinus, M. Pompeius, — Consul with P. 
Juventius Celsus, (917, a. u. c.) 164. 

Macro, Nsevius Sertorius, — Praetorian pre- 
fect, by Tiberius, arrests Sejanus, 18 Oct. 31 a 
— secures accession of Caligula, 37 — put to 
death by Caligula, 38. a Clinton. 

Macrobius, Ambrosius Aurelius Theodo- 
sius, grammarian, — fl., after 400 to about 450 ? 

Maczieiovicz. [See Kosciusko.] 

■ Mad Parliament.' [Provisions of Ox- 
ford.] 

Madagascar, — mentioned by Marco Polo, 
1280-90 — discovered by Lorenzo Almeida, 1506 
— visited by Tristan d'Acunha, 1506 or 1507 — 
French settlement in, 1642 — most of the 
colonists remove to Isle of Bourbon, 1672 — 
unsuccessfully attacked by Count Beniousky, 
1774 — settlements restored to France, 18 14 — 
King Badama admits English missionaries, 
1818-25 — persecution and massacres of Chris- 
tians, under Queen Ranavolona, 1828 seq. — 
joint English and French attack on, 15 Jun. 
1845 — visited by Ellis, 1853-6 — unsuccessfully 
attacked by French, 19 Oct. 1855 — Badama 
II. proclaims toleration, 1861 — Badama as- 
sassinated, his wife proclaimed Queen, and 
treaties with European Powers suspended, 12 
May 1863 — ambassadors from, arrive in Eng- 
land, 25 Feb. 1864 — treaty with England pub- 
lished, 11 Sep. 1866 — destruction of idols in, 
Sep. 1869. 

Madalinski, Anthony, general, — h. in Po- 
land, 1739 — Colonel, 1780 — assists in pre- 
paring constitution of May 1791 — joins Kos- 
ciusko, Feb. 1794 — at battle of Baslawicz, 4 
Apr. 1794 — Lieutenant-general, same day — 
captured by Prussians in Posen, 1794 — released, 
Jun. 1795 — Ij. in Poland, 19 Jul. 1804. 

Madan, Martin, theologian, — b., about 1726 
— tf. at Epsom, May 1790. Thelyphthora, 
1780. 

Madayn. [Ctesiphon.] 

Madden, Samuel, — b. in Ireland, about 1686 
— Ty. there, Dec. 1765. Memoirs of the Twen- 
tieth Century, 1733. 

Madder, — cultivation of, introduced into the 
Yenaissin by Eh an Althen, 1772. 

Maddox, Isaac, Bp op Worcester, — B. in 
London, 1697— Dean of "Wells, 1733 — Bp of 
St Asaph, 1736 — Bp of Worcester, 1743 — tf. 



MADDOX— MAESTRICHT. 



901 



at Worcester, 1759. Vindication of Church of 
England, 1733. 

Maddox, Willes, painter, — fc. at Bath, 1813 
— ft. at Constantinople, 26 Jun. 1853. 

Madeira, island, — accidentally discovered by 
Robert Machin, 1344? before 1377? — redis- 
covered by Gonzales Zarco, 1420— settlement of 
Portuguese in, 142 1 — occupied by British, 
1801-14. 

Mader, Joachim Johann, bibliographer, — 
h. at Hanover, 1626 — "Jj., 1680. De biblio- 
thecis, $•<?., virorum clarissimorum, 1666. 

Maderno, Carlo, architect, — b. near Corno, 
1556 — architect of St Peter's, by Paul V., 
1605 — tf. at Rome, 1629. 

Madhouses, — [Lunatic Asylums] — in Scot- 
land, regulated by Act 55 Geo. III. c. 69, 7 
Jun. 1815 — amended by Act 9 Geo. IV. c. 34, 
27 Jan. 1828. 

Madison, James, President op United 
States, — h. in Virginia, 16 Mar. 1758, 11 175 1 b — 
member of Virginian Convention, 1776 — deputy 
to Congress of Virginia, 1780 — member of Con- 
vention, 1787 — member of Congress, 1789-97 
— leader of Republican party, 1792 — Secre- 
tary of State, 1801 — Pres., 1809 — reelected, 
1 81 3 — retires, 18 17 — o". in Virginia, 28 Jun. 
1836. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Madox, Thomas, — legal antiquary, t}., pro- 
bably 1726 ? Formulare Anglicanum, 1702 — 
History and Antiquities of the Exchequer of 
the Kings of England, 1 7 1 1 . 

Madras, in Hindustan,— granted with small 
territory to the English by Rajah of Bijnagur, 
1639 — Fort of St George erected, 1639 — seat 
of a Presidency, 1654 — besieged by troops of 
Aurungzebe,i702 — surrenders to Gen.LaBour- 
donnais, 21 Sep. 1746— restored to English by 
Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, Aug. 1749 — besieged 
by Count de Lally, 11 Dae. 1758 — siege raised 
by Admiral Pococke, 19 Feb. 1759 — threat- 
ened by Hyder Ali, Apr. 1769 — Sepoy mutiny, 
Aug. 1809 — attacked by Pindarees, 18 17 — 
establishment of bishopric authorized by Act 
3 and 4 Wm. IV. c. 85, 28 Aug. 1833. Col- 
lege for Indian languages, 181 2. Central Mu- 
seum, founded, 1 85 1 . 

Madrid, capital of Spain, {Mantua Carpeta- 
norum, Majoritum,) — taken by Ramiro II., of 
Leon, 932 — taken from Moors by Alfonso VI. 
of Castile, 1086 — and annexed to see of Toledo : 
enlarged and made occasional residence of 
Henry III., 1400-6 — made capital of Spain by 
Philip II., 1560 — entered by Earl of Gal way, 
and Charles III. proclaimed, 16 Jun. 1706 — 
abandoned by allies, 1 Aug. — entered by Philip 
V., 4 Oct. — abandoned by Philip, reentered by 
Charles, 5 Sep. 17 10 — entered by the French 
under Murat, 23 Mar. 1808 — insurrection and 
expulsion of French, 2 May — occupied by 
Napoleon I., 4 Dec. 1808 — entered by Welling- 
ton, 12 Aug. 18 12 — reoccupied by French, 1 
Nov. — evacuated by them, 27 Jun. 1813 — en- 
tered by French under Duke of Angouleme, 
1823 — meeting of the Cortes at, 1834— insur- 
rections at, 18 Jan. 1835, 1842, 26 Mar. and 7 
May, 1848 — insurrection under O'Donnell, 
Jul. 1854 — in favour of Espartero, suppressed 



by O'Donnell, 14-16 Jul. 1856 — British Pro- 
testant cemetery consecrated, 7 Feb. 1865 — 
cholera rages, Oct. 1865— military conspiracy 
at, discovered, 24 May 1866 — military revolt, 
22 Jun., suppressed, 23 Jun., 1866 — martial 
law proclaimed, 17 Aug. 1867. Royal Palace, 
built by Philip II., 1560 — burnt, Dec. 1734 — ■ 
rebuilding commenced by Philip V. Treaties 
of, between Francis I. of France and Emperor 
Charles V., cession of Burgundy to Charles, 
&c, concluded, 14 Jan. 1526 — between Spain 
and Venice, 16 17 —between Portugal and Spain, 
1800. 

Madrigal, — form of musical composition, 
originated by the Flemings, between 1500-50. 

Madrigal Society, — founded in London, 
1741. 

Madura, in Hindustan, — the town captured 
by British, 1757 — district ceded to them by 
Nabob of Arcot, 1801. 

Mseander, river in Asia Minor, — John Va- 
taces defeats the Turks on, 1177. 

Maeandrios, tyrant of Samos, — [BC] — suc- 
ceeds Poly crates, 522. 

Maecenas, C. Cilnius,— [B c] — fj. 13 Apr. 
between 73-63 — employed by Octavius to ne- 
gotiate his marriage with Scribonia, and An- 
tony's with Octavia, 40 — draws up Treaty of 
Brundisium, 40 — with Octavius in Sicily, 36 — 
Regent in Italy, 31 — superseded by Taurus, 16 

-a., 8. 

Msecianus, L. Volusius, jurist, — killed by 
the army of Alexandria, 175. 

Maelius, Sp., — [BC] — buys up corn in 
Etruria, and sells cheaply to the poor, 440— 
killed by Ahala, on pretext of conspiracy, 439. 

Msenius, C, — [BC] — Consul with L. Furius 
Camillus, (416, a. tj. c.) 338 — subjugates La- 
tium: dictator, against intestine plots, 320 — 
censor, with L. Papirius Cursor, 318 — dictator, 

3i4. 

Maeonia. [Lydia.] 

Maerlant, Jakob, poet, — ft. in Flanders, about 
1220 — Tj. at Damme, 1300. Trojaensche oorlog, 
before 1246 — Alexander, 124.6 — Rymbybel, 
1270 — Spieghel historiael, commenced, 1283. 

Maes, (Maas,) Arnold, painter, — ft. at 
Gouda, 1620 — living, 1650. 

Maes, (Maas,) Dietrich, painter, — 6. at 
Haarlem, 1656 — tf., about 1700. 

Maes, Godfrey, painter, — h. at Antwerp, 
1660 — director of Antwerp Academy, 1682 — ft., 
about 17 10. 

Maes, (Maas,) Nicholas, painter, — fi. at 
Dort, 1632 — settles at Amsterdam, 1678 — o". 
there, Dec. 1693. 

Maesa, Julia, — acquires throne for Elaga- 
balus, 218 — secures succession to Alexander 
Severus, 221. 

Maestlin, Michael, astronomer, — ft. inWiir- 
temberg, about 1542 — Prof. Mathematics, 
Heidelberg, 1580 — Prof, at Tubingen, 1584 — 
rj. there, 1590^ 20 Dec. 163 i. b De Stella nova 
Cassiopeia, 1573 — Epitome Astronomies, 1582. 
a Bees' Cyc. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Maestricht, in Holland, (TrajectusadMosam,) 
— visited by Frederick II., 24 Aug. i2i4 a — 
secured to Charles V. by Diet of Augsburg, and 



go: 



MAFFEI— MAGELLAN. 



annexed by him to Duchy of Brabant, 1530 
— taken by Duke of Alba, 1576 — by Duke of 
Parma, 1579 — by Prince Frederick Henry of 
Orange, 1632 — confirmed to Holland by Peace 
of Westphalia, 1648 — taken by Louis XIV., 1 
Jul. 1673 — invested by Marshal Saxe, 12 Apr. 
1748 — capitulates, 7 May 1748 — bombarded by 
Gen. Miranda, 23 Feb. 1793— by Kleber, 24 Oct. 
1794 — capitulates, 4 Nov. 1794 — made capital 
of department of Meuse Inferieure ; surrendered 
to Dutch by Treaty of Paris, 18 14 — success- 
fully defended against the Dutch, 1830. Town 
Mall, built, 1652. a Kington. 

Maffei, Alessandro, Marquis, Field-mar- 
shal, — ft. at Verona, 3 Oct. 1662 — enters army 
of Bavaria, 1683 — wounded at siege of Mongatz, 
1687 — Colonel, 1696 — captured by French at 
battle of Ramilies, 1706 — contributes to victory 
over Turks at Belgrade, 16 Aug. 1717 — Field- 
marshal of the Empire, 17 17 — if. at Munich, 
Jan. 1730. 

Maffei, Francesco Scipione, Marquis, dra- 
matist and archaeologist — ft. at Verona, 1 Jun. 
1675 — goes to Pome, 1698 — serves in cam- 
paigns of Italy and Germany, 1703-4 — visits 
France, and is admitted to Academy of Inscrip- 
tions, 1732-6 — visits England, 1736 — tJ. at 
Verona, 11 Feb. 1755. Merope, 17 13 — Verona 
illustrata, 17 31-2 — Istoria diplomatica, 1727 — 
Osservazioni Letterarie, 1737-40. 

Maffei, Giovanni Pietro, Jesuit, — ft. at Berga- 
mo, 1535 — Prof. Eloquence, Genoa, 1563 — se- 
cretary of the republic, 1564 — enters Order of 
Jesuits at Rome, Aug. 1565— Prof. Eloquence, 
Roman Coll., 1565 — ft. at Tivoli, 20 Oct. 1605. 
Uistoriarum Indicarum lib. XVI., 1588 — De 
vita et moribus sancti Ignatii Loyola, 1585 — 
Gliannalidi Gregorio XIII., (1742.) 

Maffei, Paolo Alessandro, antiquary, §c.,— 
ft. at Volterra, 11 Jan. 1653— lj. at Home, 
17 16. Raccolta di statue ant. e mod., 1704 — 
Gemme antiche fig < urate, 1707— La Vita di S. 
Tio V., papa, 17 12. 

Maffei, Raffaele, (Volaterranus,) litterateur, 
— ft. at Volterra, Tuscany, about 1450 — ft. at 
Volterra, a at Rome, b 1522. Opere, 1506. 
a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Maffeo Vegio, {Maphceus Vegius,) poet, — 
ft. at Lodi, 1406 — ft. at Rome, 1458. L)e 
educatione liberorum, 149 1 — Lialogus inter 
Alethiam, §c, 1467-70 — Lisceptatio terrce, 
solis et auri, 1497. 

Magada, Kingdom of, mHindustan, — [BC] 
— Chandragupta, (Sandracottus,) (Maurya dy- 
nasty,) king, 35o, a 3i5, b between 312-280,° 
392-376/! 381-347 e — [AD] — fourth dynasty 
from Sandracottus, (the Andras,) ends, 436 or 
454 — Yajua, (Yajuasir,) king, 408 — subject to 
Gupta kings of Canouj, 300 or 400 to 700 or 
800. a Wilford. b Wilson. 

c Greek Historians. d Crawfurd. e Tumour. 

Magalhaens. [Magellan.] 

Magalhaens, Gabriel, Jesuit missionary, — 
ft. near Coimbra, 1609 — enters the Order, 1625 
— sent to Goa, 1634 — to China, 1640 — ft., 16 
M av 1677. Nouvelle relation de la Chine, 1688. 

Magalotti, Lorenzo, litterateur, — ft. at Pome, 
13 Dec. 1637 — Councillor of State to Grand 



Duke of Tuscany, 1689 — ft. at Florence, 2 Mar. 
17 12. Saggi di naturali esperienze, 1667 — 
Lett ere famigliari, 17 19 — Letter e scientifiche, 
1721. 

Maganza, Alessandro, painter, — ft., 1556— 
ft., 1630. 

Maganza, Giovanni Battista, painter, poet, 
— ft. at Vicenza, 1509 — ft., 1589. Rime, 1570. 

Magas, King of Kyrene, — [B Cj — com- 
mands expedition to recover Kyrene, 308 — in- 
dependent of Egypt, about 283 — ft., 258. 

Magati, Cesare, surgeon, — ft. in Modena, 
1579 — Prof. Surgery at Ferrara, 16 13 — ft. at 
Bologna, 1647. L)e rara medicatione vulne- 
rum, 1616. 

Magazine, — name first applied to periodical 
publication in England, {Gentleman's Maga- 
zine,) 17 31. 

Magdala, in Abyssinia, — stormed by Sir R. 
Napier, 12 Apr. 1868. 

Magdalen College, Cambridge, — founded by 
Thomas Baron Audley, 15 19 — library be- 
queathed to, by Pepys, 1703. 

Magdalen College, Oxford, — founded by 
William of Waynfiete, 1456 — the Fellows 
refuse to elect Anthony Farmer President, on 
mandate of James II., and elect Dr John 
Hough, 15 Apr. 1687 — they are expelled, 10 
Dec. 1687 — reinstated, 15 Oct. 1688. 

Magdalen Hall, Oxford, — founded, 1456 — 
becomes independent, 1602 — new building com- 
pleted, 1822. 

Magdalen Hospital, London, — opened, 10 
Aug. 1758. 

Magdeburg, in Prussia, — founded, before 
600 — destroyed by Wends, 784 — seat of arch- 
bishopric, by Otto I., 967 — embraces the Re- 
formation, 1522 — rejects the Interim, and is 
put under ban of the empire, 1550 — besieged 
By Elector Maurice of Saxony, 16 Sep. 1550 — 
surrenders, 9 Nov. 155 1 — bombarded by Im- 
perialists, for seven months, 1629 — besieged 
by Tilly, 1631 — stormed, 20 May — given up 
to pillage, 20 May to 1 8 Jun. — evacuated by 
Imperialists, occupied by Swedes, 1632 — be- 
sieged and taken by Imperialists and Saxons, 
1636 — reversion of the see given as secular 
Duchy to House of Brandenburg by Peace of 
Westphalia, 1648 — falls to Prussia, 1680 — 
capitulates to Marshal Ney, Oct. 1806 — in- 
cluded in kingdom of Westphalia, 1807-13 — 
restored to Prussia by Treaty of Paris, 2 1 May 
1 8 14. Cathedral, built, 1208- 1363 — towers 
completed, 1520. Town Hall, built, 1691 — en- 
larged, 1 866. 

Magee, William, Abp op Dublin, — ft., 
1765— Fellow of Trin. Coll. Dublin, and Prof. 
Mathematics, 1806 — Dean of Cork, 181 8 — Pp 
of Raphoe, 1819 — Abp of Dublin, 1822 — ft., 
1 83 1. Scriptural Doctrines of Atonement and 
Sacrifice, 1801. 

Magellan, {Magalhaens,) Fernando, mari- 
time discoverer, — ft. in Alemtejo, about 1470 — ■ 
assists at siege of Malacca, 151 1 — returns to 
Spain, 15 1 7 — embarks for the Pacific Ocean, 
20 Sep. 1519 — enters it, 28 Nov. 1520 — killed, 
in the Philippine Isles, 1521. 

Magellan, {Magalhaens,) John Hyacinth, 



MAGELLAN— MAGNESIUM. 



9°3 



natural philosopher, — b. at Lisbon, 1723 — 
F.E.S. London, 1774 — tf. in London, 7 Feb. 
1790. 

Magellan, Strait of, — discovered by Fer- 
nando Magalhaens, 1520 — passed by Drake, 20 
Aug. 1577 — survey and chart of, by Frezier, 
1713-14 — survey by English Government ex- 
pedition, Aug. 1866 to sum. 1869. 

Magellanic Clouds, {coal-bags,) — one of 
them known to Abdurrahman Sufi, about 950 
— observed by companions of Pinzon, 1499 — 
mentioned by Anghiera, 15 10 — described by 
Herschel, 1836. 

Magendie, Francois, physician, — b. at 
Bordeaux, 15 Oct. 1783 — demonstrator in the 
Faculty of Medicine, Paris, about 1 803 — ad- 
mitted to Academy of Sciences, 1821 — Prof. 
Anatomy, Coll. of France, 1831 — Pres. Con- 
sulting Committee of Public Health, 1848 — tf. 
at Paris, 8 Oct. 1855. Formulaire pour la 
preparation et emploi de plusieurs nouveaux 
medicaments, 1821 — Elements de Physiologie, 
1 81 6- 1 7 — Lemons sur les phenomenes physiques 
de la vie, 1836-42 — Lecons sur les fonctions et 
les maladies du systeme nerveux, 1839 — Lecons 
sur le sang, 1839. 

Magenta, in Italy, — Frederick II. encamps 
near, Nov. 1245 a — the Austrians under Gen. 
Gyulay defeated by French and Sardinians 
under Napoleon III., 4 Jun. 1859. a Kington. 

Maggi, Bartolomeo, surgeon, — b. at Bologna, 
1477 — if. at Bologna, 26 Mar. 1552. De 
sclopetorum el bombardarum vulnerum curat ione, 

155*- 

Maggi, Carlo Maria, (Ifaddws,) litterateur, 
— b. at Milan, 8 May 1630 — tf. there, 22 Apr. 
1699. Operevarie, $700. 

Maggio, Francesco Maria, orientalist, — b. 
at Palermo, 161 2 — goes to Georgia, 1636 — tf. 
at Palermo, 12 Jun. 1686. Syntagmata lin- 
guar. oriental, quae in Georgia regionibus audi- 
untur, 1643. 

Maghazul, Abdelrouf, — General of Abdel- 
rahman II., defeats rebels of Toledo, (218, a. h.) 
833. 

Magic Lantern, — described by Kircher, 1645 
— improved by Philipsthal, 1802. 

Magini, Giovanni Antonio, mathematician, 
— b. at Padua, 1555 — Prof. Mathematics, 
Bologna, 1588-1617 — tf. there, n Feb. 1617. 

Maginn, William, litterateur, — ft. at Cork, 
1793 — enters Trin. Coll. Dublin, 1803 — settles 
in London, 1823 — sub-editor of the Standard, 
about 1828 — tf., Aug. 1842. 

Magistrates, Stipendiary, in England, — 
appointment of, by cities and boroughs, author- 
ized by Act 26 and 27 Vic. c. 97, 28 Jul. 1863. 

Magliabecchi, Antonio, bibliographer, — b. 

at Florence, 28 Oct. 1633 — librarian to Cosmo 

(III.) de' Medici, about 1675 — tf. at Florence, 

2 Jun., a 27 Jun., b 14 Jul., c 4 Jul. d 17 14. 

a Biog. Univ. b Tiraboschi. 

c Niceron. d Conv.-Lex. 

Magliabecchian Library, Florence, — be- 
queathed to the city by Antonio Magliabecchi, 
17 14. 

Magna Charta, [John, King of England,] 
—basis of, agreed to, by Stephen Langton, Abp I 



of Canterbury, and the Barons, at St Edmunds- 
bury, 20 Nov. 1 2 14 — demanded of King John, 
at London, 6 Jan. 12 15 — the Abp and Barons 
censured by Pope Innocent III., 19 May — 
meeting of the Barons at Stamford, May — they 
enter London, 24 May — signed at Eunnymede, 
15 Jun. — annulled by the Pope, the Barons 
excommunicated, and the Abp suspended, Dec. 
1 2 15 — confirmed by Henry III. in Council at 
Bristol, 12 Nov. 12 16 — again confirmed by 
him, 11 Feb. 1225, and 28 Jan. 1237 — by 
Dictum of Kenilworth, 15 Oct. 1266 — by 
Edward III., 1327, 1328, 1330, 1331, 1336, 
J 34°, 1 34*, 1357, *3 6 3> J 3 6 4> i3 68 , * 37°, and 
1377- 

Magnaeus, Arnas, {Ante Magnusson,) his- 
torian, — b. in Iceland, 1663 — studies at Copen- 
hagen, 1683 — Keeper of archives to king of 
Denmark, 17 10 — Prof. History, Academy of 
Copenhagen, 17 13 — tf. there, Jan. 1730. 

Magnan, Bernard Pierre, Maiishal of 
France, — ft. at Paris, 7 Dec. 1791 — enters the 
army, 1 809 — serves in Peninsular War, 1 8 10- 1 3 
— distinguishes himself in campaign of France, 
1814 — at Waterloo, 1 815— serves in Spain, 
1823 — as Colonel takes part in expedition of 
Algiers, Dec. 1827 — envoy to Belgium, 1832 — 
commands camp of Beverloo, 1839 — returns to 
France, 1839 — accused of sharing attempt of 
Louis Napoleon at Boulogne, 1840 — Lieut.- 
gen., 20 Oct. 1845 — with a division of army of 
the Alps marches to relief of Paris, Jun. to 3 
Jul. 1 848 — takes part in suppressing insurrec- 
tion of Lyons, 15 Jun. 1849 — Commander at 
Strasburg, Jun. 1849 to Jul. 1851 — Com- 
mander-in-chief of army of Paris, 14 Jul. 1851 
— Marshal of France, 2 Dec. 1852 — Grand 
Cross of Legion of Honour, 31 Dec. 1852 — tf. 
at Pans, 29 May 1865. 

Magnan, Dominique, antiquary, $c, — b. in 
Provence, 17 31 — tf. at Florence, Aug. 1796. 
La Ville de Rome, 1763 — Froblema de anno 
nativitatis Christi, 1772 — Miscellanea numis- 
matica, 1772-4 — Bruttia numismatica, 1775 — 
Iapygia, 1775. 

Magnen, Jean Crysostome, physician, — b. 
in Burgundy, between 1600-10 ? — goes to Paris, 
1660. Femocritus reviviscens, 1646 — Fe Ta- 
baco exercitationes, 1648. 

Magnentius, Flav. Popilius, Boman Em- 
peroe, (350-353)— serves under Constantine, 
before 337 — proclaimed Augustus, (15 Kal. 
Feb.) 18 Jan. 350 — defeated by Constantius at 
Mursa, 28 Sep. 351 — and in Cottian Alps, and 
driven into Gaul, 352 — again defeated, kills 
himself, (3 Id. Aug.) 11 Aug. 353. 

Magnes, comic poet, — [B C] — fl., about (01. 
80) 46o. a a Smith's Diet. 

Magnesia, carbonate of, — method of prepar- 
ing, made public by Lancisi, 17 17 — by Hoff- 
mann, 1722. 

Magnesia, {ad Sipylum,) Manissa,— [B C] 
— Antiochus the Great defeated by the Scipios, 
towards winter 1 90 — [A D] — destroyed by 
earthquake, 17 — unsuccessfully besieged by 
Catalans, 1305 — Amurath II. retires to, 1445. 
Magnesium, metal, — obtained by Davy, 
1 808 — properties of, investigated by Bussy, 



9 04 



MAGNETIC CHART— MAGO. 



1830 — volatility of, discovered, and new method 
of obtaining, introduced, by Deville and Caron, 
1856. Light, use of, in photography, proposed 
by Bunsen and Roscoe, 1859— applied, J ^^4- 

Magnetic Chart, — constructed by Halley, 
1698-9. 

Magnetic Needle— [Dipping Needle, Com- 
pass, Mariner's] — variation of, observed by 
Columbus, 14 Sep. 1492 — diurnal variation, 
investigated by Canton, 1750 — announced by 
Graham, 1772. 

Magnetism. [Electro-Magnetism.] 

Magnetism, Animal, — theory of, published 
by Mesmer, about 1776. 

Magni, Valeriano, Franciscan, — h. at Mi- 
lan, 1587 — "a. at Strasburg, a Saltzburg, b 1661. 
a Biog. Uniy. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Magniez de Woimont, Loui3 Francois, 
lexicographer, — tf., 1749. Novitius seu Diction- 
arium magnum latiuum-gallicum, 1721. 

Magnin, Charles, — h. at Paris, 4 Nov. 1793 
— assistant in Imperial Library, 181 3— con- 
servator, 1832— admitted to Academy of In- 
scriptions, 1838 — tf. at Paris, 7 Oct. 1862. 
Racine, 1826 — Origines du Theatre Moderne, 
1838 — Theatre de Hroswitha, 1845 — Cause- 
ries et Meditations historiques et litteraires, 

1843. 

Magnol, Pierre, botanist, §c, — h. at Mont- 
pellier, 1638 — M.D., 1659 — Prof. Botany, 1694 
— member of Academy of Sciences, Paris, 1708 
— ft. at Montpellier, 17 15. Botanicum Mons- 
peliense, 1676 — Hortus regius Monspeliensis, 
1697 — Prodromus histories generalis plantar um, 
1689 — Novus car acter plantar um, 1720. 

Magnus, — 1. Consul of Rome with Apol- 
lonius, (1213, a. u. c.) 460. 2. Consul of Rome, 
(1271,) 518. 

Magnus I., the Good, King of Norway 
and or Denmark, — obtains crown of Norway, 
1036 — succeeds Cnut III. in Denmark, 1042 
— defeats the "Wends, 1043 — defeats Sweyn, 
1045 and 1046 — divides Norway with Harold: 
tf. in Jutland, 1047. 

Magnus II., King of Norway, — succeeds 
his father, Harold III., 1066 — shares the king- 
dom with his brother Olaus, 1067 — tf., 28 Apr. 
1069. 

Magnus III., Barelegged, King of Norway, 
— succeeds his father, Olaus III., 1087 — con- 
quers the Orkneys, Hebrides, and Isle of Man, 
and ravages Anglesey, 1098 — makes peace with 
Sweden, 11 00 — invades Ireland, 1103 — de- 
feated and killed at Moycoba, 24 Aug. 1103. 

Magnus IV. , the Blind, — succeeds his father, 
Sigurd I., 26 Mar. 11 30 — killed in battle, 13 
Nov. 1 1 39. 

Magnus V., King of Norway,— tf., 1143. 

Magnus VI., King of Norway,— fj., 1157 
— proclaimed King under Regency of his father, 
Count Erling, 1161 — succeeds Haco III., 1162 
— crowned at Drontheim, 11 64 — defeated by 
his rival, Svewer, 17 Jun. 1179 — takes refuge 
in Denmark: again defeated and killed, 15 
Jun. 1 1 84. 

Magnus VII., King of Norway, {Law-re- 
former,)— ft., 1238 — succeeds his father, Haco 
V., 1262 — carries on war with Scotland, 1262- 



66 — by Treaty of Perth gives up the Hebrides 
and Isle of Man to Scotland, 1266 — reestab- 
lishes Waldemar, king of Sweden, 1268 — de- 
feated by Danes, 1278 — tf., 9 May 1280. 

Magnus VIII., King of Norway. [Mag- 
nus II., King of Sweden.] 

Magnus I., Ladelas, King of Sweden, — n., 
1240 — succeeds on abdication of his brother, 
"Waldeniar I., i279, a i276 b — crowned, 1278'' — 
assumes title of King of the Swedes and Gotbs : 
imprisons Waldemar, 1276^ 1288 a — tf., 18 
Dec. 1290. a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Magnus II., Smek, King or Sweden and 
Norway, — fj., 13 16 — elected King of Norway, 
1319 — succeeds Birger III., 1321 — Scania 
places itself under his rule, 1332 — assumes the 
government, 1337 — gives Norway to his son 
Haco, 1344 — deposed and the crown given to 
his son Erick, i348, a 1350 b — carries on war 
with Erick : divides the kingdom with him, 
1354 — affiances his son Haco to Margaret of 
Denmark, and agrees to restore Scania, 1359 — 
seized and imprisoned, and the government 
entrusted to Haco, 1361 — escapes, 1362 — 
formally deposed, 1365 — tf., 1 Dec. 1374. 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Noxw. Biog. Gen. 

Magnus, son of Christian LLL. of Denmark, 
— fj., 1540 — proclaimed King of Livonia, 1570 
— tf., 1580. 

Magnus, Albertus. [Albertus Magnus.] 

Magnus, Heinrich Gustav, chemist, na- 
tural philosopher, — h. at Berlin, May 1802 
—Ph.D., 1827— Prof. Extraord. Physics and 
Technology, Berlin Univ., 1834 — member of 
Academy of Sciences, 1840 — Prof. Physics and 
Technology, 1845 — foreign F.R.S., 1863 — is. 
at Berlin, 4 Apr. 1870. 

Magnus, Johan, Abp of TJpsala, — n. at 
Lindkueping, 19 Mar. 1488 — sent from Rome as 
Papal nuncio, to check Lutheranism in Sweden, 
1523 — Abp of Upsala, by Gustavus Vasa, about 
1524 — called to Italy by the pope, 1537 — tf. 
at Rome, 22 Mar. 1544. Gothorum Suevo- 
rumque historia, 1554. 

Magnus, Olaus, historian, — archdeacon, be- 
fore 1523 — sent by Paul III. to Council of 
Trent, 1546 — celebrates mass at Bologna, dur- 
ing the Council, 2 Jun. 1547 — tf. at Rome, 
1568. Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus, 

1555- 

Magnusen, Finn, archaeologist, — h. at 
Skalholt, Iceland, 27 Aug. 178 1 — studies at 
Copenhagen, 1797-1803 — visits Edinburgh, 
1 81 2 — Prof. Northern Literature and Mytho- 
logy there, 1815 — Keeper of the archives, 1842 
— tf. at Copenhagen, 24 Dec. 1847. Bidrag 
til nordisk Archaologie, 1820 — Ben aeldre 
Edcla, 1 82 1 -3 — Eddalaeren og dens Oprindelse, 
1824-6 — with Rafn, Groulands historiske 
Mindesmaei -Jeer, 1838-42. 

Magnusson. [Magnaeus.] 

Mago, — [B C] — commands under Himilco 
against Syracuse, defeats Leptines, 396 — has 
chief command in Sicily, 395 — defeated by 
Dionysius in Abacsenum, 393 — makes treaty 
with Dionysius, 392 — defeated and killed, 383. 

Mago, — [B C] — accompanies his brother 



MAGRI— MAHOMET II. 



9°5 



Hannibal into Italy, 218 — sent to Carthage, 
and despatched with succours to Hasdrubal in 
Spain, 215 — joint-commander with Hasdrubal, 
son of Gisco, 208 — defeated by Silanus, 207, 
208 a — defeated by Scipio, at Silpia, 2o6, b 
207 a — attacks Genoa, 205 — defeated by Varus 
and Cornelius : ft. on his way to Carthage, 203. 
a Zumpt. b Smith's Diet. 

Magri, Carlo, — ft. at Gozo, near Malta, 
1693. Hiero de' lexicon, §c, 1677. 

Magri, Domenico, (Macer,) theologian, — b. 
at Malta, 1604 — ft. at Viterbo, 1672. Notizia 
de vocaboli eccles., 1644. 

Maguire, Cornelius, Baron of Lnniskillen, 
— takes part with Sir Phelim O'Neil in project 
of Irish Rebellion, 1641. 

Magyars. [Hungary.] 

Mahalaleel, — ■ [B CJ — fj., summer 3609,* 
3743 b — birth of Jared, summer 3544 a — ft., 
summer 27i4. a 

a Usslier. b Clinton. 

Maharajpoor, in Hindustan, — Sir Hugh 
Gough defeats Mahrattas, 29 Dec. 1843. 

Maharattas. [Mahrattas.] 

Mahdy-Kan, Mirza Mohammed, historian, 
■ — b. in Persia, about 1700. History of Nadir 
Shah, about 1750. 

Mahe, in Hindustan, — French settlement, 
reduced by the British, 1779 — formally taken 
possession of, 1793 — restored to French, 1815. 

Mahe de la Bourdonnais, Bernard Fran- 
cois,— b. at St Malo, 1699 — goes to India, 
1724 — Director-general of Isles of France 
and Bourbon, 1734 — takes Madras, 10 Sep. 
1746 — imprisoned in the Bastille, 1748-51 — 

fc., 1755- 

Mahmud, founder of the Ghaznevide dynasty, 
— fc. at Ghazni, in Persia, about (360, a. h.) 
970 — distinguishes himself in expedition against 
Tatars, (384,) 994 — named Governor of Khora- 
san, 994— defeated by Tatars at Mshapur, 995 
— defeats his brother Ismael and takes Ghazni, 
998 — declares his independence, (389,) 999 — 
invades India, and defeats Jeipal of Lahore 
near Peshawur, (391,) 1001 — storms and plun- 
ders Batinda, 1002 — makes second expedition 
to India, (395,) 1004 — third, defeats rajah of 
Mooltan near Peshawur, and lays siege to 
Mooltan, (396,) 1005 — defeats Tatars under 
Elik Khan near Balkh, (397,) 1006— fourth 
expedition to India, defeats Anang Pal and his 
allies, near Peshawur, (399,) 1008 — sacks temple 
of Nagarcot, 1008 — celebrates a triumph, 1009 
— conquers Ghor, (401,) 1010 — fifth expedition 
to India, takes Mooltan, and captures Abul 
Fatteh Lodi, 1010 — sixth, plunders temple of 
Tanesar and sacks the town, 101 1 — seventh and 
eighth, 1012-14 — conquers Transoxiana, (407,) 
1016 — ninth expedition to India, passes the 
Jumna and takes Canouj, (408.) 1017 — plun- 
ders and burns Mattra, 10 17 — tenth expedition, 
annexes Lahore and its territory to Gbazni, 
(413-14,) 1022-3 — suppresses revolt in Trans- 
oxiana, (415,) 1024 — sets out on twelfth expe- 
dition to India, Sep. 1024 — occupies Gujerat, 
besieges and takes Somnat, and returns to 
Ghazni, spring (417) 1026 — suppresses re- 
volt of the Seljuk Turks, (418,) 1027— invades 



Irak, treacherously seizes the Prince, and mas- 
sacres inhabitants of Ispahan and Casbin, 1029 
— ft. at Ghazni, (421,) 29 Apr. 1030. 

Mahmoud I., Sultan of the Ottomans, — 
fj., 1696 — succeeds his uncle, Achmet III., 
(14 Babia II., 1143, a. h.) 16 Oct. 1730— 
concludes peace with Shah Thamas, (Bedgeb 
1144,) Jan. 1732 — the war renewed by Kouli 
Khan, 1732 — makes peace with him, (1149,) 
1736 — war declared by Bussia, 1736 — by Em- 
peror Charles YL, 1737 — Peace of Belgrade, 
(29 Guimadhi II. 1152,) 22 Sep. 1739 — war 
with Persia renewed, (1156,) 1743 — makes 
peace, (1159,) Jan. 1746 — ft., (8 Babia I. 
1168,) 13 Dec. 1754. 

Mahmoud II., Sultan of the Ottomans, 
— b., (14 Ramadan 1199, a. h.) 20 Jul. 1785 
— succeeds his brother, Mustapha IV., 28 Jul. 
1808 — adopts reforms of Sultan Selim : puts 
to death his brother Mustapha with his in- 
fant son, 1808 — Peace of Bucharest, 28 May 
1 8 12 — revolt of Ali Pasha, 1820-2 — Greek 
Revolution, 182 1-7 — massacres the Janis- 
saries, 15 Jun. 1826 — abolishes corporation 
of Janissaries, by hatti sherif of 16 Jun. 1826 
— declares war on Bussia, 1828 — Peace of 
Adrianopie, 14 Sep. 1829 — declares war on 
Mehemet Ali, 15 Apr. 1832— battle of Konieh, 
21 Dec. 1832 — Peace of Konieh, 4 May 1833 
— signs Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi, 8 Jul. 1833 
— renews war with Mehemet Ali, 1839 — battle 
of ITisibis, 25 Jun. 1839— ft., 27 Jun., a 1 Jul. b 
1839. a Comp. Brit. Almanac. 

b Conv.-Lex. and Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Mahogany, — introduced in England by Dr 
Gibbons, 1724. 

Mahomet, founder of Islam. [Mohammed.] 

Mahomet I., Sultan of the Ottomans, — 
b., i374, a 1387 b — sandjak of Amasia, 1401 — 
proclaimed Sultan on death of his brother 
Masa, 141 3 — restores to Emperor Manuel ter- 
ritory on the Euxine, in the Propontis, and 
Thessaly, 141 3 — suppresses rebellion of his 
brother Mustapha, (820, a. h.) 141 8 — makes 
war on Wallackians, (824,) 142 1 — ft., spring 
142 1 . a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

b Nouy. Biog. Gen. 

Mahomet II., the Great, Sultan of the 
Ottomans, — b.. about 1430 — proclaimed Sul- 
tan on retirement of his father, Amurath II., 
1443 — deposed, 1444 — again proclaimed, 1445 
— deprived, after four months : succeeds his 
father, (10 Moharram 855, a. h.) 12 Feb. 
145 1 — lays siege to Constantinople, (22 Babia 
I. 857,) 2 Apr. 1453 — takes it by assault, (20 
Guimadhi I. 857,) 29 May 1453 — gives free- 
dom of worship to Christians, 1453 — his troops 
conquer Thrace and Macedonia, 1453-4 — lays 
siege to Belgrade and is defeated by John 
Huniades, 22 Jul. 1456 — takes Athens and 
Corinth, and makes the Morea tributary, 1458 
— successfully resisted by Scanderbeg, in Al- 
bania, 1461— conquers Trebisond, 1461— takes 
Lesbos, 1462 — invades Caramania, 1464 — de- 
feated by Scanderbeg, near Croia, 1465 — his 
fleet attacked by Venetians, 1469 — conquers 
Negropont, 147° — his general, Soliman, de- 
feated by Stephen, waiwode of Moldavia, 1475 — 



MAHOMET III.— MAHRATTAS. 



ravages Moldavia, 1476 — conquers the Crimea, 
and creates Mengeli Gieray Khan, 1476 — 
ravages Albania, 1477 — takes Croia after a 
year's siege, Jun. 1478 — besieges Scutari, 1478 
— makes peace with Venetians, Jan. 1479 — 
siege of Bhodes, 1480 — conquest of Otranto, 
Aug. 1480 — tr. in Bithvnia, (5 G-uimadhi I. 
886,) 2 Jul., a 3May b 148 1. 

a Turkish, authorities. b Christian. 

Mahomet IIL, Sultan of the Ottomans, 
— b., 1566 — succeeds his father, Amurath III., 
(6 Guimadhi 1. 1003, a. h.) 17 Jan. 1595 — 
puts to death nineteen of his brothers, 1595 — 
invades Hun°;arv, (Moharrani 1005,) Sep. 
1596— takes Agria, (1 Rabia I. 1005,) Oct. 
1596 — defeats Archduke Maximilian, 26 Oct. 
— revolt at Constantinople headed bv his brother 
Selim, (1006,) 29 Mar. 1598— puts Selim to 
death, 1598 — ts. at Constantinople, (27 Redgeb 
1012,) 21 Dec. 1603. 

Mahomet IV., Sultan of the Ottomans, 
— h., 1642 — succeeds his father, Ibrahim, (28 
Eedgeb 1059,) 28 Jul. 1649,* 17 Aug. 1648 b 
— order restored by vizier Mehemet Kiuperli, 
1656-7 — whose son Achmet Kiuperli succeeds 
him, 1 66 1 — conquest of Candia completed, 
1669 — declares war on Poland, (1083,) 1672 — 
takes Kaminieck, (8 Guimadhi I. 1083,) 22 
Aug. 1672 — battle of Choczim, 1673 — makes 
peace, 1676 —invasion of Hungary, (1094,) 
1683 — siege of Vienna, 1683 — puts the vizier 
Kara Mustapha to death, Dec. 1683 — league of 
the Emperor, king of Poland, and Venetians 
against, 1684 — battle of Mohacz, 1687 — de- 
posed, (13 Moharrani 1099,) 9 Nov. 1687 — 
tf., (Guimadhi I. 1104,) Jan. 1693. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Hist. Univ. 
Mahommed Khan, Dost, Sovereign of Af- 
ghanistan, — after deprivation of Mahmud 
Shah, 181 8., makes himself master of Cabul : 
war declared against, by British government, 
1837 — [Afghanistan, Afghan War] — recovers 
the throne, 1843 — remains faithful to British 
government during Sepoy mutiny, 1857 — cap- 
tures Herat, May 1863— tf., May 1863. 
Mahon, Duke of. [Crillon-Mahon.] 
Mahon, Lord. [Stanhope, James and 
Charles, Earls.] 
Mahon, Port. [Minorca.] 
Mahoney, Francis, (Fa titer Front,) littera- 
teur, — ft. at Cork, about 1805 — o\ at Paris, 19 
May 1866. 

Mahratta Country, (Maharastra,) — [Dec- 
can] — reign of Salivahana, 77 — Yadus at 
Deogni, after 1 100 — invaded by Mohammedans, 
under Ala u din, 1294 — Yadus tributary, over- 
run by Cafur, 1306 — conquered by Cafur, 13 12 
— the kingdom subverted, 1317. [Mahrattas.] 
Mahrattas, The,— rise of, under the Adil 
Shahi kings of Bijapoor, 1490- 1550— become 
conspicuous under Malek Amber, about 1600— 
under Sevajee, obtain Purandar and other 
forts, 1646-7 — revolt against king of Bijapoor, 
1648— make peace with him, 1662— plunder 
Surat, 1664 — ravage Mogul territory, Dec. 
1670 — Samraji succeeds his father as Eajah, 
1680 — is captured and put to death by Aurung- 
zebe, 1689 — Poonah the seat of government 



of the Peishwa, from 1689-— make a truce with 
viceroy of the Deccan, 1708-13 — assist Hosen 
Ali, 17 18 — authority of Saho Raja recognized 
by Mohammed Shah, 1720 — Baji Eao, 
Peishwa on death of his father, Balajee, Oct. 
1720 — establish their power in Gujerat, about 
1730 — repulsed near Agra by Sadat Khan, 
governor of Oude, 1736 — conquer Portuguese 
possessions in Salsette, Bassein, and parts of 
the Concan, 1737-9 — under Baji Rao, threaten 
Delhi, 1737 — obtain from the Emperor cession 
of country from the Nerbudda to the Chambal, 
1738 — Balajee Rao appointed Peishwa, Aug. 
1740 — aid the Emperor, and obtain confirma- 
tion of grant of Malwa, 1742 — obtain Cuttack, 
1745 — on death of Saho Raja Balajee assumes 
the government, about Dec. 1749 — defeated by 
Salabat Jang and French allies under Bussy, 
Nov. 1 75 1 — assist vizier Safder Jang to defeat 
Rohillas, 1751 — allied with British, capture 
Angria, and destroy his state, 1756 — conclude 
treaty with Presidency of Bombay, excluding 
the Dutch from Mahratta territory, 1756— de- 
feated by Afghans under Ahmed Shah at Pani- 
put, 7 Jan. 1761 — evacuate Hindustan, 1761 — 
carry on war with Hyder Ali, 177 1 — joined by 
Nabob of Arcot, 177 1 — escort Shah Alum II. 
to Delhi, 25 Dec. 177 1 — make peace with 
Hyder Ali, Jul. 1772 — enter Delhi, 22 Dec. 
1772 — ravage Rohilcund,i773 — cession of Sal- 
sette and Bassein to the English, by Ragoba, 
the deposed Peishwa, 6 Mar. 1775 — treaty can- 
celled by Supreme Government, May — English 
expedition in support of Ragoba fails, Ragoba 
delivered up to Mahrattas, and acquisitions 
(since 1756) relinquished, Jan. 1779 — war 
with the English, 1780— [Sindia] — allied with 
Hyder Ali, 1780 — allied with British against 
Tippoo Saib, Jun. 1790 — defeat the Mzani 
and acquire part of his territory, 1795 — battle 
of Indore, 14 Oct. 1801. 

1803: war with British renewed, Aug. — 
capture of Ahmednaggur, by Gen. Wellesley, 
12 Aug. — capture of Baroach by Lieut. -Col. 
YVoodington, 29 Aug. — Allighur stormed by 
Gen. Lake, 30 Aug. — defeated by Gen. Lake, 
near Delhi, 12 Sep. — capture of Manickpatam 
by Lieut.-Col. Harcourt, 14 Sep. — capture of 
Powanghur by Lieut.- Col. Woodington, 17 Sep. 
— defeated by Gen. YVellesley, at Assaye, 23 
Sep. — capture of Cuttack, by Lieut.-Col. Har- 
court, 14 Oct. — capture of Burhanpoor, 15 
Oct. — capture of Agra, 17 Oct.— of Asseer- 
ghur, 21 Oct. — battle of Laswaree, 1 Nov. — 
defeated at Argaum, 28 Nov. — Gawilghur taken, 
15 Dec. — treaty of peace with their ally, Raja 
of Berar, who cedes Cuttack, 17 Dec. — treaty 
with Sindia, who cedes Baroach, Ahmednaggur, 
and forts in the Doab, 29 Dec. 

1804: Sindia concludes Treaty of Burhan- 
poor, and agrees to receive British auxiliary 
force, 27 Feb. — the British declare war on 
Holkar, 16 Apr. — capture of Indore, by Col. 
Murray, 24 Aug. — Delhi unsuccessfully attacked 
by Holkar, Oct. — capture of Lassulgaum, 8 
Oct. — of Chandore, 12 Oct. — of Dhoorb, 14 
Oct. — of Galna, 25 Oct. — battle of Deig, 13 
Nov. — capture of fort of Deig, 4 Dec. 



MAHUDEL— MAIMING. 



907 



1 805 : siege of Bhurtpoor, Jan. — battle of 
Bhurtpoor, 2 Apr. — alliance of Holkar with 
Sindia, 15 Apr. — ravage British territories, Sep. 
■ — new treaty with Sindia, 23 Nov.— treaty with 
Holkar, 24 Dec. — their confederacy dissolved 
by treaty with the Peishwa Ba jee Bao, i 3 Jun. 
1 817 — attack English forces, 23 Nov. 18 17 — 
battle of Mehudpoor, 21 Dec— peace con- 
cluded with Holkar, 6 Jan. 1 8 1 8— surrender of 
Bajee Bao to the English, 3 Jun. 181 8. 

Mahudel, Nicolas, antiquary, — h. at Lan- 
gres, 21 Nov. 1673 — admitted to Academy of 
Inscriptions, 17 16 — tf. at Paris, 7 Mar. 1747. 
Dissertation historique sur les medailles an- 
tiques d'Espagne, 1725 — Catalogue historique 
d'un laraire curieux, 1746 — Medailles sur la 
regence, 17 16. 

Mai, Angelo, Cardinal, Librarian or the 
Vatican, — h. near Bergamo, 7 Mar. 1782,* 
1781 b — enters Order of Jesuits, 1799 — studies 
at Borne, 1805 — settles at Milan, 1808— at- 
tached to Ambrosian Library, 1813 — chief 
keeper of Vatican Library, 18 19 — secretary of 
the Propaganda, 1833 — Cardinal, 1838 — Li- 
brarian of the Boman Church, 1853 — tf. at Al- 
bano, 8 Sep. 1854. Edition of Cicero De Re- 
picblica, i820, a 1822 bc — Scriptorum veterum 
nova collectio e Vaticanis codicibus edita, 1825- 
38 — Classici Scriptores ex Codicibus Vaticanis 
editi, 1838 — Spicilegium Romanum, 1839-44 — 
Nova Patrum bibliotheca, 1853 — edition of the 
Codex Vaticanus, 1857. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Bing. Univ. c Coiw.-Lex. 

Mala, asteroid, — discovered by Tempel, 10 
Apr. 1 861. 

Maiano, (Majano,) Benedetto di Nardo da, 
sculptor, architect, — fc. at Majano, 1442 a — 
commences the Strozzi Palace at Florence, 16 
Aug. 1489 s — goes to Naples, about 1490 s — 
tf., 29 May 1497. a a Perkins. 

Maiano, Giuliano da, sculptor, architect, — 
ft. at Maiano, Tuscany, about 1377^ 1387 b — 
architect of Cathedral of Florence, 1444 — tf. 
at Naples, about 1447,* H57- b 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Maiano, Giuliano da, sculptor, — ft. at Flor- 
ence, 1432 s — tf., i49<D. a "Perkins. 

Maichel, Daniel, philologist, — b. at Stutt- 
gard, 1693 — Prof. Theology and Philosophy, 
Tubingen, 1724 — Prof. Natural and Political 
Law, 1739 — Abbot of Konigsbrunn, 1749— tf., 
1752. Litrod. ad histor. litterariam de prce- 
cipuis bibliothecis parisiensibus, 1720 — Annota- 
tions ad Gravesandii introduetionem ad meta- 
physicam, 1737-8. 

Maida, in Italy, — visited by Emperor Fred- 
erick II., May 1223 — Sir John Stuart defeats 
Gen. Begnier at, 4 Jul. 1806. 

Maiden, The, instrument for beheading, — 
used in Scotland, 1566-168 1. 

Maidstone, in Kent, (Caer Mcguaid or Med- 
wig,) — belongs to see of Canterbury at period 
of Domesday Survey, 1085 — supports Wyatt's 
insurrection and loses its charter, 1554 — insur- 
rection of Kentish men at, suppressed by Fair- 
fax, 1 Jun. 1648. 

Maier. [Mayer, Meyer.] 

Maignan, Emmanuel, natural philosopher, — 



6. at Toulouse, 1601 — enters Order of Minims, 
1619 — Prof. Mathematics, Bome, 1636-50— tf. 
at Toulouse, 1676. Perspectiva horaria, 1648 
— Cursus philosophicus, 1652 — Sacra philoso- 
phica entis supernaturalis, 1662-72. 

Maigret. [Meigret.] 

Mail Coaches, m England, — projected by 
Palmer, 1783 — running commenced, 8 Aug. 
1784. [Mails.] 

Mailath, Janos Nepomuk, poet, historian, — 
b. at Pesth, Oct. 1786 — drowns himself in 
Bavaria, 3 Jan. 1855. History of the Mag- 
yars, 1828-31 — History of Austrian Empire, 
1834-50. 

Mailcotta, in Hindustan, — Hyder Ali de- 
feated by Mahrattas near, 1772 — Mahratta 
chiefs meet Lord Cornwallis at, 1791. 

Maillane, Durand de. [Durand.] 

Maillard, Stanislas, revolutionist, — leads 
insurgents to Versailles, 5 Oct. 1789 — takes 
part in insurrections of the Champ de Mars, 
Aug. 1791, 20 Jun., and 10 Aug. 1792 — takes 
part in massacres of Sep. 1792 — arrested, 
released, Dec. 1793. 

Maillard. [Tournon.] 

Maillebois, Jean Baptiste Francois Desma- 
rets, Marquis de, Marshal of'France, — 
b. at Paris, 1682 — enters the army, 1703 — 
distinguishes himself at siege of Lille, 1708 — 
Lieutenant-general, 17 31 — serves in Italy, 
1733— subdues Corsica, 1739 — Marshal, 1741 
— defeats Austrians on the Po, 17 Oct. 1745 — 
governor of Alsace, 1748 — tf. at Paris, 7 Feb. 
1762. 

Maillet, Benoit de, — b. at St Mihiel, 12 
Apr. 1656 — tf. at Marseilles, 30 Jan. 1738. 
Description de T Egypte, 1735 — Telliamed, 1748. 

Maillot, Etienne, naval engineer, — b. at 
Bheims, 6 Sep. 1768 — engineer-in-chief to ex- 
pedition of Egypt, 1798 — Chevalier of Legion 
of Honour, 1 806 — commissioner-general of 
marine, 1808-14 — Chevalier of the Iron Crown, 
1 8 10 — Commissioner-general of Marine, Apr. 
1 8 15 — director of naval constructions, Paris, 
1832— tf. there, 6 Nov. 1837. 

Maillotins, The, — insurrection of, at Paris, 
against taxes on food, severely dealt with by 
Charles VI., Mar. 1382. 

Mailly, Jean Baptiste, historian, — b. at 
Dijon, 16 Jul. 1744 — tf. there, 26 Mar. 1794. 
E Esprit de la Fronde, 1772 — E Esprit des 
Croisades, 1780 — Fastes juifs, romains, etfran- 
$ais, 1782. 

Mails, in England, — [Mail Coaches] — pro- 
vision for conveyance of, by railways, made by 
Act 2 Vic. c. 98, 14 Aug. 1838. 

Maim, (Mayhem,) in English law, — appeal 
of, abolished by Act 59 Geo. III. c. 46, 22 
Jun. 1 819. 

Maimbourg, Louis, Jesuit, — b. at Nancy, 
1620 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1636— expelled 
the Order, 1682 — tf. at Paris, 13 Aug. 1686. 
Traite historique de VEglise de Rome, 1682 — 
Histoires, 1686-7. 

Maiming, Malicious,— made capital felony, 
by Act 22 and 23 Car. II. c. 1, 1671 — 
[Coventry Act] — further regulations by Act 9 
Geo. IV. c. 31, ss. 11 and 12, 27 Jun. 1S28, 



908 



MAIMONIDES— MAISON. 



(extended to Ireland by 10 Geo. IV. c. 34, 4 
Jun. 1829,) and by 1 Vic. c. 85, 17 Jul. 1837 — 
by explosive substances, made felony by Act 9 
and 10 Vic. c. 25, 26 Jun. 1846 — further pro- 
visions respecting, by Acts 24 and 25 Vic. c. 
95, and c. 100, ss. 18, 28, and 29, 6 Aug. 1861. 

Maimonides, (Hoses ben Maimon,) Rabbi, — 
ft. at Cordova, about 1131 or 1133,* H39, b 30 
Mar. 1 135 c — "Jj. in Egypt, about 1201 or 1203^ 
i209, b 13 Dec. 1204.° 

a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Conv.-Lex. 

Main Drainage, Metropolitan, — [Drainage] 
— works opened by Prince of Wales, 4 Apr. 
1865. 

Main Plot, — [Eye Plot] — for seizure of 
James I., formed by Sir W. Raleigh, Lords 
Cobham and Grey, and others, summer 1603 — 
arrest of Raleigh and others, Jul. — trial of 
conspirators at Winchester, Nov. — Clarke and 
"Watson hanged, 29 Nov. — Brooke beheaded, 5 
Dec. — Cobham, Grey, and Markkam reprieved 
on the scaffold, 9 Dec. 

Maina, Mainotes, (Maniats,) in the Morea, 
— ravaged by Spaniards, 1601 — pay tribute to 
the Porte, 16 14 — reduced by Turks, 1670 — 
emigrate to Italy and Corsica, 1673 — promise 
to assist Morosiui, 1685 — ^Venetians occupy 
forts in, 1685-6 — Liberaki named Bey of, 
1688 — Russian influence becomes powerful in, 
1767-8 — subdued by Hassan Ghazi, 1780 — 
assist Lambros, 1792. 

Maine, Le, County of, in France, — forms a 
kingdom under Rigomer, about 500 — conquered 
by Clovis, 510 — mentioned as a County, under 
Robicon, about 840 — Count Herbert 11. names 
William the Bastard, Duke of Normandy, his 
successor, 1062 — seized by William, who im- 
prisons Count Walter and his wife at Falaise, 
1063 — [William I. of England] — revolt sup- 
pressed, 1078 — suzerainty of, confirmed to 
Counts of Anjou, 1078 — revolts against Robert, 
Duke of Normandy, 1089 — subdued, 1090 — 
taken possession of' by Helie de la Fleche, 
1090 — ceded to him by Henry I., 1100 — on 
death of Helie, falls to Counts of Anjou, uro 
— becomes English possession under Henry II., 
1 154 — acknowledges Prince Arthur, n 99 — 
confiscated by Philip Augustus and given to 
Berengaria, widow of Richard I., 1204 — after 
her death, given to Margaret of Provence, by 
St Louis, 1234 — given to Charles I., Count of 
Provence, by St Louis, 1246 — united to Crown 
of France under Philip of Valois, 1328 — con- 
quered by Edward III., 1346 — relinquished by 
hiniby Treaty of Bretigny, 1 360 — given by Count 
Rene to his brother Charles, 1440 — again 
united to Crown of France on death of Charles 
II., 148 1 — given by Francis I. to Louisa of 
Savoy, 15 1 6 — given to Henry, Duke of Anjou, 
1566 — on his accession as Henry III., reunited 
to the Crown, 1574. 

Maine, U. 8., — reached by Cabot, 1497 — 
English settlements in, before 1625 — pro- 
prietary charter granted to Sir Ferdinand 
Gorges, 1639 — united with Massachusetts, to 
form county of Yorkshire, 1652 — bought by 
Massachusetts, 1676 — England obtains full 
possession of, by Peace of Utrecht, 17 12 — 



march of Arnold through, 1775 — becomes inde- 
pendent state of the Union, 1820. Boundary 
of, settlement of, provided for by Treaty of 
Ghent, Dec. 18 14 — dispute respecting, referred 
to arbitration of king of Holland, but his 
award rejected, 1834 — commissioners sent to 
examine, 1839 and 1841 — settled by Ashburton 
Treaty, signed, 9 Aug. 1842. 

Maine de Biran, Marie Francois Pierre 
Gonthier, philosopher, — ft. near Bergerac, 29 
Nov. 1766 — marries, 1795 — deputy to Council 
of Five Hundred, 1797 — his election annulled, 
soon after : deputy to the Corps Legislatif, 
1809 — member of Chamber of Deputies, 18 15 
— Councillor of State, 18 16 — &., 20 Jul. 1824. 
Memoir e sur V Habitude, 1803 — Memoire surla 
Decomposition de la Fense'e, 1805 — Essaisurlcs 
Fondements de la Fsychologie, iK^—Nouveaux 
Essais d 'Anthropologic, 1859. 

Maine Law, — prohibition of sale of intoxi- 
cating liquors, passed in State of Maine, 1846 
— made more stringent, 1851 — repealed, 1856. 

Maintenance, intermeddling in suits at law, 
— prohibited by Act 32 Hen. VIII. c. 9, 1540. 

Maintenon, Francoise D'Aubigne, Mar- 
quise de, — ft. at Niort, 27 Nov. 1635 — marries 
Paul Scarron, 1652 — left a widow, 1660 — 
governess to children of Mme de Montespan, 
1669 — privately married to Louis XIV., 1685 
— if. at Saint-Cyr, 15 Apr. 1719. Lettres, 1807 
— Lettres Inedites, 1826. 

Mainwaring, (Manwaring,) Roger, — 
preaches before Charles I., at Whitehall, 1628 
— condemned by Houses of parliament, 13 Jun. 
— his sermons (Religion and Allegiance) sup- 
pressed by proclamation, 20 Jun. — Dean of 
Worcester, 28 Oct. 1633 — Bp of St David's, 
1636— rj., 1653. 

Mainz. [Mentz.] 

Mainzer, Joseph, musical composer and 
teacher, — fj. at Treves, 1801 — opens a singing- 
school at Paris, 1830 — comes to England, 1844 
— settles at Manchester, 1 848 — rj. there, 1 85 1 . 

Mair, John. [Major.] 

Mairan, Jean Jacques Dortous de, natural 
philosopher, — ft. at Beziers, 1678 — settles at 
Paris, 17 15 — received at Academy of Sciences, 
17 1 8 — perpetual secretary, 1740 — admitted to 
French Academy, 1743 — U., 20 Feb. 177 1. 

Maire, James Le. [Lemaire.] 

Maire, Le, traveller, — travels in Western 
Africa, 1682. Voyages aux ties Canaries, Cap 
Vert, 1695. 

Mairet, Jean, dramatist, — ft. at Besancon, 4 
Jan. 1604 — tJ. there, 31 Jan. 1686. Sophonisbe, 
1629. 

Maison, Nicolas Joseph, Mabshal of 
Fbance, — ft. at Epinay near Paris, 19 Dec. 
i77i, a 1770 b — enters the army, Jul. 1792 — 
distinguishes himself at battle of Jemappes, 30 
Oct. — at Austerlitz, 2 Dec. 1805 — General of 
Brigade, Dec. 1805 — assists at taking of Lubeck, 
governor of the town, 1806 — serves in Spain, 
1808 — in Holland, 1 809 — in Russian campaign, 
181 2 — General of Division, 2 1 Aug. — wounded 
at battle of Wachau, 1 8 1 3 — Count of the Em- 
pire, Grand Cross of theReiinion, 18 13 — distin- 
guishes himself at Leipsic, 18 Oct. — Peer of 



MAISTRAL— MAJORCA. 



909 



France, Chevalier of St Louis, Grand Cordon 
of Legion of Honour, 1815 — Commander of 
Paris, Mar. 18 15— deprived by Napoleon, Apr. 
1 8 15 — Governor of Paris, Jul. 18 15 — commands 
expedition to the Morea, 1828 — Marshal, by 
Charles X., 1829 — takes part with insurgents, 
1830 — ambassador to Vienna, 1830 — to St 
Petersburg, 1833 — Minister of "War, 30 Apr. 
1835— rj. at Paris, 13 Feb. 1840. 

a Biog. Univ. b Conr.-Lex. 

Maistral, Esprit Tranquille, admiral, — ft. 
at Quimper, 1763 — enters the navy, 1775 — 
Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 1804 — Rear- 
admiral, Jun. 1 8 15 — rj. near Brest, 5 Nov. 
1815. 

Maistre, Joseph, Count de, — ft. at Cham- 
bery, 1 Apr. 1754 — accompanies Charles Em- 
manuel to Sardinia, 1799 — plenipotentiary to 
St Petersburg, 1803-17 — Regent of Grand 
Chancery of Sardinia, 181 8— member of Acade- 
my of Turin, Jan. 18 19— a", at Turin, 26 Feb. 
1 82 1. Considerations sur la France, 1796 — 
Essai sur le principe generateur des Constitu- 
tions, 1 8 10 — Du pape, 18 19 — Be VEglise gal- 
licane, 1821 — Examen de la Bhilosophie de 
Bacon, 1836. 

Maistre, Le. [Lemaistre.] 

Maistre, Xavier de, novelist, — ft. at Cham- 
bery, 1764 — rj. at St Petersburg, 12 Jun. 1852. 
Voyage autour de ma chambre, 1794 — Be Le- 
preux de la cite d'Aoste, 181 1 — Jeune Sibe- 
rienne, 18 17. 

Maitani, Lorenzo, architect, — commences 
Cathedral of Orvieto, 1290 — completes it, 1330 
— fr. at Orvieto, 1330, 

Maitland Club, — established at Glasgow, 
1828. 

Maitland, Sir Frederick Lewis, admiral, 
— ft., 1779 — as Captain R. N. takes part in 
expedition to Egypt, 1801 — receives surrender 
of Napoleon I. at Rochefort, 15 Jul. 18 15 — 
C.B., 1 8 15 — K.C.B., 1830 — ft. Commander on 
E. India station, 30 Dec. 1839. 

Maitland, James and John. [Lauderdale, 
Dukes of.] 

Maitland, John, Chancellor of Scotland, 
— ft., i545, a about 1537 b — Lord Privy Seal, 
1567 — deprived, 1570 — Secretary of State to 
James VI., 1584 — Chancellor, 1585 — attends 
the king to Norway and Denmark, 1589 — Lord 
Maitland of Thyrlestane, 1590 — implicated in 
murder of Moray, 1592 — ft. at Thyrlestane, 4 
Oct. 1595. a Rees' Cyc. b Chalmers. 

Maitland, Sir Richard, Lord Lethington, 
poet, — ft. in Scotland, 1496 — Knt and extraord. 
Lord of Session, about 155 1 — becomes blind, 
about 1560— Speaker of the Protestant Con- 
vention, Aug. 1560 — Lord of Session, 1561 — 
Lord Privy Seal, 20 Dec. 1562 — resigns, 1567 
— rj., 20 Mar. 1586. Boetical Works, 1830. 

Maitland, Samuel Roffey, theological and his- 
torical writer, — ft. in London, 1792— called to 
the bar, 1816 — takes holy orders, i82r — 
Librarian of Lambeth Palace, 1838— D.D., 
about 1848— settles at Gloucester, 1848 — tf. 
there, 19 Jan. 1866. Bark Ages, 1844 — Facts 
and Bocuments illustrative of history of the 



Albigenses and Waldenses, 1832 — Eruvin, 1850 
— Essays on Subjects connected with Reform- 
ation in England, 1849. 

Maitland, William, {Secretary Lethington,) 
— ft., about 1525 — convert to Reformed faith, 
about 1555 — Secretary of State, 1556 — joins 
Lords of the Congregation, 1557 — extraord. 
Lord of Session, 156 1 — conducts prosecution 
of Knox, 1563 — takes part in conspiracy against 
Rizzio, 1566 — proscribed, escapes to Germany,, 
1566 — attends coronation of James VI., 1567 — 
fights against Mary at Langside, 1568 — attends 
Conferences at York, 1568 — arrested, 1569 — 
liberated, joins Kirkaldy of Grange, 1569 — 
tried and acquitted, 1570 — with Kirkaldy 
defends Edinburgh Castle, 1572-3 — surrenders, 
30 May 1573 — if. in prison, Jun. 1573. 

Maitland, William, antiquary, — ft. at 
Brechin, about 1693 — F.R.S., 1733 — F.S.A., 
1735 — o". at Montrose, 16 Jul. 1757. History 
of London, 1739 — History of Edinburgh, 1753 
— History and Antiquities of Scotland, 1757. 

Maittaire, Michel, philologist, bibliographer, 
— ft. in France, 1668 — M.A. Oxford, 1696 — 
tf., 7 Aug. 1747. Grcecce linguce dialecti, 1706 
— Stephanorum historia, 1709 — Hist. Typo- 
graphorum aliquot Barisiensium, 17 17 — An- 
nates typographici, 17 19-41 — Marmora Oxoni- 
ensia, 1732. 

Maius, (Maggio,) Junianus, lexicographer, 
— Prof. Belles Lettres, Academy of Pontanus, 
1470-90. Be priscorum proprietate verborum, 

H75- 

Maizeroi, Paul Gedeon Joly de,— ft. at Metz, 
1719 — enters the army, 1734 — Lieutenant- 
Colonel, serves in Seven Years' War, 1756-63 
— received at Academy of Inscriptions, 1776 — 
if., 1780. Cours de tactique, 1767 — la tactique 
discute'e et re'duite a ses veritables principes, 

1775- 

Maizieres, Philippe de, Chancellor of 
the King of Cyprus, — ft. at Maizieres, near 
Amiens, 13 12 — in service of Hugh IV., king 
of Cyprus, 1343 — Chancellor to Peter I., 1361 
— accompanies him to court of Urban V. at 
Avignon, 1363 — envoy to Gregory XL, 1370 — 
Councillor of State to Charles V. of France, 
1 37 1 — retires to house of the Celestines at 
Paris, 1379 — o". there, 26 May 1405. 

Majesty, title of,— assumed in England, by 
Henry V1IL, 1527 — in France, by Henry II., 
about 1559. 

Major, Johann Daniel, physician, antiquary, 
— ft. at Breslau, 1634 — Prof. Medicine, Kiel, 
1665 — tf. at Stockholm, 1693. Belicice hy- 
bernce, 1667 — Roma in numis augustalibus ger- 
manizans, 1684. 

Major, (Lemaire,) John, theologian, — ft. in 
Scotland, about 1470 — studies at Paris, 1493 
— D.D., 1506 — Prof. Theology, St Andrews, 
1530 — fr. there, 1550? Be Historia Gcntis 
Scotorum, 152 1. 

Major, Thomas, engraver, — ft. in England, 
about 17 15. Ruins of Fcestum, 1768. 

Majorca, {Mallorca,) chief of the Balearic 
Isles, — conquered by Raymond, Count of Bar- 
celona, 1 1 15 — by James I. of Aragon, Doc. 
1229 — revolt suppressed, 1232 — erected with 



910 



MAJORIANUS— MALAKHOFF. 



the other islands into a kingdom for his son, 
Don James, 1262 — submits to Don Alfonso, 
1285— unsuccessful attempts of Don James to 
recover, 1286 and 1289 — treaty between Al- 
fonso and Don James for restoration of, to the 
latter, 1291 — restored to Don James, 9 Aug. 
1298 — Jews expelled from, 1301 — DonSancho 
succeeds his father, Jun. 131 1 — Don James 
II. succeeds his uncle, Sep. 1324 — confirmed 
in the kingdom by treaty with James II. of 
Aragon, 1 Oct. 1327 — the island seized by Don 
Pedro, May 1343 — united to Aragon, 29 Mar. 
1344 — Don James attempts to recover it and 
is defeated and killed, 25 Oct. 1349 — famine 
in, about 1400-10 — inundations, 1403, 1408, 
and 1444 — devastated by plague, 1475. 

Majorianus, Julius Valerius, Roman Em- 
peror of the West, (457-461,) — distin- 
guished in war with Franks, 438 — recalled to 
military service on death of Aetius, 454 — 
Master-general of the army, 28 Feb. 457— 
appointed Emperor by Eicimer, at Ravenna, 1 
Apr. 457 — defeats Vandals in Campania, 458 — 
passes into Gaul, Nov. 458 — makes peace with 
Theodoric, 459 — crosses Pyrenees, May 460 — 
his fleet destroyed by Vandals at Carthago 
Nova, 460 — concludes peace with Genseric, 
460 — deposed by Ricimer at Dertona, 2 Aug. 
461 — put to death, 7 Aug. 461. 

Majorinus, — elected Bp of Carthage by 
Donatists, in opposition to Caecilianus, 311 — 
*•, 3i5. 

Makian, Island of, in E. Archipelago, — 
devastated by volcanic eruption, May 1862. 

Makrizi, (Takki-eddin Abu-Mohammed 
Abul-Abbas Ahmed Almakrizi,) historian, 
— b. at Cairo, between (760-770, a. h.) 1358- 
68— tr. there, (29 Ram. 845,) Jan. or Feb. 
1442. 

Malabar, Hindustan, — broken up into petty 
principalities, about 850 — conquered by Khosru 
Khan, (719, a. h.) 1319 — Portuguese settle- 
ment in, 1498 — conquered by Dutch, 1663 — 
by Hyder Ali, 1763 — by British, 1799 — incor- 
porated with Madras Presidency, 1803. 

Malacca, on Malay Peninsula, — taken pos- 
session of by British, 1795 — ceded to them, 
1824 — forms separate province with Penang 
and Singapore, Sep. 1851. Town, founded by 
Iskander Shah, 1252 — visited by Portuguese, 
1507 — taken by Albuquerque, 151 1 — taken by 
the Dutch, 1640 — by the English, 1795 — re- 
stored to the Dutch, i8i8, a i8i4 b — ceded to 
English in exchange for Bencoolen, 1825^ 
Mar. i824. b Anglo-Chinese College, founded by 
Morrison, 1 81 8. a Macculloch. b Engl. Cyc. 

Malachi, Jewish prophet, — [BC] — prophe- 
sies, 4i6, a about 420. b a CJssher. 
b Kennicott and Davidson. 

Malachi, King of Ireland, — ft., 11 19. 

Malachowski, Casimir, general, — fj. at 
Wisnowo, Poland, 24 Feb. 1765 — enters the 
army, 1786 — takes part with Kosciuszko, 1794 
— enters French army, 1797 — wounded and 
captured by Austrians at the Trebbia, 1798 — 
returns to Poland, 1 806 — takes part in wars of 
1806 and 1809 — distinguishes himself in Rus- 



sian expedition, 181 2 — captured by Russians at 
Leipsic, Oct. 18 13 — takes part in Revolution 
of Nov. 1830 — signs capitulation of "Warsaw, 
7 Sep. 1 83 1 — tf. at Chantilly, 5 Jan. 1845. 

Malachowski, Hyacinthus. — Marshal of 
Polish Diet, envoy to St Petersburg, 1764 — 
Grand Chancellor of the Crown, Dec. 1780-93 
— tf. at Bodzechow, 27 Mar. 1821. 

Malachowski, Stanislaus Nalencz, states- 
man, — b. in Poland, 24 Aug. i735, a 1736 b — ■ 
Nuncio to Diet of Warsaw, 1764 — Marshal of 
Four Years' Diet, Oct. 1788 — signs treaty with 
Prussia, 29 Mar. 1790 — assists in preparing 
constitution of May 1791 — imprisoned at Cra- 
cow, 1799 — Pres. of Provisional Government, 
Jul. 1807 — rj., 29 Dec. 1809. 

a Biog. Univ. b Conv. -Lex. 

Malachy, St, (O'Morgair,) Primate of 
Ireland, — n., 1094 a — Bp of Connor, ii24 b — 
Abp of Armagh, ii27, a ii34 b — resigns the see 
and retires to Down, 11 37 b — visits St Bernard 
at Clairvaux, 1139° — goes to Rome, seeks the 
pallium of Innocent II. and is named legate 
for all Ireland, 11 39 c — again visits Clairvaux, 
and tf. there, 2 Nov. 1148. a Biog. Univ. 
b Cotton. c Morison. 

Malaga, in Spain, {Malacha,) — conquered 
by Moors under Abdul Aziz, (95, a. h.) 714* 
— Abdallah and Redwan defeat Castilians at, 
(888,) 1483. Old, besieged by Ferdinand the 
Catholic, i486 — capitulates, 27 Apr. 1487. 
New, besieged by him, spring 1487 — surren- 
ders, 18 Aug. 1487, 13 1488 c— Count of Tou- 
louse defeats English fleet under Sir George 
Rooke off, 24 Jul., d 13 Aug. e 1705 — taken by 
the French, 4 Feb. 18 10 — insurrection at, 
suppressed by military, 2 Jan. 1869. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Mariana. 

c Conde. d Univers Pittoresque. 

e Annals of England. 

Malagrida, Gabriel, Jesuit, — h. in the Mi- 
lanese, 17 Sep. 1689 — missionary in Brazil, 
1721-50 — strangled and burnt as' a heretic at 
Lisbon, 21 Sep. 1761. 

Malan, Cesar Abraham Henri, theologian, 
— h. at Geneva, 7 Jul. 1787 — ordained minis- 
ter there, 18 10 — preacher at the Cathedral and 
Regent of the Academy, soon after : dismissed 
by Presbytery, 1 8 1 8 — builds a church for him- 
self, 1820 — D.D. Glasgow, 1826 — continues to 
preach till Nov. 1863 — ft. at Geneva, 8 May 
1864. Chants de Sion, 1826 — Grains de Se- 
neve, 1844. 

Malakhoff, Amiable Jean Jacques Pelissier, 
Duke of, Marshal of France, — fc. near 
Rouen, 6 Nov. 1794 — enters the army, 1813 — 
takes part in campaign of 1823 — Chevalier of 
Legion of Honour, 1823 — takes part in expe- 
dition to Algeria, 1830 — again sent to Africa, 
Nov. 1839— Colonel, 1843— massacres one of 
the Kabyle tribes, 1845 — Marechal de Camp, 
1846 — Lieutenant-general, 1848 — Governor of 
Oran, 1848-51 — General of Division, 1850 — 
takes part in Crimean expedition, 1 855 — Com- 
mander-in-chief of French forces, 16 May — 
defeats Russians at the Tchernaya, 16 Aug.— 
storms "the Malakhoff Tower at Sebastopol, 8 
Sep. 1855 — Marshal, 12 Sep. — Duke of Malak- 



MALAKHOFF TOWER-MALET. 



911 



hoff, 1856 — ambassador to London, 1858 — 
Governor-general of Algeria, i860 — Ij. there, 
22 May 1864. 

Malakhoff Tower. [Sebastopol.] 

Malaspina, Bicordano, historian, — ft., about 
1200 — tJ., 1 28 1. Historia ant. dell' edificazione 
di Fiorenza, §c, (1568.) 

Malatesta, Lord of Veriujcchio, — expel- 
led from Eimini, 1268 — chosen head of the 
Guelfs, leads them against Faenza and Forli, 
and is defeated, 1275 — returns to Rimini, 1290 
— gets himself proclaimed Lord of Eimini, Dec. 
1295 — Tj., 1 31 2. [Eimini.] 

Malchos, of Philadelphia, rhetorician, so- 
phist, historian, — fl., about 470-490. 

Malcolm I., King of the Scots, — succeeds 
to the throne, about 943 — receives grant of 
Cumbria from Edmund I. of England, 945 — 
assassinated, 953. 

Malcolm II., King of Scotland, — succeeds, 
1004 — submits to Cnut the Great, 1030 — 
murdered, 1034. 

Malcolm III., (Caenmore,) King of Scot- 
land, — ft., about 1024 — on the murder of his 
father, Duncan, by Macbeth, takes refuge with 
Siward, Earl of Northumberland, 1039 — 
restored to the throne by Siward, Dec. 1056 or 
Apr. 1057 — favours attempt of Tostig, 1066 — 
receives Edgar the Atheling, 1067 — makes 
peace with William L, and does homage for 
Cumberland, 1068 — ravages north of England, 
1070 — marries Margaret, sister of Edgar, 1070 
— his kingdom invaded by William I., 1072 — 
ravages Northumberland, 1079 — again invades 
England, but retires, 1091 — besieges Alnwick 
Castle, 1093 — defeated and killed by Soger 
de Mowbray, 13 Nov. 1093. 

Malcolm IV., King of Scotland, — ft., 
1 1 31 — succeeds his grandfather, David I., 24 
May 1 153 — obtains confirmation of earldom of 
Huntingdon, 1157 — accompanies Henry II. in 
war with France, 1159 — cedes Northumberland 
to Henry, 1 1 60 — routs army of Somerled, thane 
of Argyle, 1161 — renews homage to Henry at 
Woodstock: tf-, 9 Dec. 1165. 

Malcolm, Sir John, general, historian, — ft. 
in Dumfriesshire, 2 May 1769 — enters the 



army, 



-goes to India, 1783 — distinguishes 



himself at siege of Seringapatam, 1792 — am- 
bassador to Persia, 1799, 1802, 1807, and 1809 
— Pres. of Mysore, serves against Mahrattas, 
1803— signs treaty of alliance with Sindia, 
1804 — returns to England, and is made a Knt, 
181 2 — Brigadier-general, 1 8 1 7 — distinguishes 
himself at battle of Mehudpoor, 21 Sep. 18 17 
— Governor of Malwa, 1818-22 — Governor of 
Bombay, 1827-30 — M.P. Launceston, 1831 — 
c\ in London, 31 May 1833. History of 
Persia, 1815 — Memoir of Central India, 1823 — 
Political History of India, from 1784-1823, 
1826 — Life of Lord Clive, 1836. 

Malczeski, (Malczeicski,) Antoni, poet, — 
ft. in Poland, about 1792 — serves in the army, 
1811-16 — travels in Switzerland, Italy, and 
France, 18 16-21 — ft. at Warsaw, 2 May 1826. 
Maria, 1826. 

Maldon,in Essex, {Camalodxnum T) — Edward 
the Elder encamps at, 913 — unsuccessfully be- 



sieged by Danes, 921 — again attacked by them, 

993- 

Malebranche, Nicolas, philosopher, — ft. at 
Paris, 6 Aug. 1638 — enters Congregation of 
the Oratory, 1660 — honorary member of 
Academy of Sciences, 1699 — ft. there, 13 Oct. 
17 15. Recherche de la Verite, 1674 — Conver- 
sation chretienne, i6'j-j — Traite de la morale, 
1680 — Entretiens d'un phihsophe chretien et 
d'un philosophe chinois sur la nature de Lieu, 
1708 — Entretiens sur la metaphysique et la 
religion, 1687. 

Malebrancy, Jacques, Jesuit, — ft. at Tournai, 
1653. Be Morinis et Morinorum rebus, 1639- 
54- 

Malek el Adel, Seif Eddin Abubeker, 
(Saphadin,) Sultan of Damascus and Egypt, 
— expels his nephew Malek el Afdhal and suc- 
ceeds him at Damascus, (592, a. h.) 1196 — in- 
vades Egypt, takes Cairo, and assumes the 
regency, (596,) 1199 — declares himself Sultan 
of Egypt, and deposes his grand-nephew Malek 
el Mansur, (597,) 1200 — besieges and takes 
Joppa, (604,) 1207 — defeated by crusaders, 1207 
— suppresses revolt in Mesopotamia, (606,) 
1209 — invasion of Egypt by crusaders, 1209 — 
again, (615,) 121 8 — ft. in Syria, (7 Guimadhi 
II. 615,) 31 Aug. 1218. 

Malek el Kameel. [Kameel.] 

Malek el Moadham. [Turan Shah.] 

Malek Shah I., Seljuklde Sultan of 
Persia, — ft., about 1054 — succeeds his father, 
Alp Arslan, (465, a. h.) 1072 — raises Moc- 
tadi Bamrillah to the caliphate, (467,) 1074 — 
invades Egypt, 1076 — conquers Turkestan, 
1078 — orders reform of calendar, 1079 — [Gela- 
lasan Era] — his generals conquer Syria and 
Mesopotamia, between (468-477) 1075-84 — 
suppresses revolt of his brother Takasch in 
Khorasan, (477,) 1084 — makes a pilgrimage 
to Mecca, 1088 — his vizier Nizam el Muluk 
assassinated, (485,) 1092 — tf. at Baghdad, 1092. 

Malelas, (Malalas,) Joannes, Byzantine 
historian, — fl., after 565,* after 8oo. b 

a Gibbon and others. b Hody. 

Malermi, {Malerbi, Manerbi,) Niccolo, — ft. 
at Venice, about 1430 — tf., about 1490? 
Italian Version of the Bible, 147 1. 

Malesherbes, Chretien Guillaume de La- 
moignon de, statesman, — ft. at Paris, 6 Dec. 
1721 — Pres. Court of Aids, 1750-70 — ad- 
mitted to Academy of Sciences, 1750 — restored 
to office, 1774 — minister of king's household, 
1775 — received at French Academy, 1775 
— undertakes defence of Louis XVI., Dec. 
1792 — guillotined, 22 Apr. 1794. Remon- 
strances, 1 77 9 — Iclies d'un agriculteur patriote, 
17 9 1 — Memoire sur la librairie et sur la liberie 
de la pr esse, 1809. 

Malet, Claude Francois de, general,— -ft. at 
Dole, 28 Jun. 1754— Adjutant-general, 17 93 — 
General of Brigade, 1799— serves in Italy, 
Governor of Pavia, 1805 — imprisoned by 
Napoleon, Jul. 1807 — liberated, May 1808 — 
again imprisoned, 1 808 — escapes, and attempts 
insurrection, 29 Jun. 1809 — imprisoned: again 
escapes, and attempts insurrection, 22 Oct. 18 12 
— shot at Grenelle, 29 Oct. 18 12. 



912 



MALHERBE— MALTA. 



Malherbe, Francois de, poet, — ft. at Caen, 
about 1555 — in service of Henry of Angouleme, 
1574-85 — goes to Paris, 1605 — tf. at Paris, 
Oct. 1628. (Euvres, 1723. 

Malibran de Beriot, Maria Felicita, singer, 
— ft. at Paris, 24 Mar. 1808 — makes her debut 
at London, 1825 — and at Paris, 1828 — tr. at 
Manchester, 23 Sep. 1836. 

Malic Acid, -*■ discovered by Scheele, 1785. 

Malicious Injury to Property, — laws re- 
specting, amended and consolidated by Act 7 
and 8 Geo. IV. c. 30, 21 Jun. 1827 — again 
consolidated by Act 24 and 25 Tic. c. 97, 6 
Aug. 1 861. 

Malines. [Mechlin.] 

Malipiero, Pasquale, Doge of Venice, — 
succeeds Foscari, 31 Oct. 1457 — ft., 5 May 
1462. 

Malleolus, Thomas. [Kempis.] 

Mallet, David, poet, — ft. in Perthshire, about 
1700 ? — attends Prince of Orange to Oxford, 
and is created M.A., 1734 — tf. in England, 21 
Apr. 1765. Poetical Works, 1760 — Life of 
Lord Bacon, 1740. 

Mallet, Edme, litterateur— ft. at Melun, 
1713 — Prof. Theology, Coll. of Navarre, 1751 
- — tf. at Paris, 24 Sep. 1755. 

Mallet, Paul a {Pierre b ) Henri, historian, 
— ft. at Geneva, 1730 — Prof. Belles Lettres, 
Copenhagen, 1752 — Prof. History, Geneva, 
1760 — rj. there, 8 Feb. 1807. Lntroduction a 
Vhistoire de Banemark, 1755 — LListoire de 
Banemark, de 714 a 1699, 1758-77 — Mistoire 
de Banemark, d 1773, 1788 — LListoire des 
iSi'.isses, 1803. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Mallet-Dupan, Jacques, political writer, — 
ft. at Geneva, 1749 — goes to Paris, about 1783 
— to London, 1799 — &• a ^ Richmond, 10 May 
1800. Edits Journal historique et politique de 
Geneve, 1783-8 — JLercure Britannique, 1798-9. 

Mallorca. [Majorca.] 

Malmesbury, in Wiltshire, — abbey founded, 
before 670 — burnt by Danes, 878 — surrenders 
to Stephen, about '11 38 — taken by Prince 
Henry, 1152 — garrisoned for Cbarles I., 1641 
— taken by Sir W. Waller, Mar. 1643 — re- 
taken by Royalists, 1643 — stormed by Parlia- 
mentarians, 1645. 

Malmesbury, James Harris, Earl of, di- 
plomatist, — ft. at Salisbury, 21 Apr. 1746 — 
studies at Oxford, 1763-5 — secretary of em- 
bassy at Madrid, 1767 — ambassador to Berlin, 
1772 — to St Petersburg, 1777 — K.B., 1780 — 
ambassador at the Hague, 1784 — negotiates 
treaties of alliance with Holland and Prussia, 
Apr. 1788 — raised to the peerage, Sep. 1788 — 
negotiates marriage of Prince of Wales and 
daughter of the Duke of Brunswick, 1794 — 
created Earl, 1800 — tf. in London, 20 Nov. 
1820. Biaries and Correspondence, 1844. 

Malmesbury, William of, historian,— b. in 
England, about 1096 — tr. at Malmesbury, 
1 142 or 1 143. 

Malmoe, in Sweden, — mentioned, 1259 — 
built on present site, 13 19 — fortified by Erick 
of Pomerania, 1434 — besieged by Frederick I., 
king of Denmark, Jun. 1523— capitulates, 6 
Feb. 1524 — interview of kings of Denmark 



and Sweden at, autumn 1524 — besieged by 
Swedes, 1643 — by Danes, 1677. Treaty of, 
between Denmark and Sweden, concluded, 1662. 
Armistice, between Germany and Denmark, 
agreed to, 26 Aug. 1848. 

Malo, St, in France, — seat of bishopric, 
1 149 — unsuccessfully attacked by John of 
Gaunt, 1378 — bombarded by Commodore Ben- 
bow, Nov. 1693 — bombarded by English and 
Dutch, 5 Jul. 1695 — threatened by English, 6 
Jun. 1758. 

Malojaroslawitz, in Russia, — battle between 
Napoleon I. and Russians under Doctoroff, 24 
Oct. 1 8 12. 

Malone, Edmund, commentator on Shake- 
speare,— ft. at Dublin, 4 Oct. 1741— studies at 
Univ., 1756 — called to Irish bar, 1767 — tf., 
25 May 1 812. Editions of Shakespeare, 1790 
and 1 82 1. 

Malory, Sir Thomas, Knt,— ft., about 1430 ? a 
Morte d' Arthur, 1465? a Morley. 

Malouet, Pierre Victor, statesman, — ft- at 
Riom, 1740 — deputy to States-General, 1789 
— emigrates, 1792 — Master of Requests, 1808 
— Councillor of State, 18 10 — Commander of 
Legion of Honour, 18 n — Minister of Marine, 
Apr. 1814— Chevalier of St Louis, May 18 14 
■ — tf., 7 Sep. 1 8 14. 

Malpighi, Marcello, anatomist, — ft. near 
Bologna, 10 Mar. 1628 — studies at the Univ., 
1649 — M.D., 26 Apr. 1653 — Prof. Medicine, 
Bologna, 1656 — at Pisa, 1657 — resumes chair 
at Bologna, 1659 — Prof, at Messina, 1662 — 
returns to Bologna, 1666 — F.R.S. London, 
i688, a 1669 b — first physician to Innocent XII. , 
1 691 — tf. at Rome, 29 Nov. 1694. Opera, 
1686 — Opera posthuma, 1697. a Engl. Cyc, 

Biog. Univ., and Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Bees' Cyc. 

Malplaquet, in France, — Marshal Villars 
defeated by Duke of Marlborough and Prince 
Eugene, n Sep. 1709. 

Malt, — making of, regulated by Act 2 and 
3 Edw. VI. c. 10, 1548— revived by 27 Eliz. c. 
14, 1585 — continued by 3 Car. I. c. 4, 1627, and 
16 Car. I., c. 4, 1640. Excessive making, re- 
strained by Act 39 Eliz. c. 16, 1597 — repealed 
by Act 9 and 10 Wm III. c. 22, 1698. Butxj 
imposed on, in England, by Act 8 and 9 Wm 

III. c. 22, 1697 — in Scotland, 1713 — ex- 
changed for tax on ale, 1724 — in Ireland, 1783 
— made perpetual by Act 3 Geo. IV. c. 18, 3 
Apr. 1822. Lmportation of, prohibited by Act 
12 Ann. st. 1, c. 2, 1713. Trade, regulated by 
Acts 7 and 8 Geo. IV. c. 52, 1827 ; 11 Geo. 

IV. c. 17, 29 May 1830 ; 1 Vic. c. 49, 12 Jul. 
1837. For feeding animals, declared duty free 
by Act 27 Vic. c. 9, 28 Apr. 1864— further 
regulations bv Act 28 and 29 Vic. c. 66, 29 Jun. 
1865. 

Malta, Lsland of, (Melita,)—\BC\ — taken 
from Phoenicians by Sicilian Greeks, about 
736 — conquered by Carthaginians, about 528- 
500 — taken by Romans, 242 — [AD] — Apostle 
Paul wrecked there, 5 8 ?— taken by Vandals, 
454 — by Goths, 494 — by Belisarius, 533 — con- 
quered by Saracens, 870 — attacked by Roger, 
Count of Sicily, 1090 — conquered by Roger II. 
and united to kingdom of Sicily," 1 120 — be- 



MALTA— MAMERCINUS. 



9 l 3 



comes subject to the Empire, 1186 — seized by 
Frederick II., 1222 — seized by Charles of 
Anjou, 1266 — falls to House of Aragon, 1284 
— given to Knights Hospitallers, by Charles 
V., 1530 — attacked by Turks, under Mustapha 
Pasha, (23 Shawal 972, a. h.) 24 May 1565 — 
the capital defended by John de Valetta, and 
the siege raised, (13 Sepher 973,) 11 Sep. 1565 
— capitulates to Napoleon I., 12 Jul. 1798 — 
revolts against the French, and receives British 
aid, 1798-1800 — surrenders to British, 5 Sep. 
1800 — possession of, confirmed to England, by 
Treaty of Paris, 18 14— council of government 
constituted by letters patent, 11 May 1849 — 
visited by Prince of Wales, 5 Jim. 1862. 
[Valetta.] 

Malta, Knights of. [Knights Hospital- 
lers.] 

Malte-Brun. [Brun.] 

Malthus, Thomas Robert, political econo- 
mist, — ft. in Surrey, 14 Feb. 1766 — enters 
Cambridge Univ., 1784 — M.A., Fellow of 
Jesus Coll., 1797 — travels in North Europe, 
1799 — Prof. Modern History and Political 
Economy, Haileybury Coll., 1805 — tf. at 
Bath, 29 Dec. 1834. Essay on the Prin- 
ciple of Population, 1798 — Inquiry into the 
Nature and Progress of Pent, 18 15 — Prin- 
ciples of Political Economy, 1820 — Measure of 
Value stated and illustrated, 1823 — Definitions 
in Political Economy, 1827. 

Maltitz, Apollonius, Baron von, poet, 
dramatist, diplomatist, — ft., 1795 — Russian 
Charge d' Affaires, at Weimar, 1841-65 — lj. at 
Weimar, 2 Mar. 1870. Gedichte, 1838 — Dra- 
matische Einfdlle, 1838 — Koch ein Piatt in 
Lethe, 1857 — Virginia, 1858 — Anna Boleyn, 
1 860 — Selbstbiographie, 1863. 

Malton, Thomas, engraver, — ft., about 1750 
— tf., about 1804. Treatise on Perspective, 
1776-83. 

Maluginensis, M. Cornelius, — [B C] — Con- 
sul of Rome with L. Papirius Crassus, (318, 

A. IT. C.) 436. 

Malus, Etienne Louis, natural philosopher, 
— ft. at Paris, 23 Jun. 1775 — studies at the 
Ecole Poly technique, 1794 — serves in campaign 
on the Rhine, 1797 — in expedition of Egypt, 
1798-1801 — sub-director of fortifications, mem- 
ber of Legion of Honour, 1804 — member of 
Committee of Fortifications, 18 10 — admitted 
to Academy of Sciences, 13 Aug. 18 10 — lj. at 
Paris, 23 Feb. 181 2. The'orie de la double re- 
fraction de la lumiere dans les substances cris- 
tallisees, 18 10. 

Malvasia, Carlo Cesare, Count of, anti- 
quary, — ft. at Bologna, 18 Dec. 1616 — tj. 
there, io Mar. 1693. Felsina pittrice, vite e 
ritratti de' pittori bolognesi, 1678 — Marmorea 
felsinea illustrata, 1690. 

Malvoisine. [Mawmoisine.] 

Malwa, in Hindustan, — [BC] — first men- 
tioned, about 420 — [AD] — Bhoja, ft., about 
1 100 — conquered by Guzerat, about 1150 or 
1 175 ?— subdivided by Altamsh of Delhi, (630, 
a. h.) 1232 — revolt suppressed by Nasir u din, 
(649,) 1 250 — insurrection in, put down in part 
ov Jelal u din and Ala u din, 1292-3 — revolt 



suppressed, 1338 — again, 1350 — independent 
kingdom under Dilawar Ghori, (804,) 1401 
— Husheng Ghori succeeds, (808,) 1405 — 
carries on wars with Guzerat, Juanpur, and 
Candesh, 1407-32 — Mohammed Ghori, (835,) 
1432 — Mahmud Khilji, (839,) 1435 — ■ 
besieges Delhi and is defeated by Behlol Lodi, 
(844,) 1440, [(856) 1452 ?]— carries on war 
withKhumbo Sing, Raja of Mewar, (846-863,) 
1443-58 — invades Deccan, besieges Beeda 146 1 
— Gheias u din Khilji succeeds, (887,) 1482 
— Nasir u din Khilji, (906,) 1500 — Mahmud 
II. Khilji, (916,) 1512 — assisted in civil war 
with his brother Sahib Khan by Rajput chief, 
Medni Rai, 15 12 — supreme power usurped by 
Medni Rai, Mahmud escapes to Guzerat, (923,) 
15 1 7 — Mahmud restored by Mozaffer Shah, of 
Guzerat, (924,) 15 19 — defeated, captured, and 
released by Raja Sanga, near Chanderi, 1519 — 
attacks Rattan Sing, (932,) 1525 — his capital 
taken by Bahadur Shah, and the kingdom an- 
nexed to Guzerat, (937,) 153 1 — invaded by 
Humayun, 1534 — and evacuated, 1536 — con- 
quered by Shir Shah, (949,) 1542 — revolts from 
Adili, 1555 — Adam Khan expels Eaz Bahadur 
and rebels, 1560 — Bahadur subdued bv Abdulla 
Khan Uzbek, (969,) 156 1 — Abdulla Khan re- 
bels and is expelled, (970,) 1562 — the Mirzas 
attempt to seize, 1568 — overrun by Mahrattas, 
about 1720-30 — restored to order by British in- 
tervention, 1802-4. 

Mamachi, Tomaso Maria, Bo min icon, — ft. 
in Chios, 1713 — tr. in Italy, 1792. Originum et 
antiquitatum christianarum lib. XX., 1749-55. 

Mambelli, Marco Antonio, Jesuit, — ft. in 
the Romagna, 1582 — if. at Ferrara, 1644. Os- 
servazioni della lingua italiana, 1644-85. 

Mamelukes, Memlooks, The, — first men- 
tioned, about 900-950— organized as Guards of 
Malek Sala, between 1240-9 — revolt and as- 
sassinate the Sultan Turan Shah, (27 Mohar- 
ram 648 a. h.) i May 1250 — become masters 
of Egypt and make Ibeg sultan, 1250 — [Egypt, 
Sultans of] — their sovereignty destroyed by 
Selim I., 15 1 7 — almost destroyed by the French 
at battle of the Pyramids, Jul. 1798* — massacred 
by Mehemet Ali, at Cairo, Mar. 1811. 

Mamercinus, L. .Emilius, — [B C] — 1. Con- 
sul with K. Fabius Yibulanus, (270, a. u. c.) 
484 — with C. Servilius Structus Ahala, (276,) 
478 — with Vopiscus Julius lulus, (281,) 473. 2. 
Consul with L. Sextius Sextinus Lateranus, 
(388,) 366 — with Cn. Genusius Aventinencis, 
(391,) 363. 3. Consul with C. Plautius Hypsseus, 
(413,) 341 — dictator, 335 — Consul again with 
C. Plautius Decianus (425,) 329. 

Mamercinus, L. Pinarius Rufus, — [B C] — 
Consul with P. Furius Fusus, (282, a. u. c.) 
472. 

Mamercinus, M.' .Emilius, — [BC] — Consul 
with C. Valerius Potitus Yolusus, (344, a. u. c.) 
410. 

Mamercinus, Mam. iEmilius, — [B C] — con- 
sular tribune, 438 — dictator, (317, a. u. c.) 
437 — war against Yeii and Fidenae : dictator 
again, (321,) 433, a 434 b — limits censorship to 
18 months : third dictatorship, (328.) 426— 
takes Fidense. a Smith's Diet. b Zumpt. 
58 



9H 



MAMERCINUS— MANCHESTER. 



Mamercinus, Tib. JEmilius, — [B C] — I. 
Consul with L. Valerius Poplicola, (284, a.u.c.) 
470 — with Q. Fabius Vibulanus, (287,) 467. 
2. Consul with Q. Publilius Philo, (415,) 339. 

Mamercus, Tyrant of Catana, — [B G] — 
acquires the sovereignty, 344 — taken by Timo- 
leon and executed by Syracusans, 339 or after. 

Mamertinus, — Consul with Rufus, (935, 

A. U. C.) 182. 

Mamertinus, — delivers his Panegyric to 
Maximian, 21 Apr. 289.* a Clinton. 

Mamertinus, Claudius, — Consul with Ne- 
vitta, (1115, a. u. c.) 362 — pronounces his 
Gratiarum Actio pro consulatu, 1 Jan. 362. 
a Clinton. 

Mamertus, Claudius Eedius, poet, theolo- 
gian, — U., about 470. 

Mammas, (Melissenus,) Gregorius, Patri- 
arch of Constantinople, — accompanies 
Joannes II. to synod of Perrara, 1438 — patri- 
arch, 1446 — escapes to Italy, about 145 1 — o\, 

H59- 

Mammoth, — entire skeleton of, discovered 
in Siberia, 1799. 

Mamon, Al, (Abou-l Abbas Abdallah III.,) 
Abbaside Caliph,—!)., (170, a. h.) 786 — 
succeeds his brother Amin, (198,) 813 — ft., 
(218,) 833. 

Man, Isle of, (Mona, Monapia,) — conquered 
by Edwin, king of North umbria, about 614 — 
Haco, (Maco,) king of, attends Edgar at Ches- 
ter, 973 — Godred Cronan becomes king of, 
1067 a — conquered by Magnus III., king of 
Norway, 1098 — surrendered to the pope by 
Reginald, who acknowledges himself vassal of 
Henry III., 12 19— sold by Magnus VI. to 
Alexander III. of Scotland, 1266 c — conquest 
of, by Scots, completed, 1270 — places itself 
under protection of Edward I., 1290 — surren- 
dered to Baliol, to hold as fief of English 
crown, 1 29 1 — given to Earl of Cornwall, then 
to Henry Beaumont by Edward II., 1307 b — 
recovered by Bruce, 1313 — taken by William 
de Montacute, who is crowned King, 1344° — 
forfeited by Scrope, Earl of Wiltshire, and 
given to Henry, Earl of Northumberland, by 
Henry IV., 1399— forfeited, 1403 — given to 
Sir John Stanley, 6 Apr. 1406 — title of king 
exchanged for lord by Thomas, first Earl of 
Derby, 1505 c — seized by Queen Elizabeth, 
1595 — regranted to William, Earl of Derby, 
by James I., 16 10 — reduced by troops of the 
Parliament, Nov. 1651 — given to Sir T. Fair- 
fax, 165 1 — restored to the Stanleys by Charles 
II., 1660 — sovereign rights of, sold to the 
Crown by Duke of Athol, 1764 — all sovereign 
rights and privileges vested in Crown by Act 6 
Geo. IV. c. 34, 10 Jun. 1825— wholly trans- 
ferred to the Crown, Jan. 1829. [Sodor and 
Man.] a Annals of England. 

b Engl. Cyc. c dimming. 

Manassas, U. S. [Bull Run.] 
Manassas Junction, U. S., — the Federals 
driven out by Confederates, 26 Aug. 1862 — 
Federals defeated by Confederates near, 30 
Aug. 1862. 

Manasses, Constantinus, Byzantine chroni- 
cler, — fl., about 1 150. 



Manby, George William, {Captain Manby,) 
— b. in Norfolk, 28 Nov. 1765 — Captain in the 
army, 1803 — first uses his apparatus for saving 
life in shipwreck, Feb. 1808 — ft. at Yarmouth, 
18 Nov. 1854. 

Manchester, Lancashire, (Mancuninm,) — 
occupied by_ Romans, 79 — reduced by Edwin of 
Northumbria, 620 — temporary residence of 
Queen Ethelburga, 689 — Edward the Elder 
builds a fort at, 923 — mentioned as a manor in 
Domesday Book, 1087 — a free borough, 1301 
— woollen manufacture established as early as 
1322 a — visited by Henry VII. , 5 Aug. 1495 — 
cotton manufacture mentioned, 1641 a — declares 
for the parliament, 1642— unsuccessfully besieged 
by Lord Strange, 25-29 Sep. — fortified, 1642 
— occupied by Fairfax, Jan. 1643 — threatened by 
Earl of Newcastle, Jul. 1643 — ravaged by the 
plague, 1645 — fortifications dismantled, 1652 — 
cotton trade established, about 1750 — occupied 
by Prince Charles Edward, 29 Nov. to 1 Dec. 
1745 — visited by Christian VII. of Denmark, 
Sep. 1768 — sends address to George III., de- 
precating American rebellion, 13 Sep. 1775 — 
raises a regiment for American war, 1 7 7 8 — riots 
at, against machinery, 9 Oct. 1779 — riot of 
weavers, suppressed by the military, 25 May 
1808 — visited by Grand Duke Nicholas of 
Russia, 3 Jan. 1817 — meeting of Radicals, 
(Blanheteers,) their intended march to London 
prevented, 11 Mar. 1817 — Reform Meeting dis- 
persed by yeomanry, (Manchester Massacre, 
Peterloo,) 16 Aug. 1819 — silk manufacture in- 
troduced, 1819-20 — made a parliamentary 
borough, by Act 2 Wm IV. c. 45, 7 Jun. 1832 
— Anti-Corn-Law Meeting at, 18 May 1841 — ■ 
meeting of British Association, 22 Jun. 1842 — 
appointed a warehousing town, 1844— seat of 
a bishopric, by Act 10 and 11 Vic. c. 108, 23 
Jul. 1847 — visited by Queen Victoria, 10 Oct. 
1851-.— constituted a city, 1852 — Art Treasures 
Exhibition, 1857 — meeting of British Associa- 
tion at, 4 Sep. 1 86 1 — returns three members to 
parliament, from 1869 — Fenian attack on the 
police, 18 Sep. 1867 — [Fenians] — visited by 
Emperor of Brazil, 27 Jul. 1871. Cathedral, 
(Collegiate Church,) built, 1422-59 — consti- 
tuted a cathedral, 1847 — restored, 1855-60 — 
Grammar School, founded by Hugh Oldham, 
Bp of Exeter, 15 15. Cheetham College and 
Library, founded by Humphrey Cheetham, 
incorporated, 1665. Royal Infirmary, built, 
1755 — enlarged, 1847-54. Philosophical So- 
ciety, instituted, 178 1. New College, 1786. 
Royal Institution, 1823. School of Medicine, 
established, 1824. Cheetham Society, founded, 
1843. Free Library, founde I, 1850-2. Owens' 
College, opened, Mar. 1851 — new buildings 
erected, 1868. Free Trade Hall, opened, 1856. 
Assize Courts, by Waterhouse, opened, 26 Jul. 
1864 — statues for exterior, by Woollier, com- 
pleted, 1867. Townhall, new, commenced, 
1868. Royal Exchange, opened, 2 Jan. 1809 
— new, commenced, 1868. ;l Baines. 

Manchester, Charles Montagu, 4th Eaul 
a)td 1st Duke or, — succeeds his lather, 1682 — 
promotes the Revolution, 1688 — attends 
William III. to Ireland, 1690 — ambassador to 



MANCHESTER— MANGALORE. 



9*5 



Venice, 1696 — ambassador to France, 1699 — 
Secretary of State, 1701 — dismissed, 1702 — 
ambassador to Vienna, 1707 — declares for 
House of Hanover, 17 15 — created Duke of 
Manchester, Apr. 1719 — tf., 20 Jan. 1722. 

Manchester, Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl 
of, statesman, general,— \±., 1602 — accompanies 
Prince of Wales to Spain, 1623 — K.B., 1625— 
M.P., 1625 — raised to the peerage, as Lord 
Kimbolton, before 1640 — joins popular 
party, 1640 — commands at battle of Edge- 
hill, 23 Oct. 1642 — Earl of Manchester, 
Nov. 1642 — Joint-Keeper of Great Seal, 
Jun. 1643 — head of Confederation of Eastern 
Counties, 1643 — defeats Earl of Newcastle at 
Horncastle, Oct. — takes Lincoln, 1644 — de- 
feats Royalists at Marston Moor, 2 Jul. — takes 
York, commands at second battle of Newbury, 
27 Oct.— censured by Cromwell in parliament, 
Nov. — resigns his commission, 2 Apr. 1645 — 
Speaker of House of Lords, 1645 — protests 
against trial of Charles I., 2 Jan. 1649 — Lord 
Chamberlain and K.G., 1660 — Chancellor of 
University of Cambridge, 1660 — lj., 5 May 
1671. 

Manchester, Henry Montagu, 1st Earl of, 
Lord Chief Justice and Lord High Trea- 
surer of England, — ft. at Boughton, North- 
amptonshire, about 1562 — M.P. Higham 
Ferrars, 1601 — M.P.London, 1604 — Reader at 
Middle Temple, autumn 1606 — King's Serjeant, 
161 1 — conducts prosecution of Earl and 
Countess of Somerset, 16 16 — Chief Justice, 16 
Nov. 1616 — Lord Treasurer, 14 Dec. 1620 — 
raised to the peerage as Baron Kimbolton and 
Viscount Mandevil, Dec. 1620 — Lord President 
of the Council, Oct. 1621 — Earl of Manchester, 
5 Feb. 1626 — Keeper of the Privy Seal, 1627 
• — tf., 7 Nov. 1642. 

Mancinus, A. Hostilius, — [B C] — praetor 
urbanus, 180 — Consul with A. Atilius Serranus, 
(584, a. u. c.) 170 — conducts Macedonian war : 
remains as proconsul in Greece, 169. 

Mancinus, C. Hostilius, — [BC] — Consul 
with M. .ZEmilius Lepidus, (617, a. u. c.) 137 
— defeated by Numantines, makes peace with 
them, the treaty annulled by Senate, 137 — 
given up to Numantines, rejected by them, 
and restored to citizenship, 136. 

Mancinus, L. Hostilius, — [B C] — legatus to 
Piso at Carthage, 148 — Consul with Q. Fabius 
Maximus, (609, a. u. c.) 145. 

Mandar, Theophile, — ti.,1759 — distinguishes 
himself at the Revolution, 1789 — tf. at Paris, 
2 May 1823. Genie des Siecles, 1794 — Insurrec- 
tions, 1793. 

' Mandats Territoriaux,' {paper currency,) 
— issued by French Directory, 18 Mar. 1796. 

Mander, Karel van, painter, historian, — fi. 
near Courtrai, 1548 — at Rome, 157 1-4 — if. at 
Amsterdam, 11 May, a Sep. b 1606. Ilet leven 
der oude antycke doorluchtige Schilders, 1603 — 
Het leven der modcrne Schilders, 1604. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Mandevil, Viscount. [Manchester, 1st 
Earl of.] 

Mandeville, Bernard de, miscellaneous 
writer,— $. at Dort, about 1670— ft. in London, 



21 Jan. 1733. Virgin unmasked, 1709 — 
Fable of the Bees, 17 14. 

Mandeville, Sir John de, traveller, — fc. at 
St Albans, about 1300 — sets out for Palestine, 
1327 — "Sj. at Liege, 17 Nov. 1372. Voiageand 
Travaile, 1499. 

Mandosio, Prospero, — h. at Rome, about 
1650 ? — fr., about 1700. Bibliotheca Ronuoia, 
1682-92 — Theatron, in quo maxim, christ. 
orbis pontificum archiatros spectandos prmbet, 
1696. 

Manes, Mani, Manichaeus, — h., probably 
of 239 a — propagates his doctrine, and 
escapes into Mesopotamia, 261 a — returns to 
Persia, 272 b — put to death by order of Vara- 
ram, between 27 3-5, a 277 ? b — his disputation 
with Archelaos, Bp of Caschar, 277.° a Clinton. 

b Neander. c Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Manetho, historian, §c., — [B Cj — writes his 
History of Egypt, about 268. 

Manetti, Giannozzo, classical scholar, — ft. at 
Florence, 5 Jun. 1396 — envoy to king of 
Naples, 1445 — assists at coronation of Emperor 
Frederick IV., at Rome, 1452 — Chevalier, by 
Nicholas V., 1452 — a", at Naples, 26 Oct. 1459. 

Manfred, Regent and King of Sicily, — 
ft., about 1232 a — receives title of Prince of 
Tarentum : marries Beatrice, Countess of 
Saluces, 1 248 a — named Regent of Sicily, by his 
father, Frederick II., 1250— suppresses revolt 
in Apulia, 1252 — again Regent on death of 
Conrad, 1254 — defeats Papal army at Foggia, 
2 Dec. 1 254 — Alexander IV. proclaims crusade 
against, 1255 b — recovers Naples, 1255 — on 
report of Conradino's death, is crowned King 
at Palermo, 11 Aug. 1258 b — refuses to resign 
the crown to Conradino, 1258 — excommuni- 
cated by Alexander IV., 1259 — overruns Papal 
States and makes himself master of Tuscany, 
1260 — again excommunicated by Urban IV., 
1 26 1 — marries his daughter Constance to 
Pedro of Aragon, 1262 — crusade against, pro- 
claimed by Urban, 1264 — Charles of Anjou 
declared King, Jun. 1265 — defeated and killed 
by his rival, near Benevento, 26 Feb. 1266. 

a Kington. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Manfredi, Eustachio, mathematician, — b. 
at Bologna, 20 Sep. 1674 — Prof. Mathematics 
there, 1698 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 
Paris, 1726 — tf. at Bologna, 15 Feb. 1739. 
Rime e prose, 1760 — Ephemerides, 1715-25 — 
Elem. delta cronologia, 1744. 

Manfredini, Federico, Marquis, statesman, 
— b. at Rovigo, 24 Aug. 1743 — accompanies 
Grand Duke Leopold to Vienna on his accession 
to Empire, 1790 — First Minister to Grand Duke 
Ferdinand, 179 1 — called to Vienna, made 
Field-marshal-lieutenant of Austrian army, 
Dec. 1801— tf., 2 Sep. 1829. 

Manfredonia, S. Italy, [Novum Sipotztum,) 
— founded by Manfred, 1266, 11 1256^ 1250.° 
a Encyc Brit. b Conv.-Lex. c Meyer, Conv -Lex. 

Mangalore, in Hindustan, — desolated by 
Portuguese, 1547 and 1555 — occupied by them, 
1567 — Portuguese factory at, destroyed by 
Arabs, 1596 — taken by Hyder Ali, 1763 — by 
the English, 1768 — retaken by Hyder Ali, 
1768 — taken by Gen. Matthews, Jan. 1783 — 
.58 * 



916 



MANGANESE-MANNY. 



invested by Tippoo Saib, 23 May 1783 — 
capitulates to him, 24 Jan. 1784 — on his death, 
becomes part of British possessions, 1799. 
Treaty of, between British government and 
Tippoo Saib, for mutual restitution of con- 
quests, signed, 1 1 Mar. 1 7 84. 

Manganese, — investigated by Pott, 1740 — 
by Kaim and Winterl, 1770 — by Scheele and 
Bergmann, 17 7 1-4 — two acids of, distinguished 
by Forchhammer, 1820. 

Manget, Jean Jacob, physician, — ft. at Ge- 
neva, 1652 — tf. there, 25 Aug. 1742. Bibl. 
anatomica, 1685-99 — Biblioth. medica-practica, 
1695-8 — Biblioth. scriptor. medicor. veterum et 
recentiorum, 173 1. 

Mangou, Grand Khan of the Moguls, 
— fc. at Karakorum, 1207 — succeeds to the 
throne, Jul. 1251 — receives embassy from St 
Louis, 1 Jan. 1254 — tf., before Setchouen, in 
China, Aug. 1259. 
Mani. [Manes.] 

Maniaces, George, general, — Governor of 
Teluch, about 1030 — defeats Saracens and is 
made Governor of Lower Media, about 1031 — 
takes Edessa, 1032 — sent into Italy against 
Saracens, 1035 — recovers Sicily from Saracens, 
1038 — defeats them in Sicily, 1040 — arrested 
and taken to Constantinople, 1040 — liberated 
by Michael Calaphates, 1041 — defeats Nor- 
mans in Italy, 1042 — gets himself proclaimed 
Augustus, in Italy, 1042 — killed in victory 
over Constantine at Durazzo, 1042 or 1043. 

Manichaeans, — [Manes] — edicts of Diocle- 
tian against, 296 — persecuted, and their books 
burnt at Rome, by Pope Leo, 443 3 — condemned 
by Council of Rome, 444 — persecuted by Ca- 
bades and Justin, 524. a Clinton. 

Manilius, [Manlvus, Mallins,) poet, astrolo- 
ger, — ft., about Christian Era, a about 20 [AD]. b 
a Bentley. b Smith's Diet. 

Manilius, C.,— [B C]— trib. pleb., 10 Dec. 
67-6 — introduces the Lex Manilla. 

Manilius, M\, jurist, — [B C] — Consul with 
L. Marcius Censorinus, (605, a. u. c.) 149 — 
conducts war against Carthage — ft., 169-129.* 
a Smith's Diet. 
Manilla, city, — taken by Spaniards and 
made capital of their dominions, 157 1 — earth- 
quakes at, 1645 and 1762 — taken by the Eng- 
lish, 1762 — given up to Spain for a ransom, by 
Peace of Paris, 1764 — earthquakes, 1796, 1824 
— burnt, 26 Mar. 1833 — earthquakes, 1852 
and i860 — destroyed by earthquake, 3 Jun. 
1863. 
Manilla Islands. [Philippine Islands.] 
Manin, Daniello, statesman, — b. at Venice, 
1 3 May 1 804 — proposes constitutional govern- 
ment for Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom and is 
imprisoned, Jan. 1848 — liberated by the people, 
17 Mar. 1848 — takes part in insurrection 
against Austrians, 22 Mar. — named Pres. Re- 
public, 23 Mar. — dictator, 13 Aug. 1848 — 
conducts defence of Venice, Mar. to 24 Aug. 
1849 — retires to Paris, 1849 — tf. at Paris, 22 
Sep. 1857 — hi s remains removed to Venice at 
expense of Italian government, 1867. 

Manley, Mary de la Riviere, dramatic and 
'political writer, — succeeds Swift as editor of 



the Examiner, Jun. 1711— -tf., 1724. 
Mischief, 1696 — New Atalantis, 1709. 

Manlius, P., — [BC] — Consul with C. Pa- 
pirius Carbo, (634, a. tj. c.) 120. 

Mann, Theodore Augustine, natural philo • 
sop her, litterateur, — b. in England, 22 Jun. 
1735 — becomes Carthusian monk, at Meuport, 
before 1764 — member of Academy of Brussels, 
1774— perpetual secretary, 1787 — if. at Prague, 
23 Feb. 1809. 
Manners, John. [Granby, Marquis or.] 
Mannert, Conrad, historian, geographer, — 
ft. at Altdorf, in Bavaria, 1756 — Prof. Philo- 
sophy, Altdorf, 1797 — Prof. History, Landshut, 
1808 — Prof. History, Univ. of Munich, 1826 
— tf. there, 27 Sep. 1834. Geschichte der Van- 
dalen, 1785 — Geschichte Baiems, 1826 — Ge- 
schichte der Beutschen, 1828-30 — Geschichte 
der alien Beutschen, 1829 — with TTkert, Geo- 
graphic der Griechen und Homer, 1792-1825. 

Mannheim, in Baden, — fortified by Elector 
Palatine, Frederick IV., 16 17 — captured by 
Tilly, 1622 — by Duke Bernhard of Weimar, 
1631 — by the French, 1644 — by the Bavarians, 
1644 — by Gen. Melac, 1688— again fortified, 
by Coehorn, 1699 — capital of Electorate, by 
Charles Philip, 1720 — ceded to Bavaria, 1777 
— the court removed to Munich, 1788 — bom- 
barded and taken by the French, Dec. 1794 a — 
occupied by Pichegru, 20 Sep. 1795 b — retaken 
by Wurmser, Dec. 1795 — again entered by 
French, 12 Mar. 1799 — retaken by Archduke 
Charles, Sep. 1799 — reoccupied by the French, 
1799 — assigned to Baden by Treaty of Lune- 
ville, 1 80 1 — fortifications demolished, 1802 — 
Bliicher crosses the Rhine at, Dec. 1813 — dis- 
turbances at, Jun. 1849. Bitcal Balace, built, 
1720-31. a Conv.-Lex. b TJnivers Pittoresque. 

Manni, Bomenico Maria, printer, antiquary, 
§c.,— b. at Florence, 8 Apr. 1690 — tf. there, 
30 Nov. 1788. Lezioni di lingua toscana, 1737 
— Istoria del decameron de Boccaccio, 1742. 

Manning, Owen, antiquary, topographer, — 
fj. in Northamptonshire, 1721 — tf., 1801. 
Edition of Lye's Anglo-Saxon and Gothic 
Bictionary, 1772 — History and Antiquities of 
Surrey, 1804. 

Manny, Sir Walter, military commander, — 
accompanies Philippa of Hainault to court of 
England, 1 327 — attends Edward III. to France, 
1329 — distinguishes himself at siege of Ber- 
wick and is knighted, 1333— Joint-commander 
with Earl of Derby of expedition to Flanders, 
autumn 1337 — defeats Flemings at Cadsant, 
1337 — takes part in invasion of France, 1338 
— captures fortress of Bp of Cambray, and takes 
part in siege of Cambray, Sep. 1339 — distin- 
guishes himself at battle of Sluys, Jun. 1341 — 
at siege of Tournay, Jul. 1 341— assists Joanna, 
Countess of Brittany, against Charles of Blois, 
1342 — defends Hennebon, 1342 — returns with 
Edward III. to England, Mar. 1343— with 
Earl of Derby commands in Gascony, 1344 — 
takes Bergerac, 1344 — present at surrender of 
Calais, Aug. 1347 — again serves in France, 
1360 and 1369 — founds Carthusian monastery 
{Charterhouse) in London, about 1370 — tf., 
1372. 



MANOEL— MANT. 



917 



Manoel, Francisco, poet, — b. at Lisbon, 
1734— settles at Paris, 1788 — tr. there, 25 Feb. 
1819. Versos de Filinto Mysio, 1818-19. 

Manoncourt. [Sonnini.] 

Mans, Le, in France, (Suindinum, Cenoman- 
ni,) — seized by Armoricans, 486 — taken by 
Clovis, 510 — by Thierry, king of Burgundy, 
598 — by Clotaire II., 598 — taken and sacked 
by Bretons and Normans, 818, 844, 849, 865, 
and 866 — again taken by Normans, 905 — by 
Louis d'Outremer, 937 — besieged and taken 
by Counts of Anjou, 1036, 1051, 1060, and 
1062— by William the Conqueror, 1063, 1064, 
and 1076 — by Helie de la Fleche, 1088 — by 
Geoffrey of Mayenne, 1088 — again by Helie de 
la Fleche, 1096 — by William Bufus, 1098 — 
retaken by Helie de la Fleche, 1099 — taken 
from Henry II. of England by Philip Augustus 
and Bichard Coeur de Lion, 1 1 89 — retaken by 
John, 1199— given up to Philip, 1200 — taken 
by English, 1424 — retaken, 1448 — besieged 
and taken by Henry IV., 1589— taken by Yen- 
deans, 1793 — retaken by Gen. Marceau, 10 
Dec. 1793 — surprised by Chouans, 15 Oct. 
1797 — defeat of Gen. Chanzy by Duke of 
Mecklenburg near, 11 Jan. 1871 — again, by 
him and Prince Frederick Charles, 12 Jan. — 
the town occupied by Germans, 12 Jan. Cathe- 
dral, commenced, before 1100 — completed, 

J 434- 

Mansart, Francois, architect, — ft. at Aix, 
1598 — if. at Paris, Sep. 1666. 

Mansart, Jules Hardouin, architect, — b. at 
Paris, 1645— first architect to the king, &c, 
1699— if. at Marly, 1708. Continues erection 
of Chateau of Versailles, 1670-81. Hotel des 
Invalides, commenced, 1670. 

Mansel, Henry Longueville, Dean of St 
Paul's, philosopher, theologian, — ft. at Cos- 
grove, Northamptonshire, 6 Oct. 1820 — enters 
St John's Coll. Oxford, 1839— Fellow of his 
Coll., 1842— B. A., 1843 — ordained priest, 1845 
— Eeader in Moral and Metaphysical Philo- 
sophy, Magdalen Coll., 1855 — Bampton Lec- 
turer, 1858— Waynflete Prof. Moral and Meta- 
physical Philosophy, 1859 — Eegius Prof. 
Ecclesiastical History, Jan. 1867— Canon of 
Christ Church, Jan. 1867 — Dean of St Paul's, 
1868 — if. in London, 30 Jul. 187 1. Edition 
of Aldriclis Logic, 1849 — Prolegomena Zogica, 
1 85 1 — Metaphysics, (Encyc. Brit.,) 1857 — 
Limits of Religious Thought, 1858 — Philo- 
sophy of the Conditioned, 1866 — with Veitch, 
edition of Sir TV. Hamilton's Lectures on Meta- 
physics and Logic, 1859-60. 

Mansfeld, Ernst von, general, — ft. at Mech- 
lin, 1585 — joins Protestant Princes of Ger- 
many, 1 610 — supports insurgents in Bohemia, 
161 8 — put under ban of the Empire, 16 19 — 
retreats before Tilly to the Palatinate, 1621 — 
ravages Alsace, 1622 — defeats Spaniards at 
Fleurus, 29 Aug. 1622 — visits England, 1624 
— raises siege of Breda, 1624 — renews the war 
in Germany, 1625 — defeated by Vfallenstein, 
at Dessau, 25 Apr. 1626 — ft. in Bosnia, Nov. 
1626. 

Mansfield, William Murray, Earl of, Chief 
Justice of England, — ft. at Scone, near Perth, 



2 Mar. 1705— enters Christ Church, Oxford, 
18 Jun. 1723 — enters Lincoln's Inn, 23 Apr. 
1724— M. A., Jun. 1730— called to the bar, 23 
Nov. 1730 — Solicitor-general, Nov. 1742 — 
M.P. Boroughbridge, Nov. 1742— Attorney- 
general, May 1754— Chief Justice of the King's 
Bench, and Baron Mansfield, 8 Nov. 1756— 
Earl of Mansfield, 1776— retires, 4 Jun. 1788 
— if. at Highgate, 20 Mar. 1793. 

Mansi, Giovanni Bomenico,— ft. at Lucca, 
16 Feb. 1692—Abp of Lucca, 1765— if. there, 
27 Sep. 1769. Edits Sacrorum conciliorum 
nova et amplissima collectio, 1757-69 — edits 
Baronii Annates, 17 38-56. 

Mansion House, London, — built, 1739-50. 
Manslaughter, — punishment of, regulated 
by Act 9 Geo. IV. c. 31, s. 9, 27 Jun. 1828— 
bailable, by Act 22 Vic. c. 33, 19 Apr. 1859 — 
new provisions respecting punishment, by Act 
24 and 25 Vic. c. 100, s. 5, 6 Aug. 1861. 

Manso, Giovanni Battista, Marquis of 
Villa,— ft. at Naples, 1570— if. there, 28 Dec. 
1645. Vita di Tasso, 1634. 

Mansourah, (Massotirah,) in Egypt, — at- 
tacked by crusaders under Count of Artois 
spring 1250 — St Louis imprisoned at, Apr. to 
May 1250. 

Mansur, Al, Abou Giafar, Abbaside Ca- 
liph, — succeeds his brother Abou-1 Abbas, 
(136, a. h.) 754 — destroys Ctesiphon and 
Seleuceia, and founds Baghdad, (145,) 762 — 
puts to death his uncle Abdallah, 764 — if. 
near Mecca, (6 DhuT hajjah 158,) 7 Oct. 775. 
Mansur, Al, Abou Mohammed, Eegent of 
Cordova, — ft., (327, a. h.) 939— guardian to 
Hixem II. and Eegent of the kingdom, (366,) 
976— commences his wars with Christian kings 
of Spain, 977 — receives surname Al-Mansur, 
978 — takes Zamora, (371,) 981 — takes Leon, 
(372,) 982 — invades Catalonia, defeats Borel, 
Count of Barcelona, and takes the city, (374-5,) 
984-5 — invades Leon and Galicia, pillages 
church of Sant-Iago, and ravages Biscay and 
Navarre, 985 — ravages Leon and Castile, 
(377,) 9S7 — defeats French in Catalonia, (378,) 
988 — destroys Walls of Compostella, (379,) 989 
— ravages Leon and burns church of Sant- 
iago, spring (384) 994— defeats and captures 
Garcias, Count of Castile, (385,) 995 — defeats 
Bermuda of Leon, (Shawal 385,) Nov. 995 — 
invades E. Spain, defeats Christians at Hisn 
Dhervera, (390,) 1000 — defeated by allied kings 
of Leon and Navarre and Count of Castile, at 
Calatafiazor, (392,) 1002 — if., (28 Eamadan 
392,) 10 Aug. 1002. 

Mansur, Al, Abou Yussef Yakub. [See 
Almohades.] 

Mant, Eichard, Bp of Down, Connor, and 
Dromore, — ft. at Southampton, 12 Feb. 1776 
—Fellow of Oriel Coll. Oxford, 1798— M.A., 
1800 — vicar of Great Coggeshall, 1810 — 
Bampton Lecturer, 1812 — D.D., 18 15 — Bp of 
Killaloe, 1820 — Bp of Down and Connor, 1823 
— Bp of Down, Connor, and Dromore, 1842 
— if. at Ballymoney, in Ireland, 2 Nov. 1848. 
Poems, 1806 and 1807 — Simpliciad, 1809 — ■ 
with D Oyly, edition of the Bible, 1 817 — edition 
of Common Prayer, 1820 — Metrical Version of 



MANTEGNA— MANTUANO. 



the Psalms, 1824 — Gospel Miracles, 1832 — 
British Months, 1835. 

Mantegna, Andrea, painter, engraver, sculp- 
tor, §c„— b. near Padua, 143 1 — pupil of Squar- 
cione, 1441 — enters service of Lodovico Gon- 
zaga, Marquis of Mantua, 1468— employed in 
the Vatican, by Innocent VIII., 1488-90 — tf. 
at Mantua, 13 Sep. 1506. Triumph of Ceesar, 
Hampton Court, completed, 1492 — Triumph of 
Scipio, London, 1505-6 — La Madonna della 
Vittoria, the Louvre, 1495. 

Mantell, Gideon Algernon, geologist, pale- 
ontologist, — b. at Lewes, about 1790 — F.R.S., 
1825— obtains royal medal of the Society, 1849 
— tf. in London, 10 Nov. 1852. Fossils of the 
South Downs, 1822 — Illustrations of the Geo- 
logy of Sussex, 1822 — Wonders of Geology, 1838 
— Medals of Creation, 1 844. 

Mantes, in France, — burnt by William I. of 
England, Aug. 1087. 

Mantineia, — [BC] — Athenians defeated by 
Lacedaemonians, Aug. 418 — besieged by Agesi- 
polis, spring; taken, autumn 385 — restored, 
370 — Epaminondas defeats Lacedaemonians, 
Jun. 362. 

Man-traps and Spring-Guns, in England, — 
setting of, prohibited by Act 7 and 8 Geo. IV. 
c. 18, 28 May 1827. 

Mantua, Marquisate and Dtjchy of, in 
Italy, — [BC] — territory given with Cremona 
to veterans of Octavius, 42 — [AD] — given by 
Otto II. to Marquis Thedaldo, 11 14 — governed 
by Sordello Visconti, as podestat, about 
1220 — Pinnamonte and Ottonello elected 
Captains, and Sordello and other nobles ban- 
ished, 1274 — Ottonello put to death, 1274 
— Carpio, son of Pinnamonte, Sep. 1289 
— expelled and succeeded by his brother Bar- 
delone, 1 29 1 — who is expelled by his grand- 
son, Botticella Buonaccorsi, 1299— hissons 
Passerino and Butirino succeed, 1308 — 
Passerino killed in a revolt of the citizens, and 
the lordship passes into the Gonzaga family, 
1328 — Luigi I. di Gonzaga recognized 
Captain of, Aug. 1328 —associates his sons 
Guido, Filippino, and Feltrino with him : 
the sovereignty confirmed to the Gonzaga 
family by Emperor Charles IV., 1354 — they 
carry on war with the Visconti, 1357 — Guido 
di Gonzaga, (son,) 1360 — Luigi II. di Gon- 
zaga, (son,) 1369 — Francesco I. di Gonzaga, 
(brother,) 1382 — Giovanni Francesco di Gon- 
zaga, (son,) 1407 — erected into a Marquisate, 
1433 — Luigi III., the Turk, (son,) ft., 1414 — 
succeeds, 1444 — visited by Francesco Sforza, 
Dec. 1453 andOct. 1457— receives Pope PiusIL, 
May 1459 to Jan. 1460 — tf. at Goito, 12 Jan. 
1478 — Federico I., (son,) b., 1439— succeeds 
his father, 1478 — joins League of Naples, Milan, 
and Florence, against Venetians, 1482 — takes 
part in Congress of Cremona, Mar. 1483 — tf., 
15 Jul. 1484 — Giovanni Francesco II., (son,) 
1484 — Federico II., (son,) b., 17 May 1500 
— succeeds his father, 3 Apr. 15 19 — joins League 
against Emperor Charles V., 1527 — visits 
Charles V. at Bologna, 1529— joins League of 
the Emperor, Dukes of Savoy and Milan, &c, 
for security of Italy, 23 Dec. 1429 — his Mar- 



quisate erected into a Duchy, by Charles V., 

25 Mar. 1530 — acquires Marquisate of Mont- 
ferrat, by grant of Charles V., 3 Nov. 1536— 
tf., 28 Jun. 1540— Francesco II., (or III.,) 
(son,) b., 10 Mar. 1533 — succeeds under 
regency of his uncle, 1540— marries Catherine 
of Austria, 22 Oct. 1549— drowned, 21 Feb. 
1550— Guglielmo, (brother,) b„ 1536— suc- 
ceeds, 1550 — marries Eleonora, daughter of 
Ferdinand I., 1561 — narrowly escapes assassin- 
ation at Casal, Oct. 1567— visits Gregory XIII. 
at Eome, 1572— receives Henry III. of France, 
1574 — "&• at Bozzolo, 14 Aug. 1587 — Vin- 
cenzo I., (son,) b., 21 Sep. 1562— divorces 
his wife, Margaret Farnese, 1580 — marries 
Eleonora de' Medici, 158 1 — succeeds his father, 
1587— tf., 18 Feb. 1612— Francesco III., (or 
IV.,) (son,) b., 7 May 1586 — marries Margaret 
of Savoy, 29 Feb. 1608 — succeeds, Feb. 16 12 
— tf., 22 Dec. 161 2 — Ferdinando, (brother,) 
b., 24 May 1587 — created Cardinal, 1605 — 
usurps the Duchy and takes guardianship of 
his niece, 1612 — renounces Cardinalate, 16 15 
— marries for his second wife Catherine de* 
Medici, 17 Feb. 1617 — tf., 29 Oct. 1626 — 
Vincenzo II., (brother,) b., 7 Jan. 1594 — 
created Cardinal, 16 15 — secretly marries 
Isabella di Gonzaga, 16 17 — renounces the 
Cardinalate and seizes the Duchy, 1626 — tf., 

26 Dec. 1627 — Carlo I., Duke of Nevers, 
succeeds his cousin, 1627 — Carlo III., (grand- 
son,) b., 31 Oct. 1629 — succeeds, Sep. 1637 — 
marries Isabella Clara of Austria, 13 Jun. 
1649 — claims office of Vicar-general of Italy, 
1657— tf., 14 Aug. 1665— Carlo IV. (son) 
succeeds, 1665— on his death, 1708, the suc- 
cession is disputed by Dukes of Guastalla, Lor- 
raine, and Savoy : the territory is taken pos- 
session of by Emperor Joseph I. 

Mantua, city, — suffers from the Marcomanni, 
269 — from Radagaisus, 406 — from Alaric, 
403-408 — conquered by Lombards, 568 — by 
Charles the Great, 774 — defeat of troops of 
Countess Matilda by those of Emperor Henry 
IV., near, 1080 — invested by Emperor Henry 
IV., Jul. 1090 — surrenders to him, 11 Apr. 
1091 — joins Lombard League, 1 167— unsuc- 
cessfully besieged by the Visconti, 1357 — 
congress of princes and ambassadors assembled 
by Pius II. to treat of war against Turks, meets 
at, 27 May 1459 — fruitless congress of the 
Pope, Emperor, kings of France and Aragon 
at, 15 1 1 — blockaded by Gen. Collalto, spring 
1630 — captured and pillaged by Imperialists, 
18-20 Jul. 1630 — threatened by Prince 
Eugene, 1702 — unsuccessfully besieged by the 
Gonzagas, 1734 — besieged by the French, de- 
fended by Gen. "Wurmser, Jul. 1 796 — capitulates, 
2 Feb. 1797 — incorporated with Cisalpine 
Eepublic ; reconquered by Austrians and Rus- 
sians, 1798 — given up to France, 1800 — restored 
to Austria, 18 14 — given up to Italy, 1866. 
Ducal Palace, founded, about 1302. Univers- 
ity, founded, 1625. Councils of, 827, 1053, a«nd 
1067. 

Mantuano. [Ghisi.] 

Mantuano, Battista, poet, — b. at Mantua, 
17 Apr. 1448 — General of the Carmelite Order, 



MANUEL— MAR. 



919 



151 3 — tf. at Mantua, 20 Mar. 15 16. Opera, 
about 1500 ? 

Manuel I., Comnenus, Emperor of the 
East, (1143-1181,) — &., ii2o, a ii22 b — suc- 
ceeds his father, Joannes II., 8 Apr. 1 143 b — 
defeats Masoud I., Sultan of Iconium, and com- 
pels him to make peace, 1 143 a — marries Ber- 
tha, (Irene,) 1144 — defeats Eaymond, Prince 
of Antioch, ii44 b — defeats Turks in Isauria, 
1 145 — again makes peace with Masoud, 1 147 
— joins with Masoud to destroy crusaders by 
treachery, 1147 — defeats the Patzenegues, 1148 
— takes Corfu from Sicilians, 11 49 — defeats 
Servians and Hungarians, 1150 — invades Hun- 
gary, 1 151 — makes peace, 1152 — repulsed by 
Turks in Cilicia, 1152 — defeats Thoros in 
Cilicia, 1155 — his general reduces Apulia and 
Calabria, 1155 — defeats Kilidj-Arslan, 1159 
— compels him to make peace, 11 60 — marries 
Mary, daughter of Eaymond Prince of An- 
tioch, 1 161 — allies himself with Stephen II. of 
Hungary, invades Dalmatia, and takes Zara, 
Spalafro, and other towns, 1161 — betroths his 
daughter Maria to Bela (III.), 1163 — invades 
Hungary, n62, a 1166 b — concludes peace, 1168 
— fails in attempt to conquer Egypt, 11 68 — 
concludes treaty with Genoa, 1 169 b — sends aid 
to Amalric against Egypt, 1169 — arrests 
Venetians and sequestrates their property, 
1 17 1 b — makes peace with Venice, ii74 b — 
surprised and defeated by Kilidj-Arslan at 
Myriokephalon, 1 176 — again defeated in Lydia, 
1 1 77 — relieves Claudiopolis and makes peace, 
1 1 77 — marries his daughter Maria to Eayner 
of Montferrat, Mar. n 78 b — tf., 24 Sep. 11 80. 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Finlay. 

Manuel II., Palseologus, Emperor or the 
East, (1391-1425,) — ft., 1348 — relieves his 
father, Joannes I., imprisoned for debtat Venice, 
1370 — shares the throne with him, from 25 
Sep. 1373 — seized and imprisoned by his 
brother Andronicus, 1375 — retained as a host- 
age by Bayazid, 1389 — succeeds his father, 
1 39 1 — escapes from court of Bayazid and goes 
to Constantinople, 1391 — besieged in Constan- 
tinople by Bayazid, agrees to pay tribute, and 
obtains truce for ten years, 1391 — battle of 
Nicopolis, 1396 — receives French auxiliaries 
under Marshal Boucicaut, 1398 — associates his 
nephew, John of Selymbria, with him, Dec. 
1399 — accompanies Boucicaut to Europe, and 
visits France, Jun. 1400 — and England, Dec. 
1400 — returns to Constantinople, 1401 — de- 
prives and banishes his nephew, 1401 — con- 
cludes treaty with Solyman L, 1403 — ally of 
Mahomet I. against Musa, 1410 ? — reduces 
Thasos, summer 141 3 — at Thessalonica, 141 3- 
14 — visits Peloponnesus, 1415 — supports Mus- 
tapha against Amurath II., 1423 — besieged in 
Constantinople by Amurath, 1423 — concludes 
treaty of peace with him, 1425 — tf., 21 Jul. 
1425. 

Manuel. [Thessalonica and Trebizond, 
Emperoks op.] 

Manuel, Don Juan, Eegent of Leon and 
Castile, — ft. in Escalona, 5 May 1282 — serves 
against Moors, 1294 — Joint-regent, during 
minority of his grand-nephew, Alfonso XI., 



1320 — dismissed from the Council, Aug. 1325 
— defeats the Moors at Guadalhorra, 1327 — on 
murder of his uncle rebels against Alfonso, 1327 
—submits to him, 1335 — marries his daughter 
Constantia to heir-apparent of Portugal, 1339 
— Commander-in-chief against Moors, 1339 — 
distinguishes himself at Tarifa, 1340— at cap- 
ture of Algesiras, 1344 — tf., 1347, a 1362. b 
Concle Lucanor, 1575. a Ticknor. b Sismondi. 

Manuel, Niclaus, painter, poet, $•<?., — ft. at 
Berne, 1484 — studies under Titian at Venice, 
15 1 1 — serves under Francis I. against Milan, 
1522— promotes the Eeformation, 1526-30 — tf. 
at Berne, 1530. Todtentanz, 1515 — Fastnacht- 
spiele, about 1522. 

Manuzio, Aldo, {Aldus Manutius,) printer, 
— ft. at Bassiano, i447, a H49 b — commences 
printing at Venice, about 1490— tf. there, 3 
Feb. 1515. 15 Hero and Leancler, 1494 — Rudi- 
menta grammatices Ungues latince, 150 1 — Insti- 
tutiones Grammatical, 1508 — Grammaticce in- 
stitutiones grcecce, 15 15 — Dictionarium Grceco- 
Latinum, 1497. a Biog. Univ. 

b Conv.-Lex. and Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Manuzio, Aldo, {the Younger,) printer, mis- 
cellaneous tor iter, — ft. at Venice, 13 Feb. 1547 
— Director of the Printing Establishment, 1565 
— Prof. Belles Lettres, 1576 — Prof. Eloquence, 
Bologna, 1585 — Prof, at Bome, 1589 — Direct- 
or of Printing-press of the Vatican, 1590 — tf. 
at Eome, 28 Oct. 1597. 

Manuzio, Paolo, printer, archaeologist, §c, 
— 6. at Venice, i5i2, a 12 Jun. 1511 bc — takes 
management of the printing business, 1533 — 
Prof. Eloquence, Director of the printing-press 
of Venetian Academy, about 1558 — settles at 
Eome, about 1561 — tf. there, 6 Apr. 1574. 
Epistolarum lib. XII prcefationcs, i58o, a i558 b 
— letter e volgari, 1560 — Antiquitatum Roma- 
narum liber, 1557 — Liber de senatu Romano, 
1581. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Manx Translation of the Bible, by Dr John 

Kelly, 1772. 

Manzolli, (Manzoli,) Pietro Angelo, poet,- — 
ft. near Ferrara, about 1500? Marcelli Ralin- 
genii stellati Zodiacus vitce, 1537. 

Maori, — [New Zealand] — Chiefs, send ad- 
dress of condolence to Queen Victoria, Nov. 
1862 — party of, received by the Queen at Os- 
borne, 15 Jul. 1863. 

Map, Walter, scholar, satirist, — studies at 
Paris Univ. about 1160 — one of the Justices in 
Eyre at Gloucester, 1 1 7 3 — attends Lateran 
Council, 1 179 — Chaplain to Henry II., about 
1 190 — Archdeacon of Oxford, 1196. 

Map of the World, (Mappa llundi,) in 
Hereford Cathedral, — constructed, about i220, a 
i3i3-2o, b 1290-1310° — described by Gough, 
1780. a Lelewel. 

b D'Avezac. c English Antiquaries. 

Map of the World, — constructed by Fra 
Mauro, 1457 — photographic facsimile published, 
1870. 

Mar, Alexander Stewart, Earl of, — be- 
comes a pirate, 1408 — defeats Donald, Lord of 
the Isles, at Harlaw, 24 Jul. 141 1 — accused of 
design against life of his brother James I., 1424 



MAR— MARCEL. 



— defeated by Donald Balloch at Inverlochy, 
1431— *., 1434. 

Mar, Donald, Earl of, Regent of Scot- 
land, — appointed, 1332 — defeated by Edward 
Balliol and killed. 11 Aug. 1332. 

Mar, John Erskine, Earl of, Regent of 
Scotland, — created, 1565 — lias charge of 
Prince James, 1567 — joins party against Mar}-, 
1567 — chosen Regent, 5 Sep. 157 1 — consents 
to execution of Mary, Oct. 1572 — ft. at Stirling, 
28 Oct. 1572. 

Mar, John Erskine, Earl of, Lord Trea- 
surer of Scotland, — succeeds to the title, 
1572 — gets possession of Stirling Castle and 
seizes James VI., 26 Apr. 1578— attainted, re- 
tires to Ireland, 1583 — ambassador to English 
court, Feb. 1601 — attends James I. to London, 
1603 — Privy Councillor and K.G., 27 Jul. 
1603 — Earl of Mar, by new creation, 3 Feb. 
1620 — xj., 14 Dec. 1634. 

Mar, John Erskine, 11th Earl of, — ft. at 
Alloa, 1675 — succeeds to the title, 1689 — Privy 
Councillor for Scotland, by Queen Anne, 1702 
— one of the Commissioners for the Union, 
1702 — joins Tory party, and is made Secretary 
of State for Scotland, 17 10 — dismissed by 
George I., 17 14 — proclaims the Pretender 
(James Edward) at Braeniar, 6 Sep. 17 15 — un- 
successfully attempts Edinburgh Castle, 8 Sep. 
— occupies Perth, 16 Sep. — occupies Dumblane, 
Nov. — fights indecisive battle of Sheriffmuir 
with Argyle, 13 Nov. — created Duke by the 
Pretender, close of Dec. — escapes with James 
to France, Feb. 17 16 — arrested at Geneva by 
desire of British government, 21 May 17 19 — 
liberated, 2 Jun. 1720 — if. at Aix-la-Chapelle, 
May 1732. 

Mara, Gertrude Elizabeth, singer, — fj. at 
Cassel, 1749 — visits London, 1765-7 — marries 
Mara, 1773 — visits London again, 1784-8 — 
settles in Russia, 1802 — revisits England, 1820 
— U. at Revel, 20 Jan. 1833. 

Marais, Henri, engraver, — b. at Paris, 1764 
— o\, 11 Nov. 1800. 

Marana, Giovanni Paolo, litterateur, — h. at 
Genoa, about 1642 — ft. in Italy, 1693. Espion 
clu Grand Seigneur clans les cows cles princes 
chretiens, 1684. 

Maranon. [Amazons.] 

Marat, Jean Paul, revolutionary leader, — fc. 
in Neufchatel, 24 May 1744 — at siege of 
Bastille, 14 Jul. 1789 — member of Cordeliers' 
Club, 1790 — proposes gibbeting of Mirabeau, 
!7go — member of Committee of Public Safety, 
1792 — deputy to Convention, Sep. 1792— ar- 
rested, Apr. 1793 — returns in triumph from 
Revolutionary Tribunal, 24 Apr. — assassinated 
by Charlotte Corday at Paris, 13 Jul. 1793. 
Edits Ami clu peuple, Dec. 1789 to Sep. 1792 
— edits Journal de la re'publique, Sep. 1792. 

Marathon, — [BC] — Miltiades defeats Datis 
and Artaphernes at, (01. 72, 3,) 490. 

Maratti, {Maratta,) Carlo, painter,—^, at 
Camurano, Ancona, 15 May 1625 — pupil of 
Andrea Sacchi at Rome, 1636-44 — restores 
frescoes of Raphael in the Vatican, 1702-3 — 
tr. at Rome, 15 Dec. 17 13. 

Marbach, League of, — formed against Em- 



peror Rupert, by Electors of Mentz and 
Saxony, Duke of Bavaria and Margrave of 
Misnia, and joined by kings of France and 
Poland, 1404. 

Marbeck, John, musical composer, — condemn- 
ed to be burnt as a heretic, 1544 — Mus. B. Ox- 
ford, 1549 — ft., about 1585. Booke of Com- 
mon Praier, 1550. 

Marble, — [B C] — used for columns by L. 
Crassus, orator, before 91 — used for thresholds 
by M. Lepidus, 78 — for columns, by M. Scau- 
rus, 58. 

Marbois, Francois Barbe de, Marquis de 
Marbois, statesman, litterateur, — b. at Metz, 
31 Jan. 1745 — attached to the department of 
Foreign Affairs, 1768 — secretary of embassy 
and Charge d' Affairs, United States, 1778 — 
governor of Leeward Isles, 1785 to Oct. 1789 
— minister to Diet of Ratisbon, Jan. 1792 — 
deputy to Council of Ancients, 1795 — trans- 
ported to Guyana, after 18 Fructidor, 4 Sep. 
1797 — returns to Paris, after 18 Brumaire, Nov. 
1799 — Councillor of State, 1800 — Director of 
the Treasury, 1801 — Grand Officer of Legion 
of Honour, Count of the Empire, 1805 — first 
Pres. Court of Accounts, 1808-37 — Senator, 
1 8 13 — Peer, 4 Jun. 18 14 — Councillor of the 
Univ., 1 8 14 — Keeper of the Seals, Minister of 
Justice, 1815-16 — Associate of Academy of 
Inscriptions, 1821 — "fr., 14 Jan. 1837. Eistoire 
de Louisiane, 1828 — Memoires, 1836. 

Marburg, in Sesse-Cassel, — castle built, 
1065 — constituted a town, 1227 — burnt, 1261 
and 1 3 19 — residence of Princes of Hesse, 1458- 
99 and 1567-1604 — unsuccessfully besieged by 
Imperialists, 1647 — occupied by French, 1759 
— besieged, 1761. Conference of, between 
Luther andZwingli, 2-3 Oct. 1529. Cathedral, 
built^ 1235-83 — plundered by the French, 1810. 
University, founded by Landgrave Philip the 
Generous, 1527 — confirmed by Charles V., 

i54i- 

Marc, Charles Chretien Henri, physician, 
— b. at Amsterdam, 4 Nov. 177 1 — M.D. Er- 
langen, 1792 — goes to Paris, 1795 — first phy- 
sician to Duke of Orleans, 18 17 — Chevalier of 
Legion of Honour, 1823 — annual Pres. of 
Academy of Medicine, 1830 — first physician to 
the king, 1830— rj. at Paris, 12 Jan. 1841. 
Nouvelles recherches sur les secours d donner 
aux noye's et aux asphyxies, 1835 — De la Folie 
considered dans ses rapports avec les questions 
medico-judiciaires, 1 841 . 

Marca, Pierre de, — b. at Gant, (Beam,) 
1594 — Counsellor to Sovereign Council of Pau, 
1 6 15— Councillor of State, 1639 — Abp of Tou- 
louse, 1652 — Minister of State, 1658 — Abp of 
Paris, Feb. 1662 — ft. there, 29 Jun. 1662. 
De concordia sacerdotii et imperii, 1641 — BTis- 
toire de Beam, 1650 — Marca Hispanica, 1650. 

Marcel, Etienne, provost of Merchants of 
Paris, — member of States-General, 1355 — 
becomes master of Paris, Oct. 1356 — leads in- 
surgents to the palace, Feb. 1358 — massacred 
at Paris, 31 Jul. 1358. 

Marcel, Guillaume, chronologist, — ft. at 
Toulouse, 1647 — "a. at Aries, 27 Dec. 1708. 
Tablettes chronologiques pour Vhistoire de V 



MARCEL— MARCELLUS. 



e'glise, 1682 — Tablettes chronologiques clepuis 
la naissance de J. C. pour Vhistoire profane, 
1682. 

Marcel, Jean Joseph, orientalist, — ft. at 
Paris, 24 Nov. 1776 — Director of the printing- 
press accompanying expedition to Egypt, 1798 — 
of Imperial printing-press, 1804-15 — assists in 
founding Asiatic Society of Paris, 1821 — Officer 
of Legion of Honour, 1838 — tf. at Paris, 11 
Mar. 1854. "With Reybaud, Histoire scienti- 
fique et militaire de V Expedition Francaise en 
Egypte, 1830-6 — Histoire de V Eg ypte, 1844. 

Marcellinus, Bp of Rome, — succeeds Caius, 
296 — tf., 24 Oct. 304. 

Marcellinus, (ATarcellianus,) Count, — 
establishes himself in Illyricum, 454 — em- 
ployed in Sicily, 458-61-2 — occupies Dalmatia 
and revolts against Ricimer, 461 — drives Van- 
dals out of Sicily, 464 — assists Emperors of 
the East and West in naval war with Vandals, 
drives Vandals out of Sardinia, 468 — retires to 
Sicily and is assassinated, Aug. 468. 

Marcellinus, — Consul with Aurelian, (1028, 
a. v. c.) 275. 

Marcellinus, Ammianus, historian, — ac- 
companies Ursicinus to the East, 350 — with 
him at Milan, 354 a — in Gaul, 355 u — at Sir- 
nrium, 357 a — at Samosata, 359 a — at Msibis, 
envoy to Satrap of Corduene, 359 — at Amida, 
escapes, after capture of Amida, to Antioch, 
359 a — quits Ursicinus on his disgrace, 360 — 
with Julian in Persia, 363 a — at Antioch, 371 b 
— writing, 390 a — tf., after 390. b 

a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. 

Marcellinus, Antonius,— Consul with Pe- 
tronius Probinus, (1094, a. u. c.) 341. 

Marcellinus, Cn. Cornelius Lentulus, — 
[BC] — Consul withL. Marcius Philippus, (698, 
A. u. c.) 56. 

Marcello, Benedetto, musical composer, — ft. 
at Venice, 24 Jul. 1686 — tf. at Brescia, 17 Jul. 
1739. Estro Foetico-armonico, parafrasi sopra 
i 50 primi salmi, Foesia di G. A. Giustiniani, 
musica de JB. Marcello, patrizi Veneti, 1724-6. 

Marcello, Lorenzo, Captain-general of the 
fleets of Venice, — defeats the Turks near Con- 
stantinople, and is killed in the action, 1656. 

Marcello, Niceolo, Doge oe Venice, — suc- 
ceeds JNiccolo Tron, 13 Aug. 1473 — tf., 4 Dec. 
1474. 

Marcellus, Bp of Ancyra, theologian, — at 
Council of Nice, opposes Arians, 325 A — writes 
against Asterius, 335 b — deposed by Arian 
Synod of Constantinople, 336 b — restored by 
Council of Sardica, 347 b — again expelled by 
Synod of Sirmium, 351 a — tr., about 37 3. b 
a Neandev. b Clinton. 

Marcellus, Bp of Apamea, — leads a band 
of soldiers and gladiators to destroy the temples, 
and is seized and burnt by the pagans, 39 1 . a 

a Neander. 
' Marcellus, C. Claudius,— [BC]— (1.) Con- 
sul with L. jEmilius Paullus, (704, a. u. c.) 
50— invests Pompey with command of forces 
in Italy, 50 — reconciled to Caesar, 49 — tf., close 
of 41. (2.) Consul with L. Corn. Lentulus, 
(705,) 49— commands part of Pompey's fleet, 
48. 



Marcellus .Empiricus, physician ? — fl., 
about 395. 

Marcellus, Eprius, orator, — praetor, 49 — 
proconsul, Asia Minor, 57— accused of malver- 
sation : aids in impeachment of Thrasea Paetus, 
66 — engages in Alienus Caecina's conspiracy, 
and kills himself, 79. 

Marcellus, M. Asinius,— Consul with M.' 
Acilius Aviola, (807, a. u. c.) 54. 

Marcellus, M. Claudius, — [B C]— &., before 
268 — curule aedile, about 226 — Consul with 
Cn. Corn. Scipio, (532, a. u. c.) 222 — defeats 
Gauls, triumph with Spolia Opima : praetor, 
216 — checks Hannibal at Nola: proconsul 
in Campania, defeats Hannibal at Nola, 215 — 
Consul with Q. Fabius Maximus, (540,) 214— 
repulses Hannibal at Nola : sent to Sicily, 
takes Leontini, 214 — besieges Syracuse and 
takes it, 214-212 — returns to Rome, autumn 
211 — Consul with M. Valerius Laevinus, (544,) 
210 — commands in Apulia : proconsul in 
Apulia, 209 — defeated by Hannibal at Canu- 
siuni : Consul with T. Quinctius Crispinus, 
(546,) 208 — killed in skirmish with Hannibal 
near Venusia, 208. 

Marcellus, M. Claudius, — [B C] — military 
tribune, 208 — trib. pleb., 204 — curule aedile, 
200 — praetor in Sicily, 198 — Consul with L. 
Furius Purpures, (558, a. u. c.) 196 — defeats 
Insubrians, &c, 196 — legatus to Corn. Merula, 
in Cisalpine Gaul, 193 — censor with T. Quinc- 
tius Flamininus, 189 — tf., 177. 

Marcellus, M. Claudius,— [B C]—pontife%, 
177 — praetor in Spain, 169 — Consul with C. 
Sulpicius Gallus, (588, a. tj. c.) 166 — defeats 
Alpine Gauls : Consul with P. Corn. Scipio, 
(599,) 155 — defeats Ligurians : Consul with L. 
Valerius Flaccus, (602,) 152 — pacifies Celtiberi- 
ans, founds Corduba, 152 — ambassador to Masi- 
nissa, perishes by shipwreck, 148. 

Marcellus, M. Claudius, — [BC] — curule 
aedile with P. Clodius, 56 — defeats Milo, 56 
and 52 — Constdvrith. Ser. Sulpicius Rufus, (703, 
a. u. c.) 51 — joins Pompey, 49 — retires to 
Mitylene, 48 — assassinated on his return to 
Rome, 47. 

Marcellus, M. Claudius, — [BC]— fj., 43 — 
betrothed to daughter of Sex. Pompey, 39 — 
congiarium distributed by Augustus in his name 
to Roman boys, 29 — with Tiberius, presides at 
games on founding of Emerita, 25 — adopted 
by Augustus, 25 — curule aedile, 23 — tf., autumn 

2 3- 

Marcellus, M. Claudius,— [BC] — (1.) Con- 
sul with C. Valerius Flaccus, (423, a. u. c.) 
331. (2.) Consul with C. Nautius Rutilus, 
(467,) 287. (3.) Co;?s?^ with Q,. Fabius Labeo, 
(571,) 183. (4.) Consul with L. Arruntius, 
(732,) 22. 

Marcellus, P. Neratius, — Consul with Su- 
ranus, a (Suburanus, b ) (857, a. u. c.) 104,* 
(856,) i03- b a Zumpt. b Clinton. 

Marcellus, Q,uintilius, — one of the counsel- 
lors of Alexander Severus, 223 — Consid with 
Severus, (979, a. u. c.) 226. 

"Marcellus Sidetes, poet, physician, — fl., 
about 135. 

Marcellus, TJlpius, jurist, fl., about 165. 



922 



MARCELLUS I.— MARCIEN. 



Marcellus I., Bp of Rome, — succeeds Mar- 
cellinus, after long vacancy, 19 May 308 — If., 
16 Jan. 310. 

Marcellus II., Pope,— Cardinal, 1539— suc- 
ceeds Julius III., 9 Apr. 1555 — tf., 30 Apr. 

I S55- 

Marcet, Alexander, physician, — ft. at Ge- 
neva, 1770— studies at Edinburgh, about 1793 
— M.D., settles at London, 1797 — naturalized 
in England, 1802 — member of Sovereign Coun- 
cil, Geneva, 18 14 — tf. in London, 12 Oct. 1822. 

Marcet, Jane, miscellaneous writer, — ft. in 
London, 1769 — tf. in London, 28 Jun. 1858. 
Conversations on Chemistry, 1806 — on Political 
Economy, 18 17 — on Natural Philosophy, 1820. 

March, Earl of. [Mortimer, Roger, and 
Richmond, Duke of.] 

Marchand, Jean Gabriel, Count, general, 
— ft. at l'Albenc, (Isere,) 11 Dec. 1765 — enters 
the army, 1791 — distinguishes himself at 
Loano, 23 Nov. 1795 — aide-de-camp to Jou- 
bert, at JSovi, 1796 — distinguishes himself in 
Austrian campaign, 1805 — General of Division, 
21 Dec. 1805 — at Jena, .1806 — contributes to 
victory of Friedland, 14 Jun. 1807 — Grand 
Eagle of Legion of Honour, Count, 1807 — dis- 
tinguishes himself in Spain, 1 808-11 — in 
Russian expedition, 1 8 1 2— contributes to victory 
of Liitzen, 2 May 18 13 — at Leipsic, Oct. 1813 
— receives Cross of St Louis, 18 14 — Peer of 
France, 1837 — tf., 12 Nov. 1851. 

Marchand, Prosper, bibliographer — ft. _ in 
Picardy, about 1675 — commences bookselling 
at Paris, 1698 — settles at Amsterdam, 17 11 — 
tf., 1756. Edits Journal litteraire, (of the 
Hague,) 1713-37 — Catalogue de la bibliotheque 
de Faultrier, 1709 — Dictionnaire historique, 

1758-9. 
Marchangy, Louis Antoine de, — ft. at 

Clamecy, (Bourdonnais,) 28 Aug. 1782 — tf. at 
Paris, 23 Feb. 1826. La Gaule poetique, 181.3 
— Tristan ie voyageur, 1826. 

Mar chant, Nicolas Danias, Baron, anti- 
quary, — b. at Pierrepont, (Moselle,) 1767 — tf. 
at Metz, 1 Jul. 1833. Melanges de numis- 
matique et dliistoire, 1818-29. 

Marche, La, {Jlarche Limosine,) — erected 
into a County, before 950^ about 968 b — united 
with County of Angouleme, 121 8 — confiscated 
by Philip the Fair, 1297— the succession re- 
nounced in his favour, by Guy, brother of 
Count Hugh XIII. , 1297— by Mary and Isabel, 
his sisters, 1308 — erected into a Peerage by 
Philip the Tall for his brother Charles, (the 
Fair,) 13 16 — given to Louis L, Duke of Bour- 
bon, Dec. 1327 — confiscated by Louis XL, on 
death of Jacques d'Armagnac, and given to 
Pierre II. of Bourbon, 1477 — confiscated by 
Francis I. on death of Charles of Bourbon, and 
reunited to the Crown, 153 1. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Le Bas. 

Marche, Olivier de la, poet, chronicler, — ft. 
in Burgundy, 1426 — tf. at Brussels, 1501. 
Jfe'moires, (from 1435 to 1492,) 1562 — Le 
Chevalier delibere, 1483. 

Marchers, Lords, of Wales, — authority of, 
superseded by incorporation of \Vales with 
England, by Act 27 Hen. VIII. c. 26, 1536— 



suppressed by Act 1 "Win and Mar. c. 27, 1689. 

Marchesi, Giuseppe, painter, — ft. at Bologna, 
1699 — tf., 1771. 

Marchetti, Alessandro, litterateur, — ft. in 
Tuscany, 1633— tf. there, 1714. Translation 
of Anacreon, 1707 — of Lucretius, 1717 — Saggio 
delle rime eroiche, morali, e sacre, 1704. 

Marchfeld, near Fienna,—Otbocax II., king 
of Bobemia, defeated and killed by Emperor 
Rudolph of Hapsburg, 26 Aug. 1278. 

Marchi, Francesco de', engineer, — ft. at 
Bologna, about 1506 ? — engineer to king of 
Spain in Flanders, 1552-84. Delia architet- 
tura militare, 1599. 

Marchiennes, in Prance, — recovered by the 
French from Prince Eugene, 26 Jul. 17 12. 

Marchin, (Marsin,) Ferdinand, Count de, 
Marshal of France,— b., 1656 — enters the 
army, 1673 — Brigadier, 1688 — serves in cam- 
paign of Flanders, 1690 — woimded at Fleurus, 1 
Jul. 1690 — at battle of Neerwinden, 1693 — 
Lieutenant-general, 1701 — ambassador to 
Spain, 1701 — Marshal, 1703 — commands at 
battle of Hochstedt, 1704 — Governor of Valen- 
ciennes, 1705 — falls in campaign of Italy, 7 
Sep. 1706. 

Marcia, Aqua, — [B C] — built by Q. Marcius 
Rex, 144-3. 

Marciana, Carmina, — [BC] — discovered by 
praetor M. Atilius, 213. 

Marciano, in Tuscany, — the French under 
Marshal Strozzi defeated by Spaniards under 
Marquis de Marignano, 3 Aug. 1554. 

Marcianus, physician, anatomist, — ft., about 
165. 

Marcianus, of Heracleia, geographer, — ft., 
after 400. 

Marcianus, Emperor of the East, (450-7) 
— ft., about 391 — accompanies Aspar against 
Genseric, and is taken prisoner, 431 — married 
by Pulcheria and made Emperor, 24 Aug. 450 
— holds Council of Chalcedon, 25 Oct. 451 — 
defeat of Arabs and of Blemmyes in Egypt, 452 
— puts down disturbances in Lazica, 456 — tf. 
between 26 Jan. and 7 Feb. 457. 

Marcianus, — Consul with Zeno, (1222, 
a. u. c.) 469 — with Festus, (1225,) 472 — re- 
volts against Zeno, surprised and captured by 
Illus, 479. 

Marcianus, (Jfartimts,) — sent by Justin II. 
as General of the East, 57 2 — occupies Osrhoene, 
autumn 572 — defeats Persians near Nisibis, 
573 — recalled and deprived, 573. 

Marcianus iElius, jurist, — ft., about 210- 
220. 

Marcien, Guy Balthazar Erne, Marquis 
de, — ft., 1721 — enters the army, 1731— serves 
in Germany, 1733-4 — distinguishes himself at 
Fontenoy, 1745 — Brigadier, serves under 
Marshal Saxe in Flanders, 1746 — tf. near 
Grenoble, 1753. 

Marcien, Pierre Erne, Marquis de, general, 
— ft. 1728 — enters the army, 1740 — Governor 
of Valencia, 1745 — Colonel, 1747 — wounded 
at combat of Assiette, 19 Jul. 1747 — assists 
at siege of Maastricht, 1748 — Governor of 
Grenoble, Oct. 1750 — distinguishes himself at 
battle of Hastembeck, Jul. 1757 — Lieutenant- 



MARCION— MARGARET. 



9 2 3 



general, 1780 — Commandant of Dauphiny, 
1783 — Commander of St Louis, 1787 — ft., 19 
Apr. 1804. 

Marcion, (of Pontics,) heresiarch, — ft., about 
150-194 a — opposed by Polycarp at Rome, 
I53. a a Clinton. 

Marco Polo. [Polo.] 

Marcomanni, Suevic tribe, — migrate, under 
Maroboduus, from Upper Danube to land 
of the Boii, before 6 — campaign of Tiberius 
against, 6 — at war with the Oherusci, 17-19 — 
at war with Rome, Aurelius and Verus march 
against, 167 — their allies, the Quadi, defeated 
by Aurelius, 174— defeated by Paternus, 179 — 
conclude peace with Commodus, 180. 

Marconi, Rocco, fainter, — {I. at Trevigo, 

i5°5- 

Marconville, {Marcouville,) Jean de, — b. in 
le Perche, 1540. La maniere de Men policer 
la republique chre'tienne, 1562 — Traite con- 
tenant Vorigine des temples des juifs, Chretiens, 
et gentils, 1563 — Recueil memorable d'auacns 
cas merveilleux, 1564. 

Marcus, (Mar/cos,) of Kerynea, — [B C] — first 
preetor of Achaean League, (01. 131, 2,) 255. 

Marcus, Bp of Rome, — succeeds Sylvester, 
18 Jan. 336 — ft., 7 Oct. 336. 

Marcus, heresiarch, — ft, about 150. 

Marcus, Abp of Ravenna, — obtains diploma 
from Emperor Constans exempting him from 
jurisdiction of the pope, is excommunicated by 
Pope Yitalianus, and excommunicates him, 666. 

Marcus Antoninus. [Antoninus.] 

Mardaites. [Maronites.] 

Mardia, in Thrace, — Constantine defeats 
Licinius and compels him to make peace, Dec. 

3i4- 

Mardin, (Merdm,) in Mesopotamia, — con- 
quered by Saracens, about 630 a — besieged and 
taken from Hamdan by Caliph Mutadid, about 
898 a — captured by Melek Adel Abubekr, about 
ii97 a — who is driven away, 1199 — besieged 
and taken by his son, Aschraf Musa, 1202 a — 
unsuccessfully attacked by Houlakou, 1258 b — 
by Timour, about 1401 — taken by Melek Khalil 
and Tdris, 15 15 b — the citadel surrenders to 
generals of Selim, 15 16. 

a Zedler. b Von Hammer. 

Mardonius, — [B C] — conspires against Smer- 
dis, 521 — commands first Persian expedition 
against Greece, subjugates part of Thrace, 
spring 492 — left in command by Xerxes, after 
Salamis,48o — defeated and slain at Plat8ea,479. 

Mardyk, in the Netherlands, — taken by Duke 
of Orleans, 24 Aug. 1646. 

Mare, Philibert de la, litterateur, — fc. at 
Dijon, 1615— "&. there, 1687. Comment, de 
bello Burgundico, (1636,) 1641 — Historicorum 
Burgundice conspectus, 1689. 

Marengo, in Italy, — the marriage of Boni- 
face II., Duke of Tuscany, to Beatrice of Lor- 
raine, celebrated at, 1036 — Napoleon I. defeats 
Austrians under Gen. Melas, 14 Jun. 1800. 

Marenzio, Luca, musical composer, — b. in 
Brescia, about 1550 — Tj. at Rome, 1599. 

Marescalchi, Ferdinando, diplomatist, — b. 
at Bologna, 1764 — minister plenipotentiary of 
Cisalpine Republic to Vienna, 1799 — nego- 



tiates Concordat between Rome and Italian 
Republic, at Paris, Sep. 1803 — Governor of 
Parma and Placentia, 18 14 — ft., plenipoten- 
tiary of Austria at Modena, 22 Jun. 18 16. 

Marescot, Armand Samuel, Marquis de, 
Peer of Prance, military engineer, — ft. at 
Tours, 1 Mar. 1758— Captain in tne army, 1792 
— wounded at siege of Lille, 1792 — serves at 
siege of Toulon, 1793 — directs siege of Char- 
leroi, 1794 — takes Landrecies, Jul. 1794 — . 
General of Division, 8 Nov. 1794 — Commander 
of Mentz, 1799 — nrs ^ Inspector of Engineers, 
Jan. 1800 — serves in campaign of Italy, 1800 
— Count, Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 
1804 — serves in campaign of Austria, 1805 — 
serves in Spain, 1808 — Grand Cross of St 
Louis, 1 8 14 — raised to the peerage, 1819 — lj. 
at Vendome, 25 Dec. 1832. 

Mareshah, — [B c] — fortified and garrisoned 
by Rehoboam, about 975 — defeat of Zerah the 
Ethiopian by Asa of Judah near, spring 941 a 
— destroyed by Judas Maccabseus, between 
165-160 — taken from Idumteans by John 
Hyrcanus, about uo b — ordered to be rebuilt, 
by Pompey, 63 — destroyed by Parthians, '39 b 
— [AD] — ruins of, discovered by Robinson, 
1 839-40. a Ussher. b Smith's Diet. Bib. 

Maret. [Bassano.] 

Margaret, St, Queen of Scotland, — n. in 
Hungary, 1046 — accompanies her brother 
Edgar Athelingto Scotland, about 1068 — mar- 
ries Malcolm III., 1070 — left a widow, 13 
Nov. 1093 — rj., 16 Nov. 1093 — canonized by 
Innocent IV., 1251. 

Margaret, Queen of Scotland, (the Maid 
of Nonvay,) — succeeds her grandfather, Alex- 
ander III., 16 Mar. 1286 — "ij. on her passage 
from Norway, Sep. 1290^ i29i. b 

a Nicolas. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Margaret, Queen of Scotland, — n., 29 
Nov. 1489 — her marriage with James IV. of 
Scotland arranged, 1500 — and by treaty of 
peace between her father Henry VII. and 
James IV., 24 Jan. 1502 — solemnized, 8 Aug. 
1503 — left a widow, and named Regent, 15 13 
— marries Archibald Douglas, Earl of Angus, 
1514 — deprived of the charge of her sons by 
Regent Albany, takes refuge in England, May 
1516 — urges Albany to return to Scotland, 1521 
— tf. at Methvennear Perth, 1541. 

Margaret, Queen of Norway, Denmaek, 
and Sweden, (Semiramis of the North,) — b. 
at Copenhagen, 1353 — marries Haco, king of 
Norway, 9 Apr. 1363 — has her son Olaus pro- 
claimed king of Denmark, 1376, and assumes 
the Regency : on death of Haco, Regent of 
Norway, 1380 — defeats Prince of Scania, 1385 
— succeeds Olaus as Queen-regent of Denmark 
and Norway, 3 Aug. 1387, and assumes title 
of Queen of Sweden : accepts crown of Sweden 
on deposition of Albert, 1388 — defeats and 
takes him prisoner, at Falkioping, 21 Sep. 
1388 — resigns crown of Sweden to her grand- 
nephew Erick, 23 Jul. 1396 — effects Union of 
Calmar, 1397 — fails in attempt to conquer 
Gothland, 1398 — the island awarded to her by 
Emperor Wenceslaus, 1398 — claims Holstein 
and Schleswig and carries on war with the 



924 



MABGARET. 



Countess, 1410— makes truce of five years with 
her, 141 1 — ij. at Flensburg, 27 Nov. 1412. 

Margaret, Countess of Richmond, — fc., 
1441 — marries Edmund Tudor, Earl of Rich- 
mond, 1455 — birth of her son, (Henry VII.,) 
1456 — left a widow, 1456 — marries Sir Henry 
Stafford, 1459 — a g am a widow, 148 1 — marries 
Thomas Lord Stanley, 1482 — founds Christ's 
College, Cambridge, 1505— tf., 1509 — St John's 
College, Cambridge, founded in pursuance of 
her will, 15 n. 

Margaret of Anjou, Queen of England, 
— b. in Lorraine, 23 or 25 Mar. 1429 — con- 
tracted to Henry VI., 1444 — married to him 
by proxy at Nancy, Nov. 1444 — at Titchfield 
Abbey, 22 Apr. 1445 a — crowned, 30 May — gets 
the Duke of Gloucester put to death, Feb. 
1447 ? — her unpopularity increased by cession 
of Maine and Anjou to France, 1448— founds 
Queen's Coll. Cambridge, 1449 — censured by 
the parliament, 1455 — quarrels with Duke of 
York, 1455 — formally reconciled with him, 25 
Mar. 1458 a — at the head of the Lancastrians 
marches against York at Ludlow, Oct. 1459 — 
her forces defeated by Yorkists at Northamp- 
ton, 10 Jul. 1460 — escapes with her son to 
Scotland : raises an army in the north, besieges 
Duke of York in Sandal Castle near Wakefield, 
Dec. — defeats and kills him there, 31 Dec. — 
defeats Earl of Warwick at St Albans, 17 Feb. 
146 1 — and rescues the king : is refused admis- 
sion to London, Feb. — escapes to Scotland 
after battle of Towton, end of Mar. — obtains 
French auxiliaries, who are shipwrecked, 1462 
— escapes to Berwick : again goes to France, 
obtains troops from Louis XL, and lands in 
Northumberland, Oct. 1463 — fails to find sup- 
port, and retires to Scotland, 1463 — marches 
into England and captures several castles, 
early in 1464 — defeated by Lord Montacute at 
Hedgley Moor, 25 Apr.— again at Hexham, 15, a 
17 b May — escapes with her son to France, end 
of May — reconciled with Warwick, 1470 — her 
son married to Anne Neville, Jul. or Aug. 1470 
—battle of Earnet, 14 Apr. 147 1 — lands at 
Weymouth, 14 Apr. — seeks sanctuary at Beau- 
lieu, Apr. — again heads the Lancastrians, and is 
defeated and captured by Edward IV. at 
Tewkesbury, 4 May — death of her husband, 
Jim. (?) — ransomed by Louis XL, 1475 — tf. in 
France, 25 Aug. 1481, 1482.° 

a Annals of England. b Mackintosh. 

c Biog. Univ. 

Margaret of Austria, Governess of the 
Netherlands, — h. at Ghent, a Brussels, 10 
Jan. 1480 — her marriage to the Dauphin 
(Charles VIII.) arranged by Treaty of Arras, 
23 Dec. 1482 — ratified by Louis XL, 22 Jan. 
1483 — taken to France and affianced to Charles 
at Amboise, 23 Jun. 1483 — sent back to her 
father, Maximilian I., i49i, a 1493 b — marries 
the Infante, John of Aragon, 1496, b 1497 a c — 
left a widow, 1496 b — marries Philibert H., 
Duke of Savoy, 1501 — again a widow, 1504 — 
named Governess of the Netherlands, 1507 — 
assists at conferences of Cam bray, and concludes 
treaty with Cardinal of Amboise, 1508 — pro- 
motes the league against France, 15 15 — con- 



firmed in her government by Charles (V.), 1522 
— gets the alliance of France and England 
dissolved, 1528 — concludes treaty with Louisa 
of Savoy, 1529 — tf. at Brussels, 1 Dec., a c at 
Malines, 27 Nov. b 1530. a Biog. Univ. 

b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Parma, 
Governess of the Netherlands, — b. at 
Brussels, 1522 — marries Alexander, Duke of 
Florence, 1533 — left a widow, 1537 — marries 
Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma, about 1542 
— Governess of the Netherlands, by Philip II., 
Aug. 1559 — orders publication of decrees of 
Council of Trent, 1566 — arrival of Alba as 
generalissimo, Aug. 1567 — quits the Nether- 
lands for Italy, 30 Dec. 1567 — Xf. at Ortona, 
1586. 

Margaret of Burgundy, Queen of Na- 
varre and afterwards of France, — 6., 
about 1290 — affianced to Louis Hutin, 1299 — 
married to him, and becomes Queen of Na- 
varre, 1305 — Queen of France, 13 14 — convict- 
ed of adultery and imprisoned in Chateau- 
Gaillard, 13 14 — put to death at Pontoise, Aug. 

Margaret of Constantinople, Countess of 
Flanders, — ft. at Bruges, 1202— on death of 
her father, Baldwin IX., is taken to court of 
Philip Augustus, 1206 — marries Bouchard 
d'Avenes, 12 13 — marries William of Dam- 
pierre, 121 8 — left a widow, 1241 — succeeds 
her sister Jane as Countess, 1244 — receives in- 
vestiture from Frederick II., 1245 — dispute as 
to claims of ber cbildren by first and second 
marriage begins, 1246 — decided in favour of 
John d'Avenes, by Papal commission, 19 Nov. 
1249 — the sentence confirmed by Innocent IV., 
17 Apr. 1 25 1 — quarrels with William, king of 
the Bomans, who gives Zealand to John 
d'Avenes, Jul. 1252 — obtains help of Charles 
of Anjou and gives him Hainault, 1254 — peace 
made by arbitration of St Louis, 24 Sep. 1256 
— tf., 10 Feb. 1280. 

Margaret of France, Queen of Navarre, 
— 6., 14 May i552, a 1553 b — marries Henry, 
king of Navarre, 18 Aug. 1572 — escapes 
massacre of St Bartholomew, 24 Aug.— be- 
comes Queen of France, 1589— separated from 
her husband, 1595 — the marriage annulled, 17 
Dec. 1599 — q. at Paris, 27 Mar. 1615. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nonx. Biog. Gen. 

Margaret of Provence, Queen of France, 
— ft., 1 22 1 — marries St Louis, at Sens, 27 
May 1234 — crowned there, 28 May 1235 — ac- 
companies her husband on the crusade, 1248 — 
birth of her son, Jean Tristan, at Damietta, 8 
Apr. 1250 — returns to France, 1254 — left a 
widow, 1270 — Tf. at Paris, 20 Dec. 1295. 

Margaret of Scotland, Queen of France, 
— h., 1425 — affianced to the Dauphin, Louis 
(XL,) 1428 — married to him, at Tours, 24 Jun. 
1436 — tf. at Chalons, 16 Aug. 1444 — her re- 
mains discovered at Thouars, 1775. 

Margaret of Valois, {of Angouleme,) Queen 
of Navarre, — fi. at Angouleme, 11 Apr. 1492 
— marries Charles, Duke of Alenc,on, 1 Dec. 
1509 — left a widow, 1525 — marries Henry 
d'Albret, king of Navarre, Jan. 1527 — de- 



MARGARET OF YORK— MARIALVA DE MENEZES. 



9 2 5 



clared a heretic by the Sorbonne, 1533 — ft. at 
Odos in Bigorre, 21 Dec. 1549. Eeptameron, 
1558 — Miroir de V ume pecheresse, 1533 — Mar- 
guerites de la Marguerite des Princesses, 1547. 

Margaret of York, Duchess of Burgundy, 
— marries Charles the Bold, 9,* 3, b 2 c Jul. 
1468 — widow, 1477 — visits London, 1480 — 
furnishes troops to support Lambert Simnel, 
1487 — receives ' Perkin Warbeck,' 1494 — pro- 
tects Edmund de la Pole, 1502 — tf. at Malines, 
1503. a Annals of England. 

b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Margarita, friend of Fra Dolcino, — tor- 
tured and burnt with him at Vercelli, 1 307 . 

Margaritone di Magnano, painter, sculptor, 
and architect, — ft. at Arezzo, about I2i5, a 
1236 b — employed at Rome by Urban IV., 
before 1265 — tf. at Arezzo, shortly after 1289,* 
1 3 1 3. b Monument of Gregory X, Arezzo, soon 
after 1276. a Engl. Cyc. b Wornum. 

Margeret, traveller. Ftat present de V em- 
pire de Eussie et grand-duche de Moscovie, §c, 
1607. 

Marggraaf, Andreas Sigismund, chemist, — 
ft. at Berlin, 9 Mar. 1709— member of Academy 
of Sciences, 1738 — discovers phosphoric acid, 
1740 — formic acid, 1749 — tf. at Berlin, 7 Aug. 
1782. 

Margus, battles of. [See Carinus, Mundo.] 

Maria Anna Victoria, Queen of Por- 
tugal, — ft., 31 Mar. 17 1 8 — affianced to Louis 
XV. of France, 17 21 — sent to Paris, Jan. 1722 
— sent back to Spain, May 1725 — marries Don 
Joseph of Portugal, 19 Jan. 1729 — becomes 
Queen of Portugal, 1750 — Regent of the king- 
dom, 23 Nov. 1776 — tf., 24 Feb. 1777. 

Maria I. Francesca Elizabeth, Queen op 
Portugal, — ft. at Lisbon, 17 Dec. 1734 — 
marries her uncle Don Pedro, 6 Jun. 1760 — 
succeeds her father, Joseph I., 24 Feb. 1777 — 
death of her husband, 25 May 1786 — death of 
her son, Don Joseph, 5 Sep. 1788 — loses her 
reason, Jan. 1792 — embarks for Brazil, 27 Nov. 
1807 — tf. at Rio Janeiro, 20 Mar. 18 16 — her 
remains transferred to Lisbon. 

Maria da Gloria, Queen of Portugal, — 
ft. at Rio de Janeiro, 4 Apr. 1819 — designated 
successor to her grandfather John VI., her 
father Pedro renouncing his right, 1826 — 
sails for Europe, 1828 — refused permission to 
land in Portugal by Don Miguel, comes to 
England, Sep. 1828 — returns to Brazil, 1829 
— Regency in her name established at Terceira, 
Jun. 1829 — enters Lisbon, 23 Sep. 1833 — de- 
clared of age by the Cortes, assumes the go- 
vernment, 18 Sep. 1834 — marries Duke of 
Leuchtenberg, 27 Jan. 1835 — his death, 28 
Mar. 1835 — marries Ferdinand, Duke of Saxe- 
Coburg, 9 Apr. 1836 — civil war breaks out, 
May 1 846 — suppressed by intervention of Eng- 
land, France, and Spain, summer 1847 — re- 
volution effected by Duke of Saldanha, May 
1851 — tf. at Lisbon, 15 Nov. 1853. 

Maria Leczinska, Queen of France, — ft., 
23 Jun. 1703 — marries Louis XV. by proxy, 
at Strasburg, 15 Aug. 1725 — the ceremony 
repeated at Fontainebleau, 4 Sep. — tf. at Ver- 
sailles, 24 Jun. 1768. 



Maria Louisa, Archduchess of Austria, 
and Empress of the French, — ft. at Vienna, 

12 Dec. 1791 — marries Napoleon I., by proxy, 
1 1 Mar. 181 o — the ceremony repeated at Paris, 
2 Apr. — birth of her son, 20 Mar. 181 1 — 
retires to Blois, Mar. 1814 — the Duchy of 
Parma given to her, Apr. 18 14 — tf. at Vienna, 
17 Dec. 1847. 

Maria Louisa, Infanta of Spain, Queen 
of Etruria, — ft. at Madrid, 6 Jul. 1782 — 
marries Louis of Bourbon, Prince of Parma, 
becomes Queen of Etruria, left a widow, 27 May 
1803 — Regent for her son, Charles II., 1803 — ■ 
dispossessed by Napoleon L, 1807 — quits 
Florence, 10 Dec. 1807 — accompanies her 
father, Charles IV. of Spain, into exile, Mar. 
1 808 — claims Parma, Placentia, and Guastalla, 
at congress of Vienna, 18 14 and 18 15 — obtains 
principality of Lucca, and takes possession, 
1 8 17 — tf. at Lucca, 13 Mar. 1824. 

Maria Louisa of Orleans, Queen of Spain, 
— ft. at Paris, 27 Mar. 1662 — against her will 
marries Charles V. of Spain, at Burgos, 20 
Sep. 1679 — poisoned, 10 or 12 Feb. 1689. 

Maria Louisa of Savoy, Queen of Spain, — 
ft. at Turin, 17 Sep. 1688 — marries Philip V. 
of Spain, 11 Sep. 1701 — tr. at Madrid, 14 Feb. 
1714. 

Maria Louisa Theresa of Parma, Queen of 
Spain, — ft. at Parma, 9 Dec. 1754 — marries 
Prince of Asturias, (Charles IV. of Spain,) 4 
Sep. 1765 — crowned Queen of Spain, 1789 — tf. 
at Rome, 4 Jan. 1819. 

Maria Theresa, Queen of Hungary and 
Bohemia, and Empress of the "West, — ft., 

13 May 17 1 7 — marries Francis of Lorraine, 12 
Feb. 1736 — becomes Grand Duchess of Tus- 
cany, 1737 — accompanies her husband to Flo- 
rence, Jan. 1739 — on death of her father, 
Charles VI., takes possession of Austria and 
other German States, Oct. 1740 — opposed by 
Charles Albert, Elector of Bavaria, 1740 — pro- 
claimed Queen of Hungary at Presburg, 1741 — 
refuses to give up Silesia to Frederick II. of 
Prussia, 1741 — appeals to Hungarian Diet, 1742 
— [Silesian War] — her husband elected Em- 
peror — [Francis I.], 13 Sep. 1745 — Peace of 
Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748— Seven Years' War, 
1756-63 — death of Francis I., Aug. 1765 — 
concludes convention with the Porte, 177 1 — 
concludes secret convention with Empress of 
Russia for partition of Poland, 17 Feb. 1772 — 
renews the war by invasion of Bavaria, 1777 — 
concludes Peace of Teschen, 1779 — tf. at 
Vienna, 29 Oct., a Nov. b 1780. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. 

Maria Theresa of Austria, Queen of 
France, — ft. at Madrid, 1638 — her marriage 
with Louis XIV. stipulated by Peace of the 
Pyrenees, 7 Nov. 1659 — marries him at St 
Jean de Luz, 9 Jun. 1660 — tf., 30 Jul. 1683. 

Maria Theresa, Order of, — founded by Em- 
press-queen Maria Theresa, 1757. 

Marialva de Menezes, Count de Castan- 
nede, Antonio Luis, Marquis de, statesman, 
general, — ft., about 1627 — Counsellor of State 
to Alfonso VI. of Portugal, 1657 — Governor 



926 



MARIAN PERSECUTION— MARINI. 



of Alemtejo, Nov. 1658 — defeats and drives the 
Spaniards from Portugal, 1659 — plenipoten- 
tiary to negotiate peace between France and 
Spain, Dec. 1659 — Generalissimo of armies of 
Alemtejo, 1662 — takes Valencia d' Alcantara 
from Spaniards, Jun. 1664— defeats them near 
Villaviciosa, 17 Jun. 1665 — signs treaty of 
peace with Spain, Feb. 1668 — tf., 1669. 

Marian Persecution, of .Protasta?^,— inEng- 
land, begins, Jan. 1555. 

Mariana, Juan, historian, — ft. at Talavera, 
1536 a — enters Order of Jesuits, about 1554 — 
Prof. Theology, Rome, 1561-5 — Prof. The- 
ology, Sicily, 1565 — Prof. Theology, Paris, 
1567 — retires to Toledo, 1574 — arranges Index 
Bxpur gator ius, 1584 a — arrested by Inquisition 
for his Seven Treatises, 1609 — tf. at Toledo, a at 
Madrid, 5 Feb. 1624. Hist, de rebus Hispania, 
1592-1609— Be r ege et regis institutions, 1599 
— Liber de ponderibus et mensuris, 1599 — 
Tractatus septem, 1609. 

b Ticknor. b Conv.-Lex. 

Mariani, Camillo, sculptor, §c, — ft. at 
Vicenza, 1565 — tf., Jul. 161 1. 

Mariani, Giovanni Maria, painter, — fl., 
about 1650. 

Marianus Scotus, chronologist, — ft. in Ire- 
land, 1028 — tf. at Mentz, 1086. Chronicon 
universale a creatione mundi, (1559.) 

Marie Amelie de Bourbon, Queen op the 
French, — ft. at Caserta, 26 Apr. 1782 — mar- 
ries Louis Philippe, Duke of Orleans, at Pa- 
lermo, 25 Nov. 1809— in England, Mar. 1815- 
17 — becomes Queen of the French, Jul. 1830 
—on abdication of her husband accompanies 
him to England, Feb. 1 848 — left a widow, 
1850 — tf. at Claremont, 24 Mar. 1866. 

Marie Antoinette, Archduchess op Aus- 
tria, and Queen of France, — ft. at Vienna, 
2 Nov. 1755 — marries Louis, Dauphin of 
France, at Versailles, 16 May 1770 — becomes 
Queen of France, 10 May 1774 — compromised 
by affair of the Diamond Necklace, 1785 — 
attends the Guards' Ball, 1 Oct. 1789 — pre- 
sents herself to the mob at Versailles, 6 Oct. — 
has interview with Mirabeau at St Cloud, 1791 
— escapes from the Tuileries, 20 Jun. 1791 — 
[Louis XVI. and French Revolution,] — im- 
prisoned in the Temple, 1792 — takes leave of 
ner husband, 21 Jan. 1793 — removed to the 
Conciergerie, 2 Aug. 1793 — tried before Revo- 
lutionary Tribunal, and guillotined, 14 Oct. 

1793- 

Marie-Galante, West Indies, — discovered 
by Columbus, 1493 — settled by the French, 
1647. 

Marienburg, in Prussia, — castle, founded 
by Teutonic Knights, 1274 — enlarged, 1306-9 
• — becomes seat of Grand Masters of Teutonic 
Knights, i309 a — taken by Poles, 6 Jun. 1457 
■ — ceded to Poland by Treaty of Thorn, 1466 — 
partly burnt, 1644 — becomes possession of 
Prussia, 177 2 — castle repaired by Crown Prince 
of Prussia, 18 17. a Arc de Verifier les Dates. 

Marienburg, in Belgium, — built, 1546— 
taken by French, 1554— restored to Spaniards, 
1559 — again given up to French by Peace of 
the Pyrenees, 1659 — capitulates to Prussians, 



28 Jul. 1 8 15 — and is given up to the Nether- 
lands, 1 8 15. 

Mariendal, on the NecJcer, — Marshal Tu- 
renne surprised and defeated by General Merci, 
5 May 1645. 

Marienwerder, in Prussia, — founded by 
Teutonic Knights, 1233. League of, formed 
against the Order, 1440. 

Marienzell, Mariazell, in Styria, — the 
Statue of Grace brought to, about 1150 — chapel 
erected by Margrave of Moravia, 1202— six- 
teenth Jubilee of the image celebrated, 1757. 

Mariette, Jean, engraver, — ft. at Paris, 
1655, a 1660 b — tf., 20 Sep. 1742. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Mariette, Pierre Jean, writer on Art,—$. 
at Paris, 7 May 1694 — Associate of Academy 
of Painting, Dec. 1750— tf. at Paris, 10 Sep. 
1774. Trait e des pierres antiques gravees du 
cabinet du roi, 1750 — Bescription sommaire des 
dessins des grands maitres d'Ltalie, des Pays- 
Bas, §c, 1 741. 

Marignano, (Melegnano,) in Italy, — treaty 
of peace between Guelfs and Ghibellines con- 
cluded at, 1279 — Francis I. of France defeats 
Italians and Swiss, 14-15 Sep. 15 15 — Austrian 
position at, taken by the French, 8 Jul. 1 859^ 
a Conv. -Lex. 

Marignano, Giovanni Jacopo Medichino, 
Marquis be, military commander, — ft. at 
Milan, 1497 — Marquis, by Charles V., about 
1528 — commands expedition against Ghent, 
1540 — commands against Turks, 1542 — at siege 
of Metz, 1552 — tf. at Milan, 8 Nov. 1555. 

Marillac, Charles de, diplomatist, — ft. in 
Auvergne, about 15 10 — goes to Constantinople, 
about 1532 — ambassador of Francis I. there, 
about 1539 a — goes to England, about 1543,* 
1538 b — sent to Diet of Augsburg, 1552 — Abp of 
Vienne, 1557 a — attends Assembly of Notables 
at Fontainebleau, 1560 — tf. at Melun, 2 Dec. 
1560. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. 

Marillac, Louis de, Marshal of France, 
— ft. in Auvergne, Jul. 1572 — Marechal de 
Camp, 1620 — assists at siege of Rocbelle, 1628 
— Marshal of France, 1629 — executed at Paris, 
10 May 1632. 

Marillac, Michel de, statesman,— -ft. at Paris, 
9 Oct. 1563 — Superintendant of Finance, 1624 
— Keeper of the Seals, 1626 — imprisoned, 1630 
— tf. at Chateaudun, 7 Aug. 1632. 

Marin, Joseph Charles, sculptor, — ft. in 
France, 1773— obtains grand prize, 1812— tf. 
at Paris, 18 Sep. 1834. 

Marine Society, London, — instituted, 1756 
— building erected, 1773-4. 

Marineo, Lucio, litterateur, — ft. in Sicily, 
1460 — goes to Spain, about i486 — returns to 
Naples, 1507 — tf., after 1533. Be primis 
Aragonice regibus, 1509. 

Mariners. [Seamen.] 

Mariner's Compass. [Compass.] 

Marines, in England, — established by Order 
in Council, 16 Oct. i664 a — regiment of', men- 
tioned, 1684 — six regiments raised, 1702 — dis- 
banded, 1749 — new corps raised, 1755. 
a Chambers' Enc3 T c. 

Marini, Gaetano Lodovico, antiquary,— b. 



MAEINI— MARKWALD. 



927 



in Urbino, 10 Dec. 1740 — Prefect of Archives 
of the Holy See, 1784-1808 — correspondent of 
French Institute, 1809 — goes to Paris, 18 10 — 
ft. there, 17 May 18 15.' Degli archiatri pon- 
tifici, 1784 — Inscrizioni anti-che dette ville e de' 
palazzi Albani, 1785 — Gli atti e monumenti 
de' fratelli Arvali, 1795 — Papiri dipiomatici 
descritti ed iilustrati, 1805. 

Marini, Giambattista, Cav. , poet, — b. at 
Naples, Oct. 1569 — goes to Paris, 16 15 — 
returns to Rome, 1622 — ft. at Naples, 25 Mar. 
1625. Rime amorose, sacre, e varie, 1602 — 
Adone, 1623. 

Marini, Giovanni Ambrogio, novelist, — b. 
at Genoa, about 1594 — ft. at Venice, about 
1650. II Caloandro fedele, 1652 — le Gave de' 
desperati, 1644.. 

Marinianus, — (1.) Consul with Paternus, 
(1021, a. u. c.) 268. (2.) Consul with Ascle- 
piodotus, (1176,) 423. 

Marino, San, Republic of, in Italy,— the 
town walled, before 1000 — its independence 
acknowledged by the pope, 1291 — taken by 
Cardinal Alberoni, 1739 — the capture dis- 
avowed by the pope, and its freedom restored, 
1740 — its independence respected by Napoleon 
I., 1796 — and confirmed, 18 14 — annexed to 
Papal dominions, 1852. 

Marinus, philosopher, rhetorician, — succeeds" 
Proclus, 485. 

Marinus, of Tyre, geographer, — fl\, about 
150. 

Marinus, {Martin II.,) Pope, — legate of 
Nicholas I. to Constantinople, to investigate 
affair of Photius, 860-2 — sent again, by Adrian 
II., 868 — third time, by John VIII. , to recog- 
nize Photius as patriarch, 879 — succeeds John 
VIII. , end of Dec. 881— condemns Photius, 883 
— ft., May,* Feb. b 884. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. 

Marinus II., {Martin III.,) Pope, — succeeds 
Stephen VIIL, not later than 11 Nov. 942— ft., 
about 25 Jan. 946. 

Mariotte, Edme, natural philosopher, — 
member of French Academy of Sciences, 1666 
— ft., 12 May 1684. (Euvres, 17 17. 

Marischal College, Aberdeen, — founded by 
George Keith, Earl Marischal, 1593. [Aber- 
deen, University of .} 

Mariti, Giovanni, traveller,— -b. at Florence, 
about 1731V 4 Nov. 1736b — ft. at Florence, 
about 1798, a 13 Sep. 1806. b Yiaggi per Visola 
di Cipro e per la Soria e Palestina, fatti dell' 
anno 1760-8, 1769-76. 

a Biog.TJniv. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Maritime Law, of Barcelona, {Consulado del 
Mar,) — promulgated, 1279. 

Marius, C, — [B C] — b. , 157 — serves at siege 
of Numantia, 134 — trib. pleb., 119 — praetor, 
115 — pro-prsetor, in Further Spain, 114-*- 
legatus to Q,. CaeciliusMetellus, in Africa, 109 — 
Consul with L. Cassius Longinus, (647, a. tj.c.) 
107 — commands in Numidia against Jugurtha, 
till beginning 106 — Consul with C. Flavins 
Fimbria, (650,) 104 — triumphs at Rome, 1 Jan. 
104— Consul with L. Aurelius Orestes, (651,) 
103 — with Q. Lutatius Catulus, (652 ) 102 — 
Cimbric war, defeats Teutoni and allies at 



Aquae Sextise, 102 — Consul \\'\i\ M.' Aquilius, 
(653,) 101— defeats Cimbrians in Vercelke, 30 
Jul. 101 — Consul with L. Valerius Flaccus, 
(654,) xoo — law of Saturninus introduced, 100 
— visits Cappadocia, 99 — legatus to P. Rutilius 
Lupus in Marsic war, 90 — war with Sulla 
respecting conduct of Mithridatic war, 88 — 
enters Rome with China, 87 — Consul with L. 
Corn. Cinna, (668,) 86— ft., 86. 

Marius, C, junior,— [BC] — b., 109 — flies 
from Rome with his father, 88 — returns with 
him, 87 — Consul with Cn. Papirius Carbo, 
(672, a. u. c.) 82 — besieged in Prseneste by 
Sulla, kills himself, 82. 

Marius, C. M. Aurelius, one of Thirty 
Tyrants, — from spring to late in 267. 

Marius, Simon, {Simon Mayer, of Gmzen- 
hausen,) astronomer, — b. in Franconia, 1570 — 
constructs a telescope, 1608 — discovers satel- 
lites of Jupiter, at Ansbach, 29 Dec. 16093 — 
observes nebula of Andromeda, 15 Dec. i6i2 a 
— ft. at Niirnberg, 1624. Mundus Jovialis, 1614. 
a Humboldt. 

Marivaux, Pierre Carlet de Chamblain de, 
litterateur, — b.atParis, 4 Feb. 1688 — admitted 
to French Academy, 1743 — ft. at Paris, 12 Feb. 
1763. Homere Travesti, 17 16 — Vie de Ma- 
rianne, 1 731-41 — Taysan parvenu, 1735 — 
Sptctateur Francais, 1722. 

Marivetz, Etienne Claude de, natural philo- 
sopher,— b. at Langres, 1728 — guillotined at 
Paris, 26 Feb. 1794. 

Mark, Cologne, — standard of weight for 
coin, mentioned, as early as 1042 — made 
standard for the empire by Charles V., 1524. 
English gold coin, introduced, probably about 
87 8. a a Ruding. 

Mark, The, County of, in Germany,— ac- 
quired by Frederick William, Elector of Bran- 
denburg, by arrangement with Duke of Neu- 
burg, 1666 — assigned to Grand Duke of Berg, 
1807 — restored to Prussia, 1813. 

Markets and Fairs, in England, — holding 
of, in churchyards, forbidden by Act 13 Edw. 
I. c. 5, 1285 — holding of, on Sundays, except 
in harvest, forbidden by Act 27 Hen. VI. c. 5, 
1448 — on Sundays, entirely forbidden by Act 
29 Car. II. c. 7, 1677. [Fairs.] 

Markham, Sir Griffin, — takes part in plot to 
place Arabella Stuart on the throne, 1603 — 
tried and convicted at "Winchester, 15 Nov. — 
reprieved on the scaffold, 9 Dec, and banished. 

Markland, Jeremiah, philologist, — b. in 
Lancashire, 29 Oct. 1693 — enters Cambridge 
Univ. 17 10 — M.A., 17 17 — Fellow of St 
Peters, 17 17 — ft. at Dorking, Surrey, 7 Jul. . 
1776. Edition of the Sylvce of Statius, 1728 
— of the Supplices of Euripides, 1763 — of the 
two Iphigenias of Euripides, 177 1. 

Markwald, — serves under Emperor Henry 
VI. in conquest of Sicily, 1 194 — receives grant 
of Romagna and the March of Ancona from 
Henry, 11 94 — placed under the ban by Inno- 
cent III. and driven from his provinces, 1198 
— on death of Empress Constance claims vice- 
royalty of Sicily, Dec. 1198 — excommunicated, 
1 1 99 — absolved, Aug. 11 99 — invades Sicily, is 
again excommunicated and a crusade preached 



928 



MARLBOROUGH— MARNIX. 



against him, Nov. 1199 — joined by the 
Saracens, besieges Palermo, Jun. 1200 — de- 
feated by Papal troops, 21 Jul. 1200 — con- 
quers all Sicily except Messina, and gets pos- 
session of the young king, Frederick, 1202 — 5j. 
at Patti, 1202. 

Marlborough, {Marlbridge,) in Wiltshire, 
— Castle, seized by Earl John, about 1193 — re- 
duced by Abp Hubert, 1 194. Statute of, passed 
at parliament held there, Nov. 1267. College, 
incorporated, 1845. 

Marlborough, John Churchill, Eael and 
Duke of, general, — ft. at Ashe, Devonshire, 
24 Jun. 1650 — enters the army, about 1666 — 
serves in auxiliary force sent to Louis XIV., 
1672-7 — distinguishes himself at siege of 
Nimeguen, 1672 — at siege of Maestricht, 1673 
— marries Sarah Jennings, 1678 — created a 
Baron by Charles II., 1682 — Brigadier-general, 
sent to Court of France to announce accession 
of James II., Feb. 1685 — raised to English 
peerage, as Baron Churchill of Sandridge, 1685 
— contributes to suppression of Monmouth's 
rebellion, 1685— joins the Prince of Orange, 1688 
— charged with remodelling of the army, spring 
1689— createdEarl of Marlborough, 9 Apr. 1689 
— takes command of English army in Flanders, 
Apr. 1689 — takes the command in Ireland, 
captures Cork, 28 Sep. 1690 — takes Kinsale, 5 
Oct. — returns to England, Oct.— deprived and 
imprisoned, Jan. 169 1, but soon released — 
serves under William III. in Flanders, May to 
Oct. 169 1 — governor of Duke of Gloucester, 
1698 — K.G., Commander-in-chief of allied 
forces in Holland, 1 Jun. 1701 — ambassador to 
States of Holland, Mar. 1702 — drives French 
out of Venloo and Ruremonde, 1702 — captures 
Liege, 23 Oct. 1702 — receives thanks of parlia- 
ment, and is created Duke, 1702 — captures 
Bonn, Huy, Limburg, &c, 1703 — the manor of 
"Woodstock granted to him by Act 3 and 4 Ann. 
c. 4, 1703 — in England, Feb. 1704 — again 
takes the held and first meets Prince Eugene, 
May — defeats Bavarians at Schellenberg, 2 Jul. 
— with Prince Eugene defeats French and 
Bavarians at Blenheim, (Hochstedt,) 13 Aug. 
— entertained by city of London, 6 Jan. 1705 
— forces French lines at Tirlemont, 18 Jul. — 
defeats Marshal Yilleroi at Ramilies, 23 May 
1706 — gains possession of all Brabant, May to 
Oct. 1706 — pension settled on him by Act 6 
Ann. cc. 6, 7, 1706 — defeats the French at 
Oudenarde, 11 Jul. 1708 — captures Tournay, 
30 Jun. 1709 — defeats the French at Malpla- 
quet, 11 Sep. 1709 — takes Montaigne, 18 Apr. 
17 10 — Douay, 26 Jun. — Venant, 28 Sep. — 
Aire, 9 Nov. — drives Marshal Villars from 
Arleux, 5 Aug. 17 11 — takes Bouchain, Aug. 
171 1 — returns to London, 18 Oct. 17 11 — 
charged with peculation, 21 Dec. 17 11 — de- 
prived, 1 Jan. 17 12 — quits England, Nov. 17 12 
— restored by George I., 17 14 — plans measures 
for suppression of Jacobite rebellion, 17 15 — 
retires, 17 16 — }j. at Windsor Lodge, 16 Jun. 
1722. 

Marlborough, Sarah Jennings, Duchess 
of, — ft. at Sandridge in Hertfordsbive, 29 May 
1660 — enters household of Duchess of York, 



1672 — marries Colonel John Churchill, 1678 — 
Lady of Honour to Princess Anne, 1683 — ac- 
companies her on her flight from the Court, 
1688— supplanted in the Queen's favour by 
Mrs Masham, 17 n — ft. in London, 29 Oct. 
1744. 

Marlborough House, London, — built by 
Wren, 1709 — bought by the Crown, 18 17. 

Marliani, Bartolomeo, antiquary, — ft. at 
Milan, about 1490 — rj., about 1560. JJrbis 
Romce topographia, 1534. 

Marlowe, Christopher, dramatist, — ft. at 
Canterbury, Feb. 1563-4 — B.A. Cambridge, 
1583— M.A., 1587 — tf., 16 Jun. 1593. Tarn- 
burlaine the Great, 1590 — Edward the Second, 
J 59^ — Doctor Faustus, 1616 — Jew of Malta, 
l6 33- 

Marly, in France, — Waterworks of, com- 
pleted, 1682. 

Marniande, in France, — fortified by Richard 
Cceur de Lion, 11 85 — capitulates to Robert de 
Mandezin, 121 2 — taken by Simon de Montfort, 
1214— by Amaury de Montfort, 1219 — unsuc- 
cessfully attacked by the English, 1424 — taken 
by them, 1427 — unsuccessfully besieged by 
Henry IV., 1577 — besieged by English division 
of allied army, 18 14. 

Marmont, Auguste Frederic Louis Viesse 
de, Duke of Ragusa, Marshal of France, — 
ft. at Chatillon-sur- Seine, 20 Jul. 1774 — enters 
the army, 1789 — at siege of Toulon, Dec. 1793 — 
aide-de-camp to Napoleon, 1794 — distinguishes 
himself in campaign of Italy, 1796 — takes part 
in expedition of Egypt, 1798 — returns to 
France with Napoleon, Aug. 1799 — distin- 
guishes himself at Marengo, 14 Jun. 1800 — 
General of Division, 1800 — Inspector-general 
of Artillery, 1801 — General-in-chief in Dalma- 
tia, 1806-9 — Duke of Ragusa, 1808 — contri- 
butes to victory of Wagram, 5 Jul. 1809— 
Governor-general of Illyrian provinces, 1809- 
10 — commands in the Peninsula, 18 10 — takes 
part in relief of Badajoz, 181 1 — wounded at 
battle of Salamanca, 22 Jul. 181 2 — commands 
at Bautzen, 20 May 1813 — at Dresden, 26 
Aug. — twice wounded at Leipsic, 16-18 Oct. — 
distinguishes himself at Montmartre, 30 Mar. 
1814 — accompanies Louis XVIII. to Ghent, 
1 8 15 — Grand Cross of St Louis, 24 Aug. 1820 
— exiled, 1830 — tj. at Venice, 2 Mar., a 28 
Feb., b 22 Jul. c 1852. a Engl. Cyc. 

b Biog. Univ. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Marmontel, Jean Francois, litterateur, — ft. 
in Limousin, 11 Jul. 1723 — goes to Paris, 1745 
— admitted to French Academy, 1763 — mem- 
ber of Institute, 1796 — member of Council 
of Ancients, 1797 — tf. near Gaillon, 31 Dec. 
1799. Gontes moraux, 1761 — Belizaire, 1767 
— les Incas, 1777 — Elements de litter -attire, 
1787. 

Marne, Jean Louis de, painter, — ft. at Brus- 
sels, 1744 — U. at Brussels, 8 - at Batignolles, near 
Paris, b 1829. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Marnix, Philippe de, Baron of St Alde- 
gonde, — ft. at Brussels, 1538 — attached to 
Prince of Orange, 1565— prepares Act of Com- 
promise, against Inquisition, 1566 — escapes to 



MARO— MARRIAGE. 



929 



Germany, 1567— returns to the Netherlands, 
and attends Assembly of Dort, 1572 — taken 
prisoner by Spaniards, 1573 — liberated, 1574 — 
assists in negotiations at Ereda, 1574 — pleni- 
potentiary of republic at Diet of Worms, 1577 
— ^Burgomaster of Antwerp, defends the city 
against Duke of Parma, 1584 — capitulates, 
1585 — tf. at Leyden, 1598. 

Maro. [Vergilius Maro.] 

Maroboduus, (Marbod,) King of Mar- 
comanni, — [BCJ — fc., about 18 — [AD] — estab- 
lishes his kingdom at Boviasmum, before 6 — 
kingdom declines, 1 7 — invaded by Catualda, 
takes refuge in Italy, 19 — tf., 35. [Marco- 
manni.] 

Marocco. [Morocco.] 

Marochetti, Charles, Baron, sculptor, — b. 
at Turin, 1 8o5, a 1 809 b — goes to study at Rome, 
1822 — settles in France, 1827 — receives patent 
of nobility from Charles Albert, king of Sar- 
dinia, about 1838 ? — Chevalier of Legion of 
Honour, 1839 — naturalized in France, 1841 — 
settles in England, 1848 — Grand Officer of St 
Maurice and Lazarus, 1861 — R.A., 1866 — ft. 
at Paris, 28 Dec. 1867. Fallen Angel, 1831 — 
equestrian statues of Emmanuel Ehilibert, Tu- 
rin, 1838; of Duke of Orleans, Paris, 1844; 
of Wellington, Glasgow, 1844; of Richard 
Cceur de Lion, London, 1851 ; of Queen Vic- 
toria, Glasgow, 1854 — statue of Wellington, 
Strathfieldsaye, 1866. a Vapereau. b Engl. Cyc. 

Marongee, in Persia, — Julian repulses Sapor 
at, Jun. 363. 

Maronites, The, in Syria, — adopt Mo- 
nothelite doctrine, about 700-750 ? — take part 
in defence of Syracuse against Saracens, 877 a — 
readmitted to Roman communion, 11 82 — their 
Patriarch attends Lateran Council, 1215 13 — 
courted by Innocent IV., 1246 a — unite with 
Roman Church at Council of Florence, 1445 c — 
reduced by Ibrahim Pasha and made tributary 
to the Porte, 1588 d — acknowledge Council of 
Trent, at synod of Marhanna, 1736— visited 
by Yolney, 1784 — visited by Kinnear, 1839 — 
attacked by the Druses, Jun. i860. College 
for, founded at Rome, i584. e 

a Kington. b Hook's Church Diet. 

c Chambers' Encyc. d Rees' Cyc. e Conv.-Lex. 

Maroons, in Jamaica, — obtain amnesty from 
British government, 1738 — revolt, are subdued 
and removed to Sierra Leone, 1795. 

Marot, Clement, poet, — b. at Cahors, 1495 
— goes to Paris, 1505 — enters service of Mar- 
garet of Valois, 15 1 3 — of the king, Francis I., 
1523 — wounded and taken prisoner at battle 
of Pavia, 1525 — imprisoned in France, 1525-6 
— denounced as a Calvinist, escapes to Beam, 
1535 — returns to France, 1536 — his Psalms 
condemned by the Sorbonne, 1543 — escapes to 
Geneva, 1543 — tf. at Turin, 1544. Adolescence 
Clementine, 1532 — Cantiques de la Faix, 1539 
— Enfer, 1542 — Epitres, Ballades, §c, 1557 — 
Esaumes de David, 1541. 

Marot, Jean, poet,—b. near Caen, 1463 — tf., 
probably 1523 ? (Euvres, 1536. 

Marot, Jean, architect, — fc. at Paris, about 
1630 — tf., about 1695? Architecture Fran- 
i^aise, 1727-51 — Petit Marot, 1764. 



Marozia, — marries Alberico, Marquis, (of 
Camerino ?) about 906 — left a widow, about 
925 ? — is mistress of Rome, occupies Castle of 
St Angelo, and marries Guido, Duke of Tus- 
cany, about 925 or 926 — gets Pope John X. 
put to death, 928 or 929 — widow again, 931 — 
makes her son Pope, (John XL,) 931 — marries 
Hugh, king of Burgundy, 932— imprisoned in 
St Angelo by her son Alberico, 932 — tf.. be- 
fore 945. 

Mar-Prelate, Martin. f"Penry, John.] 

Marpurg, Friedrich Wilhelm, writer on 
music, — ft. in Prussia, 17 18 — tf. at Berlin, 22 
May 1795. Handbuch fur dem general-bass, 
1755 — Abhandlungen von der Fuge, 1753— 
Kritische Einleitung in die Geschichte der Mu- 
si/c, 1754 — Mistoriseh-kritische Beitrdge zur 
Aufnahme der Musik, 1756-78. 

Marque. [Letters of Marque.] 

Marquesas Islands, in the Eacific Ocean, — 
discovered by Mendana de Neyra, 21 Jul. 1595 
— visited by Cook, 1774 — by Ingraham and 
Marchand, 1791— by missionaries, 1797 — taken 
possession of by Admiral Dupetit Thouars, i, a 
1 7 b May 1 842 — placed under protectorate of 
France, by convention of 19 Jun. 1847. 
b Encyc. Mod. b Conv.-Lex. 

Marquess, Marquis, — title of, in England, 
first conferred on Robert de Vere, Earl of Ox- 
ford, 1385^ 1387 b — adopted as second title on 
conferring a dukedom, by William III., 1689. 
In Scotland, first conferred, 1599. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Brande and Cox's Diet, 

Marracci, Lodovico, orientalist, — ft. at 
Lucca, 1612 — Prof. Arabic, College of LaSapi- 
enza, Rome, 1656 — confessor to Innocent XL, 
— tf. at Rome, 1700. Edition of the Koran, 
1698. 

Marrast, Armand, journalist, — ft. at St 
Gaudens, (Haute-Garonne,) 5 Jun. 1 801— goes 
to Paris, 1826 — mayor of Paris, 9 Mar. 1848 
— Pres. of National Assembly, 19 Jul. 1848 — tf. 
at Paris, 10 Mar. 1852. Edits the Tribune, 
1830 — the National, Jul. 1834 to Feb. 1848. 

Marriage, — [BO] — at Rome, regulated by 
the Lex Julia et Fapia Foppcea, enacted, about 
18 — comes into operation, after 13 — [AD] — the 
law amended, 9 — classed among sacraments 
by Augustine, before 430 — degrees of consan- 
guinity rendering unlawful, defined by Council 
of Rome, 721 — declared a sacrament, and its 
solemnization regulated, by Council of Trent, 
1563 — second, forbidden by Montanists, 150- 
1 80 a — third allowed, but fourth prohibited, by 
edict of Romanus Lecapenus, 920. Of Clergy 
after ordination, probibited by Council of 
Nice, 325 b — discouraged by Siricius, Bp of 
Rome, 388 b — advocated by Jovinian and 
Vigilantius, (?) about 400 — condemned by 
synods of Orange, 441 — of Aries, 452 — of 
Angers, 453 — of Tours, 461 — of Vannes, 465— 
enjoined among Nestorians by Babacus, Abp 
of Seleucia, 499 c — sanctioned (except in case 
of bishops) in Eastern Church, by Trullan 
Council, 692 b — authorized in Spain by King 
Witiza and by synod of Toledo, 701-7 10 d — 
prohibited by Council of Rome, 721 — by 
Councils of Worms, 868 — of Augsburg, 952 — 
59 



93° 



MARRIED WOMEN— MARSEILLES. 



of Poitiers, iooo — and of Rome, 1074 — main- 
tained by Church of Milan, as late as 1080 — 
prohibited by Gregory VII. at Council of 
Placentia, 1095 — common in England, Nor- 
mandy, and Brittany, till after 1100 — pro- 
hibited by Council of London, n 25 — practised 
at Liege, till 1220 — prohibited in Denmark, 
u8o d — prohibited by Council of Trent, 1563. 
In England, — marriage of clergy forbid- 
den under pain of deprivation, by Council 
held by St Dunstan, 969 — within prohibited 
degrees, forbidden by Act 25 Hen. VIII. c. 

22, 1533-4 — °f dergy, prohibited by pro- 
clamation of Henry VIIL, 1538— not to be 
avoided by precontracts, by Act 32 Hen. VIIL 
c. 38, 1540— repealed by 2 and 3 Edw. VI. c. 

23, 1548-9. Of Priests, allowed by Act 2 and 

3 Edw. VI. c. 21, 1548-9 — again prohibited by 
Act 1 Mar. c. 2, 1553 — repealed by 1 Eliz. c. 
2, 1558. Publication of banns or license re- 
quired by Act 6 and 7 ¥m III. c. 6, 1695 — 
further regulated by Act 7 and 8 ¥m III. c. 
35, 1696. Of Romanists with Protestants, ^vo- 
hibitedby Act 9 "Win III. c. 3, 1697 — regulated 
by Acts 1 Ann. c. 1 9, 1 7 1 1 ; 26 Geo. II. c. 33, 
1753 — amended by 3 Geo. IV. c. 75, 22 Jul. 
1822, and 4 Geo. IV. c. 17, 26 Mar. 1823— 
last-named Act repealed and new provisions 
made by 4 Geo. IV. c. 76, 18 Jul. 1823— 
amended by 5 Geo. IV. c. 32, 17 May 1824. 
Between persons within prohibited degrees of 
relationship, declared void by Act 6 and 6 Wni 
IV. c. 54, 31 Aug. 1835 — celebration of, before 
Registrar, or in any certified place of religious 
worship, authorized and regulated by Act 6 
and 7 Wm IV. c. 85, 17 Aug. 1836— registra- 
tion of, provided for and regulated by Act 6 and 
7 WmlV. c. 86, 17 Aug. 1836 — two last-named 
statutes explained and amended by Act 1 Vic. 
c. 22, 30 Jun. 1837 — further regulations by 
Act 3 and 4 Vic. c. 72,7 Aug. 1840 — licensing 
of district churches for celebration of, provided 
for by Act 7 and 8 Vic. c. 56, 29 Jul. 1844 — 
law amended by Acts 19 and 20 Vic. c. 119, 29 
Jul. 1856, and 23 Vic. c. 18, 15 May i860— 
Commission of Inquiry into laws of, appointed, 
Mar. 1865 — Report published, 1868. Royal, 
regulated by Act 12 Geo. III. c. 11, 1772 — 
further provisions, by Act 3 and 4 Vic. c. 52, 

4 Aug. 1 840. 

In Scotland, law amended by Act 19 and 20 
Vic. c. 96, 29 Jul. 1856. In Ireland, regulated 
by Act 7 and 8 Vic. c. 81, 9 Aug. 1 844 — amended 
by Act 26 Vic. c. 27, 8 Jun. 1863 — registration 
of, provided for and regulated by Act 26 and 27 
Vic. c. 90, 28 Jul. 1863 — law amended by Act 
33 and 34 Vic, c.. 110, 10 Aug. 1870. In India, 
regulated by Act 14 and 15 Vic. c. 40, 24 Jul. 
1 85 1. In Austria, civil marriage established 
by law of 25 May 1868— the law denounced by 
Pius IX., 22 Jun. 1868. In South Australia, 
with deceased wife's sister, sanctioned, 1871. 
a Gieseler. b Riddle. c Mosheim. d Robertson. 

Married Women, in England, — disposal of 
property by, regulated by Acts 3 and 4 Wm 
IV. c. 74, 28 Aug. 1833, and 20 and 21 Vic. c. 
57, 25 Aug. 1857 — law amended by Act 33 
and 34 Vic. c. 93, 9 Aug. 1870— property of, 



in Ireland, security of, provided for by Act 28 
Vic. c. 43, 19 Jun. 1865. 

Marrier, Martin, Benedictine, — ft. at Paris, 
4 Jul. 1572 — U. there, 26 Feb. 1644. Biblio- 
theca Cluniacencis, 16 14. 

' Marrow Controversy,' — in Church of 
Scotland, rages, 1719-22. 

Marryat, Frederick, naval officer, novelist, 
— b. in London, 10 Jul. 1792 — serves in the 
navy, 1806-30 — commander, 1815 — C.B., 1825 
— member of Legion of Honour, 1840—0'. at 
Langham, Norfolk, 2 Aug. 1848. Peter Simple, 
1834 — Midshipman Easy, 1836 — Poor Jack, 
1 841 — Masterman Ready, 1841 — Code of Sig- 
nals for the use of vessels employed in the 
Merchant Service, 1837. 

Mars, planet, — orbit of, investigated by 
Kepler, 1601-9 — rotation, observed by Cassini, 
soon after 1670 — period of rotation investigated 
by Herschel, 1777-81 — by Kunowsky, 1821 — 
by Madler and Beer, 1830 and 1832 — white 
spots at the poles, recognized by Maraldi, 17 16 
— their connection with climatic changes de- 
scribed by Herschel, 1784 — observations of 
Dawes on, 1852-65. Globe of, constructed by 
Phillips, Feb. 1863— by Browning, 1868. 

Mars, Mile, {Anne Frangoise Hyppolite 
Rontet,) actress, — fj. at Paris, Feb. 1779 — ap- 
pears at the Comedie Francaise, 1795 — retires, 
31 Mar. 1 841 — fo. at Paris, 20 Mar. 1847. 

Mars-la-Tour, near Metz, — Prince Frederick 
Charles of Prussia defeats Marshal Bazaine, 16 
Aug. 1870. 

Marsaglia, in Italy, — General Catinat de- 
feats Duke of Savoy, 4 Oct. 1695. 

Marsala, in Sicily, — [Lilybseum] — its port 
filled up by Don John of Austria, 1570 — wine 
trade commenced, 1789 — Garibaldi lands at, 
11 May i860. 

Marsden, William, orientalist, — rj. at Dub- 
lin, 16 Nov. 1754 — goes to India, 177 1-9 — 
F.R.S., 1783— F.S.A., 1785— D.C.L. Oxford, 
1786 — second secretary to Board of Admiralty, 
1795 — retires, 1807 — ft. at Edgegrove, Hert- 
fordshire, 6 Oct. 1836. History of Sumatra, 
1782 — Catalogue of Dictionaries, $c, 1797 — 
Grammar and Dictionary of the Malay lan- 
guage, 18 12— Travels of Marco Polo, 181 7 — 
Numismata Orientalia, ,,1823-5 — Essays, 1832. 

Marseillaise Hymn, — composed by Rouget 
de Lille, 1792 — sung by Marseillaise volunteers 
on march to Paris, Jul. 1792. 

Marseilles, in France, (Massilia, Masseille,) 
— [B C] — founded by Phocseans, about 600 a — 
allied with Rome, Scipio halts at, (536, a. it. c.) 
218 — receives succour from Rome against 
Salluvians, (629,) 125 — supports party of 
Pompey, and is besieged and taken by Csesar, 
(705,) 49 b — [AD] — Maximian escapes to, and 
is besieged and captured by Constantine, (1063,) 
310 a — unsuccessfully attacked by Ataulphus, 
between 410-15 — taken by Franks, 430 — by 
Visigoths, 480 — sacked' by Lombards, 576 c — 
forms part of kingdom of Provence, 856 c — 
destroyed by Saracens, 889-903 — Richard 
Cceur de Lion embarks at, for the Crusade, 
Aug. 1 1 90 — forms a municipal republic, about 
1250— Charles of Anjou embarks at, for con- 



MARSH— MARTELLO. 



9V 



quest of Naples, 1264 — taken by Alfonso V. of 
Aragon, sacked and burned, i42i, c 1423 d — 
pillaged by marauders, 1423 c — united to Crown 
of France, 1482 e — unsuccessfully besieged by 
Constable de Bourbon, 7 Aug. to 16 Sep. 
1524 d — unsuccessfully besieged by Charles V. 
and Duke of Alba, end of Aug. to 11 Sen. 
1536 d — deprived of its privileges by Louis 
XIV., 1660 — free port, about 1669— ravaged 
by plague, 17 20-1 — disturbances at, summer 
1789 — volunteers from, march to Paris, Jul. 
1792— [Marseillaise Hymn] — rises in support 
of Girondists, Jun. 1793 — taken by Gen. Uar- 
teaux, and placed under martial law, by Jaco- 
bins, 1793 — fortifications destroyed, 1800 e — 
again declared a free port, 1 8 1 8 — the Commune 
proclaimed at, 25 Mar. 1871 — declared in state 
of siege, 28 Mar. — entered by the troops, the 
insurgents defeated, 4 Apr. — Prefecture bom- 
barded and taken, 4 Apr. Hotel Dieu, founded, 
n88. e Cathedral, first stone of, laid by Na- 
poleon III., 25 Sep. 1852. a Clinton. 
b Smith's Diet. c Engl. Cyc. 

d Art de Verifier les Dates. e Macculloch. 

Marsh, Herbert, Bp of Peterborough, — 
ft. in London, 1756 — enters St John's Coll. 
Cambridge, 1776 — Fellow of his Coll. and 
M.A., 1782 — studies atGottingen, 1783 — Lady 
Margaret's Prof. Divinity, 1807 — D.D. by 
royal mandate, 1808— Bp of Llandaff, 181 6 — 
Bp of Peterborough, 18 19 — tf. there, 1 May 
1839. Translation of Michaelis' Introduction 
to New Testament, 17 92-1 801 — History of 
Translations of Holy Scriptures, 181 2 — Horce 
Tclasgicce, 181 3 — History of the Politics of 
Great Britain and France, 1800 — Course of 
Lectures on Divinity , 18 10. 

Marsh, James, chemist, — ft., 1789 — publishes 
his method of detecting arsenic, 1836 — tf. at 
"Woolwich, 21 Jun. 1846. 

Marsh, Nicholas, a [Narcissus?) Abp or 
Armagh — ft. in Wiltshire, 20 Dec. 1638 — 
B.A. Oxford, 1657— Fellow of Exeter Coll., 
1658— M. A., 1660 b — D.D. , 167 1— Principal 
of Alban Hall, 1673 — Bp of Leighlin and Ferns, 
1682 — Abp of Cashel, 1690 — Abp of Dublin, 
1699 — Abp of Armagh, 1703 — tf. at Armagh, 
2 Nov. 1713. Manuductioad Logicam, 1678 — 
Introductory Essay to Doctrine of Sounds, 
presented to Royal Society, Dublin, 1683. 
a Rees' Cyc. b Chalmers. 

Marshal, Andrew, anatomist, physician, — 
ft. in Fifeshire, 1742 — studies under the Hunters 
in London, 1777-8— commences practice in 
London, about 1784 — tf. in London, 2 Apr. 
1813. 

Marshal, Earl. [Earl Marshal.] 

Marshal of France, — dignity originated by 
Philip Augustus, about 1 1 85 (?) — on suppres- 
sion of office of Constable becomes highest 
military dignity, 1626 — suppressed, 1792 — 
revived by Napoleon, as 31. of the [Empire, 1804. 

Marshall, John, Chief Justice of the 
United States, — ft. in Virginia, 24 Sep. 1755 
— serves in the army, 1776-81 — called to the 
bar, 1780 — ambassador to France, 1797-8 — ■ 
member of Congress, 1799 — Secretary of State, 
May 1800 — Chief Justice, Jan. 1801 — tf. at 



Philadelphia, 6 Jul. 1835. Life of Washing- 
ton, 1804-7. 

Marshall, Thomas, theologian, — ft. in Lei- 
cestershire, about 1621 — enters Line. Coll., Ox- 
ford, 1640— quits the Univ. and goes abroad, 
1647 — B.D.,1661 — chosen Fellow of Line. Coll. 
in his absence, 1668 — D.D., 1669— Rector of his 
College, 1672— Dean of Gloucester, 1681 — tf. 
at Oxford, 1685. Observationes in Evangelio- 
rum Versiones, 1665. 

Marshall, William. [Pembroke, Earl of.] 

Marshalsea Court, {Board of Green Cloth,) 
— regulated by Acts 28 Edw. I. st. 3, c. 3, 
1299-1300; 5 Edw. III.c. 2, 1 33 1 ; 8 Rich. II. 
c. 5, 1384; 13 Rich. II. st. l,c. 3, 1389-90; 15 
Hen; VI. c. 1, 1436-7 — abolished with Mar- 
shalsea Prison and Palace Court, by Act 12 and 
13 Vic. c. 101, 1 Aug. 1849. 

Marsham, Sir John, chronologist, — ft. in 
London, 1602 — Knt, 1660 — Bart., 1663 — tf. 
near Watford, May 1685. Canon chronicus, 
JEgyptiacus, Ebraicus, Grcecus, 1672, 

Marshman, Joshua, missionary, — ft. in 
Wiltshire, 1767 — goes to India, 1799 — ^. a * 
Serampore, 5 Dec. 1837. Dissertation on the 
Characters and Sounds of the Chinese Language, 
1809 — Works of Confucius with a Translation, 
181 1 — Clavis Sinica, 18 14 — assists Carey in the 
Sanskrit Grammar, 18 15 — in the Bengalee and 
English Dictionary, 1825. 

Marsigli, Lodovico Ferdinando, Count de, 
geographer, naturalist, — ft. at Bologna, 10 Jul. 
1658 — visits Constantinople, 1678 — taken 
prisoner at battle of Raab, 1683 — Foreign As- 
sociate of Academy of Sciences, 17 15 — tf. at 
Bologna, 1 Nov. 1730. Brieve Eistretto del 
saggio jisico intomo alia storia del mare, 17 11 
— Danubius Pannonico-mysicus observationibus 
geographic, §c, perlustratus, 1726 — Etat mili- 
taire de V empire ottoman, §c., 1732. 

Marsilio. [Ficino.] 

Marsollier, Jacques, historian, — ft. at Paris, 
1647 — tf. archdeacon of Uzes, 1724. Histoire 
de Vorigine des dixmes, 1689 — Histoire del' In- 
quisition et de son origine, 1693 — Histoire du 
ministere du cardinal de Ximenez, 1693. 

Marston, John, dramatist, — tf., after 1633. 
Works, 1633. 

Marston Moor, Yorkshire, — defeat of Prince 
Rupert by Cromwell, 2 Jul. 1644 — Fairfax 
declares for a free parliament and assembles his 
followers on, 24 Dec. 1659. 

Marsus, Domitius, poet, — [B C] — fl., about 
15. 

Marsy, Balthazar, sculptor, — ft. at Cambrai, 
1624 — goes to Paris, 1648 — admitted to Acad- 
emy of Painting, 1673 — tf., 1674. 

Marsy, Gaspard, sculptor, — ft. at Cambrai, 
162% — goes to Paris, 1648 — admitted to Acad- 
emy of Painting, 1657 — Prof., 1659— tf., 1681. 

Marsyas, of Pella, historian, — [BC] — fl., 
308 — commands under Demetrius at Salamis, 
306. 

Martel, Charles. [Charles Martel.] 

Martelli, Lodovico, poet,— ft. at Florence, 
H99r- tf., 1527. Pime, 1533. 

Martello, Pietro Jacopo, poet, — ft. at 
Bologna, 28 Apr. 1665 — Prof. Belles Lettres 
59 * 



93 2 



MARTELLO TOWERS— MARTIN. 



tliere, 1707 — visits Paris, 17 13 — tf. at Bologna, 
10 May 1727. Opere, 1723-35. 

Martello Towers, — erected on coasts of 
Sardinia and Corsica, about 1530-50 — erected 
on British coasts, about 1795-1800. 

Martene, Edmond, Benedictine, — b. at St 
Jean-de-L6ne, 1654 — enters the Order, 1672 
— tf., 1739. De antiquis monachorum ritibus, 
1690 — Be antiquis Ecclesice ritibus, 1700-2 — 
Tract at us de antiqua Ecclesice disciplina in 
divinis celebrandis officiis, 1706 — withDurand, 
Thesaurus novus anecdotorum, 17 17 — and 
Veterum Scrip torum Collectio, 1724-33. 

Martens, [Mertens,) Dietrich, printer, — b. 
at Alost in the Netherlands, about 1453 — De - 
gins printing at Alost, 1473? — prints at Ant- 
werp, 1476 — at Alost, 1487 — settles at Louvain, 
1512 — if. at Alost, 28 May 1534. 

Martens, Friedrich, traveller, — visits Spits- 
bergen, 1671. Voyage au Spitzberg on Groen- 
land, 1675. 

Martens, Wilhelm a [Georg^) Friedrich 
von, diplomatist, — b. at Hamburg, 22 Feb. 
1756 — Prof. Public Law, Gottingen, 1784 — 
Councillor of State, Westphalia, 1808-13 — 
Pres. of Finances, 18 10 — assists at Congress of 
Vienna, 18 14 — envoy from allied powers to 
king of Denmark, 18 14 — minister of king of 
Hanover, 18 16 — if. at Frankfort, 20 Feb. 1821. 
Recueil des traite's, 1791-1801 — Cours diplo- 
matique, 1801. a Biog. UniT. b Conv.-Lex. 

Martial d'Auvergne, poet, — b. at Paris, 
about 1440 — rj., 1508. Les Arrets d 'Amour, 
1528 — I Amant rendu Cordelier a V observance 
d'amour, 1545. 

Martialis, Gargilius, historian ? horti- 
culturist ? — fl., about 225. 

Martialis, Marcus Valerius, poet, — b. at 
Bilbilis, (Bilbao,) in Spain, 1 Mar. 43 s1 — goes 
to Rome, spring 66 a — returns to Bilbilis, close 
of 100 a — living, 104. Epigrammata I.-VI., 
before 93— VII., 93— VIII, 94— IX,, 95 ?— 
X.,99 — XI, 100 — XII, 104 — He Spectaculis, 
before 93. a Clinton. 

Martianay, Jean, Benedictine, — ft., 30 Dec. 
1647 — enters the Order, 5 Aug. 1668 — Xf. at 
Paris, 16 Jun. 17 17. Defense du Texle He'breu 
et de la Chronologie de la Vulgate, 1689 — Traite 
de la Connaissance et de la Ve'rite de V Ecriture 
Sainte, 1694-9 — Vie de Saint Jerome, 1706 — 
translation of New Testament, 1711. 

Martignac, Jean Baptiste Silvere Algay, 
Viscount de, statesman, — b. at Bordeaux, 1776 
— secretary to Abbe Sieves, at Berlin, 1798 — 
member of Legion of Honour, 18 15 — member 
of Chamber of Deputies, 1821 — civil commis- 
sioner in campaign of Spain, 1823 — Minister of 
State, member of Chamber of Deputies, 1824 
— Director-general of Registration, 1824 — 
Minister of Interior, 1828 to Aug. 1829 — fr. at 
Paris, 3 Apr. 1832. Essai historique sur la 
revolution d' Espagne, 1832. 

Martignes, Sebastien de Luxembourg, 
Viscount de, — defends Metz against Charles 
V., 1552 — commands auxiliaries sent to Maiy, 
Queen of Scots, 1560 — distinguishes himself at 
siege of Rouen, 1562 — Colonel-general of In- 
fantry, contributes to victory of Dreux, 1562 — 



governor of Brittany, 1565 — takes part in 
expedition against Prince of Conde, 1568 — at 
battle of Moncontour, 3 Nov. 1569 — falls at 
siege of St Jean-d'-Angely, 20 Nov. 

Martin, St, one of the Antilles, — abandoned 
by Spaniards, 1650, 11 1659 b — divided between 
French and Dutch : French part taken by 
English, 1744 b — restored to French, 1763. 
a Macculloch. b Rees' Cyc. 

Martin, St, Bp of Tours, — b. in Pannonia, 
about 316 — serves in the army, about 350 — re- 
joins St Hilary at Milan, 360 — founds a monas- 
tery, about 360 — Bp of Tours, autumn 371 — 
&. at Candes, in Touraine, spring 397. 

Martin I., Pope, — succeeds Theodore, 5 Jul. 
649 — holds Council of the Lateran, Oct. 
649 — seized by order of Emperor Constans, 
and confined in Naxos, Jun. 653 — arrives at 
Constantinople, 17 Sep. 654 — banished to 
Tauric Chersonese, 10 Mar. 655 — if. there, 
16 Sep. 655. 

Martin II. and III., Popes. [Marinus.] 

Martin IV., {Simon de JBrion,) Pope, — b., 
about 1 2 10 — Keeper of the Seals to St Louis, 
1260 — Cardinal, by Urban IV., 1262 — succeeds 
Nicholas III., 22 Feb. 1281 — consecrated at 
Orvieto, 23 Mar. — lays interdict on Viterbo, 
Mar. — instigated by Charles of Anjou, declares 
for theGuelfs, 128 1 — excommunicates Michael 
Palseologus, 18 Nov. 1281 — the Palermitans, 
for Sicilian Vespers, 7 May 1282 — and Pedro 
III. of Aragon, for same, 9 Nov. 1282 — de- 
poses him, gives his kingdom to Charles of 
Valois, and publishes crusade against him, 1283 
— U. at Perugia, 28 Mar. 1285. 

Martin V., (Ottone Colonna,) Pope, — b., 
about 1368 — auditor of the Rota, by Boniface 
IX., 1394 — Cardinal-deacon, by Innocent VII., 
1405 — elected by Council of Constance to suc- 
ceed John XXIII., 1 1 Nov. 141 7— publishes bull 
against Hussites, 22 Feb. 141 8 — quits Con- 
stance, 16 May 141 8 — visits cities of Lombardy, 
1418-19 — reaches Florence, 26 Feb, 1419 — re- 
ceives there embassy from Manuel Palaeologus, 
1420 — recovers Bologna from the Bentivoglio, 
Jul. 1420 — arrives at Rome, 22 Sep. 1420 — 
schism in the Papacy terminated by cession of 
antipope Clement VIII., 1429 — rj. at Rome, 
20 Feb. 143 1. 

Martin, King of Sicily. [Sicily?] 

Martin, David, theologian, — b. at Revel, 
1639 — tj. at Utrecht, 9 Sep. 172 1. FListoire 
de V Ancien et du Nouveau Testament, {Bible de 
Mortier,) 1700— la Sainte Bible, 1707. 

Martin, Gabriel, bibliographer, — b. at Paris, 
2 Aug. 1679 — rj. there, 2 Feb. 1761. 

Martin, Jean Baptiste, (des Batailles,) 
painter, — b. at Paris, 1659 — Director of the 
Gobelins, 1690— tf. there, 8 Oct. 1735. 

Martin, John, painter,— b. near Hexham, 
19 Jul. 1789 — goes to London, 1806— ft. at 
Douglas, Isle of Man, 9 Feb. 1854. Sadak, 
1812 — Joshua commanding the Sun to stand 
still, 1 8 14 — Fall of Babylon, 181 9 — Macbeth, 
1820 — Belshazzar s Feast, 1821 — Fall of Nine- 
veh, 1828. 

Martin, Louis Aime, litterateur, — b. at 
Lyons, 17 81 — keeper of library of St Gene- 



MARTIN— MARTYEOLOGY. 



933 



vieve, about 1832 — tf. at Paris, 22 Jun. 1847. 
Lettres a Sophie, 18 10 — Education des Meres de 
Famille, 1834 — CEuvres de Racine, 1820 — 
(Euvres de Moliere, 1823 — CEuvres de La Fon- 
taine, 1826. 

Martin, Sarah, philanthropist, — b. near 
Great Yarmouth, 1791 — commences visiting 
prisoners, about 1820 — tf., 12 Oct. 1843. 

Martina, Empress of the East, — marries 
her uncle Heraclius, and is declared Augusta, 
614 — accompanies him in Persian campaign, 
623— -poisons her step-son Constantine, 24 
May 641 — advances her own son, Heracleonus, 
to the throne : banished with him, Sep. 641. 

Martineau, Robert Braithwaite, painter, 
— b. in London, Jan. 1826 — student at Royal 
Academy, about 1848 — first exhibits, 1852 — tf., 
13 Feb. 1869. Last Lay in the Old Home, 
1862. 

Martinelli, Domenico, architect, — b. at 
Lucca, 1650 — tf. at Vienna, 17 18. 

Martinengo - Coleoni, Giovanni Hector, 
Count de, — b. at Brescia, about 1754 — enters 
service of Frederick II. of Prussia, 1782 — 
deputy to Legislative Body of Cisalpine Re- 
public, 1797 — plenipotentiary to Naples, 1798 
— attends Consulta at Lyons, 1801 — envoy to 
Paris, 1807 — Senator, 1809 — Chamberlain, 
1810 — retires, 1815 — a", at Brescia, about 1830. 

Martinesti, in Wallachia, — defeat of Turks 
by Prince of Coburg and Suwarof, 22 Sep. 
1789. 

Martinez, Jose, painter, — b. at Saragossa, 
1612 — painter to the king, 1642 — *&., 1682. 

Martinez, Sebastiano, painter, — b. at Jaen, 
1602 — painter to king of Spain, 1660 — tf. at 
Madrid, 1667. 

Martinez, Thomas, painter,-. — b. at Seville, 
about 1690 — tf. there, 1734. 

Martinez de la Rosa, Francisco, statesman, 
poet, — b. at Granada, 10 Mar. 1789 — serves 
against French, 1808 — visits London, 181 1 — 
deputy to the Cortes, 1813 — imprisoned, 1814- 
20 — first minister of Spain, 1834-6 — ambas- 
sador to Paris, 1847-51 — tf., 6 Feb. 1862. 
Obras Literarias, 1827-37 — LI Espiritu del 

Sigio, 1835-51. 

Martini, Friedrich Heinrich "Wilheim, 
physician, naturalist, — b. in Saxe-Gotha, 31 
Aug. 1729 — M.D. Frankfort-on-the-Oder, 1757 
— settles at Berlin, 176 1 — tf. there, 27 Jun. 
1778. Neues systematisches Conchy lien cabinet, 
§c, 1768-88 — Worterbuch der Maturgeschichte, 

1774-93- 

Martini, Giambattista, {Father Martini,) 
writer on music, composer, — b. at Bologna, 25 
Apr. 1706 — enters Franciscan Order, 172 1 — 
chapel-master of the Convent, 1725-84 — tf. at 
Bologna, 4 Aug. 1784. Storia della Musica, 
1757-81 — Esemplare, 1774-5. 

Martini, Johann Paul Egidius, musical 
composer, — b. at Freystadt, 1741 — goes to 
Paris, 1764 — tf., Feb. 1816. Melopee moderne, 
1790- — Ecole d'orgue, 1804. 

Martini, Matthias, philologist, — b. at 
Freienhage, 1572 — tf. near Bremen, 1630. 
Lexicon philologicum, prcecipue etymologicum, 
1623. 



Martini, Simone, (not Simone Memmi,) 
painter, — b. at Siena, 1283 — removes to 
Avignon, 1338 — tf. at Avignon, 1344. Ma- 
donna and Child Enthroned, Siena, 1315. 

Martiniere, Antoine Augustin Brazen de 
la, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Dieppe, 1662 — 
tf. at the Hague, 1746. Lictionnaire Geo- 
graphique, Historique, et Critique, 1726-30. 

Martinique, island in West Lndies, — dis- 
covered by Spaniards, 149 3, a by Columbus, 
1502 b — colonized by French, 1635 — revolt in, 
1646 — war with the Caribs, 1655-7 — insur- 
rection of the slaves, 1665 — unsuccessfully at- 
tacked by Dutch, 1674 — and by Admiral Penn, 
1 Apr. 1693 — taken by English, 4 Feb. 1762 
— given up to France, 1763 — taken by English 
under Sir John Jervis and Sir Charles Grey, 
23 Mar. 1794 — given up to France, Sep. 1802 
— again taken by English, 18 10 — restored to 
France, 18 14 — insurrection of the slaves, 1822 
— again devastated by earthquake, 11 Jan. 1839 
— abolition of slavery in, 1 848. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Encyc. Mod. 

Martinsburg, tf. S„ — Gen. Patterson defeats 
Confederates under Gen. Johnston, near, 2 Jul. 
1861. 

Martius, Karl Friedrich Philipp von, 
botanist, — b. at Erlangen, 17 Apr. 1794 — 
travels in the Brazils with Spix, 1817-20 — 
Prof. Botany, Munich, and Director of Botanic 
Garden, 1820 — retires, 1864— tf. at Munich, 
13 Dec. 1867. Eeise nach JBrazilien, 1824-31 
— Genera et species Ealmarum, 1824-32 — JLis- 
toria Naturalis Ealmarum, 1823-45 — Flora 
Brasiliensis, 1840-66. 

Martos, Ivan Petrovich, sculptor, — b. in 
Russia, about 1755 — Prof, at Academy of Fine 
Arts, St Petersburg, 1794 — tf. there, 17 Apr. 
1835- 

Martyn, Henry, ' the Missionary,' — b. at 
Truro, 17 81 — studies at Cambridge, 1797 — 
Fellow of St John's, 1802 — embarks for India, 
1805 — tf. at Tokat, Asia Minor, 16 Oct. 
1812. 

Martyn, John, botanist,— h. in London, 12 
Sep. 1699 — F.R.S., 1724 — admitted to Em- 
manuel Coll., 1730 — Prof. Botany, Cambridge, 
1733 — tf. at Chelsea, 19 Jan. 1768. Edition 
of Virgil's Georgics, 17 41 — of Virgil's Eucolics, 
1749. 

Martyn, Thomas, naturalist, — b. at Chelsea, 
1735 — Prof. Botany, Cambridge, 1761 — tf. in 
Bedfordshire, 3 Jun. 1825. Universal Concho- 
logist, 1784 — Flora Eustica, 1792-4 — English 
Entomologist, 1792 — Aranei, 1793. 

Martyr, Peter. [Anghiera.] 

Martyr, Peter, (Eietro Vermigli,) theologian, 
reformer, — b. at Florence, 8 Sep. 1500— enters 
Augustine Order at Fiesole, 1516 — begins 
preaching, at Brixia, 1526 — Prof. Theology, 
Strasburg, 1543-6— marries, 1546 — comes to 
England, 1547 — D.D. and Prof. Theology, 
Oxford, 1549 — quits England, 1553 — Prof. 
Theology, Zurich, 1556 — tf. there, 12 Nov. 
1562. Loci communes theologici, 1580-3 — 
Epistolce, 1570. 

Martyrology, — compiled by Floras, about 
830 — by Ado, about 857 — by Usuard, about 



934 



MARTYRS-MARY STUART. 



870-5 — by Notker, about 894. Roman, pub- 
lished, 1586. 

Martyrs, Christian, — commemoration of, 
common, as early as 1 60 — excessive veneration of, 
before 400. Era of, commences, 23 Feb. 303. 

Marulli, Michel Tarcognota, (Tarchionota,) 
poet, — quits Constantinople for Italy, 1453 — 
Jj. in Tuscany, 1500. Poemata, 1497. 

Marullus, L. Cossonius Eggius, — Consul 
with Cn. Papirius JElianus, (937, a. u. c.) 184. 

Marvell, Andrew, political and miscellaneous 
writer, — o. at Kingston-upon-Hull, 15 Nov. 
1620 — enters Trin. Coll. Cambridge, 1635 — 
Latin secretary to Milton, 1657 — M.P. Hull, 
1660 — abroad, 166 1-5 — tf. in London, 16 Aug. 
1678. Works, 1726. 

T&n,rwax,m Hindustan, — principality founded 
by the Rahtors, after conquest of Canouj, by 
Shahab u din, 11 94 — invaded by Shir Shah, 
(951, a. h.) 1544 — invaded by Akber, (969,) 
1561. 

Mary, Queen of England, — b. at Green- 
wich, 18 Feb. 15 1 6 — declared Princess of 
Wales, 15 1 8 — her marriage with the Dauphin 
arranged by treaty with Francis L, 9 Nov. 
15 1 8 — with Charles V., 22 Jun. 1522 — Scot- 
tish match proposed, Sep. 1524 — resides at 
Ludlow Castle, 1526 — her marriage with 
Francis I. or Duke of Orleans, discussed, 1527 
--offered in marriage to James V. of Scotland, 
bv Charles V., 1533 — declared illegitimate by 
Act 25 Hen. VIII. c. 22, 1534— offered in 
marriage to the Dauphin, by Charles V., 1535 
— is refused permission by Henry VIII. to see 
her mother, Jan. 1536 — submits to her father 
and is received into favour, spring 1536 — again 
declared illegitimate, by Act 28 Hen. VIII. c. 
7, 1536 — offered in marriage to Don Louis of 
Portugal, 1538 — to "William, son of Duke of 
Cleves, 1539 — the succession secured to her by 
Act 35 Hen. VIII. c. 1, 1544 — refuses to 
accept Reformed service, 1549 — is prevented 
escaping to the Continent, Jul. 1550 — resists 
attempt of Council to compel her acceptance of 
new Service Book, 18 Mar. 155 1 — on death of 
Edward VI. claims the crown, 9 Jul. 1553 — 
proclamation of Lady Jane Grey, 10 Jul. — 
proclaimed in London, by Earl of Arundel, 19 
Jul. — at Cambridge, by Duke of Northumber- 
land, 20 Jul. — enters London, 3 Aug. — liberates 
Catholic bishops, Aug. — prohibits preaching 
without license, 14 Aug. — imprisons Hooper, 
Latimer, and Cranmer, Sep. — crowned by Bp 
Gardiner, 1 Oct. — declared legitimate, by Act 
1 Mar. sess. 2, c. 1, 1553— concludes marriage 
treaty with Philip of Spain, 12 Jan. 1554 — 
insurrection of "Wyatt, end of- Jan. — enjoins 
bishops to restore ecclesiastical laws of Hem*y 
VIII. , (except oath of supremacy,) 4 Mar. — 
sends Princess Elizabeth to the Tower, 1 8 Mar. 
— full regal power vested in, by Act 1 Mar. 
sess. 3, c. 1, 1554 — her marriage contract 
established by Act 1 Mar. sess. 3, c. 2, 1554 — 
marries Philip of Spain at Winchester, 25 Jul. 
— receives Cardinal Pole as legate, 24 Nov. — 
declares war on France, in support of Philip, 
7 Jun. 1557 — her dispute with the Pope re- 
lative to recall of Pole, May to Jun. 1557 — 



loses Calais, Jan. 1558 — tf. in London, 17 Nov. 
1558 — buried in "Westminster Abbey, 13 Dec. 

Mary II., Queen of England, — fc., 30 
Apr. 1662 — marries "William, Prince of Orange, 
4 Nov. 1677 — follows him to England, Feb. 
1689 — declared joint-sovereign with him, by 
Convention, 13 Feb. 1689 — crowned, 11 Apr. 
— appointed to rule in the king's absence, by 
Act 2 Wm and Mar. c. 6, 1690— ij., 28 Dec. 
1694 — buried at "Westminster, 5 Mar. 1695. 

Mary of Modena, {Mary Beatrice of Este,) 
Queen of England, — ft., 1658 — marries 
James, Duke of York, by proxy, at Modena, 
1673 — afterwards at Dover, 21 Nov. 1673 — 
retires with him to Brussels, Mar. 1679 — 
becomes Queen of England, 6 Feb. 1685— 
birth of her son, (the Old Pretender,) 10 Jun. 
1688 — escapes with him to France, Dec. 1688 
— left a widow, 6 Sep. 1701 — ft. at St Ger- 
mains, 7 May 17 18. 

Mary of Guise, Queen of Scotland, — {1., 
22 Nov. 15 15 — marries Louis of Orleans, Duke 
of Longueville, 4 Aug. 1534 — left a widow, 
1535 — marries James V. of Scotland, 9 May 
1538 — on his death Regent for her daughter 
Mary, 14 Dec. 1542 — publishes edict against 
Protestants, 1559 — fr. at Edinburgh, 10 Jun. 
1560. 

Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, — fc. at 
Linlithgow, 7 Dec. 1542 — succeeds her father 
James V., 14 Dec. 1542 — treaty for her mar- 
riage to Prince Edward of England, concluded 
with Henry VIII. , 1 Jul. 1543 — crowned by 
Abp Beatoun, 9 Sep. 1543 — the treaty de- 
clared null by the Scots, 11 Dec. 1543 — treaty 
for her marriage with the Dauphin Francis 
(Francis II.) concluded, 1547 — sent to France, 
Jul. 1548 — marries the Dauphin, 24 Apr. 1558 
— on death of Queen Mary claims crown of 
England, 1558 — becomes Queen of France, 10 
Jul. 1559 — refuses to ratify Treaty of Edin- 
burgh, Jul. 1560 — left a widow, 5 Dec. 1560 
— lands at Leith, 19 Aug. 156 1 — has mass 
celebrated, at Holyrood, which causes a riot, 
Aug. 156 1 — has interview with Knox, Aug. 
156 1 — [Knox, John] — marriage with Don 
Carlos proposed, 1563 — fruitless negotiations 
for her marriage with Dudley, afterwards Earl 
of Leicester, 1564 — marries her cousin, Henry, 
Lord Darnley, 29 Jul. 1565 — repulses Murray 
and his adherents, who escape to England, 
Aug. 1565 — favours the Romanists, 1565 — 
murder of her favourite, Rizzio, 9 Mar. 1566 — 
on intercession of Bothwell, pardons the 
murderers, 1566 — quarrels with Darnley, who 
leaves the court, close of 1566 — formally 
reconciled to him, Jan. 1567 — murder of 
Darnley, 10 Feb. — carried off by Bothwell to 
Dunbar Castle, 24 Apr. — marries him, at Holy- 
rood, 15 May— made prisoner and confined at 
Lochleven Castle, 15 Jun. — seizure of the 
Casket Letters, 20 Jun. a — is compelled to 
resign the crown to her son, James VI., 24 
Jul. — escapes, 2 May 1568 — defeated by con- 
federates at Langside, 1 3 M ay — escapes to Eng- 
land, 16 May — and is detained as a prisoner by 
Queen Elizabeth : conferences at York re- 
specting charges made against her, 4 Oct. 



MARY— MASHAM. 



935 



1568 — corresponds with Duke of Norfolk, 
1568-9 — removed to Tutbury Castle, 3 Feb. 
1569 — her restoration discussed, 1569-70 a — 
negotiations for her surrender to Earl of Mar, 
Oct. 1572 — extinction of her party by death of 
Grange, Aug. 1573 — accused of participation 
in Babington's plot, Sep. 1586 — removed to 
Fotheringhay Castle, Sep. 1586 — her trial 
begins, 1 1 Oct. — condemned, 25 Oct. — the 
sentence confirmed by Queen Elizabeth, 4 Dec. 
■ — writes to Queen Elizabeth, 19 Dec. — James 
VI. and Henry III. of France intercede for 
her, Jan. 1587 — beheaded at Fotheringhay, 8 
Feb. 1587. a Froude. 

Mary, [daughter of Henry FIT.,) Queen of 
France, and afterwards Duchess of Suffolk, 
— ft., 1498 — treaty for her marriage to Louis 
XII. of France, concluded, 7 Aug. 1514 — 
marries him at Abbeville, 9 Oct. 1514 — left a 
widow, 1 Jan. 15 15 — marries Charles Brandon, 
Duke of Suffolk, 31 Mar. 15 15 — ft. in London, 
25 Jun. 1533. 

Mary of Medici, Queen of France, — ft*. 
at Florence, 26 Apr. 1573 — marries Henry IV. 
of France, by proxy, at Florence, 5 Oct. 1600 — 
at Lyons, 10 Dec. 1600 — arrives with him at 
Paris, Mar. 1601 — named Regent, 20 Mar. 
16x0— crowned at St Denis, 13 May 16 10 — 
left a widow, 14 May — Regent for her son 
Louis XIII., May 1610 to Oct. 1614 — dismisses 
Sully, 16 Jan. 161 1 — commences Palace of the 
Luxembourg, 16 15 — retires to Blois, 3 May 
16 1 7 — escapes from confinement and takes 
refuge with Duke of Epernon, about 22 Feb. 
161 8 — has interview with the king at Cousieres, 
6 Sep. 16 19— governess of Angers, Sep. 161 9 — 
implicated in plot against Richelieu, and is im- 
prisoned at Compiegne, Feb. 163 1 — escapes to 
Brussels, 18 Jul. 1631 — joined there by her 
son, the Duke of Orleans, 1632 — takes refuge 
in England, 1639 — expelled, Aug. 1641 — tf. at 
Cologne, 3 Jul. 1642 — buried at St Denis, 8 
Mar. 1643. 

Mary, Queen of Hungary, [King Mary,) 
— ft., 1370 — affianced to Sigismund, Marquis 
of Brandenburg, 1371 — succeeds her father, 
Louis the Great, under regency of her mother, 
Elizabeth, Sep. 1382 — captured with her 
mother by Horwath, ban of Croatia, partisan 
of Charles, king of Naples, 1 May 1386 — res- 
cued by Sigismund, marries him, 10 Jun. 1386 
— Sigismund declared joint sovereign Avith her : 
tf. at Buda, 17 May, 1392. 

Mary, Countess of Burgundy, — ft. at 
Brussels, 13 Feb. 1457 — succeeds her father, 
Charles the Bold, Jan. 1477 — ner s * a t es claim- 
ed by Louis XL : marries Maximilian, Arch- 
duke of Austria, Aug. 1477 — tf. at Bruges, 27 
Mar. 1482. 

Maryland, If. 8., — given by Charles I. to 
Lord Baltimore, 20 Jun. 1632 — colonized by 
Catholics under Lord Baltimore, 1633 — rebel- 
lion in, 1645-6 — made a royal province, 1689 
— restored to descendants of its founder, 17 16 
— one of the States of the Union, 1776 — rati- 
fies articles of confederation, 1 Mar. 17 81 — 
invaded by Confederates, 1862 — Gen. M'Clellan 
drives Confederates out of, 14 Sep. 1862 — 



again invaded by them under Gen. Lee, 1863 
and Jul. 1864. 

Marzari-Peneati, Giuseppe, Count, geolo- 
gist, — ft. at Vicenza, 1777 — tf. there, 30 Jun. 
1836. 

Masaccio, [Maso {Tommaso) da San Gio- 
vanni,) painter, — ft. at San Giovanni, Val 
d'Arno, 1402 — admitted to Guild of the 
Speziali at Florence, 142 1 a — visits Rome, 
about 1430-4 — tf. at Rome, about 1429^ 
a Crowe and Cavalcaselle. 

Masaniello. [Aniello, Tommaso.] 

Mascagni, Paolo, anatomist, — ft, in Tus- 
cany, 1752^5 Feb. 1755 b — Prof. Anatomy, 
Siena, 1774^ 177 7 b — Prof. Anatomy, Pisa, 
1800 — Prof. Anatomy, Florence, 1801 — tf. at 
Florence, 19 Oct. 18 15. Vasorum lymphati- 
corum corporis humani historia et ichnographia, 
1787 — Anatomia per uso degli studiosi di scul- 
tura e pittura, 1816 — Prodrome della grande 
anatomia, 18 19 — Anatomia univcrsa XLIV. 
tabulis ceneis jaxta archetypum hominis adulti 
accuratissime reprcesentat., 1823-32. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Mascara, in Algeria, — burnt by the French, 
9 Dec. 1835 — taken and garrisoned by Marshal 
Bugeaud, spring 1841! 

Mascardi, Agostino, miscellaneous writer, — 
ft. at Sarzana, 159 1 — tf. there, 1640. Silvarum 
lib. IV., 1622 — DelV arte historica trattati, 
1636. 

Mascaron, Jules, theologian, — ft. at Mar- 
seilles, 1634 — enters Congregation of the 
Oratory, 1650 — begins preaching at Angers, 
1663 — Bp of Tulle, 167 1 — Bp of Agen, 1679 
— tf. there, 16 Nov. 1703. 

Mascaron, Louis Beau de, — ft. at Rochelle, 
1725 — serves in Corsica, 1739 — in Bohemia, 
1742— : in Flanders, 1746 — receives Cross of St 
Louis, 1746 — distinguishes himself at battle of 
Raucoux, 1746 — tf., 12 Oct. 1746. 

Mascheroni, Lorenzo, mathematician, — ft. 
at Bergamo, 1750 — tf. at Paris, 30 Jul. 1800. 
Geometria del compasso, 1795. 

Masclef, Francois, Hebraist, — ft. at Amiens, 
1663 — tf. there, Nov. 1728. Grammatica he- 
braica, a punctis aliisque inventis Massorethicis 
libera, 1716. 

Mascov, Johann Jacob, publicist, historian, 
—ft. at Dantzic, 26 Nov. 1689 — Extraord. 
Prof. Law, Leipsic, 17 19 — tf., May 1762. 
Principia juris publici Romano- Germauici, 
1729 — Geschichte der Deutschen bis zum Anfang 
der frdnkisch en Monarch ie, 1726-37. 

Masdeu, Juan Francesco, Jesuit, historian, 
— ft. at Barcelona, about 1740 — tf. at Valencia, 
11 Apr. 1 8 17. Historia critica de Espana, 
1783-1800. 

Maseres, Francis, mathematician, $c, — ft. 
in London, 15 Dec. 1731 — B.A. Cambridge, 
1752— M.A., 1755 — recalled from Canada, and 
named Cursitor-baron of the Exchequer, Aug. 
1773 — tf. at Reigate, 19 May 1824. Use of 
the negative sign in Algebra, 1758 — Scriptores 
logarithmici, 1791-1807 — Canadian Freeholder, 
1779 — Histories Anglicance circa tempus con- 
questus monumenta, 1807. 

Masham, Abigail, favourite of Queen Anne 



93 6 



MASINISSA— MASSIL1A. 



■ — introduces Harley to private audiences with 
Queen Anne, 1706— marries, 1707 — supplants 
Duchess of Marlborough as favourite of the 
Queen, 171 1 — tf., 6 Dec. 1734. 

Masinissa, King of Numjdia, — [BC] — de- 
feats Syphax, 213 — aids Carthaginians in Spain, 
212-206 — joins Bomans after battle of Silpia, 
206 — defeats Mezetalus and obtains the throne, 
about 205 — defeated and driven out by Syphax, 
joins Scipio, 204 — reinstated by Scipio, 204 — 
commands under Scipio at Zama, 202 — makes 
war upon Carthage, 150 — defeats Hasdrubal : 
tf., 148. 

Masius, {Maes,) Andreas, orientalist, — ft. at 
Linnich, 1526 — settles at Cleves, 1558 — tf. near 
Cleves, 1573. Grammatica Ungues Syriacce, 

Maskelyne, Nevil, astronomer, — ft. in 
London, 6 Oct. 1732 — enters Cambridge Univ., 
1749 — takes orders, 1755 — Fellow of Trin. 
Coll., 1756— M.A., 1757— F.E.S., 1758— ob- 
serves transit of Yenus, at St. Helena, 6 Jun. 
17 6 1 — sent to ascertain longitude of Barbadoes, 
1763 — Astronomer-royal, Feb. 1765 — D.D., 
1777 — tf., 9 Feb. 181 1. Nautical Almanac, 
1767-1811 — Catalogue of Stars, 1790. 

Maso. [Finiguerra.l 

Maso, C. Papirius,— [B C] — Consul with M. 
Ponrponius Matho, subdues Corsica and cele- 
brates triumph on Alban Mount, (523, a. u. c.) 
231. 

Masolmo, [Tommaso cli Cristoforo Fini,) 
painter, — ft. at Florence, 1383. Frescoes at 
Castiglione di Olona, commenced, 1427 — dis- 
covered, 1843. 

Mason, James, engraver, — ft., about 1700. 

Mason, Sir John, statesman, — B.A. Oxford, 
152 1 — sent by Henry VIII. to study at Paris, 
1523 — ambassador to Netherlands, 1558 — tf., 
20 Apr. 1566. 

Mason, John, theologian, — ft. at Dunmow, 
Essex, 1706 — pastor at Dorking, 1730 — re- 
moves to Cheshunt, 1746 — tf. there, 10 Feb. 
1763. Self-knotvledge, 1745. 

Mason, William, poet, — ft. at Hull, 1725 — 
B.A. Cambridge, 1745 — Fellow of Pembroke 
Coll., 1747 — M.A., 1749— tf. Canon of York, 
1797. Works, 1811. 

Masons. [Freemasons.] 

Masoud. [G-hizni and Iconium, Sultans 

OF.] 

' Masque de Fer,' — imprisoned at Pignerol, 
about 1662 — tf. in the Bastille, 1703. 

Masquelier, Louis Joseph, engraver, — ft. 
near Lille, 21 Feb. 1741 — tf., 26 Feb. 181 1. 

Masquerade, — introduced in England by 
Henry YIIL, 1512-13.- 

Mass, {Missa,) canon of the, — compiled by 
Gregory the Great, 599 — solitary, condemned 
by synod of Mentz, 813 — celebration of, regu- 
lated by Council of Trent, 1563 — in England, 
prohibited by Acts 2 and 3 Edw. YI. c. 1, 1548, 
and 1 Eliz." c. 2, 1558 — in Scotland, pro- 
hibited under penalty of death, 1560. 

Massa-Carrara, Duchy of in Italy,— passes, 
by marriage, to House of Modena, 1741 — oc- 
cupied by French, 1796 — given by Napoleon to 
his sister Elise, 1805 — restored to the Duchess, 



1814 — reunited to Modena, 1829 — becomes 
part of kingdom of Italy, i860. 

Massachusetts, U.S., — visited and described 
by Gosnold, Archer, and Brereton, 1602-5 — 
company for settlement of, chartered by James 
L, 1606 — first settlement, (Plymouth,) 22 Dec. 
1620 — House of Bepresentatives organized, 1639 
— Indian war, 1675-8 — on union of, with 
colonies of Salem, Charlestown, and Boston, 
takes present name, 1692 — revolutionary war 
begins in, 1775 — one of the States of the Union, 
1776 — ratifies constitution of Union, 6 Feb. 
1788 — constitution of State amended, 1853. 

Massard, Jean, engraver, — ft. at Belesme, 
(Orne,) 1740 — tf., 16 Mar. 1822. 

Massard, Jean Eaptiste Kaphael Urbain, 
engraver, — ft. at Paris, 1775 — receives cross of 
Legion of Honour, 1824 — tf., 29 Sep. 1849. 

Massaria, Alessandro, physician, — ft. at 
Yicenza, about 1510 — called to Yenice, 1578 — • 
Prof. Medicine, Padua, 1587— tf., 1598. Opera 
medica, 1608. 

Massena, Andre, Prince of Essling, Mar- 
shal of Fkance, — ft. at Nice, 8, a 6 b May 
1758 — enters the army, 1775 — General of Di- 
vision, 20 Dec. 1793 — distinguishes himself in 
campaigns of Italy, 1794-5 — at Monteuotte, 
9-1 1 Apr. 1796 — at Millesimo, 14 Apr. — at 
Castiglione, 29 Jun. and 5 Jul. — at Areola, 15- 
17 Nov. — at Bivoli, 9 Jan. 1797 — Commander 
of army of Borne, Feb. 1798 — of army of 
Switzerland, 1799 — defeats Bussians at Zurich, 
5-6 Jun. — defeats Suwarof at Zurich, 25 Sep. — 
defends Genoa, 1 8 Feb. to 3 Jun. 1 800— Marshal, 
May 1 804— Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 
1805 — Commander-in-chief of army of Italy, 
1805 — defeats insurgents in Calabria, and takes 
Gaeta, 1806 — Duke of Bivoli, 1807 — distin- 
guishes himself at Essling, and is created Prince 
of Essling, 1809 — contributes to victory of 
Y r agram, Jul. — Commander-in-chief in Por- 
tugal, 1 8 1 o— repulsed by Wellington at Biii- 
saco, 27 Sep. 1810 — defeated by him at Fuentes 
de Onora, 4-5 May 181 1 — commands at Tou- 
lon, 1813-15 — Commander-in-chief of National 
Guard, 18 15 — tf. at Paris, 4 Apr. 18 17. 

a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Massenbach, Christian von, general, — ft. at 
Smalkalde, 1758^ 1768 b — enters Prussian 
army, 1782 — serves against French in cam- 
paigns of 1792-4 — at battle of Jena, 1806 — tf. 
in Poland, 10 Jan. 1827. 

a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Masseville, Louis Levasseur de, historian, 
— ft. near Yalogne, 1647 — tf. at Yalogne, 1733. 
Kistoire sommaire de la Normandie, 1698. 

Massey, Colonel, — Governor of Gloucester 
for the Parliament, defends it against Charles 
I., 10 Aug. to 6 Sep. 1643 — defeated by Prince 
Bupert at Ledbury, 1645 — his brigade dis- 
banded, Aug. 1646 — formally accused by the 
army, Jun. 1647 — excluded from parliament 
by 'Pride's Purge,' 1648 — goes over to Boy- 
alist side, and is taken prisoner at Worcester, 
3 Sep. 1651. 

Massilia. [Marseilles.] 

Massilia, asteroid, — discovered by De Gas- 
paris, 19 Sep. 1852. 



MASSILLON— MATHER. 



937 



Massillon, Jean Baptiste, theologian, — b. 
at Hieres, Provence, 24 Jun. 1663 — enters 
Congregation of the Oratory, 1681 — goes to 
Paris, 1696 — Bp of Clermont, 17 17 — admitted 
to French. Academy, 17 19 — If., 18 Sep. 1742. 
GLuvres, 1745-6. 

Massinger, Philip, dramatist, — h. at Salis- 
hury, 1584— enters St Alban's Hall, Oxford, 
i6c2 — goes to London, 1606 — if. there, 17 
Mar. 1640. Virgin Martyr, 1622 — Duke of 
Millaine, 1623 — Fatal Dowry, 1632 — New 
Way to pay Old Debts, 1633 — City Madam, 
1659. 

Masson, Antoine, painter, engraver, — b. near 
Orleans, 1636 — tf. at Paris, 30 May 1700. 

Masson, Francis, botanist, — ft. at Aberdeen, 
1741— sent on scientific expedition to Cape of 
Good Hope, about 177 1 — to the Canary Islands, 
Azores, &c, 1776 — returns to England, 178 1 — 
visits Portugal and Madeira, 1783 — returns to 
the Cape, 1786 — to England, 1795— tf. at Mont- 
real, about Christmas 1805. Stapelia, 1796. 

Masson, Jean, — b. in France, about 1680 — 
comes to England, 1709 — tf. in England, 3 - Hol- 
land, 13 about 1750. Notes sur les inscriptions 
recucillics par Gruter, 1707 — C. Plinii Secundi 
Vita, 1709. a Biog. Univ. b Chalmers. 

Masson, Samuel. DZistoire critique de la 
re'publique des lettres, 17 12-18. 

Massowah, in Abyssinia, — visited by Bruce, 
1769. 

Massuet, Pierre, miscellaneous writer, — b. 
at Mouzon-sur-Meuse, 1698 — M.D. Leyden, 
172 9 — tf . near Amersf ort, 1776. DZisto ire des 
rois de Pologne, 1733 — DZistoire de la derniere 
guerre, 1736-7 — Table generate des matieres 
contenues dans Vhistoire et les me'moires de 
V Academic des Sciences de 1699 a. 1734, 1741 
— edits Bibliotheque raisonnee des ouvrages des 
savants de V Europe, 1728-53. 

Mastelletta, II, {Giovanni Andrea Don- 
ducci,) painter, — b. at Bologna, 1575 — tf., 1655. 

Master of Arts, — Academical degree, men- 
tioned, 1 2 15. 

Master of the Ceremonies, in England, — 
office instituted by James I., 1603. 

Master of the Militia, — annual magistrate 
elected at Venice, 737-741. 

Master of the Soils, in Chancery,— title 
conferred, as early as 1286 a — regulations re- 
specting his decrees by Act 3 Geo. II. c. 30, 
1730 — his salary regulated by Acts 6 Geo. IV. 
c. 84, 5 Jul. 1825, an i 1 Vic. c. 46, 12 Jul. 
1837 — charged with direction of Public Eecord 
Office, by Act 1 and 2 Vic. c. 94, 10 Aug. 
1838. a Fcss> 

Master and Servant, — regulations respect- 
ing, by Acts 5 Eliz. c. 4, 1562 ; 1 Ann. st. 2, 
c. 18, s. 4, 1702 ; 6 Ann. c. 31, 1707 ; 20 Geo. 
II. c. 19, 1747; 6 Geo. III. c. 25, 1765; 17 
Geo. III. c. 56, 1777 ; 32 Geo. III. c. 56, 
1792; 4 Ceo. IV. c. 34, 17 Jun. 1823; 5 
Geo. IV. c. 96, 21 Jun. 1824; 10 Geo. IV. c. 
52, 19 Jun. 1829 ; 6 and 7 Vic. c. 40, 1 Aug. 
1843 ; 14 and 15 Vic. c. 11, 20 May 1 851— law 
amended by Acts 24 and 25 Vic. c. 100, ss. 26 
and 73, 6 Aug. 1861 ; 30 and 31 Vic. c. 141, 
20 Aug. 1867. 



Masters in Chancery, — office abolished by 
Act 15 and 16 Vic. c. 80, 30 Jun. 1852. 

Masters General o*f the Military, — two 
officers appointed by Constantine, between 

3 o6 -337- 

Masters and Workmen, — laws respecting 
arbitration of differences between, consolidated 
and amended by Act 5 Geo. IV. c. 96, 21 Jun. 
1824 — again amended by Act 1 Vic. c. 67, 15 
Jul. 1837 — councils of conciliation established 
by 30 and 31 Vic. c. 105, 15 Aug. 1867. 

Master-singers, {Meister stinger,) in Ger- 
many, — incorporated by Charles IV., 1378 — 
chiefly celebrated, about 1500-50. 

Masuccio, architect, — b.. at Naples, 1230 — 
tf., 1305. 

Masuccio, Stefano, {il secondo,) architect, — 
h. at Naples, 1291 — tf-, 1388. 

Masudi, Abul-Hassan Ali Ben-Husein Ben- 
Ali, historian, §c, — ft. at Baghdad, about 
890 ? — visits India and China, (303, a. h.) 
916 — Palestine, (314,) 926 — tf. probably at 
Cairo, (345,) 956. Morvj-ad-dhehel we mdclin- 
al-jewahir, (332,) 943-4. 

Masulipatam, in Hindustan, — conquered 
and annexed to Bahmani kingdom of the 
Deccan, by Mohammed II. , (882, a. n.) 1477 a 
— taken by the French, 1753 b — by the English, 
6 Apr. 1759— ceded to them by Emperor of 
Delhi, 1763. a Elphinstone. b Thornton. 

Matafiorida, Bernardo Mozo Resales, Mar- 
quis de, statesman, §c, — ft. at Seville, 1761 — 
deputy to the Cortes, 18 14 — Minister of Jus- 
tice, 1 819 — General of the armies of the king, 
forms Junta of Urgel, 1822 — tf. at Agen, 3 Jul. 
1832. 

Matamoras, in Mexico,— Gen. Taylor defeats 
Mexicans near, 8 and 9 May 1846— occupied 
by Gen. Taylor, 18 May 1846— occupied by 
the French, 26 Sep. 1864 — by Juarists, 4 May 
1865 — scene of conflict between Imperialists 
and Juarists, 1866. 

Matanzas, in Cuba, — made a free port, 1809. 

Mataro, in Spain,— bombarded by Admiral 
Matthews, 1742 — sacked by the French under 
Duhesme, 1808. 

Matchlocks, — invented, about 1476. 

Maternus., — Consul with Bradna, (938, 
a. u. c.) 185. 

Matham, Jacob, engraver, — h. at Haarlem, 
157 1 — tf. there, 1631. 

Mather, Cotton, theologian, — ft. at Boston, 
U. S., 12 Feb. 1663 — graduates at Harvard 
Coll., 1678 — co-pastor with his father at 
Boston, 1682 — F.E.S. London, 17 13 — tf., 13 
Feb. 1728. Memorable Providences relating to 
Witchcraft, 1689 — Wonders of Invisible World, 
1693 — Magnolia Christi Americana, 1702— 
Cur iosa Americana, 17 12. 

Mather, Increase, theologian, — b. at Dor- 
chester, Massachusetts, 21 Jan. 1639,* 1644 b 
— graduates at Harvard Coll., 1656 — studies at 
Trin. Coll. Dublin, 1656-60 — pastor at Boston, 
U. S., 1661-1723 — Principal of Harvard Coll., 
1684-1701 — deputy of the province to Eng- 
land, 1685 and 1688 — tf., 23 Aug. 1723. 
Remarkable Providences, 1684. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 



93* 



MATHEW— MATSYS. 



Mathew, Theobald, {Father Mathew,) phi- 
lanthropist, — b. at Thomastown, Tipperary, 
10 Oct. 1790 — ordained priest, 1814 — com- 
mences his Temperance missions, about 1837 — 
tf. at Queenstown, 8 Dec. 1856. 

Mathews, Charles, actor, — b. in London, 28 
Jun. 1776 — appears at Haymarket Theatre, 
May 1803 — visits America, 1822 and 1834 — If. 
at Plymouth, 28 Jun. 1835. 

Mathews, Mrs. [Vestris, Madame.] 

Mathias, Thomas James, satirist,—^., about 
1757 — goes to Naples, about 1800 — tf. at 
Naples, 1835. Pursuits of Literature, 1794-5 
— Political Dramatist, 1795 — Odes, 1798 — 
Works of Thomas Gray, 18 14. 

Mathieu de la Eedorte, Maurice David 
Joseph, Count, general, — b. in France, 20 
Feb. 1768 — enters the army, 1783— serves in 
campaignsof the Rhine, 1792-6 — serves in Italy, 
1798 — General of Division, 1799 — Grand 
Officer of Legion of Honour, 1804 — signs, witb 
Jellachich, capitulation of Austrian army, 1805 
■ — serves in Prussia and Poland, 1806-7 — 
wounded at battle of Tudela, Nov. 1808 — 
raises siege of Tarragona, 1812 — Chevalier of 
St Louis, 1 8 14 — Peer of France, 18 19 — tf. at 
Paris, 1 Mar. 1833. 

Matignon, Charles Auguste de, Count de 
Gace, Marshal of France, — b., 28 May 
1647 — serves in campaign of Holland, 1668 — 
at battle of Treves, 1672 — at sieges of Conde 
and Bouchain, 1676 — distinguishes himself at 
siege of Luxemburg, 1684 — Lieutenant-gen- 
eral, 1689,* 1693 b — takes part in battle of 
Fleurus, 1690 — in sieges of Mons and Namur, 
169 1 — in battle of Steinkerk, 1692 — commands 
in campaigns of Germany, 1700 — assists at battle 
of Oudenarde, 11 Jul. 1708 — Chevalier of the 
Orders of the King, 1724 — If. at Paris, 6 Dec. 
1729. a Biog. Univ. b Nout. Biog. Gen. 

Matignon, Jacques Goyon de, Marshal 
or France, — b. in Normandy, 26 Sep. 1525 — 
distinguishes himself at sieges of Montmedi, 
Ivoy, &c, 1552 — taken prisoner at St Quentin, 
1557 — Lieutenant-general of Lower Normandy, 
Apr. 1559 — contributes to taking of Blois, 
Tours, and Poitiers, 1562 — defeats English at 
Falaise, 1563 — takes part in reduction of 
Rouen, 1567 — distinguishes himself at Jarnac, 
Moncontour, &c, 1569 — pacifies Normandy, 
1572 — Marshal, Chevalier du Saint-Esprit, 14 
Jul. 1579 — reduces Picardy, 1580 — Lieutenant- 
general in Guienne, 1585 — defeats king of 
Navarre at Nerac, 31 Dec. 1588 — assists at 
coronation of Henry IV., 1589 — ft. in Guienne, 
27 Jun. 1597. 

Matilda, Queen of England, — marries 
her cousin, William, Duke of Normandy, 1054 
■ — becomes Queen, 1066 — crowned, 11 May 
1068 — If., 2 Nov. 1083. 

Matilda, Queen of England, {Good Queen 
Maud,) — marries Henry I., n Nov. 11 00— ft. 
at AY estminster, 1 May n 18. 

Matilda, {Maud,) Queen of England, — 
marries Stephen of Blois, before 1 1 15 — becomes 
Queen, end of 11 35 — crowned, Mar. 11 36 — 
Regent during Stephen's absence, n 37 — me- 
diates between Stephen and David of Scotland, 



1 1 38 — procures liberation of Stephen in ex- 
change for Robert of Gloucester, 1 Nov. 1141 
— founds St Katherine's Hospital, 1148 — 
founds Feversbam Abbey, 1148 — rj. at Hen- 
ingham Castle, Essex, 3 May 1151. 

Matilda, {Maud,) Empress, — b., 1102 — 
betrothed to Emperor Henry V., 1109 — marries 
him, 1 1 14 — left a widow, 22 May 1 125— returns 
to England, 1 126 — acknowledged as heiress-pre- 
sumptive, 25 Dec. 1 1 26 — betrothed to Geoffrey 
of Anjou, 1 1 27 — married, spring n 27 — driven 
from Anjou by her husband, Jul. n 29 — comes 
to England with her father, Henry I., 1131 — 
fealty again sworn to her, Sep. 1131 — returns 
to Anjou, spring 11 32 — birth of her son, Henry 
II., Mar. 1 1 33 — acknowledged successor of 
Henry I. in Normandy, Dec. 11 35 — with her 
brother, Robert of Gloucester, invades England, 
30 Sep. 1 1 39 — besieged in Arundel Castle by 
Stephen, retires to Gloucester and assumes 
royal state, n 39 — joined by Henry of Blois, 
received at Winchester, 3 Mar. 1141 — recog- 
nized as Lady of England by synod of "Win- 
chester, 7 Apr. — holds her court at London, 
midsummer — expelled by citizens, retires to 
Oxford, midsummer — quarrels with Henry of 
Blois, besieges him in Winchester Castle, and 
is besieged in the palace by William of Ypres, 
Jul. to Aug. — escapes, 14 Sep.— her adherents 
excommunicated by Council of Westminster, 7 
Dec. — besieged at Oxford by Stephen, Sep. 
1 142 — escapes to Wallingford, 20 Dec. 1142 — 
retires to Gloucester, and is acknowledged 
Queen in western counties, 1 143 — goes to Nor- 
mandy, Nov. 1 145 — rj. at Rouen, 1165,* 10 
Sep. 1167^ a Annals of England. b Strickland. 

Matilda, {eldest daughter of Henry LL. of 
England,) — b. in London, 1 156 — marries Henry 
the Lion, Duke of Saxony, 1168 — ft., 28 Jun. 
1189. 

Matilda, Countess of Tuscany, { l the Great 



Countess, 



-ti., about 1046 a — betrothed to 



Godfrey the Hunchback, Duke of Lorraine, 
about 1052^ 1054 b — shares government of 
Tuscany with her mother, Beatrice, 1069 — left 
a widow, Feb. 1076 — succeeds her mother, 
Apr. 1076 — receives Pope Gregory VII. at 
Canossa, 1077 — makes secret donation of her 
states to Holy See, 1077 — her troops, sent to 
expel Antipope' Guibert from Ravenna, are 
defeated by Imperialists, near Mantua, 1080 — 
defeats them at Sorbara, Jid. 1084 b — occupies 
castle of St Angelo, Rome, 1086 — marries 
Welf, son of Duke of Bavaria, 1089 — loses 
Mantua and territories north of the Po, 1091 
— her troops defeated by Emperor Henry IV. , 
1092 — divorced, 1095 — suppresses revolt of 
Ferrara, 1101 — confirms her donation to Holy 
See, 17 Nov. n 02 — marches against Parma, 
1 1 04 — receives Emperor Henry V. at Canossa, 
and is named his Vice-regent in Lombardy, 6-9 
May 1 1 1 1 — falls ill while preparing to suppress 
revolt of Mantua, n 14 — rj. at Bondeno, near 
Reggio, 24 Jul. 1 1 15. 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Matschin, {Maczin,) — Prince Galitzin de- 
feats Turks at, 3 Jul. 179 1. 

Matsys, {Met, Metensis,) Cornelisz, engraver, 



MATSYS— MATTUSCHKA. 



939 



—b. in the Netherlands, about 1500 — tf., after 
1549. 

Matsys, Quintin, painter, — b. at Louvain, 
1466, a 1450 b — settles at Antwerp, 1490 — 
member of Academy of Antwerp, 149 1-2 — 
visited by Albert Durer, 1520— ft. at Antwerp, 
1529^ 8 Jul. 1530^ before 12 Oct. i53i. d 
Descent from the Cross, Antwerp, 1508 — 
Banker and his Wife, the Louvre, 15 18. 
a Yan Even. b Biog. Woordenboek. 

c Van Mander. d "Wornum. 

Mattathias, — [BC] — revolts against An- 
tiochus II. at Modin, and dies, 167. 

Mattei, Loretto, poet,— b. in Italy, 1622— 
admitted to Academy of Arcadians, 1692 — tf. 
at Kome, a Rieti, b 1705. 

a Tiraboschi. b Biog. Univ. 

Matteis, Paolo de, painter, — b. at Cilento, 
near Naples, 1662— tf. at Naples, 1728. 

Matterhorn, The, Alpine Peak,— scaled by 
"Whimper and others, 14 Jul. 1865. 

Matthaei, Christian Friedrich, philologist, 
— 6. in Thuringia, 1744 — Prof. Classical Lite- 
rature, Moscow, 1805 — tf. there, 26 Sep. 1811. 
Chrestomathia Grceca, 1773 — Notitia codicum 
manuscr. grcecorum bibl. mosq., 1776, §c. 

Mattheei, Friedrich, painter, — tf. at Meis- 
sen, 4 Mar. 1777 — if. at Vienna, Oct. 1845. 

Matthaeus, Anton, jurist, historian,— b. at 
Utrecht, 18 Dec. 1635— Prof. Law, Leyden, 
1670 — o"., 28 Aug. 17 10. Commentarius ad 
librum primum Institutionum, 1672 — Be Nobi- 
litate, de Principalis, $c , 1686— Be rebus Ul- 
trajectiuis, 16^0—Manuductio ad Jus Canoni- 
eum, 1696. 

Matthaeus Camanota, rhetorician, theolo- 
gian, — fl., about 1452. 

Mattheson, Johann, musical composer, writer 
on music, — ft. at Hamburg, 1681 — tf., 1764. 
Critica musica, 1722-4. 

Matthew Paris, historian, — b., about 1195- 
1200? — enters Benedictine Order at St Albans, 
21 Jan. 1 2 17 a — attends marriage of Henry 
"III. at Westminster, 1236 a — again at West- 
minster, 1247 — sent to Norway, as visitor of 
Benedictine Order, by Pope Innocent IV., 
1248 — tf. at St Albans, soon after May i259. a 
Chronica Major a, 1 259 — printed, 157 1 — Historia 
Anglorum, {Historia Minor,) (Chronicon,) first 
printed, 1866 — Flores Hisioriarum, original 
copy of, discovered by Madden in the Cheet- 
ham Library, and shown to be an abridgment 
of the Historia Major, 1865-6. a Madden. 

Matthew of Westminster. [Matthew Paris.] 

Matthews, Thomas, admiral, — Captain E.N., 
1703 — sent to America, 17 10 — distinguishes 
himself under Sir G. Byng in the Mediter- 
ranean, 17 18 — Commissioner of the Navy, 
Chatham, 1742 — Vice-Admiral, Mar. 1742 — 
Commander-in-chief in the Mediterranean, 
25 Mar. 1742 — sinks five Spanish galleys at 
St Tropez, Jun. 1742 — bombards Mataro and 
Palamos, Aug. 1742 — blockades Toulon, 1743 
— quarrels with Admiral Lestock, and fails in 
attack on French and Spanish squadron off 
Toulon, 14 Feb. 1744 — trial of, by court- 
martial, begins, Oct. 1 745 — dismissed the serv- 
ice, Jan. 1747— tf., 175 1 ? 



Matthews, General, — takes Bednore, Anan- 
pore, Onore, and Mangalore, Jan. 1783 — re- 
fuses to divide the captured treasure, and is 
superseded by Bombay government, 1783. 

Matthias, Emperor of the Romans, — b." 
24 Feb. 1557— accepts sovereignty of the 
Netherlands, 1577 — resigns it, 1580 — com- 
mands against Turks in Hungary, 1592— be- 
comes heir-presumptive by death of his brother 
Ernest, 1795 — elected Xing of Hungary, 14 
Oct. 1607 — crowned, 19 Nov. 1608' — King of 
Bohemia, 23 May 161 1 — marries Anne of 
Austria, 4 Dec. 161 1 — elected Emperor at 
Frankfort, 13 Jun. 16 12 — crowned, 24 Jun. 
— adopts his cousin Ferdinand, 16 16 — resigns 
crown of Bohemia to him, Jun. 1617 — resigns 
Hungary to bim, 26 Jun. 16 18 — death of his 
consort, Dec. 1618 — tf., 20 Mar. 1619. 

Matthias Corvinus, (Huniades,) King op 
Hungary, — b. in Transylvania, 1443 — im- 
prisoned at Prague on charge of murder, 1457 
— elected to succeed Ladislaus the Posthumous, 
24 Jan. 1458 — liberated by George Podie- 
brad, Jan. — marries his daughter, 1458 — over- 
runs and conquers Austria, 1462— concludes 
peace with Emperor Frederick III., 1462 — re- 
pulses Turks and takes from them Jaycsa in 
Bosnia, 16 Dec. 1463 — again defeats them at 
Jaycsa, Jan. 1464 — recovers crown of St 
Stephen from the Emperor, and is crowned, 29 
Mar. 1464 — unsuccessfully besieges Zoynich, 
autumn, 1464 — suppresses revolt of Stephen, 
waiwode of Wallachia and Moldavia, 1467 — 
instigated by Pope and Emperor, makes war 
on George Podiebrad, 1468 — gets himself pro- 
claimed King of Bohemia, 1469 — drives out 
his rival Casirnir from Hungary, 147 1 — 
marches against Turks and takes Savacz, 1475 
— is refused the hand of Cunegunda, daughter 
of Frederick III., and marries Beatrice of 
Naples, 1476— invades Austria, 147 7 — concludes 
peace with Emperor, 1 Dec. 1477 — his generals 
victorious over Turks, 1479-83 — takes Vienna, 
1 Jun., a Jan. b 1485 — conquers Austrian states, 
1485-7 — tf. at Vienna, 7 Apr. 1490. 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Matthieu, Pierre, poet, historian, — b. in 
Franche-Comte, 10 Dec. 1563 — LL.D. Valen- 
cia, 1586 — deputy from Lyons to Paris, 1593 
— a", at Toulouse, 12 Oct. 162 1. La Guisiade, 
1589 — Quatrains de la vanite du monde, 1629 — 
Histoire de France, §c, (1598-1604,) 1606— 
Histoire de Louis XL., 16 10 — Histoire de 
Prance, (de Francjois I er a Louis XIII.,) 1613. 

Matthisson, Friedrich von, poet, — b. near 
Magdeburg, 23 Jan. 1761 — reader to Princess 
of Anhalt-Dessau, 1794-18 12 — enters service 
of king of Wiirtemberg, 18 12 — Chevalier, 
1825 — If. near Dessau, 22 Mar. 1831. Sammt- 
liche Werke, 1825-9. 

Mattioli, Pietro Andrea, physician, botanist, 
— b. at Siena, 1500 — tf. at Trent, 1577. Com- 
mentarii in sex libros Ped. Bioscorid., 1544. 

Mattra, Mathura, Muttra, in Hindustan, — 
plundered and burnt by Mahmud of Ghizni, 
1019 — pillaged by Afghans, 1757 — occupied by 
Scindia, about 1795 — taken by English, 1803. 

Mattuschka, Henry Godfrey, Count or, 



9 4o 



MAT URIN— MAURICE. 



botanist, — f). in Silesia, 1734 — tf., 1779. Flora 
Silesiana, 1776-9. 

Maturin, Robert Charles, dramatic and 
miscellaneous writer, — b. at Dublin, 1782 — 
enters Trin. Coll., 1798 — B.A., 1800 — tf., 30 
Oct. 1824. Bertram, 18 16 — Fatal Revenge, 
1807 — Melmoth, 1820 — Controversial Sermons, 
1824. 

Maturines. [Trinitarians.] 

Maturino, {Matturino,) da Firenza, painter, 
— ft. at Rome, about 1528. 

Maty, Matthew, physician, librarian of 
British Museum— -b. near Utrecht, 17 18 — M.D. 
Leyden, 1740 — settles in England, 1740 — 
under-librarian of British Museum, 1756 — 
F.R.S., 1758— secretary R.S., 1765 — principal 
librarian of British Museum, 1772 — tf., 2 Aug. 
1776. Journal Britannique, 1750-5 — Memoirs 
of Richard Mead, M.D., 1755. 

Maty, Paul Henry,— b., 1745— enters Trin. 
Coll. Cambridge, 1763 — librarian in British 
Museum, 1777 — secretary to Royal Society, 
1778 — resigns, 1784 — tf. in London, 1787. 
Review, Jan. 1782 to Sep. 1786. 

Maubeuge. [Mabuse.] 

Maubeuge, in France, — taken for Louis 
XIV., 1649 — ceded to France by Treaty of 
Nimeguen, 1678 — fortified by Vauban, 1680 — 
threatened by Austrians, 11 Sep. 1792 — be- 
sieged by tbem, 29 Sep. i794, a 2 Oct. 1793 b — 
recoveredby French, 16 Oct. — citadel blockaded 
by Prussians, 20 Jun. 18 15 — capitulates to 
Prince Augustus, 1 1 Jul. 

a TJnivers Pittoresque. b Cony. -Lex. 

Maud. [Matilda.] 

Maud of Hainault, Duchess op Athens, 
— b., 30 Nov. 1293 — marries Guy II., Duke of 
Athens, 1304 — left a widow, 1308 — succeeds to 
principality of Achaia, 1311 — marries Louis of 
Burgundy, 13 13 — and is compelled to cede her 
principality to him : again a widow, 1 3 1 6 — 
secretly marries Hugh de la Palisse, but is 
forcibly married to John of Gravina : tf. in 
prison at Naples, probably about 1324. 

Mauna Loa, in Hawaii, — eruption of, 
spring 1866. 

Maunder, Samuel, litterateur, — tf. at Isling- 
ton, 30 Apr. 1849. Treasury of Knowledge, 
1830 — Biographical Treasury, 1838 — Treasury 
of Literature and Science, 1840 — of History, 
1844 — of Natural History, 1848. 

Maundrell, Henry, traveller. Journey from 
Aleppo to Jerusalem, at Faster 1697, 1698. 

Maupeou, Rene Charles de, Vice-chancel- 
lor of France, — b. at Paris, 1688 — councillor 
to the parliament of Paris, 17 10 — first Pres., 
1743-57 — Keeper of the Seals and Vice-chan- 
cellor, 1763 — tf., 1775. 

Maupeou, Rene Nicolas Charles Augustin 
de, Chancellor of France, — b. at Paris, 
17 14 — Chancellor of France, 1768 — exiles 
parliament of Paris, Jan. 177 1 — exiled, 1774 — 
tf. near Andelis, 29 Jul. 1792. 

Maupertuis, Pierre Louis Moreau de, 
mathematician, astronomer, — b. at St Malo, 17 
Jul. 1698,^ i697 b — studies at Paris, 17 14-16 
— admitted to Academy of Sciences, 1723 — 
F.R.S. London, 1727^ 1728° — assists in 



measurement of meridian in Lapland, 1736— 
enters service of Frederick the Great, 1740— 
taken prisoner by Austrians at Mollwitz, 1741 
— admitted to French Academy, 27 Jun. 1743 
— Pres. Academy of Berlin, 1745 — quarrels 
with Voltaire, 1751 — tf. at Basel, 27 Jul. 1759. 
(Euvres, 1756. 

a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Maur, St, Congregation of, Order of reformed 
Benedictines, — formed in France, 1618 — ap- 
proved by Gregory XV., by brief of 17 May 
1 62 1 — receives further privileges by bull of 
Urban VIII., 21 Jan. 1627. 

Maureillan, Casimir Poitevin, Viscount 
de, general, — b. at Montpellier, 14 Jul. 1772 
— as Captain of Engineers, distinguishes him- 
self at Neerwinden, 1793 — at siege of Venloo, 
1794 — Colonel, 1796— takes part in expedition 
of Egypt, 1798 — taken prisoner by Ali Pacha, 
1799 — liberated, 1802 — Commander of En- 
gineers, Mantua, 1802-3 — takes part in cam- 
paign of Austerlitz, 1805 — Governor of Dal- 
matia, 1 806 — takes part in expedition of Russia, 
18 1 2 — capitulates at Thorn, 7 Apr. 181 3 — 
Lieutenant-general, by Louis XVI1L, 26 Apr. 
1 8 14 — tf. at Metz, 23 May 1829. 

Maurepas, Jean Frederic Phelippeaux, 
Count de, statesman, — b. , 1701 — Secretary of 
State, 17 15 — honorary member of Academy, 
1725 — exiled, Nov. 1749 — called to Versailles 
as chief minister, by Louis XVL, 1774 — pro- 
cures dismissal of Turgot, 1775 — and of Necker, 
1781 — tf., 21 Nov. 1781. 

Maurer, Christoph, painter, engraver, — b. at 
Zurich, 1558— tf., 1 6 14. 

Maurice of Nassau, Prince oe Orange, 

— b. at Dillenburg, 1567 — elected Stadt- 
holder by States of Holland and Zealand, 
after assassination of his father, William 1. 
of Orange, 1584 — Captain-general of United 
Provinces, 1587 — takes Breda, 1590 — takes 
Zutphen, Deventer, Nimeguen, &c, 1591 

— invests Gertruydenberg, 1593 — invests 
Groningen, 22 May 1594 — takes it, 24 Jul. — 
with English auxiliaries defeats Spaniards at 
Turnhout, Jan. 1597 — defeats Archduke Albert 
at Nieuport, 2 Jul. 1600 — defends Ostend 
against Spaniards, 160 1-4 — takes Grave, 19 
Sep. 1602 — opposes the truce for twelve years, 
1609 — succeeds his brother as Prince of Orange, 
16 1 8 — procures arrest and execution of 
Barneveldt, 1619 — again commands against 
Spaniards, 1621 — compels Genoese to raise 
siege of Bergen-op-Zoom, 1622 — plot against 
him discovered, 1623 — loses Breda to Spinola, 
1625 — fails in attempt on citadel of Ant- 
werp, 1625 — tf. at the Hague, 23 Apr. 
1625. 

Maurice of Saxony. [Saxe, Marshal.] 
Maurice, Thomas, orientalist, historian, — 
b. at Hertford, about 1755 — enters Oxford 
Univ., 1774 — assistant librarian of British 
Museum, 1799 — tf. in London, 30 Mar. 1824. 
Indian Antiquities, 1791-7 — History of Hin- 
dostan, 7 95-9 — Modem History of Hindostan, 
1802-4 — Memoirs, 1819-22. 
Maurice, St, Order of,— instituted by Ama- 



MATJRICIUS— MAXIMIANUS IT. 



94i 



deus VII. , Duke of Savoy, 1440— united with 
Order of St Lazarus, by Duke Philibert, 1572. 

Mauricius, Flavius Tiberius, Emperor of 
the East, (582-602,) — b. in Cappadoeia, about 
539 — distinguishes himself in Persian war, 
578-581— declared Caesar, by Tiberius II., 5 
Aug. 582 — crowned Emperor, 13 Aug. — suc- 
ceeds Tiberius, 14 Aug. — marries Constantina, 
daughter of Tiberius, 582— carries on war with 
Persians, 582-591 — reinstates Chosroes on the 
throne, 591 — war with Avars, 592-599 — corre- 
sponds with Gregory the Great respecting 
claim of supremacy by John, Patriarch of Con- 
stantinople, 595 — refuses to ransom prisoners 
taken by Avars, 599 — mutiny in army or* the 
Danube, Nov. 602 — killed with his sons and 
brother at Chalcedon, 27 Nov. 602. 

Mauritania, — [BC] — Bocchus and Bogit- 
des, kings of, — attacked by Pompey, 47 — aid 
Caesar, 46 — Bocchus usurps, 38 — made a Bo- 
man province by Octavius, 33 — the kingdom 
given to Juba by Augustus, 25 — [AD]— Juba 
II. aids Dolabella against Tacfarinas, 24 — 
disturbances in, 118 — visited by Hadrian, 
about 121. 

Mauritius, {Isle of France,) in Indian Ocean, 
— discovered by Portuguese, 1505— taken pos- 
session of by them, 1545 — surveyed and named 
Mauritius by Dutcb, 1598 — Dutch settlement 
on, 1644 — abandoned by them, 1708 — taken 
possession of by French, and named Isle of 
France, 1715 — rises in importance under ad- 
ministration of La Bourdonnaye, 1734-45 — 
taken by English, under Gen. John Abererom- 
bie, 3 Dec. 18 10 — ceded to them by Treaty of 
Paris, 1 8 14 — great hurricanes, 1 Mar. 181 8 and 
23 Feb. 1824 — seat of a bishopric, Dec. 1854. 

Mauro, Fra, cosmographer, — one of the 
patricians appointed to regulate the course of 
the Brenta, 1441 — executes map of the world, 

J 457-9— &•> 20 0ct - H59 ?a 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Maurolico, (Marullo,) Francisco, mathema- 
tician, — ft. at Messina, 1494 — tf. there, 1575. 
Edition of Aidolycus, 1558 — Euclidis Pheno- 
mena, 1588 — Opuscula, 1575. 

Maurus. [Eabanus Maurus.] 

Maury, Jean Siffrein, Cardinal, — ft. at 
Vaureas in the Venaissin, 26 Jun. 1746 — goes 
to Paris, 1764 — preacher to the Court, 1777 — 
admitted to French Academy, 1785— deputy to 
States-General, 1789 — settles at Borne, 1790 

— Abp of Nicaea, 1792 — Cardinal, 1794 — 
escapes to Venice, 1798 — returns to Paris, 1806 

— first almoner of Jerome Bonaparte, 1806 — 
member of Institute, 1807 — Abp of Paris, 1810 
— deprived, goes to Borne, 18 14 — tf., n May 
1 8 17. Essais sur V eloquence cle la chair e, 
1810. 

Mausoleum, — [EC] — tomb of Mausolus of 
Caria, built by Artemisia, about 351 — [AD] — 
sculptures used by Knights of Bhodes in for- 
tifying Halicarnassus, before 1500 or 1522 — 
sculptures removed and placed in British Mu- 
seum, as the Budrum Marbles, 1846. 

Mausolus, King of Caria, — [BC]— revolts 
against Artaxerxes Mnemon, 362 — joins Athe- 
nians in Social War, 358— tf., 353. 



Mauve, purple dye, — discovered by Perkin, 
1861. 

Mavortius, — Consul of Borne, (1280,a.u. c.) 
527- 

Mavrocordato, Alexander, statesman, — ft. at 
Constantinople, 11 Feb. 1791 — secretary to his 
uncle, John Caradja, hospodar of Wallachia, 
1 8 17 — -joins the Hetceria, about 18 18 — takes 
part in Greek Revolution, 1821 — as Pres. 
General Assembly of Epidaurus, promulgates 
provisional constitution, Dec. 1821 — Pres. 
Executive Council, 1 Jan. 1822 — meets Lord 
Byron at Missolonghi, Jul. 1822 — defends 
Sphacteria, 1822 — defends Missolonghi, Nov. 
1822 to Jan. 1823 — unsuccessfully attempts to 
form a ministry, Jul. 1840 — Pres. Constitu- 
tional Assembly, Sep. 1843 to Mar. 1844 — 
Pres. Council, Mar. 1844 — soon retires: am- 
bassador to Paris, 1850 — Chief Minister, 26 
May 1854 — retires, 1856 — tf. at iEgina, 18 
Aug. 1865. 

Mawe, John, traveller, §c.,— ft., 1764 — tf. in 
London, 1829. Mineralogy of Derbyshire, 1802 
— Travels in Brazil, 181 2 — Treatise on dia- 
monds and precious stones, 1813. 

Mawvoisine, {Malvoisine,) William de, — 
Chancellor of Scotland, Aug. 1199— Bp of 
Glasgow, 1200 — of St Andrews, 1202 — legate, 
assembles Council at Perth, 121 1 — assists at 
coronation of Alexander II., 12 14 — attends 
Fourth Lateran Council, 12 15 — tf., 9 Jul. 
1238. 

Maxen, in Saxony, — Marshal Daun takes 
Gen. Fink and Prussian corps prisoners, 20 
Nov. 1759. 

Maxentius, Joannes, theologian, — ft., about 

525- 

Maxentius, M. Aurelius Valerius, Boman 
Emperor, (306-312,) — proclaimed at Borne, (6 
Kal. Nov.,) 28 Oct. 306 — and joined by Maxi- 
miauus : puts Severus to death, 307 — Galerius 
defeated, 307 — Africa ravaged, Alexander slain, 
311 — defeated by Constantine, and drowned in 
the Tiber, 28 Oct. 312. 

Maximianus I., M. Aurelius Valerius, {Her- 
culitcs,) Boman Emperor, (286-305,) — made 
Caesar by Diocletian, 285 — Augustus, 1 Apr. 
286 — Consul with Diocletian, (1040, a. u. c.) 
287 — campaign in Gaul, 287 — Consul with 
Pomponius Januarius, (1041,) 288 — war with 
Carausius, 289-290 — Consul with Diocletian, 
(1043,) 290 — again, (1046,) 293 — with Gale- 
rius, (1050,) 297 — war in Africa, 297 — Consul 
with Diocletian, (1052,) 299 — triumphs with 
Diocletian, 302 — Consul with Diocletian, (1058 
and 1057,) 303 and 304 — abdicates with Dio- 
cletian, 1 May 305 — rein stated with Maxentius, 
Nov. 306 — defeats Galerius, 307— expelled by 
Maxentius, 308 — proclaimed Augustus at 
Marseilles and deposed, 308 — strangles himself, 
Feb. 310. 

Maximianus II., Galerius Valerius, Boman 
Emperor, (305-311,) — serves under Aurelian 
and Probus, 270-285 — made Caesar, 1 Mar. 
292 — unsuccessful expedition against Persia, 
297 — defeats Narses, 298 — Augustus, 1 May 
305 — defeated by Maximianus and Maxentius, 
307 — tf., May 311. 



942 



MAXIMILIAN I.— MAXIMILIAN JOSEPH. 



Maximilian I., Emperor of the Romans, 
— ft. at Gran, 22 Mar. 1459 — marries Mary of 
Burgundy at Ghent, 20 Aug. 1477 — defeats 
troops of Louis XI. at Guinegate, Aug. 1479 
• — loses his wife, 27 Mar. 1482 — elected King 
of the Romans, 16 Feb. i486 — crowned at 
Aix-la-Chapelle, 9 Apr. 1486 — married by 
proxy to Anne of Brittany, 1489— but she is com- 
pelled to marry Charles VIII. of France, Dec. 
149 1 — succeeds his father, Frederick III., (IV.,) 
Aug. 1493 — marries Blanche, daughter of 
Lodovico Sforza, 1494 — invests him with 
Duchy of Milan, 1494 — holds Diet at Worms, 
Apr. to May 1495 — establishes Imperial 
Chamber at Frankfort, 1495 — marries his son 
Philip to Joanna daughter of Ferdinand and 
Isabella, 1496 — invades Burgundy but is 
abandoned by the Swiss mercenaries, 1498 — 
makes war on the Swiss, is defeated and makes 
peace, 1499 — originates Aulic Council, 1501 — 
sets out for Rome, Jan. 1508 — at Trent is 
refused a passage through Venetian territory, 
Feb. — puts the Doge and the republic under 
ban ; advances to Vicenza and is repulsed by 
Alviaho and Trivulzio, 1508 — joins in League 
of Cambray, Dec. 1508 — withdraws from it, 
and concludes League with the Pope, Spain, and 
England, against France, 15 13 — serves as 
volunteer in English army at battle of Guine- 
gate and at siege of Terouenne, Aug. 15 13 — 
invades the Milanese, 15 16— holds Diet of 
Augsburg, 1518 — rj. at Wels, 12 Jan. 1519. 

Maximilian II., Emperor of the Romans, 
— ft. at Vienna, 1 Aug. 1527 — marries Arch- 
duchess Maria, 18 Sep. 1548 — King of Bohemia, 
Sep. 1562 — elected King of the Romans, 24 
Nov. 1562 — crowned at Frankfort, 30 Nov. — 
King of Hungary, Sep. 1563 — succeeds his 
father, Ferdinand I., 25 Jul. 1564 — grants 
toleration to Protestants, 1568 — marries his 
daughter Anne to Philip II. of Spain, and 
his daughter Elizabeth to Charles IX. of 
France, Nov. 1570 — ft. at Ratisbon, 12 Oct. 

*57 6 - 

Maximilian, Archduke of Austria, and 
Empekob of Mexico, — ft. at Vienna, 6 Jul. 
1832 — enters Austrian navy, 1846 — Governor- 
general of Lombardo-Venetian kingdom, Feb. 
1857 — marries Princess Charlotte of Belgium, 
27 Jul. 1857 — Admiral and Commander-in- 
chief of Imperial Marine, 1859 — elected Em- 
peror of Mexico by Assembly of Notables, 10 
Jul. 1863 — receives Mexican deputation at 
Miramar, and conditionally accepts crown, 3 
Oct. 1863 — visits Queen Victoria, 13 Mar. 
1864 — formally accepts crown of Mexico, 10 
Apr. 1864 — arrives at Vera Cruz, 29 May — 
enters Mexico, and assumes the government, 12 
Jun. — betrayed to Juarists by Gen. Lopez, 15 
May 1867 — shot at Queretaro, 19 Jun. — his 
remains brought to Europe, and buried at 
Vienna, 18 Jan. 1868. 

Maximilian, Duke and first Elector of 
Bavaria, — b. at Landshut, 17 Apr. 1573 — 
marries Elizabeth of Lorraine, 5 Feb. 1595 — 
succeeds on abdication of his father, William 
II., 1596— charged with occupation of Donau- 
werth, placed under ban of the Empire, 1607-10 



— head of Protestant League, 1609 — leads an 
army to succour Ferdinand, king of Bohemia, 
1 61 9 — defeats army of Elector Palatine at 
Prague, and takes Prague, 8 Nov. 1620 — 
suppresses revolt in Bohemia, Nov. — raised to 
dignity of Elector by Emperor Ferdinand, at 
Diet of Ratisbon, 25 Feb. 1623— his troops 
take part in Thirty Years' War, 1626-48— 
loses his wife, Jan. 1635 — marries Mary Anne 
of Austria, 15 Jul. 1635 — concludes truce with 
Swedes at Ulm, Mar. 1647 — expelled from his 
dominions by French and Swedes, recovers 
them after Peace of Westphalia, 1648 — if. at 
Ingolstadt, 27 Sep. 1651. 

Maximilian Alexander Philipp, Prince 
von Wied, traveller-, naturalist, — ft. at Neu- 
wied, 23 Sep. 1782 — Major-general in Prussian 
army, about 18 15 — travels in Brazil, 18 15- 18 
— If. at Neuwied, 3 Feb. 1867, Eeise nach 
Brasilien, 1820 — Abbildungen zur Naturge- 
schichte Brasiliens, 1823-31 — Beitrcige zur 
Natargeschichte Brasiliens, 1824-33 — Reise 
durch JS'ord-AmeriJca, 1838-43. 

Maximilian Emmanuel, Elector of Ba- 
varia, — ft., 11 Jul. 1662 — succeeds his father, 
Ferdinand Maria, May 1679 — marches to suc- 
cour of Vienna besieged by Turks, 1683 — dis- 
tinguishes himself in campaigns against Turks, 
1683-8— storms Belgrade, 1688 — takes part in 
siege of Mentz, 1689 — marries Marie Antoinette 
of Austria, 15 Jul. 1689,* 1685 b — as Governor- 
general of Spanish Netherlands, commands 
with Prince of Orange at Steinkirk, 1692 — loses 
his wife, Dec. 1692 — at Neerwinden, 1693 — 
marries Teresa Sobieski, 2 Jan. 1695 — at 
siege of Namur, Jul. 1695 — supports Philip of 
France, in war of Spanish succession, 1700 — 
takes Ulm and Memmingen from Imperialists, 
Sep. 1702 — defeats Imperialists near Passau, 
11 Mar. 1703 — takes Ratisbon, 8 Apr. — defeats 
Imperialists at Hochstet, near Donauwerth, 20 
Sep. — takes Passau, 9 Jan. 1704 — driven from 
his states, retires to France, Aug.— put under 
ban of the Empire, 1706 — at Ramilies, 1706 — 
reestablished in Electorate, by Treaty of Baden, 
1 7 14 — Is., 26 Feb. 1726. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Conv. -Lex. 

Maximilian Joseph, Elector of Bavaria, 
— ft., 28 Mar. 1727 — succeeds his father, 
Charles Albert, 20 Jan. 1745 — marries Mary 
Anne of Saxony, 8 Jul. 1747 — founds Academy 
of Sciences, Munich, 1759 — ts. at Munich, 30 
Dec. 1777. 

Maximilian Joseph, Elector and after- 
wards King of Bavaria, — ft., 27 May 1756 — 
serves in French army, 1777-82 — marries 
Maria Wilhelmina of Hesse Darmstadt, 30 
Sep. 1785 — enters Austrian army, 1790 — suc- 
ceeds his brother Charles II. as Duke of Deux- 
Ponts, 1 Feb. 1795 — loses his wife, 30 Mar. 
1796 — marries Frederika of Baden, 9 Mar. 
1797 — succeeds his uncle Charles Theodore as 
Elector Palatine and of Bavaria, 16 Feb. 1799 
— publishes edict of toleration, 26 Aug. 1801 — 
excludes French and Swiss emigrants from 
Bavaria, 1802 — refuses to join Austria in war 
against France, 1805 — retires to Wurzburg, 
Sep. 1805 — concludes treaty of alliance with 



MAXIMILIAN JOSEPH II.— MAXIMUS RULLIANUS. 



943 



Prance, 26 Dec. 1 805 — assumes title of King, 
26 Dec. 1805 — proclaimed, 1 Jan. 1806 — 
marries his daughter Amelia to Eugene Beau- 
harnais, Jan. 1806 — founds Order of Maximi- 
lian Joseph, 29 Mar. 1806 — supports France in 
war with Austria, 1808 — in Russian expedi- 
tion, 1 8 12 — abandons Napoleon, 181 3 — visits 
Vienna, 18 14 — marries his daughter Charlotte 
to Emperor Francis, Oct. 18 16 — proclaims a 
-constitution, 26 May 1818 — Xf. at Munich, 13 
Oct. 1825. 

Maximilian Joseph II., King of Bavaria, 
— fj., 28 'Nov. 181 1 — visits Italy and Greece, 
183 1 — again, 1837-40 — marries Princess Maria 
Hedwig of Prussia, Oct. 1842 — succeeds, on 
abdication of his father, Ludwig I., 21 Mar. 
1848— rj. at Munich, 10 Mar. 1864. 

Maximilian Joseph, Order of, in Bavaria, 
— founded by Maximilian Joseph I., 29 Mar. 
1806. 

Maximiliana, asteroid, — discovered by Tem- 
pel, 10 Mar. 1861. 

Maximums I., C. Julius Verus, Roman 
Emperor, (235-238,) — enlists under Septimus 
Severus, before 210 — centurion under Cara- 
calla, about 215 — tribune, by Elagabalus, 219 
— appointed to arrange invasion of Germany 
by Alexander Severus, 234 — proclaimed Em- 
peror on assassination of Alexander, Feb., a 
Mar. b 235 — Consul with Africanus, (989, 
a. it. c.) 236 — war with Germany, 236 to 
autumn 237 — assassinated at siege of Aquileia, 
May, a Apr. b 238. 

a Clinton. b Gibbon. 

Maximums II., Galerius Valerius, {Baza,) 
Roman Emperor, (305-314,) — adopted by 
Diocletian and made Csesar, 1 Mar. 305 — 
jilius Augustorum, 307 — Augustus, 308— be- 
comes master of Asia, 311 — invades Thrace, 
313 — defeated; o\ at Tarsus, 314. 

Maximus, St, (Confessok, Monachus,) 
theologian, — ft., about 580 — secretary to Hera- 
clius, about 610 — embraces monastic life, about 
612 — disputes with Pyrrhus on Monothelite 
question, 645 — visits Pome, about 649 — sum- 
moned to Constantinople by Emperor, 653 — rj. 
cf tortures, 662. 

Maximus, — (1.) Consul with Avitus, (897, 
a. it. c.) 144. (2.) Consul with Orfitus, (925,) 
172. (3.) Corcs^ with Afer, (960,) 207. (4.) 
Consul with Paternus, (986,) 233. (5.) Consul 
with Gallus Augustus, (1006,) 253 — with 
Glabrio, (1009,) 256. (6.) Consul with Con- 
stantius, (1080,) 327. 

Maximus 2Emilianus, Q. Fabius, — [B C] 
— serves under his father, iEmilius Paullus, 
in Macedonian War, 168 — pnetor in Sicily, 
149-8 — Consul with L. Hostilius Mancinus, 
(609, a. u. c.) 145 — conducts war against 
Viriathus, 145-144. 

Maximus, Alexandrinus, Cynic philosopher, 
theologian, — banished by Lucius, 374 — pre- 
sents his Be Fide to Gratian, about 378 — 
secretly ordained Patriarch of Constantinople, 
379 — condemned at second Oecumenical Coun- 
cil, 380. 

Maximus Allobrogicus, Q,. Fabius,— [B C] 
— Consul with L. Opimius, (633, a. u. c.) 121 



— defeats Allobroges and Arverni, 121 — censor, 
108. 

Maximus, Claudius, Stoic philosopher, — fl„ 
about 150. 

Maximus, Ephesins, sophist, philosopher, — 
instructs Julian in philosophy, about 35 1 — 
invited to Constantinople, 361 — accompanies 
Julian on his Persian expedition, 362 — im- 
prisoned by Valens and Valentinian, 364-5 — 
beheaded as accomplice in conspiracy against 
Valens, 371. 

Maximus, Fl. Anicius, — sole Consid, (1276, 
a. u. c.) 523. 

Maximus Gurges, Q. Fabius, — [B c] — 
Consul with D. Junius Brutus, (462, a. u. c.) 
292 — defeated by Samnites : triumphs with his 
father, 292 — Consid with C. Genusius Clepsina, 
(478,) 276— with Q. Mamilius Vitulus, (489,) 
265. 

Maximus Hierosolymitanus, Bp, tJieologian, 
— fl., about 190. 

Maximus, L. Appius, — Consid (II.) with 
Trajan, (857, a. u. c.) 104. 

Maximus, L. Marius,— Consid (II.) with L. 
Eoscius iElianus, (976, a. u. c.) 223. 

Maximus, Magnus Clemens, Roman Em- 
peror, (383-388,) — accompanies Theodosius 
to Britain, 368 ? — proclaimed Emperor in 
Britain, 383 — defeats Gratian, Aug. 383 — • 
recognized as Augustus by Theodosius and 
Valentinian, 383 — enters Italy, is defeated by 
Theodosius, 387 — taken at Aquileia, beheaded, 
(5 Kal. Aug.,) 28 Jul. 388. 

Maximus, M. Clodius Pupienus, Roman 
Emperor, — Consul with Lupus, (985, a. u. c.) 
232 — Consid with Urbanus, (987,) 234 — ap- 
pointed Emperor with Balbinus, 238 — slain at 
Rome, 238. 

Maximus, M. Junius, — Consid (II.) with 
Vettius Aquilinus, (1039, a. u. c.) 286. 

Maximus, M. (P.) Valerius, historical writer, 
— fl., about 30. 

Maximus, M. Valerius, — [B C] — (1.) Consul 
with Sp. Verginms, (298, a. it. c.) 456. (2.) 
Consid with P. Decius Mus, (442,) 312. 

Maximus, Paullus Fabius, — [B Cj — Consul 
with Q. ^Elius Tubero, (743, a. it. c.) ii. 

Maximus, Petronius, (Flavhis Anicius ?) 
Roman Emperor, (455,) — ft., between 388-395 
— prtefectus Roma?, 420 — Consid with The- 
odosius, (1186, a. it. c.) 433 — prsefectus Italia?, 
439-441, 445 — plots against Aetius, 454 — pro- 
claimed Emperor, 1 6 Mar. 455 — killed at taking 
of Rome by Vandals, May or Jun. 455. 

Maximus, Q. Fabius,— [BC]— (1.) preetor, 
214 — Consid with Tib. Sempronius Gracchus, 
(541, a. u. c.) 213 — legatus to M. Livius 
Salinator, 207. (2.) Consid with C. Licinius 
Geta, (638,) 116. (3.) Consul with Julus An- 
tonius, (744,) 10. 

Maximus Rullianus, (Bullus,) Q. Fabius, 
— [BC] — curule aedile, 331 — mag. equit. to L. 
Papirius Cursor, defeats Samnites, and hardly 
escapes decapitation, degraded, 325 — Consul 
with L. Fulvius Curvus, (432, a. it. c.) 322 — 
defeats Samnites in Apulia, triumphs, 322 — 
interrex, 321 — dictator, defeated by Samnites 
at Lautulai, 315 — Consul with C. Marcius 



944 



MAXIMUS— MAYOR. 



Butilus, (444,) 310 — war •with Etruscans, 
passes Ciminian "Wood : Consul 'with P. Decius 
Mus, (446,) 308 — defeats Samnites and recovers 
Nuceria, defeats Umbrians, 308 — proconsul, 
307 — defeats Samnites in Allifse : censor with 
P. Decius Mus, 304 — Consul with him, (457 
and 459,) 297 and 295 — defeats Samnites and 
allies at Sentinnoe, 295 — triumphs, 4 Sep. — 
legatus to his son, 292. 

Maximus Servilianus, Q,. Fabius, — [B C] 
— Consul with L. Csecilius Metellus, (612, 
a. v. c.) 142— conducts war against Viriathus. 

Maximus Sp. Carvilius,— LBC]— (1.) Con- 
sul with L. Papirius Cursor, (461, a. u. c.) 293 
• — again, (482,) 272. (2.) Consul with L. Pos- 
tumius Albinus, (520,) 234 — with Q. Fabius 
Maximus Verrucosus, (526,) 228. 

Maximus Taurinensis, Bp, theologian, — fl., 
about 450-60. 

Maximus Tyrannus, Koman Emperor, — 
made Emperor by Gerontius, in Spain, early 
in 409 — deposed by Constantine, 411 — put to 
death at Bavenna, 422. 

Maximus Tyrius, ^Mosoi? he}-, theologian, — 
fi., about 150. 

Maximus Verrucosus, Ovicula, Cunctator, 
Q. Fabius, — [BC] — Consul with M. Pompo- 
nius Matho, (521, a. u. c.) 233 — censor, 230 
— Consul with Sp. Carvilius Maximus, (526,) 
228— legatus to Carthage about attack on Sa- 
guntum, 218 — dictator, commands against 
Hannibal, (537,) 217 — pontifex, 216 — Consul 
with Tib. Sempronius Gracchus, (539,) 215 — 
ravages Campania, besieges Capua, 215 — Con- 
sul with M. Claudius Marcellus, (540,) 214 — 
legatus to his son, 2 1 3 — Consul with Q. Ful- 
vius Flaccus, (545,) 209 — takes Tarentum : 
&., 203. 

Maxwell, Murray, naval captain, — Lieuten- 
ant B.N., 1796 — serves in "West Indies, 1803 
— accompanies Lord Amherst to China, 1815- 
17 — tf., 26 Jun. 1831. 

Maxwell, Eobert, Lord, — Knt, Stewart of 
Annandale, Jun. 15 14 — warden of "West 
Marches, 1517 — Provost of Edinburgh, 1524 
— Extraordinary Lord of Session, Nov. 1533 — 
Lord of Eegency, 1536 — negotiates marriage of 
Mary of Lorraine, 1537 — escorts James V. to 
Castle of Caerlaverock, 1542 — procures Act for 
reading the Scriptures in the vulgar tongue, 
Mar. 1543 — rj., 9 Jul. 1546. 

Maxwell, William. [Nithisdale, Earl of.] 

May, Thomas, poet, historian, — b. in Sussex, 
about 1595 — B.A. Cambridge, 1612 — ft. in 
London, 13 Nov. 1650. History of Parlia- 
ment of England from 3 Nov. 1640, to the battle 
of Newbury in 1643, 1647 — Translation of 
Zucan's Pharsalia, 1627 — Supplementum 
Zucani, 1640. 

Mayans y Siscar, Gregorio, — b. at Oliva, 
Valencia, 1697 — b-, 178 1. Vida de Miguel de 
Cervantes Saavedra, 1737 — Origencs de la 
lengua Espanola, 1737 — Cartas morales, mili- 
tares, §c, de varios autores Espanoles, 1773. 

Mayence. [Mentz.] 

Mayenne, in France, — capitulates to Earl of 
Salisbury, 1424— head of a Marquisate, by 
Francis L, 1544 — erected into a Duchy for 



Charles of Lorraine, by Charles IX., 1573. 

Mayenne, Charles de Lorraine, Duke de, 
general, — b., 1554 — distinguishes himself 
at defence of Poitiers, Jul. to Sep. 1569 — at 
battle of Moncontour, 3 Oct. 1569 — enters 
Paris, 12 Feb. 1589 — Lieutenant-general of 
the State and Crown of France, Feb. 1589 — 
defeated by the king at Arques, 21 Sep. 1589 
— at Ivry, 14 Mar. 1590 — makes peace with 
Henry IV., 1596 — assists at siege of Amiens, 
1597 — tJ. at Soissons, 161 1. 

Mayer, Karl Friedrich Hartmann, poet, — 
b., 22 Mar. 1786— enters Tubingen Univ., 1803 
— tf. at Tubingen, 25 Feb. 1870. Zieder, 1833 
— Selbstbiographie, 1864. 

Mayer, Simone, musical composer, — b. in 
Bavaria, 1760 or 1763 — goes to Italy, 1783 — 
Chapel-master at Bergamo, 1802 — tf. in Italy, 
2 Dec. 1845. Zl Fanatico per la Musica, 1799 
— Misteri Fleusini, 1802— Zodoisca, 1796 — 
Medea, 18 12. 

Mayer, Tobias, astronomer, — b. at Marboch, 
Wiirtemberg, 17 Feb. 1723— assists in found- 
ing Cosmographical Society of Niirnberg, 1746 

— Prof. Mathematics, Gottingen, 1750 — 
Director of Observatory, 1751 — rj. at Gottin- 
gen, 20 Feb. 1762. Theoria lunce, 1767 — 
Tabulce motuum solis et liirne, 1770. 

Mayerne-Turquet, Sir Theodore de, Baron 
d'Albone, physician, — b. at Geneva, 28 Sep. 
1573 — M.D. Montpellier, 1597 — physician to 
Henry IV. of France, about 1600 — to James 
I. and Charles 1. of England, 161 1-49 — Knt, by 
James I., 1624 — ft. at Chelsea, 15 Mar. 1655. 
Works, 1 70 1. 

Maj'nard, Sir John, laivyer and statesman, 
— b. at Tavistock, 1602— enters Exeter Coll. 
Oxford, 16 1 8 — enters Middle Temple, 1619* 
— B.A. Oxford, 1620 — M.P. Chippenham, 
1625 — called to the bar, Nov. 1626 — M.P. 
Totnes, Apr. and Nov. 1640 — Serjeant-at- 
law, 1654 s — M.P. Plymouth, 1656 — Serjeant 
to the Commonwealth, May 1658 a — King's 
Serjeant, and Knt., Nov. 1660 — member of 
Convention Parliament, Jan. 1689 — First 
Commissioner of Great Seal, 4 Mar. i6S9 a 

— b. at Gunnersbury near Ealing, 9 Oct. 
1690. a Foss. 

Mayne, Jasper, dramatist,— b. in Devon- 
shire, 1604 — M.A. Oxford, 1631 — Chaplain to 
Charles II., 1660 — ft. at Oxford, 1672. City 
Match, 1639 — Amorous JFarre, 1648. 

Maynooth, in Zreland, — College of St Patrick, 
founded by Act of Irish Parliament, 35 Geo. 
III., 1795 — further regulated by Act 40 Geo. 
III., (Ireland,) 1800, and Act 48 Geo. III. c. 
45, 1808 — incorporated, endowed, and better 
government of, provided for, by Act 8 and 9 
Vic. c. 25, 30 Jun. 1845 — Acts relating to, re- 
pealed by Act 32 and 33 Vic. c. 42, 26 Jul. 
1869. 

Mayo, Herbert, physician, — Prof. Anatomy 
and Physiology, London Univ., 1836 — ft. near 
Mainz on the Ehine, 15 Aug. 1852. Outlines 
of Human Physiology, 1827 — Philosophy of 
Ziving, 1837 — Zetters on the Truths contained 
in Popular Superstitions, 1849. 

Mayor, — in England, title conferred on 



MAYOR OF THE PALACE— MEAGHER. 



945 



Bailiff of London by Richard L, 1189 — title of 
Lord added by Edward III., 1354 — of Dublin, 
appointed, 1409 — styled Lord Mayor by Charles 
II., 1665. In France, first municipal officer, 
by law of 14 Dec. 1789. 

Mayor of the Palace, in France, — chief 
officer of the Frankish kings, 550-600— office 
becomes hereditary under Clovis II., 634-56 — 
merges in royalty on accession of Pepin the 
Short, 752. 

Mayr, Georg,— ft. in Bavaria, 1565— tf. at 
Rome, 1623. Institutiones lingua hebraicce, 
1622 — Greek translation of the Imitation of 
Jesus Christ, 16 15. 

Mayr, Heinrich von, painter, — ft., 1805 — 
if. at Niirnberg, 5 Apr. 187 1. Genrebilder aus 
dem Orient, 1846. 

Mayr, Johann von, general, — ft. at Vienna, 
1 May 17 16 — distinguishes himself at siege of 
Berg-op-Zoom, Jul. to Sep. 1747 — enters Prus- 
sian army, 1754 — distinguishes himself at 
Rosbach, 1757 — assists at taking of Bamberg, 
1758 — Major-general, assists at defence of 
Dresden, 1758— tf. at Plauen, 3 Jan. 1759. 

Mazanderan, — submits to Masaud, 1034. 

Mazarin, Jules, {Giulio Mazzarino,) Car- 
dinal, statesman, — ft. at Rome, 14 Jul. 1602 — 
studies at Alcala and Salamanca, 1619-22 — 
enters Papal army, 1622 — contributes to Peace 
of Monc,on, 1626 — secretary to Cardinal Sac- 
chetti, 1628-30 — presented to Louis XIII. and 
Cardinal Richelieu, 1630 — takes part in nego- 
tiating Treaty of Cherasco, Apr. 163 1 — Vice- 
legate to Avignon, 1632 — nuncio extraord. to 
Paris, Nov. 1634 — recalled, Jan. 1636 — called 
to France, 1639— naturalized in France, Apr. 
1639 — ambassador to Savoy, 14 Sep. 1640 — 
Cardinal, 16 Dec. 1641 — first minister to 
Louis XIIL, 4 Dec. 1642 — to Louis XIV., May 
1643 — superintendent of education of the 
king, Mar. 1646— negotiates Treaty of West- 
phalia, 1648 — declared an enemy of the state, 
Jan. 1649 — procures arrest of Princes of Conde 
and Conti, and Duke of Longueville, Jan. 1650 
— contributes to victory of Rethel, 15 Dec. 
1650 — escapes to the Netherlands, Mar. 1651 
■ — recovers his authority, Jan. 1652 — again 
compelled to retire, Aug. 1652 — reinstated, 
Feb. 1653 — takes part in negotiating Peace of 
the Pyrenees, 1659 — tf. at Vincennes, 9 Mar. 
166 1. Lettres du Cardinal Mazarin, $•<?., 1745. 

Mazarredo y Salazar, Jose Maria, admiral, 
— ft. at Bilbao, 1744 — enters the navy, 1760 — 
serves in expedition to Algiers, 1775 — 
Lieutenant-general of naval armies, 1789 — 
defends Cadiz against English, 1797 — envoy to 
Paris, Oct. 1799— ambassador, 1804 — Coun- 
sellor of State, Minister of Marine, to Joseph 
Bonaparte, Jul. 1808— Grand Cordon of Royal 
Order of Spain, 1809 — tf., 1812. 

Mazatlan, in Mexico, — occupied by French, 
13 Nov. 1864. 

Mazeppa, John, Set man of the Cossacks, — 
ft., about 1645 — elected to succeed Samoilowitz, 
1687 — made Prince of the Ukraine by Peter the 
Great, about 1700 — secretly aids Charles XII., 
1706 — advises Charles to fight battle of Pul- 
tawa, 1709 — tf. at Bender, 22 Sep. 1709. 



Mazois, Francois, — ft. atLorient, 12 Oct. 
1783 — explores Pompeii, 1809-n — Chevalier 
of Legion of Honour, Aug. 1823 — Officer, 1825 
— tf., 31 Dec. 1826. Euines de Pompei, 18 15 
— Palais de Scaur us, 18 19. 

Mazzhingi, Joseph, musical composer, — ft.',Y 
in England, about 1768 — Director of Opera 
House, London, 1782 — tf. at Bath, Jan. 1844. 4«* 

Mazzocehi, Alexis Symmachus, antiquary, / U% 
— ft. near Capua, 1684— tf. at Naples, 177 1. 
De antiquis Corcyrce nominibus schediasma, §c, 
1742 — In regii Herculanensis muscei areas 
tabulas Heracleenses commentarii, 1754-5 — 
Spicilegium biblicum, 1763. 

Mazzola, Francesco. [Mazzuoli.] 

Mazzola, Giuseppe, painter, — ft. in Vercel- 
lais, 5 Dec. 1748 — studies at Rome, 1774 — 
painter to the king of Sardinia, 1789-98 — 
settles at Milan, 1802 — Director of Imperial 
Gallery of Milan, 18 14— tf., 26 Nov. 1838. 

Mazzolini, Lodovico, painter, — ft. at Fer- 
rara, about 1481^ 1487 b — tf. there, about 
1530. Christ disputing with the Doctors, Ber- 
lin Museum, 1524. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Mazzoni, Jacopo, philosopher, — ft. at Ce- 
sena, 1548 — tf. there, 159 1. De triplici homi- 
num vita, 1576 — Difesa delta Commedia di 
Dante, 1573 — In universam Platonis et Aristo- 
telis philosophiam prceludia, 1597. 

Mazzuchelli, Giovanni Maria, Count of, 
— ft. at Brescia, 28 Oct. 1707 — tf., 19 Nov. 
1765. Gli scrittori d' Italia, 1753-63. 

Mazzuchelli, Pierfrancesco, {da Morazzone,) 
painter, — ft., 157 1 — tf., 1626. 

Mazzuoli, {Mazzola,) Girolamo Francesco 
Maria, {II Parmegiano, Parmegianino,) painter, 
— ft. at Parma, n Jan. 1504 — studies at Rome, 
1523-7 — returns to Parma, 1531 — tf. at Casal 
Maggiore, 24 Aug. 1540. Vision of St Jerome, 
National Gallery, 1527 — Cupid making a bow, 
Vienna Gallery, 1536. 

Mead, Richard, physician, — ft. near London, 
1675 — M.D. Padua, 1695 — settles in London, 
1696 — physician to St Thomas's Hospital, 
1703— F.R.S., 1704 — M.D. Oxford, 1707 — 
lecturer to Surgeons' Hall, 17 11 — F.R.C.P., 
Apr. 17 16 — physician to George II., 1727 — tf. 
in London, 16 Feb. 1754. Mechanical Account 
of Poisons, 1702 — Dissertation on the Scurvy, 
1749 — Medicina Sacra, 1748 — Monita et prce- 
ceptamedica, 1751 — edition of Servetus's Chris- 
tianismi Restitutio, 1723. 

Meagher, Thomas Francis, head of ' Young 
Ireland' party, — ft. in Waterford, 3 Aug. 1823 
— enters Stonyhurst Coll., 1840 — head of 
< Young Ireland ' party, about 1 846 — delegate 
of Irish Confederation to Republicans of Paris, 
Mar. 1848 — arrested and tried for seditious 
speech, 16 May — the jury discharged : appre- 
hended, Aug.— tried for high treason and sen- 
tenced to death, 16-21 Oct. 1848 — the sentence 
commuted to exile for life : escapes from Van 
Diemen's Land to America, 1852 — editor of 
Irish JS r eivs, 1856 — serves against Secessionists 
in Virginia, 1861 — organizes Irish Brigade, 
1 86 1 — takes command of it as Brigadier-gene- 
ral, 3 Feb. 1862 — distinguishes himself before 
60 



94 6 



MEAL TUB PLOT— MECKLENBURG. 



Eichmond, Juri. — at Antietam, 17 Sep. — at 
Fredericksburg, 13 Dec. 1862 — and at Chan- 
cellorsville, 2-4 May 1863 — resigns, 8 May — 
reconimissioned, early in 1864 — secretary of. 
Montana Territory, 1865 — Governor, pro tern., 
Sep. 1865 — drowned in the Missouri, 1 Jul. 
1867. 

Meal Tub Plot, — pretended discovery of, by 
Dangerfield, 1679 — be is convicted of libel and 
sentenced to be whipped and put in pillory, 30 
May 1685. 

Meath, county of Ireland, — forms a diocese, 
before 1152 — taken possession of by Strongbow, 
1 17 1 — conferred as county palatine on Hugh de 
Lacy by Henry II., 1172 — defended against 
Irish by "William Petit, 1 1 86— reduced by King 
John, 1 210— divided into East and West, about 

1542-3- 

Meaux, in France, — conquered by North- 
men, 862 — besieged by Henry V., 6 Oct. 142 1 
— taken, 10 May 1422 — recovered by French, 
1436 — retaken by English, Aug. 1439 — perse- 
cution aud burning of Protestants at, 1546 — 
— States-General held at, Dec. 1560 — held by 
the League, 1595 — head-quarters of king of 
Prussia, 13 Sep. 1870. Council of , (Meldense,) 
held by Abps of Sens, Bheims, and. Bruges, 17 
Jan. 845; 1080; 1082; 1204; 1229, transferred 
to Paris; 1240. 

Mecca, in Arabia, — unsuccessfully besieged 
by Abraha el Achram, king of Abyssinia, 
570 — opposes Mohammed, 613-622 — submits 
to him, 629 — declares for Abdallah, rival of 
Tezid I., and is besieged by Moslem, (64, a. h.) 
683 — pillaged by Abu Taher, 929— taken and 
pillaged by Wahabees, 1803 — retaken by 
Scherif Galib, soon after : again taken by Wa- 
habees, 1807 — visited by Burckbardt, 18 14 — 
recovered for Mehemet Ali by Ibrahim Pasha, 
1 8 1 8 — visited by Burton, 1 855 — by Yon Malt- 
zan, about 1862. 

Mechain, Pierre Francois Andre, astrono- 
mer, — ft. at Laon, 16 Aug. 1744 — goes to 
Paris, 1772 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 
1782 — takes part in meridian measurement be- 
tween Dunkirk and Barcelona, 1791 — if. in 
Spain, 20 Sep. i8o5, a 12 Sep. i8o4. b Edits 
Connaissance des Temps, 1786-94. 

a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Mechanics' Institute, — of London, founded 
by Dr Birkbeck, 1823. 

Mechitar, (MeMitar,) — n. in Armenia, 1676 
— joins Bomish Church, 1700 — founds Order 
of Mechitarists at Constantinople, Sep. 1701 — 
settles in Morea, 1703 — founds convent of San 
Lazzaro at Venice, 17 17 — a", there, Apr. 1749. 
Armenian Dictionary, 1749-69 — Armenian 
Grammar, 1770. 

Mechlin, (Mechelen, Malines,) in Belgium, 
— ceded by Charles the Simple to Bp of Liege, 
about 910 — passes by mamage to House of 
Burgundy, 1383 — to House of Austria, 1477 — 
erected into a County by Frederick III., 1490 
— seat of archbishopric by Paul IV., 1559 — 
sacked by Spaniards, 1572 — by troops of Prince 
of Orange, 1578 — taken by Marlborough, 1706 
— by the French, 1746 — restored by Treaty of 
Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748 — again taken by French, 



Nov. 1792 — recovered by Imperialists, spring 
I 793— retaken by French, 15 Jul. 1794 — for- 
tifications destroyed by them, 1804. Treaty of, 
alliance of Leo X., Henry VIIL, and Ferdi- 
nand the Catholic, against Louis XII., signed, 
5 Apr. 15 1 3. 

Meckel, Johann Friedrich, anatomist, — 6. 
at Halle, 17 Oct. 17 81 — Prof. Anatomy and 
Physiology, about 1806 — ft. there, 31 Oct. 
1833. Translation of Cuvier's Comparative 
Anatomy, 1809-10 — Beitrdge zurvergleichenden 
Anatomie, 1809-13 — System der vergleichenden 
Anatomie, 1821-33. 

Meckenen, (Mekenen, Mecheln,) Israel van, 
engraver, — fl., 1467-1503. 

Meckenen, {Mecheln,) Israel van, painter, 
— living, 1466. 

Mecklenburg-, Duchy and Grand Di t chy 
op, — occupied by Vandals, before 1150 — con- 
quered, and Niclot their chief killed, by Henry 
the Lion, about 1159 — recovered by Vandal's 
under Pribislas, 1164 — again conquered by 
Henry the Lion, n 64 or n 67 — restored to 
Pribislas on his baptism ; Henry Burwin I. 
and Niclot (cousins) dispute succession, 1178 
— leagued with king of Denmark, invade Hol- 
stein, Niclot killed, 1201 — Henry Burwln II. 
succeeds, 1228 — John, the Theologian, 1236 — 
meets Emperor Frederick II. at Haguenau, 
and obtains confirmation of his title, 1237 — 
founds Wismar, 1238 — assists Teutonic Knights 
in Livonia, 1258 — Henry III., (son,) 1264 — 
goes to Palestine, 1272 — captured by Saracens, 
and kept prisoner in Egypt till 1296 — ft., Jan. 
1302 — Henry IV., the Bald Lion, (son,) fc., 
at Biga, 1262 — assumes government in absence 
of his father, 1283 — succeeds, 1302 — tf., 21 
Jan. 1329 — Albert I. and John II. (sons) 
succeed, 1329 — Albert marries Euphemia, sister 
of king of Sweden, 1336 — divide their states, 
I 35 2 — [Stargard, Duchy of] — Albert II., 
(son of Albert I.,) king of Sweden, since 1363 
— succeeds to the Duchy, 1379 — [Sweden, 
Kings of] — Albert III. and John III. suc- 
ceed, 1407^ 1414^ 1413° — attend Council of 
Constance, 1414 — Henry V. and John IV., 
1423 — under regency of their mother Cath- 
erine, till 1436 — John fr., 1442 — Henry tr., 
1477 — Albert IV., Magnus, and Balthasar, 
1477 — Albert ft., 1483 — Magnus tf., 1503— - 
Henry VI., Erick, and Albert, (sons of 
Magnus,) with Balthasar, 1503 — Balthasar fr., 
1507 — Erick a"., 1508 — arrangement for divided 
government, (Schwerin and Gustrow,) made by 
Henry and Albert, 1520 — revised, 1534 — 
John Albert and Ulrich succeed their 
father, Albert, 1547 — Philip succeeds his 
father, Henry, 1552 — but leaves government to 
John Albert : division into two governments, 
(Schwerin and Gustrow,) between John Albert 
and Ulrich, 1555 — Philip tf., 1557 — John 
Albert tf., 1576 — and is succeeded by his son, 
John V., who o\, 1592 — Adolphus Frederick 
and John Albert (brothers) succeed him, 1592 
— divide their states, 161 1 — the Duchy con- 
quered by Emperor Ferdinand II. , and given to 
Wallenstein, Mar. 1628 — restored to the dukes 
by king of Sweden, 1631 — confirmed by Treaty 



MECKLENBUEG-SCHWERIK— MEDICI. 



947 



of Prague, 1635 — John Albert lj., 1636 — and is 
succeeded as Duke of Gustrow by Gustavus 
Adolphus: Adolphus Frederick &., 1658 — 
and is succeeded by Christian Ludwig I. : 
Frederick "William succeeds his uncle, Chris- 
tian Ludwig, 1692 — Gustavus Adolphus r;., 
1695 — division of Duchy between Frederick 
"William and his uncle, Adolphus Frederick, by 
convention of 8 Mar. 17 01. 

a Korner and Krantzius. b Chemnitz and Thomas. 
c Art de Verifier les Dates. 
Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Duchy of, — as- 
signed to Frederick William, 1701 — 
Charles Leopold (brother) succeeds, Jul. 
17 1 3 — deprived by Aulic Council, and his 
states given to his brother, Christian Ludwig, 
11 May 1728 — decree confirmed, 25 Mar. 1733 
— Christian Ludwig succeeds, 1746 — Fred- 
erick, (son,) 1756 — Frederick Francis 
(nephew) succeeds, 24 Apr. 1785 — takes title 
of Grand Duke, 18 15 — Paul Frederick 
(son) succeeds, 1837 — &•> anc ^ * s succeeded by 
his son Frederick Francis II., 7 Mar. 1842. 
Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Duchy of, — made 
separate Duchy for Adolphus Frederick I., 
1701 — q\, 12 May 1708 — Adolphus Fred- 
erick II., (son,) 1708 — tf., and is succeeded by 
his son, Charles Ludwig Frederick I., 1749 
— Adolphus Frederick III., (son,) 1752 — 
Charles Ludwig Frederick II. , (brother,) 
1794 — takes title of Grand Duke, 18 15 — 
George Frederick Charles Joseph, (son,) 
6 Nov. 1 8 16 — Frederick William L, (son,) 
6 Sep. i860. 

Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Carl Friedrich. Au- 
gust, Duke of, general, — b. at Hanover, 30 
Nov. 1785 — enters Prussian army, 1799 — 
Colonel, 1 812 — distinguishes himself at battle 
of Katzbach, Aug. 181 3 — wounded at combat 
near Makern, 16 Oct. — Lieutenant-general, 
Dec. 18 1 3 — member of Council of State, 18 17 
— Pres., 1825 — tJ. at Berlin, 20 Sep. 1837. 
Meeonic Acid, — noticed by Seguin, 1804. 
Mecran, (Mekran,) — reduced by Masaud of 
Ghazni, 1031. 

Mede, Joseph, theologian, — b. in Essex, 
1586 — enters Cambridge Univ., 1602 — M.A., 
1610— tr. Fellow of Christ's Coll., 1 Oct. 1638. 
Clav is Apocalgptica, 1627. 

Medeshamstede, — [Peterborough] — Abbey 
founded by Oswy of Northumbria and Peada 
of Mercia, 655 — burnt by Northmen, 870 — 
restored by Edgar, 963. 

Media Atropatene, — [B C] — erected into 
independent kingdom by Atropates, after 323 — 
Artabazanes, king, about 220 — acquired by 
Tigranes of Armenia, before 83— Mithridates, 
king, 67 — Artavasdes, at war with Armenia, 
invaded by Antony, 36 — dispute with Phraates 
of Parthia, and peace and alliance with Antony, 
34 — war with Parthia and Artaxias II. of 
Armenia, defeated and captured by the latter, 
30 — fo., before 20 — (Vassal state of Parthia) — 
[AD] — acquired by Bardanes of Parthia, before 
47 — invaded by Artaxerxes, about 227 — secured 
to Tiridates IV. of Armenia, when reinstated 
by Galerius, 297. 

Media Magna, Medes, — [B C] — M edian 



dynasty in Babylonia, 2458-2234,^ 2209-1985,° 
2519-2295 d — expedition of Shalmaneser II. 
(IV. ?) of Assyria against, 835, b 873 d — revolt 
from Assyria, about 740^ 875 f — partly conquer- 
ed by Sargon, 710 b — commencement of great 
monarchy, probably about 650 b — invade As- 
syria, are defeated and their king (Phraortes ?) 
killed, 633 e — Cyaxares succeeds, attacks 
Nineveh, 632 — Scythian invasion, 632 ? — 
capture of Nineveh, 625, b 597,^ 6i8, h 606 d — 
invasion of Asia Minor, 615 — warAvith Alyattes, 
615-610 — Astyages, 593 — revolt of Persians, 
overthrow of Median empire by Cyrus, 558, b 
560.3 a Gutscnmid. b Rawlinson. 

c Palmer. d Lenormant. e Herod. 

f Ctesias. S Heeren. h Euseb. 

Mediation, Act of. [Switzerland.] 

Medical Education, Council of, — incorpor- 
ated and regulated by Act 25 and 26 Vic. c. 
91, 7 Aug. 1862. 

Medical Schools, — [BC] — Dogmatici and 
Hippocratici, founded by Thessalus and Polybus, 
about 400 — Empirici,by Serapion and Philinus, 
after 300— Methodici, by Themison, after 100 
— [AD] — Pneumatici, by Athenseus, about 
50-100 — Eclectici and Episynthetici, by Aga- 
thinus or Archigenes, about 50-100. 

Medici, Alessandro de', Tyrant of Flor- 
ence, — b., about 151 2,^15 io b — created Duke of 
Citta, diPenna, 152 1 — expelled with his family 
from Florence, 1527 — restored and declared 
chief of the Republic by Clement VII. and 
Charles V., Oct. 15 30 — proclaimed Duke of Flor- 
ence, 1 May 1532 — poisons his cousin Ippolito, 
1533 — marries Margaret of Austria, Feb. 1536 
— assassinated by Lorenzino de' Medici, 6 Jan. 
1537. a Roscoe. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Medici, Averardo de', — Gonfalonier of Flor- 
ence, 1 3 14. 

Medici, Catherine de'. [Catherine de' 
Medici.] 

Medici, Cosmo de', — b. 1389— accompanies 
Pope John XXIII. to Council of Constance, 
1414 — redeems him from captivity and receives 
him at Florence, 141 9 — arrested and imprisoned 
by Binaldo de'Albizzi, 1433 — escapes to Venice, 
1433 — recalled to Florence, 1434 — Gonfalonier, 
1439 — receives Greek refugees from Constanti- 
nople, 1453 — tf. at Florence, 1 Aug. 1464. 

Medici, Cosmo de', 1st Grand Duke of 
Tuscany, — b., n Jun. 15 19 — Duke of Flor- 
ence, 9 Jan. 1537 — defeats Filippo Strozzinear 
Prato, 2 Aug. — marries Leonora de Toledo, 
1539 — meets Charles V. at Genoa and accom- 
panies him to Milan, May 1543 — recovers from 
him citadels of Florence and Leghorn, May 
1543 — reestablishes universities of Pisa, 1542-3 
— and of Florence, 1549 — recovers Siena, Apr. 
1555 — institutes Order of St Stephen, 1560 — 
loses two sons and his wife, Nov. 1562 — re- 
signs administration to his son Francesco 
Maria, Jun. 1564 — declared Grand Duke by 
Pius V., 1 Sep. 1569. 

Medici, Cosmo, Ferdinand, Francesco, &c. 
[Tuscany, Grand Dukes of.] 

Medici, Giovanni de', — forces a passage 
through Milanese army and enters Scarptria, 



35 1 - 



60 



9+3 



MEDICI— MEDIUS. 



Medici, Giovanni de', — prior in the Signory 

three times between 1402-20— Gonfalonier of 
Justice, 142 1 — Ij., 1429. 

Medici, Giovanni de'. [Leo X.] 

Medici, Giovanni de', {II Gran Diavolo,) 
— h., 1498 — commands Florentine army against 
Duke of Urbino, 15 21 — against the French, 
1524 — killed, near Mantua, 30 Nov. 1526. 

Medici, Giuliano de',— b., 1453 — assassin- 
ated in the conspiracy of the Pazzi, 26 Apr. 147 8. 

Medici, Giuliano II. de', — b., 1478 — on 
the return of his family to Florence, becomes 
head of republic, 31 Aug. 15 12 — admitted a 
Roman citizen, Sep. 1513 — marries Filiberta 
of Savoy, and is created Duke of Nemours by 
Francis I. of France, Feb. 15 15 — as General of 
the Church, commands Eoman cavalry, Aug. 
1515 — tf. at Florence, 17 Mar. 1516. 

Medici, Giulio de', Caedixal, Abp of 
Florence, — sent to Rome with news of battle 
of Eavenna, Apr. 15 12 — Cardinal, 23 Sep. 
15 1 3 — takes command of Papal army in war 
of Urbino, 15 17 — as legate of Leo X., succeeds 
Lorenzo II. as chief of Eepublic of Florence, 
15 1 9 — legate to allied army before Milan, 
Nov. 15 2 1 — takes Milan, 19 Nov. 152 1. 

Medici, Ippolito de', Caedixal, — b. at 
Urbino, 151 1 — Cardinal, 1529 — settles at 
Eome, 15 3 1 — poisoned at Itri, by order of his 
cousin Alessandro, 1533. 

Medici, Lorenzo de', the 2Iagnificent, — b., 1 
Jan. 1448 — visits principal states of Italy, 
1465-6 — defeats conspiracy of Luca Pitti, 
1466 — wins the prize at tournament of Flor- 
ence, 1468 — marries Clarice Orsini, 4 Jun. 
1469 — visits Milan, Jul. 1469 — head of the 
republic of Florence on death of his father, 
Piero, Dec. 1469 — -joins League against Turks, 
Dec. 1470 — syndic of republic, Dec. 1470 — 
receives Galeazzo Sforza, Duke of Milan, at 
Florence, Mar. 147 1 — head of embassy to 
Sixtus IV., 147 1 — suppresses revolt of Tolterra, 
1472 — visits Pisa, 1473 — receives Christian, 
king of Denmark, 147 1 — wounded by the Pazzi 
conspirators, in the Duomo, 26 Apr. 1478 — 
[Pazzi, Conspiracy of the] — excommunicated 
by Sixtus IV., 1 Jun. 1478— league formed 
against him by the pope, 1478 — sets out 
secretly for Naples, 5 Dec. 1479 — concludes 
treaty of alliance with Ferdinand, king of 
Naples, 6 Mar. 1480 — returns to Florence, Mar. 
1480 — attempt of the Frescobaldi to assassinate 
him frustrated, 31 May 148 1 — supports Ferrara 
against Venetians, 1482 — supports king of 
Naples against the pope, 1485 — recovers Sar- 
zana from Genoese, 1487 — loses his wife, Aug. 
1488 — recalls Savonarola to Florence, 1490 — 
falls ill and retires to Careggi, early in 1492— 
visited by Savonarola, Apr. 1492 — rj. at 
Careggi, 8 Apr. 1492. 

Medici, Lorenzo II. de', — £.,13 Sep. 1492 — 
succeeds his uncle, Giuliano II., 15 16 — receives 
grant of Duchy of Urbino from Leo X., 15 16— 
visits France, 15 18 — marries Madeleine de la 
Tour, at Amboise, 15 18 — loses his wife, 23 
Apr. 1519 — tr., 28 Apr. 1519. 

Medici, Luigi de', Count, statesman, — b. 
at Naples, Apr. 1759 — as first minister, re- 
forms administration, 1805 — retires to Eng- 



land, 1806 — returns, 18 15 — negotiates con- 
cordat between Naples and the Pope, Feb. 1818 
— Minister of Finance, 18 18 — retires to Eome, 
1820 — restored to office, 1822 — ft. at Madrid, 
24 Jan. 1830. 

Medici, Mary de'. [Mary de' Medici.] 

Medici, Piero de', — n., 1414 — marries 
Lucrezia Tornabuoni, 1444 — Gonfalonier, 1460 
— escapes assassination by Luca Pitti, 1466 — . 
tf., 3 Dec. 1469^ i472. b 

a Roscoe. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Medici, Piero II. de, — b., 1469,* 15 Feb. 
147 1 b — visits Pope Innocent VIII., 1484 — 
marries Alfonsina Orsini, at Naples, Mar. 1487 
— visits Milan, 1488 — succeeds his father, 
Lorenzo, as head of the republic of Florence, 
Apr. 1492 — forms alliance with Alfonso of 
Naples, 1492 — submits to Charles VIII. , and 
gives up to him Sarzana and other towns, 1494 
— banished and proscribed, 8 Nov. 1494 — unsuc- 
cessfully attempts to return, 1496, 1497, 1498, 
and 1501 — drowned, at passage of the Gari- 
gliano, 27 Dec. 1503. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Roscoe. 

Medici, Salvestro de', — Gonfalonier of Flor- 
ence, 1379— instigates revolt and triumphs 
over the Albizzi, 1379 — banished to Modena, 
1381. 

Medicus, Friedrich Casimir, physician, bo- 
tanist, — b.at Grumbach, 1736 — military physi- 
cian, Mannheim, 1764 — If., 15 Jul. 1808. 
Geschichte periodischer Krankheiten, 1764 — ■ 
Philosophische BotaniJc, 179 1 — Beitrage zur 
Pfianzen-anatomie und Pflanzen- physiologic, 
1799-1801. 

Medina, (Medinet-el-Kabi,) in Arabia, — re- 
ceives Mohammed as Prince on his flight from 
Mecca, (1, a. h.) 622 — unsuccessfully attacked 
by ' the nations ' under Abu Sophian, (3,) 625 
— declares for Abdallah, rival of Yezid I., and 
is besieged three months and taken by army of 
Yezid I., and inhabitants massacred, (6 r 3,) 682 — 
visited by Burton, 1855. Mosque, burnt, 1481,* 
1508 b — rebuilt by Kayd Beg, 15 14. 

a Conv.-Lex. b Macculloch. 

Medina de Rio Seco, — Marshal Bessieres 
defeats Spaniards under Cuesta and Blake, 13 
Jul. 1808. 

Medina Sidonia, in Spain, — occupied by 
Hixem ben Adra, (147, a. h.) 764 — besieged 
and taken by Abdelmalek ben Omar, (148,) 
765 — taken from Moors by Alfonso X. of 
Castile, (652,) 1254. 

Medina Sidonia, Alfonso Perez, Duke op, 
— commands the Armada, 1588. 

Medina Sidonia, Don Henrique de Guzman, 
DrKE of, military commander, — succeeds his 
father as head of the Guzman House, 1468 — 
supports Isabella, 1477 — marches to Alhama 
to relieve his rival Ponce de Leon, Marquis of 
Cadiz, besieged by king of Granada, 1482 — 
marches to relieve Malaga, 1487 — rj., 28 Aug. 
1492. 

Medina, Sir John, painter, — b. at Brussels, 
1630^ 1659 b — comes to England, 1686 — ft. in 
Scotland, 17 n. 

a Xouv. Eiog. Gen. b Chalmers. 

Medius, — [B C] — commands a trireme on the 
Indus, 325? — defeats Pydnseans, 314 — takes 



MEDJIDIE— MEHEMET ALT. 



949 



Miletus and relieves Oreus, 313— lands army in 
Eoeotia, 312 — commands under Demetrius at 
Salamis, 306 — accompanies Antigonus to 
Egypt, 306. 

Medjidie, Order of the, — instituted by Sultan 
Abdul Medjid, (1268, a. h.) 1852. 

Medows, Sir William, general,— b., 31 Dec. 
1738 — enters the army, 1756 — distinguishes 
himself in campaign of Germany, 1760 — and in 
American war, 1775-80 — wounded at attack on 
St Lucia, 1780— Major-general in India, Jun. 
17 8 1 —Governor of Madras, 1790 to Aug. 
1792 — serves under Lord Cornwallis against 
Tippoo Saib, 179 1-2 — at siege of Seringapatam, 
1792 — Lieutenant-general, Oct. 1793— K.B., 
1793 — Commander-in-chief in Ireland, Jun. 
1801 — tf. at Bath, 14 Nov. 1813. 

Medullinus, L. Furius, — [B C] — Consiil with. 
M. Corn. Cossus, (341, a. u. c.) 413 — with Cn. 
Corn. Cossus, (345,) 409. 

Medullinus Fusus, Sp. Furius,— [BC] — 
Consul with A. Postumus Albus, (290, a. u. c.) 
464. 

Medway, The, in Kent, — entered by the 
Dutch under De Buyter, Jul. 1667. 

Meeanee, in Hindustan, — Sir Charles Napier 
defeats the Ameers of Scinde at, 17 Feb. 1843. 

Meerbeeek, Adrian van, chronicler,— b. at 
Antwerp, 1563 — ft., about 1627. Universal 
Chronicle of \§th century, 1620. 

Meerman, Gerard, jurist,— b. at Leyden, 
1722 — counsellor pensionary of Botterdam, 
1748-67— envoy to England, 1757 — tf. at Aix- 
la-Chapelle, a at Botterdam, 11 15 Dec. 177 1. 
Novus thesaurus juris civilis et canonici, 1751-4 
— Origines typographic, 1765. 

a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Meerman, Jan, jurist, historian, — b. at the 
Hague, 1 Nov. 1753 — LL.D. J-eyden, 1774 — 
Director of Fine xirts, Minister of Public In- 
struction, under Louis Bonaparte, 1806-10 — 
Count of the Empire, Senator, 1811 — ft., 19 
Aug. 1 8 15. Supplementum Novi Thesauri 
juris civilis et canonici, 1780 — History of 
William, Count of Holland, King of the Romans, 
1783-97 — Narrative of the Siege and Conquest 
of Leyden by John, Duke of Bavaria, in 1420, 
1806. 

Meerut, (Mirat,) in Hindustan, — taken by 
Mahmud of Ghizni, 1018 — taken by Timur, 
1399 — by Nadir Shah, 1738 — occupied by 
British, 8 Nov. 1804 — Sepoy mutiny breaks 
out, 10 May 1857. 

Meerveldt, Maximilian, Count now, general, 
— b. in Westphalia, 1766 — enters Austrian 
army, 1782 — serves in campaigns against 
French, 1792-4 — contributes to victory of 
Neerwinden, 18 Mar. 1793 — assists at prelimin- 
aries of Leoben, 1797 — assists at Treaty of 
Campo-Formio, 17 Oct. 1797 — Field-marshal- 
lieutenant, about Dec. 1800 — ambassador to St 
Petersburg, 1806-8 — wounded at Leipsic, 16 
Oct. 1 8 13 — ambassador to London, Jan. 18 14 
— U. there, 5 Jul. 

Megabazus, (Megabyzus,) — [B C] — Persian 
noble, one of the conspirators with Darius 
against Smerdis, 521 — Commander-in-chief of 
Persian army in Europe, after return of Darius, 
506 — reduces Perinthus and other Thracian 



towns, invades and conquers Pa3onia, 506 seqq. 

Megabyzus, — [BC] — commands under 
Xerxes, 480 — defeated by Kimon, at the Eury- 
medon, 466 — takes Athenian mercenaries at 
Prosopitis in Egypt, 457. 

Megaleas, — [ B c]— chief secretary to Anti- 
gonus Doson and Philip V., about 220 — enters 
into Apelles' schemes, 218 — imprisoned, and 
escapes, kills himself, 218. 

Megalensian (Megalesian) Games, — [BC] 
— celebrated at Borne, 203 — annually cele- 
brated, from 191 — sumptuary laws respecting, 
161. 

Megalopolis, in Arcadia, — [BC] — founded, 
Jan. 370 ? — war with Lacedsemon, latter part 
352 — Aristodemos tyrant, about 275 — on ab- 
dication of Lydiades joins Achaean League, 
234— taken and destroyed by Cleomenes, 222 — 
restored by Philop cam en, 221. 

Megara Hyblasa, in Sicily, — [B C] — founded, 

(01. 13, 1,) 728,* (01. 17, 1,) 712,* (01. 17, 

3,) 710° — conquered by Gelon, (01." 74, 1,) 

484^ a Muller, Clinton. b Memnon. 

c Hieron. Seal. 

Megarid, Megara, — [B C] — at war with 
Corinth, (01. 15,) 720 a — Theagenes tyrant, 
about 630? (01. 40,) 620, a about 600 b — 
overthrown by Sparta : revolts from Athens, 
466 a — gives up alliance with Sparta and forms 
one with Athens, about 461 a — battles in, be- 
tween Athenians and Corinthians, 457,° 458-7 a 
— revolts from Athens, defeats Athens at 
Nisasa, 446, a about Feb. 445 c — ravaged by 
Athenians, Sep. 431 d — aristocratic party 
banished, about 423 — democracy reestablished, 
357 — town taken and walls destroyed by 
Demetrius Poliorketes, 307 — [AD] — ravaged 
by Alaric, 396 — destroyed by Venetians, 1687. 



a Mailer. 



Heeren. c Clinton. 



Grote. 



Megasthenes, geographer, historian, — [B C] 
— fl., about 325-300. 

Megatherium, — skeleton of, discovered in 
Buenos Ayres, 1789. 

Megellus, L. Postumius, — [B C] — Consul 
with Tib. Minucius Augurinus, (449, a. u. c.) 
305 — defeats Samnites, takes Bovianum : pro- 
praetor, 295 — Consul with M. Atilius Begulus, 
(460,) 294 — war with Etruscans : legatus to Sp. 
Carvilius, 293 — nominates himself when in- 
terred, 292 — Consul with C. Junius Brutus, 
(462,) 291 — takes Cominium, and defrauds 
treasury : condemned and fined. 

Megerditch, {the Painter,) Armenian-Doctor, 
— b., about 1390 — Bp of Amid, 1430 — escapes 
to Constantinople, 1443 — returns to Amid, 
1447 — "&. there, 1470. 

Megerlin, David Friedrich, orientalist, — b. 
in Wiirtemberg, about 1705 — tf. at Frankfort, 
1778. Die Turhische Bibel, 1772. 

Megiddo, — [B C] — fortified by Solomon, 
about 990 a — defeat of Josiah by Pharaoh , 
Necho near, spring 6io. a a Ussher. 

Megiser, Jerom, philologist, — b. at Stutt- 
gard, about 1555 — If. at Lintz, 1616. Die- 
tionarium quatuor linguarum, 1596 — Thesau- 
rus polygloitus, 1603. 

Mehdevi, Gheir Mehdi, — sect amongst 
Mussulmans, about 1580. 

Mehexnet Ali, Pasha of Egypt,— b. in 



95° 



MEHUDPOOE— MELBOUENE. 



Eoumelia, 1769 — raises troops for the Sultan, 
1799 — chosen viceroy by the Mamelukes, 1801 
— Pasha of Cairo, 1806 — Pasha of Alexandria, 
1807 — absolute master of Egypt, 1811 — massa- 
cres Mamelukes, 1811 — commands expedition 
against Wahabees, 181 1- 18 — assists Sultan 
in attempt to reduce the Morea, 1824-7 — go- 
vernor of Candia, 1830— conquers Syria, 1831-2 
— [Ibrahim Pasha] — obtains cession of Syria, 
and. acknowledges himself vassal of the Porte, 
1833 — deprived of Syria by Sultan aided by 
British fleet, 1840 — Pashalic of Egypt made 
hereditary in his family by Hatti Sheriff, 13 
Feb. 1 841 — resigns government to his son 
Ibrahim, Sep. 1848 — tf. at Alexandria, 2 Aug. 
1849. 

Mehudpoor, in Hindustan, — Holkar defeat- 
ed by Sir T. Hislop, 21 Dec. 18 17. 

Mehul, Etienne Henri, musical composer, — 
to. at Givet, 1763^ 1762 b — goes to Paris, 1779 
— Prof. Music at the Institute, 1795 — member 
of Legion of Honour, 1802 — tf. there, 18 Oct. 
1 8 1 7 . JEuphrosyne and Conradin, 1 7 90 — Stra- 
tonice, 1792 — Joseph, 1807. 

a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Menus, Lorenzo, philologist, — tf. at Florence, 
1791. 

Meibom, Marc, philologist, — to. in Schleswig, 
about 1630 — tf. at Utrecht, a Amsterdam,' 1 
about 17 1 1. Dialogus cle proportionibus, 1655 
— Antiques mzisicce anctores, 1652. 

a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Meidias, ( Midias,) — [B C]— (1.) Kills Mania 
and her son, seizes her towns, 399. (2.) Assaults 
Demosthenes at the Dionysia, 354, a Feb. or 
Mar. 350 b — prosecuted by Demosthenes, before 
mids. 348. a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. 

Meil, Johann Wilhelm, engraver, — to. at 
Altenburg, 1733 — goes to Berlin, 1753 — tf. 
there, 2 Feb. 1805. 

Meilleraie, Charles de la Porte, Duke de 
la, Peer and Marshal of France, — to., 
1602 — distinguishes himself at Pas de Suze, 
Mar. 1629 — at combat of Carignano, Aug. 1630 
— assists at siege of La Mothe and is appointed 
Grand Master of Artillery, 1634 — Lieutenant- 
general of armies of the king, 1636 — takes part 
in siege of Landrecies, 1637 — takes Lillers and 
Hesdin, 1639 — Marshal of France, 30 Jun. 
!639 — defeats Spaniards under Marquis de 
Fuentes, 2 Aug. 1639 — subdues province of 
Eoussillon, 1642 — serves in the Netherlands, 
1644 — takes Piombino and Portolongone, 1646 
— Superintendent of Finance, Jul. 1648 — re- 
duces Bordeaux, 1650 — created Duke and Peer, 
1663— tf. at Paris, 8 Feb. 1664. 

Meiner, Johann Werner, philologist, — to. in 
Franconia, 1723 — tf. at Langensalza, 1789. 
Bhilosophische und allgemeine Sprachlehre, 178 1 
— Beitrdge zur Verbesserung der Bibelsetzung, 

i7 8 4-5- T , 

Meiners, Christoph, philosopher, historian, 
— to. in Hanover, 1747 — Prof. Philosophy, 
Gottingen, 1775 — tf., 1 May 1810. Versuch 
iiber die Religions-geschichte der dltesten Volker, 
fosonders der JEgypter, 1775 — Geschichte des 
JJr sprung s, Fortgangs,und Verf alls der Wissen- 
schaften in Griechenland unci Rom, 178 1-2. 



Meiningen. [Saxe-Meiningen.] 

Meissen, in Saxony, — founded by Duke 
Henry I., 922-933 — the Eeformation intro- 
duced, 1539 — taken by Imperialists, 1547 — ■ 
again, 1632 — taken, pillaged, and partly burnt 
by Swedes, 1637. Cathedral, rebuilding of, 
commenced by Bp Wittigo, 1266.93 — con- 
tinued by Wittigo II., 1312-42 — burnt, 1413 
— restored, 1479 — a g am burnt, 1547. 

Meissner, August Gottlieb, litterateur, — to. 
at Bautzen, 3 Nov. 1753 — Prof. JSsthetics and 
Classical Literature, Prague, 1785 — Director 
of High School of Fulda, 1805 — tf. there, 20 
Feb. 1807. Skizzen, 1778-96 — Bruchstvcke 
zur Biographie J. C. Naumann 's, 1803-8. 

Mekhitarists, (Armenian Monks,) — founded 
by Peter Mekhitar, at San Lazaro, Venice, 
1717. 

Mela, M. Annaeus, — kills himself, 66. 

Mela, Fabius, jurist, — fi., about 140. 

Mela, Pomponius, geographer, — fi., about 

45. 

Melanchthon, Philipp, [Rhilipp Schwarz- 
erdt,) Reformer, — to. at Bretten, Lower Pala- 
tinate, 16 Feb. 1497 — studies at Heidelberg, 
1509 — at Tubingen, 15 12 — Prof. Greek, Wit- 
tenberg, 15 1 8 — accompanies Luther to Leipsic 
Disputation, 15 19 — prepares Confession of 
Augsburg, 1530 — holds disputation with Eck 
at Worms and Eatisbon, 1540-1 — tf. at Wit- 
tenberg, 19 Apr. 1560. Loci communes theo- 
logici, 1521 — Declamationes, 1559-86 — Vita 
Martini Lutheri, 1548. 

Melanderhielm, (JJaniel Melander,) astrono- 
mer, — to. in Sweden, 9 Nov. 1726 — Prof. As- 
tronomy, Dpsala, 176 1 — ennobled, 1778 — Knt 
of Polar Star, 1789 — tf., Jan. 18 10. Linea- 
menta theories lunaris, 1779. 

Melanippides, dithyrambic poet, — [B C] — ft., 
52o, a about 440 b — to., about (01. 65) 520.° 
a Suidas. b Smith's Diet. c Muller. 

Melanippides, Junior, dithyrambic poet, — 
[B Cj— S., 4 3 o, a between (01. 81-91) 454- 4 i 4 . b 
a Suidas. b Muller. 

Melanthios, (Melanthos,) painter, — [3 C] — 
ft., about 330. 

Melanthius, tragic poet, — [BC] — fi., about 
420-400. 

Melas, general, — Major-general in Austrian 
army, 1793 — Commander-in-chief of army of 
Italy, 1796 — defeated by Napoleon at Marengo, 
16 Jun. 1800 — Pres. of Commission to try 
General Mack, 1806 — tf- at Prague, 1807. 

Melazzo, in Sicily, — Garibaldi defeats Nea- 
politans under Gen. Bosco at, 20 Jun. i860. 

Melbourne, capital of Victoria, — founded, 
1837 — seat of bishopric, 1847 — capital of Vic- 
toria, 1 85 1 — inundations at, 14-24 Dec. 1863 
— intercolonial exhibition opened, 25 Oct. 1866 
— visited by Duke of Edinburgh, 1867. Uni- 
versity of, founded, 1855. 

Melbourne, William Lamb, Viscount, 
Prime Minister of England, — to. at Mel- 
bourne House, Derbyshire, 15 Mar. 1779 — 
called to the bar, at Lincoln's Inn, 23 Nov. 
1804 — M.P. Leominster, 1805 — marries Lady 
Caroline Ponsonby, 3 Jun. 1805 — Chief Secre- 
tary for Ireland, 1827-8 — loses his wife, 25 Jan. 



MELCOMBE— MELLONI. 



95i 



1828 — succeeds to peerage, 22 Jul. 1828 — Se- 
cretary of State for Home Department, 1830 
—Prime Minister, 14 Jul. to 16 Nov. 1834— 
and again, 18 Apr. 1835 to Sep. 1841 — ft. at 
Melbourne House, 24 Nov. 1848. 

Melcombe, Lord. [Dodington, Bubb.] 

Meldola, Raphael ben Hezekiah, — b. at 
Leghorn, 1754 — High Eabbi, 1803 — High 
Priest of southern Jews in London, 1805 — tf. 
in London, 1 Jun. 1828. Hupat Hatanim, 
1796. 

Meldorf, in Eolstein, — captured by John, 
king of Denmark, Feb. 1500— defeat of the 
king by the Ditmarshes, soon after. 

Meleager, — [B C]— serves against Getse, 335 
— serves in Alexander's expedition, 334-324 — 
associated with Perdiccas in Eegency, and put 
to death, 323. 

Meleager, epigrammatist, — [B C] — fl., about 
60. 

Melendez-Valdez, Juan Antonio, poet, — b. 
in Estremadura, 11 Mar. 1754 — ft. at Mont- 
pellier, May 1817. Obras, 1798. 

Melete, asteroid, — discovered by Gold- 
scbmidt, 9 Sep. 1857. 

Meletian Schism. [Meletius, Bp of Ly- 
copolis, and Meletius, Bp of Antioch.] 

Meletius, geographer, — b. at Janina, Epirus, 
1 66 1 — Abp of Naupactus and Arta, Nov. 1692 
— Abp of Janina, 17 14 — tt. there, 12 Dec. 
17 14. Geography Ancient and Modern, 1728. 

Meletius, Bp of Lycopolis, in Egijpt, — ori- 
ginates Meletian schism, and is condemned 
by Peter, Bp of Alexandria, 302 a — deprived of 
active jurisdiction by Council of Nice, 325 b — 
his followers persecuted by Athanasius, between 
325-330 c — the schism lasts till after 4oo. b 
a Clinton. b Neander. c Gibbon. 

Meletius, Bp of Antioch, — Bp of Sebaste, 
257 ? — appointed Bp of Antioch, 360— expelled 
by Arians, winter of 360-1 a — restored by 
Julian, 362°— at Antioch, 363 s1 — again ex- 
pelled by Valens, Nov. or Dec. 371 a — restored 
by Gratian, 378*— ft., 381.* a Clinton. 

Meletius Syriacus, theologian,— b. in Candia, 
1586 — goes to Constantinople, 1630 — assists at 
synods of 1638 and 1642 — Is. at Galata, 17 
Apr. 1664. 

Meletos, tragic poet, — [B C] — participates 
in acts of the Thirty, 404 — accuses Andokides 
respecting profanation of mysteries, 400 — 
accuses Socrates, 399. 

Melfi, in Italy, — founded by John Zimisces, 
970-975 — capital of Norman states in S. Italy, 
IOz j_o— visited by Emperor Frederick II., 1223, 
1225, 1227, Jan. and Dec. 1230 — his Consti- 
tutions published at parliament of, May 1231 
— assembly of prelates at, convoked by Vice- 
roy Andrew t of Cicala, Jun. 1241 — visited by 
Frederick II., Aug. 1242 and May 1249 — 
nearly destroyed by earthquake, 14 Aug. 1851. 
Cathedral, built, 1155 — destroyed, 1851. Coun- 
cils of, held by Nicholas II., who invests 
Robert Guiscard with Duchies of Apalia and 
Calabria, about May 1059 — held by Urban II. 
against simony, luxury, and marriage of priests, 
10 Sep. 1089 — held by Pascal II. for excom- 
munication of Beneventum, Oct. n 00 — held 



by Martin IV. respecting addition by Greeks 
of Sicily of Filioque to the symbol, and on dis- 
cipline, 28 Mar. 1284. 

Melgund, Viscount. [Minto, Lord.] 

Meli, Giovanni, poet, — b. at Palermo, 1740 
— tf. there, 20 Dec. 1815. Opere, 1814. 

Melinda, on east coast of Africa, — reached 
by Vasco de Gama, about 1499 — taken pos- 
session of by Portuguese, 1605 — taken by 
Arabs, about 1700. 

Melissos, philosopher, — [BC] — defends Sa- 
mos against Athens, (01. 85,) 440-439. 

Melissus, Paul, poet, — b. in Franconia, 20 
Dec. 1539— poet laureate, at Vienna, 1564 — 
goes to Paris, 1567 — follows the Emperor to 
Diet of Spire, 1570 — visits Italy, 1578-9 — 
Count, Chevalier dore, by Ferdinand Amadis, 
at Padua, 1579 — assists at Diet of Augsburg, 
1582 — visits Queen Elizabeth, 1585 — If. pala- 
tine librarian of Heidelberg, 3 Feb. 1602. 
Melissi Carmina, 1574. 

Melita. [Malta.] 

Melitene, in Asia Minor, (Malatia,) — 
Chosroes defeats Justinian, General of Tibe- 
rius, and burns the city, spring 576 — visited 
by Brandt, 1835. 

Melito, Bp of Sardis, — H., about 160-172 
— addresses Apology for Christians to Marcus 
Aurelius, 170,* i75, b 177.° a Eusebius. 

b Tillernont. c Basnage and Lardner. 

Mellan, Claude, engraver, — b. at Abbeville, 

23 May 1598— tf. at Paris, 9 Sep. or Oct. 1688. 
Melle, Jakob van, (Mellenius,) numismatist, 

— b. at Liibeck, 1659 — tf. there, 21 Jun. 1743. 
Historia Lubecensis, 1677-9 — Series regum 
Hungarice, 1699 — Notitia majorum, $c, 1707. 

Melling, Antoine Ignace, designer, — b. in 
Baden, 1763 — settles at Constantinople, about 
1786 ? — designer to Louis XVIII. , 1814 — ft. 
at Paris, Jill. 1831. Voyage pittoresque de 
Constantinople, 1809-19 — Voyage pittoresque 
dans les Pyrenees francaises, 1825-30. 

Mellitus, 1st Bp of London, and 3rd Abp 
of Canterbury, — sent to England by Pope 
Gregory the Great, converts East Saxons, 604 
— Bp of London, 604— sent by Abp Lauren- 
tius to Rome, 609 a — attends Council of Borne, 
Feb. 610 a — driven from his see, 616 — suc- 
ceeds Laurentius as Abp of Canterbury, 619 — 
tf., 624. a Hook. 

Mello, (Melo,) Francesco Manoel de, his- 
torian, — b. at Lisbon, 23 Nov. 161 1 — enters 
the army, 1628 — tf. at Lisbon, 13 Oct. i666, a 
1665^ Sistoria de los movimientos, separation 
y guerra de Cataluna en tiempo de Felipe IV., 
1645. a Conv.-Lex. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Mello Freire Dos Reis, Pascoal Jose de, 
publicist, — b. in Portugal, 1736 — LL.D. 
Coimbra, 1755 — Prof. Portuguese Law, 1772 
— prepares new Codes, 1783-98— tf. at Lisbon, 

24 Sep. 1798. Historic^ juris Lusitani liber 
singidaris, 1800. 

Mellon, Harriet, actress,— &., about 1775 — 
appears at Drury Lane Theatre, Jan. 1795 — 
marries Thomas Coutts, 18 14 — left a widow, 
1822 — marries Duke of St Albans, Jun. 1827 — 
tf., 6 Aug. 1837. 

Melloni, Macedonio, natural philosopher, — ■ 



95' 



MELMOTH— MEMMIXGEX, 



h. at Parma, 1801 — Prof. Physics there, 
1824-31 — director of Conservatory of Arts, and 
Prof. Physics, Xaples, Mar. 1 839-48 — Chevalier 
of Legion of Honour. 1841 — tr. at Portici, 11 
Aug. 1853. 

Melmoth, William, translator, — ti., 17 10 — 
Commissioner of Bankrupts, 1756 — tf. at Path, 
15 Mar. 1799. Fitz- Osborne s Letters, about 
1742 — translation of Flint/' s letters, 1747 — 
of Cicero's Letters to his Friends, 1753 — of 
Cicero's Treatises on Old Age and Friendship, 

!773-7- 

Melo, — excites revolt of Apulia against 
Greeks, 1010 — invites Xornians into Italy, 
1016 — obtains three victories over Greeks, 
1 01 6- 1 8 — defeated at Cannes, retires to Ger- 
many, 1019 — "Jj. at Bamberg, 1020. 

Melora, Lsle of, — Oberto Doria defeats Pisan 
fleet near, 6 Aug. 1284. 

Melos, (Milo,) island, — [B C] — surrenders to 
Athenians, beginning of w inter 416. [Venus 
of Kilo.'] 

Melozzo da Forli. [Forli.] 

Melpomene, asteroid, — discovered by Hind, 
24 Jun. 1852. 

Melrichstadt, in Germany, — Rudolph of 
Suabia defeats Emperor Henry IT. at, 1078. 

Melrose, in Scotland,— Ethelwald (Moll) of 
Xorthumbria defeats and kills Oswin near, 6 
Aug. 761.* Abbey, refounded by David I., 
1 136 — destroyed by Edward II., 1322 — rebuilt 
by Bruce, 1326 — Edward III. spends Christmas 
at, 1 341 — burnt by Richard II., 1385 — partly 
demolished by English, 1545 — visited by Queen 
Victoria, 22 Aug. 1867. a Lingard. 

Melun, in France, (Melodunum,) — taken by 
Clovis, 494 — byXorthmen, 845, 848, 861, 866, 
and 883 — by Charles the Bad, 1358 — by the 
Dauphin and Duguesclin, 1364 — conferences 
at, between Henry V. and Queen of France, 
Jul. 1419 — besieged and taken by Henry V., 
1420 — retaken by French, under Charles VII., 
1435 — taken by Leaguers, 1589 — capitulates to 
Henry' IV., 1590 — Louis XIV. and Card. 
Mazarin take refuge at, 1652 — Viscounty of, 
erected into a Duchy for Villars, 1709. Councils 
of respecting excommunication of Philip Au- 
gustus by Innocent III., 12 16 — on ecclesiastical 
jurisdiction, 8 Xov. 1225 — on discipline, 21 
Jan. 1 30 1. 

Melun, Adam, Viscor^T de, general, — 
defeats and captures Viscount de Thouars in 
Poitou, 1208 — contributes to victory of Bou- 
vines, 12 14 — accompanies Louis of France to 
Languedoc, 1215— goes to England, 1216— tf. 
there, 1220. 

Melun, Louis de, Marquis de Maitper- 
tuis, general, — b., 1634 — distinguishes himself 
at siege of Candia, 1669 — at siege of Valen- 
ciennes, 1677 — Brigadier of Cavalry, at battle 
of Cassel, 1677— at siege of Ypres, 1678 
— as Lieutenant-general defends Havre de 
Grace against English, Jul. 1694 — tf., 1721. 

Melun, Simon de, Maeshal of France, — 
accompanies St Louis to Africa, 1270 — envoy 
to king of England, 1297 — falls at battle of 
Courtrai, 1302. 

Melville, Andrew, reformer, — ft. in Scot- 



land, 1 Aug. 1545— enters St Andrew's Univ., 
1560 — goes to Cniv. of Paris, 1564 — removes 
to Poitiers, 1566 — Prof. Humanity, Geneva, 
1569-74 — Principal of Glasgow Coll., 1574 — 
of St Mary's Coll., St Andrew's, 1580 — escapes 
to England, Mar. 1584 — returns, Xov. 1585 — 
Rector of Univ., 1590 — Moderator of General 
Assembly, 1587, 1589, and 1594 — assists at 
coronation of the Queen, at Holyrood, 17 May 
1595 — called to London by James I., 1606 — 
imprisoned in the Tower, 1607-n — Prof, at 
Univ. of Sedan, 161 1 — tr. there, 1622. 

Melville, Henry Dundas, Viscorxx, states- 
man, — h. at Edinburgh, abouti74i— called to the 
bar, 1763 — Lord Advocate, 1 7 75 — Privy Council- 
lor, Treasurer of the Xavy, 1782 — Pres. Board 
of Control, 1791 — Secretary of State for Home 
Department, 1791 — for War, 1794-1801 — 
raised to the peerage, 1802 — First Lord of the 
Admiralty, 1804 — his trial on impeachment by 
House oi Commons for misappropriation of 
public moneys, begins, 29 Apr. 1806 — acquitted, 
12 Jun. 1806 — tf., 27 May 1 81 1. 

Melville, Robert Dundas, Viscount, — b., 
1771 — M.P. Edinburgh, 1802 — Pres. Board of 
Control, Mar. 1807 — Chief Secretary of Ire- 
land, 1809 — again Pres. Board of Control, 
Jan. 1810 — succeeds his father in the peerage, 
May 1 81 1 — First Lord of the Admiralty, sum- 
mer 18 12 — member of Royal Commission on 
Scottish Universities, 1826-30 — retires, 1827 — 
again appointed, Jan. 1828 to Xov. 18 30 — mem- 
ber of Commission on Poor Law in Scotland, 
1843-44 — member of Prison Board for Scot- 
land, 1847 — 3j. at Melville Castle, 10 Jun. 
1851. 

Melville, (Melvil,) Sir James, historian, — 
n. in Scotland, about 1535- — Privy Councillor 
to Queen Mary, 156 1 — ft., 1 Xov. 1607. Me- 
moirs, 1683. 

Melville, Sir Robert,— envoy from Mary 
Queen of Scots to Queen Elizabeth, 1565 — 
joins coalition against Bothwell, 1567 — again 
envoy to Queen Elizabeth, but betrays cause of 
Mary, summer 1567 — joins Mary's party, 1568 
— takes part with Grange in defence of Edin- 
burgh Castle, 1573 — Treasurer-depute, 1584. 

Melville Island, Arctic Sea, — discovered by 
Parry, 1819 — reached by M'Clure, Apr. 1852. 

Memel, in Frussia, — founded, 1253 — be- 
comes possession of Prussian Order, 1324 — 
fortified, 1404 — occupied by Russians, 1757 — 
Frederick William III. takes refuge at, 1806 
— occupied by Russians, 27 Dec. 1812. Treaty 
of, between England and Prussia, 28 Jan. 
1807. 

Memlinc, (Memling,Hemling,) ILa,ns,painter, 
— probably painted, 1470-95 — citizen of Bruges, 
in 1479. Marriage of St Catherine, Bruges, 
1479 ? — portraits of Sir John Forme and his 
wife, 1470 ? 

Memmi, Simone. [Martini, Simone.] 

Memmingen, in Bavaria, — destroyed by the 
Hohenstaufens, 11 32 — rebuilt by Welf VI., 
1 191 — free imperial city, by Rudolph of Haps- 
burg, 1286— joins Protestants at Diet of Spire, 
1529 — occupied by Wallenstein, 1630 — trans- 
ferred to Elector of Bavaria, 1802. 



MEMMIUS— MEXDOZA. 



953 



Memmius, C., — [B C] — trib. pleb., in- 
killed by the mob of Saturninus, ioo. 

Memmius Gemellus, C.,— [B C]— trib. pleb., 

66 — opposes triumph of Lucullus ; curule aedile, 
60— praetor, 58— -De Rerum Naiura, dedicated 
to him, by Lucretius, about 57-6 ? — impeaches 
P. Yatinius, 47 — candidate for consulship, 54 — 
impeached for ambitus, withdraws to Mitylene. 

Memmius Regulus. [Regulus.] 

Memmo, Marcantonio, Doge of Venice, 
— succeeds Leonardo Donato, 27 Jul. 16 12— tf., 
Oct. 1615. 

Memnon, — [B C] — revolts with Artabazus 
against Darius Ocbus, 356 — pardoned, 346 — 
satrap of coast of Asia Minor, about 336 — de- 
feated by Alexander at the Granicus, 334— 
defends Halicarnassus, 334 — carries on mari- 
time war against Greece, and tf. at Mitylene, 
333. 

Memnon, vocal,— visited by Empress Sabina, 
about 131-30. 

Memnon, statue,— brought to London from 
Egypt, by Belzoni, 1818. 

Memphis, (Misrah,) in Egypt, — besieged 
and taken by Amrou, (17, a. h.) Jun. 638. 

Memphis, l T . S., — surrenders to Federals, 8 
Jun. 1862. 

Mena, Juan He, poet, — ft. at Cordova, 141 2 
— tf. at Guadalajara, a Torrelazuna, b 1456. El 
Laber ■into, 1496. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Menage, Grilles, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at 
Angers, 15 Aug. 1613— tf. at Paris, 23 Jul. 
1692. jjictionuaire etymologique, 1650 — 
Foemata, 1658 — Observations sur la Bang ue 
Francaise, 1672 — Menagiana, 1693-4. 

Menageot, Francois Guillaume, painter, — 
ft. in London, 1744 — obtains grand prize of 
Painting, Paris, 1766— received at Academy, 
j-y 80 — director of School of France, Pome, 1787 
— member of Institute, 1809 — tf. at Paris, 4 
Oct. 1 816. 

Menai Strait, — passed by Suetonius, 61 — 
by Agricola, 78. Suspension bridge, erected, 
18x9-25. Britannia tubular bridge, 1848-50. 

Menalkidas,— [B C] — released by Philometor 
and Physcon at request of Popillius Laenas, 168 
— strategus to Achaean League, bribed by 
Oropus against Athens, 150 — supports Spartan 
exiles at Pome against Diaeus, 149 — persuades 
Sparta to break truce with Achaeans, and kills 
himself, 147. 

Menander, — [BC] — commander of mer- 
cenaries under Alexander the Great, 334-331 — 
governor of Lydia, 331-323— commands under 
Antigonus against Eumenes, 320-319. 

Menander, comic poet, (Xeic,)— [BC] — ft,, 
(01. 109, 3,) 342 a — his life endangered at ex- 
pulsion of Demetrius Poliorketes, 307 — tf., (01. 
122, 2,) 291.* Orge, 321. a Clinton. 

Menander, (Menada, Minander,) King of 
Sagala, (Sangala,)— [B C]— fl., 140. 

Menander, Amus, jurist, — fl., about 210. 

Menander Protector, rhetorician and Byzan- 
tine historian, — fl., about 580-90. 

Menapii, — [B C]— join Belgian confederation 
against Pome, 57 —join Yeneti in maritime 
confederation, 56 — unsuccessfully attacked by 
Caesar, 56 — driven across the Ehine by Germans, 



5S — Sabinus and Cotta sent against, 54 — 
chastised by Caesar, 53 — checked by Labienus, 

53- 

Menas, {Menodorus,) — [BC] — takes Sar- 
dinia, 40 — revolts from Sex. Pompey to Oc- 
tavius, 38 — deserts again to Pompey, 36 — 
returns to Octavius, 36 — killed at siege of 
Siscia, 35. 

Mencke, Friedrich Otto, — ft. at Leipsic, 
1708 — tf. Prof. Laws there, 14 Mar. 1754. 
Edits the Acta Eruditorum, 1732-54 — Bib- 
liotheca virorum, militia ceque ac scriptis illus- 
trium, 1734. 

Mencke, Johann Burckhard, — ft. at Leipsic, 
i674_Prof. History there, 1669 — tf. at Leip- 
sic, 1 Apr. 1732. Edits the Acta Eruditorum, 
1707-32. 

Mencke, Otto, philologist, — ft. in Westphalia, 
1644 — tf. Prof. Moral Philosophy, Leipsic, 29 
Jan. 1707. Projects the Acta Eruditorum, 
1682. 

Mende, in France, — fortified by Adalbert, Ep 
of Gevaudan, 1151 — taken by Duke of Joyeuse, 
and the citadel built, 1595 — reduced by Henry 
IV., and the citadel demolished, 1597. 

Mendelssohn - Bartholdy, Felix, musical 
composer, — ft. at Hamburg, 3 Feb. 1809 — 
studies at Univ. of Berlin, 1827-9 — nrs ^ visits 
London and Edinburgh, 1829 — visits Italy and 
Switzerland, 1 830-1 — Paris, end of 1831 — 
director of concerts and theatre, Diisseldorf, 
1833 — director of concerts, Leipsic, 1843 — 
conducts Philharmonic Concerts, London, 1844 

— conducts performance of Elijah, London, 
1847 — tf. at Leipsic, 4 Nov. 1847. Faulus, 1836 

— Lobgesang, 1840 — Midsummer Night' s 
Dream, 1843 — Athalia, 1844 — Elijah, 1846 — 
Reformation Symphony, first performed 1867. 

Mendelssohn, Moses, philosopher, — ft. at 
Dessau, 10 Sep. 1729 — goes to Berlin, 1742,* 
1745 b — tf. at Berlin, 4 Jan. 1786. Brief e 
iiber die Empfindiuigen, 1745 — Fhcedon, 1767 
— Jerusalem, 1783 — ILorgenstunden, 1785. 
a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Mendez-Pinto, Fernam, traveller, — ft. near 
Coimbra, about 1510 — goes to the Indies, 1537 
— returns to Portugal, 1558. Feregrinacam, 
1 6 14. 

Mendicant Friars. [See Dominicans, Fran- 
ciscans, Carmelites, and Augustines.] 

Mendicity Society, — established in London, 
1818. 

Mendizabal, statesman, — ft. at Cadiz, about 
1790 — first minister of Queen Isabella II. of 
Spain, 14 Sep. 1835 — fights a duel with 
Isturitz, at Madrid, 16 Apr. 1836 — dismissed 
from office, 16 May 1836 — reappointed as 
finance minister, 11 Sep. 1836 — dismissed again, 
10 Aug. 1837 — tf. at Madrid, 3 Nov. 1853. 

Mendoza, in S. America, — destroyed by 
earthquake, 20 Mar. 1861. 

Mendoza, Bernardino de, diplomatist, §c, — 
promotes the League, 1576 — ambassador of 
Philip II. to Henry of Navarre, 1584 — ambas- 
sador to England, about 1585 — dismissed as 
accomplice in conspiracies against Queen Eliza- 
beth, 1586. Commentarios de lo sucedido en los 
Faizes Baxos desde el ano 1567 hasta elde 1577, 



954 



MENDOZA— MENTOR. 



1592 — Theorica y jiractica de guerra, 1577. 

Mendoza, Diego Hurtado de, statesman, 
general, historian, §c, — ft. at Granada, about 
1503 — ambassador to Rome, 1547-54 — tf. at 
Madrid, Apr. 1575. Guerra de Granada hecha 
por el rey de Fspana Felipe II, contra los 
Moriscos, 16 10 — Obras, 16 10. 

Mendoza, Inigo Lopez de, Marquis op 
Santillana, poet, — ft. in Asturias, 1398 — 
dignitary of state, as early as 141 4 — created 
Marquis, 1445 — -joins conspiracy against Alvarez 
de Luna, 1452 — tj., 1458. Centiloquio, 1496 — 
Coinedieta de Fonza, 1435. 

Mendoza, Juan Gonzalez de, missionary, 
— ft. in Castile, about 1550 — sent to China by 
Philip II., 1580 — Bp of Lipari, 1593 — visits 
Mexico as vicar apostolic, 1607 — Bp of Popayan, 
1608 — tf. there, 1617. Historia de las cosas de 
la China, 1586. 

Mendoza, Pietro Gonzalez de, Cardinal, — 
ft. in Castile, 3 May 1428 — Abp of Seville, be- 
fore 1473 — Cardinal, 1473 — favours Isabella, 
1473 — fights at Toro, 1 Mar. 1476 a — accom- 
panies Isabella to suppress tumult at Segovia, 
1476 — favours the Jews, 1479 a — Abp of 
Toledo, 1482 jl — sent to occupy Alhambra, Jan. 
1492 a — o\ at Guadalaxara, 11 Jan. 1495^ 
a Prescott. 

Menecrates, Tib. Claudius Quinna, phy- 
sician, — inventor of Diachylon plaister, ft., 
about 40. 

Menedenios, philosopher, — [B C] — ft., about 
35o, a ft., 3 i'6-5, b starves himself to death, about 
277.3 a Smith's Diet. b Hieron. Euseb. 

Menelaos, — [BC] — subjugates Cyprus to 
Ptolemy Soter, 315 — besieged in Salamis by 
Demetrius Poliorketes, 306 — surrenders after 
battle of Salamis, 306. 

Menelaos, mathematician, astronomer, — 
makes observations at Rome, 98. 

Menendez, Francesco Antonio, painter, — 
ft. at Oviedo, 1682 — goes to study in Italy, 
1699 — founds Academy of Painting, Madrid, 
1744 — ft. at Madrid, 1745. 

Menendez, Michael Hyacinth, painter, — ft. 
at Oviedo, 1679 — first painter to Philip IV., 
1712 — tf. at Madrid, 1743. 

Menes, King of Egypt. [Egypt.] 

Meneses Osorio, painter, — ft. at Seville, 
1630 — Major-domo of Seville Academy of 
Painting, 1668 — If. there, 1705. 

Menestheus,— [B C]— ft., about 377— sent to 
relief of Samos, 358 — commander in Social 
War, with Chares and Iphicrates, 356 — im- 
peached for misconduct and acquitted, 355 — 
commander to protect Euxine traders, 335 — ft. 
before 325. 

Menestrier, Claude Francois, antiquary,^ — 
ft. at Lyons, 163 1 — enters Order of Jesuits, 
1646,— settles at Paris, 1670 — tf. at Paris, 21 
Jan. 1705. la Nouvelle me'thode raisonnee du 
Mason, 1754 — De la chevalerie ancienne et 
moderne, 1683 — Traite des tournois, 1669 or 
1674 — Histoire du regne de Louis le Grand, par 
les medailles, 1693. 

Menestrier, Jean Baptiste le, numismatist, 
— ft. at Dijon, 1564 — tf. there, 1634. Medailles, 



monnaies, et monuments antiques d'imperatrices 
JRomaines, 1625. 
Menezes. [Ericeira.] 
Mengoli, Pietro, mathematician, — ft. at 
Bologna, 1625 — tf. there, 7 Jun. 1686. Via 
regia ad mathematicas, 1655 — Speculazioni di 
musica, 1670. 

Mengotti, Francesco, Count, engineer, — ft. 
in Venice, 15 Sep. 1749— LL.D. Padua, 177 1 
— Count and Senator, 18 10 — V.P. Commission 
of Finance, Milan, 18 19— "ft. at Milan, 5 Mar. 
1830. Saggio sulle acque correnti, 181 0-12. 

Mengs, Anton Eafael, painter, — ft. at 
Aussig, Bohemia, 12 Mar. 1728 — goes to Rome, 
1 741— returns to Dresden, 1744 — painter to 
the king, 1749 — director of School of Painting 
in the Vatican, 1754 — first painter to Charles 
III. of Spain, 176 1 — settles at Rome, 1777 — 
loses his wife, 1778— 1». at Rome, 29 Jun. 
1779. -Ascension, Dresden, 1766 — Apotheosis 
of Trajan, Madrid, 1775 — Opere, 1780. 

Menin, in Belgium, — taken by Marlborough, 
25 Aug. 1706— invested by Louis XV., 18 
May 1744 — capitulates, 4 Jun. 

Meninski, Francois Mesgnien, orientalist, 
— ft. in Lorraine, about 1623 — goes to Con- 
stantinople, 1652 — first interpreter to Emperor 
Leopold, 1661 — tf. at Vienna, 1698. Thesaurus 
linguarum orientalium, 1680-7 — Onomasticon, 
1687. 

Menippos, Cynic philosopher, — [BC]-S., 
about 6o. a a Oeliler. 

Menno, Simon, founder of the Mennonites, — 
ft. in Friesland, 1496^ 1505 b — quits Romish 
Church, 1536 — tf. in Plolstein, 13 Jan. 156 1. 
Works, 1600 — Fundamentbuch von dem redden 
Christlichen Glauben, 1539. 

a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Menon, — [B C]— Archon at Athens, (01. 76, 
4,) 473- 

Menon, — [BC] — serves under Cyrus the 
Younger, 401 — put to death by slow torture, 
401-400. 

Menon, — [BC]— general sent by Athens to 
support Miltokythes, about 362 — defeated with 
Antiphilos by Antipater at Crannon, 322 — de- 
feated by Polysperchon and slain, 321. 

Menou, Jacques Francois, Baron de, 
general, — ft. in Touraine, 1750 — Marechal de 
Camp, 5 Dec. 178 1 — deputy to States, General, 
178 9 — defeated in La Vendee, 1793— suppresses 
insurrection of the faubourg St Antoine, (2 
Prairial an III.,) 21 May 1795— distinguishes 
himself in expedition of Egypt, 1798— Com- 
mander-in-chief on death of Kleber, Jun. 
1800 — defeated by Gen. Abercromby at Alex- 
andria, 21 May 1 801 — capitulates, 31 Aug. 
1 801 — member of Tribunate, 17 May 1802 — 
governor of Piedmont, 1802 — tf. governor of 
Venice, 13 Aug. 18 10. 

Montana, in Italy, — Garibaldi defeated by 
French and Papal troops, 3 Nov. 1867. 

Mentone, — with Roquebrune, ceded to 
France, by Prince of Monaco, 2 Feb. 1861. 

Mentor, the Bhodian, — [B C] — aids Arta- 
bazus, before 360 — takes refuge with Nectana- 
bis, 360 — aids Tennes of Sidon, passes into 
service of Darius, 360 — commands in invasion 



MENTSCHIKOFF— MERCATOR. 



955 



of Egypt under Darius, 346— made satrap of 
W. coast of Asia Minor, 346— seizes Hermeias 
of Atarneus, about 343 — tf., probably about 336. 

MentschikofF, Alexander ' Banilovich, 
Prince, general,— b. at Moscow, i674, a 28 
Nov. 1672," 6 Nov. 1670° — distinguishes him- 
self at siege of Schliisselburg, 1702— Chevalier 
of St Andrew, 1703 — Major-general, Prince, 
and governor of Ingria, 1704— defeats Swedes 
at Kalisch, i9, a 30 bc Oct. 1706 — Prince of 
Holy Roman Empire, 1706 — Prince of Russian 
Empire, 30 May 1707 — contributes to victory 
of Pultawa, 1709 — Field-marshal, by Peter the 
Great, and Knt of the Black Eagle, by Fred- 
erick I., 1709 — besieges Riga, 17 10 — occupies 
Courland, 17 11 — governor of St Petersburg, 
171 1 — occupies Pomerania, 171 2 — takes Stettin, 
12 Sep. 17 1 3 — exiled, 1727 — tf. in Siberia, 2 
Nov. 1729. a Biog. Univ. 

b Conv.-Lex. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Mentz, Mainz, (Mayence,) in Germany,— 
(Moguntiacum,) — [B C] — site of fortress built 
by Drusus, 1 3 — [A D] — surprised by Alemanni 
under Rando, Jau. or Easter, 368 a — destroyed 
by Vandals, 406— by Huns, 451 — rebuilt by 
Dagobert, 612— fortified by Bp Sigbert, 712 — 
besieged by Burgundians, 720— seat of bishop- 
ric by Boniface, 745 b — proposed conference 
between Emperor Henry IV. and his son at, 
prohibited by Bp of Mentz, Dec. 1105 — head 
of Rhenish Confederation for protection of com- 
merce, 1255 — chief seat of Minnesingers, about 
1300 — invention of printing at, — [Gutenberg] 
— conquered by Abp Adolphus II. and made 
subject to the see, 1462 — taken by Gustavus 
Adolphus, 23 Dec. 1631 — by Imperialists un- 
der Gallas, 1635 — restored to Elector, 1636 — 
taken by Duke d'Enghien and Turenne, 17 
Sep. 1644 — evacuated by French, 1651 — again 
seized by them, 25 Oct. 1688 — recovered by 
Duke of Lorraine, 8 Sep. 1689 — held by Prince 
Eugene, 1734 — seized by French under Custine, 
17 Oct. 1792 — besieged by Prussians, Mar. 
1793 — surrenders, 23 Jul. 1793 — threatened by 
French, autumn 1794 — retaken by French and 
made capital of department of Mont Tonnere, 
1797 — invested by allies, 3 Jan. 18 14 — surren- 
ders, 4 May 1 8 14 — annexed to Grand Duchy of 
Hesse Darmstadt by Congress of Vienna, 1816 
— head-quarters of king of Prussia, Aug. 1870. 
Cathedral, commenced by Abp Willigis, 978 — 
partly burnt, 11 90 — suffers from bombardment 
by Prussians, 1793 — and by allies, 18 14. Uni- 
versity, founded by Abp Diether, 1477 — sup- 
pressed by French, 1798. Councils of held by 
St Boniface, 752 or 753 — respecting dispute 
between Gotschalk and Rabanus, Jan. 829 — 
held by Rabanus, respecting usurpation of 
ecclesiastical property, Sep. or Oct. 847 — by 
Rabanus for condemnation of Gotscbalk, Oct. 
848 — by Rabanus on discipline, May 852 — by 
Abp Charles, 857 and 860; Oct. 888 ; Whitsun- 
tide, 1023 — held by Pope Leo IX. against 
simony and marriage of priests, Nov. 1049 — 
by Pope Leo IX. and Emperor Henry III. 
against marriage of priests, 1051 — for election 
of Gebhard, Bp Eichstadt, Pope, (Victor II.) 
10 55 — by legate, Peter of Damiano, against 



divorce of Bertha by Henry IV., Oct. 1069 ; 
Aug. 107 1 — for condemnation of Pope Gregory 
VII. by partisans of Emperor Henry IV., 1080 
— held by Schismatics before Henry IV. and 
legates of Antipope Guibert, to confirm deposi- 
tion of Gregory VII. and excommunicate him, 
and to establish Truce of God, 1085; 1094 or 
io 95 ; 1131; Oct. 1 159— held by legate Conrad 
against marriage of priests and simony, to de- 
clare Engelbert Abp of Cologne a martyr, and 
excommunicate his murderer, 10 Dec. 1225-— 
against the Stedingers, before Aug. 1233; 2 Jul. 
1239— -on discipline, 1259 — on discipline, re- 
formation of clergy, &c, 4 May 1261 — respect- 
ing affairs of the Templars, n- 13 May 1310 — 
for condemnation and burning of thirty-six 
Vaudois, 1387 — respecting decrees of Council 
of Basel, Mar. 1439 an( ^ I 44 I - 

a Clinton. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Menu, Institutes of, — [B C] — compiled, after 
900 ? a a Elphinstone. 

Menzel, Friedrich Wilhelm, — b., about 
1725 — while private secretary to king of Sax- 
ony, gives up copies of secret correspondence 
relating to attack on Prussia, to Prussian am- 
bassador, 1755 — arrested and imprisoned, 1756 
— tf., May 1796. 

Menzel, Karl Adolf, historian, — b. at Griin- 
berg in Silesia, 7 Dec. 1784 — Prof. Extraord. 
at Elizabethanum, Breslau, 1809 — Pro-rector 
and second Prof., 18 14 — member of Council of 
Education, 1824— tf. at Breslau, 19 Aug. 1855. 
Geschichte der Deutschen, 1815-23 — Neuere 
Geschichte der Deutschen, 1826-43. 

Mensini, Benedetto, poet, — fc. at Florence, 
1646 — tf. at Rome, 1704. Rime di vari generi, 
1 7 30-4 — Satires, 1 7 1 8 . 

Meon, Dominique Martin, antiquary, — b. 
in France, 1748 — assistant keeper of Royal 
Library, receives Cross of Legion of Honour, 
1826— tf. at Paris, 5 May 1829. Edits Fa- 
bliaux et contes dcs poetes franc ais des ll e et 15 e 
sieclcs, 1808 — edits Soman de la Rose, 1815 — 
edits Roman du Renard, 1825. 

Mercantile Marine, of Great Britain, — 
regulated by Act V6 and 14 Vic. c. 93, 14 Aug. 
1850 ; amended by 14 and 15 Vic. c. 96, 7 
Aug. 1 85 1. 

Mercara. [Coorg\] 

Mercati, Giovanni Battista, engraver, — b. 
at Siena, about 1600. 

Mercati, (Mercado,) Michele, naturalist, — 
b. at San Miniato, 1541 — first physician to 
Clement VIII., 159/1 — tf. at Rome, 25 Jun. 
1593. De gli obelischi di Roma, 1589 — Metal- 
lot heca, 17 17. 

Mercator, Gerard, (Gerard Kauffmann,) geo- 
grapher, — b. at Rupelmonde, Flanders, 15 12 — 
erjters service of Emperor Charles V., about 
1542 — cosmographer to Duke of Juliers, 1559 
— tf. at Doesburg, 2 Dec. 1594 — Chronologic/, 
1568 — Tabula geographies, 1578- — Atlas, 1594. 

Mercator, Marius, theologian, — fl., about 
429^ a Clinton. 

Mercator, Nicholas, {Nicholas Kanffmann,) 
mathematician, — b. in Holstein, 1640 — comes 
to England, 1660— F.R.S., 1666— tf. at Paris, 
1687 a — in England, 1690 or 1694. 15 Cosmo- 



95< 



MERCATOR'S PROJECTION— MERIAN. 



graphia, 1651 — Bationes mathematics sub- 
ducts, 1653 — Logarithmotechnia, 1668. 
a Biog. Univ. b Hutton. 

Mercator's Projection, — in Cosmography, 
invented by Gerard Mercator, 1556 — im- 
proved and explained by Wright, 1599. 

Mercenaries, — [B C] — first employed in 
Greece by Athenians, after 577. 

Mercer, John, Scottish sea-rover, — captures 
ships at Scarborough, and is taken prisoner by 
John Philpot, 1378. 

Mercer's Company, of London, — incor- 
porated by Richard II., 1393 — in France, in- 
corporated by Charles VII., 1407. 

Merchandise Marks, in Great Britain, — 
law respecting, amended by Act 25 and 26 
Vic. c. 88, 7 Aug. 1862. 

Merchant Adventurers. [Adventurers.] 
Merchant Shipping, — laws relating to, 
consolidated by Act 17 and 18 Vic. c. 104, 10 
Aug. 1854; amended by 30 and 31 Vic. c. 124, 
20 Aug. 1867. 

Merchant Tailors' Company, of London, — 
incorporated by Edward IV., as Tailors and 
Linen Armourers, 1466 — receives new charter 
from Henry VII., under present title, 1503. 
School, founded, 156 1 — burnt, 1666 — rebuilt, 
1675. 

Merchants, Foreign, in England, — receive 
permission to trade free from unreasonable im- 
posts, by Magna Charta, 12 15. 

Mercia, Anglo-Saxon kingdom, in Britain, — 
founded by Crlda, 584 s — ft., 593 — Ceorl, 
kinsman of Wybba, reigns, 596 b — rj., 606 b — 
Penda, 627,* 626 b — Peada, his son, succeeds, 
655 — killed, Easter 657, a 656 b — Wtjlfhere, 
(brother,) 657 — ravages "Wessex and Isle of 
Wight, 661 — Ethelred, 675 — ravages Kent, 
676 — defeats Northumbrians near theTrent, 679 
— his Queen Ostrith killed by Mercians, 697 — 
becomes a monk, 704 — fc., 4 May 7 16 b — Coen- 
red succeeds, before 13 Jun. 704 — retires to 
Rome, 709 — Ceolred, 709 — carries on war with 
Wessex, 715 — Ethelbald, 716 — ravages JSTor- 
thumbria, 737 — defeated by Cuthred of Wes- 
sex, at Burford, 752 — tf., 755, a 757 b — Beorn- 
red seizes the kingdom, and is driven out by 
Oifa II., 755, a 757 b — the kingdom ravaged by 
Welsh, 779— Egferth succeeds, Jul. 794 — 
Cynulf, 794, ravages Kent, takes Edbert Praen 
prisoner and mutilates him, 796 — Ceolwulf, 
8 1 9 — deprived, and succeeded by Beornwulf, 
821 — defeated by Egbert at Ellendune, 823 — 
killed by East Angles, 823 — Ludeca, 823 — 
Wiglaf, 825 — conquered by Egbert, 827 — 
held by Wiglaf, as tributary to Egbert, 828 
— Beohrtwulf, 838 — defeated by Danes, 
851 — Burgred, 852— invaded by Danes, 868 
— conquered by them, and Ceolwulf made 
king, 874 — Burgred tf. at Kome soon after — - 
partition of, by Danes, 877 — ravaged by Ethel- 
walcl the Atheling, and Danes, 905 — overrun 
by Danes, 911 — submits to Edward the Elder, 
922 — revolts, and with Northumbria elects 
Edgar king, 957 — ravaged by Cnut, 1 o 1 6 . 
a Annals of England. b Lappenberg. 

Mercier, Barthelemi, bibliographer, — ft. at 
Lyons, 1734 — librarian of St Genevieve, 1760- 



72 — Xf. at Paris, 1799. Supplement a, Vhistoire 
de V imprimerie, far Prosper Marchand, 1772-5. 

Mercier, Louis Sebastien, litterateur, — h. 
at Paris, 6 Jun. 1740 — member of Council of 
Five Hundred, 1795 — of Institute, 1796 — rj. at 
Paris, 25 Apr. 18 14. Han 2440, 177 1 — Ta- 
bleau de Paris, 178 1 — Mon bonnet de nuit, 1783 
— Neologie, 1801. 

Mercoeur, Philippe Emanuel de Lorraine, 
Dure de, military commander, — fc. at Nonieni, 
9 Sep. 1558 — Chevalier du Saint-Esprit, 1579 
— governor of Brittany, 1582 — aims at inde- 
pendence, 1585 — defeats Royalists at Craon, 
159 1, a 23 May 1592 b — signs truce with Henry 
IV., 1595 — enters service of Emperor, and com- 
mands against Turks, 1601 — ft. at Niirnberg, 
19 Feb. 1602. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Mercuriale, Girolamo, (Merczirialis,) phy- 
sician,— ft. at Forli, 1530— Prof, at Padua, 
1569 — Prof, at Bologna, 1587— Prof, at Pisa, 
1599 — ft. at Eorli, 1606. L)e arte gymnastiea, 
1569 — Hippocratis opera, gr. et lat., 1588 — 
Medicina practica, 162"]. 

Mercury, planet, — transit of, first observed 
by Gassendi, 6 May 163 1 — diameter measured 
by Bradley, 1723. 

Mercy, Florimond Claude de, field-marshal, 
— b. in Lorraine, 1666— enters service of Em- 
peror Leopold, 1682 — serves in campaigns of 
Hungary, between 1688-97 — sentto Italy, 1701 
— defeated by French in Alsace, 1709— made 
Field-marshal ; distinguishes himself at Peter- 
waradin, 1 7 1 6 — at Belgrade, 171 7 — Command- 
er-general of Sicily, 17 1 9 — wounded at battle 
of Alcantara, 17 19 — General-in-chief in Italy, 
falls at combat of Croisetta, 29 Jun. 1734. 

Mercy, Francois de, general,— charged with 
defence of Rheinfeld, evacuates it, 1634 — 
Major-general, serves at siege of Colmar, 1635 
— assists at raising siege of Dole, 1636 — with 
Duke of Lorraine defeated by Bernkard of 
Weimar, 1637 — distinguishes himself in wars 
of Germany, from 1641 — Lieutenant-general, 
1644 — takes Friburg, 1644 — defeats Turenne 
at Marienthal, 5 May 1645 — rj. at Northingen, 
4 Aug. 1645. 

Mercy, Order of, — for redemption of captives 
from Moors, founded, 12 18. 

Merenda, Ser. Cornelius, — [B C] — Consul 
with M.'Curius Dentatus, (480, a. u. c.) 274. 

Mergin, in Hindustan, — surrenders to Brit- 
ish, Aug. 1824— ceded to them by Treaty of 
Yandaboo, 24 Feb. 1827. 

Merian, Johann Bernard, philosopher, — b. 
in Switzerland, 1723 — admitted to Academy of 
Berlin, 1750 — director of Class of Belles Let- 
tres, 1770 — U., 12 Feb. 1807. Translation of 
Hume's Essays, 1758 — Systeme dumonde, 1770. 
Merian, Maria Sibylla, — b. at Frankfort, 
1647 — goes to Surinam, 1698-1701 — ij. at 
Amsterdam, 13 Jan. 17 17. Origin, §c. t of 
Caterpillars, 1679 — Lissertatio de Generatione 
et Metamorphosibus Lnsectorum Surinamensium, 

i7°5- 

Merian, Matthew, engraver, — ft. at Basel, 
1593 — 1j. at Frankfort-on-the-Maine, about 
1650^ at Schwalbach, i65i. b 

a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. 



MEBIAN— MEBSEBUBG. 



957 



Merian, Matthew, painter, §c, — fj. at 
Basel, 162 1 — tf. at Frankfort, 1687. 

Meric, Jean de, military commander, — fj. at 
Metz, 1 7 17 — enters the army, 1728 — takes 
Ghent, Jul. 1745 — serves in N. America, 1746 
— falls in Flanders, 10 Jul. 1747. 

Merida, in Spain, [Augusta Emerita,) — 
[BC] — Boman colony by Augustus, (729, a.u.c.) 

25 — [A D] — taken by Bechila, king of the 
Suevi, between 441-448 —besieged and taken 
by the Moors under Musa, (1 Schoual 93, 
A. h.) 11 Jul. 712 a — entrance of Abdelrahman 
into, (139,) 756 b — revolts, is blockaded and 
reduced by Abdelrouf, General of Abdelrahman, 
(212-3,) 827-8 — again revolts and is reduced 
by Abdelrahman, (218-9,) 833-4— fortifications 
restored, (220,) 835 b — insurrection at, sup- 
pressed by Abdallah, (276,) 888 b — taken by 
Alfonso IX. and annexed to kingdom of Castile 
and Leon, (629,) b 1230. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Conde. 

Merida, in S. America, — destroyed by earth- 
quake, 18 12. 

Meridian, Meridional Arc [Degree of the 
Meridian.] 

Merille, Edmond, jurist, — fj. at Troyes, 
1579 — ft. Prof. Law, Bourges, 14 Jul. 1647. 
Commentarii in Institutionum quatuor libros, 
1654. 

Merimee, Jean Francois Louis, painter, 
— fj. at Paris, 1775 — perpetual secretary of 
Academy of Fine Arts, Jan. 1807 — rj. at Paris, 

26 Sep. 1836. De la peinture d I'huile, 1830. 
Merimee, Prosper, litterateur, — fj. at Paris, 

28 Sep. 1803 — Inspector of Ancient Monu- 
ments, i83i, a i834 b — received at French 
Academy, 1844 — Senator, 1853 — Commander of 
Legion of Honour, 12 Apr. i860 — Grand 
Officer, 14 Aug. 1866 — tJ. at Cannes, 2 Oct. 
1870. Theatre de Clara Gazul, 1825 — Guzla, 
1827 — Jacquerie, 1828 — Mosa iq toe, 183 3 — 
Contes et Nouvelles, 1846 — Histoire de Bon 
Pedre L, 1843 — Monuments historiques, 1843 
— Les faux Demetrius, 1854. 

a Vapereau. b Conv.-Lex. 

Merinides, Saracen Dynasty, in N.Africa, 
(Morocco,) — foimded by Abu Yaya Abubekr, 
about (642, a. h.) 1245 — Abu Yussef Yacub, 
brother, succeeds, (657,) 1259 — overthrows 
Empire of the Almohades : makes treaty with 
Caliph of Tunis, 1266 — Abu Yacub Yussef, 
son, (685,) 1286 — assassinated, 1307 — Abu 
Thabet Amer, grandson, (706,) 1307 — Abul 
Bebia, brother, (708,) 1308 — Abusaid Oth- 
man, cousin, (710,) 13 10 — Abul Hasan Ali, 
(731,) 1 33 1 — sends aid to Moors of Spain, 
about (733) 1333 — takes Tlemsen, 1 May 1337 
■ — conquers Tunis, 1347 — but soon loses them 
— Abu Heinan, son, (752,) 1351 — assassin- 
ated — Es Said, infant son, 1357 — Abu Salem, 
(760,) 1359 — Sheikbs revolt and depose him, 
1 36 1 — anarchy — Abdel Aziz, (768,) 1367 — 
occupies Tlemsen, 1370-2 — Mohammed es 
Said, son, (774,) 1372 — Abul Abbas Ahmed, 
son of Abu Salem, 1374 — divides his kingdom 
with Abderrahman of Morocco, 1374 — recon- 
quers the whole, (784,) 1382 — deposed by 
Musa, (788,) 1384— El Montecer, 1384— 



El Wathek Mohammed, (788,) 1386 — Abul 
Abbas, restored, (789,) 1387 — Abul Fares, 
(796,) 1393 — dynasty overthrown by the 
Sherifs, 1550. 

Merino Sheep, — introduced in England by 
George III., 1791. 

Merit, Order of, — in Prussia, instituted by 
Frederick II., 1740. In Wiirtemberg, by Duke 
Charles Eugene, 1759- {Military,) in France, 
instituted by Louis XV., 1759. Li Saxony, by 
Frederick Augustus, 18 15. [Ferdinand, St, 
Order of.] 

Merivale, John Herman, miscellaneous 
writer, — fj. at Exeter, 1779 — called to the bar, 
1805 — Commissioner of Bankruptcy, 1831—11., 
Apr. 1844. Poems, 1841 — translation of Minor 
Poems of Schiller, 1844 — edits Bland's Collec- 
tions from Greek Anthology, 1833. 

Merlin, AntoineChristophe, {de Thionville,) 
— rj. at Thionville, 1762 — deputy to Legislative 
Assembly, 1791 — to Convention, 1792 — retires 
from Council of Five Hundred, 1798— Ij. at 
Paris, 14 Sep. 1833. 

Merlin de Douai, Philippe Antoine, states- 
man, — b. at Arleux, 30 Oct. 1754 — secretary of 
the king, 1782 — deputy to States-General, 1789 
— to Convention, 1792 — member of Committee 
of Public Safety, 1792 — member of Directory, 
1797 — government Commissioner at Court of 
Cassation, Counsellor and Minister of State, 
1799-1814 — Commander of Legion of Honour, 
1804 — Councillor of State, 1806 — if., 26 Dec. 
1838. Pepertoire universel et raisonne de juris- 
prudence, 1777 — Pecueil alphabetique des ques- 
tions de droit, 1804-10. 

Mermet, Julien Augustin Joseph, general, 
— fj. at Quesnoy, 9 May, a Jun. b 1772 — enters 
the army, 1788 — Marechal de Camp, 1795 — 
distinguishes himself at the passage of the 
Tagliamento, 1796 — Lieutenant-general, 1805 
— serves in Spain, 1808 — distinguishes himself 
at attack of Villaboa, Jan. 1809 — a ^ s i e © e of 
Ciudad Kodrigo, 18 10— serves in Italy, 181 3 
— distinguishes himself at affair of the Mincio, 

8 Sep. 1 8 14 — Inspector-general of Cavalry, 
1 8 14 — Chevalier of St Louis, 27 Jun. — Grand 
Officer of Legion of Honour, 23 Aug. — if. at 
Paris, 28 Oct. 1837. 

Merobaudes, — Consul with Gratian, (1130, 
a. tj. c.) 377— with Saturninus, (1136,) 383. 

Merobaudes, Flavius, poet, — succeeds 
Asturius as Master-general of Cavalry and In- 
fantry in Spain, 443. 

Meroveus, Merovingian Kings. [Franks.] 

Merrick, James, poet, theologian, — b., 1720 
— studies at Oxford, 1736-42 — Fellow of Trin. 
Coll., 1744 — if. at Beading, 5 Jan. 1769. 
Poems on Sacred Subjects, 1763 — Metrical 
Translation of the Psalms, 1765. 

Merrimac and Monitor, ironclad war- 
steamers, — combat of the, on James Biver, L T . S., 

9 Mar. 1862 — Merrimac blown up by Confeder- 
ates, 11 May 1862 — Monitor sunk off Cape 
Hatteras, 31 Dec. 1862. 

Mersch. [Vander Mersch.] 

Merseburg, in Saxony, — head of a County, 
before 900 — fortified by Otto I., 922 — Henry 
the Fowler defeats Hungarians at, 934 — seat of 



95? 



MERSENNE— MESSALINUS. 



a bishopric, by Otto I., 968 — line of Counts ex- 
tinct, 1007 — Budolph of Suabia defeated and 
killed by Henry IV., 1080— burnt, 1323, 1387, 
1444, and 1479 — suffers in the Peasants' War, 
1525 — receives the Eeformation, 1543 — resi- 
dence of Duke of Saxe-Merseburg, 1656-1738 
— again burnt, 1662 — taken by French, 29 
Apr. 181 3 — retaken by Gen. Thielmann, 18 
Sep. 1813. 

Mersenne, Marin, mathematician, $c, — ft. 
at Oize, (Maine,) 1588 — ft. at Paris, 1648. 
Harmonie Universelle, 1636. 

Mersey Island, Essex, — occupied by Danes, 

895- 

Merton, in Surrey, — Abbey founded by 
Gilbert Norman, 11 15 — parliament of, held, 
1 136 — abbey surrendered to the king, 1538. 

Merton College, Oxford, — founded by 
"Walter de Merton, 7 Jan. 1264 — further en- 
dowed, 1270 — completed, 1274 — Sexcentenary 
of, celebrated, 1864. 

Merton, Walter de, Chancellor op Eng- 
land, — temporarily appointed, 1258-9 — reap- 
pointed, 5 Jul. 1 26 1 a — superseded, 12 Jul. 
1263 — reinstated, Nov. 1272 — Bp of Rochester, 
20 Jul. i274, a and resigns Great Seal: ft., 
27 Oct. 1277. a [Merton College.] a Foss. 

Merula, Claudio, (da, Correggio,) musical 
composer, — ft., 1532 — organist of St Mark, 
Venice, 1557 — organist to Duke of Parma, 
1584 — ft. at Parma, about 1605. Cantiones 
Sacrce, 1578. 

Merula, Giorgio, classical scholar, — ft. at 
Alessandria, about 1424 — settles at Milan, 
1482 — ft. there, 1494. Editions of Martial, 
1470-2 — of Rei rusticce scriptores, i^r]2 — of 
Plautus, 1472 — Antiquitatis vicecomitum lib. 
X, (between 1499 and 15 12.) 

Merula, L. Cornelius,— [B C] — Consul with 
Q. Minucius Thermus, (561, a. u. c.) 193. 

Merwan. [See Ommiades.] 

Merwaridy, Al, pioet, historian, — ft. near 
Andekan, about 1450 — enters service of Ismael 
Son, 151 1 — ft. near Ispahan, (922, a. h.) Aug. 
1516. 

Mery, Jean, anatomist, — ft., 6 Jan. 1645 — 
surgeon to the Queen of Prance, 168 1 — 
surgeon-major to the Invalides, 1683 — admitted 
to Academy of Sciences, 1684 — charged with 
secret mission to England, 1692 — first surgeon 
of Hotel Dieu, 1700 — ft. at Paris, 3 Nov. 1722. 
Description deV Oreille, 1681 — Observations sur 
la maniere de tailler pour V extraction de la 
pier re, 1700 — Problemes de Physique, 17 n. 

Mery-sur-Seine, — Napoleon defeats Bliicher, 
22 Feb. 1814. 

Mesa. [Mesha.] 

Mesa, Alonzo de, painter, — ft. at Madrid, 
1628— ft. there, 1668. 

Mesa, Christoval de, poet, — ft. in Estrema- 
dura, about 1550 — ft., about 1620. Navas de 
Tolosa, 1594 — Restauracion de Espana, 1607 — 
Patron de Espana, 161 1 — Eneida de Virgilio, 
1 6 15 — Eglogas y Georgicas de Virgilio, 16 18. 

Mesambria, — [B C] — founded by colonists 
from Byzantium and Chalcedon, (01. 70, 4,) 
497. a a Miiller. 

Meschinot, Jean, poet,— ft. at Nantes, about 



1420 — ft., 12 Sep. 149 1. Lunettes des Princes } 
1493- 

Mesha, (Mesa,) King of Moab,— [BC]— 
refuses to pay tribute to Israel, and carries on 
war with Jehoram, about 896 ? [Israel, and 
Jews, wars.] 

Mesmer, Friedrieh Anton, — ft. at Meers- 
burg, Baden, or Itzraang on lake of Constance, 
1734 — M.D. Vienna, 1766— begins study of 
the Magnet, 1772 — goes to Paris, 1778 — quits 
France, 1784 — ft. at Meersburg, 5 Mar. 18 15. 
P>e Planetarum injiuxu, 1766 — Memoir e sur la 
decouverte du magnetisme animal, 1779 — Precis 
historique des faits relatifs au magnetisme ani- 
mal, 17 8 1. 

Mesmerism, — [Mesmer] — originates with 
Anton Mesmer, at Vienna and Paris, 1776-8 — 
investigated and declared an imposture by 
French Commission of Inquiry, 1784 — intro- 
duced into England by Eichard Chenevix, 1826. 

Mesmes, Henri de, statesman, — ft. at Paris, 
1532 — Prof. Law, Toulouse, 1548 — Counsellor 
to Court of Aids, Paris, 1552 — Counsellor of 
State, about 1560 — sent to treat with Pro- 
testants, Aug. 1570 — ft., 1 Aug. 1596. 

Mesmes, Jean Antoine de, Count d'Avatjx, 
— ft. at Paris, 1661 — Counsellor to the Par- 
liament, 1687 — Pres. a mortier, 1688 — admitted 
to French Academy, 17 10 — first Pres. of Par- 
liament of Paris, 1712 — tf., 23 Aug. 1723. 

Mesnager, Nicolas, diplomatist, — ft. at 
Eouen, i665, a May 1658 b — envoy to the 
Hague, 1707 — to London, 171 1 — assists at 
Conferences of Utrecht, Jan. 17 12 — ft. at Paris, 
15 Jun. 17 14. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Mesne Process, Arrest on. [Arrest.] 

Mesolonghi. [Missolonghi.] 

Mesomedes, lyric poet, — §., 145. 

Mesopotamia, — [B C] — conqueredby Thoth- 
mes III., about 1600 a — becomes part of As- 
syrian Empire, i55o, b 1405 c — fully subjugated 
by Assyria, 880 d — conquered by Cyrus, 538 — 
conquered by Alexander, 333 — forms part 
of kingdom of Syria, under Seleucus, 323 
— conquered from Antiochus V. by Parthians, 
160 d — [AD] — conquered by Trajan, and made 
a Eoman province, 115 — relinquished by 
Hadrian, 117 — invaded by Artabanus, 217 — 
entered by Alexander Severus, 232 — occupied 
by Odenathus, 264 — occupied by Cams, 283 — 
ceded by Narses to Galerius, 298 — ravaged by 
Sapor, 338 — invaded by Julian, Apr. 363 — 
given up by Jovian, 363 — ravaged by Sapor, 
338 — [Msibis] — again invaded by Sapor, 359 
— [Amida] — conquered by Chosroes, about 
606-7 — reconquered by Heraclius, 625 — over- 
run by Karmathians, soon after 900 — ravaged 
by Mongols under Houlagou, 1258 — ravaged 
by Timur, 1394— subjugated by Turks, 1648. 
a Lenormant. b Clinton. c Ussher. d Rawlinson. 

Messala, — (1.) Consul with Sabinus, (967, 
A. u. c.) 214. (2.) Consul with Gratus, (1033,) 
280. (3 A Consul with Areobinda, (1259,) 506. 

Messalina. [Messallina.] 

Messalinus, — Consul with Largus, (900, 
a. u. 6.) 147. 

Messalinus, M. Valerius, — [BC] — (1.) 
Consul with L. Corn. Lentulus, (751, a. tj. c.) 



MESSALLA— METELLUS CELER. 



959 



3. [ADj— (2.) Consul with Domitian, (826,) 

73- 
Messalla.CorvinusM.Valerius^ramman^, 

historian, orator, — [BC] — b., 59, a 70 b — joins 
senatorian party, 44 — commands under Cassius 
at Philippi, 42 — joins Antony, 42 — commands 
an army for Octavius, 36 — serves under hini 
at Actium, and made Consul with him, (723, 
a. u. c.) 31 — proconsul in Aquitania, 28-27 — 
prefect of the city, resigns in 6 days, 17 — 3j., 
about 3 to [AD] 3. 

a Euseb. Chron. b Scaliger. 

Messalla, M. Valerius,— [B C]— (1.) Consul 
with L. Apustius Fullo, (528, a. u. c.) 226. 
(2.) Consul \?it\i.Q. Livius Salinator, (566,) 188. 
(3.) Consul with C. Fannius Strabo, (593,) 
161. (4.) Consul with 1ST. Pupius Piso, (693,) 
61. (5.) Consul with Cn. Domitius Calvinus, 
(701,) 53. (6.) Consul with P. Sulpicius 
Quirinus, (742,) 12. [AD] — (7.) Consul with 
M. Aurelius Cotta, (773,) 20. (8.) Consul with. 
Nero, (811,) 58. 

Messalla, M.' Valerius Max. Corvinus, — 
[BC] — Consul with M.' Otacilius Crassus, (491, 
a. u. c.) 263 — commands in Sicilian campaign, 
relieves Messana: censor, 252. 

Messallina, Valeria, — marries Claudius, 
before 41 — put to death, aut. 48.* a Clinton. 

Messana. [Messina.] 

Messapia, — [B C] — Artas aids Demosthenes 
against Sicily, 413. 

^Messenian Wars, — [BC] — First: begins, 
(01. 9, 2,) 743 a b c — Ithome taken, war con- 
cluded by Theopompus, king of Sparta, (01. 
14, 1,) 724-3,* 725^ Second: begins, 679^ 
(01. 23, 4,) 685,b (01. 24, 4,) 668/ about (01. 
30,) 660 a — Pantaleon, king of Pisa, joins Mes- 
senians, probably 674-2^ about 680 b — ends, 
662, e 657, a 679. b Third: takes place, 49o. e 
Fourth : revolt of Messenian Helots, (01. 78, 
4,) 465 a — battle and siege of Ithome, 464 a — 
Ithome surrenders, (01. 81, 2,) 455 s — Mes- 
senians expelled, receive Naupactus from Tol- 
mides, 455 — restored at Theban invasion, be- 
ginning 369 — included in general peace, 361. 

a Muller. b Pausan. c Euseb. d Hieron. 
e Clinton. f Corsini. 

Messenius, Johan, historian, — fc. in Sweden, 
1584 — prisoner of state in Finland, 1616-35 — 
if. at Uleo, 7 Feb. 1637. Scandia illustrata, 
1710-14. 

Messier, Charles, astronomer, — b. in Lor- 
raine, 26 Jun. 1730 — goes to Paris, 1751 — 
admitted to Academy of Sciences, 1770 — 
member of Institute, 1795 — tf. at Paris, 12 
Apr. 1 817. 

Messina, in Sicily, [Messana, Zancle,) — [B C] 
— taken from Ionians by Anaxilaos and so 
named, 493 a — taken and destroyed by Car- 
thaginians, 396 — rebuilt by Dionysius, 396 — 
subject to Agathocles, about 312 — seized by 
the Mamertini, 282 — taken possession of by 
Carthaginians, under Hanno, 264 — by Romans, 
under App. Claudius, 264 — [AD] — taken by 
Saracens, about 830 — byManiaces,the Catapan, 
1038 — stormed by Roger Guiscard, 1060 — 
• — Richard I. and crusaders land at, Sep. 1190 
—assaulted and captured by him, 4 Oct. 1190 



— conquered by Emperor Henry YL, 1194 — 
threatened by Markwald, 1202 — blockaded by 
Pisans, 1204 — embarkation of crusaders at, 
1217 — Frederick II. holds a court at, 122 1 — 
sedition at, 1232 — cruelly suppressed by Fred- 
erick II., 1233 — another court held by him, 
Jan. 1234 — crusaders at, 1239 — new eastle 
built, 1240 — siege of, by Charles of Anjou, 
formed, 16 Jul. 1282 — raised by Pedro of 
Aragon and Roger de Loria, Sep. 1282 — entry 
of Pedro, 2 Oct. — unsuccessfully besieged by 
Robert, Duke of Calabria, 1300 — declares for 
Matteo Palice, 1353 — submits to Louis, king 
of Naples, Nov. 1356 — entry of Louis and his 
queen Joanna, 24 Dec. — recovered by Fred- 
erick, king of Sicily, soon after : submits to 
Louis XIV., 1673 — Duquesne defeats Ruyter 
near, 8 Jan. 1676 — seized by Spaniards, 17 18 
— evacuated by them, summer 1720 — ravaged 
by plague, 1743 — earthquakes at, spring 1783 
and May 1792 — devastated by inundation, 1823 
— disturbances at, 1 and 2 Sep. 1847 — joins in 
insurrection of Sicily, 1848 — bombarded by 
Gen. Filangieri, 2-7 Sep. 1848 — taken, 7 Sep. 
— state of siege proclaimed, 28 Mar. 1849 — 
occupied by Garibaldians, 28 Jul. i860 — 
citadel blockaded by Sardinians, 7 Mar. 1863 — 
capitulates, 1 2 Mar. — Victor Emmanuel re- 
ceived at, 11 May 1862. a Muller. 

Metaphrastes, Symeon, (Magister,)Byzantine 
historian, — ambassador to Arabs from Leo VI.. 
902 — to Arabs in Thessalonica, 904 — if., after 
911. 

Metapontum, in Italy, — [B C] — founded by 
Achseans and Crissseans, (01. 1, 3,) 774.* 
a Euseb. 

Metastasio, (Fietro Buonaventura Trapassi,} 
poet, — b. at Rome, 3, a 6 b Jan. 1698— settles at 
Naples, 17 21 — poet-laureate, Vienna, 1729 — 
tf. there, 12 Apr. 1782. Fidone Abbandonata, 
1724 — Olimpiade, Liberia, 1733 — Clemenza di 
Tito, 1734. a Sismondi. b Biog. Univ. 

Metaurus,The, — [B C] — Hasdrubal defeated 
and slain by Consuls Claudius Nero and Livius 
Salinator, 207. 

Metcalfe, Charles Theophilus, Lord,— ft. in 
Berkshire, 30 Jan. 1785 — cadet in E. India 
Company's service, 1800 — envoy to Court of 
Lahore, 1808 — private secretary to Governor- 
general, 1 8 19 — resident at Court of the Nizam, 
1820 — succeeds his brother in Baronetcy, 1822 
— member of Supreme Council, 1827 — Pres. 
Board of Revenue, Jul. 1828 — Deputy-governor 
of Fort William, Nov. 1830 — Pres. Agra, 1834 
— Provisional Governor-general of India, 1835-6 
— G.C.B., 1836 — Governor of Jamaica, 1838 
— Governor-general of Canada, 1842 — created 
Baron Metcalfe, 1845 — returns to England, 
1845 — fr., 12 Sep. 1846. 

Metellus Balearicus, Q,. Csecilius, — [BC] — 
Consul with T. Quincvius Flamininus, (631, 
a. u. c.) 123 — subjugates Balearic Islands: 
censor, 120. 

Metellus Calvus, L. Caacilius,— [B C]— Con- 
sul with Q. Fabius Maximus Servilianus, (612, 
a. u. 0.) 142. 

Metellus Celer, Q. Caecilius, — [B C]— le.^a- 
tus to Pompey in Asia, 66 — prsetor, 63— pre- 



960 



METELLUS CRETICUS— METIUS. 



vents execution of Rabirius ; proconsul in Cis- 
alpine Gaul, 62 — Consul with L. Afranius, 
(694, a. u. c.) 60 — imprisoned for opposing 
agrarian law of Flavius ; tf., 59. 

Metellus Creticus, Q. Caecilius, — [BC] — 
Consul with Q,. Hortensius, (685, A. u. c.) 69 
— proconsul, subjugates Crete, 68-66 — tri- 
umphs, 62. 

Metellus Dalmaticus, L. Caecilius,— [BC] 
— Consul with L. Aurelius Cotta, (635, a. u. c.) 
119 — subdues Dalmatians : censor, 115 — living, 
100. 

Metellus Diadematus, L. Caecilius, — [BC] 
— Comulwitb. Q. Mucius Scaevola, (637, a. u. c.) 
117. 

Metellus, L. Caecilius,— [B C]— Consul with 
C. Furius Pacilus, (503, a. tj. c.) 251 — defeats 
Hasdrubal at Panormus ; mag. equit. to A. 
Atilius Calatinus, 249 — Consul with M. Fabius 
Buteo, (507,) 247 — Pontif. Max., 243 — blinded 
on rescuing Palladium from temple of Vesta on 
fire, 241 — dictator to hold comitia, 224 — tf., 
before 221. 

Metellus, L. Caecilius,— [BC]— (1.) Consul 
with C. Servilius Tacca, (470, a. tj. c.) 284— 
praetor, in Gaul, defeated by Senones and slain 
at Arretium, 283. (2.) praetor, 71 — pro- 
praetor in Sicily, expels pirates, 70 — Consul 
with Q. Marius Rex, (686,) 68— tf., early in 68. 

Metellus Macedonicus, Q. Caecilius, — [B C] 
— serves under iEmilius Paullus in Macedonia, 
168 — prsetor, 148 — defeats and takes Andriscus : 
defeats Critolaos, Achaean strategus, at Scarpheia, 
146 — Cousul with Ap. Claudius Pulcher, (611, 
a. u. c.) 143 — conducts war against Viriathus 
in Hither Spain, 143-2 — Censor with Q. Pom- 
peius, (both plebeians, first instance,) 131 — tf., 

"5- 

Metellus, M. Caecilius, — [B C] — Consul with 
M. JEmilius Scaurus, (639, a. u. c.) 115 — 
proconsul in Sardinia, 114 — suppresses insur- 
rection: triumphs, 113. 

Metellus Nepos, Q. Caecilius, — [B C] — lega- 
tus to Pompey, 67-64 — trib. pleb., from 10 Dec. 
63 — attacks Cicero : retires to Pompey, 62 — 
prsetor, 60 — Consul with P. Corn. Lentulus 
Spinther, (697, a. u. c.) 57 — proconsul in 
Hither Spain, 56— tf., 55. 

Metellus Numidicus, Q. Caecilius, — [BC] 
— Consul with M. Junius Silanus, (645, a. tj. c.) 
1 09 — defeats Jugurtha on the Merthul : pro- 
consul, conducts Jugurthinewar,io8 — triumphs, 
107 — censor with Metellus Caprarius, 102 — 
entrapped by Marius, opposes Saturninus' agra- 
rian law, 100 — retires to Rhodes, 100 — recalled, 

99- 

Metellus Pius, Q. Caecilius, — [BC] — serves 
under his father in Jugurthine war, 109-8 — 
promotes recall of his father, 99 — praetor, 
commands in Social War, 89-8-7 — goes to 
Africa, 87— joins Sulla, 83 — defeats Carbo, 82 
• — Consul with Sulla, (674, a. u. c.) 80 — pro- 
consul in Spain, conducts war against Sertorius, 
79-71 — tf., about 63. 

Metellus Pius Scipio, Q. Caecilius, — [B C] 
• — trib. pleb., 59 — defended by Cicero : made 
colleague in consulship by Pompey, 1 Aug. 52 — 
proconsul in Syria, 49 — commands under Pom- 



pey at Pharsalia, 48 — defeated by Caesar at 
Thapsus, Apr. 46 — kills himself in flight. ' 

Metellus, Q. Caecilius, — [BC] — Consul with 
L. Veturius Philo, (548, a. u. c.) 206. 

Meteorological Department of Board of 
Trade, in England, — instituted, about 1861. 

Meteorological Society, — London, estab- 
lished, about 1853 — Paris, 1853. 

Meteren, Emmanuel van, historian, — 6. at 
Antwerp, 1535 — tf. in England, 8 Apr. 1612. 
History of the Netherlands, 1597. 

Metherie, Jean Claude de la, naturalist, fyc.', 
— 6. in Maconnais, 1743 — Assistant Prof. 
Natural History, Coll. de France, 1801 — tf., 1 
Jul. 1 817. Edits Journal de physique, 1785- 
1817. 

Methodist Episcopal Church, United States, 
— founded at New York, 1766. 

Methodist New Connexion, — originates, 
1797. 

Methodists, Calvinistic, — under Whitfield, 
separate from Wesleyans, about 1752. Welsh, 
societies of, originated by Howel Harris, about 
1736. 

Methodists, Primitive, — sect of, founded by 
Hugh Bourne, 18 10. 

Methodists, Wesleyan, — [Wesley, John]— 
form a separate society, 1738. Conference, 
first held, 1744 — formally constituted by Wes- 
ley's Deed of Declaration, 1784. 

Methodius, the Confessor, Patriarch or 
Constantinople, — h., before 800 — envoy to 
the pope in behalf of deposed patriarch Nice- 
phorus, 815— imprisoned on his return by Em- 
peror Michael, 820 — appointed patriarch on 
deposition of John VII. by Theodora, 12 Feb. 
842 — presides at Council of Constantinople and 
reestablishes image worship, 19 Feb. — tf-, 14 
Jun. 846. 

Methodius, (Patarensis, Eubulius,) Bp op 
Tyre, — writes against Origen, before 308 — 
suffers martyrdom at Chalcis in Syria, 312. 

Methodius, Apostle op the Sclavonians, 
painter, — procures liberation of Cyrillus in 
Bulgaria, and converts Bogoris, about 853-862 
— with Cyrillus preaches in Moravia, between 
862-8 — Abp of Moravia, (Pannonia,) about 868- 
70 — cited to Bome by John VIII. for using 
vulgar tongue in Church services, 879— satisfies 
the pope and is confirmed in his see, 879 — 
again cited to Bome, 881 — tf., about 900. 

Methone, — [B C] — Philip of Macedonia de- 
feats Argaaus at, before mids. 359. 

Methuen Treaty, — for regulation of com- 
merce between England and Portugal, conclud- 
ed, 6 May 1703 — annulled by supplementary 
treaty, 1835. 

Methuselah, — [BC] — £., sum. 3317^ 345i b 
— birth of Lamech, sum. 3i3o a — tf., aut. 2349.* 
a Ussher. b Clinton. 

Methymna, in Zesbos, — [B C] — Aristonicus, 
tyrant, put to death, 332. 

Metis, asteroid, — discovered by Graham, 25 
Apr. 1848. 

Metius, (Metzu,) Adrian, mathematician, — ft. 
at Alkmaar, 157 1 — Prof. Mathematics, Frane- 
ker, 1598 — tf. there, 1635. Doctrina sphericce 
lib. V., 1598 — Univ. astronom. institutio, 1606. 



METIUS— METZ. 



961 



Metius, Jacob, — invents refracting tele- 
scope ? about 1608. 

Metochita, Georgius, theologian, — ft., about 
1283. 

Metochita, Theodorus, theologian,— grand 
logothete, by Andronicus tbe Elder, 13 14 — 
exiled by Andronicus tbe Younger, 1328 — rj., 
1332. 

Meton, mathematician, — [BC] — observes 
solstice of Atbens, invents and applies bis 
Cycle, about (01. 87, 1,) 432 — living, 415. 

Metonic Cycle, — [BC] — begins, 27 Jun. 
43 2 - 

Metra, — invented by Mackworth, about 
1858. 

Metric System, of weights and measures,-r- 
in France, adopted by law of (18 Germinal, an 
III.) 7 Apr. 1795 — declared exclusively legal, 
from 1 Jan. 1840. In England, proposed in 
parliament by Sir Jobn "Wrottesley, 25 Feb. 
1824— recommended by Commission of 1838, in 
Eeport, 21 Dec. 1841 — again proposed by Sir 
J. Bowring, 1847 — recommended by Committee 
of House of Commons, 1853 — Commission of 
Inquiry appointed, 1853 — use of, permitted by 
Act 27 and 28 Vic. c. 117, 29 Jul. 1864. In 
Brazil, adopted, 1862 (to be compulsory from 
1872). In United States, permitted by Act of 
Congress, Jun. 1866. In Austria, introduced, 
1867. 

Metrodoros, Pythagorean philosopher, — [B C] 
— fl., about 460. 

Metrodoros, Epicurean philosopher, — [B C] 
— &., 330— rj., 277. 

Metrodoros, of Chios, philosopher, physician, 
— [B C] — £JL, about 330. 

Metrodoros, of Scepsis, philosopher, $c, — 
[BC]— Tj., 70. 

Metronome, — invented by Maelzel, about 
1814. 

Metrophanes, theologian, — Bp of Smyrna, 
opposes Photius, and is deposed and imprisoned, 
after 858 — recovers bis see, before 869 — de- 
posed by Pbotius, 879 — excommunicated, 880. 

Metropolitan. [Board of Works, Cattle- 
market, Police.] 

Metropolitan Kailway, — opened, Jan. 
1863. 

Metropolitans, Ecclesiastical, — establish- 
ment of, confirmed by Council of Nice, 325. 

Metternich, Clemens Wenzel Nepomuk 
Lothar, Prince von, statesman, — fj. at Cob- 
lentz, 15 May 1773 — studies at Strasburg, 
1788 — visits Holland and England, 1794 — at- 
tends Congress of Bastadt, 1797— ambassador 
to Dresden, 1801 — to Berlin, 1803-4 — and to 
Paris, 1806 — signs Treaty of Fontainebleau, 
1807 — Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 
1809 — conducts Archduchess Maria Louisa to 
Paris, 1 8 10 — takes part in conferences of 
Dresden and Prague, 1 812-13 — negotiates 
Grand Alliance, signed at Toplitz, 9 Sep. 1813 
—Prince of the Empire, 18 Oct. — signs Treaty 
of Paris, 30 May 18 14 — Pres. of Congress of 
Vienna, 18 14- 15 — signs second Treaty of Paris, 
20 Nov. 1 8 15 — plenipotentiary to Congress of 
Aix-la-Chapelle, 181 8 — Chancellor of State, 
1 821 — attends Congress of Verona, Oct. to Dec. 



1822 — resigns office, 13 Mar. 1848 — in Eng- 
land, 1848 to Nov. 1849— tf. at Vienna, 5 Jun. 
1859. 

Metternich - Winneburg, Franz Georg 
Joseph Carl von, Prince, statesman,— b. at 
Coblentz, 9 Mar. 1746 — ambassador to the 
Netberlands, Jan. 1791-5 — Chevalier of the 
Golden Fleece, 1795— plenipotentiary to Con- 
gress of Eastadt, 1797 — Prince of the Empire, 
1803 — rj. at Vienna, 11 Aug. 1818. 

Mettray, in France, — Reformatory of, estab- 
lished by Demetz, 1839. 

Mettrie, Julien Offray de la, physician, §c, 
— b. at St Malo, 25 Dec. 1709 — retires to 
Leyden, 1746 — goes to Berlin, 1748 — fr. there, 
11 Nov. 1 75 1. (Euvres de medecine, 1755 — 
Histoire naturelle de V Ame, 1745 — If Homme 
Machine, 1 848 — Politique du Medecin, de 
Machiavel, 1746, condemned by parliament 
of Paris to be burnt by the hangman, 9 Jul. 
1746 — Oitvrage de Penelope, 1748. 

Metz, in France, {Bivodurum, Mediomatrici, 
Metis,) — partly destroyed by troops of Vitellius, 
70 — seized by Chrochus, 282 a — destroyed by 
Attila, 452 — capital of kingdom of Metz or 
Austrasia, 5 1 1 — included in kingdom of Lor- 
raine, 843 — pillaged by Hungarians, 953 — 
capital of Lower Lorraine, 959 a — free Imperial 
town, 985 b — declares itself independent, 1 153 a 
—-unsuccessfully besieged by Abp of Treves, 
King of Bohemia, and Duke of Lorraine, Nov. 
1324 — pacification effected by mediation of the 
Emperor, 1 354 — contribution levied on, by 
Grand Companies, 1365 — threatened by Duke 
of Lorraine, 1372 — ravaged by plague, 1390 
and 1400 — besieged by Bene of Lorraine and 
Charles VII. of France, Nov. 1444 to 29 Feb. 
1445 — refuses to submit to Louis XL, May 
1464 — unsuccessfully attacked by Duke of 
Lorraine, 9 Apr. 1473 — peace concluded by 
mediation of Emperor Maximilian, 20 May 1493 
— ravaged by plague, 1496, 1508, 15 17, and 
15 1 8 — its privileges ratified by Charles V., 15 
Feb. 152 1 — conquered by Henry II. of France, 
Apr. 1552 — besieged by Charles V., 31 Oct. 
1552 — defended by Duke of Guise, and siege 
raised, Jan. 1553 — parliament of, established 
by Louis XIII., 1633 a — annexed to France by 
Treaty of Westphalia, 1648 — head-quarters of 
Napoleon III., 28 Jul. to 14 Aug. 1870 — in- 
vested by Germans, Marshal Bazaine besieged 
in, from 23 Aug. — sortie repulsed, 26 Aug. — 
Marshal Bazaine defeated by Prince Frederick 
Charles of Prussia, 31 Aug and 1 Sep. — sorties 
repulsed, 23, 24, and 27 Sep. — great sortie re- 
pulsed, 6-7 Oct. — capitulates, with army of 
Bazaine, to Prince Frederick Charles, 27 Oct. 
— occupied by Germans, 28 Oct. — ceded to Ger- 
many by Treaty of Versailles, 26 Feb. 1871. 
Cathedral, commenced, 1014 — completed, 1546. 
Councils of, Oct. 590 ; 753 — to conclude peace 
between Charles the Bald, Lothaire, and Louis 
the German, 28 May 859 — respecting marriage 
of King Lothaire, Jun. 863— held by Hincmar, 
for coronation of Charles the Bald, as King of 
Lorraine, 9 Sep. 869— on discipline, 1 May 
888. Treaties of between Charles IV., Duke of 
Lorraine, and Louis XL for cession of Duchies 
61 



962 



METZ— MEXICO. 



of Lorraine and Bar, concluded, 6 Feb. 1662° 

— for cession of forte-ess of Marsal, 31 Aug. 

l663. c a Encyc. Mod. b Chambers' Encyc. 

c Univers Pittoresque. 

Metz, Claude Berbier du, general, — b. in 
Champagne, 1 Apr. 1638 — enters the army, 
1654 — assists at sieges of Tournai, Douai, and 
Lille, 1667 — commander of artillery in Flan- 
ders, 1668 — governor of Lille, 1676 — distin- 
guishes himself at siege of Valenciennes, 1677 
— wounded at battle of St Denis, 1679 — go- 
vernor of Gravelines, 1684 — Lieutenant-ge- 
neral, 1688 — falls at battle of Fleurus, 1 Jul. 
1690. 

Metz, Conrad Martin, engraver, — b. at 
Bonn, 1755 — in England, about 1781-1801 — 
settles at Home, 1801 — tf. there, 1827. 

Metzger, Johann Daniel, physician, — b. at 
Strasburg, 1739 — ^ r0 ^ Anatomy, Konigsberg, 
1777— tf. there, 1805. 

Metzu. [Metius.] 

Metzu, Gabriel, painter, — b. at Leyden, 
1615 — living, 1664. a a Nagler. 

Meulen, Anthony Francis van der, painter, 
— b. at Brussels, 1634 — member of French 
Academy of Painting, 1673 — tf. at Paris, 1690. 

Meung, (Mehun,) Jean de, (Clopinel,) poet, 
— b. near Orleans, about 1250^ 1280 b — com- 
pletes the Roman de la Rose, and tf. at Paris, 
between 1310-22,* about i364. c 
[ a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Bees' Cyc. 

Meunier, Hugues Alexandre Joseph, ge- 
neral, — b. at Monti ouis, Pyrenees- Orientales, 
23 Nov. 1758 — enters the army, 1768 — at 
siege of Gibraltar, 1782 — Chevalier of St 
Louis, 1 79 1 — General of Brigade, serves in 
Holland, 1793 ■ — Commander of Legion of 
Honour, 1804 — Director of Military School of 
St Cyr, 1 812-14 — Lieutenant-general, Aug. 
1814 — tf. at Poitiers, Feb. 1832. 

Meursius, John, antiquary, §c, — b. near the 
Hague, 1579 — Prof. History, Leyden, 1610 — 
Prof. Greek, 161 1 — Prof. History, Academy of 
Sora, 1625 — tf. there, 20 Sep. 1639. Glossa- 
rium Grceco-barbarum, 1614 — Rerum Belgica- 
rum lib. primus, 161 2 — Opera historica, 1638. 

Meusel, Johann Georg, bibliographer^ — b. 
in Franconia, 1743 — studies at Gbttingen, 
1764-6 — Prof. History, Erfurt, 1769 — Erlan- 
gen, 1780 — tf. there, 19 Sep. 1820. Biblio- 
theca historica, 178271804 — Gelehrte Teutsch- 
lancl, 1796 — Deutsches Kunstlerlexikon, 1778 
■ — Anleitung zur Kenntniss der Europ. Staaten- 
historie, 1775. 

Meusnier, Jean Baptiste Marie, natural 
philosopher, — b. at Tours, 19 Jun. 1754 — ad- 
mitted to Academy of Sciences, about 1784 — 
General of Division, 1792 — tf. near Cassel, 13 
Jun. 1793. 

Mewa,r, (Oodeypoor,)mHindt(stan, — [Chitor] 
—kingdom of, founded by Senas, expelled from 
Guzerat, after 524 — Rajput dominion reestab- 
lished in, by Hamir Sing, 13 16 — wars of 
Ahmed and Kutb of Guzerat, against Mokal, 
about 1425 and 1450 — wars of Mahmud I. of 
Malwa against Kumbho Sing, 1443-58 — 
Sangu adds parts of Malwar, head of Rajput 
princes, after 1519 — war with Mozaffer II. of 



Guzerat, 1519-20 — defeated at Sikri, by 
Baber, 16 Mar. 1527 — Rattan Sing, ally of 
Bahadur, Shah of Guzerat, against Malwa, 
153 1 — Bahadur at war with Vicrama jit, Nov. 
1534 (1532) — submits to Shir Shah, 1544-5 — 
conquered by Akber, 1568 — submits to Je- 
hanghir, 16 13 — ravaged by Mahrattas and 
Pindarees, 1806-17— treaty with British, 181 8. 

Mewat, in Hindustan, — insurrection in, put 
down by Bulbun, (657, a. h.) 1259 — another 
put down by Bulbun, and forests cleared, (665,) 
1266 — reduced by Baber, 1527 — Mirza As- 
kari governor, 1530. 

Mexia, (Messie,) Pietro, historian, — b. at 
Seville, about 1490 — tf., about 1552. Silva de 
varia lecbion, 1542 — Historia imp>erialy cesarea 
desde Julio Cesare hasta Maximiliano, 1546. 

Mexican Expedition, — intervention of 
France, England, and Spain in affairs of 
Mexico, agreed to by Convention of 31 Oct. 
1 861 — first division of Spanish expedition 
arrives at Vera Cruz, 7 Dec. — fortress of San 
Juan de Ulloa taken possession of, 17 Dec. 

1862 : British and French squadrons arrive, 
6 Jan. — ultimatum of allies sent to Juarez, 14 
Jan. — occupation of Tehuacan, Cordova, and 
Orizaba by allies, agreed to by Generals Prim 
and Doblado, 19 Feb. — conference of allies at 
Orizaba, the French refuse to treat with Juarez, 
English and Spaniards withdraw from expedi- 
tion, 9 Apr. — declaration of war by France, 1 6 
Apr.— defeat of Mexicans, 18 Apr. — French 
enter Orizaba, 20 Apr. — repulse of French 
before Puebla, 5 May — Gen. Marquez defeats 
Mexicans and joins the French, 18 May — 
Vera Cruz revolts against Juarez and appoints 
Almonte President, 3 Jun. — French reinforce- 
ment arrives, 28 Aug. — arrival of Gen. Forey, 
25 Sep. — he deprives Almonte and dissolves his 
government by decree of 2 Oct. — Mexicans 
driven from Palmar and St Andres, plateau of 
Anahuac occupied by French, 4 Dec. 

1863: bombardment of Acapulco, Jan. — 
body of negro slaves furnished to Napoleon 
III. by Viceroy of Egypt for embarkation to, 
Jan. — investment of Puebla, 23 Mar. — occupa- 
tion of city of Mexico, 10 Jun. — empire pro- 
claimed by Council of Notabilities, 10 Jul. 
[Maximilian, Emperor op Mexico] — 
blockade of coasts of Gulf by French, Oct. — 
raised, by decree of Maximilian, 29 Jul. 1 864 
— defeat of Mexicans by French near Dura n go 
and Matamoros occupied, close of Sep. 1864 
— Mazatlan occupied, 13 Nov. 1864 — sur- 
render of Oajaca to Marshal Bazaine, 9 Feb. 
1 865 — Papal envoy recalled by Pius IX., 2 Jun. 
1865 — republic declared to be ended by 
national will, 2 Oct. 1865 — intention of 
Napoleon to withdraw, announced, 5 Apr. 1866 
— defeat of Liberals by Imperialists, before 
Acapulco, 22 Jul. 1866 — evacuation of Mon- 
terey by French, 25 Jul. 1866 — unsuccessful 
mission of Empress Charlotte to Napoleon 
III., Aug. 1866 — mission of Gen. Castelnauto, 
Oct. 1866 — evacuation of country by French, 
complete, 16 Mar. 1867. 

Mexico,— settlement of Aztees in, 1160 — 
forms a kingdom 1352 — discovered by Fran- 



MEXICO— MICHAEL I. 



9 6 3 



cisco Hernandez Cordova, 15 17 — coast further 
explored by Grijalva, 15 18 — conquest of, by 
Hernan Cortez, 15 19-21 — [Montezuma] — 
forms part of New Spain, under government 
of viceroys, 1540 — insurrection headed by 
Hidalgo y Castilla, against Spanish govern- 
ment, 1 8 10 — Junta formed by Morelos, 1811 — 
National Assembly constituted, declaration of 
Independence, 1 3 Nov. 1 8 1 3 — insurrection 
suppressed by Viceroy Venegas, and Morelos 
shot, Nov. 1 8 15 — unsuccessful attempt of Don 
Xavier Mina to renew insurrection, 18 17 — 
proposal of Iturbide for independence of, 
issued, 24 Feb. 1821 — empire, under Iturbide, 
May 1822 — Inquisition abolished, 1822 — 
federal republic, Mar. 1823 — [Santa Anna] 
— revolt of Texas, 1835 — war with France, 
1838— war with United States, 1845 — peace 
concluded, with loss of Texas, California, Utah, 
and New Mexico, Feb. 1848 — new constitu- 
tion under Santa Anna adopted, 7 Feb. 1853 — 
convention between England, France, and 
Spain for combined intervention, signed in 
London, 31 Oct. 1861 — [Mexican Expedition] 
— empire under Maximilian, 1 863 — restoration 
of republic under Juarez, 1867. 

Mexico, city, (Tenochtitlan,) founded by 
Aztecs, 1325 — besieged and taken by Cortez, 
152 1 — the great canal, {Besague of Huehuetoca,) 
commenced, 1607 — bombarded by Americans 
under Gen. Scott, 14-15 Sep. 1847 — taken by 
him, 16 Sep. — evacuated by Mexican garrison, 
30 May 1863 — occupied by French, 10 Jun. — 
entered by Maximilian, Jun. 1864 — siege of, 
by Juarists, formed, 12 Apr. 1867— taken, 20 
Jun. — reentered by Juarez, 16 Jul. University 
of, founded, 155 1. 

Meyer, Conrad, painter, engraver, — ft. at 
Zurich, 1618 — tf. there, 1689. 

Meyer, Felix, painter, — b. at Winterthur, 
Switzerland, 1653 — tf. at Widen, near Husen, 

i7!3- 

Meyer, Jacob, {Baliolanus,) historian, — b. 
in Flanders, 149 1 — tf. there, 1552. Flandri- 
carum rerum decas, 15 31 — Chronicon Flandrice, 
1538. 

Meyer, Johann Heinrich, painter, writer on 
art, — b. in Zurich, 16 Mar. 1759 — meets 
Goethe at Rome, 1786 — settles at Weimar, 
1797 — Director of Academy of Fine Arts, 1807 
■ — tf. at Jena, 14 Oct. 1832. Edits Works of 
Winckelmann, 1808-20 — Geschichte der bilden- 
den Kvnste bei den Griechen, 1824 — Geschichte 
der bildenden Kilnste bei den Griechen und R6- 
mern, 1836. 

Meyer, Jonas Daniel, jurist, — b. at Arnheim, 
1780 — secretary of Commission charged to 
prepare fundamental law of the Netherlands, 
1815— tf. at Amsterdam, 6 Dec. 1834. Esprit, 
origine, et pr ogres des institutions judiciaires des 
principaux pays deV Europe, 181 8. 

Meyerbeer, Jacob, {Giacomo,) musical com- 
poser, — b. at Berlin, 5 Sep. 1794 — tf. at Paris, 
1 May 1864 — buried at Berlin, 9 May. Fills 
dc Jephte, 1 8 14 — Crociato in Fgitto, 1824 — 
Robert le Eiable, 1831 — Huguenots, 1833 — 
Frophete, 1849 — Etoile du Nord, 1854 — J)i- 
norah, 1859 — Africaine, 1865. 



Meynier, Charles, painter, — b. at Paris, 24 
Nov. 1759 — obtains grand prize of the Aca- 
demy, 1789 — studies at Rome, 1789-93 — mem- 
ber of Academy of Fine Arts, 18 15 — Prof, at 
Royal Schools, 1 818— member of Legion of 
Honour, 1822 — tf., 6 Sep. 1832. 

Meyr, Melchior, miscellaneous writer, — b. 
near Nordlingen, 28 Jun. 18 10 — goes to Ber- 
lin, 1840 — returns to Munich, 1852 — tf., 22 
Apr. 187 1. Die poetischen Richtungen unserer 
Zeit, 1838 — Erzdhlungen aus dem Ries, 1856 
and i860 — Gott und sein Reich, i860 — Novellen, 
1863 — Emilie, 1863 — Gesprdche mit einem 
Grobian, 1866. 

Meyrick, Sir Samuel Rush, antiquary, — b. 
in London, 26 Aug. 1783 — F.S.A., 1810 — 
K.H., 1832 — tf. at Goodrich Court, 2 Apr. 
1848. Costume of original Inhabitants of the 
British Islands, 18 14 — Critical Inquiry into 
Ancient Armour, 1824 — takes part in Fos- 
broke's Encyclopedia of Antiquities, 1823-5 — 
Lewis Ewnn's Heraldic Visitation of Wales, 
1846. 

Meyrick Collection, of Armour, §c„ — formed 
by Sir S. R. Meyrick, and exhibited at Good- 
rich Court, Herefordshire, before 1830 — lent 
for exhibition at S. Kensington Museum, Dec. 
1868. 

Meyssens, Cornelisz, engraver, — b. at Ant- 
werp, 1646 — tf., 1672.* Effigies imperatorum 
domus Austriacm, 1662. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Meyssens, Jan, painter, engraver, — b. at 
Brussels, 1612 — tf-, about 1672. a 
a Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Mezerai, Francois Eudes de, historian, — b. 
near Argenteau, 16 10 — admitted to French 
Academy, about 1646 — tf., 10 Jul. 1683. 
FListoire de France, 1643-51 — Abre'ge chrono- 
logique de Vhistoire de France, 1668. 

Mezieres, {in the Ardennes,) in France, 
founded, 847 — besieged and taken by Count de 
Bethel, 940 — by Abp of Rheims, 977 — be- 
sieged by Count of Nassau, and successfully 
defended by Bayard, 152 1 — bombarded, and 
occupied by Prussians, 1815. 

Mezzofanti, Giuseppe Caspare, Cardinal, 
Librarian of the Vatican, linguist,— b. at 
Bologna, 17 Sep. 1774 — priest, Prof. Arabic, 
1797 — Prof. Oriental Languages, keeper of Pub- 
lic library, 1803 — Assistant Librarian to the 
Univ., 1 8 1 2— restored to the Professorship, 1 814 
— Chief Librarian, 1815— settles at Rome, 1831 
— Librarian of the Vatican, 1833 — Cardinal, 
13 Feb. 1838— tf. at Rome, 15 Mar. 1849. 

Mezzotinto, method of engraving, — invented 
and practised by Von Siegen, as early as 1642 
— practised by Prince Rupert, 1658— by Sir 
Christopher Wren, 1662. 

Micah, Jewish prophet— [B C] — prophesies, 
759-699. a a Ussher. 

Micali, Giuseppe, arclmologist,—b. at Leg- 
horn, about 1770 — ti. at Florence, 28 Mar. 
1 844. E Italia avanti il dominio dei Romani, 
1 8 IO — Storia degli antiehi Popoli Italiani, 1832 
— Monumenti antiehi, 1 844. 

Michael I., Rhangabe, Emperor of the 
East, (81 1-8 13.) — master of the palace to Stau- 
racius, before 811 — deposes and succeeds him, 
61 * 



9 6 4 



MICHAEL II.— MICHAELIS. 



2 Oct. 8n — carries on war with Crum of Bul- 
garia, 812-13 — deposed by Leo the Armenian, 
10 Jul. 813 — becomes a monk, and tf. about 

845- 

Michael II., the Stammerer, Emperor of 
the East, (820-829,) — created patrician by Leo 
the Armenian, 8 1 3 — conspires against him and 
is sentenced to be burnt alive, Dec. 820 — made 
Emperor, 25 Dec. 820 — persecutes Catholics, 
821 — besieged in Constantinople by Thomas, 
821-3 — defeats him, spring 823 — puts him to 
death, Oct. 823 — loses Crete to the Saracens, 
824 — loses Sicily, 827 — tf., 1 Oct. 829. 

Michael III., the Drunkard, Emperor or 
the East, (842-867,)—!)., 836 P-839? — suc- 
ceeds his father, Theophilus, under Regency of 
Theodora, 20 Jan. 842 — instigated by Bardas, 
imprisons Theodora, 857 — leaves government 
to Bardas : war with Arabs, 858-862 — gets 
Bardas assassinated, 21 .Apr. 866 — associates 
in the empire Basilius the Macedonian, 26 May 
866 — assassinated by Basilius, 24 Sep. 867. 

Michael IV., the Paphlagonian, Emperor 
op the East, (1034-41,) — marries Zoe, assas- 
sinates and succeeds Bomanus III., 11 Apr. 
1034 — Arabs defeated at Edessa, 1037 — war 
with Arabs in Sicily, 1039-40 — war with Bul- 
garians, 1040- 1 — abdicates, and tf. a monk, 10 
Dec. 1 041. 

Michael V., (Calaphates,) Emperor of the 
East, — crowned Emperor by Zoe, 14 Dec. 1041 
— banishes Zoe, but is deposed and banished, 
21 Apr. 1042. 

Michael VI., (Stratioticus,) Emperor of 
the East,— succeeds Theodora, 22 Aug. 1056 
— deposed by Isaac Comnenus, 31 Aug. 1057. 

Michael VII., (Ducas, Parapinaces,) Em- 
peror of the East, (1071-78,) — with his 
mother, Eudocia, and his brothers, Andronicus 
and Constantine XI., succeeds his father, 
Ducas, May 1067 — Romanus IV. Joint-em- 
peror, Jan. 1068 — declared sole Emperor by 
his uncle, the Caesar Ducas, Aug. 107 1 — war 
with Seljuks, 1072 — with Bulgarians, 1074 — 
abdicates in favour of Botoniates, 25 Mar. 
1078 — made Abp of Ephesus. 

Michael VIII., (Palceologus,) Emperor of 
the East, (1260-82,) — h., 1234 — accused of 
treason, refuses the ordeal, 1251a — governor 
of Nicsea, 1255 — escapes to Iconium, 1256 — 
Begent for John Lascaris, by soldiers, 1258 — 
makes himself despot, Aug. 1259— proclaimed 
Emperor at Magnesia, 1 Jan., a 1 Dec. b 1259— 
crowned at Nicsea, 1 Jan. 1260 c — visits Thrace, 
and strengthens fortifications, 1260 — unsuc- 
cessfully attacks Constantinople, 1260 — Con- 
stantinople recovered from Latins by Alexius 
Strategopulus, 25 Jul. 1261 — reenters the city, 
14, 15 a Aug. 1 26 1 — again crowned by patriarch 
Arsenius, 1261 — concludes treaty with Genoa, 
1 26 1 — blinds and banishes his colleague, 25 
Dec. 1 26 1 — excommunicated by patriarch Ar- 
senius, 1262 — makes peace with Villeharduin, 
1263— with Michael, despot of Epirus, 1264 — 
concludes treaty with Venice against Genoa, 
1265 a — receives absolution from patriarch 
Joseph, Dec. 1266 — carries on war with Charles 
of Sicily, and with John, despot of Thessaly, 



1269 — signs Act of Union of Eastern and West- 
ern Churches, Apr. 1277 — excommunicated by 
Thessalian Synod, 1277 — persecutes Greeks, 
1277 — instigates revolt of Sicily, 1280 — ex- 
communicated by Pope Martin IV., 18 Nov. 
1281 — tf. in Thrace, n Dec. 1282. 
a Finlay. b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Gibbon. 

Michael IX., Emperor of the East, — b., 
1277 — crowned Emperor by his father, Andro- 
nicus II., 21 May 1294^ 1295 bc — commands 
army in Asia, 1301 — defeated by Catalans at 
Apros, 1307 — defeated by Khalil, 131 1 — tf., 
12 Oct. 1320. 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Gibbon. c Finlay. 

Michael. [Russia, Grand Dtjkes of.] 

Michael, King of Poland, — h., 1638 — 
elected to succeed John Casimir, 19 Jun. 1669 
— assembles an army on the Vistula, 1672 — 
besieged by Turks in Lublin, concludes treaty 
with the Porte, gives up Podolia and the 
Ukraine and becomes tributary, 1672 — treaty 
annulled by Diet of "Warsaw, 1673 — tf., n 
Nov. 1673. 

Michael I., Cerularius, Patriarch of Con- 
stantinople, — succeeds Alexius, 25 Mar. 1 043 
— assumes title of Universal Patriarch; de- 
clares against doctrines and ceremonies of 
Western Church, 1053 — refuses to receive 
legates of Pope Leo IX., 1054 — excommu- 
nicated by them, 16 Jul. 1054 — excommu- 
nicates the legates, 1054 — deprived and ban- 
ished by Isaac Comnenus, 8 Nov. 1059. 

Michael Angelo. [Buonarroti.] 

Michael Apostolus, — settles in Italy, about 
1440— tf., after 1457. 

Michael Romanoff, Czar of Russia, — fc., 
about 1598 — elected after interregnum of three 
years, Eeb. 16 13 — crowned, Apr. 161 3 — con- 
cludes peace with Sweden, 26 Jan. 1616 — con- 
cludes truce of 14 years with Poland, 161 8 
— unsuccessfully besieges Smolensko, 1632 — 
capitulates to Uladislaus of Poland, 1634 — tf., 
Jul. 1645. 

Michael, St, Order of, in Trance, — instituted 
by Louis XI., 1469 — reorganized by Louis XIV., 
1661. 

Michael, St, Order of the Wing of, in 
Portugal, — instituted by King Alfonso, 1172. 

Michaelis, Johann Benjamin, poet, — fc. at 
Zittau, 31 Dec. 1746 — studies at Leipsic, 1760 
— tf. at Halberstadt, 30 Sep. 1772. Poetische 
TFerke, 1780. 

Michaelis, Johann David, orientalist, theo- 
logian, — ft. at Halle, 27 Eeb. 17 17 — studies at 
the Univ., 1733-40 — visits England, 1740 
— Prof. Theology and Oriental Literature, 
1745-91 — Secretary and Director of Royal 
Society of Sciences, 1751-70 — Librarian and 
Director of Philological Seminary, 1761 — Knt 
of the Polar Star, 1775 — Aulic-Councillor of 
Hanover, 1786 — F.R.S. London, 1789 — tf-, 
22 Aug. 1 79 1. Mosaisches Pecht, 1770-5 — 
Moral, 1792-1823 — TJeber den Einfluss der 
Sprachen auf die Meinungen der ILenschen, 
1762 — Compendium theologice dogmaticce, 1760. 

Michaelis, Johann Heinrich, orientalist, 
— h. at Klettenberg, 1668 — studies at Leipsic, 
1686 — Prof. Greek, Frankfort, 1699 — Inspector 



MICHAELMAS— MICROSCOPE. 



9 6 5 



of Univ. Library, Halle, 1707 — Tj. at Halle, 18 
Mar. 1738. Biblia Hebraica, 1720. 

Michaelmas, Feast of St Michael, — estab- 
lished in England, 48 7. a a Brady. 

Michael's, St, one of the Azores,— discovered 
by Cabral, 1444 — settled by Portuguese, 1445. 

Michailowski - Danilewski, Alexander 
Ivanovich, historian, — ft., 1790 — at Congress 
of Vienna, 1814-15 — of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1818 
— serves against Turks, 1829 — Lieutenant- 
general, 1835 — member of Council of War, 
1839 — rj. at St Petersburg, 1848. Narrative 
of Turkish War under the government of Em- 
peror Alexander, 1806-12, 1843 — Memorials of 
campaign of 1812-13, 1834. 

Michallon, Achille Etna, painter, — ft. at 
Paris, 1796 — obtains grand prize at the Acade- 
my, 1 8 17 — tr. at Paris, Sep. 1822. 

'Michaud, Claude Ignace Franc_ois,BAnoN 
he, general, — ft. at Chaux-Neuve, (Doubs,) 175 1 
— General of Division, 1793 — serves in Holland, 
1794 — distinguishes himself at passage of the 
Adige and the Mincio, 1801 — Commander of 
Legion of Honour, 1804 — Commander-in-chief 
in Holland, 1805 — governor of Hanse Towns, 
1806-13 — assists at siege of Dantzic, 1807 — 
Chevalier of St Louis, Grand Officer of Legion 
of Honour, 18 14 — ft., Sep. 1835. 

Michaud, Joseph Francois, historian, §c— 
ft. in Savoy, 19 Jim. 1767 — goes to Paris, 
1 79 1 — exiled, 1797-9 — admitted to French 
Academy, 18 13 — reader to the king, 1814-27 
— member of Chamber of Deputies, 18 15 — 
visits the East, 1829 — tr. at Passy, 30 Sep. 
1839. FListoire des Croisades, 181 1-22 — Corre- 
spondence de V Orient, 1833-36 — with Poujoulat, 
Ffouvelle Collection de memoires relatifs a I'his- 
toire de France, 1836-44 — Le printemps d'un 
proscrit, 1803. 

Michaud, Louis Gabriel, litterateur, — ft., 19 
Jan. i773, a 1772 b — printer to the king, May 
1 8 14 — rj. at Ternes near Paris, 8 Mar. 1858. 
Edits Biographic Universelle, 1810-28. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Michault, Jean Bernard, philologist, — fj. at 
Dijon, 1707 — rj. there, 1770. Melanges his- 
toriques et philologiques, 1754. 

Michault, Pierre, poet,— is., about 1467. 
Doctrinal da Temps present, 1466 ? 

Michaux, Andre, botanist, — fj. near Ver- 
sailles, 1746 — travels in North America, 1785- 
96 — Is. in Madagascar, Nov. 1802. FListoire 
des chenes de f Amerique Septentrionale, 1801 — 
Flora Boreali- Americana, 1802. 

Michaux, Francois Andre, botanist,— h. at 
Versailles, 1770 — correspondent of Academy of 
Sciences, 1816. FListoire des Arbres forestiers 
de V Amerique Septentrionale, 18 10-13. 

Michel de la Roche-Maillet, Gabriel, — ft. 
at Angers, 1561 — Is., 1642 — Le Code Henri 
III., 1622 — Coutumes generates et particulieres 
de France et des Gaules, 1640. 

Micheli, Domenico, Doge of Venice, — 
succeeds Ordelaf Faledro, 1 1 1 7 — conducts 
fleet to Palestine, and defeats fleet of the Sultan 
off Jaffa, 1 1 23 — with crusaders, besieges and 
takes Tyre, 11 24 — ravages Archipelago, n 25 — 
if. at Venice, 11 30. 



Micheli, Vitale I., Doge of Venice, — 
succeeds Vitale Faledro, 1096 — Is., 1102. 

Micheli, Vitale II., Doge of Venice, — 
succeeds Domenico Morosini, 1156 — makes 
peace with Pisa, 1156 — defeats and captures 
Llric, patriarch of Aquileia, 1163 — recovers 
Zara from Hungarians, 1171 — carries on war 
with Emperor Manuel, Sep. 1171 — recovers 
Trau and Bagusa, besieges Negropont, 1171-2 
— takes Scio and winters there, 1 172-3 — 
wounded in tumult at Venice, Is., 27 May 117 3. 

Micheli, Pietro Antonio, botanist, — ft. at 
Florence, 11 Dec. 1679 — tf. there, 2 Jan. 1737. 
Nova plantarum genera juxta methodum Tour- 
nefortii disposita, 1729 — Catalogus plantarum 
horti Ccesarei Florentini, 1748. 

Michelozzi, Michelozzo di, sculptor, archi- 
tect, — ft. at Florence, 1396 a — follows Cosmo de' 
Medici into exile, 1433 — returns to Florence, 
1434 — is., 1478^ between i464-72. b 

a Perkins. b Nagler. 

Michiei, Giustina Renier, miscellaneous 
writer, — ft. at Venice, 15 Oct. 1755 — tf. at 
Venice, 7 Apr. 1832. Translations of Othello 
and Macbeth, 1798 — of Coriolanus, 1800 — 
Feste Veneziane, 1817-27. 

Michigan, one of the United States, — settled 
by French, 1670 — conquered by British, 1763 
— given up to Americans, 1796 — made a Terri- 
tory, 1805 — State of the Union, 1836 — great 
forest-fires in, Oct. 187 1. 

Michigan, Lake, — Aqueduct under, for 
supply of Chicago, completed, 1866. 

Michovius, Matthias, chronicler, — tf. canon 
of Cracow, 1523. Chronica ab ortu Folonorum 
usque ad annum 1504, 1521. 

Micipsa, King of Numidia, — [BC] — am- 
bassador from his father Masinissato Carthage. 
150 — obtains third of his father's kingdom, by 
Scipio, 148— sole sovereign, soon after: aid's 
Eomans against Viriathus and Numantia, be- 
tween 148-133 — Is., 118. 

Mickiewicz, Adam, poet, — ft. at Novogrodek, 
Lithuania, 1798 — studies at Wilna, 1815 — 
banished, 1824 — Prof. Slavonic Literature and 
Languages, Coll. of France, 1840 — dismissed, 
1844 — rj. at Constantinople, 27 Nov. 1855. 
Foems, 1822 — Konrad de Wallenrod, 1828. 

Mickle, William, ( William Julius,) trans- 
lator, — ft. in Scotland, 1734 — tJ. in Oxford- 
shire, 1789. Translation of The Fusiad, 1775. 

Micon, painter, sculptor, — [BC] — fl., about 
460. 

Micon, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 94, 
3,) 402. 

Micrometer, — invented by Gascoigne, 1640 
— reinvented by Auzout and Picard, 1666 — 
Circular, suggested by Boscovich, 1740 — used 
by Lacaille, 1742 — revived by Olbers, 1798 
— Double image, suggested by Koerner, about 
1678 — brought into use by Bouguer, about 
1748 — improved by Dollond, 1753 — Dioptric, 
invented by Bamsden, 1777 — Frismatic, by 
Maskelyne, 1776. 

Microscope, compound, — invented by Jansen, 
probably after 1590 a — Solar, invented by Lie- 
berkiihn, 1738 — Application of photography 
to the, 1852. a Humboldt. 



9 66 



MICROSCOPICAL CLUB— MILAN. 



Microscopical Club, Quekett, London, — 
established, 1865. 

Microscopical Society, of London, — in- 
stituted, 1839. 

Microscopical Society, Old-Change, '-Eon^ow, 
— established, 1864. 

Middelburg, in Holland, — fortified, n 32 — 
taken from Spaniards by Dutch, after siege of 
22 months, 1574 — ceded to France, 1795. 
Town-hall, founded, 1468. 

Middlesex, Earl or. [Dorset, Charles 
Sackville, Earl of.] 

Middlesex Election. [Wilkes, John.] 

Middleton, Conyers, theologian, — h. in York- 
shire, 1683— enters Trim Coll. Cambridge, 
1700— Fellow of Trim Coll., 1706 — M.A., 
1707 — D.D., 17 17 — principal Librarian to the 
Univ., about 1722 — visits Bome, 1724 — "Wood- 
wardian Prof. Mineralogy, 17 3 1-4 — tf. at Hil- 
dersham, 28 Jul. 1750. Letter from Rome, 
1729 — History of Life of 31. Tullius Cicero, 
1741 — Free Inquiry into the Miraculous Towers 
supposed to have subsisted in the Christian 
Church, 1749. 

Middleton, Sir Hugh. [Myddelton.] 

Middleton, Thomas, dramatist, — Chronolo- 
ger to city of London, 1620. A Mad World, 
my Masters, 1608 — Roaring Girl, 161 1 — with 
Eowley, Fair Quarrel, 16 17 — with Eowley, 
Spanish Gipsy, 1653. 

Middleton, Thomas Fanshaw, Bp of Cal- 
cutta, — ft. in Derbyshire, 26 Jan. 1769 — 
B.A. Cambridge, 1792 — D.D., 1808— pre- 
bendary of Lincoln, 1809 — Archdeacon of 
Huntingdon, 18 12 — Bp of Calcutta, May 18 14 
■ — tf. there, 8 Jul. 1822. Doctrine of the Greek 
Article, 1808 

Midianites, — [B C] — engaged in traffic with 
Egypt, Joseph bought as a slave, spring 1728 a 
— defeated by Israelites under Moses, 145 1 a — 
harass Israelites, 1252-45 — defeated by Gideon, 
1245. a TJssher. 

Midnapore, in Hindustan, — territory of, 
ceded to E. India Company by Cossim Ali 
Khan, Nawab of Bengal, 1760. 

Miecislas. [Poland, Dukes of.] 

Miel, Jan, {Giovanni Lello Vite,) painter, — 
b. in Flanders, 1599 — received at Academy of 
St Luke, Eome, 1648 a — tf. at Turin, i664, a 
1656, 13 1644. a Nagler. b Passeri. 

c Baldinucci and Lanzi. 

Mierevelt, (Mirevelt,) Michiel Jansz, paint- 
er, — ft. at Delft, 1568— tf. there, 1641. 

Mieris, Frans van, (the Elder,) painter, — 
b. at Leyden, a Delft, b 1635 — tf. at Leyden, 12 
Mar. 168 1. a Engl. Cyc. b Nagler. 

Mieris, Frans van, (the Younger,) histo- 
rian, ($■/?., — b. at Leyden, 24 Dec. 1689—0". 
there, 22 Oct. 1763,3 1762. b Historie der 
Nederlandschen Vorsten, 1732-5 — Groot Char- 
terboek der Graven van Holland, Qc., 1753-6. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Nagler. 

Mieris, Willem van, painter, — b. at Leyden, 
1662, H 1660 b — tf. there, 24 Jan. 1747. 
a Nagler. b Conv.-Lex. 

Migliara, Giovanni, .palter, — b. at Alessan- 
dria, 15 Oct. 1785— tf. at Milan, 18 Apr. 1837. 

Mignard, Nicolas, painter,— -ft. at Troyes, 



about 1608 — Prof, at Academy of Painting, 
Jun. 1664 — tf. at Paris, 20 Mar. 1668. 

Mignard, Pierre, -painter, — b. at Troyes, 
Nov. 1610 — resides at Eome, 1636-58 — en- 
nobled by Louis XIV., 1685 — first painter to 
the king, 1690 — director of Academy of Paint- 
ing, Mar. 1690 — tf- at Paris, 31 May 1695. 

Mignon, (Minjon,) Abraham, painter, — h. 
at Frankfort-on-the-Maine, about 1640 — tf. at 
Wetzlar, 1679. 

Mignonette, — introduced in England, 1752. 

Miguel, Dom Maria Evarist, Eing of Por- 
tugal, — b. at Lisbon, 26 Oct. 1802 — taken 
with the Boyal Family to Brazil, 1808 — returns 
to Portugal, 1 8 19 — rebels against his father, 
John VI., 1822 — again, 1823 — drives his father 
from Lisbon, and is banished with his mother, 
Charlotte, 1824 — on death of his father assumes 
Eoyal title, 4 Jul. 1826 — appointed Regent by 
Don Pedro for his daughter, Dona Maria da 
Gloria, on condition of marrying her, 3 Jul. 
1827 — arrives at Lisbon, Feb. 1828 — assembles 
the Cortes, gets himself declared Eing, 25 Jun. 
1828 — refuses to marry Doha Maria: his fleet 
destroyed by Admiral Napier, in service of Don 
Pedro, Jul. 1833 — driven from Lisbon, Aug. — 
capitulates at Evora, 26 May 1834 — and quits 
Portugal : tf. at Brombach, in Baden, 14 Nov. 
1866. 

Mikythos, — [B C] — Eegent for sons of 
Anaxilas, tyrant of Bhegium, 476 — defeated by 
Iapygians, 473 — founds Pyxus (Buxentum) 
colony, 47 1 — resigns his regency and goes to 
Tegea, 467. 

Milan, (Mediolammi,) Duchy of Milan, in 
Ltaly, — [BC] — capital of the Insubres, con- 
quered by Eomans under M. Marcellus and C. 
Corn. Scipio, 221— [AD] — taken by Aureolus, 
who is proclaimed Emperor, (1020, a. u. c.) 
267 — besieged by Gallienus, and surrenders to 
Claudius, (1021,) Mar. 268— made seat of go- 
vernment and fortified by Maximian, 286-90 — 
conference of Diocletian and Maximian at, 
(1044,) winter of 290-1 — conference of Con- 
stantine and Licinius at, (1066,) 313 — Con- 
stantius holds his court at, (1107,) winter 354-5 

— tumults occasioned by Abp Ambrose re- 
fusing a church for Arian worship of Empress 
Justina, Apr. 385 a — captured by Attila, 452 — 
occupied by Theodoric, Sep. 489 — instigated by 
its Bp, Datius, revolts against Justinian, and 
submits to Belisarius, 537 — besieged, taken, 
and partly destroyed by Goths and Burgundians, 
winter538-9 — taken by Lombards under Alboin, 
3 Sep. 569 b — conquered by Charles the 
Great, 774 — incorporated in the Empire, 800 

— offers crown of Lombardy to Eobert of 
France, and Eobert, Duke of Aquitaine, 1024 
— rebels under Abp Heribert, 1036 — besieged 
by Emperor Conrad, 1037-8 — insurrection at, 
the nobles expelled by Lanzone, 1041 — coron- 
ation of Conrad, son of Henry IV., at, 1093 
— carries on war with Lodi and Pavia, 11 07 -n 
— begins siege of Como, 11 18 — receives capitu- 
lation of Como, 1 128 — refuses to restore its 
privileges to l.odi, 1153 — territory of, invaded 
by Frederick Barbarossa, 1153 — recovers Cor- 
tona from him, 1155 — taken by Frederick Bar- 



MILAN— MILDMAY. 



967 



barossa, 8 Sep. 1158 c — its government by con- 
suls abolished and a podestat appointed, 1159 — 
drives away Imperial commissioners, 1159 — 
blockaded by Frederick, Sep. 1161 — submits, 1 
Mar. 1 162 — demolished by him, 26 Mar. 1162 
— rebuilt, J167 — citizens of, defeat Frederick 
at Como, 29 May 1176 — its independence re- 
newed and confirmed by Treaty of Constance, 
1 183 — supports Otto IV. against Innocent III., 
1 2 10 — laid under interdict, 12 15 — refuses to 
crown Frederick II., 1220 — renews Lombard 
League, 1226 — furnishes troops to Gregory 
IX., 1229 — unsuccessful negotiations for peace, 
1236 — battle of Cortenuova, 1237- — forms 
alliance with Aragon, 1238 — unsuccessfully 
attacked by Frederick II., 1239 — joins in 
attack on Ferrara, 1240 — heretics burnt at, 1 241 
— its troops under Montelongo defeated by Pa- 
vians, 1241 — receives DonFadrique, onhis flight 
from Imperial Court, 1245 — attacked by Fred- 
erick and Enzio, Nov. 1245 — aids Parma, 1247 
— expulsion of Abp Leone Perego and nobles, go- 
vernment assumed by Martino della Torre, 
1257 — joins league against Eccelino, Jun. 1259 
— threatened by Eccelino, Sep. 1259 — lordship 
of, conferred on Marquis Oberto Pallavicino, 
1259 — refuses to receive Ottone Visconti as 
Abp, and is placed under interdict by Clement 
IV., 1263 — Filippo della Torre succeeds 
on death of his brother Martino, Dec. 1263 — 
Napoleone della Torre proclaimed signior, 
Aug. 1265. — negotiates with Clement IV. for 
removal of interdict, 1268 — visited by Gregory 
X., Nov. 1268— defeat of the Torriani by Abp 
Ottone, 21 Jan. 1276— when he is received as 
Abp and temporal sovereign — Matteo Visconti 
(nephew) succeeds, Aug. 1295 — visit of Em- 
peror Henry VII., Dec. 1310 — his coronation 
at, 6 Jan. 131 1 — Galeazzo Visconti, (son,) 
Jun. 1322 — coronation of Emperor Louis of 
Bavaria at, 31 May 1327 — Azzone, (son,) Aug. 
1328 — Luchino, (uncle,) May 1339 — Giovanni, 
(brother,) Jan. 1349 — laid under interdict by 
Clement VI., 1350-2— Matteo II., Bernabo, 
and Galeazzo II., (nephews,) Oct. 1354 — 
Matteo &., Sep. 1355 — Galeazzo II. "b., Aug. 
1378 — Bernabo with Giovanni Galeazzo, (son 
of Galeazzo,) Aug. 1378 — Bernabo ft., 1385 — 
erected into a Duchy for Giovanni Galeazzo by 
Wenceslaus, 1 May 1395 — Giovanni Maria, 
(son,) Sep. 1402 — Filippo Maria, (brother,) 
May 141 2 — on his death, 1447, the succession 
disputed : ducal dignity abolished and repub- 
lic established, 1447 — Francesco Sforza ap- 
pointed commander of the army, 1447 — the 
city taken by him, Mar. 1450 — and he is pro- 
claimed Duke : Galeazzo Maria ( son) succeeds, 
Mar. 1466— Giovanni Galeazzo Maria, (son,) 
Dec. 1476 — Ludovico Maria, (uncle,) Oct. 
1494— claimed by Louis XII. of France, 1498 
— conquest of, by him, 1499 — investiture con- 
ferred on him by Maximilian I., 5 Apr. 1505 — 
again, 1508 — recovered by Maximilian Sforza, 
who enters the city, 15 Dec. 1512 — conquered 
by Francis I. of France, Sep. 1515 — cession of, 
by Maximilian, Oct. 15 15— recovered by Pope 
Leo X. and Charles V. for Francesco Maria 
Sforza, (son of Ludovico,) Nov. 1521 — rebccu- 



pied by Francis I., 1524— occupied by Impe- 
rialists, Feb. 1525 — league formed between the 
pope, king of France, and Venetians, to restore 
Duke, May 1526 — on death of Francisco, 
Charles V. seizes the Duchy as fief of Empire, 
Oct. 1535 — given by him to his son Philip, 11 
Oct. 1540 — annexed to Crown of Spain, by ac- 
cession of Philip II., 1556 — taken possession 
of, by Emperor Joseph L, 1706 — confirmed to 
Charles VI. by Treaty of Baden, 17 n — con- 
quered by Charles Emmanuel, king of Sardinia, 
Dec. 1733 to Feb.. 1734 — partly ceded to him, 
partly restored to Emperor,by Treaty of Vienna, 
Oct. 1735— conquered by allied French and 
Spaniards, Dec. 1 745 — restored to Emperor by 
Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748 — occupied by 
Napoleon I., May 1796 — ceded to France by 
Treaty of Campo Formio, 1797 — capital of 
Cisalpine Republic, 1797 — taken by Suwarof, 
1799 — recovered by Napoleon, 2 Jun. 1800 — ■ 
capital of kingdom of Italy, 1 805 — restored to 
Austria and made capital of Lombardo- Vene- 
tian kingdom, 1814— successful insurrection at, 
1 8 Mar. 1 848 — Field-marshal Eadetzky defeats 
Sardinians near, 4 Aug. 1848 — capitulates to 
him, 6 Aug. 1848 — fortifications strengthened, 
1850 — revolt suppressed, 6 Feb. 1853 — evacu- 
ated by Austrians and entered by Napoleon III. 
and Victor Emmanuel of Sardinia^ Jun. 1859 — • 
reception of Victor Emmanuel as king of Italy 
at, i860. Cathedral, commenced by Giovanni 
Galeazzo Visconti, 1385. Arco della Pace, 
built by Cagnola, 1807-37. Circo, built by 
the French, 1806. Teatro della Scala, built by 
Piermarini, 1778. Councils of, held by Catho- 
lics in favour of Nicaaan Creed, 346,° 344 d — ■ 
against Photinus, Bp of Sirmich, and Arianism, 
347 , c 346 d — held by Arians before Emperor 
Constans, for condemnation of Athanasius, 355 
— held by Abp Ambrose respecting Virgin In- 
dicia, about 380 — against Jovinian and Ithacus, 
about Apr. 390; 451; 679 — held by Abp Ar- 
nulph, against Olderic, appointed Bp of Asti by 
Henry II., 1009; 1103 — for reformation of 
manners, Feb. 11 17 — against heretics, 12 Sep. 
1287. Edict of, in favour of Christians, pub- 
lished by Constantine, Mar. 313. Capitulation 
of, alliance of the Grisons with Philip IV. of 
Spain, signed, 1639. Decree, for enforcement 
of Continental System, issued by Napoleon, Dec. 
1807. a Gibbon. b Clinton. 

c Art de Verifier les Dates. d Mansi. 

Milazzo. [Melazzo.] 

Milbert, Jacques Gerard, traveller, natural- 
ist, — b. at Paris, 18 Nov. 1766 — Prof. Design, 
at the School of Mines, 1795 — visits North 
America, 18 15 — member of Legion of Honour, 
1830 — ft. at Paris, 5 Jun. 1840. Voyage pit- 
tor esque d Vile de France, 18 12 — Itineraire 
pittoresque dufleuve Hudson, 1827-9. 

Mildmay, Sir Henry, — officer in army of the 
Parliament, 1648— in action against De Witt, 
1652 — degraded as a regicide, his estates con- 
fiscated, and himself committed to the Tower 
for life, by Act 13 Car. II. c. 15, 166 1. 

Mildmay, Sir Walter, statesman, — M.P. 
Maldon, 1552 — M.P. Northamptonshire, 1557 
— Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1566 — accom- 



9<58 



MILESIAN WAR— MILLENIUM. 



parries Cecil to treat with Mary, Queen of Scots, 
1582 — founds Emmanuel Coll. 
1584 — ts. in London, 3r May 1589 

Milesian War. [Miletus.] 

Milestones, — [B C] — erected in Gaul, before 
1 30 — erected along great Roman road by C. 
Gracchus, 123 — central one erected at Rome by 
Augustus, between 3T and [AD] 14. 

Miletus, — [B C] — mistress of tbe sea, about 
750-732,* [753 b ] — establishes colony at Lamp- 
sacus, 654 * — establishes settlement in Egypt, 
about 630 c — Milesian war, with kings of 
Lydia, begins, 623 — ends, 612 — Thrasybulus 
tyrant, 612 — conquered, (01. 70, 3,) 498 d — 
taken and sacked by Persians, in Ionian War, 
494 a — reTolts, spring 41 2 — taken by Alexander, 
334 — Timarchus tyrant, overthrown by An- 
tiochus Theos, between 261-246. a Clinton. 

b Hieron. c Strabo, Herod. ? d Muller. 

Milevia, in Africa, — Councils of, for reunion 
of Donatists with Catholics, 402 — respecting 
Pelagius, 416. 

Milford Haven, in S. Wales, — Henry, Earl 
of Richmond, lands at, Aug. 1485 — fort held 
by Royalists, 1644 — town founded, 1784 — 
Royal dockyard, 1790 — Pembroke dock, 18 14. 

Milhaud, in France, — stronghold of Reform- 
ed faith, 1550 — assembly of Protestant deputies 
at, 1573 — another, which resolves on war with 
Louis XIII. , 1620 — submits to him, its forti- 
fications demolished, 1629. 

Milhaud, Jean Baptiste, Coustt, general, — 
— b. at Arpajon, {Cantal,) 18 Nov. 1766 — 
enters school of naval engineers, 1788 — deputy 
to Convention, ^92 — commander of Genoa, 
Jul. 1803— distinguishes himself in campaigns 
of 1805-6 — at Friedland, 14J1UI. 1807 — serves 
in Spain, 1808 — Grand Officer of Legion of 
Honour, 18 10 — takes part in campaigns of 
1 81 3- 14 — Chevalier of St Louis, Jun. 18 14 — 
distinguishes himself at combat of Ligny, 18 15 
— exiled, 1816-30 — ft. at Aurillac, 8 Jan. 1833. 

Military Frontier, Austrian Empire, — 
organized by Ferdinand L, 1556-64 — reconsti- 
tuted, 7 May 1850 — organization of, dissolved, 
and the province placed under civil government 
of Hungary, 22 Aug. 1869. 

Military Service, — [BC] — first paid at 
Athens by Pericles, about 464 ? — first paid at 
Rome, 405. 

Militia, — in England, (Fyrd,) annual as- 
sembly of, mentioned, n 81 — scale of arms re- 
vised by Statute of Winchester, 1285— to serve 
only in their own county by Act 1 Edw. III. 
st. 2, c. 5, 1326-7 — raising of, intrusted to Lord- 
lieutenants of counties, by Act 4 and Phil, and 
Mar. c. 3, 1558 — the Fyrd abolished and Train 
bonds formed, by Act 1 Jac. I. c. 25, 1604— 
control of, demanded of Charles I. by parlia- 
ment, 26 Jan. 1642 — again, 1 Mar. — ordinance 
for, issued by parliament, 26 Eeb. and 5 Mar. 
— direction to carry it out, denounced as illegal 
by the king, 5 May — command of, declared to 
be vested in the Crown, by Act 13 Car. II. c. 
6, 166 1 — new regulations respecting, by Acts 
13 and 14 Car. II. c. 3, 1662, and 15 Car. II. 
c. 4, 1663 — again raised and organized under 
Act 30 Geo. II. c. 25, 1757— laws respecting, 



repealed, and new regulations made, by Act 2 
Geo. III. c. 20, 1 76 1 — laws consolidated by 
Act 26 Geo. III. c. 107, 1786— newly regu- 
lated by Act 42 Geo. III. c. 90, 1802— 
amended by various Acts — laws again con- 
solidated and amended by Act 15 and 16 Tic. 
c. 50, 30 Jun. 1852 — further regulated by 16 
and 17 Tie. c. 133, 20 Aug. 1853 ; 17 Tic. c. 
13, 12 May 1854; 18 and 19 Vic. c. 1, (pro- 
viding for service out of United Kingdom,) 23 
Dec. 1854; 18 and 19 Tic. c. 57, Jul. 1855, 
and c. 100, 14 Aug. 1855 — laws amended by 
Acts 32 Yic. c. 13, 13 May 1869, and 33 and 
34 Yic. c. 68, 9 Aug. 1870. Local, instituted 
by Act 48 Geo. III. c. Ill, 30 Jun. 1808— 
suspended by Act 06 Geo. III. c. 38, 21 May 
18 16. Supplementary, raised, 1793. In Ire- 
land, laws consolidated by Act 49 Geo. III. c. 
120, 19 Jun. r8o9 — interchange of, with 
British, permitted by Act 51 Geo. III. c. 118, 
1 Jul. 181 1 — laws amended by Act 17 and 18 
Yic. c. 107, 10 Aug. 1854 — again, by Act 32 
and 33 Yic. c. 80, 9 Aug. 1869. In United 
States, organized, 1792. 

Milius, Pierre Bernard, admiral, — fc. at 
Bordeaux, Jan. 1773 — enters the navy, 1787 — 
distinguishes himself at battle of Groix, Jun. 
1795 — captured by English, Aug. 1805 — com- 
mands expedition to West Indies, 1814 — 
Director of port of Brest, 18 15 — commander of 
Isle of Bourbon, 18 18-21 — commander at Cav- 
enne, Sep. 1822 — at battle of Navarino, 20 Oct. 
r827 — Rear-admiral, Nov. — if. at Bourbonne- 
les-Bains, n Aug. 1829. 

Milizia, Francesco, writer on Art, — fi. at 
Oria, Naples, 1725 — settles at Rome, 1761 — fr. 
there, Mar. 1798. Yite degli Architetti piu cele- 
bri, 1768 — Del Teatro, 1772 — Principj aV Archi- 
tcttura civile, 1785 — Letter e inedite, 1827. 

Milky Way. [Galaxy.] 

Mill, James, historian, economist, $•<?., — n. at 
Montrose, 6 Apr. 1773 — settles in London 
1800 — enters service of East India Company, 
1819 — if. at Kensington, 23 Jun. 1836. 
History of British India, 18 17-18 — Elements 
of Foliti col Economy, 182 1-2 — Analysis of the 
Phenomena of the Human Mind, 1829 — Frag- 
ment on Mackintosh, 1835. 

Mill, John, hellenist, — b. at Shap, West- 
moreland, about 1645 — enters Oxford Univ., 
1 66 1 — M.A., 1669 — Fellow of Queen's Coll., 
Nov. 1669 — D.D. chaplain to Charles II., 
1 68 1 — Principal of St Edmund's Hall, May 
1685 — 0. Rector of Blechingdon, Oxfordshire, 
23 Jun. 1707. Kov. Test. Grmcum, cum lectioni- 
bus variantibus, 1707. 

Millar, John,— b. at Shotts, Lanarkshire, 
1735 — Advocate, ^60 — Prof. Civil Law, Glas- 
gow, r76i — tr., 30 May 1801. Historical 
View of the English Government, 1787. 

Millbank Penitentiary, — erection and man- 
agement of, provided for by Act 52 Geo. III. 
c. 44, 20 Apr. 1 812 — statutes relating to, 
repealed, and new regulations made by Act 6 
and 7 Yic. c. 26, 27 Jun. 1843. 

Millenary Petition, of the Puritans, — pre- 
sented to James I., Apr. 1603. 

Millennium, Millennial Reign of Christ, — 



MILLER— MILORADOYICH. 



969 



doctrine of, taught by Papias, before 150*— 
disputation respecting opinions of Nepos, held 
before Dionysius, Bp of Alexandria, 255 a — 
belief revived, 1000. a Neander. 

Miller, Edward, musical compose)', and writer 
on music, — ft. at Doncaster, 1731 — organist at 
Doncaster, 1756 — tf. there, 12 Sep. 1807. In- 
stitutes of Music, 177 1 — Thorough Bass and 
Composition, 1787 — Selection of Fsalms, 1774 
— History of Doncaster, 1791. 

Miller, Hugh, geologist, — ft. at Cromarty, 
12 Oct. 1802 — kills himself, 24 Dec. 1856. 
Scenes and Legends of North of Scotland, 1835 
— edits the Witness, 1840 — Old Red Sand- 
stone, 1 841 — First Fmp>ressions of England, 
1847 — Footprints of the Creator, 1849 — My 
Schools and Schoolmasters, 1854 — Testimony 
of the Rocks, 1857. 

Miller, Johann Martin, novelist, — ft. atUlm, 
Dec. 1750 — preacher at the Cathedral, 1783 — 
Prof. Theology at Gymnasium, 1797 — Dean, 
1810 — tf. at Ulm, 21 Jun. 18 14. Carl von 
Burgheim, 1778 — Sieg wart, 1776 — ■ Gedich te, 

1783. 

Miller, Joseph, actor,— ft., 1684— tf. m Lon- 
don, 1738. Jests. [See Motley, John.] 

Miller, Philip, gardener, botanist, — ft. in 
Scotland, 1691 — Superintendent of Garden of 
Apothecaries Company, Chelsea, 1722 — tf. at 
Chelsea, 18 Dec. 177 1. Catalogue of trees, 
shrubs, plants, $c, of gardens near London, 
1730 — Catalogus plantar um officinaliwn quae 
in horto botan. Chelseiano aluntur, 1730 — Gar- 
deners' Dictionary, 1731. 

Miller, William Allen, chemist, — ft. at Ips- 
wich, 17 Dec. 1 8 17 — assistant to Prof. Daniell, 
1840 — F.R.S., and Prof. Chemistry, King's 
Coll. London, 1845 — tf. at Liverpool, 30 Sep. 
1870. Elements of Chemistry, 1855-7. 

Milles, Jeremiah, antiquary, — ft., 17 13 — 
F.R.S., 1742 — Dean of Exeter, 1762 — Pres. 
S.A., 1769 — tf., 13 Feb. 1784. Roivleys 
Foems, 1782. 

Millevoye, Charles Hubert, poet,— is. at 
Abbeville, 24 Dec. 1782 — tf. at Paris, 26 Aug. 
1 8 16. (Euvres, 18 14- 16, 

Millie, Jean Baptiste Joseph, — fj. at Beaune, 
about 1772 — enters Ministry of Finance, 1798 
— IS. at Paris, Jul. 1826. Translation of the 
Lusiad, 1825. 

Millin, Aubin Louis, antiquary, — ft. at 
Paris, 19 Jul. 1759 — imprisoned, 1793-4 — 
keeper of Royal Cabinet of Medals, 1794 — tf. 
at Paris, 14 Aug. 1 8 1 8. Antiquites natioiudes, 
1790-8 — Monuments antiques ine'dits, 1802-4 — 
Dictionnaire des beaux-arts, 1806 — Voyages 
dans les departemenls du Midi de la France, 
1807-11 — Magasin encyclope'dique, 1792-1816. 

Millingen, James, archceologist, — ft. in Lon- 
don, 18 Jan. 1774/ 1 1775 b — goes to Italy, 
about 1 82 1 — Is. in London, a at Florence, b 1 
Oct. 1845. Recueil de quelques Medailles 
Grecques inedites, 18 12 — Feintures Antiques 
inedites de Vases Grecs, 18 13 — Medallic His- 
tory of Napoleon, 18 19 — Ancient Coins of 
Greek Cities and Kings, 1821 — Ancient Un- 
edited Monuments of Grecian Art, 1822-6. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 



Millot, Claude Francois Xavier, historian, 
—ft. at Ornans, (Franche Comte,) 1726 — Prof. 
History, Parma, 1768— admitted to French 
Academy, 1777— tutor to the Duke d'Enghien, 
1778— tf. at Paris, 21 Mar. 1785. (Euvres, 
1800 — Me'moires politiqucs et militaires pour 
servir a Thistoire de Louis XIV. et de Louis 
XV, 1777. 

Mills, Charles, historian,— is. at Greenwich, 
1788 — called to the bar, 1809— Is., 9 Oct. 1825. 
History of Mohammedanism, 1819 — History of 
Crusades, 1820 — History of Chivalry, 1825. 

Milman, Henry Hart, Dean of St Paul's, 
poet, historian, — ft. in London, 10 Feb. 1791 
— obtains Newdegate prize for his Apollo 
Belvidere, 1812 — B.A., Brasenose Coll. Ox- 
ford, 1813 — Fellow of his Coll., 1815 — 
M.A., 1 8 16 — ordained priest, 181 6 — Bamptoa 
Lecturer, 1827 — Prof. Poetry, Oxford, 1 821-31 
— Rector of St Margaret's, Westminster, 1835 
— Canon of Westminster, 1835 — D.D., 1849 — 
Dean of St Paul's, Nov. 1849 — Is. at Sunning- 
hill, 24 Sep. 1868. Fazio, 1815 — Samor, 181 8 
— Fall of Jerusalem, 1820 — Martyr of Antioch, 
182 1 — Bampton lectures, 1827 — History of the 
Jews, 1829 — History of Christianity, 1840 — 
edition of Horace, 1 849 — History of Latin 
Christianity, 1854-5. 

Milne, Colin, botanist, — ft. at Aberdeen, 
about 1 744 — fj. rector of North Chapel, Essex, 
18 15. Botanical Dictionary, 1770 — with A. 
Gordon, Indigenous Botany, 1793 — Institutes 
of Botany, 1770-2. 

Milne, Joshua, statistician, — ft., about 1785 
— tf. near London, 4 Jan. 1851. Treatise on 
Annuities, 1815. 

Milner, Isaac, theologian, — ft. near Leeds, 
175 1 — enters Cambridge Univ., 1770— Fellow 
of Queen's Coll., 1775— Jacksonian Prof. Ex- 
perimental Philosophy, 1783 — D.D., Master of 
Queen's Coll., 1788 — Dean of Carlisle, 1791 — 
Yice Chancellor, 1792 and 1809 — Lucasian 
Prof. Mathematics, 1798 — tf. at Kensington, 
1 Apr. 1820. 

Milner, John, theologian, antiquary, — ft. in 
London, 4 Oct. 1752 — ordained priest, 1777 — 
settles at Winchester, 1779 — F.S.A., 1790 — 
Yicar Apostolic in Midland District, 1803 — 
visits Rome, 18 14 — tf. at Wolverhampton, 19 
Apr. 1826. History and Antiquities of Win- 
chester, 1798 — Ecclesiastical Architecture of 
England, 181 1 — End of Religious Controversy, 
1818. 

Milner, Joseph, theologian, historian, — ft. 
near Leeds, 2 Jan. 1744 — enters Cambridge 
University, 1762 — B.A., 1766 — tf. head-master 
of Grammar School, Hull, 15 Nov. 1797. 
History of the Church of Christ, 1794-1812. ■ 

Milo, T. Annius Papinianus, — [B C] — trib. 
plcb., 57 — marries Sulla's daughter Fausta, 57 
— candidate for consulship, kills Clodius, 20 
Jan. 52 — tried, 4 Apr. 52 — exiled to Marseilles : 
killed by Q. Pedius, in Lucania, 48. 

Milon, of Crotona, — [B C] — victor at wrest- 
ling match, at Olympia, (1st?) (01. 62,) 532 * 
— at battle of Crathis, 511. a Muller. 

Miloradovich, Michael, Count, general, — 
ft. at St Petersburg, i77o*-enters the army, 



970 



MILTIADES— MINES. 



1780 — serves under Suwaroff against French, 
1799 — Chevalier of St Alexander, about 1 800 ? — 
Lieutenant-general, 1805 — at battle of Auster- 
litz, 2 Dec. 1805 — saves Bucharest from the 
Turks, 1808— commands at battle of Moscow, 
26 Aug. 1 8 12 — takes possession of Warsaw, 
18 1 3 — distinguishes himself in French cam- 
paigns of 1 8 14 — Governor of St Petersburg, 
i820, a 1818 b — shot, 26 Dec. 1825. 

a Biog. Univ. h Conv.-Lex. 

Miltiades, son of Kypselos, — [B C] — occu- 
pies Chersonese, as colonist and tyrant, 559. 

Miltiades, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
64, 1,) 524. 

Miltiades, son of Kimon, — [B C] — succeeds 
Stesagoras his brother in Chersonese, 515 — 
keeps the bridge at the Danube, during Da- 
rius's Scythian expedition, about 503 — with- 
draws to Athens, 493— defeats Datis and Ar- 
taphernes at Marathon, (01. 72, 3,) 490— 
attacks Paros unsuccessfully, 490 — imprisoned 
for deceiving the people : r/., soon after. 

Miltiades, rhetorician, theologian, — fl., 184. 

Milton, in Kent, — Hasting builds a fort at, 
893 — burnt by Earl Godwine and Harold, 
about 1052. 

Milton, John, poet, — fj. in London, 9 Dec. 
1608 — goes to St Paul's School, 1620 — enters 
Christ's Coll. Cambridge, 12 Feb. 1624-5 — 
B.A., Jan. 1628-9 — M.A., Jul. 1632 — visits 
Italy, spring 1638 to summer 1639 — marries 
Mary Powell, spring 1643 — Latin Secretary 
to Council of State, 15 Mar. 1 649-1659 — 
death of his wife, 1652 — becomes blind, about 
1654 — marries again, 12 Nov. 1656 — loses 
his second wife, Feb. 1658 — marries a.third 
wife, 1660 — ij. in London, 8 Nov. 1674. Ode 
on the morning of Christ's Nativity, Christmas 
1629 — Comus, presented at Ludlow, 1634 — 
published, 1637 — Lycidas, 1638 — Treatise of 
Reformation in England, 1641 — of Prelatical 
Episcopacy, 1641 — of Reason of Church Govern- 
ment urged against Prelacy, 1641 — Apology for 
Smectymnuus, 1642 — Tractate on Education, 
1644 — Areopagitica, 1644 — Doctrine and Dis- 
cipline of Divorce, 1644 — Judgment of Bucer 
concerning Divorce, 1644 — L' Allegro and II 
Penseroso, 1645 — Tetrachordon, 1645 — Colaste- 
rion, 1645 — Tenure of Kings and Magistrates, 
1648 — Observations on Articles of Peace, 1649 
— Eikonoklastes, 1649 — Defensio Populi An- 
glicani, 1650 — Second Defence of People of 
England, 1654 — of Civil Power in Ecclesiast- 
ical Causes, 1659 — Considerations touching the 
likeliest means to remove hirelings out of the 
Church, 1659 — Paradise Lost, 1667 — History 
of England, 1670 — Paradise Regained, Samson 
Agonistes, 167 1 — Treatise of True Religion, 
1673 — Latin Letters, 1674 — Christian Doc- 
trine, MS. of, discovered, 1823. Milton's 
Eikonoclastes and Defensio Populi Anglicani 
ordered to be seized and burnt by common 
hangman, by proclamation of Charles II., 13 
Aug. 1660— some copies burnt, 27 Aug. Pro- 
positions from his writings burnt at Oxford, 
1683. First complete edition of his Prose Works, 
by Toland, 1698. 

Milton Gallery, of pictures, — executed by 
Fuseli, 1790-9— exhibited in London, 1799. 



Milvian Bridge, at Rome, — [BC] — built by 
iEmilius Scaurus, 115 — [AD] — battle near, 
Maxentius defeated by Constantine, 312. 

Mimes, (Pantomimes,) — [AD] — perfected by 
Bathyllus, Pylades, and Hylas, before 1. 

Mimnermus, elegiac poet, — [B C] — fl., about 
630-586.* a Clinton. 

Mina, Don Xavier, Guerilla Chief,— Jb, 
in Navarre, 1789 — goes to Mexico and attempts 
to revive insurrection against Spaniards, 1 817 — 
put to death by Viceroy, at Mexico, 1 1 Nov. 18 17. 

Mina, Francisco, Espoz-y-, general, — ft. in 
Navarre, 17 Jul. 1781,* 1782 b — enters the 
army, Feb. 1809 — Chief of the Guerilla forces, 
181 1 — General, 181 2 — Commander-general of 
Aragon, 1812-14 — contributes to victories of 
Salamanca, 181 2 — and of Vittoria, 1 8 1 3 — Poli- 
tical Chief of Navarre, 181 3— blockades Pampe- 
luna, 1812-13 — escapes to France, Oct. 18 14 — 
Captain-general of Navarre, 21 Mar. 1820 — 
suppresses Royalist insurrection in Catalonia, 
1822 — Captain-general of Catalonia, Jan. 1823 
— capitulates to French at Barcelona, 1 Nov. 
1823 — tr. at Barcelona, 24 Dec. 1836. 
a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Minardi, Tommaso, painter, tvriter on Art, 
— ft. at Faenza, 1787 — Prof, at Academy of St 
Luke, Borne, 1821 — tr. at Rome, 1871. Pro- 
gresso delle Scienze, delle Letter eedelleArti, 1 834. 

Mincio, river in Italy, — Napoleon I. defeats 
Austrians on the, 30 May 1796 — battle between 
French and Austrians, 25-26 Dec. 1800 — 
Prince Eugene defeats Austrians, 8 Feb. 18 14 
— passage of the, by Charles Albert, king of 
Sardinia, 8 Apr. 1848 — recrossed, 27 Jul. 1848 
— passed by Italian army, 22 Jun. 1866 — re- 
crossed, after battle of Custozza, 24 Jun. 

Mind, Gottfried, (Raphael of cats,) painter, 
— fj. at Berne, 1768 — )j. there, 8 Nov. 1814. 

Mindanao. [Philippine Islands.] 

Mindarus, — [B C] — succeeds Astyochus as 
admiral, and is defeated by Thrasyllus and 
Thrasybulus at Kynossema, aut. 411 — killed 
by Alkibiades at Kyzikos, before mids. 410. 

Minden, in Prussia, — fortified, about 1250 — 
bishopric of, secularized, by Peace of Westpha- 
lia, 1648 — occupied by Swedes, 1636 to 7 Sep. 
1650 — occupied by French, 1757 — by Hanove- 
rians, 1758 — retaken by Marshal Broglie, Jun. 
1759 — the allies under Prince Ferdinand of 
Brunswick defeat the French under Marshal 
Contades at, 1 Aug. 1759 — principality of , given 
up to France by Treaty of Tilsit, 1807 — re- 
stored to Prussia, 18 14. Cathedral, built, 1050- 
1100 — interior restored, 1832 — Choir, 1864-5. 

Mine Adventurers, Company of, — formed, 
about 1690 — incorporated by charter of Queen 
Anne, 1704 — fails, 1710-11. 

Minerve Castle, — in the Cevennes. [Albi- 
genses.] 

Mines, in England, — of copper or tin, iron or 
lead, not to be adjudged royal mines, by Act 1 
Wm and Mar. c. 30, 1689 — preemption of ores 
given to the Crown by Act 5 Wm and Mar. c. 
6, 1694 — setting fire to, made capital offence by 
Act 10 Geo. II. c. 32, 1737 — further regula- 
tions for protection of, by Acts 9 Geo. III. c. 
29, 1769; 39 and 40 Geo. III. c. 77, 9 Jul. 
1800 — malicious injuries to, punishable by Act 



MINES— MIQUELETS. 



97 ; 



7 and 8 Geo. IV. c. 30, ss. 6 and 7, 21 Jun. 1827 
— employment of women in, prohibited by Act 
5 and 6 Vic. c. 99, 10 Aug. 1842 — better 
government and inspection of, provided for by 
Act 23 and 24 Vic. c. 151, 28 Aug. i860— con- 
ference of Miners at Merthyr Tydvil, Sep. 1 87 1. 

Mines, Military, — application of gunpowder 
to, attempted by Genoese at attack on Serezan- 
ella, 1478 — successfully, by Peter of Navarre, 
at siege of Castello del Novo, 1503. 

Mines, School of, — in London, instituted, 1 85 1 
— incorporated with Department of Science and 
Art, 1853 — at Farts, instituted, 1783 — com- 
pletely organized, 18 16. 

Mingrelia, in the Caucasus, — declared in- 
dependent principality by Treaty of Kutchuk 
Kainardji, 1774 — submits to Russia, 1804. 

Minie Rifle, — invented, 1 849 — adopted in 
English army, 1851. 

Minims, Order of,— instituted by St Francis 
de Paula, as Hermits of St Francis, about 1436 
— confirmed by Sixtus IV., 1474. Convent of 
nuns of, established in Spain, 1495 — in France, 
1621. 

Minnesingers, The, — flourish in Germany, 
about 1170-1250. 

Minnesota, V. S., — erected into a Territory 
by Act of Congress, Mar. 1849 — admitted to 
the Union, 1857 — massacre of whites by Sioux 
Indians in, Aug. 1862. 

Minorca, island, — [Balearic Islands] — on 
expulsion of Moors annexed to crown of Ara- 
gon, 1285 — taken possession of by English for 
Charles III. of Spain, 1708 — confirmed to 
them by Treaty of Utrecht, 17 13 — attacked by 
French, 18 Apr. 1756 — unsuccessful attempt of 
Admiral Byng to relieve, 20 May —surrendered 
to French by Gen. Blakeney, 28 Jun. — restored 
to England by Treaty of Paris, 1763 — taken by 
Spaniards and French, 1782 — formally given 
up to Spain, 1783 — retaken by Gen. Stuart, 15 
Nov. 1798 — given up to Spain by Treaty of 
Amiens, 1802. 

Minsk, in Poland, — occupied by Russians, 16 
Nov. 18 12. Nuns of, refuse to renounce Rom- 
ish Communion and are removed to Witebsk, 
end of 1838 — persecuted by Bp of Siemaszko; 
removed to Polosk, end of 1840 — persecutions 
continued, and many die : removed to Miadzoly, 
spring 1843 — subject to torture of the baths : 
escape of abbess and surviving nuns, 1 Apr. 
1 845 — the abbess received at convent of Posen, 
her depositions taken, 14 Aug. 1845. 

Mint, Eoyal, of England, — receives its con- 
stitution of superior officers from Edward II., 
1325 — privileges granted to, by charter of 
Queen Elizabeth, 1559 — Committee of Privy 
Council appointed to consider its constitution, 
1798 — salary of Master and worker fixed by 
Act 39 Geo. III. c. 94, 1799— new building on 
Tower Hill completed, 18 10 — fire at, 31 Oct. 
1 8 15 — new constitution established by Act 57 
Geo. III. c. 67, 7 Jul. 18 17 — salary of Master 
reduced by Act 1 and 2 Wm I\ . c. 10, 30 Jul. 
1 83 1 — laws relating to, amended by Act 7 Wm 
IV. c. 9, 21 Apr. 1837 — Commission of Inquiry 
on, appointed, 1848 — reforms authorized by 
Order in Council, 1851. 

Minto, Gilbert Elliot, Eael of, Governor- 



general op India, — ft. at Edinburgh, 23 
Apr. 1751 — M.P. Morpeth, 1774 — marries, 
1777 — Privy Councillor, Sep. 1793 — Viceroy of 
Corsica, Jun. 1794 to Oct. 1796 — Baron Minto, 
26 Oct. 1797 — ambassador to Vienna, 1799 — 
Pres. Board of Control, 1806 — Governor- 
general of Bengal, 1807-12 — distinguishes him- 
self in expeditions against Isles of France and 
Bourbon, 1 8 1 o — and against Java, 1 8 1 1— Earl 
of Minto and Viscount Melgund, Feb. 1813 — 
returns to England, 18 14 — rj. at Stevenage, 2r 
Jun. 1 8 14. 

Minto, Gilbert Elliot Murray Kynnyn- 
mond, 2nd Earl of, — b., 1782 — marries, 1806 
— M.P. Ashburton, 1809 — succeeds to the 
peerage, 18 14 — ambassador to Berlin, 1832-4 
— First Lord of the Admiralty, 1835-41 — 
Lord Privy Seal, 1846-52 — iy. in London, 31 
Jul. 1859. 

Mintrop, Theodor, painter, — ft. at Heithau- 
sen, in Bavaria, 17 Apr. 18 14 — tf. at Diissel- 
dorf, 4 Jul. 1870. 

Minuccio, Minucci, historian, — b. at Ser- 
ravalle, 155 1 — tS. at Munich, 1604. Storia 
degli JJscocchi con i progressi di quella gente 
sino all anno 1602, 1676. 

Minucianus, rhetorician, — fl., about 170. 

Minucianus, rhetorician, — fl., about 265. 

Minutianus, Alexander, printer, — b. in 
Apulia, about 1450 — rj., about 1522. Edition of 
Horace, i486 — of Livy, 1495 — of Cicero, 1498. 

Minzocchi, Francesco, (Fl Vecchio di San 
Bernardo.) painter, — b.atForli,i5i3 — ft., 1574. 

Minzoni, Onofrio, poet, — b. at Ferrara, 
1734 — If. there, 30 May 18 17. Souetti, 1794. 

Miollis, Alexandre Sextius, Count de, 
general, — rj. at Aix, 18 Sep. 1759 — enters the 
army, 1778 — serves under Rochambeau in 
American War, 1779-83 — wounded at siege of 
Yorktown, 178 1 — General of Brigade, 1795 — 
defends Mantua, Jan. 1797 — Governor of 
Mantua, 1 797-1 800 and 1805 — General of Di- 
vision, commands expedition to Tuscany, 1799 
— Commander-in-chief in North Italy, 1805 — 
Governor of Rome, 1809-14 — 3*. at Aix, 8 Jun. 
1828. 

Mionnet, Theodore Edme, numismatist, — b. 
at Paris, 2 Sep. 1770 — Chevalier of Legion of 
Honour, 1804 — Assistant-keeper of Medals, 
1829 — member of Academy of Inscriptions, 
1830 — tf. at Paris, 7 May 1842. Description 
des medailles antiques grecques et romaines, 
1806-39 — Fe la rarete et du price des medailles 
romaines, 18 15. 

Miot, Andre Francois, diplomatist— b. at 
Versailles, 9 Feb. 1761 — Secretary to Depart- 
ment of Foreign Affairs, 1793 — plenipotentiary 
to Duke of Tuscany, 1795 — ambassador to 
Sardinia, Oct. 1796— Minister of Interior to 
Joseph Bonaparte, at Naples, 1806 — follows 
him to Madrid, 1808 — admitted to French 
Academy, 1832 — tr. at Paris, 6 Jan. 1841. 
Translation of Herodotus, 1822. 

Miquelets, {Fusiliers des montagnes,) — or- 
ganized in France by Louis XIV., 1689— dis- 
banded, 1697 — again levied, 1744— disbanded, 
1763 — again organized, 1790— disbanded, 1795 
— corps of, formed by Napoleon, 1808 — cease 
to serve, 181 2. 



972 



MIQUELON— MIEZAPOEE. 



Miquelon, islands, near Xeicfoundland, — 
ceded to France by Peace of Paris, 1763 — 
taken by English, 1778 — restored to France, 
1783 — again taken by English, 1793 — given 
up to France at Peace of Aniiens, 1802. 

Mir Khusril, Indian poet, — writes Tarikh-i- 
'Alai; tf. ("26, A. H.) 1326. 

Mirabeau, Boniface Biquetti, Viscount de, 
{Mirabeau- Tonneau,) — b. near Nemours, 1754 
— serves in American "War, 1779-81 — Cheva- 
lier of St Louis, deputy to States-General, 
1789 — joins emigrants, 1790 — tf. at Friburg, 
about Dec. 1792. 

Mirabeau, Honore Gabriel Biquetti, Count 
de, statesman, — b. at Bignon near Nemours, 9 
Mar. 1749 — banished by lettre cachet to Isle of 
Ehe, autumn 1768 s — marries, 22 Jun. 1772 — 
imprisoned in the chateau d'lf, 1774 — elopes 
with Sophie Mounier from Castle of Joux to 
Holland, 1775 — imprisoned at Yincennes, 
1777-80 — visits London, 1784 — envoy to Ber- 
lin, 1786 — deputy of third estate, to States- 
General, 1789 — acknowledged leader of Na- 
tional Assembly, 23 Jun. 1789 — Pres., 31 Jan. 
1 79 1 — treats with the Court: tf. at Paris, 2 
Apr. 1791. (Euvres, 1825-7. 8 Carlyle. 

Mirabeau, Victor Biquetti, Marquis de, 
economist, — b. at Perthuis, 5 Oct. 17 15 — Knt 
of Malta, 1 Sep. 17 18 — enters the army, 1729 
— receives Cross of St Louis, 1743 — Grand 
Commander of Yasa, 1772 — tf. at Argenteuil, 
13 Jul. 1789. Ami des Homines, 1755 — Phi- 
losophic rurale, 1764 — les Economiques, 1769. 

Mirage, The, — mathematical theory of, given 
by Biot, 1809. 

Miramion, M me de Beauharnais de, phi- 
lanthropist, — b. at Paris, 2 Nov. 1629 — mar- 
ries M. de Miramion, 1645 — left a widow, 
after a few months : carried off by Bussy- 
Eabutin, Aug. 1648 — but escapes : founds Con- 
gregation of the Holy Family, 166 r, after- 
wards united with the Filles de Ste. Genevieve : 
tf. at Paris, 24 Mar. 1696. 

Miramon, Miguel, President oe Eepub- 
lic oe Mexico, — b. at Mexico, about 1833/ 
1830 15 — enters Military School of Chapultepec, 
1 846 b — unsuccessfully attempts a revolt against 
Pres. Comonfort, 1856 — named provisional 
Pres., 1 Jan. 1859 — reinstates Zuloaga, 24 Jan. 
— Pres. again, 2 Feb. : recognized by United 
States : civil war with Juarez continues : de- 
feats Juarez at Estancia de las Yacas, Nov. — 
besieges him in Yera Cruz, 6 Mar. i860 — de- 
feated by Juarez at Yalulpalam, 13 Aug. i860 
— shuts himself up in Mexico ; resigns, and is 
reelected, 14 Aug. — defeated by army of Juarez, 
at San Miguelito, 22 Dec. — escapes to Spain, 
1 86 1 — returns to Mexico, and is named Grand 
Marshal, by Maximilian, sum. 1864 — ambas- 
sador to Berlin, 1864 — returns to Mexico, 1866 
— commands Imperial army at Queretaro, Jun. 
— captured and shot by order of Juarez, 19 
Jun. 1867. a Yapereau. b Amer. Ann. Encyc. 

Miranda, Francisco, general, — b. at Ca- 
racas, about 1750— visits United States, 1783 — 
goes to Paris, 1789^ 1791 b — General of Divi- 
sion, serves under Dumouriez in Champagne, 
1792 — serves in Belgium, 1793 — banished, 1797 
— leads insurgents at Yenezuela, defeated, 1806 



— organizes republic at Caracas,i8n — surrend- 
ers to Spaniards, 181 2 — tf • in prison of the In- 
quisition at Cadiz, 18 16. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Miranda, Sa de, poet, — b. at Coimbra, about 

1495— *f-, 155%. 

Mirandola, in Italy, — besieged and taken 
by Pope Julius II., 21 Jan. 151 1 — erected into 
a Duchy by Emperor Ferdinand II., 1619 — the 
Duchy confiscated and sold to Duke of Modena, 
1710. 

Mirandola, Francisco Pico della,— chosen 
podestat of Modena, 13 12 — expelled by Guelfs, 
8 Jul. 1 3 12 — returns and recovers his dignity, 
131 3 — sells Modena to Bonacossi, lord of Man- 
tua, 1317 — besieged, taken prisoner, and put to 
death with his sons at Mirandola by Bona- 
cossi, 1 32 1. 

Mirandola, Giovanni Pico della,i?o^, classic- 
al scholar, — rj. at Mirandola, 1463 — studies at 
Universities of Italy and France, 1477-84 — 
goes to Eome, 1484 — his theses censured by 
Pope Innocent VIII., 1487 — takes refuge at 
Florence, 1487 — visits Lorenzo de' Medici on 
his deathbed, Apr. 1492— tf. at Florence, 17 
Nov. 1494. Opere, 1496. 

Miraulmont, Pierre de, historian, — b. at 
Amiens, about 1550 — Lieutenant-general, 
about 1580 — tf. at Paris, 8 Jun. 161 1. Me- 
moire sur Vorigine et institutions des cours sou- 
veraines et justices royales, 1584. 

Mirbel, Charles Francois Brisseau de, 
naturalist, — b. at Paris, 27' Mar. 1776— Prof. 
Botany, Paris, 1801 — correspondent of Acade- 
my of Sciences, 1807 — tf. at Paris, 12 Sep., a 
Dec. b 1854. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Mirepoix, Charles Pierre Gaston Francois 
de Levis, Duke de, Marshal of France, — 
ambassador to Austria, 1737 — Marechal de 
Camp, 1738 — Lieutenant-general, 1744 — am- 
bassador to London, Duke, 1749 — Marshal, 
1751 — Governor of Languedoc, 1756 — tf. at 
Montpellier, 1757. 

Mires, Jules, financier, — b. at Bordeaux, 9 
Dec. 1809 — manager to Gas Company of Aries, 
1 848 — sole director of the Caisse des Chemins 
defer, 1853 — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 
Sep. i860 — negotiates Turkish loan, Dec. i860 
— arrested for frauds, 17 Feb. 1861 — tried, 
found guilty, and sentenced to five years' im- 
prisonment, 11 Jul. — the sentence confirmed 
by Imperial Court, 24 Aug. — quashed by Court 
of Cassation, 27 Dec. — after new trial before 
Court of Douai, the sentence annulled, 21 Apr. 
1862 — fined and imprisoned for contempt of 
magistracy, Feb. 1870 — tf., 1871. 

Mirevelt. [Mierevelt.] 

Miriam,— [B C] — b., 1582^ about 1715 b— 
song at the Eed Sea, 11 May 1491 s — com- 
plains against Moses, Aug. 1490 a — tf., May 
1452, a I585. b a Ussher. b Clinton. 

Mirkhond, (Hamam JEddin Mirkhaivend 
Mohammed,) historian, — b„ about (836-7, a. h.) 
1433-4— tf., (903,) 1498. 

Mirzapore, in Hindustan, — district of, sub- 
ject to Mohammedans of Delhi, 1193 — con- 
quered by Baber, 1529 — falls to Soojah ud 
Dowlah, 1760 — town mentioned, 1760-70 — 



MISDEMEANOUR— MITHRIDATES VI. 



973 



part of, ceded to E. India Company, 1775 — re- 
mainder ceded, 1 801. 

Misdemeanour, — law respecting indictments 
for, amended by Act 14 and 15 Vic. c. 100, 7 
Aug. 1 85 1 — abettors in, punishable as princi- 
pals, by Act 24 and 25 Vic. c. 94, 6 Aug. 
1861. 

Mississippi, river, — reached and crossed by 
Ferdinand de Soto, 154.1 — explored by La Salle, 
1682 — source of the, in Lake Itasca, discovered 
by Schoolcraft, 1833. 

Mississippi, If. S., — French settlements in, 
1698 — ceded to British, 1763 — erected into a 
Territory by United States, 1800 — western por- 
tion made a State of the Union, 18 17 — secedes, 
1861 — ports of, blockaded by Federals, 19 Apr. 
1861 — ravaged by Federals, 1863. [Confeder- 
ate States, Vicksburg.] 

Mississippi Scheme, < — projected by Law, 
171 6 — incorporated, Aug. 1 717 — fails, Jul. 1 7 20. 

Missolonghi, in Greece, — devastated,* by 
Turks, 17 15 — joins in insurrection against 
Turks, 1770 — taken by Ali Pasha, 1804— joins 
party of insurrection, 7 Jun. 1821 — besieged by 
Turks, Nov. 1822 — siege raised, 6 Jan. 1823 — 
again unsuccessfully besieged, Aug. to Oct. 1823 
— siege of, by Reshid Pasha, begins, 25 Apr. 1825 
— bombardment begins, n May — retreat of 
Hydriotic fleet before Turks under Husein Bey, 
10 Jul. — defeat of Turkish by Greek fleet 
under Miaulis, Aug. — blockaded by Turkish 
and Egyptian fleet, end of Nov. — bombarded 
by Ibrahim Pasha, 25-27 Jan. 1826 — defeat of 
Ibrahim Pasha by Greeks, 6 Apr. — taken by 
Ibrahim, 22 Apr. — restored to Greeks by 
capitulation, 18 May 1829 — attacked by insur- 
gents, 1836. 

Missouri, river, — explored by Lewis and 
Clarke, 1804-5. 

Missouri, V. S., — forms part of Louisiana, 
and is ceded to United States, 1803 — separated 
and made a Territory, 1804 — State of the Union, 
1 82 1 — secedes, 1861. [Confederate States.] 

Missouri Compromise, — permitting slavery 
in State of Missouri, passed by Congress, 1821 
— repealed by Kansas Nebraska Act, 1 854. 

Mitchell, Sir Andrew, diplomatist, — loses 
his wife and abandons study of the law, 17 19 
— secretary to Marquis of Tweedale, 1741-5 — 
M.P. Banff, 1747 — British resident at Brussels, 
1 75 1 — K.B., ambassador to Berlin, 1753 — ac- 
companies Frederick II. in Seven Years' War, 
1756-63 — visits England, 1765 — returns to 
Berlin, 1766 — ft. there, 28 Jan. 177 1. 

Mitchell, Sir Andrew, admiral, — fc. in Scot- 
land, about 1757 — enters the navy and goes to 
India, 1776 — Rear-admiral, 1795 — captures 
Dutch fleet in the Texel, 1799 — X.B., 1799 — 
Commander-in-chief off coast of America, 1802 
— a", at Bermuda, 1806. 

Mitchell, Sir David, admiral, — Lieutenant 
R. N., 1678 — distinguishes himself at battle of 
Beachy Head, Jun. 1690 — contributes to victory 
of La Hogue, 1692 — Rear-admiral, Feb. 1693 
— commands convoy of William III. to Ire- 
land, Mar. 1693 — Knt, 1694 — Vice-admiral, 
1695 — commands convoy of Peter the Great 
from Holland to England, 1698 — Joint-com- 
missioner for executing office of Lord High 



Admiral, 2 Jun. 1699 to Apr. 1701 — ft. in 
Hertfordshire, 1 Jun. 17 10. 

Mitchell, John, general, — 6. in Stirlingshire, - 
1785 — enters the army, 1805— serves in Wal- 
cheren Expedition, and at siege of Flushing, 
1809 — in Peninsular War, 18 10- 12 — in cam- 
paigns of 1 81 3-15 — tf. at Edinburgh, 9 Jul. 
1859. Life of Wallenstein, 1837 — Thoughts 
on Tactics, 1838 — Fall of Napoleon, 1845 — 
Biographies of Eminent Soldiers, 1865. 

Mitchell, Thomas, classical scholar, — 6. in 
London, 30 May 1783 — enters Pembroke Coll. 
Cambridge, Oct. 1802 — B.A., 1806— Fellow 
of Sidney Sussex Coll., about 1808 — Is. near 
Woodstock, 6 May 1845. Translations from 
Aristophanes, 1820-2 and 1834-8. 

Mitchell, Sir Thomas Livingstone, traveller, 
— ft. in Stirlingshire, 1792 — enters the army and 
serves in Portugal, 1808 — Deputy-surveyor- 
general of New South Wales, 1827 — conducts 
exploring expeditions into the interior, 183 1-2, 
1835, and 1836— EJit, and D.C.L. Oxford, 1839 
— conducts fourth exploring expedition, dis- 
covers the Victoria river, 1845-6 — visits Eng- 
land, 1853 — Colonel, 1854 — tf. near Sidney, 5 
Oct. 1855. Outlines of System of Surveying 
for Geographical and Military purposes, 1827 — 
Three Expeditions into the Interior of Eastern 
Australia, 1838 — Journal of an Expedition into 
the Interior of Tropical Australia, 1848 — 
Origin, history, and description of the Boomer- 
ang Propeller, 1853. 

Mitelli, Agostino, painter, — b. in the Bo- 
lognese, i6o7, a 1609 b — ft. at Madrid, 1660. 
a Biog. Univ. b Nagler. 

Mitelli, Giuseppe Maria, engraver, — ft. at 
Bologna, 1634 — "is. there, 17 18. 

Mitford, John, miscellaneous writer, — ft., 
about 1782— B.A. Oriel Coll. Oxford, 1809— 
vicar of Benhall, soon after : Editor of Gentle- 
man's Magazine, 1834-50 — if. at Benhall, 27 
Apr. 1859. Life of Gray, 18 14 — edits, with 
Memoirs, Spenser, Milton, Butler, Lryden, §c. f 
for Aldine editions of British Poets, 1830, seqq. 
— Correspondence of Walpole and Mason, 1851. 

Mitford, John Freeman. [Redesdale, 

LOKD.] 

Mitford, Mary Russell, poetess, novelist, — 
6. at Alresford, Hampshire, 16 Dec. 1786 — 
receives pension from the Queen, May 1837 — 
tf. near Reading, 10 Jan. 1855. Our Village, 
1824-32 — Dramatic Works, 1854 — Recollections 
of my Literary Life, 1852 — Letters, §c, 1870.. 

Mitford, William, historian, Prof. History, 
R. A., — b. in London, 10 Feb. 1744 — M.P., 
1785 — &. in Hampshire, 8 Feb. 1827. History 
of Greece, 1 7 84- 1 8 1 8 . 
■""Mithili, — overrun by Mohammedans, 1325. 

Mithridates II., (Ctistes,) Ring of Pontus, 
— [BC] — succeeds Ariobarzanes as satrap of 
Cappadocia, 337 a — attempt of Antigonus on 
his life, flies from court of Antigonus to 
Paphlagonia, 318-7 b — founds kingdom of 
Pontus, about 317 — aids Eumenes against 
Antigonus, close of 317/ 315 b — assassinated, 
302-i, b a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. 

Mithridates VI., Elpator, Dionysus, the 
Great, King op Pontus — [BC]— fc., about 131 
— succeeds Mithridates Euergetes, his father, 



974 



MITHRIDATIC— MOCENIGO. 



1 20— drives Nicomedes IV. out of Bithynia, 
90 — begins his wars with Borne, 88 — [Mith- 
ridatic War] — prepares for his march round 
the Euxine, 64 — revolt of his son Pharnaces, 
kills himself, 63. 

Mithridatic, Pontic, and Bosporic Era, — 
[BCJ — commences, 297. 

. Mithridatic War, — [B C] — First : invasion 
of Pontus by Mcomedes IV. of Bithynia, 89 — 
defeat of Mcomedes by generals of Mithridates, 
88 — Mithridates enters province of Asia as 
deliverer, 88 — orders massacre of Bomans, 
winter 88-87 — sends Archelaos into Greece, 
Sulla takes command against him, 87 — siege 
of Piraeus and blockade of Athens: Athens 
taken by Sulla, 1 Mar. 86— battles of Chseronea 
and Orchomenos, 86 — Fimbria defeats Mith- 
ridates at Pergamus, 85 — peace concluded, 
Mithridates gives up his conquests in Asia and 
surrenders his fleet, winter 85-84 — ratification 
of Treaty refused by Senate. Second : invasion 
of Pontus by Murena, 83 and 82— defeat of 
Murena, on the Halys, 82 — peace reestablished: 
Sulla's triumph, Jan. 81. Third : commenced 
by Mithridates, who invades Bithynia, 74 — 
defeat of Cotta at Chalcedon, 74— siege of 
Kyzikos, 74— siege raised by Lucullus, early 
in 73 — army of Mithridates defeated by 
Lucullus, 73-72— escape of Mithridates to 
Sinope, 72 — passage of the Halys, winter 72-7 1 
— siege and capture of Amisus, 72-71 — Tigranes 
refuses to surrender person of Mithridates, 70 — 
passage of Euphrates by Lucullus, siege and 
capture of Tigranocerta, 69 — victory of Lucul- 
lus over Tigranes and Mithridates at Artaxata, 
68 — siege of Nisibis, mutiny of Boman soldiers, 
68 — Mithridates recovers Pontus, 67-66 — Poni- 
pey charged with direction of the war, by Lex 
Manilia,summer 66 — defeat of Mithridates in 
Galatia, surrender of Tigranes,66 — Pompey win- 
ters on the Cyrnus, 66-65. [Mithridates VI. J 
Mitrailleur, (Mitrailleuse,) — first used by 
the, French, at attack on Saarbriick, 2 Aug. 1870. 
Mitscherlich, Eilhard, chemist, — ft. in E. 
Friesland, 7 Jan. 1794 — studies at Heidelberg, 
1 81 1 — at Paris, 181 3 — at Gottingen, 18 14 — 
goes to Berlin, 18 18 — visits Berzelius at Stock- 
holm, about 1820-2 — Prof. Chemistry, TJniv. of 
Berlin, 1 821 — Foreign Member of Boyal Society, 
London, 1828 — receives Boyal Medal of Royal 
Society, London, 1829 — Foreign Associate 
of Institute of France, 1852 — £r. at Berlin, 28 
Aug. 1863. Lehrbuch der Chemie, 1829-40. 

Mittarelli, Giovanni Benedetto, — ft. at Ven- 
ice, 1707 — Superior-general of Camaldule Or- 
der, 1764 — rj. at Borne, 14 Aug. 1777. Annates 
Camaldulenses ordinis 8. Benedicti, 1755-73. 

Mittau, capital of Courland, — founded by 
Teutonic Knights, 1271 — taken by Charles XII. 
of Sweden, 1701 — seized by Peter the Great, 
14 Sep. 1705 — castle built, 1739 — asylum of 
Louis XVIII., 1796. 

Mnaidra Bone Cave, — discovered by Dr Leith 
Adams, 1863. 

Mnasippos, — [BC] — besieges Korkyra, 373 
— slain, midsummer 373. 

Mnemonic Nomenclature, in Chemistry, — 
suggested by Dumas and Laurent, between 
1820-7 — first published by Gmelin, 1827. 



Mnemosyne, asteroid, — discoveredby Luther, 
22 Sep. 1859. 

Mnesicles, architect, — [BC] — builds Pro- 
pylaea to Acropolis at Athens, 437-433. 

Mnesidemus, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, 
(01. 120, 3,) 298. 

Mnesithides, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, 
(01.: 80,4,) 457- 

Moabite Stone, inscribed, — discovered near 
Dead Sea by Klein, Aug. 1868 — broken up by 
Bedouins, before end of 1869. 

Moabites, — [BC]— Balak procures Balaam 
to curse Israel, 145 1 a — harass Israelites under 
Eglon, 1 343 a — who is assassinated by Ehud, 
1 3 25 a — war with Israel, about 1 085 - 1 080 a — tri- 
butary to David, about 1040 a — revolt from 
Ahaziah of Israel, under Mesha, 897 a — war with 
Jekoram of Israel, Jehoshaphat of Judah, and 
king of Edom, 896,^ 895/ 894?° — form con- 
federacy with Edomites, &c, attack Jehoshaphat 
and are defeated, 895^ 896 a — harass Israel 
under Jehoash, 849, 11 after 840 a — regain trans- 
jordane territory, after 740 a — auxiliaries to 
.Nebuchadnezzar against Jerusalem, 590 s — de- 
feated in war by Nebuchadnezzar, about 582 — 
[AD] — their country explored by Seetzen, 
1806-7 — by Burckhardt, 18 12 — by Irby and 
Mangles, 1818 — by De Saulcy, 1851— attempt 
to identify them with Druses, by Bose, 1852. 
a Ussher. - b Bib. Cyc. c Clinton. 

Moawiyah I., 6th Caliph, (first of the Om- 
miades,) — ft., about 610 — embraces Islamism, 
625 — governor of Syria, (20, a. h.) 641-57 — 
conquers Cyprus, (27,) 647 — takes Bhodes, 
(30,) 651 — defeats Imperial fleet under Con- 
stans II. off coast of Lycia, (35,) 6^^ — deprived 
by Ali, (36,) 656 — forms league with Amrou, 
governor of Egypt, and revolts against Ali ; 
— failure of proposed arbitration, (40,) 660-1 
— unsuccessful attempt of Kharegites to as- 
sassinate him, (close of 40,) 661— makes war 
on Hasan, and deposes him, 661 — succeeds him, 
(41,) Jul. or Sep. 661 — puts to death Abderah- 
man, son of Khaled, 666 — sends his general 
Akbah to conquer Africa, (50,) 670 — sends 
Yesid and Sophian to besiege Constantinople, 
(52,) 672 — again, 679 — concludes truce for 
thirty years with Constans II., (58,) 678 — rj. 
at Damascus, (Bedgeb 60,) Apr. or May 680. 

Moawiyah II., 8th Caliph, — ft., 663 — 
succeeds his father, Yesid, (64, a. h.) Oct. or 
Nov. 683 — rj., after six weeks' reign, 683 or 684. 

Mobile, U. S., — founded by the French, 
1702 — ceded to British by Peace of Paris, 1763 
— taken by Spaniards, about 1783 — surrendered 
by them to United States, 181 3 — arsenal at, 
seized by insurgents, 4 Jan. 1861 — Admiral 
Farragut defeats Confederates near, Jul. 1864 
— evacuated by Confederates, 12 Apr. 1865 — 
negro riots at, May 1867. 

Mocenigo, Andrea, historian, — ft. at Venice, 
about 1490. Belli memorabilis Cameracencis 
adversus Venetos historia, 1525. 

Mocenigo, Giovanni, Doge of Venice, — 
ft., about 1408— succeeds Andrea Vandramino, 
18 May 1478 — makes peace with Mahomet II., 
26 Jan. 1479 — forms alliance with Dukes of 
Ferrara and Milan against Ferdinand of Naples, 
1479— declares war on Duke 0I Ferrara, 2 May 



MOCENIGO— MODENA. 



975 



1482 — concludes peace, 7 Aug. 1484 — tr., 4 
Nov. 1485. 

Mocenigo, Luigi I., Doge of Venice, — 
succeeds Pietro Loredano, n May 1570 — loses 
Cyprus to the Turks, 1570- 1 — battle of Le- 
panto, 1572 — makes peace with Sultan, Mar. 
1573 — receives Henry III. of France at Venice, 
19 Jul. 1574— tj., 4 Jun. 1576. 

Mocenigo, Pietro, Doge op Venice, — Com- 
mander-in-chief of the fleet against Turks, 
1470— ravages Mitylene and the Cyclades, 1472 
• — takes Smyrna, 1472 — compels Turks to raise 
siege of Scutari, Aug. 1474 — succeeds Niccolo 
Marcello, 16 Dec. 1474 — tf., 23 Feb. 1476. 

Mocenigo, Sebastiano, Doge of Venice,— 
succeeds Giovanni Cornavo, 28 Aug. 1722 — tr., 
21 May 1732. 

Mocenigo, Tomaso, Doge of Venice,— am- 
bassador to Pope and Emperor at Cremona, 
141 3 — succeeds Michele Steno, 7 Jan. 141 4 — 
tr„ 15 Apr. 1423. 

Mochnacki, Maurycy, historian, §c, — fc. in 
Poland, 1804 — studies at "Warsaw, 1823 — takes 
part in insurrection of 1830 — t(. at Auxerre, 20 
Dec. 1834. Potostanie Narodu Polskiego, 1834 
— Pisma Rozmaite, 1836. 

Mocquard, Jean Francois Constant, littera- 
teur, politician,— -ft. at Bordeaux, 11 Nov. 1791 
— Advocate, 18 17 — quits the bar, 1826 — assists 
Louis Napoleon in attempt at Strasburg, 1836 
— private secretary to Napoleon III., 10 Dec. 
1848 — his confidential adviser, from Dec. 1851 
— tr. at Paris, 10 Dec. 1864. Tireuse de Carte, 
1859 — Massacres de Syrie, i860 — Prise de 
Pekin, 1861. 

Modena, (Mutiny,) City and Duchy of, — 
[B C] — falls under power of Eomans, as early 
as 218 — Eomans defeat the Boii at, 193 — 
Roman colony, 183 — besieged by Pompey, 78 
— besieged by M. Antony, defended by De- 
cimus Brutus, and relieved by Octavius, Hirtius, 
and Pansa, 43 — [AD] — destroyed by Constan- 
tine, 312 — rebuilt by him : taken and pillaged 
by Goths, 404 — by Attila, 452 — taken by Lom- 
bards, about 570 — as part of States of Countess 
Matilda, taken possession of by Emperor Henry 
V., 1 1 15 — independent Eepublic, about 11 25 
— supports Emperor Frederick II. against Mi- 
lanese, 1232 — attacked by Bolognese, under 
Cardinal Octavian, May 1248 — submits to 
him, and engages to make war on Frederick, 
Dec. 1248 — lordship of, accepted by Obizzo 
II., Marquis of Este, Dec. 1288 a — [Este, 
Mouse of] — chosen Lord of Eeggio, Jan. 1290 
— tr., 13 Feb. 1293 — Azzo VIII. , of Este, (son,) 
succeeds : chosen perpetual Lord of Modena 
and of Eeggio, Mar. 1293 — marries Beatrice 
of Sicily, Apr. 1 305 — League of Parma, Verona, 
Mantua, and Bologna, against him, 1305 — re- 
volt of Modena and Eeggio, Jan. 1306 — tr., 
31 Jan. 1308 — Fulk III., (grandson,) 1308 — 
succeeds at Ferrara, but is deprived by his 
great-uncles, 1 308 — Francesco and Aldo- 
brandino restored by Venetians, 1309 — the 
Venetians defeated by Papal troops, 28 Aug. 
1 309 — interdict laid on Modena by Pope Cle- 
ment V., 1 31 3 — Einaldo, Obizzo III., and 
Niccolo I. chosen Lords of Ferrara, 15 Aug. 



1 3 17 — excommunicated by John XX II., and 
interdict laid on Ferrara, 1320 — ally them- 
selves with Ghibellines, 1320 — reconciled with 
the pope, 1332 — invested with lordship of 
Ferrara as fief of St Peter, Jun. 1332 — be- 
siege Modena, 1335 — death of Einaldo, 31 
Dec. 1335 — take possession of Modena, 13 
May 1336 — Obizzo buys lordship of Parma, 
1344— death of Niccolo, 1 May 1346 — Obizzo 
sells lordship of Parma to Luchino Visconti, 
Sep. 1346 — interdict raised by Clement VI., 
27 May 1350 — tf. at Ferrara, 19 or 20 May 
1352 — Aldobrandino III., (son of Obizzo 
III.,) 1352 — Vicar of the Empire, by Charles 
IV., 1354 15 — tr., 3 Sep., a Nov. b 1 361— Niccolo 
II., (brother,) 1361 — vicariate of the Empire 
confirmed to him by Charles IV., 19 Dec. 1361 
— makes peace with the Visconti, Feb. 1369 — 
has conference with Urban V. at Viterbo, 
1367 — tf., 26 Mar. 1388— Alberto, (brother,) 
1388 — "tr., 30 Jul. 1393— Niccolo III., (son,) 
b., 1384 — succeeds, 1393 — marries Julia de' 
Carrara, 1397 — Captain-general of Army of 
the Church, by Boniface IX., 1403 — forms 
League with Duke of Milan against Ottoboni, 
May 1408 — proclaimed Lord of Parma, 27 
Jul. 1409 — Lord of Eeggio, Jul. 1409— joins 
League of Florentines and Venetians against 
Duke of Milan, 9 Jan. 1426 — peace concluded, 
26 Apr. 1433 — £• at Milan, 26 Dec. 1441 — 
Lionel, (son,) 1441 — marries Maria of Ara- 
gon, Apr. 1444 — her death, 9 Dec. 1449 — 
mediates a peace between Venetians and Al- 
fonso of Sicily, 2 Jul. 1450 — tf., 1 Oct. 1450 — 
Borso, (brother,) 1450 — titular Duke of Mo- 
dena and Eeggio, Count of Eovigo and Co- 
macchio, by Frederick III., 18 Apr. 1452 — 
receives Pius II. at Ferrara, 18 May 1459 — 
created Duke of Ferrara, by Paul II., 14 Apr. 
1471— tf., 20 Aug. 147 1— Hercules I., 147 1 
— Alfonso I., (son,) 1505 — Hercules II., 
(son,) b., 1508 — marries Eenee of France, 1528 
— succeeds, 31 Oct. 1534 — Calvin visits his 
Court, 1535 — visits Eome, Oct. 1535 — visits 
Charles V. at Naples, 1535 — receives Paul III. 
at Modena, 3 Apr. 1543 — at Ferrara, 21 Apr. — 
joins the League of the Pope and the French 
against Spain, 13 Nov. 1556 — named General 
of Army of the Church, and Lieutenant- 
general of King of France in Italy, 1556 — 
compelled to make peace with Spain, 18 Mar. 
1558 — tf., 3 Oct. 1559 — Alfonso II., (son,) 
&•» 1533 — marries Lucrezia de' Medici, 1558 — 
succeeds, 1559 — l° ses n ^ s wn ° e > Apr. 156 1 — 
marries Archduchess Barba, daughter of Fer- 
dinand II., 5 Dec. 1565— she dies, 19 Sep. 
1572 — candidate for the crown of Poland, 1575 
— marries Margaret de' Gonzaga, 25 Feb. 1579 
— confines Tasso in an asylum, 1579-86 — tr., 27 
Oct. 1597 — Cesare, (cousin,) b., Oct. 1562 — 
marries Virginia de' Medici, Feb. 1586 — suc- 
ceeds, 1597 — excommunicated by Clement 
VIII. , and declared incapable of succeeding to 
Duchy of Ferrara, 23 Dec. 1597 — cedes Fer- 
rara to Clement VIII., 13 Jan. 1598 — loses 
his wife, 15 Jan. 1615 — tr., 11 Dec. 1628 — 
Alfonso III., (son,) {1., Oct. 1591 — marries 
Isabella of Savoy, Feb. 1608— loses his wife, 



97 6 



MODENA— MOGUL EMPIRE. 



Aug. 1626 — succeeds, 1628 — cedes his Duchy 
to his son, 24 Jul. 1629 — retires to a convent 
in the Tyrol, Sep. — ft., 1644 — Francisco I., fc., 

5 Sep. 1 6 10 — succeeds his father, 1629 — marries 
Maria Farnese, 1631 — joins Spaniards against 
Duke of Parma, 1636— visits Madrid, Aug. 
1638 — abandons the Spanish party and attaches 
himself to France, 1647 — marries Tittoria 
Farnese, 12 Feb. 1648 — marries Lucrezia Bar- 
berini, 23 Apr. 1654 — as Generalissimo of 
French armies in Italy, forms siege of Pavia, 
24 Jul. 1655 — visits Paris, 1656 — Valen- 
zia, 7 Sep. 1656 — unsuccessfully besieges Ales- 
sandria, 17 Jul. to 19 Aug. 1657 — takes Mortara, 
15 Aug. 1658 — tf., 14 Oct. 1658— Alfonso 
IV., (son.) fj., Feb. 1634 — marries Laura Mar- 
tinozzi, 27 May 1655 — succeeds, 1658 — Ge- 
neralissimo of French armies in Italy, 1658 — 
makes separate peace with Spain, 1 1 Mar. 1659 
— tf., 16 Jul. 1662 — Francisco II., (son,) fc., 

6 Mar. 1660 — succeeds, 1662 — under regency 
of his mother till 1676 — marries Margaret 
Farnese, 14 Jul. 1692 — ft., 6 Sep. 1694 — 
Einaxdo, (uncle,) fc., 25 Apr. 1655 — Cardinal, 
2 Sep. 1686 — succeeds, 1694 — marries Charlotte 
Felicita of Brunswick, 1695 — allies himself 
with Austria in the \Var of the Succession, 
1 701 — driven from his States by the French, 
Jul. 1702 — reestablished, 1707 — purchases 
Duchy of Mirandola, 1 7 1 8 — again driven from 
his States by the French, 1734 — returns to 
Modena, May 1736 — tf. there, 26 Oct. 1737 — 
Francesco III., (son,) fi., 2 Jul. 1698 — 
marries Charlotte of Orleans, 21 Jun. 1720 — 
succeeds, 1737 — receives Francis of Lorraine, 
Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Maria Theresa, 
at Modena, 1739 — driven away by the war 
against Austria, 1 742 — Generalissimo of Spanish 
armies in Italy, 1743 — takes Castel Nuovo, 24 
Apr. 1745 — takes Tortona, 3 Sep. — enters 
Pavia, 22 Sep. — reenters his States under Treaty 
of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748 — visits London, Apr. 
to May 1749 — returns to Modena, 28 Sep. 1752 
— loses his wife, 19 Jan. 1761 — If., 23 Feb. 1780 
— Hercules III., (son,) h., 22 Nov. 1727 — 
marries Maria Theresa of Massa-Carrara, 1741 
— succeeds, 1780 — loses his wife, 26 Dec. 1790 
— the city occupied by French, 6 Oct. 1796 — 
Duchy annexed by Napoleon I. to Cispadane 
Republic, 27 Dec. 1796— annexed to Cisalpine 
Republic by decree of Napoleon, 23 May 
1797 — occupied by Austrians, 4 May 1799 
■ — taken by French, 12 Jim. — occupied by 
Austrians under Gen. Klenau, 25 Jun. — re- 
stored to Duke Hercules : again conquered by 
French, Jun. 1800 — Hercules o\, 14 Oct. 1803 
— Maria Beatrice (daughter) marries Fer- 
dinand of Austria, 15 Oct. 177 1 — with him 
succeeds to her father's rights, 1803 — Duchy 
forms part of kingdom of Italy, 1804 — death 
of Ferdinand, 24 Dec. 1806 — Francisco IV., 
(son,) fc.,6 0ct. 1779 — marries Maria Beatrice 
of Sardinia, 20 Jun. 18 12 — restored to the 
Duchy, 7 Feb. 18 14 — visit of Pius VII. to the 
city, 27 Mar. — occupied by Murat, 4-12 Apr. 
1 8 15 — insurrection at, the Duke driven away, 
5 Feb. 1 83 1 — occupied by Austrians, and the 
insurrection suppressed, 10 Mar. — ft., 21 Jan. 



1846 — Francisco V. (son) succeeds, 1846 — 
disturbances at, end of 1847 — insurrection at, 
the Duke withdraws, 23 Mar. 1848 — occu- 
pied by Sardinian troops, Mar. — evacuated by 
them, 10 Aug. — and the Duke reestablished": 
disturbances at, 1859 — dynasty deposed by 
National Assembly, 19 Aug. 1859 — Duchy 
annexed to Sardinia by peace of Zurich, 10 
Nov. 1859. Cathedral, commenced by Countess 
Matilda, 1099— consecrated, 11 84 — renovated, 
1822. University, founded by Francis II., 
1662-94. 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 
Modena, Barnaba de, painter, — fl., 1357.68. 
Modena, Mary of. [Mary of Modena.] 
Modena, {Mutina,) Tommaso da, painter, — 

a., 1352. 

Modestinus, Herennius, jurist, — fi., about 
230. 

Modestus, — Consul with Arintheus, (1125, 
a. tj. c.) 372. 

Modestus, T. Manilius, — Consul with Ser. 
Calpurnius Probus, (981, A. u. c.) 228. 

Modon, in the Korea, (Met/tone,) — conquered 
bv Venetians, 11 24 — taken by Sultan Bajazet 



>y Venetians, 1 
[I., 1498 — recc 



II., 1498 — recovered for Venice by Morosini, 
1686 — again taken by Turks, 17 15 — given up 
to Venice by Peace of Passarowitz, 17 18 — un- 
successfully besieged by Russians, 1770 — be- 
sieged by Greeks, 1821 — defeat of Ibrahim 
Pacha near, 12 May 1825 — taken from Turks 
by the French, 1827. 

Moellendorf, Richard Joachim Heinrich, 
Count von, field-marshal, — ft. in Prussia, 
about 1724 — page to Frederick II., 1740 — 
Adjutant, 1744 — serves at siege of Prague, 
and at battle of Rosbach, 1757 — at siege of 
Breslau, 1758 — distinguishes himself at battle 
of Liegnitz, 1760 — captured by Austrians at 
Torgau, 1760 — Major-general, 1761 — Knt of 
the Black Eagle, 1779 — Governor of Berlin, 
1783 — employed in dismemberment of Poland, 
1793 — Field-marshal, obtains victory over 
French at Kaiserslautern, 1794— assists in ne- 
gotiating Treaty of Basel, 1797 — wounded at 
battle of Jena, 14 Oct. 1806 — 3j. at Berlin, a 
Havelberg, b 28 Jan. 18 16. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Moerocles, orator, — [B C] — demanded by 
Alexander, Nov. 335 — defends Theocrines, after 

336-5,333? 

Moeskirch, — Gen. Moreau defeats Austrians 
at, 5 May 1800. 

Mogador, in Morocco, — bombarded by French 
under Prince de Joinville, 15 Aug. 1844. 

Mogalli, Cosimo, engraver, — ft. at Florence, 
1667 — U. there, about 1730. 

Mogallo, Niccolo, engraver, — ft., 1723 — 
goes to Rome, 1750. Plates of the Mcnumenti 
antichi inediti, spiegati et illustrati da Giov. 
Winckelmann, 1767. 

Mogul Empire, Moguls, — Jelal tj din of 
Kharism driven out of his dominions, (618, a.h.) 
1 22 1 —besiege Multan and conquer Lind, (620-1,) 
1223-4 — reach Lahore, (638,) 1240 — Manktj 
Khan invades Bengal and Punjab, about (642,) 
1244 — invaded by Shir Khan, about (649,) 
1250 — attack on Punjab repelled, about (653,) 



MOGUL EMPIRE— MOIVKE. 



977 



1255 — defeated in Punjab, (678,) 1279 — again, 
(691,) 1292 — Daud Khan, king in Transoxi- 
ana, (697,) 1297 — Kutlugh Khan invades 
India, defeated at Delhi by Ala u din, 1297 — 
invasions of India, 1303-5 — dominions of Abu- 
said divided amongst his sons, after 1335— 
rebellion of Mogul troops in Guzerat, 1345-6 
— Moguls bought off from the Punjab by Mo- 
hammed, after (745) 1345. 

Mogul Empire, in Hindustan, — established 
by Baber, 1526 — his son, Humayun, succeeds, 

1530. 

Family of Sub. : Shir Shah takes possession 
of, 1540 — his son, Selim Shah Sur, (Jelal 
Khan,) succeeds, May 1545— on his death his 
son murdered by Mohammed Shah Sue 
Adili, who usurps the throne, 1553 — Ibrahim 
Sur seizes Delhi, Agra, and other provinces, 1554 
— Secander Sur revolts in the Punjab, defeats 
and drives out Ibrahim, who is also defeated by 
Hemu, 1554 — Mohammed Sur revolts in Ben- 
gal, defeated and killed by Hemu, 1554 — re- 
volt of Malwa, 1554 — Humayun restored, Jul. 
I 555 — Akber, his son, succeeds, 1556 — 
Jehangir, (son,) 1605— Shah Jehan, (son,) 
1627 — Aurangzib, (son,) 1658 — Bahadur 
Shah {Moazzim) (son) succeeds, Feb. 1707 — 
defeats his brother Asim, Jun. 1707 — marches 
against Sikhs, 17 10 — succeeded by his son, 
Jehundar Shah, May or Jun. 17 12 — put to 
death and succeeded by Farokhsir, Feb. 
17 1 3 — deposed and put to death by Hosen AH, 
Dec. 17 1 8 — nominal emperors set up by the 
Seiads, Feb. and Jun. 17 19— Mohammed Shah 
raised to the throne, Sep. 17 19 — invasion of 
Nadir Shah, 1738 — Ahmed Shah (son) suc- 
ceeds, Apr. 1748 — calls in Mahrattas to aid 
against Rohillas, 17.51 — cedes the Punjab to 
Ahmed Shah Durani, 1752 — defeated and de- 
posed by Ghazi u din, 1754 — Alamgir II. 
succeeds, 1754 — third invasion and capture of 
Delhi by Ahmed Shah Durani, 1756 — Ghazi u 
din (vizier) calls in the Mahrattas, 1757 — 
fourth invasion of Ahmed Shah, Sep. 1759 — 
Alamgir II. murdered by Ghazi u din, 1759 — 
battle of Panipat, 6 Jan. 1761 — the Empire 
broken up. [India, British.] 

Mohacz, in Hungary, — Solyman the Mag- 
nificent defeats Hungarians, (20 Silkide 932, 
a. h.) 28 Aug. 1526 s1 — the Turks defeated by 
Duke of Lorraine, 12 Aug. 1687. 
a Von Hammer. 

Mohammed, founder of Islam, — b. at Mecca, 
570 or 571 — marries Khadijah, about 595 — 
announces himself as a prophet, 610 — opposed 
by the Koreishites, 61-3-622 — loses his wife, 
621 — flies from Mecca, 16 Jul. 622 — received 
as king and priest at Yatreb (Medina) : de- 
feats Abu Sophian and the Koreishites at 
Beder, 623 — defeated by them at Ohud, 623 — 
conquers and expels the Jews, 623-7 — defeats 
the Koreishites before Medina, {the Nations or 
the Bitch,) 625 — Mecca submits to him, 629 — 
invades Palestine, 629 — battle of Muta, first 
engagement with foreign enemy, 629 — 5j. at 
Medina, 7 Jun. 632. 

Mohammed Shah, Emperor oe Delhi, — 
raised to the throne after deposition of Farokh- 



sir, '(Dhu'l kadah 1131, a. h.) Sep. 17 19— as- 
sumes the government, (Dhu'lhajj ah 1132,) Oct. 
1720 — defeats and captures Abdullah Khan, 
(Moharram 1133,) Nov. 1720 — enters Delhi, 
(Saphar 1133,) Nov. or Dec. 1720— appoints 
Asof Jah vizier, 172 1 — resignation of Asof Jah, 
Oct. 1723 — sanctions cession of Malwa to 
Mahrattas, 1734 — reconciled with Asof Jah, 
1736 — Delhi threatened by Baji Bao, (1149,) 
1737 — invasion of Nadir Shah, 1738 — de- 
feated by him, (15 Dhu'l kadah 1151,) 13 Feb. 
1739 — cedes the country west of the Indus to 
Nadir Sbab, 1739 — Ghazi u din succeeds his 
father, Asof Jah, as vizier, 1741 — marches 
against the Bohillas, (1156,) 1745 — his son 
Ahmed repulses Ahmed Khan Durani at Sir- 
hmd, (26 Babia I. 1161,) Mar. 1748— }j., (26 
Babiall. 1161,) Apr. 1748. 

Mohammedan Empire, — [Mohammed,] — 
Persia conquered, to Indus, 632-51 — Transox- 
iana (Tartary) conquered, (87-93, a. h.) 706- 
712 — Sind conquered, (92,) 710 — extended to 
Imaus and Jaxartes, 713 — rebellion of Khor- 
asan, (132,) 750 — Sind. lost, 750 — Transoxiana 
revolts, (190,) 806— Khorasan lost, (205,) 820 
— Empire dissolved, (247,) 861 — Caliphs be- 
come puppets of Turkish guards. 

Mohedano, Rafaello and Pedro Rodriguez, 
(brothers,) — h., between 17 25-30 ? — fc., between 
1 7 95 -1 800? Historia liter aria de JSspana, 
1766-85. 

Mohilef, in Russia, —conquered by Russia, 
1772 — seat of a government, 1778 — battle be- 
tween French and Bussians near, 23 Jul. 18 12. 
Cathedral built, 1780. 

Mohler, Johann Adam, theologian,— b. in 
"Wurtemberg, 6 May 1796 — Prof. Theology, 
Munich, 1835—^ ft. there, 12 Apr. 1838. 
Einheit in der Kirche, 1825 — Symbolik, 1832. 

Mohrungen, in Prussia, — defeat of Bussians 
by Prince of Ponte-Corvo at, 25 Jan. 1807. 

Mohun, Lord, — with Captain Hill waylays 
and kills William Mountfort, the actor, in 
London, winter 1692 — killed in duel with Duke 
of Hamilton, in Hyde Park, 15 Nov. 17 12. 

Moinmoor, in Ireland, — O'Connor, king of 
Ireland, defeats Turlogh O'Brien at, 1151. 

Moir, David Macbeth, {Delta,) poet, — ft. at 
Musselburgh, 5 Jan. 1798 — studies medicine at 
Edinburgh, 18 15 — commences practice at Mus- 
selburgh, 1817 — lj. there, 6 Jul. 1851. Life of 
Mansie Wauch, 1828 — Outlines of Ancient 
Hhtory of Medicine, 1831 — Poetical Works, 
1852. 

Moira, Earl oe. [Hastings, Marquis of.] 

Moitte, Francois Auguste, engraver, — ft. at 
Paris, 1748 — tf. there, about 1790. 

Moitte, Jean Guillaume, sculptor, — fc. at 
Paris, 1747 — obtains grand prize of sculpture, 
1768 — received at Academy, 1783 — 1j. at Paris, 
2 May 1 8 10. 

Moitte, Pierre Etienne, engraver, — fi. at 
Paris, 1 Jan. 1722 — received at Academy, 22 
Jun. 177 1 — tf. at Paris, 4 Sep. 1780. Galerie 



Dresde, 



752-3 
*754- 
Moivre, Abraham de 



Galerie du Cointe de BruhL 



[De Moivre.] 
62 



978 



MOLA— MOLINET. 



Mola, Giambattista, {Mola di Francia,) 
painter, — ft., i620, a i6i6, b i6i4, c 1622 d — tf. at 
Eome, 1 66 1. a Engl. Cye. b Biog. Univ. 
e Nouv. Biog. Gen. d Conv.-Lex. 

Mola, Pietro Francesco, {Mola di Roma,) 
painter, — ft. near Milan, 16 12 or 162 1 — tf. at 
Borne, 1666 or 1668. 

Molac, Sebastien de Rosmadec, Baron de, 
— distinguishes himself in war of the League, 
1589-96 — concludes truce with the Duke de 
Mercosur, Jan. 1596 — governor of Dinan, 1598 
— tf., 1629. 

Molai, Jacques de, Grand Master or the 
Templars, — enters the Order, about 1265 — 
succeeds "William de Beaujeu as Grand Master, 
1298 — at capture of Jerusalem, 1299 — called 
to France, 1 305 — arrested with all the knights, 
13 Oct. 1307 — burnt at Paris, 18 Mar. 13 14. 

Molanus, {Jan Ver-Meulen,) theologian, — ft. 
at Lille, 1533 — D.D. Louvain, 1570 — Prof. 
Theology, Louvain, about 1570 — tf. there, 18 
Sep. 1585. De Ficturis et Imaginibus sacris, 
1570 — Militia sacra ducum ac primipum Bra- 
bantice, 1592 — Medicorum Ecclesiastimm Fia- 
rium, 1595. 

Molbech, Christian, historian, philologist, 
— b. at Soroe, 8 Oct. 1783 — studies at Copen- 
hagen, .1803 — employed in Eoyal Library, 1804 
■ — travels in Germany, Prance, England, and 
Italy, 1819-20 — first secretary of Eoyal Li- 
brary, 1820 — Prof. Literary History at the 
Univ., 1823 — tf. at Copenhagen, Jun. 1857. 
Fdstorie om Fitmarserhrigen, 181 3 — Fansh 
Fialect Fexikon, 1833-41 — FanskOrdbog, 1833 
■ — Fansh Glossarium, 1853. 

Mold, {Monthaut,) in N. Wales, — castle 
stormed and razed by Owen Gwynedd, 1 144 — 
taken by Prince of Aberfraw, 1245 — by Sir 
Gruffyd Llwyd, 1322. 

Moldavia, {Bogdania,) — [Dacia]— occupied 
by Curaans, about 1050 — ravaged by Mongols, 
1239 — occupied by settlers under Eogdan, about 
1290 — war with Hungary, 1373-9 — alliance 
with Poland, between 1379-90 — tributary to 
Poland, 1395 — to Hungary, 1396 — independ- 
ent under Stephen IV., 1498 — conquered by 
Turks, and made tributary, 1536 — claim of Po- 
land to, abandoned, 1621 — unsuccessfully at- 
tacked by Peter the Great, 17 10 — deprived of 
privilege of electing hospodars, 17 10 — govern- 
ment intrusted by Turkey to Fanariots, 17 16 
— occupied by Eussians, 1739 — evacuated by 
Peace of Belgrade, Sep. 1739 — again occupied 
by Eussians, 1769 — restored to Turkey by 
Treaty of Kutchuk Kainardji, 1774 — occupied 
by Suwarof, 1789 — again evacuated by Treaty 
of Jassy, 1792 — annexation of, to Russia, 
secretly agreed to by Emperors Alexander and 
Napoleon at Erfurt, 1808 — again occupied by 
Eussians, 1 809 — evacuated, 1 8 1 2 - — eastern 
portion of, ceded to Eussia by Treaty of 
Bucharest, 18 12 — entered by Greeks under 
Ipsilanti, insurrection in, 1821 — occupied by 
Turkish troops, 1822 — Treaty of Akerman, 
1826 — protectorate of, acquired by Eussia, and 
affairs regulated by Treaty of Adrianople, Sep. 
1829 — evacuated by Eussia, 1834 — revolution- 
ary agitation in, Apr. 1848 — occupied by Eus- 



sians, 1853 — evacuated by Eussians and occu- 
pied by Austrian troops, autumn 1 854 — evacu- 
ated by Austrians, 1856. [Danubian Princi- 
palities.] 

Mole, Louis Mathieu, Count de, statesman, 
— ft. at Paris, 24 Jan. 178 1 — auditor of Council 
of State, 1806 — Counsellor of State, 1809 — 
Minister of Justice, Count, 18 13 — Peer of 
France, 1 8 14 — Minister of Marine, 18 17 — Min- 
ister of Foreign Affairs, Aug. to Nov. 1830 and 
Sep. 1836 to Apr. 1837 — First Minister, 15 
Apr. 1837 to 31 Mar. 1839 — admitted to French 
Academy, Feb. 1840 — member of Legislative 
Assembly, Sep. to Dec. 1848 — retires from 
public life, Dec. 1851 — tf. at Champalatrux, 23 
Nov. 1855. Fssais de Morale et de Folitique, 
1806. 

Molesworth, Robert, Viscount,— ft. at Dub- 
lin, Dec. 1656 — his estates confiscated, 1689 — 
Privy Councillor, 1689 — ambassador to Copen- 
hagen, 1692 — quarrels with king of Denmark 
and returns, 1695 — Commissioner of Trade and 
Plantations, 17 14 — raised to Irish peerage, 
1716 — tf-, 22 May 1725. Account of Fen- 
marh, 1696. 

Molesworth, Sir William, statesman, — ft. at 
Camberwell, 23 May 18 10— succeeds to bar- 
onetcy, 1823 — M.P. East Cornwall, Dee. 1832 
— M.P. Leeds, Jul. 1837-41 — M.P. South- 
wark, 1845 — first Commissioner of Public 
Works, Jan. 1853 — Secretary of State for the 
Colonies, Jul. 1855 — tf. in London, 22 Oct. 
1855. Establishes London Review, 1835 — 
edits London and Westminster Review, 1836, 
&c. — edits Works of Hobbes, 1842-5. 

Moliere, {Jean Baptiste Foquelin^) dramatist, 
actor, — ft. at Paris, 15 Jan. 1622 — studies at 
the College de Clermont, 1636-41 — attends 
Louis XIII. to Spain, 1642 — presented to 
Louis XIV. at Paris, 1658 — establishes himself 
at the Palais Eoyal, 1660 — marries, 1662 — 
receives a pension, 1663 — tf. at Paris, 17 Feb. 
1673. L ' Ftourdi, 1653 — Fepit Amoureux, 
1654 — Precieuses Ridicules, 1659 — Ecole des 
Maris, 1661 — Ecole desFemmes, 1662 — Critique 
de VFcole des Femmes, 1663 — Misanthrope, 1666 
— Medecin malgre lui, 1666 — Tartuffe, 1664? 
1667 ? — Avare, 1668 — Bourgeois Gentilhomme, 
1670 — Femmes Savantes, 1672 — Malade Lma- 
ginaire, 1673. 

Molin, Jacques, {Fumoidin,) physician, — ft. 
in Gevaudan, 29 Apr. 1666 — enters service of 
Louis XIV., 1706 — physician to Louis XV., 
1728 — attends him at Metz, Aug. 1744 — tf. at 
Paris, 21 Mar. 1755. 

Molina, Alfonso de, missionary, — ft. in 
Spain, 1496 — tf. in Mexico, 1584. Vocabidario 
y lengua Castellana y Mexicana, 157 1. 

Molina, Gonzalva. [Argote de Molina.] 

Molina, Luis, Jesuit, Prof. Theology, Fvora, 
— ft. at Cuenc^, Castile, 1535 — enters the 
Order, 1553 — attacked by Dominicans as a 
Pelagian, appeals to Eome, 1588 — [Molinist 
Controversy] — tf. at Madrid, 12 Oct. 1601. 
Fe liberi arbitrii cum graticc donis * * Con- 
cordia, 1588 — Commentary on St Thomas 
Aquinas, 1593 — Fe Justitia et Jure, 1659. 

Moiinet, Jean, poet, — tf. canon of Valen- 



MOLINIST CONTROVERSY— MOMORO. 



979 



ciennes, 1507. Prose translation of the Ro- 
man de la Rose, 1503 — Faits et Dits, contenant 
plusieurs beaux traites, oraisons et chants 
royaax, 153 1. 

Molinist Controversy, between Dominicans 
and Jesuits on Grace and Free Will, — origin- 
ates, 1588— [Molina, Luis]— Congregations de 
Auxiliis appointed by Clement VIII. for dis- 
cussion, meet, Jan. 1598, Jan. to Jul. 1601, 20 
Mar. 1602, 22 Jan. 1605 — reappointed by Paul 
V., meet, 14 Sep. 1605 to 1 Mar. 1606— con- 
tinuance of, prohibited by Paul V., Aug. 1607. 
Molino, Francesco, Doge of Venice,— suc- 
ceeds Francesco Erizzo, 20 Jan. 1646 — tf., 28 
Feb. 1655. 

Molinos, Miguel, founder of the Quietists, — 
b. near Saragossa, 1627 — arrested by the In- 
quisition, 1685 — makes public abjuration, 3 
Sep. 1687 — tf. in prison, 29 Dec. 1696. Spirit- 
mi Guide, 1675— condemned by Inquisition, 
1685. 

Moliterno, Prince de, general— b. at Naples, 
1774 — distinguishes himself in Piedmont 
against French, 1794 — in Naples, 1798 — 
General of the People, Naples, Jan. 1799 — 
takes part with insurgents against Murat, 1 800 
— at Rome, 18 14 — tf., 1840. 

Molitor, Gabriel Jean Joseph, Marshal op 
France, — b. in Lorraine, 7 Mar. 1770 — enters 
the army, Aug. 1791 — serves under Hoche, 
1794 — wounded at attack on Mentz, 1795 — 
distinguishes himself at siege of Kehl, and made 
General of Brigade, Jul. 1799— distinguishes 
himself under Massena in Switzerland, 1799 — 
contributes to victory of Moeskirch, 5 May 1 800 
— of Feldkirch, 14 Jul. — General of Division, 
6 Oct. 1800— serves in Italy, 1805— governor 
of Dalmatia, 1806— Grand Officer of Legion of 
Honour, Knt of the Iron Crown, 1806 — 
governor of Stralsund, Jul. 1 807 to Dec. 1 808 
— distinguishes himself at Essling, 2 1 May 1 809 
— at Wagram, 6 Jul. — governor of Hanse 
Towns, 18 10 — distinguishes himself in cam- 
paign of 1 8 14 — Chevalier of St Louis, 27 Jun. 
1 8 14 — Grand Cross of Legion of Honour, 21 
Jan. 1 8 15 — serves in Spain, 1823 — commander 
of St Louis, 5 Aug.— Marshal of France, 9 
Oct. — Peer of France, 1830 — governor of the 
Invalides, 1847 — Grand Chancellor of Legion 
of Honour, Dec. 1848 — tf. at Paris, 28 Jul. 
1849. 

Mbllendorf. [Moellendorf.] 

Moller, Daniel Wilhelm, philologist, — b. at 
Presburg, 1642 — Prof. Metaphysics and His- 
tory, Altdorf, 1674 — tf. at Altdorf, 25 Feb. 
1712. 

Moller, Georg, architect, — b. in Hanover, 
1780— studies in Italy, 1807-10 — architect to 
Grand Duke of Hesse, 18 10 — tf., 13 Mar. 1852. 
Denkmdler der Deutschen Bauhunst, 1815-45. 

Moller, Johann, philologist, — b. at Flens- 
burg, (Schleswig,) 1661 — tf. there, 1725. 
Cimbria litterata, 1744. 

Mollerus, Johan Hendrik, statesman, — b. at 
the Hague, about 1753 — registrar of Council 
of State, 1784-93 — Secretary to Provincial 
States of Holland, 1802 — Member of Council 
for Asiatic possessions, 1804 — of Council of 



State, 1806 — Minister of the Interior, soon 
after — Member of Legislative Body, 181 1 — 
Commissioner-general, 18 14 — Vice-Pres. Coun- 
cil of State, 18 16 — tf. at the Hague, about 
1830. 

Mollien, Nicolas Francois, Count, Peer 
of France, statesman, — b. at Rouen, 28 Feb. 
1758 — visits England, 1798 — director of the 
caisse d'amortissement, after 1 8 Brumaire, Nov. 
1799— Councillor of State, 1804 — Minister of 
the Treasury, Jan. 1806 — Count of the Empire, 
1809 — follows the Empress Maria Louisa to 
Blois, 1 8 14 — Peer of France, 18 19— tf. at 
Paris, 20 Apr. 1850. 

Mollwitz, in Silesia, — Frederick II. of Prus- 
sia defeats Austrians, 27 Apr. 1741. 

Molon, — [BC]— Archon at Athens, (01. 104, 
3,) 362. 

Molon, — [BC] — satrap of Media, 223 — 
revolts against Antiochus, 221 — defeated by 
Antiochus, kills himself, 220. 

Molossi, — [B C] — Admetus, king of, protects 
Themistocles, 466 — rise of Molossian kingdom 
of Epirus, about 340. 

Moluccas, Spice Islands, in Indian Archi- 
pelago,— settlement of Portuguese in, 15 10 — 
claimed by Spaniards, about 1520 — taken by 
Dutch, 1607 — declared common to Dutch and 
English, 1619 — held by British, 1796-1802 — 
again, 18 10-14 — free ports established, 1854. 

Molybdenum, metal t — distinguished from 
graphite, 1778. 

Molyn, Pieter de, painter, engraver, — b. at 
Haarlem, about 1600. 

Molyn, Pieter, (Tempesta,) painter, — b. at 
Haarlem, about 1637,°- 1643 b — tf. at Milan, 
1 7 04. c a Some authorities. 

b Others. ° Nagler. 

Molyneux, William, mathematician, — b. at 
Dublin, 17 Apr. 1656 — enters the Univ., 
167 1 — studies at Middle Temple, 1675-8 — 
assists in founding Dublin Philosophical So- 
ciety, 1683 — sent to inspect fortresses of the 
Netherlands, 1685— F.R.S., 1685— member of 
Irish Parliament, 1692 — tf. at Dublin, n Oct. 
1698. Dioptrica nova, 1692 — Sciothericum 
telescopicum, 1686. 

Molza, Francesco Maria, poet, — b . at Mo- 
dena, 1489 — settles at Rome, 1516 s — -tf. at 
Modena, 1544. Opera, 1538.* a E,oscoe. 

Molza, Tarquinia, miscellaneous writer, — b. 
at Modena, 1 Nov. 1542 — tf. there, 8 Aug. 
16 17. 

Mombaz, (Mo?nbassa,) on the east coast of 
Africa. — visited by Vasco de Gama, 1498 — 
burnt by Francesco de Almeida, 1505 — taken 
and destroyed by Nunho da Cunha, 1528 — 
recovered from Portuguese by natives, 1631 — 
held by Imam of Muscat, 1720 — threatened by 
Imam, and placed under British protection, 
1824-6. 

Mombrizio, (Mombritius,) Bonino, philolo- 
gist, — b*. at Milan, 1424 — tf., probably 1482 ? 
Edition of the Summulce of Paul of Venice, 
1474 — of the Scriptores Historice Augustee, 1475 
— Sanctuarium, about 1479. 

Momoro, Antoine Francois, printer, — b. at 
Besancon, 1756 — member of Administrative 
62 * 



980 



MOMPER— MONCRIEFF BATTERY. 



Commission, Aug. 1792 — sent twice to observe 
operations of the generals, 1793 — guillotined, 
24 Apr. 1794. Manuel des impositions typo- 
graphiques, 1789 — Traite elementaire de Vim- 
primer ie, 1793. 

Momper, Josse de, (Cervrugt,) painter, en- 
graver^ — ft. at Antwerp, about 1580 — member 
of Society of St Luke, Antwerp, 161 1 — tr.,1638. 

Mona. [Anglesey and Man, Isles of.~] 

Monachism, — originated by Paul the The- 
baean and St Anthony, in Egypt, about 305. 
[Monasteries.] 

Monaco, City and Principality of — possessed 
by the Grimaldi family, about 1000 ? — seized 
by Barons de Beuil, 1395 — recovered for Bai- 
nieri III. by Marshal Boucicaut, 1402— placed 
under Spanish protection, i45o, a about 1500 b 
— unsuccessfully besieged by Genoese and 
Pisans, 1506 — attacked by French, 1584 — 
again, 1596 — placed under protection of France, 
and the Duchy of Valentinois conferred on 
Prince Honorius by Treaty of Peronne, 17 Sep. 
1641 — Spanish garrison expelled, 1642 — on 
extinction of male line of Grimaldi, passes to 
House of Goyen-Matignon, 17 31 — suzerainty 
given to king of Sardinia, 18 15 — taken pos- 
session of by Sardinians, 1848-9 — partly sold 
to Napoleon III. — [Mentone]— customs union 
with France established by decree of Napoleon 
III., 7 Dec. 1865. 

a Conv.-Lex. b Encyc. Mod. 

Monaldeschi, Benedetto, — seizes supreme 
power in Orvieto, 1351 — deposed, 1355. 

Monaldeschi, Lodovico Bonconte de, chro- 
nicler,— fc. at Orvieto, .1327 — tf. at Borne, 1442. 

Monasteries, Monastic System, Monks, — 
originated by Pachomius, in Egypt, 320-330 — 
introduced in Palestine, by Hilarion, about 
328 — at Borne, by Athanasius, 340 — restric- 
tion of, attempted by Council of Gangra, 365 
— Valens publishes edict against, 368 — intro- 
duced in Gaul, by St Martin of Tours, about 
370 — sanctioned by Augustine, in Africa, 407 
— subject to bishops, by Council of Chalcedon, 
451 — multiplication of, prohibited by Council 
of Agde, 506 — reformation of, in the "West, by 
St Benedict, 530 — profession designated re- 
ligion by Council of Orleans, 549 — regulated, 
in Eastern Empire, by Constitution of Justinian, 
5 Nov. 535 — restriction of, attempted by Em- 
peror Maurice, 593 — discipline of, improved 
oy Gregory the Great, 595-600 — rights and 
privileges of, asserted by Council of Borne, 
601 — reformation of, attempted by Benedict of 
Aniane, 817 — institution of new orders pro- 
hibited by Council of the Lateran, 1215 — pro- 
scribed at Constantinople by Constantine Co- 
pronymus, 752 — holy orders made obligatory 
on monks, by Clement V., 1 3 1 1 — condemned by 
Luther, 1520 — reform of, discussed at Council of 
Vicenza, 1537 — decreed by Council of Trent, 
1563 — suppressed in Protestant States of Ger- 
many, 1524-34 — reduced in kingdom of Naples 
by Ferdinand I., 1776 — reformation of, in Aus- 
tria, commenced by Joseph II. ,17 80 — suppressed 
in France by National Assembly, 13 Feb. 1790 
— suppressed in Spain and Portugal during 
Peninsular War, 1808 — reappear in France, 
after 18 14 — suppressed in Spain by Mendiza- 



bal, 1835 — suppressed in kingdom of Sardinia, 
and property confiscated by decree of Victoi 
Emmanuel, 25 May 1 855 — law extended to an- 
nexed provinces, i860 — in Italy, partly sup- 
pressed, Feb. 1 861 — law respecting, revised, 
1 866-7 — in Mexico, suppressed by Juarez, 
Jun. 1 861 — ordered to be suppressed in Naples, 
13 Oct. 1 86 1 — bill for suppression withdrawn, 
28 Apr. 1865 — suppressed in Spain, Oct. 
1868. In England, introduced by Gregory the 
Great, 598 — corruption common, as early as 
730 — disputes with married clergy, about 965- 
975 — reformation of, undertaken by "Wolsey, 
as legate of Clement VII., 1525 — visitation of, 
by Cromwell, as Vicar-general, 1535— dissolu- 
tion of the lesser, by Act 27 Hen. VIII. c. 28, 
153 6-^-[ Augmentations, Court of] — entire 
dissolution of, by Act 31 Hen. VIII. c. 13, 
1539 — restoration of, provided for by Act 1 
and 2 Phil, and Mar. c. 8, 1554 — again sup- 
pressed, and possessions of, vested in the Crown, 
by Act 1 Eliz. c. 24, 1559. 

Monasticism. [Monachism and Monas- 
teries.] 

Monaxius, — Consul with Plinta, (1172, 

a. v. c.) 419. 

Monboddo, Lord. [Burnett, James.] 

Moncade, Francesco de, Count d'Ossuna, 
historian,— b. at Valencia, 29 Dec. 1586 — tf. 
in Cleves, 1635. Historia de la expedicion de 
Catalones y Aragoneses contra Turcos y Griegos, 
1623. 

Moncade, Hugues de, — follows Charles VIII. 
to Italy, 1495 — Viceroy of Naples, end of 1527 
— killed in combat, Jun. 1528. 

Moncalvo, II, {Guglielmo Caccia,) painter, — 

b. at Montabone, 1568 — tf., about 1625. 
Moncey, Bon Adrien Jeannot, Duke of 

CONEGLIANO, MARSHAL OF FRANCE, ft. at 

Besancon, 31 Jul. 1754 — reenters the army, 
1774 — distinguishes himself in army of the 
Pyrenees, 1793 — General of Division, 1794 — 
defeats Spaniards at Villa-Nova, 17 Oct. 1794 
— Inspector-general of gendarmerie, end of 
1 80 1 — Marshal of the Empire, 1804 — Grand 
Officer of Legion of Honour, Feb. 1805 — Duke 
of Conegliano, i8o8, a i8o4 b — Commander- 
general of Parisian National Guard, 181 3 — 
distinguishes himself in combats of 30 Mar. 
1 8 14 — Chevalier of St Louis, Peer of France, 
Apr. 1 8 14 — refuses presidency of Commission 
for trial of Marshal Ney, imprisoned at Ham, 
1 8 15 — restored to his dignities, Jul. 18 16 — re- 
called to Chamber of Peers, 18 19 — commands 
expedition of Catalonia, 1823 — governor of 
the Invalides, Jan. 1834 — tf. at Paris, 20 Apr. 
1842. a Nouv. Biog, Gen. b Biog. Univ. 

Moncon, in Aragon. Treaty of, between 
France ' and Spain, securing the Valteline to 
the Grisons, signed, 5 Mar. 1626. 

Moncontour, in France, — Admiral Coligni 
and the Huguenots defeated by Duke of Anjou 
at, 3 Oct. 1569. 

Monconys, Balthasar,. traveller, — n. at 
Lyons, 161 1 — tf. there, 1665. Voyages, 1665. 

Moncrieff, Sir Henry, theologian, — fj. in 
Perthshire, 1750 — minister of St Cuthbert's, 
Edinburgh, 1775 — tf. there, 14 Jun. 1827. 

Moncrieff Battery, — invented, 1858— ex- 



MONDINO— MONNIER. 



periments with, at Shoeburyness, Oct. 1868, 
Mondino, (Rimondino,) (Mundinus,) ana- 
tomist, — Ij. at Bologna, 1326. Anatome om- 
nium humani corporis interioricm membrorum, 
1478. 

Mondovi, in Italy, — seat of a bishopric by- 
Urban VI., 1388 — Napoleon defeats Sardinians 
at, 21 Apr. 1796 — captured by Sardinians, May 
1799 — retaken and sacked by Marshal Soult, 

I79 9' 
Monegario, Domenico, Doge of Venice, — 

succeeds Galla, 756 — expelled for his tyranny, 
764. _ 

Monemvasia, in the Morea, — erected into 
metropolitan see, between 582-602 — visited by 
St Wilibald, 723 — submits to William, Prince 
of Achaia, 1248 — ceded by him to Emperor 
Michael VIII., 1252 — refuses submission to 
Turks, 1260 — surrendered to Venetians, 1464 
— taken by Sultan Solyman, 1540 — unsuccess- 
fully attacked by Venetians under Morosini, 
1689 — taken possession of by Cornaro, 1690 — 
capitulates to Turks under Ali Cumurgi, 5 Sep. 

Monetary Convention, — between France, 
Belgium, Switzerland, and Italy, concluded; 21 
Sep. 1866 — between France and Austria, 
signed at Paris, 31 Jul. 1867. 

Mongault, Nicolas Hubert de, translator, — 
b. at Paris, 1674 — enters Congregation of the 
Oratory, 1690 — received at French Academy, 
17 1 8 — tf. at Paris, 1746. Translation of 
Herodian, 1700 — of Cicero' s Letters to Atticus, 

I7H- 

Monge, Gaspard, mathematician, — b. at 
Beaune, 10 May 1746 — assistant Prof. Hy- 
drodynamics at the Louvre, 1780 — received at 
Academy of Sciences, 1780 — Examiner of the 
Navy, if 83 — Minister of Marine, Aug. 1792 — 
assists in establishing Normal and Polytechnic 
Schools, 1 795 — employed in collecting works of 
art in Italy, 1796 — accompanies expedition of 
Egypt, 1798 — excluded from Institute, 18 15 — 
fc. at Paris, i8, a 28 b Jul. 181 8. Trait e ele- 
mentaire de statique, 1786 — Geometrie descript- 
ive, 1799 — Application de V analyse a la geo- 
metrie, 1807 (3rd ed.). 

a Conv.-Lex. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Mongez, Antoine,— 6. at Lyons, 1747 — ad- 
mitted to Academy of Inscriptions, 1785 — 
Member of Institute, 1796 — fr. at Paris, 30 Jul. 
1835. Histoire de la reine Marguerite de 
Valois, 1777 — Iconographie Romaine, 1787. 

Mongitore, Antonino, antiquary, %c, — b. 
at Palermo, 1663 — ft., 6 Jun. 1743. Bibliotheca 
Sicula, 1708-14 — Parlamenti generali di Sicilia 
daWanno 1446 sino all' 1748, $c, 1749. 

Mongols, Tatar tribe, — become formidable 
under Gengis Khan, about 1200. [See China, 
Golden Horde, Timour, Mogul Empire.] 

Monica, mother of St Augustine, — b., about 
331 — o\ at Ostia, 4 May 387. 

Moniglia, Giovanni Andrea, physician, dra- 
matist, — b. at Florence, about 1640 — if., 1700. 
Opere dramatiche, 1689. 

Moniteur Universel, {Gazette Rationale,) 
French political Journal, — originated by Panck- 
oucke, 5 May 1789 — becomes daily paper, 24 
Nov. 1789 — made official Journal of French Go- 



vernment by First Consul, 28 Dec. 1799 — ceases 
to be official, 1 Jan. 1869 — again official, by 
Government of National Defence, Sep. 1870. 
Monitor. [Merrimac] 
Monitorial System, of instruction, (Madras, 
or Lancasterian System,) — introduced by Bell 
at Madras, 1795 — adopted in England, by Lan- 
caster, about 1800. 
Monk, George. [Albemarle, Duke of.] 
Monks. [Monasteries and names of Orders.] 
Monmouth, Charles Mordaunt, Earl of, 
[Peterborough, Earl of.] 

Monmouth, Henry of. [Henry V. of Eng- 
land. ~\ 

Monmouth, Henry Carey, Earl of, — b., 
1596— B.A. Oxford, 1613— K.B., 1616 — &., 
13 Jun. 1661. Translations of Rentivoglio's 
Historical Relations of United Provinces, 1652 
— and History of War in Flanders, 1654 — of 
Paruta's Politic Discourses, 1657 — and History 
of Venice, 1658 — of C apr lata' s History of Italy, 
1663 — History of late wars of Christendom, 
1641. 

Monmouth, James Fitzroy, Duke of, — h. 
at Rotterdam, 1649 — Duke, by Charles II., 
1660 — plans attack on Sir John Coventry, 
1670 — serves under Prince of Orange at battle 
of St Denis, 1678 — suppresses rebellion in 
Scotland, 1679— exiled to Holland, Sep. 1679 
— takes part in Ryehouse Plot, 1683 — pardoned, 
1683 — escapes to Holland, early in 1684 — in- 
vades England, n Jun. 1685 — attainted by Act 
1 Jac. II. c. 2, 13 Jun. 1685 — assumes title of 
King at Taunton, 20 Jun. — defeated at Sedge- 
moor, 5 Jul. — captured in Cranbourne Chase, 8 
Jul. — executed in London, 15 Jul. 

Monmouth Court House, XT. S., — Washing- 
ton defeats the British at, 28 Jun. 1778. 

Monnet, Antoine Grimoald, chemist, mineral- 
ogist, — b. in Auvergne, 1734 — Inspector- 
general of mines, 1774 — rj. at Paris, 23 May 
1817. Nouveau systeme de miner alogie, 1779 
— Memoire historique et politique sur les mines 
de la France, 1790. 

Monnet, Louis Claude, Baron, general, — b. 
near Niort, 1 Feb. 1766 — enters the army, 
1793 — distinguishes himself in Vendean War. 
1795 — serves on the Rhine, 1797- — distinguishes 
himself at battle of Bussolingo, 26 Mar. 1799 — 
and in defence of Mantua, 17 99- 1800 — Com- 
mander of AValcheren and Flushing, 1800 — 
General of Division, Aug. 1803 — Commander 
of Legion of Honour, Jun. 1 804 — capitulates to 
English at Flushing, 15 Aug. 1809 — Chevalier 
of St Louis, Aug. 1 8 14 — 5j. at Paris, 8 Jun. 
1819. 

Monnier, Jean Charles, general,— -b. near 
Avignon, 22 Mar. 1758 — enters the army, Jul. 
1789 — distinguishes himself in campaign of 
Italy, 1796 — General of Brigade, 1797 — serves 
in campaign of Naples, 1798 — Commander of 
Ancona, 1799 — suppresses insurrections, 1799 
— capitulates to Austrians, 16 Nov. — General 
of Division, Mar. 1800 — contributes to victory 
of Marengo, 14 Jun. — takes Verona, Jan. i8or 
— Chevalier of St Louis, Jun. 18 14 — Grand 
Officer of Legion of Honour, 18 14 — Peer of 
France, Aug. 1818 — U-, 29 Jan. 18 19. 



9 S: 



MONNOIE-MONSON. 



Monnoie, Bernard de la, philologist, #c.,— fc. 
at Dijon, 1641— goes to Paris, 1707 — received 
at French. Academy, 17 13 — if., 1728. Noei 
borguignons de Gui Barozai, 1720 — Menagiana, 

Monnot, Pierre Etienne, sculptor, — b. at 
Besan^on, 1658 — tf. at Rome, 1730. Monu- 
ment of Innocent XI., 1690. 

Monnoyer, (Monoyer,) Jean Baptiste, 
painter, — h. at Lille, 1635 — member of French 
Academy of Painting, 1665 — goes to London, 
1680 — Tj. there, 1699. 

Monomotapa. [Sofala.] 

Monophysite Controversy, respecting Nature 
of Christ, — originates in condemnation of 
Eutyches by Council of Chalcedon, 451 — 
settlement of, attempted by Zeno's Henoticon, 
482 — occasions schism between Eastern and 
Western Churches, 484 — Monophysite party 
condemned by Council of Constantinople, under 
Mennas, and by decree of Justinian, 536 — again 
by Council of Constantinople, 553 — the sect 
revived under Jacob Baradaeus, about 570. 

Monopolies, in England, — declared contrary 
to law, and grants of such void, by Act 21 Jac. 
I. c. 3, 1624. 

Monopoly, Bible-printing, — in England, 
patent for printing Geneva Bible, for 7 years, 
granted to John Bodley, 8 Jan. 156 1 a — first ex- 
clusive patent, to John Jugge, 1575-6,* but 
right not exercised — exclusive patent acquired 
by Christopher Barker, 28 Sep. 1577,* and held 
by his family till 1709* — letters-patent concern- 
ing printing excepted from Act abolishing 
monopolies, 1624 — abolished by Long Parlia- 
ment, 1 640- 1— revived by Charles II., 1675 — 
patent granted to Beeves, Eyre, and Strahan, for 
30 years, 8 Jul. 1799 — renewed to Strahan, Eyre, 
and Spottiswoode, for 30 years, 21 Jan. 1830 — 
Select Committees of House of Commons on, 
1 83 1 and 1837 — patent renewed to Eyre and 
Spottiswoode by Queen Victoria, during her 
will and pleasure, from 21 Jan. i860, 19 Jan. 
i860. In Scotland, privilege granted to An- 
drew Anderson, for 40 years, 1671 s1 — several 
concurrent licenses : patent to John Basket and 
Agnes Campbell, for 41 years, 6 Jul. 17 16 — 
patent renewed, 2 Nov. 1785, for 41 years from 
17 Jul. 1798 — importation from England re- 
strained by Scottish Courts, 1821 b — the patent 
expires, 17 Jul. 1839. In Ireland, patent 
granted to Grierson, 1766 — renewed, 18 ri. 
a Anderson. b Dr A. Thomson. 

Monopoly of Corn and Provisions, in Eng- 
land, — described and prohibited by Stat. 5 and 
6 Edw. VI. c. 14, 1552. 

Monothelite Controversy, respecting Nature 
of Christ,— originates in formulary of Union 
proposed by Heraclius, 630 — [Ecthesis] — 
Monothelitism favoured by Council of Alexan- 
dria, under Patriarch Cyrus, 633 — by Council 
of Constantinople, 638 — condemned by Coun- 
cils of Rome, under Severinus, 640, and under 
John IV., 641 — by several African Councils, 
646*-by Lateran Council, under St Martin, 649 
— favoured by two Councils of Thessalonica, 
649 or 650 — condemned by Councils of Borne, 
650— of Gaul, 679 — of Borne, 680 — of Hatfield, 
iu England, 680 — of Constantinople, 680 and 



681 — of Toledo, 684 — supported by Council of 
Constantinople, 712 — condemned by Council of 
Constantinople, 715. 

Monro, Alexander, {Primus,) anatomist, — 
ft. in London, 19 Sep. 1697 — studies under 
Boerhaave, at Leyden, 17 18 — Prof. Anatomy, 
to Company of Surgeons, Edinburgh, 1719-59 
— originates Medical School of Edinburgh, 1720 
— tf., 10 Jul. 1767. Osteology, 1726 — edits 
Medical Essays and Observations, 1732. 

Monro, Alexander, (Secundics,) anatomist, — 
fi. at Edinburgh, 24 Mar. 1733 — M.D. Edin- 
burgh, 1755 — Joint Prof. Anatomy and 
Surgery, Jul. 1756— F.R.C.P.E., 1759— full 
Prof. Anatomy, 1759 — Secretary Phil. Soc, 
I 759~ F.B.S.E., 1783— retires, 1808— tf., 2 
Oct. 1 8 1 7 . Structure and Functions of Nervous 
System, 1783 — Structure and Physiology of 
Fishes, 1785 — Treatises on the Brain, the Eye, 
and the Ear, 1797. 

Monro, (Munro,) Sir Hector, — defeats Nabob 
of Oude at Buxar, 23 Oct. 1764 — reduces 
Pondicherry, Oct. 1778 — defeated by Hyder 
Ali, Sep. 1780 — besieges and takes Negapatam, 
Nov. 1781. 

Monroe, James, President of the United 
States, — b. in Virginia, 16 Mar. 175 i, a 28 Apr. 
1758, b 2 Apr. 1759 c — enters the army, 1767 — 
wounded at Trenton, 1777 — member of Virginia 
Convention, 1788 — Senator of U.S., about 1791 
— ambassador to France, 1794-6 — governor of 
Virginia, 1798-9 — ambassador to France, 1802 
— to England, 1806 — Secretary of State, 181 1 
— Pres., 1816-25 — lj. at New York, 4 Jul. 1831. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Monroe Doctrine, — against European inter- 
vention in America, established by President 
Monroe, 1823. 

Monrovia. [Liberia.] 

Mons, in Belgium, — founded, about 653 — . 
made capital of Hainault, by Charles the Great, 
804 — besieged by Baldwin, Count of Flanders, 
1 1 82 — enlarged and fortified by John d' Avesnes, 
1290 — receives Jews expelled from France, 
1 32 1 — taken by Duke of Burgundy, 1436 — 
revolts against Duke of Alva, 1569 — taken by 
Louis of Nassau, 23 May 1572 — retaken by 
Frederick of Toledo, 22 Sep. 1572 — unsuccess- 
fully besieged by Marshal Luxembourg, 1678 
— besieged by Louis XIV., 14 Mar. 1691 — 
taken and almost destroyed, 9 Apr. — given up 
to Spain at Peace of Kyswick, 1697 — again 
occupied by French, 1701 — besieged by Prince 
Eugene and Marlborough, 25 Sep. 1709 — 
capitulates, 20 Oct. 1709 — restored to Dutch 
by Treaty of Utrecht, 17 13 — and to Austria by 
Peace of Baden, 17 14— taken by French under 
Prince de Conti, 10 Jul. 1746 — given up to 
Austria, 1748 — taken by Dumouriez, 1792 — 
annexed to France, and made capital of depart- 
ment of JemapDes, 1794— given up by French, 
1 814 — fortifications strengthened, 1 8 1 8. Church 
of St Wandru, commenced, 1460 — completed, 
1589. Town-hall, 1440. 

Mons-en-Puelle, in Flanders, — Philip the 
Fair defeats Flemings at, 18 Aug. 1304. 

Monson, Sir William, admiral, — fo. in Lin- 
colnshire, 1569 — Vice-admiral, 1589 — distin- 
guishes himself in expedition against Cadiz, 



MONSTRELET— MONTALBANI. 



983 



and is knighted, 1596 — serves off coast of 
Spain, 1602 — Admiral of the narrow seas, 
1604 — Vice-admiral under Kobert, Earl of 
Lindsey, 1635 — fc. in London, Feb. 1643. 
Tracts on Naval Affairs, 1703. 

Monstrelet, Enguerrand. de, chronicler, — fi. 
in Flanders, about 1390— ft., 1453. Chroniques, 
1512. 

Mont di Pieta, — originated in Italy, about 
1450 — approved by several Papal bulls, 1464- 
1506. At Paris, opened, 1 Jan. 1778 — 
abolished, 1789 — reestablished by Directory, 
(3 Prairial an V.,) 22 May 1797— reorganized, 
16 Jul. 1804. In England, established, 1708 
— fails, 17 31. In Ireland, several established 
before 1840 — fail, 1853. 

Montacute, John, Lord, — defeats Lancas- 
trians at Hedgley Moor, 25 Apr., and at Hex- 
ham, 15 May 1464 — killed at battle of Barnet, 
14 Apr. 1 47 1. 

Montacute, Henry Pole, Lord, — convicted 
of treason and beheaded, early in 1539. 

Montacute, Thomas ^William de. [Salis- 
bury, Earls op.] 

Montagnana, Bartolomeo, physician, — Prof. 
Medicine, Padua, till 1460. Consilia Medica 
edita Paduce, 1436. 

Montagne, Jean Prangois Camille, botanist, 
— ft. at Vaudoy, 1784 — settles at Paris, 1832 — 
member of Institute, 1853 — Officer of Legion of 
Honour, 1858 — tf. at Paris, 9 Jan. 1866. 

Montagne, Mathieu, painter, engraver, — ft. 
at Antwerp, about 1600 — tf. at Paris, 1666. 

Montagne, Nicolas, painter, engraver, — b. 
at Paris, 1 631— Prof. Painting at the Aca- 
demy, 1 68 1. 

Montagu, Anthony Browne, 1st Viscount, 
— Knt, by Edward VI. , 1547 — Master of the 
Horse to Philip of Spain, 8 Apr. 1554 — Vis- 
count, 27 Sep. 1554 — Joint-ambassador with 
Bp of Ely to the pope, early in 1555 — K.G-., 
22 Oct. 1555 — Lieutenant-general of English 
forces at siege of St Quentin, 1557 — ambas- 
sador to Philip II. of Spain, 1560 — one of the 
Judges of Mary Queen of Scots, 1586 — fr. at 
Horsley, in Surrey, 19 Oct. 1592. 

Montagu, Basil, jurisconsult, — ft. in Lon- 
don, 24 Apr. 1770 — enters Cambridge Univ., 
1 7 86 — called to the bar, 1 7 9 8 — Commissioner of 
Bankrupts, 1806-7 — tf. at Boulogne, 27 Nov. 
1 85 1. Digest of Bankrupt laws, 1805 — edits 
Works of Francis Bacon, 1825-34 — Essays and 
Selections, 1837. 
Montagu, Charles. [Halifax, Earl of.] 
Montagu, Edward. [Sandwich, Earls of.] 
Montagu, Sir Edward, Judge of the Com- 
mon Pleas, — b. at Brigstock, Northampton- 
shire, about 1490 — reader at Middle Temple, 
1524 and 1531 — Serjeant-at-Law, 1531 — 
Attorney-general, 1532 — Chief Justice of 
King's Bench, and Knt, 21 Jan. 1539— Chief 
Justice of Common Pleas, 6 Nov. 1545 — im- 
prisoned in the Tower, by Queen Mary, 1553 — 
pardoned, but deprived of his office, 1553 — 
% Q. at Boughton, near Kettering, 10 Feb. 1557. 
Montagu, Edward Wortley, — b. in York- 
shire, Oct., 17 13 — M.P. Huntingdonshire, 1747 
— goes abroad, 1751 — M.P. Uossiney, 1754 
— 1J. at Padua, May 1776. Memorial, 1752 — 



Pise and Pall of Ancient Republics, 1759. 
Montagu, Six George, admiral, — b., 12 Dec. 
175° — enters the navy, 1764— post captain, 
1773 — serves in American War, 1773-9— assists 
at defence of Gibraltar, 1779 — serves in "West 
Indies, 1793— takes part in attack on Barbadoes, 
Jun. 1793 — Bear-admiral, Apr. 1794 — Vice- 
admiral, 1 Jun. 1795 — Admiral, 1 Jan. 1801 — 
Commander-in-chief at Portsmouth, 1803-8 — 
G,C.B., 2 Jan. 1815 — 3j. in Wiltshire, 24 Dec. 
1829. 

Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley, — 6. at 
Thoresby, Nottinghamshire, about 1690 — mar- 
ries Edward Wortley Montagu, Aug. 17 12 — 
accompanies him to Constantinople, 1716-18 — - 
quits England, 1739-61 — ft. in England, 21 
Aug. 1762. Letters, 1763. 

Montague, Edward and Henry. [Man- 
chester, Eakls of.} 

Montague, Elizabeth, miscellaneous writer, 
— b. at York, 2 Oct. 1720 — marries Edward 
Montague, 1742 — left a widow, 1775 — fr. in 
London, 25 Aug. 1800. Essay on Shakespeare, 
1770. 

Montague, George, naturalist, — ft. in 
Devonshire, 18 15. Ornithological Dictionary, 
1 802 — Testacea Britannica, 1 803 — Supplement, 
1809. 

Montague House, London, — built by Balph 

Montague, about 1674 — burnt, 1686— rebuilt, 

soon after — bought for British Museum, 1754. 

Montaigne, — taken by Marlborough and 

Prince Eugene, 18 Apr. 17 10. 

Montaigne, Michel, Seigneur de, moralist, 
— b. at Montaigne in Perigord, 28 Feb. 1533 — 
studies at College of G-uienne, Bordeaux, 1539- 
46 — Counsellor to parliament of Bordeaux, 
1554 — marries, 1569— visits Germany, Switzer- 
land, and Italy, 1580-1 — Mayor of Bordeaux, 
about 158 1 -5 — driven from his chateau by War 
of the League, 1586 — at Paris, adopts Marie 
de Gournay as his daughter, 1588 — mediates 
between Henry of Navarre and Duke of Guise, 
1588 — lj. at Montaigne, 13 Sep. 1592. Essais, 
1580 — Journal du Voyage de Michel de Mon- 
taigne en Italic, par la Suisse et V Allemagne, 
en 1580-1, 1774. 

Montaigu, {Montaigut,) Gille Aycelin de, 
Abp of Rouen, — b. in Auvergne, about 1252 
— Abp of Narbonne, 1290 — holds Council of 
Beziers, 1299 — assists at assembly at the 
Louvre against Boniface VIII., 1303 — one of 
the Commissioners for examining case of the 
Templars, 1307 — Keeper of the Seals, 1309 — ■ 
presides at Council of Beziers, 1310— Abp of 
Rouen, 131 1 — founds College at Paris, 13 14 — 
if. at Paris, 23 Jun. 13 18. 

Montaigu, Gille Aycelin de, cardinal,— h. 9 
about 1305 — at battle of Poitiers, 1356 — fol- 
lows King John to England, 1357 — Cardinal, 
1 36 1 — tf. at Avignon, 1378. 

Montaigu, (Mowitagu,) Richard de, Bp of 
Norwich, — b. in Buckinghamshire, 1578 — 
Bpof Chichester, 1628 — of Norwich, 1638— tf. 
there, 13 Apr. 1641. Apparatus ad origines 
ecclesiasticas, 1635 — Origines ecclesiasticce, 
1636-40. 

Montalbani, Giovanni Battista, traveller, 
— b. at Bologna, 1596 — fc. in Candia, 1646, 



9 8 4 



MONTALBANI— MONTBOISSIER*BEATTFORT. 



De moribus Turcarum commentarii, 1625. 

Montalbani, Ovidio, botanist— h. at Bologna, 
about 1602 — Prof. Logic, Bologna, 1634 — 
keeper of Cabinet of Natural History, 1657 — 
tf. at Bologna, 22 Sep. 167 1. Epistolce vat-ice-, 
1634 — Miner valia bonon. civium anademata, 
1 641 — Bibliotheca botanica, 1657 — Vocabolista 
bolognese, 1660. 

Montaldi, Giuseppe, philologist, — b. in Italy, 
about 1730 — tf. at Siena, Mar. 18 16. Lexicon 
hebraicum et cJialdeo-biblicum, 1789. 

Montalembert, Charles Forbes de Tryon, 
Count de, theologian, historian, $•<?., — b. in 
London, 29 May 18 10 — takes part in founding 
L'Avenir, 1830 — with Lacordaire opens the 
JEeole Libre at Paris, Apr. or May 183 1 — suc- 
ceeds his father as Peer of France, Jun. 1831 
— accompanies Laniennais and Lacordaire to 
Pome, Nov. 1831 — doctrines of E'Avenir 
condemned by Gregory XVI. , 15 Aug. 1832 — 
marries, 1836 — visits London, 1839 — goes to 
the East, 1 840 — deputy to National Assembly, 
1848 — to Legislative Body, May 1849 — visits 
Pome, 1849 — received at French Academy, 
Feb. 1852 — retires from public life, 1854 — 
prosecuted, 1859 — &•> J 3 ^ ar « I 870. Vie de 
Sainte Elizabeth de Hongrie, 1835-6 — Du Van- 
dalisme et du Catholicisme dans V Art, 1839 — 
L'Avenir Politique de V Angleterre, 1 855 — Les 
Moines d' Occident, i860 — L'Eglise libre dans 
V Etat libre, 1863. 

Montalembert, Jean Charles, Baron de, 
general, — b. at Louisbourg, Ile-Royale, 6 Feb. 
1757 — enters the army, 1775 — emigrates, 1792 
— distinguishes himself in war of St Domingo, 
1794-7 — Brigadier-general in English army, 
1797 — tf. in West Indies, 20 Feb. 18 10. 

Montalembert, Marc Rene, Marquis de, 
military engineer, — b. at Angouleme, 16 Jul. 
17 14 — enters the army, 1732 — received at 
Academy of Sciences, 1747 — constructs fort in 
Isle of Re, 1779 — General of Division, 1792 — 
tf. at Paris, 29 Mar. 1800. Correspondance 
pendant la Guerre de 1757, 1777 — La Fortifi- 
cation perpendiculaire, 1776-96. 

Montalembert, Marc Rene Anne Marie, 
Count de, diplomatist, — b. at Paris, 10 Jul. 
1777 — serves in English army, 1799-1814 — in 
East Indies, 1804-8 — in Spain and Portugal, 
1808 — takes part in expedition ofWalcheren, 
1809 — Lieutenant-colonel, 181 1 — sent to an- 
nounce to Louis XVIII. his restoration, 18 14 — 
Chevalier of St Louis, Officer of Legion of 
Honour, secretary of Embassy, London, 18 14 
— plenipotentiary at Stuttgard, Jul. 18 16 — 
Peer of France, Mar. 181 9 — ambassador to 
Denmark, 1819 — to Sweden, 1826-30— tf. at 
Paris, 20 Jun. 1831. 

Montalivet, Jean Pierre Bachasson, Count 
de, statesman,' — b. in Lorraine, 5 Jul. 1766 — 
Counsellor to Parliament of Grenoble, 1785 — 
Counsellor of State, 1805 — Director of Roads 
and Bridges, 1806 — Count of the Empire, 1809 
— Commander of Legion of Honour, 1809 ? — 
Minister of the Interior, 1 Oct. 1809-14 — Peer 
of France, 18 15 — recalled to Chamber of Peers, 
1 8 19— tf. at la Grange, 22 Jan. 1823. 

Montalvo. [Galvez.] 



Montanists. [Montanus.] 

Montano, {Monti,) Giambattista, {Mon- 
tanus,) physician, — b. at Verona, about 1490 
— Prof. Medicine, Padua, 1536-47 — tf. at Ter- 
razo, 155 1. 

Montanus. [Arias Montanus.] 

Montanus, fo un der of sect of Montanists-, — 
fl., about 170-212 — his system of doctrines 
completed by Tertullian, 207-14. 

Montanus, Sp. Tarpeius,— [B C]^-Ccnsul 
with A. Aternius Varus, (300, a. u. c.) 454. 

Montargis, in France, — besieged by Earls of 
Suffolk and Warwick, 1427— taken by English, 
143 1 — recovered by French, 1432— ^again taken 
by English and held till 1438— Charles VII. 
holds a parliament at, 1459 — reunited to 
Crown, 1498 — passes to House of Orleans, 1626. 

Montauban, in France, {Mons Albanus,) — 
founded by Count Alfonso of Toulouse, 1 144 — • 
seat of a bishopric, 13 17 — ceded to English by 
Treaty of Bretigny, 1 360 — embraces Reforma- 
tion, 1572 — fortified by Huguenots, 1572-80 — 
unsuccessfully besieged by Catholics, 1580 — 
and again unsuccessfully by Louis XIII. , 17 
Aug. to 17 Nov. 1 62 1 — one of the places of 
safety given to Huguenots, 1622 — submits to 
the king, 1629 — fortifications demolished, 1629 
— devastated by dragonnades, 1675 — massacre 
of patriots at, 10 May 1790. 

Montauban, Jean de, Admiral of France, 
— sent to reduce Brittany, 1453 — distinguishes 
himself at combat of Castillon, 17 Jul. — Grand 
Master of "Waters and Forests, Admiral of 
France, 146 1 — tf. at Tours, May 1466. 

Montauban, Philippe de, — Chancellor of 
Brittany, 1485 — envoy to England, 1490 — "&., 
8 Jan. 15 1 8. 

Montault. [Navailles.] 

Montausier, Charlesde Sainte-Maure,DuEE 
de, Peer op France, — b. in Touraine, 16 10 
— enters the army, 1630 — Marechal de Camp, 
1638 — Lieutenant-general, 1646— governor of 
Normandy, 1662 — Duke, Peer, 1664 — governor 
of the Dauphin, 1668-80 — tf., 11 Aug. 1690. 

Montbeliard, Montbelliard, in France, — 
territory conquered by Franks, 534 — forms 
part of kingdom of Lorraine, 843 — part of 
kingdom of Burgundy, 888 — castle and town 
of, mentioned, 984— forms part of the Empire 
under Conrad the Salic, 1033 — head of a 
County, before 1034 — passes by marriage to 
Counts of Wiirtemberg, soon after 1400— town 
surprised by Marshal Luxembourg, 1647-.— 
taken and the ramparts demolished by Louis 
XIV., 1674 — occupied by French, 1793— ceded 
to France, 1796 — occupied by Germans, 1871. 

Mont-Blanc, — prize for discovery of path to 
summit, offered by Saussure, 1760 — summit of, 
reached by Bainiat, Jun. 1786 — by Pacard, 8 
Aug. 1786 — by Saussure, 3 Aug. 1787. 

Montboissier-Beaufort, Pierre Charles Ca- 
nillac, Viscount de, general, — b., Sep. 1694 — 
enters the army, 1708 — serves in army of the 
Rhine, 17 10- 13 — at sieges of Fontarabie and 
St Sebastian, 17 19 — at siege of Philipsburg, 
1734 — Brigadier, 1740 — distinguishes himself 
at sieges of Menin and. Ypres, 1744 — Marechal 
de Camp, May 1744 — takes part in battle of 



MONTBEISON— MONTELIMAET. 



9^5 



Fontenoy, and siege of Tournai, 1745 — at 
sieges of Mons, Charleroi, &c, and battle of 
Raucous, 1746— at battle of Lawfeld, 1747 — 
Lieutenant-general, 1748 — ft., about 1760. 

Montbrison, {Mons Brisonis,) in France, — 
fortified, 1428 — visited by Francis I., 25 Apr. 
1536 — sacked by Baron des Adrets, 16 Jul. 
1562 — taken by Nemours, 1590 — seized by 
Mandrin, 1754. Cathedral, built, 1223-1466. 

Montbrun, Charles Dupuy, Seigneur de, 
{the Brave,)— b- in Dauphiny, 1530 — distin- 
guishes himself at battles of Jarnac and Mon- 
contour, 1569 — reenters Dauphiny, 1570 — 
taken prisoner, 1575 — beheaded at Grenoble, 
12 Aug. 1575. 

Montbrun, Louis Pierre, Count de, general, 
— b., 1 Mar. 1770 — enters the army, 1789 — 
distinguishes himself at battle of Altendorf, 
1796— at Austerlitz, General of Brigade, Dec. 
1805— in campaign of Silesia, 1806 — in Spain, 
1808 — contributes to victory of Eckmiihl, 22 
Apr. 1809 — distinguishes himself at Baab, 14 
May — Count, General of Division, Commander 
of Legion of Honour, 1809 — distinguishes him- 
self at Busaco and Fuentes d'Onoro, 18 10 — 
takes part in expedition of Russia, and is killed 
at battle of Moscow, 1812. 

Montcalm de Saint- Veran, Louis Joseph, 
Marquis de, general, — b. near Nimes, 17 12 — 
enters the army, 1726 — Marechal de Camp, and 
Commander-in-chief of French armies in 
Canada, 1756— defeated by Gen. Wolfe and 
mortally wounded at siege of Quebec, 14 Sep. 
1759 — tf., 16 Sep. 

Mont Cenis. [Cenis.] 

Montchal, Charles de, Abp of Toulouse, 
— b. at Annonay, 1589 — Abp, 1628 — Pres. 
General Assemblies of the Clergy, 1645— 1*. at 
Carcassone, 1651. Memoir es du cardinal de 
Richelieu, 17 18. 

Montdidier, in France, — occupied by Ger- 
mans, 17 Oct. 1870. 

Monte Casino, in Italy, — monastery founded 
by St Benedict, 529 — pillaged and the monks 
expelled by Zoto, Duke of Beneventum, 589 — 
restored and reoccupied, about 720 — visited 
by Charles the Great, 778 a — destroyed by 
Saracens, 884 a — restored, 904 — attacked by 
Normans, 1030 a — massacre of Normans at, 
1040 a — rebuilt by Abbot Didier, 1066 a — be- 
sieged by Markwald, and defended by Papal 
garrison, 1 198 b — fortified and given up to Pope 
Gregory IX., 1229° — its treasures seized by 
Cardinal Pelagius, 1229° — revenues of, con- 
fiscated by Frederick II., 1229° — restored to 
its Abbot, Jul. 1230° — Paterine heretics sent 
to, for conversion, 1231 c — garrisoned by troops 
of Frederick II., 1239 c — occupied by Celestine 
monks, 1294 a — restored to Benedictines by 
Boniface VIII. : the abbacy converted into 
a bishopric, 1313 a — abbacy restored under 
Urban V., 1367 a — united with Congrega- 
tion of St Justina of Padua, by Julius II., 
1504 a — exempted from order for suppres- 
sion of monasteries, by Victor Emmanuel, 
1866. 

a Meyer, Conv,-Lex. b Milman. c Kington. 



Monte Rosa, Alpine Peak, — ascent of, by A. 
and H. Schlagintweit, 22 Aug. 1851 — highest 
point reached by the Smyths, 31 Jul. 1855. 

Monteagle, Thomas Spring-Rice, Lord, 
statesman, — b. at Limerick, 1790 — M.P. 
Limerick, 1820 — Under-secretary of State 
for Home Department, 1827 — Secretary of 
the Treasury, 1830 — M.P. Cambridge, 1832 
— Secretary for the Colonies, and Privy 
Councillor, 1834 — Chancellor of the Ex- 
chequer, Apr. 1835 — resigns, Sep. 1839 — 
appointed Comptroller of the Exchequer, and 
raised to the peerage, 1839 — ft. near Limerick, 
7 Feb. 1866. 

Montebello, in Italy, — Marshal Lannes 
defeats Austrians at, 9 Jun. 1800. 

Montebello, Duke of. [Lannes.] 

Montecristo, island in the Mediterranean, 
— King Enzio defeats Genoese fleet and captures 
the prelates, 3 May 1241. 

Montecuculi, Raymond, Count de, general, 
— b. at Modena, 1608 — enters Austrian army, 
1627 — obtains victory over Swedes in Silesia, 
about 1638 — defeated and captured by Swedes- 
near Prague, 1639 — released, 1641 — defeats 
Swedes at Triebel, 1647 — General, assists king 
of Poland against Eagotski, Prince of Transyl- 
vania, 1657 — serves in Hungary against Turks, 
1 66 1 — defeats Turks at St Gothard, 10 Aug. 
1664 — opposedto Turenne on the Ehine, 1673-5 
— to Conde, 1675 — tr. at Lintz, 16 Oct. 1681. 
Commentarii bellici, 17 18. 

Montefeltro, Guido da, Lord of Pisa and 
Urbino, — distinguishes himself as Ghibelline 
chief, 1272 — defeats Bolognese, 1273 — defeats 
Guelfs, 13 Jun. 1275 — seizes Bagna-Cavallo 
and defeats Bolognese, 1276 — defeats Floren- 
tines, 1277 — as head of Ghibellines of the 
Eomagna, defends Forli against Guelfs, 1282 — 
chosen Lord of Pisa, recovers forts and terri- 
tory from Florentines, 1290-3 — seizes Urbino, 
1293 — enters Franciscan Order, 1296 — con- 
sulted by the pope at siege of Palestrina, Nov. 
1296 — o"., Sep. 1298. 

Montefiascone, in Italy, — fortified by Gre- 
gory IX., about 1233 — seized by Frederick 
II., 1240. 

Monteforte, in Italy, — taken and fortified by 
Gregory IX., 1230— taken by Frederick II., 
1241. 

Monteggia, Giovanni Battista, surgeon,— -b. 
near the Lago Maggiore, 1762 — goes to Milan, 
1779 — physician of the prisons, 1791 — tf. at 
Milan, 17 Jan. 1815. Chiriirgiche istituzioni, 
1802-3 — Fascicoli pathologici, 1780. 

Montelegier, Gaspard Gabriel Adolphe 
Bernon de, Count, general, — b., 1780 — enters 
the army, 1797 — distinguishes himself in 
Egypt, 1798— serves in Austrian campaign, 
1809 — serves in Spain, 1810 — distinguishes 
himself at battle of' Leipsic, 18 Oct. — defeats 
Eussians at Colmar, 24 Dec. — wounded at 
Brienne, 18 14 — aide-de-camp to Duke of 
Berri, 1 8 15 — Lieutenant-general, 1 82 1 — fc. 
there, 2 Nov. 1825. 

Montelimart, in France, — acquired by Pope 
Clement VII., 1383 — recovered by the 
Dauphin, 1446 — on his accession united to 



9 86 



MONTELONGO— MONTEVIDEO. 



Crown of France, 146 1 — taken by Protestants, 
1562— given up to Royalists, soon after; unsuc- 
cessfully besieged by Coligny, 1569 — seized by 
Lesdiguieres; 1585 — besieged and retaken by 
de Suze, 1587. 

Montelongo, Gregory of, — Legate of Gre- 
gory IX. in Lombardy, 1238 — directs pre- 
parations for defence at Milan, and gets citizens 
to take the cross, Apr. 1239 — holds Council at 
Bologna, Dec. 1239— attacks Ferrara, Feb. 
1 240 — receives its submission and treacherously 
seizes Salinguerra, Jun. 1240 — defeated by 
Pavians, spring 1241 — commands against 
Enzio, summer 1242 — enters Yercelli, early in 
1243 — faces Frederick II. near Magenta, Nov. 
1245 — defends Parma, Jun. 1247 to Feb. 1248 
— protects Novara, Oct. 1248. 

Montelupo, Baffaello Sinibaldi da, sculptor, 
— b. near Florence, about 1503 — architect of the 
Duomo,Orvieto,after 1536— tf. there, about 1570. 

Montem. [Eton.] 

Montemar, Count de, general, — recovers 
Oran from the Moors, 1 Jul. 1732 — takes 
castle of Mazarquivir, 2 Jul. — conducts Spanish 
army to Italy, 1733 — takes Bitonto from Im- 
perialists, 25 May 1734 — created Duke of 
Bitonto; takes Gaeta, 7 Aug. 1734 — sent to 
conquer Sicily, enters Messina, 30 Aug. — takes 
the citadel, 22 Feb. 1735. 

Monternayor, George de, poet—h. at Mon- 
temor, in Portugal, about 1520 — rj. at Lisbon, 
26 Feb. 1562. Diana enamoradu, 1542 — 
Cancionero, 1554. 

Montemerlo, Giovanni Stefano, — b. at Tor- 
tona, 15 15 — tf., 1572. Dellefrasi toscane, 1566. 

Monten, Dietrich, painter, — h. at Diissel- 
dorf, 1799 — serves in Prussian army, 18 18-19 
— tf., 13 Dec. 1843. Battle of Saarbriick, 1815 
— Death of Gustavus Adolphus, 1836 — Camp 
at Augsburg, 1839. 

Montenegro, Montenegrins, (Czernagora,) 
— on dismemberment of Servia, becomes inde- 
pendent, 1389 — placed under protection of 
Russia, 17 10— conquered by Turks, 17 14 — 
resumes its independence, soon after : invaded 
by Turks, under Pasha of Scutari, 1796 — as- 
sist the Cattarese against the French, 1803— 
placed under protection of Austria, 18 14 — 
attacked by Turks, 1832 — rebel, under Prince 
Danieli, and capture fortress of Zabljak, Nov. 
1852 — overrun by Omer Pasha, 1852 — evacu- 
ated by Turks, and treaty signed, 15 Feb. 
1 85 3 — hostilities renewed, 1858 — convention 
for suspension of hostilities signed, 5 Jun. 
1858. Rebellion of 1862: defeat Turks at 
Earnitza, near Scutari, 24 Mar. — at Niksich, 
16 Apr. — take Niksich, 13 May — defeated by 
Abdi Pasha, near Yenekoi, 1 Jun. — defeated 
again at Uskok, 5 Jun. — defeat Dervish Pasha, 
near Slevlje, 10 Jul. — defeated near Zutta 
river, 14 Jul. — driven from Sagratz, 19 Jul. — 
from Zagaracs, 24 Jul. — defeat of Mirko, 25 
Jul.— submission of Prince Nicholas to Sultan, 
28 Jul. — defeated and Rieka captured, 25 
Aug. — capture of Cettigne, and escape of Prince 
Nicholas and Mirko into Austria, 29 Aug. — 
sovereignty of the Porte acknowledged by 
treaty of 8 Sep. 



Montenotte, in Italy, — Napoleon defeats 
Austrians at, 11 Apr. 1796. 

Montereau, — [see John Sans Terre] — taken 
by Henry V. of England and the Burgundians, 
24 Jun. 1420 — retaken by French, 24 Aug. 
1437 — troops of Duke of Anjou driven out by 
Prince of Conde, 1567 — embraces party of the 
League, 1587 — taken by Duke of Epernon, 
1589 — besieged and taken by Henry IV., 1590 
— occupied by allies, 18 14 — allies defeated by 
Napoleon I. at, 18 Feb. 18 14. 

Montereau, Pierre de, architect, — tf. at 
Paris, 1266. 

Monterey, in Mexico, — founded, 1599 — seat 
of a bishopric, 1777 — attacked and captured 
by Americans under Gen. Taylor, 21-23 Sep. 
1846 — occupied by French, 1863 — evacuated 
by them, 25 Jul. 1866. 

Montespan, Francoise Athenais de Roche- 
chouart de Montemart, Marquise de,— &., 
1641 — marries Marquis de Montespan, 1663 — 
becomes mistress of Louis XI V., 1668 — leaves 
Versailles, 1691 — tf., 28 May 1707. 

Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, Baron 
de la Brede et de, historical philosopher, — 
b. at Chateau de la Brede, near Bordeaux, 18 
Jan. 1689 — Counsellor to parliament of Bor- 
deaux, 17 14 — President a mortier, 17 16 — 
member of Academy of Bordeaux, 17 16 — re- 
ceived at French Academy, Jan. 1728 — visits 
England, and is elected F.R.S. London, 1729- 
31 — tf. at Paris, 10 Feb. 1755. Lettres Fer- 
sanes, 17 21 — Le Temple du Guide, J 7 25 — Con- 
siderations sur les causes de la grandeur des 
Romains et de leur decadence, 1734 — Esprit 
des Lois, 1748. 

Montesquiou d'Artagnan, Pierre de, Mar- 
shal op France, — b., 1645 — serves in cam- 
paign against Bp of Munster, 1666— assists 
at sieges of Tournai, Lille, and Besancon, 1667- 
8 — Brigadier, 1688 — at battle of Fleurus, 1690 
— distinguishes himself in War of the Succes- 
sion, 1690-3 — Lieutenant-general, Jan. 1696 
— takes part in campaign in Flanders, 1706-7 — 
commands at Malplaquet, 1707 — Marshal, 1707 
— commander in Brittany, 17 16 — member of 
Council of Regency, 1720 — tf. near Paris, 12 
Aug. 1725. 

Montesquiou-Fezenzac, Elisabeth Pierre 
de, Count, Peer op France, — b. at Paris, 
30 Sep. 1764 — enters the army, 1779 — assists 
at coronation of Napoleon I., 1 804 — Pres. Com- 
mission of Finances, Sep. 1808 — Grand Cham- 
berlain, 1809 — Pres. Legislative Body, 1810- 
11 -1 3 — Grand Cross of St Leopold, Apr. 18 10 — 
Senator, Apr. 181 3 — Peer of France, Jun. 18 14 
— Chevalier of St Louis, Oct. — tf. at Cour- 
tanvanx, 4 Aug. 1834. 

Monteverde, Claudio, musical composer, — 
n. at Cremona, about 1570 — Chapel-master at 
St Mark's, Venice, 1613 — tf. there, about 1650. 
Madrigali, 1587-1608 — Selva Morale e spiritu- 
al, 1603 — Messe, 1650. 

Montevideo, capital of Uruguay, — founded 
by colony from Buenos Ayres, 1726 — fortified 
by Spaniards, 1777 — taken by English, under 
Sir S. Auchmuty, 3 Feb. 1807 — evacuated, 
Jul. 1807 — [Uruguay] — recovered by Brazili- 



MONTEZ— MONTFERRAT. 



9 8 7 



ans, 1 82 1 — made capital of republic of 'Uru- 
guay, 1828— blockaded by English/' 1845-8 
— taken possession of by Gen. Flores, 23 Feb. 
1865 — revolution at, by Berro, Gen. Flores 
murdered, Berro shot, and order restored, 19 
Feb. 1868. 

Montez, Lola, — ft. at Montrose, in Scotland, 
1820 — appears as a dancer at Warsaw, 1839 — 
at Paris, 1840 — at Munich, 1846 — mistress to 
the King, naturalized in Bavaria, and created 
Countess of Landsfeld, 1 847 — fall of the Ultra- 
montane ministry through her influence, 1847 
— her life in danger in the e'meute, Feb. 1848 
— the Univ. of Munich closed by royal decree, 
10 Mar. — insurrection, the Univ. reopened, 
and Lola banished, 11 Mar. — comes to Eng- 
land, 1848 — goes to California, 1852— visits 
Australia, 1855 — tf. at New York, 30 Jun. 1861. 

Montezuma II., (Xocojotzin,) King of Mex- 
ico, — ft., 1476— while high-priest, is elected 
to succeed his grandfather, 1502 — meets Cortez, 
and conducts him into Mexico, 15 19 — made 
prisoner: left in charge of Alvarado, 1520 — 
wounded at attack on the city by Mexicans, 
27 Jun. — tf., 30 Jun. 1520. 

Montfaucon, Bernard de, Benedictine, anti- 
quary, — ft. in Languedoc, 17 Jan. 1655 — enters 
Benedictine Order at Toulouse, 1675— called 
to Paris, 1687 — visits Rome, 1698 — member of 
Academy of Inscriptions, 17 19 — "Cf. at St Ger- 
main-des-Pres, 21 Dec. 1741. Athanasii 
Opera, 169 8 — Diarium Italicum, 1 7 02 — Gollec- 
tio nova Patrum et scriptor. grcec., 1706 — 
Palceographia Grmca, 1708 — edition of St 
Chrysostom, 1718-38 — Antiquite expliquee et 
representee en figures, 17 19 — Supplement, 1724 
— Monuments de la monarcMe Francaise, 1729- 

33- 
Montferrat, Marquisate and Duchy of, — 

erected for Aledran by Hugh, king of Italy, 
938 — confirmed to him by Emperor Otto, 23 
Mar. 967 — William I., his son, succeeds, 995 
— Boniface I., (son,) 1060 — William II., 
(son,) about 1100 — Rainieri, (Binaldo,) (son,) 
not later than Jan. 1126 — William III., (son,) 
about 1140 — Conrad, (son,) 11 88 — Boniface 
II., (son,) 1 192— William IV., (son,) 1207— 
Boniface III., (son,) the Giant, 1225 — makes 
war on Thomas, Count of Savoy, and takes 
Turin, 1231 — loses it, 1234 — declares for Con- 
rad, son of Frederick II., 1250 — receives fresh 
investiture from Conrad, May 1253 — ft., 1254 
— William V., the Great, (son,) 1254 — John 
I., the Just, (son,) ft., 1276 — succeeds, 1292 — 
marries Margaret of Savoy, 1296— seizes Ver- 
celli and Novara, 1 8 Mar. 1299 — procures ex- 
pulsion of the Visconti from Milan, 1302— fr., 
Jan. 1305 — Marquisate administered by Mar- 
quis of Saluces, 1305-6 — Theodore Pal^eo- 
logus, in right of his mother, Yolande of Mont- 
ferrat, succeeds, 1306 — recovers towns given up 
by Marquis of Saluces to Charles II. of Naples, 
1 306 — receives investiture from Emperor 
Henry VII. at Asti, 26 Nov. 13 10 — acquires 
lordship of Casal, Mar. 1316 — ft., 21 Apr. 
1338— John II. Palseologus, (son,) 1338 — 
Otto (son) succeeds, 1372 — makes peace with 
the Visconti, 15 Jun. 1377 — marries Yolande, 



widow of Lionel, Duke of Clarence, 2 Aug. 
1377 — "&•> Dec. 1378 — John III., (brother,) 
1378 — killed in battle, 25 Aug. 1381 — Theo- 
dore II., (brother,) fc., 1364 — succeeds, 1381 
— by treaty with Giovanni Galeazzi Visconti 
loses Asti, 1381 — carries on war with Count of 
Savoy, 1385 — marries Joanna of Bar, 1394 — 
renewed war with Count of Savoy, 1396 — loses 
his wife, Jan. 1402 — marries Margaret of 
Savoy, 1403 — the Genoese revolt against the 
French and submit to him, Sep. 1409— defeats 
Marshal Boucicaut, 1409 — Vicar Imperial in 
Lombardy by Emperor Sigismund, 20 Sep. 
1414 — ft., 1418 — John James, (son,) marries 
Joanna of Savoy, 141 1 — succeeds, 1418 — joins 
League against Duke of Milan, 1425 — again, 
143 1 — on conquest of his estates by Milanese, 
retires to Venice, 143 1 — reestablished, 1433 — 
ft. at Casal, 12 Mar. 1445 — John IV., (son,) 
1445 — forms alliance with Charles, Duke of 
Orleans, against Sforza, 15 Dec. 1447 — con- 
cludes peace, 1454 — ts. at Casal, 19 Jan. 1464 
—William VI., (brother,) 1464 — Boniface 
IV., (brother,) 1483 — William VII., (son,) 1493 
— Boniface V., (son,) fc., 15 17 — succeeds, 15 18 
— John George, Bp of Casal, 1530 — on his 
death, and extinction of male line, 30 Apr. 
1533, the succession disputed : awarded to 
Dukes of Mantua by Emperor Charles V., 5 
Jan. 1536 — erected into a Duchy by Emperor 
Maximilian II., 1574 — conquered by Charles 
Emmanuel, Duke of Savoy, 1613 — recovered by 
Duke of Mantua, soon after : part of, acquired 
by Victor Amadeus of Savoy, by Treaty of 
Chierasco, 163 1 — the remainder adjudged to 
Savoy by Emperor Joseph I., 1708 — confirmed 
by Treaty of Utrecht, 17 13. 

Montferrat, Boniface II., Marquis of, — 
Regent during absence of his father, Conrad, 
1188-92 — succeeds him as Marquis, and in 
lordship of Tyre, 11 92— at war with men of 
Asti, 1 1 91 -1 206 — acquires town of Alessandria 
by grant of Henry VI., 4 Dec. 1193 — chosen 
chief of the crusade, 1201 — negotiates treaty 
with Venice for transports, and takes the cross 
at Soissons, 1201 — refuses to take part in siege 
of Dara, 1202 — [Crusades] — marries Margaret 
of Hungary at Constantinople, 1204 — invested 
with island of Crete, 1204 — Thessalonica 
erected into a kingdom for him, 1204 — sells 
Crete to Venetians, 1204 — takes Corinth, 1205 
— revolt at Thessalonica suppressed by his wife, 
1205 — marries his daughter to Emperor Henry, 
Feb. 1207 — tf., 1207. 

Montferrat, Conrad, Marquis of,— raises 
siege of Viterbo and captures Abp of Mentz, 
1 178 — sets out for Holy Land, 11 86 — at 
Constantinople marries Theodora, daughter 
of Isaac Angelus, and suppresses rebellion of 
Theodore Branas, 11 86 — successfully defends 
Tyre against Saladin, 11 87 — -defeats Saracen 
fleet, 1 1 87 — refuses to receive Guy of Lusignan 
at Tyre, spring n 88 — succeeds his father, Wil- 
liam III., 1 1 88 — marries Sibylla, widow of 
Guy of Lusignan, 11 89 — directs siege of Acre, 
Nov. 1190 to Jul. 1 191 — elected King of Jeru- 
salem, Apr. 1 192 — assassinated at Tyre, 29 
Apr. 1 192. 



MONTFERRAT— MONTFORT. 



Montferrat, William III., the Old, Mar- 
quis of, — succeeds Ms father, Rinaldo, about 
1 140 — accompanies Emperor Conrad III. on 
crusade, 1 147 — attends Diet of Roncaglia, 1 154 
— succours the Pavians against Milanese, 1157 
— taken under Imperial protection and confirm- 
ed in his possessions, by diploma of 5 Oct. 11 64 
— takes part in invasion of Milanese, 11 67 — 
goes to Palestine to aid his grandson, Baldwin 
V., king of Jerusalem, n 85 — taken prisoner at 
battle of Tiberias, 11 87 — liberated by his son 
Conrad, 11 88— tf., 11 88. 

Montferrat, William IV., Marquis of,— 
accompanies Emperor Henry VI. in expedition 
to Sicily, 1 19 1 — takes part in siege of Gaeta, 
1 1 94 — in siege of Naples, Aug. 11 94 — suc- 
ceeds his father, Boniface II., 1207 — assists 
Pavia against Milanese, 12 15 — attends corona- 
tion of Peter of Courtenay at Pome, 9 Apr. 
1217— obtains loan of Emperor Frederick II., 
Mar. 1224 — embarks atBrundusium to recover 
kingdom of Thessalonica for his brother Deme- 
trius, Mar. 1225 — ft., Sep. 1225. 

Montferrat, William V., the Great, and 
Long sword, Marquis of, — succeeds his father, 
Boniface III., 1254 — marries Isabella, daugh- 
ter of Richard, Earl of Cornwall, 1257 — assists 
Charles of Anjou in conquest of Turin, 1262— 
concludes alliance with him, 14 May 1264— 
loses his wife, Aug. 1271 — marries Beatrice of 
Castile and negotiates marriage of his daughter 
Margaret to Don Juan of Castile, 1271 — vicar 
in Italy to titular Emperor Alfonso, 127 1-3 — 
forms league with Genoese, Asti, and Pavia, 
against king of Sicily, 1273 — excommunicated 
by Gregory X., 1273? — elected Captain of 
Milan, 16 Aug. 1278 — invades the Lodigiano, 
Sep. 1278 — makes peace with the Torriani, Mar. 
1 27 9 — violates the treaty and renews the war ; 
taken prisoner by Count of Savoy, 1281 — re- 
nounces his claim on Turin and is liberated, 
128 1 — visits king of Castile and loses his wife 
in Spain, 1282 — deprived of his power at Milan 
by Abp Atto, Dec. 1282 — marries his daughter 
Yolande to Greek Emperor Andronicus, 1284 
— elected Captain of Pavia for ten years, 1289 
— ravages the Milanese, 1290 — attacks Asti, 
1290 — seized at Alessandria and imprisoned in 
iron cage, 8 Sep. 1290 — tf. there, Feb. 1292. 

Montferrat, William VI., Marquis of,— in 
service of Philip Maria, Duke of Milan, 1445 
— passes into service of Venice; his troops 
massacre Charles of Gonzaga and his attendants, 
1446 — joins Francesco Sforza, and takes com- 
mand of his troops, 1448— engages to give him 
Alessandria, by treaty of 1 Nov. 1448 — im- 
prisoned by Sforza at Pavia, 1 May 1449 — 
cedes Alessandria, by treaty of 9 Mar. 1450 — 
liberated, May 1450 — enters service of Alfonso, 
king of Naples, and Venetians, 1450 — invades 
territory of Alessandria, 1452 — defeated by 
Sagramore of Parma, 1452 — succeeds his brother 
John IV., Jan. 1464 — concludes alliance with 
Duke of Milan against Amadeus, Count of 
Savoy, 25 Feb. 1467 — peace made by media- 
tion of Louis XL, about Dec. 1467 — named 
Captain-general of Milanese troops by Galeazzo 
Maria Sforza, 1475 — ts. at Casal, 28 Feb. 1483. 



Montfort, Barony and County of, in France, 
— Amactry II. succeeds to barony, not later than 
1003 — Simon L, (son,) between 1053-8 — 
Amaury III., (son,) 1087 — Richard, (brother), 
1089 — Simon II., (brother,) 1092 — Amaury 
IV., (brother,) about 11 03 — takes part in con- 
spiracy against Louis the Fat, 11 08 — claims 
County of Evreux, and is deprived of it by 
Henry I. of England, 1 1 1 8 — unsuccessfully at- 
tacks chateau of Breteuil, 11 19 — joins in 'plot 
to reestablish Robert in Duchy of Normandy, 
Sep. 1 122 — defeated by Ranulph of Bayeux, 26 
Mar. 1 1 24 — enters service of Louis the Fat, 
1 1 24 — defends the Vexin against Henry I., 
Aug. 1 1 24 — takes part in capture of Mont- 
ferrand, 11 26 — accepts dignity of seneschal of 
France and refuses to resign it on demand of 
the king, 1 127 — obtains aid of Henry I. against 
Louis, but is defeated : tf., 1 1 37. Amaury V., 
(son,) 1 137 — Simon III., (brother,) 1140 — 
Simon IV., (son,) 1 181— erected into a County, 
probably about 1209 — Amaury VL (son) suc- 
ceeds, 25 Jun. 121 8 — continues crusade against 
Albigenses, but cedes all his conquests to Louis 
VIII. by conditional Treaty of Paris, Feb. 1223 
— Constable of France, 1231 — surrenders the 
honour of Leicester to his younger brother 
Simon, 1231 — sent to Palestine, and taken 
prisoner by Saracens at Gaza, 1239- — returns 
to Europe and rj. at Otranto, 1241 — John, (son,) 
1 241 — accompanies St Louis on the crusade, 
1248 — rj. in Cyprus, Jan. 1249— by marriage 
of Yolande, his grand-daughter, to Arthur Count 
of Bretagne, the County united to Bretagne, 
May 1294. 

Montfort, Guy de, — banished from England 
with his brother, 1265 — with his brother 
Simon assassinates Henry, son of Richard 
Earl of Cornwall, at Viterbo, Mar. 1271 — ex- 
communicated by Gregory X., 127 1. 

Montfort, John de, — on death of his brother, 
John III., claims Duchy of Bretagne, in op- 
position to Charles of Blois, 1341 — besieged in 
Nantes and taken prisoner by John, Duke of 
Normandy, 1 341 — his wife, Joanna of Flanders,, 
defends Hennebon, and is relieved by Sir 
Walter Manny, 1342 — escapes from prison, 
1345— "&•> 26 Sep. 1345. 

Montfort, John de. [Bretagne, Duchy of.~\ 

Montfort, Simon IV., Count de, — ft., about 
1 150 — succeeds his father, Simon III., in 
barony of Montfort, 11 81 — marries Alice de 
Montmorency, before 1191 — leads body of 
French knights to Palestine, 11 98 — 'takes part 
in siege of Zara, 1202 — distinguishes himself in 
Holy Land, 1203-8— leader of crusade against 
Albigenses, 1208 — Count, probably about 
1209— killed at siege of Toulouse, 25 Jun. 121 8. 

Montfort, Simon de, Earl of Leicester, — 
6., soon after 1200— does homage to Henry 
III. for honour of Leicester, surrendered to him 
by his elder brother Amaury, 13 Aug. 1231 — 
privately marries Eleanor, Countess of Pem- 
broke, sister of Henry III., 7 Jan. 1238 — on 
threat of civil war by Richard, Earl of Corn- 
wall, and the barons, he is dismissed from the 
Council: sets out for Rome, early in Mar. 1238 
— visits his brother-in-law, Frederick II., in 



MONTGOLFIEB— MONTI. 



Lombardy, 1238 — obtains from Gregory IX. 
ratification of his marriage, and returns to 
England, Oct. 1238 — restored to the Council, 
1238 — created Earl of Leicester, 2 Feb. 1239 
— assists as godfather and High Steward at 
baptism of Prince Edward, 21 Jun. — disgraced 
at Court, quits England with his wife, 9 Aug. 
— takes the cross; visits England to collect 
money for crusade, Apr. 1 240 — again in Eng- 
land, Jun. 1242= — accompanies Henry III. in 
French "War, 1242 — spends some time at 
Bordeaux, 1 242-3 — sent as governor (seneschal?) 
to G-ascony, Oct. 1248 — reduces the province to 
obedience, Oct. to Dec— in England,Christmas, 
1248 — again reduces Gascony and sends Gaston 
de Beam prisoner to England, 1249 — the reve- 
nues of Ireland granted to him, 28 Nov. 1249 — 
comes to England for money to suppress new 
rebellion, 1250— suppresses it, 1 250-1— again 
in England, about Nov. 1251 — two commissions 
sent to Gascony to inquire into his proceedings, 
1252 — in France, before winter 1252 — twice 
refuses offer of Begency of France, end of 
1252^-offers his services to Henry III. and 
again reduces Gascony, 1253 — quarrels with 
William de Valence, 1257 — appears in arms 
with barons at Great Council, May 1258 — 
again at Oxford, 11 Jun.— [Provisions of Ox- 
ford] — head of the Council of State, Jun. — 
resigns his castles and expels aliens, Jul.— 
quarrels with Earl of Gloucester and quits 
England, 1259 — returns, early in 1260 — again 
quarrels with Gloucester, 1 May 1260 — takes 
command against Welsh, but makes truce with 
them, 1260 — on death of Gloucester is sole 
leader of the barons, Jul. 1262 — returns to 
England, Oct. 1262 — appeals to arms, May 
1263— after successful campaign in tbe west, is 
received in London, autumn 1263 — appeals with 
the King to Louis IX., 1263— joins Llewellyn 
against Mortimer, and burns Badnor and other 
castles, 1263 — award of Louis rejected, Jan. 
1264 — meets Henry III. at Brackley, Mar. — 
his son taken prisoner by Henry III. at 
Northampton, 13 Apr. 1264 — unsuccessfully 
besieges Bochester, after Easter — victory of 
Lewes, 13 May — dictates terms o-f Mise of 
Lewes, 14 May — forms a camp on Barham 
Down, 1264 — excommunicated by Urban VIII., 
1264 — defeats the Marchers and takes many of 
their castles, 1264 — summons the parliament, 
Dec. 1264 — keeps Christmas at Kenilworth, 
1264 — meeting of parliament, 28 Jan. 1265 — 
[Knights of the Shire] — appointed Justiciar 
of England ; quarrels with Gilbert, Earl of 
Gloucester, spring 1265 — surprised, defeated, 
and killed by Prince Edward at Evesham, 4 
Aug 1265. 

Montgolfier, Jacques Etienne., joint inventor 
of the balloon, — ft. at Vidalon-les-Annonay, in 
France, 7 Jan. 1745 — with his brother, makes 
first experiment with balloon, at Annonay, 5 
Jun. 1783 — tf. at Serrieres, 2 Aug. 1799. 
[Balloon.] 

Montgolfier, Joseph Michel, joint inventor 
of the balloon, — ft. at Vidalon-les-Annonay, in 
France, 1740 — tf. at Balarue, 26 Jun. 1810. 
Mimoires sur la machine aerostatique, 1784. 



Montgomery, in N. Wales, — castle built by 
Baldwin, Lieutenant of the Marches, 1092 — 
taken by Welsh, 1092 — recovered by Boger de 
Montgomery, Earl of Arundel, 1093 — new 
castle built by Henry III., 122 1-3 — given to 
Prince Edward, 1254 — town burnt by followers 
of Llewellyn, 1 Apr. 1257 — peace concluded 
between Henry III. and Llewellyn, at assembly 
at, 29 Sep. 1267 — held by Boger Mortimer, 
1354 — surrendered by Lord Herbert of Cher- 
bury to the parliament, and dismantled, be- 
tween 1642-50. 

Montgomery, Alexander, poet,— If., probably 
between 1607 -n. The Cherry and the Sloe, 
1607 — [Works, 1822.] 

Montgomery, Gabriel, Count de, military 
commander, — ft., about 1530 — commandsauxili- 
aries sent by Francis I. to Scotland, 1545 — 
mortally wounds King Henry II. at tourna- 
ment, 30 Jun. 1559 — quits France, 1559 — 
succeeds his father, 1562 — takes part with 
Protestants, 1562 — defeats Boyalists in Lan- 
guedoc, 1569 — escapes to England, Aug. 1572 
— attempts relief of Bochelle, 1573 — taken 
prisoner by Boyalists in Normandy, 27 May 
1574 — executed at Paris, 25,* 27 h May 1574. 
a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. 

Montgomery, James, poet, — ft. at Irvine, 
Ayrshire, 4 Nov. 1771 — goes to London, 1790 
— settles at Sheffield, about Dec. 1792 — im- 
prisoned, 1795 and 1796 — receives pension 
from the Queen, 1835— tf. at Sheffield, 30 
Apr. 1854. Edits Sheffield Iris, Jul. 1794 to 
Sep. 1825 — Frison Amusements, 1797 — West 
Indies, 1809 — World before the Flood, 1812 — 
Greenland, 18 10 — Felican Island, 1827 — 
Original Hymns, 1853. 

Montgomery, Robert, poet, theologian, — ft. 
at_ Bath, 1807 — enters Oxford Univ., 1830— 
minister of Percy Street Chapel, London, 1836 
— M.A., 1838— tf. at Brighton, 3 Dec, 1855. 
Omnipresence of the Deity, 1828 — Satan, 1829 
— luther, 1843 — Sacred Meditations, 1847. 

Montgomery, Thomas Herbert, Earl of. 
[Pembroke, Earl oe.] 

Monthermer, Viscount. [Montague, 
Ralph.] 

Montholon, Charles Tristan de, Count, 
afterwards Marquis, general, — b. at Paris, 21 
Jul. 1783 — enters the army, 1797— member of 
Legion of Honour, 1806 — wounded at Jena, 
1 806 — distinguishes himself at Madrid, 2 May 
1808 — in campaign of Wagram, 1809 — Count, 
1809 — Chevalier of St Louis, Jul. 18 14 — Aide- 
de-camp to Napoleon, 5 Jun. 18 15— follows 
Napoleon to St Helena, 18 15 — returns to 
France, 1822 — takes part with Louis Napoleon 
in attempt at Boulogne, and is imprisoned at 
Ham, 1840 — tf., 21 Aug. 1853. Fecit s de la 
Captivite de Napoleon a Sainte HeUne, 1847. 

Montholon, Jean de, — tf. at Paris, 10 May 
1528. Fromptuarium, 1520. 

Monti, Giuseppe, botanist,— -ft. at Bologna, 
1682 — Prof. Natural History, Univ. of Bo- 
logna, 1720 — Prof. Materia Medica, 1736 — tf. 
at Bologna, 4 Mar. 1760. Flantarum varii 
Indices, 1724 — Exoticorum Simplicium Mcdica- 
mentorum Indices, 1724. 



99° 



MONTI— MONTMORENCY. 



Monti, Pietro da, (Montius,) canonist, — ft. at 
Venice, about 1400 — LL.D. Padua, 1433 — 
Bent to England to receive dues of the Holy 
See, 1434-39 — Bp of Brescia, 1442 — ft. at 
Rome, 19 Jan, 1457. Eepertorium utriusque 
juris, 1465. 

Monti, Pietro da, (2fo?itius,) — ft. at Milan, 
about 1470^ 1460 b — distinguishes himself at 
battle of Ghiera d'Adda, 1509 — tr., about 
i530. b Exercitionum atque artis militaris 
collectanea, 1509. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Monti, Vincenzo, poet, — ft. at Fusignano, 
near Ferrara, 17 or 19 Feb. 1754— goes to 
Home, 1778 — Prof. Eloquence, Pavia, 1803 — 
fc. at Milan, 13 Oct. 1828. Opere, 1825-7. 

Montiel, in Spain, — Don Pedro the Cruel is 
defeated by Henry of Trastamare at, 14 Mar. 
1368 — and is killed there by Henry, 23 Mar. 

Montigny, Francois de la Grange d'Ar- 
quien, Sieur de, Marshal of France, — ft., 
1554— -distinguishes himself at battle of Contras, 
1587 — commands at attack on Amiens, 1597 — 
Governor of Paris, 1601 — of Metz, 1603 — of 
the three bishoprics, 1609 — Marshal, 1615— tf., 
9 Sep. 1617. 

Montigny, Francois Emmanuel Dehaies de, 
general, — ft. at Versailles, 7 Aug. 1743 — enters 
the army, 1768— enters the navy, 1776 — am- 
bassador to India, 178 1-8 — Governor of Chan- 
dernagore, 1788 — returns to Paris, 17 91 — Gen- 
eral of Brigade, 1800 — again sent to India, 
1803 — returns to France, 18 10 — Lieutenant- 
general, 1 817— tf. at Paris, 17 Jun. 18 19. 

Montjoie, Felio Christophe Galart de, lit- 
terateur, — ft. at Aix, Provence, about 1756 — 
ft., 4 Apr. 1 8 16. E Ami du roi, des Francais, 
de I'ordre et surtout de la ve'rite, $<?., 1791 — 
Sistoire de la conjuration de d' Orleans, 1796 — 
Eloge historique de Marie Antoinette, 1797. 
Montjuich, Fort of. [Barcelona.] 
Montlheri, in France, — indecisive battle of, 
between Louis XI. and Count de Charolais, 16 
Jul. 1465. 

Montluc, Blaise de Lasseran-Massencome, 
Seigneur de, {Boucher royaliste,) Marshal 
of France, — ft. at the Chateau of Montluc, 
about 1502 — serves under Lautrec in Italy, 
15 19 — captured at battle of Pavia, 1525 — dis- 
tinguishes himself at battle of Cerisoles, 1538 
— defends Siena, 1555 — distinguishes himself 
at sieges of Calais and Thionville, 1558 — 
Lieutenant-general of Guienne, 1564 — wounded 
at assault of Eabasteins, puts all the inhabit- 
ants to death, 1570 — assists at siege of Eochelle, 
1573 — Marshal, 1574 — tf. near Agen, 1577. 
Comnientaires, 1592. 

Montmartre, .Pan's, — def eat of Marshals Mar- 
mo nt and Mortier by the allies and surrender 
of Paris, 30 Mar. 18 14 — occupied and fortified 
by Communist Insurgents, Mar. '187 1 — retaken 
by Versailles army, 28 May 1871. Abbey of , 
founded by Queen Adelaide, n 34. 

Montmedy, in France, — taken by Marshal 
de la Ferte, 1657 — Gen. de Failly defeated by 
Germans near, 29 Aug. 1870 — taken by Ger- 
mans, Sep. — afterwards evacuated : completely 



invested by Germans, 15 Nov. — bombarded, 12 
Dec. — capitulates, 14 Dec. 

Montmirail, in France, — meeting of Henry 
II. of England and Louis VII. of France, for 
reconciliation of Becket with Henry II., 1 Jan. 
1169a — Napoleon I. defeats allies at, n Feb. 
1 8 14 — monument of the victory completed, Feb. 
1867— head-quarters of Crown Prince of Prus- 
sia, about 15 Sep. 1870. Treaty of, between 
Louis VII. of France and Henry II. of Eng- 
land, concluded, 6 Jan. 1169. a Milinan. 

Montmorency, in France, — Barony of, 
founded, before 960 — town burnt by brigands, 
2 35 6 — erected into a Duchy for Anne de Mont- 
morency, by Henry II., Jul. 155 1— passes by 
marriage to Princes of Conde, on death of 
Duke Henry II., 1632 — again erected into a 
Duchy, 1633. 

Montmorency, Anne, 1st Duke de, Con- 
stable of France,— ft. at Chantilly, 15 Mar. 
1492 — follows Francis I. in expedition of Italy, 
15 15 — serves at battle of Marignano, 13 Oct. 
l 5 l S — governor of Novara, 15 16 — present at 
Field of Cloth of Gold, 1520— successfully 
defends Mezieres against Count of Nassau, 
152 1 — Captain-general of Swiss troops, com- 
mands them in Italy, 152 1 — ambassador to 
Venice, 1522— Marshal of France, 6 Apr. 1522 
— follows Francis I. to campaign of Lombardy, 
i5 2 4 — taken prisoner at battle of Pavia, 24 
Feb. 1525 — envoy to Madrid to negotiate 
liberation of the king, 1525 — charged to re- 
conduct sons of Francis to France, 1530 — as 
generalissimo, takes command against Impe- 
rialists, and encamps near Avignon, Jul. 1536 
— compels Charles V. to raise siege of Mar- 
seilles, 1536 — Constable of France, 10 Feb. 
1538 — loses favour of the king, 1540 — -retires 
to Chantilly, 1541 — recalled to Court by Hemy 
II., 1547— severely avenges on Bordeaux the 
massacre of the governor, Oct. 1548 — accom- 
panies the king to siege of Boulogne, 1549 — 
negotiates treaty for its surrender by English, 
24 Mar. 1550 — his Barony erected into a 
Duchy, 155 1 — takes Toul, 15 Mar. 1552 — 
enters Metz, 10 Apr.— reduces the three bish- 
oprics, 1552 — defeated, wounded, and taken 
prisoner at St Quentin, 1557 — takes part in 
fruitless negotiations for peace at Cercamp, 
1558— driven from the Court by Catherine de' 
Medici and the Guises, after 10 Jul. 1559 — 
recalled by Charles IX. and named Generalis- 
simo, Dec. 1560 — joins Duke of Guise and 
Marshal de St Andre, against Calvinists, 156 1 
— taken prisoner at battle of Dreux, 1562 — 
liberated by Peace of Orleans, 1563 — besieges 
and takes Havre, 20-28 Jul. 1563 — mortally 
wounded at St Denis, 10 Nov. 1567 — ft., 12 
Nov. 

Montmorency, Charles de, Marshal of 
France, — succeeds his father, 1325 — sent to 
defend Tournay, and taken prisoner by Flem- 
ings, 1340 — Marshal of France, about 1343 — 
commands troops sent by John, Duke of Nor- 
mandy, to support Charles of Blois in Brittany, 
besieges Nantes and takes prisoner John de 
Montfort, 1341 — takes part in conquest of 
Guienne, 1345 — at siege of Calais, 1346 — de- 



MONTMORENCY— MONTPELLIER. 



991 



feated at Crecy, 1346 — Chamberlain, 1346 — 
Captain-general for the king on frontiers of 
Flanders, 1 347 — resigns dignity of Marshal : 
defeats Flemings at Quesnoy, 1348 — mediates 
between Dauphin and king of Navarre, 1358 — 
feakes part in negotiating Treaty of Bretigny, 
1360 — one of the hostages sent to England, 
1360 — godfather to the Dauphin, Dec. 1368 — 
attends Charles V. to interview with king of 
Navarre at Yernon, 1371 — U., n Sep. 1381. 

Montmorency, Francis, Duke de, — h., 
1530 — serves at siege of Lanz in Piedmont, 
155 1 — takes part in defence of Metz, dose of 
1552 — sent to succour Terouenne, capitulates, 
and is taken prisoner, 1553 — ransomed, and 
named governor of Paris and Isle of France, 
1556 — marries Duchess of Castro, natural 
daughter of Henry II., 1557— cedes office of 
Grand-master of France to Duke of Guise and 
is created Marshal, 1559 — ambassador to Queen 
Elizabeth, 1572 — accused of conspiracy and 
imprisoned in Bastile, 1572-6 — fr., 15 May 

*579- 

Montmorency, Francis Henry de. [Lux- 
embourg, Duke of.] 

Montmorency, Henry I., Duke r>E,(Seigneur 
4e Damville,) — h. at Chantilly, 15 Jun. 1534 — 
distinguishes himself at defence of Metz, 1552 
— taken prisoner at St Quentin, 1557— marries 
Antoinette de la Marck, 1558 — captures Prince 
of Conde at Dreux, 1562 — governor of Langue- 
doc, 1563 — Marshal of France, 10 Feb. 1567 — 
fights at battle of St Denis, 1567 — joins the 
Protestants and becomes head of the Folitiques, 
1573 — succeeds his brother Francis, 1579 — 
maintains himself independent in Languedoc, 
1573-89 — proclaims Henry IV., 1589 — Con- 
stable of France, 8 Dec. 1593— accompanies 
Henry in his expeditions, 1593-8 — lj., 1 or 2 
Apr. 1 6 14. 

Montmorency, Henry II., Duke de, — fc. at 
Chantilly, 30 Apr. 1595 — marries Maria Felice 
des Ursini, 1610 — Grand Admiral of France, 
161 2 — succeeds his father in the Duchy, and 
as governor of Languedoc, 16 14 — Chevalier, 
1620 — raises regiments for the king, and cap- 
tures Villeneuve de Berg, 1620 — wounded at 
siege of Montpellier, 3 Sep. 1622 — defeats Pro- 
testant fleet under Soubise, Sep. 1625 — takes 
Isle of Oleron, 20 Sep. — deprived of office of 
Admiral, Oct. 1625 — commands against Duke 
de Bohan in Languedoc, 1628-9— defeats and 
takes prisoner Prince Doria at Yeillane, 10 
Jul. 1630 — with Marshal de la Force, captures 
Saluces, 20 Jul. 1630 — M arshal of France, 11 
Dec. 1630 — joins Gaston, Duke of Orleans, and 
is defeated and taken prisoner by Marshal 
Schomberg, 1 Sep. 1632 — executed at Tou- 
louse, 30 Oct. 1632. 

Montmorency, John II. de, — b., 1402 — 
succeeds to the Barony, 1414 — Chamberlain of 
France, by Charles VII., 1425 — his estates 
confiscated by Henry VI. of England, and 
given to John of Luxemburg, 1429 — distin- 
guishes himself at attack on Paris, and is made 
Chevalier, Aug. 1429 — his estates restored, 
Apr. 1430 — accompanies the king in campaigns 
of 1437-49 — tj. t 6 Jul. 1477. 



Montmorency, Mathieu I. de, — succeeds 
his father in the Barony, about 11 25-6 — mar- 
ries daughter (Alice ?) of Henry I. of England, 
about n 26 — Constable of France, by Louis 
VII., about 1 1 30 — marries Adelaide, queen 
dowager of France, 1141 — loses his wife, 1154 
— living, 1 160. 

Montmorency, Mathieu II. de, the Great, 
— succeeds his father in the Barony, 11 89 — 
directs siege of Chateau-Gaillard, 1203 — takes 
part in conquest of Normandy, 1204 — con- 
tributes to victory of Bouvines, 12 14 — takes 
part in crusade against Albigenses, 1215-18 — 
Constable of France, 121 8 — besieges and takes 
Niort, St Jean d'Angely, Rochelle, and recovers 
Poitou from the English, Jun. to Aug. 1224 — 
commands under Louis VIII. at siege of Avig- 
non, Mar. to Sep. 1226 — charged by Louis 
VIII. with care of his son, Nov. 1226 — assists 
the Begent Blanche in subduing the rebellious 
nobles, 1227-30—0"., 24 Nov. 1230. 

Montmorency, Mathieu IV. de, the Great, 

— succeeds his father, 1270 — accompanies 
Philip the Rash in expedition of Aragon, 1285 
— Grand Chamberlain, by Philip the Fair, Oct. 
1285 — takes part in conquest of Guienne, 
1294-5 — with John de Harcourt takes com- 
mand of fleet, and attacks Dover, 1 Aug. 1295 

— contributes to victory over Flemings at 
Fumes, 13 Aug. 1297 — contributes to victory 
of Mons-en-Puelle, 18 Aug. 1304 — living, 25 
Sep. 1304. 

Montmort, Pierre Remond de, mathema- 
tician, — h. at Paris, 1678 — visits England a 
second time, 1700 — F.B.S. London, 17 15 — 
admitted to Academy of Sciences, 17 16 — ij. at 
Paris, 7 Oct. 1719. Essai d' 'Analyse sur les 
jeux de hasard, 1708. 

Montorsoli, Fra Giovan Angelo, sadptor, — 
fc. at Montorsoli, near Florence, about 1500 — 
enters Order of the Nunziata, 1530 — employed 
by Clement VII. at Borne, 1530 — visits France, 
1534 — tf. at Florence, 31 Aug. 1563. 

Montpellier, in France, {Mons Fessulanus, 
Mons Fuellarum,) lordship of, — founded, about 
975-85 — becomes dependency of Aragon, 1204 
— of kings of Majorca, 1276 — sold to king 
of France, by Don James III., 1349— con- 
firmed to him by treaty with king of Aragon, 
1350 — ceded by Charles V. to Charles the Bad 
of Navarre, 1365 — again, 1371 — confirmed to 
him by award of Gregory XL, 1372 — seized 
by Duke of Anjou, Apr. 1378— revolts, 25 
Oct. 1379 — restored to Prince Charles of Na- 
varre, 30 May 1381 — -resumed by Charles VI. 
and reunited to Crown of France, 28 Oct. 1382 
— besieged by Damville, 1577 — one of the 
places of safety assigned to Huguenots, 1577 — 
besieged by Louis XIII., 2 Sep. 1622 — taken, 
19 Oct. Edict of, by Louis XIII., confirms 
edict of Nantes, 19 Oct. 1622. Cathedral, built, 
1364. Museum, founded, 1825. Falace of 
Justice, 1846. University of, founded, about 
1180-90. Councils of, held, by Alexander IV., 
for excommunication of Octavian and Antipope 
Victor, 17 May 1162: Dec. 1195 — in favour 
of Simon de Montfort nnd on discipline, 8 Jan. 
1 2 15 — respecting Raymond, Count of Tou- 



99 2 



MONTPENSIER— MOOLTAN. 



louse, 2 Jun. and 21 Aug. 1224: 6 Sep. 1258. 

Montpensier, Anne Marie Louise cV Orleans, 
Duchess of, {Mademoiselle,) — ft. at Paris, 19 
May 1627 — secretly favours the Frondeurs, 
1649-53 — returns to the Court, 1657 — pri- 
vately marries Lauzun, 1670 — if., 5 Mar. 
1693. Me'moires, 1729. 

Moutpensier, Antoine Marie Philippe 
Louis, Duke of, — ft. at Neuilly, 31 Jul. 1824 
— enters the army, 1 842 — Chevalier of Legion 
of Honour, 1844 — his marriage with Infanta 
Luisa Maria agreed to, 27 Aug. 1846 — protest 
of Don Henrique of Spain against it, 9 Sep. — 
announced to the Cortes, 14 Sep.^-protest of 
British Government against it, presented at 
Madrid, 21 Sep. — and at Paris, by Marquis of 
Normandy, 24 Sep. — the marriage celebrated 
at Madrid, 10 Oct. 1846 — with his Duchess has 
audience of Queen Victoria at Buckingham 
Palace, 1 Jun. 1852 — Captain-general of armies 
of Spain, by Isabella II., 5 Aug. 1858 — ex- 
pelled from Spain, 1868. 

Moutpensier, Antoine Philippe d' Orleans, 
Duke of, — $., 1775 — fights at Valmy, Sep. 
1792 — at Jemappes, Nov. — arrested at Nice 
and imprisoned, 1793 — joins his brothers in 
America, 1797 — settles m England, 1800 — if. 
at Twickenham, 18 May 1807. Memoires, 
1824. 

Montpensier, Catherine Marie de Lorraine, 
Duchess of, — h., 1552 — marries Louis II., 
Duke of Montpensier, 1570 — takes part in 
conspiracies against Henry III., 1577-89 — if. 
at Paris, 6 May 1596. 

Montreal, inCanada, — founded, 1640 — taken 
from the French by Gen. Amherst, 1760 — sur- 
prised by Americans under Montgomery, 23 Nov. 
1775 — retaken by English, spring 1776 — seat 
of government of Lower Canada transferred 
to Quebec, 1849 — great fire at, Jul. 1852. 
University, (M'Gill College,) founded, 18 14 — 
chartered, 1821 — reorganized, 1852. Roman 
Catholic Cathedral, completed, 1829 — burnt, 
1856 — rebuilt, and consecrated, 18 Jun. 1867. 
Victoria Bridge, commenced, 1 854 — opened 
by Prince of "Wales, i860. 

Montreuil, in France, — receives a charter, 
1 1 89 — ceded to English by Treaty of Bretigny, 
1360 — recovered by Charles V., about 1370 — 
taken by Emperor Charles V., 1537 — again 
taken by Charles V., 1544. 

Montrocher, Gui de, theologian, — fl. in Dau- 
phiny, 1330. Manipulus Curatorum, 1330. 

Montrose, James Graham, 1st Marquis of, 
— fc. at Edinburgh, 16 13 — sent to Univ. of St 
Andrew's, 1627 — travels on the Continent, 
1634-7 — embraces the popular cause, 1637 — 
assists in drawing up the Covenant, 1638 — 
captures Aberdeen, 29 Mar., 25 May, and 19 
Jun. 1639 — corresponds secretly with Charles 
I., 1640 — imprisoned, Jun. 1641 to Jan. 1642 — 
accompanies the Queen to York, 1643 — created 
Marquis, Commander-in-chief of royal forces in 
Scotland, Apr. 1644 — defeats Lord Elcho at 
Tippermuir, iSep. — sacks Aberdeen, 13-16 Sep. 
— defeats Marquis of Argyle, at Inverlochy, 2 
Eeb. 1645 — pillages Dundee, 3 Apr. — defeats 
Baillie at Alford, 2 Jul.— defeats Covenanters at 



Kilsyth, 15 Aug. — defeated by General Lesley, 
at Philiphaugh, 13 Sep. — capitulates, goes to 
Norway, 3 Sep. 1646 — lands in Orkney, Jan. 
1650 — hung at Edinburgh, 21 May. 

Montserrat, one of the Leeward Islands,— 
discovered by Columbus, about 1493 — English 
settlement on, 1632 — taken by French, 1664,° 
i668, b 1667 c — restored by Peace of Breda, 21 
Jul. 1667 c — by Peace of Utrecht, 17 13 b — de- 
vastated by hurricane, 1766 — again, 1772 — 
taken by French, 1782 — restored to Great 
Britain by Treaty of Versailles, 1783. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Macculloch. c Bayley. 

Montserrat, in Catalonia. Abbey of, 
founded, 800— pillaged by the French, under 
Suchet, the library burnt, and the monks hung, 
14 Jul. 181 1 — stronghold of Carlists, 1827. 

Montucci, Antonio, Chinese scholar, — fc. at 
Siena, 22 May 1762 — at London, 1792 — goes 
to Berlin, 1806— if. at Siena, 1829. 

Montucla, Jean Etienne, mathematician, — 
h. at Lyons, 5 Sep. 1725 — admitted to Academy 
of Berlin, 1755 — Secretary and Astronomer- 
royal to expedition for colonizing Cayenne, 
1764 — first clerk of Crown Buildings, 1765-90 
— if. at Versailles, 18 Dec. 1799. Histoircdes 
recherches sur la quadrature du cerclc, 1754 — 
Histoire des Mathematiques, 1758-1802. 

Montyon, (Monthyon,) Antoine Jean Bap- 
tiste Kobert Auget, Baron de, philan- 
thropist, — ft. at Paris, 26 Dec. 1733 — Chancel- 
lor to Count d'Artois, 1780 — emigrates with 
him, 1790 — returns to France, 18 15 — if. at 
Paris, 29 Dec. 1820. 

Montyon Endowment, — founded by Baron 
Auget de Montyon, distribution commences, 
1825. 

Monument, The, London, — built by "Wren, 
1671-7. 

Monvoisin, Raymond Auguste Quinsac, 
painter, — fi. at Bordeaux, 1793 — first exhibits 
at the Salon, 181 9 — obtains grand prize, 1822 
— if. at Boulogne, 27 Mar. 1870. 

Monza, in Lombardy. Cathedral, founded by 
Queen Theodelinda, 595 — coronation of Charles 
the Great at, 774 — Iron Crown and regalia of 
Lombardy removed from, by Austrians, 1859 
— replaced, 1866. 

Moodkee, in Hindustan, — Sir Hugh Gough 
defeats Sikhs at, 18 Dec. 1845. 

Moolraj, Khan Sing, Governor of Mool- 
tan, — orders murder of Vans Agnew and 
Lieut. Anderson at Mooltan, 20 Apr. 1848 — 
defeated by Lieut. Edwards at Kennyree, 1 8 
Jun. 1848 — surrenders citadel of Mooltan and 
himself to Lord Gough, 22 Jan. 1849 — con- 
demned to death, Aug. 1849 — sentenced to 
transportation for life, Sep. 1849. 

Mooltan, (Multan,) in Hindustan, — [see 
Moolraj]— invaded by Mohalib, (44, a. h.) 
664 — submits to Mahmud of Ghizni, (396,) 
1005 — taken by Mahmud, (401,) 1010 — by 
Mahommed Ghori, 1176 — occupied by re- 
volter and recovered by Shahab u din, 
1206 — besieged by Moguls, (620,) 1223 — 
blockaded and taken by Pir Mohammed for 
Timur, (800,) 1398 — revolts, subject to 
Afghans Sangas, about 1400 — Urghuns of Sind 



MOON— MORANT. 



993 



dispossess San gas, after 1500 — Urghuns ex- 
pelled by Camran, 1530— taken by Runjeet 
Singh, 18 1 8— invested by Lieut. Edwardes and 
the Nawab of Baliwulpore, Jul. 1848 — bom- 
bardment commenced, 1 2 Sep. — siege raised 
by G-en. Whish, 22 Sep. — siege resumed, 27 
Dec. — taken by storm, 2 Jan. 1849 — citadel 
surrendered, 22 Jan. 

Moon, — evection discovered by Ptolemy, 
130-150 — variations, annual equation, by 
Tycho Brahe, 15 82-1 601 — ash-grey light of, 
explained by Mastlin, 1596 — telescopic dis- 
coveries, by Galileo, 16 10 — acceleration of 
mean motion, by Halley, 1693 — explained by 
Laplace, 1787 — evolution of heat in light of, 
discovered by Melloni, summer 1848 — photo- 
graphic views of, by De La Rue and Secchi, 
1857 — by Rutherford, 1871. Maps of, by 
Hevelius, 1647 — byRiccioli, 165 1 — byCassini, 
1680 — by Mayer, 1749— by Lambert, 1775 — 
by Lohrmann, 1824— rby Beer and Madler, 
1834-6. 

Moor, Karel van, painter, — ft. at Leyden, 
1656— tf., 1737. 

Moorcroft, William, traveller^ — goes to 
India, 1808 — explores the Punjab, Thibet, 
Cashmeer, and Bokhara, 1819-25 — tf. at Ana- 
khodie, in Bokhara, 1825. 

Moore, Edward, poet, dramatist, — ft. at 
Abingdon, 1712 — tf., 1757. Fables for the 
Female Sex, 1744 — Gamester, 1753 — edits The 
World, 1752-7. 

Moore, John, physician, miscellaneous 
writer, — ft. at Stirling, 1729 — accompanies 
Duke of Hamilton to the Continent, 1772-8 — 
settles in London, 1778 — tf. at Richmond, 1802. 
Works, 1820. 

Moore, Sir John, general, — ft. at Glasgow, 
13 Nov. 1761— enters the army, 1776 — dis- 
tinguishes himself in Corsica, 1794 — serves in 
West Indies, and takes part in capture of St 
Lucia, 1796 — serves in Ireland, 1798 — wounded 
in expedition of Holland, 1799 — Major-general, 
takes part in expedition of Egypt, 1801 — K.B., 
1801 — envoy to Sweden, May 1808 — to 
Portugal, Aug. — Commander-in-chief of Eng- 
lish forces there, 6 Oct. 1808 — killed at 
Coruiia, 16 Jan. 1809. 

Moore, Sir Jonas, mathematician, — ft. in 
Lancashire, Feb. 161 7 — tutor to Prince James, 
1647 — Surveyor-general of Ordnance, after 
1660 — tf. at Godalming, 27 Aug. 1679. 
System of Mathematics, 16.81. 

Moore, Thomas, poet, — ft. at Dublin, 28 
May 1779 — enters Trin. Coll., 1794 — goes to 
London, 1799 — visits America, 1803 — fights a 
duel with Jeffreys, 1806 — marries, 1811 — 
accompanies Lord John Russell to Paris, visits 
Rome, 1 819 — receives pension from the Queen, 
1835 — tf. at Sloperton, 25 Feb. 1852. Transla- 
tion of Anacreon, 1800 — Irish Melodies, 1807 
— Lalla liooJeh, 1817 — Loves of the Angels, 
1823 — Life of Sheridan, 1825 — The Epicurean, 
1827 — Life of Lord Byron, 1830 — History of 
Ireland, 1827. 

Moors, The, of Africa, {Berbers,) — con- 
quered by Paulinus and Geta, 42— ravage pro- 
vince of Africa, 365 — carry on war with Romans 



in Africa, and are defeated in two battles by 
the eunuch Solomon, summer 534 — renew 
the war, besiege Leptis Magna, defeat and kill 
Solomon at Tebeste, 543 — under Stotzas defeat 
the Romans, 544 — under Gontharis continue 
the war, 545 — revolt, Dec. 562 or Jan. 563, 
and are subdued by Marcianus : defeat Saracens, 
under Hassan, (79, a. h.) 698— conquered by 
Saracens, under Musa, (89,) 709— take part 
with Arabs in conquest of Spain, (93,) 711 
— called to assist Arabs in Spain, 1091 — found 
Kingdom of Granada, 1238 — crusade against, 
under Henry IV. of Castile, 1454 — expelled 
from Spain, by Ferdinand the Catholic, 1492 — 
prohibited from going to the New World, about 
1493 — named Moriscoes in Spain, from about 
1500 — establish themselves at Algiers and 
Tunis, 15 1 8 — persecuted in Spain by Philip 
II., 1568 — obtain aid from Moors of Barbary 
and revolt, 1570 — .completely driven away from 
Spain by Philip III., 1609. 

Moorshedabad, in Hindustan, (Mulcsoosabad,) 
— becomes capital of Bengal, 1704 — threatened 
by Mahrattas under Raguji, and protected by 
Balaji Rao, 1743 — occupied by Clive, 1757 — 
district of, ceded to E. India Company by Shah 
Allum, 1763. Palace, completed, 1840. 

Mopsuestia, in Cilicia. Council of, respect- 
ing Theodore of Mopsuestia, 17 Jun. 550. 

Moradabad, in Hindustan, — district occupied 
by Rohillas, soon after 1700— conquered by 
Nabob of Oude, 1774 — ceded to E. India 
Company, 1801. 

Morales, Ambrosio, historian, antiquary, — 
ft. at Cordova, 15 13 — enters Order of Jerony- 
mites, 1532 — tf. at Cordova, 159 1. Coronica 
general de Espaiia, 1574-86. 

Morales, Cristofero, musical composer, — fl. 
at Rome, 1540-64. Masses, 1544 — Lamenta- 
tiones Hieremia, 1564. 

Morales, Gaspard de, physician, naturalist. 
De las virtudes y propriedades maravillosas de 
las piedras preciosas, 1 605 . 

Morales, Luis, (El Livino,) paintjr, — ft. at 
Badajoz, 1509 — if. there, 1586. 

Moralities, — invented in France, by the 
Clones de la Bazoche, soon after 1400. 

Morand, Louis Charles Antoine Alexis, 
Count, general, — ft. at Pontarlier, 4 Jun. 
177 1 — enters the army, 1791 — distinguishes 
himself in campaign of Egypt, 1798 — General 
of Brigade, wounded at Austerlitz, Dec. 1805 — 
General of Division, 24 Dec. — at battle of 
Auerstadt, 1806 — at Eylau, 7 Feb. 1807 — 
Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 17 Jul. — 
takes part in campaigns of Austria, 1809 — of 
Russia, 1 8 1 2 — of Saxony, 1 8 1 3 — defends 
Mentz, 1 81 3- 14 — Chevalier of St Louis, Apr. 
1 8 14 — aide-de-camp to Napoleon, Peer of 
France, Mar. 18 15 — commands division of 
Imperial Guard, takes part in battle of 
Waterloo, Jun. 18 15 — Grand Cross of Legion 
of Honour, 18 19 — Peer of France, Oct. 1832 — 
tf. at Paris, 2 Sep. 1833. 

Morant, Philip, antiquary, — ft. in Jersey, 6 

Oct. 1700— M.A. Oxford, 1724— F.S.A., 1768 

— tf. in London, 25 Nov. 1770. History and 

Antiquities of Colchester, 1748 — contributes to 

63 



994- 



MORAND— MOREAU. 



Biographia Britannica, 1739-60 — History of 
Essex, 1760-8. 

Morand, Sauveur Francois, surgeon, — fc. 
at Paris, 2 Apr. 1697 — member of Academy of 
Sciences, 1722 — F.R.S. London, about 1723 — 
fc. Surgeon-in-chief to the Hotel des lnvalides, 
at Paris, 21 Jul. 1773. Becueil d experiences 
et cf observations sur la pierre, 1743 — Opuscules 
de chirurgie, 1768-72. 

Morant Bay. [Jamaica.] 

Morat, (Murten,) in Switzerland., — Charles 
the Bold defeated by the Swiss, 22 Jun. 1476. 

Morata, Olympia Fulvia,— fc. at Ferrara, 
1526 — marries Andreas Grundler and goes to 
Germany, 1548— If . at Heidelberg, 26 Oct. 
1555- Opera, 1562. 

Moratin, Leandro Fernandez, dramatist,—- 
fc. at Madrid, 10 Mar. 1760— goes to Paris, 
1786 — Royal Librarian under Joseph Bona- 
parte, 1812 — ft. at Paris, 21 Jun., a May b 1828. 
Obras, 1825. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. TJaiv. 

Moratin, Nicolas Fernandez, dramatist, — 
b. at Madrid, 20 Jul 1737 — rj. there, 11 May 
1780. Obras postwnas, 1821. 

Moravia, (Mahren,) — evacuated by the 
Quadi and occupied by Rugii, 407— seat of 
Lombard kingdom, about 550 — mission of Cy- 
rillus and Methodius to, about 856 — independent 
under Swiatopolk, 870 — loses its independence, 
907 — incorporated with Bohemia, 1029 — erect- 
ed into a Margraviate, 6 Dec. n 97 — ravaged 
by the Golden Horde, 1241 — passes with Bo- 
hemia to House of Austria, 1527— made dis- 
tinct province and Crown land, 1849 — demand 
for separate ministry and parliament rejected 
by Emperor, Oct. 1871. 

Moravian Town. [See American War, 
Second.'] 

Moravians, {United Brethren,) — protected 
by Count Zinzendorf, settle at Herrnhut, 1722 
— regularly organized, about 1727 — missions 
originated, 1732 — establish themselves in Eng- 
land, about 1742. 

Moray. [Murray.] 

Morcar, (Morkere,) Earl of Northumbria, 
— elected on expulsion of Tostig, 1065 — with 
his brother Edwin repulses Tostig, 1066— de- 
feated by Tostig and Harold Harfager, at Ful- 
ford, 20 Sep. 1066 — submits to William the 
Conqueror, Oct. 1066 — accompanies him to 
Normandy, 1067 — excites a revolt, becomes an 
outlaw and joins Hereward, 107 1 — surrenders 
and is imprisoned in Normandy, 107 1. 

Morcelli,Stefano Antonio, archaeologist, — fj. 
at Chiari near Brescia, 17 Jan. 1737 — Prof. 
Rhetoric, Roman Coll., 177 1 — librarian to 
Cardinal Albani, 1773— tr. at Chiari, 1 Jan. 
1 821. Be stilo inscriptionum Latinaricm lib. 
III., 17 8 1 — Kalendarium Ecclesice Constanti- 
nopolitance, $c, 1788 — Sancti Gregorii,^c.,lib. 
X., §c, 1 79 1 — Africa Christiana, 18 17-18. 

Mordaunt, Charles, [Peterborough, Earl 
of.] 

Mordecai, — [BC] — carried into captivity, 
599 a — honoured by Artaxerxes, 5io a — insti- 
tutes the feast Purim, (Adar 14, 15,) 509^ 
a Ussier- 

More, Sir Anthony, [Attoni Moro,) painter, 



— b. at Utrecht, i5i2, a about 1525, b 1519° — 
presented to Charles V. at Madrid, 1552— 
painter to King Philip and Queen Mary of 
England, 1554 — settles at Madrid, 1559 — re- 
turns to the Netherlands, 1560 — ft. at Antwerp, 
i 5 68, a 1581,^ 1575 or i 5 88.d 

a Some authorities. b c Others. d Nagler. 

More, Hannah, miscellaneous writer, — 6. at 
Stapleton, near Bristol, 1745 — tf. at Clifton, 7 
Sep. 1833. Search after Happiness, 1773 — ' 
Percy, 1778 — Fatal Falsehood, 1779 — Sacred 
Dramas, 1782 — Thoughts on the Manners of 
the Great, 1788 — Cozlebs in search of a Wife, 
1 809 — Practical Piety, 181 1 — Christian Morals 
1 81 2 — Essay on the Character and Writings of » 
St Paul, 1 8 15 — Memoirs and Correspondence, 
1834. 

More, Henry, theologian, philosopher, — ft. 
at Grantham, 12 Oct. 16 14 — enters Christ's 
Coll., Cambridge, 1631 — B.A., 1635 — M.A., 
1639 — declines Mastership of Christ's Coll., 
1654 — F.R.S. , 1661 — prebendary of Gloucester, 
1675 — resigns soon after: &. at Cambridge, 1 
Sep. 1687. Psychozoia, 1640 — Opera philo- 
sophica, 1679. 

More, Sir Thomas, Lord Chancellor of 
England, — ft. inLondon, 1480 — becomes friend 
of Erasmus, 1497 — studies at Oxford, 1497 — 
enters Lincoln's Inn, 1499 — M.P., 1501 — mar- 
ries, 1505 — under-sheriff of London, Sep. 15 10 
— reader at Lincoln's Inn, 151 1 — loses his wife, 
about 151 1 — marries again, soon after: envoy 
to Bruges, 15 14 and 15 15 — Privy Councillor, 
probably 15 19 — Knt, about 1521 — Speaker of 
House of Commons, Apr. 1523 — Under-trea- 
surer of the Exchequer, before Aug. 1525 — 
Chancellor of Duchy of Lancaster, 25 Dec. 
1525 — accompanies Wolsey to France, 1527 — 
Lord Chancellor, 25 Oct. 1529 to 16 May 1532 
— committed to the Tower, 17 Apr. 1534 — 
attainted for misprision of treason, Nov. 1534 
— beheaded before the Tower, 6 Jul. 1535. 
Utopia, 15 16 — Opera, 1556 — English Works, 

1557- 

Morea, The, — [Peloponnesus] — overrun by 
Sclavonian tribes, between 589-746 — on con- 
quest of Constantinople by the Latins, assigned 
to Venetians, 1205 — [Achaia, Principality of] 
— conquered by Villehardouin, before end of 
1248 — partly ceded by him to Michael VIIL, 
1252 — divided between brothers of Emperor 
John VI., 1427 — invaded by Amurath II., 
1445 — conquered by Mahomet II. , 1460— con- 
quered by Venetians, 1684 — reconquered by 
Turks, 17 15 — confirmed to them by Treaty of 
Passarowitz, 17 18 — ravaged bypestilence, 1756 
— insurrection breaks out, and is suppressed by 
the Torte, 1770 — again ravaged by pestilence, 
1782 — joins in revolt of the Greeks, 1820-1 — 
[Greek Revolution] — forms part of kingdom 
of Greece, 1830. 

Moreau, Jacob Nicolas, historian, — b. at St 
Florentin, 20 Dec. 17 17 — lj. near St Germain, 
29 Jun. 1803. L' Observateur Hollandais, §c, 
1755-9 — Me'moires pour servir a Vhistoire de 
notre temps, 1757. 

Moreau, Jean Michel,, designer, engraver, — 
h. at Paris, 1741 — designer to the king, 1770 



MOREAU— MOKHOF. 



995 



— admitted to Academy of Painting, 1775 — 
Prof, at Central School, 1797 — tf., 30 Nov. 
1814. 

Moreau, Jean Victor, general, — b. at Mor- 
laix, 11 Aug. 1763^ 1761 b — enters the army, 
1792 — General of Division, 1794 — distinguishes 
himself in Flanders, 1794 — Commander-in- 
chief of army of the Rhine and Moselle, 1796 
— defeats Austrians under Wurmser near Man- 
heim, defeats Archduke Charles at Rastadt, and 
effects retreat through Black Forest, Sep. 1796 
— distinguishes himself in Italy, 1799 — in Ger- 
many, 1800 — obtains victory of Hohenlinden, 3 
Dec. — banished, goes to America, 1804 — re- 
turns to Europe, J ul. 181 3 — wounded at battle 
of Dresden, 26 Aug. 1813— '■Is. at Laun, 1 or 2 
Sep. 18 1 3. 

a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Moreau-Saint-Mery, Mederic Louis Elie, 
— b. in Martinique, 13 Jan. 1750 — goes to 
Paris, 1769 — to New York, 1793 — Councillor 
of State, Commander of Legion of Honour, 
1800 — envoy to Parma, 1801 — Administrator- 
general of Parma, 1802 — deprived, 1806 
— tr. at Paris, 28 Jan. 18 19. Lois et con- 
stitutions des colonies francaises de V Amerique 
sous le vent, de 1550 d 1785, 1784-90 — de- 
scription de la partie espagnole de St Domingue, 
1796 — Description de la partie franc aise de la 
coionie de St Domingue, 1797-8. 

Moreaux, Rene, general, — b. at Rocroy, 
1758 — distinguishes himself at siege of Thion- 
ville, 1791 — General of Division, Jul. 1793 — 
General-in -chief of army of the Moselle, Sep. 
1793 — takes Creutznach, Oct. — bombards Lux- 
emburg, 1795 — tf. there, 11 Feb. 

Morel, Charles, printer, — ft., 1602 — printer 
to the king, 1628 — If., 1640. 

Morel, Claude, printer, — b., 1574 — manager 
of his brother's business, 1600 — printer to the 
king, 1623 — tr., 1626. 

Morel, Frederic, {the Elder,) printer,— b. in 
Champagne, 1523 — printer to the king, 1571- — 

a., 1583. 

Morel, Frederic, (the Younger,) printer, 
philologist, — b. at Paris, 1558 — printer to the 
king, 1583— tf-, 1630. 

Morel, Gille, — printer to the king, 1639-46 
— tr., about 1650. 

Morel, Guillaume, printer, — b. in Nor- 
mandy, 1505 — admitted to corporation of 
printers, 1549 — associated A\ith Turnebe, 
printer to the king, 1552 — succeeds him, 1555 
— tr. at Paris, 19 Feb. 1564. 

Morell, Andreas, numismatist, — b. at Berne, 
1646 — goes to Paris, 1680 — ti., 11 Apr. 1703. 
Thesaurus Morellianus, 1734 — Thesauri Morel- 
Hani numismata aurea, argenta, cerea, cujusque 
moduli XII. priorum imperatorum, 1752. 

Morell, Thomas, classical scholar, — b. at 
Eton, 1703 — enters King's Coll., Cambridge, 
1722— M. A., 1730 — F.S.A., 1737 — D.D., 1743 
— ti., 19 Feb. 1784. Thesaurus Grcccce Toeseos, 
1762. 

Morella, in Spain, — taken by the French, 12 
Dec. 1707 — taken by Cabrera, Feb. 1838 — un- 
successfully besieged by Orna, Aug. 1838. 

Morellet, Andre, litterateur f — b. at Lyons, 



1727 — visits England, 1772 — admitted to 
French Academy, 1784— director of French 
Academy, 1792 — member of Institute, 1803 — 
of Legislative Body, 1807 — ti. at Paris, 12 Jan. 
1 8 1 9. Melanges de litte'rature et de philosophic 
du X VIII. e siecle, 1 8 1 8. 

Morelli, Cosimo, architect, — b. at Imola, 
1732 — tr., Feb. 1812. 

Morelli, Giacomo, bibliographer, — b. at 
Venice, 14 Apr. 1745 — Librarian of St Mark's, 
1778-1819 — tf., 5 May 1819. Bibliotheca 
Manuscripta Grceca et Latina, 1802 — Disser- 
tazione storica intomo alia Tublica Libreria di 
S. Marco, 1774 — Epistolce septem varia erudi- 
tionis, 1 8 19 — Operette, 1820. 

Moreri, Louis, — b. in Provence, 25 Mar. 
1643 — ti. at Paris, 10 Jul. 1680. Dictionnaire 
Mistorique et Critique, 167 1. 

Moret, Jose, historian, — b. in Pampeluna, 
1615 — historiographer of Navarre, about 1 656 ? 
— o". at Pampeluna, about 1705. Annales del 
regno de Navarra, 1684- 1709. 

Moreto y Cabana, Bon Augustin, drama- 
tist, — retires to religious house at Toledo, 1657 
— ti., 28 Oct. 1669. Obras, 1654-81. 

Moretto, II. [Bonvicino, Alessandro.] 

Morga, Antonio de, — sent to assist governor 
of the Philippines, 1598. Succesos de las islas 
Filippinas, 1609. 

Morgagni, Giovanni Battista, physician, — 
b. at Forli, 25 Feb. 1682 — M.D. Bologna, 
1701 — Prof. Theoretic Medicine, Padua, 17 11 
— Prof. Anatomy, 17 15 — F.R.S. London, 1724 
— member of Academy of Sciences, Paris, 173 1 
— of Imperial Academy, St Petersburg, 1735 — 
of Academy of Berlin, 1754 — ti., 6 Dec. 1771. 
Adversaria anatomica, 1706-19 — Nova Institu- 
tionum Medicarum Idea, 17 12 — Epistolce ana- 
tomicce, 1762 — De sedibus et causis morborum 
per anatomen indagatis, 1760 — Opuscula, 1763. 

Morgan, Fort, U. S., — bombarded by Ad- 
miral Farragut, surrenders to him and Gen. 
Canby, 23 Aug. 1864. 

Morgan, Sir Henry John, buccaneer, — b. in 
Wales, about 1637 — captures Porto Bello, 1668 
— pillages and burns Panama, Jan. 167 1 — ti. 
in Jamaica, 1690. 

Morgan, Sidney, Lady Morgan, novelist, — 
b. at Dublin, 1783 — marries SirT. C. Morgan, 
1 8 12 — visits France, 18 16- 18 — Italy, 1819-20 
— tr., Apr. 1859. St Clair, 1804 — Wild Irish 
Girl, 1806 — France, iSiy-iS— Italy, 1821 — 
Woman and her Master, 1 840 — Letter to Card. 
Wiseman, 1851 — Diary, 1858. 

Morgarten, — defeat of Leopold of Austria 
by Swiss of the Forest Cantons, 15 Nov. 13 15. 

Morghen, Raphael Sanzio, engraver, — b. 
at Florence, 19 Jun. 1758,* at Portici near 
Naples, 1761 b — studies at Rome, 1778 — settles 
at Florence, 1793 — tr. there, 8 Apr. 1833. 
Guido's Aurora, 1787 — Madonna del Sacco, 
1795 — Raffaele's Transfiguration, 1795-18 12 — 
Leonardo da Vinci 's Last Supper, 1800. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

v .Morhof, Baniel George, philologist,— -b. at 
Wismar, 1639 — Prof. Poetry, Rostock, 1660 
— visits Holland and England, 1657-61 — LL.D. 
Franeker, 1661 — Public Doctor of Eloquence 
63 * 



99 ( 



MORIER— MORNING CHRONICLE. 



and Poetry, Kiel, 1665 — again visits England, 
1670 — Prof. History, 1673 — librarian to the 
University, 1680 — tf- at Liibeck, 30 Jul., a Juu. b 
1 69 1. Princeps medicus, 1665 — Polyhistor, 
1688-1704. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Morier, James, traveller, novelist, — b., 
1780 — British envoy to Court of Persia, 1810- 
16 — ft. at Brighton, Mar. 1849. Travels 
through Persia, §c, 18 12 — Second Journey , 1818 
— Adventures of BZajji Baba, 1824-8 — Zohrab, 
1832. 

Morillo, Don Pablo, Count op Carthagena, 
Marquis of Fuente, general, — fj. in Spain, 
1777 — enters the navy, about 1793 — at battle 
of Trafalgar, 1 805 — serves in War of Independ- 
ence, 1808-13 — distinguishes himself at battle 
of Santa-Eugracia, 9 Feb. 1811 — defeats French 
at Arroyo de Molinos, 1812 — wounded at 
Vittoria, 21 Jun. 18 13 — Marechal de Camp, 
181 3— Lieutenant-general, commands expedition 
to Venezuela, Jan. 18 14 — takes Cartagena, 
Dec. 1 8 15 — Santa Fe de Bogota, Jun. 1816 — 
defeated by troops of Bolivar, at Sombrera, 
May 1817 — wounded at battle of Coro, 1818 — 
recalled, 1820 — commander of Madrid, 1820 — 
tf. at Rochefort, 27 Jul. 1838. 

Morin, Etienne, orientalist, — b. at Caen, 
1625 — Prof. Oriental Languages, Amsterdam, 
1686 — tf., 1700. 

Morin, Jean, orientalist, — fj. at Blois, 159 1 
— enters Congregation of the Oratory, 16 18 — 
visits Rome, 1639-40 — tf. at Paris, 1659. 
Biblia Sacra LXX., 1628 — Exercitationes in 
utrumque SamaritanorumPentateuchum, 163 1 — 
Exercitationes biblicce de hebraici grcecique tex- 
tus sinceritate, 1669. 

Morin, Louis, (de St Victor,) physician, 
botanist, — rj. at Mans, 1636 — M.D. Paris, 1662 
— associate botanist to Academy of Sciences, 
1699 — pensionary botanist, 1707 — ft. at Paris, 
1 Mar. 1 7 15. 

Morin, Pierre, classical scholar, — b. at Paris, 
153 1 — tf. at Rome, 1608. Editions of Sep- 
tuagint, 1587 — of latin Bible, 1588 — of the 
Decretals, 159L 

Moriscoes. [Moors.] 

Morison, Robert, botanist,— h. at Aberdeen, 
1620 — physician to Charles II., Regius Prof. 
Botany, Oxford, 1660— M.D. Oxford, Prof. 
Botany, 1669 — tf. in* London, 10 Nov. 1683. 
Plantarum umbelliferarum distributio nova, 
1672 — Plantarum historia universalis Oxonien- 
sis, 1680. 

Morla, Don Thomas, general, — b. at Seville, 
1750 — distinguishes himself in campaign of 
Roussillon, 1793 — member of military Junta 
charged with defence of Madrid, 1808 — an- 
nounces submission of the city to Napoleon L, 4 
Dec. — tf., 1820. 

Morlacchi, Francesco, musical composer, — 
b. at Perugia, 14 Jun. 1784 — tf. at Innspriick, 
24 Oct. 1841. Le Banaide, 18 10 — Raoul di 
Crequi, 1 8 1 1 — Barbiere di Siviglia, about 1 8 1 5 . 

Morlaix, in France, {lions Relaxatus,) — 
taken by English, 1374 — restored to Duke of 
Bretagne by Treaty of Guerande, 1381 — 
plundered by Earl of Surrey, 152 1 — fortress 
built by Francis L, 1525. 



Morland, George, painter, — b. in London, 
1764 — ft. there, 29 Oct. 1804. 

Morland, Henry Robert, painter, — tf., Dec. 
1797. 

Morland, Sir Samuel, Bart., mechanician, 
— b. near Reading, about 1625 — accompanies 
embassy to Sweden, 1653 — envoy to Piedmont, 
1655— joins Charles II. at Breda, 1660— 
Bart., Master of Mechanics to the king, 1660 ? — 
invents Arithmetical Machine, about 1666 — 
makes his speaking-trumpet, about 1670 — tf. 
at Hammersmith, 30 Dec. 1695. Description 
and use of two Arithmetical Machines, 1673 — 
Description of the Tuba Stentorophonica, 167 1. 

Morley, George, Bp of Winchester, — b. 
in London, 1597 — enters Christ Church, Ox- 
ford, 1 6 15 — M.A., 1 62 1 — chaplain to Earl of 
Carnarvon, 1628-40 — chaplain to Charles I., 
1640 — D.D., 1642 — quits England, 1649 — 
Dean of Christ Church, 1660 — Bp of Worces- 
ter, Oct. 1660 — takes part in Savoy Confer- 
ence, 1 66 1 — Bp of Winchester, 1662 — tf., 1684. 

Morley, Thomas, musical composer, — b., 
probably about 1550 — B.M. Oxford, 1588 — 
gentleman of the Chapel Royal, 1592 — tf. in 
London, about 1604? Triumphs of Oriana, 
1 601 — Plaine and Easie Introduction to Prac- 
tical Musicke, 1597. 

Mormon, Book of, — first American edition, 
1830 — first European, 1841 — Book of Doctrine 
and Covenants, 1835. 

Mormons, Mormonism, Latter Day Saints, 
— sect originated in America by Joseph Smith, 
1823 — organized as a Church, 6 Apr. 1830 — 
expelled from Jackson County, Missouri, 1833 
— apostles instituted, 1835 — expelled from Mis- 
souri, take refuge in Illinois, 1838 — found 



temple 



1 841 -4 — Brigham Young 



succeeds as Prophet, 1 844 — driven from Illinois 
Sep. 1846 — cross Rocky Mountains to Great 
Salt Lake, 1847-8— [Polygamy, Utah]— re- 
lieved, as polygamists, from serving on Grand 
Jury, at Salt-Lake City, 18 Sep. 1871 — prose- 
cution of, by United States officers, Oct. 1871 
— flight of Brigham Young, about 25 Oct. — 
first conviction and sentence of fine and im- 
prisonment, for polygamy, 28 Oct. 

Mornay, Philippe de, (Seigneur du Plessis- 
Mornay,) statesman, theologian, — b. in France, 
1549 — travels in Switzerland, Germany, Italy, 
1568-71 — visits England, 1572 — escapes mas- 
sacre of St Bartholomew, and comes to Eng- 
land, Aug. 1572— Administrator of Finance to 
king of Navarre, 1576 — ambassador to Queen 
Elizabeth, 1577-8 — Superintendent-general of 
Navarre, 1584 — Councillor of State by Henry 
IV., 1589 — arrests Cardinal de Bourbon, 1589 
— at battle of Ivry, 1590 — negotiates peace with 
Mayenne, 1592 — condemned at conference of 
Fontainebleau, 1600 — remonstrates 'against 
persecution of Protestants by Louis XIII., and 
is deprived of his government of Saumur, 162 1 
— tf. in Poitou, 1632. Traite de VEglise, 
1578 — Traite de la Yerite de la Religion 
Chretienne, 158 1 — De V Eucharistie, 1598 — 
Mystere d'iniquite, 1607 — Memoir es, 1624-52. 

Morning Chronicle, English newspaper, — 
commenced, 28 Jun. 1769— discontinued, 1862. 



MORNING HERALD— MORRIS. 



997 



Morning Herald, English newspaper, — 
commenced, Nov. 1780 — last publication, 31 
Dec. 1869. 

Morning Post, English newspaper, — com- 
menced, 1772. 

Morning Star, English newspaper, — com- 
menced, 17 Mar. 1856 — discontinued, 1869. 

Mornington, Garret Wellesley, Earl of, 
musical composer, — b. in Ireland, about 1720 
— created Earl, 1760 — tf., 1781. 

Mornington, Lord. [Wellesley, Marquis 

OF.] 

Morny, Charles Augusts Louis Joseph, 
Duke be, statesman, — b. at Paris, 1811 — 
enters the army, 1832 — wounded at siege of 
Constantine, Nov. 1836 — Chevalier of Legion 
of Honour, 1837 — quits the army, 1838 — 
member of Chamber of Deputies, 1842 — 
minister of the Interior, after coup d'etat of 2 
Dec. 1 851 — resigns office, Jan. 1852 — Grand 
Cross of Legion of Honour, 2 Dec. 1852 — 
Pres. Corps Legislatif, 1854 — as ambassador 
extraord. attends coronation of the Czar, 1857 
— marries Princess Troubetzkoi, 1857 — created 
Duke, by Napoleon III., Jul. 1862 — ft. at 
Paris, 10 Mar. 1865. 

Moro, Attoni. [More, Sir Anthony.] 

Moro, Cristofero, Doge of Venice, — suc- 
ceeds Pasquale Malipieri, 12 May 1462 — tf., 9 
Nov. 147 1. 

Moro, II. [Sforza, Lodovico] 

Morocco, — [Mauritania, Alinohades, Al- 
moravides, Moors]— capital founded, 1072 — 
dynasty of Scheriffs established by Mohammed 
bex Achmet, about 1515-20 — French consulate 
established, 1577 — expedition of Don Sebastian 
of Portugal, 1578 — Portuguese possessions in, 
fall to Philip II. of Spain, about 1580 — com- 
mercial treaty with Louis XIY. concluded, 
1666 — another, 1699 — treaty with England, 
17 2 1 — Sidi-Mohammed concludes treaties with 
England and Austria, 1783 — capture of Oran 
by Spaniards, Sep. 179 1 — treaty of alliance 
with United States, 1795 — slavery of Christians 
abolished, 18 14 — piracy prohibited, 18 17 — new 
treaty with England, 1824 — concludes peace 
with Austria, 1830 — insurrections in, 1815-22 
— hostilities with France begin, 30 May 1844 
■ — entered by French, and Ouchda taken pos- 
session of, 16 Jun. — battle of Oned-Isly, 3 Jul. 
— bombardment of Tangier by Prince de Join- 
ville, 6 Aug. — victory of French at Isly, 14 
Aug. — bombardment and capture of Mogador 
by Prince de Joinville, 15 Aug. — treaty of 
peace concluded, 6 Sep. — Mogador evacuated, 
16 Sep. — Treaty of Tangier, 18 Mar. 1845 — 
famine in, 1850 — bombardment of Sallee, by 
French, 25 Nov. 1 85 1 — treaty of peace with 
France, 23 Mar. 1852 — Spain declares war 
against, 22 Oct. 1859 — hostilities begin, Dec. 
— defeat of Moors by Gen. Prim at Castillejos, 
Jan. i860 — capture of Tetuan, 4 Feb. — defeat 
of Moors at Gualdras, 23 Mar. — peace con- 
cluded, 26 Apr. 

Morogues, Pierre Marie Sebastien Bigot, 
Baron de, ivriter on agriculture, — b. at Orleans, 
1776 — member of Royal Society of Agriculture, 
1822 — Peer of France, 1835 — tf. at Orleans, 15 



Jun. 1840. Essai sur les moyens d'ameliorer 
V agriculture en France, 1822. 

Morone, Giovanni, Bp of Mobena, Car- 
binal, — b. at Milan, 25 Jan. 1509 — Bp of 
Modena, 1529 — nuncio to Germany, 1542, a 
J 53 6b — Cardinal, 2 Jun. 1542 — Legate to 
Bologna, 1544-8— assists at Diet of Augsburg, 
r 553 c — Bp of Novara, 1553— imprisoned by 
Paul IV., 1557 to Dec. 1559— Pres. Council of 
Trent, Dec. 1563 — Legate to Genoa, 1575 — tf. 
at Rome, 1 Dec. 1580. a Biog. Univ. 

b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Bees' Cyc. 

Morone, Giovanni Francesco, painter, — b. at 
Verona, 1474— tf. there, 16 May 1529. 

Moroni, Giambattista, painter, — b. at 
Albino near Bergamo, about 15 10 — tf. at Ber- 
gamo, about 1578. 

Morosi, Giuseppe, mechanician, — b. in Tus- 
cany, 26 Jun. 1772 — visits France, 1799 — 
Prof. Mechanics, Milan, 1801 — charged with 
scientific mission to France, Germany, and 
Holland, 1807 — tf. at Cocombola, 27 Sep. 1840. 

Morosini, The, — Venice disturbed by their 
strife with the Caloprini, between 980-990. 

Morosini, Andrea, historian, — b- at Venice, 
1558 — historian of the republic, 1598 — Senator, 
1600 — tf., 29 Jun. 161 8. Istoria dalla re- 
publica di Venitia, 1623. 

Morosini, Domenico, Doge of Venice, — 
succeeds Hero Polano, 1148 — sends expedition 
against corsairs in Istria, 1150 — concludes 
alliance with William, king of Sicily, 1 152 — tf., 
1156. 

Morosini, Francesco, Doge of Venice, — 
b. at Venice, 16 18 — serves in the navy against 
Turks, 1638-48 — commander of the fleet, and 
governor of Candia, 1651 — defends Candia, 
1667-9 — capitulates to Turks, 1669 — Captain- 
general, 1684 — gains possession of the Pelopon- 
nesus, and takes Athens, 1685-7 — elected 
Doge, 1688 — has a triumph, 1689 — tf. at 
Nauplia, 6 Jan. 1694. 

Morosini, Marino, Duke of Candia, and 
Doge of Venice, — succeeds Giacomo Tiepolo, 
1249— tf., 1252. 

Morosini, Michele, Doge of Venice, — suc- 
ceeds Andrea Contareno, 10 Jun. 1382— tf., 16 
Oct. 1382. 

Morosini, Paolo, Patkician of Venice, — 
b. at Venice, 1406 — Commissioner for settling 
boundaries of Istria, 145 1 — terminates disputes 
between the Senate and Duke of Este, 1459 — 
envoy to kings of Poland, Bohemia, and Naples, 
and Pope Sixtus IV., 1464-71 — ambassador to 
Emperor Frederick III., 1471—tf., about 1483. 

Morosini, Tommaso, 1st Latin Patriarch 
of Constantinople, — elected, May 1204 — 
consecrated at Rome, by Innocent III., 1205 — 
obtains sanction of the pope for plurality of 
benefices, 1206 — makes concordat with Regent 
Henry, 17 Mar. 1206 — tf. at Thessalonica, 
1211. 

Morpeth, Lord. [Carlisle, Earl of.] 

Morphia, Morphine, alkaloid of opium, — 
probably known to Ludwig, as magistery of 
opium, 1688— obtained by Sertiirner, 1805. 

Morris, George P., poet and journalist, — b. 
at Philadelphia, 16 Oct. 1802 — tf. at New 



99 8 



MORRIS— MORTON. 



York, 6 Jul. 1 8 64. "With "Woodworth, edits New 
York Mirror, 1823-42 — with Willis, Some 
Journal, 1846-64 — Songs and Ballads, 1840. 

Morris, Gouverneur, statesman, — fj. near 
New York, 31 Jan. 1752 — graduates at King's 
(Columbia) Coll., 1768— member of Provin- 
cial Congress, 1775 — of National, 1777 — dele- 
gate to Constitutional Convention, 1787 — 
envoy to France, Dec. 1788 — secret envoy to 
England, Jan. to Sep. 1791 — ambassador to 
France, Jan. 1792 to Oct. 1794 — Senator, 1800 
to Mar. 1803— tf., 5 Nov. 18 16. 

Morrison, Robert, missionary to China, — ft. 
at Morpeth, 5 Jan. 1782 — goes to Canton, 
1807 — D.D. Glasgow, 1817— visits England, 
1824-6—^. at Canton, 1 Aug. 1834. Chinese 
Grammar, 1 8 15 — Chinese Dictionary, 1 82 1 — 
Chinese Translation of the Bible, 18 10-18. 

Morroni, Pietro da. [Celestine V.] 

Mortality, Bills of, — in London, commenced, 
1592 — issued regularly, from 1603. 

Mortality, Tables of,— Northampton, by 
Price, 1780 — Carlisle,hj Milne,i787 — Govern- 
ment, by Finlaison, 1829 — Equitable Society, 
by Morgan, 1834 — Friendly Societies, 1835 — 
English Life, by Registrar-general, 1843. 

Mortara, in Jtaly, — the Sardinians, under 
Duke of Genoa, defeat Archduke Albert and 
Count Wratislaus, 21 Mar. 1849. 

Mortara Case, — abduction of the son of 
Momolo Mortara by Jesuits at Bologna, Jun. 
1858 — unsuccessful application of Sir M. 
Montefiore to Card. Antonelliin his behalf, 28 
Apr. 1859. 

Mortars, heavy ordnance, — made in England, 
about 1543. 

Mortier, Edouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph, 
Duke of Trevisa, Marshal and Peer or 
France, — ft. at Cateau-Cambresis, 13 Feb. 
1768 — enters the army, 1 791— distinguishes 
himself in campaigns of 1792-6 — General of 
Division, Sep. 1799 — takes part in attack on 
Zurich, 25 Sep. 1799 — Commander of Artil- 
lery, 1803 — Marshal of the Empire, May 1804 
— Grand Cordon of Legion of Honour, 1805 — 
takes part in campaign of Austria, 1805 — of 
Prussia, 1806 — Duke of Trevisa, 1807 — dis- 
tinguishes himself at Friedland, Jun. 1 807— at 
siege of Saragossa, Feb. 1809 — assists at siege 
of Badajoz, 1 8 1 o— -directs siege of Cadiz, 18 10 
— defeats Spaniards at la Gebora, Feb. 181 1— 
takes part in expedition of Russia, 181 2 — in 
campaign of Saxony, 1813 — Chevalier of St 
Louis, Peer of France, Jun. 18 14 — member of 
Council of War for trial of Marshal Ney, Nov. 
1 8 15 — killed by infernal machine of Fieschi at 
Paris, 28 Jul. 1835. 

Mortimer, Edmund, Earl of March,— 
succeeds his father Roger in the earldom, and 
becomes heir-presumptive to the crown, 1398 
— retires to the W r elsh marches, 1 399— con- 
federacy of the Percys with Glyndwrdu to 
place him on the throne, 1403— the alliance 
dissolved bv battle of Shrewsbury, 23 Jul. 1403 
— conspiracy of Mowbray, Earl of Nottingham, 
Serope, Abp of Y'ork, Earl of Northumberland, 
and others, to place him on the throne, May 
1405— the plot frustrated, Jun. 1405 — another 
conspiracy in his favour, by Earl of Cambridge, 



Lord Serope of Masham, and Sir Thomas 
Grey, Jul. 1415— tf. Lord-lieutenant of Ire- 
land, 1424. 

Mortimer, Sir Edmund, — defeated and 
made prisoner by Owain Glyndwrdu at Mael- 
ienydd, 12 (22) Jun. 1402 — makes alliance 
with Owain and marries one of his daughters, 
Dec. 1402— joins with the Percys and Owain 
to restore Richard II. or raise the Earl of 
March to the throne, probably about Dec. 1402. 
Mortimer, John Hamilton, painter, — ft. at 
Eastbourne, 1741 — A.R.A., 1778 — tf. in Lon- 
don, 4 Feb. 1779. 

Mortimer, Roger, Earl of March, — ft., 
about 1287 — on death of his father becomes 
ward of Piers Gaveston, 1303 — Knt, accom- 
panies Edward I. to Scotland, 1306 — Lieu- 
tenant in Ireland, 13 17 — takes part with Lan- 
caster, Hereford, and other barons, against 
Edward II., 1320 — imprisoned, but escapes to 
France, 1323 — forms intrigue with Queen 
Isabella, 1325 — with her invades England, 
Sep. 1326 — deposes the king, and proclaims 
Edward III., Jan. 1327 — created Earl of 
March, 1327 — orders murder of Edward II., 
Sep. 1327 — recognizes Robert Bruce as King 
of Scotland, 1328 — gets Earl of Kent arrested 
and executed, Mar. 1329 — arrested at Notting- 
ham Castle, 19 Oct. 1330 — hung at Tyburn, 
29 Nov. 1330 — his attainder reversed, and his 
title and estates restored to his grandson,' 1 354. 
Mortimer's Cross, near Hereford, — Edward, 
Duke of Y"ork, defeats Lancastrians under 
Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke, 2 Feb. 146 1. 
Mortmain, in England, — gifts in, prohibited 
by Acts 9 Hen. III. c. 36, 1225 ; 7 Edw. I. c. 2, 
15 Nov. 1279 ; 15 Rich. II. c. 5, 1392 — statutes 
of, suspended for 20 years by Act 1 and 2 Phil, 
and Mar. c. 8, 1554 — royal licence to alien in, 
authorized by Act 7 and 8 Wm III. c. 37, 
1696 — restrained and regulated in England 
and Wales, by Act 9 Geo. II. c. 36, 1736 — 
amended by 45 Geo. III. c. 101, 10 Jul. 1805. 
Morton, James Douglas, 4th Earl of, Re- 
gent of Scotland, — marries a daughter of 
third Earl, before 1543 — obtains earldom on 
death of his father-in-law, 1553 — one of the 
Lords of the Congregation, 1557 — Commis- 
sioner for settlement of affairs, May 1559 — 
Privy Councillor, by Queen Mary, 1561 — Lord 
High Chancellor of Scotland, 7 Jan. 1563 — 
takes part in murder of Rizzio, and escapes to 
England, 1566 — pardoned, and retm-ns to Scot- 
land, 1566— refuses to join in plot against 
Darnley, 1567 — reappointed Chancellor by 
Regent Murray, and made Lord High Admiral, 
1568 — one of the Commissioners to Conference 
at York respecting Queen Mary, 1568 — sells 
Earl of Northumberland to Queen Elizabeth, 
1572 — made Regent of Scotland, 24. Nov. 1572 
— resigns and retires toLochleven Castle, 1 2 Sep. 
1577 — recovers his authority, soon after: in- 
trigues of Esmeand James Stuart against him, 
1580 — tried and convicted of participation in 
murder of Darnley, 1 Jun. 1581— executed at 
Edinburgh, 3 Jun. 158 1. 

Morton, John, Cardinal, Abp oy Canter- 
bury, — b. in Dorsetshire, 141 o — Commissary 
of Oxford Univ,, 1446— prebendary of Salis- 



MORTON— MOSER. 



999 



bury and Lincoln, 1458 — present with Henry 
VI. at battle of Towton, escapes with Queen 
Margaret to Flanders, 146 1 — attainted of high 
treason, Nov. 146 1 — pardoned, Jul. 147 1 — his 
attainder reversed, Oct. 147 1 — prebendary of 
St Paul's, 1472 — Master of the Rolls, 16 Mar. 
1472 — ambassador to Duke of Burgundy, end 
of 1473 — Archdeacon of Winchester, 1474 — 
attends the king in France, 1475 — prebendary 
of Wells, 1475 — Bp of Ely, Aug. 1478 — com- 
mitted to custody of Duke of Buckingham, by 
Richard III., Jun. 1483 — escapes and joins 
Earl of Richmond in Flanders, 1483 — Privy 
Councillor to Henry VII., 1485 — Lord Chan- 
cellor, 6 Mar. i486 — Abp of Canterbury, Jul. 
i486 — Cardinal, by Alexander VI., 1493 — tf. 
at Knoll, in Kent, 13 Sep. 1500. 

Morton, Samuel George, physician, ethnolo- 
gist, — b. at Philadelphia, U. S., 26 Jan. 1799 
— M.D., member of Academy of Sciences, 
Philadelphia, 1820 — studies at Edinburgh 
Univ., 1821-3 — M.D. Edinburgh, 1823 — settles 
at Philadelphia, 1824 — Prof. Anatomy, Penn- 
sylvania Coll., 1839-43 — tf. at Philadelphia, 17 
May 1 85 1. Illustrated System of Human 
Anatomy, 1849— Crania Americana, 1839 — 
Crania Egyptiaca, 1844. 

Morton, Thomas, Bp o-f Durham, — b. at 
York, 20 Mar. 1564 — enters Cambridge Univ., 
1582 — M.A., 1590 — D.D., 1606 — Chaplain to 
James I., 1606 — Dean of York, 1607 — Dean of 
Winchester, 1609 — Bp of Chester, 16 15 — Bp of 
Lichfield and Coventry, 161 8 — Bp of Durham, 
1632 — committed to the Tower r Apr. 1645 — 
tf. in Northamptonshire, 22 Sep. 1659. 

Morton, Thomas, dramatist, — b. in Durham, 
1764 — tf., 28 Mar. 1838. Way to get married, 
1796 — Secrets worth knowing, 1798 — Town 
and Country, 1807 — Roland for an Oliver, 18 19 
— School for grown Ch ildren , 1826. 

Morton, Thomas, laceman, — arrests Russian 
ambassador for debt, 1709 — and thus gives 
occasion to declaration of privileges of am- 
bassadors, by Act of Parliament. [Ambassa- 
dors.] 

Mortuary, (soul-shot, cor s -present), in Eng- 
land, — mentioned, 1009 — regulated and con- 
verted into a money payment, by Act 21 Hen. 
VIII. c. 6, 1530. 

Morus, Alexandre, theologian, — b. at Castres, 
1616 — Prof. Greek, Geneva, 1639— Prof. The- 
ology, 1642 — Prof. Theology, Middelburg, 
1649 — Prof. History, Amsterdam, 1651 — tf. at 
Paris, 1670. Fides publico, contra calumnias J. 
Miltoni scurrce, 1654. 

Morveau. [Guy ton de Morveau.] 

Morville, Charles Jean Baptiste Fleurian, 
Count de, diplomatist, — b. at Paris, 30 Oct. 
1686 — ambassador to Holland, 17 18— obtains 
accession of the States to Quadruple Alliance, 
8 Mar. 17 18 — plenipotentiary to Congress of 
Cambrai, 172 1 — Minister of Marine, 1722 — 
Minister of Foreign Affairs, member of French 
Academy, 1723 — tf., 2 Feb. 1732. 

Morville, Hugh de,— takes part in murder 
of Becket, 1170. 

Morvilliers, Jean de, Chancellor of 
France, — b. at Blois, 1 Dec. i«;o6~-ambassa- 
dor to Venice, before 1552 — Bp of Orleans, 



1552 — assists at Council of Trent, 1562—con- 
cludes treaty with Queen Elizabeth, 1565 — 
Chancellor, 1569-71 — tf. at Tours, 23 Oct. 1577. 

Moryson (Morison) Fynes, traveller, — b. in 
Lincolnshire, 1566— enters Cambridge Univ., 
1580 — M.A., 1587— travels on the Continent, 
1588-98 — tf., about 1614. Itinerary, contain- 
ing his ten years' travel through the dominions 
of Germany, §c, 1617. 

Mosaic floor, — [B C] — made by Sulla, about 
90-80. 

Moschampar, Georgius, theologian, — fl., 
about 1285. 

Moscheles, Ignaz, musical composer, — b. at 
Prague, 30 May 1794 — studies under Al- 
brechtsberger at Vienna, 1808 — settles in Eng- 
land, 1820 — Prof. Music, Conservatory of 
Leipsic, 1846— tf., Mar. 1870. 

Moscherosch, Johann Michael, [Philander 
von Sittewald,) — b. at Willstadt-on-the- Rhine, 
5 Mar. 1600 — Pres. Consistory of Hanau, 
1656 — tf. at Worms, 4 Apr. 1669. Wiinder- 
liche und wahrhafte Gesichte Philanders von 
Sittewald, 1650. 

Moschopalus, Manuel, {Emanuel?) gram- 
marian, — elder, {{., about 1240-80 — younger, 
fl., about 1 260- 1 300. 

Moschus, — [B C] — bucolic poet, grammarian, 
— fl. at Syracuse, before 200. 

Moschus, Joannes, ecclesiastical biographer, 
— tf., 620.* a Bollandus. 

Moscow, (Moshwa,) former capital of Russia, 
— founded by Grand Duke Yury II., (George 
Dolgorouki,) about 1147-54 — sacked by Mon- 
gols, 1236 and 1293 — made the capital by 
Daniel, son of Alexander Newski, 1295 — de- 
vastated by Lithuanians, 1368, 1370, and 1372 
— pillaged by Tatars, troops of Timur, 1382 
and 1409 — burnt, 1536 — besieged and burnt 
by Tatars, 157 1 — besieged by Poles and 
Cossacks, 1609 — the Poles expelled, 161 2 
— revolts of the Strelitzes at, 1682, 1689, 1692 
— triumph of Peter the Great at, 1702 — seat of 
government removed to St Petersburg, 1703 
— entered by the French under Napoleon I., 
15 Sep. 181 2 — burnt by Russians, 16-18 Sep. 

— evacuated by French army, 19-24 Oct. 
— visited by Prince of Wales, 15 Nov. 1866. 
[Kremlin.] University, founded, 1755 — 
reorganized, 1804 — reopened, Sep. 18 15. 
Cathedrals, of the Assumption, founded, 1326 
— of the Transfiguration, 1328 — rebuilt, 1527 

— Pokrovskoi, 1554. Riding School, built, 
1817. 

Moseilama, — envoy of tribe of Hanifa to 
Medina, embraces Islamism, 630 — announces 
himself as a prophet, 631 — repulses Khaled, 
defeated and killed, (12, a. h.) 633. 

Moser, Georg Michael, painter, — b at 
Schaffhausen, 1707 — settles in London, about 
1726 — First Keeper of Royal Academy, London, 
1768 — tf. in London, 24 Jan. 1783. 

Moser, Johann Jacob, publicist, — b. at 
Stuttgard, 18 Jan. 1701 — Extraord. Prof. 
Laws, Tubingen, 1720 — goes to Vienna, 1721 — 
Counsellor of Regency, Stuttgard, 1726 — Prof. 
Laws, Tubingen, 1727 — Prof Laws, Frankfort- 
on-the-Oder, 1736 — tf. at Stuttgard, 30 Sep. 
1785. Deutsches Staatsrecht, 1737-54 — Neues 



MOSER— MOUNTER. 



DeutscJies Staatsrecht, 1761-75 — Beutsches 
Staatsarchiv, 175 1-7. 

Moser, Mary, painter, — ft. in London, 
1744 — R.A., 1768 — tf>, 1819. 

Moses, — [B C] — Hebrew Legislator, — b., 
i57i, a 1705 h — flees from Egypt, 1531,* 1665 b 
—appointed deliverer of Israelites from Egypt, 
spring 149 1 a — the Exodus, (1 mo. 15,) 5 May 
1491/ 1625,* 1320, c 1652 d — the law given at 
Mount Sinai, (3 mo. 3,) 22 Jun. 149 1 a — tf., 
(12 mo. 1,) Mar. i45i, a (11 mo.) i5&5. b 
a Ussher. b Clinton. c Bunsen. 

d Smith's Diet. Bib. 

Mosheim, Johann Lorenz von, theologian, 
historian, — 6. at Lubeck, 9 Oct. 1694 — Prof. 
Theology, Helmstadt, 1723-47 — Prof. Theol- 
ogy, Gottingen, and Chancellor of the Univ., 
1747 — tf. there, 9 Sep. 1755. Institutions 
Histories Ecclesiastics, 1726 — Be rebus Christi- 
anorumante Constantinum, 1753 — Institutiones 
Historic Christiana 2Lajores, 1739 — latin 
translation of Cudivorttis Intellectual System, 
1738. 

Moskwa, battle of the. [Borodino.] 

Moskwa, Prince of the. [Ney, 2Iarshal.~\ 

Mosquito Coast, Central America, — reached 
by Columbus, 1502 — placed under British pro- 
tection, about 1660 — English settlement on, 
1730— evacuated by English, 1788 — claimed 
by Nicaragua, and the king placed under 
British protection, 18 13— British protectorate 
abandoned by treaty with United States, Jul. 
1850 — [Greytown] — protectorate ceded to 
Honduras, Nov. 1859 — given up to Nicaragua, 
by treaty of 26 Jan. i860. 

Mosstroopers, of Scottish Border, — suppres- 
sion of, attempted by Act 13 and 14 Car. II. c. 
22, 1662 — declared liable to transportation for 
life and deprived of benefit of clergy, by 1 8 and 

19 Car. II. c. 3, 1666 — enactments against, 
revived by 6 Geo. II. c. 37, 1734. 

Mostaert, Jan, painter, — ft. at Haarlem, 
1499— tf. there, 1555. 

Mostazem Billah, last Caliph op Baghdad, 
— fc., about 1216— succeeds his father, Mostan- 
ser Billah, (640, a. h.) 1243 — refuses to assist 
Houlagou in exterminating the Assassins, (6o4,) 
— besieged in Baghdad by Houlagou, (Mo- 
harrem 606,) Jan. 1258 — gives himself up, 
(4 Sepher,) 10 Eeb. — put to death, (14 Sepher,) 

20 Feb. 1258. 

Mosul, in Turkey, — rises into importance 
under Malek Shah, 1073 — unsuccessfully at- 
tacked by Saladin, 1178 and 11 85 — capital of 
independent state under Bedreddin, 1222-59 — 
recovered from Persia by Turks, about 1650 — 
unsuccessfully attacked by Nadir Shah, 1743. 
[Nineveh.] 

Motassem, Caliph of Baghdad, — succeeds 
his brother Manion, (218, a. h.) 833 — founds 
Samarah on the Tigris, (220,) 835— invades 
Greek Empire, defeats Theophilus and destrovs 
Amorium, (224,) 838 — tf. at Samarah, (is 
Eabia I. 227,) 5 Jan. 842. • 

Mothe-le-Vayer, Francois de la, miscella- 
neous writer* — h. at Paris, 1588 — received at 
French Acndemy, Feb. 1639 — tutor to Duke of 
Orleans, 1649 — tf., 1672. Biscours de la con- 



trarie'te d'hwneurs qui se trouve entre certaines 
nations, 1636 — Considerations sar V eloquence 
frangaise, 1638 — Be la Vertudes Pa'iens, 1642. 

Mothone, — [BC] — given by Sparta to ex- 
pelled Nauplians, 668. a a Muller. 

Mott, Valentine, surgeon, — ft. in Long Is- 
land, U. S., 20 Aug. 1785 — M.D. Columbia 
Coll., 1806 — studies in London and Edinburgh, 
between 1 806-9 — Prof. Surgery, Columbia Coll., 
1809 — at Coll. of Physicians and Surgeons, 
1 8 1 3 — resigns, 1826 — again Prof. Surgery, 
1830 — visits Europe and the East, 1835 — 
President of the Faculty and Prof. Surgery and 
Relative Anatomy, Univ. Medical School, 1840 
— Prof. Emeritus, i860 — tf. at New York, 26 
Apr. 1865. 

Motte. [La Motte.] 

Motteville, Francoise Bertaud, Dame de, 
— ft., about 162 1 — in service of Anne of 
Austria, Regent of France, 1643 — tf., 29 Dec. 
1689. 2Ie moires pour servir a Vhistoire cV 
Anne d'Antriche, 1723. 

Mottley, John, — ft. in London, 1692 — tf., 3 
Oct. 1750. Joe Miller s Jests, 1739 — Life of 
Peter the Great, 1739 — Life of Empress Cathe- 
rine, 1744. 

Mottraye, Aubry de la, traveller, — h., about 
1674 — travels in Europe, Asia, and Africa, 
1 696-1 7 27 — tf. at Paris, Mar. 1743. Voyages 
en Europe, Asie, et Afrique, §c, 1727. 

Moufet, {2Iuffctt,) Thomas, physician, na- 
turalist, — incorporated M.D. Cambridge, 1582 
— tf. in Wiltshire, about 1602. Be Jure et 
Freest antia Chemicorum Medicamentorum, 1584 
— Nosomantica ECippocratica, 1588 — Health's 
Improvement, 1655 — Insectorum Theutrum, 
1634. 

Moulin, Gabriel du, historian, — ft. in Nor- 
mandy, about 1600 — tf-, about 1660. Ilistoire 
generate de Xormandie, 1631 — Les Conquetes et 
les Trophe'es des Normands Francais, 1658. 

Moulin, Jean Francois Auguste, general,— 
h. at Caen, 1752 — enters the army, 1791 — Ge- 
neral of Brigade, Aug. 1793 — General of Divi- 
sion, Nov. 1793 — Commander-in-chief of army 
of the Alps, Oct. 1794 — member of Directory, 
Jun. to Nov. 1799 — tf. at Antwerp, 1810. 

Moulin, Pierre du, theologian, — h. in France, 
1568 — Prof. Philosophy, Leyden, 1592 — chap- 
lain to Princess Catherine of Bourbon, 1599 — 
called to London by James I., 1615— Pies. 
Synod of Alais, 1620 — Prof. Theology, Sedan, 
about 1627 — tf. there, 10 Mar. 1658. Nouv- 
eaute du papisme, opposee a Vantiquite du chris- 
tianisme, 1627 — le Capucin, §c, 1641. 

Mouiins, in France, — founded, before 1260 
— castle built and made seat of dukes of Bour- 
bon, 1368 — marriage of Antoine de Bourbon 
and Jeanne d'Albret celebrated at, 1548 — as- 
sembly of Notables held at, by Catherine de' 
Medici, Feb. 1566 — castle burnt, 1755. Cathe- 
dral, founded, 1468 — renovated, 1852-61. 

Moultan. fMooltan.] 

Mounier, Claude Edouard Philippe, Bahon, 
Peek of France, — b. at Grenoble, 2 Dec. 
1784 — Master of Bequests, 1810 — Director- 
general of Demesnes, 181 8 — Peer of France, 
1 8 19 — Director-general of departmental ad- 



MOTTXIER— MUCIANUS. 



ministration and of Police, 1820 — if. at Passy, 
11 May 1843. 

ILanier, Jean Joseph, statesman, — ft. at 
.Grenoble, 1758 — Advocate, 1779 — deputy to 
States-General, 1789 — Pres. Assembly, 5-6 
Oct. — quits France, Jan. 1790 — Councillor of 
State, 1804 — if., 26 Jan. 1806. Eecherches sur 
les causes ejui out empe'che les Francais cle devenir 
libres, 1792 — de V Influence attribute mix phi lo- 
sophes, aux franc-macons, 1801. 

Mountain, The, — designation of Jacobin 
party in National Convention of France, Sep. 
1792. [Jacobins.] 

Mounteagle, Lord. [Gunpowder Plot.] 

Mountfort, William, actor, dramatist, — 6., 
1659— murdered in London, by Captain Hill 
and Lord Mohun, winter 1692. 

Mountjoy, Charles Blount, Lord, Earl of 
Devonshire, Loud-Lieutenant of Ireland, 
— h, 1563 — presented to Queen Elizabeth, 
about 1583— M. P., 1585 — Knt, 1586 — -joins 
the fleet in pursuit of Armada, 1588 — M.A. 
Oxford, 16 Jun. 1589 — Governor of Ports- 
mouth, 1594 — succeeds bis brother as Lord 
Mountjoy, 1594 — K.G., 1597 — takes part in 
expedition to the Azores, 1597 — Lieutenant 
under Essex of forces in Ireland, 1597 — ap- 
pointed Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, Oct. 1599 
— lands in Ireland, 24 Feb. 1600 — blockades 
D'Aguilar and Spanish forces in Kinsale, 1601 
—defeats Irish and Spanish forces at Kinsale, 
24 Dec. 1601 — receives submission of Tyrone, 
1602 — reappointed by James I., 25 Apr. 1603 
— Privy Councillor, May 1603 — Earl of 
Devonshire, 21 Jul. 1603 — Joint-commissioner 
to treat with Spain, 1604 — for arraignment of 
Gunpowder Plot conspirators, 1605 — marries 
Penelope, Lady Pick, 26 Dec. 1605 — if. in 
London, 3 Apr. 1606. 

Mountnorris, Lord, Yice-treasurer of 
Ireland, — sentenced, by Wentworth, to be 
cashiered, publicly disarmed, and shot, 1633 — 
the capital sentence remitted for imprisonment. 

MouradgeaD'Ohsson, Ignatius, diplomatist, 
orientalist, — b. at Constantinople, 1740 — 
Charge d' Affaires of Sweden at the Porte, 
1782 — Minister, 1795 — if. near Paris, 27 Aug. 
1807. Tableau general de V empire ottoman, 
1787-90 — Tableau historique de V Orient, 1804. 

Mouravieff, Michael, general, engineer, — h, 
1796 — founds Mathematical Society at Moscow, 
1 81 1 — Pres. Corps of Surveyors, 1842 — Min- 
ister of Imperial Domains, Apr. 1847 — Lieu- 
tenant-general and member of Imperial Coun- 
cil, 1850 — General of Infantry, Sep. 1856 — 
severely represses disturbances caused by stu- 
dents at St Petersburg, Aug. 1861 — resigns, 
Dec. 1 86 1 — Governor-general of Lithuania, 
and Commander-in-chief at Wilna, May 1863 
— suppresses insurrection of Poles, 1863-5 — re- 
called and created Count, Apr. 1865 — if. near 
Luga, 10 Sep. 1866. 

Mouravieff, Michael Nikititch, miscel- 
laneous writer, — b. at Smolensk, Oct. 1757 — 
preceptor to Grand Dukes Alexander and Con- 
stantine, 1785 — if. at St Petersburg, 11 Jul. 
1807. Works, 1829,* i820. b 

a Engl. Cyc. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 



Mouravieff, Nicholas, Prince, general, — b. 
at Moscow, 1794 — enters the army, 181 1 — 
envoy; to Khiva, 18 19— as Major-general dis- 
tinguishes himself at Kars, 1828 — at Kalila, 
1829 — in Polish campaign, 1 830-1 — Lieuten- 
ant-general, 1 83 1 — takes part in capture of 
Warsaw, 6-8 Sept. 1831 — envoy extraord. to 
Mekemet AlLDec. 1832 — falls into disgrace with 
Emperor Nicholas, 1 8 38 — reenters the army, a> : tl 
becomes member of Council of War, 1848 — 
Governor of the Caucasus, 1854 — conducts war 
in Asiatic Turkey, 1855 — f a ^ s a ^ storming of 
Kai's, 29 Sep. — takes Kars, 28 Nov. — member 
of Imperial Council, 1856 — if., 4 jSIoy. 1866. 

Mouson, in France. Councils of, held, 13 
Jan. 948, and 2 Jun. 995. 

Moustier, Eleonor Francois Elie, Marquis 
de, diplomatist, — b. at Pans, 1751 — enters the 
army, 1768 — ambassador to London, 1783 — 
to United States, 1787 — and to Prussia, 17 90-1 
— escapes to England, 1792 — accompanies 
Louis XVIII. to France, Apr. 1814 — if. near 
Yersailles, 1 Feb. 1817. 

Mouton-Duvernet, Regis Barthelemi, gen- 
eral,— ti. at Puy, (Haute-Loire,) 3 Mar. 1769 — . 
enters the army, 1786— at battle of Areola, 15 
]S"ov. 1796 — serves in Poland and Prussia, 
1806-7 — in Spain, 1808-9 — takes Ucles, 12 
Jan. 1809 — Baron, 1809 — Commander of 
Legion of Honour, Aug. 18 12 — General of 
Division, Aug. 18 13 — serves in campaign of 
Saxony, 18 13 — Chevalier of St Louis, 18 14— 
shot, at Lyons, 27 Jul. 1816. 

Mowbray. [Norfolk, Duke of, North- 
umberland, Earl of.] 

Mowbray, Philip de, — defeated by Bruce, 
at Inverury, 22 May 1308 — surrenders Stirling 
Castle to the Scots, 23 Jun. 131 3. 

Mozambique, E. Africa, — visited by Yasco 
de Gama, 1498 — taken by Tristan da Cunka 
and Albuquerque and made capital of Portu- 
guese colony, 1506 — establishment of custom- 
houses and fiscal ports decreed by Portuguese 
government, 1854. 

Mozart, Johann Chrysostomus Wolfgang 
Amadeus, musical composer, — b. at Salzburg, 
27 Jan. 1756 — presented to Emperor Francis 
I. at Yienna, 1762 — taken to Paris, 1763 — 
visits England, 1764-5 — visits Italy, 1769-70 — 
enters service of the Emperor at Yienna, 1775 

settles at Yienna, 1779 marries Constance 

Weber, 17 81 — tf. there, 5 Dec. 179 1. Le 
Nozze di Figaro, 1786 — Bon Giovanni, 1787 — 
Die Zauberflote, 1791 — Requiem, 1792. 

Mu'ayyad Alhilli, Najm-aldin Ja'far ben, 
author of Sharui-alislam, (digest of Shiah 
jurisprudence,) — if., (676, a. h.) 1277. 

Mucianus, Licinius, orator, historian, — ■ 
Consul, (805, a. u. c.) 52 a — commands in 
Syria, 68 — aids Yespasian to gain the throne, 
69 — Consul, (823,) 70 a — persuades Yespasian 
to banish philosophers, 72-4 — Consul (suff. b ) 
with Domitianus, (828,) 75. ab 

a Smith's Diet. b Zumpt. 

Mucianus, M. Nonius Arrius, — Consul 
with L. Annius Fabianus, (954, a. u. c.) 201. 

Mucianus, P. Licinius Crassus Dives, 
orator, jurist, — [BCJ — Consul with L. Valerius 



MUDGE— MULLER. 



Flaccus, (623, a. u. c.) 131 — defeated and 
killed in war with Aristonicus. 

Mudge, John, physician, optician, — obtains 
Copley medal of Royal Society, 1777 — to., 1793. 
Mudge, Thomas, mechanician, — b. atExeter, 
17 16 — receives grant from parliament for im- 
proved chronometers, 1793 — tf. in Surrey, 14 
Kov. 1794. 

Mudge, William, superintendent of Trigono- 
metrical Survey of England and Wales, — b. at 
Plymouth, 1762 — superintendent of the Survey, 
about 1796— F.R.S., 1798— tf. in London, 17 
Apr. 1821. 

Mudie, Robert, litterateur, — b. in Forfar- 
shire, 1777 — tf., May 1842. 
Muffet, Thomas. [Moufet.] 
Muggleton, Ludowick, joint founder of the 
Muggletonians, — b. in England, about 1609 — 
begins preaching, about 1650 — convicted of 
blasphemy, in London, Jan. 1676 — tf., 14 Mar. 
1697. Works, 1756. 

Mugillanus, L. Papirius, — [B C] — (1.) 
Consul with L. Sempronius Atratinus, (310, 
a. u. c.) 444 — with C. Servilius Structus Ahala, 
(327,) 427. (2.) Consul with C. Poetilius Libo, 
(428,) 326. 

Mugillanus, M. Papirius, — [B C]—Cmsul 
with C. JNautius Rutilus, (343, a. u. c ) 411. 

Muhamad. [Mohammed, and Granada, 
Kingdom of] 

Muhlberg, in Germany, — Charles Y. defeats 
Protestant Princes at, 24 Apr. 1547. 

Miihldorf, in Germany, — Louis of Bavaria 
defeats and captures Frederick Duke of Austria, 
28 Sep. 1322. 

Muir, Thomas, advocate, — convicted of 
sedition and transported for fourteen years. 30 
Aug. 1793 — put in irons on the hulks at Wool- 
wich, Dec. 1793— tf. at Chantilly, 1798 — 
monument to him and his fellow political mar- 
tyrs at Edinburgh, commenced, 21 Aug. 1844. 
Mulberry, — cultivation of, or itself, intro- 
duced into France, by Oliver de Serres, about 
1600 — in England, proclamation respecting 
planting of, by James I., 1608. 

Mule, Mule Jenny,— invented by Crompton, 
1779. 

Mulgrave, Constantino John Phipps, Lord, 
Arctic navigator, — b-, 1734— Post-captain, 
E. N., 1765 — commands expedition to North 
Pole, 1773 — raised to the peerage, 1784 — tf. at 
Liege, 10 Oct. 1794. Voyage to the North 
Tole, 1774. 

Mulgrave, Earl. [Buckinghamshire, 
Duke of, and Normanby, Marquis of.] 

Mulhausen, in France, — free Imperial town, 
I2 o8 — given up to Frederick II., Mar. 1236 — 
seized by English adventurers, 1 365 — the nobles 
expelled, 1445 — becomes ally of Berne and 
Soleure, 1446— ally of Basel, 1506 — of Swiss 
Confederation, 15 15 — Turenne defeats allies at, 
29 Dec. 1674— annexed to France, 1798. 

Mulinari, (Molinari,) Stefano, engraver, — 
— b. at Florence, about 1745? — tf., about 
1800? Istoria practica dell' Incominciamento 
e Progressi delta Pittura, §c, 1775 — Saggio 
delle Cinque Scuole di Pittura Italiana, 1780. 
Mulinen, Nicolas, BAnon de, — b. at Berne, 



1570 — member of Sovereign Council, 1596 — 
commands Bernese troops sent to Geneva, 1603 
— Senator, returns to Berne, 1 6 1 3 — commands 
auxiliaries sent to the Grisons, 1620 — killed in 
battle of Tirario, 11 Sep. 

Miiller, Adam Heinrich, publicist,— b. at 
Berlin, 30 Jun. 1779 — studies at Gottingen, 
1798-1800 — embraces Eomanism at Vienna, 
Apr. 1805 — Aulic Councillor, 1827 — tf. at 
Vienna, 17 Jan. 1829. Die Lehre von Ge- 
gensatze, 1804 — Von der Idee des Staates and 
ihren Verh altnissen zu den populiiren Staats- 
theorien, 1809— Die Elemente der Staatskunst, 
1809. 

Miiller, Andreas, orientalist, — b. in Pomer- 
ania, about 1630 — provost of Church of Berlin, 
1667 — tf. at Stettin, 26 Oct. 1694. Edition of 
Marco Polo's Travels, 167 1 — assists in prepar- 
ation of Walton's Polyglott, between 1647-57. 

Miiller, Christian Friedrich von, engraver, 
— b. at Stuttgard, 1783 — goes to Paris, 1802 — 
Prof. Engraving, Dresden, 18 14 — tf. at Pirna, 
near Dresden, 18 16. St John about to write 
his Revelation, 1808 — Adam and Eve under the 
Tree of Life, 1808 — Madonna di San Sisto, 1 8 1 6. 
Miiller, Friedrich, poet, painter, engraver, 
— b. at Kreuznach, 1750 — tf. at Pome, 23 Apr. 
1 8 25. Gesammelte JVerke, 1 8 1 1 

Miiller, Gerhard Friedrich, historian, — b. 
in AVestphalia, 1705 — goes to Russia, about 
1725 — conducts scientific expedition to Siberia, 
1733-43 — tf. at Moscow, 23 Oct. 1783. 7)e 
scriptis Tonguticis in Siberia repertis, 1747 — 
Histoire des voyages et deconvertes des Pusses, 
1766. 

Miiller, Johann, historian, — b. at Schaff- 
hausen, 3 Jan. 1752 — goes to Berlin, 1780 — 
Librarian, Councillor of State to Elector of 
Mentz, 1786-92 — First Keeper of Imperial 
Library, Vienna, 1800 — Secretary of State to 
king of Westphalia, 1807 — Director of Public 
Instruction, 1808 — tf. at Cassel, 29 May 1809. 
Geschichte der Schweizerjscher Eidgenossen- 
schaft, about 1780 — Brief e to seinen ulfesten 
Freund in der Schweiz in den Jahren 1771 bis 
1807, 1812. 
Miiller, Johann. [Regiomontanns.] 
Miiller, Johann Gotthard von, engraver, — 
b. at Bernhausen, near Stuttgard, 4 May # 1747 
■ — studies at Paris, 1770-6 — admitted to French 
Academy, 1776 — Prof. Engraving, Stuttgard, 
i8o2, a 1776 b— Knt of Order of Civil Merit, 
Wurtemberg, 1808 — Knt of Wiirtemberg 
Crown, 181 8 — tf. at Stuttgard, 14 Mar. 1830. 
Alexander, conqueror of himself, 1781 — Ma- 
donna delta Seggiola, 1 804 — Portrait of Louis 
XVI., 1785. a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. 

Miiller, Karl Ottfried, classical scholar, — b. 
at Brieg, Silesia, 28 Aug. 1797 — enters TJniv. 
of Breslau, i8i3, a i8i4 b — studies at Berlin, 
1 8 15- 1 7 — Prof. Antiquities, Gottingen, 18 19 
— visits France and England, 1822 — tf. at 
Athens, Jul. 1841^ 1 Aug. i84o. bc Die 
Dorier, 1824 — Prolegomena zu einer wissen- 
schaftlichen Mythologie, 1825 — Die Etrusker, 
1828 — Randbuch der Archaologie der Kunst, 
1830 — History of Greek Literature, 1840. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Conv. -Lex. c Biog. Univ. 



MULLER— MUNICH. 



Miiller, Otho Frideric, naturalist, — b. at 
Copenhagen, n Mar. 1730 — tutor to Count de 
Schulin, 1753-67— tf., 26 Dec. 1784. Fauna 
Tit sector um Friedrichsdaliana, 1764 — Flora 
Friedrichsdaliana, 1767— continues the Flora 
Banica, 1782 — Vermium terrestrium et flu- 
viat ilium, §c, historia, 1773-4 — FLydrachna in 
aquis Danice palustribus detecta et descriptor, 
178 1 — Entomostraca, §c, 1785 — commences 
the Zoologia Danica, 1779-84. 

Miiller, Peter Erasmus, theologian, anti- 
quary,— b. at Copenhagen, 29 May 1776 — Prof. 
Theology, 1801— Bp of Seland, 1830— tf., 16 
Sep. 1834. Sagabibliothek, 1816-20 — Kritisk 
Undersogelse af Banmarks ag Gorges Sagnhis- 
torie, 1823-30. 

Miiller, Wenzel, musical composer, — b. in 
Moravia, 26 Sep. 1767 — tf. at Prague, 2 Aug. 
1835. 

Miiller, Wilhelm, poet, #c.,—b. at Dessau, 
7 Oct. 1794 — studies at Berlin, 181 2 — tf. at 
Dessau, 1 Oct. 1827. Blumenlese aus den 
Minnesdnger, 18 16 — translation of Marlowe's 
Faustus, 1818 — Horn, Homer tend Bbmerinnen, 
1820 — Lieder der Griechen, 182 1-4. 

Miiller, William John, painter, — b. at Bris- 
tol, 1 81 2 — visits Greece and Egypt, 1838-9 — 
accompanies Sir Charles Fellows to Lycia, 
1843 — tf. at Bristol, 8 Sep. 1845. Athens, 
from the road to Marathon, 1840. Memnon, 
1840 — Sketch of Egyptian Slavemarket, 1841 
— Sphinx, 1 841. 

Mulready, William, painter,— b. in Ennis, 
Ireland, 1 Apr. 1786 — taken to London, 1791 
— student at Eoyal Academy, ahout 1800 — 
marries, 1804 — A.R.A., 1815 — R.A., 1816 — 
his works exhibited at Society of Arts, 1848 — 
tf. at Bayswater, 7 Jul. 1863. Fight inter- 
rupted, 1 8 15 — Wolf and Lamb, 1820 — Last in, 
1835 — First Love, 1839 — Lllustrations to Vicar 
of Wakefield, 1840 — Choosing the Wedding 
Gown, 1845 — Women Bathing and the Bathers, 
1 849 — Toy seller, 1 8 6 1 . 

Multiplying gold or silver, {alchemy,) — de- 
clared felony, by Act 5 Hen. IV. c. 4, 1404 — 
repealed by Act 1 Wni and Mar. c. 30, 1689. 

Mummius Achaicus, L., — [BC] — praetor, 
154 — defeats Lusitanians, &c. : Consul with 
Cn. Corn. Lentulus, (608, a. u. c.) 146 — 
takes and destroys Corinth : proconsul, returns 
and triumphs, 145 — censor with Corn. Scipio 
Africanus, jun. ? 142. 

Mun, Thomas. England's Treasure by 
foreign trade, 1664 — Discourse of Trade from 
England to the East Indies, 162 1 (?) 

Munari, Pellegrino, {Pellegrino da Modena, 
degli Aretusi,) painter, — visits Rome, 1509 — 
assistant of Raphael, between 1510-20 — opens 
a school at Modena, 1520 — tf. at Modena, 1523. 

Munch, Ernst Herman Joseph von, histo- 
rian,— b. at Rheinfelden, 25 Oct. 1798 — Prof. 
Historical Sciences, Freiburg, 1824 — librarian 
to the king at Stuttgard, 1831 — tf. at Rhein- 
felden, 9 Jun. 1 841. Edition of Ulrich von 
Hutten's Works, 182 1-5 — Franz von Sicking en' s 
Thaten, 1827-9 — Geschichte des Hauses Nas- 
sau-Oranien, 1831-3 — Paolo Sarpi und sein 
Kampf mit dem Curialismus, 1839. 



Munch, Peter Andreas, historian, philolo- 
gist, archaeologist, — b. at Christiania, 15 Dec. 
1 8 10— Reader in History at the Univ., 1837 — 
Prof., 1 841 — visits England and Normandy, 
1846 — Scotland, 1849 — goes to Rome, Dec. 
1858 — returns to Norway, 1861 — again goes 
to Rome, spring 1863— tf. there, 25 May 1863. 
Bet Norske Folks Kistorie, 1852-62 — Gram- 
matik der Bunensprache, 1 848 — Grammatik 
der Altnordischen Sprache, 1847 and 1849 — 
Grammatik der Gothischen Sprache, 1848 — 
with Keyser, edition of Norges gamle Love, 
1846-9. 

Munchausen, Gerlach Adolph, Bauon, — 
statesman, — b. in Hanover, 14 Oct. 1688 — 
First Minister to Elector of Hanover, 1768,* 
I 765 b — tf. at Hanover, 26 Nov. 1770. 
a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. 

Munchausen, Jerom Carl Friedrich, Baron 
von, — b. in Hanover, 1720 — serves as cavalry 
officer in Russo-Turkish war, 1737-9 — &•> 
1797. Travels and Campaigns, (compiled by 
Raspe,) 1785. 

Miinchengratz, in Bohemia, — Congress of, 
attended by Emperor of Russia, Emperor of 
Austria, and Crown Prince of Prussia, 10-17 
Sep. 1833 — Prussians defeat Austrians at, 28 
Jun. 1866. 

Munda, in Spain,— \BC] — Caesar defeats 
sons of Pompey at, (17 Mar. 709, a. u. c.) 45. 

Mundane Era of Alexandria. [Alexan- 
dria.] 

Munday, Anthony, dramatist, — b., 1553 — 
tf. in London, 10 Aug. 1633. 

Munden, Joseph Shepherd, actor, — b. in 
London, 1759 — appears at Covent Garden 
Theatre, 2 Dec. 1790 — joins Drury Lane com- 
pany, 1 813 — retires, 31 May 1824 — tf. in 
London, 6 Feb. 1832. 

Mundo, {Mundus,) the Hun, — establishes 
himself on the Danube, attacked by Sabinianus, 
assisted by Petza, general of Theodoric, de- 
feats Sabinianus at Margus, 505 — made Ge- 
neral of Illyricum by Justinian, 529— defeats 
Huns and Bulgarians, 5 30 — takes part in quell- 
ing the Nike sedition at Constantinople, Jan. 532. 

Muneepore, Principality of, in India, — 
placed under British protection, 1826. 

Munich, (Munchen,) capital of Bavaria, — 
founded by Henry Duke of Saxony, 962 — 
fortified by Otto IV., 1157 — mint established 
at, by Henry the Lion, 1 158 — the Ludwigsburg 
built by Louis the Strong, 1254 — burnt, and 
rebuilt by Louis of Bavaria, 1327 — paper-mill 
established at, 1347 — taken by Gustavus Adol- 
phus, 1632 — taken by Austrians, 1704 — for- 
tifications demolished, 1791 — threatened by 
French under Moreau, 1796 — occupied by 
Moreau, 1800 — by Bernadotte, Oct. 1805 — 
entered by Napoleon I., 24 Oct. — visited by 
him, 31 Dec. — occupied by Austrians, under 
Jellachich, Apr. 1809— threatened by Tyrolese, 
29 Jun. 1 809. University of, transferred from 
Landshut, 1826. Academy of Sciences, founded, 
by Elector Maximilian Joseph III., 1759 — re- 
constituted and endowed by King Maximilian 
I., 1807 — reorganized, 1827. Academy of 
Arts, originated, 1759 — reorganized, 1808 and 



ioo4 



MUNICIPAL CHARTER— MURAD BEY. 



1842. Cathedral, commenced by Duke Sig- 
nmnd, 1468 — completed, 1488. Greek Church, 
built, 1494. Jesuits' Church, 1583. Budioigs- 
Kirche, 1829-3S. Pfarr-Kirche, commenced, 
1831. All Saints' Chapel, commenced, by 
Von Klenze, 1826— opened, 1 Nov. 1837. Ba- 
silica of St Boniface, built, 1835-45. Royal 
Palace, New, [Konigsbau and Festbau,) com- 
menced by Von Xlenze, 1826. [Glyptothek, 
Pinacothek, and Klenze, Von.] 

Municipal Charter, — first granted to Leon, 
in Castile, xo20. a a Prescott. 

Municipal Corporations, — in England, royal 
commission of inquiry into the state of, 
appointed, 1833 — reform and regulation of, 
provided for by Act 5 and 6 Wm IV. c. 76, 
9 Sep. 1835. In Scotland, reformed and re- 
gulated by Acts 3 and 4 fin IV. cc. 76 and 
77, 28 Aug. 1833 — monopolies of the guilds 
abolished by Act 9 and 10 Vic. c. 17, 1846. In 
Ireland, reformed and regulated by Act 3 and 
4 Vic. c. 108, 10 Aug. 1840. 

Munk, Solomon, orientalist, — ft. at Glogau, 
14 May 1805 — goes to Paris to study under de 
Sacy and Chezy, 1828 — visits Oxford, 1835 — 
Assistant-keeper of Oriental MSS., Royal Li- 
brary, Paris, 1840 — visits Egypt, 1840 — loses 
his sight, and resigns keepership, 1852 — ad- 
mitted to Academy of Inscriptions, 2 Dec. 1 85 8 — 
Prof. Hebrew, Chaldaic, and Syriac Languages, 
Coll. of France, 1865— U. at Paris, 6 Feb. 
1867. Palestine, (in TInivers P Moresque,) 1845 
— edition and translation of Maimonides' Moreh 
Nevochim, 1 836-40, a 1 856-6 i bc — Notice sur 
Aboul Walid Mervan, 1851 — Melanges de 
philosophic jaive el arabe, 1859. 
a Amer. Ann. Cyc. b Vapereau. c Conv.-Lex. 
Munkacs, (Mongatz,) in Hungary, — be- 
sieged by Austrians under General Caprara, 
1685 — defended by Helena Zrimje Tekeli : 
surrenders, 14 Jan. 1688. 

Munnich, Burkhard Christoph, Count 
von, field-marshal, — ft. in Oldenburg, 1683 — 
taken prisoner at Denain, 17 12— enters service 
of Poland, as Colonel, 17 16 — Major-general, 
17 1 7 — enters service of Russia, 1720 — Lieu- 
tenant-general ; directs construction of canal 
of Ladoga, 1723-32 — Count, General of In- 
fantry, 1728 — Field-marshal and Privy Coun- 
cillor, 1730 — takes Dantzic from the French, 
1734 — commands against Turks, 1736-9 — 
takes Oczakoff, 1737 — takes Choczim, 1739 — 
First Minister, 1740 — banished, Jan. 1742 — 
returns to St Petersburg, about 1765 — lj. there, 
16 Oct. 1767. 

Munoz, Juan Baptista, historian, — ft. near 
Valencia, 1745 — tf., 1799. BListoria del 
Nuevo-Mundo, 1793. 

Munoz, Sebastiano, painter,— ft. in Spain, 
1654 — painter to the king, 1688 — tf. at Ma- 
drid, 1690. 

Munoz, Thomas, military engineer, — ft., 
about 1743 — tf. at Madrid, 23 Nov. 1823. 
Munro. [Monro.] 

Munro, Sir Thomas, Bart., general, — ft., 
1760 — serves in war with Hyder Ali and Tippoo 
Saib, 1780-4 — assists at siege of Bangalore, 
1 79 1 — enters the civil service, 1792 — present 



at fall of fjSeringapatam, 1799— Lieutenant- 
colonel, 1804 — K.C.B., 1819 — governor of 
Madras, Jun. 1820 — distinguishes himself in 
Birmese War, 1824-6 — Bart., 30 Jun. 1825 — U. 
in India, 6 Jul. 1827. 

Munster, [Meiland, Miningerode,) capital of 
Westphalia, — seat of a bishopric, (Mimigar- 
devord,) by Charles the Great, 791 — for- 
tified, about 1 1 80 — bishopric made prin- 
cipality of Empire, before 1 200— adheres to 
Reformation, 1532— occupied by Matthias of 
Haarlem and John of Leyden, 1532 — retaken 
by Prince-bishop, 24 Jun. 1535 — bishopric 
merges in archbishopric of Cologne, 17 19 — 
fortifications dismantled, 1765 — assigned to 
Prussia, 1802 — taken by French, 1806 — given 
to Westphalia, 1807 — restored to Prussia, 18 15. 
University, dissolved, 181 8. Congress of, 
[Westphalia, Peace of] 

Munster, Ernst Friedrich Herbert, Count 
von, statesman, — ft. at Osnabriick, 1 Mar. 1766 
— accompanies Duke of -Sussex on his travels 
in Italy, 1793 — ambassador extraord, to St 
Petersburg, 1801-4 — retiresHo England, 1806 
— one of the Commissioners to administer 
property of George HI., 181 1 — hereditary 
Marshal of Hanover, 18 14 — assists at Congress 
of Vienna, 1 814-15 — ambassador from Hanover 
to Great Britain, 1817-31 — G.C.B., 1831 — tJ., 
11 May 1839. 

Munster, George Fitzclarence, Earl of, 
— ft., 29 Jan. 1794 — enters the army, Feb. 
1807 — serves in the Peninsula, 1808 — as Cap- 
tain, serves under Sir A. Wellesley, 1809 — 
wounded at battle of Toulouse, 18 14 — goes to 
India as aide-de-camp to Lord Hastings, Jan. 
1 8 15 — distinguishes himself in Mahratta War, 
1 8 17 — Lieutenant-colonel, 1819 — marries Miss 
Mary Wyndham, Oct. 18 19 — Vice-Pres. Asiatic 
Society, Mar. 1829— created Earl of Munster, 
Viscount Fitzclarence, and Baron Tewkesbury, 
by his father, William IV., 12 May 1830 — 
Major-general, Nov. 1841 — kills himself, 20 
Mar. 1842. 

Munster, Sebastian, orientalist, — ft. in the 
Palatinate, 1489 — Prof. Hebrew, Basel, 1529 
— tf. there, 1552. Biblia hebraica, 1534-5 — 
Aruch, dictionnariumhebraicum, 1548 — Gram- 
matica chaldaica, 1527 — Lictionnarium chal- 
daicum, 1527 — Organum uranicum, 1536 — 
Cosmographia universalis, 1544. 

Munter, Friedrich Christian Karl Hein- 
rich, antiquary, — ft. at Gotha, 14 Oct. 1761 — 
Prof. Theology, Copenhagen, 1788 — Kntofthe 
Danebrog, 18 16 — tf. at Seeland, 9 Apr. 1830. 
Pie Sinnbilder und Kunstvorstellungen der alten 
Christen, 1825. 

Munychia, — [BC] — garrisoned by Mace- 
donians, 322-307 — again, 299 and 287. 

Munzer, Thomas, — excites disturbances at 
Zwickau and Allstadt, 1523 — heads insurrection 
in Thuringia, 1524 — establishes himself at 
Miilhausen, spring 1524 — denounced by 
Luther, Aug. 1524 — defeated by Saxon and 
Hessian troops, at Frankenhausen, 15 May 
1525 — executed, same day. 

Murad Bey, Chief of the Mamelukes, — ft. in 
Circassia, about 1750— in service of Ali Bey, 



MUEAD— MURCIA. 



1005 



1763 — deserts to Mohammed Bey, Apr. 1773 
— leads back Egyptian army from Palestine to 
Cairo, 1775 — with Ibrahim Bey disputes 
government of Egypt with Ismael Bey, 1775 — - 
defeated by Turks under Hassan, 1786 — with. 
Ibrahim resumes the government, Aug. 179 1 — 
harasses French army on the Nile, Jul. 1798 — 
defeated and wounded at battle of the Pyramids, 
21 Jul. — pursued to Upper Egypt by Desaix: 
defeated by Desaix at iSedyman, 7 Oct. — again 
defeated at Samanhout, 22 Jan. 1799 — near 
Natron lake, 11 Jul. 1799 — submits to Kleber 
at Gizeh, 29 Mar. 1800 — tf., 22 Apr. 1801. 

Murad. [Amurath.] 

Mural Quadrant, — used by Tycho Brahe, 
1570-1600 — constructed by Abraham Sharp, 
and erected at Greenwich by Flamsteed, 1689 
— another, by Graham, 1725 — redivided by 
Bird, 1753 — a third, by Bird, 1750. 

Mural Circle, constructed by Troughton, 1 8 1 2. 

Murat, Joachim, Marshal of France, and 
King of Naples, — ft. atCahors, 25 Mar. 1771 
— enters Constitutional Guard of Louis XVI., 
1789 — Lieutenant in regiment of Chasseurs, 30 
May 1 79 1 — deprived as a Terrorist, 1794 — re- 
instated, 5 Oct. 1795 — as aide-de-camp to Gen. 
Bonaparte, distinguishes himself at siege of 
Mantua, 1796-7 — at Roveredo, 4 Sep. 1796 — 
wounded at combat of St George, 15 Sep. — 
conducts passage of the Tagliamento, 13 Mar, 
1797 — distinguishes himself at battle and cap- 
ture of Alexandria, 2 Jul. 1798 — General of 
Division, 15 Jul. — at battle of the Pyramids, 
23 Jul. — takes part in Syrian expedition, Feb. 
1799 — distinguishes himself at siege of Acre, 
May— at battle of Aboukir, Jul. — dissolves 
Council of Five Hundred, at St Cloud, (18 
Brumaire,) 9 Nov. — marries Caroline Bona- 
parte, 20 Jan. 1800 — contributes to victory of 
Marengo, Jun. 1 800 — expels Neapolitans from 
Papal States, 1801 — concludes armistice of 
Foligno, 6 Feb. 1801 — member of Corps Legis- 
late, and governor of Paris, 1803 — Marshal 
of the Empire, 9 May 1804 — member of com- 
mission which condemns Duke d'Enghien, Mar. 
1805 — Prince of the Empire, Grand Admiral 
and Grand Eagle of Legion of Honour, 1-2 
Feb. 1805 — distinguishes himself incampaign of 
Austerlitz, Nov. and Dec. 1805 — Grand Duke 
of Cleves and Berg, 15 Mar. 1806 — commands 
cavalry in Prussian campaign, 1806 — takes 
Anklam, 31 Oct. — takes possession of Warsaw, 
28 Nov. — distinguishes himself atEylau, 8 Feb. 
1807 — takes command of army for conquest of 
Spain, and enters Madrid, 23 Mar. 1808 — sup- 
presses revolt, 2 Apr. — invested with royal au- 
thority by Charles IV., 2 May — proclaimed 
King of Naples and the Two Sicilies, 1 Aug. — 
enters his kingdom, Sep. — takes Capri, 1808 — 
fails in attempt to conquer Sicily, 1809 — dis- 
tinguishes himself in campaign of Russia, 1 8 1 2 
— abandons the army, 8 Jan. 1813 — distin- 
guishes himself at battle of Dresden, Aug. — at 
Leipsic, Oct. — takes leave of Napoleon, 23 Oct. 
— concludes treaty with England, 6 Jan., and 
with Austria, 11 Jan. 18 14 — joins Napoleon I. 
again, Mar. 1 8 1 5 — commences hostilities against 
Austria, 30 Mar. — evacuates Bologna, 15 Apr. 



— defeated by Gen. Neipperg and Gen. Bianchi, 
near Tolentino, 2-3 May — sails from Corsica 
to attempt recovery of his kingdom, 28 Sep. 
— lands at Pizzo, 8 Oct. — and is arrested : con- 
demned by court-martial and shot, 14 Oct. 
1 8 15. 

Muratori, Lodovico Antonio, historical an- 
tiquary, — b. at Vignola, Modena, 21 Oct. 1672 
— joint-keeper of Ambrosian Library, Milan, 
1694 — librarian to Duke of Modena, 1700 — tf. 
at Modena, 23 Jan. 1750. Rerum Italicarum 
scriptores ab anno 500 ad 1500, 1723-51 — An- 
tiquitates Italici medii cevi, $•<?., 1738-42 — An- 
nali d' 'Italia dal principio delVera volgare sino 
alVanno 1750, 1762 — Novus Thesaurus veterum 
Inscriptionum, 1 7 39 — Antichitd Estensi, 1 7 1 o- 
40. 

Muratorian Fragment, list of books of New 
Testament, — compiled, about 150 — discovered 
in Ambrosian Library and published by Mura- 
tori, 1740 — facsimile of, edited bv Tregelles, 
1867. 

Murchison, Sir Roderick Impey, Bart., 
geologist, Director-general of Geological Survey 
of the United Kingdom, — ft. in Ross-shire, 19 
Feb. 1792 — at Military Coll. Marlow, 1805-7 
— enters the army, 1807 — studies at Edinburgh 
Univ., 1807-8 — serves in Peninsular War, 1808- 
9 — marries, and leaves the army, 1 815 — F.G.S., 
1825— F.R.S., 1826— Secretary G.S., 1826— 
visits the Highlands with Prof. Sedgwick, 1827 
— with Lyell, visits Auvergne and N. Italy, 
1828 — explores Eastern Alps, 1829-30 — one of 
the founders of the Geographical Society, 1830 
— announces his discoveries in Wales (Siluria,) 
1831 — Pres. G.S., 1831 and 1832— introduces 
the term Silurian, 1832— visits Rhenish pro- 
vinces, 1835 and 1839 — travels in Russia, 1840 
— again, 1841 — explores the Ural Mountains, 
1841 — introduces the term Permian, 1841 — 
travels in Germany, Poland, and the Carpathian 
Mountains, 1842 — predicts discovery of gold in 
Australia, 1 841-3 — travels in Sweden and Nor- 
way, 1844 — Pres. R.G.S., 1843-4 — Grand 
Cross of St Stanislaus and Commander of St 
Anne, by Emperor Nicholas, 1845 — Pres. 
British Association at York, 1846 — Knt, 1846 
— receives Copley Medal for establishment of the 
Silurian System, 1849 — again Pres. R.G.S., 
1851-2 and 1857-8 — Director of Geological 
Survey and of School of Practical Science, 
1855 — receives Brisbane gold medal of R.S. 
Scotland, 1859 — regularly reelected Pres. 
R.G.S.,from 1862— K.C.B., 1863— Bart,, Jan. 
1866 — loses his wife, 1869 — tf. in London, 22 
Oct. 187 1. Silurian System, 1839 — Geology of 
Russia and the Ural Mountains, 1 845 — Siluria, 
1854 — Geological Atlas of Europe, 1856. 

Murcia, province of Spain, — [BC] — colonized 
by Carthaginians, 202 — [Carthago, Nova] — 
[AD] — conquered from Goths by Justinian, 
552 — recovered by Suintilha, 624 — conquered 
by Moors under Abdelaziz, 713 — forms part of 
Caliphate of Cordova, 756 — falls to kings of 
Granada, 11 44 — reannexed to Cordova, 1221 — 
erected into a kingdom by Hudiel, 1239 — sub- 
mits to Ferdinand the Saint, and becomes part 
of Castile, 1 240 — revolts under Hudiel, 1 264 — 



ioo6 



MURCIA— MURRAY. 



reconquered, 1266 — divided between Castile 
and Aragon by Treaty of Campillo, 1305. 

Murcia, city, — entered and pillaged by 
French under Sebastiani, 23 Apr. 18 10. 

Murder, — in English law, in certain cases 
declared treason by 25 Edw. III. st. 5, c. 2, 
1352 — punishment of, regulated by Acts 25 
Geo. II. c. 37, 1752 ; 9 Geo. IV. c. 31, 27 Jun. 
1828; 2 and 3 Wm IV. c. 75, s. 16, 1 Aug. 
1832 ; 4 and 5 Wm IV. c. 26, 25 Jul. 1834; 
6 and 7 Wm IV. c. 30, 14 Jul. 1836; 24 and 
25 Vic. cc. 95 and 100, 6 Aug. 1861. 

Mure, William, historian, — ft., 1799 — M.P. 
Renfrewshire, 1 846-55 — Rector of Glasgow 
Univ., 1847 and 1848 — tf., 1 Apr. i860. Cri- 
tical History of Language and Literature of 
Ancient Greece, 1850-7 — Journal of Tour in 
Greece, 1838. 

Mure, Sir William, poet, — ft. in Scotland, 
about 1594 — member of the Convention, 1643 
— wounded at battle of Marston Moor, Jul. 
1644 — commands at storming of Newcastle, 
Aug. 1644— tf., 1657. 

Murena, A. Terentius Varro, — [B C] — sub- 
jugates the Salassi, 25 — Consul with Augustus, 
(731, a. u. c.) 23 a — takes part in Caepio's con- 
spiracy and is condemned and put to death, 22. 
a Clinton. 
Murena, L. licinius, — [BC] — (1.) Serves 
under Sulla at Chaeroneia, 86 — propraetor in 
Asia, 83(F) — plunders temple at Comana : 
ravages Pontus, defeated by Mithridates at the 
Halys, 82 — returns to Rome and triumphs, 81. 
(2.) Serves under preceding in Asia, 83 — serves 
under Lucullus in Mithridatic War, 74-66 — 
praetor, 65 — propraetor in Cisalpine Gaul, 64 
— tried for bribery, defended by Cicero, Nov. 
63 — Consul with D. Junius Silanus, (692, 
a. tt. c.) 62. 

Muret, battle of. [Albigenses.] 
Muret, Marc Antoine, (Muretus,) classical 
scholar, — ft. near Limoges, 1526 — Prof. Belles 
Lettres, Bordeaux, about 1547 — goes to 
Venice, 1554 — resides with Cardinal ippolito 
d'Este at Ferrara, 1559 — attends Colloquy of 
Poissy, 1561 — returns to Rome, 1563 — lectures 
on Civil Law, 1567 — fc. at Rome, 4 Jun. 1585. 
Opera, 1727-30. 

Murfreesborough, in Tennessee, — captured 
by Confederates, 13 Jul. 1862 — retaken by 
Gen. Rosecranz, 29-31 Dec. 1862. 

Muriatic [Hydrochloric) Acid, — discovered 
and named spirit of salt by Glauber, who died, 
1668 — obtained in gaseous form by Priestley, 
1774 — composition of, shown by Davy, 1809. 

Murillo, Bartolomeo Esteban, painter, — b. 
at Seville, 1 Jan. 1618 — studies under Velaz- 
quez at Madrid, 1643-5 — establishes Academy 
of Painting, Seville, 1660— tr. at Seville, 3 
Apr. 1682. La Caridad, 1674 — Holy Family, 
National Gallery, about 1678. 

Murner, Thomas, satirist, — ft. at Strasburg, 
24 Dec. 1475 — crowned as poet by Emperor 
Maximilian at Worms, 1506 — preaches against 
Luther, 1520 — visits England, 1523 — assists 
at colloquy of Baden, 1526 — expelled from 
Lucerne, 1529 — tr. at Heidelberg, about 1536 ? 
Logica 7nemorativa,i^o<) — Narren-beschwerung, 



15 1 2 — Die Schelmenzunft, 15 12 — Von dem 
grossen Lutherischen JVarren, 1522. 

Murphy, Arthur, miscellaneous writer, — b. 
in Ireland, 1727 — called to the bar at Lincoln's 
Inn, 1762 — tr. in London, 18 Jun. 1805. 
Translation of Tacitus, 1793 — Life of Gar rick, 
1 801. 

Murphy, James Cavanah, architect,— resides 
at Dublin, 1788 — travels in Portugal, 1789-90 
— tr., 1 8 16. Travels in Portugal, 1795 — Gen- 
eral View of the state of Portugal, about 1797 
— Arabian Antiquities of Spam, 1 813-15 — 
History of the Mahometan Empire in Spain, 
1816. 

Murphy, Eobert, mathematician, — ft. in Ire- 
land, 1 806 — enters Caius Coll. Cambridge, 
Oct. 1825 — B.A., 1829 — Fellow of Caius 
Coll., May 1829 — goes to London, 1836 — tr. 
there, 12 Mar. 1843. Treatise on the Theory 
of Algebraical Equations, 1839. 

Murr, Christoph Gottlieb von, — ft. at Niirn- 
berg, 1733 — tr. there, 1811. Memorabilia 
biblioth. publicarum Norimbergensium et uni- 
versitatis Altdorfince, 1786-91 — Antiquites 
d'Herculaneum, 1777-93 — edits Journal pour 
Vhistoire des arts et de la litte'rature, 1775-89. 

Murray, Alexander,— ft. in Scotland, 22 
Oct. 1775 — studies at Edinburgh University, 
1794-6 — minister of Urr, Kirkcudbright, 1808 
— Prof. Oriental Languages, Edinburgh, D.D., 
1 812 — tf. there, 15 Apr. 181 3. History of the 
European Languages, 1823. 

Murray, Lady Augusta. [Sussex, Earl 

OF.] 

Murray, Lord George, — ft., 1705— joins the 
Young Pretender, 5 Sep. 1745 — and takes 
command of his forces : defeats Gen. Cope at 
Preston, 21 Sep. — repulses Duke of Cumber- 
land at Clifton Bridge, 29 Dec. — wins victory 
of Falkirk, Jan. 1746 — distinguishes himself at 
Culloden, 16 Apr. — tr. in North Holland, 8 
Jul. 1769. 

Murray, Sir George, general, — ft. in Perth- 
shire, 6 Feb. 1772 — enters the army, Mar. 
1789 — serves in Flanders, 1794-5 — Lieut.- 
Colonel, 1799 — distinguishes himself in Egypt, 
1 801 — in Peninsular War, 1808- 11 — Major- 
general, 1 Jan. 1812 — KB., 11 Sep. 181 3 — 
governor of the Canadas, 18 13 — resigns and 
joins British army in France, spring 18 15 — 
governor of Edinburgh Castle, 1 8 1 8 — governor 
of Royal Military Coll. Woolwich, Aug. 18 19 
— D.C.L. Oxford, 14 Jun. 1820— F.R.S., Jan. 
1824 — Lieutenant-general of the Ordnance, 6 
Mar. 1824 — M.P. Perthshire, 1824 — Lieu- 
tenant-general, May 1825 — Secretary of State 
for the Colonies, 1828 — Master-general of the 
Ordnance, 1834-5 — unsuccessful candidate for 
Westminster, 1837 — again Master-general of 
Ordnance, 1841 — General, Nov. 1841— tf. in 
London, 28 Jul. 1846. Edits Marlborough 
Despatches, 1845. 

Murray, Hugh, geographical writer, — ft. at 
North Berwick, 1779 — 1(., 1846. Encyclopcedia 
of Geography, 1834. 

Murray, James, — enters service of Holkar, 
about 1790 — joins British army under Lord 
Lake, 1803 — takes Indore, 24 Aug. 1804 — dis- 



MURRAY— MUSNIER DE LA CONVERSERIE. 



1007 



tinguishes himself at siege of Bhurtpore, Jan. 
1805 — q\, 1807. 

Murray, James Stuart, Earl of, and Earl 
of Mar, Regent of Scotland, — ft., probably 
about 1533 — made prior of St Andrew's, by his 
father, James V., about 1538 — takes oath of 
fealty to Pope Paul III., 1544— accompanies his 
sister Mary to France, 1547 — repulses English 
invaders at St Monan in Fife, 1548— joins the 
Reformers, 1556 — member of the Council for 
Civil Affairs, Dec. 1559— one °f tne Lords of 
the Articles, n Jun. 1560— envoy to France, 
to invite Queen Mary to return to Scotland, 
Apr. 156 1 — has audience of Queen Elizabeth, 
May — returns to Edinburgh, Jun. — First 
Minister of Queen Mary, Aug. — created Earl 
of Mar, Feb. 1562 — marries Lady Agnes Keith, 
1562 — resigns earldom of Mar, and is created 
Earl, of Murray, 1562 — opposes the queen's 
marriage with Darnley, 1565 — driven from 
Scotland, Jul. 1565 - — returns, Mar. 1566 
— refuses to take part in plot for murder of 
Darnley and quits Edinburgh, 9 Feb. 1567 — 
returns, soon after : again quits Edinburgh, 9 
Apr. — visits Queen Elizabeth, summer — returns 
from the Continent, Jul. — has interview with 
Mary at Lochleven, and induces her to abdi- 
cate, 24 Jul. — proclaimed Regent, 22 Aug. — - 
refuses to resign and defeats Mary at Langside, 
13 May 1568 — attends as witness against her, 
at York, 1568 — assassinated by James Hamilton 
of Bothwellhaugh, at Linlithgow, 23 Jan. 1570. 

Murray, John, publisher, — ft. in London, 27 
Nov. 1778 — 1(., 27 Jun. 1843. Projects 
Quarterly Review, 1808. 

Murray, Sir John, — takes command of 
Anglo-Sicilian army on coast of Spain, Feb. 
1813 — defeats Marshal Suchet at Castalla, 13 
Apr. 1 813 — invests fortress of Tarragona, 3 
Jun. 1 81 3 — suddenly raises the siege, 12 Jun. 
— tried by court-martial and acquitted, 18 14. 

Murray, Lindley, grammarian, — ft. in 
Pennsylvania, U. S., 1745 — called to the bar, 
at New York, about 1766 — settles in England, 
1784 — "ft., 16 Feb. 1826. English Grammar, 
1795 — Exercises, and Key, 1797. 

Murray, Sir Robert, — forms a plan for 
escape of Charles I., 1646 — Privy Councillor, 
165 1 — founds Royal Society, Nov. 1660 — ft., 
Jun. 1673. 

Murray, William, actor, — ft., 1791— ap- 
pears at Covent Garden Theatre, 18 10 — settles 
at Edinburgh, 1810— tf., 1852. 

Murray, William Vans, diplomatist, — ft. in 
Maryland, 1761 — studies in London, 1783 — 
member of House of Representatives, 179 1-7 — 
ambassador to Batavian Republic, 1801 — 
takes part in Treaty of Paris, Sep. 1 800 — ft. in 
Maryland, 11 Dec. 1803. 

Murray, William. [Mansfield, Earl of.] 

Murray River, S. Australia, — explored by 
Captain Cadell and Sir H. Young, Aug. to Oct. 

1853. 

Mursa, in Pannonia, — Constantius II. de- 
feats Magnentius at, 28 Sep. 351. 

Murta, Giovanni da. [See Genoa.] 

Murten. [Morat] 

Mus, P. Decius, — [BC] — (1.) Trib. mil. 



under M. Valerius Corvus, secures defeat of 
Samnites, 343 — Constil with T. Manlius Tor- 
quatus, devotes himself to death to save the 
Republic, (414, a. tj. c.) 340. (2.) Consul 
with M. Valerius Maximus, (442,) 312 — legatus 
under dictator, L. Papirius Cursor, 309 — Consul 
with Q. Fabius Maximus, (446,) 308 — conducts 
war against Etruscans : magister equitum to 
dictator, P. Corn. Scipio Barbatus, 306 — 
censor with Q. Fabius Maximus, 304 — Ponti- 
fex, (one of first plebeian,) 300 — Consul with 
Q. Fabius Maximus, (457,) 297 — war against 
Samnites : Consul with same, (459,) 295 — de- 
votes himself to death at battle of Sentinum, 
295. (3.) Consul with P. Sulpicius Saverrio, 
(475,) 279. 

Musa ben Naser, Abu Abdelrahman, Sara- 
cen general, — named Viceroy of Africa, by 
Caliph Walid I., 703 — repulsed at Ceuta by 
Count Julian, and treats with him respecting 
conquest of Spain, 709 — sends Tarik to invade 
Spain, Jul. 710 — conquers Spain, 712-13 — dis- 
graced and recalled, 714 — ts. at Mecca, about 
718. 

Musa, Antonius, physician, — fl., about 25. 

Musaeus, Johann Karl August, litterateur, 
— ft. at Jena, 1735— If. at Weimar, 28 Oct. 
1787. Grandison der Zweite, 1760 — Physiog- 
nomische Reisen, 1778-9 — Volksmdrchen der 
Deutschen, 178 2 — Ereund Heins Erscheinungen, 
1785 — Straussfcdern, 1787-97. 

Muscat, (Maskat,) capital of Omun, — taken 
by Albuquerque, 1507— recovered by Sultan 
bin Seif, about 1651 — visited by Niebuhr, 1765 
— by "VVellsted, 1835 — by Badger, 1861 — by 
Palgrave, 1862-3 — occupied by Seyyid Toor- 
kee, 1 Feb. 187 1. ['Oman.] 

Muschianus, — Consul with Paulus, (1265, 
a. it. c.) 512. 

Muselli, Giacomo, numismatist, — ft. at Ve- 
rona, 1697 — ft. there, 1768. Museum Musel- 
li anum, 1760. 

Museum, — [B C] — founded at Alexandria, 
by Ptolemy Pbiladelphus, about 280. 

Musgrave, William, physician, antiquary, 
— ft. in Somersetshire, 1657 — F.R.S. and Sec. 
1684— M.D., 1689— F.R.C.P , 1689— settles 
at Exeter, 1691 — fc. there, 23 Dec. 1721. 

Music, Ancient, — Concerts, for performance 
of, instituted in London, 1779— discontinued, 
1847 — revived, Nov. 1867. 

Music, Street, in London, — regulated by 
Act 27 and 28 Vic. c. 55, 25 Jul. 1864. 

Musical Instruments, — keys, or stopples, 
applied to the pipe, by Pionomus, after 300. 

Musical Notation, modem, — invented by 
Guido Aretino, about 1025. 

Musicians, Royal Society of, London,— in- 
stituted, 1738 — incorporated by Royal Charter, 
1789. 

Musique, Academie de, at Pans, — in- 
stituted, 1667 — suppressed, 7 Sep. 1793. 

Musket,— in use in Tuscany, 1432 — used at 
battle of Pavia, 1525 — generally adopted, about 

i57o- 

Musnier de la Converserie, Louis Fran- 
cois Felix, Count de, general, — ft. at Lon- 
gueville, 1766 — enters Military School of 



MUSONIANUS— MYLNE. 



Paris, 1780 — takes fortress of Novara, about 
Dec. 1798 — takes possession of Piacenza, 1800 
■ — distinguishes himself at Marengo, Jun. 1800 
— General of Division, 1 Feb. 1805 — distin- 
guishes himself at siege of Saragossa, 1808 — 
at battle of Maria, Jun. 1809 — governor of 
Tortosa, 18 10 — assists at siege of Valencia, 
1813 — retires, 1815 — ft. at Paris, 15 Nov. 1837. 

Musonianus, {Strategics,) — employed by 
Constantine, before 337 — prsef. prtet. Orientis, 
354-8- 

Muss, Charles, painter in enamel, — ft., about 
1 7 81 — rj., 1824. 

Mussato, Albertino, historian, — ft. at Padua, 
1261 — Chevalier, 1296 — exiled to Chiozza, 
J 3 2 5— &-, 1 3 2 9- Opera, 1636. 

Mussatus, Albutinus, poet, historian, — tf., 
1320. 

Musschenbroek, Pieter van, physician, na- 
tural philosopher, — ft. at Levden, 14 Mar. 
1692 — M.D., 17 18— Prof. Philosophy and 
Mathematics, Prof. Extraord. of Medicine, 
Duisburg, 17 19 — Prof. Philosophy and Mathe- 
matics, Utrecht, 1723 — Prof. Astronomy, 1732 
— Prof. Mathematics, Leyden, 1740— tf. there, 
19 Sep. 1 76 1. De aeris prcesentia in hAmoribus 
animalium, 17 18 — Epitome elementorum phy- 
sico-mathematicorum, 1726 — Physicce experi- 
mentales et geometric^ dissertationes, 1729. 

Musselburgh, battle of. [Pinkie.] 

Musset, Louis Charles Alfred de, poet and 
miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Paris, 1 1 Nov. 
1810 — private secretary to George Sand, about 
1833 — admitted to French Academy, Feb. 1852 
— ft., 2 May 1857. Contes d'JEspagne et d' Italic, 
1830 — Holla, 1835 — Confession d' ten enfant du 
siecle, 1836 — Comedies et proverbes en prose, 
1840 — Poesies, 1840. 

Musset, Victor Donatien de, (Jfusset-Pa- 
thay,) miscellaneous writer, — ft., 1768 — rj., 8 
Apr. 1832. Histoire de la Vie et des Outrages 
de J. J. Rousseau, 1821. 

Mustapha I., Sultan of the Ottomans, — 
succeeds his brother, Achniet I., (1026, a. h.) 
1617 — deposed and imprisoned, (1027,) 1618 — 
reinstated by Janissaries, (1031,) 1622 — again 
deposed and put to death, (1032,) 1623. 

Mustapha II., Sultan of the Ottomans, 
— ft., about 1663 — succeeds his uncle, Achmet 
II. , (HOG, a. h.) 1695 — takes command of 
army in Hungary, 1695 — defeated by Prince 
Eugene near Zenta, (24 Sepher 1109,) 1 Sep. 
1697— Peace of Carlowitz, 1699— puts to death 
the grand vizier, 1703 — deposed, (19 Guimadhi 
I. 1115,) 20 Sep. 1703 — rj., 1704. 

Mustapha III., Sultan of the Ottomans, 
— ft., 20 Aug. 17 16 — succeeds Osman II., (26 
Sepher 1171, a. h.) 29 Oct. 1757 — renews the 
sumptuary laws, Dec. 1757 — prepares expedition 
against Malta, 176 1 — puts to death the grand 
vizier Mustapha, (1178,) 1765 — declares war 
on Russia, (0 Guimadhi II. 1182,) 6 Oct. 1768 
—if., (19 Dhu'lkadah 1187,) 21 Jan. 1774. 

Mustapha IV., Sultan of the Ottomans, 
— ft., 7 Sep. 1779 — succeeds his cousin, Selim 
III., 29 May 1807 — renews declaration of war 
on Russia, 1807 — concludes armistice with 
Servians, 14 Jul. 1807 — with Russians, 24 



Aug. — deposed and assassinated, 15 Nov. 1808. 

Musurus, Marcus, — ft. in Candia, about 
1470— called to Rome by Leo X., 15 16 — tf. 
there, 1517. Editions of Aristophanes, 1498 — 
of the Etymologicum magnum Grcecum, 1499 — 
of Plato, 15 1 3. 

Muta, battle of. [Mohammed.] 

Mutina. [Modena. ] 

Mutinensian War, — [BC]- D. Brutus oc- 
cupies Mutina, end of Nov. ? 44 — blockade of 
Mutina by Antony, begins, Dec. 44 — Cicero 
delivers his Philippics, Dec. 44 to Apr. 43 — 
the Consul Hirtius sent to raise the siege, Jan. 
43 — Pansa joins him, end of Mar. — Pansa de- 
feated and wounded in first battle, 14 or 15 
Apr. 43 a — Hirtius attacks Antony, 16 Apr. b — 
second battle fought, between 20-29 -^P r - a — 
Antony defeated, Hirtius slain ; the siege raised, 
Antony withdraws into Gaul, May. 

a Clinton. b Zumpt. 

Mutines, — [B C] — commands Numidian 
cavalry at Agrigentum, 212 — betrays Agrigen- 
tum to Laevinus, 2io. a a Zuu\pt. 

Mutiny Act, in England, — first, 1 Wm and 
Mar. c. 5, 12 Apr. 1689. 

Mutis, Jose Celestino, naturalist, — ft. at 
Cadiz, 1732 — follows don Pedro Mesia de la 
Cerda to America, 1760 — tf., 1808. 

Muy, Jean Baptiste Louis Philippe de 
Felix, Count Du, — ft. in Provence, 25 Dec. 
1751 — serves in American War, 1777-83 — 
Marechalde Camp, 1788 — General of Division, 
1792 — takes part in expedition of Egypt, 1798 
— governor of Silesia, 1806 — Senator, 181 1 — 
Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, Jul. 18 14 
— Commander of St Louis, Aug. — called to 
Chamber of Peers, Aug. 1815 — Tj. at Paris, 
Jun. 1820. 

Muziano, Girolamo, painter, — ft. near 
Brescia, 1528 or 1530 — goes to Rome, about 
1550 — tf. there, 27 Apr. 1590 or 1592. 

Mycale, — [B C] — Leotychides and Xanthip- 
pos defeat Persian fleet, (3 Boedrom.,) Sep. 

479- 

Mycenae, (Jlykenai,) — [B C] — destroyed by 
Argives, (01. 78, 1,) 468,* (01. 79, 1,) 464^ 
a Clinton. b Miiller. 

Myddelton, Sir Hugh, Bart., engineer, — ft. 
at Denbigh, probably about 1555— M. P. Den- 
bigh, 1603 — member of Parliamentary Com- 
mittee on water supply of London, 1604 — 
commences construction of New Eiver, May 
1609 — Knt, by James I., 161 3 — Bart., 1622 — 
fr. in London, 10 Dec. 1631. 

Mykenai. [Mycenae.] 

Mylae, (Cherso.iesus, Sicily,) — [BC] — 
founded, 716 — Duilius defeats Carthaginian 
fleet at, 260 — Agrippa defeats Sex. Pompeius 
off, 36. 

Mylius, Johann Chnstoph, bibliographer, — 
ft. in Weimar, 1710 — rj. at Jena, 1757. Bib- 
liotheca anonymorum et pseudonymorum, 1740 — 
Memorabilia bibliothecce academics Jennensis, 
1746. 

Myllos, (Jfylos,) comic poet, — [BC] — £{., 
about 485. 

Mylne, Robert, architect, engineer, — ft. at 
1734 — Surveyor of St Paul's 



MYREPSUS— NJ3VIUS. 



1009 



Cathedral, 1 769 — ft., 5 May 1 8 1 1 . Blaclcfriars 
Bridge, 1760-9. 

Myrepsus, Nicholas, physician— ft.., about 
1222-80. Medicamentorum opus, about 1280 ? 

Myrichides, — [BC]- Archon at Athens, (01. 
85, 1,) 440. 

Myriokephalon, — Kilidj Arslan surprises 
and defeats Manuel Conmenus at, autumn 
1176.* a Finlay. 

Myron, sculptor, — [B C] — ft., about 480 — ft., 
about (01. 87) 431. 

Myronides, — [B C]— defeats Corinthians in 
the Megarid, 457 — defeats Boeotians at CEno- 
phyta, 456. 

Myros, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 70, 
1,) 500. 

Mys, engraver,— [B C] — fl., about 444. a 
a Smith's Diet. 

Mysia, — [B C] — conquered by Croesus of 
Lydia, about 560 — acquired by Cyrus of Persia, 
546 — conquered by Alexander the Great, 334 — 
assigned to Leonnatus, 323 — acquired by Anti- 
gonus, 320— by Lysimachus, 301 — under the 
kings of Pergamus, 283. 



Mysore, in Hindustan, — invaded by Moham- 
medans of Delhi, 1 3 10 — again, 1326 — becomes 
separate principality under .Rajah Wadeyar, 
1 6 10 — erected into a kingdom by Hyder Ali, 
1761 — divided between the Nizam and the 
English by treaty of 22 Jun. 1799 — small 
portion of, constituted a kingdom for Kistna 
Eaj Oudawar, and regulated by subsidiary 
treaty, 8 Jul. 1799 — government of, assumed 
by British, 1832. 

Mysteries, dramatic compositions, — repre- 
sentation of, by Fraternity of the Passion, 
licensed in France, 1402. 

Mystichides,— [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
98, 3,) 386. 

Mytens, Daniel, painter, — ft. at the Hague, 
about 1590 — Court-painter to Charles I., 
1625-32— living at the Hague, 1656. 

Mytilene, — [Lesbos] — [BC] — at war with 
Athens, 606 — governed by Pittacos, 589-579 — 
besieged and destroyed by Athenians, 428-427 — 
taken by Bomans, 80— [AD] — devastated by 
earthquake, 6 Mar. 1867. 



N. 



Naaman, — [B C] — cured of leprosy, 894.* 
a Bib. Chron. 

Naarden, inSolland, — founded, 996 — refuses 
to abandon Prince of Orange, 22 Nov. 1572 — 
taken by Don Frederick of Toledo, and the citi- 
zens massacred, 2 Dec. 1572 — taken by Louis 
XIV., 12 Jul. 1672 — recovered by William 
Prince of Orange, Sep. 1673 — captured by 
French, 1795. 

Naas, in Ireland, — sacked by Scots, 13 16 — 
parliament held at, 141 9 — occupied by Lord 
Thomas Fitzgerald, and recovered by Lord- 
deputy Skeffington, 1534— burnt by insurgents, 
1577 — garrisoned for Charles I., 1648 — taken 
by Parliamentarians, 1650 — unsuccessfully at- 
tacked by rebels, 24 May 1798. 

Nabatheea, (JS'abaioth, Kabathena, Arabia 
Fetrcea,) — [B C] — expedition of Antigonus 
with Demetrius against, 312 — independent 
monarchy, under kings named Aretas or Obo- 
dus, till [AD] 105 — conquered by Corn. Palma 
and made a Boman province, 105-107. 

Nabathseans, (Xabat,) origin of, — investi- 
gated by Quatremere, 1835 — Book of Agri- 
culture, — controversy respecting, originated by 
Quatremere, 1 835 — carried on by Ewald, 1 857-9 
— by Chwolson, 1859 — by Benan, i860. 

Nabis, Tyrant of Lacedjemon, — [B C] — 
acquires the tyranny, 207 — ally of Bome, 204 — 
seizes Messene and is dispossessed by Philopce- 
men, late in 202 or beginning of 201 — defeated 
by Philopcemen and Acha?ans, 201 — receives 
Argos from Philip, 198 — besieged in Lacedre- 
mon by Flamiuinus, and makes peace with 



Bome, 195 — war with Achseans, defeated by 
Philopcemen, 194 — assassinated, 192. 

Nabonassar, Era of, — [BC] — commences, 
26 Feb. 747. 

Nachod, in Bohemia, — the Crown Prince of 
Prussia defeats Austrians at, 27-29 Jan. 1866. 

Nadab and Abihu, — [B C] — struck dead at 
the altar, i49o. a a TJssher. 

Nadir Shah, {Tamasp Kouli KJian,) King 
of Persia, — ft., 11 Nov. 1688 — captured by 
Usbeks, 1705 — escapes, 1709 — joins Prince 
Tamasp, and commands against Afghans, 1727 
— takes Mushed, 1727 — takes Ispahan, 1728 
— receives grant of Khorassan and other 
provinces, but refuses title of Sultan, 1730 — 
defeats Turks at Hamadan, 17 31 — deposes 
Tamasp, and proclaims his infant son, 1732 — 
makes peace with Turks, 1735 — on death of 
the young king accepts the crown, 26 Feb. 
1736 — confiscates property of the Shiah sect, 
1736 — makes peace with Turks, 29 Sep. 1736 
— takes Candahar, 1738 — defeats Mogul army 
and captures Emperor of Delhi, 9 Feb. 1739 
— enters Delhi, Mar. 1739 — orders massacre of 
the inhabitants : restores the Emperor, 2 Apr. 
1739 — returns to Persia, 1740— invades Bokha- 
ra, 1740 — invades Kharismia, defeats, captures, 
and puts the king to death, 1740 — blinds his 
son Beza Kouli, 1743 — renews war with Turks, 
1743 — again concludes peace, Jan. 1746 — as- 
sassinated, 20 Jun. 1747. 

Nsevius, Cn., — [B C] — epic, tragic, and comic 

poet, — ft., about 274-264 a — serves in first Punic 

"War, 264-244 — first exhibits, (519, a. u. c.) 

235 — imprisoned for libel by Q. Ca?c. Metellus, 

64 



NAFELS-NAMUR. 



206— banished to Utica ; tf. there, 204, b 202.° 
a Smith's Diet. b Cic. c Hieron. 

Nafels, in Switzerland, — defeat of Austrians 
by Swiss at, 9 Apr. 1388. 

Nagasaki. [Japan.] 

Nagpore, in Hindustan, — defeat of Rajah 
of Nagpore's troops by English, and capture 
of the town, 26 Nov. 1817 — territory of, on 
death of Rajah, annexed to British possessions, 
11 Dec. 1853. 

Nahavend. [Nehavend.] 

Nahl, Johann August, sculptor, — b. at Ber- 
lin, 17 10 — Prof. Sculpture, Academy of Cassel, 
1755 — ft. there, 1781. 

Nahl, Johann August, painter, — h. near 
Berne, 1752 — goes to Rome, 1774 — visits Eng- 
land, about 1782— returns to Rome, 1788 — 
Prof, at Academy of Cassel, 1792 — Director of 
Class of Painting, 1815 — tf., 31 Jan. 1825. 

Nahl, Samuel, sculptor, — ft. at Berne, 1748 
— goes to Rome, 1 7 74 — Director of Royal West- 
phalian Academy, 1808 — tf., 181 3. 

Nahor, — [BC] — ft.-, sum. 2155, a 2289 b — 
birth of Terah, sum. 2126 a — ft., sum. 2007. a 
a Ussher. b Clinton. 

Nahum, Jewish prophet, — [BC] — fl., about 
735, a 742, 13 about 710,° between 680-667, d not 
before 712. e a TJssher. b Carpzov. 

c De Wette, Knobel, &c. d Strauss. 

e Smith's Diet. Bib. 

Naigeon, Jacques Andre, litterateur, — ft. 
at Paris, or Dijon, 1738 — ft. at Paris, 28 Feb. 
1 810. Militaire Thilosophe, 1768 — edits 
Works of Diderot, 1798 — of Rousseau, 1801 — 
and of Montaigne, 1802. 

Nailmaking Machine, — invented by Finch 
and Clifford, 1790. 

Naima, historian, — historiographer of Otto- 
man Empire, 1702 — "ft., before 1754. History 
of Ottoman Empire, 1734. 

Najara, in Spain, — Henry of Trastamare 
defeated by the Black Prince at, 3 Apr. 1367. 

Najoio, in China, — taken from Taepings by 
allies, 16 May 1862. 

Nakhichevan, on the Don, — town founded, 
1779 — khanate of, ceded by Persia to Russia, by 
Peace of Turkmanchay, 1828. 

Nakhimov, Akim Nikolaevich, poet, — ft . at 
Kharkov, 1782 — tf., Jul. 18 14. 

Nalson, John, miscellaneous writer, — ft., pro- 
bably about 1638 — prebendary of Ely, 1684 — 
J„ 24 Mar. 1686 a (?)— living, i688(P). Im- 
partial Collection of Great Affairs of State, 
1682-3 — Countermine, 1677 — Common Interest 
of King and People, 1678 — Journal of High 
Court of Justice, 1684 — Translation of Maim- 
boicrg's History of the Crusade, 1685. 
a Wood. 

Names, Roman gentile, — quite lost and con- 
founded, after 212. 

Namur, province of Belgium, — forms part of 
County of Lomme, held by Berenger, as 
early as 908 — Robert I. (son) succeeds, 932 
— Albert I. (son) is Count in 973 — Robert 
II., {Ratbode,) (son,) before 10 14 — Albert 
II., (son,) tf., 1037 — Albert III., (son,) 1037 
■ — accompanies Emperor Henry III. in expedi- 
tions against Count of Flanders, 1047-56 — de- 



feated by Robert le Frisonat Broqueroie, 1072 
— attacks Chateau of Bouillon and is defeated 
by Count Godfrey, 1086 — &., not later than 
1 1 05 — Godfrey, (son,) 11 05 — supports Em- 
peror Henry IV. against his son, 11 06— quar- 
rels with Count of Louvain, invades Brabant, 
and burns Gemblours, 11 36 — tf. at abbey of 
Floreffe, 19 Aug. 11 39 — Henry II., (son,) 
1 1 39 — makes war on Bp of Liege, pillages and 
burns Fosse, 1140 — carries on war with Abp 
of Treves, 1 145-6 — renews war with Bp of 
Liege, 1151 — again, 1155 — declares his nephew 
Baldwin of Hainault his heir, 1163 — carries on 
war with Godfrey, Duke of Brabant, 1169 — be- 
comes blind, 1 1 82 — promises his daughter Ag- 
nes in marriage to Henry II., Count of Cham- 
pagne, 1 1 87 — this marriage prohibited by Em- 
peror Frederick L, 1187 — besieged in his 
castle by Baldwin, capitulates to him, 11 88 — 
the County erected into a Marquisate for Bald- 
win, Dec. 1 188 — Henry U., Aug. 1194. 

Marquisate of Namur : Philip L, the Noble, 
succeeds his father Baldwin, 11 96 — assists his 
brother, Count of Flanders, in war with France 
and is taken prisoner, 1197 — liberated by 
Treaty of Peronne, Christmas 11 97 — grants a 
charter to his subjects, 1199 — if., 1212 — Yo- 
lande (sister) and her husband, Peter of 
Courtenay, Count of Auxerre, 1212 — claimed 
by Waleran, Count of Luxemburg, 12 14 — re- 
signed by Yolande to her son, Philip II. of 
Courtenay, 12 16 — carries on war with Count 
of Luxemburg, 1216-20 — refuses throne of 
Constantinople, 12 17 — peace concluded at Di- 
nant, 13 Mar. 1223 — follows Louis VIII. in 
expedition against Albigenses, and tf. at Avig- 
non, 1226 — Henry or Courtenay, (brother,) 
1226 — Margaret op Courtenay, (sister,) 
Countess of Vianden, 1228 or 1229 — recovered 
from her by her brother Baldwin, 1237 — 
[Baldwin II., Emperor op the East] — sold 
by Empress Mary to Guy of Dampierre, 1259 
— the sale ratified by Baldwin, 1263 — [Flan- 
ders, Counts of] — John I. (son of Guy) suc- 
ceeds on cession by his father, 1297 — fights at 
battle of Courtray, 1302 — defeated by king of 
France at Mons-en-Puelle, 1 8 Aug. 1 304 — ac- 
companies Emperor Henry VII. to Italy, 13 10 
— returns, suppresses revolt, and liberates his 
family, 1 3 1 3 — carries on war with Liege, 1 3 1 8 - 
22 — grant of part of Ecluse to him by Count 
of Flanders occasions a war, 1322-6 — contri- 
butes to French victory at Cassel, 1328 — if. at 
Paris, 1 Feb. 1331 — John II., (son,) 1331 — 
tf., 2 Apr. 1335 — Guy II., (brother,) 1335 — 
accompanies Edward III. in expedition to Scot- 
land and is taken prisoner, 1335 — killed at a 
tournament, 12 Mar. 1336 — Philip III., 
(brother,) 1336 — killed in Cyprus, Sep. 1337 
— William I., (brother,) 1337 — William II., 
(son,) ft., about 1353— succeeds his father, 1 
Oct. 1 39 1 — with Duke of Burgundy suppresses 
revolt of Liege against John of Bavaria, 1408 
— 13., 10 Feb. 141 8— John III., (brother,) 
141 8 — sells the Marquisate to Philip, the Good, 
Duke of Burgundy, 23 Apr. 1421 — tf., 1 Mar. 
1429. 
1 Namur, city, — [B C] — (capital of the. Adua- 



NANA SAHIB— NAPIER.l 



tici,) — taken by Caesar, 56 — [AD] — taken and 
pillaged by Baldwin, Count of Hainault, 1 188 — 
seized by Henry, Count of Luxemburg, Dec. 
1256 — threatened by Wenceslaus, Duke of 
Brabant, 1356 — passes to House of Burgundy, 
1421 — seat of a bishopric, by Paul IV., 1559 — 
joins Pacification of Ghent, Nov. 1576 — seized 
by Don John of Austria, 1577 — fortifications 
strengthened by Coehorn, 1 691 — taken by Louis 
XIV., 5 Jun. 1692 — citadel surrenders, 22 Jun. 

— unsuccessful attempt of William III. to 
raise the siege, Aug. — invested by William III., 
1 Jul. 1 695 — surrenders to him, 4 Aug. — citadel 
held by Marshal de Boufflers, till 2 Sep. — 
seized by Elector of Bavaria, 1701 — unsuccess- 
fully attempted by Dutch, Jul. 1704 — given by 
Philip V. to Elector of Bavaria, 1704 — evacu- 
ated by French troops, 29 May 17 13 — one 
of the barrier fortresses, 17 15 — invested by 
Count of Clermont, 5 Sep. 1746 — taken, 19 
Sep. — citadel surrenders, 30 Sep. — restored, 
under Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 10 Feb. 1749 
— fortifications demolished, and Dutch garrison 
expelled, by Joseph II. 1782 — taken by French, 
Dec. 1792 — evacuated by them, 1793 — re- 
taken, 20 Jul. 1794 — taken by allies, assigned 
to kingdom of the Netherlands, 18 15 — fortifi- 
cations restored, 18 16 — takes part in revolu- 
tion, 1830 — assigned to Belgium, 1831 — forti- 
fications again demolished, 1866. Cathedral, 
founded, 1772. Palace of Justice, built, 1464. 
Hotel de Ville, 1728. Episcopal Seminary, 
founded, 1658 — rebuilt, 1727. 

Nana Sahib, Rajah of Bittoor, — heads Se- 
poy mutiny at Cawnpore, 4 Jun. 1857 — besieges 
Cawnpore, from 6 Jan. — offers the Europeans 
a passage by river to Allahabad, 24 Jun. — fires 
on the boats, and kills or captures the pas- 
sengers, 27 Jun. — defeated by Havelock at 
Futtehpoor, 10 Jul. — again defeated, 15 Jul. 

— massacres the women and children, and 
throws them into the well at Cawnpore, 16 
Jul. — blows up the magazine and retreats to 
Bittoor, 17 Jul. 

Nancy, in France, — burnt by auxiliaries of 
Frederick II., 12 18 — residence of Dukes of 
Lorraine, about 1250 — taken by Charles the 
Bold, Nov. 1475 — recovered by nobles of Lor- 
raine, Oct. 1476 — besieged by Charles, and re- 
lieved by Rene II., Jan. 1477 — besieged by 
Louis XIII., 1633 — ceded to him by Charles, 
Duke of Lorraine, 20 Sep. 1633 — given up to 
Lorraine, by Treaty of Vincennes, 1661 — seized 
by Louis XIV., 1 Sep. 1670 — restored to 
Lorraine by Treaty of Ryswiek, 1697 — forti- 
fications demolished by the French, 1697 — 
given with Duchy of Lorraine to Stanislaus, 
ex-king of Poland, 1736 — [Lorraine]— insur- 
rection at, suppressed by Bouille, 31 Aug. 
1790— visited by Emperor Francis Joseph of 
Austria, 22 Oct. 1867 — occupied by Germans, 
12 Aug. 1870. 

Nanek, (Xirankar,) founder of sect of Sikhs, 
■ — ft. in Lahore, 1469 — promulgates his doc- 
trines in India; introduced to Baber, 1527 — 
tf. at Kirtipur, Aug. 1539. 

Nangis, Guillaume de, (Gulielmus de Nan- 



giaco,) historian, — Keeper of the Records at 
St Denis, between 1289-99. 

Nani, Giambattista Felice Caspare, his- 
torian, — ft. at Venice, 30 Aug. 161 6 — goes to 
Rome, 1638 — ambassador to France, 1643-68 
— q\ Proctor of St Mark, 5 Nov. 1678. Istoria 
della republica Veneta, 1662-79. 

Nanking, in China, — begins to decline on 
transfer of Imperial residence to Peking, about 
1280-90 — taken by Mantchoos, 1645 — attack 
threatened by Sir H. Pottinger, 14 Aug. 1842 
— treaty with England signed at, 26 Aug. 1842 
— taken by Taepings, 12 Feb. 1853 — taken 
from Taepings by Imperialists, 19 Jul. 1864. 
Porcelain Tower, built, 1413-32 — destroyed 
by Taepings, 1853. 

Nanni. [Udine, Giovanni da.] 

Nannoni, Angelo, surgeon, — ft. at Florence, 
1 Jun. 17 15 — tf. there, 30 Apr. 1790. Bella 
simplicity del medicare, 176 1-7. 

Nansouty, Etienne Antoine Marie Cham- 
pion, Count de, general, — ft. at Bordeaux, 30 
May 1768 — enters the army, 1783 — distin- 
guishes himself at combat of Stockach, at 
Engen, at Moeskirch, 1800 — serves in Por- 
tugal, 1 801 — General of Division, 1803 — con- 
tributes to victory of Austerlitz, 2 Dec. 1 805 
— distinguishes himself at Eylau, Heilsberg, 
and Friedland, 1807 — member of Legion of 
Honour, 1807 — contributes to victories of 
Essling and Wagram, 1809 — wounded at battle 
of Moscow, 26 Aug. 1 812 — distinguishes him- 
self at battles of Dresden and Leipsic, 181 3 — 
in campaign of 1814 — tf., 6 Feb. 1815. 

Nantes, in France, (Condi vincum, capital of 
the Kamnetes,) — seat of a bishopric, before 280 
— becomes capital of Duchy of Brittany, about 
410 — unsuccessfully besieged by Huns, 445 — 
sacked by Northmen, 853 and 859 — castle 
built, 938 — ceded to Duke of Brittany, 992 — 
captured by Geoffrey, Count of Rennes, 992 — 
taken possession of by Henry II. of England, 
on death of his brother Geoffrey of Anjou, 1 158 
— unsuccessfully besieged by Edward III., 
1342 — attacked by English, and delivered by 
Constable de Clisson, 1380 — besieged by troops 
of Charles VIII. , 19 Jun. 1487 — siege raised, 
end of Jul.— united to Crown of France, 149 1 
— receives Reformed doctrines, 1558 — attacked 
by Vendeans, 29 Jun. 1793 — massacres at, by 
Carrier, Dec. 1793 and Jan. 1794. Cathedral, 
built, 1434. Edict of, conferring limited free- 
dom on Huguenots, issued by Henry IV., 30 
Apr. 1598 — revocation of, by Louis XIV., 22 
Oct. 1685. Councils of on discipline, about 
660; about 1 127 ; 1 Jul. 1264 — on discipline, 
23 Apr. to 2 May 143 1. 

Nanteuil, Robert, engraver, — ft. at Rheims, 
1630 — fj. at Paris, 1678. 

Nantwich, (Xampticich,) in Cheshire, — 
devastated by Welsh, 11 13 — burnt, 1438 — 
Lord Fairfax defeats Irish troops of Charles I. 
and captures George Monk at, 25 Jan. 1644 — 
Lambert defeats Royalists, under Sir George 
Booth and Sir Thomas Middleton, 19 Aug. 
1659. 

Napier, Sir Charles James, general,— f>. at 
Whitehall, 10 Aug. 1782 — enters the armv, 
64* 



NAPIER— NAPLES. 



Jan. 1794 — serves in Irish rebellion, 1798 — 
wounded and taken prisoner at Corufia, 16 
Jan. 1809 — wounded at Busaco, 18 10 — takes 
part in battle of Fuentes de Onoro, 1811 — 
takes part in second siege of Badajoz, 18 12 — 
serves in expedition to the Chesapeake, 18 13 — 
at storming of Cambrai, 18 15 — governor of 
Cephalonia, 1824 — takes command of army in 
Bengal, 1841 — sent to Scinde, 1842 — routs 
Ameers at Meeanee, 17 Feb. 1843 — takes pos- 
session of Hyderabad, 20 Feb. — defeats Shere 
Mahomed, near Hyderabad, 24 Mar., and takes 
possession of Meerpoor — governor of Scinde, 
Jun. — convenes Beloochee chiefs at Hydera- 
bad, 24 May 1844 — returns to England, 1847 
— tf. at Oaklands, near Portsmouth, 29 Aug. 

1853. 

Napier, Sir Charles John, admiral, — ft., 6 
Mar. 1786 — enters the navy, 1799 — distin- 
guishes himself at reduction of Martinique, 
1809 — wounded at Busaco, 18 10 — serves in 
Sicily, 18 1 1 — in N. America, 18 12- 14 — C.B., 
1 8 15 — marries, 18 15 — sent to Portugal, 1829 
— commands Portuguese fleet, and defeats Dom 
Miguel, 2 Jul. 1833 — created by Don Pedro 
Yiscount Cape St Vincent, 1833 — distinguishes 
himself at storming of Sidon, Sep. 1840 — con- 
tributes to defeat of Ibrahim Pasha near Bey- 
rout, Oct. 1840 — takes Acre, Nov. — blockades 
Alexandria, Nov.— K.C.B., Dec— M.P. Mary- 
lebone, 1841-7 — Commander of Channel Fleet, 
1847 — Vice-admiral, May 1853 — Commander 
of Baltic Fleet, 1854— M.P. Soutkwark, 1855 
— tf., 9 Nov. i860. 

Napier, John, Loud of Meuchiston, — 
mathematician, — ft. at Merchiston, near Edin- 
burgh, 1550 — studies at St Andrew's, 1562-3 — 
ts. at Merchiston, Apr. 1617. Mirifici Logar- 
ithmorum Canonis Descriptio, 16 14. 

Napier, Macvey, litterateur, — ft. in Stir- 
lingshire, 1776 — writer to the signet, 1799 — 
becomes editor of Edinburgh Review, 1829 — 
editor of seventh edition of Encyclopedia Bri- 
tannica, 1830-42 — tf. at Edinburgh, 11 Feb. 
1847. 

Napier, Sir "William Francis Patrick, gen- 
eral, historian, — ft. at Castletown, in Ireland, 
1785 — enters the army, 14 Jun. 1800 — Cap- 
tain, 2 Jun. 1804— serves at siege of Copen- 
hagen, 1807 — in Peninsular campaigns, 1808- 
14 — wounded at combat of Almeida, 18 10 — 
present at battle of Busaco, 18 10 — wounded at 
Cazal Nova, Mar. 18 11 — serves at Fuentes de 
Onoro, May 181 1 — at Salamanca, Jul. 18 12 — 
marries, 1812 — at passage of the Bidassoa, Oct. 
1 81 3 — Lieutenant-colonel, 22 Nov. 18 13 — at 
battle of Orthes, 18 14— Colonel, 22 Jul. 1830 
— Major-general, 23 Nov. 1841 — Lieutenant- 
governor of Guernsey, Apr. 1842 to Jan. 1848 
— K.C.B., 1848 — Lieutenant-general, 11 Nov. 
1851 — Colonel, 19 Sep. 1853 — *Ef., 12 Feb. 
i860. History of Teninsular War, 1828-40 — 
Conquest of Scinde, 1845 — History of Gen. Sir 
C. Napier's Administration of Scinde, 1851 — 
Life of Sir Charles Napier, 1857. 

Napier, William John, Lord, — ft. at Kin- 
sale, 1787 — enters the navy, 1803 — appointed 
superintendent in China, arrives at Macao, Jul. 



1834 — orders attack on forts on the Bogue 
river, 7 Sep. — ft. at Macao, 11 Oct. 1834. 

Napione de Cocconato, Giovanni Francesco 
Galeani, Count, — ft. at Turin, 1 Nov. 1748 — 
counsellor of the king, attached to royal 
archives, 1796 — superintendent of royal ar- 
chives, 18 14— tf. at Turin, 12 Jun. 1830. 
Saggio sopra V arte storica, 1773 — Dell't<so,edei 
pregi della lingua italiana, #c, 1791 — Notizia 
dei principals scrittori d'arte militare italiaui, 
1803 — Dissertazioni intomo patria di Cristo- 
foro Colombo, 1805. 

Naples, [Parthencpe, Palcepolis,) (Neapolis, 
Napoli,) — [BC] — the old town garrisoned by 
Samnites, 327 — but occupied by Bomans, same 
year : [Samnite War] — passes to Bomans, 290 
— [AD] — destroyed by earthquake, 79 — rebuilt 
by Titus, 80 — conquered by Goths under 
Theodoric, 493 — taken by Belisarius, 536 — 
surrenders to Totilas, 543— retaken by Narses, 
553 — erected into a Duchy, under Exarchs of 
Bavenna, about 568 — besieged by Sicon, Prince 
of Beneventum, between 820-835 — besieged by 
Sicard, Prince of Beneventum, and delivered 
by Saracens of Sicily, 836 — again besieged 
by him, May 836 — capitulates and be- 
comes tributary, 836 — siege of, by Sicard, 
raised by order of Emperor Lothaire, 839 

— sends a fleet under Duke Sergius against 
the Saracens, 845 — besieged and taken by 
Pandulph, Prince of Capua, 1027 — recovered 
by Sergius, about 1029 — unsuccessfully be- 
sieged by Bichard, Prince of Capua, Dec. 1077 
to Apr. 1078 — Duchy given to Eoger, Count 
and King of Sicily, by antipope Anacletus, 
27 Sep. 1 1 30 — submits to Boger, 1131 — re- 
volts several times and finally submits, 11 37 — 
[Sicily, kings of] — besieged by Emperor 
Henry VI., summer 1191 — destroys Cuma, 
1207 — submits to Emperor Otto and is excom- 
municated, 1210 — visited by Frederick II., 
1229 — castle strengthened by Frederick, 1239 
— residence of his empress, 1240 — Frederick 
holds court at, 1247 — resists Manfred and is 
placed under protection of the pope, 1252 — be- 
sieged by Conrad, 1253 — taken, 10 Oct. — made 
seat of government by Charles of Anjou, 1268 

— separated from Sicily under Charles of 
Anjou, 1282 — [See Sicilian Vespers, Naples, 
kingdom of] — seized by Alfonso I. of Aragon, 
1442— taken by Charles VIII. of France, 1495 
— by Louis XII., 1501 — unsuccessfully be- 
sieged by French under Lautrec, Apr. to Aug. 
1528 — unsuccessful attempts to establish In- 
quisition at, 1546-7, 1565, and 1571 — insurrec- 
tion of Masaniello, 1647 — taken by Imperial- 
ists, 1707 — ceded to Austria by Treaty of 
Utrecht, 17 13 — submits to Don Carlos, 1734 
— reserved to him by Treaty of Vienna, 1738 
— disturbances at, 1799 — entered by French, 
under Championnet, 23 Jan. 1799— recovered 
by Cardinal Buffo and Lord Nelson, 1802 — 
reentered by French, 1806— [Joseph Napoleon 
and Murat, Joachim] — insurrection, 1848 — 
state of siege proclaimed, by Francis II., Jul. 
i860 — entered by Garibaldi, 8 Sep. i860 — en- 
tered by Victor Emmanuel, 7 Nov. i860 — Cas- 
tello Nuovo destroyed, Jan. 1 862 — reception of 



NAPLES— NAPOLEON I. 



3 



Victor Emmanuel at, 28 Apr. 1862 — state of 
siege proclaimed by Delia Marmora, 26 Aug. 
!862 — visited by Victor Emmanuel, 10 Nov. 
1 865. University of, founded by Frederick II., 
1224. Cathedral, (Church of S. Januarius,) 
built by Niccola Pisano, 1299. Theatre of San 
Carlo, burnt, 18 15 — rebuilt, by Niccolini, 18 16. 
Palazzo degli Studii, completed, 16 16 — occupied 
by University, 16 16- 17 90 — by Museo Borbonico, 
since 1790. Treaties of, between Empress 
Maria Theresa and King of Spain, respecting 
Duchy of Parma, and to prevent reunion of 
Spain and Two Sicilies, concluded, 3 Oct. 
1759 — of alliance between Naples and Great 
Britain, concluded, 12 Jul. 1793 — another, 
1 Dec. 1798 — of neutrality between Naples 
and France, concluded, 25 Jun. 1803 — of 
alliance between Emperor Francis II. and 
Murat, 11 Jan. 18 14. 

Naples, Kingdom of, — [Sicily, Kingdom of] 
— separated from kingdom of Sicily and re- 
tained by Charles of Anjou, 1282 — Charles II. 
(son) succeeds, 1285 — Robert, the Wise, (son,) 
1309 — Joanna I., (granddaughter,) with 
Andrew of Hungary, 1343 — and after his 
death with Louis of Tarentum,, 1346 — Charles 

III. of Durazzo, 1382 — opposed by Louis I. of 
Anjou; and on his death by Louis II. of 
Anjou, 1385 — Ladislaus {son of Charles III.) 
succeeds him, 1386— Joanna II., (sister,) 1414 
— Louis III. of Anjou {son of Louis II.) claims 
the crown, 1417 — united with Sicily under 
Alfonso I. of Aragon, 1435 — claimed by Rene 
of Anjou, as adopted successor of Joanna II., 
1435 — again separate, under Ferdinand I., (son 
of Alfonso,) 1458 — opposed by John of Anjou : 
Alfonso II., 1494— Ferdinand II., (son,) 1495 
— temporary conquest of the kingdom by 
Charles VIII. of France, 1495 — Frederick 
III., (uncle,) 1496 — conquest of, by Louis XII. 
and Ferdinand the Catholic, 150 1 — defeat and 
expulsion of the French, 1 Jan. 1504 — ceded to 
king of Spain by Treaty of Blois. 12 Oct. 1505 
— given unconditionally to kings of Spain by 
bull of Julius II., 3 Jul. 15 10 — invasion of, by 
allied French and Venetian forces, 1528 — 
assured to Charles V. by Peace of Cambray, 3 
Aug. 1529 — expulsion of Jews, 1540 — conquest 
of, agreed to by treaty between Pope Paul 

IV. and Henry III. of France, 15 Dec. 1555 
— the Duke of Guise sent with army, but soon 
recalled, 1557 — claimed by Emperor Leopold 
I., 1701 — conquered by Joseph I., 1708 — as- 
sured to Charles VI. by Treaty of Rastadt, 
17 14 — investiture of Naples and Sicily con- 
ferred on Charles VI. by Innocent XI II., 9 
Jun. 1722 — conquered by Spain and erected 
into a kingdom with Sicily for Bon Carlos, 
1 7 34-5 — [Two Sicilies, Kingdom of] — con- 
quered by French, 1799 — kingdom under 
Joseph Napoleon, 1806 — under Joachim 
Murat, 1808 — restoration of Ferdinand IV., 
18x5 — conquest of, by Garibaldi, i860 — be- 
comes part of kingdom of Italy, under Victor 
Emmanuel, 17 Dec. i860. 

Naplous, in Palestine. Council of, for re- 
formation of manners and on discipline, 11 20. 
Napoleon I., Bonaparte, Emperor of the 



French, — ft. at Ajaccio in Corsica, 7 Jan. or 5 
Feb. 1768 or 15 Aug. 1769 — enters Military 
School of Brienne, Apr. 1779— Military School 
of Paris, Oct. 1 7 84 — Sub-lieutenant of Artillery, 
Sep. 1785 — Captain, 1792— sees the attack on 
the Tuileries, 20 Jun. 1792 — at Paris, 10 Aug. 
1792 — returns to Corsica, Aug. 1792 — Com- 
mander in National Guards, 1792 — unsuccess- 
fully attacks Ajaccio, 1793— quits Corsica, about 
May 1793 — at Paris, Sep. 1793 — distinguishes 
himself at siege of Toulon, Nov. to Dec. 1793 — 
Brigadier-general, Feb. 1794 — quells insurrec- 
tion of the sections at Paris, (13-14 Vende- 
miaire,) 4-5 Oct. 1795 — General of the Interior, 
Oct. 1795. 

1796 : Commander-in-chief of army of Italy, 
23 Feb. — marries Josephine Beauharnais, 9 
Mar. — defeats Austrians at Montenotte, 1 2 Apr. 
— defeats Piedmontese at Millesiino, 1 3 Apr. — at 
Dego, (Magliani,) 15 Apr. — and at Mondovi, 
22 Apr. — signs armistice of Cherasco, 28 Apr. 
—defeats Austrians at bridge of Lodi, 10 May 
— enters Milan, 15 May — gives up Pavia to 
plunder, 25 May — enters Bologna, and expels 
Papal authorities, 18 Jun.— concludes armistice 
of Foligno with the pope, 24 Jun. — defeats 
Wurmser at Castiglione, 5 Aug. — defeats 
Austrians at Roveredo, 4 Sep. — at Bassano, 8 
Sep. — unsuccessfully attacks Alvinzi near 
Bassano, 6 Nov. — at Caldiero, 1 2 Nov. — 
defeats him at bridge of Areola, 15-17 Nov. — 
allows formation of the Cispadane Republic, 
Dec. 

1797 : defeats Austrians at Rivoli, 14 Jan. 
— receives capitulation of Wurmser at Mantua, 
1-2 Feb. — Treaty of Tolentino, 19 Feb. — 
defeats Archduke Charles on the Tagliamento, 

16 Mar. — signs preliminaries of peace at 
Leoben, 17 Apr. — Treaty of Campo Formio, 

17 Oct.— minister plenipotentiary at Congress 
of Rastadt, 1 Dec. — arrives at Paris, 5 Dec. 

1798 : embarks at Toulon for Egypt, 19 May 
— takes Malta, 11 Jun. — Alexandria, 4 Jul. — 
wins battle of the Pyramids, 23 Jul. — enters 
Cairo, 24 Jul. — insurrection and massacre of 
Moslems at Cairo, end of Oct., a 22 Sep., b 22 
Oct.c 

1799 : crosses desert to Syria, 10-17 Feb. — 
takes El Arish, 19 Feb. — occupies Gaza, 25 
Feb. — invests Jaffa, 4 Mar. — takes it by 
storm, 6 Mar. —orders massacre of the prisoners, 
io, a 9, b 7 c Mar. — invests Acre, i6, a 17 b Mar. 
— raises the siege and begins retreat, 21 May 
— reenters Cairo, 14 Jun. — defeats Turks at 
Aboukir, 25 Jul. — secretly embarks for Franca, 
22, a 23 b Aug. — lands in bay of Frejus, 8, ;i 
9 b c Oct. — abolishes Directory and seizes 
supreme power, (revolution of 18-19 Brumaire,) 
9-10 Nov. — First Consul, constitution pro- 
claimed, 24 Dec. 

1800: takes command of army of Italy, 6 
May — passage of Great St Bernard by the 
army, 17-20 May — by himself, 20 May — enters 
Milan, 2 Jun. — wins victory of Marengo, 14 
Jun. — concludes armistice, 15/ 16 b Jun. — 
returns to Paris, 3 Jul. — attempted assassina- 
tion of, by infernal machine, 24 Dec. 

1 80 1 ; Treaty of Luneville, 9 Feb. — con- 



ioi4 



NAPOLEON. 



eludes Concordat with the pope, Sep., b 15 Jul. c 
— preliminaries of peace signed at Paris, 10 
Oct. b — between France and England, 1 Oct. c 
— between France and Russia, 8 Oct. c 

1802: makes himself Pres. of Italian Re- 
public, 25 Jan. — Peace of Amiens, 27, 15 25° 
Mar. — First Consul for life, 2 Aug. — annexes 
Piedmont to France, Sep. — takes possession of 
Parma, Oct. — occupies Switzerland, Oct. 

1 803 : imposes new constitution on Switzer- 
land, by Act of Mediation, 19 Feb. — declares 
war against England and orders arrest of 
British subjects in France, 22 May — seizes 
Electorate of Hanover, 31 May to 1 Jun. — 
establishes censorship of the press, Sep. 

1804: has Duke of Enghien shot at Vin- 
cennes, 21 Mar. — assumes title of Emperor, 18 
May — assembles army at Boulogne for invasion 
of England, summer— crowned by the pope at 
Paris, 2 Dec. 

1 805 : proclaimed King of Italy, 1 3 Mar. 
— crowned at Milan, 26 May — annexes Li- 
gurian Republic to France, 30 May — breaks 
up camp of Boulogne, 16 Aug.— joins grand 
army at Strasburg, 27 Sep. — receives capitu- 
lation of General Mack at Ulm, i9, a 17 b 
Oct. — occupies Vienna, 13, 15 11 c Nov.— victory 
of Austerlitz, 2 Dec. — has conference with 
Emperor Francis, 4 Dec. — Peace of Presburg, 
26, b 25 c Dec. 

1806: arrives at Paris, 25 Jan. — dethrones 
king of Naples, Feb. — makes his brother Jo- 
seph King of the Two Sicilies, Mar. — makes 
his brother Louis King of Holland, 6 Jun. — 
Chief and Protector of Confederation of the 
Rhine, 12 Jul. — defeats Prussians at Jena and 
Auerstadt, i6, b 14° Oct. — enters Berlin, 21, b 
27° Oct.— publishes Berlin Decree, 21 Nov. — 
battle of Pultusk, 28 Dec. 

1807: battle of Eylau, 7-8, a 9° Feb. — 
capitulation of Dantzic, 26 May — defeats Rus- 
sians at Friedland, i4, ac 13 b Jun. — bas con- 
ference with Emperor Alexander on theNiemen, 
25 Jun. — Treaties of Tilsit, 7 and 9 Jul. — 
suppresses the Tribunate, 19 Aug. — makes his 
brother Jerome King of Westphalia, Aug. — 
invasion of Portugal, Nov. — occupies Tuscany, 
Dec. — publishes Milan Decree, 18 Dec. 

1808: occupies Rome, 2 Feb. — invasion of 
Spain, Feb. — has conference with Royal Family 
of Spain at Bayonne, 30 Apr. — makes his 
brother Joseph King of Spain, 6 Jun. — [Pen- 
insular War] — makes Murat King of Naples 
and Sicily, 15 Jul. — has conference with Em- 
peror Alexander at Erfurt, 27 Sep. to 14 Oct. — 
receives capitulation of Madrid, 4 Dec. — abol- 
ishes Inquisition, 4 Dec. — quits Madrid, 22 
Dec. 

1809: defeats Austrians at Eckmiihl, 22 
Apr. — enters Vienna, 13 May — annexes States 
of the Church to France, 17,* 19° May — 
crosses the Danube, 19 May — defeated by 
Archduke Charles at Aspern, 21-22 May — 
excommunicated by the pope, 10 Jun. — defeats 
Austrians at Wagram, 6, a b 7 c Jul. — arrest of 
the pope, 6 Jul. — Peace of Schonbrunn, 14 
Dec. — divorces Josephine, 15 Dec. 

1 8 10: marries Maria Louisa by proxy at 



Vienna, n Mar. — in person, at St Cloud, 1 Apr. 
— incorporates Holland with France, 9 Jul. 

1 8 1 1 : birth of his son, * King of Rome,' 
20 Mar. 

1 812 : declares war against Russia, 22 Jun. — 
crosses the Niemen, 24-25 Jun. — sets up pro- 
visional government at Wilna, 28 Jun. — de- 
feats Russians at Smolensko, 18 Aug.— defeats 
Russians at the Borodino, (Moskwa,) 7 Sep. — 
enters Moscow, 14 Sep. — commences retreat, 
i9, b 22 c Oct. — passes the Beresina, 26-27 
Nov. — arrives at Paris, 18 Dec. 

1 8 13: defeats Russians and Prussians at 
Liitzen, 2 May — and at Bautzen, 21 May — 
armistice agreed to, 4 Jun. — defeats allies at 
Dresden, 24, 25, and 27 Aug. — defeated by 
allies at Leipsic, 16-18, 19 Oct. — arrives at 
Paris, 9 Nov. 

1 8 14: Paris entered by allies, 31 Mar. — 
deposed by senate, signs abdication at Fontaine- 
bleau, 4 Apr. 18 14 — arrives at Elba, 4 May. 

1 8 15 : quits Elba, 26 Feb. — lands at Cannes, 
1 Mar. — at Paris, 20 Mar. — the Acte additionnel 
sworn to at Paris, 1 Jun. — defeats Bliicher at 
Ligny, 16 Jun. — defeated by Wellington and 
Bliicher at Waterloo, 18 Jun. — signs second 
abdication, 22 Jun. — gives himself up to Brit- 
ish, 15 Jul. — arrives at St Helena, 16 Oct. — 
his custody regulated by Convention of Paris, 
20 Aug. — his health declines, Sep. 18 18 — rj. at 
St Helena, 5 May 1 821 — his remains brought to 
Paris, 1840 — deposited in the Hotel des Inva- 
lides, 15 Dec. 1840. 

a Alison. b Engl. Cyc. c Biog. Univ. 

Napoleon II. [Bonaparte, Napoleon 
Francois.] 

Napoleon III., {Charles Louis Napoleon 
Bonaparte,) Emperor of the French, — b. at 
Paris, 20 Apr. 1808 — baptized at Fontainebleau, 
4, a 10 b Nov. 1 8 10 — presented to the soldiers 
and the deputies on the Champ de Mai, 1 Jun. 
1815 — studies at Gymnasium, Augsburg, 1816- 
24 — is refused permission to return to France, 
by Louis Philippe, 1830 — expelled with his 
brother from Papal territory, 1830 — takes part 
in revolt of the Carbonari, Mar. 1831 — by death 
of Duke of Reichstadt becomes heir to Napo- 
leon L, (by decree of 1804,) 22 Jul. 1832 — 
Colonel of Artillery, in Canton of Berne, Jun. 
1834 — attempts insurrection at Strasburg, 30 
Oct. 1836 — arrested, same day: banished to 
America, 10 Nov. — returns to Europe, Sep. 
1837 — present at death of his mother, at Are- 
nenberg, 3 Oct. 1837 — expelled from Switzer- 
land, on demand of Louis Philippe, comes to 
England, 1838 — lands at Boulogne and again 
attempts insurrection, 6 Aug. 1840— again ar- 
rested : tried before Chamber of Peers, con- 
victed of treason, and sentenced to perpetual 
imprisonment, 6, b a 9 c Oct. 1840 — sent to fort- 
ress of Ham, 10 b Oct. 1840 — invited by States 
of Guatemala to form and be head of company 
for construction of canal between Atlantic and 
Pacific, end of 1844 — again, Jun. 1846 — es- 
capes from Ham, 25 May 1846 — comes to Eng- 
land; enrolled as special constable in London, 
against Chartist rising, Apr. 1848 — elected 
deputy to National Assembly of France, Jun. 



NAPOLI DI ROMANIA— NARBOROUGH. 



1015 



1848 — again elected, by six departments, 17 
Sep. 1848 — returns to France, 21 Sep. — takes 
his seat, 26 Sep. — elected Pres., 10 Dec. 1848 
— takes the oath to the Constitution, 20 Dec. — 
expedition of Rome, Apr. 1 849 — visits the de- 
partments, Jul. to Sep. 1849 — again, Aug. to 
Nov. 1850— dismisses Changarnier from com- 
mand of the National Guards and the army of 
Paris, 9 Jan. 1851 — Coup d'etat, dissolves the 
Assembly, declares Paris in a state of siege, 
reestablishes universal suffrage, 2 Dec. 1851 — 
arrests 180 deputies, night of 2-3 Dec. — chosen 
Pres. of the Republic for ten years by plebiscite, 
20-21 Dec. — publishes new constitution, 14 
Jan. 1852 — reestablishment of Empire voted 
by Senate, 7 Nov. 1852 — chosen hereditary 
Emperor by plebiscite, 21-22 Nov. 1852 — ac- 
cepts the dignity and takes title of Napoleon 
III., 1 Dec. 1852 — regulates the succession, by 
decree of 18 Dec. 1852 — marries Eugenie Marie 
de Montijo, 29 Jan. 1853 — joins England in 
Crimean War, Mar. 1854 — visits Queen 
Victoria, Apr. 1855— opens Great Exhibition 
at Paris, May 1 855 — visited by Queen Victoria 
and Prince Consort, Aug. 1855 — birth of 
Prince Imperial, 16 Mar. 1856 — assassination 
of Emperor attempted by Orsini, 14 Jan. 1858 
— his proclamation respecting Italian War, 3 
May 1859— lands at Genoa, 12 May — [Ma- 
genta, Solferino, Villafranca] — acquires Savoy 
and Nice for France, Mar. i860 — cooperates 
with Great Britain in Chinese War, i860 — in- 
tervenes in Syria, 1861 — visited by King 
William of Prussia, at Compiegne, Oct. 1861 
—Mexican Expedition, 1861 — his project of 
European Congress rejected by Great Britain, 
Nov. 1863 — concludes treaty for withdrawal 
of French troops from Rome, 15 Sep. 1864 
— visits Algeria, spring 1865 — reviews 
French and English fleets at Cherbourg, 15 
Aug. 1865 — withdraws French troops from 
Mexico, 1866-7 — announces at Auxerre his re- 
jection of treaties of 1815, 6 May 1866 — again 
proposes a Congress, 1866 — [Seven Weeks' 
War] — intermediary for cession of Venetia to 
Italy, 1866 — claims compensation (territory on 
the Saar) of Prussia, and is refused, Aug. to 
Sep. 1866 — declaration of war on Prussia, 19 
Jul. 1870 — [Franco-German War] — taken 
prisoner at Sedan, 1 Sep. 1870, and sent to 
Wilhelmshohe — his deposition proclaimed at 
Paris, 4 Sep. — confirmed by National Assembly 
at Bordeaux, 1 Mar. 1871 — liberated, arrives in 
England, 20 Mar. 1871 — issues proclamation to 
French people, 8 Feb. 1 87 1 . Reveries politiques, 
1833 — Manuel d' ar tiller ie, 1836 — Ide'es Napo- 
leoniennes, 1839 — Fragments historiques, 1841 
— Extinction da pauperisme, 1844 — Histoire de 
Jules Cesar, 1865-66. a Conv.-Lex. 

b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Engl. Cyc. 

Napjoli di Romania, in Greece, — [Nauplia,] 
— unsuccessfully besieged by crusaders, under 
William de Champlitte, 1205 — taken by 
William de Villehardouin, 1 247 — occupied by 
Venetians, 1383 — taken by Solyman, 1537 — 
besieged and taken by Venetians, 1686 — taken 
by Turks, 20 Jul. 17 15 — given up to Turks by 
Peace of Passarowitz, 17 18 — surrenders to 



Ipsilanti, 18 Jun. 1822 — congress assembles at, 
30 Apr. 1823 — seat of government, 1824-35 
—King Otho lands at, 6 Feb. 1833— revolt at. 
13 Feb. 1862— invested by Gen. Hahn, 20 Feb.' 
— fortifications taken, 13 Mar.— surrenders, 20 
Apr. 

Narbonne, in France, (JVarbo Martins, Decu- 
manorum Colonia,) — [B C] — Roman colony, 
ii2, a 118 b — capital of Gallia Narbonensis, by 
Augustus, about 24— [A D]— burnt, and rebuilt 
by Antoninus Pius, about 1 35— conquered by 
Ataulphus, 413— marriage of Ataulphus and 
Placidia celebrated at, Jan. 414 — seat of arch- 
bishopric, 419— besieged by Goths, 436— re- 
lieved by Littorius, 437— ceded to Goths, by 
Severus, 462 — capital of Visigothic kingdom, 
about 508— pillaged by Burgundians, 509,* 
511 <=— taken by Franks, 631— by Saracens, 
719— unsuccessfully besieged by Charles Mar- 
tel > .733-7 a — *>y Pepin, 750-5 — betrayed to 
Pepin by Goths, 759— governed by Viscounts, 
from about 850— pillaged by Northmen, 859— 
unsuccessfully besieged by Saracens, 1018— 
Viscounts become hereditary, 1 1 80 — threatened 
by Simon de Montfort, 1209 — Inquisition 
established at, 1234 — rendezvous of French 
forces under Philip the Rash : war with Aragon, 
1285— visited by Pope Clement V., Apr. 1309 
—ravaged by plague, 1348— unsuccessfully be- 
sieged by the Black Prince, 1355— visited by 
Charles VI., 1389 and 1390— by Emperor 
Sigismund, 1415— Viscounty sold by William 
III. to Gaston IV., Count of Foix, 26 Dec. 
1447— exchanged with Louis XII. for Duchy 
of Nemours, 19 Nov. 1507 — annexed to Crown 
of France, 25 May 1508— submits to Henry 
IV"., 159 1. Cathedral, founded, 1272 — nave 
commenced, 1708. Treaty of, between Charles 
VIII. of France and Ferdinand, king of Cas- 
tile, concluded, 18 Jan. 1493. Councils of, on 
discipline, 1 Nov. 589 — respecting Felix 
d'Urgel, 27 Jun. 791 — on discipline, 27 Mar. 
947 ; about 990; 17 Mar. and 8 Aug. 1043 — 
25 Aug. 1054— 1 Oct. 1055— against simony, 
20 Mar. 109 1 — held by Abbot of Citeaux and 
Raymond, Bp of Uzes, respecting restoration 
of his States to Count of Toulouse, on con- 
dition of his expelling heretics, which he re- 
fuses, Jan. 1 2 1 1 — respecting Jews, Lent 1227 — 
to regulate proceedings of Inquisitors, 1235^ 
about 1244 e — 15 to 24 Apr. 1394. Capitula- 
tion of, between Emperor Sigismund and 
kings of Castile, Navarre, and Aragon, con- 
cluded, 13 Dec. 14T5. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Smith's Diet. 

c Clinton. d Labbe. e Vaissete. 

Narbonne-Lara, Louis de, Count, statesman, 
— b. at Colorno, Parma, Aug. 1755 — goes to 
France, 1760 — commands National Guards of 
Doubs, 1790 — accompanies princesses (Mes- 
dames de France) to Rome, 1791 — Marechal 
de Camp, 1791 — Minister of War, Dec. 17 91 to 
10 Mar. 1792 — escapes to England, after 10 
Aug. 1792 — restored to rank of Lieutenant- 
general, 1809 — aide-de-camp to Napoleon, 
1809 — ambassador to Vienna, Jan. 1813 — rj. 
governor of Torgau, 17 Nov. 1813. 

Narborough, Sir John, naval commander* 



ioi6 



NABCEIA— NASHVILLE. 



— enters the navy, 1664 — distinguishes himself 
in Dutch War, 1665-6 — conducts expedition of 
discovery to South Seas, explores Straits of 
Magellan, 1669-71 — distinguishes himself at 
battle of Solebay, 1672 — Bear-admiral and 
Knt, 1673 — commands expeditions against 
pirates of the Mediterranean, 1674-7 and 
1677-9 — captures squadron of Algerine frigates, 
1679 — Commissioner of the Navy, 1680 — tf., 
about Dec. 1688. 

Narceia, alkaline base in opium, — discovered 
by Pelletier, 1832. 

Narcissus, — secretary and adviser of Clau- 
dius, 41 — procures death of Appius Silanus, 
42 — sent to suppress mutiny of legionaries in 
Gaul, 43 — turns against Messalina and procures 
her death, 48— his power declines, 58. 

Narcotine, — discovered by Derosne, 1803. 

Nardi, Jacopo, historian, — ft. at Florence, 
1476 — ambassador to Venice, 1527 — tf., about 
1540. Storia detta cittd di Firenze delV anno 
1494 al 1531, 1582 — Vita di Antonio Giaco- 
mini, 1597. 

Flares, James, musical composer, — ft. at 
Stan well, Middlesex, 17 15 — organist and com- 
poser to George II., 1756 — Mus. D. Cambridge, 
1756 — master of the children of the Chapel 
Boyal, 1757-80 — tf. in London, 10 Feb. 1783. 
Anthems, 1778 and 1788. 

Nares, Robert, litterateur, — ft. at York, 9 
Jim. 1753 — enters Christ Church, Oxford, 177 1 
— M.A., 1778 — takes holy orders, about 1778 
— F.S.A., 1795 — Assistant-librarian, British 
Museum, 1795 — Canon of Lichfield, 1799 — 
Archdeacon of Stafford, 1800 — F.B.S., 1804 — 
Vice-Pres., 1823 — tf. in London, 23 Mar. 1829. 
Elements of Orthoepy, 1784- — with Beloe estab- 
lishes the British Critic, 1793 — Glossary, 
1822 — assists in revising General Biographical 
Dictionary, 1798. 

Narses, Sassanide King of Persia, — 
succeeds his father Varanes III., 294 or 297 a — 
resumes war with Bomans and defeats Gale- 
rius in Mesopotamia, 296, b 297,° 301 d — de- 
feated by him in Armenia, and his family 
captured, 297^ 298,° Apr. 302 d — makes peace 
and cedes to Bomans five provinces beyond the 
Tigris, 297^ 298,° 302 d — tf., 303^ 3oi. c 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Tillemont. 

c Clinton. d Longuerue. 

Narses, the Eunuch, general, — takes part in 
suppressing the Nike sedition, Jan. 532 — sent 
with reinforcements to Belisarius in Italy, 538 
— recalled, 540 — commands in Gothic war in 
Italy, Apr. $^ 1 -5 — defeats Totilas in the Apen- 
nines, 552 — besieges and takes Bome, 552 — 
defeats Goths under Teias,Mar. 553 — blockades 
Cuma, occupies Florence, and takes Lucca, 553 
■ — exarch of Italy, 553 — routs Franks under 
Butilinus, 554 — blockades Goths in Canrpsse, 
winter 554-5 — takes Campsse, spring 555 — 
crushes revolt of Vidinus at Verona, 563 — 
deprived by Justin I., invites Alboin into 
Italv, 567 — tr. at Bome, probably between 
568:73. 

Narses, general, — commands Boman army 
against Chosroes, 591 — recalled by Emperor 



Maurice, 592 — revolts against Phocas, 603 — 
put to death by Phocas, 605. 

Naruszewicz, Adam Stanislaus, historian, 
poet, — ft. in Poland, 20 Oct. 1733 — enters 
Order of Jesuits, 1748 — Bp of Smolensk, 1773 
— Bp of Lukow, 1790 — tf. at Janow, 8 Jul. 
1796. Works, 1803-5. 

Narva, in Russia, — built by Waldemar II., 
king of Denmark, 1213^ 1223 b — sold (with 
Esthonia) to Teutonic Knights, by Waldemar 
III., 1347 — taken by Ivan IV., 12 May 1558 — 
given up to Sweden* 6 Sep. 15 81— besieged by 
Bussians, 1590 and 1658 — besieged by Peter 
the Great, 1700— Charles XII. defeats Peter 
the Great before, 30 Nov. 1700 — blockaded by 
Peter, 1704 — taken by assault, 9 Aug. 1704. 
*• Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. 

Narvaez, Bon Ramon Maria, Duke of 
Valencia, statesman, general, — ft. at Loja, 4 
Aug. 1800 — enters the army, 1815 — serves 
under Mina in Catalonia, 1820— Colonel, 1834 
— defeats Carlists under Gomez, near Arcos, 25 
Nov. 1836— Captain-general of Old Castile, 
Dec. 1836 — Commander-in-chief of army of 
reserve, 1837 — escapes to France, 1839 — re- 
turns to Spain, Jim. 1843 — named Lieutenant- 
general and Captain-general of province of 
Madrid by Provisional Government, 22 Jul. 
1 843 — enters Madrid, declares state of siege, 24 
Jul. — puts an end to Begency of' Espartero : 
Pres. Council of Ministers, 3 May 1844 to 10 
Feb. 1846 — abrogates Constitution of 1837, 
Oct. 1844 — reappointed, 4 Oct. 1847 — resigns, 
Mar. 1848 — reappointed, 21 Oct. 1849 — 
resigns, 10 Jan. 1851 — reappointed, 12 Oct. 
1856 — resigns, 10 Nov. 1857 — Pres. without 
portfolio, 17 Sep. 1864— resigns, 21 Jun. 1865 
— tr., 23 Apr. 1868. 

Narvaez, Panfilo de, military commander, — 
ft. at Valladolid, about 1470 — serves in West 
Indies, 15 10-18— takes command of expedition 
against Cortez in Mexico, Mar. 1520— defeated 
and captured by Cortez, May 1520 — killed by 
Indians in Florida, 1528. 

Naseby, in Northamptonshire, — Charles I. 
defeated by Fairfax and Cromwell, 14 Jun. 
1645. 

Nash, John, architect, — ft. in London, 1752 
— tf. at East Cowes Castle, May 1835. Begent 
Street, London, 1 815-19 — Haymarket Theatre, 
1820 — Buckingham Balace, 1826 — Favilion, 
Brighton, 1784. 

Nash, Richard, (Beau Nash,) — ft. at Swan- 
sea, 18 Oct. 1674 — expelled from Oxford Univ., 
about 1690 — Master of the Ceremonies, Bath, 
1704 — tf. there, 3 Feb. 176 1. 

Nash, Thomas, dramatist, $c, — ft. at 
Lowestoft, 1558? 1564? — B.A. Cambridge, 
1585 — tf., about 1600. Summer's Last Will 
and Testament, 1600 — Supplication of Fierce 
Fenniless to the Devil, 1592. 

Nash, Treadway Russel, divine and anti- 
quary, — ft., about 1724 — M.A. Oxford, 1746 — 
D.D., 1758 — tf. in Worcestershire, 26 Jan. 1811. 
Collections for History of Worcestershire, 17 81- 
84 — edition of Eudibras, 1793. 

Nashville, in Tennessee. TT. S., — made State 



NASIR ED-DIN— NATURALIZATION. 



1017 



capital, 18 12 — evacuated by Confederates, oc- 
cupied by Federals, 23 Feb. 1862 — Gen. 
Thomas defeats Gen. Hood at, 16 Dec. 1864. 
University of, incorporated as Davidson Aca- 
demy, 1785 — again as Cumberland College, 
1806— receives its present name, 1826. 

Nasir Ed-din, Mohammed ben Hussein al 
Thussi, astronomer, — h. in Khorasan, about 
i2o6,a (597, a. h.) i20i b — tf., 1276,* (672,) 



^74. 



Engl. Cyc. 



b Biosr. Univ. 



Nasmith, David, philanthropist, — ft. at 
Glasgow, 21 Mar. 1799 — founds City Mission 
there, 1826 — visits United States, 1830-1 — 
founds London City Mission, 1835 — 3j. at 
Guildford, 17 Nov. 1839. 

Nasmyth, Major, — assists in defence of 
Silistria against Russians, May to Jun. 1854 — 
U. at Pau, 2 Jun. 1861. 

Nasmyth, Alexander, painter, — h. at Edin- 
burgh, 1758 — tf. there, 1840. Portrait of 
Robert Burns, 1787. 

Nasmyth, Patrick, {Peter,) painter, — 6. at 
Edinburgh, 1786 — goes to London, about 1806 
■ — rj. there, 17 Aug. 183L 

Nassau, County and Duchy of, in Ger- 
many — known as County of Laurenbuug, be- 
fore 1000 — takes name of Nassau, about 1160 — 
territory divided between Walram and Otto, 
sons of Count Henry II. , 1255. Walram line 
gives Emperor to the West, 1292 — [Adolphus 
of Nassau] — Otto line, male, extinct, 1423 — ■ 
acquires Principality of Orange, 1544 — \_see 
Orange, Principality of] — erected into a 
Duchy, 1806— joins the Zollverein, 1836 — 
insurrection in, suppressed by Federal troops, 
1848 — annexed to Prussia, Sep. 1866 — form- 
ally taken possession of, 8 Oct. 1866. 

Nassau, in the Bahamas, — fortified, 1740 — 
declared a free port, 1787 — damaged by tor- 
nado, 30 Mar. 1850 — resorted to by blockade- 
runners during Secession War, 186 1-4. 

Natal, in S. Africa, — sighted and named by 
Yasco de Gama, Christmas Day 1498 — attempt 
to colonize, by Lieut. Farewell, 1825 — Dutch 
settlement in, 1838 — proclaimed a Republic, 
Dec. 1839 — taken possession of by British, 
Jul. 1 84CV Jun. 1 842 b — proclaimed a British 
colony, 12 May i843, c 21 Aug. 1845 b — erected 
into a separate government by letters patent, 
Nov. 1 845 d — obtains separate Legislative 
Council, 1 848 d — a separate colony, independ- 
ent of Governor of the Cape, 1856^ See of, 
established by letters patent, 23 Nov. 1853 — 
Dr Colenso appointed Bishop at same time : 
question respecting the status and jurisdiction 
of the Bishop referred to J udicial Committee of 
Privy Council by Order in Council, 10 Jun. 
1864 — Judgment delivered, 20 Mar. 1865. 
a Macculloch. b Engl. Cyc. c Chambers' Encyc. 
d Martin. 

Nathan, Jewish prophet, — [B C] — reproves 
David, 1034 a — aids in securing Solomon's suc- 
cession, 10 15. a a XTssher. 
National Assembly. [Assembly, National.] 
National Convention. [Convention, Na- 
tional.] 

National Debt, of Great Britain,— begins 
to be contracted, about 1690-5 — plan for ex- 



tinction of, by Sinking Fund, proposed by 
Walpole, 17 16— attempt to reduce, authorized 
by South Sea Act, 1720 — Commissioners for 
reduction of, appointed by Act 26 Geo. III. c. 
31, 1786 — Sinking Fund again proposed, by 
Pitt, 1786 — surplus revenue applied to reduc- 
tion of, after 18 16 — reduction of, regulated by 
Acts 48 Geo. III. c. 142, 2 Jul. 1808 ; 56 Geo. 
III. c. 60, 20 Jun. 18 16 ; 4 Geo. IV. c. 19, 26 
Mar. 1823; 9 Geo. IV. c. 90, 28 Jul. 1828 ; 
10 Geo. IV. c. 27, 1 Jun. 1829 — enactments 
consolidated and amended by 33 and 34 Vic. c. 
71, 9 Aug. 1870. 

National Debt Annuities, — granting of, by 
Commissioners for reduction of National Debt, 
authorized by Act 10 Geo. IV. c. 24, 22 May 
1829. 

National Gallery, London, — establishment 
of, proposed in parliament by Lord Dover, 
1823 — founded, by purchase of the Angerstein 
Collection, 1824 — increased by donation of Sir 
G. Beaumont's Pictures, 1826, and by donation 
of Rev. W. H. Carr, 1 831— building com- 
menced, by Wilkins, 1832 — opened, 9 Apr. 
1838 — establishment reconstituted by Treasury 
Minute, 27 Mar. 1855 — powers of Trustees and 
Director enlarged by Act 19 and 20 Vic. c. 29, 
23 Jun. 1856 — enlarged by Pennethorne, i860 
— enlargement of, provided for by Act 29 and 
30 Vic. c. 83, 6 Aug. 1866. [See Sheepshanks, 
Turner, Vernon, and Peel Collections.] 

National Gallery, of Ireland. [Dublin.] 

National Guard. [Guard.] 

National Portrait Gallery, London, — 
Trustees for, appointed, 2 Dec. 1856 — opened, 

1857. 

National Portrait Exhibition, — held at 
South Kensington, 1866, 1867, and 1868. 

National School Society, of England,— 
established, n ISov. 181 1. 

Nations. (The Bitch.) [/Sfe? Mohammed] 

Nativity, The, — [B C]— assigned by Tille- 
mont, Mann, and Priestley, to 7 — by Kepler, 
Dodwell, Pagi, Lewin, to 6 — by Chrysostom, 
Petavius, Prideaux, Playfair, Hales, to 5 — by 
Sulpitius Severus, Ussher, 4 — by Irenseus, 
Tertullian, Clemens Alexandrinus, Eusebius, 
Syncellus, Baronius, Calvisius, Vossius, 3 — by 
Epiphanius, Jerome, Orosius, Bede, Julian, 
Sigonius, Scaliger, 2 — by Chron. Alex., Diony- 
sius, Luther, Labbeeus, 1 — [AD] — by Her wart, 
1— by Paul of Middelburg, 2 — by Lydiat, 3. 

Natoire, Charles Joseph, painter, — fj. at 
Nismes, 1700 — admitted to Academy of Paint- 
ing, about 17 35 — director of Academy of France 
at Rome, Nov. 1751 — resigns, 1774 — tf.atCas- 
tel-Gandolfo, near Rome, 29 Aug. 1777. 

Naturalization, in Great Britain, — receiv- 
ing the Sacrament made condition of, by Act 
7Jac. I. c. 2, 1 6 10 — not a qualification for 
being privy councillor, member of parliament, 
or grantee of Crown lands, by Acts 12 and 13 
Wm III. c. 2, 1700, and 1 Geo. I. st. 2, c. 4, 
17 14 — further regulations respecting, by Act 
14 Geo. III. c. 84, 1774 — receiving the Sacra- 
ment dispensed with, by Act 6 Geo. IV. c. 67, 
22 Jun. 1825 — law respecting, amended, made 
obtainable by certificate of Secretary of State, 



ioi8 



NATURE-PRINTING— NAVARRE. 



by Act 7 and 8 Vic. c. 66, 6 Aug. 1844 — ^- cts 
of colonial legislatures legalized by 10 and 11 
Vic. c. 83, 22 Jul. 1847 — treaty between Great 
Britain and United States respecting, ratified, 
Jul. 1870 — law amended by Act 33 and 34 
Vic. c. 102, 9 Aug. 1870. In France, facili- 
tated by constitution of 3 Sep. 179 1 — by Con- 
stitutional Act of 24 Jun. 1793 — restricted, 22 
Aug. 1795 — further regulated by ordinance of 
4 Jun. 1 8 14 — and by decree of provisional 
government, 28 Mar. 1848 — the latter decree 
repealed, 1849. In United States, power of 
establishing uniform rule of, conferred on 
Congress by Federal Constitution, 1787 — 
facilitated, for free whites, by Act of Congress, 
26 Mar. 1790 — power of, declared to be vested 
exclusively in Congress, 1817 — of Choctaws, 
effected by treaty of 27 Sep. 1830 — of Chero- 
kees, by treaty of 23 May 1836 — Indians 
and Chinese excluded from citizenship, by Act 
of Congress, passed, Jul. 1870. 

Nature-Printing, — invented by Alois Auer, 
1853, and by Aitkin, about same time. 

Naucrates, — [B C] — rhetorician, orator, — 
competes for prize offered by Artemisia of 
Caria, 352. 

Naucratis, in Egypt, — [BO] — founded by 
Miletus, 630^ 753, b after 670.° 

a Strabo. b Hieron. c Herod. 

Naucydes, (Ffaukydes,) sculptor, — [B C] — 
fl., about (01. 90) 420. 

Naude, Gabriel, bibliographer, — h. at Paris, 
Feb. 1600 — librarian to Cardinal de Eagni, 
Rome, 1631 — physician to Louis XIIL, 1633 
— librarian to Cardinal Mazarin, 1642 — ft. at 
Abbeville, Jul. 1653. Instruction d la France 
sur la verite de I'histoire des Freres de la Hose 
Croix, 1623 — Avis pour dresser une bibliotheque, 
1627 — la Marfore, 1620 — Considerations 
politiques sur les coups d'etat, 1639. 

Naudet, Thomas Charles, painter, — b. at 
Paris, 1774 — ft., 18 10. 

NauendorfF, Baron de, general, — as Colonel, 
serves against Turks, 1789 — under Prince of 
Coburg, 1794 — defeats French at Selten and 
Alsens, 1795 — Commander of Order of Maria 
Theresa, 1795 — Fieldmarshal-lieutenant, Feb. 
1797 — commands advance guard of Austrians 
in Switzerland, 1800. 

Naulochos, in Sicily, — [B C] — Agrippa 
defeats Sex. Pompey off, 36.* a Merivale. 

Naumann, Johann Andreas, naturalist, — 
ti. in Germany, 1747 — tf., 1826. 

Naumburg, in Prussia, — seat of bishopric 
transferred from Zeitz, 1028 — besieged by 
Hussites under Procopius, and the inhabitants 
saved from massacre by intercession of children, 
28 Jul. 1432. Cathedral, completed, 1349. 

Naunton, Sir Robert, diplomatist, — b. in 
Suffolk, 1563 — accompanies embassy to Scot- 
land, 1589 — envoy to France, 1596 — public 
orator of Cambridge Univ., 1601 — M.P., 1614 
— Secretary of State, Jan. 16 18 — tf., 1635. 
Fragmenta Regalia, 164.1. 

Naupactos, — [B C]— settled by Messenian 
exiles, 455 — Messenians return from, to their 
own country, 369. 

Nauplia. [Napoli di Komania.] 



Nausigenes, — [B c] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
103, 1,) 368. 

Nausinicos, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, 
(01. 100, 3,) 378. 

Nautical Almanac, — authority to publish, 
restricted to Commissioners of Longitude, by 
Act 5 Geo. III. c. 20, ss. 10 and 11, 1765 — 
further provisions respecting, by Acts 08 Geo. 
III. c. 20, 1818, and 9 Geo. IV. c. 66, ic Jul. 
1828. 

Nauvoo, in Illinois, U. S., — founded by 
Mormons, 1839 — incorporated, Deo. 1840. 
Temple of, completed, Sep. 1846 — abandoned 
by Mormons, Sep. 1846 — temple burnt, Oct. 
1848 — the walls blown down, 27 May 1850 — 
occupied by French communists, 1850. 

Navagero, Andrea, litterateur, — h. at 
Venice, 1483 — tf. at Blois, 1529. Opere, 
(1718.) 

Navailles, Philippe de Montault de Benac, 
Duke de, Marshal of France, — fc., 1619 — 
page to Cardinal Richelieu, 1633 — enters the 
army, 1638 — distinguishes himself in campaigns 
of Italy, 1641-8 — wounded at siege of Cremona, 
1648 — serves in wars of the Fronde, 1649-53 — 
Lieutenant-general, sent to Flanders, Sep. 1650 
— distinguishes himself at attack on lines of 
Arras, 1654 — succeeds his father, 1654 — am- 
bassador to Italy, 1658 — takes command of 
French forces in Italy, 1658 — conducts auxili- 
aries to Candia, 1669 — takes part in conquest 
of Franche-Comte, 1673 — recalled to Flanders, 
1674 — commands at battle of Seneffe, 1674 — 
Marshal, 30 Jul. 1675 — tf. at Paris, 5 Feb. 1684. 

Naval Coast Volunteers, in Great Britain, — 
raising of, authorized and regulated by Act 16 
and 17 Vic. c. 73, 15 Aug. 1853. 

Naval Gallery. [Greenwich Hospital.] 

Naval Reserve, Royal, — instituted under 
Act 22 and 23 Vic. c. 40, 13 Aug. 1859— 
system extended by Act 24 and 25 Vic. c. 129, 
6 Aug. 1861. 

Naval Stores, — protection of, provided for 
by Act 30 and 31 Vic. c. 119, 20 Aug. 1867 — 
repealed, and new provisions made by 32 Vic. c. 
12, 13 May 1869. 

Navarino, in Greece, — defeat of Turco- 
Egyptian fleet under Ibrahim Pasha by allied 
fleets of England, France, and Russia, under 
Sir E. Codrington, 20 Oct. 1827. 

Navarre, in Spain, — [BC] — inhabited by 
Vascones, who attach themselves to Sertorius, 
77-73 — [AD] — ravaged by Rechiarius, 448 — 
conquered by Charles the Great, 778 — becomes 
independent kingdom under Garcia Ximenez, 
about 857 — Fortunus (son) succeeds, 880 — 
abdicates and becomes a monk, 905 — Sancho- 
Garcia I., (brother,) 905 — invades Gascony, 
906 — defeats Saracens and raises siege of Pam- 
peluna, 907 — retires to a monastery and leaves 
command of army to his son, 919 — defeats 
troops of Abderahman, 921— tf., 926 — Garcia 
I., (son,) 926— Sancho II., Abarca, (son,) 
970 — defeats Saracens, 979 — again, 990 — 
Garcia II., (son,) 994 — with king of Leon 
and Count of Castile defeats Moors, 998 — 
Sancho III. the Great, (son,) 1000 — unites 
Castile and Navarre, 1028 — by treaty with 



NAVARRE— NAVIGATION LAWS. 



1019 



king of Leon, erects Castile into a kingdom for 
his son Ferdinand, 1033 — Garcia III., (son,) 
1035— defeats king of Aragon, 1042 — founds 
monastery of Nagera, 1052 — killed in battle, 1 
Sep. 1054 — Sancho IV., (son,) 1054 — assas- 
sinated, 4 Jun. 1076 — Sancho V. Ramirez, 
of Aragon, seizes the kingdom, 1076 — Pedro 
L, (son,) 1094— Alfonso I., (brother,) 1104— 
Garcia IV. Ramirez, proclaimed, Sep. n 34 
— besieged in Pampeluna by king of Castile, 
1 140— defeats him, 24 Apr. 1140 — marries 
Urraca of Castile, 1144 — tr. at Lorca, 21 Nov. 
1 1 50 — Sancho VI. the Wise, (son,) 1150 — 
marries Sancha of Castile, 1153 — attacked by 
Alfonso VIII. of Castile and Raymond Prince 
of Aragon, 1 156— defeats them, makes peace 
and joins with them against the Almohades, 
1 157 — invades Aragon, 1172 — the war ter- 
minated by mediation of Henry II. of England, 
1 179 — his daughter Berengaria married to 
Richard I. of England, 1191 — Xf., 27 Jun. 
1 194 — Sancho VII. the Strong, (son,) ft., about 
1 1 54 — succeeds, 11 94 — visits king of Morocco, 
1 1 99 — falls ill there, and on his return is con- 
fined to his palace of Tudela, 1201 — meets 
kings of Castile and Aragon, and concludes 
peace with Aragon, 1209 — with the same kings 
defeats Moors, 16 Jul. 12 12 — adopts as his 
successor Theobald, Count of Champagne, 1224 
— reciprocal adoption between him and James 
of Aragon, by treaty of 2 Feb. 1231 — tf-, 7 
Apr. 1234— Theobald I. the Posthumous, 
(IV.,) Count op Champagne, proclaimed at 
Pampeluna, 7 May 1234 — takes part in deliber- 
ations with St Louis and Barons of France for 
restraint of ecclesiastical power, and is censured 
by Gregory IX., 1236 — takes command of 
crusaders, 1238 — lands at Acre, 1239 — returns 
to Europe, 1240 — If. at Pampeluna, 8 Jul. 1253 
— Theobald II., (son,) 1253 — under Regency 
of his mother Margaret de Bourbon : by medi- 
ation of St Louis gets John Duke of Bretagne 
to renounce his claim on Navarre, 1 254 — marries 
Isabella of France, 1258 — takes the cross, 1267 
— accompanies St Louis on the crusade, and 
takes part in siege of Tunis, 1270 — is. at 
Trapano, 5 Dec. 1270— Henry I. the Fat, 
(brother,) succeeds, 1270 — crowned at Pampe- 
luna, 24 May 127 1 — recognizes his daughter 
Joanna as successor, 1273 — rj., Jul. 1274 — 
Joanna I., (daughter,) 1274 — Joanna, with 
Philip the Fair of France, 1284 — Louis Hutin, 
(son of Joanna,) 1305 — becomes king of 
France, 13 14 — Philip the Tall, King op 
France, (brother,) 1316 — as administrator for 
his niece Joanna : recognized as king, 1 3 r 8 — 
Charles the Fair, King of France, (brother,) 
1322 — Joanna II. and Philip or Evreux, 
1328 — Charles II. the Bad, (son,) 1349 — 
Charles III- the Noble, (son,) 1387— John II., 
Prince of Aragon, 1425 — succeeds his brother 
Alfonso in Aragon, 1458 — Eleonora de Foix, 
(daughter,) Jan. 1479 — *••> I2 Feb. 1479 — 
Francis Phosbus, 1479 — crowned at Pampe- 
luna, 6 Nov. 1482 — tf., Jan. or Feb. 1483— 
Catherine, (sister,) 1483 — marries John 
d'Albret, 1484 — Treaty of Tarbes, 1497 — 
conquered by Ferdinand of Aragon, 15 12 — 



united to Castile, 15 15 — Henry II. (son) suc- 
ceeds in Lower Navarre, 15 16 — Antony of 
Bourbon and Jane d'Albret, 1555 — Jane 
d'Albret alone, 1562 — Henry III., (son,) 1572 
— becomes king of France, 1589 — unites Na- 
varre to crown of France, Jul. 1607. 

Navarre, College of, University of Far is, — 
founded by Joanna I., Queen of Navarre, 1304. 

Navarre, Doctor, {Martin Azpilcueta,) 
canonist, — b. at Varosain, in Navarre, 13 Dec. 
i493, a 149 1 b — in France, about 1513-27 — Prof. 
Canon Law, Salamanca, about 1528-42 — at 
Coimbra, about 1542-58 — goes to Rome to de- 
fend Abp of Toledo against charge of heresy, 
about 1573 — ft. at Rome, 21 Jun. 1586. 
Opera, 1590. a Biog. Univ. b Niceron. 

Navarre, Pedro, Count op, military com- 
mander, — makes first experiment of a mine at 
siege of Seranessa, 1487 — takes Oran, Tripoli, 
and other towns, 1509 — unsuccessfully besieges 
Bologna, 15 n — taken prisoner at battle of 
Ravenna, 15 12 — enters service of Francis I., 
15 14 — contributes to taking of Novara and of 
Pavia, 15 15 — distinguishes himself at battle of 
Marignano, 15 15 — at combat of La Bicoque, 
1522 — attempts to relieve Genoa, and is taken 
prisoner by Imperialists, 1523 — liberated, 1526 
— killed (?) at Naples, 1528. 

Navarrete, Domingo Fernandez, Domini- 
can missionary, — sent to the Philippines, 1647 
— resides in China, 1659-72 — "0. Abp of St Do- 
mingo, i679, a i689. b Tratados historicos, 
politicos, ethicos y religiosos de la monarquia 
de China, 1676. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Navarrete, Juan Fernandez, (Fl Mudo,) 
painter, — b. at Lograno, 1526 — painter to 
Philip II., 1568 a — if. in the Escurial, 1579, 11 
1572.° a Nagler. 

e Fiorillo. c Velasco. 

Navarrete, Martin Fernandez de, — u. in 
Old Castile, 9 Nov. 1765 — admitted to Order 
of St John of Jerusalem, Aug. 1768 — enters 
the navy, 1780 — at the attack on Gibraltar, 
Sep. 1782 — serves in Ministry of Marine, 1797 
— chief of hydrographic department, 1823— 
Peer, 1834 — ft. at Madrid, 8 Oct. 1844. Coleccion 
de los Viages y Descubrimientos que hicieron por 
mar los Fspanoles des de fines del Sigh X V., 
1825-37 — Coleccion de documentos ineditos para 
la historia de Fspana, 1842-55 — Life of Cer- 
vantes, 1819. 

Navas de Tolosa, in Spain, — the Moors, 
under Mohammed el Nasir, defeated by kings 
of Castile, Aragon, and Navarre, 16 Jul. I2i2, a 

(607, A. H.) I2IO. b 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. h Cardonne. 

Navigation Laws, — enacted in Catalonia, 
1227 a — in Ai-agon, 1454.* In Great Britain, 
first, passed by parliament, 9 Oct. 1657 — re- 
enacted by 12 Car. II. c. 18, 1660 — repealed, 
and new provisions made by Act 3 Geo. IV. c. 
41, 1822— Acts consolidated by 3 Geo. IV. c. 
43, 1822 — latter repealed by Act 6 Geo. IV. c. 
105, 1825— new, 6 Geo. IV. c. 109, 1825— re- 
pealed, and further provisions by Act 3 and 4 
AVm IV. c. 54, 28 Aug. 1833— Select Com- 
mittee on, appointed, Feb. 1847 — repeal of, 
and new regulations by Act 12 and 13 Vic. c. 



NAVIGATION— NEBULA. 



29, 26 Jim. 1849 — further regulations by Act 
16 and 17 Vic. c. 107, 20 Aug. 1853. 
a Prescott. 
Navigation, Steam, — laws relating to, con- 
solidated and amended by Act 14 and 15 Vic. 
c. 79, 7 Aug. 1 851. 

Navy, Eoman, — [3 C]— first founded, after 
311 — advanced, in Punic War, 260. 

Navy, Royal, of Great Britain, — founded 
by Alfred the Great, 870-900 — organization of, 
as distinct service, effected by Henry VIII., 
1512. 

Navy Office, — originated by Henry VIII., 
1512. 

Naxos, in Sicily, — [B C]— founded by Chal- 
cidians and Naxians, 735, a 736-7^ (01. 5, 2,) 
759- c a Clinton. b Euseb. Hieron. c Muller. 

Naxos, Naxia, — one of the Cyclades, (Dia, 
Strong yle,) — [B C] — conquered by Peisistratos, 
Lygdamis established, about 540 — enjoys mari- 
time supremacy, 511 — Lygdamis deposed by 
Sparta, about 5 10. Naxian War, — besieged by 
Megabates and Aristagoras, 4 months, 501 — 
conquered by Persians under Datis and Arta- 
phernes,490 — recovers its independence, 480 — 
reduced by Athenians, 47i, a 466 b — Chabrias 
defeats Spartan fleet off, 376 — [AD] — con- 
quered by Venetians, 1207 — [Archipelago, 
Grecian] — forms part of kingdom of Greece, 
1830. a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. 

Naylor, James, Quaker, — b. in Yorkshire, 
1 616 — serves in Parliamentary army, 1643- 
51 — joins Society of Friends, 1651 — im- 
prisoned at Exeter, 1656 — severely sentenced 
by the Parliament as a blasphemer, 17 Dec. 
1656 — liberated by Long Parliament, 8 Sep. 
1659 — tf., 1660, 

Nazareth, in Palestine, — lost by Christians, 
1 183— given up to Frederick II. by Sultan 
Kameel, 1229 — given up to Richard, Earl of 
Cornwall, 1240 — destroyed by Sultan Bibars, 
1263 — captured by Prince Edward of England, 
May 127 1 — Gen. Junot attacked by Turks at, 
1799 — visited by Napoleon L, 1799 — damaged 
by earthquake, 1837. Council of, to recognize 
Alexander as Pope, about Dec. 1160. 

Nazarius, rhetorician, — fl., 3 15-337. a ^ a ~ 
negyr. Const. Aug., 321. a Hieron. 

Neal, Daniel, theologian, historian, — ft. in 
London, 14 Dee. 1678 — studies at Utrecht and 
Ley den, about 1700 — pastor in London, 1706 
— is. at Bath, Apr. 1743. History of the Puri- 
tans, 1732-38. 

Nealces, (Nealhes,) painter, — [B C] — fl., 
about 245. 

Neale, John Mason, theologian, historian, 
hymnologist, — b. in London, 24 Jan. 1818 — 
enters Trin. Coll. Cambridge, 1836 — Fellow 
and Tutor of Downing Coll., 1839 — ordained 
priest, 1 842 — establishes a sisterhood at Bother- 
field, 1855 — removes it to E. Grinstead, 1856 
— D.D. Trin. Coll. Hartford, U. S., 1861— tr. 
at E. Grinstead, 6 Aug. 1866. History of the 
Eastern Church, 1 850-1 — History of Pews, 
1 841 — Agnes cle Tracy, 1843 — Triumphs of the 
Cross, 1 845-6 — Rhythm of Bernard of 'Morlaix, 
(translated,) 1859 — Commentary on the Psalms, 
i860 — Hymns of the Eastern Church, 1862 — 



Essays on Liturgiology and Church History, 
1863 — Seatoni an Poems, 1864 — Hymns, (trans- 
lated or edited,) 1865. 

Neander, Christoph Friedrich, poet, — b. in 
Couiiand, 26 Dec. 1724 — pastor, 1750 — Super- 
intendent of Courland, 1784 — "ft. at Graenzhof, 
21 Jul. 1802. Geistliche Zieder, 1766. 

Neander, Jdh&nn, physician, — b. at Bremen, 
1596 — tf., after 1650. Tabacologia, 1622. 

Neander, Johann August Wilhelm, theolo- 
gian, historian, — b. at Gottingen, 10 Jan. 1789 
— converted to Christian faith, 1806 — studies 
at Halle and Gottingen, 1806-10 — Prof. Ex- 
traord. Theology, Heidelberg, 18 12 — Prof. 
Theology, Berlin, 18 12 — Privy Councillor, 
1840 — tr. there, 15 Jul. 1850. Julianus tend 
sein Zeitalter, 18 12 — I)er heilige Bernhard und 
sein Zeitalter, 1813 — Per heilige Chrysostomus 
und die Kirche in dessen Zeitalter, 1820 — Anti- 
Gnosticus, 1825 — Allyemeine Geschichte der 
Christlichen Religion und Kirche, 1825-45 — 
Geschichte der Pjianzung undLeitung der Christ- 
lichen Kirche durch die Apostel, 1832 — Leben 
Jesu Christi, 1837 — Princip der Reformation, 
1840. 

Neander, Michael, philologist, — b. in Silesia, 
1525 — Director of Coll. of Hefeld, 1550 — fo., 
6 May 1595. Erotemata Grcecm Lingua?, 1553 
— Linguae Hebrcea Erotemata, 1556. 

Neanthes, of Kyzihos, historian, — [B C] — fl., 
before 241. 

Neapolis. [Naples.] 

Nearchus, — [B Cj — governor of Lycia, by 
Alexander the Great, 334-329 — accompanies 
Alexander from Bactria, 329 — his voyage from 
mouth of Indus, Oct. 325 — to Susiana, Feb. 
324 — governor of Lycia, &c, 323 — aids Anti- 
gonus against Eumenes, 317 — accompanies De- 
metrius in his first campaign, 314. 

Nebraska, V. S., — separated from Kansas 
and erected into a Territory, 30 May 1854. 

Nebrissensis, {Antonio de Lebrixa, Ael-An- 
tonius,) — b. at Lebrixa, Andalusia, Jan. 1444 — ■ 
0"., 1522. Pntroductiones lot., 148 1 — Gram- 
matica sobrela lengua castellana, 1492 — Lexicon 
latino-hispanicum et hispano-latin., 1492 — 
Juris civilis lexicon, 1506 — Lexicon art is me- 
dicamentaria?, 15 18 — Rerum a Ferdinando et 
Elizabetha gestarum decades PP., 1545 — Reglas 
de ortograjia en la lengua castellana, 1735. 

Nebros, Asclepiad of Cos, — [BC] — fl., (01. 
47, 3,) 590. a a Miiller. 

Nebuchadnezzar, the Great, King of Baby- 
lon, — [BC] — betrothed to Amuhia, 625 a — 
regains Carchemish and reduces Judah, 607, h 
605° — subjugates Syria, 607, b 605° — succeeds 
Nabopolazzar, 604 c — dreams of statue of four 
metals, 603 b — invests Tyre, 598 c — overthrows 
Judah, 588, b 587/ 1 586 c_ destroys Tyre, 572^ 
585 c — overthrows Egypt, 570 ?— dreams of the 
great tree, 570 b — suffers from lycanthropy, 
569-562 b — tf., 561.° a Abyd. Euseb. 

b Ussber. c Rawlinson. d Clinton. 

Nebulae, Nebula, — in Andromeda, discovered 
by Simon Marius, 16 14 — in Orion, discovered 
by Cyxatus, 16 18 — by Huyghens, 1656 — in- 
vestigated by Picard, 1676 — additional dis- 
coveries by Lacaille, 1755 — investigated by Le 



NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS-NEHEMIAH. 



Gentil, 1760-9 — additional discoveries by 
Messier, 17.71, 1783-4 — by Sir W. Herschel, 
1786, 1789, and 1802 — by' Dunlop, 1828 — by 
Sir J. Herschel, 1833 and 1847 — resolution of, 
into star-clusters by Lord Ross, early in 1846. 

Nebular Hypothesis,— adopted by Sir W. 
Herschel, about 181 1 — supported by Herbert 
Spencer, 1858. 

Necho, (JVecos,) King of Egypt, — [BC] — 
succeeds Psammetichus, 617," 610 b — defeats 
and kills Josiah and subjugates Judah, 610 — 
seizes Carcheraish, 610? — defeated by Nebu- 
chadnezzar, 607 — orders circumnavigation of 
Africa, about 606 c — tf., 601, a about 595. b 
a Smith's Diet. b Smith's Diet. Bible. c Grote. 

Neckam, {Nequam,) Alexander, — b. at St 
Albans, 1157 — Prof, at Univ. of Paris, 1180 — 
returns to England, 1 186 — Abbot of Cirencester, 
1213 — tf., 1217. 

Necker, Jacques, statesman, — b. at Geneva, 
30 Sep. i732, a 1734 b — goes to Paris, 1750— 
Director of the Treasury, 1776 — Director-gen- 
eral of Finances, Jun. 1777 — publishes his 
Compte Rendu, 178 1 — refused admission to the 
Council, resigns and retires to Switzerland, 
May 178 1 — returns to Paris, 1787 — Director- 
general of Finances, 24 Aug. 1788 — proposes 
second assembly of the Notables, Nov. 1788 — 
quits France, 1 1 Jul. 1789 — returns in triumph, 
27 Jul. — retires to Switzerland, 3 Sep. 1790 — 
tf. at Copet, 30 Mar., a Apr. b 1804. Administra- 
tion des Finances, 1784 — De I' 'administration de 
M. Necker, par lui-meme, 1791. 

a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Necker, Noel Joseph, botanist, — b. in Flan- 
ders, 1729 — tf. at Manheim, 1793. Physio- 
logia muscorum, 1794 — Elementa botanica, 
1790. 

Necker, Susanxie Curchod, Madame, — b., 
1739 — courted by Gibbon, about 1757 — marries 
M. Necker, 1764 — t)., May 1796. Reflexions 
sur le divorce, 1795 — Melanges, 17 98-1 801. 

Nectanabis L, King of Egypt, — [BC] — 
succeeds Nepherites, about 374/384° — repulses 
invasion of Pharnabazus, 373/ 372,° 375 b — tf., 
about 364/ 366. b a Smith's Diet. 

b Zumpt. c Rawlinson. 

Nectanabis II., King ofEgypt,— [BC] — re- 
volts from Tachos and is made king, 361/ 364, b 
— defeats Persian invasion of Ochus, 359/ 
35 1 b — aids Phoenicians against Persia, surren- 
ders to Ochus at Memphis, 35o, a 346. b c 

a Clinton. b Rawlinson. c Thirlwall. 

Nectarius, Patriarch of Constantinople, 
■ — appointed during OEcumenical Council of 
Constantinople, 381 — abolishes confession, 390 
— tf , 27 Sep. 397. 

Nee, Francois Denis, engraver,— b. at Paris, 
about 1732 — ft., 18 1 8. 

Needhani, John Turberville, naturalist, — b. 
in London, 10 Sep. 17 13 — Prof. Philosophy, 
English Coll. Lisbon, 1744-5 — F.E.S., 1746 — 
correspondent of French Academy of Sciences, 
1768 — tf. at Brussels, 30 Dec. 1781. New 
microscopical discoveries, 1745 — On Micro- 
scopical, and Generation of Organized, Bodies, 
1769. 

Needham, Marchamont, political writer, — 



b. -at Burford, Oxfordshire, Aug. 1620— B. A. 
Oxford, 1637 — tf., 1678. Mercurius Britan- 
nicus, 1643 — Mercurius Politicus, Jun. 1649 to 
Apr. 1660. 

Needle Ghin, Prussian, — invented by Dreyse, 
1827 — Breechloader, 1836 — employed in Seven 
Weeks' War, 1866. 

Needle Manufacture, — commenced in Eng- 
land, about 1565 — but soon discontinued : re- 
vived, about 1650. 

Neefs, Pieter, the Elder, painter, — b. at 
Antwerp, 1570 — tf-, 165.1. 

Neele, Henry, poet, — b. in London, 1798 — 
kills himself, 7 Feb. 1828. Odes and Poems, 
1 817 — Dramatic Scenes, 1823. 

Neelle, in France, — Council of, {JSfigellense,) 
held by legate Octavian, who on Philip Augus- 
tus receiving back his divorced wife Ingeburga, 
removes interdict from the kingdom, 7 Sep. 
1200. 

Neer. [Vander Neer.] 

Neerwinden, (Landen,) — William II L de- 
feated by Marshal Luxemburg, 19 Jul. 1693 — • 
Gen. Dumouriez defeated by Austrians, 18 
Mar. 1793. 

Negapatam, in Hindustan, — taken from Por- 
tuguese by Dutch, 1660 — indecisive action be- 
tween French and English fleets off, 29 Apr. 
1758 — besieged and taken by English, Jun. 
178 1 — naval action between French and Eng- 
lish fleets off, 1782 — ceded to English by Treaty 
of Versailles, 1783. 

Negelein, Joachim, numismatist, — b. at 
Niirnberg, 167 5 —Prof. Eloquence, Poetry, and 
Greek Literature, 1722 — tf., 1749- (With 
Kornlein) Thesaurus numismatum modernor : 
hujus see c ul i, 1 7 01 -10. 

Negrais, island off coast of Ava, — taken pos- 
session of, and survey made by English, 1687 — 
again occupied by English, 1751 — granted to 
E. India Company by Birmese, 1757. 

Negri, Giulio, biographer, — b. at Ferrara, 
1648 — tf. there, 1720. Istoria degli scrittori 
fiorentini, 1722. 

Negro, — first admitted member of Congress, 
U. S., 26 Feb. 1870. 

Negro Slaves,— imported from Africa to 
West Indies by the Portuguese, 1503 and 15 11 
— [Slave Trade, Slavery.] 

Negro Suffrage, in United States, — estab- 
lished by loth constitutional amendment, 
passed, 26 Feb. 1869 — ratified, Mar. 1870. 

Negropont, (Fgripo,) island in Grecian 
Archipelago, — [Euboea] — attacked by Sicilian 
admiral Stefano, 1146 — by Venetians, 117 2 — 
assigned to Venetians, 1204 — captured by 
Turks under Mahomet II., Jul. 1470 — unsuc- 
cessfully besieged by Doge Francesco Morosini, 
summer 1688 — joins in Greek insurrection, 
1821. 

Nehavend, in Persia, — Yezdegerd defeated 
by Saracens, 637. 

Nehemiah, — [BC] — reaches Jerusalem, 
454/ 445, b 444 c — plots against his life, 445 — 
returns to Susa, 442,* 433^ 432° — returns to 
Jerusalem, 442-i, a 428, b 424,° 410 d — ceases to 
rule, about 413,° 409. b a Ussher. 

b Bib. Chron. c Bib. Cyc. d Prideaux. 



NEIDHART VON NEUENTHAL— NEMOURS. 



Neidhart von Neuenthal, poet, — fl. in Ger- 
many, about 1210-40. 

Neipperg, Adam Adalbert, Count von, 
general, — b. at Salzburg, 1775 — ambassador 
to Stockholm, 18 12 — distinguishes himself at 
battle of Leipsic, 181 3 — negotiates treaty with 
Murat, at Naples, Jan. fi8 14 — General Field- 
marshal lieutenant, 18 14 — receives Empress 
Maria Louisa at Aix, (Savoy,) Jul. — commands 
in Italy, 1815 — rj. at Parma, 22 Dec. 1828/ 1 22 
Feb. 1829, b 22 Apr. 1829.° a Biog. Univ. 

b Conv.-Lex. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Neipperg, {Neuperg,) Wilhelm Reinhard, 
Count t r oN, field-marshal, — b-, 1684 — enters 
the army, 1702 — Commander of Luxemburg, 
1 7 30 — Field-marshal,sent to Italy, 1 7 35 — serves 
in Hungary against Turks, and distinguishes 
himself at combat of Kornea, 1738 — negotiates 
peace of Belgrade, 1739 — commands army of 
Silesia, and is defeated and wounded at battle 
of Mollwitz, 1741 — at battle of Dettingen, 
1743 — member of Council of War, Vienna, 
1753 — Pres., 1755 — a", at Vienna, 1774. 

Neisse, in Prussian Silesia, — walled by Bp 
Preczlaus, 1350 — attacked by Hussites, 1428 — 
occupied by Margrave of Jagerndorf, 1621 — 
by Saxons and Danes, 1632 — by Swedes, 1642 
— fortifications strengthened, 1 643 — capitu- 
lates to Frederick II., 1741 — unsuccessfully 
besieged by Austrians, 1758 — capitulates to 
French, 16 Jun. 1807 — evacuated by them, 13 
Nov. 1808. Church of St James, rebuilt, 1430. 

Neleidae, mythic, — [B C] — migrate from 
Pylos to Athens, about 1 104. 

Nelson, New Zealand, — British settlement 
at, 1843. 

Nelson, Horatio, Lord Nelson, — admiral, 
— b. at Burnham Thorpe, Norfolk, 29 Sep. 
1758 — enters the navy, spring 177 1 — Post- 
captain, 11 Jul. 1779 — sent to the North Sea, 
1781 — to Quebec, 1782 — serves at the Leeward 
Islands, Mar. 1784 to Jun. 1787— marries Mrs 
Nisbet, 11 Mar. 1787 — serves under Lord 
Hood in the Mediterranean, 1793 to Oct. 1794 
— envoy to Naples, meets Sir William and 
Lady Hamilton, 1793 — assists at reduction of 
Bastia, May 1794 — blockades Leghorn, Apr. to 
Oct. 1795— distinguishes himself in engage- 
ment with Spanish fleet near Cape St Vincent, 
14 Feb. 1797 — Rear-admiral, Apr. 1797— takes 
part in bombardment of Cadiz, May to Jul. 
1797 — loses his arm in attack on Santa Cruz, 
Teneriffe, receives pension of £1000, Jul. 1797 
— K.B., 1797 — appointed to watch port of Tou- 
lon, May 1798— defeats French fleet at Abou- 
kir, and is wounded, 1 Aug. — created Baron 
Nelson of the Nile ; arrives at Naples, 22 Sep. 
1798 — occupies Leghorn, Nov. — puts an end 
to truce concluded by^ Cardinal Ruffo, Jun. 
1799 — returns to England, 6 Nov. 1800 — 
separates from his wife, close of 1800 — Vice- 
admiral, Jan. 1 801 — second in command of 
Baltic fleet, Mar. — defeats Danish fleet near 
Copenhagen, 2 Apr. — created Viscount, Apr. 
1 — commands in the Channel, and bombards 
flotilla at Boulogne, Aug. — commands in the 
Mediterranean, Mar. 1803 — pursues French 
fleet to West Indies, May 1805 — returns to 



Europe, Jul. — defeats French and Spanish 
fleets, and tr. at Trafalgar, 21 Oct. 1805. 

Nelson, Robert, theologian, — b. in London, 
1656 — F.R.S., 1680 — accompanies Halley 
to Paris and Rome, 1680-2 — tf. at Kens- 
ington, Jan. 1 7 15. Festivals and Fasts of 
the Church of England, 1704- — Life of Bp Bull, 

Nelson Column, London, — erected, 1843. 
Lions, by Landseer, 1867. 

Nemausa, asteroid, — discovered by Laurent, 
22 Jan. 1858. 

Nemeads, Era of, — [B C] — commences, (01. 
53, 2,) 567. 

_ Nemean Games, mythic, — [B C] — institu- 
tion by the Seven Heroes on the return from 
Thebes : revived, (01. 53, 2,) 567 — (1st 
Nemead,) Philip of Macedonia presides, 208 — 
[AD] — still celebrated, 362. 

Nemesianus, M. Aurelius Olympus, poet, 
— fi., about 283. a a Clinton. 

Nemesius, Bp of Emesa, physiologist, phi- 
losopher, — writes his treatise Be Natura Mo- 
minis, probably between 409-429.* a Clinton. 

Nemours, in France, — taken by English and 
retaken by Charles VII., 1437 — captured by 
allies "under Platoff, 14 Feb. 18 14 — evacuated 
by them, 19 Feb. — reoccupied, 14 Mar. Duchy 
of, erected for Count of Evreux, 1404 — passes 
by marriage to Jacques d'Armagnac, 1462 — • 
given to G-aston de Foix, by Louis XII., 1507 
— to Philip of Savoy, by Francis I., 1528 — 
purchased by Louis XIV., 1689, and given to 
House of Orleans. 

Nemours, Edict of, — revoking privileges of 
Huguenots, signed by Henry III., 7 Jul. 1585. 

Nemours, Henry of Savoy, Duke of, — b. 
at Paris, 1572 — commands army of Duke of 
Savoy, and seizes marquisate of Saluces, 1588 
— joins the League, 1589 — governor of Dau- 
phiny, 159 1— makes his peace with Henry IV., 
and assists at States of Rouen, 1596 — distin- 
guishes himself at siege of Amiens, 1597 — 
marries Anne of Lorraine, 161 8 — if. at Paris, 
10 Jul. 1632. 

Nemours, Henry II. of Savoy, Duke of, — 
b. at Paris, 1625 — named Abp of Rheims, 165 1 
— but soon renounces the dignity : marries 
Mary of Orleans, 1657 — rj., 2 Jan. 1659. 

Nemours, Jacques d'Armagnac, Duke op, 
— Count de la Marche, 1462 — marries Louisa, 
cousin of Louis XL, and is invested with Duchy 
of Nemours, 1462— joins League of the Public 
Good, 1465 — pardoned and made governor of 
Paris, 1465 — imprisoned in the Bastille, 1475 
— sentenced to death, 10 Jul. 1477 — executed, 
4 Aug. 

Nemours, Jacques of Savov, Duke of, — 
b. in Champagne, 153 1 — distinguishes himself 
at siege of Lens, 1552 — takes part in defence 
of Metz, 1552-3 — serves in Flanders and Italy, 
1553-5 — distinguishes himself at battle of St 
Denis, 1567 — unsuccessfully resists passage of 
auxiliaries to Huguenots, 1569 — retires, 1569 
— U. at Annecy, 25 Jun. 1585. 

Nemours, Louis d'Armagnac, Duke of, — 
b., 1472 — succeeds his father, and is imprisoned 
in the Bastille, Aug. 1477 — liberated by Charles 



NEMOURS— NERVII. 



1023 



VIII., 1483— accompanies him in conquest of 
Naples, 1495 — viceroy of Naples, 1501 — de- 
feated and killed at Cerignola, 28 Apr. 1503. 

Nemours, Mary or Orleans, Duchess op, 
— ft., 1625— marries Henry, Duke of Nemours, 
1657 — left a widow, 1659 — recognized sovereign 
of Neufchatel, 1694— ij. at Paris, 1707. Me- 
moir es, 1709. 

Neo-Csesarea, — Councils of, on discipline, 
314 or 315 — for deposition of Eustace, Bp of 
Sebaste, 358. 

Neo-Pla-tonists, School of,— begins to form 
itself, before 50. At Alexandria, originated by 
Philo, about 35-40 — more definitely constituted 
by Ammonius Saccas, about 190-240. 

Neoterius, — Consul with Valentinian II., 
(1143, a. u. c.) 390. 

Nepaul, in Hindustan, — conquered by Ghor- 
kas, about 1768 — concludes commercial treaty 
with England, 1 Mar. 1792 — forms alliance 
with England, by treaty of Dinapoor, Oct. 
1 80 1— alliance dissolved, 1804 — war declared 
by Great Britain, 1 Nov. 18 14 — [Grhorka War] 
— embassy from, arrives in England, 25 May 
1 850 — quits London, 20 Aug. 

Nepos. [Metellus, Q. Ceecilius.] 

Nepos, Cornelius, historian, biographer, §c, 
— [BC]— ft., about (01. 185, 2,) (714, a. u. c.) 
40. 

Nepos, Flav. Julius, Roman Emperor of 
the West, (474-5,) — proclaimed Augustus, 
473 — P uts down Glycerius, 24 Jun. 474 — ex- 
pelled by Orestes, 28 Aug. 475 — killed by his 
officers, (7 Id. May,) 480. 

Nepotianus, Flav. Popilius, Roman Em- 
peror, — Consul witin. Facundus, (1089, a. it. c.) 
336 — kills Anicius, praetorian praefect, and 
makes himself Emperor, 3 Jun. 350 — put to 
death by Marcellinus, 1 Jul. 350. 

Neptune, planet, — seen as a star by Lalande, 
10 May 1795 — memoirs of Leverrier presented 
to French Academy, 10 Nov. 1845, 1 Jun. and 
3 1 Aug. 1 846 — elements calculated by Adams, 
Sep. 1845 — seen by Challis at Cambridge, 4 
and 12 Aug. 1846 — by Galle at Berlin, 23 Sep. 
1846 — first satellite discovered by Lassell of 
Liverpool, 7 Jul. to 3 Aug. 1847 — seen by 
Bond of Cambridge, U. S., 16 Sep. — by Otto 
Struve at Pulkowa, 11 Sep. to 20 Dec. — 
second satellite discovered by Lassell, 14 Aug. 
1850. 

Nerac, in France, — Benedictine monastery 
built at, 1250 — supports the Huguenots, and 
expels Royalists, 4 Jun. 162 1 — surrenders to 
Mayenne, 8 Jun. 1621 — fortifications dis- 
mantled, 1622. Treaty of, modifying _ Edict 
of Bergerac, concluded between- Catherine de 
Medici and Henry, king of Navarre, 28 Feb. 

*579- 

Neratius, Priscus, jurist, — fl., about 100- 
125. 

Nerbudda, river of Hindustan, — districts on 
the, ceded to British by Rajah of Bcrar, and 
annexed to Bengal Presidency, 18 18. [Saugor 
and Nerbudda Territory.] 

Neresheim, in Wurtemberg, — Moreau defeats 
Archduke Charles at, 11 Aug. 1796. 

Neri. [Bianchi and Neri.] 



Neri, Antonio, chemist, — fl. at Florence, 
about 1570- 1 600. Arte vetraria, 1592. 

Neri, St Filippo de, founder of Congregation 
of the Oratory, — ft. at Florence, 23 Jul. 15 15 
— goes to Rome, 1533— founds brotherhood of 
the Holy Trinity, 1548— ordained priest, 155 1 
— institutes Congregation of the Oratory, 1564 
— Si. at Rome, 26 May 1595. Zettere, 1751 — 
canonized by Gregory XV., 1622. 

Neri, Pompeo, economist, — ft. at Florence, 
1707 — Pres. of the Giunta di Censimento, 
Milan, 1749 — Councillor of Regency, Florence, 
1758— tr. there, 1776. Osservazioni sopra il 
Frezzo Legale delle Monete, 1751. 

Nerio. [See Athens, Duchy of~\ 

Nero, — ft., about 6-7 — married to Julia, 20 
— heir-apparent, 23 — starved in island of 
Pontia,29. 

Nero, Claud. Cees. Drusus Crermanicus, 
Roman Emperor, (L. F/omit. Ahenobarbus,) 
(54-68,) — ft., 15 Dec., a Oct. b 37 — adopted by 
Emperor Claudius, 50 — marries Octavia, 53 b 
— succeeds Claudius, 54 — poisons Britannicus, 
55 — war in Armenia, 55-60 — puts his mother to 
death, 59 — enters Rome in triumph, 59 b — 
Burrhus dies, 62 — Seneca retires from office, 
62 — repudiates Octavia and marries Poppaea, 
62 — fire at Rome, 64 — conspiracy of Piso, 65 
— Tiridates does homage for Armenia, 66 — pro- 
gress to Greece, latter part 66 — at Olympic 
games, 67 — enters Rome in triumph, autumn 
— revolt of Vardin and Galba, 68 — kills himself , 
68. a Smith's Diet. b Merivale. 

Nero, C. Claudius, — [B C] — commands under 
Marcellus, 214 — praetor, 212 — assists at siege 
of Capua, sent into Spain, legatus with Mar- 
cellus, 209 — Consul with M. Livius, (547, 
a. u. c.) 207 — defeats Hannibal, defeats and 
kills Hasdrubal, at the Metaurus : censor with 
M. Livius, 204 — ambassador to Ptolemy* 
201. 

Nero, Tib. Claudius, — [BC]— (1.) Consul 
with M. Servilius Geminus, (552, a. u. c.) 202. 
(2.) Quaestor, under Caesar in Alexandrian 
War, 48 — joins L. Antonius at Perusia, 41 — 
returns to Rome, 40 — gives up his wife to 
Augustus, 38 — rj., 34-3. (3.) Consul with P. 
Quinctilius Varus, (741,) 13 — Consul with Cn. 
Calpurnius Piso, (747,) 7. 

Neronia, — games instituted by Nero, (813, 
a. u. c.) 60. 

Nerva, M. Cocceius, Roman Emperor, 
(96-98,)— ft., 32 — Consul with Vespasian, (824, 
a. u. c.) 71 — Consul -mfln. Domitian, (843,) 90 
— proclaimed Emperor after assassination of 
Domitian, Sep. 96 — conspiracy of Crassus, 97 
— adopts Trajan, 97 — rj., 23, a 27 b Jan. 98. 
a Merivale. b Smith's Diet. 

Nerva, M. Cocceius, — [BC] — Consul with 
L. Gellius Publicola, (718, a. u. c.) 36. 

Nerva, P. Licinius, — [BC] — propraetor in 
Sicily, at outbreak of 2nd Servile War, 103. 

Nerva, P. Silius,— [BC]— (1.) Consul with 
M. Appuleius, (734, a. u. c.) 20. [AD]— (2.) 
Consul with App. Julius Silanus, (781,) 28. 

"S&rwii, Belgic tribe, — [B C] — join confederacy 
against Rome, 57 a — surprise Caesar's camp, 57. a 
a Merivale. 



1024 



NERVILIANUS— NETHERLANDS. 



Nervilianus, M. Suillius, — Consul with C. 
Antistius Vetus, (803, a. u. c.) 50. 

Nesbit, — the Scots under Patrick Hepburn 
defeated by George, Eari of Dunbar and March, 
22 Jun. 1402. 

Nesselrode, Karl Robert, Count von, diplo- 
matist, Chancellor- of Russian Empire, — b. 
at Lisbon, 14 Dec. 1780 — Russian Charge 
d' Affaires at the Hague, 1 805-6 — ambassador to 
Paris, 1807 — as secretary to Emperor Alex- 
ander, attends Conference of Erfurt, 1808 — 
follows Emperor Alexander to Paris and signs 
Peace of Paris, 1814 — plenipotentiary to Con- 
gress of Vienna, 18 14- 15 — Minister for Foreign 
Affairs, 18 16 — assists at Congress of Aix-la- 
Chapelle, 1818 — and Verona, 1822 — advises 
intervention in Hungary, 1848 — retires from 
ministry, 1855 — if. at St Petersburg, 23 Mar. 
1862. 

Nestor, [Letopis Nestorova,) chronicler, — ft. 
in Northern Russia, 1056 — becomes a monk at 
Kiev, 1075 or 1073 — ft. at Kiev ? about 11 15. 
Chronicle, published by Academy of St Peters- 
burg, 1767. 

Nestorians, Nestorianism, — [Nestorius] — 
establish themselves in Persia, 435-480 a — 
obtain supremacy in Persia, about 500 b — send 
missionaries to Arabia and India, 530 — and 
China, 636 ? — invited to union with Catholic 
Church by Innocent IV., 1246 — by Nicholas 
IV., 1278 — schism among, 155 1 — persecuted 
in India by Portuguese, between 1550- 1660 — 
propose reunion with Rome, 1610, 16 19, 1653, 
1657 — massacre of, by Beder Khan Bey, in 
Kurdistan, 1843. a Neander. b Gibbon. 

Nestorius, Heresiarch, Patriarch op 
Constantinople, — Patriarch, 10 Apr. 428 s1 — 
deposed by Council of Ephesus, 22 Jun. 431 a — 
at Antioch, 431-5 — banished to Great Desert 
of Egypt, 435— ft., between 439-451^ 
a Gibbon. b Clinton. 

Netherlands, {Low Countries,) — [Batavi, 
Flanders, Franks, Friesland, Holland] — 
subjugation of, by Charles the Great, com- 
pleted, 785 a — divided between Louis the Ger- 
manic and Emperor Lothaire, 843 b — divided 
into independent Duchies, Counties, &c, be- 
tween 800-900 — become province of the Em- 
pire, 925 a — form part of Burgundy, 1384 — 
taken possession of by Philip the Good, 
1437 a — pass to House of Austria by marriage 
of Mary of Burgundy with Maximilian, 1477 — 
Adolphus op Cleves, governor, 1477 — 
Engelbert of Nassau, 1485 to Jun. i486 — 
Albert of Saxony, 1489-94 — given by 
Maximilian I. to his son Philip the Fair, 1494 
— William de Croi, governor, 1505 — Mar- 
garet of Austria, 1507 — invaded by French 
under Francis I., 152 1 — Mary of Austria, 
1531 — persecution of Anabaptists, 1535 — insur- 
rection, 1539 — suppressed by Charles V., 1540 
— united to Spain by Pragmatic Sanction of 
Charles V., but remaining attached to the 
Empire as the Circle of Burgundy, 1548 — given 
up by Charles V. to his son Philip, 25 Oct. 
I 555 — [Philip II. of Spain] — Emmanuel 
Philibert, Duke of Savoy, named governor, 
1555 — scene of war between France and Spain, 



1557 — Margaret of Austria, governess, 1559 
—persecution of Protestants and attempt to 
establish Inquisition, 1559 — reorganization of 
the Church by Philip and Pope Paul IV., 
1561 — [Granvella, Card.] — decree of Council 
of Trent published, 1564— Inquisition estab- 
lished, 1565 — civil war begins, 1566 — [Nether- 
lands, Revolt of the] — great inundation in, 
Dec. 1570— Union of Utrecht, 1579— the 
southern (Belgian) provinces reduced by Prince 
of Parma, 1578-9 — foundation of Republic of 
Seven United Provinces, 1594 — Spanish 
Netherlands given by Philip II. to his daughter 
Isabella and Archduke Albert of Austria, Jan. 
1596 — twelve years' truce with United Pro- 
vinces concluded by Philip III., 9 Apr. 1609 
— on death of Isabella revert to Spanish 
branch of House of Austria, 1633 — conquered 
by Louis XIV., ^667 — Peace of Aix-la- 
Chapelle, 1668 — again overrun by Louis XIV., 
1672 — Peace of Ninieguen, 1678 — conquered 
by Marlborough, 1706 — assured to Austria by 
Treaty of Rastadt, 17 14 — invaded by Louis 
XV., 1744— conquered by French, 1745-6 — 
given up by Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748 — 
revolt excited by measures of Emperor Joseph 
II., 1784 — Prussian intervention in, Sep. 1787 c 
— overrun by French under Dumouriez, 1793 
— conquered by Pichegru, 1794-5 — Batavian 
Republic proclaimed, 16 May 1795 c — new con- 
stitution adopted, 1796 to Apr. 1798 — united 
with Holland, to form kingdom of the Nether- 
lands, under William I., Mar. 18 15 — revolt of 
Belgian provinces, which separate from Hol- 
land, 1830. [Belgium and Holland.] 

a Motley. b Davies. c Conv.-Lex. 

Netherlands, Revolt of the, — [Netherlands] 
— confederation of the Gueux formed, Nov. 
1565 — the Compromise signed, early in 1566 a 
—the petition of Confederates presented to the 
Regent Margaret of Austria, 5 Apr. 1566 a — 
embassy of Montigny to Court of Madrid, May 
— royal letters sent in reply, Aug. — attack on 
images begins, 18 Ang. a — Accord, securing 
liberty of worship, signed, 25 Aug. a — attack on 
tbe Gueux at Antwerp by Philip of Lannoy, 
12 Mar. 1567 a — bombardment and capture of 
Valenciennes, by Noircarmes, 23 Mar. — the 
provinces reduced ; resignation of Prince of 
Orange, Apr. — Duke of Alva, sent by Philip 
II. as generalissimo, arrives at Brussels, 22 
Aug. 1567 — arrest of Counts Eg m out and 
Horn, 9 Sep. — Council of Troubles {Blood- 
Council) instituted, Sep.— departure of Regent 
Margaret, 30 Dec. 1567 — all inhabitants of the 
Netherlands condemned to death as heretics, by 
sentence of the Holy Office, 16 Feb. 1568 a — 
the decree confirmed by proclamation of Philip 
II., 26 Feb. a — operations of patriots directed 
by William Prince of Orange, from Apr. — 
execution of Counts Egmont and Horn, 5 Jun. 
1568 — victorious campaign of Count Louis of 
Nassau in Friesland, 1568 — remonstrance of 
Emperor addressed to Philip II., Aug. 1568 — 
memorial of six Electors to the Emperor, in 
behalf of clemency, 22 Sep. — fruitless mission 
of Archduke Charles to Pbilip, Oct. 1568 to 
Mar. 1569 — contest respecting tenth and 



NETHERLANDS TRADING COMPANY— NEUMANN. 



1025 



twentieth penny, 157 1-2 — surprise of Mons by- 
Count Louis, 23 May 1572 — Congress of States 
at Dort, Jul. — capitulation of Mons to 
Spaniards, 19 Sep.— sack of Mecklin, Sep. 
— sack of Zutplien, by Don Frederick, Oct. 
— massacre at Naarden, Dec. — siege of Haar- 
lem, Dec. 1572 — surrender of the city, # 12 
Jul. 1573 a — massacre of townsmen: siege 
of Alkmaar, Aug. to Oct. — defeat of Spanish 
fleet on Zuyder Zee, 11 Oct. — Louis de 
Requesens, appointed governor, arrives, 17 
Nov. — supported by Queen Elizabeth, 1573 — 
siege of Leyden, 1573-4-5 — protection of, 
offered to Queen Elizabeth, who declines it, 
but promises her mediation with Spain, 1575 
— surrender of Zierickzee, 21 Jun. 1576 — 
general revolt and mutiny of Spanish troops, 
Sep. — arrest of State Council, 5 Sep. a — Don 
John of Austria, governor, arrives, 3 Nov. — 
the Spanish Fury at Antwerp, 4 Nov. a — 
Pacification of Ghent, 8 Nov.— Union of 
Brussels formed, Jan. 1577 — Perpetual Edict 
signed, Feb. — departure of Spanish troops 
from, Apr. — conferences at Gertruydenberg, 
May — return of Prince of Orange, Sep. — 
new Union of Brussels signed, 10 Dec. — 
alliance with England, 10 Jan. 1578 — battle of 
Gemblours, 3 1 Jan. — Alexander Farnese, 
Duke of Parma, governor, Oct. 1578 — separa- 
tion of seven northern provinces by Union of 
Utrecht, 1579 — siege of Maestricht, Mar. to 
Jul. 1579 — siege of Groningen, 1580— publica- 
tion of the ban against Prince of Orange, Jun. 
1580 — declaration of independence by United 
Provinces, 26 Jul. 15 81 — siege of Cambray, 
15 8 1 — foreign troops recalled, summer 1582. 
a Motley. 
Netherlands Trading Company, — estab- 
lished by William L, 1824. 

Netley, in Hampshire. Victoria Hospital 
erected, 1855. 

Netscher, Kaspar, painter, — fc. at Heidel- 
berg, i6i9, a 1639 b — settles at the Hague, 
about 1661— ft. tnere, 15 Jan. 1684. 

a Engl. Cyc b Biog. Univ. and Conv.-Lex. 
Netter, Thomas. [Waldensis.] 
Neuburg, in Germany, — erected into a Duchy 
for John, son of Emperor Eobert, between 
1400-10 — Duchy extinct on death of his son, 
Christopher, king of Denmark, 1448 — and 
reunited to Palatinate, 1503 — again erected 
into a Duchy by Elector Palatine, for Wolf- 
gang, Duke of Deux-Ponts, about 1558 — 
given to his son, Philip Louis, 1569 — he 
claims Duchies of Berg, Juliers, and Cleves, on 
death of Duke John William, 1609 — Wolf- 
gang William, (son,) ft., 1578 — succeeds his 
father and becomes a Catholic, 16 14 — renews 
claim to Berg, Juliers, and Cleves ; makes terms 
with his rival George William, Elector of 
Brandenburg, 1628 — again, 1651 — ft., 20 Mar. 
1653 — Philip William, ft., 1615 — succeeds 
his father, 1653 — secures possession of Berg 
and Juliers by treaty with Elector of Branden- 
burg, 1666 — competitor for throne of Poland, 
Elector Palatine, 1685— tf., 1690 — [Palatinate] 
— seized by French, 1702 — abandoned by them 
on approach of Marlborough, Jul. 1704 — the 



Austrians under Gen. Eray defeated by Gen. 
Lecourbe near, Jun. 1800. 

Neuchatel, Neufchatel, (Neuenburg,) {Neo- 
comum, Neoburgum, Novum Castrum,) in Swit- 
zerland, — besieged by Conrad the Salic, 1032 
— forms independent Principality, 1034 — title 
of Count assumed by Berthold, between 1196- 
1233— given by Emperor Rudolph to John II. 
of Chalons, 1288 — forms alliance with Berne, 
1406 — joins League of Swiss cantons against 
Austria, 1444 — placed under protection of 
Berne and Soleure during war with Charles 
the Bold, 1474 — passes by marriage to House 
of Longueville, 1504 — seized by the Swiss, 
15 1 2 — restored by Swiss to Duchess of Longue- 
ville, 12 May 1529 — title of sovereign princess 
assumed by her, 1529-43 — declares for the Re- 
formation, 1530 — unsuccessfully claimed by 
Duke of Nemours, 1555 — and by Francis of 
Orleans, Count of St Pol, 1602 — claimed by 
Duchess of Nemours, 1672 — by Prince of Conti, 
1694 — the succession disputed by many claim- 
ants, awarded by States to king of Prussia, 
Nov. 1707 — title of Prussia recognized by 
Peace of Utrecht, 17 13 — seized by Napoleon I., 
Nov. 1806, and given to Gen. Berthier, 1806 — 
restored to Prussia by Treaty of Paris, 18 14 — 
made Swiss canton, 11 Sep. 1814 — revolt 
against Prussia suppressed, 1831 — renounces 
allegiance to Prussia, spring 1 848 — disturb- 
ances at, occasioned by attempt to restore Prus- 
sian sovereignty, 7 Sep. 1856 — propositions of 
England and France respecting its relation to 
Prussia accepted by Federal Council, 8 Jan. 
1857 — settlement by Treaty between the Great 
Powers, signed at Paris, 26 May 1857 — con_ 
nection of Church and State dissolved (for 1 
Jan. 1871) by decree of Grand Council, 17 
Nov. 1869. 

Neufchatel, in Normandy, — built by Henry 
I. of England, about 1100 — taken, 1143 — taken 
and sacked, 1 167 — taken by Count of Flanders, 
1 175 — by King John, 1201 — retaken by French, 
1204 — conquered by English, 141 9 — besieged 
and retaken by French, 1449— taken and burnt 
by Duke of Burgundy, 1472 — taken by Duke 
of Parma, 1592 — fortifications razed, 1596. 

Neuhausel, in Hungary, — stormed by Grand 
Vizier Achmet Kiaprili, 16 Sep. 1663 — reco- 
vered by Duke Charles of Lorraine, 19 Aug. 
1685 — fortifications demolished, 1724. 

Neuhoff, Theodor von, adventurer, — n. at 
Metz, 1686 a — elected king by Corsicans, Apr. 
1736 — driven away by French, 1738 — if. in 
London, 11 Dec. 1756. a Conv.-Lex. 

Neuilly, in France, — chateau of, entered, 

pillaged, and burnt by insurgents, 25 Feb. 1848. 

Neukomm, Sigismund, musical composer, — 

b. at Salzburg, 10 Jul. 1778— pupil of Haydn 

at Vienna, 1797 — pianist to Prince Talleyrand, 

1 812 — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 18 15 — 

accompanies Duke of Luxemburg to Brazil, 

1816 — reenters Hotel of Talleyrand, Oct. 1820 

— visits Italy, 1826 — visits England, 1829, 

1830, 1836, 1848, and 1851 — *&. at Paris, 3 

Apr. 1858. Mount Sinai, 1831 — David, 1834 

— Twenty Psalms, 1853. 

Neumann, Karl Friedrich, orientalist, his- 

65 



1026 



NEUMANN— NEW ALBION. 



torian, — b. near Bamberg, 22 Dec. 1798 — goes 
to Heidelberg Univ., 18 16 — studies at Paris, 
1828 ^visits London, 1829 — visits China, 
1 830-1 — Prof. Oriental Languages and Litera- 
ture, Munich, 1831 — takes a leading part in 
political movements of 1847-8 — dismissed, 
1852 — settles at Berlin, 1863 — tf. at Berlin, 
Mar. 1870. Pilgerfahrten Buddhistischer 
Priester aus China notch Lndien, 1833 — Asia- 
tische Studien, 1837 — Lehrsaal des Mittelreichs, 
1836 — Vblker des siidlichen Russland, 1847 — 
Geschichte des Lnglisch-chinesisehen Kriegs, 
1846 — Geschichte des Englisclien Reiehs in 
Asien, 1857 — Geschichte der Vereinigten 
Staaten von Amerika, 1863-6. 

Neumann, Kaspar, chemist, — h. at Zullichau, 
1683 — goes to Berlin, 1705 — Prof. Chemistry, 
Berlin, 1723 — F.K.S. London, 1725 — M.f). 
Halle, 1727 — member of Academy Naturae 
Curiosorum, 1728 — member of Institute of 
Bologna, 1734 — tf. at Berlin, Oct. 1737. 
Vollstandige Medicinische Chymie, 1749-55. 

Neumark, of Brandenburg, — purchased by 
Teutonic Knights from Sigismund, king of 
Hungary, 1402 — ravaged by Poles, 1422 — 
placed under protection of Frederick II., 
Margrave of Brandenburg, 1454 — sold to him, 

1455- 

Neumarkt, — Archduke Charles defeats Ber- 
nadotte near, 22-23 Aug. 1796. 

Neuralgia, — observed and described (tic- 
douloureux) by Andre, 1756. 

Neustadt, in Prussian Silesia, — battles be- 
tween Austrians and Prussians at, 22 May and 
7-12 Sep. 1745, and 15 Mar. 1760 — bom- 
barded and burnt by Austrians, 28 Feb. 1779. 

Neustadt, in Lower Austria, — the Duke of 
Austria besieged in, by Frederick II., 1237 — 
besieged by Tatars, summer 1241 — burnt down, 
14 Sep. 1834. 

Neustria, — allotted as separate kingdom 
(Soisso)is) to Clotaire, on division of domin- 
ions of Clovis, 511 — his son Chilperic succeeds, 
561 — Clotaire II., (son,) 584 — Dagobert I., 
(son,) 622— Clovis II., (son,) 638— Clotaire 
III., (son,) 656— Thierry III., (brother,) 670 
— Clovis III., (son,) 691— Childebert III., 
(brother,) 695 — Dagobert III., (son,) 711 — 
Chilperic II., 715 — Thierry IV., (son of Dago- 
bert III.,) 720 — interregnum, 737-42 — Chil- 
deric III., (son of Chilperic II.,) 742 — Carlo- 
man and Pepin, 743 — Pepin the Short, 752 — 
Charlemagne, 768 — [See names of kings, 
Franks, and France.] 

Neutrality, — [Armed Neutrality] — regu- 
lated by resolutions of plenipotentiaries of 
Great Britain, Austria, France, Prussia, Eussia, 
Sardinia, and Turkey, at Paris, 16 Apr. 1856. 

Neva, river of Russia, — the Swedes defeated 
by Alexander, Prince of Novogorod, (Alexander 
Newski,) 1241 — fortifications erected along the, 
1854. 

Nevada Territory, TT. S., — organized, 1861. 

Nevers, in France, {Noviodunum JEduorum, 
Nivernum,) — occupied by Attila, about 433 a — 
seat of a bishopric, about 515 a — erected into a 
County, about 880 b — taken and burnt by Hugh, 
Count of Paris, 952 — passes to Otto, Duke of 



Burgundy, 960 a — fortified by Peter of Cour- 
tenay, 11 94— burnt, 1305, 1308, 1395, 146 1, 
and 1490 — ravaged by pestilence, 1493 — erected 
into a Duchy by Francis L, Jan. 1539 — sold 
by Duke Charles of Gonzaga to Cardinal Maza- 
rin, 11 Jul. 1659 — united to Crown of France, 
1665. Church of St Stephen, built, about 
1083. College, founded, 1520. 

a Encyc. Mod. b Univers Pittoresque. 

Nevers, Francis of Cleves, 1st Duke or, 
— h., 15 16 — succeeds his father as Count d'Eu, 
1521 — Duke of Nevers, 1539 — takes command 
of army sent into the Netherlands, 155 1— cap- 
tures fortresses on the Meuse, 1552 — takes part 
in defence of Metz, 1552 — holds Toul against 
Charles V., 1552— commands in Picardy, 1553 
— distinguishes himself in Flanders, 1554 — at 
St Quentin, 1557 — at siege of Thionville, 1558 
— warns Francis II. of conspiracy of Amboise, 
1560 — tf. at Nevers, 13 Feb. 1562. 

Nevers, Louis de Gonzaga, Duke of, — fi. , 
18 Sep. 1539 — taken to Court of France, 1549 
— naturalized, 1550 — taken prisoner at St 
Quentin, 1557 — Duke of Nevers by his mar- 
riage with the Duchess, Henrietta of Cleves, 
1565 — governor of Piedmont, 1567-74 — be- 
sieges and takes Macon, Nov. 1567 — com- 
mander of Paris, autumn 1572 — at siege of 
Rochelle, 1573 — accompanies Duke of Anjou 
to Poland, 1573 — S oes to Borne to consult 
Sixtus Y., 1585— commands against Huguenots 
in Poitou, 1588 — head of deputation sent to 
Pope Clement VIII. to obtain absolution of 
Henry IV., Sep. 1593 — tf. at Nesle, 22 Oct. 

1595- " r 

Nevers, Count op. [John Sans Peur.] 
Neville, Anne, — marries Prince Edward, son 
of Henry VI., Jul. or Aug. 1470 — left a widow, 
May 147 1 — marries Bichard, Duke of Glou- 
cester, 1472 — crowned Queen of England, 6 
Jul. 1483 — tf., 16 Mar. 1485. 

Neville, Charles and Ralph. [Westmore- 
land, Eahls of.] 

Neville, George, Abp of York and Lord 
Chancellor, — fc., about 1435 — Bp of Exeter, 
Mar. 1456 [consecrated, about 1462] — Lord 
Chancellor, 25 Jul. 1460 — sworn in Chancellor 
to Edward IV., Mar. 146 1 — Abp of York, Jun. 
1465 — deprived of the Seals, 8 Jun. 1467 — sup- 
ports projects of his brother Richard, Earl of 
"Warwick, and has custody of Edward IV. at 
Middleham, 1470 — admits Edward IV. to 
London, Apr. 147 1 — imprisoned a short time 
in the Tower, 147 1 — deprived of his possessions 
and imprisoned at Guisnes, near Calais, 1472 
— released, returns to England, 19 Dec. 1475 
— tf., 8 Jun. 1476. 
Neville, John. [Montagu, Lord.] 
Neville, Richard. [Warwick, Earl of.] 
Nevill's Cross, near Durham, — David II. 
of Scotland defeated and taken prisoner by the 
English, 12 Oct. 1346. 

Nevis, one of the Leeward Islands, — colon- 
ized by the English, 1628 — submits to au- 
thority of Cromwell, 1652 — occupied by the 
French, 1706-13 — again, 1782 — restored to the 
English by Treaty of Versailles, 1783. 

New Albion, —[California, Oregon] — first 



NEW AMSTERDAM— NEW SOUTH WALES. 



1027 



visited by Sir Francis Drake, Jun. 1579— ex- 
plored by Vancouver, 1792. 

New Amsterdam. [New York.] 

New Britain, island in the Pacific Ocean, — 
seen by Le Maire and Schouten, 1616 — dis- 
covered and visited by Dampier, 1700. 

New Brunswick, in British America, — 
forms part of French dominions, (Acadia,) 
from about 1640— ceded to Great Britain by 
Treaty of Utrecht, 17 13— settled by British 
colonists, 1764 — separated from Nova Scotia, 
made independent colony, and receives _ its pre- 
sent name, 1785 — great conflagration in, 1825 
— becomes part of dominion of Canada, 1 Jul. 
1867. 

New Caledonia, in Pacific Ocean, — dis- 



covered by Captain Cook, 1774 — taken pos- 
session of by French, 1854. 

New College, Oxford, — founded by William 
of Wykeham, 1386 — reorganized, by ordinances 
of 1857 — amended, 1865. 

New College, London, — founded, 1850. 

New England, — colonized by Puritans of 
England, 1607-30. [See names of separate 
States.'] 

New Forest, in Hampshire, — formed by 
William I., 1079 — survey of, taken, 1608 — 
devastated by hurricane, 26 Nov. 1703 — sur- 
veys of, taken, 1707, 1764, and 1783 — Com- 
mission of Inquiry respecting claims of forest- 
ers and borderers appointed, 1 854. 

New Georgia Archipelago, {Solomon's 
Islands,) in Pacific Ocean, — discovered by 
Mendana, 1567 — by Bougainville, 1768. 

New Granada, in S. America, — discovered 
by Alonso de Ojeda, 1499 — visited by Colum- 
bus, 1502 — Spanish settlement in, 15 10 — 
interior conquered by Ximenes de Quesada, 
1536-7 — erected into a viceroyalty, 1718 — de- 
clares its independence, 1811 — civil war in, 
181 1-2 1 — forms a republic with Venezuela, 
1 8 19 — [Colombia] — again a separate republic, 
1 83 1 — revolution in, 1854 — new division and 
new constitution (federal) established, 15 Jun. 
1858 — takes name of Granadian Confederation: 
revolution in, i860 — terminated by Convention 
of 29 Sep. 1862: takes name of United States 
of Colombia. 

New Guinea, Papua, island, — discovered 
by Portuguese, about 1526 — visited by Saave- 
dra, 1528 and 1529 — by Ynigo Ortiz de Retz, 
1545 — by Torres, 1606 — by Schouten, 1616 — 
by Tasman, 1643 — discovered to be an island, 
by Dampier, 1699 — seen by Cook, 1770 — ex- 
plored by MacCluer, 1792 — by Flinders, 1802 
— Dutch settlement in, 1828 — abandoned, 
1835— visited by Stanley, 1848. 

New Hampshire, U S., — English settlement 
in, 1623 — made a royal province, 1679 — 
attached to Massachusetts, 1689 — becomes 
separate province again, 1741 — declares royal 
government dissolved, 1775— establishes House 
of Representatives, 1776 — one of the States of 
the Union, 1784 — ratines the Constitution, 21 
Jun. 1788. 

New Harmony, Indiana, U. S., — settlement 
of German Socialists under George Rapp, 18 14 
— sold to Robert Owen, 1824 — broken up, 
1826. 



New Haven. [Newhaven.] 

New Hebrides, — discovered by Pedro Fer- 
nandez de Quiros and Luis Vaez de Torres, 
1605-7 — (Tena del JEspiritu Santo,) redis- 
covered by Captain Cook, 1774. 

New Holland. [Australia.] 

New Inn Hall, Oxford, — presented to New 
College, by William of Wykeham, 1392. 

New Ireland, island in Pacific Ocean, — dis- 
covered by Carteret, 1767. 

New Jersey, U. S., — settled by Dutch, about 
1620 — English settlement in, 1634 — Swedish 
settlement, 1638 — given to James, Duke of 
York, by Charles II., 1664 — his patent sold to 
Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, 1665 
— recovered by Dutch, Jul. 1673 — restored to 
England, by Treaty of 1674 — purchased by 
Penn, Feb. 1682 — proprietary surrendered to 
Queen Anne, 1702 — separated from New York, 
1736 — constitution published, 2 Jul. 1776 — 
one of the States of the Union, 1784 — ratifies 
federal constitution, 18 Dec. 1787 — new con- 
stitution adopted, 1844. 

New Jerusalem Church. [See Swedenborg.] 

New London, Connecticut, U. S., — founded 
by Winthrop, 1644 — burnt by Arnold, 6 Sep. 
1781. 

New Mexico, — reached by Alvar Nunez, 
before 1537 — explored by Coronado, 1540 — 
taken possession of, for Spain, 1595 or 1599 — 
Spaniards driven out, r 680 — recovered by them, 
1698 — conquered by Americans under Gen. 
Kearney, 1846-7 — ceded to United States by 
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848 — consti- 
tuted a Territory of United States, and its 
government regulated by Act of Congress, 9 
Sep. 1850 — augmented by territory acquired 
from Mexico, 4 Aug. 1 854. 

New Orleans, capital of Louisiana, XT. S., — 
founded by French, 17 18 — [Louisiana] — seat 
of government of Louisiana, 1723 — great tire 
at, 21 Mar. 1788 — new fortifications erected, 
1792-7 — Gen. Jackson defeats Gen. Pakenham 
at, 8 Jan. 1815 — joins Confederates, Jan. 1861 
— surrenders to Farragut, 28 Apr. 1862 — 
martial law proclaimed at, by Gen. Butler, 
1 May — suffers from inundation, Jun. 1871. 
Cathedral, built, 1850. University, founded, 
1849. Custom House, commenced, 1848. 

New Providence. [Bahamas.] 

New River, London, — [Myddelton, Sir 
Hugh] — formation of, authorized by Act 3 
Jac. I. c. 18, 1605 — amended by 4 Jac. I. c. 
12, 1606 — commenced, May 1609 — completed, 
and opened, Michaelmas 1613. 

New Ross, in Ireland, — fortified, 1269 — 
taken possession of by Cromwell, and fortifi- 
cations demolished, 1649— unsuccessfully at- 
tacked by rebels, 4 Jun. 1798. 

New South Shetland, islands, — discovered 
by Captain Smith, 18 19. 

New South Wales,— discovered by Captain 
Cook, 1770 — flag first hoisted by Captain 
Arthur Philip? 26 Jan. 1788 — English convict 
settlement in, 1788 — [Botany Bay] — explor- 
ation of interior commenced by Oxley, 1817 — 
[Australia] — administration of, provided for 
by Act 9 Geo. IV. c. 63, 15 Jul. 1828— con- 
65 * 



1028 



NEW STYLE— NEWCASTLE-UPOX-TYXE. 



tinued and amended by Act 3 and 4 Yic. c. 62, 
7 Aug. 1840 — constitution proclaimed, 1848 — 
district of Port Philip made a separate colony, 
1 850 — [Victoria] — constitution amended by Act 
18 and 19 Yic. c. 54, 16 Jul. 1855 — separation 
of Queensland, 1859. 

New Style. [Calendar.] 

New York, State, {New Amsterdam?) — ter- 
ritory reached by Champlain, Jul. 1609 — ex- 
plored by Hudson, Sep. 1609 — Dutch settle- 
ment in, 1 6 14 — territory transferred by charter 
to Dutch YYest India Company, 1621 — portion 
of, claimed by English settlers, 1627 — conquered 
by English, under Sir Eobert Holmes, and 
given to James, Duke of Y'ork, 12 Mar. 1664 
— its name changed to New York, 1664 — ceded 
to England by Treaty of Breda, 31 Jul. 1667 
— recovered by Dutch, and named New Orange, 
1673 — ceded by treaty to England, 9 Feb. 
1674 — and its present name restored : declares 
its independence, 20 Apr. 1777 — one of the 
States of the Union, 1784 — slavery abolished, 
1817. 

New York, capital of the State, — founded by 
Dutch, (as New Amsterdam,) 1623 — slave 
market established, 17 11 — taken by British, 
under Gen. Howe, 26 Aug. 1776 — evacuated 
by them, 25 Nov. 1783 — first Congress meets 
at, 1785 — ratifies constitution of the Union, 
1788 — great fires at, 16 Dec. 1835 and 19 Jul. 
1845 — riots at Astor House Theatre, and ex- 
pulsion of Macready, May 1849 — International 
Exhibition opened, 14 Jul. 1853 — disturbances 
respecting the police, Jun. to Jul. 1857 — riots 
excited by Conscription, 13 Jul. 1863 — Orange 
and Catholic riots, suppressed by military, 12 
Jul. 1871. University of, chartered, 1831 — 
opened, 1832. Columbia College, established, 
1754. Coltege of Physicians and Surgeons, 
founded, 1791 — chartered, 1807. Theological 
Seminary, (Episcopal,) established, 1819 — 
chartered, 1822 — (Presbyterian,) founded, 1836 
— chartered, 1839. New Exchange, built, 
1836. Cooper Institute, founded, about 1858. 
City Hall, commenced, 1803 — completed, 18 12. 
Hospital, chartered by George III., 177 1. 
Astor library, founded, 1848. Academy of 
Design, chartered, 1826. Croton Aqueduct, 
commenced, 1837 — completed, 1845. 

New Zealand,— discovered by Tasman, Dec. 
1642 — circumnavigated by Captain Cook, 1769- 
70 — visited thrice by Cook, 1772-4 — and again, 
1777-8 — by Vancouver, 1791 — wkale-fishery 
begins to be carried on, 17 90- 1800 — mission- 
aries sent by Church Missionary Society, 18 14 
— English Consul sent, 1833 — Company 
formed, 1838^ i84i b — first English settle- 
ments, 1839 — constituted a colony, Jan. 1840 
— sovereignty transferred to the Crown, by 
Treaty of Waitangi, 1840 — created a bishop- 
ric, 1 841 — war with the natives occasioned by 
disputes respecting land, 1843-7 — Captain 
Fitzroy Lieutenant-governor, 1844 — Sir 
George Grey governor, 1846-54 — the Com- 
pany resign their claims to the government, 
1852 — divided into provinces and new consti- 
tution established by Act 15 and 16 Vic. c. 72, 
30 Jun. 1852 — gold discovered in, Oct. 1852 



— bishopric of Christchurch founded, 1854 — 
war renewed, 1861 — Sir George Grey reap- 
pointed governor, Jun. 1861 — establishment 
of new provinces, sanctioned by Act 24 Vic. c. 
30, 11 Jul. 1 86 1 — war again breaks out, Jan. 
1863 — boundaries altered by Act 26 and 27 
Vic. c. 23, 8 Jun. 1863 — submission of natives 
and virtual close of the war, 6 Aug. 1864 — 
peace proclaimed, 2 Sep. 1865 — renewed dis- 
turbances and massacre of settlers at Poverty 
Bay, 1868 — massacre of settlers at Mohaka, by 
Te Kooti, 11 Apr. 1869 — hostilities renewed, 
31 Jul. 1869 — last British troops leave the 
colony, 22 Jan. 1870. [See Auckland, Wel- 
lington, and names of other settlements.'] 
a Engl. Cyc. b Macculloch. 

Newark, in Nottinghamshire, — castle built 
by Alexander, Bp of Lincoln, 11 26 — seized 
by Stephen, besieged by barons, 1216 — cap- 
tured by Earl of Pembroke, 1217 — garrisoned 
for Charles I., 1642 — besieged by Parliament- 
arians, 1643 — surrendered to Scots, 11 May 
1646 — castle demolished, 1646. 

Newark, in New Jersey, — settled by emi- 
grants from Connecticut, 1666 — made port of 
entry, 1834 — incorporated as a city, 1836. 
Academy, established, 1792. 

Newark, David Leslie, 1st Lord, general, — 
serves under Gustavus Adolphus in Thirty Years' 
YYar, about 1630 — as Major-general, serves 
under Earl of Leven, in England, 1644 — as- 
sists at siege of York, 1644 — distinguishes 
himself at Marston Moor, 1644 — defeats Mont- 
rose near Selkirk, 13 Sep. 1645 — at siege of 
Newark, 1646— Commander-in-chief of Roy- 
alist army, 1650 — defeated by Cromwell at 
Dunbar, 3 Sep. 1650— and at* Worcester, 3 
Sep. 1 65 1 — committed to the Tower, 1651 — 
liberated, 1660 — created Lord Newark, by 
Charles II., Aug. 1661 — o\, 1682. 

Newbern, in N Carolina, — captured by 
Gen. Burnside, 11 Mar. 1862. 

Newburn, in Northumberland, — English 
troops defeated by the Scots, 28 Aug. 1640. 

Newbury, in Berkshire, — Charles I. re- 
pulsed by Earl of Essex, 20 Sep. 1643 — in- 
decisive engagement between Charles I. and 
Earl of Manchester, 27 Oct. 1644. 

Newcastle-upon-Tyne, (Pons JElii, Monk- 
chester,) — mentioned as Roman station, about 
445 — fortress built by Robert, son of William 
the Conqueror, 1080 — taken by William II., 
1095 — seized by David I. of Scotland, 11 35 — 
again, 11 36 — conference at, between Xing 
John and William the Lion, about 1209 — 
King John marches through, 121 3 — ravaged 
by plague, 1234-6 — conference of Henry III. 
and Alexander, king of Scotland, 1236 — visited 
by Henry III., 1255 — coal trade important, as 
early as 1281 — Baliol does homage to Edward 
I. at, 26 Dec. 1292 — threatened by Scots, 
1297 — by Wallace, 1299 — Avails partly rebuilt, 
1299 — furnishes ships for siege of Calais, 1317 
— unsuccessfully attacked by David Bruce, Jun. 
1342 — Edward III. keeps Christmas at, 1353 — 
threatened by Scots, 1388 — Henry IV. at, Jul. 
to Aug. 1400, and Jun. 1405 — congress at, 
and truce concluded between Scots and Eng- 



NEWCASTLE— NEWGATE MAEKET. 



1029 



lish, 12 Dec. 1465 — another, 25 Apr. 1472 
— Henry VII. resides at, summer 1487 — visit- 
ed by Princess Margaret, 24-26 Jul. 1503 — 
head-quarters of Earl of Surrey, 1513 — head- 
quarters of Duke of Somerset, 1547— ravaged 
hy pestilence, 1588-9 — visited by James L, 9- 
13 Apr. 1603 — again, 23 Apr. to 4 May 16 17 — 
visited by Charles L, 3-5 Jun. 1633 — ravaged 
by pestilence, May to Dec. 1635 — ravaged by 
plague, 1636 — visited by Charles L, 5-17 May 
1639 — taken possession of by Scots, 30 Aug. 
1640 — evacuated, Aug. 1641 — again attacked 
by them, Feb. 1 644 — besieged by Earl of Leven, 
13 Aug. ; taken, 20 Oct. 1644 — Charles I. takes 
refuge at, 6 May 1646 — Cromwell at, Sep. and 
Oct. 1648 — again, is Jul- I ^5° — Gen. Monk 
received at, 6 Jan. 1669 — bread-riots at, Jun. 
to Jul. 1740 — head-quarters of royal army in 
rebellion of 1745 — inundation, 17 Nov. 177 1 
— great fire, 1854 — British Association meets 
at, 26 Aug. 1863 — visited by Emperor and 
Empress of Brazil, 4 Aug. 1871. College of 
Physical Science, opened, 9 Oct. 1871 — in- 
augurated, 24 Oct. High Level Bridge, opened 
by Queen Victoria, 28 Sep. 1849. Exchange 
Buildings, erected, 1858. Literary and Phi- 
losophical Lnstitution, founded, 1793 — building 
erected, 1825. Antiquarian Society, 18 13. 
Grammar School, established, 1525. 

Newcastle, Henry Pelham Fiennes Pelham. 
Clinton, Duke of, — h., 30 Jan. 1785— suc- 
ceeds his father, 1795 — opposes Beforni Bill, 
1831-2— tf., 1851. 

Newcastle, Henry Pelham Fiennes Pelham 
Clinton, Duke of, and Earl of Lincoln, — 
b. in London, n May 181 1 — M.P. South Not- 
tinghamshire, 1832 — Lord of. the Treasury, 
1834 — Commissioner of Woods and Forests, 
1 841 — Chief Secretary for Ireland, Jan. 1846 
— succeeds his father, 1851 — Secretary of State 
for the Colonies, 1853 — Secretary of State for 
War, 1854 — resigns and visits the Crimea, 
1855 — again Secretary of State for the 
Colonies, 1 859 — accompanies Prince of Wales 
to America, i860— resigns, Apr. 1864 — tf., 18 
Oct. 1864. 

Newcastle, Margaret Lucas, Duchess of, 
— fc. in Essex, about 1625 — Maid of Honour to 
the Queen, 1643 — married to Marquis of New- 
castle at Paris, 1645 — accompanies him to Ant- 
werp, 1645 — tf. in London, Dec. 1673. World's 
Olio, 1655 — Comedies, 1662 and 1668 — Philo- 
sophical Letters, 1664 — Life of William, Puke 
of Newcastle, 1667. 

Newcastle, Thomas Holies Pelham, Duke 
of, Prime Minister of England, — ft., 1693 
— created Duke by George I., 17 15 — Privy 
Councillor, 17 17 — K.G., Mar. 17 18 — signs the 
Quadruple Alliance, 17 18— one of the Lords 
Justices, May 1720 — Secretary of State, 1724 
— resigns, n Feb. 1746 — reappointed, 14 Feb. 
— First Lord of the Treasury, Mar. 1754 — 
resigns, Nov. 1756— reappointed, Jul. 1757 — 
resigns, May 1762 — declines a pension at same 
time : tf., 17 Nov. 1768. 

Newcastle, William Cavendish, Duke of, 
— rj., 1592 — K.B. by James I., 1610 — created 
Viscount Mansfield, 3 Nov. 1620 — Earl of 



Newcastle, 7 Mar. 1628 — governor to Prince 
of Wales, 1638-40 — governor of Newcastle 
and four- northern counties, 1642 — carries on 
the war with Lord Fairfax : escorts the queen 
from Burlington to York, Feb. 1643 — created 
Marquis, 27 Oct. 1643— defeats Fairfax, near 
Bradford, 30 Jun. 1643 — refuses to march with 
Charles I. on London, Aug. 1643 — defends 
York, Apr. to Jun. 1644— defeated at Marston 
Moor, 2 Jul. 1644 — withdraws to the con- 
tinent, 1644 — returns from Antwerp, 1660 — 
created Duke, by Charles II., 16 Mar. 1664 — 
tf., 25 Dec. 1676. 

Newcomb, Thomas, poet, — ft., 1675 — rector 
of Stopham in Sussex, 1734 — tf., about 1766. 
Last Judgment, 1723 — Odes and Epigrams, 
1743 — Poems, Odes, Epistles, §c, 1756. 

Newcome, William, Abp of Armagh, — ft. 
in Bedfordshire, 10 Aug. 1729 — enters Pem- 
broke Coll. Oxford, 1745 — M.A., 1753 — 
D.D., 1765 — chaplain to Earl of Hertford, 
Lord- lieutenant of Ireland, 1765 — Bp of Dro- 
more, 1766 — Bp of Ossory, 1775 — Bp of 
Waterford, 1779 — Abp of Armagh, Jan. 1795 
■ — tf. at Dublin, 11 Jan. 1800. Harmony of 
the Gospels, 1778 — New Version of Twelve 
Minor Prophets, 1785 — New Version of Eze- 
Jciel, 1788 — Historical View of English Bibli- 
cal Translations, 1792 — Attempt towards re- 
vising our English translation of the Greek 
Scriptures, 1800. 

Newcomen, Thomas, — patents his improve- 
ments in the steam-engine, 1705. 

Newdigate Prize, Oxford University, — 
founded by will of Sir Boger Newdigate, ft., 
1 7 19 — M.P. Oxford University, 1751-80 — tf., 
25 Nov. 1806. 

Newfoundland, — probably discovered by 
Norwegians from Greenland, about 1000 — 
visited by Odalbrand and Thorwald Helgason, 
1285 — rediscovered by John Cabot, 24 Jun. 
1497 — explored by Jacques Cartier, 1534 — 
taken possession of for Queen Elizabeth, by 
Sir Humphrey Gilbert, 5 Aug. 1583 — colonies 
settled in by Sir George Calvert, 1621 — by 
Lord Falkland, 1633 — and by Sir D. Kirk, 
1654 — attacked and partly conquered by the 
French, 1708— confirmed to Great Britain by 
Treaty of Utrecht, 17 13 — Labrador and island 
of Anticosti annexed to, 1809 — receives con- 
stitution, 1832 — with the Bahamas erected into 
a bishopric, 1839— joins N. American Con- 
federation, 9 Jun. 1869. Cod fishery commenced 
by Portuguese and French, 150 1-2 — claimed 
by English, and the foreign ships engaged in 
it captured by Drake, 1585 — Company incor- 
porated by James I., 1610 — prohibited to 
American fishermen by Act 16 Geo. III. c. 31, 
30 Mar. 1775 — opened to them by Treaty of 
Washington, 7 Jun. 1854 — carried into effect 
by Act 18 Vic. c. 3, 19 Feb. 1855. 

Newgate, prison, London, — mentioned, 12 18 
— rebuilt by Whittington's executors, about 
1430? — burnt, 1666 — rebuilt, soon after : taken 
down and rebuilt, 1779 — attacked and partly 
burnt by Gordon rioters, 1780. 

Newgate Market, London, — abolition of, 
authorized by Act of Parliament, 1861 — abol- 



1030 



NEWHAVEN— NEWTON. 



isked on completion of Meat Market, Smith- 
field, Dec. 1868. 

Newhaven, in Connecticut, TT. S., — English 
settlement, 1638 — refuses to he united with 
Connecticut hy Eoyal Charter, 1662 — is united 
with Connecticut, May 1665 — plundered hy 
British, 5 Jul. 1779 — constituted a city, 1784. 
[Yale College.] State Hospital, founded, 1832. 

Newmarket, — mentioned, 1227 — racing at, 
introduced, about 1590 ? — hecomes celebrated, 
about 1625-30. 

Newport, Isle of Wight, — negotiations be- 
tween the parliament and Charles I. opened at, 
18 Sep. 1648 — cease, 27 Nov. 

Newport, in Monmouthshire, — Chartist 
rising at, Nov. 1839. 

Newport, George, comparative anatomist, 
physiologist, — ft. at Canterbury, 6 Jul. 1803 — 
Pres. Entomological Society, 1844-5 — receives 
Eoyal Medal of Eoyal So'ciety, 1851— rj. in 
London, 6 Apr. 1854. 

Newry, in Ireland, — castle built by John de 
Courcy, soon after 115 3 — destroyed by Edward 
Bruce j 13 15 — rebuilt, and again destroyed by 
Shane O'Neil, 1565 — rebuilt by Bagnal 
Marshal; suffers in the rebellion, 1641-2 — 
destroyed by troops of James II., 1689. 

Newspapers, — [B C] — Acta Senatus, by au- 
thority, Acta Diurna, published at Borne, 59 — 
[AD] — printed, introduced at Augshurg and 
Vienna, as early as 1524 — at Venice, 1570 — 
weekly, commenced in England, 1622 — estab- 
lished at Paris, 1631 — at Edinburgh, 1660 — 
publication of, without licence, declared illegal 
oy proclamation of Charles II., 12 May 1680 — 
established at Dublin, 1685 — at Moscow, 1703 
— at Boston, II. S., 1704 — daily, commenced 
in London, 1709 — stamp duty imposed on, by 
Act 10 Ann., c. 19, 17 12— begin to report par- 
liamentary debates, close of 1770 — futile 
attempt of House of Commons to prevent, Jan. 
to Feb. 177 1 — English, prohibited in France, 
1 Jan. 1785 — again, hy Napoleon, 25 Aug. 
1802 — publication of, regulated by Acts 38 
Geo. III. c. 78, 28 Jun. 1798 ; 44 Geo. III. c. 
98, 28 Jul. 1804; 60 Geo. III. c. 9, 30 Dec. 
1 819; 1 Wm IV. c. 73, 23 Jul. 1830— duty 
on, reduced, and laws respecting, amended, by 
Act 6 and 7 Wm IV. c. 76, 13 Aug. 1836 — 
laws respecting postage of, consolidated and 
amended by Act 6 and 7 Wm IV. c. 54, 13 
Aug. 1836 — new regulations made by Acts 3 
and 4 Vic. c. 96, 10 Aug. 1840, and 16 and 17 
Vic. c. 63, 4 Aug. 1853 — duty repealed or 
made optional, by Act 18 and 19 Vic. c. 27, 15 
Jun. 1855— statutes relating to printing of, 
repealed by Act 32 and 33 Vic. c. 24, 12 Jul. 
1869. In France, weekly, commenced, 1 Apr. 
1631 — daily, commenced, 1777 — large increase 
in number of, 1 7 89 — suppressed or made subj ect 
to censorship, by First Consul, 7 Jan. 1800 — 
regulated by law of 21 Oct. 1814 — prohibited 
without authorization of the king, 28 Feb. 
1817 — freed from censorship, 28 May 1819 — 
censorship reestablished by ordinance of Louis 
XVIII. , 15 Aug. 1824 — new regulations^ 12 
Mar. 1827 — repealed, 17 Apr. 1827 — duty im- 
posed on, and other restrictions, Aug. 1835 — 



increase in number, spring 1848 — restrictions 
imposed on, Jun. 1848 — names of writers 
ordered to be added to each article, 1851 — 
laws respecting, consolidated and made more 
stringent by De'cret Organique sur la Fresse, 
Feb. 1852 — suppression of many, by Commune 
of Paris, Apr. to May 1871. In Australia, 
commenced, 1803. In Turkey, first started, 
*795- 

Newton, Gilbert Stuart, painter, — fj. at 
Halifax, in Nova Scotia, 1794 — visits Italy, 
1 8 17 — comes to England, about 181 8 — student 
at Eoyal Academy, 1820 — A.E.A., 1828 — 
E.A., 1832 — rj. at Chelsea, 5 Aug. 1835. 
Captain Macheath, 1826 — Yorick and the 
Grisette, 1830. 

Newton, Sir Isaac, mathematician, natural 
philosopher, — h. at Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, 
25 Dec. 1642 — sent to Grantham School, 1654 
— enters Trin. Coll. Cambridge, 5 Jun. 1660 — 
invents Binomial Theorem, 1663-4 — establishes 
Doctrine of Fluxions, before 1665 — B.A., 1665 
— discovers composition of solar light, 1666 — 
M.A., 1667 — theory of gravitation conceived, 
before 1667 — constructs reflecting telescope, 
1668-9 — Lucasian Prof. Mathematics, 1669- 
1703 — F.E.S., n Jan. 1672 — announces 
principle of interferences, Mar. 1674 — cor- 
responds with Leibnitz, 1676-7 — co-delegate 
to defend privileges of Cambridge University, 
before High Commission Court, 1687 — member 
of Convention Parliament, Jan. 1689 — Warden 
of the Mint, 1695 — Pres. E.S., 30 Nov. 1695 — 
Master, 1699 — Foreign Associate of Academy of 
Sciences, Paris, 1699 — M.P. Cambridge Univ., 
1701 — Knt, 16 Apr. 1705 — tf. at Kensington, 
20 Mar. 1727. Frincipia, presented to E.S., 
28 Apr. 1686 — published, May 1687-17 13-26 
— Optics, 1704 — Arithmetica Universalis, 1707 
— Method of Fluxions and Analysis by Infinite 
Series, written, 1669 — published, 17 11 — Me- 
thodus Diff., 17 1 1 — Chronology, 1728 — Optical 
Lectures, 1728 — Observations on Daniel and the 
Apocalypse, 1733 — Letters on Disputed Texts, 
1754 — Letters to Bentley, 10 Dec. 1692 to 11 
Feb. 1693. 

Newton, John, theologian, — h. in London, 
24 Jul. 1725 — seized by press gang, 1743 — 
marries, 1 Feb. 1750 — takes holy orders, 29 
Apr. 1764 — curate of Olney, Bucks, 1764 — 
Eector of St Mary Woolnoth, London, 1779 — 
loses his wife, 15 Dec. 1790 — }j. in London, 31 
Dec. 1807. Narrative of his own Life, 1764 — 
with Cowper, Olney Ftymns, 1779 — Review of 
Ecclesiastical History, 1770 — Omicron's Letters 
on Religion, 1762 — Messiah, 1786. 

Newton, Mrs, {Ann Mary Severn,) painter, 
— fj., 1832 — marries Charles Thomas Newton, 
1 861 — tf. in London, 2 Jan. 1866. 

Newton, Thomas, Bp of Bristol, — J. at 
Lichfield, 1704 — enters Trin. Coll. Cambridge, 
1723 — ordained priest, 1730 — D.D., 1745 — 
Chaplain to Princess of Wales, 1751 — to the 
king, 1757 — Prebendary of Westminster, 1757 
— Bp of Bristol, 1761 — Dean of St Paul's, 
1768 — rj., 14 Feb. 1782. Dissertation on the 
Frophecies, 1755 — edition of Faradise Lost 
1749. 



NET— NICE. 



1031 



Ney, Fran§ois, a Jean, b diplomatist, — fc. in 
Holland, about 1560 — General of Franciscan 
Order in Spain, 1607 — negotiates treaty be- 
tween Spaniards and Dutch, Apr. 1609 — fc. in 
Spain, about 1620. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Ney, Michel, Prince of the Moskowa, 
Duke of Elchingen, Marshal of France, 
— ft. at Sarre-Louis, 10 Jan. 1769 — enters the 
army, 1787 — as Adjutant-general, contributes 
to victory of Neuwied, 1796 — distinguishes 
himself at Altenkirchen, Montabour, and 
Dierdorf, 1796 — takes Wiirzburg, 1796 — 
General of Brigade, Aug. 1796 — takes Man- 
heim by surprise, 12 Mar. 1799 — General of 
Division, Mar. 1799 — seizes artillery of the 
enemy at Iller, 5 Jun. 1800 — contributes to 
victory of Marengo, 14 Jun., and of Hohenlin- 
den, 3 Dec. 1800 — Minister-plenipotentiary to 
Helvetian Republic, 1803 — Marshal of the 
Empire, 1804 — takes Elchingen by storm, 4 
Oct. 1805 — distinguishes himself at Jena, 14 
Oct. 1806 — receives capitulation of Erfurt, 15 
Oct., and of Magdeburg, 11 Nov.— destroys 
Prussian corps at Deppen, 5 Feb. 1807 — con- 
tributes to victory of Friedland, 14 Jun. 1807 

— distingiush.es himself in Spain, 1808, and 
in Portugal, 18 10 — takes part in expedition of 
Russia, 1 81 2 — distinguishes himself at capture 
of Smolensko, 17 Aug., at Valentina, 19 Aug., 
and receives title of Prince at the Moskwa, 14 
Sep. 18 12 — obtains victories of Lutzen and 
Bautzen, May 1 8 1 3 —defeated by Bernadotte 
at Dannewitz, 6 Sep. 18 13 — Chevalier of St 
Louis, 1 Jun. — Peer of France, 4 Jun. 18 14 — 
joins Napoleon, 13 Mar. 18 15 — distinguishes 
himself at Waterloo, 18 Jun. 18 15 — proscribed 
as a traitor, 24 Jul., and arrested near Aurillac, 
5 Aug. — condemned to death by Chamber of 
Peers, 6 Dec. — shot at Paris, 7 Dec. 18 15. 

Nezib, (JSlsibis,) in Turkey,— Ibrahim de- 
feats Turks under Hafiz Pacha, 25 Jun. 1839. 

Ngami, African lake, — indicated on maps, 
as early as 1508 — visited by Livingstone and 
others, summer 1 849 — again, 1 850 — by Anders- 
son, 1855. 

Niagara, Falls of, — visited and described 
by Father Hennepin, 1678-97 — by Kalm, 

i75°-5i- 

Nibelungenlied, German epic poem, — as- 
sumes its present form, as early as 12 10 — edited 
by Lachmann, 1826. 

Nicsea, iwBithynia, {Isnik,)~[T&G]~ rebuilt, 
by Antigonus, and named Antigoneia, 316 — its 
name changed to Nicsea, by Lysimachus, about 
300 ? — [A D] — battle of, [see Issus] — plundered 
and burnt by Goths, 259 a — destroyed by earth- 
quake, close of 325 — again, 1 1 Oct. 368 — restored 
byValens,368 — unsuccessfully besieged by Sara- 
cens, under Moawiyah, 726 — taken by Bardas 
Sclerus, about 978 — retaken by Bardas Phocas, 
979 — taken by Seljuks under Solyman, 107 8, b 
1080 c — besieged and taken by Crusaders under 
Godfrey of Bouillon, 1097 — gives title of Duke 
to Louis, Count of Blois, 1204° — made capital 
of Greek empire by Theodore Lascaris, 1206 

— John Ducas Vataces (son-in-law) suc- 
ceeds, 1222— Theodore Lascaris II., (son,) 



1255 — John Lascaris, (son,) Aug. 1259— 
Michael Palseologus, Dec. 1259 — seat of em- 
pire transferred to Constantinople, 14 Aug. 
1 261 — taken by Orchan, and made his capital, 
1 33°> b " 1333 c d —pillaged by troops of Timur, 
1402 — joins in conspiracy in favour of Mus- 
tapha, and is reduced by Amurath II., 1422— 
visited by Sir Charles Fellowes, 1838. Councils 
of, — First General, held before Emperor Con- 
stantine, to condemn Arius, to prepare the 
Symbol, {Nicene Creed,) and on discipline, 19 
Jun. to 25 Aug. 325 — Seventh General, under 
Pope Adrian and Emperor Constantine, to con- 
demn Iconoclasts, and reestablish worship of 
images, 24 Sep. to 23 Oct. 787— others, 1232 
and 1250. 
a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. c Engl. Cyc. 

d Art de Verifier les Dates. e Finlay. 

Nicander, — [B C] — medical poet, — fl., about 
I ^5" I 35- a a Smith's Diet. 

Nicander, Henrik, astronomer, — b. in Swe- 
den, 1774 — studies atTJpsala, 1753 — member of 
Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, 1776— First 
Secretary, 1784 — rj. at Stockholm, 11 Feb 
1815. 

Nicander, Karl August, poet, — b. in Sweden, 
20 Mar. 1799 — if., 7. Feb. 1839. 

Nicanor, grammarian, — ft, about 127. 

Nicaragua, in Central America, — seen by 
Hernan Ponce, 15 16 — discovered and taken 
possession of by Gil Gonzales de Avila, 152 1 — 
conquered and settled by Pedro Arias de Avila, 
1522 — revolts against Spain, and is incorpor- 
ated with Mexico, 1821 — joins confederation of 
Central America, 1824 — independent republic, 
1839 — dispute with Great Britain about Mos- 
quito Coast begins, 1847-8 ■ — expedition of 
Walker the Filibuster against, routed, 28 Jun. 
1855 — new constitution established, 19 Aug. 
1858 — civil war between Conservatives and 
Liberals, 1855-7. 

Nicaraguan Canal, to unite Atlantic and 
Pacific Oceans, — projected by Gomara, as early 
as 155 1 — surveys for, by Galisted, made, 17 81 
—by Baily, 1838— by Childs, 1851. 

Niccolini, Giovanni Battista, poet, — fj. near 
Pisa, 31 Dec. 1785 — Prof. History and Mytho- 
logy, Academy of Fine Arts, Florence, 1807 — 
his Folissene crowned by Academy della Crusca, 
1 810 — fc. at Florence, 20 Sep. 1861. Nabucco, 
1819 — Antonio Foscarini, 1827 — Giovanni da 
Frocida, 1830 — Arnaldo da Brescia, 1845 — 
Filippo Strozzi, 1847. 

Nice, in Bithynia. [Nicsea.] 

Nice, in France, (Nizza, ancient Kikaia,) — 
besieged by Ligurians, 154 — passes from the 
Franks to Genoese, 639 s — to Counts of Aries, 
879 a — belongs to Alfonso II. of Aragon, 1176 
— recovers independence, 12 15— forms alliance 
with Pisa and Genoa : passes to House of An- 
jou, 1246 — to Count of Savoy, 1388 — posses- 
sion of, demanded by Clement VII. and refused, 
1533 — refuses to admit Paul III. during con- 
ferences between Charles V. and Francis I., 
1538 — plundered by French and Turks, 1543 — 
taken by French under Catinat, 1691 — restored 
to Savoy by Treaty of Ryswick, 1698 — again 
taken by French under Duke of Berwick, 1706 



1032 



NICENE CREED— NICHOLAS V. 



■ — retaken by Prince Eugene ; again taken by 
French, 1744 — seized by French and annexed 
to the Republic, 1792— ceded to France by king 
of Sardinia, 15 May 1796 b — occupied by Aus- 
trians under Gen. Melas, 11-27 May 1800 b — 
restored to Sardinia, 18 14 — annexed to France 
by Treaty of Paris, i860 — meeting of Napo- 
leon III. and Alexander II. at, 27-28 Oct. 1864 
— disturbances at, 10 Feb. 1871. Treaty of , 
for ten years' truce between Charles V. and 
Francis I. concluded by mediation of Paul IIL, 
18 Jun. 1538. a Encyc. Mod. b Alison. 

Nicene Creed, [Symbolum JSTiccenum,) — pre- 
pared and adopted by First General Council, 
held at Nicsea, 325 — approved by Council of 
Milan, 346 — and by Council of Sardica, 347 — 
confirmed by Council of Rimini, 360 — com- 
pleted by Council of Constantinople, 381. 
[Filioque.] 

Nicephorus I., Emperor of the East, 
(802-811,) — while grand treasurer under Irene, 
deposes and banishes her, and is proclaimed 
Emperor, 31 Oct. 802 — concludes treaty with 
Charles the Great, fixing boundary of Eastern 
and Western Empires, 803 — promises tribute 
to Haroun Al Raschid, 803 — concludes treaty 
with him, 806 — marches against Bulgarians, 
807 and 811 — defeated and killed by Crumnes, 
their king, 25 Jul. 811. 

Nicephorus II. Phocas, Emperor of the 
East,(963-969,) — ft., about 912- — grand domes- 
tic to Constantine VII., 954 — distinguishes 
himself as generalissimo, under Romanus II., 
and defeats Saracens and Russians, 959-963 — 
proclaimed Emperor, 2 Jul. 963 — marries Theo- 
phano, Jul. 963 — his expedition to Sicily fails, 
963 — drives Saracens out of Cilicia, 966 — takes 
Cyprus from them ; reconquers Syria, 966-8 — 
receives embassy from Emperor Otto I., 968 — 
unsuccessfully attacks Nisibis, 968 — ravages 
Mesopotamia, and threatens Baghdad, 968 — 
assassinated, n Dec. 969. 

Nicephorus III. Botoniates, Emperor of 
the East, (1078-81,) — proclaimed Emperor, 
10 Oct. 1077 — opposed by Bryennius ; sup- 
ported by Turks, enters Constantinople, 25 
Mar. 107 8 — defeats and takes prisoner his rival, 
1078 — marries Empress Maria, widow of 
Michael, and is excommunicated by Gregory 
VII., 1078 a — deposed by Alexius Comnenus, 1 
Apr. 108 1. a a Finlay. 

Nicephorus, Patriarch of Constanti- 
nople, — ft. at Constantinople, about 758 — 
attends second Council of Nicsea, 787 — succeeds 
Tarasius as Patriarch, 12 Apr. 806 — opposes 
suppression of image- worship, 814 — banished 
to monastery of St Theodore, in the Propontis, 
815 — tf. there, 2 Jun. 828. Breviarium His- 
toricum, edited by Petavius, 1616. 

Nicephorus Blemonidas, Byzantine theo- 
logian, — fl., about 1255. 

Nicephorus Bryennius. [Bryennius.] 

Nicephorus Callistus Xanthopulus, ecclesi- 
astical historian, $•<?., — fl., about 1420-50. 

Nicephorus G-regoras. [Gregoras." 

Nicephorus Melissenus, — gives up Nicsea 
to Sultan Solyman, 1080 or 1078 — declared 
Caesar by Alexius I., 108 1. 



Niceratus, sculptor, — [B C] — fl., about 420. 

Niceron, Jean Pierre, litterateur, — b. at 
Paris, 11 Mar. 1685 — tf. there, 8 Jul. 1738. 
Memoires pour servir d Vhistoire des hommes 
illustres dans la republique des lettres, 1727-45. 

Nicetas Acominiatus, (Choniates,) Byzantine 
historian, — governor of Philippopolis, about 
1 1 89 — escapes from Constantinople, taken by 
Latins to Nicsea, 1204 — tf., about 12 16. 

Nichol, John Pringle, astronomer, — ft. at 
Montrose, 13 Jan. 1804 — Prof. Astronomy, 
Glasgow Univ., 1836 — tf. in Rothesay, 19 Sep. 
1859. Architecture of the Heavens, 1838 — 
Planet Neptune, 1848 — Stellar Universe, 1848 
— Planetary System, 1 85 1 — Cyclopcedia, of 
Physical Sciences, 1857. 

Nicholas I., Pope, — succeeds Benedict IIL, 
24 Apr. 858 — has interview with Emperor 
Louis II., 858 — sends legates to Constanti- 
nople to examine affair of Ignatius and Photius, 
860 — on their return, 862, disavows their sen- 
tence, and condemns Photius — reduces to sub- 
mission, John, Abp of Ravenna, 862 — overawes 
Emperor Louis II., Mar. 864 — sanctions the 
False Decretals, about 865 — receives embassy 
from Bogoris, 866 — anathematized by Photius 
at Council of Constantinople, 867 — [see Lo- 
thaire, King of Lorraine] — tf., 13 Nov. 867. 

Nicholas II., Pope, [Gerard of Burgundy,) 
— succeeds Stephen IX., 28 Dec. 1058 — pro- 
cures deposition of Antipope Benedict X., Jan. 
1059 — at Council of Rome regulates mode of 
electing the Pope, Apr. 1059 — visits Apulia, 
receives submission of Normans and removes 
excommunication, 1059 — confirms Duchy of 
Apulia and Calabria to Robert Guiscard, 24 
Jun. 1059 s1 — tf. at Florence, 21 or 22, b 27 a 
Jul. 106 1. a Milman. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Nicholas III,, Pope, {Giovanni Gaetani,) — 
succeeds John XXL, 25 Nov. 1277 — compels 
Emperor Rudolph to restore towns of the 
Romagna to the Holy See, by Act of 30 Jun. 
1278 — compels Charles of Anjou to renounce 
vicariate of the Empire, and dignity of Senator 
of Rome, 1278 — promotes annexation of Sicily 
toAragon; confirms rule of St Francis, 1279 
— tf., 22 Aug. 1280. 

Nicholas IV., Pope, (Girolamo de Ascoli,) — 
General of Order of Friars Minor, 1274 s — 
Cardinal, 1278 — persecutes Roger Bacon, 
1278 (?) b — succeeds Honorius IV., 15 Feb. 
1288 — procures liberation of Charles the Lame, 
king of Sicily, 1288 — erects School of Mont- 
pellier into a University, 1289 — fails in his 
attempt to promote crusade, 1290 — tf., 4 Apr. 
1292. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Milman. 

Nicholas V., Pope, (Tommaso da Sarzana,) 
— Cardinal, Abp of Bologna, 1445 — legate 
at Frankfort, 1446 a — succeeds Eugenius IV., 6 
Mar. 1447 — commences formation of Vatican 
Library, 1447 a — procures abdication of Anti- 
pope Felix V., Apr. 1449 — proclaims a jubilee, 
1450 — receives embassy from Constantine 
Palseologus, 145 1 — sends Cardinal Isidore to 
procure union of Eastern and Western Churches: 
repairs fortifications of Rome, 145 1 — crowns 
Frederick III. King of Lombardy and Emperor, 
Mar. 1452 — frustrates conspiracy of Porcaro, 



NICHOLAS V.— NICKEL. 



1033 



Dec. 1452 — receives at Some Greek scholars 
driven from Constantinople, 1453— 3j. ? 24 Mar. 
1455. a Milman. 

Nicholas V., Antipope, {Pierode Corvara t ) 
— enters Franciscan Order, 13 10 — elected at 
instance of Louis of Bavaria, in opposition to 
John XXIL, 12 May 1328 — crowned by Louis, 
and crowns him, 1328— escapes to Pisa, Aug. 
— excommunicates John XXIL, Sep. — makes 
public abjuration at Pisa, 4 Aug. — submits to 
J (Sin at Avignon, 25 Aug. 1329 — It. in prison, 
Oct. 1336,* Sep. i 33 3. b 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Nicholas L, Emperor of Btjssia, — fj. at 
St Petersburg, 7 Jul. 1796 — visits Courts 
of Berlin, Vienna, and London, 18 14- 16 — mar- 
ries Princess Charlotte of Prussia, 13 Jul. 
1 817 — the succession renounced in his favour 
by his elder brother Constantine, 1822 — suc- 
ceeds his brother Alexander L, 1 Dec. 1825 — 
proclaimed Emperor, 24 Dec. — suppresses con- 
spiracy against bim, Dec. — crowned at Moscow, 
3 Sep. 1826 — concludes Treaty of Akerman, 
1826 — carries on war with Persia, 1827-8 — 
joins in Treaty of London, and declares war on 
Turkey, 1828 — Treaty of Adrianople, 1829 — 
insurrection in Poland. 1 830-1 — publishes 
ukase ameliorating condition of the serfs, 14 
Apr. 1842 — visits England, 1-9 Jun. 1844 — 
meets Emperor of Austria at Warsaw, 22 May 
1849 — intervenes in Hungary, Jun. 1849 — 
[Hungarian Revolution] — suspends diplomatic 
intercourse with the Porte, 17 Sep. 1849 — 
[Crimean War]— meets Emperor of Austria at 
"Warsaw, 25 Oct. 1 850 — meets King of Prussia, 
18 May 1 85 1 — visits Vienna, 8 May 1852 — 
meets Emperor of Austria at Olmutz, 24 Sep. 
1853 — has conference with King of Prussia 
at Berlin, 7 Oct. — receives Quaker deputation 
from England, 1854 — tf. at St Petersburg, 2 
Mar. 1855. 

Nicholas III. d'Este, Lord op Ferrara, 
— ft., about 1384 — succeeds his father, Albert, 
Jul. 1393— marries, Jun. 1397 — joins league 
against Duke of Milan, 1403 — Captain-general 
of army of the Church, 1403 — seizes Beggio, 
but is driven away by Ottoboni, 1404 — ally of 
Giovanni Visconti, Duke of Milan, against 
Ottoboni, 13 May 1408 — loses hereditary states 
to Venetians by treaty of 27 Mar. 1405 — has 
John Galiazzi assassinated at Bubbiera, 27 
May 1409 — Lord of Parma, 27 Jul. 1409 — 
seizes Beggio, Jul. 1409 — cedes Parma and 
Borgo San Domino to Milan, Nov. 1420 — puts 
to death his second wife, 1425 — joins league 
of Florentines and Venetians against Duke of 
Milan, 9 Jan. 1426 — reconciled with the Duke, 
negotiates a peace between him and the confed- 
erates, Apr. 1433 — tf. at Milan, 26 Dec. 1441. 
Nicholas, King or Denmark, — succeeds 
his brother Erick I. after interregnum of two 
years, 1 1 05 — war declared on him by his 
nephew Henry, who is defeated by his nephew 
Cnut, 1 1 26 — deposed by his subjects, n 31 — 
carries on war with his rival Erick, 1 131-4 — 
acknowledges himself vassal of the empire, 
1 1 34 — defeated by Erick, 4 Jun. 11 34 — assas- 
sinated in Schleswig, 25 Jun. 1 1 34. 



Nicholas. [Ferrara, Lorraine.] 
Nicholls, Frank, physician, — fj. in London, 
1699 — enters Exeter Coll. Oxford, 17 14 — 
F.B.S., 1728— M.D. Oxford, 1729— F.B.C.P., 
1732 — Gulstonian Lecturer, 1734 and 1736 — 
delivers Harveian oration, 1739 — marries 
daughter of Dr Mead, 1743 — lecturer on Sur- 
gery to CoU. Physicians, 1748 — physician to 
George II., 1753-60 — rj. at Epsom, Jan. 1778. 
De Anima Medica, 1750 — De Motu Cordis et 
Sanguinis, 1772. 

Nicholls, Sir George, — n. in Cornwall, 1786 
— named one of the commissioners to carry out 
Poor Law, 1834 — sent to introduce Poor Law 
in Ireland, 1838 — secretary to Poor Law Board, 
1847-51 — K.C.B., 1 85 1 — rj. in London, 24 
Mar. 1865. History of English Poor Law, 
1855 — Irish Poor Law, 1856 — Scotch Poor 
Law, 1856. 

Nichols, John, printer, Editor of the Gentle- 
man's Magazine, — b. at Islington, 2 Feb. 1745 
— apprenticed to William Bowyer, 1757 — enters 
into partnership with Bowyer, 1766 — succeeds 
to the business, 1777 — Master of Stationers' 
Company, 1804 — his office and warehouses 
burnt, Feb. 1808— "&., 26 Nov. 1826. With 
Bowyer, Origin of Printing, 1774 — Literary 
Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Century, 1 812-15 
— with Gough, Bibliotlieca TopograpMca Bri- 
tannica, 1780-90 — BZistory of the County of 
Leicester, 1795-1811 — Biographical Anecdotes 
of Hogarth, 1781 — Progresses and Processions 
of Queen Elizabeth, 1788 — edits Gentleman's 
Magazine, 1778-1824. 

Nichols, John Bowyer, printer, antiquary, 
— fj. in London, 15 Jul. 1779 — partner with 
his father, 1796— F.L.S., 1812— F.S.A., 1818 
— printer to Society of Antiquaries, 1824 — be- 
comes proprietor of Gentleman s Magazine, 1833 
— Master of Stationers' Company, 1850 — sells 
Gentleman' 's Magazine, 1856 — rj. at Ealing, 
19 Oct. 1863. Anecdotes of Hogarth, 1833 — 
completes Illustrations of Literary History of 
\%th Century, 1848-58. 

Nichols, William, theologian, — f)., 1664 — 
enters Magdalen Hall, Oxford, 1679 — M.A., 
1688 — D.D., 1695 — tf., Apr. 17 1 2. Confer- 
ence with a Theist, 1703 — Comment on Book of 
Common Prayer, 17 10. 

Nicholson, John, general, — fj. at Virgemont 
in Ireland, 11 Dec. 1822 — enters Indian army, 
1839 — present at siege of Ghuznee, and im- 
prisoned at Cabul, 1839 — serves in Sutlej cam- 
paign, 1845-6 — besieges and takes fortress of. 
Attock, 1848 — distinguishes himself at Chilian- 
wallah, and in Goojerat, 1849 — pursues and 
destroys Sealkote mutineers, 16 Jul. 1857 — 
joins besieging force before Delhi, 14 Aug. — 
distinguishes himself and is wounded at assault 
of Delhi, 14 Sep. — fj., 21 Sep. 1857. 

Nicholson, William, chemist, natural philo- 
sopher, — n. in London, 1753 — tf. there, Jun. 
1 8 15. Dictionary of Chemistry, 1795 — origin- 
ates and edits Journal of Natural Philosophy , 
1797-1800. 
Nicias. [Nikias.] 

Nickel, metal, — discovered by Cronstedt, 
1 75 1 — experiments of Bergman on, 1775. 



1034 



NICOBAB, ISLANDS— NICOMEDES I. 



Nicobar Islands, Indian Ocean, — Danish 
attempts to form settlements in, 1756 and 1768 
■ — abandoned, 1792 — claimed by Danes, 1841 — 
their claim renounced, 1848. 

Nicochares, comic poet, — [BC] — contends 
with Aristophanes, exhibits Lacones, Feb. to 
Mar. 388 — continues to exhibit till 354- a 
a Boeckh. 
Nicocles,— [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
119, 3,) 302. 

Nicocles, Prince of Paphos, Cyprus, — 
[B C] — takes part with Ptolemy against Anti- 
gonus, 323 — compelled by Ptolemy to kill 
himself, 310. ■> 

Nicocrates, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
HI, 4,) 333- 

Nicocreon, King of Salamis, Cyprus, — 
[B C] — submits to Alexander the Great at Tyre, 
331 — joins Ptolemy against Antigonus, 323 — 
obtains chief command in Cyprus, 315. 

Nicodenms, — [B Cj— Archon at Athens, (01. 
74, 2,) 483. 

Nicodenms, Gospel of, (Acta Pilati,) apo- 
cryphal, written, probably 320-376.* a Lipsius. 
Nicodorus, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
116, 3,) 314. 

Nicolai, Christoph Friedrieh, publisher, 
miscellaneous writer, — h. at Berlin, 18 Mar. 
1733 — establishes himself in business there, 
1759 — tf. at Berlin, 8 Jan. 181 1. With 
Mendelssohn, commences the Bibliothek der 
Schbnen Wissenschaften, 1757-8 — projects and 
edits the Allgemeine Deutsche Bibliothek, 
1765-92 — Anekduten von Friedrieh II., 1788-92 
— Leben unci Meinungen des Magisters Se- 
baldus Nothanker, 1773-6. 

Nicolai, Jean, theologian, — rj. near Stenay in 
France, 1594 — enters Dominican Order, 1612 
— D.D. Paris, 1632 — prior, 1661 — tf. at Paris, 
7 May 1673. Theses sur la grace, 1656 — 
Somme de Saint Thomas, 1663. 

Nicolai, Johann, archaeologist, — rj. in Ger- 
many, 1665 — Prof. Antiquities, Tubingen, 
1702 — "0. there, 1708. 

Nicolas, Agostino, litterateur, — b. at Besan- 
con, 1622 — tf. there, 1695. IstoriadelV ultima 
rivoluzione del regno di Napoli, 1660 — Disserta- 
tion morale et juridique si la torture est un 
moyen sur de verifier les crimes secrets, 168 1. 

Nicolas, Sir Nicholas Harris, chronologist, 
— h. in Cornwall, 10 Mar. 1799 — Lieutenant 
E. N., 18 15— called to the bar, 1825— F.S.A., 
about 1825 — joint editor of Retrospective 
Review, 1826— Knt of the Guelphic Order, 
1 831 — Chancellor of Ionian Order of St 
Michael and St George, 1832 — Grand Cross 
of St Michael and St George, 1840 — tf. near 
Boulogne, 3 Aug. 1848. Chronology of His- 
tory, (Notitia Historica,) 1835 — Orders of 
Knighthood of British Empire, 184 1-2 — 
Despatches and Letters of Nelson, 1844-6 — 
History of Royal Navy, (unfinished,) 1847. 
Nicolaus Damascenus. [Bamascenus.] 
Nicolaus Myrepsus, physician, — ft, about 
1240. 

Nicolaus Propositus, physician, — fl. at 
Salerno, about 1125. 
Nicolay, Ludwig Heinrich von, poet, — fi. 



at Strasburg, 29 Dec. 1737 — goes to St 
Petersburg as preceptor to Grand Duke Paul, 
1769 — ennobled, 1782 — Director of Imperial 
Academy of Sciences, 1798 — Privy Councillor, 
1801 — tf. in Finland, 18 Nov. 1820. Ver- 
mischte Gedichte und Prosaische Schriften, 
1792-18 10 — Theatralische Werke, 181 1. 

Nicolay, Nicolas de, traveller, — b. in 
Dauphiny, 15 17— tf. at Soissons, a at Paris, b 25 
Jun. 1583. Navigations et peregrinations, 

1568. a Biog- Univ# b Nouy# Biogt Gea# 

Nicole, Francois, mathematician, — b. at 
Paris, 23 Dec. 1683 — Associate of Academy of 
Sciences, 17 18 — pensioner, 1724 — tf., 8 Jan. 
I758- 

Nicole, Pierre, theologian, moralist, — b. 
b. at Chartres, 19 Oct. 1625 — goes to study at 
Paris, 1 641 — enters Port Boyal, about 1650? 
— publishes Latin translation of Pascal's Lettres 
Provinciates, 1658 — is refused admission to 
holy orders, 1676 — escapes from Paris, 1677 — 
retires to Brussels, 1679— tf. at Paris, Nov. 
1695. With Arnauld, Logique, 1668 — Per- 
petuite de la Foi de VEglise Catholique touchant 
V Eucharistie, 1669-76 — Les Imayinaires et les 
Visionnaires, j66j — Essais de Morale et In- 
structions Theologiques, 1671 et seq. 

Nicolino, Grimaldi, actor, singer, — performs 
in Italy, 1694 — comes to England, 1708 — 
returns to Italv, 17 15 — living at Borne, 
i7 2 3. 

Nicoll, Robert, poet, — b. in Perthshire, 7 
Jan. 18 14 — editor of Leeds Times, 1836 — tf. 
near Edinburgh, 9 Dec. 1837. Poems, 1835. 

Nicolls, Sir Jasper, general, — serves on the 
Bio de la Plata, under Crawfurd, 1806 — dis- 
tinguishes himself at Coruna, 1809 — Quarter- 
master-general in India, 18 12 — takes part in 
Nepaulese and Pindaree Wars, 18 15-16 — dis- 
tinguishes himself at siege of Bhurtpore. 
1825-6— K.C.B., 1826— Lieut. -gen., 1837— 
Commander-in-chief in India, 1839 — tf. at 
Beading, 4 May 1849. 

Nicolo, {Nicolas Isouard,) musical eomposer, 
— fj. in Malta, 1775 — settles at Paris, 1799 — 
tf. there, 23 Mar. 181 8. 

Nicolochos, — [BC] — ravages Tenedos and is 
blockaded in Abydos by Iphicrates and Dio- 
timos, 388-7 — defeated by Timotheos near 
Alyzia, 375. 

Nicolsburg. [Nikolsburg.] 
Nicolson, (Nicholson,) William, Abp of 
Cashel, bibliogr airier, — b. in Cumberland, 
1655 — Bp of Carlisle, 17 14— of Londonderry, 
17 18 — Abp of Cashel, Jan. 1727— tf. at Lon- 
derry, Feb. 1727. English Historical Library, 
1696-9 — Irish Historical Library, 1724 — 
Leges March iarum, 1705. 

Nicomachos, Geeasenos, Pythagorean phi- 
losopher, — fl., about 30. 

Nicomachos, painter, — [BC] — fi., about 
360. 

Nicomachos, scribe, — [BC] — garbles the 
laws of Solon, 405 — prosecuted. 

Nicomachos, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, 
(01. 109, 4) 341. 

Nicomedes I., King of Bithynia, — [B c] 
— succeeds his father Zipoetes, 278 — invites 



NICOMEDES II.— NIEL. 



1035 



Gauls to aid against his brother Zyboetes, latter 
part 278,* 277 b — fo., about 250. 

a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. 

Nicomedes II., Epiphanes, King of 
Bithynia, — [BC] — at Rome, about 155-149 — 
deposes and kills his father, Prusias II., and 
succeeds him, 149 — aids Rome against Aris- 
tonicus, 131 — shares Paphlagonia with Pontus, 
makes his son Pylsenienes king of Paphlagonia, 
about 102 — marries Laodice and seizes Cap- 
padocia, about 96 — murdered by Socrates, 
about 91. 

Nicomedes III., Philopator, King of 
Bithynia, — [B Cj — succeeds his father, Nico- 
medes II., about 91 — dethroned by Mithridates 
and restored by Eome, 90 — defeated by Mithri- 
dates at the Ammius, 88 — flies to Italy : re- 
stored by Curio, 84 — tf., beginning of 74 — be- 
queaths his kingdom to Rome. 

Nicomedia, — [B C] — Astacus, refounded 
by Mcomedes I.of Bithynia, and so called, 264 
— [AD] — plundered and burnt by Goths, 259 
— residence of Diocletian, 285-305 — his per- 
secution of Christians begins at, Feb. 303 — 
visited by Julian, 350-351 — earthquakes at, 
354, 24 Aug. 358, and Aug. 554 — taken by 
Seljuks, 1078— recovered by Alexius I., 1086 
— school of Karaites established at, 1330 — 
taken by Orchan, beginning of 1338. Council 
of, held by Emperor Valens, 365 or 366. 

Nicon, — [B Cj — Archon at Athens, (01. 
100, 2,) 379. 

Nicon, St, theologian, — evangelizes Crete 
after expulsion of Saracens, after 961 — "&., 
about 998. 

Nicon,— compiles Pandects of S. S. canons, 
&c, lest the Bible should perish, 1060. 

Nicon, Patriarch of Russian Church. 
[Nikon.] 

Nicophemos, — [ BC ] — Archon at Athens, 
(01. 104, 4,) 361. 

Nicophon, comic poet, — [B C] — exhibits 
Adonis, Feb. to Mar. 388. 

Nicopolis. [Emmaus.] 

Nicopolis, in Turkey,— founded by Trajan, 
about 102 — besieged by Sigismund, king of 
Hungary, 22 Sep. 1396 — Sigismund defeated 
by Bajazet I., 28 Sep. — defeat of French by 
Albanians at, 1799— besieged and taken by 
Russians, Oct. to Dec. 181 1 — Turkish flotilla 
seized by Russians near, 18 Feb. 1829. 

Nicopolis, in Armenia, — [B C] — founded by 
Pompey, about 65 — [AD] — restored by Jus- 
tinian, 527-565. Council of, respecting Eusta- 
thius of Sebaste, held, about 372. 

Nicopolis, in Fpirus, — [BC] — founded by 
Augustus, in memory of Actium, 30. 

Nicosia, (Lefkosia,) in Cyprus, — stormed by 
Turks, 1570. Councils of, on discipline, held 
by Abp Gerard, 23 Sep. 1298 — by Abp Helie, 
17 Jan. 1340. 

Nicostratos, — [BC] — at Korkyra, 427 — 
with Nikias takes Kythera, 424 — with Nikias 
at Khalkidike, 423 — slain in Mantineia, by 
Agis, 418. 

Nicostratos, (Philacteros,) comic poet, — 
[B C]— fl., about 350. 

Nicot, Jean,— ti. at Nismes, 1530 — ambas- 



sador of Francis II. to Portugal, 1559 — in- 
troduces tobacco into France, about 1560 — tf. 
at Paris, 5 May 1600. Tresor de la Langue 
Francaise, 1606 — edition of Aimoin s History, 
1566. 

Nicoteles, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
97, 2,) 391. 

Nicotiana. [Tobacco.] 

Nicotine, Nicotylia, — discovered by Vau- 
quelin, 1809 — obtained by Posselt and Rei- 
mann, 1828. 

Nidda, river in Northumberland, — Council 
of the, (Niddanum,) for reconciliation of St 
Wilfrid with the prelates, and reestablishment 
in his see, 705. 

Nider (Js r yder, Nieder) Johann, Dominican 
— enters the Order at Colmar, 1400 — assists at 
Council of Constance, 14 14 — accompanies 
General of the Order to Franconia, 1428 — 
assists at Council of Basel, 143 1 — tf., about 
1440. Formicarium, 15 17 — Frceceptorium, 
1472 — Tractatus de Visionibus, 1517 (?). 

Niebuhr, Barthold Georg-, historian, philo- 
logist, — fc. at Copenhagen, 27 Aug. 1776 — 
studies at Gottingen, 1793-4 — at Kiel, Easter 
1794 to spring 1796 — visits London and Edin- 
burgh, 1798-9 — marries Amalie Behrens, May 
1 800 — goes to Berlin, 5 Oct. 1806 — secretary to 
Hardenberg, Apr. 1807 — Privy Councillor, Dec. 
1809 — historiographer to the king, member of 
Academy of Sciences, 18 10 — lectures on Roman 
History at the Univ., 1810-1 1 — serves in war of 
liberation, 1813-14 — loses his wife, Jun. 1815 
— marries Margaret Hensler, 1816 — ambassa- 
dor to Rome, summer 18 16 — negotiates Con- 
cordat, 1 82 1 — Knt of the Red Eagle, and of 
Order of Leopold, 1821 — quits Rome, autumn 
1822 — adjunct Prof., Univ. of Bonn, 1823 — tf. 
at Bonn, 2 Jan. 1831. Ramische Geschichte, 
1 81 1 — enlarged and altered, 1827-32 — edits 
Corpus Scriptorum historice Byzantince, 1828 
— Kleine historische iindphilologische Schriftcn, 
1828 — Frontonis Reliquice, 1816. 

Niebuhr, Carsten, traveller, — b. in Holstein, 
17 Mar. '1733 — studies at Gottingen, 1757-8 
— accompanies as mathematician expedition to 
Arabia, Jan. 1761 to 'Not. 1767 — tf. at Mel- 
dorf, 26 Apr. 18 15. Beschreibung von Arabien, 
1772 — Feisebeschreibung von Arabien und 
andern umliegenden Ldndern, 1774-8. 

Niel, Adolphe, Marshal of France, — b. 
at Muret, 4 Oct. 1802 — enters the Fcole Poly- 
technique, 1821 — Captain, 1831— goes to Al- 
geria, 1832 — distinguishes himself at capture of 
Constantino, 1837 — Colonel, 1846 — takes part 
in expedition of Rome, May 1 849 — General of 
Brigade, Jul. 1849 — General of Division, 30 
Apr. 1853 — takes part in expedition of the 
Baltic, captures Bomarsund, 16 Aug. 1854 — 
Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 28 Aug. 
1854 — aide-de-camp to Napoleon III., 8 Jan. 
1 855 — sent to investigate situation of army in 
the Crimea, Jan. 1855 — as Commander-in-chief 
of engineers, assumes direction of the siege of 
Sebastopol, Apr. 1855 — Grand Cross of Legion 
of Honour, 18 Sep. 1855— K.C.B., 1855— 
Senator, 9 Jun. 1857 — takes part in Austro- 
Italian War, Apr. to Jun. 1859 — distinguishes 



1036 



NIELD— NIGER. 



himself at Solferino, 24 Jun. — Marshal of 
France, 25 Jun. 1859 — Minister of "War, Jan. 
1867 — resigns, Jul. 1869 — tf. at Paris, 13 Aug. 
1869. Siege de Sebastopol, 1858. 

Nield, James, philanthropist, — ft. at Knuts- 
f ord, in Cheshire, 1744 — originates Society for 
relief of prisoners for debt, 1772 — tf., 1814. 

Niello, method of engraving, — practised, he- 
fore 1200 — revived by Cellini, about 1550. 

Nienicewicz, Julian Ursin, poet, historian, 
§c, — ft. in Lithuania, 1757 — enters the army, 
1777— visits England, 1787 — nuncio to Polish 
Diet, 1788-92 — assists in drawing up constitu- 
tion of 3 May 1791— aide-de-camp to Kosci- 
usko in campaign of 1794 — wounded and taken 
prisoner by Russians at battle of Macieiowice, 
10 Oct. 1794— liberated, Nov. 1796 — goes to 
America, 1797 — Secretary of Senate of Grand 
Duchy of Poland, 1806 — Pres. Committee 
for preparing Constitution of Poland, 18 15 — 
dismissed from the Council, 1821 — takes 
part in insurrection of 29 Nov. 1830 — 
envoy to London, Jul. 1831 — tf. at Paris, 
21 May 1841. Poetical Works, 1838-40 — 
Collection of Historical Memoirs on Ancient 
Poland, 1822-30 — Memoirs of his own Times, 
1848. 

Niemen, river. [Napoleon I.] 

Niemeyer, August Hermann, theologian, 
miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Halle, 11 Sep. 
1754 — M.A., 1777 — Prof. Theology, Halle, 
1780 — member of States of "Westphalia, 1808 
— Rector of the Univ., 1808 — tf. at Halle, 5 
Jul. 1828. CharaJcteristik der Bibel, 1775-82 
— BTandbuch fur christliche Religions Lehrer, 
1790 — Grundsdtze der Erziehung, 1796. 

Niepce, Joseph Nicephore, chemist, one of 
the inventors of photography, — ft. at Chalons- 
sur-Saone, 7 Mar. 1765 — serves in the army, 
10 May 1792-4 — administrator of district of 
Nice, 1795-1801 — begins his heliographic re- 
searches, 1 8 13 — [Photography] — tf. near 
Chalons, 5 Jul. 1833. 

Niepce de Saint-Victor, photographer, — ft. 
at St Cyr, 26 Jul. 1805 — lieutenant in the 
Garde Municipale, Paris, Apr. 1 845 — announces 
discovery of photography on glass, 25 Oct. 
1847 — his laboratory burnt, Feb. 1848 — Che- 
valier of Legion of Honour, Dec. 1849 — P re ~ 
sents memoirs on PLeliochrome to Academy of 
Sciences, 1 851-2 — memoir on heliographic en- 
graving, 23 May 1853 — Commandant of the 
Louvre, by Napoleon III., Feb. 1854 — tf. at 
Paris, Apr. 1870. Becherches Photographiques, 
1855 — Trait e pratique de Gravure sur Acier 
et sur Verre, 1 856. 

Nieuhof, {Nieutchof) Johann, traveller, — ft. 
in Westphalia, 1630 — goes to Brazil, 1640 — 
enters service of Dutch E. India Company, 
1649 — accompanies Dutch embassy to China, 
1655-6 — sent to East Indies, 1659— governor 
of Dutch possessions in Ceylon, 1662-7 — lands 
in Madagascar, 8 Apr. 1672. Ambassade de la 
compaguie Ptollandaise, 1666 — Journey to 
Brazil by sea and land, 1682. 

Nieuport, in Flanders, — harbour built by 
Philip, Count of Flanders, 11 68 — taken by 
Philip Augustus, 1 1 97 — seized and destroyed 



by English, 1383 — unsuccessfully besieged by 
French, 1488 — taken by Duke of Parma, 1583 
— Maurice of Nassau defeats Archduke Albert 
of Austria at, 2 Jul. 1600 — seized by French, 
1 745 — restored to Dutch by Peace of Aix-la- 
Chapelle, 1748 — taken by French, 18 Jul. 
1794 — restored by Treaty of Paris, 1814. 

Nieuport, Charles Francois Ferdinand le 
Prud'homme d'Hailly, Viscount de, mathe- 
matician, — ft. at Paris, 13 Jan. 1746 — admit- 
ted to Academy of Brussels, 1777— correspond- 
ent of Institute of France, 1795 — member of 
States-General, 18 15 — tf. at Brussels, 20 Aug. 
1827. Melanges mathematiques, 1794-9 — 
Essai sur la theorie du raisonnement, 1805. 

Nieuwelandt, Willem van den, painter, 
dramatist, — ft. at Antwerp, 1584 — tf. at Am- 
sterdam, 1635. 

Nieuwentyt, Bernard, mathematician, §c, 
— ft. in Holland, 1654— tf., 30 May 17 18. 
Analysis Pnfinitorum, 1695 — Considerationes 
secundm circa calculi differentialis principia, 
1696 — Bight Use of contemplating the [Forks 
of the Creator, 17 15. 

Nieuwland, Pieter, poet, natural philoso- 
pher, — ft. at Diemermeer, 5 Nov. 1764 — Prof. 
Mathematics, Physics, &c, Leyden, 1793 — tf. 
there, 14 Nov. 1794. 

Nifo, Agostino, (JSlphus,) philosopher, §c, 
— ft. in Italy, about 1473 — Prof. Extraord. 
Philosophy, Padua, 1492 — called to Rome, 
made Count Palatine by Leo X., and Prof, at 
Roman Academy, 15 13 — removes to Pisa, 15 19 
—to Salerno, 1525— tf., i537, a i545- b -^ 
Intellect u et de Bccmonibus, 1503 — Be Immor- 
talitate Animce, 15 18. 

a Some Authorities. b Others. 

Nigel, Bp of Ely, — consecrated at Lam- 
beth, 1 Oct. 1 1 33 — builds a castle at Ely, 
1 1 36 — summoned, as partisan of Maud, to 
council at Oxford, compelled to surrender his 
castles to Stephen, and deprived of his see, 
midsum. 11 39 — escapes from custody and pre- 
pares for defence in Devizes Castle, but sur- 
renders, 1 1 39 — defeated by Stephen at Ely, 
joins Maud at Gloucester, 11 39 — charges 
brought against him at Council of London, 
1 143 — cited to Rome, Dec. 1143 — goes to 
Rome, 1 144 — returns, about Nov. 1144 — tf., 3 
Jun., a 29 or 30 May b 1169. 

a Pict. Hist. England. b Foss. 

Niger, {Quorra,) river of Africa, — English 
expeditions sent to explore, 16 18 and 1620 — 
explored by Stibbs, of the African Company, 
1723 — Ledyard sent by African Association, 
1788 — explored by Mungo Park, 1796-7 — and 
again, 1805 — by Clapperton, 1826 — by Caillie, 
1827 — by the Landers, 1830 — unsuccessful at- 
tempt by Laird to establish trading settlement 
on, 1832 — unsuccessful government expedition, 
1 841 — explored by Barth, 1854 — by Laird, 
summer 1854. 

Niger, — Consul with Vipstanus Apronianus, 
(870, a. v. c.) 117 — (another?) Consul with 
Camerinus, (891,) 138. 

Niger, C. Pescennius, Roman Emperok, 
— serves under M. Aurelius, before 180 — pro- 
claimed Emperor after assassination of Julian, 



NIGBJANUS— NISIBIS. 



1037 



193 — defeated by Severus and put to death, 194. 

Nigrianus, (Nigrinianus,) — Consul with 
Serums, (1103, a. it. c.) 350. 

Nigrinus, C. Pontius, — Consul with Cn. 
Acerronius Proculus, (790, a. u. c.) 37. 

Nihilist Conspiracies, in Russia, discovered, 
and the leaders banished for life to E. Siberia, 
1871. 

' Nika ' Sedition. [Constantinople.] 

Nikias, — [B C]— associated in command with 
Pericles, before 429 — leads an expedition 
against Minoa and takes it, summer 427 — 
ravages Melos, 426 — defeats Corinthians, 425 
— captures Kythera, 424 — at Khalkidike, 
against Brasidas, 423 — Peace of Nikias, 421 — 
joins Alkibiades to secure ostracism of Hyper- 
bolus, 415 ?— commands with Alkibiades and 
Lamachos in Sicilian expedition, 415 — surren- 
ders in Sicily, 12, 13 Sep. 413, and put to death. 

Nikias, painter, — [BC] — fl., about 340-310. 

Nikias,— [B C]— Archon at Athens, (01. 121, 
1,) 296. 

Nikolaieff, in Russia, — founded, 1790 — 
harbour opened to foreign ships by decree of 
Alexander II. , 16 May 1862. 

Nikolsburg, in Moravia, — preliminaries of 
peace between Prussia and Austria, signed, 28 
Jul. 1866 — ratified at Prague, 30 Aug. 

Nikon, Patriarch of Prussian Church, — 
h. near Nijnei Novogorod, May i6o5, a i6i3 b 
— metropolitan of Novogorod, 1 648 — patriarch, 
1652 — retires to a monastery, 1658 — deposed 
and banished by Council of Moscow, 1667 — 
tf. at Yaroslav, 17 Aug. 1681. Collection of 
Russian Chronicles, 1767-92. 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Bees' Cyc. 

Nile, The, — [BC] — unsuccessful attempt of 
Perdiccas to cross, 321 — battle of, Caesar defeats 
and kills Ptolemy, and restores Cleopatra, 47 — 
canal from Red Sea to, repaired by Petronius, 
about 23 a — [AD] — exploration of, above Syene, 
about 60 ? — navigation of, improved by Probus, 
278 — connected with Red Sea by canal, re- 
opened by Amrou, 639 — explored by Bruce, 
1770 — by Linant, 1827 — by expeditions sent 
by Pasha of Egypt, 1840, 1841, and 1842 — by 
d'Abbadk, 1845 — by Enoblecher, 1850— by 
Burton and Speke, 1857-8 — by Miani and 
Peglioux, i860 — by Speke and Grant, 1862-3 — 
by Baker, 1861 and 1863-4. [Albert Nyanza.] 
Battle of, [see Nelson, Lord.] a Merivale. 

Nilus, (JS T eilus,) St, theologian, — fl., about 
420 — a"., about 450. 

Nimeguen, in Holland, (iSfoviomagum,) — 
castle rebuilt by Charles the Great, 775 a — 
captured by Normans, and castle burnt, 881 b 
— recovered by Louis, king of Lorraine : castle 
again burnt, by Godfrey, Duke of Lower Lor- 
raine, io46, b 1043 c — restored by Frederick 
Barbarossa, ii55 bc — united with County of 
Holland, 1248 s1 — pledged by William III. to 
Otto III., Count of Guelderland, 1270 — 
Louis of Nassau defeated by Sancho d'Avila, 
r574 (1 — joins Union of Utrecht, 1579— submits 
to Prince of Parma, 1585 — Martin Schenck 
fails in attempt to surprise, 1589 d — taken by 
Maurice of Nassau, 159 1 — taken by Turenne, 
1672 — conferences for peace open at, Jul. 1675 



— unsuccessfully attacked by Marshal Boufners, 
1702 — captured by Pichegru, 8 Nov. i794 b — 
castle demolished by French, 1797. Councils 
of, 830 or 831 : and 16 Mar. 1018. Treaties 
of between France and Holland, signed, 10 
Aug. 1678 — Spain accedes to it, 17 Sep. — be- 
tween France and the Emperor, signed, 5 Feb. 
1679. a Reeri' Cyc. 

b Encyc. Mod. c Conv.-Lex. d Davies. 

Nimes. [Nismes.] 

Nimrod, — [BC]— fl., 2234^ a Ussher. 

Nimroud. [Nineveh.] 

Nineveh, {Ninus,) — [B C] — [Assyria] — 
mentioned in tablet of Karnak of reign of 
Thothmes III., about 1490^ i6oo, b 1460 ° — 
taken by Medes and Babylonians, 789 b — rebuilt 
by Sennacherib, about 695 -690 b — unsuccessfully 
besieged by Cyaxares, 634^ 625 b — taken and 
destroyed by Cyaxares, 606, bd 625 c — [AD] — 
Heraclius defeats Chosroes, near site of, i, e 12 d 
Dec. 627 — site of, surveyed by Bich, 1820 — 
site of, determined by Botta, 1843 — remains 
explored by Layard, 1845-7 an( i I ^49 _ 5°- 
a Layard. b Lenormant. c Bawlinson. 
d Clinton. e Gibbon. 

Ningpo, in China, — taken by Sir H. Pot- 
tinger, 13 Oct. 1841 — evacuated by English, 7 
May 1 842 — opened for trade by Treaty of Nan- 
kin, 29 Aug. — occupied by allies, i860 — captured 
by rebels, 9 Dec. 1861 — by allies, 10 May 1862. 

Ninias, — ordained Bp of South Picts, by 
Pope Siricius, 394 — fr., 432. 

Nino de Guevara, Don Juan, painter, — b 
at Madrid, 1623^ 8 Feb. 1632 b — o\ at Malaga, 
8 Dec. 1698. a Biog. Univ. 

b Nouv. Biog. Gen. and Nagler. 

Niobe, asteroid, — discovered by Luther, 13 
Aug. 1 861. 

Niobium, metal, — discovered by Hatchett, 
1 801 — investigated by Wollaston, 1809 — re- 
discovered by Pose, 1846. 

Niort, in France, — taken by Philip Augustus, 
1202 — besieged by Louis VIII. , 1223 — de- 
clared a free port, 1285 — given up to English 
by Treaty of Bretigny, 1360— retaken by Du- 
guesclin, 1371? — nobility conferred on chief 
magistrates, by letters-patent of Louis XL, 
146 1 — held by Huguenots, unsuccessfully be- 
sieged by Count Lude, 1569 — taken by St 
Gelais for Henry of Navarre, 1589. 

Nisaea, — [B C] — reconquered by Megarians, 
(01. 46,) 596 a — Megarians defeat Athenians at, 
446. a a Miiller. 

Nishapoor, Nushapoor, in Persia, — Mah- 
mud of Ghazni defeated by Tatars at, (385 a.h.) 
995 — royal residence, under the Seljuks, be- 
tween 1028-1194 — pillaged by Gengis Khan, 
1220 — destroyed by Tatars, 1269 — by Nadir 
Shah, 1749. 

Nisibis, in Mesopotamia, — [Nezib] — [B C] — 
given up by Parthians to Armenians, 149 — 
stormed by Lucullus, 68 — [AD] — taken by 
Trajan, 116 — given up by Hadrian, 117 — re- 
conquered by Lucius Verus, 165 — taken by 
Sapor I., 258 — recovered by Odenathus, 261 — 
interview of Diocletian and Galerius at, and 
negotiations for peace with Narses, 297-8 — un- 
successfully besieged by Sapor II., 337 or 338 



1038 



NISMES— NOAILLES. 



— again, 346 — third time, 350 — given up to 
Persia by Jovian, 363 — unsuccessfully besieged 
by Ardaburius, 422 — Belisarius defeats Per- 
sians at, 541 — Marcian defeats them, 573. 

Nisnies, Nimes, {Ifemausus,) in France, — 
[BCj — taken by Romans, 121 — fortified by 
Augustus, about 26 — [AD]— taken by Vandals, 
437 — conquered by Theodoric, 508 — recovered 
from Paulus by Wamba, 673 — taken by Moors, 
about 720 — by Charles Martel, 737 — taken by 
Louis VIII., 1226 — ceded to him by James of 
Aragon, 1258 — held by Albigenses, till 1270 — 
inundation at, 1399— occupied by English, 1417 
— burnt, 1494 — visited by Francis I., 1533 — 
supports Reformation, 1559 — disturbances and 
massacre at, 1791 — massacres by Royalists at, 
1 8 15 — disturbances at, Aug. 1830. Councils 
of, 389 — for confirmation of Council of Cler- 
mont, 1096. Pacification of, conceding free- 
dom of worship to Huguenots, and depriving 
them of their fortified towns, issued by Louis 
XIII., 14 Jul. 1629. Amphitheatre, built by 
Antoninus Pius ? 138- 161. 

Nissa, [Naissus,] in Turkey, — destroyed by 
Huns, 441 — taken by Sultan Amurath I., 1389 
— by Imperialists, 1688 — recovered by Turks, 
1689— taken by Austrian s, 1737. 

Nithard, historian, — tf., about 853. 

Nithisdale, William Maxwell, oth Earl of, 
— succeeds his father, 1685 — joins the Earl of 
Mar, 17 15 — taken prisoner at Preston, 13 Nov. 
— committed to the Tower, 9 Dec. — condemned 
to death, 19 Jan. 17 16 — escapes from the Tower 
in disguise, 23 Feb. 17 16 — Tj. at Rome, 1744. 

Nitric Acid, {Azotic Acid,) {Aquafortis,) — 
known, before 700— composition of, discovered 
by Cavendish, 1785. Anhydrous, obtained by 
Deville, 1849. 

Nitric Oxide, [Beutoxide of Azote,) — investi- 
gated by Priestley, about 1773. 

Nitrogen, {Azote,) — discovered and described 
by Rutherford and Priestley, 1772 — shown to 
be constituent of atmosphere by Lavoisier, 1775 
— chloride of, discovered by Dulong, 18 12. 

Nitroglycerine, — discovered by Sombrero, 
1847 — applied as explosive agent by Nobel, 
about 1864 — in England, importation of, pro- 
hibited and carriage regulated by Act 32 and 
33 Vic. c. 113, 11 Aug. 1869. 

Nitrous Oxide, {Laughing Gas,) — obtained 
by Priestley, 1776 — investigated by Davy, 1800. 

Nitsch, Paul Friedrich Achat, litterateur, 
— ft. in Germany, 1754 — if. at Bibra, in Thu- 
ringia, 1794. Beschreibung des Zustands der 
Homer, 1794 — Mythologisches Worterbuch, 
1793 — Entwurf der alien Geographic, 11th 
edition, 1837. 

Nitzsch, Gregor Wilhelm, philologist, — ft. 
at Wittenberg, 22 Nov. 1790 — Prof. Ancient 
Literature, Kiel, 1827 — Prof. Archaeology, Leip- 
sic, 1852 — tf. there, 22 Jul. 1861. Sagenpoesie 
der Griechen, 1852 — Anmerkungen zu Homer's 
Odyssee, 1826-40 — Beitrage zur Geschichte 
der epischen Poesie der Griechen, 1862. 

Nitzsch, Karl Ludwig, theologian, — ft. &,t 
Wittenberg, 6 Aug. 1751 — General Superin- 
tendent and Prof. Theology, Wittenberg, 1790 
— Director of Theological Seminary, 18 17 — ft. 



at Wittenberg, 5 Dec. 183 1. Be discrimine 
Bevelationis imperatorice et didacticce, 1830 — 
— Be Pevelatione religionis externa, 1808 — 
TJeber das BTeil der Theologie, 1830. 
Nivernais. [See Nevers.] 
Nivernais, Louis Jules Barbou Mancini 
Mazarini, Duke of, statesman, — ft. at Paris, 
16 Dec. 17 16— serves in the army, 1734-43 — 
admitted to French Academy, and to Academy 
of Inscriptions, 1743 — ambassador extraord. to 
Rome, 1748-52 — prevents condemnation of 
Montesquieu's Esprit de Lois by Congregation 
of the Index : ambassador to Rerlin, 1755 — to 
London, 1756 — negotiates at London peace of 
1763 — succeeds his father in the Duchy, 1769 
— member of the Council, 1787-9 — devoted to 
cause of Louis XVL, 1791 — arrested, 13 Sep. 
1793 — liberated, (9 Thermidor,) 27 Jul. 1794 — 
ft. at Paris, 25 Feb. 1798. (Eavres, 1796. 

Nizam Al Muluk, — ft. in Khorasan, about 
1017 — Grand Vizier to Alp Arslan, 1064 — 
assassinated, 1092. 

Nizami, {Nidhami,) poet, — ft. in Persia, 
about 1100 — Ij. there, (576, a. h.) 1180-1. 
Nizam's Dominions. [Hyderabad.] 
Nizza. [Nice.] 

Nizzoli, Mario, {Nizoliics,) philosopher, 
philologist, — ft. at Brescello, in Modena, 1498 
— Prof, at Brescia, 1522 — at Parma, 1547 — ■ 
at Sabionetta, 1562 — ft. at Brescello, 1566. 
Thesaurus Ciceronianus, 1535 — Be veris prin- 
cipiis et vera ratione philosophandi, 1553. 

Noah, — [BC] — ft., summer 2948,=* 3082 b — 
birth of Shem, summer 2446 a — enters the ark, 
7 Dec. 2349^ 2482 b — leaves the ark, 18 Dec. 
2348 s — 0"., sum. 1998^ a Ussher. b Clinton. 
Noailles, Adrien Maurice, Duke of, 
Marshal of France, — ft. at Paris, 29 Sep. 
1678 — enters the army, 1692 — marries Frances 
d'Aubigne, 1 Apr. 1698 — accompanies Duke 
of Anjou to Madrid, Dec. 1700 — Lieutenant- 
general in Roussillon, 1706 — defeats Spaniards 
near Figuieres, 1709 — drives English from 
Cette, 30 Jul. 17 10 — storms Girona, 23 Jan. 
17 1 1 — created grandee of Spain by Philip V., 
Duke and Peer of France by Louis XIV., 17 11 
— member of Council of Regency for Louis 
XV., 17 15 — Pres. Council of Finances, 17 18 
— falls into disgrace, 1720 — banished to his 
estates, 1722 — reinstated, Nov. 1723 — drives 
Imperialists from Worms, 1733 — defeats them 
at Etlingen, 4 May 1734 — takes part in siege 
of Philipsburg, Jun. — Marshal of France, 14 
Jun. — distinguishes himself in Italy, 1735 — 
and in Germany, 1741 — loses battle of Det- 
tingen, 1743 — atFontenoy, 1745— ambassador 
extraord. to Madrid, Apr. to Jun. 1746 — ts. at 
Paris, 24 Jun. 1766. 

Noailles, Anne Jules, Duke of, Marshal 
of France, — ft. at Paris, 5 Feb. 1650 — 
Captain of Scotch Guards, 1661 — serves his 
first campaign, 1664 — takes part in conquest of 
Franche Comte, 1668 — marries Marie de 
Bournonville, 1671 — distinguishes himself in 
the Netherlands, 1672 — aide-de-camp to Louis 
XIV., 1672 — governor of Languedoc, May 
1682 — Lieutenant-general, Jun. 1682 — re- 
called, and sent to support Catalans in revolt, 



NOAILLES-NODAL. 



1C39 



1689 — Marshal, 27 Mar. 1693 — takes Eoses, 
1693 — passes the Teck and defeats Spaniards, 
27 May 1694 — takes Palamos, 7 Jun. — takes 
Girona, 29 Jun. — takes citadel of Ostalric, 20 
Jul. — takes Castel-Follit, 8 Sep. — retires, 
1695 — rj. at Versailles, 2 Oct. 1708. 

Noailles, Antoine de, Admiral of France, 
diplomatist, — ft., 1504 — accompanies Viscount 
de Turenne to Madrid, 1530 — serves at battle 
of Cerisoles, 1544 — Admiral of France, 1547 — 
ambassador to England, Dec. 1553 — negotiates 
truce of Vaucelles with Emperor, Feb. 1556 — 
drives Huguenots from Bordeaux, 1556— rj. 
there, 11 Mar. 1562. 

Noailles, Emmanuel Marie Louis, Mar- 
quis or, diplomatist,— -ft. at Paris, 12 Dec. 
1743 — ambassador to States-General, 1770 — ■ 
to London, 1776-8 — to Vienna, 1783 — de- 
mands his recall, Mar. 1792 — appears before 
National Assembly, and is imprisoned, 1792 — 
liberated, 1794 — rj. at Maintenon, Sep. 1822. 

Noailles, Francois de, diplomatist, — ft., 
15 19 — Bp of Dax, 1555 — ambassador to Eng- 
land, 1556 — to Venice, 1558 — to Constanti- 
nople, 1572 — mediates a peace between Selim 
II. and Venetians, Mar. 1573 — rj. at Bayonne, 
19 Sep. 1585. 

Noailles, Jean Paul Francois, Duke of, 
and Duke of Ayen, general, — ft. at Paris, 
26 Oct. 1739 — Colonel, 1755 — admitted to 
Academy of Sciences, 1777 — member of Coun- 
cil of War, 1 78 1 — Lieutenant-general, Jan. 
1784— emigrates, 1791 — at the Tuileries, 10 
Aug. 1792 — again emigrates, 1793 — succeeds 
his father, Aug. 1793 — returns to France, 
18 14 — retires to Switzerland, spring 18 15 — 
returns to France, 1823 — tr. at Fontenay en 
Brie, 29 Oct. 1824. 

Noailles, Louis, Duke of, Marshal of 
France, — ft., 21 Apr. 17 13 — Duke of Ayen, 
1737 — at battle of Dettingen, 1743 — serves in 
Flanders, 1744-5 — Lieutenant-general, Dec. 
1748 — Chevalier of Orders of the King, Jan. 
1749 — succeeds his father as governor of St 
Germain en Laye, 1754 — succeeds his father, 
1766— Marshal of France, 1775 — rj. at St Ger- 
main, 22 Aug. 1793. 

Noailles, Louis Antoine de, Cardinal, 
Abp of Paris, — ft., 27 May 1651 — doctor of 
the Sorbonne, 1676 — Bp of Cahors, 1679 — Bp 
of Chalons sur Marne, 1680 — assists at Assem- 
bly of Clergy, 168 1 and 1682 — Abp of Paris, 19 
Aug. 1695 — Commander of orders of the king, 
1697 — Cardinal, 21 Jun. 1700— opposes the Bull 
TJnigenitus, 17 13 — ft. at Paris, 4 May 1729. 

Noailles, Louis Joseph Alexis, Count de, 
statesman, — ft. at Paris, J un. 1 783 — loses most of 
his family by the guillotine, 1794 — arrested, 
1809 — escapes to Switzerland, 181 1 — joins 
Louis XVIII. in England, 181 2 — sent on 
various missions by him, 1812-14 — accom- 
panies him to Paris, and is named joint-pleni- 
potentiary to Congress of Vienna, 1814 — 
excepted from amnesty by Napoleon I., Mar. 
1815— joins Louis XVIII. at Ghent, Apr. 1815 
— member of Chamber of Deputies, 18 15 — 
Minister of State, 19 Sep. 1815— rj. at Paris, 
14 May 1835. 



Noailles, Louis Marie Antoine, Viscount 
de, — ft. at Paris, 17 Apr. 1756 — serves in 
American War, 1778-83 — deputy to States- 
General, May 1789— joins in suppression of 
privileges, 4 Aug. 1789— Pres. National As- 
sembly, 26 Feb. 1 7 91 — retires to England, 
1792 — as General of Brigade serves in St 
Domingo, 1803 — killed in action with English 
frigate off Cuba, 9 Jan. 1 804. 

Nob, — [BC] — tabernacle placed at, after 
1095 a — massacre of priests there by Saul's com- 
mand, 1062. b a Ussher. b Bib. Chvon. 

Nobilior, M. Fulvius,— [BC]- (1.) Curule 
aedile, 195 — praetor, 193 — proconsul in His- 
pania Ulterior, 193-1 — takes Toletum, 192 — 
Consul with Cn. Manlius Vulso, (565, a. u. c.) 
189 — takes Ambracia and Cephallenia, subju- 
gates JEtolia : triumphs, 187 — censor with 
M. JEmilius Lepidus, 179. (2.) Consul with 
Cn. Corn. Dolabella, (595,) 159. 

Nobilior, Q,. Fulvius, — [BCj — triumvir epulo, 
180 — Consul with T. Annius Luscus, (Kal. Jan.) 
153 — unsuccessful in Celtiberian War ; censor, 
136. 

Nobilior, Ser. Fulvius Paetinus, — [BC] — 
Consul with M. JEmilius Paullus, (499, a. u. c.) 

255- 

Nobility, — in France, letters of, first 
granted by Philip the Bash, 1271 a — conferred 
on all citizens of Paris, by edict of Charles V., 
137 1 — restricted to provost and echevins, by 
Henry III., 1577 — titles of, suppressed by 
National Assembly, 19 Jun. 1790 — new, created 
by Napoleon I., 1808— old, revived by Louis 
XVIIL, 1 8 14 — hereditary, suppressed by 
Chamber of Deputies, 10 Oct. 1831. In Papal 
States, restricted in number by Benedict XIV., 
1740-58. [Peerage, Peers.] a Hailam. 

Noble, gold cow,— first coined by Edw. III., 
1334- 

Noble, Mark, historian, biographer, — Rector 
of Barning in Kent, 1784 — rj. there, 26 May 
1827. Memoirs of Cromwell, 1784 — Memoirs 
of the Medici, 1797 — Lives of English Regicides, 
1798. 

Noble, Samuel, theologian, — ft. in London, 
4 Mar. 1779 — joins New Jerusalem Church, 
1801 — editor of Intellectual Repository, 1812- 
40 — ordained minister, 1820 — rj. in London, 
27 Aug. 1853. Plenary Inspiration of the 
Scriptures, about 1825 — Appeal in behalf of 
Doctrines of the New Church, 1826. 

Nocera, {Nuceria,) in Italy, — [BC] — taken 
from the Umbri by Bomans, 307 a — [AD] — 
seat of a bishopric, 402 a — defeat of Teias and 
the Goths by Narses near, 553 b — see united to 
Sassoferrato, 1027 a — destroyed by troops of 
Frederick II., 1250° — annexed to Papal ter- 
ritories by Innocent III., i3o8 a — Pope Urban 
VI. besieged in by Charles III. of Naples, and 
the town taken, 5 Jul. i385. d a Engl. Cyc. 
b Gibbon. c Kington. d Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Noctua, Q. Csedicius, — [BC] — Consul with 
M. Valerius Corvinus, (465, a. u. c.) 289. 

Nodal, Gonzalo, and Bartolomeo Garcia de, 
maritime discoverers, — command Spanish expe- 
dition to S. America, Sep. 161 8-19. Relacwn 
del Viage, 1621. 



1040 



NODLER— NON-RESISTANCE. 



Nodier, Charles, litterateur, — fo. atBesancon, 
29 Apr. 1780 ? 1781 ? 1783 ? — goes to Paris, 
1796 — returns to Besanc.on, 1798 — arrested, 
1800 — settles at Paris, 18 14 — Librarian to the 
Arsenal, 1824 — admitted to French Academy, 
1834 — ■&. at Paris, 27 Jan. 1844. Dictionnaire 
des Onomatopees franc discs, 1808 — Napoleone, 
1800 — Jean Sbogar, 1818 — Therese Hubert, 
1 819. 

Noehden, GeorgHeinrich, — fj. atGottingen. 
1770 — comes to England, 1793 — Assistant- 
librarian, British Museum, 1822 — Pres. Asiatic 
Society, 1823 — tJ. in London, 13 Mar. 1826. 
German Grammar, 1800 — German and English 
Dictionary, 1812. 

Noel, Francois Joseph, diplomatist, littera- 
teur, — b. at St Germain-en- Laye, 1755 — envoy 
to England, Aug. 1792 — to the Hague, Jan. 
1793 — plenipotentiary to Venice, May 1793 to 
Jan. 1795 — to the Hague, Oct. 1795 to Oct. 
1797 — Inspector-general of public instruction, 
Jun. 1802 to Jan. 1841 — ft. at Paris, 29 Jan. 
1 841. Nouveau Steele de Louis XIV., 1793 — 
Ephe'merides politiques, litteraires et religieuses, 
1796-7 — Dictionnaire de laFable, 1801 — Lecons 
francaises de litterature et de morale, 1804 — 
with Chapsal, Grammaire Francaise, 1823 — 
with Carpentier, Dictionnaire des Origines, 
1827. 

Nogaret, William of, Chancellor or 
France, — Prof. Civil Law, Montpellier, before 
1303 — presents accusation of Pope Boniface 
Till, respecting the bull Ausculta, Dili, at par- 
liament of Paris, Mar. 1303 — again, Jun. — with 
Sciarra Colonna surprises and captures Boniface 
at Anagui, 7 Sep. — excepted from absolution of 
Benedict XL, 1304 — absolved by Clement V., 
1307 — takes part in persecution of Jews, in 
prosecution of Templars, at Poitiers, 1307 — in 
prosecution of memory of Boniface, 13 10 — 
sentenced to serve for life in next crusade, by 
Consistory of Avignon, 13 10 — fj. at Paris, 

1314- 

Nogari, Giuseppe, painter, — fc. at "Venice, 
1699 — rj. there, 1763. 

Nogaro, in France, — Councils of, held, 1141; 
1290 ; on discipline, 1303, and 1315. 

Nogarola, Luigi, — f>. at Verona, about 
1505 ? — attends Council of Trent, about 1546 
— Knt, 1554— tf. at Verona, 1559. Apostolicce 
Institutions, 1549 — Timotheus, sive de Nilo, 
1552 — translation of Ocellus Lucanus ' De 
Universa Natural 1559. 

Noir, Le. [Lenoir.] 

Nola, in Italy, — [BC] — sends troops to 
assist Pahepolis and Neapolis, 327 — taken by 
Romans, 3 13 — unsuccessfully besieged by Han- 
nibal, 216-215 — taken by Confederates in 
Social War, 90 — taken by Sulla and burnt by 
tbe garrison, 82 — territory divided among his 
soldiers : [AD] — seat of a bishopric, about 250 
- -sacked by Alaric, aio — destroyed by Genseric, 

455- 

Nolan, Lewis Edward, captain— -fo., 18 17 
— enters English army, 1839 — visits Russia, 
1852— serves in Crimean War, 1853 — killed 
at Balaklava, 25 Oct. 18^4. Organization, 
Drill, and Manoeuvres of Cavalry Corps, 1853. 



Nolin, Jean Baptiste, engraver, — fc. at Paris, 
1657 — tf. there, 1725. 

Nollekens, Joseph, sculptor, — fc. in London, 
11 Aug. 1737 — studies at Rome, 1760-70 — 
A.R.A., 177 1 — R.A., 1772 — Ij. in London, 23 
Apr. 1823. 

Nollet, Dominique, painter,— rj. at Bruges, 
1640 — admitted to Society of Painters, Bruges, 
1687 — rj. at Paris, 1736. 

Nollet, Jean Antoine, natural philosopher, 
— fc. in the Noyonnais, 19 Nov. 1700 — visits 
England, and is chosen F.R.S., 1734 — Prof. 
Experimental Philosophy, 1738 — admitted to 
Academy of Sciences, 1739 — Prof. Experi- 
mental Philosophy, Coll. Navarre, 1753 — ft. at 
Paris, 24 Apr. 1770. Legons de Physique Ex- 
perimentale, 1743 et seq. — Fecherches sur les 
causes particulieres des Phenomenes electriques, 
1749 — Fssai sur V electricite des Corps, 1750 — 
L Art des Experiences, 1770. 

Nominalists, School of, — founded or revived 
by Roscelin, about 1090 — opposed by Thomas 
Aquinas, 1250-70 — by Duns Scotus, 1300 — 
their doctrine maintained by Occam, 1330-40 
— persecuted by Pope John XXIII. , 1410-15 
— denounced by Univ. of Paris, 1339 — P r0_ 
scribed by Louis XL of France, 1473 — his 
edict mitigated, 1474 — restored to authority in 
Univ. of Paris, 148 1. 

Nomsz, Jan, poet,— fo. at Amsterdam, 1738 
— tf. there, 1803. 

Nonius, (Nomius,) — Consul with Valentinian, 
(1198, a. it. c.) 445. 

Nonconformists, in England, — congregation 
of, seized in London, 19 Jun. 1567 — subject to 
capital punishment by Act 35 Eliz. c. 1, 1593 
— resign their livings on St Bartholomew's Day, 
24 Aug. 1662. [Uniformity, Act of; Con- 
venticle Act ; Dissenters ; Indulgence, De- 
claration of; Toleration Act.] 

Nonianus, M. Servilius, historian, orator, 
— Consul with C. Sestius Gallus, (788, a. u. c.) 

35- 

Nonius. [Vernier.] 

Nonius. [Nunez, Fernan.] 

Nonjurors, in England^ — Sancroft, Abp of 
Canterbury, and Bps of Bath and Wells, Chi- 
chester, Ely, Gloucester, Norwich, Peterborough, 
and Worcester, refuse oaths to William and 
Mary, 5 Mar. 1689 — and are suspended : de- 
prived, 1 Feb. 1 69 1 — penalties of recusants 
imposed on, by Act 7 and 8 Wm III. c. 27, 
1696 — estates of, taxed by Act 2 Geo. I. c. 13, 
27 May 1723. 

Nonnus, of Panopolis, poet, — fl., about 410 ? a 
— before 550. b 

a Cave and Harles. b Smith's Diet. 

Nonnus, Theophanes, (Nonus,) physician, 
— fi., about 925. (911-959.) 

Non-Residence, of ecclesiastics, — prohibited 
by Councils of Nice, 325 — of Antioch, 332 — of 
Carthage, 401 — by Novelise of Justinian, about 
535-540 — by Capitularies of Charles the Great, 
about 803 — by Council of Trent, 1545-63. 
In England, penalties for, regulated by Act 1 
and 2 Vic. c. 106, 14 Aug. 1838. 

Non-Resistance,— preached by clergy and 
enforced in Homilies, 1569 a — by Canons of 



NOODT— NORFOLK!. 



1041 



Convocation, 1609^ Oath of, imposed on 
office-bearers in corporations by Act 13 Car. II. 
st. 2, c. 1, 1 66 1 — repealed by Act 5 Geo. I. c. 
6, 17 18. a Hallam. 

Noodt, Gerard, jurist,— b. at Nimeguen, 
1647 — Prof. Law, Leyden, 167 1 — at Franeker, 
1679 — at Utrecht, 1684 — at Leyden, 1686 — tr. 
at Leyden, 1725. Opera, 17 16. 

Noot, Henri Charles Nicolas van der, — fj. 
at Brussels, 7 Jan. 1735 — promotes insurrec- 
tion against Austrians, 1789 — abandons Brus- 
sels, 2 Dec. 1790 — tf. near Brussels, 13 Jan. 
1827. 

Nootka Sound, King George's Sound, Van- 
couver Island, — discovered by Captain Cook, 
Apr. 1778 — English settlementon, 1786 — seized 
by Spaniards, 1789 — the dispute terminated by 
convention, 27 Sep. 1790 — definitive treaty 
signed, 28 Oct. 1790. 

' No Popery,' — riots at Edinburgh and Glas- 
gow, Jan. 1779 — in London, Jun. 1780 — 
[Gordon Riots] — cry raised at elections of 
May 1807. 

Norbanus, C.,— [BC]— trib. pleb., 95— ac- 
cuses Q,. Servilius Csepio of majestas : accused 
of majestas, 94 — praetor in Sicily, 90 or 89 — de- 
fends Bhegium against Samnites, 88 — Consul 
with Scipio Asiaticus, (671, a. u. c.) 83 — de- 
feated by Sulla at Mount Tifata, 83 — defeated 
by Metellus Pius in Cisalpine Gaul, 82 — kills 
himself at Rhodes, 81. 

Norberg, Matthias, orientalist, — fj. in Swe- 
den, 1747 — visits France, Italy, and Turkey, 
1777-81 — Prof. Oriental Languages, Lund, 
17 8 1 -1 820 — lj. at TTpsala, 11 Jan. 1826. 

Norbert, St, monastic founder, — b. in Duchy 
of Cleves, 1080 — accompanies Emperor Henry 
V. to Rome, n 10 — priest, 11 16 — founds Order 
of Premonstratensians, n 20 — Abp of Magde- 
burg, 1 1 26 — rj., 6 Jun. 1 1 34. Canonized by 
Gregory XIII. , 1582. 

Norbury, John Toler, Earl of, Chief 
Justice of Common Pleas in Ireland, — h. 
in Tipperary, 1745 — called to the bar, 1770 — 
Solicitor-general, 1789 — Attorney-general, 
1798 — Chief Justice, and created Lord Nor- 
bury, 1800 — retires and is created Viscount 
Glandine and Earl of Norbury, 1827 — tf., 1831. 

Norby, Severin, admiral, — distinguishes 
himself in Danish navy, 15 11 -23 — fortifies 
himself in Isle of Gothland, 1524 — capitulates, 
Apr. 1525 — killed at siege of Florence, 1530. 

Nordberg, {Norberg,) George Andrew, his- 
torian, — b. at Stockholm, 1677 — almoner to 
Royal Guard, 1705 — chaplain to Charles XII., 
1707 — captured by Russians at Pultawa, 1709 
— exchanged, 17 15 — pastor at Stockholm, 17 17 
— tf. at Stockholm, 14 Mar. 1744. History of 
Charles XII., 1740. 

Norden, Friedrich Ludwig, traveller, — 6. 
in Holstein, 1708 — Lieutenant in Danish navy, 
1732 — visits Italy and Egypt, 1736 to May 
1738 — serves as volunteer m English navy in 
Spain, 1740 — F.R.S., 1741 — tf. at Paris, 22 
Sep. 1742. Voyage d Egypte et de Nubie, 
1752-5- 

Norden, John, topographer, — b. in "Wilt- 
shire, about 1548 — M.A. Oxford, 1573 — fc-> 



about 1625. Surveyor's Dialogue, 1607 — 
Speculum 'Britannia, 1593-1620 — England, 
1625. 

Nordlingen, in Bavaria, — free Imperial city 
till given to Bavaria, 1803 — Archduke Ferdi- 
nand of Austria defeats the Swedes at, 6 Sep. 
1634 — Imperialists defeated by Turenne and 
Duke d'Enghien, 3 Aug. 1645— combats be- 
tween French and Austrians near, 1796 and 
1800. 

. Nore, The, — mutiny of the fleet breaks out, 
22 May 1797 — suppressed by mid. Jun. — the 
ringleader, Parker, executed at Sheerness, 30 
Jun. 

Nores, Giasone de, — loses his property on 
conquest of Cyprus by Turks, and retires to 
Venice, 1570 — obtains settlement for his coun- 
trymen at Pola, 1577 — Prof. Moral Philosophy, 
Padua, 1577 — rj. there, 1590. Trattato del 
Mondo, 157 1 — Dell' Oratore, 1579 — Delia 
Rettorica, 1584 — Poetica, 1588. 

Norfolk, county of, — [East Anglia] — in- 
cluded in the Danelagh, 883 — invaded by 
Sweyn, 1004 — overrun by troops of Louis the 
Dauphin, 12 16 — men of, take part with "Wat 
Tyler, 1381 — insurrection under Ket breaks 
out, Jul. 1549 — suppressed, about end of Aug. 
— one of the associated counties against Charles 
I., 1642. 

Norfolk, in Virginia, U.S., — founded, 1736 
— burnt by British, 1776 — ravaged by yellow 
fever, 1855 — attacked by Confederates, navy- 
yard burnt and abandoned by Federals, 1 86 1 . 

Norfolk, Hugh Bigod, Earl of,— created 
{Earl of the East Angles) by'Henry I., 11 35 
— revolts against Stephen and seizes Norwich 
Castle, 1 1 37 — compelled to surrender his cas- 
tles to Henry II., 1157 — recreated Earl of 
Norfolk, 1 1 67 — rj., 11 77. 

Norfolk, Roger Bigod, Earl of, Earl 
Marshal of England, — succeeds to dignity 
of Earl Marshal, 1225 — takes part in tourna- 
ment at Nottingham, 1237— head of English 
Embassy to Council of Lyons, 1245 — quarrels 
with Henry III., 1255— joint-ambassador to 
France, 1255— attends the armed parliament, 
1258 — Tf., 1270. 

Norfolk, Roger Bigod, Earl of, Earl 
Marshal of England, — succeeds his uncle, 
1270 — with Humphrey de Bohun, compels Ed- 
ward I. to confirm Magna Charta, 1297 — is 
compelled to surrender his office and lands to 
the king, 12 Apr. 1302 — tf., 1307 : title extinct. 

Norfolk, Ralph de Guader, Earl of, — 
created by William I. ; marries at Norwich the 
sister of Roger Fitz-Osbern, and with him con- 
spires against AVilliam, 1075 — the conspiracy 
suppressed, 1075. 

Norfolk, Thomas, of Brotherton, Earl of, — 
fj., 1 Jun. 1300 — created Earl by his brother 
Edward II., 13 13 — Marshal of England, 13 15 
— tf., 1338. 

Norfolk, Thomas Mowbray, Duke of, and 
Earl of Nottingham, — Earl Marshal, by 
Richard II., 1386— Duke of Norfolk, 1396," 
Sep. 1397 b — joins in proceedings against Duke 
of Gloucester, 1397— quarrels with Duke of 
Hereford, 1398 — appears with him at Coventry 
66 



IC42 



NORFOLK— NORIS. 



for trial by combat, and is banished for life, 16 
Sep. — tt., 1413,° 1399. a a Burke. 

b Annals of England. c Pict. Hist. England. 
Norfolk, John Howard, Duke of,— Knt, 
accompanies Talbot to France, 1452 — taken 
prisoner at Castillon, 20 Jul. 1453 — Constable 
of Norwich Castle, 146 1 — commands fleet, 
ravages coast of Brittany and Poitou, 1462 — 
ambassador to Louis XL, 1468 — Treasurer of 
the Household to Edward IV., 1468 — attends 
Lady Margaret to Flanders, 1468 — Captain- 
general, 1470 — deputy-governor of Calais, 147 1 
— summoned to parliament, 1472 — E.G., 22 
Apr. 1472 — joint-commissioner to settle differ- 
ences with Duke of Burgundy, May 1473 — 
accompanies Edward IV. to France, Jul. 1475 
— takes part in negotiating treaty of peace, 
Aug. — Captain-general against the Scots, 1479 
— Duke of Norfolk, and Earl Marshal of Eng- 
land, by Richard III., 28 Jun. 1483 — Lord- 
admiral of England, Ireland, and Aquitaine, 
25 Jul. 1483 — killed at battle of Bosworth 
Field, 22 Aug. 1485. Attainted by parliament, 
Nov. 1485. 

Norfolk, Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of, 
and Earl of Surrey, — wounded at battle of 
Barnet, 147 1 a — attends the king at his inter- 
view with Louis XL, Aug. 1475 — Knt, by 
Edward IV., 1477 a — created Earl of Surrey, 
28 Jun. 1483 — taken prisoner at Bosworth 
Field, and committed to the Tower, 22 Aug. 
1485 — attainted, Nov. — restored to his title, 
1488 — suppresses insurrection in the North, 
1488 — sent against the Scots, 1495 and 1497 
— challenged by James IV. of Scotland, 1497 
— Lord Treasurer of England, 25 Jun. 150 1 — 
negotiates treaty with James IV., Jan. 1502 — 
Lord Hi»k Steward for trial of Lord Dudley, 
1502 — the estates restored to him, 1506-7 — 
joint-commissioner to treat with Emperor Max- 
imilian, Dec. 1507 — Earl Marshal, 1510 — 
ambassador to Aragon and Castile, Nov. 15 11 
— defeats Scots at Flodden, 9 Sep. 15 13 — Duke 
of Norfolk, 1 Feb. 15 14 — negotiates peace with 
Louis XII., Aug. 15 14 — conducts Princess 
Mary to Abbeville, Oct. 15 14- — suppresses riot 
of London apprentices, May 15 17 — Lord High 
Steward for trial of Buckingham, May 152 1 — 
resigns office of Lord Treasurer, Dec. 1522 — 
fc. at Framlingham, 21 May 1524. a Collins. 
Norfolk, Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of, 
— fj., about 1474 — K.G., 15 10 — accompanies 
Marquis of Dorset into Spain, Jun. 15 12 — 
succeeds his brother, Lord Edward Howard, as 
Lord-Admiral, and invades France, 15 13 — 
distinguishes himself at battle of Flodden, 9 
Sep. 15 1 3 — created Earl of Surrey, 1 Feb. 
1514 — Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1521 — 
holds a parliament at Dublin, 4 Jun. 152 1 — 
returns to England, Jan. 1522 — commands 
expedition against France, 1522 — Lord Trea- 
surer, 4 Dec. 1522 — invades Scotland, Sep. 1523 
— and takes Jedburgh : succeeds his father, 
May 1524 — one of the commissioners to nego- 
tiate peace with France, Aug. 1525 — attends 
the king to France, Oct. 1532 — present at the 
marriage of Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyn, 
Jan. 1533 — Earl Marshal, 28 May 1533 — 



presides at trial of Lord Dacre, Jul. 1534 — 
pronounces sentence of death on Anne Boleyn, 
19 May 1536 — suppresses insurrection in the 
North, [Pilgrimage of Grace,] 1537 — pro- 
motes Bill of Six Articles, 1539 — ambassador 
to France, 1541 — Captain-general in the North, 
Sep. 1542 — invades Scotland, Oct. — takes 
part in expedition against France, 1544 — ar- 
rested with his son and committed to the 
Tower, 7, a 12 b Dec. 1546 — attainted by par- 
liament: sentenced to death, 27 Jan. 1547 — 
escapes by death of the king, 28 Jan. — liber- 
ated, 3 Aug. 1553 — his title and lands restored 
by Queen Mary : Lord High Steward on trial 
of Northumberland, Aug. 1553 — sent against 
insurgents under Sir T. "Wyat, beginning of 
1554 — fc. at Kenninghall, Norfolk, 25 Aug. 
1554. a Annals of England. b Collins. 

Norfolk, Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of, — 
ft., about 1536 — as Earl of Surrey, assists at 
coronation of Mary, 1553 — succeeds his father, 
1554 — K.G., 1558 — sent against Scots, 1559 
— at siege of Leith, 1560 — Chevalier of St 
Michael, by Charles IX., Jan. 1567 — joint- 
commissioner to confer with Regent Murray 
at York, 1568 — project of his marriage with 
Mary Queen of Scots discovered: arrested at 
"Oxbridge ; committed to the Tower, 1 1 Oct. 
1569 — released, 4 Aug. 1570 — renews cor- 
respondence with Mary : again committed to 
the Tower, 4 Sep. 157 1 — convicted of treason, 
16 Jan. 1572 — beheaded in London, 2 Jun. 

I572- 

Norfolk, Thomas Howard, Earl of,— ft., 7 
Jul. 1592 — restored in blood by act of parlia- 
ment, as Earl of Arundel and Earl of Surrey, 
1603 — Privy Councillor, 1607 — K.G., 13 May 
161 1 — marries daughter of Earl of Shrews- 
bury, 161 2 — visits Italy, 161 3-14 — one of the 
commissioners of the Great Seal, May to Jul. 
162 1 — Earl Marshal for life, 29 Aug. 162 1 — 
imprisoned in the Tower, by order of Charles 
I., spring 1626 — attends the king to Scotland, 
1633 — ambassador to Emperor Ferdinand II., 
1636 — attends Diet of Ratisbon, autumn 1636 
— General of army sent against Scots, 1638 
— High Steward on trial of Strafford, 1641 
— created Earl of Norfolk, 6 Jun. 1 644 — tf. at 
Padua, 4 Oct. 1646. 

Norfolk Island, — discovered by Captain 
Cook, Oct. 1774— settlement in, 1788— aban- 
doned, 1 8 10 — made a penal settlement, 1825 — 
settlement broken up, 1 855 — given to Pitcairn 
islanders, 1856. 

Norgate, Edward, artist, — if., 23 Dec. 1650. 

Norham Castle, on the Tweed, — built by 
Ralph Flambard, about 1100-20— surrenders 
to David of Scotland, 11 38— restored by Bp 
Pudsey, 1154 — unsuccessfully besieged by King 
John, 1 2 15 — conferences between Edward I. 
and Scottish barons respecting succession to 
crown of Scotland, open 10 May 1 291— unsuc- 
cessfully besieged by James IV. and relieved 
by Surrey, 1498 — taken by James IV., Aug. 

Noris, Henrico, Cardinal, — h. at Verona, 
29 Aug. 1631a — enters Jesuits' Coll. Rimini, 
1646 — Prof. Ecclesiastical History, Pisa, i674 b 



NORMAL SCHOOLS-NORRIS. 



■043 



— Sub-librarian of the Vatican, 1692 b — Car- 
dinal, 1695 — Librarian of the Vatican, 1700 b 
— tj. at Rome, 23 Feb. 1704^ Historia Pela- 
giana, 1673 — inserted in the Index by Spanish 
Inquisition, 1747 a — ordered to be withdrawn 
by Pope Benedict XIV., 31 Jul. 1748 c — with- 
drawn, 1757 "■—Opera, 1729-41. 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Rees' Cyc. 

c Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Normal Schools, {JEcole Normale,) — estab- 
lished at Paris, 1795 — building completed, 
1847 — at Stettin, 1735— at Berlin, by Frederick 
IT., 1748 — in Holland, 1816 — at Edinburgh, 
1830 — in England, about 1838 — at Lexington, 
TJ. S., 1839. 

Normal Schools Association, American, — 
originated at New York, Aug. 1855. 

Norman, John Paxton, {Acting) Chief 
Justice of Bengal, — b., 21 Oct. 18 19 — B.A. 
Exeter Coll. Oxford, 1841 — called to the bar, 
1852 — marries, 1854 — Judge of High Court of 
Bengal, May 1861 — Deputy Chief Justice, 
1864 — again, 1871 — assassinated at Calcutta, 
20 Sep. 1 87 1. 

Norman, Robert, — discovers dip of magnetic 
needle, and constructs dipping needle, about 

i57 6 - 
Normanby, Constantine Henry Phipps, 

Marquis of, statesman, — b., 15 May 1797 — 
M.A. Cambridge, 18 18— M.P. Scarborougb, 
181 8 — succeeds his father, Earl Mulgrave, Apr. 
1 831 — Governor of Jamaica, 1832 — Lord Privy 
Seal, 1833 — Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1835 
— created Marquis, 25 Jun. 1838 — Secretary of 
State for the Colonies, 1839 — for tbe Home 
Department, 1839-41 — ambassador to Paris, 
Aug. 1846 to Feb. 1852— G.C.B., 10 Dec. 
1847 — K.G-., Apr. 1 85 1 — envoy to Florence, 
Dec. 1854 to Mar. 1858 — if. in London, 28 
Jul. 1863. 

Normanby, John Sheffield, Marquis of. 
[Buckinghamshire, Duke of.] 

Normandy, — conquered by Clovis and incor- 
porated with kingdom of the Franks, 497-500 
■ — included in kingdom of Neustria, 511 — 
ravaged by Northmen under Rolf, 876 — ceded 
to Rolf, with title of Duke, by Charles the Sim- 
ple, 912 — William Longsword (son of Rolf) 
succeeds, 927 — [William I., Duke of Nor- 
mandy] — Richard I. (son) succeeds, 942 — 
conquest and partition of, unsuccessfully at- 
tempted by Louis IV. and Hugh, Duke of 
France, 943-946— Richard II., (son,) 996 — 
invaded by Ethelred II., 1003 — Richard III., 
(son,) 1026 or 1027- — Robert I. le Liable 
(brother) seizes the Duchy, 1027 — William 
II., (son,) 1035 — [William I., the Conqueror'] 
— Robert II,, Curthose, (son,) 1087 — pledged 
by him to William II. of England, 1096 — con- 
quered by Henry I., 1 106 — the chiefs do hom- 
age to his son William, 11 15 — rebellion in 
favour of William, son of Robert II., 11 23 — 
Maud, daughter of Henry II., acknowledged 
in, 1 1 35 — Stephen of Blois does homage to 
Louis VI. for, 1 1 37 — conquered by Geoffrey of 
Anjou, 1 144 — his son Henry succeeds, 1151 — 
[Henry II. of England] — Richard Coeur de 
Lion received as sovereign, 11 89 — attacked by 



Philip Augustus and Earl John, [John, 
King of England,] 1193 — recovered by Rich- 
ard, 1 1 94 — the war continues : John received 
as Duke, Apr. 1 199— claim of his nephew 
Arthur supported by Philip, 11 99 — invaded 
by Philip, 1203— conquered by him, 1204 — 
formally resigned by John, 1206 — reclaimed 
by Henry III., 1223— Edward I. gives up all 
claim to, 1279 — Duchy given by Philip of 
Valoistohis son John, 1331 — invaded by Ed- 
ward III., Jul. 1346— Duchy given by King 
John to his son Charles, 1351 — [Crecy, Calais] 
— again invaded by Edward III., 1355— attack- 
ed by Charles II. of Navarre, 1357 — form- 
ally reunited to Crown of France, 1361 — in- 
vaded by Henry V. as king of France, 1415 
and 141 7 — insurrection in, against the English, 
suppressed by Earl of Arundel, 1434 — overrun 
by the Regent, Duke of York, and Talbot, 1436 
—reconquered by Charles VII., 1449-50 — 
Duchy given by Louis XL to his brother Prince 
Charles, 1465 — resumed and finally united to 
the Crown, 1469. Customs (Coutoumier) of, 
reduced to writing, 1229 — reformed by com- 
mission under Henry III., 1 Jul. 1585. 

Normandy, A., chemist, — b. in France, about 
1810 — tj. at Clapham, 10 May 1864. Chemic- 
al Atlas, 1857 — contributes to new edition of 
lire's Dictionary of Arts, i860 — Guide to the 
Alkalimetrical Chest, 1849 — Practical Introduc- 
tion to Rose's Treaties on Chemical Analysis, 
1849. 

Normans, Northmen, — [Danes] — arrive 
in Italy, 1016 — conquer Apulia from Greeks, 
1040— conquer Sicily, 1060-90. [Guiscard, 
Robert and Roger.] 

Norris, Henry, groom of the bedchamber to 
Henry VIII, — present at his marriage with 
Anne Boleyn, 1533 — suddenly sent to the 
Tower as alleged paramour of the Queen, 2 
May 1536 — tried, 12 May — executed, 17 May. 
Norris, John, divine, philosopher, — b. in 
Wiltshire, 1657 — enters Exeter Coll. Oxford, 
1676— Fellow of All Souls, 1680— M.A., 1684 
— corresponds with Henry More, from 1684 — 
Rector of Bemerton, 1691 — tf. there, 17 11. 
Miscellanies, 1687 — Theory and Regulation of 
love, 1688 — Reasoi/- and Religion, 1689 — 
Theory of Ideal World, 17 01 -4 — Discourse 
concerning Natural Immortality of the Soul, 
1708. 

Norris, John, military commander, — serves 
under Earl of Leicester in the Netherlands, 
1585 — joint-commander with Drake of expedi- 
tion against Spain, spring 1589 — marches on 
Lisbon, May — commands English auxiliaries 
in Brittany, 1592 — Lord-general of the forces 
in Ireland, 1594 — falls into disfavour with 
Lord Deputy Russell, about 1595 — ft-, about 
1598. 

Norris, Sir John, admiral, — serves at battle 
off Beaehy Head, 1690 — Captain R.N, 1690 — 
assists in defence of Newfoundland, 1696 — 
joint-commander with Earl of Peterborough in 
expedition to Spain, 1705 — as Rear-admiral, 
serves under Sir Cloudesley Shovel in the 
Mediterranean, 1707 — forces passage of the Var, 
1707 — Vice-admiral, commands expedition to 
66 * 



1044 



NORTH BRITON— NORTHAMPTON. 



the Baltic, 1708 — Admiral-in-chief in Mediter- 
ranean, 17 10 — cooperates with Russians, Danes, 
and Dutch against Swedish privateers, 17 15 — 
envoy extraord. to the Czar, 17 17 — joint-com- 
missioner for office of Lord High Admiral, 
1717-30 — Admiral of the Fleet, 1743 — sent 
against French Fleet in the Channel, 1744 — tf., 

J 749- 

North Briton, newspaper, — originated hy 
John Wilkes, 1762 — prosecution of printers 
and publishers of No. 45, 30 Apr. 1763 — dam- 
ages for false imprisonment recovered hy a 
printer, 6 Jul. — ordered by House of Commons 
to be burnt by hangman, 15 Nov. 

North Cape, — passed by Sir Hugh Wil- 
loughby, 1553. 

North Carolina. [Carolina.] 

North Foreland, — Van Tromp defeated by 
Monk and Penn off, 2 and 3 Jun. 1651 — De 
Ruyter defeated by Prince Rupert and Duke of 
Albemarle, 25 Jul. 1666. 

North German Confederation, — formed be- 
tween Prussia and other German States, by 
Treaties of 18 and 21 Aug., 3 and 26 Sep., 8 and 
21 Oct. 1866 — conference respecting constitu- 
tion of, opens at Berlin, 15 Dec. 1866 — Treaty 
between States of, signed at Berlin, 8 Feb. 
1867 — first parliament of, opens at Berlin, 24 
Feb. 1867 — constitution adopted by Prussian 
Chambers, 31 May 1867 — in force throughout 
Prussia, 1 Jul. 1867 — [Baden, Bavaria, Hesse- 
Darmstadt, ««^ Wiirtemberg] — converted into 
German Empire, proclaimed at Versailles, 18 
Jan. 1 87 1. 

North-West Passage, — first attempts to dis- 
cover made by Cabot, 1497 — and by Cortereal, 
1500 and 1501 — committee of House of Com- 
mons appointed to inquire respecting, Jan. 1745 
— reward offered for discovery of, by Act 18 
Geo. II. c. 17, 1745 — discovered by McClure, 
26 Oct. 1850. 

North, Christopher. [Wilson, John.] 

North, Dudley, Lord, — h., 15 81 — succeeds 
to the title, 1600 — supports the Parliament 
against Charles I. : — tf., 1666. 

North, Sir Dudley,— b., 16 May 1641— 
M.P. Banbury, 1685 — If., 31 Dec. 1691. Dis- 
courses on Trade, 1691. 

North, Francis and Frederick. [Guildford, 
Baron and Earl of.] 

North, Roger, biographer, — h\, 3 Sep. 1651 
— &•> J 733- Examen, 1740 — Lives of the lit. 
Eon. Francis North, the Hon. Sir Dudley 
North, §c., 1740-2 — Memoirs of Music, 1846. 

North, Sir Thomas,— b., about 1535— U., 
after 1579. Translations of Guevara's Diall of 
Drinces, 1557 — Doni's Morall Fhilosojihie, 1570 
— Plutarch's Lives, 1579. 

Northallerton, in Yorkshire, — David I. of 
Scotland defeated by English {battle of the 
Standard) near, 22 Aug. 1 1 38. 

Northampton, in England, — burnt by Danes, 
Nov. 1 010 — taken possession of by Earl Mor- 
car, 1064 — interview of Henry I. Avith Robert, 
Duke of Normandy, 1106 — Henry I. holds his 
Court at, Easter 11 23 — parliament held at, the 
barons swear fealty to Maud, Sep. 1131 — 



Stephen holds his court at, 1 144 — mint men- 
tioned, 1 198 — unsuccessfully besieged by 
barons, 12 15 — captured by Henry III., 13 Apr. 
1264 — parliaments held at, 1268, 1307, 131 7, 
and 1*380 — Henry VI. defeated and captured 
by Yorkists at, 10 Jul. 1460 — visited by Queen 
Elizabeth, 1563 — by Charles I., 1634 — ravaged 
by plague, 1637 — seized by Lord Brook and 
garrisoned for the Parliament by Essex, 1 642 
— walls demolished by order of Charles II., 
1662 — inundation at, 6 May 1663 — burnt, 1675 
— again damaged by inundation, 1720, Coun- 
cils of, convoked by Stephen, 29 Mar. 11 36 — 
for condemnation of Becket, 12 Oct. n 64 — 
held by Cardinal Hugo, respecting jurisdiction 
of Abp of York over Scottish prelates, 25 Jan. 
1 176 — held by Henry II. who restores forfeited 
estates to Earl of Leicester, and arranges re- 
moval of nuns of Fontevraud to Ambresbury, 
Jan. 1 177 — held by Cardinal Pandulph, who 
excommunicates King John, 121 1 or 121 2 — 
held by legate Otho, who excommunicates 
bishops and clerks adherents of Simon de Mout- 
fort, 1265 or 1266. 

Northampton, William Compton, 1st Earl 
of, — succeeds his father as Baron Compton, 
1585 — summoned to parliament, 1593 — escorts 
the queen of James I. from Scotland to Eng- 
land, May to Jun. 1603 — K.B., 6 Jan. 1604 — 
attends James I. to Oxford, 1605 — created 
M.A. Oxford, 30 Aug. 1605 — President of 
Wales, 12 Nov. 16 18 — Earl of Northampton 
2 Aug. 1619 — K.C.G., 11 Apr. 1629 — iy., 24 
Jun. 1630. 

Northampton, Spencer Compton, 2nd Earl 
of, — fc. at Compton, May 1601 — K.B., 3 Nov. 
16 16 — attends Prince Charles to Spain, 1622 
— succeeds his father, 1630 — accompanies 
Charles I. in expedition against Scotland, 1639 
— takes the king's side, May 1641 — raises 
troops for the king, 1642 — takes part in battle 
of Edgehill, 1642 — killed in combat at Hon- 
ton Heath, 19 Mar. 1643. 

Northampton, James Compton, 3rd Earl 
of,— serves at battle of Edgehill, 1642 — 
LL.D. Oxford, 1 Nov. 1642 — wounded at 
Hopton Heath, 19 Mar. 1643 — succeeds his 
father, 1643 — at capture of Lichfield by Prince 
Rupert, Apr. 1643 — commands cavalry at first 
battle of Newbury, 20 Sep. 1643 — repulses Sir 
W. Waller at Cropredy Bridge, 30 Jun. 1644 — 
raises siege of Banbury, 25 Oct. — relieves Don- 
nmgton Castle ; defeats Captain Lydcote near 
Althorpe, 18 Mar. 1645 — marries Lady Isa- 
bella Sackville, 5 Jul. 1647 — Privy Councillor, 
by Charles II., 7 Mar. 1672— Constable of the 
Tower, 25 Jun. 1675 — tf. at Castle Ashby, 15 
Dec. 1681. 

Northampton, George Compton, 4th Earl 
of, — b., 1664 — succeeds his father, 1681 — 
M.A. Oxford, Feb. 1682— visited by William 
III. at Castle Ashby, 1695 — Privy Councillor, 
by Queen Anne, May 1702 — Constable of the 
Tower, 17 12- 17 — &., 15 Apr. 1727. 

Northampton, James Compton, 5tb Earl 
of, — M.P. Warwick, 17 10— Baron Compton, 
17 1 1 — succeeds his father, 1727 — tf., 3 Oct. 
1754- 



NORTHAMPTON— NORTHUMBERLAND. 



1045 



Northampton, George Compton, 6th Earl 
of,— M.P. Tamworth, 1722 — M.P. Northamp- 
ton, 1727 — Lord of the Treasury, 2 Feb. 1742 
— succeeds his brother in the peerage, 1754 — 
5j., 6 Dec. 1758. 

Northampton, Charles Compton, 7th Earl 
of, — succeeds to the peerage, Dec. 1758 — 
LL.D. Oxford, 3 Jul. 1759 — ambassador ex- 
traord. to Venice, May 1763 — tf., 18 Oct. 
1763. 

Northampton, William Parr, Marquis of, 
— on marriage of his sister Catherine to Henry 
VIII. is created Earl of Essex, 1543— Marquis 
of Northampton, 1546 — Privy Councillor to 
Edward VI., 1547-53 — sen ^ against rebels in 
Norfolk, and is defeated, Jul. 1549 — sentenced 
to death as a traitor, 18 Aug. 1553 — restored 
in blood, not in honours, 1558 — again created 
Marquis of Northampton, 1559 — ft., 157 1. 

Northampton, Spencer Joshua Alwyne 
Compton, 2nd Marquis and 10th Earl of, 
— b., 2 Jan. 1790 — M.A. Cambridge, 18 10 — 
M.P. Northampton, 181 2 — marries, 24 Jul. 
1 8 15 — succeeds to the earldom, 1828 — loses 
his wife in Italy, and returns to England, 
1830— Pres. R.S., 1838-49— ft. at Castle 
Ashby, 17 Jan. 1851. 

Northbrook, Francis Thornhill Baring, 
1st Lord, statesman,— b., 1796 — called to the 
bar, 1823 — M.P. Portsmouth, 1826-65 — Lord 
of the Treasury, 1830 — Chancellor of the Ex- 
chequer, 1839 to Sep. 1 841 — First Lord of the 
Admiralty, 1849 — retires, 1852 — created Baron 
Northbrook, Dec. 1865 — fr. at Stratton Park, 
6 Sep. 1866. 

Northcote, James, painter, — b. at Plymouth, 
22 Oct. 1746 — studies under Sir Joshua Rey- 
nolds in London, 1771-6 — visits Italy, 1777-80 
— R.A., 1787 — ft. in London, 13 Jul. 1831. 
Memoirs of Sir Joshua Reynolds, 1813 — One 
Hundred Fables, 1828 — with Hazlitt, Life of 
Titian, 1830. 

Northmen. [Danes, Normans.] 

Northumberland, — conquered by Romans 
under Agricola, 79 — Severus carries on war 
in, 208-210 — ravaged by Picts, after 418 — 
conquered by Angles, 547 — [Northumbria, 
Kingdom of\ — attacked by Danes, 844 — con- 
quered by them, 867 — ravaged by Halfdane, 
875 — apportioned by Halfdane among his fol- 
lowers, 876 — included in the Danelagh, 878 — 
revolts against Edwy, and chooses Edgar for 
king, 957 — revolts against Tostig, 1065 — 
against William I., 1067 — invaded by Mal- 
colm Canmore, 1093 — by William the Lion, 
1 17 1 — ravaged by Scots, 1296, 1297, 13 14, 
1387, 1402, 1436, 1462, 1464, and 15 13. 

Northumberland, Earls of. [Cospatric, 
Edwin, Morcar, Siward, Waltheof.] 

Northumberland, Hobert de Mowbray, 
Earl of,— defeats and kills' Malcolm Canmore 
at Alnwick, Nov. 1093 — William II. makes 
war on him, 1095 — captured and imprisoned 
at Windsor, 1095— tf. a monk at St Alban's, 
1106. 

Northumberland, Henry Percy, 1st Earl 
of, — b., 1342 — serves in French War, 1359 — 
succeeds his father as Lord of Alnwick, 1368 



— again serves in France, 1368-9 and 137 1 — 
accompanies John of Gaunt on his march 
through France, 1373— Marshal of England, 
as early as 1376 — attends court at St Paul's 
for trial of Wickliffe, 19 Feb. 1377 — his house 
attacked by London mob, 20 Feb.— assists at 
coronation of Richard II. , and is created Earl 
of Northumberland, 16 Jul. 1377 — takes part 
in negotiating peace with Scotland, 1377 — 
recovers Berwick from Scots, Nov. 1378 — ■ 
K.G., 1384 — Admiral of England, 1386 — 
Governor of Calais, 1391 — attends Richard II. 
at his interview with Charles VI. of France, 
near Guisnes, Oct. 1396 — proclaimed a traitor 
and banished the realm, 1398 — joins Henry, 
Duke of Lancaster, Jul. 1399 — assists at his 
recognition as king, 30 Sep. — Constable of 
England, 30 Sep. — receives grant of Isle of 
Man, 1399 — ambassador to France, 1400 — de- 
feats Scots under Sir Patrick Hepburn, 1400 
— with his son, Hotspur, defeats Scots at 
Homildon Hill and takes Douglas prisoner, 
14 Sep. 1402 — quarrels with the king respect- 
ing ransom of the prisoners : conspires with 
Glendower in favour of Richard II., 1403 — 
attends Henry IV. at York, and is detained, 
n Aug. 1403 — released soon after, but de- 
prived of Isle of Man : joins in conspiracy of 
Mowbray and Scrope, May 1405 — escapes to 
Scotland, Jun. 1405 — takes refuge with Glen- 
dower, 1406 — again takes up arms, and is de- 
feated and killed at Bramham Moor, 19 Feb. 
1408. 

Northumberland, Henry Percy, 2nd Earl 
of, — b., 3 Feb. 1393 — sent to Univ. of St 
Andrew's, 1405 — on death of his grandfather, 
first Earl, his patrimony confiscated, 1408 — 
restored to his honours by Henry V., 141 3 — 
to his estates, 14 15 — serves in French wars, 
1416-18 — governor of Berwick, Jun. 1421 — 
ambassador to France, 1423 — negotiates truce 
with James of Scotland and escorts him from 
Durham to Scotland, 1424 — confirmed in his 
earldom by charter, 1425 — takes part in nego- 
tiating truce at Edinburgh, Dec. 1430 — de- 
feated by Earl Douglas at Pepperden, 1436 — 
Constable of England, 1450 — fights on Lan- 
castrian side at battle of St Alban's and is 
killed, 23 May 1455. 

Northumberland, Henry Percy, 3rd Earl 
of, — b., 142 1 — Knt, 1426 — governor of Ber- 
wick, 1442 — assists in negotiating truce with 
Scotland, 145 1 — succeeds his father, 145^ — 
attends parliament at Coventry, 28 Nov. 1459 
— killed at battle of Towton, 29 Mar. 146 1. 

Northumberland, Henry Percy, 4th Earl 
of, — on his father's death imprisoned in the 
Tower, Mar. 146 1 — released by Edward IV., 
27 Oct. 1469 — restored to the earldom, 1470 — 
K.G., 18 Aug. 147 1 — present at interview of 
Edward IV. and Louis XL at Pecquigny, 
Aug. 1475 — takes part in capture of Berwick 
and Edinburgh, May to Jul. 1482 — Lord High 
Chamberlain, 1483— betrays Richard III. at 
Bosworth, Aug. 1485 — accompanies Henry 
VII. to York, 1485 — murdered by a mob, in 
Yorkshire, 28 Apr. 1489. 

Northumberland, Henry Algernon Percy, 



[046 



NORTHUMBEKLAND. 



5th Earl of, — b., 13 Jan. 1478 — K.B., 21 
Nov. 1488 — succeeds his father, 1489— takes 
part in defeat of rebels under Lord Audley, at 
Blackheath, 22 Jun. 1497 — escorts Princess 
Margaret from Northamptonshire to Berwick, 
1503 — accompanies Henry VIII. to France, 
15 1 3— at battle of the Spurs, 18 Aug.— at 
capture of Terouenne, 22 Aug. — of Tournay, 
22 Sep.— at Field of the Cloth of Gold, Jun. 
1520 — attends the king to interview with 
Charles V. at Canterbury, May 1522 — ts., 19 
May 1527. 

Northumberland, Henry Algernon Percy, 
6th Earl of, — his projected marriage with 
Anne Boleyn prohibited by Henry VIII., 1527 
— succeeds his father, 1527 — promotes prose- 
cution of Wolsey, 1529 — arrests him at Cawood 
Castle, 4 Nov. 1530 — K.C.G., 24 Apr. 153 1 — 
tf. at Hackney, 30 Jun. 1537 : title extinct. 

Northumberland, Thomas Percy, 7th Earl 
of,— retakes Scarborough Castle from rebels 
under Stafford, 1557 — created Baron Percy by 
Queen Mary, 30 Apr. 1557 — created Earl of 
Northumberland, 1 May — repulses the Scots, 
Nov. — assists in negotiating treaty of peace 
with Scotland, 1559 — K.G., 1563 — with Earl 
of Westmoreland heads rebellion in favour of 
Eomanism, middle of Nov. 1568 — retreats into 
Scotland, Dec. — betrayed to Regent Murray 
and sent to Lochleven Castle, Jan. 1570 — 
given up by Morton to Queen Elizabeth, Jul. 
1572 — beheaded at York, 22 Aug. 1572. 

Northumberland, Henry Percy, 8th Earl 
of, — distinguishes himself against Scots, 1557 
— against French in Scotland, 1559 — takes 
part in suppressing rebellion of his brother, 
Earl of Northumberland, 1568 — succeeds him, 
1572 — committed to the Tower, on suspicion 
of sharing in Throckmorton's conspiracy, 1585 
— found dead there, 21 Jun. 1585. 

Northumberland, Henry Percy, 9th Earl 
of, — h., Apr. 1564 — succeeds his father, 1585 — 
follows Leicester to the Netherlands, Dec. 1585 
— joins the fleet against the Armada, 1588 — 
K.C.G., 1593 — at siege of Ostend, 1601 — 
challenges Sir Francis Vere, 1602 — Privy 
Councillor by James I., 1603 — M.A. Oxford, 
30 Aug. 1605 — suspected of being privy to 
Gunpowder Plot, and commanded to keep his 
house, 7 Nov. 1605 — committed to the Tower, 
27 Nov.— convicted by Star Chamber, fined 
and sentenced to imprisonment for life, 27 Jun. 
1606 — liberated, 18 Jul. 1621 — tf. at Petworth, 
5 Nov. 1632. 

Northumberland, Algernon Percy, 10th 
Eahl of, — b. in London, 1602 — K.B., 1616 — 
called to House of Peers as Lord Percy, 1625 
— succeeds his father, 1632 — attends corona- 
tion of Charles I. in Scotland, 1633 — KG., 
13 May 1635 — commands fleet against the 
Dutch, 1636— Lord High Admiral, 30 Mar. 
1637 — member of the Council, 1639 — appointed 
General of army against Scots, before Feb. 
1640— falls ill, Aug. — negotiates marriage of 
Princess Mary with Prince of Orange, 1641 — 
appoints Earl of Warwick Admiral of the Fleet, 
against the king's command, end of Mar. 1642 
— deprived of his commission as Lord High 



Admiral, 1642 — joint-envoy from parliament to 
the king, 11 Nov. — again, Jan. and Mar. 1643 
— one of the Parliamentary commissioners at 
Uxbridge, Jan. to Feb. 1645 — charged with 
care of the king's children, May 1645 — Duke of 
York placed under his care, Jun. 1 646 — made 
a Duke by vote of the Commons, 1 Dec. 1646 
— joint-commissioner to treat with the king 
in Isle of Wight, Sep. to Nov. 1648— resigns 
custody of royal children, 1649 — has conference 
with Gen. Monk, spring 1660 — Privy Coun- 
cillor, by Charles II., 31 May— Lord High 
Constable at his coronation, 1661 — ft., 13 Oct. 
1668. 

Northumberland, Josceline Percy, 11th 
Earl of, — b., 1644 — succeeds his father, 1668 
— tf. at Turin, 21 May 1670 ? — title extinct. 

Northumberland, John Dudley, Duke of, 
— b., 1502 — attends Duke of Suffolk to France, 
and is knighted, 1523 — created Lord Lisle, 
1543 — Lord High Admiral for life, 1543 — 
takes Leith, 1544 — defends Boulogne, and 
ravages French coast, 1545 — named an executor 
of Henry VIIL, Jan. 1547 — deprived of office 
of Lord High Admiral, Jan. 1547 — created 
Earl of Warwick, 17 Feb. 1547— joins Pro- 
tector Somerset in invasion of Scotland, Sep. 
1547 — Lord Great Chamberlain, 1547 — dis- 
perses rebels under Ket in Norfolk, 10 Aug. 
1549 — with Southampton intrigues against 
Somerset, autumn 1549 — acquires chief power 
in the Council, early in 1550 — created Duke of 
Northumberland, n Oct. 1551^-Lord High 
Steward and Earl Marshal, 1551 — obtains 
county palatine of Durham, 155 1 — marries his 
son to Lady Jane Grey, May 1553 — prevails on 
Edward VI. to appoint Lady Jane Grey his 
successor, Jun. 1553 — fails in attempt to seize 
Princess Mary, Jul. — sets out from London to 
oppose forces of Queen Mary, 14 Jul. — dis- 
misses his troops at Cambridge, and proclaims 
Mary, 20 Jul. — sent to the Tower with three 
of his sons, 25 Jul. — pleads guilty to charge of 
treason, 18 Aug. — beheaded, 22 Aug. 

Northumberland, John Neville, Earl of. 
[Montague, Marquis of.] 

Northumberland, Hugh Smithson, Earl 
and Duke of, — succeeds to the Baronetcy on 
death of his grandfather, 1729 — marries Lady 
Elizabeth Seymour, 18 Jul. 1740 — succeeds to 
the Earldom and assumes name of Percy on 
death of Algernon Seymour, Earl of North- 
umberland, Feb. 1750 — K.G., 1757 — Lord 
Chamberlain to the queen, and Privy Councillor, 
1762 — Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 20 Apr. 1763 
— Vice-admiral of all America, 1764 — created 
Duke, 18 Oct. 1766 — loses his wife, Dec. 1766 
— Master of the Horse to the queen, Dec. 1778 
— assailed by Gordon Eioters, Jun. 1780 — fc., 
6 Jun. 1786. 

Northumberland, Hugh Percy, 3rd Duke 
and 4th Earl of, — b., 20 Apr. 1785 — M.A. 
Cambridge, 1805 — M.P. Buckingham, 1806 — 
called to House of Peers as Earl Percy, 1 8 1 2 
— succeeds his father as Duke, 10 Jul. 1817 — 
K.G., 25 Jul. 1 8 19 — ambassador extraord. to 
coronation of Charles X. of France, 1825 — 
Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1829-30 — Chan- 



NORTHUMBERLAND— NOSTRADAMUS. 



1047 



cellor of Cambridge Univ., 1840 — tf. at Aln- 
wick Castle, 12 Feb. 1847. 

Northumberland, Algernon Percy, 4th 
Duke of, — b., 15 Dec. 1792 — serves in the 
navy, 1805-15 — created Baron Prudhoe, 18 16 
— marries Lady Eleanor Grosvenor, 1842 — 
succeeds his brother in the Dukedom, 1847 — 
First Lord of the Admiralty, 1852 — K.G., 
1853— tf. at Alnwick Castle, 12 Feb. 1865. 
[Alnwick.] 

Northumbria, Kingdom of, — founded by 
Ida, 547 — divided at his death, 560 — [Berni- 
cia and Deira] — reunited under Ethelfrith of 
Bemicia, 593 — Edwin succeeds, 617 — Oswald, 
634— Oswy, 642 — Egfrid, 670 — Aldfrid, 

685 — OsRED, 705 — KeNRED, 716 — OsRIC, 7 l6, a 

718 b — Ceolwulf, May 729 — receives the 
tonsure, 731 — escapes and recovers the throne, 
and is succeeded byEadbert, 737 — Ceolwulf tf., 
760 — Oswulf, 757, a 758 b — murdered, 25 Jul. 
758 — Ethelwald {Moll) succeeds, 759 — kills 
swine, 6 Aug. 761 — resigns the crown to 
Alchred, 765 — expelled and succeeded by 
Ethelred, 774 — Alfwold, 778 — Osred, 24 
Sep. 789 — expelled, and Ethelred resumes the 
crown, 790 — Osred attempts to recover it, and 
is killed, 14 Sep. 792 — the kingdom ravaged 
by Danes, 794— Eardwulf succeeds, 795 — 
driven away, 806 — conquered by Egbert, 827. 
a A.S. Chron. b Lingard. 

Norton, Andrews, biblical critic, theologian, 
— b. in Massachusetts, U. S., 31 Dec. 1786 — 
graduates at Harvard Coll., 1804 — librarian of 
Univ., Cambridge, 1 813-21 — Dexter lecturer 
on Biblical Criticism, 181 3 — Dexter Prof. 
Sacred Literature, 1819-30 — tf. at Newport, 
Rhode Island, 18 Sep. 1853. Genuineness of 
the Gospels, 1837-55. 
Norton, Sir Fletcher. [Grantley, Lord.] 
Norway, — its small principalities united 
under Harold Harfager, about 885 ? — Erick 
succeeds, 933 — driven away, takes refuge in 
England, about 937 — Haco I., 938 — Harold 
II., 963 — defeated and killed by Danes, 978 — 
the government shared by the Jarl Haco and 
Harold Blaatand, 995— Olaf (Olaus) I., 
Tryggvason, 995— on his death governed by 
Jarl Erick and Sweyn of Denmark, 1000 — 
Olaf II., 1016 — Cnut the Great, 1028 — 
Swevn, (son,) 1030 — expelled, 1035— Magnus 
I. the Good, 1036 — Harold III., Hardrada, 
1047 — Olaf III. the Peaceful, and Magnus 
II., (sons,) succeed, Sep. 1066 — Olaf III. 
alone, Dec. 1066 — founds Bergen, about 
1070 — tf., 22 Sep. 1093 — Magnus III., 
Barefoot, 1093 — Eysten L, Sigurd I., and 
Olaf IV., (sons,) 1103 — Olaf tf., n 16 — 
Eysten tf-, 1122 — Magnus IV. the Blind, (son 
of Sigurd,) and Harold IV. Gille, 1130 — 
they quarrel, Magnus defeats Harold, 1 1 34 — 
Harold defeats and imprisons Magnus, Jan. 
1 1 35 — Harold is assassinated by his brother 
Sigurd, 14 Dec. n 36 — Sigurd II. and Inge 
I., (sons of Harold IV.,) 11 37 — Eysten II. 
associated with them, 1152 — Inge alone, 1157 
— murdered, 3 Feb. 1161 — Haco II. recog- 
nized king, 1 15 1 — succeeds, 1 161 — driven 
away by Jarl Erling; defeated and put to 



death, 1162 — Magnus V., (son of Erling,) 
1 162 — Sverrer shares the throne, from 1177 
— defeats Erling and Magnus, 11 79 — again 
defeats Magnus, 15 Jun. 11 84— Sverrer alone, 
1 1 84 — tf., 9 Mar. 1202 — Haco III., 1202 — tf., 
i Jan. 1204 — Gottorm, Jan. 1204 — tf., Aug. 
1204 — Inge II., 1204— Haco IV., 1217 — 
Magnus IV., (son,) 1263— Erick II., (son,) 
1280 — Haco V., (brother,) 1299 — regulates 
succession, 1302 — terminates war with Den- 
mark, 1309 — tf., 8 May 13 19 — Magnus V., 
(II. of Sweden,) 1319 — the country ravaged by 
Black Death, 1348-50 — Haco VI. (son,) 
associated, 1350— alone, 1374 — Olaf V., 1380 
— at his death, 1387, the old royal race is 
extinct: joint kingdom with Denmark, 1387- 
18 14 — loses its independence by Union of 
Calmar, 1397 — the Reformation introduced, 
1536 — possession of, guaranteed to Sweden, by 
Convention with Russia, 18 12 — acknowledged 
as part of Sweden by Treaty of Kiel, 14 Jan. 18 14 
— the crown offered to Christian, Crown Prince 
of Denmark, and accepted, May 1814 — invaded 
by Swedes, ports blockaded by British, and 
Christian driven away, Jul. 18 14 — united with 
Sweden by Convention of 14 Aug. — ratified by 
Storthing at Christiania, 20 Oct. — constitution 
accepted by Charles XIII., king of Sweden, 4 
Nov. [Sweden.] 

Norwich, capital of Norfolk, — occupied by 
Danes under Ingwar, 870 — taken and burnt 
by Danes, 1004 — besieged by Ralph, Earl of 
East Angles, 1074 — seat of bishopric trans- 
ferred from Thetford, 1094 — receives charter 
from Henry I., 11 22 — taken and plundered by 
barons, 1267 — fortified, 1297-1342 — worsted 
manufacture introduced by Flemings, 1336 — 
attacked by rioters under John the Dyer, 1381 
— made a county by itself, 1403— attacked by 
rebels under Ket, 1549 — fresh immigration of 
Flemings, 1566 — visited by Queen Elizabeth, 
1578 — garrisoned for the Parliament, 1642 — 
British Association meets at, 19 Aug. 1868. 
Cathedral, commenced by Bp Herbert Losinga, 
1094 — completed by Bp Percy, 1361. Castle, 
founded, probably about 575 — seat of Anna, 
king of E. Anglia, about 642 — given with E. 
Anglia to Guthrum, about 880 — burnt by 
Danes, 1004 — rebuilt, probably by Cnut, 
about 1020 — held by Ralph, Earl of E. Angles, 
1074 — seized by Roger Bigod, 1087— by Hugh 
Bigod, 1 1 36 — and again, 11 74 — reduced and 
garrisoned by Prince Louis, 12 16 — falls into 
neglect, after 1294 — given up by George III. to 
county of Norfolk, 1805. 

Norwood, Richard, mathematician, — mea- 
sures a degree of the meridian in England, 
1635. Trigonometry, 16 31 — Seaman's Practice, 
1637. 

Nossis, epigrammatic poetess, — [B C] — #., 
about 310. 

Nostradamus, (JVotre-dame,) Michel de, 
astrologer,— b. at St Remy, 14 Dec. 1503 — 
M.D. Montpellier, 1529 — presented to Henry 
II., at Paris, about 1555 — to Charles IX., 
1565 — tf- at Salon, 2 Jul. 1566. Centuries, 
1555- 



1048 



NOTABLES— NOVALIS. 



Notables, Assembly of. [See French Re- 
volution, 1789.] 

Notaries, Public, — in England, required 
to take Oath of Allegiance, by Act 7 and 8 Win 
III. c. 24, 1696 — and Oath of Abjuration, by 
Act 13 ¥m III. c. 6, 1701 — penalty for act- 
ing without annual certificate, imposed by Act 
39 and 40 Geo. III. c. 72, s. 7, 9 Jul. 1800. 
In United Kingdom, admission of, regulated by 
Acts 41 Geo. III. c. 79, 27 Jun. 1801 ; 3 and 
4¥m IV. c. 70, 28 Aug. 1833, and 6 and 7 
Vic. c. 90, 24 Aug. 1843. 

Notker, {Balbulus,) monk of St Gall, — ft. 
at Elgau, in Thurgovia, about 830 — ft., 16 
Apr. 912. 

Notker, {labeo,) Abbot op St Gall, — 
translates portions of the Bible: tf., 29 Jun. 
1022. 

Notre Dame, Church of. [Paris.] 

Nott, John, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at 
"Worcester, 24 Dec. 1751 — M.D., 1788 — settles 
at Clifton, 1793 — tf. there, 1826. Translations 
from Petrarch, 1777 and 1808 — from Hafiz, 
1787 — Poems, 1780 — Edition and Translation 
of Catullus, 1794. 

Nott, Sir "William, general, — ft. at Carmar- 
then, 1782 — goes to India as cadet, 1800 — 
Major, 1826 — revisits England, about 1827 — 
returns to India, about 1832 — holds Candahar, 
1842 — retakes Ghuznee, 6 Sep. 1842 — with 
Gen. Pollock, reenters Cabul, 15 Sep. — o". at 
Carmarthen, 1 Jan. 1845. 

Nottingham,- — taken by Danes, and be- 
sieged by Ethelred and Alfred, 868 — confirmed 
to Danes by treaty with Alfred, 877 — restored 
and repeopled by Edward the Elder, 922— 
fortified on south side of Trent, 924 — recap- 
tured by Edmund I., 942 — castle strengthened 
by William I., 1067 — taken and burnt by par- 
tisans of Maud, 1 140— again burnt, 1153 — 
castle seized by Earl John, 1191 — recovered 
by Bichard I., 1 194 — receives Henry III., 1264 
• — Boger Mortimer seized at, 19 Oct. 1330 
— parliament held at, 1337 — conference of 
Bichard II. with the judges at, 25 Aug. 1387 — 
Edward IV. assembles his troops and is pro- 
claimed at, 146 1 — head-quarters of Bichard ill. 
before battle of Bosworth, 1485 — Henry VII. 
holds council of war at, 1487 — Charles I. sets 
up his standard at, 22 Aug. 1642 — quits the 
town, about mid. Sep. 1642 — treacherously 
given up to B,oyalists, 18 Sep. 1643 — evacuated 
by them, 23 Sep. — again entered by Royalists, 
16 Jan. 1644 — castle dismantled by order of 
Cromwell; new castle built, 1680 — Luddite 
riots at, 1811-12— [Luddites] — Reform riot, 
the castle burnt, 8 Oct. 1831 — British Associa- 
tion meets at, 22 Aug. 1866. School of Art, 
founded, 1863. Infirmary, founded, 17 81. 

Nottingham, Charles Howard, Earl of. 
[Howard of Effingham, Lord.] 

Nottingham, Daniel Finch, Earl of, and 
Earl of Winch'elsea, statesman, — ft., about 
1647 — First Commissioner of the Admiralty, 
Privy Councillor, 1679 — succeeds as Earl of 
Nottingham, 1682 — one of the Commissioners 
to treat with William, Prince of Orange, 1688 
— Secretary of State, 1689-93 — attends the 



king to the Congress at the Hague, 1690 — quar- 
rels with Admiral Russell, 1692 — Secretary of 
State, 1702-4 — one of the Lords Justices for 
Administration of Affairs, 17 14 — Lord Pre- 
sident of the Council, Sep. 17 14 to Feb. 17 15 
— succeeds to Earldom of Winchelsea, 1729 — 
If., 21 Jan. 1730. 

Nottingham, Heneage Finch, Earl of, 
Lord Finch of Daventry, Lord Chancellor 
of England, — ft., 23 Dec. 1621 — enters 
Oxford Univ., 1635 — member of the Inner 
Temple, 25 Nov. 1638 — called to the bar, 
30 Jan. 1645 — member of Convention Par- 
liament, Apr. 1660 — Knt, Bart, and So- 
licitor-General, Jun. 1660 — M.P. Cambridge, 
1661 — D.O.L. Oxford, 7 Nov. 1665 — At- 
torney-General, May 1670 — Lord Keeper, 9 
Nov. 1673— Lord Chancellor, 19 Dec. 1675 — ■ 
presides at trial of Lord Stafford, 1680 — Earl 
of Nottingham, 12 May 168 1 — ft. in London, 
18 Dec. 1682. 

Nottingham, Thomas Mowbray, Earl of 
[Norfolk, Duke of.] 

Noue, Francois de la, {Bras de _F<?r,)— ft. in 
Brittany, 15 31 — captures Orleans for the 
Huguenots, 28 Sep. 1567 — distinguishes him- 
self at Jarnac, 1569 — loses his arm at capture 
of Eontenoy, 1570 — surprises Valenciennes, 
157 1 — sent against Rochelle, but assists in its 
defence, 1572 — enters service of States of the 
Netherlands, 1578 — taken prisoner, 1580 — 
liberated, 1585— killed at siege of Lamballe, 

I59 1 - 

Noureddin Mahmud, Malek el Adel, Sul- 
tan of Syria and Egypt, — ft., (512, a. h.) 
1 1 18 — succeeds his father, Emadeddin, (540,) 
1 145 — his conquests occasion second cru- 
sade, 1 146— [Crusades] — compels crusaders to 
raise siege of Damascus, 1 148 — defeats Raymond, 
Prince of Antioch,near Antioch, 27 Jun. 1149 
— unsuccessfully besieges Tell-basher, held by 
Josceline de Courtenay, 1150 — captures Josce- 
line and makes himself master of Edessa, 11 50 
—takes Damascus and makes it his capital, 
(549,) 1 154 — defeated by Christians near Gen- 
nesareth, 1159 — threatened by Manuel Com- 
nenus, 1159 — his general captures Renaud de 
Chatillon, 11 60 — conquest of Egypt by his 
generals Shiracouh and Saladin, (567,) 1171 — 
— "if., (11 Schoual 568,) 26 May 1173. 

Nova Scotia, in British America, — discover- 
ed by John Cabot, 1497 — French settlement 
in, {Acadia,) 1604 — expulsion of French by 
British colonists, 16 12 — granted by James I. 
to Sir W. Alexander, and named Nova Scotia, 
1 62 1 — given up to France by Treaty of St 
Germains, 1632 — reconquered by British, 1654 
— ceded to France by Treaty of Breda, 1667 — 
again taken by British, 17 11 — ceded to Great 
Britain by Treaty of Utrecht, 1 7 1 3 — repeated- 
ly attacked by French, 1750-8— constitution 
granted, 1758 — boundaries of, defined by Peace 
of Paris, 1763 — New Brunswick and Cape 
Breton separated from, 1784 — seat of a bishop- 
ric, 1787 — Cape Breton reunited to, 18 19 — 
joins confederation of British North America, 
1867. 

Novalis, {Friedrich von Mardenberg ,) poet, 



NOVAEA— NUISANCES. 



1049 



philosopher, — ft. in Mansfeld, Saxony, 2 May 
1772 — studies at Jena, 1790-2 — at Leipsic, 
1792— at Wittenberg, 1793 — loses his Sophie, 
19 Mar. 1796 — goes to study at Freyberg',1796 
— ft. at Weissenfels, 25 Mar. 1801. Schriften, 
1802. 

Novara, in Italy, — submits to Emperor 
Frederick II., 1238 — revolts, Dec. 1243 — aids 
Parma, 1247 — the Swiss troops of Leo X. de- 
feat la Tremouille at, 6 Jun. 15 13 — taken by 
French, Dec. 1798 — Marshal Badetzky defeats 
Sardinians under Charles Albert, 23 Mar. 1849. 

Novarini, Luigi, theologian, — b. at Verona, 
1594 — enters Order of Theatins, 161 2 — or- 
dained priest, 162 1— rj. at Verona, 14 Jan. 
1650. Electa Sacra, 1627-45 — Mattceus, Mar- 
cus, Lucas et Joannes expensi, 1642-3 — Omnium 
scientiarum anima, 1644 — Encyclopaedia Epis- 
tolaris, 1645. 

Novatian, heresiarch, Aktipope, — writes to 
Cyprian from Eoman clergy, 250 — adopts doc- 
trine of Novatus and gets himself elected Bp of 
Bonie in opposition to Cornelius, 251 — his 
election annulled, aut. 251 — his followers exist 
in Egypt, after 600. 

Novatus, heresiarch, — refuses to answer 
citation to synod by Cyprian, Bp of Carthage, 
249 — again cited, escapes to Eome, 251 — ex- 
communicated by Council of Carthage, 251. 

Novellas, (Constittdiones,) —of Theodosius, 
(W. Empire,) published, 439-448— of Leo and 
Anthemius, 468 — of Justinian, 535, 539, 565. 

Novello da Polenta, Guido, — makes himself 
master of Eavenna, 1265 — driven away for a 
time by Peter, Abp of Monreale, 1295 — protects 
Dante, 13 13-21 — deprived of his sovereignty, 
1322 — rj. at Bologna, 1323. 

Novi, in Italy, — Gen. Joubert defeated by 
Suwaroff, 16 Aug. 1799. 

Novikov, Nikolai Ivanovich,— fj. near Mos- 
cow, 27 Apr. 1744 — ft. there, 31 Jul. (11 Aug.) 
1 818. Thivopisetz, 1770 — Opuit, 1772 — Old 
Russian Library, 1773-5. 

Novogorod, Novgorod, in Russia, — con- 
quered and made seat of government by Rurik, 
862 — the court transferred to Kieff, 879 — ob- 
tains great privileges from Jaroslav, 1036 — 
surprised by Wseslav, 107 1 — ravaged by plague, 
1 157 — visited by Alexander Newsky, 1251 and 
1252 — attacked by the Golden Horde, 1259 — 
walls built, 1302-31— ravaged by plague, 1465 
— sovereignty claimed by Ivan Vassilivich, 
147 1 — reduced by him, 1477 — visited by Eich- 
ard Chancellor, 1554 — conspiracy discovered 
and tribunal of blood held at, by Ivan Vassili- 
vich II., 1570 — conquered by Swedes, 161 1 — 
fortifications strengthened by Peter the Great, 
1700 — monument and millenial Jubilee of Eus- 
sia inaugurated, 20 Sep. 1862 — great fire at, 
16 Jun. 1864. Cathedral, built, 1051. 

Novum Comum, — [B C] — Eoman colony, by 
Csesar, 59. 

Noy, William,— n. in Cornwall, about 1577 
— enters Exeter Coll. Oxford, 1593 — M.P. St 
Ives, 1625 — Attorney-general, 31 Oct. 1631 — 
devises writ of ship-money, 1634 — ft. at Tun- 
bridge Wells, 6 Aug. 1634. Grounds and 
Maxims of Laws of England, 1641 — Reports, 



1656 — Complete Lawyer, 1661 — Rights of the 
Crown, 17 15. 

_ Noyon, in France, (Noviomagus,) seat of a 
bishopric, about 532 — coronation of Charles 
the Great at, 768 — sacked and bvnnt by North- 
men, 859-860 — coronation of Hugh Capet at, 
987 — pillaged by Northmen, n 32 and 1152 — 
burnt, 1 156 — restored, 1278 — again burnt, 
1293 — head of a County in favour of the bishop, 
1294 — revolts, 1402 — taken by Burgundians, 
1413 — retaken by Charles VI., 1414 — again, 
by Burgundians, 1419 — by English, 1425 — 
burnt by Imperialists, 1 $^ 2 — taken by Spaniards, 
1557— surrenders to Henry IV., 159 1 — citadel 
demolished, 163 1. Conferences of, between 
plenipotentiaries of Francis I. and Charles of 
Spain, 1-13 Aug. 1516. Councils of, held, 814 
— respecting dispute between St Louis and Milo, 
Bp of Beauvais, Lent i233^held by Jean de 
Vienne, Abp of Eheims, 26 Jul. 1344. 

Nubia, — reduced by Ibrahim Pasha and 
made dependency of Egypt, 1 82 1 . 

Nuceria. [Nocera.] 

Nucius, Nicander, traveller, — goes to Ve- 
nice and travels with Gerard Veltwick, from 

1545- 

Nuck, Antoni, anatomist, Prof Anatomy, 
Leyden, — rj., 1692. Ee Vasis aquosis Oculi,- 
1685 — Ee Euctu Salivali novo, 1686 — Opera- 
tions et Experimenta Chirurgica, 1692. 

Nugent, George Grenville, Loud, statesman, 
— ft. at Buckingham Castle, 30 Dec. 1788 — 
M.P. Aylesbury, 18 12 — succeeds to Irish 
barony on death of his mother, Mar. 18 13 — • 
opens Hampden's grave, 1828— Lord of the 
Treasury, 1830 — Lord High Commissioner of 
Ionian Islands, 1832 — recalled, 1835 — M.P. 
again, 1847 — ft., 26 Nov. 1851. Oxford and 
Locke, 1829 — Memorials of Hampden, 183 1 — 
Lands, Classical and Sacred, 1843. 

Nugent, Lavall, Cotj:s t t, field -marshal, — b. 
in Ireland, 1777 — enters Austrian army, 1794 
— Major-general, 1809 — envoy to London, 
1811 — Major-general in British army, 1813 — 
Lieutenant-general, drives the French out of 
Illyria, 18 13 — with Admiral Fremantle takes 
Trieste, 1 8 1 3 — contributes to defeat of Murat, 
1 8 15 — Captain-general of kingdom of Naples, 
1 816 — reenters Austrian service, 1 8 20 — General, 
1838 — commands in Italy and Hungary, 1848-9 
— Field-marshal, 1 849 — ■ serves in war with 
France and Sardinia, i860 — rj. in Croatia, Aug, 
1862. 

Nugent, Robert Craggs, Eakl, statesman, 
miscellaneous writer, — b. in Ireland, 1709 
— M.P., 1741 — Commissioner of the Treasury, 
1754 — M.P. Bristol, 1754-74 — Privy Coun- 
cillor and Vice-treasurer of Ireland, 1759 — 
Commissioner of Trade and Plantations, 1766 — 
Baron Nugent and Viscount Clare, 1766 — Earl 
Nugent, 1776 — tf., 13 Oct. 1788. Odes and 
Epistles, 1738 — Ode to Mankind, 1741. 

Nugent, Thomas, litterateur, — U. in London, 
17 Apr. 1772. Eictionnaire Portatif des 
langucs franc aise et anglaise, 1774 — History of 
Vandalia, 1776 — Translation of Eurlamaqui' s 
'Principles of Political Law,' 1756. 

Nuisances, in Great Britain, — removal of, 



1050 



NUITS-NYASSA. 



provided for by Act 9 and 10 Vic. c. 96, 28 
Aug. 1 846 — renewed and amended by Act 1 1 
and 12 Yic. c. 123, 4 Sep. 1848— further 
amended by Act 12 and 13 Yic. c. Ill, 1 Aug. 
1 849 — previous Acts consolidated and amended 
by 18 and 19 Yic. c. 121, 14 Aug. 1855— again 
amended by Act 26 and 27 Yic. c. 117, 28 Jul. 
1863. 

Nuits, in France, — besieged by Flemings, 
1477 — stormed by Gen. Gliimer, 19 Dec. 1870. 
Numa Pompilius, — [B C] — alleged ritual 
books of, found, 181. 

Numantia, {Numantinus,) in Spain, — [BC] 
■ — [Celtiberians] — treaty of Mancinus with, 
concluded, 137 — blockade of, by Scipio, formed, 
autumn 134 — taken and destroyed, 133. 

Numenius, Pythagoreo-Platonic philosopher, 
— fl., about 160. 

Numerals, — peculiar, introduced to Eng- 
land, by John Basing, about 1230 — Arabic 
{Indian), used in Alfonsine Tables, 1240 — 
come into general use, after 1400. 

Numerianus, M. Aurelius, Roman Em- 
peror, — accompanies his father, Cams, against 
Persia, 283— Joint-emperor with Carinus, his 
brother, 283 — killed by Arrius Aper, begin- 
ning Sep. 284. 

Numidia, Numidians, — [BC] — Syphax, 
king of the Masssesylii, makes treaty with 
Rome, about 214 — Gala, king of Massylians, 
at war with Syphax, 213 — assist Carthaginians 
in Spain, 212-206 — Masinissa succeeds Gala, 
about 206 — war between Syphax and Masinissa, 
206-204 — forms one kingdom under Masinissa, 
about 201 — Micipsa succeeds, 148 — with his 
brothers Mastan abal and Gulussa, on whose 
death soon after Micipsa is sole king: bis 
sons Adherbal and Hiempsal, with his nephew 
Jugurtha, jointly succeed, 118 — Jugurtha 
alone, 117 — becomes subject to Rome, Hiemp- 
sal II. reigns, 106 — Juba I., about 50 — on 
his death made a Roman province by Csesar, 
46 — Juba II. made King by Augustus, 30— 
again a Roman province, 25 — [A D] — conquered 
by Genseric, 430-1 — conquered from Yandals 
by Belisarius, 533-4. 

Numisianus, physician, anatomist, ■ — fl., 
about 150. 

Nundcomar, (Nuncomar,) Foujdar ofECoogly, 
— accuses Warren Hastings of receiving bribes, 
11 Mar. 1776 — prosecuted for conspiracy by 
Hastings and Yansittart, 1776 — accused of 
forgery, condemned and hanged, 5 Aug. 1776. 
Nunez Alvarez Pereira, military com- 
mander, — b. in Portugal, 24 Jan. 1360 — 
Chevalier, 1373— joins party of Don John, 
1383 — defeats Spaniards at Atoleiror, 1384 — 
promotes election of Don John to the throne, 
1385 — Constable, 1385— contributes to victory 
over Spaniards at Aljubarota, 15 Aug. 1385 — 
obtains another victory at Yalverde, Oct. 1385 
— marries his daughter to Don Alfonso, 1414 — 
takes part in expedition against Ceuta, 1415— 
retires to a monastery, Aug. 1423 — tf. at Lis- 
bon, 1 Nov. 1 43 1. 

Nunez, {Nonim,) Fernan de Guzman, {El 
Pinciano,) rhetorician, — b. at Yalladolid, about 
i473, a 1488 b —tr. at Salamanca, 1553," i55 2 - b 



Annotationes in Senecce philosophi opera, 1536 
— Observationes in Pomponium Melam, 1543 — 
Observationes in loca obscura Historice Na- 
turalis C. Plinii, 1544. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Nunez de Balboa. [Balboa.] 
Nunez, Pedro, {Nonius,) mathematician, — fl- 
at Alcazar de Sal, about 1492 —goes to the 
Indies, about 15 19 — chief cosmographer of the 
kingdom, Nov. 1529— Prof. Philosophy, Lis- 
bon, 1520 — Prof. Mathematics, Coimbra, 1544- 
62 — o\, 1577. Be Arte atque ratione navi- 
gandi, 1546 — Be Crepusculis, 1542 — Tratado 
de Sphera, 1537. 

Niirnberg, in Bavaria, {Castrum Norieum,) , 
— mentioned, 1062 — besieged and destroyed by 
Henry Y., 1 105 — head of a burgraviate, held by 
Counts of Hohenzollern, as early as 1164— 
meeting of princes of the empire at, election of 
Frederick II. Emperor, Oct. 121 1 — visited by 
Frederick, Jul. 12 13, Dec. 12 16 — head-quarters 
of Frederick, Dec. 12 17 — Diet held at, Oct. 
12 18 — receives charter from Frederick, Nov. 
1 2 19 — marriage of Henry, king of the Romans, 
celebrated at, 1225 — formal investiture of 
burgraviate conferred on Count Frederick of 
Hohenzollern, by Rudolph of Hapsburg, 1273 
— Diet at, 1390— united with electorate of 
Brandenburg, 1420 — joins Hanseatic League, 
1443 — Reformation introduced, 1524 — "Wallen- 
stein forms entrenched camp at, 1632 — his 
lines unsuccessfully attacked by Gustavus 
Adolphus, 24 Aug. 1632 — Congress held at, 
respecting Peace of Westphalia, 1648 — given 
by Napoleon to king of Bavaria, 1803 — the 
castle presented by the town to the king, 1855. 
Biets of, against Papal power in Germany, held, 
1324: 1356: 1390: in favour of Lutheranism, 
1522 and 1523. Compact of, between Emperor 
Wenceslaus and German princes, for persecution 
and pillage of Jews, signed, 1389.* Peace of , 
securing religious freedom of Protestants, con- 
cluded, 23 Jul. 1532. Treaty of, respecting 
rigbts of the burgraves, concluded, 1654. 
Church of St Sebald, choir built, 1303-77. 
Church of St Lawrence, built, 1278-1477. 
Church of our Lady, built, 1361. Town-hall, 
founded, 1340 — rebuilt, 1619. Fountain, 
{Schbne Brunnen,) by Schonhover, about 1360. 
Gymnasium, founded by Melanchthon, 1526. 
a Milman. 
Nushirvan. [Chosroes I.] 
Nutation, — discovered by Bradley, 1755. 
Nuvolone, Carlo Francisco, painter, — b. at 
Milan, 1608 — JJ., 1651. 

Nuvolone, Giuseppe, painter, — b., about 
1620 — o\, 1703. 

Nuwayri, {Ahmed Ibn Abd-al-wahhab Al- 
behri Al-teymi Al-kindi,) historian, — b. at 
Nuwayreh, in Egypt, (682, a. h.) 1283-4 — 
*., (732,) 1331-2. 

Nuzzi, Mario, [Mario da Fiori,) painter, — 
b. at Penna, in Naples, 1603 — tf. member of 
Academy of St Luke, at Rome, 1673. 

Nyassa, Lake, in Africa, — crossed by 
Moorish caravan, 1852 — explored by Living- 
stone, 1859. 



NYBORG— OBSERVATORY. 



1051 



Nyborg-, in Denmark, — founded, 1170 — 
raised to rank of a city, 1 271— taken by Count 
Christopher of Oldenburg, 1534 — by Christian 
III., 1535 — stormed by Swedes, Feb. 1658— 
under Horn, capitulates to Ruyter, 15 Nov. 
1659 — conquered by Spanish troops under 
Romafia, 9 Aug. 1698. 

Nye, Philip, theologian, — b. in Sussex, about 
1596 — enters Brasenose Coll. Oxford, 1615 — 
M.A., 1622 — takes holy orders, about 1620 — 
takes refuge in Holland, 1633 — returns, and is 
made rector of Kimbolton, 1640 — member of 
Assembly of Divines, 1643 — as chaplain, 
attends commissioners to Charles I., 1647^ — 
one of the Tryers, 1653 — takes part in Savoy 
conference, 1658 — deprived of his living, 1662 
— tf. in London, 27 Sep. 1672. 



Nymphaea, in Bithynia — Councils of, held 
before John Vataces, Emperor of Nicaea, dis- 
cussion between Greeks and Papal nuncios 
respecting procession of the Holy Ghost, 24 
Apr. to 10 May 1233. 

Nyniphis, of LLeracleia, historian, — [B C] — ■ 
(exiled, 281 ?) — ambassador to Galatia, 240. 

Nymphodoros, of Abdera, — [B C]— proxenus 
for Athens, 431 — aids in seizing Aristeus at 
Bisanthe, 430. 

Nysa, asteroid, — discovered by Goldschmidt, 
27 May 1857. 

Nyssa, — Council of, for condemnation of 
Gregory of JSTyssa, 375. 

Nystadt, in Finland,— Treaty of, between 
Sweden and Russia, cession of Livonia and 
Ingria to Russia, signed, 30 Aug. 1721. 



o. 



Oates, Titus,— b., about 1620 — dismissed 
from Jesuit Seminary of St Omer, 1677 — 
— denounces alleged Popish Plot, 28 Sep. 1678 
convicted of libelling Duke of York, fined, and 
imprisoned, 1684 — convicted of perjury, fined, 
whipped, and imprisoned for life, May 1685 — 
released, receives pension, Jun. 1689 — tf., 

Oaths, — [Abjuration, Affirmation, Alle- 
giance, Supremacy,] — parliamentary, law 
relating to, amended by Act 29 Vic. c. 19, 30 
Apr. 1866. Of office, law amended by Act 30 
and 31 Vic. c. 75, 12 Aug. 1867. Voluntary, 
before justices of the peace, prohibited by Act 
5 and 6 "Wm IV. c. 62, s. 13, 9 Sep. 1835. 

Oaxaca, in Mexico, — destroyed by earth- 
quake, 11 May 1870. 

Obadiah, Jewish prophet, — [B C]— prophesies, 
about 8oo, H about 599, b about 587,° between 
5 8 8 -5 8 3. d a Jerome. 

b Jalin, &c. c Ussher. d DeWette, &c. 

Obelerio, Doge of Venice, — succeeds 
Giovanni Galbaio, 804 — associates with him- 
self his brother Beato : has conference with 
Charles the Great at Thionville, Jan. 806 — 
deposed with his brother, 811 — returns from 
exile and attempts to regain his power, but is 
captured and put to death, about 830. 

Obelisk, — Flaminian, — [B C] — brought to 
Rome by Augustus, erected in the Circus, 23 — 
[AD] — restored, 1589. Another, — [BC] — 
erected in Campus Martius, 23 — [AD]— placed 
at Monte Citorio, 1792. Vatican, — [AD] — 
brought to Rome by Caligula, placed in Circus or 
Vatican, about 40 — placed in front of St Peter's, 
1586. Later an, brought from Heliopolis to Alex- 
andria by Constantine, before 337 — and thence 
to Rome by Constantius, placed in Circus Max- 
imus, before 361 — placed before north portico 
of Lateran church, 1588. Of Luxor,— [B C] 
— erected by Rameses II., about 1300 a — [AD] 



— removed to Paris, 183 1-3 — erected, 25 Oct. 
1836. a Wilkinson. 

Oberlin, Jean Frederic, theologian, philan- 
thropist, — b. at Strasburg, 31 Aug. 1740 — 
pastor of the Ban de la Roche, Mar. 1767 — tf. 
there, 1 Jun. 1826. 

Oberlin, Jeremie Jacques, philologist,— b. 
at Strasburg, 7 Aug. 1735 — studies at the 
Univ., 1750 — Librarian to the Univ., 1763 — 
Prof. Bhetoric, 1770 — Prof. Logic and Me- 
taphysics, 1782 — tf. at Strasburg, 10 Oct. 
1806. 

Oberto, Obizzo. [See Este, House of, and 
Ferrara.] 

Oblivion, Act of, — indemnity for treason 
and state offences committed between 1 Jan. 
1637 and 24 Jun. 1660, granted by Act 12 
Car. II. c. 11, 1660. 

Obotrites, Wendish tribe, — in alliance with 
Charles the Great, 804 — conquered by Henry 
the Lion, 1160. 

O'Brien, William Smith,— b., 1803— M.P. 
Ennis, 1826 — M.P. Limerick, 1835 — com- 
mitted to custody of Serjeant-at-arms for dis- 
obedience, 30 Apr. 1846 — Joint-deputy from 
Irish confederation to French republic, 3 Apr. 
1848 — tried for sedition at Dublin, May 1848 — 
reward offered for arrest of, 28 Jul. — attempts 
insurrection and is defeated by police, 29 Jul. — 
captured at Thurles, 5 Aug. — tried at Clonmel, 
Sep. — sentenced to death, 9 Oct. — verdict con- 
firmed by House of Lords, 11 May 1849 — 
transported, Jul. 1849 — receives pardon, 1856, 
and returns: tf. at Bangor, 18 Jun. 1864. 

Obscene Books, Prints, and Pictures, — 
suppression of, facilitated by Lord Campbell's 
Act, 20 and 21 Vic. c. 83, 25 Aug. 1857. 

Observantists, Order of, {reformed Francis- 
cans,) — separately organized, 1368. 

Observatory,— [BC] — erected by Ptolemy 
Soter, 323-285 — [AD] — those of Paris and 
Greenwich connected by observations of Le- 



1052 



OCAMPO— OCTAVITJS. 



gendre and Gen. Roy, 1784-7. [For modern, 
see names of places .] 

Ocampo, Florian de, historian, — ft., 1499 a — 
chronicler to Emperor Charles V., 1539 — canon 
of Zamora, 1547 — tf., i555, a about 1576^ 
after May 1558.° Coronica General de Pspaiia, 
1544. a Southey. b Conv.-Lex. c Stirling. 
Ocana, in Spain, — Marshals Soult and Mor- 
tier defeat Spaniards nnder Gen. Ariczaga, 19 
Nov. 1809. 

Occam, (Oclcham,) "William of, (Doctor Sin- 
gular is et Invincibilis,) philosopher, — ft. in Sur- 
rey, about 1270 ? — Provincial of English Corde- 
liers, 1322 — excommunicated by Pope John 
XXII., protected by Emperor Louis of Ba- 
varia, 1330 — tf. at Munich, 7 Apr. 1347 s — at 
Capua, 1350. 13 a Fabricius. b "Wadding. 

Occo, Adolph, numismatist, — ft. at Augs- 
burg, 1524 — tf., about 1605. Kumismata 
imperatorum Pomanorum a Pompeio Magno ad 
Heraclium, 1579. 

Oceania, — name applied to fifth division of 
the world, by Balbi, about 1830. 

Ochino, Bernardino, (Ochinus,) reformer, — 
ft. at Siena, 1487 — enters Order of Capuchins, 
1534 — Yicar-general, 1538 and 1541 — em- 
braces Lutheranism, about 1541 — with Peter 
Martyr escapes from Florence to Geneva, Aug. 
1542 — comes to England, 1547 — quits Eng- 
land, 1553 — banished from Zurich, Dec. 1563 
— banished from Basel, Dec. 1563 — tf. in Mo- 
ravia, 1564. 

Ochs, Peter, statesman, — ft. at Basel, 1749 
— takes part in negotiating Peace of Basel, 
1795 — envoy to Paris, No v. 1797 — member of 
Swiss Directory, 1798— tf. at Basel, 19 Jun. 
1 8 2 1 . Gesch ich te von Basel, 17 85-1821. 

Oehterlony, Sir David, Bart., — ft. at Bos- 
ton, U.S., 12 Feb. 1758 — goes to India, as 
cadet, 1776 — Lieutenant-colonel, 1803 — Go- 
vernor of Allahabad, 1804 — Major-general, 
1 8 14 — distinguishes himself in Grhorka War, 
1814-16 — K. C.B. and Bart., 1816 — receives 
thanks of parliament, 18 17 — Resident at Raj- 
pootana, 1822 — tf. in India, 15 Jul. 1825. 
Ochus. [Artaxerxes III.] 
Ockham, "William of. [Occam.] 
Ockley, in Surrey, — Ethelwulf and Ethel- 
bald defeat Northmen at, 851. 

Ockley, Simon, historian, — ft. at Exeter, 
1678 — enters Queen's Coll. Cambridge, 1693,* 
1696 b — vicar of Swavesey, Cambridgeshire, 
1705 — Prof. Arabic, Cambridge, 17 11 — if. 
Vicar of Swavesey, 9 Aug. 1720. History of 
the Saracens, 1708-18. a Engl. Cyc. b Rees' Cyc. 
O'Connell, Daniel, the ' Agitator,'— -ft. in 
Kerry, Ireland, 6 Aug. 1775 — studies at St 
Omers, 1791 — at Douai, 1792 — enters Lin- 
coln's Inn, 1794 — called to the bar, 1798 — 
marries, 1802- — begins to take leading part in 
promoting claims of Roman Catholics, about 
1803 — kills Alderman d'Esterre in a duel, 31 
Jan. 1 8 15 — challenged by Peel, the meeting 
prevented by police, 18 15 — with Sheil founds 
new Catholic Association, 1823— elected M.P. 
Clare, but refuses to take the oaths, Jul. 1828 
— reelected and takes his seat, Apr. 1829 — 
M.P. Dublin, 1832— unseated, 1 836— M.P. Kil- 



kenny,! 8 36— M.P. Dublin, 1837— M.P. County 
Cork, 1 841 — Lord Mayor of Dublin, 1841 — 
commences agitation for Repeal of Union, 1 842 
— holds monster meetings, 1843 — holds meeting 
at Clontarf , 8 Oct. 1 843 — arrested on charge of 
conspiracy and sedition, 14 Oct. — convicted, 12 
Feb. 1844 — sentenced to fine and imprison- 
ment, 24 May — the judgment reversed by House 
of Lords, 4 Sep. — sets out for Rome, 1 847 — * 
tf. at Genoa, 15 May 1847. Speeches, 1846. 

O'Connor, Arthur,— ft. at Bandon, 4 Jul. 
1763 — called to the bar, 1788 — member of 
Irish parliament, 1789 — disinherited for his 
speech in favour of Catholic emancipation, 
1795 — arrested on charge of high treason, 
summer 1795 — liberated, Jan. 1796 — member 
of Directory of United Irishmen, 1796 — treats 
with Gen. Hoche respecting French invasion of 
Ireland, 1796 — again arrested, 27 Feb. 1798 — 
acquitted, 22 May— rearrested, same day — pub- 
lishes his letter to Lord Castlereagh, 4 May 
1799— liberated, Jun. 1805 — named by Napo- 
leon I., General of Division in service of France, 
29 Feb. 1804 — marries daughter of Condorcet, 
1807 — naturalized in France, 10 Api. 181 8 — 
tf. there, 25 Apr. 1852. 

O'Connor, Bernard, physician, — ft. in Ker- ' 
rv, about 1666— first physician to Sobieski,king 
of Poland, 1694— F.R.S., and F.R C.P., 1696 
— tf., Oct. 1698. Evangelium medici, 1697 — 
Letters on Poland, 1698. 

O'Connor, Denis, The O'Connor Don, — ft., 
about 1794 — M.P. Roscommon, 1832 — tf. in 
London, 15 Jul. 1847. 

O'Connor, Feargus Edward, Chartist leader, 
— ft. in Ireland, 1796 — M.P. Cork, 1832 — 
again elected and unseated, 1835 — M.P. Not- 
tingham, 1847 — found of unsound mind by 
commission of lunacy, 1853 — ft. in London, 30 
Aug. 1855. 

O'Connor, Eoderick, (Pory,) King of Con- 
naught, — ft., 1 1 16 — king of Connaught, on 
death of his father, 1156 — disputes supremacy 
with O'Lochlin, 1 156-61 — assumes title of king 
of Ireland, 1166 — assembles convention of 
clergy at Athboy, 1167 — takes part in expulsion 
of Dermot, king of Leinster, n 68 — negotiates 
with Strongbow, 1171 — attempts to recover 
Meath, 1174 — acknowledges Henry II. as 
Lord paramount, about Michaelmas 1175 — 
retires to a monastery, 11 86 — tf., 1198. 

O'Connor, Turlogh, King of Connaught 
and King of Ireland, — ft., about 1088 — ac- 
quires supremacy, about 11 30— carries on war 
with the O'Briens, 1132-50 — tf., 13 Jun. 1156. 

Octavia, — [BC] — married to C. Marcellus, 
before 54, who died end of 41 — married to 
Antony, 40 — mediates between Antony and 
Octavius, 36 — conducts reinforcements to 
Antony, 35, and is sent back to Rome: divorced 
by Antony, 32 — tf., n. 

Octavia, — ft., about 42 — betrothed to L. 
Silanus, 48 — to Domitian, (Nero,) 49 — married 
to him, 53 — divorced, 62, and put to death. 

Octavianus. [Augustus.] 

Octavius, C. [Augustus.] 

Octavius, Cn., — [B C] — plebeian sedile with 
Sp. Lucretius, 206 — praetor with Sp. Lucretius, 



OCTAVIITS-O'DONNELL. 



i^53 



205 — commands in Sardinia, 205-4-3 — atZama, 
202 — ambassador to Carthage, &c, 200 — com- 
missioner for founding Croton, 194 — sent into 
Greece, 192. 

Octavius, Cn., — [B C] — ambassador to 
Greece, 170 — decemvir sacrorum, 169 — praetor, 
sent against Perseus, who surrenders to him, 
^* 168 — triumphs at Borne, 1 Dec. 167 — Consul 
with T. Manlius Torquatus, (589, a. u. c.) 165 
— ambassador to Syria, assassinated at Laodi- 
ceia, 162. 

Octavius, Cn., — [BC] — Consul with T. An- 
nius Luscus Eufus, (626, a. it. c.) 128. 

Octavius, Cn., — [B Cj — Consul with L. Corn. 
Cinna, (667, a. u. c.) 87. 

Octavius, Cn., — [B C] — Consul with C. Scri- 
bonius Curio, (678, a. it. c.) 76. 

Octavius, L. , — [B C] — Consul with C. Aure- 
lius Gotta, (679, a. u. c.) 75 — proconsul of 
Ciiicia, if., 74. 

Octroi, tax on food, — abolished in France, 
1789 — reestablished, 1798 — reorganized, 1816, 
1842, and 1852 — abolished in Belgium, i860. 

Oczakow, in Russia, — founded by Khan of 
the Crimea, about 1490 — mentioned by pre- 
sent name, 1557 — taken by Eussians under 
Gen. Munnich, 1737 — fortifications demolished, 
and town evacuated by Eussians, 1738 — be- 
sieged and taken by Potemkin and Suwaroff, 
1788 — ceded to Eussia, 1792 — bombarded by 
allied fleet of France and England, 1855. 

Odeium,— [BC] — first built at Athens by 
Pericles, 460-430 — burnt by Sulla, (01. 173, 
3,) 86-5 — rebuilt by Ariobarzanes II. of Cap- 
padocia, 65-52 — [AD]— of Herodes Atticus, at 
Athens, built, 160-180. 

Odenathus, Septimius, of Palmyra, one of 
the ' Thirty Tyrants,' husband of Zenobia, — 
defeats Sapor, 260 — defeats Quietus at Emesa, 
262 — occupies Mesopotamia and reaches Ctesi- 
phon, .264 — created Augustus by Gallienus, 
264— killed, about 266-7. 

Odensee, in Denmark, — assembly of the 
states at, confirms edict of toleration of Frede- 
rick I., 1527 — another regulates affairs of Be- 
formed Church, 1539 — another terminates war 
with Sweden, 1657. Cathedral, founded, 1080 — 
completed, 1 301 . College, founded by Christian 
IV., 1621. Castle, founded by Frederick IV., 
1726. 

Odescalchi, Benedetto. [Innocent XI.] 

Odescalchi, Marc Antonio, philanthropist, 
— if., 1670. 

Odescalchi, Tommaso, philanthropist, — if., 
1692. 

Odessa, in Eussia, — founded by Empress 
Catherine, 1794 — declared a free port for 30 
years, 1817 — tribunal of commerce established 
at, 1824 — flag of truce fired on, Apr. 1854 — 
bombarded by French and English fleets, 22 
Apr. 1854 — disturbances, attack on Jews at, 
10-12 Apr. 1871. University of , founded, 1862. 
Odessus, on the Pontus Euxinus, — [B C] — 
founded by Mil&ians, 592. 

Odevaere, Josephus Dionisius, painter, — b. 
at Bruges, 2 Oct. 1778 — goes to Paris, close of 
1797 — obtains grand prize of French Academy 
of Painting, 1804 — studies at Eome, 1805-12 — 



settles at Brussels, 18 14 — Court painter to king 
of the Netherlands, 18 15 — ij. at Brussels, Feb. 
1830. Battle of Waterloo, 18 17 — Peace of 
Utrecht, 18 14 — Triumph of Cimabue, 1821. 

Odo, St, Abbot of Clitgny, — b. in Maine, 
about 879 — enters monastery of Baume, 912 — 
ordained priest, 926 — elected abbot, 927 — 
mediates between Alberic, prince of Eome, and 
Hugh, king of Italy, 936 — goes to Eome again, 
and prevails on Hugh to raise siege of the city, 
938 — makes third visit to Eome, 942 — if. at 
Tours, a Eheims, b 18 Nov. 943. 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Eees' Cyc. 

Odo, Abp of Cantfbbitf.y, — accompanies 
Athelm to Eome, 887 — Bp of Eamsbury, 926 
— fights at Brunanburgh, 937 — Abp of Canter- 
bury, 942 — divorces Edwy and Elgiva, 955 — 
if., J 1111. 958. 

Odo, Bp of Bayeux and Eabl of Kent, — 
t). in Normandy, about 1032 — Bp of Bayeux, 
1049— accompanies "William the Conqueror to 
England, 1066 — takes part in battle of Hast- 
ings ; joint-regent with Fitz-Osbern, 1067— 
sent to ravage Durham, 1080 — aims at the 
Papacy, 1 08 1 — falls into disgrace, his possessions 
seized by the king, 1082 — liberated and rein- 
stated in earldom of Kent, 1087 — joins in con- 
spiracy against William II., 1088 — besieged by 
him in Pevensey Castle and driven from Eng- 
land, 1088 — charged with custody of Prince 
Henry, 1091 — sets out with Duke Bobert for 
Palestine, 1096 —if. at Palermo, early in 1097. 

Odoacer, King of Italy, (476-493,) — be- 
comes chief of the Scyrri, about 463 — enters 
Imperial Guards at Eome ; aids in setting up 
Eomulus Augustulus, 475 — chosen head of 
confederate barbarians, assumes title of king, 
476 — defeats Orestes at Pavia, and banishes 
Eomulus Augustulus, 476 — reconquers Nori- 
cum, 487 — defeated by Theodoric at the Ison- 
tius, 28 Aug. 489 — at Verona, 27 Sep. 489 — 
on the Addua, 1 1 Aug. 490 — besieged in Ea- 
venna, capitulates on condition of reigning 
jointly with Theodoric, 27 Feb. 493 — assassin- 
ated, 5 Mar. 493. 

O'Donnell, Joseph Henry, Count of Abis- 
bal, general, — b. in Andalusia, about 1770 — 
enters Spanish army, about 1785 — serves 
against French, 1795 — defeats Gen. Schwartz 
near Abisbal and is created Count of Abisbal, 
18 10 — member of Council of Eegency, 18 12 — 
contributes to evacuation of Saragossa by 
French, Jun. 181 3 — Captain-general of Anda- 
lusia, 1 8 14 — governor of Cadiz, 181 8 — if. at 
Montpellier, 16 May 1834. 

O'Donnell, Leopold, Count of Lucena and 
Duke of Tetuan, — h., about 1808 — Colonel, 
as early as 1832 — forces Cabrera to raise siege 
of Lucena, 17 Jul. 1839 — resigns his command 
and supports the Queen-mother, 1840 — heads 
revolt of Navarrese against Espartero, Oct. 1 841, 
and seizes Pampeluna : Captain-general at the 
Havannah, Jul. 1843 — Senator, 15 Aug. 1845 
, — implicated in conspiracy against the court 
and proscribed, early in 1 854 — fails in attempt 
at insurrection at Madrid, 28 Jun. 1854 — de- 
prived of his offices and titles, 29 Jun. — de- 
mands reforms and is joined by Espartero, Jul. 



:°54 



O'DONOVAN— OFFA. 



— Minister of War, by Espartero, i Aug. — 
Captain-general of the armies, and Count of 
Lucena, Aug. — effects dismissal of Espartero, 
and is named Pres. Council, 14 Jul. 1 856 — 
suppresses insurrections at Madrid, Barcelona, 
Saragossa, &c, Jul. — Grand Cordon of Legion 
of Honour, Oct. 1856 — dismissed, 12 Oct. — 
again Pres. Council, Minister of War and the 
Colonies, 29 Jun. 1858 — as General-in-chief 
conducts expedition against Morocco, 1859-60 
— takes Tetuan, 6 Feb. i860 — Duke of Te- 
tuan, 7 Feb.— resigns office, 27 Feb. 1863 — 
again Pres. Council and Minister of War, Jun. 
1865 — resigns, Jul. 1866 — ft. at Biarritz, 5 
Nov. 1867. 

O'Donovan, John, — h. in Kilkenny, 1809 
— employed in Ordnance Survey of Ireland, 
1830 — Prof. Celtic Languages, Queen's Coll. 
Belfast, 1845 — called to Irish bar, 1847 — 
LL.D. Trin. Coll. Dublin, 1 848 — receives 
Cunningham medal of Irish Academy, 1848 — 
)3. at Dublin, 9 Dec. 1861. Irish Grammar, 
1 845 — edition and translation of 'Annals of the 
Four Masters] 1 848-5 1 — edition and translation 
of Topographical Poems of 0' ' Dubhagain and 
0' Hindbrin, 1862. 

Odryses, The, of Thrace, — [B C]— Sitalces, 
king, ally of Athens, about 432 — invades Ma- 
cedonia, 429— tf., 424 — Seuthes, 424 — Ama- 
docus reconciled to Seuthes, and both allied to 
Athens by Thrasybulus, 390 — Amadocus de- 
feated and taken by Philip, 1 84. 

GEcolampadius, (Johann Hausschein,) Re- 
former, — fc. at Weinsberg, in Franconia, 1482 
— Ph. B. Heidelberg, 1496 — preacher at Basel, 
1515 — D.D., 1516 — retires to monastery of 
Altenmunster and adopts opinions of Luther, 
1520 — Prof. Theology, Basel, 1523— attends 
conference at Baden, 1527 — marries, 1528 — 
attends conference at Marburg, 1529 — U. at 
Basel, 23 Nov. 153 1. Commentaries on the 
Bible, 1525-34 — De gemina verborum Domini, 
' Hoc est corpus meum,' expositions, 1525. 

(Ecumenical Bishop, title of — assumed by 
John IV., Patriarch of Constantinople, 588 — 
opposed by Gregory the Great, 595 — assumed 
by Cyriacus, 595 — renounced by Thomas I., 
between 607-610. 

(Eeumenius, Bp oe Tricca, commentator, — 
fl., about 9CO, a 990. b a Lardner. b Cave. 

GMenburg, in Hungary,— Diet held at, by 
Emperor Leopold I., for pacification of Hun- 
gary, Apr. 1682. 

Oeder, Georg Ludwig, {Christian,) botanist, 
— fc. at Anspach, 1728 — Prof. Botany, Copen- 
hagen, 1752 — U., 28 Jan. 1 79 1. Flora Danica, 
1762-72. 

Oehleuschlager, Adam Gottlob, poet, — b. 
at Copenhagen, 14 Nov. 1779— witnesses battle 
of Copenhagen, 2 Apr. 1801 — visits Germany, 
France, and Italy, 1805-10 — Prof. ^Esthetics, 
Copenhagen, 18 10 — crowned by Tegner at 
Lund, 1829 — Ent of the North Star, 1829 — 
visits Paris, presented to Louis Philippe and 
King Leopold of Belgium, 1844 — ft. at Copen- 
hagen, 20 Jan. 1850. Digte, 1803 — Poetiske 
Bkrifter, 1805 — Nor di she Digte, 1807 — 
Nordens Guder, 18 19 — Tragoedier, 1831-38. 



Oeland. [Aland.] 

(Enomaos, Cynic philosopher, — ft., about 130. 

(Enophyta, — [B C] — Athenians defeat Boeo- 
tians, early in 456. 

(Enopides, astronomer, mathematician, — 
[BC]-fl., about 450? 

Oerebro. [Orebro.] 

Oernhielm, (Ornsjoelms,) Claude, historian, 
— h. in Sweden, 1627 — Prof. History, Upsala, 
1668 — member of Society of Antiquaries, 1669 
— Historiographer of Royal Family, 1679 — 
Librarian to Univ. of Upsala, 1687 — Censor of 
books, 1689 — lj. at Stockholm, 1695. Sueo- 
num Gothorumque historia ecclesiastica, 1689 
— Anscharii Vita, 1677. 

Oersted, (Orsted,) Hans Christian, natural 
philosopher, — h. in Denmark, 14 Aug. 1777 — 
enters Univ. of Copenhagen, 1794 — Ph.D., 
1800 — visits Germany, France, and Holland, 
1801-5 — Prof. Extraord. Physics, Copenhagen, 
1806 — again visits Germany and France, 1812 
— perpetual Secretary of Royal Society of 
Sciences, Denmark, 18 15 — receives Copley 
medal of Royal Soc. of London for his discovery 
of Electro-Magnetism, 1819 — visits Berlin, 
Paris, London, and Edinburgh, 1822-3 — Coun- 
cillor of State, 1828 — Director of Polytechnic 
School, Copenhagen, 1829 — member of Legion 
of Honour, 1837 — Foreign Associate of French 
Academy of Sciences,- 1 842 — Knt of Prussian 
Order of Merit, 1842 — $J. near Copenhagen, 9 
Mar. 1 85 1. Architektonik der Naturmeta- 
physik, 1802 — Ansichte der chemischen Natur- 
gesetze, 181 2 — Fxperimenta circa efficaciam con- 
flictus electrici in acum magneticam, 18 19 — 
Aanden i Naturen, 1 850 — Samlede og efterlade 
Skrifter, 1 850-1 — Correspondence, 1870. 

Oesel, island in the Baltic, — occupied by 
Danes, under Waldemar, 1206 and 1221 — 
subject to its bishops, from about 1230-1559 — 
sold by Bishop John of Miinchhausen to Den- 
mark, 1559 — ceded to Sweden, 1645 — ceded 
to Russia, 1 721. 

Oetinger, Friedrich Christoph, theologian, 
— b. in Wiirtemberg, 6 May 1702 — Pastor at" 
Hirschau, 1738 — Superintendent of Weinsberg, 
1752 — ti. Bp of Murhard, 10 Feb. 1782. Theo- 
logia, ex idea vitce deducta, 1765 — Inbegriff 
der Grundweisheit aus den Schriften Jakob 
Boehms, 1774 — Biblisches und emblematisches 
Worterbuch, 1776. 

Oexmelin, Alexander Olivier, traveller, §c, 
— goes to the isle of Tortue, 1666 — returns to 
Europe, 1674 — living, 1707. Histoire des 
aventuriers qui se sont signales dans les Indes, 
1686. 

O'Farrill, Gonzalo, general, — b. at Havan- 
nah, 22 Jan. 1754 — serves against the French, 
1793 — Inspector of Infantry, 1798 — Colonel- 
general, Director of Artillery, Minister of War, 
1808 — member of the Junta, 10 Apr. 1808 — 
contributes to establish tranquillity, 2 May 
1808 — ts. at Paris, 10 Apr. 1814. 

Ofen. [Buda.] 

Offa. [East Anglia.] 

Offa, King of Mercia, — succeeds Ethel- 
bald, 755 — makes war on Kent, 771 — defeats 
Kentish men at Otford, 773 — repulses the 



OFFICE— OKEN. 



1055 



Welsh and ravages Wales, 776 — defeats Cyne- 
wulf, king of Wessex, 777 — annexes Welsh 
March-land, 779 — constructs his Dyke, 779 — 
murders Ethelbert, king of E. Anglia, 792, 
and takes possession of his kingdom : tf., 794. 

Office, Holy. [Inquisition.] 

Office, Holy, Congregation of the, — estab- 
lished by Paul III., 1542— organization com- 
pleted by Sixtus V., 1585-90. 

Offices, in England — not to be conferred for 
gift or affection, by Act 12 Hie. II. c. 2, 1388. 
Buying and selling, prohibited by Act 5 and 
6 Edw. VI. c. 16, 1552 — again prohibited by 
Order in Council, 1702, and by Act 49 Geo. 
III. c. 126, 20 Jim. 1809. Duty on, imposed, 
by Act 31 Geo. II. c. 22, 1758— made per- 
petual by 6 and 7 Wm IV. c. 97, 20 Aug. 1836. 
Forms of appointment to, simplified by Act 
14 and 15 Vic. c. 82, 7 Aug. 1851. 

Offor, George, bibliographer, — fo., about 
1787—0". in London, 7 Aug. 1864. Tyndale's 
New Testament, 1836 — Edition of Banyan's 
Works, 1853. 

Ofilius, jurist,— IB C] — fl., about 45. 

Ofterdingen, Heinrieh von, minnesinger, — 
£(. at Court of Leopold, Duke of Austria, about 
1 190. 

Oggione, (Uggione,) Marco da, painter,— 
fo. in the Milanese, about 1470 — tj., 1530. 
Copy of Leonardo's Last Supper, about 15 10. 

Ogilby, John, miscellaneous writer, — h. at 
Edinburgh, 1600— tutor to Earl of Strafford's 
children, 1633 — assists at coronation of Charles 
II., 1 66 1 — tf. in London, 4 Sep. 1676. Trans- 
lation of Lliad, 1660 — Odyssey, 1665. 

Ogilvie, John, lexicographer, §c, — fc. in 
Banffshire, 1797 — enters Marischal Coll., Oct. 
1824 — teacher in Gordon's Hospital, about 
1829-59 — LL.D. Aberdeen, 1850 — if. at Aber- 
deen, 21 Nov. 1867. Imperial Dictionary, 
1850 — Supplement, 1856 — Comprehensive Eng- 
lish Dictionary, 1863 — Student's English Dic- 
tionary, 1865. 

Oginski, Michael Cleophas, Grand Trea- 
surer or Lithuania, — ft. near Warsaw, 1765 
— enters public service, 1784 — resigns office of 
Grand Treasurer, and takes part with Ko- 
sciusko, 1794 — agent of Polish patriots at Con- 
stantinople and Paris, 1796 — returns to Poland, 
1802 — Senator and Privy Councillor, by Em- 
peror Alexander, goes to St Petersburg, 18 10- 
15 — tj. at Florence, 1833. Me moires stir la 
Pologne et les Polonais clepuis 17 SSjusqu' d la 
fm de 1815, 1826-7. 

Oglethorpe, James Edward, general, founder 
of Georgia, U.S., — h. in London, 22 Dec. 1696 
— enters the army, 17 10 — serves under Prince 
Eugene in Germany, 17 15-17 — M.P. Hasle- 
mere, 1722 — Chairman of Prison Visiting Com- 
mittee, Feb. 1729— obtains charter for settle- 
ment of Georgia, 1732 — sails for Georgia, 16 
Nov. 1732 — founds Savannah, 1733 — receives 
Protestant emigrants of Salzburg, Mar. 1734 
— visits England, Jun. 1734 — sails for Georgia 
with theWesleys, Dec. 17 35 — explores southern 
islands, 1736— again in England, Jan. 1737 — 
appointed Commander-in-chief in Carolina and 
Georgia, 1737 — Colonel, Oct. 1737 — returns 



to Georgia, Sep. 1738 — prepares for war with 
Spain, 1739 — makes incursion into Florida, 
1739 — takes Forts Picolata and St Francis, 
Jan. 1740 — unsuccessfully attempts St Augus- 
tine, Jul. 1740 — fights his way through Spanish 
fleet, Jun. 1742 — embarks for England, 23 
Jul. 1743 — reaches London, 28 Sep. — marries, 
15 Sep. 1744 — Major-general, Mar. 1745 — 
sent against Scottish rebels, 1745 — tried by 
court-martial and acquitted, 7 Oct. 1746 — 
Lieutenant-general, 13 Sep. 1747 — retires 
from public life, 1754 — General, 22 Feb. 1765 
— tJ. atCranham Hall, 1 Jul. 1785. 

Oglethorpe, Owen, Bp of Carlisle, — 
Proctor of Oxford Univ., 1533 — Pres. Magda- 
len Coll., Feb. 1535 to Sep. 1552 — Prebendary 
of Lincoln, Mar. 1536 — again Pres. Magda- 
len Coll., Oct. 1553 to Apr. 1555 — consecrated 
Bp of Carlisle, 15 Aug. 1557 — crowns Queen 
Elizabeth, 13 Jan. 1559 — deprived, 1559 — t!., 
31 Dec. 1559. 

Ogulnii, Q. and Cn. — [B C] — tribb. pleb., 
300 — cur. sedd., 296 — Q,., ambassador to bring 
JEsculapius to Pome, 294 — ambassador to Pto- 
lemy Philadelphus, 273. 

Oehlmuller, Daniel Joseph, architect, — fc. at 
Bamberg, 10 Jan. 1791 — visits Italy and Sicily, 
1815-19 — "&. at Munich, 22 Apr. 1 839. Church 
in the Am suburb of Munich, begun, 1831. 

Ohio, United States, — forms a Territory, 
1787 — settlement in, 1788 — Indiana separated 
from, 1800— admitted into the Union, 28 Apr. 
1802 — organized as a State, 3 Mar. 1803 — 
constitution adopted, J 851. Canal, com- 
menced, 1825 — completed, 1832. 

Ohmacht, Landolin, sculptor, — b. in Wiir- 
tembei-g, 1760 — studies at Pome, 1790-2 — Jj. 
at Strasburg, 31 Mar. 1834. Monument to 
Oberlin, Strasburg, 18 10 — Monument to Koch, 
1815. 

Ohud, battle of {See Mohammed.] 

Oil-Painting, — invented or improved by 
John and Hubert Van Eyck, 1420-40. 

Ojeda, Alonzo de, — accompanies Columbus 
on his second voyage, 1493; — discovers gold 
mines in Hispaniola, 1493 — returns to Spain, 
1498— embarks again with Amerigo Vespucci 
and Juan de la Cosa, 2o May 1498 — returns to 
Spain, 1500 — second voyage with Vespucci, 
1502 — third, with Nicuessa and Pizarro, 1509. 

Okbah, Saracen Emir in Spain, — appoint- 
ed (117, a. h.) 735 — his troops seize Avignon, 
736 — but are defeated and expelled by Charles 
Martel, 7 37 — embarks for Africa and suppresses 
revolt of Berbers, 738 — Sj. at Cordova, (122,) 
740. 

O'Keefe, John, dramatist, actor, — h. at 
Dublin, 24 Jun. 1747 — settles in London, 1781 
— receives a pension, 1808 — tj. at Southamp- 
ton, 4 Feb. 1833. Recollections, 1826. 

Oken, Lorenz, naturalist, — h. at Bohlsbach, 
Wiirtemberg, 1 Aug. 1779 — Extraord. Prof. 
Medicine, Jena, 1807 — Prof. Natural Science, 
1 81 2 — Prof. Natural History, Zurich, 1832 — 
tf. there, 11 Aug. i847, a i85i. b Originates 
and edits Isis, 1816-47 — Lehrbuch der Natur- 
philosophie, 1 808-11 — Lehrbuch der Natur- 



1056 



OLAF— OLIVA. 



Me, 1813-27 — Allgemeine Naturge- 
schichtefur alle Stande, 1833-41. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. 

Olaf. {Ola-us.) [See Denmark and Norway.] 
Olafsen, Eggert, naturalist, traveller, — b. 
in Iceland, 1721^ 1726 b — conducts scientific 
expedition there, 1752-7 — rj. in Iceland, 30 
May 1768. Journey in Iceland, 1772 — Enar- 
rationes historical de Islandice natura et consti- 
tutione, 1749. 



Biog. Univ. 



Nouv. Biog. Gen. 



Olafsen, Johan, — h. in Iceland, 17 31 — tf. 
at Copenhagen, 18 Jul. 181 1. Om den gamle 
nordiske Eigtehonst, 1786 — Assistant-editor of 
ECeimskringla, 1777-1813. 

Olafsen, Magnus, — b. in Iceland, 1573— 
tf. pastor of Lanfaas, 1636. Specimen Lexici 
Eunici, 1650. 

Olafsen, Stephen,— pastor of Vallenaes in 
Iceland, 1649 — tf., 1688. Voluspa, 1665. 

Olah, Nicholas, Primate and Palatine op 
Hungary, — b. at Hermannstadt, Jan. 1493 — 
— accompanies Mary of Austria to the Nether- 
lands, 1530 — Bp of Zagrab, 1544 — Bp of 
Agria and Chancellor of the kingdom, 1548,* 
1543 b — accompanies King Ferdinand to war of 
Smalkalde, 1547 b — assists in defence of Agria 
against Turks, 1552 — Abp of Gran, (Strigonia,) 
1553 — Palatine, 1562 — crowns Maximilian II. 
as King of Hungary, 1564 — lj. at Tyrnau, 
1568. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Olah-Felair, {Aga Mohammed Cassem,) 
poet,—ii. in Persia, about 1730 — tf. at Ispahan, 
early in 1825. 

Glaus, Magnus. [Magnus, Olaus.] 

Olavides, Pablo Antonio Jose, Count de, 
statesman, — b. at Lima, 1725 — auditor of the 
province, 1745 — contributes to expulsion of 
Jesuits from Spain, 1767 — Intendant-general 
of Andalusia, 1767 — imprisoned at Madrid by 
Inquisition, 14 Nov. 1776 — does penance, and 
is banished as a heretic, 24 Nov. 1788 — 
takes refuge in France, 1780 — imprisoned at 
Orleans, 1794 — returns to Spain, 1798 — ft. in 
Andalusia, 1803. Evangelio en Triumfo, about 
1796? 

Olbers, Heinrich Wilhelm Mathias, as- 
tronomer, — b. at Arbergen, near Bremen, 11 
Oct. 1758 — studies at Gottingen, 1777 — dis- 
covers Pallas, 1802— and Vesta, 1807 — F.E.S. 
London, 1804 — discovers a comet, 18 15 — 
Foreign Associate of French Academy of 
Sciences, 1829 — q\ at Bremen, 2 Mar. 1840. 
Abhandlung iiber die leichteste Methode die 
Balm eines Cometes zu berechnen, 1797. 

Olbia, {Borgsthenes,)— [BC] — colony from 
Miletus, after 711. 

Oldcastle, Sir John, Lord Cobham,— pro- 
motes spread of Wickliffe's doctrines, about 
1400— denounced to the king, 21 Jun. 141 3 a 
— imprisoned in the Tower, Sep. 141 3 — taken 
before ecclesiastical tribunal at St Paul's, 23 
and 25 Sep. 141 3 — escapes from the Tower and 
goes into Wales, 28 Oct. 141 3 — retaken, Nov. 
141 7 — hung in chains and burnt in London, 
14 Dec. 1417. a Lingard. 

Oldenburg, in Germany, — mentioned as a 
County, 1 1 08 — independent, 11 80 — on death of 



Count Anthony Gunther, falls to Denmark, 
1667 — with Delmenhorst erected into a Duchy 
by Joseph II. for Frederick Augustus, Prince 
Bishop of Liibeck, 29 Dec. 1774, and made 
hereditary in family of Holstein-Gottorp : joins 
Confederation of the Rhine, 14 Oct. 1808 — 
incorporated with French Empire by Napoleon 
I., 1 8 10 — restored to the Duke, and*Birkenfeld 
united with it, 181 3 — disturbances in, 1 848 — 
obtains liberal constitution, 18 Feb. 1849 — 
constitution revised, 22 Nov. 1852 — member of 
North German Confederation, 18 Aug. 1866. 

Oldenburg, Henry, — b. in Bremen, about 
1626 — comes to London, about 1653 — enters 
Oxford Univ., 1656 — Secretary to Royal So- 
ciety of London, 1662 — his dispute with Hooke, 
1675 — tf. at Charlton near Woolwich, Aug. 
1678. Edits Ehilosophical Transactions, 
1662-77. 

Oldham, John, poet, — b. near Tetbury, 
Gloucestershire, 9 Aug. 1653 — enters St Ed- 
mund's Hall, Oxford, 1670 — B.A., 1674 — goes 
to London, 1681 — tf. at Holme Pierpoint, 8 
Dec. 1683. Works, 1711. 

Oldmixon, John, miscellaneous writer, — b., 
1673 — tf. in London, 9 Jul. 1742. British 
Empire in America, 1 7 08 — ECistory ofEnglan d, 
1730-9. 

Oldys, William, bibliographer, — b., 1687, a 
1696 b — Norroy King-at-Arms, 5 May 1755° — 
tf. in London, 15 Apr. 1761. British Libra- 
rian, 1737 — BTarleian Miscellany, 1753 — life 
of Ealeigh, 1738. a Engl. Cyc. 

b Chalmers. c D' Israeli. 

Olearius, {Adam Oelschlager,) traveller, — 
b. at Aschersleben, about 1600 — Secretary to 
Embassy from Duke of Holstein-Gottorp to 
Russia, 1633 — accompanies Embassy to Persia, 
1636-9— Jj., 22 Feb. 1671. Eeisebeschreibung, 
1647. 

O'Leary, Arthur, {Father O'Eeary,) — b. in 
Cork Co., 1729 — sent to study at Convent 
College of St Malo, 1747 — chaplain to Catho- 
lic prisoners of war there, 1756-63 — settles at 
Cork, 177 1 — has controversy with John Wesley, 
1786 — chaplain to Spanish Embassy, 1789 — 
ft. in London, 8 Jan. 1802. Loyalty asserted, 
1777 — Plea for Liberty of Conscience, about 
1780? 

Oleg. [See Russia.] 

Oleometer, — invented by Laurot de Rouen, 
about 1840 — another, by Lefebvre, 1844. 

Oleron, Isle of, — ceded to England by Treaty 
of Bretigny, 1360 — taken from Huguenots by 
Louis XIV., 1623 — citadel built, 1630. Laivs 
{Judgments) of compiled, not later than 1266. 

Olga. [See Russia.] 

Olinda, Makquis of, statesman, — Minister 
of State, Brazil, 1823 — Regent of the Empire, 
1837-40 — if., 4 Jun. 1870. 

Oliva, Fernan Perez, — b. at Cordova, about 
i492, a 1497 b — goes to Univ. of Salamanca, 
1504 — one of the founders of College of the 
Archbishop, Salamanca, 1528 — ft. Rector of 
the Univ., i53<V 1533. b Obras, 1586 — Obras 
Eoeticas, 1787. a Ticknor. b Conv.-Lex. 

Oliva, Giovanni, bibliographer, antiquary, 
, — b. at Rovigo, 11 Jul. 1689— ordained priest, 



OLITA— OLMO. 



ic-57 



17 1 1 — Prof. Belles Lettres, Azzolo, 17 11 — 
called to Some by Clement XL, i7i9, a i7i5 b 
— Secretary of the Conclave ; Librarian to 
Cardinal de Bohan at Paris, 1722 — tf. there, 19 
Mar. 1757. De nummorum veterum cognitione, 
17 1 6 — De antiqua in Romanis scholis gram- 
maticorum disciplina, 17 18. 

a Rees' Cyc. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Oliva, Peace of, — between Sweden, Poland, 
the Emperor, and the Elector of Brandenburg, 
concluded, 3 May 1660. 

Olivarez, Henriquez de Guzman, 2nd Count 
of, diplomatist, — b., 1530 — serves at battle of 
St Quentin, 1558 — Major-domo to Philip II. , 
1562 — commands against revolted Flemings, 
1574 — ambassador of Philip II. to Pome, about 
1580-90 — Viceroy of Sicily, exterminates 
brigands, 1592-3 — Viceroy of Naples, 1594 — 
recalled by Philip III., leaves Naples, 19 Jul. 
1599 — tf., probably 1599. 

Olivarez, Gaspar Guzman, Count de, Duke 
of San Lucar de Barrameda, statesman, — b. 
at Home, 6 Jan. 1587 — studies at Salamanca, 
1599 — marries, 1607 — assists at marriage of 
Don Philip, 16 1 3 — chief minister to Philip IV., 
1621 — created Duke of San Lucar, 1621 — 
assumes absolute power ; renews war with the 
Dutch, 1 62 1 — his measures provoke insurrec- 
tions in Catalonia and Portugal, 1640 — dis- 
missed, 1643 — tf. at Toro, 22 Jul. 1645. 

Olivenza, in Spain, — conquered by Span- 
iards, 1658 — restored to Portuguese by Peace 
of Lisbon, 1668 — taken by French and Span- 
iards, 1709 — captured by Spaniards under 
Godoy, and ceded to Spain by Treaty of Bada- 
joz, 1 80 1 — taken by Soult, 22 Jan. 181 x^— 
retaken by Beresford, Apr. 181 1 — again occu- 
pied by French, Jun. 1811 — ordered to be 
restored to Portugal by Congress of Vienna, 
1 8 15, but retained by Spain. 

Oliver, Alderman of London, — committed 
to the Tower for discharging printers appre- 
hended for publishing parliamentary debates, 
25 Mar. 177 1 — liberated, 8 May. 

Oliver, George, antiquary, — tj., 9 Feb. 1781 
— priest in Church of Borne, 1806 — appointed 
to Catholic mission, Exeter, 1807 — tf., 23 
Mar. 1 86 1. Monasticon Diocesis Exoniensis, 
1847 — Supplement, 1854 — Lives of Bishops 
and History of Cathedral of Exeter, 1861. 

Oliver, George, writer on Freemasonry, — b. 
at Papplewick, 1782 — marries, 1805 — ordained 
priest, 1 8 15 — tf. at Lincoln, 3 Mar. 1867. 
Antiquities of Freemasonry, 1823 — Dictionary 
of Symbolical Masonry, 1853 — Golden Remains 
of Early Masonic Writers, 1847-50 — Lnstitutes 
of Masonic Jurisprudence, 1859. 

Oliver, Isaac, painter, — b., 1556 — tf., 1617. 
Oliver, Peter, painter, — b., 1601 — tf. in 
London, about 1664,* i66o. b 

a Engl. Cyc. b Kees' Cyc. 

Olivet, Joseph Thoulier, Abbe d', gram- 
marian, translator, — fj. at Salins, 1 Apr. 1682 
— enters Jesuits' Coll. at Bheims, 1700— sent 
to Borne, 17 13 — quits the Order, 17 14 — ad- 
mitted to French Academy, 20 Jul. 1723 — 
visits England, 1726 — tf. at Paris, 8 Oct. 1768. 
Ciceronis opera, 1740-2 — Histoire de V Aca- 



demic Frangaise, 1729 — Remarques sur la 
Langue Francaise, 1738. 

Olivetan, Pierre Robert, Reformer, — pub- 
lishes at Neufchatel his French translation of 
the Bible, {Bible of the Sword,) 1535 — tf. at 
Ferrara, 1539. 

Olivetans, Order of,— founded by Tolomei, 
about 1 3 19. 

Oliveyra, Francisco Xavier de, — b. at 
Lisbon, 21 May 1702 — Knt, Dec. 1729 — sent 
to Vienna as secretary of embassy, 1734 — 
comes to England, 1744 — becomes a Protestant, 
Jim. 1746— declared a heretic by the Inquisi- 
tion, and burnt in effigy at Lisbon, Sep. 1762 
— tf. near London, 18 Oct. 1783. Travels, 
1 74 1 — Familiar Letters, 1 74 1 -2 — Memoirs con- 
cerning Portugal, 1741-3 — Oliveyriana, 1760. 

Olivi, Giuseppe, naturalist, — b. in Venetia, 
1769 — tf. at Padua, 30 Aug. 1795. Zoologia 
Adriatica, 1792. 

Olivier, Cardinal, historian, — preaches 
crusade against Albigenses, 12 10 — goes to 
Holy Land, between 12 14- 17 — acts as engineer 
at siege of Damietta, 1219* — returns, and is 
chosen Bp of Paderborn, 1222 — Cardinal Bp 
of Sabina, 1225 — envoy to Emperor Frederick 
II. at Parma, 1226 a — tf. at Sabina, 1227. 
a Kington. 

Olivier, Francois, Chancellor of France, 
— b. at Paris, 1497 — President a Mortier, 
Jun. 1543 — Chancellor, Apr. 1545 — deprived, 
Jan. 155 1 — reinstated, Jul. 1559 — tf. at Am- 
boise, 30 Mar. 1560. 

Olivier, Guillaume Antoine, traveller, en- 
tomologist, — b. near Frejus, 19 Jan. 1756 — ■ 
M.D. Montpellier, 1773 — envoy with Bru- 
guieres to Persia, Oct. 1792 to Dec. 1798 — 
member of Institute, 26 Jan. 1800 — tf. at 
Lyons, 1 Oct. 18 14. Histoire naturelle des 
Cole'opteres, 17 89-1 808 — Dictionnaire de V his- 
toire naturelle des Lnsectes, 17 89-1 819 — Voy- 
ages, 1 801 -7. 

Olivier, Louis Heinrich Ferdinand, — b. in 
Switzerland, 19 Sep. 1759 — tf. at Vienna, 31 
Mar. 1 8 15. OrthoepographischeElementarvcerk, 
1804. 

Olivier, Seraphin, Cardinal, — b. at Lyons, 
2 Aug. 1538— Prof. Laws, Bologna, 1562 — 
auditor of the Bota, by Pius IV., 1564 — am- 
bassador to France, from Gregory XIII. , 1573 
— again, from Sixtus V., 1589 — named Bp of ' 
Bennes, Jun. 1600 — resigns the see, and is 
named patriarch of Alexandria, by Clement 
VIII. , Aug. 1602 — Cardinal, 9 Jun. 1604 — tf. 
at Bome, 9 Mar. 1609. Decisiones Rotce Ro- 
mance, 1 6 14. 

Olivieri, Annibale, antiquary, — b.at Pesaro, 
17 Jun. 1708 — settles at Bome, 1727 — marries 
and settles at Pesaro, 1733 — tf. there, 29 Sep. 
1789. Marmora Fesaurensia, 1737 — Memorie 
del Forto di Fesaro, 1774 — Memorie per la 
storia delta chiesa Fesarese, 1779. 

Olmedo, in Spain, — indecisive battle between 
Henry IV. of Castile and the rebels, 21 Aug. 
1467." 

Olmo, Jose Vincenzo del, antiquary, — b. at 
Valencia, 161 1 — tf., n Oct. 1696. Auto da 
Fe, 1680 — Lithologia, §c, 1653. 

67 



:o 5 8 



OLMUTZ-OLYNTHIAN WAE. 



Olmutz, in Moravia, — unsuccessfully at- 
tacked by Mongols, 1241 — unsuccessfully 
besieged by Bela IV. of Hungary, 1253 — 
bishops of, made princes of the empire, 1588 
— joins revolt against Ferdinand II., 1619 — 
seat of government transferred to Brunn, 1640 
— taken by Swedes under Gen. Torstenson, 
1642 — given up to Imperialists by Treaty of 
"Westphalia, 1648 — taken by Prussians, 1741 
— evacuated by them, Apr. 1742 — unsuccess- 
fully besieged by Frederick II., 1758 — erected 
into archbishopric, 1777 — abdication of Fer- 
dinand I. at, 2 Dec. 1 848 — meetings of Emperors 
Nicholas and Francis Joseph at, 24 Sep. 1853. 
University of, founded, 15 81 — removed to 
Brunn, 1778 — restored, 1827 — removed, 1853. 
Church of St Maurice, built, 141 2. Town-hall, 
1574. Conference at, to arrange dispute be- 
tween Austi'ia and Prussia respecting Hesse 
and Holstein, 28-29 ^° v - ^S - 

Olot, in Catalonia, — destroyed by earthquake, 
142 1 — visited by Lyell, 1830. 

Olshausen, Hermann, theologian, — b. in 
Holstein, 21 Aug. 1796 — studies at Kiel and 
Berlin, 18 14- 18 — Prof. Extraord. Theologv, 
Konigsberg, 1821— D.D., 1826— Ord. Prof., 
1827 — Prof. Theology, Erlangen, 1834 — rj. at 
Erlangen, 4 Sep. 1839. Bibliseher Commentar 
iiber siimmtliche Schriften desNeuen Testaments, 
1830. 

Oltenitza, — Omar Pasha defeats Russians 
under Gen. Dannenberg, 4 Nov. 1853. 

Olybrius, Anieius, Roman Emperor, (472,) 
— goes from Rome to Constantinople, 455 — 
Consul with Fl. Rusticus, (1217, a. u. c.) 464 
— marries Placidia, 464 — sent to Italy by 
Zeno, becomes Emperor, 11 Jul. 472 — tf., 23 
Oct. 472. 

Olympia, — [Olympic Games]— [B C] — first 
statue of a wrestler dedicated by Praxidanus of 
JEgina, (01. 19,) 544 a — battle of, between 
Eleans and Arcadians, during the games, (01. 
104, 1,) 364. a Miiller. 

Olympia, asteroid, — discovered by Chacornac, 
12 Sep. i860. 

Olympiads, Era of, — [B C]— commences, 776 
— first used in history by Tiniteus, about 260. 

Olympiads, New Era, — commences, (01. 
227, 3,) 131. 

Olympias, — [BC] — married to Philip of 
Macedonia, 359 — rupture with Philip after his 
marriage with Cleopatra, 337 — puts Cleopatra 
and her daughter to death, 334 ? — takes refuge 
in Epirus, 323 — favours Polysperchon, 319 — 
puts Philip Arrhidneus and Eurydike to death, 
Sep. 317 — besieged by Cassander in Pydna, 
autumn 316 to late winter 315 a — taken and 
put to death by Cassander, beginning of 
spring 315^ spring 3i6. b 

a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. 

Olympic Games, — [B C]— mythic, revived by 
Iphitus, 884, a 828 b — victors in the foot-race 
first registered, first historical fact in Greece, 
(01. 1, 1,) 776 — olive crown first given, (01. 7,) 
752 — celebrated by Pheidon of Argos, (01. 8,) 
748 — by Pisa, (Pisa and Elis jointly, ) 672-6 ^2, 
(01. 28,) 668,d (01. 30-52,) 660-572 «* — by 
Pantaleon of Pisa, (01. 34,) 644 — by Pisa and 
Arcadia jointly, (01. 104,) 364— [AD]— list of 



victors ends, (01. 249,) 217-220 — games 
abolished by Theodosius, (01. 293, 2,) 394. 
[Hellanodicae.] a Eratosth. 

b Callim. c Clinton. d Euseb. 

Olympic Games, — [B C] — the foot-race, (01. 
1,) 776 — the double foot-race, (diaulus,) (01. 
14,) 724 — the longer foot-race, (dolichus,) (01. 
15,) 720 — the prius naturalibus, (01. 15,) 720 — 
wrestling, and the pentathlum added, (01. 18,) 
708 — boxing, (01. 23,) 688— chariot-race with 
four full-grown horses, (01. 25,) 680 — pancra- 
tium and horse-race, (01.33,) 648 — foot-race and 
wrestling for boys, (01. 37,) 632 — pentathlum 
for boys, (01. 38,) 628 — abolished : boxing for 
boys, (01. 41,) 616 — foot-race in heavy armour, 
(01. 65,) 520— chariot-race with mules, (01. 
70,) 500 — abolished, (01. 84,) 444 — race with 
mares, (01. 71,) 496 — abolished, (01. 84,) 444 
— chariot-race with two full-grown horses, (01. 
93,) 408 — contest of heralds and trumpeters, 
(01. 96,) 396 — chariot-race with four colts, (01. 
99,) 384— with two colts, (01. 128,) 268— race 
with colts, (01. 131,) 256 — pancratium for 
boys, (01. 145,) 200. 

Olympic Games, at Antioch, — originally 
Daphne a, but called Olympic, 44 — regularly 
celebrated from reign of Commodus, 180-193 — 
abolished by Justin, 521. 

Olympic Games, at Athens, — instituted by 
Hadrian, 131. 

Olympic Games, at Dium, — [B C] — cele- 
brated by Philip II. , spring or sum. 347. 

Olympic Games, at J^«,-[BC] — cele- 
brated by Alexander the Great, 335. 

Olympieum, at Athens, — completed and 
dedicated by Hadrian, (01. 227, 3,) 131. 

Olympiodorus, — [BC] — obtains aid for 
Athens from JStolia, 298 — Archon eponymus, 
294 ? — rescues Athens from Demetrius, 288. 

Olympiodorus, historian, — ambassador to 
Huns from Honorius, 422 ? — removes to By- 
zantium, 423. 

Olympiodorus, of Alexandria, Peripatetic 
philosopher, — Q., about 426. 

Olympiodorus, of Alexandria, Neo-platonist, 
— fl., before 550. 

Olympiodorus, of Alexandria, Aristotelean 
philosopher, — fl., about 281. 

Olympius, Exarch of Ravenna, — succeeds 
Calliopas, Oct. 649 — sent to Rome to get Type 
of Constans adopted by Council of the Lateran, 
but fails, 649 — again fails, 652 — defeated by 
Saracens in Sicily, q\, 652. 

Olympus, musician, — [B C] — fl., between 
(01. 30-40) 66o-620. a a Miiller. 

Olynthian War,— [B C] — (1.) With Sparta, 
begins, early 382 — Teleutias marches to Olyn- 
thus, spring — withdraws, aut. — Teleutias slain, 
before mids. 381 — Agesipolis commander, be- 
ginning 380— tf., mids. 380 — Polybiades, mids. 
380— concludes the war, sum. 379. (2.) With 
Philip of Macedonia : first embassy from 
Olynthus to Athens, 349-8 — a force sent under 
Chares, 349 to Oct. 349 — Chalkidike sends em- 
bassy to Athens, 349 — Charidemus ordered 
there, 349 — new embassy, 349 — force of citi- 
zens under Chares sent, 349 — Philip defeats 
Olynthians in two battles, after mids. 348 — be- 
sieges the city, after mids. 348 — the city taken, 



'OMAN— OMMIADES. 



i°59 



spring 347 — embassy from Athens respecting 
peace, 347-6 — returns, Mar. or Feb. — peace be- 
tween Philip and Athens, Mar. 346 — second em- 
returns, Jun. 346 — thirdreturns, Jul. 346. 

'Oman., Principality of, in Arabia, — subject 
to the Caliphs, about 630-750 — independent 
under Julanda bin Masud, (first Imam,) 751 
— Imamate elective, till 1154 — subject to Benu 
Nebhan tribe, 1 154-1435 — Portuguese in- 
vasion, under Albuquerque, 1507 — subject to 
Ya'arubah tribe, 1624 — final defeat and expul- 
sion of Portuguese, by Sultan bin Seif, about 
1 65 1 — treaty between Imam and E. I. Com- 
pany, concluded, 12 Aug. 1798 — another, 18 
Jan. 1800 — accession of Said, 1803 — British 
expedition sent to assist Seyyid Said against 
pirates, 1809 — treaty with Great Britain re- 
specting Slave Trade, 10 Sep. 1822 — additional 
Article, 17 Dec. 1839 — treaty of commerce 
and navigation with United States, 21 Mar. 
1833 — seat of government removed to Zanzi- 
bar, 1 840 — on death of Said, civil war between 
his sons, Oct. 1856 — Thoweynee succeeds at 
Muscat, and Majed at Zanzibar : commission- 
ers sent by Governor-general of India to in- 
vestigate claims of succession and arbitrate, 
i860 — Thoweynee put to death, and succeeded 
by his son Seyyid Selim, Feb. 1 866 — insurrec- 
tion under Seyyid Toorkee, autumn 1866 — re- 
cognition of Toorkee by British Indian Govern- 
ment, Jul. 1 87 1. 

Omar I., {Abu Hafssah Ibn al Xhattab,) 
2nd Caliph, — 6., about 582 — becomes follower 
of Mohammed, about 615 — accompanies him in 
his campaigns, 622-32 — procures election of 
Abubekr, (11, a. h.) 632 — succeeds him, (13,) 
634 — concludes truce with Heraclius, Dec. 
635 — founds Bassorah, 636 — [for his conquests 
see names of his generals, Khaled, Amrou, 
Abu Obeidah, Said]— goes to Jerusalem, (16 
or 17,) 637 or 638 — reopens canal between 
the Nile and the Ped Sea, 639 — assassinated 
at Medina, (26 Dhu'l hajjah 23,) 3 Nov. 644. 

Omar II., 13th Caliph, — governor of Me- 
dina, by Walid I., between 705-15 — succeeds 
Solyman, (Saphar 99, a. h.) Sep. 717 — 
poisoned, (25 Pedgeb 101,) 10 Feb. 720. 

Omar al Motawatel Ala-Illah, (AlAftas,) 
last King op Badajoz, — succeeds his brother 
Yahia, (474 or 475, a. h.) 1081 or 1082 — in- 
vites Yusuf ben Taschfm, king of Morocco, 
to assist Moors in Spain against Alfonso VI. 
of Castile, (478,) 1085 — distinguishes himself 
at battle of Zalaca, (12 Pedgeb 479,) 23 Oct. 
1086 — recovers towns and fortresses from Cas- 
tilians, 1087 — his kingdom conquered by Yusuf, 
(486,) 1093 — besieged in Badajoz, capitulates 
to Schyr ben Abubekr, and is put to death with 
his family, (7 Saphar 487,) 26 Feb. 1094. 

Omar, Ibn Haffsun, military adventurer, — 
excites revolt against Sultans of Cordova, 
(245, a.«h.) 859 — deceives Mohammed I., and 
induces him to send auxiliaries, (252,) 866 — 
massacres the auxiliaries : defeated by Almund- 
hir, escapes to the Pyrenees, (253,) 867 — re- 
ceives title of king from Navarrese, about 876 
— defeats governors of Saragossa and Huesca, 
(267,) 881— defeated by Mohammed, at Aybar, 



(269,) 882— tr., (270,) 88 3 ,a (306,) 919, b 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. 

Omar, Mosque of, — built, after 6^6. 

0'Meara,BarryEdward, surgeon, — ft. in Ire- 
land, about i777, a 1786 b — Assistant-surgeon 
in the army, 1794 b — accompanies Napoleon I. 
to St Helena, 18 15 — recalled, Jul. 181 8 — rj. 
in London, 3 Jun. 1836. Napoleon in Exile, 
1822. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Omer, St. [St Omer.] 

Omer Pasha, {Michael Zattas,) Grand 
Vizier, general, — ft. at Plaski, in Croatia, 
i8o6, a 1 80 1 b — becomes a Mohammedan, about 
1830? — enters service of the Sultan, about 
1835 — Colonel in Turkish army, 1839 — takes 
part in campaign of Syria, 1839-40 — General of 
Brigade, 1841 — created Bey, and made military 
governor of the Lebanon, 1842 — with Peschid 
Pasha suppresses revolt in Albania, 1843 — 
Pasha, 1843 — suppresses revolt in Kurdistan, 
1846— commands army of occupation of the 
Principalities, 1848-50 — suppresses revolts in 
Bosnia, 1850 and 1851 — sent to reduce Mon- 
tenegrins, Dec. 1852 — but the war suspended, 
Feb. 1853 — Generalissimo of Turkish army, 
commands against Eussians, Jun. 1853 — de- 
feats them at Oltenitza, 2-4 Nov. 1853 — 
Grand Cross of Legion of Honour, 1854— joins 
allies before Sebastopol, Jan. 1855 — G.C.B., 
1855 — restores order to Herzegovina, May 
1 86 1 — Grand Cross of Order of Leopold, Sep. 
1865 — charged to suppress insurrection in 
Crete, 1 867 — General-in-chief of Turkish army, 
Jun. 1868 — tf., Apr. 1 87 1. 

a Vapereau.. b Engl. Cyc. 

Ommiades, Caliphs of Bagdad, — dynasty 
of, founded by Moawiyah, (41, a. h.) 661 — 
Yezid I. (son) succeeds him, (60,) 680 — 
Moawiyah II., (son,) (64,) 683 — Merwan I. 
elected, after interregnum, at Damascus, (Ba- 
madan 64,) Apr. or May 684 — enters Egypt 
and expels Abderahman, Lieutenant of Abdal- 
lah, (Go,) 685 — suppresses rebellion of the 
Cuhans, 685 — ft., (liamadan 65,) Apr. 685 — 
Abdalmalek (son) succeeds, 685 — renews 
treaty of peace with Greeks, about 686 
— his General, Zobeir, defeated in Egypt by 
army of Justinian, (68,) 688 — establishes 
national mint, (76,) 695, a about 690 b — his 
General, Hassan, conquers Carthage, (78,) 
697 — tf. at Damascus, (Schoual 86,) Oct. 705 
— Walid I., (son,) 705 — Soliman, (brother,) 
ft., about 672 — succeeds, (96,) 715 — sends ex- 
pedition against Constantinople, which fails, 
(99,) 717— tf., (21 Saphar 99,) 3 Oct. 717 — 
Omar II., (cousin,) 717 — Yezid II. (son of 
Abdalmalek) succeeds, (101,) 720— rj., (26 
Schaban 105,) 28 Jan. 724 — Haschem, 
(Hixem,) (brother,) 7 24 — suppresses revolt of 
Said, 740 — U. at Pusafa, (6 Pabia I. 125,) 7 
Jan. 743 — Walid II., (nephew,) 743 — mur- 
dered, and succeeded by his cousin, Yezid III., 
(27 Guimadhi II. , c Pedgeb a 126,) 16 Apr. or 
beginning of May 744 — Ibrahim (brother) 
succeeds, 744 — deposed and succeeded by Mer- 
wan II., (grandson of Merwan I.,) (end of 
Moharram, or beginning of Saphar 127, )Nov. 
744 — opposed by Ibrahim, of the house of 
67 * 



io6o 



OMNIBUS— OFDAM DE WASSANAER. 



Abassides, (129,) 746 — orders Ibrahim to be 
put to death, (130,) 747 — expelled and driven 
into Egypt by Abdallah, and there put to 
death, (27 Guimadhi II. 132,) 10 Feb. 750— 
the dynasty succeeded by the Abassides. 
a Elmacin. b Greek Authorities. c Abulfaragius. 

Omnibus, — introduced at Paris, 1825 — in 
London, 1829. 

O'More, Roger, — plans the rebellion in Ire- 
land, 1 641. [O'Neale, Sir Phelim.] 

O'More, Rory Oge, — opposes English rule 
in Ireland, and is slain by Fitz-Patrick, baron 
of Ossory, 1578. 

On, (Hcliopolis, Bethshemesh, Ain Shems,) 
— [B C i — obelisk set up at, about 2050 a — 
place of note in Joseph's time, i7i5 b — place 
of note in time of Ilerodotus, about 450 — 
[ADJ^ruined, 1200. a Poole. b Ussher. 

Onatas, sculptor, painter, — [B C] — {I., about 
(01. 78) 468-4,* to about (01. 80) 460. 

a Muller. b Smith's Diet. 

One Pound Notes. [Bank Notes.] 

O'Neal, Con, — created Earl of Tyrone by 
Henry VIII., 1 Oct. 1542. 

O'Neal, Hugh. [Tyrone, Earl of.] 

O'Neal, Owen, — governor of Arras, 1640 — 
in conjunction -with the nuncio Rinuccini, at- 
tempts to annul Peace of Kilkenny, May 1 648 
— declared a rebel by the Council, Sep. 1648 
— makes a treaty with Gen. Monk, May 1 649 
— accepts offers of Ormond, and tf., Oct. 1649. 

O'Neal, Sir Phelim, — heads the rising in 
Ulster, Oct. 1641 — takes Charlemont and Dun- 
gannon, 23 Oct. — his march through Ulster, 
Nov. — fails in attempt on Drogheda ; captured 
by Ireton, and executed, 1 65 1 . 

O'Neal, Shan, — is proclaimed the O'Xeal, 
1559 — writes to Queen Elizabeth, Feb. 1561 a 
— heads rebellion in Ulster, 1561 — carries off 
Countess of Argyle, spring 156 1 — defeats Eng- 
lish, Jul. 156 1 — goes to London, submits and is 
pardoned, Jan. 1562— is detained in England 
till Apr. — attempt to assassinate him fails, Aug. 
1563 — again rebels, Oct. 1563 — is supreme 
in Ulster, 1564— defeats the Scots, spring 1565 
— invades Connaught, 1565 — asks help of 
France, 1566 — defeated by Col. Randolph, 12 
Nov. 1566 a — attacked by Scots, Dec. — de- 
feated by O'Donnells, May 1567 — assassinated, 
2 J un. 1567. a Froude. 

Onesicritus, historian, — [B C] — accompanies 
Alexander in his Asiatic expedition, 335-323. 

Onomacritus, poet, — [BC] — ft, about 520- 
485.* a Smith's Diet. 

Onomarchus, — [B CJ — serves at Tithorea in 
Phocian (Sacred) War, 354 — appointed com- 
mander, 353 — in aiding Lycophron of Pherae, 
defeats Philip and is defeated by Philip and 
killed, 352. 

Onondago. [Oswego.] 

Onore, \Monahwar,) in Hindustan, — pillaged 
and burnt by Portuguese, 1569 — submits to 
Ilyder Ali, 1763 — taken by Gen. Matthews, 
1783— attacked by Tippoo Sultan and defended 
by Captain Torriano, 1784 — ceded to Tippoo 
by Treaty of Mangalore, 1785 — passes to E. 
India Company, 1798. 

Cnosander, tactician,— 0.., about 50. 



Onslow, Arthur, statesman,— $., 1691 — 
M.P. Guildford, 17 19 — Speaker of House of 
Commons, Jan. 1727 — Privy Councillor, Jul. 
1728 — treasurer of the navy, Apr. 1734 — again 
Speaker, Jan. 1735, Dec. i74i,Nov. 1747, and 
May 1754 — retires on a pension, 1761 — r}., 17 
Feb. 1768. 

Onslow, George, Lord, — rj., 1731 — M.P. 
Rye, 1754 — M.P. Surrey, 1761 — Lord of the 
Treasury, Jul. 1765 — Privy Councillor, Dec. 
1767 — Baron Cranley, 14 May 1776 — succeeds 
his father as Baron of OnsloAv, 9 Oct. 1776 — 
Yiscount Cranley and Earl of Onslow, 19 Jun. 
1801 — £., 17 May 1814. 

Onslow, Georges, musical composer, — rj. at 
Clermont in Auvergne, 27 Jul. 1784 — admitted 
to Academy of Fine Arts, 1 842 — rj . at Clermont, 
3 Oct. 1853. Alcadedela Vega, 1824 — Colpor- 
teur, 1827 — Due de Guise, 1837. 

Onslow, Sir Richard, — h., about 1600 — ■ 
Ejit, 2 Jun. 1624 — raises a regiment for the 
Parliament, 1642 — serves at siege of Basing 
House, 1644 — M.P. Surrey, Sep. 1654 — again, 
Sep. 1656 — advises assumption of title of king 
by Cromwell, Apr. 1657 — M.P. Guildford, 
1660 — tf., 19 May 1664. 

Onslow, Sir Richard, Loud Onslow, — rj , 
1654— M.P. Guildford, 1680— M.P. Surrey, 
1689 — Speaker of House of Commons, Nov. 
1708 — Privy Councillor, Jun. 17 10— Chancel- 
lor of the Exchequer, 17 14 — Teller of the 
Exchequer, Oct. 17 15 — Lord Onslow, 25 Jun. 
1716 — tj., 5 Dec. 1717. 

Onslow, Sir Richard, Bast., admiral, — ■ 
h-, 1741 — Lieutenant R. X., Dec. 1758— Rear- 
admiral, 1793 — contributes to victory over the 
Dutch at Camperdown, n Oct. 1797 — Bart., 
1797 — Admiral, 1801— retires, 1805 — Tj. at 
Southampton, 27 Dec. 18 17. 

Ontario, Fort. [Oswego.] 

Oodeypoor, Oudipur, (Mewar,) in Hin- 
dustan, — [see Chitore] — founded by Rana 
Patab, about 1600 — war of Akber against, 1603 
— war of Jehanghir, Parviz makes accommo- 
dation, 1605-6 — war renewed, 1607 — submits 
to Jehanghir, 16 13-4— the town unsuccessfully 
besieged by Scmdiah, 1768 — ravaged by Mah- 
rattas, 1806-17 — the Rana concludes treaty of 
alliance with British, and becomes tributary, 
1818. 

Oojein, in Hindustan, — seat of independent 
rajah of Malwa, as early as 1008 a — conquered 
by Mohammedans, 1230,° i3io b — seat of go- 
vernment removed to Dhar, 1388 — conquered 
by Akber, 1561 — by Mahrattas, about 1750 — 
occupied by British, Aug. 1804. 

a Ferishta. b Thornton. c Hamilton. 

Oort, Adam van, painter,— h. at Antwerp, 
1557 — rj. there, 1641. 

Oost, Jacob van, the Elder, painter, — h. at 
Bruges, 1600 — tf. there, 167 1. 

Oost, Jan Jacob van, the Younger, painter, 
— b. at Bruges, 1637 — tf. there, 29 Dec. 17 13. 

0. P. Riots. [Covent Garden Theatre.] 

Opdam de Wassanaer, admiral,— commands 
Dutch fleet and is defeated by Duke of York, 
and bis ship blown up, off Harwich, 3 Jun. 
1665. 



OPEEA— OEAN. 



1061 



Opera, {Musical Drama,) Italian, — Jacopo 
Peri's Dafne, produced at Florence, 1590,* 1597 b 
— his Eur id ice produced at Florence, 1600 c — 
introduced at Venice, 1637 — at Naples, 1646 — 
at Paris, i6^6, c 1647 a — at Rome, 167 1 — at Lon- 
don, 1705 — at Vienna, 1724. French, estab- 
lished by letters patent of Louis XIV., 29 Mar. 
i672. a Comique, invented in France, about 
1750. English, introduced by Davcnant, 1656. 

a Eneyc. Mod. b Bees' Cyc. c Engl. Cyc. 

Opera House, Italian, London, — built, 1704 
— burnt, Jun. 1789— reopened, 1790. Paris, 
new building, by Gamier, 1862-4. 

Operarii Pii, Congregation of, — founded by 
Carlo Caraffa, about 1602 — constituted by Gre- 
gory XV., 1 62 1. 

Ophelias, King of Xyrexe, — [B C]— com- 
mands a trireme on the Indus, under Alexander, 
327 — sent to Kyrenaica to suppress insurrection, 
322 — makes himself independent of Egypt, 
about 313 — invited to aid Agathocles against 
Carthage, killed, 308. 

Ophites, Gnostic sect, — originate, about 180- 
200. 

Ophthalmic Infirmary, lonclon, — estab- 
lished, 1805. 

Ophthalmoscope, — invented by Helmholtz, 
1 85 1 . 

Opie, Amelia, novelist, — ft. at Norwich, 12 
Nov. 1769— marries John Opie, 1798 — left a 
widow, 1807 — joins Society of Friends, 1825 — 
"U. at Norwich, 2 Dec. 1853. Poems, 1802 — 
Simple Tales, 1805 — Temper, 1812 — Tales of 
Real Life, 1813— Lags for the Lead, 1833. 

Opie, John, painter, — ft. at St Agnes, Corn- 
wall, May 176 1 — goes to London, 1780— 
A.E.A., 1787 — E.A., 1788 — marries for his 
second wife Amelia Alderson, 1798 — Prof. 
Painting, E.A., 1805 — ft. in London, 9 Apr. 
1807. Death of Rizzio, 1787— Lectures, 1809. 

Opimius, L., — [B C] — prretor, suppresses 
revolt at Fregellse, 125— Consul with Q. Fabius 
Maximus Allobrog., (633, a. u, c.) 121— takes 
part against C. Gracchus: accused by P. 
Decius, 120 — Commissioner to divide Numidia 
between Jugurtha and Adherbal, 112 — exiled 
for taking bribes from Jugurtha, goes to Dyr- 
rachium, 109. 

Opimius, Q., — [B C] — Consul with L. Postu- 
mius Albinus, (600, A, u. c.) 154. 

Opitz, Martin, poet, — ft. at Bunzlau in 
Silesia, 23 Dec. 1597 — studies at Frankfort-on- 
the-Oder, 16 18 — at Heidelberg, 16 19 — visits 
the Netherlands, becomes acquainted with 
Vossius and D. Heinsius, 1620 — teacher of 
philosophy at Weissenburg, 1622 — private 
secretary to Count von Dohna, 1626 — ennobled, 
1627— visits Paris, 1630, and meets Grotius : 
settles at Dantzic, 1635 — secretary and his- 
toriographer to king of Poland, 1637 — fr. at 
Dantzic, 20 Aug. 1639. Aristarchus, 16 18 — 
Pitch von der Deutschen Poeterci, 1624 — Ger- 
man translation of Barclay's Arge-nis, 1626 — 
Trostgedichtc, 1633. 

Opium, in India, — monopoly of trade as- 
sumed by East India Company, 1773 — manage- 
ment of, transferred from Board of Revenue to 
Board of Trade, 1793 — importation of, pro- 



hibited by Chinese, 1796 — cultivation of, re- 
stricted to Behar and Benares, 1797 — culti- 
vation of, prohibited, except on account of 
government, by Regulations of 1799 and 1807 
— analyzed by Serturner, 181 2 — seizure and 
destruction of, by Chinese, 1839 — [Chinese 
War]— duty on, reduced by Act 9 Geo. IV. c. 
76, 25 Jul. 1828 — again, by Act 6 and 7 Wm 
IV. c. 60, 13 Aug. 1836, and 16 and 17 Vic. c. 
107, 20 Aug. 1853. 

Oporto, Porto, in Portugal, — destroyed by 
Almansor, Sultan of Cordova, 820 — repeo- 
pled by Gascons and French, 999— conquered 
from Moors, 1092 — ceases to be Eoyal re- 
sidence, after 1 147 — Wine Company estab- 
lished, 1756— insurrection at, 1757 — taken by 
the French, 1808 — retaken by Anglo-Por- 
tuguese army, under "Wellington, 1809 — revo- 
lution breaks out at, 24 Aug. 1820 — declares 
for Don Pedro, 1828 — occupied by Don Pedro, 
9 Jul. 1832 — unsuccessfully attacked by Mig- 
uelites, 19 Sep. and 13 Oct. — siege of, by Don 
Miguel, formed, Oct. — raised, autumn 1833 — 
insurrections at, 1842 and 8 Mar. 1846 — [Por- 
tugal] — head-quarters of Duke of Saldanha, 
24 Apr. 1 85 1 — disturbances at, Apr. 1867. 
Cathedral, built, 1105. 

Oppas, Abp of Toledo, — takes part in con- 
spiracy against Eoderic, king of Spain, and in- 
vites Saracens from Africa, 710 — betrays 
Toleda to Tarik, 711 — -joins with Alchama in 
attack on Pelayo, and is taken prisoner, 719. 

Oppenheim, on the Rhine, — taken by Abp 
Adalbert of Mentz, 12 18 — by Spaniards under 
Spinola, 1620 — by Gustavus Adolphus, 1631 — 
by Imperialists, 1634 — destroyed by French 
under Meluc, 1689. Church of St Catherine, 
built, 1262-1317 — destroyed by French, 1689 
— partly restored, 1838-43. 

Oppianus, of Apameia, author of Cynegetica, 
— fl., about 21 1. a a Clinton. 

Oppianus, of Corycus, author of Eialieutica, 
— fl., about 17 1. a a Clinton, after Eusebius. 

Oppius, C, historian, biographer, — [BC] — 
H., about 50 to after 43. 

Opslo. [Christiania.] 

Opsopoeus, (Obsopceus,) Johann, physician, 
— ft. in Germany, 25 Jul. 1556 — expelled from 
Heidelberg Coll. as a Calvinist, 1576 — goes to 
Paris, 1579 — visits England and Holland, 
about 158 1 — Prof. Physiology, Heidelberg, 
1582 — tf. at Heidelberg, 4 Jun. 1596. Hip- 
pocratis Jusjurandum, §c, 1587 — Oracula, 
1689. 

Opsopceus, Vincent, philologist, — ft. in 
Franconia, about 1490 — 3j. at Anspach, 1540. 
Basil ii et Greg or ii Xazianzeni Epistolee, 15 28 
— Polybii Kistoria, 1530 — Castigationes in 
Demosthenis Orationes, 1534 — Diodori Siculi 
Edstoria, 1535 — Luciani Opera, 1538. 

Opstal, Caspar Jacob van, painter, — ft. at 
Antwerp, 1660— tf. there, 1714,* 1724^ 
a Biog. TJniv. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Optatus, Bp of Mixevi, — 0., about 371 a — 
tf., before 392. a Clinton. 

Optatus, L. Kanius Acontius, — Consul v?'it\\ 
Anicius Paulinus, (1087, a. it. c.) 334. 

Oran, in Algeria, — taken by Spaniards 



1062 



ORANGE— OREBRO. 



under Cardinal Ximenes and Don Pedro Na- 
varro, 1509 — Barbarossa defeated by Spaniards 
and killed near, 15 18 — taken by Algerines, 
1708 — retaken by Spaniards, 1732 — nearly 
destroyed by earthquake, 9 Oct. 1790 — be- 
sieged by Moors, 1790 — evacuated by Span- 
iards, Mar. 1792 — conquered by French, 1831. 
[Algeria.] 

Orange, in France, [Aransio Cavarum, Se- 
cundanorum Colonia,) — [Guillaume an Cornet, 
first lord of, by Charles the Great, 793 ?] — 
head of a County, before 1050 — privilege of a 
mint conferred by Frederick 1., 117 8 — fortified 
by Count Raymund IV., about 1350-60 — 
passes by marriage to House of Chalon, 1393 
— Principality of, confiscated by Francis I., 
1522 — restored to Philibert of Chalon, by 
Treaty of Madrid, 1526 — on his death passes 
to Rene of Nassau, 1530 — again confiscated 
by Francis I., 1543 — William of Nassau suc- 
ceeds, 1544 — taken possession of, by him, 1559 

— taken by Huguenots, 1561— by Catholics, 
16 May 1562 — Catholics expelled", Sep. 1562 

— Philip "William (son) succeeds, 1584 — 
fc., 21 Feb. 1618 — Maurice of Nassau, 
(brother,) 1618 — fortified by him, 1622 — 
Frederick Henry, (brother,) "1625 — William 
IX., 1647 — William Henry, 1650— [William 
III., King of England] — fortifications de- 
molished by Louis XIY., 1660 — on death of 
William III. the succession disputed between 
John William, Prince of Nassau-Diets, Fred- 
erick I. of Prussia, Louis XIY., and the 
Prince of Conti, 1702 — awarded to France by 
Treaty of Utrecht, 17 13 — united to Dauphiny, 
by decree of the Council, 13 Dec. 17 14. 
University, founded by Raymund IV., 27 May 
1365. Cathedral, built, 529 — rebuilt, 1085 
and 1 176. 

Orange Clubs, [Orange Institution,) — estab- 
lished in Ireland, 21 Sep. 1795 — Grand Lodge 
founded, 1798 — established in England, 181 3 
— introduced in British America, 1829 — par- 
liamentary investigation respecting, 1835 — 
dissolved in Ireland, 1836— revived, 1845 — 
recognition of the Order refused by Prince of 
Wales, i860. 

Orange River, S. Africa, — made northern 
boundary of Cape Colony, by proclamation, 5 
Jul. 1848. District, erected into a free state, 
[Orange Hirer Republic?) 1854. 

Orange tree, — introduced in England, 1492. 

Oranienburg, in Prussia, — settlement of 
Vaudois at, 1699 — burnt, 167 1. 

Oratepe. [Bokhara.] 

Oratorio, — originated by S. Philip de Neri, 
about 1550 — name comes into use, about 1630. 
In England, introduced by Handel, 1720 — first 
public performance, 1732. 

Oratory, Congregation of the, — founded by 
S. Philip de Neri, at Rome, 1564 — founded at 
Paris, by Pierre de Berulle, 161 1 — approved 
by Paul V., 21 Feb. 161 3 — introduced in Eng- 
land, by Newman, 1847. 

Orbazzano, battle of [Marsaglia.] 

Orbilius Pupillus— [B C]— b., 113— estab- 
lishes his school at Rome, 63 — tf., before 13. 

Orcades. [Orkney Islands.] 



Orcagna, {L'Arcagnuolo,) Andrea di 
Cione, -painter, sculptor, and architect, — fi. at 
Florence, 1329,* 1315 or 1320 b — rj. there, not 
later than 1376. Frescoes in the Campo Santo, 
about 1335 ? — Frescoes in the Strozzi Chapel, 
Santa Maria Novella, 1357 — Church of Or 
San Michele, 1359. a Tasari. b Other authorities. 
Orchan, Al Ghazi, Sultan of the Otto- 
mans, — b., about 1290 ;l — takes Prusa, in 
Bithynia, (726, a. h.) 1326 — succeeds his 
father, Othman, 1326 — assumes title of Sultan, 
and fixes his court at Prusa, 1326 — takes Ni- 
comedia, (727,) 1327 — institutes the Janis- 
saries, before 1330 b — besieges and takes Nicaea, 
(735,) 1333 — marries Theodora, daughter of 
John Cantacuzene, 1346 b — his son Solyman 
takes Gallipoli, (760,) 1359 — loses his son, 
1360— &., (761,) 1360,* i 3 5 9 . b 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Engl. Cyc. 

Orchomenos, in Bceotia, — [B Cj — Aristo- 
crates tyrant, about (01. 30) 660-57 a — Aris- 
tomenes king, about (01. 35) 640 a — destroyed 
by Thebans, 367 — restored by Philip of Mace- 
donia, 338 b — Sulla defeats Archelaos near, 66. 
a Muller. b Smith's Diet. 

Ordeal, Trial by, — in use among the Franks, 
before 500 — mentioned in laws of Ina, about 
695 — of the cross, prohibited in France by Louis 
le Debonnaire, 816 — of .battle, prohibited by 
Pope Alexander III., 1179 — prohibited by 
Council of the Lateran, 12 15 — [? abolished by 
order in Council of Henry III., 1219] — abol- 
ished in Sicily, by Frederick II., about 1230- 
40? — and in France, by St Louis, 1260 — 
sanctioned at Florence, by Savonarola, 1498. 

Ordericus Vitalis, chronicler, — b. near 
Shrewsbury, 16 Feb. 1075— is sent to Nor- 
mandy and becomes a monk, 1086 — takes 
priest's orders, 1107 — rj., probably about 1143. 
Ordinal, English, — prepared by Royal Com- 
mission, 1550 — revised by Convocation, 1661. 
Ordination, in Church of England, — regu- 
lated by Acts 5 and 6 Edw. VI. c. 1, 1552 ; 1 
Eliz. c. 1, 1558 ; 8 Eliz. c. 1, 1565 ; 13 Eliz. 
c. 12, 1570; 13 and 14 Car. II. c. 4, 1662 ; 1 
Wm and Mar. s. 1, c. 8, 1688. 

Ordnance, Master- General of the,— office 
abolished, and duties of, transferred to Secre- 
tary of State for War, by Order in Council. 2 c 
May 1855. 

Ordnance Survey, — of Great Britain, pro- 
posed, 1745 — commenced in England by Roy, 
1784 — in Scotland, 1809 — of England and 
Wales, completed, Jan. 1870. Of Ireland, 
commenced, 1824— completed, 1840 — the Sur- 
veys of Great Britain, Ireland, and Isle of 
Man transferred to Office of Works, and law 
respecting, amended by Act 33 Yic. c. 13, 12 
May 1870. Of India, commenced by Lamb - 
ton, 1 80 1. 

Ordono. [Leon, Kings of] 
Orebro, in Sweden, — Diets of, for establish- 
ment of laws of Magnus Smek, 1347— held by 
Gustavus Vasa, establishes Protestantism, 1529 
— respecting Imperial Debt toLiibeck, 1531 — 
originates Act of Succession in his favour, 1540 
— for election of Bernadotte as successor to the 
throne, 21 Aug. 1810 — preliminaries of peace 



OREGON— ORFORD. 



1063 



with England signed at, 20 Apr. 1812. Treaty 
of, between Great Britain and Sweden, ratified, 
6 Jul. 1 812. 

Oregon, N. America, — sovereignty of, dis- 
puted by Great Britain and Spain, 1789 — ' 
right of exclusive possession renounced by 
both, bv convention of Madrid, 1790 — explored 
by Lewis and Clark, 1804-5 — given up to 
United States by treaty, 1S46 — erected into a 
Territory, 14 Aug. 1848 — constitution adopted, 
9 Nov. 1857 — admitted a State of the Union, 
14 Feb. 1859. 

O'Reilly, Alexander, Cov^t, general,— b.in 
Ireland, 1735, a 1725 h — serves in Austrian 
army in Seven Years' War, 1757— passes into 
French army, 1759 — reenters Spanish army 
as Lieutenant-colonel, about 176 1 — defeats 
Portuguese before Chaves, and seizes the town, 
2 Jun. 1762 — saves life of Charles III. in 
sedition of Madrid, 1765 — Lieutenant-general, 
Inspector-general of Infantry, 1766 — sent to 
New Orleans, subdues Louisiana, 1768 — In- 
spector - general of all forces in Spanish 
America, 1770 — Commander-general of Ma- 
drid, member of the Supreme Council of War, 
1773 — commands expedition against Algiers, 
and is totally defeated, 1775 — Captain-general 
of Andalusia, about 1776 (?) — deprived and 
banished, Apr. 1786 — tf. near Chinchilla in 
Murcia, 23 Mar. 1794. 

Biog. Univ. b Nbuv. Biog. Gen. 

O'Reilly, Andrew, Couxt, general, — b. in 
Ireland, 1740 — serves in Imperial army, 1756- 
63 — distinguishes himself at affair of Mar- 
chiennes, 31 Oct. 1793 — at combats of Am- 
berg, 23 Aug., and Ulm, 24 Sep. 1796 — 
wounded and made prisoner at Kehl, 20 Apr. 
1797 — at battle of Austerlitz, 2 Dec. 1805 — 
governor of Vienna, 1809 — capitulates to 
French, 12 May 1809 — tf. there, 1832. 

Orellana, Francisco, geographical discoverer, 
— b. at Truxillo, about 1500 — accompanies 
Pizarro to Peru, 1531 — explores, with Gonza- 
lez Pizarro, the region of the Amazons, 1 540-1 
— returns there, and tf., 1549. 

Orelli, Johann Kaspar, philologist, — b. at 
Zurich, 13 Feb. 1787 — pastor at Bergamo, 
1807 — Prof. Eloquence and Hermeneutics, 
Coll. of Zurich, 18 19 — takes leading part in 
founding Univ. of Zurich, 1833 — Prof. Ex- 
traord. Ancient Literature, 1833 — joins in in- 
vitation of Dr Strauss to theological chair, 
1839 — tf., 6 Jan. 1849. Isocratis Oratio de 
Permutatione, 18 14 — Ciceronis Opera, 1826- 
37 — Inscriptionum Latinarum Collectio, 1828 
— Inscriptiones Helvetica, 1844 — with Baiter 
and AYinkelmann, Platonis Opera, 1842 — 
Horatius, 1843-4 — Tacitus, 1846-8. 

Oresme, Nicolas, — Grand Master of Coll. of 
Navarre, 1355 — Preceptor to the Dauphin 
Charles, 1360 — Ambassador to Urban V. at 
Avignon, 1363 — Bp of Lisieux, 1377 — tf. 
there, 11 Jul. 1382. Translations of Aristo- 
tle s Ethics, 1488 — and Politics, 1489 — of 
Petrarch' s Remedies for Good and Bad Fortune, 

1535. 

Orestes, — enters service of Attila, about 
441 — goes to Italy, after 453 — makes himself 



master of Italy, and his son, Romulus Augus- 
tulus, Emperor, 29 Aug. 475 — taken and put 
to death by Odoacer, (5 Kal. Sep.) 28 Aug. 
476. 

Orestes, — Consul with Posturnus Lampadius, 
(1283, a. u. c.) 530. 

Orestes, Cn. Aufidius, — [B C] — Consul with 
P. Cornelius Lentulus, (683, a. it. c.) 71. 

Orestes, L. Aurelius, — [3 0] — (1.) Consul 
with Sex. Julius Caesar, (597, a. it. c.) 157. 
(2.) Consul with M. ^Emilius Lepidus, (628,) 
126— sent to Sardinia: proconsul, 125-4. (3.) 
Consul ^Oh C. Marius, (651,) 103. 

Orfila, Mathieu Joseph Bonaventure, phy- 
sician, — b. at Mahon in Minorca, 24 Apr. 1787 
— goes to Paris, 1807 — naturalized in France, 
1 81 8 — Prof. Legal Medicine, Faculty of Me- 
dicine at Paris, 18 19 — Prof. Medical Chemis- 
try, 1823 — Dean of the Faculty, 1830 — dis- 
missed by Provisional Government, 1848 — tf- 
at Paris, n Mar. 1853. Toxicologic generate, 
1813-15 — Elements de Chimie appliques a la 
Medecine et aux Arts, 1817 — Traite de Me- 
decine legale, 1835-47. 

Orfireus, Johann Ernst Elias, mechanician, 
— b. near Zittau in Lusace, 1680 — tf. at Fiirs- 
tenberg, 1745. Perpetual Motion triumphant, 
1719. 

Orfitus, — (1.) Consul with Maximus, (925, 
a. tj. c.) 172. (2.) Consul with Antiochianus, 
(1023,) 270. 

Orfitus, M. Gavius, — Consul with L. Arrius 
Pudens, (918, a. it. c.) 165. 

Orfitus, Ser. Corn., — Consul with Claudius, 
(804, a.u. c.) 51. 

Orfitus, Ser. Salvidienus, — Consul with M. 
Pseducams Priscinus, (863, a. tj. c.) iio. 

Orfitus, Ser. Scipio, — Consul with Q. 
Nonius Priscus, (902, a. u. c.) 149. 

Orford, Edward Russell, Eakl of, admiral, 
— b., 1651 — enters the navy, 1671 — joins 
Prince of Orange, 1688 — Admiral, 1689 — 
Commander-in-chief of fleet, 23 Dec. 1690 — 
obtains victory over French fleet at La Hogue, 
1692 — dismissed the service, spring 1693 — 
Commander-in-chief in the Mediterranean, 
May 1694 — First Commissioner of Admiralty, 
May 1694 — raised to the peerage, 1697 — re- 
signs, 1699 — First Commissioner of Admiralty, 
8 Nov. 1709 — resigns, Oct. 17 10 — Privy Coun- 
cillor, 1 7 15? — recalled to Admiralty, 13 Oct. 
17 15 — tf. in London, 26 Nov. 1727. 

Orford, Horace Walpole, Eakl of, miscel- 
laneous writer, — b. in London, 5 Oct. 1717 — 
leaves Cambridge LTniv., 1739 — travels with 
Gray,'i739-4i — M.P., 1741-68 — buys his cot- 
tage at Twickenham, 1747 — becomes friend of 
Mme du Deffand, about 1766 — succeeds to 
the title, 1791 — tf. in London, 2 Mar. 1797. 
Anecdotes of Painting in England. 1761-71 — 
Catalogue of Engravers, 1763 — Catalogue of 
Royal and Noble Authors, 1758 — Castle of 
Otranto, 1764 — Historic Ftoubts on the Life and 
Reign of King Richard III., 1768 — Memoirs 
on the last ten years of the reign of George II., 
1822 — Memoirs on the first twelve years of the 
reign of George III., 1844 — Correspondence, 
1820-31-37 — complete, 1861. 



1064 



ORFORD— ORLANDLNI. 



Orford, Sir Robert Walpole, Earl of, 
Prime Minister of England, — b. at Hough- 
ton, 26 Aug. 1676 — leaves Cambridge Univ., 
1698 — marries, Jul. 1700— M. P. Castle Rising, 
1700 — M.P. King's Lynn, 1702 — Secretary-at- 
war, 1708 — manages impeachment of Sache- 
verel, 17 10 — committed to the Tower for cor- 
ruption, Jan. 17 1 2 — Paymaster-general of the 
Forces, Sep. 17 14 — First Lord of the Treasury 
and Chancellor of the Exchequer, 10 Oct. 17 15 
to 10 Apr. 17 17 — Paymaster-general, Jun. 1720 
— again First Lord' of the Treasury, 4 Apr. 
1721 — KB., 1724 — E.G., 1726— created Earl 
of Orford, 9 Feb. 1742 — resigns, 11 Feb. 1742 
— tf. in London, 18 Mar. 1745. 

Organ, musical instrument, — [BC] — in- 
vented by Ctesibius of Alexandria, about 200 
— [AD ]— presented by Emperor Copronymus 
to Pepin, king of France, about 755 — water- 
organ erected at Aix-la-Chapelle, 826 — com- 
mon in England, before 900 — used in churches, 
before 1200 — pedals added by Bernhard, at 
Venice, 1470. 

Oriani, Barnaba, astronomer, — b. at Garig- 
nano, near Milan, 17 Jul. 1752 — Director of 
Observatory of Milan, 1775 — visits London, 
1786 — proves Ceres a planet, 1801 — fr. near 
Milan, 12 Nov. 1832. 

Oribasius, physician, — b., about 325 — ac- 
companies Julian into Gaul, 355 — quaestor at 
Constantinople, 362 — accompanies Julian to 
Persia, 363 — banished, 365 — returns, before 
369 — Is., after 395. Coliecta Medicinalia, 362. 

Oricliovius, {Orichotius,) Stanislaus Orze- 
chowski, historian, §c, — excommunicated by 
Ep of Premislaw, and marries, 1551 — abjures 
Protestantism at "Warsaw, 1561. Annates 
Polonice, 161 1. 

Oriel College, Oxford, — founded by Edward 
VI., 1326 — newly regulated by ordinance of 
commissioners under Act 17 and 18 Vic. c. 81, 
7 Aug. 1854. 

Oriental Translation Fund, London, — in- 
stituted, 1828. 

Oriflamrne, {Aurijlamma,) royal banner of 
France, — borne by Louis VI., 11 24 — disused 
after Agincourt, 141 5. 

Origenes, Adam an tics, theologian, — h. at 
Alexandria, close of 1 85 a — martyrdom of his 
father, Leonides, Apr. 203? 202 ab — catecbist 
at Alexandria, 203 a — studies under Ammonius 
Saccas, 206 a — visits Rome, 211 b c — visits 
Arabia, 215 a — withdraws to Csesareia, 216 — 
interview with Mamaea at Antioch, about 226 a 
— returns to Alexandria, 226 — visits Greece 
and Palestine, ordained presbyter at Csesareia, 
228, bc 230 d — banished, deposed, and excom- 
municated by Demetrius of Alexandria, 231 — 
retires to Caesareia in Palestine, 231 — visits 
Caesareia in Cappadocia, 238 — imprisoned and 
tortured in Decian persecution, 250 — Is., 253 
or 254*. Begins his Biblical criticism, after 
226 — De Pri/tcipiis, before 231 — De Martyr io, 
235 a — Contra Celsum, about 246 a — Homilice, 
after 246. a Clinton. b Neander. 

c Tillemont. d Smith's Diet. 

Orihuela, (Auriola, Oryuella,) in Sj)ain, — 
conquered by Moors, 715— forms part of king- 



dom of Cordova ; seat of independent king- 
dom, 1057, but soon returns to Cordova : part 
of kingdom of Murcia, 1236 — taken by James 
I. of Aragon, 1264 — raised to rank of a city by 
Alfonso V., 1537 — seat of a bishopric, 1564 — 
ravaged by plague, 1648 — by inundation, 1651. 
XJnirersity, founded, 1556. 

Orinoco, river in S. America, — visited by 
Alonzo de Hen-era, 1535 — explored by Hum- 
boldt, 1800 — by Schomburgk, 1839. 

Orion, constellation. \JSee Nebula.] 

Orissa, — Yayati Kesari expels Yavans, 473* 
— visited by Hwen Thsang, between 629-645 
— dynasty of Ganga Vansa seizes throne, 1131* 
— Amber Rai acquires, 147 1 — Mohammed of 
Deckan conquers Rajamandri and Masulipa- 
tam, 1477 — the dynasty expelled by a Rajput 
family, before 1500 a — Telinga chief seizes, 
1550 a — seized by Afghans under Euttu, 1578 a 
— annexed to Mogul empire by Akber, 1578 b 
— subdued to Mogul empire byMan Sing, 1592 
— Mahratta invasions under Mustapha Khan, 
1743 seqq. — transferred to Mahrattas, by Ali- 
verdi Khan, 1756, 13 1751 c — partly ceded to E. 
India Company, 12 Aug. 1765 — cession of the 
remainder, (Cuttack,)i8 Dec. 1803 c — explored 
by Lieut. Kittoe, 1838 — desolated by famine, 
1866 — Commission on the famine, appointed, 
4 Dec. 1866 — report issued, 6 Apr. 1867. 

a Elphinstone. b Hamilton. c ilarshman. 

Orizaba, — [Mexican Expedition] — volcanic 
peak of, — in eruption, 1545 and 1566 — scaled, 
May 1848 and early in 1867. 

Orizonte. [Bloemen, John Francis van. ] 

Orkney, George Hamilton, Eael of, general, 
— Colonel, 1690 — distinguishes himself under 
William III. in Ireland, 1690-3 — Earl of Ork- 
ney, 1696 — Lieutenant-general, Jan. 1704 — 
Knt of the Thistle, Feb.— at battle of Blenheim, 
1704 — assists at siege of Menin, Jul. 1706 — 
serves under Marlborough in Flanders, 1707- 
10 — Privy Councillor, 17 10 — serves under Or- 
mondin Flanders, 17 12 — governor of Virginia, 
Dec. 1714 — IS. in London, Jan. 1737. 

Orkney Islands, (Orcades,) — discovered and 
subjugated by Agricola, 84 — Christianity in- 
troduced by St Columba, 570 — taken from 
Picts by Kenneth II. of Scotland, about 838 — 
taken possession of by Harold Harfagr, 876 — 
given to his brother Sigurd, 920 — Christianity 
reintroduced by Olaus of Norway, 1000— con- 
quered by Magnus III. of Norway, 1098 — seat 
of a bishopric, before 1200 — Magnus, son of 
Hako, defeated at Larges by Alexander III., 
gives up claim to Orkneys, 3 Aug. 1260 — con- 
tract confirmed by Haquin V. of Norway and 
Robert I. of Scotland, 13 12 — Erick of Den- 
mark renews with James I., 1426 — pledged to 
Scotland, for dowry of Margaret of Denmark, 
and thenceforth belong to Scotland, 8 Sep. 
1468 — claim of Denmark finally renounced, 12 
May 1469 — confirmation desired of the Pope, 
24 Feb. 1483 — see suppressed, 1689 — devas- 
tated by hurricane, 1778. 

Orlandini, Niccola, historian, — fi. at Flor- 
ence, 1554 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1572 — ft. 
Secretary-general at Rome, 1606. Historia 
Societal is J esu, pars prima, 16 15. 



ORLANDO DI LASSO— ORLEANS. 



\oS- 



Orlando di Lasso. [Lasso.] 

Orlay, iOrley,) Bernard van, {Bernard of 
Brussels,) painter, — fc. at Brussels, 1470- 1 — tf. 
at Brussels, 6 Jan. 1541. 

Orleans, in France, {Aurelianis, Genabum,) 
— restored by Aurelian, 270-275 — besieged by 
Attila, who is defeated by Aetius, 451 — defeat 
of Visigoths near, 463 — capital of kingdom of 
Chlodomir, 511 — seat of a kingdom given to 
Gontran, 561 — captured by Northmen, 855 and 
865 — reunited to the Crown under Hugh Capet, 
988 — thirteen heretics (Manicheans) burnt, 
first example in France of heresy punished by 
death, 1022 — erected into a Duchy, by Philip 
of Yalois, 1 344 — siege of, commenced by Earl 
of Salisbury, 1428 — continued by Earl of 
Suffolk, 1429 — entered by Joan of Arc, 29 
Apr. — the siege raised, 8 May 1429 — Estates- 
general held at, 13-31 Dec. 1560 — seized by 
Prince of Conde for the Huguenots, 2 Apr. 
1562 — siege of, by Duke of Guise, commenced, 
6 Feb. 1563— terminated by Peace of Amboise, 
19 Mar. — held by Duchess of Montpensier, 
against the king, 1652 — visited by Napoleon 
III., 10 May 1868 — threatened by Germans, 
Sep. 1870 — occupied by Gen. von der Tann, 
27 Sep. 1870 — stormed by him, 11 Oct. — re- 
occupied by French, 10 Nov. — in battles near, 
Gen. Aurelle de Paladine and army of the 
Loire defeated by Prince Frederick Charles of 
Prussia and Duke of Mecklenburg, 2-3-4 Dec. 
— evacuated by French, and taken possession 
of by Prince Frederick Charles, 5 Dec. — evacu- 
ated by Germans, 14-16 Mar. 187 1. Cathe- 
dral, built, 1601-1790. Palace of Justice, 
built, 1 82 1. University, founded, 1312 — sup- 
pressed, after 1789. Councils of, on discipline, 
held, 10 Jul. 511, 23 Jim. 533, 7 May 538, 
541, 28 Oct. 549 : against a heretic, about 638 : 
condemnation of thirteen Manicheans to be 
burnt, 1022. Edict of, published by Catherine 
de' Medici infavour of Huguenots, 28 Jan. 1561. 

Orleans, Bastard of. [Dunois, Jean.] 

Orleans, Charles, Duke of, poet, — 6., 26 
May 1 391 —marries Isabella, widow of Richard 
II. of England, Jim. 1406 — succeeds his father, 
Nov. 1407 — loses his wife, 13 Sep. 1409 — mar- 
ries Bona, daughter of Count d' Armagnac, 1409 
— carries on war with Burgunclians, 1410 — ob- 
tains support of Henry IV. of England by treaty 
concluded, 12 May 141 2 — is formally reconciled 
with Duke of Burgundy at Auxerre, 13 Jul. 
1412 — renews the peace, 31 Jul. 1413 — takes 
part in resisting invasion of Henry V., 1415 — 
taken prisoner by Henry V. at Agincourt, 1415 
— liberated, 12 Nov. 1440 — 0". at Amboise, 4 
Jan. 1465. (Euvrespoetiqu.es, 1803. 

Orleans, Ferdinand Philippe Louis Charles 
Henry, Duke of Chartres, afterwards of — ft. 
at Palermo, 3 Sep. 18 10 — enters College Henri 
IV., 1 8 19 — receives title of Royal Highness 
from Charles X., 1826 — visits Great Britain, 
1829— -is refused entrance to Paris, end of Jul. 
1830 — takes title of Duke of Orleans, 8 Aug. 
1830 — takes part in siege of Antwerp, Nov. 
1832 — visits England, May 1833 — goes to 
Algeria, 1835 — marries Princess Helena of 
Mecklenburg-Strelitz, at Paris, 30 May 1837 



— again serves in Algeria, 1839 anc * i 8 4°— 
accidentally killed, 13 Jul. 1842. 

Orleans, Gaston Jean Baptiste, Duke of, 
— b. at Fontainebleau, 25 Mar., a Apr. b 1608 
— receives title of Duke of Anjou; presides at 
Assembly of Notables at Rouen, Dec. i6i7 a — 
takes title of Duke of Orleans and marries 
Mademoiselle de Montpensier at Nantes, Aug. 
1626 — joins in conspiracy against Cardinal 
Richelieu, 1626 — as Lieutenant-general of the 
king, sent against the English at La Rochelle, 
Jul. 1626 — deprived of the command, retires 
to Nancy, 1629 — is induced to return to Paris, 
and named Lieutenant-general of the kingdom, 
Apr. 1630 — declares against Richelieu and re- 
tires to Orleans, Feb. 163 1 — threatened with 
arrest, escapes to Lorraine, Mar. — his adherents 
declared guilty of treason, 30 Mar.— assem- 
bles an army for invasion of France, Apr.— 
marries Margaret of Lorraine, 163 1 — separates 
from her and retires to Brussels, end of Jan. 
1632 — makes peace with Louis XI., 1 Oct. 
1632 — again retires to Brussels, Jan. 1633 — ■ 
his marriage declared invalid by parliament of 
Paris, 5 Sep. 1634 — his wife escapes from siege 
of Nancy and rejoins him, Sep. — intrigues with 
Spain, 1 641 — takes part in conspiracy of 
Cinq-Mars, and concludes treaty with kin^ of 
Spain, 13 Mar. 1642 — betrays his accomplices, 
end of Jun. — Lieutenant-general of the king, 
on accession of Louis XIV., Apr. 1643— his 
marriage again solemnized, 26 May — serves 
against Spaniards, and takes Gravelines, 1644 
— takes Mardyck, Bethune, Cassel, &c, 1645 
— takes Courtray, 1646 — joins Prince of Conde 
in blockade of Paris, 1649 — consents to im- 
prisonment of Conde, Conti, and Longueville, 
1650 — treats with Spaniards, and liberates the 
princes, 1651 — separates from Conde and heads 
the Frondeurs, 165 1 — again joins Conde, 1652 
— named Lieutenant-general of the kingdom, 
expelled from Paris, retires to Blois, 1652 — tf. 
there, 2 Feb. 1660. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. 

Orleans, Henry, Duke of. [Henry II. 1 
Orleans, Louis, Duke of. [Louis XII.] 
Orleans, Louis, Duke of, — b. at Versailles, 
4 Aug. 1703 — receives title of Duke of Char- 
tres : member of Councils of Begency and of 
War, Jan. 17 18 — governor of Dauphiny, Aug. 
1 7 19 — Colonel-general of Infantry, May 172 1 
— Chevalier of orders of the king, Oct. 1722 — 
succeeds his father, 2 Dec. 1723 — Chevalier of 
Golden Fleece, Apr. 1724 — marries Augusta 
Maria of Baden, 18 Jun. 1724 — loses his wife, 
8 Aug. 1726 — retires to Abbey of St Genevieve, 
1742 — tf. at Paris, 4 Feb. 1752. 

Orleans, Louis of France, Duke of,— h., 
[3 Mar. 1372 — marries by proxy Mary of 
Hungary, and assumes title of king, 1385 — 
but is deprived of the kingdom and his wife by 
Sigismund: marries Valentina Visconti of 
Milan, 1389 — receives Duchy of Orleans from 
his brother Charles VI., Jun. 1491 — shares the 
government with the queen during illness of 
Charles, 1393 — quarrels with Duke of Bur- 
gundy, 1405 — retires with the queen to Melun, 
Jul. 1405 — sends troops to aid Glendower, 1407 



to66 



ORLEANS— ORMOND. 



— assassinated by order of Duke of Burgundy, 
23 or 24 Nov. 1407. 

Orleans, Louis Philippe, Duke of. [Louis 
Philippe, King of the French.] 

Orleans, Louis Philippe, Duke of,— fj. at 
Paris, 12 May 1725 — receives title of Duke of 
Chartres: Colonel of Infantry, 1737 — serves 
in Flanders, 1742 — distinguishes himself at 
Dettingen, 1743— Marechal de Camp, 1743 
—marries Louise Henriette de Bourbon-Conti, 
17 Dec. 1743 — Lieutenant-general, 26 Jun. 
1744 — serves in campaigns of the Netherlands, 
1744-6 — succeeds his father, 4 Feb. 1752 — 
loses his wife, 9 Feb. 1759— privately marries 
M me de Montesson, 1773 — tf., 18 Nov. 1785. 

Orleans, Louis Philippe Joseph, Duke of, 
(Egalite',)—b. at St Cloud, 13 Apr. 1747— 
receives title of Duke of Montpensier : Duke 
of Chartres, 4 Feb. 1752 — marries Louise 
Marie Adelaide de Bourbon, 5 Apr. 1769 — op- 
poses Maupeou's coup d'Etat against the par- 
liaments, and is disgraced at court, 177 1 — 
Commander-general of naval armies, 1774 — 
distinguishes himself at combat of Ouessant, 
27 Jul. 1778 — succeeds his father, 18 Nov. 
1785 — takes part in Assembly of Notables, 
Feb. 1787 — exiled by Louis XVI., Nov. 1787 
— recalled, Mar. 1788 — takes part in second 
Assembly of Notables, 1788— deputy to States- 
General, May 1789— joins Third Estate, Jun. 
— quits Paris, 14 Oct. 1789— returns, Jul. 1790 
— deputy to National Convention, Sep. 1792— 
takes the name Egalite ; votes death of Louis 
XVI. without delay, Jan. 1793 — arrested, 7 
Apr. 1793 — condemned by Revolutionary 
Tribunal, and guillotined, 6 Nov. 1793. 

Orleans, Mary, Princess of, and Duchess 
of Wurtemberg, sculptor, — ft. at Palermo, 
1 81 3 — marries Alexander, Duke of Wiirtem- 
berg, 1837 — tf. at Pisa, 1840. Joan of Arc, 1833. 

Orleans, New. [New Orleans.] 

Orleans, Philip II., Duke of, Regent of 
France, — fj. at St Cloud, 2 Aug. 1674 — re- 
ceives title of Duke of Chartres ; distinguishes 
himself at siege of Mons, 169 1 — at Namur and 
Steenkirk, 1692 — marries Mademoiselle de 
Blois, 18 Feb. 1692 — distinguishes himself at 
Neerwinden, 1693 — falls out of favour with 
Louis XIV., 1694— succeeds his father, Jun. 
1701 — Chevalier of Golden Fleece, Aug. 1701 
— takes command of army of Italy, 1706 — 
wounded and defeated at siege of Turin, 7 Sep. 
1706 — passes to army of Spain, Apr. 1707 — 
takes Lerida, 13 Oct. — the citadel, 11 Nov. — 
takes Tortosa, 11 Jul. 1708 — recalled by Louis 
XIV., Dec. 1708 — suspected of causing deaths 
of the Dauphin, Duke and Duchess of Bur- 
gundy, 1711-12 — Regent on accession of Louis 
XV., 2 Sep. 17 15 — his negotiations with George 
I., 17 15- 1 6— joins Quadruple Alliance, Aug. 
17 1 8 — foils plot of Cardinal Alberoni against 
him, 17 1 8 — declares war on Spain, Jan. 17 19 
— appoints Dubois first minister, Aug. 1722 — 
tf. at Versailles, 2, a 25 b Dec. 1723. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. 

Orleans, Philippe of France, Duke of, — 
rj. at St Germain, 21 Sep.. 1640 — receives title 
of Duke of Orleans, 1660 — marries Henrietta, 
daughter of Charles I. of England, 1661 — 



takes part in war of the Netherlands, 1667-8 
— loses his wife, 1670 — marries Charlotte 
Elizabeth of Bavaria, 167 1 — Duke of Nemours, 
Apr. 1672— takes part in conquest of Holland, 
1672-7 — defeats Prince of Orange at Cassel, 11 
Apr. 1677 — assists at conquest of Ghent and 
Ypres, 1678— of Mons, 1691 — of Namur, 1692 
— succeeds to Duchy of Montpensier, 1693/ 
1690 b — ft. at St Cloud, i, a 9 b Jun. 1701. 

a Biog. Univ. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Orleans Family, — decree of perpetual exile 
against, passedby National Assembly of France, 
30 May 1 848 — property of, in France, confiscated 
by Napoleon III., 22 Jan. 1852 — reconciliation 
of, with Bourbon Family, at Frohsdorf, 17 Nov. 
1853 — decree of exile abrogated by National 
Assembly at Versailles, 8 Jun. 1871. 

Orlov, Alexis, — fj. in Russia, 1737 — takes 
part in revolution of 9 Jul. 1762, and kills the 
Emperor Peter III. : commands in chief against 
Turks, 1768 — defeats Turks at Chesme, 5 Jul. 
1770 — burns their fleet there, 9 Jul. 1770 — 
retires,. 1770 — compelled by Emperor Paul to 
assist at funeral of Peter III., 1796 — rj. at 
Moscow, 5 Jan. 1808. 

Orlov, Alexis, Prince, general, statesman, 
— ft., 1787 — serves in French wars, 1805-14 — 
contributes to suppression of revolt against 
Nicholas I., Dec. 1825 — created Count: com- 
mands in Turkish war, 1828 — concludes Treaty 
of Adrianople, Sep. 1829 — envoy extraord. to 
Constantinople, 1829 — assists in suppressing 
Polish insurrection, 18 30-1 — negotiates Treaty 
of Unkiar-Skelessi, 1833 — head of secret 
police, 1 844 — accompanies Emperor to Olmutz 
and Berlin, 1853 — Plenipotentiary at Congress 
of Paris, 1854 — Pres. Imperial Council, 1855 
— Prince of the Empire, 7 Sep. 1856 — rj. at 
St Petersburg, 21 May 1861. 

Orlov, Gregory, — rj. in Russia, 17 Oct. 1734 
— becomes favourite of Grand Duchess Ca- 
therine, about 1760 ? — takes part in revolution 
of 9 Jul. 1762 — sent to suppress revolt, and 
check plague at Moscow, 177 1 — employed in 
negotiations with the Turks at Fokshani, 1772 
— Prince of the Empire, by Joseph II., 4 Oct. 
1772 — ft. at Moscow, 24 Apr. 1783. 

Orlov, Michael, general, — fj. in Russia, 
1785 — distinguishes himself in campaigns 
against Napoleon, 1805-14 — takes part in re- 
ceiving capitulation of Paris, 1 814 — imprisoned, 

24 Dec. 1825 — h., 1842. 

Orme, Robert, historian, — fj. in Hindustan, 

25 Dec. 1728 — sent to England, 17 30 — enters E. 
I. Company's service, 1742 — envoy to English 
government, 1753 — member of Council of 
Madras, about 1754 — embarks for England and 
is taken prisoner to the Mauritius, 1757 — 
arrives in England, 1760 — F.S.A., 1770 — tf. 
at Ealing, Middlesex, 13 Jan. i8oi, a i8o2. b 
History of Military Transactions of the British 
in Hindustan, 1763-78 — Historical Fragments 
on Mogul Empire, §c, 1782. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Rees' Cyc. 

Ormond, James Butler, 1st Earl of, — 
created by Edward III., 1328 — palatine of 
Tipperary, 1328 — takes the field against Septs 
of Leinster, 1330— Lord-deputy of_ Ireland, 
about 1355. 



OBMOND— orsini. 



1067 



Ormond, James Butler, 4th Earl of,— 
Lord-justice of Ireland, 1407 — holds a parlia- 
ment at -Dublin, 1408 — Lord-lieutenant, Apr. 
1420-2 — articles of accusation brought against, 
close of 1441 — again Lord-lieutenant, 27 Feb. 
1442 — the accusation renewed, 1442 — retires, 
Jul. 1446 — committed to the Tower on charge 
of treason, 1449 — duel between him and Prior 
of Kilmainham prevented, 1446. 

Ormond, James Butler, 1st Duke or, Lord- 
lieutenant of Ireland, — b. in London, 
16 10— marries Lady Elizabeth Preston, 1630 
— succeeds to the Earldom, 1632— commands 
Eoyal troops in Ireland, 1640 — Lieutenant- 
general, 1641 — Marquis, 1642 — concludes 
treaty for cessation of arms, 1643 — Lord- 
lieutenant, 1644 — resigns authority to Par- 
liamentary Commissioners, 1647 — retires to 
France, 1647 — fails in attempt to capture 
Dublin, 1649 — compelled by Cromwell to quit 
Ireland, goes to France, Dec. 1650 — accom- 
panies Charles II. to England, made Duke of 
Ormond, 1660 — Viceroy of Ireland, 1662-9 — 
Chancellor of Univ. of Oxford, 1669 — attacked 
by Colonel Blood in London, 1670 — Viceroy of 
Ireland, 1676-85 — Duke, in English Peerage, 
1682 — tf. at Kingston Hall, Dorsetshire, 21 
Jul. 1688. 

Ormond, James Butler, 2nd Duke of, — 6. 
at Dublin Castle, 29 Apr. 1665 — accompanies 
William III. in expedition to Ireland, 1690 — 
takes Dublin and Kilkenny, 1690 — wounded 
and made prisoner at Neerwinden, 1693 — com- 
mands land forces at siege of Cadiz, 1702 — 
Viceroy of Ireland, 1703 and 1709— commander 
of English forces in the Netherlands, 17 12 — 
garrisons Ghent and Bruges, and returns to 
London, 17 12 — Privy Councillor, 17 14 — im- 
peached by House of Lords, 21 Jun. 17 15 — 
escapes with Bolingbroke to France ; follows 
the Pretender to Avignon, 17 15 — invited to 
Madrid, and appointed Captain-general of His 
Catholic Majesty, and commander of expedition 
to England, 17/8 — rj. at Avignon, 1747. 

Ormuz, in Persian Gulf, — becomes tributary 
to Timur, 1 302 — tributary to Portuguese, 
27 Sep. 1507 — taken possession of by Albu- 
querque, 26 Mar. 15 15 — taken by Shah Abbas 
assisted by English fleet, 22 Apr. 1622 — its 
trade then transferred to Gombroon. 

Ornese, — [BC] — conquered by Argos, (01. 
50,) 58o. a a Muller. 

Orobio, Balthasar, {Isaac de Castro,) Prof. 
Metaphysics, Salamanca, — &., about 1687. 
Certamen Philosophicum, 1681. 

Oropus, — [BC] — taken by exiles, after mid- 
summer 366 — surprised and plundered by 
Athenians, 151. 

Orosius, Paulus, theologian, historian, — fc. 
at Tarragona, about 390 (?) — visits St August- 
ine, 414 — visits St Jerome at Bethlehem, 415 
— assists at synod of Jerusalem against Pela- 
gius, 30 Jul. 415 — returns to Africa after 
Council of Diospolis, 415. De Arbitrii Liber- 
tate, 415 — Adversus Paganos, after 41 7. a 
a Clinton. 
Orotava, Teneriffe, — Dragon Tree of, ven- 
erated for its age, as early as 1402 — observed 
by Borda, 177 1 — by Staunton, 1795 — brought 



into general notice by Humboldt, 1800 — 
damaged by storm, Jul. 18 19 — destroyed by 
gale, autumn 1867. 

Orrery, — invented by Graham, 17 15 — Bow- 
ley's, constructed by "Wright, 1733. [See 
Planetarium. ] 

Orrery, Charles Boyle, Earl of, — b. at 
Chelsea, 1676 — enters Oxford Univ., 1691 — 
M.P. Huntingdon, 1700 — raised to the Peer- 
age, 1703 — Major-general, distinguishes him- 
self in the campaign in Flanders, 1709 — 
imprisoned in the Tower, Sep. 1722 — tj., 2i, a 
28 b Aug. 1731. Phalaridis Epistolce, 1695. 
a Chalmers. b Engl. Cyc. 

Orrery, Roger Boyle, Earl of, — fc. at 
Lismore, 26 Apr. 1621 — Baron Broghill, 1628 
— defends Castle of Lismore against the 
rebels, 1641 — accepts commission under Crom- 
well, 1649 — governor of Scotland, 1656-7 — 
Earl of Orrery, Lord-justice, 1660 — ft., 16 
Oct. 1679. 

Orseolo, Ottone, Doge of Venice, — suc- 
ceeds his father, Pietro, Mar. 1009— expelled, 
1023 — reinstated, 1024 — deposed and banished 
to Constantinople by partisans of Gradenigo, 
Bp of Venice, 1026 — recalled, 103 1 — tf. in 
exile, 1032. 

Orseolo, Pietro, Doge of Venice,— suc- 
ceeds Pietro Candiano, 12 Aug. 976 — abdicates 
and retires to a monastery, Sep. 978 — tf., 987. 
Orseolo, Pietro II., Doge of Venice, — 
succeeds Tribuno Memmo, 991 — rebuilds and 
fortifies Grado, 993 — reduces Dalmatia, 997 — 
assumes title of Duke of Dalmatia, 997 — 
receives Emperor Otto III., 998 — marries his 
son Giovanni to Maria, niece of Emperor 
Basilius, 999— death of his son, 1005 — ft., 
Mar. 1009. «- 

Orsi, Giuseppe Agostino, Cardinal, — 6. 
at Florence, 9 May 1692— enters Dominican 
Order, 1708 — goes to Kome, 1732 — secretary 
of the Index, and Master of the Sacred Palace, 
1749 — Cardinal, by Clement XII., 24 Sep. 
1759 — rj. at Borne, 13 Jun. 1761. Delia in- 
fallibilitd e delV autorita del Romano pontifce 
sopra i concili, 1741 — Storia Ecclesiastica, 
1746 et seq. 

Orsi, Lelio, {Lelio da Novellara,) painter, — 
b. at Beggio, 15 11 — tf. at Novellara, 1587. 

Orsini, Cardinal, — poisoned at Borne, by 
order of Pope Alexander VI., Dec. 1502. 

Orsini, Felice, — ft. at Meldola, 1819 — 
studies at Univ. of Bologna, 1838 — takes part 
in insurrection of Aug. 1 843 — sentenced to the 
travaux forces for life, Dec. 1 844— liberated 
under amnesty of Pius IX., Jul. 1846 — enters 
service of Venice, 1848 — deputy for Forli to 
constituent assembly of Bome, Feb. 1849 — 
commissioner extraordinary for repression of 
brigandage, Mar. 1849 — assists in defence of 
Bome against French, 1849 — imprisoned at 
Sarzana, Sep. 1853— arrested at Hermanstadt, 
10 Dec. 1854 — condemned to death for treason, 
at Mantua, 20 Aug. 1855 — escapes from prison, 
end of Mar. 1856 — reaches London, 26 May — ■ 
with Charles de Budio, Anthony Gomez, Joseph 
Andrew Pieri, and Simon Francis Beniaid, 
attemps assassination of Napoleon III. at Paris, 
14 Jan. 1858 — tried, 25 Feb. — sentenced to 



io68 



ORSINI— OSIANDER. 



death, 26 Feb. — guillotined, 13 Mar. Austrian 
Dung amis in Italy, 1856. 

Orsini, Fulvio, antiquary, philologist, — ft. 
at Rome, 11 Dec. 1529 — if. at Rome, 1600. 
Virgilius collatione Scriptorum Grcecorum il- 
lustratus, 1568 — Families Romance, 1577 — 
Imagines et elogia virorum illustrium, 1570. 

Orsini, Giovan- Antonio, — acquires Princi- 
pality of Tarentum, 141 9 — holds it till his 
death, 15 Nov. 1463. 

Orsini, Giovanni Gaetano. [Nicholas III., 
Pope.] 

Orsini, Lorenzo, (Renzo de Ceri,) — enters 
service of Venice, about 1508— distinguishes 
himself at siege of Bergamo, 15 14 — passes 
into service of Leo X., and takes part in con- 
quest of Urbino, 15 15 — enters service of Francis 
L, distinguishes himself in defence of Marseilles 
against Constable de Bourbon, 1524 — and in 
defence of Rome, 1527 — if., 20 Jan. 1536. 

Orsini, Niccolo, Count of Pitigliano, — ft., 
1442 — General of Venetian armies, about 1502 
— with Alviano, defeated by Louis XII. at 
Agnadello, May 1509 — surprises Padua, _ 17 
Jul. 1509 — successfully defends Padua against 
Maximilian, 1509 — if. at Lunigo, Feb. 15 10. 

Orsini, Paolo and Francesco,— strangled at 
Sinigaglia by Caesar Borgia, 31 Dec. 1502^ 18 
Jan. I503. b a Biog. Univ. b Roscoe. 

Orsini, Haimondi, condottiere, — acquires 
Principality of Tarentum, 1399. 

Orsini, The, — their rivalry with the Colonna 
family begins with pontificate of Boniface 
VIIL, 1295. 

Orsini, Vieenzo Marco. [Benedict XIII., 
Pope.] 
Orsini Conspiracy. [See Orsini, Felice.] 
Orso Ipato, Doge of Venice, — succeeds 
Tegagliano, 726 — receives Exarch Eutychius, 
727 — restores him to his government, 728 — 
killed in tumult at Heraclea, 737. 

Orso Particiaco, Doge of Venice, — suc- 
ceeds Pietro Tradonico, 864 — names his son 
Giovanni his colleague, about 877 — if., 881. 

Orso Particiaco II., Doge of Venice, — 
succeeds Pietro Tribuno, 912 — abdicates and 
retires to a monastery, 932. 

Orsova, Orschowa, New, — taken by Aus- 
trians, 17 16 — ceded to them by Peace of Pas- 
' sarowicz, 17 18 — taken by Turks, 1738 — ceded 
by Austria to the Porte, 1739 — blockaded by 
Laudohn, 1789 — restored to Austrians, 1791 — 
crown of St Stephen and other regalia of 
Hungary discovered at, Sep. 1853— presented 
to Emperor at Vienna, 20 Sep. 

Ortega, Casimir Gomez de, botanist, — ft. at 
Madrid, 1730 — if. at Madrid, 18 10. Commen- 
tarius de cicuta, 1761 — Tabula botanicce, 1773 
— Sex novarum aut rariorum plantarum horti 
regii botanici matritensis, §c, 1797-1800. 

Ortega, Jayme, general, Governor of the 
Balearic Isles, — attempts insurrection at Tortosa, 
in favour of Count of Montemolin, son of Don 
Carlos, and fails, 3 Apr. i860 — condemned by 
Council of "War and shot, 19 Apr. 

Ortegal, Cape, — Commodore Fox captures 
forty French ships off, 16 Jun. 1747. 

Ortelius, (Oertcll,) Abraham, geographer, — 
ft. at Antwerp, 4 Apr. 1527 a — geographer to 



Philip II. of Spain, 1575 — if. at Antwerp, 28 
Jan. 1598. a Theatrum o?'bis terrarum, 1570 — 
Synonymia geographica, 1578 — Itinerarium 
per nonnullas Gallice Belgicce partes, 1584. 
a Biog. Woordenboek. 
Orthez, in France, — "Wellington defeats 
Soult near, 27 Feb. 18 14. Treaty of , between 
France and Spain, concluded, 1 Apr. 1513. 

Ortolano, L'., [Giovanni Battista Ben- 
venuto,) painter, — paints at Ferrara, 1525. 

Orton, Job, theologian, — ft. at Shrewsbury, 
4 Sep. 17 17— studies under Doddridge at 
Northampton, 1734-41 — pa?torat Shrewsbury, 
1741-65 — ij. at Kidderminster, 19 Jul. 1783. 
Life of Doddridge, 1766 — Exposition of Old 
Testament, 1788-91. 

Orvieto, ( Urbs Vetus, Herbanum ?) in Italy, 
— seat of a bishopric, 509 — taken from Goths 
by Belisarius, 538— Pope Clement VII. takes 
refuge at, 1527 — Etruscan necropolis near, 
discovered by Golini, 1863. Cathedral, com- 
menced, 1290 — restoration of facade com- 
menced, about i860. league of, between Pope 
Martin IV., Charles of Sicily, and Venetians, 
against Michael Palseologus, formed, 128 1. 

Orville, Jacques Philippe d\ litterateur, 
antiquary,— ft. at Amsterdam, 28 Jul. 1696 — 
visits England, 17 18 — LL.D., 1721 — visits 
France, 1723-4 — England again, 1724-5 — 
visits Italy and Germany, 1726-8 — Prof. Hu- 
manities, at the Athenasum, 1730-42 — if., 13 
Sep. 1751. Observations miscellanea et critical 
novce, 1740-51 — Sicula, 1764. 

Orvilliers, Louis Guillonet, Count of, 
naval commander, — ft. at Moulins, 1708 — en- 
ters the navy, 1728 — receives cross of St Louis, 
1746 — Post-captain, 1754 — takes part in defeat 
of Admiral Byng, May 1756 — Lieutenant- 
general, Jan. 1777 — commander of fleet at 
Brest, 1778 — defeats English fleet under 
Keppel, 27 Jul. 1778 — attempts unsuccessfully 
descent on England, 1779— quits France, 1790 
— living, 1 79 1. 

Osaibia, (Osaiba, Ossaiba, Osbaia, Obaida, 
Obbaia, Obseibea,) Ibn Abi (Abou, Abu,) phy- 
sician,- — ft., (600, a. h.) 1203— chief physician 
to Emir Ezzaddin, at Sarchad in Syria, (635,) 
1238— if., (668,) 1269. 

Osbern, son of Earl Siward, — killed at 
Dunsinane, 1054. 

Osbor, Council of, — in support of Pope Alex- 
ander II., held, 27 Oct. 1062. 

Osborne, Sir Thomas. [Danby, Earl of.] 
Osborne House, Isle of Wight, — purchased 
by Queen Victoria, 1845. 

Oscar I., Joseph Francis, King of Sweden 
and Norway, — ft. at Paris, 4 Jul. 1799 — re- 
ceives title of Duke of Sudermania, 18 10 — en- 
ters Univ. of Upsala, 181 8 — marries Josephine 
Beauharnais, 19 Jul. 1823 — succeeds his father, 
Charles XIV., 8 Mar. 1844 — joins with King 
of Denmark in declaration of neutrality in 
Crimean War, 21 Nov. 1855 — appoints his son 
Charles Regent, 25 Sep. 1857 — if., 8 Jul. 1859. 
Osiander, Andreas, theologian, — ft. at Gun- 
zenhausen in Franconia, 19 Dec. 1498 — first 
Protestant pastor at Niirnberg, 1522 — takes 
part in conference of Marburg, 1529 — at Diet 
of Augsburg, 1530 — rejects the Interim, 1548 



OSIITS— OSTEND. 



1069 



—preacher and first Prof. Theology, Konigs- 
berg, 1548 — tf. at Konigsberg, 17 Oct. 1552,* 
1562. b a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Conv. -Lex. 

Osius, Bp of Cordova. [Hosius.] 

Oslac, — obtains Earldom of Northumberland, 
966— banished by Edward the Martyr, 975. 

Osma., ( Uxama,) in Spain, — [BC] — de- 
stroyed by Pompey, (682, a. u. c.) 72 — [AD] 
— defeat of the Moors near, 931. 

Osman. [Othman.] 

Osmium, metal, — discovered by Tennant, 
1803. 

Osmond, St, Bp of Salisbury and Chan- 
cellor, — accompanies William the Conqueror 
to England, 1066 — made Chancellor, probably 
about 1075 a — Bp of Salisbury, 1078 — com- 
pletes cathedral, 1092 — compiles a Missal 
(Use of Sarum) : If., 3 or 4 Dec. 1099 — his 
remains removed to new cathedral, 1457 a — 
canonized by Pope Calixtus, 145 8, b 1457. a 
a Foss. b Biog. Univ. 

Osmose. [Endosmose.] 

Osnaburg, Osnabriick, in Germany, — bishop- 
ric of, probably founded by Charles the Great, 
803 — government of, regulated by Treaty of 
"Westphalia, 1648 — given to Frederick, Duke of 
York, by his father, George III., 1764 — secu- 
larized and given to Hanover, 1803. 

Osorio, Geronimo, (Girolamo,) historian, — ft. 
at Lisbon, 1506 — sent to Univ. of Salamanca, 
15 1 9 — to Paris, 1525 — ft. at Tavira, 1580. 
De rebus Emmanaelis virtute et auspicio gestis, 
157 1 — Opera, 1592. His library carried off by 
English fleet, 1596. 

Osred and Osric [See Northumbria.] 

Osrhoene, — [Edessa] — [BC] — kingdom 
founded by Arsham (Ardsham, Artabanus,) 
38-10 — Manu, 10-5 — Abgarus, (Ushama.,) 5 
to [AD] 32 — Anane, (Ananus,) 32-36 — 
Sanatroces (Sanadany) usurps, 36-58 — 
Ero wart usurps, 58 — conquers Armenia, cedes 
to Borne, after 58. 

Ossat, Arnaud d', cardinal, diplomatist, — 
b. in France, 23 Aug. 1536 — becomes a monk, 
Dec. 1556 — resides at Paris, 1557-62 — secre- 
tary to Paul de Foix at Bome, 1574 — named 
one of the commissioners sent to receive ab- 
solution of Henry IV., 1595 — Bp of Bennes, 
Jan. 1596 — Councillor of State, 1597 — pro- 
motes Peace of Vervins, 1598 — Cardinal, 3 
May 1599 — negotiates the divorce of Henry 
IV. and Marguerite de Valois, Dec. 1599 — 
1 Bp of Bayeux, 26 Jun. 1600 — resigns his see, 
1603 — tf. at Bome, 13 Mar. 1604. Lettres, 
1624. 

Ossian, (Oisin,)— mentioned as a poet' in 
Dean of Lismore's Boole, 1512-29 — poems at- 
tributed to him published by Macpherson, 
1758-63 — Dissertation of Blair, maintaining 
their authenticity, 1763 — Letter of David 
Hume to Blair urging investigation, Sep. 1763 
— Beport of Committee of Highland Society 
appointed to inquire, published, 1805 — the 
authenticity of the poems denied by Laing, 
1805 — new edition, by Macpherson, altered, 
1807 — disappearance of Macpherson' s Manu- 
scripts, 1807 — new translation by Clerk, 1870. 
[Macpherson, James.] 



Ossoli, Marchioness of. [Fuller, Mar- 
garet.] 

Ossolinski, George, statesman, — b., 1595 — ■ 
attaches himself to Prince Vladislaus, serves 
with him in campaigns against Bussia, 16 16- 
18 — envoy from Sigismund III. to England, 
1 62 1 — takes part as plenipotentiary in negoti- 
ating armistice with Gustavus Adolphus, at 
Altmarck, 1629 — envoy to Bome on accession 
of Vladislaus IV., 1633 — Marshal of the Diet, 
1635 — governor of Prussian Poland, concludes 
treaty with Sweden, 1635 — envoy to Diet of 
Batisbon, 1636— negotiates marriage of the 
king with Archduchess Cecilia Benee, 1636 — 
receives the princess at Warsaw, 1637 — Grand 
Chancellor, 1643 — promotes election of John 
Casimir to the throne, 1648 — concludes peace 
with Tatars and Cossacks, 1649 — if., Aug. 
1650. 

Ossolinski, Joseph Maximilian, bibliogra- 
pher, — b. in Galicia, about 1750 — deputy from 
States of Galicia to Vienna, settles there, 1793 
— Director of Imperial Library, 1808 — Mar- 
shal of the States at Leopold, 18 17- — Grand 
Steward of the kingdom of Galicia, 1825 — o". 
at Vienna, 17 Mar. 1826. Historical and 
critical Essays on the History of Polish Liter- 
ature, 1815-22. 

Ossone, {Ossuna,) Pedro Tellez y Giron, 
Duke of, Viceroy of Naples, — b. at Vaila- 
dolid, Jan. 1579 — recalled to the court, Kntof 
the Golden Fleece, &c, 1607 — Viceroy of 
Sicily, 1 6 10 — Viceroy of Naples, 16 16 — refuses 
to establish Inquisition in Naples ; recalled, 
1620 — arrested by Philip IV., 1621 — his trial 
lasts 1 62 1 -3 — tf. imprisoned at Almeida, 26 
Sep. 1624. 

Ossory, See of, in Ireland, — founded at 
Saigair, (St Kyran,) about 402 ? — removed to 
Aghadoe, 1052 — to Irishtown, about 1190 — 
united with sees of Leighlin and Ferns, 1835. 

Ossory, Thomas Butler, Earl of, — h. at 
Kilkenny, 1634 — returns from Flanders with 
Charles IL, 1660, and is named Lieutenant- 
general of forces in Ireland : created English 
peer, as Lord Butler, 14. Sep. 1666 — distin- 
guishes himself in naval battle with the Dutch, 
in the Downs, Jun. 1666 — Bear-admiral, 1673 
— contributes to defeat of Marshal Luxem- 
bourg at Mons, 3 Aug. 1678 — tf. in England, 
30 Jul. 1680. 

Ossuna, Duke of. [Ossone.] 

Ostade, Adrian van, painter, — b. atLiibeck, 
16 10 — "0. at Amsterdam, 1685. 

Ostade, Isaac van, painter, — ft. at Liibeck, 
1612 — o - ., 1671. 

Ostend, in Belgium, — mentioned as a town, 
1267. Old, destroyed by inundation, 1333. 
New, a fishing village in 1372 — walled by 
Philip the Good, 1445 — fortified by Prince of 
Orange, 1583 — threatened by Duke of Parma, 
1587 — siege of, by Spaniards, under Archduke 
Albert, commenced, 4 Jul. 1601 — surrenders 
to Marquis Spinola, 28 Sep. 1604 — surrenders 
to allies, 16 Jul. 1706— ceded by Holland to 
the Emperor, 17 15 — taken by Count deLowen- 
dal, 23 Aug. 1745— restored to Dutch by 
Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748 — declared a 



OSTERMANN— OTHMAX. 



free port by Joseph II., 1 7 8 1 — taken by French, 
1794 — bombarded by English troops, who are 
compelled to capitulate, 19 May 1798— restored 
to Dutch, 1 8 14 — -visit of Queen Victoria and 
Prince Albert to king' of the Belgians at, 18 
Sep. 1843 — fortifications demolished, 1867. 
Company. [See East India Company.] 

Ostermann, Henry John Frederick, Count, 
{Andrei Ivanovich,) diplomatist, — b-, 30 May 
1686 — enters Eussian navy, 1704— negotiates 
Treaty of Xystadt, 172 1— Baron and Privy 
Councillor, 17 21 — Tice-chancellor of the Em- 
pire, 26 Dec. 1725 — member of Council of 
Eegency for Peter II., 1727 — Count, by Em- 
press Anne, Feb. 1730 — Grand Admiral, by 
Eegent Anna Carlovna, 1740 — arrested and 
sentenced to death, by Empress Elizabeth, 
1741 — banished to Siberia, Jan. 1742 — tf. at 
Beresov, 25 May 1747. 

Ostermann-Tolstoy, Alexander Ivanovich, 
Count, general, — n. at St Petersburg, about 
1770— enters the army, 1774 — serves at cap- 
ture of Bender and siege of Ismail, 1789-90 — 
Major-general, 1798 — takes part in occupation 
of Pomerania and Hanover, 1805 — Lieutenant- 
general, 1806 — commands under Benningsen 
against French, 1806 — distinguishes himself 
at Pnltusk, 1806 — and at Sylau, 1807 — 
wounded at affair of Guttstadt, Jul. 1807 — 
commands against French, 1 8 1 2 — distinguishes 
himself at Borodino, 7 Sep. 18 12 — wounded at 
Bautzen, 1813 — defends road to Toplitz, and 
defeats Vandamme at Kulni, Aug. 1813 — 
General-in-chief of army of Engineers, 18 15 — 
quits Russia, 1825— >l at Geneva, 12 Feb. 

1837. 

Ostervald, Jean Frederic, theologian, — 6. 
at Xeufchatel, 25 Xov. 1663 — M.A. Saumur, 
1679 — pastor of Befornied Church, Xeufcbatel, 
1699 — if. there, 14 Apr. 1747. Trench edition 
of the Bible, with notes, 1724 — Traite des 
Sources des corruptions parmi les Chretiens, 
1699. 

Osterwick, Maria van, painter,— fc. near 
Drift, 1630 — tf., 1693. 

Ostia, port of Rome, — [BC] — privileged 
with exemption from military service, 207 — 
plundered by Marius, 87 — [AD] — destroyed by 
Saracens, 849 — new town founded by Pope 
Gregory IV., 830 — pillaged by Saracens, 
spring 849 — see of, united to Velletri, 1150 — 
seized by the French, and held for them by 
Cardinal della Eovere, 1494 — recovered by 
Gonsalvo d'Aguilar, 1497 — explorations at, by 
Don Diego de Xoronha, 1783 — by Hamilton, 
1 7 88 — by Fega, 1796. 

Ostracism, — [BC] — instituted by Cleis- 
thenes at Athens, about 508 — discontinued, 
after 415. 

Ostrogoths, — [Goths] — attacked by Huns, 
and are driven upon the Visigoths on the 
Danube, 375 — permitted by Marcian to settle 
in Pannonia, 453 — ravage Illyricum, 455 — un- 
der Theodoric, invade Italy, 489— [Odoacer] 
— kingdom of, in Italy, established, 493 — 
overthrown by Xarses, 554. [Italy.] 

Ostrolenka, — combat between Gen. Savary 
and Eussians under Essen, 16 Feb. 1807 — 



battle of, between Poles and Eussians, 26 May 
1831. 

Oswald, St, King op Xorthumbria, — on 
death of his father, Ethelfrith, takes refuge in 
Ireland, 617 — returns, expels Osric and Ean- 
frith, and recovers the kingdom, 634 — killed 
by Penda at Maserfield, 5 Aug. 642. 

Oswego, in Canada, — taken from the French 
by the British, 1756 — confirmed to British, 
1763 — given up to Americans, 14 Jul. 1766. 

Oswestry, in Shropshire, — destroyed by 
King John, 12 12 — by Llewellyn, 1233 — walled 
by order of Edward L, 1277. 

Oswulf. [See Northumbria.] 

Oswy, King of Xokthumbkia, — succeeds 
his brother Oswald in Bernicia, 642— kills 
Oswine of Deira, 20 Aug. 651 — defeats and 
kills Penda near Leeds, 655 — reunites Deira 
and Bernicia, 656 — tf., 15 Feb. 670. 

Otago, province of Xew Zealand, — British 
settlement in, 1848 — discovery of gold in, by 
Eead, Jun. 1861. 

Otaheite, {Tahiti,) one of the Society Islands, 
— discovered by Quiros, and named Sagittaria, 
1606 — visited by Waliis, and named King 
George's Island, 19 Jun. 1767 — visited by 
Bougainville, and named Xouvelle Cythere, 2 
Apr. 1768 — visited by Cook, several times, and 
its native name restored, between 10 Apr. 
1769 and 1778 — English missions established, 
1797 — Christianity embraced by King Pomaree 
II., 1 8 14— written laws made, 1825 — French 
Catholic missionaries arrive, 1835 — and are 
expelled, 1836— reestablished by force, 1838 
— placed under French protection by treaty 
with Queen Pomare, 9 Sep. 1842 — on her 
disavowal of treaty, occupied by French, Xov. 
1843 — the proceedings disavowed by French 
government, 26 Feb. 1844 — part of the island 
declared in state of siege by French governor 
Braat, Mar. 1844 — arrest and imprisonment of 
Pritchard, ex-consul of Great Britain, 5 Mar. 
— compensation for the outrage awarded by 
French government, summer 1844 — French 
protectorate reassumed, 7 Jun. 1845 — revolts 
suppressed by Dec. 1846 — protectorate accepted 
by Queen Pomare, 6 Feb. 1847. 

" Otbert, Bp of Liege, — attends Emperor 
Henry IV. in Italy, 109 1 — appointed to the 
see, 1 09 1 — acquires for the see the Chateau 
of Bouillon, 1096 — excommunicated by Urban 
II., about 1 1 00 — leads troops of the Emperor to 
siege of Limburg, 1 roi — receives the Emperor 
at liege, 1101 — the Pope endeavours to incite 
Pwobert, Count of Flanders, to make war on 
him, about 1102 — gives asylum to Henry IV., 
1 1 05 — makes his peace with Henry V. at Aix- 
la-Chapelle, 1106 — relieved from excommuni- 
cation by Paschal, Xov. 1107 — tf., 31 Jan. 
1119. 

Otford, battle of [See Offa.] 

Otfrid, {Otfried,) poet, — commences his 
metrical Life of Christ, about 850 a (earliest 
German posm in rhyme) — completes and dedi- 
cates it to Ludwig, king of Germany, about 
865,* 868 b — tf., about 870^ 

a Xouv. Biog. Gen. b Conv.-Lex. 

Othman, Al-Ghazi, founder of Ottoman 



OTHMAN— OTTO I. 



Empire, — b. in Bithynia, (657, a. h.) 1259— 
succeeds his father, Orthogrul, in command of 
colony in Armenia, (680,) 1280 — conquers 
territory of Nicsea, 1299 — takes the town, 
1304 — conquers Marmara, 1307 — to., (10 Ra- 
madan 726,) 10 Aug. 1326. 

Othman (Osman) II., Sultan of the 
Ottomans, — b., i6io, a i6o6, b 4 Nov. 1604° — 
succeeds his uncle Mustapha I., (1027, a. h.) 
26 Feb. 161 8 — sends embassy to France, 16 18 
— sends army Under Ali Pasha into Persia, 
1619 — concludes peace with Persia, 1620 — in- 
vades Poland, (1030,) spring 1621 — repulsed 
at Choczim, makes peace, (Dhu'l hajjah 1030,) 
Oct. 1 62 1 — put to death by Janissaries, (18 
Redgeb 1031,) 19 May 1622. a Cantemir. 

b Other authorities. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Othman, Ibn Affan, 3rd Caliph, — b., about 
574— secretary to Mohammed, 630 — elected 
successor of Omar, (29 Dhu'l hajjah 23, a. h.) 
6 Nov. 644 — recalls Amrou from Egypt, 644 
— his generals conquer Hamadan, 645 — expel 
Yezdegerd from Persia, 646 — subdue Khoras- 
san, 647 — conquer Africa, 647 — plunder Cyprus 
and Pthodes, 648 — make Nubia tributary, 651 
— assassinated by Mohammed, son of Abubekr, 
at Medina, (28 Dhu'l hajjah 35,) 28 Jun. 656. 

Othman, Ibn Yahia Alcaisi, scholar, — if. 
governor of Malaga, (735, a. h.) 1334. 

Othman III., Sultan op the Ottomans, — 
b., about 1696 — succeeds his brother Mahmoud 
I., (8 Rabia I. 1168, a. h.) 13 Dec. 1754— to., 
(25 or 26 Saphar 1171,) 28 or 29 Oct. 1757. 

Otho, King of Greece, — b. at Salzburg, 1 
Jun. 1 8 15 — recognized as King of Greece by 
National Assembly, 8 Aug. 1832 — arrives at 
Nauplia, 25 Jan. 1833 — assumes the govern- 
ment, 1 Jun. 1835 — marries Amelia of Olden- 
burg, 22 Nov. 1836 — dismisses some of his 
foreign ministers, 14 Feb. 1837 — insurrection, 
Sep. 1 843 — swears to the constitution, 30 
Mar. 1844 — appoints Admiral Kanaris First 
Minister, Jan. 1862 — appoints Kolokotronis, 8 
Jun. 1862 — insurrections against his govern- 
ment, Oct. — abdicates, 24 Oct. 1862 — quits 
Greece, 27 Oct. — to. at Bamberg, 26 Jul. 1867. 

Otho, George, orientalist, — b. in Hesse- 
Cassel, 1634 — Prof. Greek and Eloquence, 
Marburg, 1679 — Librarian to the Univ., and 
Prof. Oriental Languages, soon after — to. at 
Marburg, 28 May 17 15. Synopsis institu- 
tiomtm Samaritanarum, #c., 17 01 — Palcestra 
linguarwn Orientalium, 1702. 

Otho, L. Roscius,— [BC] — trib. pleb., 67 — 
introduces law respecting equestrian seats at 
theatres. 

Otho, M. Salvius, Roman Emperor, (69,) 
— b., 28 Apr. 32 — governor of Lusitania, before 
68 — proclaimed Emperor, Galba killed, 15 Jan. 
69 — defeated by Vitellius, kills himself, 15 
Apr. 69. 

Otranto, {Hydruntum,) in Italy, — naval 
battle between Venetians and Saracens off, 
811 — by Robert Guiscard, about 1060— Fred- 
erick II. sails from, and returns to, 1227 — 
again sails from, 29 Jun. 1228 — given by the 
pope to Henry Frangipani, 1249 — taken by 
Roger de Loria, 1295 — stormed by Turks, 21 



Aug. 1480 — retaken by Alfonso, Duke of 
Calabria, 10 Aug. 148 1— gives title of Duke 
to Fouche, 1809. 

Ott, Peter Carl, Baron von , field-marshal, 
— as Major-general in Austrian army, serves 
against Turks, 1789— against French, 1793 — 
serves under Wurmser in Italy, 1796 — Field- 
marshal-lieutenant, 1797 — at battle of Novi, 

16 Jul. 1799 — takes Savigliano, Nov. 1799 — 
receives with Keith the capitulation of Massena, 
4 Jun. 1800 — 13. at Pesth, 10 May 1809. 

Ottawa,— receives its present name, 1854— 
made capital of Canada, 1865 — first parliament 
opens at, 8 Jun. 1865. 

Otter, Jean, orientalist, — b. at Christian- 
stadt, 23 Oct. 1707 — studies at Lund, 1724 — 
visits the East, 1734-44 — interpreter of Ori- 
ental Languages at the King's Library, Paris, 
1744 — Prof. Arabic, College of France, 1746 
— member of Academy of Inscriptions, 19 Mar. 
1748 — to- at Paris, 26 Sep. 1748, 11 1749^ 
Voyage en Turquie et en Perse, 1748. 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. ■ b Eees' Cyc. 

Otterbein, Philip William, founder of sect 
of ' United Brethren in Christ,' — b. at Dill en- 
burg, 4 Jun. 1 726 — pastor of Reformed Church, 
Herborn, 1749 — sent as missionary to America, 
1752 — settles at Baltimore, 1774 — to- there, 

17 Nov. 1813. 

Otterburn, {Chevy Chase,) — battle of, be- 
tween Earl Douglas and. Henry Percy, Douglas 
killed and Percy captured, 10 Aug. 1388. 

Ottley, William Young, writer on Art, — 
b., 177 1 — studies painting, &c, jn Italy, 1791- 
180 1 — Keeper of prints in British Museum, 
1833 — to-, 26 May 1836. Italian School of 
Design, 1808-23 — Enquiry into the Origin and 
early History of Engraving upon Copper and 
on Wood, 1 816. 

Ottmer, Karl Theodor, architect, — b. at 
Brunswick, 19 Jan. 1800 — studies at Berlin, 
1822 — studies in Italy, 1827-9 — to. at Berlin, 
22 Aug. 1843. Architektonische Mitt hei lung - 
en, 1830-8 — Palace at Brunswick, 1833-6. 

Otto I., the Great, King of Germany, Em- 
peror or the Romans, — b., 22 Nov. 912 — 
marries Eadgyth, daughter of Edward the 
Elder, 930 — elected King of Germany, at Aix- 
la-Chapelle, Jul. 936 — fines and banishes Duke 
Eberhart, 937 — makes war on Bohemia, 938 — 
loses his wife, 26 Jan. 947 — makes Bohemia 
tributary, 950 — marches into Lombardy to 
succour Adelaide, widow of King Lothaire, and 
conquers the country, 951 — proclaimed King of 
Italy, at Pavia, Oct. — marries Adelaide, Christ- 
mas — returns to Germany, Feb. 952 — restores 
Berenger to his kingdom, 952 — loses his son 
Ludolph, 957 — at request of Pope John XII. 
again passes into Italy, and deposes Berenger, 
961 — again crowned King of Italy, at Milan, 
about Nov. 961 — with Adelaide, receives Impe- 
rial crown at Rome, 2 Feb. 962 — marches on 
Rome, Jul. 963 a — holds a council, deposes 
John XII. and procures election of Leo YIIL, 
963 — takes Berenger prisoner, 964 a — besieges 
Rome, reenters it, 23 Jun. 964 — reestablishes 
Leo and carries Benedict V. to Germany, 964 
— reenters Rome, Christmas 966 a — suppresses 



1072 



OTTO II.— OTTOMAN EMPIRE. 



revolt against John XIII., 967 — sends Luit- 
prand to Constantinople to negotiate marriage 
of his son Otto with Theophania, daughter of 
Eoraanus II., 968 — the Princess treacherously 
carried off by Greeks : he invades Calabria, 
969 — makes peace with Zimisces, who sends 
the Princess to him, 972 — lj., after Jul. 973. 
a Milman. 

Otto II., Emperor op the Romans, — b., 
955 — crowned King of Lorraine, 26 May 961 — 
elected King of Italy, about Dec. 962 — crowned 
Emperor by John XIII., at Rome, 22 Dec. 967 
— marries Theophania, 972 — succeeds his father, 
after Aug. 973 — expels Adelaide, the queen- 
mother, and carries on war with Henry, Duke 
of Bavaria, and his allies, 974 — defeats them, 
and deprives Henry of his Duchy, 976 — on 
claim of Lorraine by Lothaire, king of France, 
cedes Lower Lorraine to Charles, brother of 
Lothaire, 977— refuses to cede whole of Lor- 
raine and carries on war with Lothaire, 977- 
980 — concludes treaty with him, assuring Lor- 
raine to the Empire, 980 — passes into Italy, 
Sep. 980 — reconciled with Adelaide, at Pavia, 
permits her to return to his Court, 980 —arrives 
at Rome, Jan. 981 — treacherously massacres 
suspected nobles and magistrates at Rome, 981 
— fails in attempt to conquer Calabria, summer 
981 — holds Diet at Verona, 983 — tf. at Rome, 
7 Dec. 983. 

Otto III., Emperor op the Romans, — b., 
980 — named successor of his father, Otto II., 
at Diet of Verona, 983 — crowned at Aix-la- 
Chapelle, Christmas 983 — carried off by Henry, 
Duke of Bavaria, but rescued and restored to 
his mother, 984 — crowned King of Lombardy, 
at Monza, 995 — makes Gregory V. Pope, May 
996 — crowned Emperor at Rome by Gregory V., 
21 May 996 — holds Diet at Rome and con- 
demns Crescentius, 25 May 996 — again crown- 
ed King of Lombardy, at Milan, autumn 996 — 
reconquers Brandenburg from the Slaves, 997 
— celebrates Christmas with Gregory V. at 
Pavia, 997 — reinstates him, Feb. 998 — be- 
sieges, captures, and puts to death Crescentius, 
Apr. 998 — makes Sylvester II. Pope, Apr. 999 
■ — makes a pilgrimage to tomb of Adalbert, Bp 
of Prague, 1000 — founds archbishopric of 
Gnesen, 1000 — holds Diet at Aix-la-Chapelle, 
and opens tomb of Charles the Great, 1000 — 
passes into Italy and defeats Saracens, Jan. 1001 
■ — at Ravenna, Lent to Nov. 1001 — celebrates 
Christmas with Sylvester II. at Todi, 1001 — 
is poisoned by Stephania, and Is. at Paterno in 
Campania, 23 Jan. 1002. 

Otto IV., (of Brunswick,) Emperor of the 
Romans, — b., about 1175 — on death of his 
father, Henry the Lion, takes refuge in Eng- 
land, 1 1 95 —is made Count of Poitou by Rich- 
ard I.: elected King of the Romans, in opposi- 
tion to Philip of Suabia, at Cologne, 1198 — 
crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle, 4 Jul. 1198 — ap- 
peals to Innocent III., 11 98— proclaimed Em- 
peror by legate, at Cologne, 8 Jun. 1201 a — 
defeated by Philip, takes refuge in England, 
1206 — on death of Philip, recognized his suc- 
cessor in Diet of Frankfort, 1208— crowned at 
Rome by Innocent III., 24 Oct., a 4 Oct., b 27 



Sep. c 1209 — makes himself master of Tuscany, 
1209 — invades Apulia and aims at conquest of 
Sicily, Nov. 12 10 — winters at Capua, 1210-11 
— excommunicated by Innocent III., Holy 
Thursday 1211,* 18 Nov. i2io c — overruns 
all Apulia and part of Calabria, 12 n — his 
deposition planned by German prelates and 
princes, Oct. 121 1 — withdraws, Nov. 1 2 1 1 — un- 
successfully contends against general discontent 
in Germany, and at Diet of Niirnberg resigns 
the government, Ascension Day 121 2 — returns 
to Germany, and holds Diet at Frankfort, Mar. 
12 12 — marries Beatrice, daughter of Emperor 
Philip, 7 Aug. 12 1 2 — forms alliance with King 
John and Count of Flanders against king of 
France, 1213 — attacked by Frederick II., 1213 
— defeated by Philip Augustus at Bouvines, 
27 May, a Jul. 1214 — retires to Cologne, 1214 — 
escapes to Saxony, 12 15 — deposed at Lateran 
Council, Nov. 12 15 — ravages Bremen and is 
repulsed by Frederick II., 1217 — tf. at Harz- 
berg, i5, d 19 e May 1218. a Milman. 

b Some authorities. c Others. d Kington. 
e Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Otto, Everhard, jurist, antiquary, — b. at 
Ham, in Westphalia, 1685 — Prof. Law, 
Utrecht, 1720-40— *r. Syndic of Bremen, 20 
Jul. 1756. Be JEdilibus coloniarum et muni- 
cipior., 1732 — Thesaurus juris Romani, 1725- 
29 — Ad Instituta Justiniani notce criticce et 
commentaria, 1760. (3rd ed.) 

Otto, Louis Guillaume, Count de Moslot, 
diplomatist, — b. in Baden, 1754 — Charge 
d' Affaires to United States, 1784-92 — im- 
prisoned in the Luxembourg, 1793-4 — Minister 
Plenipotentiary in England, 1800 — to Munich, 
1802 — Councillor of State, Grand Officer of 
Legion of Honour, and Count, 1806 — Ambas- 
sador to Vienna, 1809-13 — Minister of State, 
181 3 — Secretary for Foreign Affairs, 1 8 1 5 — ft. 
at Paris, 9 Nov. 1817. 

Otto of Freisingen, chronicler, — b., about 
1 1 08 a — enters Cistercian Order, n 26 *>■ — Abbot 
of Morimond, 1136^ ii3i b — Bp of Freisin- 
gen, 1 1 38 — follows Conrad III. to Palestine, 
1 147 — ft. at Morimond, 21 or 22 Sep. ii58. b 
a Engl. Cyc. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Ottobuoni, Pietro. [Alexander VIII., 
Pope.] 

Ottocar I. and II. [Bohemia.] 

Ottocar of Steiermark, historian,— "is., soon 
after 131 8. Chronicle of Austria and Styria, 
written, between 1300-16. 

Ottoman (Turkish) Empire, — founded by 
Othman,i288-i326 — his son Orkhan succeeds, 
1326 — Amuratb I., (son,) 1360— Bajazet I., 
(son,) 1389 — invasion and conquest by Tamer- 
lane, 1400-2 — Solyman I., (son,) 1402— 
Musa Chelebi, (brother,) 1410 — Mahomet I., 
(brother,) 1413— Amurath II., (son,) 1421 — 
Mahomet II., (son,) 145 1— Bajazet II., (son,) 
148 1 — Selim I., (son,) 15 12 — Solyman II. 
the G-reat, (son,) 1520 — Selim II., (son,) 1566 
— Amurath III., (son,) 1574 — Mahomet III., 
(son,) 1595 — Ahmed (Achmet) I., (son,) 1603 
— Mustapha I., (brother,) 16 17— Othman II., 
(brother,) 1618 — Mustapha again, 1622 — 
Amurath IV., (nephew,) 1623— Ibrahim I., 



OTWAY— OUTLAWE. 



1073 



(brother,) 1640 — Mahoinet IV., (son,) 1649 — 
Solyman III., (brother,) 1687 — Ahmed II., 
(brother,) 1691 — Mustapha II., (son of Ma- 
homet IV.,) 1695 — Ahmed III., (brother,) 
1703 — Mahmoudl., (nephew,) 1730— Othman 
III., (brother,) 1754— Mustapha III., (son of 
Ahmed III.,) 1757 — Abdul Hamid, (brother,) 
1774— Selim III., (nephew,) 1789 — Mustapha 
IV., (son of Abdul Hamid,) 1807 — Mahmoud 
II., (brother,) 1808 — Abdul Medjid, (son,) 
1840 — Abdul Aziz, (brother,) 1861. 

Otway, Thomas, dramatist, — b. at Trotten, 
Sussex, 3 Mar. 1651 — enters Oxford Univ., 
1669 — goes to London, about 1672 — ft. in 
London, 14 Apr. 1685. Alcibiades, 1675 — 
Don Carlos, 1676 — Orphan, and Caius Marius, 
168 o — Venice .Preserved, 1682. 

Oude, in Hindustan, — conquered by Kutb 
u din, about 1202 — unsuccessfully attacked 
by Baber, 1527 — conquered by Akber, 1528 — 
seized by Sooja ud Dowla, about 1760 — oc- 
cupied by British and placed under British 
protection, 1765 — [Sooja ud Dowia] — Treaty 
of Chunar, 17 81 — subsidy to E. India Com- 
pany commuted for grant of territory, 1801 — 
Nabob vizier assumes title of king and is recog- 
nized by British government, 18 19 — the king 
deposed and pensioned, kingdom annexed to 
British possessions by Lord Dalhousie, 7 Feb. 
1856 — rebellion in, 1857 — suppressed by Dec. 
1858 — population disarmed, 1859. 

Oudenarde, (Audenarde,) in Belgium, — 
surrenders to allied French and English, 9 
Sep. 1658 — besieged by Prince of Orange, 
Aug. 1674 — relieved by Prince of Conde, 21 
Aug. — taken by Marlborough, 1706 — Marl- 
borough and Prince Eugene defeat the French 
under Dukes of Burgundy and Vendome at, 1 1 
Jul. 1708 — surrenders to French, 3 Jul. 
1794. 

Oudenarde, Robert van, painter, engraver, 
• — b. at Ghent, 1663 — studies under Carlo 
Maratti at Rome, 1685 — returns to Ghent, 
1722 — tf. there, 3 Jim. 1743. 

Oudendorp, Frans van, philologist, — b. at 
Leyden, 31 Jul. 1696 — Rector of School of 
Nimeguen, 1724 — of Haarlem, 1726 — Prof. 
Eloquence and History at the Univ., 1740 — tf. 
at Leyden, 14 Feb. 1761. Editions of Julius 
Obsequens, 1720 — of Lucan, 1728 — of Fronti- 
nus, 1731 — of Ccesar, 1737 — of Suetonius, 1751 
— Be veterum inscriptionum usu, 1745. 

Oudin, Casimir, bibliographer, — b. at Me- 
zieres, 1638 — enters Order of Premontre, 1655 
— Prof. Theology, Abbey of Moreau, 1669 — 
Grand Prior, 1670 — settles at Paris, 1683 — 
banished to Beauvais, 1692 — escapes to Ley- 
den, and is named Librarian to the Univ., 1692 
— If. there, Sep. 17 17. Be scriptoribus Ec- 
clesicp antiquis, 1722. 

Oudinot, Charles Nicolas, Duke of Reggio, 
Marshal of France, — b. at Bar-sur-Ornain, 
25 Apr. 1767 — enters the army, 1783 — marries, 
1789 — repulses Austrians, 23 M ay 1 7 94 — 
General of Brigade, 2 Jun. 1794 — captures 
Treves, 6 Aug. 1794 — severely wounded and 
taken prisoner by Austrians, at Neckerau, 1 8, a 



14 b Oct. 1795— exchanged, Jan. 1796— joins 
army of Moreau, 1796— distinguishes himself, 
and is severely wounded at Neuburg, 14 Sep. 
1796 — enters Constance, 19 Mar. 1797 — 
General of Division, 12 Apr. 1799— contributes 
to victory of Zurich, 4 Jun. 1799— takes P art 
in siege of Genoa, 17 99 -1800— head of the 
staff under Brune, distinguishes himself at 
Pozzolo and the passage of the Mincio, Dec. 
1800 — Grand Cross of Legion of Honour, 6 
Mar. 1805 — first to enter Vienna, Nov. 1805 — 
at Austerlitz, 2 Dec. 1 805— governor of Neuf- 
chatel, 1806 — enters Berlin, 25 Oct. 1806 — 

obtains victory of Ostrolenka, 16 Feb. 1807 

created Count : contributes to victory of Fried- 
land, 14 Jun. 1807 — at Essling and Wag-ram, 
1809— Marshal of France, 12 Jul.— Duke of 
Reggio, 15 Aug. 1809— military governor of 
Holland, 18 10- 12 — marries again, Jan. 1812 — 
serves in campaigns of 18 12, 181 3, 18 14 — 
accompanies Duke of Angouleme to Spain, and 
is made Governor of Madrid, 1823 — Grand 
Chancellor of Legion of Honour, 17 May 1839 
— Governor of the Invalides, 21 Oct. 1842—11. 
at Paris, i3, a 27 b Sep. 1847. 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Engl. Cyc. 

Oudinot, Charles Nicolas Victor, Duke of 
Reggio, general, — b. at Bar-le-Duc, 3 Nov. 
1791— Lieutenant, Aug. 1809— aide-de-camp 
to Massena, serves in Portugal, 1810-11 — serves 
in Russian campaign, 18 12 — in German cam- 
paign, 1 8 1 3 — in French campaign, 1 8 14 — 
Commander of Legion of Honour, 1 Jun. 1820 
— General of Brigade, 1824 — serves in Algeria, 
1835 — Lieutenant-general, and Inspector-gen- 
eral of Cavalry, 3 1 Dec. 1 835 — member of Cham- 
ber of Deputies, 1842 and 1846 — commands 
army of observation of the Alps, Mar. 1 848 — 
member of Legislative Assembly, early in 1 849 
— Commander-in-chief of expedition against 
Roman republic, 20 Apr. 1849— [Rome] — 
Grand Cross of Legion of Honour, 12 Jul. 
1849 — imprisoned at Vincennes by Louis Na- 
poleon, 2 Dec. 1 85 1— fc. at Paris, 7 Jul. 1863. 
Precis historique et militaire de Vexpedition 
Francaise en Italie, 1849. 
Oudipur. [Oodeypoor.] 
Qughtred, William, mathematician, — b. at 
Eton, about 1573— enters King's Coll. Cam- 
bridge, 1592 — M.A., 1599 — rector of Aid- 
bury, Surrey, 16 10 — tutor to Lord William 
Howard, 1628 — tf., 30 Jun. 1660. Arithme- 
ticce in numero et speciebus institutio, $•<?., 163 1 
— Description and Use of the double horizontal 
By all, $c, 1636 — Geometrical Bialling, 164.7 
— Treatise on Trigonometry, 1657 — Opuscula 
mathematica, 1676. 

Ougrumov, (Ugrumov,) Gr., painter, — b. in 
Russia, 1764 — admitted to Academy of Fine 
Arts, St Petersburg, 1797 — Rector, 1820 — ft., 
19 Mar. 1823. 

Ourique, in Portugal, — defeat of five Moor- 
ish kings, by Count Alfonso Henriquez, who is 
proclaimed King in the camp, 25 Jul. 11 39. 

Outlawe, (Utlagh,) Roger, Lord Chan- 
cellor of Ireland, — Lord Chancellor, 1321- 
5 and 1326-30 — Lord-justice of Ireland, 1328 
and 1330 — tMrd time Lord Chancellor, 1332- 
68 



IO;4 



OUTRAM-OXENSTIERNA. 



34 — fourth time, 1335-7 — fifth time, 1339 — 
again Lord-justice, 1340 — tf., 1340. 

Outram, Sir James, general, — b. in Derby- 
shire, 1803 — goes to India as cadet, 18 19 — 
aide-de-camp to Lord Keane, 1838 — takes part 
in capture of Ghuznee, Jul. 1839 — Commis- 
sioner to treat with Ameer of Scinde, 1 842 — 
quarrels with Charles Napier, 1842 — Resident 
at Baroda, 1847 — at Lucknow, 1854 — Chief 
Commissioner of Oude, 1856 — Commander-in- 
chief of British forces in Persia, Jan. 1857 — 
Lieutenant-general and C.B.,1857 — as Resident 
at Lucknow, distinguishes himself in suppres- 
sion of the Mutiny, Jul. — relieves Havelock at 
Cawnpore, 15 Sep. — takes part with Havelock 
in relief of Lucknow, 25 Sep. — defends the 
Residency, till 19 Nov. — occupies the Alum- 
bagh, Nov. — G.C.B., 1857 — takes part in siege 
and capture of Lucknow, Mar. 1858 — Bart., 
1858— Lieutenant-general, 1858 — returns to 
England, and receives thanks of parliament, 
i860 — tf. at Pau, n Mar. 1863. Monument 
to, erected in Westminster Abbey, 1866. 

Overbeck, Friedrieh, painter, — b. at Liibeck, 
3 Jul. 1789 — goes to Vienna, 1806 — goes to 
Rome, 1 810 — enters Roman Catholic Church, 
1 8 14 — Foreign Associate of Institute of France, 
1844 — tf. at Rome, 13 Nov. 1869. Madonna, 
1 8 1 1 — -Christ at the House of Martha andMary, 
1 8 15 — Christ entering Jerusalem, 18 16 — Fres- 
coes from History of Joseph, 181 6 — from las- 
so's ■ Jerusalem Delivered,' in the Villa Massimi, 
1 8 17 seqq. — Assumption of the Virgin, Cologne, 
i855. 

Overbeke, Bonaventura van, 2 3ainier , — fc- 
at Amsterdam, 1660 — member of Academy of 
Painting, The Hague, 1685 — tf. at Amsterdam, 
1706. Eeliquice antiquce urbis Romce, &c, 
1707-9. 

Overbury, Sir Thomas, — b. at Ilmington, 
"Warwickshire, 1581 — enters Oxford Univ., 
1595 — B.A., 1598 — visits Scotland, becomes 
acquainted with Robert Carr, 1601 — Knt, at 
Greenwich, 1608 — declines offer of Foreign 
Embassy, and is imprisoned in the Tower, Apr. 
16 1 3 — poisoned by Earl and Countess of Som- 
erset, is Sep. 1613. The Wife, 1614 — 
Characters, 16 14 — Observations on state of the 
Seventeen Provinces in 1609, 1626 — Crumms 
fallen from King James's table, 17 15. 

Overland Route, to India, — projected by 
Waghorn, 1827. [Waghorn, Thomas.] 
Oversee. [Schleswig-Holstein War.] 
Overseers of the Poor, in England, — ap- 
pointed for parishes by Act 43 Eliz_ c. 2, 1601 
— for townships, by Act 13 and 14 Car. II. c. 
12, 1662 — assistant, appointment of, authorized 
by Act 59 Geo. III. c. 12, 31 Mar. 1819— 
authority of, limited by Act 4 and 5 Wm IV. 
c. 76, 14 Aug. 1834. 

Overweg, Adolf, traveller, — b. at Ham- 
burg, 24 Jul. 1822 — joins African expedition, 
1849— tf. at Maduari, on Lake Tchad, 27 Sep. 
1852. 

Ovidius Naso, P., poet,— [BC] — b., (13 
Kal. Apr. 711, a. v. c.) 20 Mar. 43— [AD] — 
banished to Toini, end of (761,) 8— tf., 18. [B C] 
— Ars Amatoria, about 2. 



Oviedo, in Spain, — [Asturias] —founded, and 
made seat of kingdom and bishopric by Froila, 
761 — he is succeeded by Atjkelio, 768 — Silo 
succeeds, 774 — Mauregat, 783 — Bermuda I., 
(Veremond,) 788— abdicates in favour of his 
nephew, Alfonso the Chaste, 791 — Ramirez 
L, 842 — defeats Abdelrahman, 846 — Ordono 
I., 850— defeated by Moors, 851 — fortifies 
Leon and Astorga, about 852 — besieges Al- 
bayda, and defeats army of Musa, 857 — con- 
quers Salamanca, 862 — his fleet defeats Mo- 
hammedans, 865 — tf., 17 May 866 — Alfonso 
III. the Great, 866— made seat of Archbishop- 
ric, 901 — Garcia I., (son,) Dec. 910 — invades 
New Castile, and defeats army of Abdallah, 
911 — Ordono II. succeeds, 914 — transfers seat 
of government to Leon, 914. 

Oviedo y Valdes, G-onzalo Fernandez de, 
historian, — b. at Madrid, 1478 — page to Prince 
John of Castile, 1490 — goes to West Indies, 
15 14 — living, Dec. 1556. Historia general de 
las Indias, 1535 — Tratado de la Natural His- 
toria de las Indias, 1526. 

Owen, Edward Pryce, painter, etcher, — b., 
about 1787 — M.A. Cambridge, 1828 — tf. at 
Cheltenham, 15 Jul. 1863. 

Owen, Henry, theologian, — b. in Monmouth- 
shire, 17 16 — enters Jesus Coll. Oxford, 1735 
— M.D., 1753 — takes holy orders, 1756 — 
vicar of Edmonton, 1775 — tf., 14 Oct. 1795. 
Observations on Four Gospels, 1764 — Inquiry 
into present state of Septuagint, 1769 — Sermons 
on Miracles, 1773 — Critica Sacra, 1774. 

Owen, John, theologian, — b. at Stadham, 
Oxfordshire, 16 16 — enters Oxford Univ., 1628 
— B.A., 1632 — M.A., 1635 — leaves the Univ., 
1637 — joins Independent party, about 1645 — ■ 
preaches before House of Commons, 31 Jan. 
1649 — chaplain to Cromwell, Mar. 1649 — 
accompanies expedition to Ireland, 1649 — 
Dean of Christ-church, 1651 — Vice-chancellor 
of Oxford Univ., Sep. 1652-7 — D.D., 1652 — 
deprived, 1657 — has controversy with Fran- 
ciscan Vincent Lane, 1662 — settles in London, 
1673 — tf. at Ealing, Middlesex, 24 Aug. 1683. 
Display of Arminianism, 1642 — Exposition of 
the Epistle to the Hebrews, 166%—Vindicice 
Evangelicce, 1655 — Theologoumena, 1661. 

Owen, Robert, socialist, — b. at Newton, 
Montgomeryshire, 177 1 — marries, 18 01 — 
manager of New Lanark Cotton Mills, about 
1801-23 — g oes f° N. America, 1823 — fails in 
attempt to found a settlement, and returns to 
England, 1827 — visits Mexico, 1828 — tf. at 
Newton, 19 Nov. 1858. New Vieto of Society, 
1 812 — New Moral World, about 1839. 

Owen, William, painter, — b. in Shropshire, 
1769 — R.A., 1806 — principal painter to Prince 
Regent, 18 13 — tf. in London, 11 Feb. 1825. 

Owen Glendower. [Glendower.] 

Owen's College. [Manchester.] 

Owhyhee. [Hawaii.] 

Oxalic Acid, — discovered by Scheele, 1776. 

Oxenstierna, Axel, Count von, statesman, 
— b. at Fano in Upland, 16 Jim. 1583 — 
Chancellor of Sweden under Gustavus Adolphus, 
161 1 — negotiates peace of Stolbova, 161 7 — 
present at battle of Liitzen, 1632— Chancellor 



OXFORD— OYSTERS. 



1075 



of Univ. of Upsala, 1645 — retires on abdication 
of Queen Christina, 1654— rj. at Stockholm, 

l6 54- " . n 

Oxford, in England, — mentioned as a seat of 
learning, 802 — taken by Edward the Elder, 
912 — two mints established at, by Athelstan, 
about 924 — burnt, 979 and 1002 — massacre of 
Danes at, 1012 — captured by Sweyn, 1013 — 
witenagemote held at, 10 15 — Cnut holds great 
council at, 1022 — parliament held at,' 1026 — 
refuses to admit Normans and is stormed by 
"William the Conqueror, 1067 — Castle built, 
about 1070 — Stephen assembles his adherents, 
1 1 37 — Castle occupied by Maud, 1142 — be- 
sieged by Stephen, Sep. 1142 — surrenders to 
him on escape of Maud, 21 Dec. — treaty 
between Stephen and Henry (II.) made at, 7 
Nov. 1 153— partly burnt, 1190 — Henry II. 
receives homage of Welsh princes at, n 77 — 
Cardinal Otho attacked and expelled, 1238 — 
meeting of the Mad Parliament at, 11 Oct. 
1258— [Provisions of Oxford]— devastated by 
plague, 1349 — townsmen placed under inter- 
dict by Bp Grosteste, 1355-57 — visited by 
Henry VIII., 1510 — see of, founded by Henry 
VIII., 1542 — martyrdom of Ridley and Latimer 
at, 16 Oct. 1555 — of Cranmer, 21 Mar. 1556 — 
visited by Queen Elizabeth, 1566 — ravaged by 
plague, [Black Assize,) 1577 — earthquake at, 
1580 — again visited by Queen Elizabeth, 1592 
— parliament removed to, Jun. 1625 — head- 
quarters of Charles I., 26 Oct. 1642 — mint 
established by proclamation, 15 Dec. 1642 — 
unsuccessful negotiations between king and 
parliament at, 30 Jan. to 15 Apr. 1643 — mint 
established at, by the king, 1643 — parliament 
held at, by Charles I., 22 Jan. to Apr. 1644 — 
threatened by Essex and Waller, Apr. 1644 — 
unsuccessfully attempted by Fairfax, 22 May 
to 5 Jun. 1645 — again besieged by Fairfax, 3 
May 1646 — surrenders to him, 24 Jun. 1646 — 
Charles II. holds his court at, 1665 — he holds 
a parliament at, 21 Mar. 168 1— and dissolves 
it, 28 Mar.: — visited by James II., Sep. 1687 — 
by William III., 1695 — by George III., 16 
Aug. 1786 — by Prince of Wales, and allied 
sovereigns, Jun. 18 14 — by Queen Adelaide, 
Oct. 1835 — by Princess Victoria, 8 Nov. 1832 
— by Prince Albert, 19 Mar. and 28 Jun. 1840. 
Cathedral, constituted, on removal of see from 
Oseney to Christ -church, 1546. Martyrs' 
Memorial, erected, 1841. Radcliffe Infirmary, 
commenced, 1759 — opened, 1770. Warneford 
Lunatic Asylum, founded, 18 13— opened, 1826. 
Sheldonian Theatre, commenced by Wren, 26 
Jul. 1664 — opened, 9 Jul. 1669. Clarendon 
Press, established, 17 12 — business transferred 
to new University Printing House, 1830. 
Botanic Garden, established, 1632. University 
Galleries, opened, 1845 — Taylor Institution, 
erected, 1 848 — University Museum, commenced, 
20 Jun. 1855 — completed, i860. [See 
Ashmolean Museum, Bodleian Library, 
Radcliffe Observatory, Radcliffe Library.] 
Councils of, against heretics, 1 1 60 : to enact 
canons conformable to those of Lateran Council, 
(of 1215,) about 11 Jun. 1222: respecting 
mode of election of the popes, 29 Nov. 1241 : 



against Wickliffites, 18 Nov. 1382: to make 
regulations respecting preachers and professors 
of the Univ., (held at St Paul's, London,) 14 
Jan. 1409. 

Oxford University, — [See names of separate 
Colleges'] — disputes between students and 
townsmen, abandoned by students, 1209— re- 
newed disputes, on which Henry III. invites 
teachers and students from Paris to settle at, 
1229— great riot and the town laid under inter- 
dict, 10-12 Feb. 1355 — pronounces in favour of 
divorce of Henry VIII., 1530 — first lay-chan- 
cellor elected, 1553 — incorporated by Act 13 
Eliz. c. 29, 1570 — representation of, in parlia- 
ment, conferred by diploma of James I., 1614 
— statutes drawn up by Laud, 1629 — confirmed 
by Charles L, 1635— visitation of, ordered by 
the parliament, 1 May 1647 — condemns the 
Covenant and the Directory, 1 Jun. — visitation 
commenced, 4 Jun. — powers of visitors en- 
larged, by ordinance of 26 Aug. — commission 
issued in name of the king, 27 Sep. — protests 
against it, 8 Oct. — counsel for, heard by parlia- 
ment, 9 Dec. — five heads of houses expelled, 
Dec. — others, Apr. 1648 — expulsion of the 
students completed, Aug. 1648— decrees neces- 
sity of passive obedience, 21 Jul. 1683 — its 
rights attacked by James II., Dec. 1686— again, 
Apr. 1687 — [Hough, John, and Farmer, An- 
thony] — better government of, provided for by 
Act 17 and 18 Vic. c. 81, 7 Aug. 1854. 

Oxford, John de Vere, Earl of, — b., 1409 
— beheaded in London, 26 Feb. 1462. 

Oxford, John de Vere, Earl op,— succeeds 
to the title, 1462 — fights at Barnet, 147 1 — 
joins Earl of Pembroke in Wales, and is im- 
prisoned and attainted, 1474— commands un- 
der Earl of Richmond at Bosworth, 1485 — 
his attainder reversed, 1485 — takes part in 
defeat of insurgents at Plackheath, 22 Jun. 
1497— as Lord High Steward pronounces sen- 
tence on Warwick, 1499 — "&•> I 5 I 3- 

Oxford, Robert de Vere, Earl of. [Vere.] 

Oxford, Robert Harley, Earl of, Prime 
Minister of England, — b. in London, 5 
Dec. 1661 — raises cavalry regiment for service 
of Prince of Orange, 1688 — M.P. Tregony, 
1690 — Speaker of House of Commons, Feb. 
1701 — again, Oct. 1702— Chief Secretary of 
State, 1704 to Feb. 1708 — introduced by Mrs 
Masham, has private audiences of the queen, 
1 7 06 — Chancellor of the Exchequer, Aug. 1 7 10 
— stabbed at the Council table by Marquis de 
Guiscard, 18 Mar. 17 11 — Earl of Oxford, and 
Earl Mortimer, 24 May 171 1 — Lord High Trea- 
surer, 29 May 171 1 to Jul. 17 14 — K.G., Oct. 
17 12— impeached, imprisoned in the Tower, 17 15 
— tried and acquitted, 17 17 — tf., 21 May 1724. 

Oxus, (Araxes ?) river in Asia, — [BC] — 
passed by Alexander the Great. 329 — [AD] — 
the Sirikul source of , discovered by Wood, 1838. 

Oxygen, — discovered by Priestley, 1 Aug. 
1774 — independently discovered by Scheele, 
1774— so named by Lavoisier, 1789. 

Oxymuriatic Acid. [Chlorine.] 

Oysters, Oyster Fisheries, — stealing from 
the beds, made larceny by Act 7 and 8 Geo. 
IV. c. 29, s. 36, 21 Jun. 1827— limits of French 
68 * 



1076 



OZANAM— PACHOMIUS. 



and English beds settled by convention, con- 
firmed by Act 6 and 7 Vic. c. 79, 22 Aug. 1843 
— further regulations respecting, by Act 18 and 
19 Tie. c. 101, 14 Aug. 1855 — culture of, pro- 
moted in France, by Coste, 1859 — establishment 
and maintenance of, facilitated by Act 29 and 
30 Yic. c. 85, 6 Aug. 1866. 

Ozanam, Antoine Frederic, miscellaneous 
writer, — ft. at Milan, 23 Apr. 18 13 — goes to 
Paris, 1 83 1 — takes part in establishing Society 
of St Vincent de Paul, 1833— LL.D., 1836— 
assistant Prof. Faculty of Letters, 1841 — titu- 
lar Prof. Foreign Literature, Sorbonne, 1844 
— tf. at Marseilles, 8 Sep. 1853 — buried at 
Paris, 24 Sep. Dante et la Fhilosophie Ca- 
tholique, 1839 — Etudes Gernianiques pour servir 
a Vhistoire des Francs, 1847-9 — Poetes Fran- 



ciscains eu Italic au treizieme siecle, 1852. 

Ozanam, Jacques, mathematician, — ft. in 
France, 1 640 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 
1702 — tf. at Paris, 3 Apr. 17 17. Met h ode 
generale pour tracer les cadrans, 1685 — Traite 
des lignes clu premier genre, 1687 — Dictionnaire 
mathematique, 1691 — Recreations mathema- 
tiques et physiques, 1694. 

Ozell, John, miscellaneous writer, — quarrels 
with Pope, 1729 — 1r. in London, 15 Oct. 1743. 

Ozerov, Vladislas Alexandrovich, poet, — ft. 
in Russia, 29 Sep.O. S. (11 Oct.) 1770 — Major- 
general, quits the army, 1808 — tf., Nov. 18 16. 
Death of Oleg, 1798 — (Edipus at Athens, 1804 
— Dmitri DonsJcoi, 1807 — Folyxena, 1809. 

Ozone, {Active Oxygen,) — observed and de- 
scribed by Schbnbein, 1840. 



P. 



Paaw, Fieter, anatomist, botanist, — ft. at 
Amsterdam, 1564 — sent to study at Ley den, 
1580 — M.D. Rostock, 1587 — studies at Padua, 
1588 — Prof. Anatomy, Ley den, 1589 — tf. 
there, 1 Aug. 1617. Florins Fublicus Acade- 
mics Fugduno-Fatavce, 1601 — Frimitice Anato- 
micce de humani corporis ossibus, 16 15 — 2\otce 
et Commentarii in Fpitomen Anatomicum 
Andrea Yesalii, 16 16. 

Pac, Count Lewis, general, — ft. at Stras- 
burg, 1780 — enters French army, 1808 — dis- 
tinguishes himself in Spain, and is admitted to 
Legion of Honour, 1808 — at Essliug and 
Wagram, 1809 — as General of Brigade serves 
in Russian expedition, 181 2 — distinguishes 
himself at Liitzen, Dresden, andLeipsic, 18 13 
— General of Division, 18 13 — distinguishes 
himself in campaign of 18 14 — retires, 18 14 — 
Senator of Poland, 18 19 — takes part in insur- 
rection of 1830 — tf. at Smyrna, 31 Aug. 1835. 

Pacca, Bartolomeo, Cardinal, — ft. at Be- 
nevento, 25 Dec. 1756 — private secretary to 
Pius VI., 31 May 1785 — titular Abp of Da- 
mietta, Apostolic Nuncio to Cologne, 21 Jun. 
1785 — Nuncio Extraord. to Louis XVI., 1791 
— Nuncio to Lisbon, Jan.1794-1800 — Cardinal, 
23 Feb. 1 801 — Pro-secretary of State, by Pius 
VII., 18 Jun. 1808 — arrested by French, 6 
Sep. 1808 — follows Pius VII. to France, 6 
Jul. 1809 — arrested at Grenoble and im- 
prisoned, 1809— liberated, 5 Feb. 1813— re- 
turns to Rome, 18 14— quits Rome on approach 
of Murat, Mar. 18 15 — returns to the Vatican 
with Pius VII., 7 Jun. 18 15— ambassador to 
Vienna, Mar. 18 16 — governor of Rome, 1817 
— Bp of Porto and St Rafinus, 1821 — Bp of 
Ostia and Velletri, 1830 — tf. at Rome, 19 Apr. 
1844. Mcmorie istoriche, 1830 — Relazione 
del Viaggio di Fape Fio VIF, 1836. 

Pacchiarotto, Jacopo, painter, — ft. at Siena, 
1474 — heads revolt there, 1535 — tf. in France ? 



Pacchierotti, Gaspare, singer, — ft. in An- 
cona, 1744 — principal singer at San Carlo, 
Naples, 1772 — in England, 1778-85 — again, 
1790 — settles at Padua, 1801 — tf. there, 28 
Oct. 1 82 1. 

Pace, "Richard, diplomatist, — ft., about 1482 ? 
— accompanies Card. Bainbridge to Rome, close 
of 1509 a — Prebendary of Southwell, May 
15 10 b — Archdeacon of Dorset, 20 May i5i4 b — 
executor of Card. Bainbridge, returns to Eng- 
land, Mar. 15 15 a — sent on secret mission to 
the Swiss, Oct. i5i5 a — reaches Imperial Court 
at Innspriick, 8 Nov. 15 15 a — prevents a treaty 
between French and Swiss, Dec. — com- 
missioned to treat for confederation with Leo 
X., the Emperor Maximilian, &c, Feb. 1516 a 
— detained by Swiss as pledge for their pay, 
Apr. 15 16 — imprisoned, May — named Secre- 
tary to the king, Jun. 15 16 — recalled from 
Switzerland, Jan. 151 8 a — Dean of St Paul's, 
Oct. 1519 — attends Diet of the Empire, 1519 — 
envoy to Rome, to negotiate election of Vfol- 
sey as Pope, 152 1 — Dean of Exeter, summer 
1522 b — again envoy to Rome, 1523 — resigns 
deanery of Exeter, 8 Jul. 1527 b — tf. at Step- 
ney, 1532. De Fructu qui ex doctrina perci- 
pitur, 15 17 — Conclusiones de veniis Fontificwn, 
§c, 1518 — De utilitate studio-ram, 1518. 
a Brewer. b Le Xeve. 

Pacheco, Francisco, painter, poet, §c., — 
ft. at Seville, 157 1 — visits Madrid, and the 
Escurial, 161 1 — named one of the guardians 
of public morals by the Inquisition, 16 18 — 
visits Madrid, 1623— tf. at Seville, 1654. 
last Judgment, fSnished,i6i4 — Arte deFintura, 
1649. 

Pacheco, Marquis of Villena. [Villena.] 

Paches, — [BC] — sent out against Mytilene, 
autumn 428 — takes Mytilene and Notium, kills 
himself at Athens, 427. 

Pachomius, (Fachiouius,) founder of monas- 
tic system, — ft., 292 a — serves in the army, 312 



PACHYMERES— PJESUS. 



1077 



—converted, before 326— retires to Tabernae ; 
&., 348 ? 360 ? a Tillemont. 

Pachymeres, Georgius, Byzantine historian, 
— 6. at Nicsea, about 1242 — goes to Constan- 
tinople, about 1 26 1 — goes with Imperial com- 
missioner to Arsacius, 1267 — }j., between 
1310-40. 

Paciaudi, Paolo Maria, — historian, anti- 
quary, — b. at Turin, 17 10 — enters Order of 
Theatins, 1728 — Librarian to Grand Duke of 
Parma, 176 1 — visits Paris, 1762 — ft. at Parma, 
1 Feb. 1785. Monumenta Peloponnesiaca, 1761 
— Be sacris Christianorum balneis, 1750 — Me- 
morie de' gran Maestri del Ordine Geroso- 
limitano, 1760. 

Pacific Ocean, — seen by Balboa from a 
peak in Darien, 25 Sep. 15 13 — traversed by 
Magalhaens, 152 1. 

Pacific Kailway, If. America, — surveys for, 
commenced, 1853 — construction of, com- 
menced, 1859 — completed, 10 May 1869. 

Pacification. [See Ghent, Huguenots, 
York.] 

Pacilus, C. Furius,— [B C]— (1.) Consul with 
Q. Fabius Ambustus, (342, a. tj. c.) 412. (2.) 
Consul with L. Ceecilius Metellus, (503,) 251. 
Pacio, Giulio, jurist, — b. at Yicenza, 9 Apr. 
1550 — Prof. Jurisprudence there, 1578 — Prof, 
at Heidelberg, 1585 — at Sedan, 1595 — Prof. 
Civil Law, Montpellier, about 1600 — at Va- 
lence, in Dauphiny, 1616 — ft. there, Jan. 1635. 
Synopsis Juris Civilis, 1588 — Analysis In- 
stitutionum, 1605 — Be Bominio Maris Adria- 
tici, 16 19. 

Pacioli, Lucas, {Lucas di BorgoJ) mathema- 
tician, — b. in Tuscany, about 1450 — living in 
1509. Summa de Arithmetica, Geometria, §c, 
1494 — Bivina Proportione, 1509. 
Pacius a Berigo. [Paccio, Giulio.] 
Packing Press. [Hydraulic Press.] _ 
Pacthod, Michel Marie, general, — b. in Sa- 
voy, 16 Jan. 1764 — enters French army, Dec. 
1792 — General of Brigade, 1795 — serves under 
Napoleon I. in campaigns of 1805-7 — i n Spain, 
1808 — contributes to victory of Eaab, 14 Jim. 
1809 — wounded at "Wagram, 6 Jul. 1809 — as- 
sists at taking of Liibeck, 181 3 — distinguishes 
himself at Leipsic, 18 Oct. 1813 — Count of the 
Empire, and Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 
18 1 3 — Chevalier of St Louis, 18 14 — natural- 
ized Frenchman, 14 Aug. 1816 — ly. at Paris, 
24 Mar. 1830. 

Pacuvius, M., tragic poet, — [BC] — b., about 
220 — living, about 130. 

Paderborn, in Prussia, — seat of a bishopric 
by Charles the Great, not later than 795 — 
taken and pillaged by Duke of Brunswick, 
1622 — annexed to Prussia, 1802 — to king- 
dom of Westphalia, 1806 — restored to Prussia, 
18 13. University of, founded, 16 14 — dis- 
solved, 1819. Cathedral, commenced, 1058-78 
— completed, 1143. Councils of, held by 
Charles the Great, for conversion of Saxons, 
777 — for establishment of several bishoprics, 
780 — for regulation of civil and ecclesiastical 
affairs of Saxons, 782 and 785. 

Padilla, Juan Lopez de, — heads insurrec- 
tion in Castile, {Guerra de las Communidades,) 



1520— defeated by Boyalists at Villalar, 23 
Apr. 1521 — executed, 24 Apr. 1521. 

Padilla, Lorenzo, chronicler, — b. in Anda- 
lusia, about 1485 — fr. historiographer to Charles 
V., about 1540. Catalogo de los santos de 
Pspana, 1538 — Antiguedades de Pspana, 1669. 
Padilla, Donka Maria Pacheco de, — mar- 
ries Juan Lopez de Padilla ; supports the in- 
surrection, 1520- 1 — defends citadel of Toledo 
four months, and escapes into Portugal, 152 1. 
Padilla, Pedro de, poet, — b. at Linares, 
about 1550 — enters Carmelite Order at Madrid, 
1585 — living, 1600. Tesoro de varias poesias, 
1575 — Eglogas pastorales, 158 1 — Jardin Pspi- 
ritual, 1585. 

Padua, [Padova, Patavium,) in Italy, — [B C] 
— repulses Cleonymus of Sparta, 302 — [AD] 
— pillaged by Attila, 452 — rebuilt by Narses, 
about 550-560 — ravaged by Lombards, 601 — 
restored by Charles the Great, about 775-780 
— -joins Lombard League, 1176 — its independ- 
ence recognized by Peace of Constance, n 83 — 
joins second Lombard League, 1226 — peace 
between the League and Frederick II. con- 
cluded at, 13 May 1232 — joins with Yicenza 
and Treviso to besiege Eccelino in Verona, 
1236 — submits to Eccelino, Feb. 1237 — unsuc- 
cessfully attacked by James of Carrara, and 
Azzo of Este, 1238 — receives Frederick II., 
early in 1239 — expulsion of Eccelino, 1259 — 
taken by Venetians, and given to the Carrara 
family, 131 8 — confirmed to them by treaty, 
1338 — taken by Giovanni Galeazzo Visconte, 
1388 — recovered by Francisco II. of Carrara, 
Jun. 1390 — conquered by Venice, 1406 — sub- 
mits to Maximilian I., 1509 — again seized by 
Venetians, 17 Jul. 1509 — unsuccessfully be- 
sieged by Maximilian, Sep. to Oct. 1509 — 
damaged by earthquake, 17 Aug. 1756 — oc- 
cupied by Frencb, 1797 — [Venice] — disturb- 
ances at, Feb. 1848. University of, founded 
by Frederick II., i222, a 1 260 b — confirmed by 
Pope Urban IV., 1263. Church of St Anthony, 
built, 1 259- 1424. Botanic Garden, established, 
1543. Town Sail, [Palace of Justice,) built, 
1172-1219. Cathedral, founded, 1123° — fin- 
ished, 1400 c — restored, 1524.° Council of, for 
reformation of manners, held, 1350. 

a Some authorities. b Others. c Encyc. Mod. 
Paelinck, Joseph, painter, — b. near Ghent, 
20 Mar. 1 78 1 — court painter to king of the 
Netherlands, 18 15 — Knight of the Belgian 
Lion, 1820 — o". at Brussels, 1839. 

Psenius Postumus, — commands 2nd Legion 
in Britain, 61 — refuses to join Suetonius, kills 
himself, 61. 

Pasonia, — [B C] — partly conquered by Per- 
sians, 513 — by Philip of Macedonia, 359 — 
Andoleon king, 335. 

Paer, Ferdinando, musical composer, — b. at 
Parma, 12 Jul. 1774,* 1 Jun. i77i h — called to 
Vienna, 1795, a 1797 b — Chapel-master to 
Elector of Saxony, 1 801 — composer to Napoleon 
I., 1807 — Director of the Italian Opera, Paris, 
1818-25 — fr. there, 3 May 1839. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Psesus, — [B C] — colony from Miletus, about 
750- 



1078 



PJETICUS— PAINTING. 



Pasticus, C. Sulpicius, — [BC] — Consul with 
C. Licinius Calvus, (390, a. u. c.) 364 and 
(393) 361— with M. Valerius, (399,) 355 and 
(401) 353 — with T. Quinctius Cincinnati, 
(403) 351. 

Peetinus, M. Fulvius, — [B C] — Consul with 
T. Manlins Torquatus, (455, a. u. c.) 299. 

Psetinus, Q. Arrius, a (Articuleius, h ) — Con- 
sul with L. Venuleius, (876, a. u. c.) 123. 
a Clinton. b Zumpt. 

Paetus, C. iElius,— [B C]— Consul with M. 
Valerius Potitus, (468, a. u. c.) 286. 

Paetus, C. Caesennius, (Ccesonius,) — Consul 
with C. Petronius Turpilianus, (814, a. u. c.) 
61 — sent to aid Corbulo against Vologeses, 
concludes disgraceful treaty, 64 — governor of 
Syria, deprives Antiochus of Commagene of his 
kingdom, 72. 

Paetus, P. Mlms, jurist — [B C]— (l.j Consul 
with C. Sulpicius Longus, (417, a. u. c.) 337. 
(2.) plebeian sedile, 204 — praetor, 203 — magis- 
ter equitum, 202 — Consul with Cn. Corn. Len- 
tulus, (553,) 201 — Censor with P. Corn. Scipio 
Africanus, 199 — if., 174. 

Paetus, Q. iElius,— [BC]— Consul with M. 
Junius Pennus, (both plebeian,) (587, a. u. c.) 
167. 

Paetus, Sex. Artieuleius, — Consul with 
Trajan, (854, a. u. c.) ioi. 

Paetus Catus, Sex. JSlius, jurist, — [B C] — 
compiles Jus JElianum, curule aedile, 200 — 
Consul with T. Quinctius Flamininus, (556, 
a. u. c.) 198 — Censor with C. Corn. Cethegus, 

193- 

Paetus Thrasea. [Thrasea.] 

Paez, Pedro, a (Francisco, b ) Jesuit missionary, 
— ft. in Spain, 1564 — enters the Order, 1582 — 
sent to Goa, 1587 — to Abyssinia, 1603 — a", 
there, 20 May i6i2, a 1622. c a Engl. Cyc. 
b Biog. Univ. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Pagan, Blaise Francois, Count de, military 
engineer, $•<?., — ft. at Avignon, 3 Mar. 1604 — 
enters the army, 1616 — assists at sieges of St 
Jean d'Angely, Clerac, and Montauban, 1621 
— distinguishes himself at siege of Rochelle, 
1626 — directs siege of Nancy, 1633 — ft. at 
Paris, 18 Nov. 1665. Traite des fortifications, 
1645 — Theor ernes geometriques, 1651 — Tables 
Astronomiques, 1658. 

Pagani, Gregorio, painter, — ft. at Florence, 
3 Dec. 1558 — tr. there, 1605. 

Pagani, Paolo, painter, — ft. at Milan, i66i, a 
1656 b — tj., 17 16. a Orlandi, Lanzi. b Ticozzi. 

Paganini, Niccolo, violinist, — ft. at Genoa, 
18 Feb. 1784 — visits Vienna, 1828 — Paris, 
1831 — London, 1831 — returns to Italy, 1834 
— U. at Nice, 27 May 1840. 

Paganism, — renounced by Roman Senate, 
388 — suppressed by Theodosius, 390-410. 

Pagano, Francesco Mario, publicist, §c, — 
ft. near Salerno, 1748 — Assistant Prof. Morals, 
Univ. of Naples, about 1768 — executed at 
Naples, 6 Oct. 1800. Consider azioni, 1788 — 
Saggi Politici, 1783-92. 

Pages, Jean, historian, — ft. at Amiens, 24 
Mar. 1655 — tf. there, 6 Nov. 1723. Manu- 
re Pagts, sur Amiens et la Picardie, 
1856-9. 



Pages, Pierre Marie Francois, Viscount 
de, traveller, — ft. at Toulouse, 1748 — at St 
Domingo, 1767 — at Philippine Islands, 1768 — 
passes through Syria, and arrives in France, 
177 1 — accompanies Kerguelen's expedition to 
South Pole, 177 1 — murdered in St Domingo, 
1793. 

Paget, Henry William. [Anglesey, Mar- 
quis OF. J 

Paget, Lord William, statesman, — ft. in 
London, 1506 — ambassador to France, 1530 — 
to Germany, 1537 — Knt, Secretary of State, 
1543 — ambassador to Charles V., 1549 — created 
Baron Paget, 1550 — imprisoned in the Tower, 
155 1 — pardoned, Dec. 1552 — restored to office 
by Queen Mary, 1553 — retires, 1558 — }y. } 15 
Jun. 1563. 

Paggi, Giovanni Battista, painter, — ft. at 
Genoa, 1554 — resides at Florence, about 1580- 
1600 — tf. at Genoa, 10 Mar. 1627. Definizione, 
§c, 1607. 

Pagi, Antoine, chronologist, — ft. at Pognes, 
1624 — enters Franciscan Order, 1641 — ft. at 
Aix, 1699. Critica historico-chronologica in 
Annates Ecclesiasticos Baronii, 1689-1705. 

Pagi, Francesco, historian, — ft. at Lambesc, 
1654 — rj. at Orange, 1721. Breviarium his- 
torico-chronologico-criticum, 1717-27. 

Pagnino, Sante, {Sanctes Pagninus,) ori- 
entalist, — ft. at Lucca, about 1470 — enters Do- 
minican Order, i486 — settles at Lyons, 1525 — 
ft. at Lyons, 11 Aug. 1536. Thesaurus Ungues 
sanctce, 152^—Veteris et Novi Test, nova trans- 
latio, 1528 — Catena argentea in Pentateuchum, 

i53 6 - 

Pahlen, Peter von der, Count, — ft. in Cour- 
land, about 1760 — while military governor of 
St Petersburg, heads conspiracy to assassinate 
Emperor Paul, Mar. 1801 — dismissed from 
office, 13 Jul. 1 801 — Ij. in Courland, 13 Feb. 
1826. 

Paine, Thomas, political and miscellaneous 
writer,— $. at Thetford, Norfolk, 29 Jan. 1737 
— introduced to Franklin, goes to America, 
1774 — Clerk to Committee of Foreign Affairs, 
177 6, a 1779 b — resigns, 1779 a — envoy to 
France, 178 1 — Clerk to Assembly of Philadel- 
phia, 1785 — quits America, 1787 — prosecution 
against him for his Rights of Man, May 1792 
— escapes to France and is chosen member of 
National Convention, Sep. 1792 — excluded, 
about end of 1793 — imprisoned by Eobespierre, 
1794 — restored to Convention, 8 Dec. 1794 — 
returns to America, Aug. 1802 — rj. there, 8 
Jun. 1809 — his remains brought to England by 
Cobbett, 1 8 17. Common Sense, 1776 — The 
Crisis, 1776-8 3 — High ts of Man, 1791- 2 — Age 
of Reason, 1794-5-1807 — Dissertation on the 
First Principles of Government, §-c, 1795. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Painting, — [BC] — practised in Egypt, 
(under 18th dynasty,) about 2000 ? — in As- 
syria, before 600. In Greece, practised before 
544 — fully developed as independent art, by 
Polygnotus, 463 — decline of art, from 300 — 
school of Sicyon patronized by Aratus, about 
250. At Rome, practised by Fabius Pictor, 304 
— migration of Greek painters to Rome, be- 



PAISIELLO— PALATINATE OF THE RHINE. 



1079 



fore 1 86— Greek paintings brought from Cor- 
inth to Rome, 146— [AD]— art declines, before 
75 — rise of Greek (Byzantine) School, 400-500 
— revival of, in Italy, rise of Bolognese, 
Sienese, Tuscan, and Umbrian Schools, 1200- 
1300— rise of Paduan, Roman, Venetian, and 
Neapolitan Schools, 1300-50 — Flemish, Dutch, 
and Spanish Schools, before 1400— French and 
German Schools, before 1500 —English School, 
rises into importance under Hogarth and Rey- 
nolds, 1740-90. [See names of principal 
painters.'] 

Paisiello, Giovanni, musical composer, — ft. 
at Tarento, 1741 — studies at Naples, 1754-9 — 
enters service of Catherine II. of Russia, 1777 
— Chapel-master to king of Naples, 1785 — 
Foreign Associate of French Institute, 1809 — 
tf. at Naples, 5 Jun. 18 16. II Barbiere di 
Siviglia, between 1777-85 — II re Teodoro, 1785 
— Proserpine, 1801. 

Paisley, in Scotland, — Priory, founded by 
Walter, High Steward of Scotland, about 11 60 
— erected into an abbey by Pope Honorius, 
1 2 19? — burnt by English, 1307 — restored, 
1862. The town, made a free burgh of barony 
by James IV., 1488 — shawl manufacture intro- 
duced, 1805 — made a parliamentary borough 
by Reform Act, 1832. Ghartulary of, printed 
by Maitland Club, 1832. 

Paixhans, Henri Joseph, general of artillery, 
— ft. at Metz, 22 Jan. 1783 — member of Le- 
gion of Honour, 1807 — member of Chamber of 
Deputies, 1830 — tf. at Jouy aux Arches, 19 
Aug. 1 854 — his gun adopted in France, about 
1824. Nouvelle force maritime, 1822. 

Pajol, Claude Pierre, Count, general, — ft. 
at Besancon, 3 Feb. 1772 — enters the army, 
1 79 1— aide-de-camp to Kleber, 1793 — distin- 
guishes himself at Altenkirchen, 4 Jul. 1796 
— in campaign of Austerlitz, 1805 — of Jena, 
1806 — of Poland, 1807 — Baron of the Empire, 
1 Mar. 1808 — Commander of Legion of Hon- 
our, 1809 — distinguishes himself at Wagram, 
1809 — takes Minsk, 18 12 — General of Division, 
7 Aug. 1 812 — serves in Saxony, 1813 — distin- 
guishes himself at Dresden, 181 3 — defeats 
allies at Montereau, 17 Feb. 18 14 — Grand 
Officer of Legion of Honour, 19 Feb. — Count, 
Chevalier of St Louis, 18 14 — joins Napoleon, 
1815 — takes part in revolution, Jul. 1830 — 
Peer of France, 1831— tf. at Paris, 20 Mar. 1844. 
Pajou, Augustin, sculptor,— b. at Paris, 19 
Sep. 1730 — studies at Rome, 1748-60 — ad- 
mitted to Academy, 1760 — Prof, at Academy 
of Arts, 1767 — member of Institute, 1795 — tf. 
at Paris, 8 May 1809. 

Pakenham, Sir Edward M., general, — re- 
ceives thanks of parliament for his services in 
the Peninsula, Nov. 181 3 — defeated and killed 
in attack on Americans before New Orleans, 8 
Jan. 1 8 15. 

Palace Court, london, — abolished by Act 
12 and 13 Vic. c. 101, s. 13, 1 Aug. 1849. 

Palsemon, Q. Remmius, grammarian, — fl., 
about 48. a a Hieron. 

Palaeologus. [See Andronicus, Constan- 
tine, John, Manuel, and Michael, Emperors 
of the East.] 



Palaeologus, Jacobus, heresiarch, — ft. in 

Scio, about 1520 — while rector of gymnasium 
of Klausenburg, adopts doctrines of the 
Budnists, about 1575 — arrested by order of 
Pope Gregory XI II., taken to Rome, and 
burnt, 22 Mar. 1585. Befensio Verce Sententice 
de Magistratu Politico, 1575. 

Palaeontographical Society, Bondon, — es- 
tablished as London Clay Club, 1847. 

Palafox-y-Melzi, Joseph, defender of Sara- 
gossa, — ft. in Aragon, 1780- — • accompanies 
Ferdinand VII. to Bayonne, Apr. 1808 — 
escapes and commands under Castellar, May 
1 808 — governor of Saragossa and of all Aragon, 
25 May 1808 — declares war against Freuch, 
and defends Saragossa, Jun. to 14 Aug. 1808 
— defeated at Tudela, 23 Nov. 1808— again 
defends Saragossa, 27 Nov. 1808 — capitulates, 
21 Feb. 1809 — prisoner in France, 1809-13 — 
Captain-general of Aragon, 18 14 — retires, 1820 
— Duke of Saragossa, 1836 — ft. at Madrid, 16 
Feb. 1847. 

Palais de Justice, Paris, — enlarged by 
King Robert, about 1003 — rebuilt by Philip 
the Fair, 1313 — residence of Francis L, 153 1 
— partly burnt, 161 8 — again, 1776 — partly re- 
built and extended, 1850-60 — partly burnt by 
Communists, 24 May 1871. Sainte-Chapelle, 
built by Pierre de Montreuil, for St Louis, 
1245-8 — damaged and converted into depot of 
archives of Courts of Justice, 1789 — restored, 
1842. 

Palais Royal, Paris, — founded and named 
Palais Cardinal, by Cardinal Richelieu, 1629- 
36 — is presented to Louis XIII., and receives 
present name, 1642 — given to Philip of Orleans 
by Louis XIV., 1692 — partly burnt and re- 
built, 1763 — confiscated after execution of 
Regent Orleans, 1793 — residence of Louis 
Philippe, 1 8 14-31 — devastated by insurgents, 
24 Feb. 1848 — restored and enlarged, 1860-2 
— partly burnt by Communists, 24 May 1871. 
Palamas, G-regorius, — opposes doctrine of 
Barlaamat Constantinople, 1340— procures con- 
demnation of Barlaam at Council of Constanti- 
nople, 11 Jun. 1 341 — his doctrine condemned 
by Council of Constantinople, 1345 — im- 
prisoned, 1346 to Jan. 1347 — nominated 
Patriarch, of Constantinople, retires to Lemnos, 
1349 — synod at Constantinople confirms his 
doctrine, 1351 — tf., 1355. 
Palamites. [Palamas.] 
Palano, (Polano?) Pietro, Doge of Venice, 
— succeeds Domenico Micheli, 11 30 — ravages 
Paduan territory, 1 143— sends fleet to assist- 
ance of Emperor Manuel, 1 148— tf., 1 148. 

Palatinate of the Rhine, — erected for 
Hermann, lieutenant of the king in Lorraine, 
by Emperor Otto I., 966 — his son Ezon (or 
Ehrenfried) succeeds, about 993 or 996 — 
Otto L, (son,) 1035 — created Duke of Suabia, 
by Henry III., 1045 — Henry the Furious, 
(brother,) succeeds, 1045 — Hermann II,, 106 1 
— Henry du Lac, (son of Henry the Furious,) 
1085— Henry II., (III.,) 1095 — assists at 
plenary court of Henry IV., 1099 — Sigfried 
de Ballenstedt, (Orlamunde,) 1099— im- 
prisoned on charge of conspiracy against Em- 



ioSo 



PALATIXATE OF THE RHINE. 



peror Heniy Y., 1109-11 — defeated and 
wounded in combat at Yfahrenstadt, by Count 
de Mansfeld, 21 Feb. 11 13 — if., 9 Mar. n 13 — 
Godfrey de Calw, named Count Palatine by 
Henry V., 11 13 — excommunicated by Papal 
legate as adherent of Henry V., 11 19 — if., n 29 
— William de Ballenstedt, 1129 — Henry 
IV. of Austria, (Jochsamer-Gott,) 1140 — suc- 
ceeds his brother Leopold as margrave of 
Austria, Oct. 1141 — resigns Palatinate, 1141 
— created Duke of Bavaria, 1142 — Hermann 
III., Count of Stahlech, named Count by 
Conrad III., 1141 — quarrels with Arnulph, 
Abp of Mentz, 11 54 — condemned by Emperor 
Frederick I. at Diet of Worms, 1 155— retires 
to a monastery, 1155 — Conrad of Suabia, 
created Count by Frederick Barbarossa, 1156 
— takes part with him in expedition to Italy, 
1 158 — makes war on Abp of Cologne, 1164 — 
if., 8 Nov. 1 195 — Henry of Saxony, son of 
Henry the Lion, ft., 1170 — invested with 
Palatinate, 11 96 — accompanies Duke of Bra- 
bant to Palestine, 1197 — put to the ban of the 
Empire, and deprived of his fiefs, by Diet of 
Eatisbon, 1214 — reconciled with Frederick 
(II.) and reestablished, 12 15 — joins his brother 
Otto of Brunswick, in war against Waldemar 
II. of Denmark, 12 15 — gives up Imperial 
ornaments to Frederick II., and is named Vicar 
of the Empire in Saxony, 1219 — if., 1227 — 
Otto II. the Illustrious, becomes Count by his 
marriage with Agnes of Saxony, 1227 — rejects 
Imperial crown ottered by Gregory IX., 1228 — 
Duke of Bavaria on death of his father Louis, 
1231 — if., 1253 — Louis II. the Severe, succeeds 
his father as Count and Duke, 1253 — acquires 
territory of Upper Palatinate, 1267 — chosenarbi- 
trator by Electors at Frankfort, awards Imperial 
dignity to Rudolph of Hapsburg, 127 3 — marries 
Matilda, daughter of Rudolph, 1273 — Yicar- 
general and Lieutenant of the Empire, in 
Austria and Styria, 1277 — if., 1 Jan. 1294 — 
Rudolph I. (son) succeeds as Count, 1294 — 
fouuds Rudolphine and Palatine line : declares 
against Albert, Duke of Austria, and is de- 
prived of great part of his states, 1 300 — sup- 
ports election of Henry VII. , 1308 — quarrels 
with his brother Louis, who ravages his do- 
minions, 1 3 1 3 — again quarrels with Louis, 
(now Emperor,) and is driven from his states, 
1 3 14 — if. in Austria, 11 Aug. 13 19 — Adol- 
phus the Simple, (son,) ft., 1306 — reconciled 
with Emperor Louis, and restored to his states, 
1 3 19 — agrees that Electorate shall be alter- 
nately with Palatinate and Bavaria: &., 17 
Feb. 1327 — Rudolph II. the Blind, (brother,) 
ft., 1309 — succeeds, 1327 — concludes with Em- 
peror Louis the convention of Pavia, 1329 — 
founds University of Heidelberg, 1346 — if., 
Sep. 1353 — Robert I. the Red, (brother,) 
1353 — dignity of Elector confirmed to Count 
Palatine by Golden Bull, 1356 — lineal suc- 
cession established by same : makes treaty with 
his nephew against alienation of electoral ter- 
ritories, 1368 — defeats confederates of Suabia 
at Spire, and at Frankfort, 1388 — if., 16 Feb. 
1390 — Robert II., (son of Adolphus,) carries 
on war with Emperor Wenceslaus and Im- 



perial towns, 1388 — succeeds his uncle, 1390 — 
if,, 14 Feb. 1398 — Robert III. {Rupert) suc- 
ceeds his father, 1398 — elected Emperor, 1400 
— [Bobert, Emperor of the West] — Louis 
III., (son,) marries Blanche, daughter of 
Henry IV. of England, 1402 — loses his wife, 
1406— succeeds, 1410 — goes to Palestine, 1411 
— assists at Council of Constance, and presides 
at condemnation of John Huss, 1415, and of 
Jerome of Prague, 141 6 — charged with custody 
of Pope John XXIIL, 141 6- 19 — marries Ma- 
tilda of Savoy, 1417 — if. at Heidelberg, 29 
Dec. 1436 — Louis IV. the Good, ft,, 1424 — 
succeeds his father, 1436 — receives investiture 
from Frederick III., 1442 — takes part in ex- 
pelling French auxiliaries of Frederick from 
Alsace, 1444 — marries Margaret of Savoy, 1445 
—if. at Worms, 13 Aug. 1449— Frederick I., 
1449 — Philip, ft., 1448 — succeeds his uncle, 
1476 — acquires Duchy of Mosbach, 1499 — 
claims Duchy of Bavaria Lattdshut for his son, 
and is put to the ban of the Empire, 1504 — 
invasion of the Palatinate by Maximilian, 1504 
— peace concluded, 1505 — if., 18 Feb. 1508 — 
Louis V. the Pacific, (son,) ft., 1478 — succeeds, 
1508 — marries Sibylla of Bavaria, 15 11 — Vicar 
of the Empire, 1519— loses his wife, Apr. 1519 
— forms alliance with Elector of Treves and 
Landgrave of Hesse against Franz von Sickin- 
gen, 1522 — besieges him at Landstuhl, 1523 — 
assists at Pacification of Xiirnberg, 23 Jul. 
i53 2 — ^-? 26 Mar. 1544— Frederick II., 1544 
— Otto Henry the Magnanimous, Duke of 
Keuburg, ft., 1502 — embraces Lutheranism, 
1542, and joins League of Schmalkald ; succeeds 
his uncle as Elector Palatine, Feb. 1556 — if., 
12 Feb. 1559— Frederick III., 1559 — Louis 
VI. the Facile, ft., 1539 — succeeds his father, 
1576— tr., 12 Oct. 1583— Frederick IV., 1583 
— Frederick V., 16 10 — Electorate transferred 
to Bavaria, 1623 — Charles Louis, (son,) ft., 
1 61 7 — attempts to recover his father's states, 
and is defeated at Lemgow, 1638 — reinstated in 
Lower Palatinate, and created (eighth) Elector 
by Treaty of Westphalia, 1648 — joins league 
against France, 1672 — devastation of Palatinate 
by Turenne, 1674 — if., 28 Aug. 1680 — 
Charles, (son,) ft., 1651 — succeeds, 1680 — if., 
18 May 1685 — Philip- William of Neuburg, 
ft., 1 6 15 — concludes treaty with Elector of 
Brandenburg, respecting succession to Juliers 
and Cleves, 1666 — succeeds, 1685 — reestab- 
lishes Romanism, 1685 — second devastation of 
Palatinate, by the French, 1688 — if. at Vienna, 
2 Sep. 1690 — John William, (son,) ft., 1658 
— succeeds, 1690 — his states again ravaged by 
French, 1693 — obtains peaceful possession, by- 
Peace of Ryswick, 1697 — establishes toleration, 
1705 — Vicar of the Empire on death of Joseph, 
17 1 1 — if. at Diisselclorf, 8 Jun. 17 16 — 
Charles Philip, (brother,) ft., 166 1 — succeeds, 
17 16 — concludes treaty of union with Bavaria, 
1724 — supports House of Bavaria in war of 
Austrian Succession, 1740 — ir., 31 Dec. 1742 — 
Charles Theodore of Sidzbach, ft., 1724 — 
succeeds his father as Prince Palatine of Sulz- 
bach, 1733— invested with Duchies of Juliers 
and Berg, 1742 — succeeds to Electorate, Jan. 



PALATINE COUNTIES— PALEY. 



10S1 



1743 — supports Bavaria, 1743 — makes treaty 
with Elector of Bararia respecting Vicariate of 
Empire, 1745 — founds Academy of Art at Man- 
heim, 1757 — and of Sciences, 1763 — on death 
of Maximilian Joseph, succeeds to Electorate 
of Bavaria, Dec. 1777 — the Palatinate con- 
quered hy French, 1794 — transfer of great 
part to Baden, 1803 — re-distributed between 
Bavaria, Hesse, Darmstadt, and Prussia, 1814- 

15- 

Palatine Counties. [Chester, Durham, and 
Lancashire.] 

Palencia, in Spain, (Pallantia,) — captured 
by French, 7 Jun. 1808 — entered by English, 
Sep. 1 8 12. University, founded at, by Al- 
fonso, king of Castile, 1208 a — transferred to 
Salamanca by Ferdinand III., i239. b Cathe- 
dral, commenced, 1321 13 — completed, 1504^ 
Councils of, held, 25 Oct. 1114; Lent, 1129; 
on discipline, by Pedro de Luna, 4 Oct. 1388. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Engl. Cyc. 

Palencia, Alonso de, historian,— fc. in Spain, 
1423 — Historiographer Boyal, living in 1492. 

Palenque, in Central America, — ruins dis- 
covered by Spaniards, 1750 — explored by Del 
Rio, 1787 — his account first published, 1822 — 
explored by Du Paix, 1807 — his account pub- 
lished, 1834-5 — explored by Stephens, 1840. 

Palermo, capital of Sicily, (Panormos,) — 
[B C] — conquered by Carthaginians, about 
405 — held a short time by Greeks, about 276 
— conquered by Romans, 254 s — Roman colony, 
about 35 — [AD] — occupied by Vandals, 440 — 
taken from Goths by Belisarius, 535 b — taken 
after a year's siege by Saracens of Kairwan, 
about 828,° 832 f — made the capital, about 
878° — sacked by Ibrahim Ibn Ahmed, 900° — 
seat of Kelbite dynasty, about 950 — visited by 
Ibn Haukal, between 950-970 — taken by Nor- 
mans, under Roger Guiscard, 1074,° 1072 f — 
receives Emperor Henry VI., 20 Nov. 1 194 c — 
his bloody assize at, Dec. n 94 — coronation of 
Frederick (II.) as King of Sicily at, May 
1 198 — siege of, by Markwald and the Saracens, 
close of Jun. 1200° — Markwald defeated by 
Papal army near, 21 Jul. — unsuccessfully 
attacked by Pisans, 1 207 — visited by Frederick 
II., 1 22 1 and 1233 — Jews allowed to settle at, 
1239° — seized by French, 1267 — scene of 
Sicilian Vespers, 1282 — unsuccessfully be- 
sieged by Robert, king of Naples, 1325 d — 
earthquake at, 1327 f — declared capital of 
kingdom of Sicily, and made seat of Spanish 
vice-royalty by Ferdinand of Aragon, 1513 d 
— Inquisition established at, 15 13 d — insurrec- 
tion -at, 19 May 1647 d — earthquakes at, 1693 
and 1 Sep. 1726 — submits to Spaniards under 
Duke of Montemar, end of Aug. 1734 — re- 
sidence of Ferdinand IV., 1799-1815 — another 
earthquake, 5 Mar. 1823 — insurrection at, 
bombarded by troops of Ferdinand II., Jan. 
1848 — provisional government proclaimed, 12 
Jan. — blockaded by Neapolitans, Apr. 1849 — 
surrenders, 13 May — insurrection at, 4 Apr. 
i860 — entered by Garibaldi, 27 May — bom- 
barded by Royalists, 27-31 May — evacuated by 
royal troops, 19 Jun. — insurrection at, 16 Sep. 
1 8*66 — suppressed, 21 Sep. Cathedral, founded 



by Abp Ofamilius, n 85 — new facade built, 
1426-50. University, founded, i447, e 1397 s 
—restored by Ferdinand IV., 1804.& Observ- 
atory, built, 1 79 1. Palatine Chapel, built by 
Roger II., 1132-40. Council of, held by Abp 
Louis, for reformation of the clergy, 10 Nov. 
1388. a Smith's Diet. b Gibbon. 

c Kington. d Art de Verifier les Dates. 

e Engl. Cyc. f Encye. Mod. S Conv.-Lex. 

Pales, asteroid, — discovered by Goldschmidt, 
19 Sep. 1857. 

Palestine, — [B C] — occupied by half-nomade 
tribes and by half-settled tribes, to 145 1 — oc- 
cupied by Israelites as one state, to 975 — as 
divided state, to 821 — invaded by Scythians, 
who settle at Bethshan, (Scythopolis,) 631 a b 
— possessed by Babylon, wholly, from 588 — 
by Persia, from 536 — subject to Alexander, 
330 — forms part of kingdom of the Seleucidye, 
321 — subject to Rome, 64 — [Syria, Jews] — 
[a D] — becomes province of Eastern Empire — 
396 — invaded by Saracens, 497 and 502 a — 
ravaged by Chosroes, 607 — recovered by He- 
raclius, 628 — conquered by Mohammedans, 637 
— [Jerusalem, Abu Cbeidah, Omar] — re-con- 
quered by Nicephorus Phocas, 966— conquered 
by Fatiniite Caliph of Egypt, about 970— by 
Atziz, lieutenant of Malek Shah, 1076 — by 
Afdhal, vizier of Fatiniite Caliph Mostali, 
1096 or 1098 — recovered by Crusaders, 1099 
— [Crusades] — visited bySsewulf, about 1103- 
5— by Daniel, 1 1 13-15 — by Theodoricus, about 
1 1 75 — overrun by Saladin, 11 87 — overrun by 
Bibars, 1261-8 — overthrow of Christian king- 
dom by Khalil Ascraf, 1291 — occupied by 
Mongols, about 1299 — ravaged by Timour, 
1400 — conquered by Turks under Selim I., 
1516 — invaded by Napoleon, 1799 — conquered 
by Ibrahim Pasha for Mehemet Ali, 1832 — 
restored to Turkey by European intervention, 
1 840- 1. Council of, held in favour of Alius, 
321. a Clinton. b Ussher. 

Palestine Exploration Fund, — instituted 
in London, 1865. 

Palestrina, in Italy, — [Prseneste] — taken 
from the Colonna family and destroyed by 
Boniface VIII., 1298 — recovered by the Co- 
lonna and ref ortified, 1303— taken by Eugenius 
IV., 1431 — given by Urban VIII. to the Bar- 
barini, between 1623-44. 

Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi da, musical 
composer, — £. at Palestrina, 1524^ 1529 b — 
goes to Rome, 1540 — chapel-master to Julius 
III., 1 55 1 — dismissed by Paul IV., 1555 — 
employed to reform choir-service of St Peter's, 
1563 — restored to his office, 157 1 — rj. at Rome, 
2 Feb. 1594. Mass of Pope Ma reel lus, 1567. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Palestro, in Italy, — the Sardinians and 
French defeat Austrians at, 31 May 1859. 

Paletta, (Palletta,) Giovanni Battista, phy- 
sician, surgeon, — ft. in Italy, 1747 — Surgeon- 
in-chief to Grand Hospital of Milan, 1787 — 
Prof .. Anatomy, 1796-1818 — tr., 7 Aug. 1832. 

Paley, William, theologian, — b. at Peter- 
borough, Jul. 1743 — enters Christ's Coll. Cam- 
bridge, 16 Nov. 1758 — B.A., 1763 — Fellow 
of Christ's Coll., Jun. 1766— ordained priest, 



PALGBAVE— PALMBLAD. 



Dec. 1767 — marries, 1776 — prebendary of 
Carlisle, 1780 — Chancellor, 1785 — prebendary 
of St Paul's, Aug. 1794 — D.D., 1795 — rector 
of Bishop Wearmouth, 1795 — tf. there, 25 
May 1805. Moral and Political Philosophy, 
1785 — ECorce Paulince, 1790 — Evidences of 
Christianity, 1794 — Natural Theology, 1802. 

Palgrave, Sir Francis, {Cohen,) historian, 
antiquary, — ft. in London, Jul. 1788 — marries, 
and assumes the name Palgrave, 1823 — called 
to the bar, 1827 — Knt, 1832 — member of Com- 
mission on Municipal Corporations, Jul. 1833 
— Deputy-keeper of Public Eecords, 1838 — tf. 
at Hampstead, 6 Jul. 1861. Pise and Progress 
of English Commonwealth, Anglo-Saxon Pe- 
riod, 1832 — edits Calendars and Inventories 
of the Treasury of the Exchequer, 1836 — His- 
tory of Normandy and of England, 185 1-7 — 
Merchant and Friar, 1837. 

Palicanus, M. Lollius,— [B C]— trib. pleb., 
71 — gains Pompey to plebeian cause, 71 — can- 
didate for consulship, 67 — tf., after 60. 

Palice, Jacques II. deChalbannes, Seigneur 
de la, Marshal of France, — follows Charles 
VIII. to Naples, 1495 — distinguishes himself 
against Genoese, 1507 — wounded at battle of 
Agnadello, 1509 — takes Baverma, 15 12 — Mar- 
shal of France, 15 15 — distinguishes himself at 
Marignano, 15 15 — attends conferences with 
TVolsey at Calais, 152 1 — delivers Fontarabie 
from Spaniards, 1522 — taken prisoner and 
killed at battle of Pavia, 1525. 

Palimpsests,— [BC]— mentioned by Cicero, 
about 50 — [AD] — Latin, earliest known, writ- 
ten about 700? — Greek, about 1000 or 1100 ? 
— observations and discovery of Boivin, 1692 
— investigation of, urged by Montfaucon, 1708. 
[Mai, lliebuhr, Cureton.] 

Palissot de Beauvois, Ambroise Marie 
Francois Joseph, Baron de, naturalist, — ft. 
at Arras, 27 Jul. 1752 — Advocate to parliament 
of Paris, 1772 — correspondent of Academy of 
Sciences, 178 1 — travels in Africa, 1786 — goes 
to St Domingo, 1788 — tf. at Paris, 21 Jan. 1820. 
Flore d'Oivare et de Benin, 1804-21 — Insects 
recueillis en Afrique et en Amerique, 1805-21. 

Palissot de Montenoy, Charles, dramatist, 
— ft. at Nancy, 1730 — member of Conncil of 
Ancients, 1798-9 — tf. at Paris, 15 Jun. 1814. 
Cercle, 1755 — Philosophes, 1760 — Dunciade, 
1764 — Memoires sur la litter -attire, 1771. 

Palissy, Bernard, potter and naturalist,— -ft. 
at Agen, about 1508 — sets out on European 
travels, 1528 — establishes Eeformed worship at 
Saiutes, about 1539 — conquers secret of the 
white enamel, 1538-54— imprisoned at Bor- 
deaux, 1562 — liberated by order of the king, 
and attached to the court, soon after : sent to 
the Bastille, 1588 — tf. there, 1590 — discovery 
of his oven and other relics in the Place du 
Carrousel, Aug. 1865. 

Pall Mall Gazette, london daily newspaper, 
— commenced, 7 Feb. 1865. 

Palladio, Andrea, architect, — ft. atVicenza, 
30 Nov. 15 1 8 — after three visits to Eome set- 
tles at Vicenza, 1547 — tf. there, 6 Aug. 1580. 
Church of San Giorgio Maggiore, Venice, be- 
gun, 1556 — Church of II Bedentore,hegxm, 1578 



— Teatro Olympico, Vicenza, finished, 1583 — 
Treatise on Architecture, 1570. 

Palladium, metal, — discovered by Wollas- 
ton, 1803. 

Palladius, Bp op Helenopolis, historian, 
$c, — ft., about 367 — becomes a monk, 387 — 
visits Alexandria, 388— with Evagrius of Pon- 
tus, 399 ? — appointed Bp, 400 — goes to Eome, 
405 — transferred to Aspona, 421 — tf., about 
431. (?) Etistoria Lausiaca, 420. 

Palladius, — sent by Pope Celestine to con- 
vert the Scots, 431. 

Palladius, Junius Quartus, — Consul with 
Theodosius, (1169, a. u. c.) 416. 

Pallas, asteroid, — discovered by Olbers at 
Bremen, 28 Mar. 1802. 

Pallas, — messenger to Tiberius respecting 
Sejanus, 31 — manages imperial affairs with 
Narcissus and Callistus, 41 — contrives marriage 
of Agrippina to Claudius, 50 — honoured by 
the Senate, 52 — dismissed from offices by Nero, 
56 — poisoned by Nero, 63. 

Pallas, Peter Simon, traveller, naturalist, 
— ft. at Berlin, 22 Sep. 1741 — studies at Halle, 
1758 — visits London, 1761 — Prof. Natural 
History, St Petersburg, 1767 — accompanies 
expedition to Siberia, Jun. 1768 to Jul. 1774 — 
member of Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1785 
— resides in the Crimea, 1795- 18 10 — tf. at 
Berlin, 7 Sep. 1811. Elenchus zoophytorum, 
1766 — Spicilegia Zoologica, 1767-1804 — Pei- 
sen, 177 1-6 — Flora Possica, 1784-8 — Zoo- 
graphia Posso-Asiatica, 1831 — Tableau Phy- 
sique et Topographique de la Tauride, 1795. 

Pallavicino, Ferrante, litterateur, — ft. at 
Parma, i6i5, a Placentia, about i6i8 b — be- 
headed at Avignon, 5 Mar. 1644. Opere, 1655. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Pallavicino, Sforza, cardinal, historian, — 
ft. at Eome, 20 Nov. 1607 — enters Order of 
Jesuits, 1638— Cardinal, by Alexander VII., 
1657 — tf. at Eome, 5 Jun. 1667. Istoria del 
Concilio di Trcnto, 1656-7. 

Palliser, Sir Hugh, Bart., admiral, — ft. in 
Yorkshire, 26 Feb. 1722 — Lieutenant E.N., 
1742 — takes part in siege of Quebec, 1753 — 
protects Newfoundland fisheries, 1764 — Con- 
troller of the Navy, 1770 — Bart., 1773 — M.P. 
Scarborough, 1774 — Lord of the Admiralty, 
1775 — Vice-admiral, 29 Jan. 1778 — commands 
under Keppel at battle off ITshant, 27 Jul. 
1778 — brings charges against Keppel, 1778 — 
censured by court-martial, 1779 — governor of 
Greenwich Hospital, 1779 — tf., 19 Mar. 1796. 

Palm, Johann Philipp, bookseller,—^, in 
"Wurtemberg, 1766 — shot by order of Napoleon 
I. at Braunau, 26 Aug. 1806. 

Palma, Jacopo, [II Vecchio,) painter, — ft. 
near Bergamo, about i5i8, a about 1480 b — tf. 
at Venice, i574, a living in 152 i. b 

a Biog. Univ. _ b Biog. Catalogue. 

Palma, Jacopo, (II Giovane,) painter, — ft. 
at Venice, 1544 — tf. there, 1628. 

Palmaroli, Pietro, painter, picttire-restorer, 
— tf. at Eome, 1828. Transfers Volterra's 
fresco, Descent from the Cross, 1811 — restores 
PaphaeVs Sibyls, 18 16. 

Palmblad, Vilhelm Fredrik, litterateur, — 



PALMEGIANI— PAMPELTJNA. 



1083 



fj. in Sweden, 16 Dec. 1788 — assistant Prof. 
Geography and History, Upsala, 1827 — Prof. 
Greek, 1835— tf., 2 Sep. 1852. (With Atter- 
bom) Phosphor os, 18 10 — Svensk Litteratur 
Tidning, 1813-24 — Biographisk Lexikon bfver 
namnkunnige Svenska Man, commenced, 1835. 
Palmegiani, (Palmezzani,) Marco, painter, 
— fi. at Forli, about 1490 a — living, 1537^ tf., 
about 1540 , a a Nagler. b Lanzi. 

Palmella, Dam Pedro de Souza-Holstein, 
Duke of, statesman, — ft. at Turin, 1786 — 
takes part in conference of Bayonne, 1808— 
plenipotentiary from John VI. to Congress of 
Vienna, 18 15 — Pres. Regency, 1820 — first 
minister, 1823— arrested by Don Miguel, 30 
Apr. 1824 — liberated and reinstated by John 
VI., 1824 — ambassador to England, 1825-7 — 
supports Donna Maria and is sentenced to 
death by Don Miguel, spring 1828— first minis- 
ter to Don Pedro, 1832 — ambassador to Eng- 
land, 1832 — enters Lisbon with Villaflor, 24 
Jul. 1833 — first minister to Donna Maria, Sep. 
1834 — Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1835 — 
again banished, 1836 — tf. at Lisbon, 12 Oct. 
1850. 

Palmer, Scottish political reformer, — tried at 
Perth on charge of making seditious address, 
and sentenced to seyen years' transportation, 17 
Sep. 1793. 

Palmer, John, actor, — ft. in London, 1747 
— tf. at Liverpool, 2 Aug. 1798. 

Palmer, John, projector of Mail Coaches, — 
submits his plan to government, 1783 — Con- 
troller-general of Post- Office, 3 Aug. 1784 — 
dismissed, 1792 — tf., 181 8. 

Palmer, Samuel, printer, — tf., 1732. Gener- 
al History of Printing, 1733. 

Palmerston, Henry John Temple, 3rd 
Viscount, Prime Minister op England, — 
fc. at Westminster, 20 Oct. 1784 — succeeds to 
the title, 17 Apr. 1802 — enters St John's Coll. 
Cambridge, 1803 — M.A., 1806 — M.P. Newport, 
Isle of Wight, 1807 — Lord of the Admiralty, 
1807 — Secretary at War, 1809 — M.P. Cam- 
bridge Univ. , 1 8 11 — shot at, by a madman, Apr. 
1818 — retires from the Wellington administra- 
tion, May 1828 — Secretary of State for Foreign 
Affairs, Nov. 1830 to Dec. 1834 — again, Apr. 
1835 to Sep. 1 841 — marries widow of Earl 
Cowper, 1839 — declares for repeal of the Corn 
Laws, 1845 — Secretary of State, third time, 
Jul. 1846 — pronounces in favour of Louis 
Napoleon and the coup d'etat, and resigns 
office, Dec. 1851 — Secretary of State for Home 
Department, in Coalition Ministry, 28 Dec. 
1852 — visits Paris, and has conference with 
Napoleon III., Nov. 1854— First Lord of the 
Treasury, Feb. 1855 — introduces the Con- 
spiracy Bill, 9 Feb. 1858— on rejection of the 
Bill resigns, 22 Feb. — again First Lord of the 
Treasury, Jun. 1 859— Lord Warden of Cinque 
Ports, 28 Aug. 1 86 1— D.C.L. Oxford, 1862— 
Rector of Glasgow Univ., 30 Mar. 1863 — tf. 
at Brockett Hall, Hertfordshire, 18 Oct. 1865 
— buried in Westminster Abbey, 27 Oct. 

Palmezzani, Marco. [Palmegiani.] 

Palxnieri, Matteo, statesman and chronicler, 



—6. at Florence, about 1405 — assists at Coun- 
cil of Florence, 1437 — tf., 1475. Chronicle, 
about 1475. 

Palmyra, (Tadmor, Tamar, Adrianopolis,) 
— [B C] — built by Solomon, after 995 a — [A D] 
— a waste, about 100 — rebuilt by Hadrian, 
about 130— partially destroyed by Aurelian, 
2 73 b — adorned by Diocletian, about 300— for- 
tified by Justinian, about 535 — a modern vil- 
lage among ruins, soon after 1300— ruins first 
I visited by Europeans, English merchants from 
Aleppo, 1 69 1 — visited by Wood and Dawkins, 
1 75 1 — by Irby and Mangles, 1817-18 — by 
Burton, 187 1. a Ussher. b Clinton. 

Palmyra, Political, — an independent state 
about 75 — made a Roman colony by Caracalla, 
216.7 — Odenathus seizes it as an independent 
sovereignty, about 255-260 — Zenobia queen, 
early in 267 a — besieged by Aurelian, end of 
272 — Zenobia taken; revolt and subjugation 
of Palmyra, 273 a — a bishopric, about 400 — 
subjugated by the Mohammedan khalifs, about 
633 — Ali defeats Moawiyah, 659 — Merwan 
besieges Solyman for 7 months, 744 — possessed 
by a Jewish tribe, tributary to the khalifs, be- 
fore 1200 — taken by Timur, 1400. a Clinton. 

Palomino de Castro y Velasco, Acislo An- 
tonio, painter, — h. near Cordova, 1653 or 
1658 — goes to Madrid, 1678 — painter to the 
king, 1688 — tf. there, 13 Apr. 1725 or 1726. 
El museo pictorico, 1715-24. 

_ Palos, in Spain, — Columbus embarks at, on 
his first voyage of discovery, 3 Aug. 1492. 

Palsgrave, John, — French tutor to Princess 
Mary, 1514— M.A. and B.D. Oxford, 1532— 
tf. in London, about 1554. Esclairecissement 
cle la langue francaise, 1530. 

Pamer, Plateau of, (Poof of the World,) in 
Central Asia, — visited by Hwin Seng and 
Sung Yan, 518 — by Hwen Thsang, 644 — by 
Marco Polo, about 1273-4 — by Benedict Goes, 
1603— by Capt. Wood, 19 Feb. 1838— by Ab- 
dul Mejid, 1 86 1. 

Pammenes, — [BC] — defends Megalopolis 
against Sparta, 371 — aids Artabazus against 
Ochus, 355 — restores order at Megalopolis, 
352. 

Pampeluna, (Pamplona,) in Spain, — [BC] 
— built or rebuilt by sons of Pompey, 68 — 
[AD] — taken by Goths, 466 — by Franks, under 
Childebert, 542 — unsuccessfully besieged by 
Saracens, 755 — taken by Charles the Great, 
778 — but again lost, 778 — captured by Franks, 
797 — retaken by Al Hakem, 801 or 802 — 
made capital of kingdom of Navarre, about 
860 — unsuccessfully besieged by Moslems, 870 
— besieged by Moslems, 907 — Sancho Garcia 
defeats them near, 907 — threatened by Mos- 
lems, 990 — occupied by French under Eustache 
de Beaumarchais, 1274 — he is besieged there 
by Navarrese : stormed by Robert of Artois, 
Sep. 1276 — treaty of peace between Charles 
the Bad and Charles V. of France, ratified at, 
May 1365— conquered and entered by Duke 
of Alba, Jul. 15 1 2 — seized by French, Feb. 
1808— besieged by Wellington, Jun. 1813 — ■ 
capitulates, 31 Oct. 181 3 — besieged by French, 
3 Sep. — capitulates, 17 Sep. 1823 — insurrec- 



1084 



PAMPHILA— PANINI. 



tion under O'Donnell at, Oct. 1841. Univer- 
sity, founded, 1608. Cathedral, commenced 
by Charles III. of Navarre, 1397. Council of, 
for reestablishing bishopric, 1023. 
Pamphila, historian, — fl., about 58. a 

a Clinton. 
Pamphilus, Bp of C^sarea, — 0., 284 a — 
imprisoned at Csesarea, 307 a — martyred by 
Firmiliamis, 16 Feb. 309^ a Clinton. 

Pamphilus, of Amphipolis, painter, — [B C] 
— S., about (01. 97-107) 390-350. 

Pamphlets, in England, — unlicensed pub- 
lication of, declared illegal, and prohibited by 
proclamation, 16 May 1680 — duty imposed on, 
by Act 10 Ann. c. 19, 17 12— statutes relating 
to, repealed by Act 32 and 33 Vic. c. 24, 12 
Jul. 1869. 

Pamphylia, — [B C] — subject to Persia, 546- 
331 — assigned to Antigonus, 323 — acquired by 
Ptolemy Philadelphia, 285-247 — annexed to 
kingdom of Pergamus, 190 — subject to Some, 
130. 

Pamprepius, poet, grammarian, — goes to 
Constantinople, after 477 — banished by Zeno ; 
accompanies Illus to Antioch, 484 — slain by 
lllus, 488. 

Pansenus, painter, — [B C] — $., about (01. 
83) 448. 

Pansstius, — [B C] — tyrant of Leontium, 608 
[1048^] a Euseb. 

Panstius, Stoic philosopher, — [BC] — goes 
to Rome, about 140 — tf., before in. 

Panama, Isthmus of, — reached by Colum- 
bus, 1503 — Spanish settlement on, 15 18 — 
survey of, by Lloyd, for Bolivar, 1828-9. Pail- 
way, commenced, 1850 — opened, 28 Jan. 1855. 
Panama, in New Granada, — founded by 
Spaniards, 15 18 — destroyed by buccaneers, 
1670 — rebuilt on present site, 1670-80. 

Pan-Anglican Synod, — meets at Lambeth 
Palace, 24 Sep. 1867. 

Panaretus, Platonic philosopher, — [BC] — 
founds New Academy, about 230. 

Panathenaea, {the Greater,) — [B C] — in- 
stituted at Athens, as early as (01. 53, 3) 566. 
Panathenaic Stadium, at Athens, — [B C] — 
constructed by Lycurgus, orator, about 350 — 
[AD]— adorned by Herodes Atticus, about 125. 
Pancirolij Guido, jurist, — ft. at Reggio, 
1523 — Prof. Roman Law, Turin, 157 1 — Padua, 
1582 — tf. there, May 1599. Notitia dignitatum 
iitriusque Imperii, 1593 — De rebus inventis et 
perditis, 1599- 1607 — De Claris juris interpre- 
tibus, 1637-55. 

Panckoucke, Andre Joseph, litterateur, — 
ft. at Lille, 1700 — tf. there, 17 Jul. 1753. 

Panckoucke, Charles Joseph, litterateur, — 
ft. at Lille, 26 Nov. 1736 — settles at Paris, 
1764 — tJ. there, 19 Dec. 1798. Projects the 
Pneyclopedie methodique, 17 81 — the Moniteur 
Universel, 1789. 

Panckoucke, Charles Louis Fleury, lit- 
terateur, — ft. at Paris, 26 Dec. 1780 — tf. at 
Fleury-sous-Meudon, 11 Jul. 1844. Diction- 
naire des sciences me'dicales, 18 12 et seq. — 
translation of Tacitus, 1830-8. 

Pandects, The, {Pandectce, Digestce,) — com- 
pilation of, ordered by Justinian, Dec. 53c — 



completed, and promulgated, (17 Cal. Jan. 533,) 
Dec. 532 — supplement promulgated, 16 Nov. 
534 — [discovery of, at Amalfi, (1137) — men- 
tioned byLudovicus Bologninus, 1501.] 

Pandolfini, Angelo, statesman, diplomatist, 
— ft. at Florence, 1360 — obtains from Xing 
Ladislas cession of Cortona, 141 1 — gonfalonier, 
1414, 1420, and 143 1— tf., 1446. 

Pandora, asteroid, — discovered by Searle, 
10 Sep. 1858. 

Pandosia, in Italy, — [BC] — founded, 774 — 
defeat of Alexander of Epirus by Lucanians 
and Bruttians near, 326^ a Smith's Diet. 

Pandulph I., Iron-Head, Prince of Bene- 
ventum, Capua, Salerno, Spoleto, and 
Camekino, — succeeds his father, Landulph IV., 
in Capua and Beneventum, 961 — receives Otto 
the Great at Capua, 963 — acquires Duchy of 
Spoleto, and Marquisate of Camerino, 967 — on 
death of his brother Landulph V., associates 
his son Landulph VI. in the government, 968 
— defeated and captured by Greeks in Calabria, 
Jun. 969 — and sent to Constantinople : liber- 
ated, returns to Bari, 970 — his son Pandulph 
acquires Principality of Salerno, 978 — tf., 
spring 981. 

Pandulph IV., Prince op Capua, — succeeds 
his father, Landulph VII., 1007 — joins Melo 
in attempt to expel Greeks from Italy, 10 16 — 
does homage to Greek Emperor, 10 19 — be- 
sieged by Germans in Capua, 1022 — submits 
to Emperor Henry II., and is sent prisoner to 
Germany, 1022 — liberated by Conrad the Salic, 
102^ — besieges and recovers Capua, 1026 — 



takes Naples, 1027 — loses it again, 1029 — 
driven from Capua by Conrad, 1038 — his son 
Pandulph V. recovers the Principality, 1047 — 
tf. at Capua, 1050. 

Pandulph, Cakdinal, Bp of Norwich, — 
sent to England to negotiate peace between 
Innocent III. and King John, 121 1— receives 
homage of John at Dover, May 121 3 — advises 
grant of Magna Charta, 12 15 — one of the 
guardians of Henry III., 1218— Bp of Norwich, 
about 1 21 8 — tf. there, 1226. 

Pandya, in Hindustan, — [B C] — kingdom 
founded by Pandya, between 500-400 — Em- 
bassy to Augustus from Pandion, (?) 20 — [A D] 
— declines, after 800 — conquered by Nabob of 
Arcot, 1736. 

Panetti, Domenico, painter, — ft. at Ferrara, 
1460 — tf. there, about 1530. 

Pange, near Metz, — indecisive battle between 
Prussians and French at, 14 Aug. 1870. 

Pangenesis, — theory propounded by Darwin, 
1868 — experiments of Galton, 1869-70. 

Panicale, Masolino da. [Masolino.] 

Panigarola, Francesco, a Girolamo, b theo- 
logian, — ft. at Milan, 6 Jan. 1548 — enters 
Order of Cordeliers, 1567 — studies at Paris, 
157 1 -2 — titular Bp of Chrysopolis, and coad- 
jutor to Bp of Ferrara, 1586 — expelled from 
Ferrara, received at Rome by Sixtus V., 1586 
— Bp of Asti, 1587 — envoy from the Pope to 
the League in France, 1589 — returns, 1590 — tf., 
31 May 1594. a Nout. Biog. Gen. b Rees' Cyc. 

Panini, (Pannini,) Giovanni Paolo, painter, 
— ft. at Piacenza, 1691,* 1695 b — tf., 1764^ 21 



PANIPUT— PAOLO. 



1085 



Oct. 1768. b Interior of St Pete'r's at Some, 
Louvre, 1730. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Catalogue. 

Paniput, in Hindustan,- — Baber defeats and 
kills Ibrahim Lodir at, 21 Apr. 1526 — Behram 
defeats Hemu and restores Akber, 5 Nov. 1556 — 
Ahmed Shah defeats Mahrattas, 6 Jan. 1761. 

Panjab, {Panjaab, Penjab, Punjaub,) — [B C] 
— seat of kingdoms under Porus and others, over- 
run by Alexander, 326 — [AD] — conquered by 
Mahmud, (413, A. h.) 1022 — overrun by Kaja of 
Delhi, 1043 — recovered by Abul Bashid, 105 1— 
conquered by Shahab u din, 11 84-6 — ravaged 
by G-akkars, recovered by Shahab u din, 1204 — 
invaded by Manku Khan and by Moguls, (642,) 
1244 — set in order by Nasir u din, 1246 — Shir 
Khan governor, 1246 — attack on, by Moguls, 
repelled, 1253 — overrun by Moguls, Mohammed 
defeats Timur Khan, about 1286 — Moguls 
defeated by Jelal u din, 1292 — again defeated, 
1296-7 — revolt of Malik Beiram, 1339 — ra ~ 
vagedby Afghans, about 1340' — Moguls bought 
off by Mohammed, 1345-52 (1330) — revolts 
from Khizr Khan, about 1415 — recovered by 
Behlol Lodi, 1450 — revolt of Doulat Khan 
Lodi, about 1520— Baber takes possession of, 
1524 — overrun by Doulat Khan, who drives 
out Ala u din, 1525 — conquered by Baber, 
1526 — added to Camran's territory by Huma- 
yun, 1530 — ceded by Camran to Shir Shah, Oct. 
1540 — revolt of Secander Sur against Adili, 
1554— return of Humayun to, 1555 — Secander 
Sur driven out by Akber, 1557 — Behram Khan 
attempts invasion, Sep. 1560 — invaded by Ha- 
kim, who is captured, Nov. 1566 — plundered by 
the Mirzas, 1573 — invaded by Hakim, (Mo- 
harram 983,) Feb. 158 1 — insurrection against 
Jehanghir, 16 19 — overrun by Afghans, 1748 — 
ceded to Afghans, 1756 — subject to Bunjeet 
Singh, 1809 — [Sikhs] — annexed to British 
India, 29 Mar. 1849 — made a lieutenant-gov- 
ernorship, 1859. 

Pannonia, Pannonians, — [B C] — defeated 
by Octavius, 35 — defeated by P. Silius, 16 — by 
Agrippa, 12 — subjugated by Tiberius, 9 — 
[A D] — insurrection under Bato, 6 — defeated by 
Csecina, 6 — final conquest of, by Tiberius, 9 — 
mutiny in, 14 — suppressed by Drusus, 15 — 
meeting of sons of Constantine in, Jul. ? 338 — 
ravaged by Sarmati and Quadi, 365 — traversed 
by Alaric, 400 — recovered from barbarians by 
Theodosius, 427 — occupied by Lombards, 526 
— given to Avars by Alboin, and evacuated by 
Lombards, Apr. 568. [Hungary.] 

Panopea, asteroid, — discovered by Gold- 
schmidt, 5 May 1861. 

Panorama, — invented and exhibited by 
Bobert Barker at Edinburgh, 1788. 

Panormita. [Beccadelli, Antonio.] 

Panormos. [Palermo.] 

Pansa, C Corellius, — Consul with M' Aci- 
lius Aviola, (875, a. u. c.) 122. 

Pansa, C. Vibius, — [BC] — trib. pleb., 51 — 
governor of Hither Gaul, by Csesar, 46-45 — 
Consul with A. Hirtius, (711, a. u. c.) 43 — 
killed at Mutina, Apr. 43. 

Pansa, Q,. Appuleius, — [BC] — Consul with 
M. Valerius Corvus, (454, A. u. c.) 300. 

Pantsenus, philosopher, theologian, — teacher 



of Catechetical School of Alexandria, about 
1 81-190 — sent on mission to India, about 190 
—withdraws into Palestine, 202 — 1}., after 
211. 

Pantagraph, — invented by Scheiner, 1603. 

Pantaleon, King op Pisa, — [BC] — assists 
Messenians in second Messenian war, 672 — 
celebrates Olympic Games, (01. 34,) 644. 

Pantaleon, (Pantaleemon,) St, physician, — 
beheaded, about 303 ? 

Pantaleon Sa, Don, — attempts to murder 
Col. Gerard, in London, Nov. 1653 — murders 
Col. Mayo and Mr Greenway, Nov. — tried by 
Special Commission ; beheaded on Tower Hill, 
10 Jul. 1654. 

Pantheon,— [B C]— of Pome, founded by M. 
Agrippa, 27— [AD] — restored by Emperor 
Septimius Severus, 202 — consecrated as a 
church by Boniface IV., between 603-610. Of 
Paris, founded as Church of St Genevieve by 
Louis XV., 1764 — named Pantheon, 1791 — 
burial of Mirabeau in, 4 Apr. 1 7 9 1 — reconverted 
to a church by Napoleon L, 20 Feb. 1806— 
occupied by insurgents, Jun. 1848 — resumes 
its former name by decree of 6 Dec. 1851. 

Panticapeeum, — [BC] — Greek colony from 
Miletus, about 500 — taken from kings of Bos- 
poros by Mithridates, about no — revolts from 
him, about 84 — reduced, after 8 1 — Mithridates 
retires to, 65. [Kerteh.] 

Panvinio, Onufrio, antiquary, — b. at Ve- 
rona, 1529 — tf. at Palermo, 7 Apr. 1568. 
Epitome pontificum Romanorum usque ad Paul- 
um IV., 1557 — Fasti et triumphi Romanorum, 
1557 — Be Sybillis et carminibus sybillinis, 
*5 6 7- 

Panyasis, epic poet, — [BC] — {L, 489-467 — 
put to death by Lygdamis, about 457, a about 



4 6 5- 



Smith s Diet. 



b Muller. 



Panzer, Georg Wolfgang Franz, bibliogra- 
pher, — ft. at Suizbach, 16 May 1729— tf. at 
Niirnberg, 9 Jul. 1805. Annates typographici, 
$c, 1793-1803. 

Paoli, Griacinto, — ft. at Bastia, 1702— dis- 
tinguishes himself in war with Genoese, 1729- 
32 — heads insurrection of Corsicans against 
Genoese, 1734 — defeated by French, 1739 — 
goes to Naples, 1740 — tf. there, 1768. 

Paoli, Pasquale de, — ft. in Corsica, 1726 — 
accompanies his father to Naples, 1740 — Cap- 
tain-general of Corsicans, Jul. 1755 — recon- 
quers the island from Genoese, 1755-67 — 
establishes Univ. at Corte, 1764 — Genoa gives 
up the island to France by Treaty of Ver- 
sailles, 1768 — defeated by the French under 
De Vaux, near Pontenuovo, May 1769 — re- 
sides in England, 1769-89 — recalled by Na- 
tional Assembly of France, and made Lieuten- 
ant-general commanding in Corsica by Louis 
XVI., 1789 — proscribed by Convention, and 
made General-in-chief and President of Council 
of government at Corte, 1793 — offers crown of 
Corsica to king of England, 1794 — retires to 
England, 1796 — tf. near London, Feb. 1807. 

Paoli, Sebastiano, antiquary, — ft. at Lucca, 
1684 — tf. at Naples, 20 Jun. 1751. Codice 
diplomatico del or dine di Malta, 1733-8. 

Paolo, Fra. [Sarpi.] 



PAOLO VERONESE— PAPUS. 



Paolo Veronese. [Cagliari.] 

Papal Aggression. [Ecclesiastical Titles.] 

Papal Guarantees. [Pope.] 

Papal States, States of the Church, — 

originate in grant, by Pepin, king of the Franks, 
to Holy Church and Roman Republic, of the 
Exarchate of Ravenna and the Pentapolis, con- 
quered from Astolphus, king of the Lombards, 
755 — the grant confirmed by Charles the Great, 
? .oo — augmented by territory of Benevento, 
granted by Henry III., 1053 — by Patrimony 
of St Peter, (in Modena, Parma, and Mantua,) 
given by Countess Matilda, n 02 — her terri- 
tories seized by Emperor Henry V., 11 16 — 
Spoleto and the Marches taken possession of, 
by Innocent III., 1198 — Patrimony of St 
Peter seized by Frederick PL, Feb. 1240 — 
ravaged by him, 1245 — limits of, defined, and 
all Imperial rights given up to see of Rome, by 
letters-patent of Emperor Rudolph of Haps- 
burg, May 1278 — his charter confirmed by 
Electors and Princes of the Empire ; Forli and 
the Roniagna added, 1297 — great part of, lost 
during residence of popes at Avignon, 1 301 -71 
■ — [Eienzi, Cola di] — partly recovered for Inno- 
cent VI. by Cardinal Albornoz, 1353 — Bologna 
acquired, 1364 — the Marches recovered for 
Alexander VI. by Caesar Borgia, 1500 — the 
Romagna, Bologna, and Perugia recovered by 
Julius II. , 1503-10 — acquisition of Ferrara, 
1598 — of Urbino, 1626 — of Orvieto, 1649 — 
the Legations (Bologna, Ferrara, Ravenna, and 
Forli) detached by Napoleon and annexed to 
Cisalpine Republic, 1797— Rome seized by 
French, 1798 — restored (except Legations) to 
Pius VIL, 1 801 — the Marches annexed by 
Napoleon to kingdom of Italy, 1808 — Rome 
and southern territories annexed to French 
Empire, 17 May 1809 — form part of kingdom 
of Italy, 1 8 10 — restored to the pope by Con- 
gress of Vienna, 18 14 — evacuated by Austrian 
troops, 1 8 15 — construction of railways in, au- 
thorized by Pius IX., 10 Nov. 1846 — con- 
stitutional government established by Pius 
IX., 2 Oct. 1847 — democratic revolution, 15 
Nov. 1848 — provisional government appointed, 

11 Dec. 1848 — meeting of Constituent As- 
sembly at Rome, 5 Feb. 1849 — a Republic 
proclaimed and temporal power of the pope 
abolished, by National Assembly, 8 Feb. — 
French occupation begins, 26 Apr. — siege of 
Home by Gen. Oudinot, 3 Jun. to 3 Jul. — 
restoration of temporal power proclaimed, 15 
Jul. — reduction of Legations and Marches by 
Austrians, spring 1849 — loss of the Romagna, 
Jul. 1859 — loss of the Marches and Umbria, 
i860 — [Rome] — invaded by Garibaldians, Sep. 
to Oct. 1867 — [Garibaldi, Giuseppe] — sub- 
jects of, declared citizens of Italy, by Act of 
Italian parliament, 1 Dec. 1868 — frontiers 
passed by Italian troops under Gen. Cadorna, 

12 Sep. 1870 — pronounce for union with king- 
dom of Italy, by plebiscite, 2 Oct. 1870. 

Paper, — made from fibrous matter by 
Chinese, 95 — imported from Corea into Japan, 
280 — manufacture of, from mulberry, com- 
menced, 610 — made at Samarcand, about 649 a 
— manufacture of, introduced in Spain by Arabs, 
between 700 and 800 — made of linen, as early 



as 1242 — made in England by John Tate, 
before 1495 — improvements introduced by 
Watson, 17 13 — and by "Whatman, 1770 — 
made from straw, in Germany, 1756 — machine 
for making, patented in France, by Robert, 
1799 — introduced in England by Didot and 
Gamble, 1803 — duty on, in England, abolished 
by Act 24 Vic. c. 20, 12 Jun. 1861. a sismondi. 

Paper Hangings, — come into use, about 
1650 — machine-printing of, introduced by 
Potter, 1840. 

Paper Money, — [Bank Notes] — introduced 
into Delhi by Mohammed, about 1335. 

Paphlagonia, — [BC]- subject to Croesus of 
Lydia, about 560— to Persia, nominally, 546- 
331 — to Macedonia, 331— conquered by Mith- 
ridates III. of Pontus, before 266 a — Morzes 
aids Antiochus against Rome, 189 13 — ceded to 
Eumenes II. of Pergamus, by Pharnaces of 
Pontus, 179 a — Pylaamenes aids Rome against 
Aristonicus of Pergamus, 131 b — Pylsemenes be- 
queaths his kingdom to Mithridates V. of Pontus, 
before 121 b — divided with Nicomedes II. of 
Bithynia, by Mithridates the Great, 102 a — 
Nicomedes makes Pylaenienes Xing, after io2 a 
—declared free by Rome, 92 a — Mithridates the 
Great takes possession of it, 90 h — restores it, 
85 b — made a Roman province by Pompey, and 
a part left nominally independent under sons of 
Pyleeinenes, 63 a — Deiotarus King, about 25. 
a Heeren. b . Smith's Diet. 

Paphos, in Cyprus, — [B C] — Nicocles Prince, 
about 332-310. 

Papias, Bp of Hierapolis, — fl., about ioo. a 
a Clinton. 

Papier Mache, — made in France, before 1 740. 

Papin, Denis, natural philosopher, — b. at 
Blois, 22 Aug. 1647 a — assists Boyle in experi- 
ments on air, about 1678 — F.R.S. London, 
168 1 — Prof. Mathematics, Marburg, 1687 — 
correspondent of Academy of Sciences, 1699 — 
tf. at Marburg, about 17 14. Neiv Digester, 
1681. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Papinianus, JEmilius, jurist, — advocatus 
Fisci, under Marcus Antoninus, before 180 — 
in Britain with Severus, 210 — dismissed from 
office by Caracalla, 211 — put to death by 
Caracalla, 212. 

Papists. [Recusants, Roman Catholics.] 

Pappenheim, Gottfried Heinrich, Count 
of, general, — fc. at Pappenheim, in Franconia, 
29 May 1594 — enters Roman Catholic Church, 
about 16 14 — enters army of Catholic League, 
and distinguishes bimself at battle of Prague, 
1620 — Commander of Pappenheimer Dragoons, 
1623 — General of Spanish horse in Lombardy, 
1623-5 — defeats insurgents in three combats 
in Austria, 1626 — distinguishes himself at 
siege of Magdeburg, 1 6 3 1 — at battle of Leipsic, 
1 63 1 — mortally wounded at Liitzen, 6 Nov. 
1632 — if. at Leipsic, 7 Nov. 1632. 

Pappus, mathematician, — fl., 38o. a 
a Clinton. 

Papua. [New Guinea. ] 

Papus, — Consul with Arrianus, (996 a. u. c.) 

243. 

Papus, L. iEmilius, — [BC] — Consul with 
C. Atilius Regulus, (529 a. u. c.) 225 — defeats 
Gauls at Pisa and invades Boii: Censor 



PAPUS— PAEEJA. 



1087 



with C. Flanrinius, 220— triumvir, respecting 
scarcity of money, 216. 

Papiis, Q. JEmilius, — [BC] — Consul with 
C. Fabricius Luscinus, (472, a. u. c.) 282 — 
again (476,) 278— Censor with him, 275. 

Papyrus, — [BC] — used as writing material 
by Egyptians, as early as 1500 ? — export of, 
prohibited by Ptolemy Epiphanes, 200-180 — 
— [A B] — duty on importation of, abolished by 
Theodoric the Great, before 600 — still in use for 
Papal Bulls, after n 00 — use of, in Europe, 
discontinued before 1170. 

Para, in Brazil, — founded by Francisco 
Caldeyra, 16 15 — seized and occupied for six 
months by Indians, 1836. 

Paracelsus, (Philippics Aureolus Tlieo- 
phrastus Paracelsus Bombast ab Hohenheim,) — 
ft. at Einsiedeln, canton of Schwytz, 1493 — 
Prof. Medicine and Natural Philosophy, Basel, 
1526-7 — tr. at Salzburg, 1541. Opera, 1589-90. 

Parachute, — successful experiment with, 
by Blanchard, at Strasburg, 1787. 

Paradisi, Count Agostino, litterateur, — ft. 
at Vignola, Beggio, 26 Apr. 1736 — Prof. 
Civil Economy and Lecturer on Belles Lettres, 
Univ. of Mantua, 1771-80— Count, 1776 — fr. 
at Beggio, 19 Feb. 1783. Versi sciolti, 1762 
— Elogio cle Raimondo Montecuccoli, 1776. 

Paraffin, hydrocarbon, — observed by Beich- 
enbach, 1830 — by Christison, 1831. Candles, 
exhibited at Paris, 1839. 

Paraffin Oil, — patent for manufacture of, 
obtained by Young, 1850. 

Paraguay, in S. America, — discovered by 
Sebastian Cabot, 1527 — Spanish settlement 
in, by Pedro de Mendoza, 1535 — made a bish- 
opric, by Pope Paul TIL, 1547 — first bishop 
arrives, 1555 — Jesuit missions established, 
1580 — separation of Buenos Ayres, 1620 — 
Spaniards prohibited from settling in, without 
permission of Jesuits, 1690 — Jesuits expelled, 
Jul. 1767 — the Act ratified by Clement XIV., 
1773 — becomes subject to Viceroy of Buenos 
Ayres, 1776 — refuses to acknowledge revolu- 
tionary government of Buenos Ayres, 18 10 — 
defeat of Buenos Ayrean troops under Gen. Bel- 
grano, 18 10 — declares itself a republic under 
two consuls, 1 8 1 3 — dictatorsbip established by 
Prancia, 18 14 — independence of, recognized 
by Brazil, 1827 — Gen. Lopez succeeds as Pre- 
sident, 1 841 — made dictator, 1844 — independ- 
ence of, acknowledged by Argentine Confed- 
eration, by treaty of 14 Jul. 1852 — recognized 
by Great Britain, Jan. 1853 — on his death, 10 
Sep. 1862, succeeded by his son, Gen. Solano 
Lopez, who is elected for ten years, 23 Oct. 
— declares war on Argentine Confederation, 
and occupies Corrientes, 13 Apr. 1865 — League 
of Brazil, Argentine Confederation, and Uru- 
guay formed against, 1 May — the fleet de- 
feated by Brazilians on the Parana, n Jun. 
— defeated by Flores, 17 Aug. — surrenders 
Uruguayana to allies, 18 Sep. — evacuates Ar- 
gentine territory, 3 Nov. — defeated by allies 
on the Parana, 26 Apr. 1866 — indecisive 
battle, 24 May — battle on the Plate, 16-18 
Jul. — capture of Fort Curuzu by allies, 2 Sep. 
— passage of Humaita forced by allies, 19 Feb. 
1868 — Asuncion occupied by them, 21 Feb. — 



unsuccessful attack on Humaita by allies, 16 
Jun. 1868 — evacuation of Humaita, 25 Jun. 

— Humaita bombarded and demolished by 
Brazilians, 30 Jun. — army of, destroyed by 
Brazilians at Villeta, 11 Dec. 1868 — Lopez 
defeated at Loma Valentina, 25-27 Dec. — at 
Valenzuela, 7 Aug. 1869— at Caraguatay by 
Gen. Barreto, 14 Aug.— Lopez proclaimed an 
outlaw, by provisional government at Asuncion, 
17 Aug.— defeated and killed, at Aquidaban, 
by Gen. Camara, 1 Mar. 1870, end of the war. 

Paraguay, river, — navigation of, declared 
free, 1852 and 1858. 

Parallactic Instrument, {Ptolemy's Mules,) 

— invented by Ptolemy, about 150. 
Parallax, of fixed stars, — method of deter- 
mining, pointed out by Galileo, about 1600-10 
— investigated by Hooke, 1669 — by Boemer, 
1692-3 — by Bradley, 1725 — by Horrebow, 
about 17 15— by Jobn Michell, 1767— by W. 
Herschel, 17 81 — by Calandrelli and Piozzi 
1805 — by Brinkley, 18 15 — by Airy, 1825. Of 
61 Cygni, investigated by Arago and Mathieu, 
1812-13 — discovered by Bessel, 1838 — con- 
firmed by Peters, 1842. Of a, Centauri, de- 
termined by Henderson, 1832 — by Maclear, 
J ^39- Of a -> Lyrce, investigated by Pond, 
1823 — determined by Struve, 1836. Of Pole 
Star, investigated by Peters, 1818-38. 

Parallax of the Sun, — [B C] — determination 
of, attempted by Aristarchus of Samos, about 
280— [A B] — deduced from transit of Venus, 
1761 and 1769. 

Parasara, astronomer, — [BC] — tt. , about 
I39l, a I i8i. b a Davis. b Jones. 

Parchment, (Pergamena,)—[B C] — in use 
in Egypt, as early as 1200 — [AD] — vegetable, 
invented by Gaine, 1854 — by Barlow, 1857. 

Pardon, in England, — prerogative of, limited 
to the Crown, by Act 27 Hen. VIII. c. 24, 
1535-6 — under Great Seal, not pleadable to im- 
peachment by House of Commons, by Act 12 
and 13 "Wm III. c. 2, 1 701— under sign 
manual, sufficient, by Act 7 and 8 Geo. IV. c. 
28, s. 13, 1827. 

Pardons, Commission of. [Paris, Commu- 
nal Insurrection.'] 

Pare, Ambroise, surgeon, — ft. at Laval, 
1509^ 1517 b — accompanies army to Italy, 
1536 — returns to Paris, 1539 — marries, 1541 
— again serves in Italy, 1543 — adopts ligature 
of arteries instead of cauterization, about 1552 
— surgeon to Henry II., Francis II., Charles 
IX., and Henry III., 1552-90 — saved from 
massacre of St Bartholomew by the king, 1572 
— tr. at Paris, 22 Dec. 1590. CEuvres, 156 1. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Paredes, Diego Garcia de, general, — ft. at 
Truxillo, 1466 — follows his father to war of 
Granada, 1485-92 — in service of Pope Alexan- 
der VI., 1492-99 — serves under Gonzalo de 
Cordova, 1499 — at taking of Cephalonia, Jun. 
1 50 1 — distinguishes himself at storming of 
Buvo, Feb. 1503 — at Cerignola, Apr. 1503 — 
serves under Maximilian 1. in war against 
Venice, 1508 — deprived of his estates, 1516 — 
at battle of Pavia, 1525 — follows Charles V. 
to Bologna, 1528 — Chevalier, 1530— rj., 1530. 

Pareja, Juan de, painter, — 6. at Seville, 



ioS8 



PARENT-DUCHATELET— PARIS. 



i6o6, a i6io b — in service of Velazquez, as 
early as 1628 — tf., 1670. 

b Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Parent-Duchatelet, Alexandre Jean Bap- 
tiste, physician, — b. at Paris, 29 Sep. 1790 
— M.D. there, 1814 — tr., 6 Mar. 1836. Essai 
sur les cloaques, 1824 — Be la prostitution dans 
la ville de Paris, 1836. 

Parga, in Turkey, — places itself under 
protection of Venice, 1401 — falls under French 
dominion, 1797 — refuses submission to Ali 
Pasha, 1799 — admits Eussian garrison, 1806 
— garrisoned by French, 1807 — repulses Ali 
Pasha, 1 8 14 — the citadel taken by English, 
22 Mar. 1 8 14 — arrangement for delivery of, 
to the Porte, made by English, spring 18 17 — 
abandoned by its inhabitants and occupied by 
Turks, May 18 19. 

Parian Marbles. [Arundelian Marbles.] 

Parini, Giuseppe, poet, — fc. at Bosisio, in 
the Milanese, 22 Mar., a May b 1729 — tj., 3 
Sep., a 15 Aug. b 1799. II Giorno, commenced, 
1763. a Biog. Univ. 

b Engl. Cyc. and Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Parion, — [BC] — founded by Parians, 708. 

Paris, {Lutetia Parisiorum,) — [B C] — Caesar 
holds assemblies of Gallic tribes at, 54 and 53 
— burnt by Gauls, 52 — [AD] — seat of a bishop- 
ric, 245 — winter-quarters of Julian, 358 and 
359-60 — takes the name Parisii, about 360 — 
threatened by Attila, 451 — taken from Romans 
by Childeric I., 465 — made capital of the 
Franks by Clovis, 508 — on his death made seat 
of a kingdom for his son Childebert, 511 — 
who is succeeded by his son Caribert, 561 — 
ceases to be residence of Frankish kings, 567 — 
Charles the Great establishes school at, 779 — 
pillaged by Northmen, 845 — again, and burnt, 
28 Dec. 856 — third time, 28 May 861 — again 
attacked by them and defended by Count 
Eudes, 885 and 889 — threatened and the 
suburbs burnt by Emperor Otto II., Oct. ? 978 

— again becomes royal residence and capital 
under Hugh Capet, 987 — walled by Philip 
Augustus, 1 1 90- 1 2 1 1 . — revolt occasioned by 
alteration in coinage, 1 306 — ravaged by plague, 
1348 — fortifications strengthened, 1356 — dis- 
turbances at, 1358 — besieged by Edward III., 
spring 1360 — insurrection of the Maillotins, 
1382 — occupied by John Sans Peur, Dec. 1408 

— by Armagnacs, Aug. 141 3 — given up to 
Burgundians, 14 18 — places itself under English 
protection, 14 19 — Henry V. spends Christmas 
at, 1420 — unsuccessfully attacked by Joan of 
Arc, Sep. 1429 — coronation of Henry VI. at, 
Dec. 143 1 — retaken by French, 13 Apr. 1436 — 
triumphal entry of Charles VII., Nov. 1437 — 
plague and famine at, 1437-8 — fortifications 
strengthened by Francis I., 1544 — massacre of 
St Bartholomew, 24 Aug. 1572 — revolt of the 
Leaguers, 1588 — [Barricades, Journee des] — 
siege of, by Henry IV., formed, 31 Oct. 1589 
— raised, jSov. — again besieged by him, 7 May 
1590 — raised on approach of Duke of Parma, 
30 Aug. — receives Henry IV., 22 Mar. 1594 — 
erected into archbishopric, 1622 — walls and 
towers demolished and first Boulevard construct- 
ed by Louis XIV., about 1670 — visited by Peter 



the Great, 17 18 — visited by Emperor Joseph 
II., 1785 — surrounded by a wall, 1787 — 
[French Revolution, 1 7 8 9] — taken and occupied 
by allies under Prince Schwarzenberg, 30 Mar. 
1 8 14 — entered by allied sovereigns, 31 Mar. — 
Napoleon reenters, 20 Mar. 18 15 — invested by 
Wellington and Blucher, Jun. — surrenders to 
them, 7 Jul. — Louis XVIII. reenters, 8 Jul. — 
French Revolution, 1830 and 1848 — fortifi- 
cations erected by Louis Philippe, 1840-8 — 
declared in state of siege, 2 Dec. 1851 — [Napo- 
leon III.] — International Exhibition at, open- 
ed by the Emperor and Empress, 15 May 1855 
— visited by Queen Victoria and Prince Con- 
sort, 18-27 Aug. 1855 — another Exhibition 
opened, 1 Apr. 1867 — closed, 3 Nov. — visited 
by Emperor of Russia, Xing of Prussia, and Sul- 
tan Abdul Aziz, Jun. 1867 — disturbances, barri- 
cades setup, 7 Feb. 1870 — renewed, 3 Mar. and 
9 May — riots, suppressed by military, 1 1 Jun. 
1870 — declared in a state of siege, 7 Aug. 
1870 — invested by Germans, 19 Sep. 1870 — 
[Franco-German War]— entered by Germans, 
1 Mar. 187 1— evacuated, 3 Mar. — Montmartre 
occupied and fortified by National Guards, 
early in Mar. — [Paris, Communal Insurrec- 
tion at] — entered by government troops under 
Marshal MacMahon, 22 May 1871 — burning 
of public buildings, &c, by Communists, 24 
May — forts on north and east (right bank of 
Seine) evacuated by Germans, 20 Sep. 187 1. 
Cathedral of Notre Dame, reconstruction of, 
commenced, about 1163 — completed, 1213 — 
damaged bythe mob, 1793 — sacked by the mob, 
Feb. 1 83 1 — sacked by Communists, 8 Apr. 
1 87 1 . University, — [Sorbonne] — recognized 
as a corporate body by Philip Augustus, 1 1 80- 
1223. Parliament of, established by decree of 
Philip the Fair, 18 Mar. 1302 — regularly or- 
ganized, by ordinance of Philip of Valois, 1 1 
Mar. 1344 — sent to the Bastille, by Bussy Le- 
clerc, 16 Jan. 1589 — suppressed, and new 
created by edicts of Louis XV., 15 Apr. 177 1 

— old, restored by Louis XVI., Nov. 1774 

— exiled to Troyes, 15 Aug. 1787 — re- 
called, 20 Sep. 1787 — abolished, n Sep. 1790. 
Hotel de Ville, founded, 15 Jul. 1533— dam- 
aged during the Fronde, 1649-50 — and in the 
Revolution, 1789-92 — enlarged and made seat 
of prefecture, 1801 — enlarged, 1837-41 — burnt 
down by Communists, 24 May 1871. Hotel 
des Invalides, founded by Louis XIV., 1670 — 
finished, about 1706. Hotel de Cluny, com- 
menced, about 1480 — finished, 1505 — occupied 
by abbess and nuns of Port Royal, 1625 — sec- 
tion of Marat holds sittings in, 1793. Arsenal, 
founded, about 1396 — destroyed by explosion, 
1563 — rebuilt by Charles IX., 1560-74 — en- 
larged by Henry IV., 1590-1610. Church of 
La Madeleine, commenced by Constant d'lvry, 
1764 — continued by Couture: works inter- 
rupted, 1789 — resumed and converted into 
Temple of Glory by Napoleon I., restored to 
original character by Louis XVIIL, 18 16 — 
works resumed, 18 16 — completed by Louis 
Philippe, 1830 — damaged in siege of Paris by 
the French, May 1871. Church of St Germain 
des Pres, founded by Childebert I., 550-60 — 



PAEIS. 



1089 



burnt by Northmen, 861 — rebuilt, 990-1163 — 
decorated with frescoes by Flandrin, before 
i860. Church of Si Sulpice, built, before 121 1 
■ — rebuilt, 1655-1723. Church of St Germain 
V Auxerrois, founded by Childebert, about 550- 
60 — sacked by Northmen, 886 — rebuilt by 
King Eobert, 998— sacked by the mob, 13 Feb. 
1 83 1— restored, 1838. Church of St Gene- 
vieve. [Pantheon.] Church of St Gervais, 
reconstructed, rebuilt and consecrated, 1420 — 
enlarged, 158 1 — western front commenced, 
1 61 6. Church of St Vincent de Paul, com- 
menced, 1824 — consecrated, 27 Oct. 1844. 
Sainte Chapelle. [Palais de Justice.] Palais 
des Thermes, built by Constantius, about 300 — 
residence of Julian, 360. Hotel Dim, founded, 
about 660 — enlarged and endowed by St Louis, 
1230-70 — enlarged by Henry IV., 1602 — 
named Hospice de VHumanite, 1789. Column 
of the Place Vendome, erected by Napoleon I.., 
1808-10 — statue of Napoleon melted down, 
1 8 14 — another erected, 1833 — pulled down by 
Communists, 16 May 187 1. PLalles Centrales, 
erected, 1851-66. Pont Notre Dame, built, 
1499 — ornamented with statues, 1660 — houses 
on, pulled down, 1786 — reconstructed, 1855. 
Pont-Neuf, first stone laid by Henry III., 31 
May 1578 — completed, 1604 — reconstructed, 
1852. Pont des Arts, completed, 1804. Pont 
cVAasterlitz, built, 1 801 -7 — reconstructed, 1 854. 
Pont de la Concorde, built, 1787-90. Pom de 
Jena, built, 1806-13. [See also names of the 
Palaces, Institutions, Colleges, Cemeteries, Monu- 
ments, §c] 

Paris, Councils of, held by Julian, against 
formula of Eimini, 360; 551, 553 or 555 ; re- 
specting ecclesiastical property, 557 ; held by 
King Gontran for reconciliation of his brothers, 
11 Sep. 573 ; by Chilperic for deposition and 
excommunication of Praetcxtatus, Ep of Eouen, 
spring 577 ; by Clotaire, on discipline, 18 Oct. 
615 ; against Iconoclasts and second Council of 
Nicsea, Nov. 825 ; respecting the several duties 
of secular and ecclesiastical authorities, 6 Jun. 
829 ; respecting affair of Ebbo, Bp of Eheims, 
14 Feb. 846 ; against Nomenoe, alleged king 
of Bretagne, and for deposition of the chorepis- 
copi, about autumn 849; 853; 1024; for 
condemnation of Berenger, 17 Oct. 1050; for 
absolution of King rhilip and Bertrade, 2 Dec. 
1 1 04; held by Eugenius IV., attended by St 
Bernard, respecting doctrine of Gilbert de la 
Porree, Bp of Poitiers, after Whitsuntide 1 147 ; 
held by Philip Augustus to promote crusade, 
Jan. 1 1 85; by legates of the pope, respecting 
marriage of Philip with Ingeburga, 1196 ; by 
legate Octavian to condemn Evrard de Nevers, 
burnt as a heretic at Nevers, 1201 ; by Car- 
dinal Eobert de Courcon, against doctrine of 
Amaury, condemning fourteen of his followers 
to be burnt, and against Aristotle's Metaphysics, 
condemning Latin translation to be burnt, and 
prohibiting use of it under pain of excommuni- 
cation, Oct. 1 2 10; by the same for reformation 
of the clergy, 1 2 1 3 ; by the same for regulation 
of the School of Paris, Aug. 12 15 — by Car- 
dinal Conrad, Bp of Porto, against Albigenses, 
6 Jul. 1223; by legate Eomanus, who treats 



with King Louis respecting affairs of England 
and the Albigenses, 15 May 1225; by Louis 
VIII. and legate Eomanus, for excommunica- 
tion of Eaymond, Count of Toulouse, and con- 
firmation of his dominions to the king, 28 Jan. 
1226 ; transferred from Meaux, for reconcilia- 
tion of Count Eaymond with the Church and 
the king, before 15 Apr. 1229; by Abp of 
Sens, on discipline, 1248; 1253; 1255; by 
Abp of Sens, respecting dispute between Uni- 
versity and Preaching Friars, Feb. ? 1256 ; by 
order of St Louis, for prayers against conquests 
of the Tatars, ordaining processions, restraint 
of luxury and amusements, 10 Apr. 1261 ; by 
Abp of Tyre, who obtains grant of hundredth 
of the revenues of clergy in France for five 
years, for wars in Palestine, 18 Nov. 1263; 
by Cardinal de Brion and St Louis against 
swearing and blasphemy, 26 Aug. 1264; 
against Mendicant Friars, Dec. 1281 ; by 
Philip the Fair, against bull (Auscidta, 
fili) of Boniface VIII., 10 Apr. 1302; by 
the same, at the Louvre, when William 
of Nogaret brings charges against Boni- 
face VIII. of heresy, simony, and other 
crimes, 12 Mar. 1303; by the same, the 
charges repeated by William of Plessis, and 
appeal made by Philip to General Council, 1 3 
Jun. 1303 ; by Abp of Sens, for investigation of 
cause of the Templars, 11-26 Oct. 1310; May 
1 3 14; respecting observance of sacrament, 3 
Mar. 1324; by Abp of Sens, against secular 
jurisdiction over ecclesiastics, 9-14 Mar. 1347 ; 
first national, of France, held by Patriarchs of 
Alexandria and Jerusalem, respecting method 
of terminating schism in the Church, recom- 
mending resignation of the two popes, 4 P'eb. 
1395 ; second national, held by Charles VI., 
respecting the same, 22 May 1 398 ; . second 
session, when it was resolved to withdraw 
obedience to Pope Benedict, Jul. 1398; for 
conservation of ecclesiastical privileges during 
the schism, 21 Oct. 1404; to demand General 
Council for termination of schism, Jan. 1406 ; 
third national, for regulation of Gallican 
Church during neutrality, condemnation of 
adherents of Benedict XIII. , and of bearers 
of his bull of excommunication, 1 1 Aug. to 5 
Nov. 1408 ; by Abp of Sens, respecting duties 
and manners of ecclesiastics, and against Feast 
of Fools, and other profanations, 1 Mar. to 
23 Apr. 1429 ; by Abp of Sens, against Luther- 
anism and on discipline, &c, 3 Feb. to 9 Oct. 
1528. 

Paris, Treaties of, between Eaymond VII., 
Count of Toulouse, St Louis, and the Pope, for 
cession of Provence, signed, 12 Apr. 1229 — 
between France and England, for restoration 
of Aquitaine to Edward L, 20 May 1303 — 
between Charles of Austria, sovereign of the 
Netherlands, and Francis I. of France, 24 
Mar. 1515 — Family Compact, 1761 — con- 
clusion of peace between France, Spain, 
Portugal, and England, cession of Canada to 
England, signed, 10 Feb. 1763 — between 
France and United States, recognizing their 
independence, signed, 6 Feb. 1778 — between 
Great Britain and Holland, 20 Jun. 1784 — be- 
69 



1090 



PARIS. 



tween French Republic and king of Sardinia, for 
cession of Savoy and Nice to France, 15 May 
1796 — between France and Ferdinand IV., 
king of Naples, 10 Oct. 1796 — between France 
and Russia, ratified, 8 Oct. 1801 — between 
same, signed, 20 Jul. 1806, but not ratified — 
between France and Holland, for cession of 
Flushing to France, ratified, 10 Nov. 1807 — 
between France and Sweden, 6 Jan. 18 10 — 
of alliance between France and Austria, 14 
Mar. 1 81 2 — between Napoleon I. and allies, 
Napoleon deposed and banished to Elba, ratified, 
11 Apr. 1 8 14 — convention between Count 
d'Artois and allies for cessation of hostilities and 
evacuation of French territory, signed, 23 Apr. 
18 14 — between France and allies, ratified, 30 
May 1 8 14 — between France and Spain, con- 
firming previous treaties, signed, 20 Jul. 18 14 
— convention between Great Britain, Austria, 
Russia, and Prussia, charging British govern- 
ment with safeguard of Napoleon, 2 Aug. 18 15 
— Holy Alliance, 18 15 — between France on 
one part, and Great Britain, Austria, Russia, 
and Prussia, on other part, defining boundaries 
of France, and providing for temporary gar- 
risoning of French fortresses, 20 Nov. 18 15 — 
between Great Britain, Austria, Russia, and 
Prussia, confirming Treaties of Chaumont and 
Vienna, 20 Nov. 18 15 — between Great Britain, 
France, Spain, Russia, and Prussia, to fulfil 
Articles of Congress of Vienna, 10 Jun. 18 17 — 
between France and Portugal for cession of 
Guiana to France, 28 Aug. 1817 — convention 
between France and allies, 25 Apr. 18 18 — 
convention between Great Britain and France, 
respecting debts to British subjects, 25 Apr. 
1 8 1 8 — of peace between Russia on one part, 
and Great Britain, France, Austria, and Turkey 
on other part, signed, 1 Feb.— ratified, 30 Mar. 
1856— of peace, between Great Britain and 
Persia, 3 Mar. 1857 — between Great Powers of 
Europe, respecting Neufchatel, 26 May 1857 
— convention constituting Danubian Princi- 
palities, 1858. Congress of, to arrange terms 
of peace between Russia and the allies, meets, 
25 Mar. — closes, 16 Apr. 1856. Declaration of, 
abolishing privateering, and respecting rights 
of neutral flag at sea, Apr. 1856. Conferences 
of, between Great Powers respecting Turco- 
Greek difficulty, Jan. 1868. 

Paris, German siege of, (1870-1,) — [Franco- 
German War] — Aug. : riots at, 5 — declared in 
state of siege by Empress Regent, 7 — meeting 
of Chambers, and resignation of Ollivier Min- 
i-try, 9 — Gen.Trochu appointed Governor, 10 — 
Count Palikao forms new Ministry, 10 — forced 
currency for bank notes decreed, 11 — disturb- 
ances at La Villette, 14 — Committee of Defence 
appointed, 19 — expulsion of useless mouths, by 
Gen. Trochu, 24 — expulsion of foreigners, 28. 
Sep. : battle of Sedan, 1 — Republic pro- 
claimed, 4 — Government of National Defence 
formed, flight of Empress Regent, 4 — army of 
Gen. Vinoy routed by Germans, near Villcjuif, 
1 9-— investment of the city by Germans com- 
plete, 19 — sortie under Gen. Ducrot, 20 — in- 
terview of Jules Favre and Count Bismark at 
Ferrieres, 22 — unsuccessful sorties, 23 and 30. 



Oct. : Escape of Gambetta in a balloon to 
Amiens, 7 — first shots fired by Germans, 11-12 
— Palace of St Cloud set on fire by the French, 
13 — unsuccessful sorties, 13 and 21 — armistice 
proposed by British Government, 22 — Le 
Bourget attacked and occupied by French, 28 — * 
retaken by Germans, 30 — insurrection of Reds, 
and temporary arrest of members of the Go- 
vernment, 31. 

Nov. : unsuccessful negotiations for armistice, 
between Count Bismark and M. Thiers at Ver- 
sailles, 1-6 — vote of confidence in Government 
of National Defence, 3 — sorties recommenced, 
28 — sortie in force under Gens. Trochu and. 
Ducrot, Brie and Champigny taken, 30. 

Dec. : recapture of positions at Champigny, 
by Germans, 2 — bombardment of forts (Mont 
Avron) commenced, 27-28 — occupation of 
Mont Avron by Germans, 29. 

1 87 1, Jan. : Bombardment of southern forts 
commenced, 5 — sortie from Mont Valerien, 
under Gen. Trochu, repulsed, 19 — Gen. Trochu 
resigns his governorship of Paris, 22 — Gen. 
Vinoy appointed Commander-in-chief of army 
of Paris, 22 — disturbances suppressed, 22 — 
negotiations for capitulation begin, 23 — terms 
agreed on, and armistice for 21 days from 28th, 
25 — forts occupied by Germans, 29 — Mont 
Valerien, 30. 

Feb. : Elections to National Assembly take 
place, 8 — meeting of Assembly at Bordeaux, 
13 — M. Thiers chosen head of Executive, 16 
— preliminaries of peace signed at Versailles, 26. 
Mar. : Treaty of Peace ratified by Assembly, 
1 — entry of Germans into Paris, 1 — evacuation 
of the city, 3 — Mont Valerien and southern 
forts evacuated, 7 — Versailles evacuated, 12 — 
northern and eastern forts evacuated, 20 Sep. 
[Paris, Communal Insurrection^ 

Paris, Communal Insurrection, (Mar. to 
May 1 87 1,) — [Franco-German War] — Mar.: 
Seizure of guns and occupation of Montmartre 
by National Guards, about 6-7 — suppression of 
Red Republican Journals by Gen. Vinoy, 12 — 
unsuccessful attempt of Government to retake 
Montmartre, insurrection of the Reds, Gens. 
Lecomte and Clement Thomas taken and shot, 
18 — barricades erected, proclamations issued 
by Central Committee, 1 8 — meeting of National 
Assembly at Versailles, 20 — reoccupation of 
Saint Denis by Germans, 20 — unarmed demon- 
stration of citizens against insurgents, 22 — 
Count Bismark threatens bombardment if 
insurrection not suppressed, 22 — fort of Vin- 
cennes occupied by insurgents, 22 — Admiral 
Saisset disperses his staff and retires to Ver- 
sailles, 25 — elections of the Commune, 26 — the 
Commune proclaimed, 28— seizure of the Post 
Office, 29. 

Apr. : Seizure of Bureau de Police, r — Na- 
tional Guards defeated at Courbevoie, &c, by 
Versailles troops under Gen. Vinoy, 2 — St 
Cloud occupied by Versailles troops, 2 — Na- 
tional Guards march on Versailles, and are 
routed by guns of Mont Valerien, and at Meu- 
don, 3— MacMahon appointed Commander-in- 
chief of army of Versailles, 3— insurgents again 
defeated, and Chatillon taken, 4— Assi, chair- 



PARIS— PARKER. 



109 r 



man of Central Committee, imprisoned, 4 — the 
Journal des De'bats suppressed, 5 — Abp of 
Paris and several cures arrested, 5 — decree 
prohibiting men between 18 and 35 from leav- 
ing the city, 5 — Forts Vanves and Issy at- 
tacked by Versailles army, 5 — decree for arrest 
of all guilty of complicity with Versailles Go- 
vernment, 6 — repulse of National Guards at 
Nanterre, Courbevoie, &c, 6 — the Guillotine 
burnt, 7 — Bridge of Neuilly captured by Ver- 
sailles troops, 7 — fighting at Neuilly renewed, 
8 — Notre Dame closed and pillaged, 8 — the 
Steele and Temps suppressed, 9 — Dombrowski 
appointed Communal commander, vice Bergeret, 
10 — capture of Asnieres by insurgents, 10 — 
MacMahon assumes • command, 11 — delegates 
of Republican League sent to Versailles, 
11 — Versailles troops repulsed at Meudon, 
Issy, and Neuilly, 11 — fighting continued, 12 
— Gen. Fabrice removes his head-quarters from 
Rouen to Saint Denis, 1 3 — seven battalions of 
National Guards disbanded by Commune, 14 
— Communal elections, 16 — insurgents sum- 
moned to surrender in 24 hours, 16 — arrest of 
Bianqui at Cahors, 17— Chateau Becon cap- 
tured, by Versailles troops, 17 — Asnieres taken, 
19 — armistice of 12 hours at Neuilly, 23 — 
deputation of Freemasons to Versailles to pro- 
pose arrangement, 23 — second blockade of 
Paris commences, 26 — park and cemetery of 
Issy taken by Versailles army, 29 — Gen. 
Cluseret dismissed from Communal Ministry of 
War, Col. Rossel appointed, 30. 

May : Fort Issy attacked by Versailles troops, 
1 — Committee of Public Safety appointed, 2 — 
Clamart railway station and Chateau of Issy 
taken by Versailles army, 2 — redoubt of Mou- 
lin- Saquet captured by them, but not held, 3 

— interview of Prince Bismark and Jules 
Favre at Frankfort, 6 — Proclamation of M. 
Thiers to inhabitants of Paris, 8 — capture of 
Fort Issy, 9 — Vanves burnt and evacuated by 
insurgents, 9 — resignation of Rossel, 9 — Fort 
Vanves occupied by Versailles troops, 14 — 
Column of Place Vendome pulled down, 16— 
arrest of Rochefort at Meaux, 21 — the city 
entered by Versailles army, 22 — Montmartre 
taken, 23 — public buildings burnt by Reds, 24 
— [Louvre, Palais Royal, Tuileries, &c.]— 
murder of Dominican monks, 25 — Fort Ivry 
blown up by Reds, 25 — Abp of Paris and other 
hostages shot, 27 — cemetery of Pere-la-Chaise, 
last position of insurgents, taken by Gen. 
Bruat, and Fort of Vincennes surrendered, 28 

— disarmament and dissolution of National 
Guards of the Seine decreed by M. Thiers, 29. 

Trials of prisoners before Courts Martial at 
Versailles begin, 7 Aug. — Commission of Par- 
dons meets at Versailles, 16 Nov. 

Paris, John Ayrton, physician, — fj. at 
Cambridge, 7 Aug. 1785 — enters the Univ., 
1803 — M.D. Cambridge, 1808 — commences 
practice in London, 1808 — settles at Penzance, 
soon after : returns to London, 18 17 — Pres. 
Coll. of Physicians, 1844 — rj. in London, 24 
Dec. 1856. Pharmacologia, 18 19 — Life of 
Sir Humphrey Davy, 18 10 — Philosophy in 
sport made Science in earnest, 1853. 



Paris, Matthew. [Matthew Paris.] 

Parisot, Pierre, {Father Norbert,) — b. at 
Bar-le-Duc, 1697 — enters Franciscan Order, 
17 16— goes to Rome, 1734— sent to India, 
1736 — returns, 1740 — obtains brief of secular- 
ization from Clement XIII., 1759 — &• near 
Commercy, 7 Jul. 1769. Memoires historiques 
sur les missions des Indes orientates, 1744. 

Park, Mungo, traveller, — b. near Selkirk, 
10 Sep. 177 1 — studies surgery at Edinburgh 
Univ., 1789 — goes to India, Feb. 1792-3 — 
visits Africa, May 1795-7 — settles at Peebles, 
Oct. 1 801 — conducts exploring expedition into 
interior of Africa, Jan. 1 805 — drowned in the 
Niger, close of 1805. Travels into the interior 
of Africa in 1795-7, 1799. 

Parker, Sir Hyde, Bart. — b., about 171 1 — 
Lieutenant R.N., 10 Jan. 1745 — serves in E. 
Indies, 1760-2 — Rear-admiral, 1778 — attacks 
Dutch squadron on Dogger Bank, 5 Aug. 1779 
— succeeds his father as Bart., 1782 — embarks 
for India, Oct. 1782, and is no more heard of. 

Parker, Sir Hyde> the Younger, admiral, — 
b., 1739 — enters the navy, before 1757 — Post- 
captain, 1763 — distinguishes himself on Ameri- 
can station, and is knighted, 1770 — takes Sa- 
vannah, Dec. 1778 — takes part in expedition 
for relief of Gibraltar, 1782 — Rear-admiral, 
Feb. 1793 — present at surrender of Toulon 
and reduction of Corsica, 1794 — Admiral, 1799 
— Commander-in-chief at battle of Copenhagen, 
2 Apr. 1 80 1 — recalled, 5 May — 1j. in London, 

16 Mar. 1807. 
Parker, Matthew, Abp of Canterbury, — 

ft. at Norwich, 1504 — enters Corpus Christi 
Coll. Cambridge, 1520 — B.A., 1523 — ordained 
priest, 1527 — M.A. and Fellow of his Coll., 
1527 — Chaplain to Queen Anne Boleyn, 1533 
—Chaplain to Henry VIIL, 1537 — D.D., 
1538 — Prebendary 01 Ely, 1541 — Master of 
Corpus Christi Coll., 1544 — Vice-chancellor of 
the Univ., 1545 — marries, 1547 — preaches to 
rebels under Kett in Norfolk, 1549 — Preben- 
dary and Dean of Lincoln, 1552 — deprived by 
Queen Mary, 1553 — consecrated Abp of Can- 
terbury, 17 Dec. 1559 — has the Bishops' BibU 
published at his expense, 1568 — his severe 
visitation of diocese of "Winchester, 1575 — ft., 

17 May 1575. De Antiquitate Britanniw 
Ecclesia, 1572 — edits Matthew Paris, 157 1. 

Parker, Samuel, Bp op Oxford, — b. at 
Northampton, 1640 — enters Wadham Coll. 
Oxford, 1656— B.A., about 1659— F.R.S., 
1665 — Chaplain to Abp Sheldon, 1667 — Arch- 
deacon of Canterbury, 1670— Prebendary of 
Canterbury, 1672 — Bp of Oxford, Jan. 1686 
Pres. Magdalen Coll., by mandamus, 1686 — 
fc. there, 20 May, a Mar. b 1687. Tentamina 
physico-theologica, 1665 — Discourse of Ecclesi- 
astical Polity, 1669 — Reasons for abrogating 
the Test, 1688 — De rebus sui temporis, 1716. 
a Engl. Cyc. b E,ees J Cyc. 

Parker, Theodore, theologian, — b. at Lex- 
ington, U. S., 24 Aug. 1 810 — enters Harvard 
Coll., 1830 — marries, 1837 — Minister of Unita- 
rian Church at West Roxbury, 1837 — visits 
I Europe, 1843-4 — settles at Boston, 1846 — 
I joint editor with Emerson and Cabot of Mas- 
69 * 



109: 



PARKER— PARMA. 



sachusetts Quarterly Review, 1847 — opposes 
Fugitive Slave Law, 1850 — visits France and 
Inly, 1859 — rj. at Florence, 10 May i860. 
Discourse of Matters pertaining to Religion, 
1842 — Translation of De Wette's Introduction 
to Old Testament, 1843 — Sermons, 1852-3 — 
Speeches, Addresses, §c, 1855. 

Parker, Sir Thomas. [Macclesfield, Earl 
of.] 

Parker, Sir William, Bart., Admiral of 
the Fleet, — ft. in Staffordshire, 178 1 — enters 
the navy, 1793 — present at Howe's victory 
over the French, 1 Jun. 1794 — Post-captain, 
1 801 — becomes friend of Xelson, about 1803 
— captures the Marengo and Belle Poule, 1806 
— marries, 1810 — C.B., 18 15 — blockades coast 
of Greece, 1827 — Commander-in-chief on Lis- 
bon station, May 1831 to Jul. 1834 — K.C.B., 
16 Jul., and Lord of the Admiralty, 26 Jul. 
1 834— Xaval Commander-in-chief in E. Indies, 
May 1 841 — directs operations of Chinese "War, 
1 841-2 — Yice-admiral, Nov. 1841 — receives 
thanks of parliament, 1842 — G.C.B., 2 Dec. 
1842 — Bart., 1844 — Commander-in-chief in 
Mediterranean, 1845-52 — principal aide-de- 
camp to the Queen, 1S46 — Commander-in-chief 
at Plymouth, 1854 — Admiral of the Fleet, 
1863 — tf. at Shenstone Lodge, Staffordshire, 
13 Xov. 1866. 

Parker Society, — established in London, 
1840. 

Parkes, Samuel, chemist, — 6. at Stour- 
bridge, 1750 — rj. in London, 1825. Chemical 
Essays, 18 15. 

Parkhurst, John, theologian, lexicographer, 
— b. at Catesby. Northamptonshire, Jun. 1728 
— M.A. Cambridge. 1752 — tr. at Epsom, 21 
Mar. 1797. Hebrew and English Lexicon, 1762 
— Greek and English Lexicon to the New Tes- 
tament, 1769. *■'/-"" 

Parkinson, John, botanist, — rj. in London, 
1567 — living, 1640. Parodist in Sole, Para- 
disus Terrestris, 1629 — Theatrum Botanicum, 
1640. n 

Parkinson, Richard, theologian, poet, — fc. in 
Lancashire, 17 Sep. 1798 — B.A. Cambridge, 
1820 — M.A. , 1824 — Theological Lecturer, Coll. 
of St Bees, 1826 — Hulsean Lecturer, Cam- 
bridge Univ., 1837 and 1838 — Tice-Pres. 
Chethani Societv, 1842 — Principal of the Coll., 
1846— D.D., 1851— rj. at St Bees, 28 Jan. 
1858. Old Church Clock, 1844— Poems, 1845. 

Parkinson, Thomas, 'mathematician, — ft. 
at Kirkham, Lancashire, 1745 — tf., 1830. 
System of Mechanics and Hydrostatics, 1789. 

Parliament, [Parlement,) — name applied to 
Assembly of States in France, about 1150. In 
England, summoned by Simon de Montfort, 
meets, 28 Jan. 1265 — its constitution recog- 
nized and established by Act 15 Edw. II., 1322 
— deposes Edward II., 7 Jan. 1327 — ordered to 
be held annually by Stat. 4 Edw. III. c. 1-1, 1330 
— deposes Richard II., 30 Sep. 1399 — dispute 
with Convocation respecting claim of clergy to be 
exempt from jurisdiction of king's courts, 15 15 
— not summoned by Charles I., 1628-40 — [Long 
Parliament] — meets without summons, 1 660 
— sitting of, not to be intermitted above three 



years, by Act 16 Car. II. c. 1, 1664 — again meets 
without summons, 1689 — freedom of debates 
secured by Act 1 Wni and Mar. sess. 2, c. 2, 
1 6 8 9 — [ Convention Parliament] — Triennial 
Act, 1694 — resolves that publication of its 
debates is breach of privilege, 27 Dec. 1694 — 
authorized, in certain case on demise of the 
Crown, to meet without summons, by Act 6 
Ann. c. 7, 1706 — first United, of Great Britain, 
meets, 23 Oct. 1707 — Septennial Act, 17 15 — 
again prohibits publication of debates, 26 Feb. 
1 729 — first Imperial, of United Kingdom, meets, 
22 Jan. 1 801. Of Ireland, earliest known, sum- 
moned, about 1295 — earliest statutes on record, 
13 10 — representation of boroughs begins, 1341 
—regular series of statutes, from 1429 — regu- 
lated by Poyning's Laws, 1495 — powers of, ex- 
tended by Act 3 and 4 Phil, and Mar. c. 4, 1556 
— limited by Act 6 Geo. I. c. 0, 17 19, repealed 
by Act 22 Geo. III. c. 53, 1782— declared to 
have exclusive authority in Ireland, by Act 23 
Geo. III. c. 28, 1783— abolished by Act of 
Union, 39 and 40 Geo. III. c. 67, 2 Jul. 1800. 
Of Scotland, representation of boroughs in, 
mentioned, 1326 — regulated by James I., 1427 
— county representation established, 1587 — 
united with English, by Act of Union, 6 Ann. 
c, 11, 6 Mar. 1707. [Elections, Emanci- 
pation, Catholic, Jews, Lords, House of, 
Peers, Reform.] 
Parliamentary Oaths. [Oaths.] 
Parliaments of France, — [See Paris, and 
names of chief cities'] — abolished by Constituent 
Assembly, 11 Sep. 1790. 

Parma and Piacenza, Duchy of, — erected 
by Pope Paul III., for his son Pieeo LriGi 
Faknese, Duke of Castro, 12 Aug. 1545 — 
assassinated by conspirators, 10 Sep. 1547 — Ot- 
tavio Earnese (son) succeeds, 1547 — Ales- 
sandro, (son,) 1586— Raxuccio, (son,) b., 1569 
— aims at crown of Portugal, 1580 — succeeds 
his father, 6 Sep. 1592 — gonfalonier of the 
Church, by Clement VIII., i6co— conspiracy 
formed against, 1611 — frustrated, 1612 — rj., 
Mar. 1622 — Odoakdo, (son,) fj., 1612— suc- 
ceeds, 1622 — joins French league against Spam, 
1633 — his estates ravaged by Modenese, 1636 — 
makes peace with Spain, 1637 — attempt of 
Urban YIII. to deprive him of Duchy of Castro, 
1639-44 — makes peace with the pope, 31 Mar. 
1644 — ij., 12 Sep. 1646 — Raxuccio II., (son.) 
6., 1630 — succeeds, 1646 — puts to death Bp of 
Castro, 1649 — cedes Castro to Innocent X., 
1661 — tf., 11 Dec. 1694 — Francesco, (son,) 
ft., 1678 — succeeds, 1694 — Duchy declared a 
fief of the Empire, and succession limited to 
male line by Quadruple Alliance, 17 18 — fj., 
26 Feb. 1727 — Ajntonio, (brother,) h., 1679 — 
succeeds, 1727 — rj., 20 Jan. 1731 — Duchy 
seized by Imperial troops as vacant fief, 17 31 
— Don Carlos, Infante of Spain, succeeds, 
(under Quadruple Alliance, and treaty between 
! Emperor Charles VI. and king of Spain, of 30 
j Apr. 1725.) 17 31 — given up to Emperor by 
Peace of Vienna, 3 Oct. 1735 — renounced bv 
1 Don Carlos on his conquest of kingdom of 
Naples, 5 Jan. 1737 — ceded by Queen of Hun- 
gary, by Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, to Don 



PARMA— PARRY. 



1093 



Philip, Infante of Spain, 18 Oct. 1748 — 
taken possession of by him, Mar. 1749 — signs 
Family Compact, 1761 — rj., 18 Jul. 1765— 
Don Ferdinand, (son,) h., 175 1 — succeeds, 
1765 — publishes Pragmatic Sanction, 1768 — 
expels Jesuits, Feb. 1768 — marries Archduchess 
Maria Amelia, 27 Jun. 1769 — ft., 9 Oct. 1802 
— Don Louis, (son, ) fj., 1773 — marries Maria 
Louisa, Infanta, 1785 — deprived of the Duchy 
by Napoleon, (by Convention of Madrid, 21 
Mar. 1 801,) and made King of Etruria, 1801 
— tf., 27 May 1803— Charles Louis, (son,) 
fc., 1799 — king of Etruria, under Regency of 
his mother, 1803 — deprived by Napoleon, 10 
Dec. 1807 — the Duchy given to Archduchess 
Maria Louisa of Austria, by Congress of 
Vienna, 9 Jun. 18 15 — on her death falls to 
Charles Louis, 1847 — boundaries of, revised, 
1847 — Austrian garrison expelled, flight of the 
Duke, Mar. to Apr. 1848 — he abdicates in 
favour of his son, Charles III., 14 Mar. 1849 
— murdered, 26 Mar. 1854 — succeeded by his 
son, Robert I., 1854 — Duchy annexed to king- 
dom of Sardinia by decree of Victor Em- 
manuel, 18 Mar. i860. 

Parma, in Italy, — [B C] — made a Roman 
colony, 183— [AD] — conquered by Lombards, 
570 — head of a Duchy, 572 — conquered by 
Greeks, 590 — by Charles the Great, 774 — be- 
comes independent, about 1150 (?) — carries on 
war with Piacenza, n 99 — placed under ban of 
the empire, by Frederick II., 25 Nov. 1220 — 
earthquake at, Dec. 1222 — visited by Frederick 
II., May to Jun. 1226 — meeting of prelates at, 
respecting crusade, Jun. 1226 — joins Frederick 
against Milan, Jan. 1232 — Availed by Frederick, 
123.8 — conspiracy against him at, 1245 — defeat 
of Imperial troops and occupation of the city 
by Guelf exiles, 16 Jun. 1247 — besieged by 
Frederick, beginning of Jul. — unsuccessful at- 
tempt to storm, Dec. — defeat of Frederick by 
Parmesans, 18 Feb. 1248 — twice unsuccessfully 
attacked by him, 1248 — defeated by Cremona, 
1250 — submits to Pope John XXII. , 27 Sep. 
1326 — Papal garrison expelled, 1 Aug. 1328 — 
lordship of, sold to Obizzo, Marquis of Este, 
Nov. 1344 — sold by him to Lucchino Visconte, 
10 Oct. 1346 — sovereignty usurped by Ottone 
de Terzi, 1403 — shared with Piero de Rossi, 
Mar. 1404 — expulsion of Rossi, same month : 
league formed by Duke of Milan for recovery 
of, 13 May 1408 — Terzi assassinated by order 
of Marquis of Este, 27 May 1409 — recovered 
by Milan : [Milan] — ceded to Francis I. of 
France, 1513 — recovered by the pope, 1521 — 
with Piacenza erected into a Duchy by Pope 
Paul III., Aug. 1545 — [Parma and Piacenza, 
Duchy of] — the French under Marquis de 
Coigni defeat Imperialists under Gen. Mercy 
near, 29 Jun. 1734 — evacuated by Austrians, 
taken possession of by French, Sep. 1745 — 
Suwarof defeats Macdonald near, Jun. 1799 — 
earthquake in the Duchy, 14 Feb. 1834 — 
Austrian garrison expelled, 19 Mar. 1848 — 
annexed to kingdom of Italy by Treaties of 
Villafranca and Zurich, 1859. University, 
founded, 1599. Academy of Sciences, 1601. 



pleted, 1 106. Baptistery, commenced, 1196 — 
completed, 1281. 

Parmenides, Eleatic philosopher, — [B C] — 
fj., about (01. 65) 520— fl., (01. 69, 2,) 503," 
[455> b 435*4 c ]~ visits Athens, about (01. 80, 
1) 460. a Clinton. b Euseb. c Cyril. 

Parmenion,— [B c]— 6., about 400 a — com- 
mands against Illyrians, defeats them, 356— at 
siege of Halos, 346 — ambassador to Athens, 
346— in Euboea r 342— sent with Attalus into 
Asia, 336— secures the army to Alexander: 
returns to Macedonia, 334— accompanies Alex- 
ander into Asia, 334 — left in charge of 
treasures in Media, 330 — put to death by Alex- 
ander, before end of 330. a smith's Diet. 
Parmigiano. [Mazzuoli.] 
Parnell, Henry Brooke. [Congleton, Lord.] 
Parnell, Thomas, poet,— ft. at Dublin, 1679 
— M.A. Trin. Coll. Dublin, 1700— Archdeacon 
of Clogher, 1705 — prebendary, 17 13 — vicar of 
Finglass, 17 16 — rj. at Chester, Jul. 17 17. 
Poems, 172 1 

Parny, Evariste Desire Besforges, Vis- 
count de, poet, — b. in Isle of Bourbon, 6 Feb. 
1755 — sent to France, 1764-75 — admitted to 
the Institute, 1803 — tf. at Paris, 5 Dec. 18 14. 
(Euvres, 1808. 

Parodi, Bomenico, painter, — 6. at Genoa, 
i688, a 1668 b — tf., Apr. 1740.* 

a Biog. Univ. b Biog. Catalogue. 

Parque-Castrillo, Duke del, general,— ft. 
at Valladolid, 1755 — Lieutenant-general, 1798, 
— serves against French, 1808-14 — P res - of 
the Cortes, 1820—0"., about 1830. 
Parr, Catherine. [Catherine.] 
Parr, Samuel, classical scholar, — h. at Har- 
row on the Hill, 15 Jan. 1747 — enters Em- 
manuel Coll. Cambridge, 1765 — ordained priest, 
1777 — settles at Hatton in Warwickshire, 1786 
— tf. at Hatton, 6 Mar. 1825. TForks, 1828. 

Parr, Thomas, reputed centenarian, — fj. at 
Wilmington, Shropshire, 1483 (?) — presented 
to Charles I., 1635 — to. in London, 1635. 

Parret, river in England, — defeat of North- 
men by Ealstan, Bp of Sherborne, and Osric, 845. 
Parrhasius, painter, — [B C]— fl., about 400- 
344, a 347. b a Pausan. b Seneca. 

Parrocel, Charles, painter,— fj. at Paris, 6 

May 1688 — admitted to the Academy, 1721 — 

Prof., 1746 — tf. at Paris, 24 May 1752^ 1753. b 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. 

Parrocel, Ignace, painter, — ft. at Avignon, 

1688 — 0. at Mons, 1722. 

Parrocel, Joseph, painter, — h. at Brignoles, 
1648 — admitted to the Academy, Paris, 1676 
— tf. at Paris, 1 Mar. 1704. 

Parrocel, Pierre, painter, — h. at Avignon, 
about 1664 — admitted to the Academy, 1730 
— tf. at Paris, 1739. 

Parry, Sir William Edward, admiral, Arctic 
voyager, — ft. at Bath, 19 Dec. 1790 — enters 
the navy, Jun. 1803 — serves in N. America, 
1813-17 — takes part in expedition of dis- 
covery to Arctic Seas, Apr. to Nov. 181 8 — 
commands expedition, May 18 19 to Nov. 1820 
— F.R.S., 1820 — second expedition, May 1821 
to Oct. 1823 — third, May 1824 to Oct. 1825 — 



Academy of Fine Arts, 17 52. Cathedral, com- 1 hydrographer to Admiralty, 1825-6 — fourth 



io 9 4 



PARSDORF— PARTHIA. 



expedition, Apr. to Sep. 1827— Knt, 29 Apr. 
1829— D.C.L. Oxford, 1829 — commissioner 
of Australian Agricultural Company at Port 
Stephens, Jul. 1829 to Nov. 1834 — Rear-ad- 
miral, 4 Jun. 1852 — Lieutenant-governor of 
Greenwich Hospital, 1853 — tf. at Ems, 7 Jul. 
1 855. Journal of a Voyage for the discovery 
of a North- West Passage, 1821 — Journal of 
Second Voyage, 1824 — of Third Voyage, 1826 — 
Narrative of an attempt to reach the North 
Pole, 1827. 

Parsdorf, Armistice of, — concluded between 
French and Austrians, 15 Jul. 1800. 

Parsons, James, physician, — h. at Barn- 
staple, 1705 — M.D. Rheims, 1736 — settles in 
London, 1736 — F.R.S., 1740— fc. in London, 
4 Apr. 1770. Remains of Japhet, 1767. 

Parsons, Robert, Jesuit,— b. in Somerset- 
shire, 1546 — enters Baliol Coll. Oxford, 1563 
— B.A., 1568 — M.A., 1572 — quits Oxford, 
spring 1574 — enters Society of Jesus, at Rome, 
May I 515 — sent with Campion to England, 
by Gregory XIIL, Jul. 1580 — proclamation 
issued against him, returns to Rome, 1583 — 
rector of English seminary there, 1587 — sent 
to Spain, 1588 — prefect of English mission, 
1592 — fails in attempt at the cardinalate, 1596 
— tJ. at Rome, 18 Apr. 16 10. Christian Direct- 
ory, 1583-91 — Three Conversions of Paganism, 
1603-4 — Memorial for Reformation, 1596. 

Parsons, William, comic actor, — b. at Maid- 
stone, 1736 — appears at Drury Lane Theatre, 
1763 — retires, 1794 — fc. at Lambeth, 3 Feb. 

1795- 

Parsons, William. [Rosse, Earl or.] 

Parthenius, of Nicaa, elegiac poet, — [B C] 
—captured by Cinna, before 63(F) — [AD] — 
U., after 14. 

Parthenon, at Athens, — [BC] — commenced 
by Pheidias, (01. 84,) 443,* (01. 81, 2,) 454 b — 
opened, (01. 85, 3,) 438 — [AD] — converted into 
a church, about 420, or earlier c — drawings of, 
made by Jacques Carrey, 1674 — damaged in 
siege by Venetians, 1687 — drawings, by Stuart, 
1755 — removal of sculptures by Earl of Elgin, 
between 1 801 -12 — [Elgin Marbles] — again 
damaged by the bombardment by Turks, 1827 
— measurements, and discovery of curvature 
of horizontal lines, by Pennethorne, 1837 — 
by Hofer and Schubart, 1838 — measurements, 
by Penrose, Oct. 1846 to May 1847, pub- 
lished, 1 85 1 — plans, by Knowles, 1850 — in- 
vestigations of Michaelis, published, 1871. 
a Most authorities. b Michaelis. c Engl. Cyc. 

Parthenope. [Naples.] 

Parthenope, asteroid, — discovered by De 
Gasparis, at Naples, 11 May 1850. 

Parthenopeian Republic, — proclaimed at 
Naples by the French, 23 Jan. 1799 — dis- 
solved, 20 Jun. 1799. 

Parthia, (political history,) — [BC] — revolt 
of Arsaces against Antiochus II., 25<o, a 256, b 
about 255 c — monarchy established by defeat 
of Seleucus Callinicus, by Arsaces (II.), 
{Tiridates,) 238^ 237 c — monarchy recognized 
by Antiochus the Great, 210, 206 c — extended 
from Hindu Coosh to the Euphrates by Arsaces 
VI., 164-160 — the Sacauraces place Sana- 



troces {Arsaces XI.) on the throne, about 76 « 
— revolution, Mithridates III. {Arsaces 
XIIL) dethroned, and Orodes made king, 
56-55 — revolution, Phraates IV. {Arsaces 
XV.) dethroned, and Tiridates proclaimed 
King, but soon dethroned, and Phraates restored 
by Scythians, 25 b — the standards of Crassus 
given up to Augustus by Phraates IV., 20. b 

a Clinton. b Heeren. c Rawlinson. 

Parthia, (alliances,) — [B C] — of Arsaces IX. 
with Rome, (Sulla,) 92 — of Arsaces XII. with 
Lucullus, about 69 — and Pompey, 66 — with 
Tigranes, grandson of Tigranes of Armenia, by 
marriage, 63 — [AD] — of Arsaces XXVIII. 
with Pescennius Niger, 193. 

Parthia, (wars,) — [BC] — of Arsaces I. or 
II. against Hyrcania, about 244 — against 
Seleucus Callinicus, who is defeated, 238, and 
taken, 236 — of Arsaces VI. against India, 
Media, Elymais, after 164 — against Demetrius 
Nicator, who is defeated and captured, 138,* 
140 b — of Arsaces VII. against Antiochus VII. 
who is, after three victories, defeated and killed, 
i28, a 1 32- 1 b — against Scythians, in which he 
is killed, about 127 — of Arsaces VIII. against 
Thogarii, in which he is killed, 1 24— of Arsaces 
IX. against Scythians, and against Artavasdes 
of Armenia, 144-136 b — of Arsaces X. against 
Sanatroces, 87 to about 76 b — of Arsaces XI. 
against Tigranes, unsuccessful, before 70 a — of 
Arsaces XII. against Armenia, 66 — civil war 
between (Orodes I.) Arsaces XIV. and (Mith- 
ridates III.) Arsaces XIIL, latter besieged in 
Babylon and put to death, 55-4 ab — of Arsaces 
XIV. against Rome, Parthian War, invasion 
of Crassus, who is destroyed with his army, 9 
Jun. 53 a — of Arsaces XV. against Antony, 
who invades unsuccessfully, 36 a b — against 
Media and Armenia, 36 — he places Artaxias on 
throne of Armenia, 33 ? — [AD]— of same 
against Armenia, 2— makes treaty with Rome, 
by Caius Caesar : civil war between (Vonones 
I.) Arsaces XVIII. and (Artabanus III.) 
Arsaces XIX., the former expelled after a 
victory, 1 6— and put to death, 19 s — of Arsaces 
XIX. against Iberians in Armenia, Arsaces 
defeated, 35 — dethroned, but recalled, 36 — 
makes peace with Rome, 36-7 — civil w r ar 
between (Gotarzes) Arsaces XX. and (Bar- 
danes) Arsaces XXL, 44 b — the former abdi- 
cates, and recovers the throne, 47 b — civil 
war between Arsaces XX. and Meherdates, 
latter defeated and expelled, about 50 — 
of Arsaces XXIII. against Armenia, makes 
Tiridates king, 50-1, b before 55 a — against 
Rome about Armenia, 58-62,3 56-64 b — against 
Alani, 75 a — of Arsaces XXV. against Armenia, 
114 — against Rome, 114, 115, 116, 117— of 
Arsaces XXVIII. against Rome, in Armenia, 
162 — and Syria, 16 1-5— of Arsaces XXIX. 
against Rome, {Severus,) 199 — of Arsaces 
XXX. against Rome, {Caracalla,) 215 — of 
Arsaces XXXI. against Rome, {Caracalla,) 
216 — peace with Maximus, 217— against 
revolted Persians under Ardshir, Arsaces de- 
feated and killed, 226. 

a Smith's Diet. b Heeren. 

Parthia, (miscellaneous,)— [B C]— Antiochus 



PARTHIA— PARYSATIS. 



i°95 



the Great invades unsuccessfully, 2i2, a 2i3 b — 
Artabanus I. aids Antiochus the Great against 
Bactria, 210 c — Mardians on the Caspian sub- 
dued by Phraates I., before 144° — interview 
of Orobazus with Sulla, first contact of Parthia 
with Home, 92 c — rivalry between Mithridates 
II. and Tigranes I. of Armenia, before 87,° 
about 90-87 b — Tigranes seizes Msibis and 
part of Mesopotamia, before 70 a — empire con- 
terminous with Roman, 65 — invasion of Syria, 
under Orodes I., Pacorus repelled by Cassius, 
52-51 — Pacorus defeated by Cassius, 50 a — 
invasion of Syria, by Labienus and Pacorus, 40 
• — they are defeated by Ventidius, 39— invasion 
of Syria by Pacorus, who is defeated and 
killed, 9 Jun. 38 a — Orodes resigns crown to 
Phraates IV., 38,* 36, b 37 c — Phraates sends 
his sons to Rome, 18 — [AD] — Thermusa puts 
her son Phraataces on the throne, 4 — Phraataces 
deposed, 4— Orodes II. killed, 4 — Vonones 
made king, 6 C — Vonones expelled by the 
people, i4, bc i6, a and Artabanus invited: 
Artabanus has contest with Rome about 
Armenia: renews alliance with Rome, 18 — 
seizes Armenia, but makes peace with Rome, 
37-8 — expelled but recalled, before 44 — 
Bardanes takes Atropatene, before 47 — Pacorus, 
ally of Decebalus of Daeia, about 100 — 
Chosroes claims Armenia, about 107 b — loses 
it to Trajan, ii5 b — Chosroes makes peace 
with Hadrian, 117 a — Vologeses IV. aids Niger 
against Severus, 193 a — contests for the crown, 
207, 213 b — Vologeses V. dethroned by Arta- 
banus, about 216 — Artabanus defeated by 
Persians and killed, the empire overthrown, 
226. [Sassanidse.] 

a Smith's Diet. b Rawlinson. c Heeren. 
Parthia, {rulers,) — [BC]— Arsaces L, 250,* 
256-3 b — Arsaces II., (Tiridates I.,) about 
245-244 ? a 25 3-2 1 6, b 248-2 1 1 c — Arsaces III., 
(Artabanus I.) 21 i, c 216-196 b — Arsaces IV., 
(Priapatius,) 196 to about i8i, b 207-192 ? a — 
Arsaces V., (Phraates I.,) about 181 to about 
144, 15 about 192 a — Arsaces VI., (Mithridates 
I.,) about 144-136 b — tf., about 138-130 ac — 
Arsaces VII., (Phraates II.,) 138-130-128,° 
136-127 b — Arsaces VIII., (Artabanus II.,) 
128,° 127-124 b — Arsaces IX., (Mithridates 
II.,) the Great, 124-87 b — Arsaces X., 
(Mnascires ?) 87 to about 76 b — Arsaces XI., 
(Sanatroces,) 76 to about 70,° 76-68, b 75-68 a — 
Arsaces XII., (Phraates III,) about 70,° 
about 68-60 b — Arsaces XIII., (Mithridates 
III.,) 60-56 b — Arsaces XIV., (Orodes I.,) 
5^-36, b 55-37 a — abdicates, about 38° — 
Arsaces XV., (Phraates IV.,) 38,° 37, a 36 to 
[AD J 4 b — Arsaces XVI., (Phraataces,) 4 — 
Arsaces XVII., (Orodes II.,) 4 b — Arsaces 
XVIII. , (Vonones I.,) 4-14 b — Arsaces XIX., 
(Artabanus III.,) 17 to about 4i-2, a 14-44^ 
about 16 c — Arsaces XX., (Gotarzes,) 47-50 b 
— Arsaces XXL, (Bardanes,) 44-47 b — tf., 47 c 
— Arsaces XXII., (Vonones II.,) about 50 b c 
—Arsaces XXIII. , (Vologeses I,) 50-90^ 
51 a — Arsaces XXIV., (Pacorus,) 90-107 b — 
Arsaces XXV., (Chosroes,) (Osrhoes,) 114- 
121 ? a — deposed, 116 — restored, 117, 107-16, 13 
ii7-i2i b — Arsaces XXVI. 



pates,) by Trajan, 116-117 b — Arsaces 
XXVII., (Vologeses II.,) about i22-i49, a 121- 
149 b — Arsaces XXVIII., (Vologeses III.,) 
149-191 b — Arsaces XXIX., (Vologeses IV.,) 
191-207 b — Arsaces XXX., (Vologeses V.,) 
207-216 b — Arsaces XXXI., (Artabanus 
7F.,)2i6-226. ab a Clinton. b Heer n. 

c Smith's Diet. d Rawlinson. 

Particiaco, (Participiatio,) Angelo, Doge 
of Venice, — succeeds Obelerio, 811 — rj., 827. 
Particiaco, Giovanni, Doge or Venice, — 
associate of his father Angelo in the Dogate, 
819 — deposed and exiled at instance of his 
brother, gets Louis le Debonnaire to intercede 
for him, and is sent to Constantinople, 819-20 
—recalled by his brother and associated with 
him, 827 — sole Doge, 829— unsuccessfully be- 
sieges Obelerio in Vigilia, about 830 — takes 
and burns Malamocco, takes Vigilia and puts 
Obelerio to death, about 835 — deposed by 
conspirators, takes refuge with Louis le De- 
bonnaire, 835 — restored, after six months 
again deposed, 29 Jun. 837. 

Particiaco, Giovanni II. , Doge or Venice 
— commands fleet against Saracens at Grado 
877 — associated with his father, Orso, about 
878 — sole Doge, 881 — takes and pillages Co 
machio, about 882 — ravages territory of Ra 
venna, about 882 — abdicates, Apr. 887 — again 
appointed on death of Candiano, Sep. 887 — 
o\, Apr. 888. 

Particiaco, Giustiniani, Doge or Venice, 
— sent by his father to Constantinople, 819 — 
made Consul Imperial by Leo the Armenian, 
819 — associated with his father in the Dogate, 
820 — sole Doge, 827 — associates his brother 
Giovanni with him : tf., 829. 
Particiaco. [Orso Particiaco.] 
Participants, Order of, — founded by Pope 
Sixtus V., 1586. 

Partidas, Siete, Spanish Code, — drawn up 
by order of Alfonso X. of Castile, about 1260 
— sanctioned by Alfonso XL, 1338. 
Partition of Poland. [Poland.] 
Partition Treaty,— first, between France, 
England, and Holland, for partition of Spanish 
dominions, signed at the Hague, 11 Oct. 1698 
— the scheme frustrated by death of Electoral 
Prince of Bavaria, Feb. 1699. Second, be- 
tween the same, signed, 13 Mar. 1700 — set 
aside by will of Charles II. of Spain, Oct. 
1700 — both treaties censured by parliament of 
England, Mar. 1701 — their advisers impeached, 
1 Apr. — quarrels respecting impeachment be- 
tween Houses of Lords and Commons, Apr. 
to Jun. [Spanish Succession, War of the.] 

Partnership. [Joint Stock Companies, 
Limited Liability.] 

Paruta, Paolo, historian, diplomatist, — fi. 
at Venice, 14 May 1540 — accompanies em- 
bassy to Vienna, 1562 — Historiographer of 
Venice, 1579 — Governor of Brescia, 1590 — 
ambassador to Clement VIII., 1592 — Proctor 
of St Mark, 1596— tr. at Venice, 6 Dec. 1598. 
Istoria Veneziana dal 1513 al 1531, 1605 — 
Delia Perfezione della vita politica, 1579 — 
Biscorsi politici, 1599. 

Parysatis, — [BC]— married to her brother 



1096 



PAS— PASSATT. 



Darius, before 424 — secures life and satrapy of 
Cyrus, 405 — favours his attempt against his 
brother, 401 — poisons Statira, about 401 — 
procures death of Tissaphernes, 396. 

Pas, (Paas, Pass,) Crispin de, (Passeeus,) 
designer, engraver, — {k in Zealand, about 1540 
— tf., before 1629^ i6^s. h 

a Nagler. . b Zani. 

Pas, Crispin de, tlve Younger, engraver, — 
fj. at Utrecht, about 1570 or 1576. 

Pas, Madeleine de, engraver, — fj. at Utrecht, 
about 1576 — living, 1628. 

Pas, Simon de, engraver, — 6. at Utrecht, 
about 1574. 

Pas, Willem de, engraver, — b. at Utrecht, 
about 1572 or 1580. 

Pasargadae, — [B C] — battle of, Cyrus over- 
throws Median empire, 559. 

Pascal I., Pope, — succeeds Stephen IV., 
25 Jan. 817 — obtains from Louis le Debonnaire 
confirmation of donation of Pepin, 817 — crowns 
Lothaire Emperor, 823 — tf., 11 May 824. 

Pascal II., {Rainieri,) Pope, — Cardinal 
Priest, by Gregory VII., about 1076— succeeds 
Urban II., 13 Aug. 1099 — opposed by Guibert 
and three other antipopes successively, 1099- 
1106 — holds Councils of Melfi, 1100 — and of 
Rome, 1 102 — excommunicates Emperor Henry 
IV., 12 Mar. 1202 — holds Councils of Rome, 
1 104, 1 1 05— of Florence, n 05 — of Guastalla, 
1 106 — celebrates Christmas at Cluny, 1106 — 
received by Philip of France at St Denis, 
1 1 07 — holds Council of Troyes, 1107 — of 
Beneventum, 1108 — of Rome, mo — first 
Lateran Council, and is arrested by Emperor 
Henry V., 12 Feb. mi — concedes investiture 
to him, and is liberated, 8 Apr. — crowns Henry 
V. at Rome, 13 Apr. — holds second Lateran 
Council, and revokes his concession, 11 12 — at 
Council of Ceperano deposes Abp of Beneven- 
tum, 1 2 Oct. 1 1 1 4 — at Council of Troia establishes 
Truce of God, 1115 — rejects proposals of peace 
sent by Emperor, Jan. 11 16 — at Council of the 
Lateran again condemns claim of Emperor, 
Mar. m 6 — on approach of Henry, escapes to 
Monte Cassino, 11 17 — at Council of Beneven- 
tum excommunicates his legate, Maurice 
Bourdin, for crowning Henry at Rome, Apr. 
11 17 — tf. at Rome, 18 or 21 Jan. 11 18. 

Pascal III., {Gui de Creme,) Antipope, — 
appointed by influence of Frederick Barba- 
rossa, in opposition to Alexander III., Apr. 
1 1 64 — tf., 20 Sep. 1 168. 

Pascal, Blaise, moralist, mathematician, — 
t). at Clermont, Auvergne, 19 Jun. 1623 — in- 
vents arithmetical machine, 1642 — makes his 
experiment with barometer on the Puy de 
Dome, 1647 — retires to Port Royal, 1654 — tf. 
at Paris, 19 Aug. 1662. Essai pour les Co- 
niques, 1 640 — Lettres Provinciates, commenced, 
Jan. 1656 ; completed, Mar. 1657 — Pensees sur 
la Religion, 1670; complete edition, 1844. 

Pasimelos, — [B C] — seizes the Acrocorin- 
thus, and admits Spartans within the Lechoean 
long walls, 393. 

Pasion, banker at Athens, — [BC] — tf., (01. 
102, 3,) 370. 

Pasiteles, sculptor,— [B c]— ft, about (01. 
78) 468. 



Pasiteles, sculptor, silver -chaser, — [BC]— 
fl., about 60-30.* a Smith's Diet. 

Paskievich, Ivan Fedorovich, fidd-marshal, 
— fj. at Pultawa, 19 May 1782 — enters the 
army, 1800 — at battle of Austerlitz, 1805 — 
envoy to the Porte, 1806 — distinguishes him- 
self in campaigns of 1807-12 — in campaign 
against Napoleon, 1812 — at Dresden, 1813 — - 
at Leipsic, 18 13 — Lieutenant-general, 18 13 — 
takes part in campaign against French, 18 14 — 
accompanies Grand Duke Michael in Germany, 
Holland, and Italy, 1817-20 — commands in the 
Caucasus, 1826 — defeats Persians at Elisavet- 
pol, and conquers Persian Armenia, 1827 — 
takes Erivan, 13 Oct. 1827 — takes Kars, 1828 
— Erzeroum,i829 — Field-marshal, 1829 — com- 
mands against Poles, and takes "Warsaw, 1831 
— Prince of "Warsaw, Governor-general of 
Poland, 18 3 1 — conquers Hungarians, 1849 — 
Field-marshal of Austria and Prussia, 1850 — 
commands and is wounded at siege of Silistria, 
1854 — tf. at Warsaw, 29 Jan. 1856. 

Pasley, Sir Charles William, military en- 
gineer, — b., about 1781 — enters the army, 1797 
— serves at siege of Copenhagen, 1807 — at 
Coruna, 1 809 — in Walcheren Expedition, 
1 809 — C.B., 1 809 — Director of Royal Engineer 
Establishment, Chatham, 18 12 — directs blow- 
ing up of Royal George, 1839-41 — D.C.L. 
Oxford, 1844 — Lieutenant-general, 11 Nov. 
1851 — General, 20 Sep. i860 — tf., 19 Apr. 

1 86 1. Military Policy and Institutions of 
British Empire, 1 8 1 1 . 

Pasquier, Etienne, jurist, §c, — fj. at Paris, 
1529 — Advocate, 1549 — conducts cause of 
Univ. against Jesuits, 1564 — Advocate-general 
to the Chambre des Comptes, 1585-1603 — 
deputy to States-General of Blois, 1588 — tf. at 
Paris, 30 Aug. 16 15. (Euvres, 1723. 

Pasquier, Etienne Denis, Duke, statesman, 
— h. at Paris, 22 Apr. 1767 — fails in attempt 
to save his father from the guillotine, 1794 — 
Master of Requests, 11 Jun. i8o6, a i8o4 b — 
Baron of the Empire, and Chevalier of Legion 
of Honour, 1809 — Prefect of Police, 14 Oct. 
1 8 10 — imprisoned by adherents of Mallet, Oct. 
1812 — treats with Nesselrode on advance of 
allies to Paris, 18 14 — Director of the Ponts et 
Chaussees, 18 14 — opposes measures of Charles 
X., 1824-30 — Pres. Chamber of Peers, by 
Louis Philippe, 1830 — presides at trial of Louis 
Napoleon, 1836 — Chancellor of France, 1837 — 
admitted to French Academy, 1842 — created 
Duke, 1844 — retires, 1848 — tf. at Paris, 5 Jul. 

1862. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Vapereau. 
Passaro, Cape, Sicily, — Admiral Byng de- 
feats Spanish fleet off, 11 Aug. 1718. 

Passarotti, Bartolomeo, painter, — fj. at 
Bologna, about 1530 — tf., 1592. 

Passarowitz, — Peace of, between the Em- 
peror, the Porte, and Venice, concluded, 21 Jul. 
1718. 

Passau, in Bavaria, — seat of a bishopric, 
about 600 — given to the Bishops, 999 — bishop- 
ric secularized, 1803— incorporated with Ba- 
varia, 1809. Cathedral, burnt, 1662 — rebuilt, 
1662-80. Treaty of, securing freedom of re- 
ligion to Protestants, negotiated and signed, 
22 May to 7 Aug. 1552. 



PA SSAV ANT— PATENTS. 



[097 



Passavant, Johann David, painter, writer 
on Art, — b. at Frankfort-011-the-Maine, 1787 
— at Paris, 1810-13 — ^- Director of Stadel 
Institute, Frankfort, 12 Aug. 1861. Kunst- 
reise durch England und Belgien, 1833 — Rafael 
von JJrbino und sein Vater Giovanni Santi, 
1839 — Christliche Kunst in Spanien, 1853 — 
Le Peintre-Graveur, 1860-4. 

Passengers, — in public vehicles. [See Hack- 
ney Coaches.] In merchant vessels, carriage 
of, regulated by Act 12 and 13 Yic. c. 33, 13 
Jul. 1849— law amended and consolidated by 
Act 15 and 16 Vic. c. 44, 30 Jun. 1852 — further 
amended by 19 Yic. c. 119, 14 Aug. 1855, and 
26 and 27 Vic. c. 51, 13 Jul. 1863. 

Passeri, Giovanni Battista, painter, bio- 
grapher, — rj. at Borne, about 16 10 — tf. there, 
22 Apr. 1679. Vite de Pittori, Scultori, ed 
Architetti, 1772. 

Passeri, Giovanni Battista, antiquary, — b. 
at Farnese, 1694 — takes holy orders, 1738 — 
U. at Pesaro, 4 Feb. 1780. Lucernce Jictiles 
muscei Passeri, 1739-51 — Pictures Etruscorum 
in vasculis, ^r., 1767-75. 

Passeroni, Gian Carlo, poet, — fj. at Con- 
damine, a Lantosca, b 17 13 — ordained priest, 
1738— rj. at Milan, 26 Dec. 1803^ i8o2. b II 
Cicerone, 1750, b 1755.° a Engl. Cyc. 

b Biog. Univ» c Nonv. Biog. Gen. 

Passignano, Domenico Cresti da, painter, 
— fj. at Florence, about 1558,° b Passignano, 
1560° — -first Prof, at Academy, after 1589 — ft., 
17 May 1638. a Engl. Cyc. 

b Biog. Catalogue. c Biog. Univ. 

Passion, Noble, Order of the, — instituted 
by John George, Duke of Saxony Weissenfels, 
1704. 

Passionei, Domenico, Cardinal, Libra- 
rian of the Vatican, — b. at Fossombrone, 
2 Dec. 1682 — sent to France by the pope, 
1706 — secret agent of the pope in Holland, 
1708 — Nuncio to Congress of Utrecht, 17 12 
— of Baden, 17 14 — to Helvetic Confederation, 
17 2 1 — to Vienna, 1730 — -Cardinal, by Clement 
XII., 1738 — librarian of the Vatican, by Bene- 
dict XIV., 1755 — $j. at Frascati, 5 Jul. 1761. 

Passionists, Congregation of the, — founded 
by Paul of the Cross, at Ovado in Piedmont, 
1720 — approved by Benedict XIV., 1741 and 
1746 — confirmed by Pius VI., 15 Sep. 1775. 

Passports, — discontinued in Sardinia, Oct. 
i860— discontinued in France for subjects of 
United Kingdom, 1 Jan. 1861 — introduced in 
United States during the war, 19 Aug. i8'6i 
— (discontinued, 1865) — between United King- 
dom and Italy abolished, Jun. 1862 — abolished 
by Liibeck, 19 Apr. 1863. 

Passow, Franz Ludwig Karl Friedrich, 
philologist, — b. in Mecklenburg, 20 Sep. 1786 
— goes to Leipsic Univ., 1804 — Prof. Ancient 
Literature, Breslau, 1815 — "a"-, 11 Mar. 1833. 
Turnziel, 18 18 — Handworterbuch der griech- 
ischen Sprache, 1819-24 — Grundziigeder griech- 
ischen und romischen Liter atur und KunsU 
geschichte, 1829 — editions with translations of 
Persius, 1809 — Musceus, 18 10 — Long us, 181 1 
— Opuscula Academica, 1835. 
Passwan-Oglou, Osman,— b. at "Widdin, 



1758 — escapes proscription, 1792 — heads in- 
surgent Janissaries, and makes himself master 
of Widdin, 1797— besieged at Widdin by Hus- 
sein Pasha, Jun. to Oct. 1798 — recognized as 
Pasha of Widdin, 1798 — ft., 27 Jan. or 5 Feb. 
1807. 

Pasta, Judith, singer, — b. in Italy, 1799 — 
pupil at Conservatory of Milan, 18 14 — appears 
at Paris, 1821 — retires to Como, about 1835 — 
if. there, 1 Apr. 1865. 

Paston Letters, in English History, — mostly 
written, between 1420-80 — edited by Sir John 
Fenn, 1787-1823 — authenticity of, discussed by 
Society of Antiquaries, 1865. 

Pastor, — Consul with Leelianus, (916, 
a. u. c.) 163. 

Pastoret, Adelaide Anne Louise, Marquise 
de, — b. at Marseilles, 1765 — goes to Paris, 
1787 — marries the Marquis de Pastoret, 14 Jul. 
1789 — imprisoned, 1789-90 — founds a Salle 
d'asyle, 1801 — $r., 26 Sep. 1843. 

Pastoret, Claude Emmanuel Joseph Pierre, 
Count and Marquis de,— b. at Marseilles, 25 
Oct. 1756 — Counsellor to Court of Aids, Paris, 
1 78 1 — admitted to Academy of Inscriptions, 
1785— Master of Eequests, 1788 — Pres. Na- 
tional Assembly, 5 Sep., a 3 Oct. b 1791 — 
deputy to Council of Five Hundred, Nov., a 
Oct. b 1795 — banished, 1798— returns to P'rance, 
1800 — Senator, Dec. 1809 — Peer of France, 
1814 — Marquis, 18 17 — admitted to French 
Academy, 24 Aug. 1820 — Grand Cross of Le- 
gion of Honour, 1823 — Minister of State, 1826 
— Chancellor of France, 1829 — ft. at Paris, 28 
Sep. 1840. Zoroastre, Confucius, et Mahomet, 
1787— Moise consider e comme legislateur et 
comme moraliste, 1787 — JDes lois penales, 1790 
— Histoire de la legislation, 1817-37. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Pastoureaux, The, (Shepherds,) — in France, 
revolt of, under the Monk ' Jacob, Master of 
Hungary,' suppressed and massacred with their 
leader at Bourges, 1251 — again revolt, Jun. 
1320.* . a Milman. 

Pastrengo, Guglielmo de, — b. at Pastrengo 
near Verona, about 1300 — deputy from sove- 
reign of Verona to Benedict XII. at Avignon, 
and becomes friend of Petrarch, 1335 — fr., be-, 
fore 1370. Le Originibus Re-rum, 1547. 

Patagonia,— visited by Magalhaens, 1520 — 
Jesuit missions established, 1745 — visited by 
Byron, 1764 — by Wallis, 1766 — by Bougain- 
ville, 1767 — Welsh colony settles in, 1865 — ■ 
explored by Musters, 1869-70 — government 
expedition for succour of colonists, spring 1871. 
Vocabulary of the language compiled by Piga- 
fetta, 1520 — another by Schmid, 1863 — by 
Musters, 1870. 
Patavium. [Padua.] 
Patay, in France, — Talbot defeated and 
captured by Joan of Arc, 18 May, a Jun. b 1429 
— Bavarians repulsed at, by army of the Loire, 
1 Dec. 1870. a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

b Annals of England. 
Patchouli, — introduced in England, 1844. 
Patel, Pierre, painter, — b. in France, 1654 
— killed in a duel, 1703. 
Patents, for inventions in England, — grant 



1098 



PATERCULUS— PATRIZI. 



of, authorized and regulated by Act 21 Jac. I. 
c. 3, 1624 — law relating to, amended by Act 5 
and 6 "Win IV. c. 83, 10 Sep. 1835 — again, by 
Act 15 and 16 Vic. c. 83, 1 Jul. 1852. In 
France, regulated by law of 2-17 Mar. 1791 — 
suppressed by decree of Convention, 20-2 1 Mar. 
1793 — reestablished, 22 Jul. 1795 — law 
amended, 25 Mar. 18 17 — again, 25 Apr. and 7 
May 1844. In America, first regulated by 
statute of 1793. 

Paterculus, C. Velleius, historian, — [BC] 
— b., about 19 — [AD] — accompanies C. Csesar 
to Parthia, 2 — serves under Tiberius in Ger- 
many, 4 — legatus to Tiberius, to 1 2 — quaestor, 
7 — praetor, 15 — living, 30. Historia Romana, 

3°- 

Paterculus, Q. Sulpicius,— [BC] — Consul 
with A. Atilius Calatinus, (496, a. u. c.) 258— 
carries on the war with Hamilcar in Sicily. 

Paterines, (Cathari,) religious sect, — [Paul- 
icians] — appear in France, about noi a 
— in Germany, 1 1 2 1 a — in England, about 
1159 a — in Italy, 1 173 a — persecuted by Pope 
Alexander III., 1179 — crusade against, 1181 — 
appear at Paris, 1201 — denounced by edict of 
Frederick II., 22 Nov. 1220 b — ordered to be 
burnt alive or have their tongues cut out, Mar. 
i224 b — persecuted and burnt at Rome by 
Gregory IX., 1230 — in alliance with the pope, 
1236 — another edict against, published by 
Frederick II., 22 Feb. 1239 — burnt at Milan, 
1 241— persecuted at Florence, 1 245 — protected 
in Germany by Conrad, 1248. 

a Gieseler. b Kington. 

Paterius, — Consul of Rome with Petro- 
nius Maximus, (1196, a. u. c.) 443. 

Paternus, — (1.) Consul with Maximus, (986, 
a.u.c.) 233. (2.) With Arcesilaus,(1020,) 267 
— with Marinianus, (1021,) 268. (3?) Consul 
with Claudius II., (1022,) 269— with Probus, 
(1032,) 279. 

Paterson, William, — b. in Scotland, about 
1660 — projects Bank of England, 1693 — Da- 
rien Expedition, 1694— embarks for Darien, 
26 Jul. 1698— expelled by Spaniards, 1700 — 
living, 17 1 3. 

Patin, Charles, physician, antiquary, — b. 
at Paris, 23 Feb. 1633 — M.D., 1656 — Prof. 
Medicine, Padua, 1676 — first Prof. Surgery, 
168 1 — Prof. Medicine, 1683 — U. at Padua, 
10 Oct. 1693. Families Romana, 1663 — In- 
troduction d Vhistoire par la connaissance des 
Medailles, 1665 — Imperatorum Romanorum 
numismata, 167 1 — Lyceum Patavinum, 1681. 

Patin, Gui, physician, — b. at Hodenc, near 
Beauvais, 31 Aug. 1602 — M.D., 1627 — Prof. 
Medicine, College Royal, 1654 — fc. at Paris, 
30 Aug. 1672. Lettres, 1692, 1695, and 1718. 

Patkul, John Reinhold de,— h. at Stock- 
holm, 1660 — one of the deputies to defend 
rights of Livonia before Charles XI., 1689 — 
condemned to death, escapes to Switzerland, 
1692 — councillor to king of Saxony, 1698 — 
envoy to Peter the Great, 1702 — General-in- 
chief of forces sent to aid of king of Poland, 
1702 — executed at Casimir, Poland, 10 Oct. 
1707 — his remains removed to Warsaw, 17 13. 

Patna, in Hindustan, — falls to Shahab u 



din, 1 1 94 — insurrection of Pretender (Khusru) 
at, (1017-19, a. h.) 1607-10 — Major Carnac de- 
feats Shah Alum II. at, Jan. 1761 — British 
residents treacherously murdered by order of 
Meer Cossim, 24 Jun. 1763 — stormed by British, 
6 Nov. 1763— defeat of Meer Cossim by British, 
before May 1764 — trial and conviction of Ameer 
Khan and other conspirators at, Jun. to Jul. 
1871. 

Patras, (Fatrce,) in Greece, — [BC] — takes 
part in founding second Achaean League, 280 
— assists iEtolians against Gauls, 279 — rebuilt 
by Augustus, about 30 — [AD] — unsuccessfully 
attacked by Sclavonians and Saracens, 980 — 
visited by Benjamin of Tudela, 11 70 — con- 
quered by de Champlitte, Count of Champagne, 
and made seat of Dukes of Achaia, 1 205 — bought 
by Venetians, 1408 — besieged by Turks, 1446 
— by Constantine Palseologus, 1450 — taken by 
Turks, 1463 — unsuccessfully besieged by Ve- 
netians, 1466 — Venetians defeat Turks at sea 
off, 1499 — retaken by Andrea Doria, 1 5 32 — again 
taken by Turks, 1543 — conquered by Venetians, 
1687 — recovered by Turks, 1716 — pillaged by 
Albanians, 1770 — earthquake at, 1820 — in- 
surrection at, 12 Feb. .1821 — burnt by Turks, 
4 Apr. — recovered by Greeks : destroyed by 
Turks, 15 Apr. — capitulates to French auxilia- 
ries, 1828. 

Patriarch, — as title of bishop, in use, about 
440. 

Patricius, — (1.) Consul with Fl. Ricimeres, 
(1212, a. u. c.) 459. (2.) Consul with Hypa- 
tius, (1253,) 500 — joint commander in Persian 
war, 503. 

Patricius, — Caesar, and affianced to Leo's 
daughter, 46 9, a 468 b — assassinated with his 
family or banished, 467,° 47i, b d 47 2. e 

a Cedrenus. b Clinton. c Alex. Chron. 

d Tillemont. e Theophanes. 

Patricius. [Patrick, St.] 

Patrick, St, {Patricius,) Apostle of Ireland, 
— b., 372, abc 336, d 37 8 h — sent to Ireland as 
Bishop, 432,° between 44o-46o, e after 484 f 
— Xf., 17 Mar. 492-3, ace 455, 13 464,8 460. 11 
a Ussher. b Tillemcnt. c Petrie. 

d Annals of Connaught. e Todd. f Book of Lecan. 
S Nonnius. h The Bollandists. 

Patrick, St, Order of, in Ireland, — insti- 
tuted by George 111., 5 Feb. 1783 — enlarged, 

1833. 

Patrick, Simon, Bp of Ely, — b. at Gains- 
borough, 1626 — enters Queen's Coll. Cam- 
bridge, 1644 — B.A., 1647 — Fellow of his Col- 
lege, 1648— M.A., 1651— D.D. Oxford, 1666 
— Chaplain to the king, about 1666 — Dean of 
Peterborough, 1679 — takes part in conference 
with Romish priests before Earl of Rochester : 
Bp of Chichester, 1689 — Bp of Ely, 1691 — fc. 
at Ely, 31 May 1707. 

Patrimony of St Peter. [See Papal States.] 

Patrin, Eugene Louis Melchior, mineralo- 
gist, — b- at Lyons, 1742 — "JJ., 18 15. Histoire 
Naturelle des Miner aux, 1801. 

Patripassians, religious sect, — appear as 
branch of Monarchians, about 193. [Sabel- 
lians.] 

Patrizi, Agostino, historian, — Secretary to 



PATEIZI— PAUL V. 



[099 



Pius II., 1460 — accompanies Abp of Siena to 
Diet of Eatisbon, 147 1 — tf. at Eome, 1496. 
Pituum Ecclesiasticorum, lib. Hi., 15 16. 

Patrizi, (Patrizio,) Franceso, (Patricius,) 
— "&., 1494- De regno et regis institutione, 15 19 
— De institutione reipublicce, 15 19. 

Patrizi, Francesco, — b. in Dalmatia, 1529 
—Prof. Philosophy, Ferrara, 1578 — Prof. 
Philosophy, Eome : ts. there, 1597. Delia 
storia dieci dialoghi, 1560 — la Milizia Eomana 
de Polibio, 1583 — Paralleli militari, 1594-5 — 
Discussiones Peripatetics, 157 1 — Nova de 
universis philosophia, 1 5 9 1 . 

Patrocles, geographer, — [BC] — commands 
at Babylon for Seleucus, 312 — withdraws be- 
fore Demetrius, behind Tigris, 311 — commands 
in Asiatic War for Antiochus 1., 280. 

Patron, Epicurean philosopher, — [B C] — 
presides at Epicurean School at Athens, after 
Phaedrus, 52. 

Patronage, of churches, — perpetual right of, 
given to founders, by Justinian, 541 and 543. 
In England, the same conceded by Abp Theo- 
dore, about 670. 

Patronage, Lay, in Church of Scotland, — 
abolished, 1 649 — restored, 1660 — again abolish- 
ed, 1690 — restored by Act 10 Ann. c. 12, 17 12 
— right of parishioners revived by Act of Ge- 
neral Assembly, 1834 — established by Act 6 
and 7 Vic. c. 61, 7 Aug. 1843. 

Patterns. [Designs.] 

Pauditz, Christoph, painter, — b. in Saxony, 
about 161 8 — studies under Eembrandt; U. at 
Niirnberg, 1646. 

Paul, the Apostle, (Saul of Tarsus,) — ft., 
about 9 ? a — placed under Gamaliel, 19 ? a — 
present at Martyrdom of Stephen, 37,* de 33, b 
31,° 39 ? f — conversion, 37,^ 35> b 33) c 34>g 3? 
or 38, e h * 40 f — in Arabia and Damascus, 37 or 
38-40 or 41 h — first visit to Jerusalem, 39, a 38, b 
37, s 40, d 40-1/ 43 f — second visit, 44,* b c 42, d 
44 or 45 ,h i 45 f— third, 48,* 52^ 49,° 50 or 5 1 h * 
— fourth, 53,* * 5 6,be 52> c 53 or 54 i_ at 
Ephesus, 54-57,* s h 54-5 to 57-8 • — at Corinth, 
winter 57-8 a h — fifth visit to Jerusalem, Pente- 
cost 58, afh 6o, b e 55, c 56, d 58 or 59 » — leaves 
Csesarea, autumn 60 a h — reaches Eome, spring 
6i, af s h 63, be 6o, d 61 or 62 > — living there, 
spring 63, a 65J 3 e 62 d — lj., 66, a 67, b c k 68, 1 6$, d 
beginning 64^ a Lewin. 

b Ussher. c Petavius. d Basnage. e Eichhorn. 
f Wieseler. S Tillemont. h Smith's Diet. Bib. 
1 De Wette. k Euseb. 1 Jerome. 

Paul, Father. [Sarpi, Paolo.] 

Paul, St Vincent de. [Vincent de Paul.] 

Paul Veronese. [Cagliari.] 

Paul. [Paulus.] 

Paul of Burgos, (Paul of St 3Iary,) theo- 
logian, — b. in Spain, about 1350 — baptized, 
1390 — Bp of Carthagena, 1402 — Bp of Bur- 
gos, 1415 — tf. Chancellor of Castile, 27 Aug. 
1435. Scrutinium Scripturarum, after 1430. 

Paul of Middelburg, mathematician, — b. at 
Middelburg, 1445— at court of Urbino, 1484 
— Bp of Fossombrone, 1494 — presides at Coun- 
cil of the Lateran, 15 13 — if. at Eome, 15 Dec. 

1534. 
Paul of Venice, philosopher, — at Eome 1427 



— tf. at Venice, 10 Jun. 1429.* a Tiraboschi. 

_ Paul I., Pope,— envoy from Stephen II. to 
king of the Lombards, 752 — succeeds Stephen, 
29 May 757 — liberates Sergius, Abp of Eavenna, 
758 — tf., 28 Jun. 767. 

_ Paul II., Pope, (Pietro Barbo,) — b. at 
Venice, 26 Feb. 141 8 — Cardinal, 1440 — suc- 
ceeds Pius II., 31 Aug. 1464 — unsuccessfully 
attempts to procure abolition of Pragmatic 
Sanction, 1467 — effects a peace among princes 
of Italy, 1468— reduces period of the Jubilee, 
1470— invests Borso d'Este with Duchy of 
Ferrara, 147 1 — )j. at Eome, 28 Jul. 147 1. 

Paul III., Pope, (Alessandro Farnese,) — ft. 
at Canino, 1466,* 29 Feb. 1468 b — Cardinal, 
1493 — succeeds Clement VII., 13 Oct. 1534 — 
has conference with Charles V. at Eome, re- 
specting a General Council, Apr. 1536 — signs 
bull against Henry VIII., 30 Aug. 1535— but 
reserves publication : cites Henry to Eome and 
absolves his subjects from allegiance, 1535 — 
publishes the bull In Cozna Domini, 1536 — ex- 
communicates Henry VIII., 16 Dec. 1538 — ■ 
approves Order of Jesuits, by bull of 27 Sep. 
1540 — convokes Council of Trent, by bull of 
22 May 1542 — sends auxiliaries to Charles V., 
against Protestants of Germany, 1545 — erects 
Duchy of Parma and Piacenza, for his son 
Piero Luigi, 1545 — opposes the Interim, 1547 
— tf. at Eome, 10 Nov. 1549. 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Paul IV., Pope, (Gian-Pietro Caraffa,) — b. 
in kingdom of Naples, 28 Jun. 1476 — Abp of 
Brindisi, 15 18 — called to Eome by Adrian VI., 
1520— joint founder of Order of Theatins, 
1524 — Cardinal, by Paul III., 1536 — advises 
seizure of Naples, 1545 — succeeds Marcellus 
II., 23 May 1555 — forms league with Henry 
II. of France for conquest of Naples from 
Spain, 15 Dec. 1555 — invasion of Papal States 
by Duke of Alva, Sep. 1556 — supported by 
French under Duke of Guise, 1557 — makes 
peace with Spain, 14 Sep. 1557 — institutes 
festival of Chair of St Peter, 1558 — refuses to 
confirm election of Emperor Ferdinand, Apr. 
1558 — refuses to acknowledge title of Queen 
Elizabeth to throne of England, 1559 — expels 
his nephews from Eome, 1559 — tf. at Eome, 18 
Aug. 1559. 

Paul V., Pope, (Camillo Borghese,) — b. at 
Eome, 17 Sep. 1552 — vice-legate at Bologna, 
1588 — legate in Spain by Clement VIII., and 
Cardinal, 1596 — succeeds Leo XI., 16 May 
1605 — reassembles Congregation de Auxiliis, 
Sep. 1605 — [Molinist Controversy] — ad- 
dresses Monitorial Bull to republic of Venice, 
17 Apr. 1606 — excommunicates the Doge, 
Senate, and government, and lays Venice 
under interdict, 1606 — prohibits Catholics of 
England from taking Oath of Allegiance to 
James L, 22 Sep. 1606 — concludes a com- 
promise with Venice, by mediation of Henry 
IV. of France, 21 Apr. 1607 — receives embassy 
from Congo, 1608 — revises and republishes 
bull In Ccena Domini, 8 Apr. 16 10 — inserts it 
in Eoman Eitual, 16 10 — canonizes St Charles 
Borromeo, 16 10 — approves Congregation of 
the Oratory, 161 1 — has dispute with Louis 



PAUL-PAUL'S. 



XIII, respecting Suarez, 1614 — renews con- 
stitution of Sixtus IV. on Immaculate Concep- 
tion of the Virgin, but refuses to make it 
article of faith, 1617 — ft. at Rome, 28 Jan. 1621. 
Paul, Emperor of Russia, — ft. at St 
Petersburg, 1 Oct. 1754 — becomes heir-apparent 
on death of his brother Ivan, 1763 — marries 
Mary of "Wiirtemberg, 18 Oct. 1776 — with 
her visits Germany, France, and Italy, 1780 — 
proclaimed Emperor on death of Catherine II., 
17 Nov. 1796 — liberates Kosciusko and other 
Polish patriots, 1797 — elected Grand Master of 
Knights of Malta, 1799 — joins second coalition 
against France, 1799 — sen ds Suwarof into 
Italy, and Korsakof into Switzerland, 1799 
— withdraws from coalition, 1800— seizes 
English vessels in Eussian ports, 1800 — con- 
cludes treaties of Neutrality with Sweden and 
Denmark, 16-18 Dec. 1800 — enters into 
friendly relations with Napoleon, 1801 — 
plans with him an expedition to India, Feb. 
1 801 — assassinated by conspirators, 24 Mar. 
1801. 

Paulet, Sir William. [Winchester, Mar- 
quis OF.] 

Paulicians, religious sect, — appear as fol- 
lowers of Constantine Sylvanus, in Armenia 
and Cappadocia, about 660 a — their founder 
put to death by order of Constantine Pogona- 
tns, 684 b — transplanted from Armenia to 
Thrace, by Constantine Copronymus, about 
750-760 — tolerated by Nicephorus Logotheta, 
802-811 c — reformed by Sergius, 801-835 — 
persecuted by Theodore, revolt under Carbeas, 
and fortify themselves in Tephrice, about 845 
— with Saracens, defeat Michael III., near Sa- 
mosata, about 857 — under Chrysocheir, ally 
themselves with Saracens, and ravage Asia, 
pillage Nice and Nicomedia, about 867 b — 
refuse to make peace with Basilius the Mace- 
donian, about 870 — Chrysocheir defeated and 
killed, 871 — attacked by Basilius, and Tephrice 
destroyed, 871 — another colony transported to 
Mount Haemus, by John Zimisces, 970 — desert 
Alexius Comnenus in his war with Normans, 
io8i-5 a — persecuted by him, 1086 — deprived 
of Philip popolis, and settled in a new city, 
1 1 15." a Gieseler. b Robertson. c Tinlay. 

Paulinus, — Consul with Julian, (1078, 
a. r. c.) 325. 

Paulinus of Fella, the Penitent, — ft., 376 
— joins Attalus, and is made Conies Per. 
Privat., 414 — baptized, 422. Eucharisticon, 
460. 

Paulinus of Tyre, Bp — restores Church at 
Tyre, after 313 — translated to Antioch, 323-4, 
321, :i 322-3 b — tf., 324. 

a Clinton. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 
Paulinus of Milan, theologian, — procures 
condemnation of Coelestius, in synod at Car- 
thage, 412 — resists reversal of sentence, 417-8. 
Paulinus, Patriarch of Aquileia, — ft. near 
Friuli, about 730 — Patriarch, by Charles the 
Great, 776 — holds Council against Adoptionism, 
at Friuli, 796 a — Tj. at Aquileia, 8o4. b 
a Robertson. b Gieseler. 

Paulinus, 1st Abp of York, — sent to Eng- 
land by Pope Gregory, 601 a — ordained Bp of 



Northumbrians, 21 Jul. 625 — Abp of York, 
by Edwin, 12 Apr. 627 b — baptizes King Ed- 
win, 12 Apr. 627 — retires to Kent, 633 — Bp of 
Bochester, by Eadbald, soon after Oct. 633 b — 
tf., 10 Oct. 644. a Robertson. b Le Neve. 

Paulinus, JFatiher, (Johann Thilipp Werdin,) 
orientalist, — ft. near Mannersdorf, Austria, 25 
Api\ 1748 — enters Carmelite Order, about 1769 
— missionary to Malabar coast, 1774 — returns 
to Borne, 1790 — ft. there, 7 Jan., a May b 1806. 
Sidharubam, 1790 — Sy sterna Brahmanicum, 
1791 — India Orientalis Christiana, 1793 — 
De Antiquitate et affinitate lingua Zendica, 
Sanscridance et Germanicce, 1799. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Paulinus, Anicius, — Consul with L. Banius 
Acontius Optatus, (1087, a. u. c.) 334. 

Paulinus, Bertrand de Eabastens, Vis- 
count de, — ft., about 1520— leader of Albi- 
genses, 1572 — takes Lombers, 24 Dec. 1572 — 
Commander of Upper Languedoc, 1574 — takes 
Bonissezon, 19 Mar. 1575 — distinguishes him- 
self at combat near Montpellier, 25 Sep. 1577. 
Paulinus, C. Suetonius, — propraetor in 
Mauretania, 42 — commands in Britain, 59-62 
— defeats Boadicea, 61 — Consul with L. Pontius 
Telesimus, (819, a. u. c.) 66 — defeated, with 
Otho's army, by Yitellius, at Bedriacum, 69. 

Paulinus, M. Aurelius, — Consul with Pro- 
bus, (1030, a. u. a.) 277. 

Paulinus, Pontius Meropius Anicius,— Bp 
of Nola,— ft. at Bordeaux, about 353 — bap- 
tized, 389 — presbyter, at Barcelona, 25 Dec. 
393 — settles at Nola, 394 — Bp of Nola, after 
402, and before 405^ 403^ 409 c — ft., 22 Jun. 
431. b a Clinton. b Pagi. c Smitb's Diet. 

Paullinus, — Consul with Joannes Seytha, 
(1251, a. u. c.) 498. 

Paullus, L JEmilius, — [BC] — Consul with 
M. Livius Salinator, (535, a. tj. c.) 219 — 
triumph, about Illyria; Consul with C. Teren- 
tius Yarro, (538,) 216 — killed at Cannae, 216. 
Paullus, L. JEmilius,— [B c]— accuses Ca- 
tiline, 63— quaestor in Macedonia, 59 — aedile, 
restores basilica and builds new one, 55 — praetor, 
Jul. S5 — Consul with C. Claudius Marcellus, 
(704, a. u. c.) 50 — joins senatorial party, after 
Mar. 44 — tf. at Miletus, after 42. 

Paullus, L. JEmilius, Macedonicus, — [B C] 
— ft., about 230-29 — commissioner to settle 
colony at Croton, 194 — curule aedile, 192 — 
praetor in Hither Spain, 191 — Consul with Cn. 
Baebius Tamphilus, (572, a. tj. c.) 182 — Ligu- 
rian war, 182 — Consul with C. Licinius Cras- 
sus, (586,) 168 — victory of Pydna, 22 Jun. 168 
— returns and triumphs, Nov. 167 — Censor 
with Q. Marcius Philippus, 164 — tf., 160. 

Paullus, M. JEmilius— [BC]—(1.) Consul 
with M. Livius Deuter, (452, a. u. c.) 302 — 
mag. equit. to Qj. Fabius Maximus, 30 r. (2.) 
Consul with Ser. Fulvius Paetinus Nobilior, 
(499,) 255. 

Paul's, St, Cathedral, London, — founded by 
Ethelbert, king of Kent, 600-15 — burnt, 1087 
— rebuilding commenced by Bp Maurice, 1087 
— partly burnt, 11 37 — destroyed by lightning, 
1561 — restored, 1561-6 — restored by Inigo 
Jones, between 1628-33 — destroyed by the 



PAUL'S CROSS— PAYIA. 



Great Fire, 1666 — first stone of present build- 
ing laid by Wren, 21 Jwi. 1675 — opened for 
divine service, 2 Dec. 1697 — completed, 17 10. 

Paul's Cross, London, — Fitz-Osbert ha- 
rangues the people at, n 96 — taken down by- 
order of parliament, 1643. 

Paul's School, St, London, — founded by 
Dean Colet, 15 12. 

Paulus, — (1.) Consul with Apronianus, 
(921, A. u. c.) 168. (2.) Consul of Rome, 
(1249,) 496. (3.) Consul with Muschianus, 
(1265,) 512. 

Paulus, of Alexandria, astrologer, — fl., about 
378? 

Paulus, Patriarch of Constantinople, — 
elected on death of Alexander, 336,* 340 b — ban- 
ished into Pontus, 340 — restored on death of Eu- 
sebius, 342 — and expelled ; regains his church by 
interference of Julius I. of Rome, but is ban- 
ished privately, 343 — restored by Council of 
Sardica, 347— exiled to Cappadocia, and put to 
death, 351. a Smith's Diet. 

b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Paulus, Heinrich Eberhard Gottlob, the- 
ologian, — ft. near Stuttgard, 1 Sep. 1761 — 
Prof. Oriental Languages, Jena, 1789 — Prof. 
Theology, 1793 — Prof. Theology, "Wurzburg, 
1803 — Prof. Exegesis and Church History, 
Heidelberg, 1811 — retires, 1844 — ft., 10 Aug. 
1 85 1. Commentar uber das Neue Testament, 
1800-4 — Leben Jesu, 1828 — edits Sophronizon, 
1819-29 — Exegetisches LLandbuch uber die drei 
ersien Evangelien, 1830-3. 

Paulus, Julius, jurist, — fl., about 200. 

Paulus iEgineta, medical writer, — fl., before 
700. a a Abu-1-faraj. 

Paulus Diaconus, (Warnefridus,) — ft. at 
Friuli, about 740 — deacon at Aquileia, about 
763 — retires to Beneventum, 774 — called to 
court of Charles the Great, 781 — takes part in 
carrying out his reforms, 781-7 — returns to 
Monte Cassino, 787 — tf. there, about 80 r. 

Paulus Silentiarius, poet, — fl., about 562. 

Paulus of Samosata, Heresiarch, — Bp of 
Antioch, 260 ? 262 a — Council of Antioch held 
respecting his doctrine, 2643 — condemned by 
Council of Antioch, 269-70 — deposed, not later 
than 270 — expelled from Antioch by Aurelian, 
273. a Clinton. 

Paumgarten, Maximilian Sigismund Jo- 
seph, Baron von, general, — ft. in Styria, 26 
Oct. 1767 — enters Austrian army, 1787 — dis- 
tinguishes himself at siege of Belgrade, 1789 
— takes part in battles of Aspern and Wagram, 
1809 — Major-general, 1813 — Field-marshal - 
lieutenant, 1824 — fr. at Vienna, 1 Jan. 1827. 

Paupers. [Poor Law.] 

Pausanias, King- of Sparta, — [B C] — suc- 
ceeds his father, Pleistoanax, 444 — invades 
Attica, 427 — sent to Attica to outwit Lysander, 
403 — defeats Athenians : tried and acquitted : 
sent to aid Phokis against Thebes, 395 — tried 
and self-exiled : living, 385. 

Pausanias, — [B C] — defeats Persians at 
Plataese, 479 — commands combined forces of 
Hellas against Cyprus and Byzantium, 477 — 
takes Byzantium : engages in treasonable ne- 
gotiations with Xerxes, soon after : starved to 



death in temple of Athene, between 471-466^ 
about 468, 1 ' about 467.° 

a Smith's Diet. b Muller. c Grote. 

Pausanias, geographer, §c, — ft, 125-176.* 
a Clinton. 

Pausias,j9amte;', — [B C]— fl., about 360-330. 

Pausistratos, — [B C] — defeats Democrates 
and reduces Peraea, 197 — commands Rhodian 
fleet, 191 — defeated and killed by Polyneuidas, 
spring 190. 

Pauw, Adrian, — Grand Pensionary of Hol- 
land, 1 63 1 — plenipotentiary at Peace of Mini- 
ster, 1648 — envoy to England, 1649 — tf., 1653. 

Pauw, Cornelisz de, — ft. at Amsterdam, 
1739 — &• a * Xanten, 1799. Ltecherches sur les 
America-ins, 1768-9 — Ltecherches sur les Egyp- 
tiens et les Chinois, 1774 — Ltecherches sur les 
Grecs, 1788. 

Pauw, Begnier, diplomatist, — ft. at Amster- 
dam, 1564 — envoy to England, 16 13 — to Den- 
mark, 1 62 1 — to France, 1622 — lj., 1636. 

Pavia, in Ltaly, (Ticinum, JPapia,) — taken 
and destroyed by Attila, 452 — inhabitants of, 
exempted from taxes by Odoacer, in order to 
rebuilding the town, about 477 — capital of 
Lombard kingdom, 572 — besieged by Charles 
the Great, Oct. 773 — surrenders to him, May 
774 — destroyed by Berenger, 922 — coronation 
of Otto I. at, as King of Lombardy, 951 — cor- 
onation of Frederick I., 1154 — receives charter 
from Henry VI., 1191 — conquered by Stefano, 
son of Matteo Visconti, 13 15 — recovers inde- 
pendence, and is besieged by Galeazzo Visconti, 
1356 — the Milanese defeated and siege raised 
by Jacopo Bussolari, 27 May 1356 — again be- 
sieged by the Milanese, 1358 — surrenders, 1359 
— Francis I. of France defeated and taken 
prisoner by Imperialists, 24 Feb. 1525 — taken 
and devastated by French, 1527 and 1528 — 
passes with Milan to House of Austria, 1756 — 
insurrection at, May 1796 — stormed and pil- 
laged by Napoleon, May 1796 — taken by Na- 
poleon, Jun. 1800 — restored to Austria, 18 14 
— insurrection at, 20 Mar. 1848 — given up to 
king of Sardinia, 1859. Church of San Michele, 
mentioned, 661. Cathedral, commenced, 1484. 
Certosa, (monastery,) founded, 1396 — sacked by 
French, 1796. University, founded by Charles 
the Great, 774 (?) — enlarged by Galeazzo Vis- 
conti, 1396. Councils of, 850 ; on discipline, &c, 
Feb. 855 ; 866 ; held by Aiispert, Abp of Milan, 
before Charles tbe Bald, to recognize him as 
Emperor, Feb. 876 ; to confirm election of 
Guy, king of Italy, and on discipline, 889 ; by 
Gregory V. to excommunicate Crescentius and. 
antipope John XVII., and to reestablish Arnoul 
in see of Rheims, 997 ; by Benedict VIII. for 
reformation of manners of the clergy, 1 Aug. 
1022; by Leo IX. against ordinations by 
Simoniacs, "Whitsuntide 1049 ; by Emperor 
Henry IV. to confirm election of antipope 
Guibert, about mid. Mar. 1081 ; by Cardinal 
John of Crerna, to excommunicate Anselm, Abp 
of Milan, for crowning Conrad King of Italy, 
1 1 28; by order of Frederick Barbarossa, in 
favour of antipope Victor IV., and to anathe- 
matize Alexander HI., opens, 5 Feb. 1160; 
held in pursuance of appointment at Council of 



PAVILLON— PECOCK. 



Constance, May 1423 ; transferred to Siena, 
22 Jun. 

Pavilion, Nicholas, Port-Royalist, — b. at 
Paris, 17 Nov. 1597 — ordained priest, 1627 — 
Bp of Aleth, 1637 — consecrated at Paris, 21 
Aug. 1639 — refuses to sign formulary condemn- 
ing Jansenism, 1661, 1662, and 1664 — signs 
Peace of Clement IX., 1668 — his Ritual con- 
demned by brief of Clement, 9 Apr. 1668 — has 
contest with Louis XIV. respecting the Regale, 
1664 — supported by Innocent XL, 1676 — )j. 
at Aleth, 8 Dec. 1677. 

Pawnbrokers, — in Great Britain, — [Mont di 
Pieta] — recognized by Act 1 Jac. I. c. 21, 
1603 — licence required for, by Act 25 Geo. III. 
c. 48, 1785— regulated by Act 39 and 40 Geo. 
III. c. 99, 28 Jul. 1800 — oaths abolished and 
declaration substituted by Act 5 and 6 Wm IV. 
c. 62, s. 12, 9 Sep. 1835 — law amended by 
Act 19 and 20 Vic. c. 27, 23 Jun. 1856. In 
Ireland, regulated by Irish Act 28 Geo. III. 
c. 43, 1788. 

Paxton, Sir Joseph, landscape gardener, — 
ft. near Woburn in Bedfordshire, 1803 — enters 
service of Duke of Devonshire at Chatsworth, 
F. L. S., 1833 — designs Crystal Palace, Hyde 
Park, 1850 — But, 1851 — M.P. Coventry, 
1854 — organizes Army Works Corps for Cri- 
mean "War, 1854-5 — &• & t Sydenham, 8 Jun. 
1865. 

Payne, John Howard, actor, dramatist, — h. 
at New York, 1792 — appears at Park Theatre, 
New York, 1808 — at Drury Lane, London, 
1 8 12 — tf. United States Consul at Tunis, 1852. 

Pazzi Conspiracy, The, — at Florence, 
formed by leading members of the Pazzi family, 
supported by Pope Sixtus IV. and Cardinal 
Eiario, against Lorenzo de' Medici, 1478 — 
Lorenzo and his brother Giuliano attacked by 
conspirators in church of the Separata, 26 Apr. 
1478 — Giuliano assassinated, Lorenzo wounded : 
conspirators seized and hung, 26 and 27 Apr. — 
name and arms of the Pazzi ordered to be sup- 



Peabody, George, philanthropist, — fc. at 
Danvers, Mass. U. S. 8 Feb. 1795 — settles in 
England, 1837 — founds institute at Danvers, 
1852 — his first gift for poor of London, 12 Mar. 
1 862 — second, Feb. 1 866 — endows Museum and 
Professorship of Archaeology, Harvard Univ., 
Oct. 1866 — receives thanks of Congress for his 
gifts to the people, Mar. 1867 — fc. in London, 
4 Nov. 1869 — interred in Westminster Abbey, 
12 Nov. — his remains taken to America, Dec. 
— delivered to Governor of Maine, 29 Jan. 1870 
— reinterred at Peabody, Mass., 8 Feb. 1870. 

Peace, Justices of the. [Justices.] 

Peace Society, — established in London, 
1816. 

Peacham, Edmund, theologian, — convicted 
on charge of high treason, 7 Aug. 161 5 — &. in 
Taunton gaol, a few months later. 

Peacham, Henry, miscellaneous writer. 
Minerva Britannica, 161 2 — Compleat Gentle- 
man, 1622 — Gentleman' s Exercise, 1630. 

Peacock, Reginald. [Pecock.] 

Peacock, Thomas Love, novelist, §c, — h. at 
Weymouth, 1785 — obtains appointment in 



India House, 18 18 — Examiner of Indian Cor- 
respondence, 1836-56 — tf. at Lower Halliford, 
23 Jan. 1866. 

Peada, King of Mercia. [Mercia.] 

Pearce, Zachary, Bp of Rochester,— b. 
in London, 1690 — enters Trin. Coll. Cambridge, 
17 10 — Fellow of his Coll., 1716 — ordained 
priest, 17 17 — chaplain to the king, about 1720 
— marries, 1721 — Dean of Winchester, 1739— 
Bp of Bangor, 1748 — Bp of Rochester and 
Dean of Westminster, 1756 — ft. at Little 
Ealing, 29 Jun. 1774. Commentary, with 
notes, on the Four Evangelists, §c., 177*] — 
longinus, with Latin version, 1724. 

Pearl Fishery, — of Ceylon, celebrated, as 
early as 60. Of Scotland, revived, Dec. 1863. 

Pearson, John, Bp of Chester, — b. at 
Snoring in Norfolk, about 16 13 — enters King's 
Coll. Cambridge, about 1632 — Fellow of his 
Coll., 1635 — takes holy orders, 1639 — Pre- 
bendary of Sarum, 1640 — D. D., Preben- 
dary of Ely and Master of Jesus' Coll. 
Cambridge, 1660 — Lady Margaret's Prof. 
Divinity, 1661 — takes part in Savoy Confer- 
ence, 1662 — Master of Trin. Coll., Apr. 1662 
— F.R.S., 1667— Bp of Chester, 1672— tf. at 
Chester, 16 Jul. 1686. Exposition of the 
Creed, 1659 — Vindicice Epistolarum S. Ignatii, 
1672 — Opera posthuma, 1688. 

Peasant War, in Germany, — breaks out, 
1524 — [Munzer] — suppressed, 1525. 

Pecchio, Giuseppe, miscellaneous writer,— 
h. at Milan, 1785 — emigrates, 1821 — visits 
England, 1823— tf. at Brighton, Jun. 1835. 
Picture of Greece in 1825, 1825 — Storia delta 
Economia publica in Italia, 1829. 

Pecheux, Marc Nicolas Louis, Baron, 
general, — b. near Vervins, 28 Jan. 1769 — 
enters the army, 1792 — distinguishes himself 
at Austerlitz, 1805 — serves in Prussia and 
Poland, 1806-7 — distinguishes himself in 
Spain, 1808-13 — General of Division, serves 
in Germany, 1 8 1 3 — Chevalier of St Louis, 
1814 — lj., 1 Dec. 1831. 

Peck, Francis, antiquary, — b. at Stamford, 
4 May 1692 — M.A. Cambridge, 1727 — Pre- 
bendary of Lincoln, 1736 — ft., 9 Jul. 1743. 
Antiquarian Annals of Stamford, 1727 — 
Desiderata Curiosa, 1732-5 — Memoirs of 
Cromwell, 1740 — Memoirs of Milton, 1740 — 
his MS. Monasticon Anglicanum presented to 
British Museum, 1779. 

Peckham, John, Abp of Canterbury, 
mathematician, — b. in Sussex, about 1240 — 
Abp of Canterbury, Mar. 1278 — founds 
Wingham Coll. Kent; ft. at Mortlake, Dec. 
1292. Perspectiva Communis, 1504 — Be Sum- 
ma Triniiate et Fide Catholica, 15 10. 

Pecock, Reginald, Bp of St Asaph, 
and afterwards Bp of Chichester, — Fellow 
of Oriel Coll. Oxford, 141 7 — ordained priest, 
142 1 — Master of Whittington Coll. London, 
143 1 — D.D. and Bp of St Asaph, 1444 — Bp of 
Chichester, 1450 — expelled by Council of 
Westminster, and cited before Abp of Canter- 
bury, 1457 — examined at Lambeth, condemned, 
abjures his opinions, Nov. 1457 — reads his 
abjuration at Paul's Cross, soon after: im- 



PECQUET— PEEL. 



1103 



prisoned at Thorney Abbey, Cambridgeshire, 
1457. Repressor, printed, i860. 

Pecquet, Jean, anatomist, — fi. at Dieppe, 
1622 — member of Academy of Sciences, 1666 
— ft. at Paris, 1674. (Euvres, 1654. 

Pecquigny, in France, — interview of Louis 
XI. and Edward IV. at, 29 Aug. 1475. 

Pedaritus,— [BC] — sent to Chios, to serve 
with Astyochus, 412 — defeated and slain in 
attacking Athenian camp, 411. 

Pedius,— [B C]— Archon at Athens, (01. 82, 
4,) 449. 

Pedius, Q., — [BC] — legatus to Caesar in 
Gaul, 57 — serves under Caesar in Italy, 49-48 
— serves in Spain against Pompey's party, 45 
— proconsular triumph : Consul with Augustus, 
(711, a. u. c.) 43 — proposes the Lex Pedia : 
tf. end of 43. 

Pedlars, — required to take out a certificate by 
Act 33 and 34 Vic. c. 72, 9 Aug. 1870— re- 
pealed and new regulations made by Act 34 
and 35 Vic. c. 96, 21 Aug. 1871. — [Hawkers 
and Pedlars.] 

Pedro, Kings of Aragon. [Aragon.] 

Pedro the Cruel, King or Castile, — h. at 
Burgos, 30 Aug. 1334 — affianced to Joan, 
(daughter of Edward III.,) who died 1348 — 
succeeds his father, Alfonso XL, Mar. 1350 — 
puts to death Eleanora de Guzman, 1351 — 
marries Blanche de Bourbon, 3 Jun. 1353 — 
deserts her, 6 Jun. — imprisons her, 1354 — puts 
to death Juan Nunez de Prado, Grand Master 
of Order of Calatrava, and gets his favourite 
Diego de Padilla elected, 1 354 — marries Joanna 
Fernandez de Castra, and abandons her, 1354 
— carries on war with Pedro IV. of Aragon, 
1356 — has his brother Frederick and cousin 
Don Juan murdered, 1358 — seizes and im- 
prisons Eleanora, queen dowager of Aragon, 
1359 — puts to death two of his brothers at 
Seville, 1360 — puts to death his queen, Blanche, 
1 36 1 — death of his mistress, Maria Padilla, 
1 36 1 — makes peace with Aragon, 1362 — gives 
safe-conduct to Mohammed Barbarossa, king 
of Granada, and strangles him, 1362 — renews 
war with Aragon, 1363 — revolt excited by his 
cruelties, 1366 — driven from his States by 
Henry of Trastamare, aided by Bertrand du 
Guesclin, 1366 — reinstated by the Black Prince, 
who gains battle of Najara, 1367 — again de- 
feated by Henry and Du Guesclin at Montiel, 
1368 — killed there by his brother Henry, 25 
Mar. 1368. 

Pedro I. the Severe, King of Portugal, — 
b. at Coimbra, 19 Apr. 13*20 — marries Con- 
stance of Castile, 1339 — loses his wife and 
marries Inez de Castro, 1345 — Inez murdered 
by order of his father, 1355 — succeeds his 
father, Alfonso IV., 12 May 1357 — exhumes 
body of Inez and crowns her, 1361 — tf., 18 
Jan. 1367. 

Pedro II., King of Portugal, — fc., 26 Apr. 
1648 — Regent on deposition of his brother, 
Alfonso VI., Sep. 1667 — marries Maria of 
Savoy, his brother's divorced wife, 2 Apr. 
1668— succeeds his brother, 12 Sep. 1683 — 
loses his wife, Dec. 1683 — declares Jesuits go- 
vernors of settlements in S. America, 1686 — 



marries Mary Elizabeth, daughter of Elector 
Palatine, 2 Jul. 1687— loses his queen, Aug. 
1699 — concludes alliance with Philip V. of 
Spain and Louis XIV., against Austria, 170 1 
— joins Imperial League against France and 
Spain, 6 May 1703— invades Spain, and cap- 
tures several towns, 1705— fc. at Alcantara, 9 
Dec. 1706. 

Pedro III., King of Portugal, — fj., 5 Jul. 
17 1 7 — marries his niece, Maria Francesca, 6 
Jun. 1760 — with her succeeds Joseph, 24 Feb. 
1777 — U., 25 May 1786. 

Pedro IV., King of Portugal, and I. Em- 
peror of Brazil, (Antonio Jose of Alcantara,) 
— b., 12 Oct. 1798— taken with royal family 
to Brazil, 1808 — marries Maria Leopoldina, 
Archduchess of Austria, 13 May 1817 — left 
Begent of Brazil, by his father, John VI., 
182 1 — assumes title of Emperor, 12 Oct. 1822 
— dissolves Assembly of Deputies, Nov. 1823 
—publishes a Constitution, 11 Dec. 1823 — 
through mediation of England, recognized as 
independent sovereign of Brazil, by his father, 
29 Aug. 1825 — king of Portugal on death of 
his father, 10 Mar. 1826 — loses his wife, 11 
Dec. 1826 — renounces crown of Portugal in 
favour of his daughter, Maria da Gloria, 2 
May 1826 — names Dom Miguel Begent in 
Portugal, 3 Jul. 1827 — concludes peace with 
Buenos Ayres, 1828— marries Amelia, daughter 
of Prince Eugene de Beauharnais, 1829 — driven 
from his capital, Dec. 1830 — abdicates throne 
of Brazil in favour of his son Pedro II., 7 Apr. 
1 831 — embarks for Europe, 12 Apr. — at Paris, 
receives Grand Cordon of Legion of Honour, 
from Louis Philippe, 1831 — assembles fleet at 
Belle Isle, Jan. 1832 — lands at Terceira, and 
declares Madeira in state of blockade, 6 Mar. 
— enters Lisbon, banishes Dom Miguel, and as- 
sumes Regency for his daughter, Jul. — ft. at 
Lisbon, 24 Sep. 1834. 

Pedro V., King of Portugal, — 6. at Lisbon, 
16 Sep. 1837 — succeeds Dona Maria da Gloria, 
15 Nov. 1853 — visits London and Brussels, 
May to Sep. 1854 — visits Paris, May 1855 — 
assumes the government, 16 Sep. 1855 — 
marries Princess Stephanie of Hohenzollern 
Sigmaringen, 18 May 1858 — loses his wife, 17 
Jul. 1859 — "ft., 11 Nov. 1 861. 

Peebles, in Scotland, — monastery founded 
at, by Alexander III., 1260 — contributes 
largely to ransom of David II., 1357 — made a 
royal burgh by him, 1367 — burnt by Earl of 
Hertford, 1545. 

Peel, Sir Robert, Bart., — h. at Peel's Cross, 
near Lancaster, 25 Apr. 1750 — commences 
cotton trade, 1773 — M.P. Tamworth, 1790- 
1820 — Bart., 29 Nov. 1800 — tr. at Drayton 
Park, Staffordshire, 3 May 1830. 

Peel, Sir Robert, Bart., Prime Minister 
of England, — it. near Bury, Lancashire, 5 
Feb. 1788— B. A. Oxford, 1808— M.P. Cashel, 
1809 — Under-secretary of State for the Co- 
lonies, 1811— Chief-secretary for Ireland, May 
1 812- 18 — M.P. Oxford Univ., 18 18 — carries 
his Currency bill, 1819 — marries, 8 Jun. 1820 
— introduces reform of criminal law, 1827 — 
Secretary of State for Home Department, Jan. 



io4 



PEEL— PELAGIUS. 



1822 to Apr. 1827, and Jan. 1828 to Xov. 
1830 — introduces Catholic Emancipation bill, 
1829 — succeeds his father, 3 May 1830 — M.P. 
Tamworth, 1832-50 — First Lord of the Trea- 
sury and Chancellor of the Exchequer, Dec. 
1834 to Apr. 1835 — again, 30 Aug. 1841 to 29 
Jan. 1846 — proposes his sliding-scale, 9 Feb. 
1842 — proposes Income Tax for 3 years, 1842 
— supports Repeal of Corn Laws, 1846 — speaks 
in the House, 28 Jun. 1850— tf. in London, 2 
Jul. 1850. 

Peel, Sir William, Capt. R. X.,— h., 2 
Xov. 1 824 — enters the navy, Apr. 1838 — Lieut., 
1844 — Commander, Jun. 1846 — distinguishes 
himself in Crimean War, 1855-6 — appointed 
to command on China station, 1856 — C.B., 
1856 — as leader of Naval Brigade takes part in 
Sepoy War, 1857-8 — wounded at capture of 
Lucknow, Mar. 1858— K.C.B., 1858 — tf. at 
Cawnpore, 27 Apr. 1858. 

Peel Collection, of pictures, — purchased for 
National Gallery, Mar. 1871. 

Peele, George, dramatist, — at Oxford Univ., 
1564 — M.A., 1579 — tf. probably before 1598. 
JUramas, 1584-99. 

Peep 0' Day Boys, Presbyterian faction, — 
appear in Ireland, in opposition to the De- 
fenders, between 1780-90. 

Peerage, in Great Britain, — bill for limit- 
ation of, introduced, 25 Nov. 171 8 — abandoned, 
Mar. 17 19 — -for life, conferred on Sir James 
Parke, (Lord Wensleydale,) Jan. 1856 — 
question respecting, considered by Committee 
of Privileges, Feb. — the patent reported illegal, 
25 Feb. Hereditary, established in France, by 
Louis XVIII. , 1 8 14 — abolished by Louis 
Philippe, 29 Dec. 1831. 

Peers, — [Lords, House of] — Council of, as- 
sembled by Charles I. at York, 24 Sep. 1640. 
Representative, for Scotland, election of, au- 
thorized by Act of Union, 6 Ann. c. 11, 6 Mar. 
1707 — further regulated by 6 Ann. c. 78, 1707. 
For Ireland, election of, authorized bv Act of 
Union, 39 and 40 Geo. III. c. 67, 2 Jul. 1800. 
Pegge, Samuel, antiquary, — it. at Chester- 
field, 5 Xov. 1704 — enters St John's Coll. 
Cambridge, 1722 — B.A., 1725 — Fellow of his 
Coll., 1726 — M.A., 1729 — ordained priest, 
1730 — rector of Whittington near Chesterfield, 
1751 — F.S.A., 1751 — LL.D. Oxford, 1791 — 
if., 14 Feb. 1796. life of Robert Grosseteste, 

1793- 

Pegu, — conquered by Alompra, and made 
province of Birman Empire, 1757 — conquered 
by British, 1824 — restored, 1826 — again con- 
quered, 1852, and annexed to British India; 
restoration of, to Birman refused by Governor- 
general of India. 1 854. 

Peguilain,Aimeride, troubadour, — tf., about 
1265. 

Peiho, river in China. [See Chinese War.] 

Peiresc, Nicolas Claude Fabri de, oriental- 
ist, archaeologist,— b. in Provence, 1 Dec. 1580 
— LL.D. Aix, 1604 — visits Paris, 1605 — visits 
England, 1606 — Abbot of Guistrcs, 1618 — tf. 
at Aix, 24 Jun. 1637. 

Peisander, {of Camrirus,) epic poet of Rhodes, 
— [BCJ— 8., about (01. 33) 648-5,* (01. 37) 



632, b 64 / , c a Smith's Diet. b Muller. c Suiclas. 

Peisander, — [BC] — commissioner to inves- 
tigate mutilation of the Hennas, 415 — archon 
eponymus, (01. 91, 3,) 414 — agent in effecting 
revolution of the 400, end of 412 — takes refuge 
in Dekeleia, 411. 

Peisistratidse, — [BC] — expelled from 
Athens, (01. 67, 3,) 510. 

Peisistratos, — [BC] — fj., before 612 — first 
usurps government at Athens, 56o, a latter 
part 561 b — exiled, 560 b — recovers Athens, 
with aid of Phya, about 554, 555 b — exiled, 
555 b — recovers Athens third time, about 537,* 
544 b — tf., Jul. or Aug. 527.* 

a Clinton. b Yater. 

Pekin, Peking, capital of China, {Pih-Jcing,) 
— built or rebuilt byXublai Khan, about 1280 
— visited by Marco Polo, about 1290 — seat of 
Mongol emperors, 1280-1367— again made seat 
of empire, about 1410-20 — conquered by Mant- 
chus, 1644 — threatened by insurgents, 1854 — 
surrenders to Anglo-French force, 12 Oct. 
i860 — Convention signed, 24 Oct. — Te F)eum 
performed in cathedral, 29 Oct. — evacuated by 
allies, 5 Xov. — [China] — ambassadors of France 
and England take up residence at, Mar. 1861. 

Pelage, (Alvar Francisco Paez,) theologian, 

Pelagius I., Bp of Eome, — ambassador 
from Agapetus to Justinian, 535 — procures 
edict against Origenists, 541 — returns to Rome, 
about 545— ambassador from citizens of Rome 
to Totila, 547 — and from Totila to Justinian, 
547 — succeeds Yigilius after vacancy of three 
months, 16 Apr. ^^^ — condemns the Three 
Chapters, 555 — tf. at Rome, 1 Mar. 560. 

Pelagius II., Bp of Rome, — succeeds Bene- 
dict Bonosus, after vacancy of four months, 30 
Xov. 578 — sends Gregory to Constantinople to 
seek aid against Lombards, 582 — receives monks 
of Monte Casino, driven away by Lombards, 
582 — opposes assumption of title of Universal 
Patriarch by John IV. of Constantinople, 588 
— tf. at Rome, 8 Feb. 590. 

Pelagius, theologian, — residing at Rome, 
about 400 — joined by Ccelestius, goes to Sicily 
and Africa, 409-410 — commotions respecting his 
opinions begin in Palestine, 412 — begins to 
teach at Rome, 413 a — accused at synod of 
Jerusalem by Orosius, Jul. 415 a — visits Pales- 
tine, 416 a — condemned with Ccelestius, by 
Councils of Carthage and Milevum, 416— 
anathematized by Innocentius, 27 Jun. 417 — 
banished from Italy by Emperor Honorius, 
Apr. 418 — again condemned by Council of 
Carthage, 1 May 418— condemned by Pope 
Zosimus, 418 — expelled from Jerusalem, 424. 
a -Clinton. 

Pelagius, cardinal, Bp of Albaxo, — legate 
of Innocent III. to Michael IX., Patriarch of 
Constantinople, between 1206-12— as legate of 
Honorius III. joins crusaders and attacks 
Damietta, 121 8 — by inducing crusaders to 
march on Cairo loses Damietta, 122 1 — with 
Gualo concludes treaty with Frederick II., 25 
Jul. 122-7 — invades Apulia, takes Sessa and 
Gaeta, 1229 — rebuked for cruelty by the Pope, 
1229— raises siege of Caiazzo and takes refuge 



PELAYO— PELOPONNESIAN WAR. 



at Monte Casino, Sep. 1229 — compelled by 
Frederick II. to quit it, Dec. 1229. 
Pelayo. [Asturias, Kingdom 0/.] 
Pelham, Sir Henry, Prime Minister of 
England, — ft., 1696 — at battle of Preston 
Pans, 1 7 15 — M.P., 1 7 1 8 — Lord of the Treasury, 
1721 — M.P. Sussex, 1722-54 — Secretary of 
State for "War, 3 Apr. 1724— Paymaster-gen- 
eral of the forces, 1730— First Lord of the 
Treasury, 12 Aug. 1743 to Mar. 1754 — Chan- 
cellor of the Exchequer, Dec. 1743 to Mar. 
1 754—5-, 6 Mar. 1754. 
Pelham, Thomas. [Chichester, Earl op.] 
Pelham, Thomas Holies. [Newcastle, 
Duke of.] 
Pelissier. [Malakhoff, Duke of.] 
Pell, John, mathematician, — ft. in Sussex, 1 
Mar. 1610 — M.A. Cambridge, 1630 — Prof. 
Mathematics, Amsterdam, 1643 — Prof. Mathe- 
matics, Breda, 1646-52 — agent for Cromwell to 
Protestant Cantons of Switzerland, 1654 to 
Jun. 1658— ordained priest, 1661 — F.R.S., 
1663 — D.D., about 1663 — fcr. in London, 12 
Dec. 1685. 

Pellegrini, Antonio, painter, — n. at Venice, 
1 6 8 5 ,a at Padua, 1674b— admitted to the Acade- 
my, Paris, 1733 — tj. at Venice, 1741. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nagler. 

Pellegrini, Camillo, antiquary, — fc. at 
Capua, 1598 — tf. at Naples, 9 Nov. 1663. 

Pellegrini, Pellegrino Tibaldo de'. [Ti- 
baldi.] 

Pellegrini - Tibaldi, Domenico, painter, 
architect, engraver, — fc. at Bologna, 1541 — ft. 
there, 1583. 
Pellegrino da Modena. [Munari.] 
Pellegrino da San Daniello, {Giovanni 
Martino da TJdine,) painter, — known as a 
painter, 1499 a — &•» a ^ ter *545" a The Virgin 
with Saints, Cividale, 1529. a Nagler. 

Pellerin, Joseph, antiquary, — b. near Ver- 
sailles, 27 Apr. 1684 — enters Navy-office, 1706 
— Commissioner of the Navy, 1718-45 — tr. at 
Paris, 30 Aug. 1782. Recueil de Me'dailles de 
Mois, Feuples et Villes, 1762-78. 
Pelletier, Le. [Lepelletier.] 
Pellew, Edward. [Exmouth, Earl of.] 
Pellican, Conrad, (Kilrschner,) theologian, — 
b. in Alsace, 8 Jan. 1478 — enters Order of 
Friars Minors, 1493 — Superior of Convent of 
Basel, 15 1 9 — adopts opinions of Luther, about 
15 1 9 — tf. at Zurich, 5 Apr. 1556. Commentarii 
Jiibliorum, §c, 1531-36. 

Pellico, Silvio, dramatist, — b. at Saluzza, in 
Piedmont, 1789 — settles at Milan, 18 10 — 
seized and imprisoned as a Carbonari, 13 Oct. 
1820 — removed to Spielberg, Apr. 1822 — re- 
leased, Aug. 1830 — tf. near Turin, 1 Jan. 
1854. Mie Prigioni, 1831 — Tre Novi Trage- 
die, 1832. 

Pellisson-Fontanier, Paul, historian, — fc. at 
Beziers, 1624 — settles at Paris, 1652 — ad- 
mitted to French Academy, 1653 — Councillor 
of State, 1660 — imprisoned in the Bastille, 
Sep. 1 66 1 — liberated, 1666— Historiographer 
to Louis XIV., to 1673 — abjures Protestantism, 
1670 — ft. at Versailles, 7 Feb. 1693. Histoire 
de I'Acade'mie Francaise, 1653 — Histoire de 



Louis XIV., 17 49— Reflexions sur les diffe- 
rends en matiere de religion, 1686 et seq. 

Pelopidas, — [B C] — wounded at siege of 
Mantinea, 385— takes refuge at Athens, 382— 
Theban leader from recovery of Cadmea to 
Congress at Sparta, beginning of winter 379- 
371 — commands in war with Sparta, 378-6 — 
defeats Spartans at Tegyra, 375— serves at 
Leuctra, 371 — serves in Peloponnesus, 369 — 
aids Thessalians against Alexander of Pherae, 
and is imprisoned, 368— released by Epanii- 
nondas, 367 — unsuccessful ambassador to 
Persia, 367— killed at Kynokephalee, Jun. 364. 
Peloponnesian War, — - [B C] — five years' 
truce begins, beginning of 450— invasion of 
Attica by Pleistoanax, about Feb. 445 — thirty 
years' truce, about Apr. 445— sea-fight between 
Corinth and Korkyra, 435 — preparations of 
Corinth, 434 — Korkyraean and Corinthian em- 
bassies to Athens, 433— sea-fight off Korkyra, 
spring 432 — revolt of Potidiea, summer— con- 
gress atLacedaemon, autumn— Thebans attempt 
Plataea, Apr. to May 431. First invasion of 
Attica, Jul. 431 — eclipse, 3 Aug. 431 — Athens 
forms league with Sitalces, 431. Second in- 
vasion of Attica, Jun. to Jul. 430 — plague at 
Athens, 430 — Potidsea surrenders, early in 
429 — sea-fights in Corinthian Gulf, summer 
429 — siege of Plataea, 429 — Pericles dies, 
autumn 429 — Spartan embassy to Persia, 
429. Third invasion of Attica, Jun. 428 — 
Lesbos (except Methymne) revolts, 428 — 
Mytilene besieged, autumn 428. Fourth in- 
vasion of Attica, summer 427 — Lesbos re- 
covered, 427— expedition of Nicias, 427 — sur- 
render of Plataea, 427 — sedition at Korkyra, 
427 — invasion hindered by earthquake, 426 — 
battle of Tanagra, summer 426 — lustration of 
Delos, winter 426. Fifth invasion of Attica, 
spring 425 — reduction of Sphacteria, 425 — 
Athenian embassy to Persia, 425 — Kythera 
occupied by Athenians, summer 424 — Brasidas 
marches through Thessaly into Thrace, sum- 
mer 424 — he takes Aniphipolis, winter 424 — 
battle of Delion, early winter 424 — truce for a 
year, (end of Munychion,) 423 — expedition of 
Cleon against Thrace, 422 — battle of Amphi- 
polis, 422 — Cleon and Brasidas die, (Meta- 
gitnion,) close of summer 422 — negotiations for 
peace, autumn 422 — truce for 50 years con- 
cluded, 10 Apr. 421 — treaty between Athens 
and Argos, 420 — interchange of embassies with 
Athens, 420 — Alkibiades General in Pelo- 
ponnesus, summer 419 — battle of Mantinea, 
Aug. 418 — Melos surrendered, beginning of 
winter 416 — Sicilian expedition, first campaign, 
midsummer 415 — second campaign, 414 — in- 
vasion of Attica, spring 413 — third Sicilian 
campaign, spring 413 — Lesbos, Chios, Ery- 
thrae, prepare for revolt, early spring 412 — 
Alkibiades goes to Persia for Lacedaemonians, 
spring 4 1 2 — first treaty between Lacedaemonians 
and Persians, spring 412 — Miletus revolts : 
second treaty between Lacedaemonians and Tis- 
saphernes,spring4i2 — Atheniansrecur to deposit 
of 1000 talents, 41 2 — third treaty of Lacedaemo- 
nians with Tissaphernes, Feb. 411 — Mindarus 
takes command, summer 41 1 — defeat of Minda- 



no6 



PELOPS— PEMBROKE. 



rus at Kynossema, autumn^ i — Mindarus killed 
by Alkibiades at Kyzikos, before midsummer 
410 — negotiations for peace, summer 410 — 
Thrasyllus sails to Samos, summer 409 — enters 
Lydia, summer 409 — winters at Lampsacus, 
409-8 — Alkibiades takes Selymbria, 408 — and 
Byzantium, 408 — returns to Athens, 407 — 
Cyrus sent, spring 407 — Lysander sent, 407 — 
.Alkibiades conducts siege of Andros, 407 — 
Antiochus defeated, Alkibiades deposed, 407- 
406 — Callicratidas succeeds Lysander, Sep. 
406 — sea-fight off Arginusse, 406 — proposals 
of peace defeated by Cleopbon, 406 — con- 
demnation of the generals, 406 — battle of 
JEgospotami, autumn 405 — flight of Conon 
to Evagoras of Cyprus, 405 — Athens taken by 
Lysander, spring 404. 

Pelops, of Smyrna, physician, anatomist, — 
{{., about 150. 

Peltier, Jean Gabriel, journalist, — settles in 
London, after 10 Aug. 1792 — commences pub- 
lication of his Ambigu, 1800 — tried for libel 
on Napoleon L, defended by Sir James Mack- 
intosh, and found guilty, 21 Feb. 1803 — tf. at 
Paris, 31 Mar. 1825. 
Pelusium, Count of. [Monge, G.] 
Pelusium, in Egypt, — [B C] — Cambyses de- 
feats Psammenitus near, 525 — Gabiuius defeats 
Egyptians, 55 — taken by Mithridates, 47 — 
taken by Octavius, 30. 

Pelzel, Franz Martin, historian, — fc. at 
Reichenau, 11 Nov. 1735 — Prof. Bohemian 
Literature, Prague, 1792-1801 — ft., 24 Feb. 
1 801. Geschichte der Bbhmen, 1774 — Bbhm- 
ische, Mahrische, unci Schlesische Gelehrte aus 
dem Or den der Jesuiten, 1786. 

Pemberton, Sir Francis, Lord Chief 
Justice of England, — b. at St Albans, 1625 
— enters Emmanuel Coll. Cambridge, 1640 — 
B.A., 1644 — enters the Inner Temple, 14 Oct. 
1645 — called to the bar, 17 Nov. 1654 — king's 
serjeant and Knt, Aug. 1675 — voted guilty of 
breach of privilege by each House of Parlia- 
ment, possession of his person disputed between 
them, 1675 — Justice of King's Bench, 1 May 
1679 — dismissed, 16 Feb. 1680 — Chief Justice 
and Privy Councillor, 11 Apr. 1681 — again 
dismissed, and made Chief Justice of Common 
Pleas, 22 Jan. 1683 — presides at trial of Lord 
"William Russell, Jul. — dismissed, 7 Sep. — re- 
moved from Privy Council, Oct. 1683 — defends 
the Seven Bishops, 1688 — imprisoned, 19 Jul. 
1689 to Aug. or Oct. — defends Sir John Fen- 
wick, 1696 — tj. near Highgate, 10 Jun. 1697. 
Pemberton, Henry, physician, — b. in Lon- 
don, 1694— M.D. Leyden, 17 19 — F.R.S., 8 
Dec. 1720 — Prof. Physic, Gresham Coll., 1728 
— tf., 9 Apr. 177 1. Assists Newton in new 
edition of the Principia, 1126 — View of Sir 
Isaac Newton s Philosophy, 1728. 

Pembroke Castle, in South Wales, — men- 
tioned, 1092 — taken by Gilbert Strongbow, 
about 1 107 — occupied by Col. Poyer for Charles 
L, 1648 — besieged by Cromwell, 21 May 1648 
— surrenders, Jul. 

Pembroke College, Oxford, — founded by 
James I., 1624. 



Pembroke Dockyard, South Wales, — trans- 
ferred from Milford, 18 14. 

Pembroke Hall, {College,) Cambridge, — 
founded by Mary de St Paul, Countess of 
Pembroke, 1347. 

Pembroke, Aylmer de Valence, Earl of, 
— takes part under Edward I. at siege of Car- 
laverock, 1300 — conducts expedition into Scot- 
land, and defeats Bruce at Methven, 22 Jul., a 
19 Jun. b 1306 — defeated by Bruce at Loudon 
Hill, 10 May 1307 — with Gloucester besieged 
by Bruce in Ayr, May 1307 — appointed 
guardian and Lieutenant in Scotland, by Ed- 
ward II., 30 Aug. 1307, but soon resigns: takes 
part in siege of Scarborough Castle, May 1 3 1 2 
— ravages Scotland, 13 15— murdered in France, 
27 Jun. 1323 — title extinct. 

a Annals of England. b Lingard. 

Pembroke, Gilbert de Clare, {Gilbert Strong- 
bow,) Earl of,— conquers Cardigan, 11 07 — 
overruns "West Wales ; created, by Stephen, 

1 1 38 — is., 1 149. 

Pembroke, Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of, — 
succeeds his father, 1570 — one of the peers on 
trial of Duke of Norfolk, Jan. 1572 — K.G., 
1574 — President of the Council in Marches of 
Wales, 1586 — sits on trial of Mary Queen of 
Scots, 1586 — ft. at Wilton, 19 Jan. 1601. 

Pembroke, Jasper Tudor, Earl of, — created 
by Henry VI., 1453 — charged with care of 
Margaret, Countess of Richmond, and her son 
Henry, (Henry VII.,) 1456— defeated by Ed- 
ward, Duke of York, at Mortimer's Cross, 2 
Feb. 146 1 — goes into exile, attainted, 1462 — ■ 
takes refuge with Duke of Bretagne, 1472 — ■ 
created Duke of Bedford, by Henry VII., 27 
Oct. 1485 — his attainder reversed, 1485 — Lieu- 
tenant of Ireland, i486— fr., 21 Dec. 1495. 

Pembroke, John Hastings, 2nd Earl of, — 
succeeds his father, 1 348 — sent to relieve 
Rochelle, 1372 — defeated at sea, and captured 
by Spaniards, 23 Jun. 1372 — ransomed, 1376 
— tf. at Paris, 16 Apr. 1376. 

Pembroke, Mary Sidney, Countess of,— 
marries Henry, Earl of Pembroke, about 1576 
— left a widow, 1601 — Is. in London, 25 Sep. 
1621. 

Pembroke, Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of, 
and 1st Earl of Montgomery, — marries 
daughter of Edward, Earl of Oxford, Jan. 1605 
— created Lord Herbert and Earl of Mont- 
gomery, 4 Jun. 1606 — K.G., 18 May 1608 — 
succeeds his brother, 1630 — sent by parliament 
to remonstrate with Charles I. at Newmarket, 
9 Mar. 1642 — Joint-commissioner to present 
propositions of parliament to Charles I. at 
Newcastle, 6, a 23 b Jul. 1646 — as Joint-com- 
missioner of parliament, receives the king from 
Scots at Newcastle, 30 Jan. 1647 — ft., 23 Jan. 
1650. a Pict. Hist. England. b Guizot. 

Pembroke, Richard Marshall, Earl of, 
Earl Marshal, — succeeds his brother, 1 23 1 — 
offends Henry III. by neglect to pay dower of 
Eleanor, 1232 — joins in remonstrance against 
foreign officers and troops, 1233 — escapes to 
Wales and is declared a traitor, makes a league 
with Llewellyn, 1233 — routs royal army near 
Monmouth, 11 Nov. — defeats Poictevins at 



PEMBROKE— PENDULUM. 



1 107 



Monmouth, 25 Nov.— again, 26 Dec. — with 
Llewellyn ravages estates of Des Roches, and 
burns Shrewsbury, Jan. 1234 — passes into 
Ireland: treacherously wounded and made 
prisoner at conference with Maurice the 
Justiciary, 1 Apr. — ft., 16 Apr. 1234 — title 
becomes extinct, 1245. 

Pembroke, Richard de Clare, Earl or, 
(Strongbow, Richard of Strigul,) — succeeds his 
father, 1 149— undertakes restoration of Dermot 
Mac Murrogh, 1168 — lands in Ireland, 1170 
— takes Waterford, and marries Eva, daughter 
of Dermot, takes Dublin, ravages Meath, and 
succeeds Dermot, 1170 — unsuccessfully be- 
sieged in Dublin by Roderic O'Connor, returns 
to England and submits to Henry II., 1171 — 
accompanies Henry to Ireland, Oct. 1171 — 
joins him in France, 1172— ft. at Dublin, May 
1176,* H72, b H77. c a Dugdale. 

b Annals of England. c Collins and Lingard. 

Pembroke, Thomas Herbert, 8th Earl of, 
and 5th Earl of Montgomery, — b., about 
1656 — enters Christ Church Coll. Oxford, 1672 
— succeeds his brother, Aug. 1683 — takes part 
in suppressing Monmouth's rebellion, 1685 — 
ambassador extraord. to States -General, 1689 
— Privy Councillor, Oct. 1689 — First Com- 
missioner of the Admiralty, 1689 — Lord Privy 
Seal, 11 Mar. 1691 — First Plenipotentiary at 
Treaty of Ryswick, 1697 — K.G., 14 May 1700 
— Pres. Council, 1700 — Lord High Admiral, 
1 70 1 -2 — one of the Commissioners to treat of 
Union with Scotland, 1705 — Lord-lieutenant 
of Ireland, 1707 — Lord High Admiral, Nov. 
1708 — one of the Lords Justices for George I., 
17 14 — If., 22 Jan. 1733. 

Pembroke, William Herbert, Earl of,— 
created Baron, 4 Nov. 146 1 — created, 27 May, b 
8 Sep. a 1468 — captured by insurgents at Edge- 
cote, and executed, 26 Jul. 1469. 

a Burke. b Collins. 

Pembroke, William Herbert, Earl of, 
statesman, general, — b., 1507 — in service of 
Henry VIII., as early as 1534 — Captain of 
castle and town of Aberystwith, Jan. 1544 — 
Knt, 1544 — one of the executors of Henry 
VIII., 1547 — suppresses insurrections in the 
"West, 1549 — Master of the Horse, 1549 — re- 
lieves Exeter, Aug. 1549 — K.C.G., 1 Dec. 1549 
• — Lord-president of the Council in Marches of 
Wales, 8 Apr. 1550 — loses his wife, Feb. 155 1 
— Baron Herbert and Earl of Pembroke, 10 
and 11 Oct. 1551 — acknowledges Lady Jane 
Grey Queen, 9 Jul. 1553— joins in proclamation 
of Mary, 19 Jul. — as Earl-general of the forces 
in the field, suppresses insurrection of Wyatt, 
1554 — as Captain-general of forces beyond the 
seas, takes part in defence of Calais, 1557 — 
commands English auxiliaries at St Quentin, 
10 Aug. 1557 — Privy Councillor to Queen Eliza- 
beth, 1558 — supports plot for restoration of 
Mary Queen of Scots, 1568— &. at Hampton 
Court, 17 Mar. 1570. 

Pembroke, William Herbert, 3rd Earl of, 
— b. at Wilton, 1580 — succeeds his father, 1601 
— K.G., 1603 — governor of Portsmouth, 1609 
— Chancellor of Oxford Univ., 161 7 — Lord 



Chamberlain, 161 7 — fc\ in London, 10 Apr. 
1630. Poems, 1660. 

Pembroke, William Marshall, Earl of, 
Earl Marshal,— marries Isabel, daughter of 
Strongbow, and obtains Earldom of Pembroke, 
1 1 89— assists at coronation of Richard I., n 89 
— member of the Council during absence of 
Richard I., 1 190— Earl Marshal, 1 199— con- 
firmed in the Earldom, by King John, 1199— 
one of the sureties of King John to the barons, 
1 2 14 — attends the king at Runnymede, 12 15 
—one of the guardians of Henry III., 12 16 — 
joint-regent with legate Gualo, 12 16— defeats 
barons at Lincoln, 20 May 12 17 — besieges 
Prince Louis in London, Sep. — concludes treaty 
with him, 1 1 Sep. — conducts him to the coast, 
Sep. — tj. at Caversham, near Reading, Mar. 
12 19. 

Pembroke, William Marshall, Earl of, 
Earl Marshal, — succeeds his father, 12 19 — 
marries Eleanor, sister of Henry III. ; Lord 
Justice of Ireland, 1224-6— lj., 1231. 

Pembroke, William de Valence, Earl of, 
— arrives in England, 1247 — created by 
Henry III., 1247— killed in France, 1296. 

Pembroke, Earl of. [See Gloucester, 
Humphrey, Duke of; Suffolk, William de 
la Pole, Marquis of.] 

Pembrokeshire, in South Wales, — deprived 
of palatine privileges by Act 27 Hen. VIII. c. 
26, 1536 — French troops land in, and are taken 
prisoners by the country-people, 22 Feb. 1797. 
Penaforte. [Raymond of Penaforte.] 
Penal Laws of England, (against Roman 
Catholics,) — mitigated by Act 18 Geo. III. c. 
60, 1778 — consolidated and amended by Acts 

24 and 25 Vic. cc. 94, 96, 97, 98, 99, and 100, 
6 Aug. 1 86 1 — repeal of various enactments by 
Acts 24 and 25 Vic. cc. 95 and 101, 6 Aug. 
1861. 

Penal Servitude, — [Transportation] — per- 
mitted instead of transportation by Acts 10 and 
11 Vic. c. 67, 9 Jul. 1847, and 16 and 17 Vic. 
c. 99, 20 Aug. 1853 — finally substituted by Act 
20 and 21 Vic. c. 3, 26 Jun. 1857— laws re- 
specting, amended by Act 27 and 28 Vic. c. 47, 

25 Jul. 1864. 

Penalties, in English Law, — law respecting, 
amended by Act 28 and 29 Vic. c. 127, 5 JuL 
1865. 

Penda, the Strenuous, King of Mercia, — 
succeeds Ceorl, 626 — fights indecisive battle 
with Cynegils of Wessex, at Cirencester, 628 
— in alliance with Cadwallader defeats and 
kills Edwin of Northumbria, at Hatfield Chase, 
14 Oct. 633 — defeats and kills Oswald of 
Northumbria at Maserfield, 5 Aug. 642 — 
ravages Northumbria and burns Bamborough ; 
drives Cenwalch from Wessex, 645 — makes 
war on Anna of E. Anglia, 654 — makes war 
on the Bretwalda, Oswy of Northumbria, and 
is defeated and killed at Winwidfield, near 
Leeds, 655. 

Pendleton, Dr, Roman Catholic priest, — 
shot at and nearly killed while preaching at 
Paul's Cross, 10 Jun. 1554. 

Pendulum, — applied to measurement of 
time by Ebn Junis, about 11 00 — isochronism 
70* 



ioS 



PENINSULAR WAR— PENSIONS. 



of, discovered by Galileo, about 15 8 1 — adapted 
to the clock by Sanctorius, 161 2 — by Huy- 
ghens, 1656 — shortening of seconds' pendulum 
observed by Richer, in approaching the equator, 
1 67 1 — length of, proposed as standard of 
measure by Huyghens, 1673 — employed to in- 
vestigate figure of the earth, by Sabme, 1821- 
25 — theory of, perfected by Bessel, 1828. Con- 
vertible, invented by Kater, 181 8 — Invariable, 
by Kater, 18 19 — Gridiron, by Harrison, 
about 1725 — Mercurial, invented by Graham, 
1726. 

Peninsular War, — expedition to assist Por- 
tugal against the French under Napoleon I. 
sent out by Great Britain under Sir Arthur 
Wellesley, 12 Jul. 1808 — [see Wellington, 
Duke of, Moore, Sir John, Soult, Marshal, 
Saragossa, Vimeira, Coruna, Talavera, Torres 
Vedras, Badajoz, Albuera, Ciudad Rodrigo, 
Salamanca, Vittoria, St Sebastian, Orthez, 
Toulouse] — terminates with expulsion of 
French from the Peninsula, Apr. 18 14. 

Peniscola, in Spain, — capitulates to Gen. 
Suchet, 5 Feb. 18 12 — invested by Spaniards, 
close of 1 81 3 — evacuated by French, 18 14. 

Penitence, Congregation of, of St Magda- 
len, — founded at Paris, about 1492 — approved 
by Pope Alexander, 1497. 

Penitence, Order of, of St Magdalen, — 
established at Marseilles, about 1272. 

Penitentiary, Millbank, — erection of, pro- 
vided for by Act 52 Geo. III. c. 44, 20 Apr. 
1 812 — regulated by Acts 56 Geo. III. c. 63, 22 
Jun. 1 8 16, and 59 Geo. III. c. 136, 1 2 Jul. 1819. 
Penitents, White, religious fanatics, — ap- 
pear in Italy, 1399. 

Penn, Sir William, admiral, — h. at Bristol, 
1 62 1 — Admiral, 1653 — takes part in capture 
of Jamaica, 1 655 — M.P. Weymouth, imprisoned 
in the Tower, 1655 — Knt, Commissioner of the 
Navy, 1 660 — takes part in defeat of Dutch fleet, 
1665 — ft. atWanstead, Essex, 16 Sep. 1670. 

Penn, William, founder of Pennsylvania, — 
6. in London, 14 Oct. 1644 — enters Christ 
Church, Oxford, 1660 — converted to Quaker- 
ism while at Oxford: expelled, 1662 — visits 
France and Italy, 1662-64 — studies at Lin- 
coln's Inn, 1664-66 — joins the Quakers at Cork, 
1666 — imprisoned, and soon released, 1667 — 
begins to preach, 1668 — imprisoned in the 
Tower about seven months, 1668-69 — tried for 
preaching and acquitted, 1670 — imprisoned in 
Newgate six months, Feb. 1 67 1 — marries, 
1672 — accompanies George Fox and Robert 
Barclay to Germany and Holland, 1677 — re- 
ceives grant of Pennsylvania from Charles II. , 
and is named Governor, 4 Mar. 1681 — goes to 
Pennsylvania, Aug. 1682 — has interview with 
Indian tribes, 30 Nov. 1682 — returns to Eng- 
land, about midsummer 1684 — has great in- 
fluence with James II., 1685 — procures pro- 
clamation in favour of persons imprisoned for 
religious opinions, 1686 — arrested on charge 
of conspiracy and acquitted, 1690 — again 
charged, 1691 — deprived of government of 
Pennsylvania, 1692 — acquitted of charge of 
conspiracy, Nov. 1693 — his wife dies, 1694 — 
the government restored to him by William 



and. Mary, 1694 — marries again, 1696 — goes 
to Pennsylvania, 1699 — arrives in England 
again, Dec. 1701 — rj. at Ruscombe, Berkshire, 
30 Jul. 17 1 8. Works, 1728. 

Pennant, Thomas, naturalist, $c, — fj. in 
Flintshire, 14 Jun. 1726 — F.S.A., 1754 — 
marries, 1759 — travels on the Continent, 1765 
— F.R.S., 1767 — visits Scotland, 1769 and 
1772 — LL.D. Oxford, 177 1 — marries again, 
1777 — honorary member of Society of Anti- 
quaries, Edinburgh, 17 81 — member of Ameri- 
can Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, 1791 
— member of Royal Academy of Sciences, 
Stockholm, 1784 — rj., 16 Dec. 1798. British 
Zoology, 1761-77 — History (Synopsis) of Quad- 
rupeds, 17 71 — Tour in Scotland, 177 1 — Second 
Tour, 1775 — Arctic Zoology, 1784-87 — Jour- 
ney to Snowdon, 1778-81 — Account of London, 
1790 — Literary Life, 1793. 

Pennethorne, Sir James, architect, — n. at 
Worcester, 1801 — Architect and Surveyor 
to Board of Works, 1 840 — retires, and is 
knighted, 1870 — rj. at Wimbledon, 1 Sep. 187 1. 

Penni,Gian Francesco, [II Fattore,) painter , 
assistant to Raphael, — ft. at Florence, 1488 — 
with Giulio Romano completes frescoes in the 
Hall of Constantine, in the Vatican, 1520-23 
— tf. at Naples, 1528. 

Pennington, Sir John, admiral, — conducts 
expedition against Protestants of Rochelle, 
rendered fruitless by desertion of his men, 1625 
— deprived of command of the fleet by parlia- 
ment, Mar. 1642. 

Pennsylvania, V. S.,— territory given by 
Charles II. to William Penn, 1681 — his 'Frame 
of Government ' confirmed by assembly of the 
people at Chester, Dec. 1682 — has separate 
legislature, 1699 — boundary with Maryland 
settled, 1763-7 — one of the Thirteen United 
States, 1774 — ratifies Federal constitution, 13 
Dec. 1787 — constitution established, 1790 — re- 
modelled, 1838 — again, 1850 and 1 857 — invaded 
by Confederates under Gen. Lee, Jul. 1863. 

Pennus, M. Junius, — [BC] — Consul with 
Q. iElius Portus, (587, a. u. c.) 167. 

Penny, English silver coin, — mentioned in 
laws of Ina, about 695 — copper, first coined, 
1797. 

Penny Post and Postage. [See Post.] 

Penruddock, Colonel John, — joins in Royal- 
ist plots against the Protector, 11 Mar. 1655 
— executed, 1655 — his widow obtains a grant 
out of his personal estate, 23 Mar. 1657. 

Penry, John, (Ap-Senry,) (Martin Mar- 
Prelate,) Brownist, — h. in Wales, about 1559 
— M.A. Cambridge, about 1583 — warrant 
issued for his arrest, 1590 — takes refuge in 
Scotland, 1590-3 — returns to London, spring 
1593 — tried, 25 May — executed, 29 May 1593. 

Pensacola, in Florida, JJ. S., — in possession 
of Spaniards, 1699 — taken by French under 
Bienville, 17 19 — restored to Spaniards, 1723 — ■ 
occupied by British, 1763 — taken by Spaniards, 
1781 — taken by Gen. Jackson, Nov. 1814 — 
again, May 1 8 1 8 — [Florida] — occupied by 
Federals, 12 Jan. 1861 — burnt by them, 3 Apr. 
1863. 

Pensions, — in England, grant of, by the Crown, 



PENTAPOLIS— PEPTS. 



1 109 



restricted and regulated . by Act 1 Ann. c. 7, 
1 7 02 — grant of public, to civil officers, authorized 
by Act 57 Geo. III. c. 65, 7 Jul. 1817 — laws 
respecting, consolidated and amended by Act 4 
and 5 Win IV. c. 24, 25 Jul. 1834. In Ireland, 
restricted by Act 33 Geo. III. c. 34, (Irish Act,) 
1793 — again, by Act 1 Geo. IV. c. 1, 1820. 
In Scotland, restricted by Act 50 Geo. III. c. 
Ill, 20 Jun. 1 8 10. lists of England, Scotland, 
and Ireland consolidated by Act 1 ¥m IV. c. 
25, 22 Apr. 1 831 — resolutions of House of 
Commons respecting, agreed to, Eeb. 1834 — 
new regulations respecting, by Act 1 Vic. c. 2, 
ss. 5 and 6, 23 Dec. 1837— select committee on, 
appointed, Dec. 1837 — their report published, 
Jul. 1838 — law amended by Act 29 and 30 Vic. 
c. 68, 6 Aug. 1866. 

Pentapolis, — [B C] — designation of Cyrenaica 
under the Ptolemies, from about 300. 

Pentateuch, Samaritan, at Nablous, — pho- 
tographed for Prince of "Wales, 1862 — copy 
presented to Cambridge Univ., Massachusetts, 
Feb. 1864. 

Penthievre, Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, 
Duke of, Grand Admiral of France, — b. 
at Eambouillet, 16 Nov. 1725 — succeeds his 
father, 1737 — distinguishes himself at Dettin- 
gen, 1743 — at Fontenoy, 1745 — assists at 
Assembly of Notables, 1787 — ft. at Vernon, 4 
Mar. 1793. 

Pentland Hills, in Scotland, — defeat of 
Presbyterian insurgents on, 28 Nov. 1666. 

Pentz, {Pencz, Pens,) Georg, painter, en- 
graver, — h. at Niirnberg, about 1500 or 1510 
— If. at Breslau, 1550. 

Penzance, in Cornwall, — burnt by Spaniards, 
Jul. 1595 — taken by Fairfax, 1646 — gives title 
of Baron to Sir J. Wilde, 1869. 

Pepagomenus, Demetrius, physician, — £L, 
about 1275 ? 

Pepe, Guglielmo, general, — b. in Calabria, 15 
Feb. 1783 — sides with the French against Car- 
dinal Buffo and is condemned to death, 1799 — 
conspires against Ferdinand IV. of Naples and 
is sentenced to imprisonment for life, 1802 — 
released by Joseph Buonaparte, 1806 — Lieu- 
tenant-general, May 1 8 15 — assists in suppress- 
ing brigandage, 181 8 — as Captain -general of 
Constitutional forces enters Naples, 6 Jul. 1820 
—receives oath of the king to the constitution, 
Jul. 1820 — defeated by Austrians and exiled, 7 
Mar. 1 82 1— returns to Naples and is made 
Commander-in-chief of Constitutional army in 
Central Italy, 1848 — is ordered to return, re- 
fuses, and resigns, May — Commander-in-chief 
of land forces at Venice, defends it against 
Austrians, 1 848 to Aug. 1 849 — retires to 
Paris, 1849 — settles in Piedmont, Dec. 1851 — 
if. at Turin, 9 Aug. 1855 — his remains removed 
to Naples, Dec. 1863. Relation des e've'nements 
politiqueset militaires de Naples en 1820 et 1821, 
1 822 — Me'moires historiques §c. sur la revolution 
de Naples, 1823 — Memoires, 1847 — Hist ire des 
revolutions et des guerres d'ltalie en 1847-8-9, 
1850. 

Pepin, the Old or of lauden, — Mayor of the 
Palace in kingdom of Austrasia ; o"., 640. 

Pepin, natural son of Charles the Great, — 



conspires against his father, and is confined in 
a monastery, 791 — ft., 811. 

Pepin, (first named Carloman.) King of 
Italy, — b., 777- crowned by Pope Adrian I. 
at Eome, 15 Apr. 781 — sent with Count 
Berenger to oppose Avars in Italy, 788 — with 
his brother Louis attacks Grimoaldo, Duke of 
Beneventum, 793 — marches against Avars in 
Pannonia, 796 — has Adelard, abbot of Corbie, 
for his chief minister, about 797 — makes war 
on Duke of Beneventum, 801-2 — drives Sara- 
cens from Corsica, 806 — conquers several 
islands from Venetians, 810 — tf. at Milan, 8 
Jul. 810. 

Pepin le Bref, King of France, — b., 714 
— Mayor of the Palace of Neustria and Bur- 
gundy, 741 — of all France, on retirement of 
his brother Carloman, 747 — subdues the Sax- 
ons, 748 — defeats Bavarians and takes prisoner 
his brother Gripho, 749 — sends embassy to 
Pope Zachary and obtains permission to assume 
title of King, 751-2 — proclaimed King in par- 
liament of Soissons, Mar. 752 — crowned at 
Soissons by St Boniface, Mar. 752 — deposes 
Childeric : subdues Saxons, 752 — pursues 
Gripho into Aquitaine and seizes Septimania, 
752 — again crowned by Pope Stephen II. at 
St Denis, 28 Jul. 754 — declared patrician of 
Pome, 754 — at request of the pope, marches 
into Italy, defeats Astolphus, king of the 
Lombards, and besieges Pavia, 755 — makes 
donation of Exarchate of Eavenna and the 
Pentapolis to Holy See, 755 — again passes into 
Italy, besieges Astolphus in Pavia and compels 
him to make peace, 756 — confirms his donation 
to Holy See, 756 — subdues Saxons, 757 — re- 
covers Narbonne from Saracens, 759 — carries 
on "war with Waifar, Duke of Aquitaine, 760- 
68 — receives embassy from Constantine Co- 
pronymus, 767 — becomes master of Aquitaine, 
768— U. at St Denis, 18 or 24 Sep. 768. 

Pepin le Gros, Pepin of Heristal, Sove- 
reign of France, — makes himself master of 
Austrasia, 680 — defeats and captures Thierry, 
king of Neustria and Burgundy, 687, and is 
thus sole ruler of France : repudiates Plectrude 
and marries Alpaide, 688 — conquers Eadbod, 
Duke of Frisians, 689 — sends Willibrord to 
preach in Frisia, 690 — again defeats Eadbod, 
695 — passes the Ehine and ravages Germany, 
712 — tf., 16 Dec. 714. 

Pepin. [See Aquitaine.] 

Pepin, Martin, painter, — ft. at Antwerp, 
1578 — Ij. in Italy, 1641. 

Pepusch, Johann Christoph, musical com- 
poser, — b. at Berlin, 1667 — comes to England, 
about 1700 — assists in founding Academy of 
Ancient Music, 17 10— Mus.D. Oxford, 17 13— 
organist of Charter House, 1737 — F.E.S., 
about 1747 — tf. in London, 1752. Treatise on 
Harmony, 17 31 — edition of Corelli, 1732. 

Pepys, Sir Charles C. [Cottenham, Lord.] 

Pepys, Samuel, Secretary to the Admiralty, 
— b., 23 Feb. 1632 — enters Cambridge Univ., 
1650— clerk of the Acts of the Navy, 1660 — 
secretary for Affairs of the Navy, 1673 — im- 
prisoned in the Tower on charge of aiding 
I Popish Plot, May 1679 — liberated, Feb. 1680 



PEPTS— PERENNIS. 



— Pres. E.S., 1684— 1(. in London, 26 May 
1703. Memoirs of Royal Navy, 1690 — Diary, 
1825. 

Pepys, William Haseldine, natural philo- 
sopher, — ft. in London, 1775 — F.R.S., 1808 — 
tf. in London, 17 Aug. 1856. 

Pera, D. Junius, — [B Cj — Consul with Num. 
Fabius Pictor, (488, a. u. c.) 266. 

Pera, M. Junius, — [BC] — Consul with M. 
JEmilius Barbula, (524, a. tj. c.) 230 — war 
against Lignrians. 

Pera. [Galata.] 

Peraea Rhodiorum, in Carta, — [B C] — ceded 
to Rhodes, by Romans, about 1 90. 

Perceval, Spencer, Prime Minister of 
England, — ft., 1 Nov. 1762 — M.P. North- 
ampton, 1796 — Solicitor-general, 1801 — At- 
torney-general, 1802-6 — Chancellor of the 
Exchequer, Apr. 1807 — of the Duchy of Lan- 
caster, 1807 — First Lord of the Treasury, Oct. 
1809 — shot, by Bellingham, in London, 1 1 May 
1812. 

Percier, Charles, architect, — ft. at Paris, 22 
Aug. 1764 — obtains grand prize and goes to 
Rome, 1786 — becomes friend of Fontaine, about 
1787 — member of Institute, 181 1 — rj. at Paris, 
5 Sep. 1838. With Fontaine, Arch of the 
Carrousel, 1 806 — Palais, maisons et autres 
edifices modernes, 1798 — Residences des Souve- 
rains, 1833. 

Percival, James Gates, poet, geologist, — ft. 
in Connecticut, U.S., 1795— graduates at Yale 
Coll., 1815 — M.D., settles at Charleston, 1820 
— employed with Shepard to make survey of 
geology and mineralogy of Connecticut, 1835-42 
— State-geologist of Wisconsin, 1854 — tf. in 
Wisconsin, 2 May 1856. Poems, 1820 — Clio, 
1822-27 — Translation of Malte-Brun s Geo- 
graphy, 1843. 

Percival, Thomas, physician, — 6. at War- 
rington, 29 Sep. 1740 — studies at Edinburgh 
Univ., 1 76 1 -3 — M.D. Leyden, 1765 — settles at 
Manchester, 1767 — assists in founding Man- 
chester Philosophical Society, 17 81 — tf. at Man- 
chester, 30 Aug. 1804. Essays, Medical and 
Experimental, 1767-78 — Medical Ethics, 1803. 

Percussion, in Medicine, — adopted as means 
of diagnosis, by Auenbrugger, 1761. 

Percussion Caps, — for fire-arms, introduced 
by Forsyth, about 1805. 

Percy. [Northumberland, Earls of.] 

Percy, Henry, {Hotspur,) — defeats Scots 
and kills Douglas at Otterburn, 1388 — joins 
Henry of Lancaster, 1399 — defeats Douglas at 
Homildon Hill, 1402 — rebels against Henry 
IV., and is killed at battle of Shrewsbury, 21 
Jul. 1403. 

Percy, Pierre Francois, Baron de, surgeon, 
— ft. in Franche-Comte, 28 Oct. 1754 — M.D. 
Besancon, 1775 — placed at the head of sanitary 
department in armies of the Moselle, &c, 1792 
— Baron, 1809 — member of Chamber of Re- 
presentatives, 1 8 15 — rj. at Paris, 18 Feb. 1825. 
Manuel du chirurgeon d'arme'e, 1792 — Pyro- 
technic chirurgicale pratique, 1794 — Opuscules, 
1826. 

Percy, Thomas, Bp of Dromore, — ft. at 
Bridgnorth, Shropshire, 1728— M. A. Oxford, 



Jul. 1753 — vicar of Easton Maudit, 1756 — 
chaplain to the king, 1769 — Dean of Carlisle, 
1778 — Bp of Dromore, 1782 — ft. at Dromore, 
30 Sep. 181 1. Reliques of Ancient English 
Poetry, 1765 — translation of Mallet's Northern 
Antiquities, 1770 — his Folio Manuscript {Bal- 
lads and Romances) edited for Early English 
Text Society, by Hales and Furnivall, 1868. 

Percy, Thomas,— joins in Gunpowder Plot, 
1605 — shot at Holbeach, 8 Nov. 1605. 

Percy Society, — established in London, 1 840 
— dissolved, 1852. 

Perdiccas, — [BC] — bodyguard to Philip of 
Macedonia, before 336 — accompanies Alexander 
in Asiatic expedition, 334-323 — Regent of 
Macedonia, 323 — destroys Meleager and his 
party : reduces Cappadocia, 322 — master of 
Egypt, spring 321 — assassinated in Egypt, 
about midsummer 321. 

Perdiccas II., King of Macedonia, — [B C] 

— supports Potidaea against Athens, 432 — 
makes peace with Athens, 431 — attacked by 
Sitalkes, late in 429 — instigates expedition of 
Brasidas, 424 — peace with Athens, close of 423 

— joins league of Sparta and Argos against 
Athens, 418 — ft., end of 414 or beginning 413- 
420. a a Par. Marb. 

Pere la Chaise, cemetery of Paris, — conse- 
crated, 1804 — first grave opened, May 1804 — 
batteries established in, 1804 — occupied by 
Russians, 30 Mar. 18 14 — last position of Com- 
munist insurgents, taken by Gen. Bruat, 28 
May 187 1. 

Perenxe, Hardouin de Beaumont de, his- 
torian, — ft., 1605 — tutor to Louis XIV., 1644 — 
member of French Academy, 1654 — Abp of 
Paris, 1662 — ft., 31 Dec. 1670. Vie de PLenri 
TV., 1 66 1. 

Peregrinus, — Consul with JEmih'anus, (997, 

A. U. C.) 244. 

Peregrinus Proteus, Cynic philosopher, — 
burns himself at Olympic Games, (01. 236, 1,) 
165. 

Pereira, Jonathan, physician, — ft. in Lon- 
don, 22 May 1804 — commences practice, Mar. 
1823 — F.R.C.S., 1825 — lecturer in Chemistry 
to Aldersgate Street Dispensary, 1826 — Prof. 
Materia Medica, Medical School, 1832 — M.D. 
Erlangen, Assistant-physician to London Hos- 
pital, 1840 — F.R.C.P., 1845 — Physician to 
London Hospital, 1851 — ft. in London, 20 Jan. 
1853. Elements of Materia Medica and The- 
rapeutics, 1839-40 — Treatise on Eiet, 1843 — 
Lectures on Polarized Light, 1843. 

Pereira, Don Nunez Alvarez, statesman, gen- 
eral, — ft. near Certao, 24 Jan. 1360 — Cheva- 
lier, by the Queen, Leonora Zeller, 1373 — 
marries, 1377 — Constable of Portugal, 1385 — 
contributes to defeat of Castilians at Aljubarota, 
15 Aug. 1385 — again defeats them, near Val- 
verde, Oct 1485 — retires to monastery at Lis- 
bon, 15 Aug. 1421,* 1423 b — ft. there, 1 Nov. 

'43 1 - 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. 

Perekop, in the Crimea, — fortress ceded with 
the Crimea to Russia, 1783. 

Perennis, — procures death of Paternus, and 
becomes sole prsefect of praetorians, 183 — put 



PERETTI— PERIGNON. 



to 



:86 



or 187,* 

b Clinton. 



*5- 1 



death by soldiers, 
a Smith's Diet. 

Peretti, F. [Sixtus V.] 

Pereyra, Manuel, sculptor, — ft. in Portugal, 
1614 — ft. at Madrid, 1667. 

Perez, Antonio, statesman, — ft. in Aragon, 
1541 — succeeds his father as Secretary of State 
to Philip II., 1567 — procures assassination of 
Escovedo, Mar. 1578 — arrested with Princess 
Eboli, 28 Jul. 1581 — his trial begins, May 1582 
— condemned to imprisonment and exile, Jan. 
1585 — put to the torture, 22 Feb. 1590 — 
escapes to Aragon, Apr. 1590 — escapes to 
France, Nov. 1591 — reclaimed by Inquisition, 
and saved by insurrection of Aragonese, 24 May 
159 1 — visits England, summer 1593-5 — tf. at 
Paris, 3 Nov. 161 1. Eelaciones, 1594 — Cartas 
y Aphorismo, 1603. 

Perez, Bartolomeo, painter, — ft. at Madrid, 
1634 — U. there, 1693. 

Perfumery, in England, — tax imposed on, 
and licence required for sale of, by Act 26 Geo. 
III. c. 49, 1786 — law amended by 39 and 40 
Geo. III. c. 69, 9 Jul. 1800. 

Pergamus, (Pergamum, Pergamo,) political 
history,— {BC] — Philetaerus, lieutenant of Ly- 
simachus, makes himself independent in, 283 a — 
EumenesI. gains iEolis, &c, after 263 a — At- 
talus I. assumes title of King, about 239 a — 
acquires all Asia within Taurus, 225 b — loses all 
but Pergamus, 221 b — recovers iEolis, 218 b — 
ravaged by Philip of Macedonia, 201 b — Eume- 
nes II. acquires Phrygia, Mysia, Lycaonia, 
Lydia, Ionia, part of Caria, Lysimachia, and 
Thracian Chersonese, 188 b — Attalus II. be- 
queaths the kingdom to Koine, 133 — Aristoni- 
cus defeated and killed, 130 — made a Eoman 
province by Curio, 1 30 b — Mithridates of Per- 
gamus leading man, about 64-48. b 

a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. 

Pergamus, — [B C] — alliances : of Attalus I. 
with Antiochus III., 216 a — with JEtolian 
League, 211 a — with Rome, 203 a — of Eumenes 
II. with Rome, 197 — with Ariarathes of Cap- 
padocia, 188 b — of Attalus II. with Rome, 158 
— with Ariarathes of Cappadocia, 157 b — with 
Niconiedes of Bithynia, 149. b Wars : Eumenes 
I. defeats Antiochus in Sardis, 263 a — Attalus 
I. defeats Galatians, 239 a — of Attalus I. with 
Achseans, about 221 b — with Macedonia, 211- 
-joo b — of Eumenes II. with Antiochus the 
Great, 189 b — with Prusias of Bithynia, 184 b — 
with Pharnaces of Pontus, 183-179 c — with 
Gauls, 167 c — of Attalus II. with Pharnaces, 
156 b — with Prusias, 156-154 and 149 b — Aris- 
tonicus claims kingdom, 133— his war with 
Rome, 131 to beginning 129 — Aristonicus 
killed at Rome, 129. 

a Heeren. b Smith's Diet. c Clinton. 

Pergola, Angelo della, general, — leads 
forces to assistance of the Pisans and is defeated 
by Florentines, 1405 — in service of Duke of 
Milan, distinguishes himself at battle of .Arbe- 
do, 30 Jim. 1422 — surprises Imola, 1 Feb. 1424 
— defeats and captures Carlo Malatesti at 
Tagonara, 27 Jul. 1424 — contributes to defeat 
of Florentines at Anghiari and la Fagginola, 
1424 — succours Brescia besieged by Venetians, 



1426— defeated at Macalo, 11 Oct. 1427 — tf. 
at Bergamo, about Dec. 1427. 

Pergolesi, Giovanni Battista, musical coin- 
poser, — ft. at Jesi, 3 Jan. 17 10 — studies at the 
Conservatory, Naples, r 7 1 7-26 — Chapel-master 
at Loretto, 1734 — visits Rome, 1735 — lj. at 
Pozzuoli, near Naples, 16 Mar. 1736. Serva 
Padrona, 1731 — Olimpiade, about 1735 — Mass 
in D, 1735 — Stabat Mater, 1736 — Orfeo, 1736 
— Salve, Regina, 1736 — Missa Solennis, dis- 
covered at Naples, spring 1871. 

Periander, Tyrant op Corinth, — [B C] — 
ft., about 665 — begins to reign, about 625^ 
(01. 38, 1) 628-7 b [ 6z 9> 62 7> c 630 d]_ m edi- 
ates in contest between Athens and Mytilene, 
606— rj., (01. 48, 4,) 585,* [586-7.0] 

a Smith's Diet. b MuUer. c Hieron. 

d Euseb. e Clinton. 

Periander, Tyrant of Ambracia, [BC] 
about 612-585 a — banished, about (01. 50) 58o. b 

a Clinton and Smith's Diet. b Mullev. 

Pericles, — [B C] — begins to take part in 
public affairs at Athens, before 469 — impeaches 
Kimon, 461 — at battle of Tanagra, 457 — cam- 
paign in Sikyon and Acarnania, aut. 454 — 
proceedings in Crisseean gulf, 454 — restores 
Phocians to possession of Delphi, 447 — subdues 
Euboea, after Feb. 445 — begins to have the 
sole direction of affairs, 444 — reduces Samos 
after revolt, 440-439 — expedition to the Euxine, 
aids Sinope against Timesilaos, between 440- 
431 — trial of Aspasia, 432-431 — ravages Mega- 
ris, 431 — his funeral oration over his son, Para- 
lus, wint. 431-430 — conducts fleet to coasts of 
Peloponnesus, 430 — fined on trial, 430 — lj., 
aut. 429. 

Pericles, (son of Pericles and Aspasia?) — 
[B Cj — legitimated by decree of the people, 430 
— one of the generals at Arginusae, 406 — put 
to death by Athenians, 406. 

Perier, Casimir, statesman, — ft. at Grenoble, 
21 Oct. 1777 — settles as a banker at Paris, 
1802 — member of Chamber of Deputies, 18 16 
— member of municipal commission at the revo- 
lution of Jul. 1830 — Pres. Council, 13 Mar. 
1 83 1 — directs French occupation of Ancona, 
Feb. 1832 — U. at Paris, 16 May 1832. 

Perignon, Dominique Catherine, Marshal 
and Peer of Fkance, — ft. near Toulouse, 31 
May 1754— deputy to Legislative Assembly, 
1791 — General of Division, 23 Dec. 1793 — de- 
feats Spaniards at Escola, 20 Nov. 1794 — takes 
Figuieres, 10 Nov. 1794 — takes Roses, 3 Feb. 
1795 — member of Council of Five Hundred, 
1795 —ambassador to Madrid, 1796-8 — nego- 
tiates Treaty of St Ildefonso, Aug. 1796 — 
wounded and taken prisoner at Novi, 17 Aug. 
i>jgy — Senator, 29 Mar. 1801 — commissioner 
extraord. for settling boundaries of France and 
Spain, 11 Sep. 1802 — Marshal of the Empire, 
18 May 1804 — Grand Officer of Legion of 
Honour, 14 Jun. 1804 — Grand Cordon, 2 Feb. 
1805 — governor of Parma and Piacenza, 1806 
— Count, 1808 — Commander-in-chief in Na- 
ples, 1 808 — Grand Dignitary of Order of the 
Two Sicilies, 1808 — Chevalier of St Louis, 1 
Jun. 1 8 14 — Peer of France, 4 Jun. 18 14 — 
Commander of St Louis, 3 May 1816 — Mar- 



PERIGUEUX— PERRIN. 



quis, 1817 — tf. at Paris, 25 Dec. 18 18. 
Perigueux, in France, — seized by Philip 
Augustus, about 1204 — restored to English by 
St Louis, 1259 — taken from Edward II. by 
Philip the Fair, 1294 — given up by Treaty of 
Bretigny, 1360— taken by Huguenots, 1575 — 
held by them till 15 81 — taken by Conde, 1651 
— recovered by Royalists, 1653. Cathedral of 
St Front, built, probably between 1000-20. 

Perillus, — [BC] — said to have made his 
bronze bull for Phalaris, about (01. 00) 560. 

Perin, Island in Strait of Babelmandeb, — 
occupied by English, 1799 — abandoned, 1801 
— reoccupied, 1857 — fortifications erected, 
since 1857. 

Perinthus, — [BC] — founded, 599a — be- 
sieged by Philip of Macedonia, before midsum- 
mer 340 to before midsummer 339. a Hieron. 
Perizonius, Jacob Voorbroek, philologist, 
— b. in Groningen, 1651 — Prof. History and 
Eloquence, Franeker, 1681 — Prof. History and 
Greek, Leyden, 1693 — ft. there, 17 15. Anim- 
adversiones FListoricce, 1685 — Opuscula, 1740. 

Perjury, in England, — punishment of, under 
certain circumstances, regulated by Act 11 
Hen. VII. c. 25, 1495 — punishable by fine 
aud imprisonment by Act 5 Eliz. c. 9, 1562 — 
made perpetual by 29 Eliz. c. 5, 1587, and 21 
Jac. I. c. 28, 1623 — by transportation or im- 
prisonment, by Act 2 Geo. II. c. 25, s. 2, 1729 
— proceedings on indictment for, regulated by 
Act 23 Geo. II. c. 11, ss. 1 and 2, 1750 — 
amended by 14 and 15 Tic. c. 100, s. 19, 7 
Aug. 1 85 1 — several enactments repealed by 
26 and 27 Tic. c. 125, 28 Jul. 1863. 

Perna, Pietro, printer, — b. at Lucca, about 
1520 — settles at Basel, about 1558 — U., 16 
Aug. 1582. 

Pernambuco, {Recife,) in Brazil, — founded 
by Portuguese, soon after 1500 — seized and 
held by English, 1595 — taken by Dutch, 1630 
— evacuated by them, 1654 — unsuccessfully 
attacked by insurgents, 2 Feb. 1849. 

Peron, Francois, naturalist, traveller, — fi. 
at Cerilly, in France, 22 Aug. 1775— embarks 
for Southern Ocean, 19 Oct. 1800 — returns to 
France, 7 Apr. 1804 — tf. at Cerilly, 14 Dec. 
1 8 10. Voyage de decouvertes aux terres 
australes, 1807-16. 

Peronne, in France, — imprisonment of 
Charles the Simple at, 923 — interview of Louis 
XI. and Charles the Bold at, Oct. 1468 — un- 
successfully besieged by Imperialists under 
Count of Nassau, 1536 — organization of the 
League at, 1576 — conference of Cardinal of 
Lorraine and Cardinal Granvelle at, Apr. 1558 
— stormed by Wellington, Jun. 18 15 — in- 
vested by Germans, 27 Dec. 1870 — capitulates 
7 Jan. 1 87 1. 

Perotti, Niccolo, grammarian, — b. at Sasso- 
Ferrato, 1430 — Abp of Siponto, (Manfredonia,) 
1458 — governor of Ombria, 1465 — of Perugia, 
1474 — TJ. near Sassoferrato, 1480. Rudimcnta 
Grammatices, 1473 — Cornucopia, 1489. 

Perouse, Jean Francois Galaup de la, 
maritime discoverer, — b. at Albi, 1741 — enters 
the French navy, 19 Nov. 1756 — Post-captain, 
1780— conducts" expedition against English set- 



tlements on Hudson's Bay, 1782 — commands 
expedition of discovery to South Seas, &c, 1 
Aug. 1785 — at Botany Bay, Feb. 1788. 

Perpendicular English, {Continuous, Third 
Pointed,) style of Gothic architecture, — intro- 
duced, about 1330. 

PerpendicularFortification, — recommended 
by Montalembert, 1776. 

Perperna, M. — [BC] — praetor, 135 — sent 
against slaves of Sicily : Consul with C. 
Claudius Pulcher Lentulus, (624, a. u. c.) 
130 — defeats and takes Aristonicus at 
Stratonicea : o\, 129. 

Perperna, M. — [B C]— b., 147 — Consul with 
C. Claudius Pulcher, (662, a. u. c.) 92 — 
Censor, 86 — tf., 49. 

Perperna Vento, M. — [B C]— joins Marius, 
flies to Sicily, 82 — takes part in attempt to 
overthrow aristocratical constitution and goes 
to Sardinia, 78 — joins Sertoriusin Spain, 77 — 
assassinates Sertorius, 7 2 — defeated by Pompey 
and put to death, 72. 

Perpetual Motion, — mechanical, proved to 
be impossible, by Newton, 1687. 

Perpetuus, P. Titius, — Consul with L. 
Ovinius Rusticus Cornelianus, (990, a. u. c.) 

2 37- 

Perpignan, in France, — occupied by Philip 
III. of France, spring 1285 — conference of 
Emperor Sigismund and Ferdinand, king of 
Aragon, with Antipope Benedict, 1415 — par- 
liament established at, by John II. of Aragon, 
147 1 — taken by Louis XL, 1474 — restored to 
Spain, 1493 — unsuccessfully besieged by 
Dauphin, Sep. 1542 — fortifications strength- 
ened by Charles V., 1536 — taken by Louis 
XIII., 1642 — unsuccessfully attempted by 
Marshal d'Ornano, 1597 — resists admission of 
Castilian troops, and is bombarded, 1640 — 
ceded with the Roussillon to France, 1659 — 
fortifications strengthened, 1823. University, 
founded by King Pedro, 1349. Council of held 
by Benedict XI II., 1408-9. 

Perrault, Charles, miscellaneous writer,— fi. 
at Paris, 12 Jan. 1628 — admitted to French 
Academy, 167 1 — ft. at Paris, 16 May 1703. 
Farallele des anciens et des modemes, 1688-96 
— Floges des hommes illustres du 17 e siecle, 
1696-1701 — Ilemoires, 1759. 

Perrault, Claude, architect, — b. at Paris, 
161 3 — member of Academy of Sciences, about 
1670 — fc. at Paris, 9 Oct. 1688. Facade of the 
Louvre, 1666-70 — Observatory, Faris, 1667-72 
— translation of Vitruvius, 1673 — Ordon- 
nance des cinq espieces de colonnes, 1700. 

Perrers, Alice, — becomes mistress of Edward 
III., about 1368 — forbidden the court by par- 
liament, 1376 — sentenced to banishment and 
forfeiture of her possessions, Oct. 1377. 

Perrier, Francois, painter, engraver, — b. at 
St Jean de Lone, about 1590 — tf. at Paris, 
1650 or 1656. Statuce antiques centum, 1638 
— Icones et segmenta illustrium e marmore 
tabularum qtice Eoma adhuc extant, 1645. 

Perrin, Olivier Stanislas, painter, — b. at 
Rostrenen, 17 61 — Prof. Design, Coll. of Quim- 
per, 1794 — ft., 14 Dec. 1832. La Galerie 
Brctonne, 1835-9. 



PERRIN— PERSIA. 



1113 



Perrin, Pierre, — obtains letters-patent for 
establishing Academy of Music, (French 
Opera,) 28 Jun. 1669 — tf. at Paris, 1680. 
Perron. [Duperron.] 
Perronet, Jean Rodolphe, engineer, — 6. 
near Paris, 1708— director of School of Roads 
and Bridges, 1747 — member of Academy of 
Sciences, 1765 — of Architecture, 1767— r}. at 
Paris, 27 Feb. 1794. 

Perry, George, musical composer, — ft. at 
Norwich, 1793— composer and director at the 
Haymarket Theatre, about 1822 — leader to the 
Sacred Harmonic Society, 1832-48 — Xr., 4 Mar. 
1862. 

Perry, James, journalist, — h. in Aberdeen- 
shire, 30 Oct. 1756 — enters Marischal Coll., 
177 1 — comes to London, 1777 — projects and 
edits European Magazine, 1782 — editor of 
Gazetteer, 1 783 — editor and proprietor of Morn- 
ing Chronicle, about 1789 — marries, 1798 — 
imprisoned for contempt of House of Lords, 
1807 — acquitted on trial for libel, 24 Feb. 
1 8 10 — ij. at Brighton, 6 Dec. 1821. 

Perrysville, TJ. S., — battle between Fede- 
rals and Confederates, 8 Oct. 1862. 

Persseus, of Kit ion, Stoic philosopher, — 
[B C] — sent by Zeno to Antigonus Gonatas, (01. 
130,) 260 — commands at Corinth, which is 
taken by Aratus, 243. 

Persepolis, (Pasargaclce ?) — [B C] — built by 
Cyrus, about 540 (?) — completed by Darius and 
Xerxes, about 500-470 — burnt by Alexander 
the Great, 331. t 

Perseus, King of Macedonia, — [BC] — 
commands against Illyrians, 200 — invades 
Epirus, 189 — succeeds his father, Philip Y., 179 
— denounced by Eumenes of Pergamus to 
Rome, 172 — war declared against him by Rome, 
spring 171 — defeats Licinius near the Peneius, 
171 — expedition against Dardaneans, alliance 
with Gentius, 170 — invaded by Q. Marcius, 
falls back on Pydna, 169 — defeated by iEmilius 
Paullus, at Pydna, 22 Jun. 168 — carried in 
triumph at Rome, 30 Nov. 167. 

Persia, {wars,) — [B C] — of Cyrus with 
Media, battle of Pasargadae, 561,* ,558, h 559 c — 
with Lydia, Sardis taken, end of 546,° 554 b — 
with Ionia, by Harpagus, 553, b about 557, a 
545-539 ? — with Babylon, city taken, 539-8 — 
with Massagetae, Cyrus defeated and slain by 
Tomyris, ? 529 — of Cambyses with .Egypt, 
battle of Pelusium, siege of Memphis, 525 — 
with Cyrene, 525 — with Ammonium and Meroe, 
unsuccessfully, 524 — of Darius I., Thebes 
taken, 520 — with Samos, to restore Syloson, 
517 — with Babylon, city taken, about 516 a — 
with Scythia, probably 508 b [506] [5 16-5 15a] — 
with Thrace, by Otanes, 508-506 [506-504] — 
with N. E. India, 508 — with Cyrene, Barca 
taken, 508 [513] — with Naxos, unsuccessfully 
besieged 4 months, Naxian War, beginning of 
spring 501 — with Ionia, Ionian War, battle 
of Lade, 499-494 — with Greece, first arma- 
ment dispersed at Mount Athos by a storm, 492 
— [Persian Wars] — second armament, before 
mids. 490 — [Persian Wars] — of Xerxes, with 
Egypt, revolt, 486 to beg. of 484— with Greece, 
third armament, 480-479 — [Persian Wars]— 



with Athens, 479 — of Artaxerxes I. with 
Bactria, revolt under Hystaspis, 464 — with 
Egypt, revolt of Inaros, 460-455— with Mega- 
byzus, 447— of Darius II. with Egypt, Per- 
sians expelled, 414— with Media, revolt sub- 
dued, 408— with Cadusians, 406— with Egypt, 
Persians expelled, 405 b_ f Artaxerxes II. 
with Cyrus, battle of Cunaxa, 401— with Sparta, 
400-387— with Cyprus, Cyprian War, 385-376,= 
391-379 b — with Cadusians, unsuccessful, 384— 
with Egypt, unsuccessful, 374, a 375 b — f Ak _ 

taxerxes III., revolt of Artabazus, 356-353 

with Egypt, unsuccessful, about 351 b — with 
Phoenicians revolted, Sidon destroyed, 35 6,» 
346 b— with Cyprus, 354 s — wich Egypt, 350,* 
346 b — of Darius III. with Alexander the 
Great, 334. a Heeren. b Eawlinson. 

c Clinton. d Grote. e Diod. 

Persia, (intrigues with Greece,) — [B C] — 
Xerxes bribes Pausanias, 477, 470, &c. — 
Arthumis sent to bribe Greece, about 475 — 
Artaxerxes I. attempts to bribe Sparta to make 
war on Athens, 458, 457 — Sparta sends envoys 
to Persia, who are seized and killed at Athens, 
429 — Athenian embassy to Persia, 423 — 1st 
Treaty with Sparta, sum. 412 — 2nd, 412 — Al- 
kibiades attempts to gain Persia to side with 
Athens, 411— 3rd Treaty with Sparta, about 
Feb. 41 1 — Athenian embassy to Persia detained 
for three years, 408 — Cyrus, satrap of maritime 
Asia Minor, joins Sparta, 407 — Tithraustes 
bribes Thebes, &c, to make war on Sparta, 395 
— Persia dictates the Peace of Antalkidas, 387 
— various Greek embassies to Persia, Pelopidas 
gains Artaxerxes II. to his views, 368— Arta- 
xerxes III. sends embassy to Athens denouncing 
Chares, Athens makes peace with confederates, 
355 — Artaxerxes III. aids Thebes with money 
against Phocians and Philip, 351. 

Persia, {political History, ) — [B C] — con- 
quered by Phraortes, (Media,) after 656 — Cyrus 
chosen chief of the Persians, 560 — acquisition 
of Median Empire by Cyrus, 559 — organized 
by Cyrus, about 550 — conquest of the Lydian 
monarchy, by Cyrus, end of 546 — Zoroastrian 
religion, &c, adopted by the Pasargadse, about 
540- -all Asia Minor subdued by Harpagos, 
under Cyrus, 539 — conquest of Babylon by 
Cyrus, 538 — countries to the Oxus and Indus 
subdued by Cyrus, 529— Bactria and E. part of 
the Empire independent under Smerdis, 529 — 
conquest of Egypt, Libya, and Xyrene, by 
Cambyses, 525 — Bactria, &c., regained by 
Cambyses, by murder of Smerdis, 523 — mas- 
sacre of Magians, and subjugation of the Medes, 
521 — civil and military organization of the 
Empire, by Darius I., about 520 — Thrace, 
Pgeonia, Macedonia, &c, subjugated by Darius 
I., 508-506 [506-504] — Upper India, to the 
Indus, subjugated by Darius I., 508 — Ionian 
islands subdued by Mardonius, 494 — Thrace 
and Macedonia completely subjugated by Mar- 
donius, 492, 491 — Thrace and Macedonia lost, 
479 — all European possessions lost, 478 — weak- 
ness of the Empire shown in the peace with 
Athens, by Artaxerxes L, 469 — revolt of Egypt 
under Inaros, 460 [462] — Egypt reconquered, 
except the marshes held by Amyrtseus, 455 — 



i ii4 



PERSIA. 



Egypt lost, 414 — rivalry of Pharnabazus and 
Tissaphernes, 411 — great power of Satraps of 
Asia Minor, about 410, &c. — Egypt independ- 
ent under Pausiris, 408 — Bhodes lost, 408 — 
Egypt regained by Artaxerxes III., 350 — 
Bagoas the eunuch and Mentor rule the Em- 
pire, about 340 — Empire overthrown at battle 
of Arbela, under Darius III., by Alexander the 
Great, Oct. 331, and forms part of Macedonian 
Empire— Seleucus defeats Nicanor at the Ti- 
gris, and adds Persia to his government, (01. 117, 
1 ? ) 312-1 — [Syria] — he makes his son Antio- 
chus king of his trans-Euphratic possessions, 
about 295 — revolt of Arsaces, and establish- 
ment of Parthian kingdom, about 250 — 
[Parthia] — [AD] — revolt of Ardshir, who 
founds dynasty of Sassanidse, defeat of Arta- 
banus in plain of Hormuz, 226. 

Persia, {alliances,) — [B C] — of Cambyses 
with Polycrates of Samos, 525 — of Xerxes 
with Carthage before invading Greece, about 
482. 

Persia, {rulers,)— [B C]— Cyrus, (Khoresh, 
Khosru,) 559— Cambyses, Jan. 529 [5 Jan.] 
— Smerdis, {Tanyoxares,) Jun. 522 — Darius 
I. Hystaspis, (Darjavesh,) Jan. 521 [1 Jan.] 
— Xerxes I., {Ahasuerus,) Jan. 485 [23 Dec. 
486] — Artabanus, Jul. 465 — Artaxerxes I. 
Xongimanus, (Artashasht,) 1 Feb. 464 [17 
Dec. 465] — Xerxes II., Dec. 425 — Sogdianus, 
(Secundianus,) Apr. 425 — Darius II. Nothus, 
Dec. 424 [7 Dec] — Artaxerxes II. Mnemon, 
Dec. 405 [2 Dec] — Artaxerxes III. Ochus, 
359 [21 Nov.] — Arses, {Narses, Oarses^) 338 
[16 Nov.] — Darius III. Codomannus, Nov. 
336 [15N0V.]. 

[AD] — Sassanidje: Ardishir, {Ardshir, 
Artaxerxes,) 226-240,* 242, 15 238°— Shapur 
{Sapor) I., 240-27 3, a 242-273^ 238-271 



241-272 a — 
4, a 271-2 or 



Hormuz {Rormisdas) I., 273- 



272-3 



Bahram {Baha- 



ram, Varanes, Vavaranes) I., 274-7,* 272 or 3- 
276 or 9, c 273-6 d — Bahram II., 277-294, a 
276 or 9-293 or 6, c 276-293 d — Bahram III., 
294,* 293 or 6, c 293 d — Naksi, {Narses,) 294- 
303,* 294 or 7-303^ 293-301 d — Hormuz II., 
303-3 io, a ° 301-309 d — Shapur II., {Postu- 
mus,) 310-381,* 310-380,° 309-379 d — Ar- 
dishir IL, 381-5,* 380-4,° 379-383 d — Shapur 
III., 385-90,* 384-89,° 383-88 d — Bahram IV., 
390-404,* (or before,) 389-99,° 388-99 d — 
Yezdejird {Jezdigerd, Vlattim) L, 404 or 
before 420-1,* 4oi-2i, b 399-420 cd — Bahram 
V., {Gour,) 420-1-440 — Yezdejird II., 440- 
45 8,* d 457°— Hormuz III., 458,* 457 ° — 
Firoes, {Peroes,) 458 ?-484,* 457-488,° 458- 
482 d — Palash, {Pallas,) 484-8,* 488-91,° 
482 d — KovA.v>,{Cabades,) 488-98 and 501-2-31,* 
491-98 and 501-31,° 486-97 and 501-31 d — 
Jamaspes, {Zames,) 498-501-2,*° 497-501 d — 
Khosru {Khosrew, Chosroes) I., {Nushirwan,) 
531-79 — Hormuz IV., 579-90, 579-89° — 
Bahram VI., (Shubin,) 590-1 *— Khosru II. , 
{Purwiz,) 590-1-628, * d 589-628° — Shirweh, 
{Siroes,) 628 — Ardishir, {Adeser,)} 628,* d 

6>2Q ° — TOORAN DOKHT, 629^ 63 I? — ShAH 



Shenandah, 
629^ 631 ?- 



629/ 1 
-Kesra 



631 ? — Arzem Dokht,? 
, {Cesra,)} — Ferokhzad, 



631? — Yezdejird III., 632-51,* 652^ 

a Smith's Diet. b Engl. Cyc. 

* Art de Verifier les Dates. d Clinton. e D'Herbelot. 
Persia, {political and. miscellaneous,) — [AD] 
— Ardishir claims Asia and Egypt, and makes 
war on Bome, about 227 — war with Chosroes 
of Armenia, 227-240* — defeated by Alexander 
Severus, 231-2 b — Shapur I., war upon Bome, 
242-4 b — Philip makes peace with him after 
Gordian's assassination, 244 b — Shapur con- 
quers Armenia and Mesopotamia, before 258 a 
— defeats Valerian, and takes him and his 
army, 260 b — conquers Syria, Cilicia, Cappa- 
docia, &c ; defeated by Odenathus, who founds 
kingdom of Palmyra, before 264 b — Bahram 
I. , war with Zenobia, after 267 b — war with 
Aurelian, 275 b — Bahram II., war against 
tribes on the Indus, after 277 * — against Cams, 
who invades Persia, 283 b — Narses expels 
Tiridates and acquires Armenia,, after 294 * — 
war with Galerius, restores Armenia, 297-8 b — 
peace with Bome, 298 b — abdicates in favour 
of Hormuz II. , his son, 303,* 301 b — Shapur 
II. oppresses Christians, 337 or after: 343-4* — 
war with Bome, 337-360— [Persian Wars, 
and Sapor IL] — Shapur III. arranges with 
Theodosius the Great independence of Armenia 
and Iberia, 384 * — Yezdejird I. makes peace 
of 100 years with Arcadius, 404-8 — persecutes 
Christians, 414 b — Bahram V. overcomes 
aristocracy, 420-1 * — persecutes Christians, 
42o, b and brings on war with Theodosius, 
420-2^421 * — makes peace for 100 years, 422 b 
— divides Armenia with Bome ; war with Huns, 
430-440 — Persians, Huns, &c, invade Boman 
territories, 441 b — Yezdejird II. persecutes 
Christians in Armenia, about 450° — Firqze, 
aided by White Huns, gains throne, 458 * — 
Firoze killed in battle with White Huns, 
484-8,* beginning of 482 b — civil war of 
Palash and Kobad, former killed, 488* — 
Kobad expelled by Jamaspes, 497, b 498 * — 
Kobad restored, 5oi, b 501-2 * — Anastasius 
refuses tribute, and Kobad makes war on him, 
502-505— [Persian Wars] — Kobad fortifies 
the ' Iron Gates,' 507 or after — his war with 
Justin I., 521 * — treaty with Justin, 521 b — 
war with Justin I. renewed, 524 — war with 
Justinian, 529 — treaty with him, 529 — war 
with Justinian renewed, 530 — Chosroes, war 
with Justinian, 531 — treaty, 532-3 — war re- 
newed, 540 — pestilence, 543 b — truce for 5 
years, Apr. 545 — another truce, 558 — peace 
for 50 years concluded, 562 — revolt of Pers- 
armenia to Empire, 569,* 571 b — Chosroes, 
war against Justin IL, 572-79 * — Hormuz IV., 
war against Constantinople, 579 — alliance with 
Turks, 588* — Turks attempt to seize Persia, 
exploits of Bahram, 589 — Bahram rebels, Hor- 
muz assassinated by Bindoes, Chosroes Purwiz 
flies to Constantinople to Emperor Mauricius, 
Sep. 490 — Bahram king : driven out by 
Mauricius to the Turks, Chosroes restored, 591 
— Chosroes invades Empire to revenge death of 
Mauricius, 603— [Persian Wars, Chosroes II. , 
Heraclius] — Shirweh makes peace with 
Heraclius, Mar. 628 * — Ardishir murdered, end 
of Mar. 629 b — invasion of Khaled, 632 — battle 



PERSIA. 



»"5 



of Cadesia, 636 — insurrection, 650 — Persia con- 
quered by Arabs, Yezdejird assassinated, 651. 

a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. c Neander. 

Persia, {miscellaneous,) — [AD] — forms pro- 
vince of Mohammedan Empire, 651-868^ 872 b 
— [Abassides]— ruled by Taherites, 820-870 = 
— Soffarian dynasty founded by Yacub Ibn 
Leith (Lais,) 868 or 872 — Sofarides, 872-903,° 
9oo, a 902 b — Ismael Samani conquers Persia, 
902, and founds Samanide dynasty : Buyide 
(Buyade) or Deilemite dynasty founded by 
Imad al Daulah, 933-io56, b 936-1028,* (321- 
448, a. h.) 932-1055 c — Ahmed becomes Emir- 
al-Omra, 945 b — conquered by Mahmud of 
Ghazni, (Irak,) 1028-30 — Togrul Beg 1 con- 
quers Persia, 1042^ 1028, a and founds Seljuk 
dynasty : Abu Ali last Deilemite prince, io56 b 
— Alp Arslan, 1063-73— Melek Shah, 1074 — 
at his death, 1092, the kingdom divided : 
Bargiaruk, 1092 b — Mohammed, 1 104 b — 
S an jar, 1 1 1 7 b — Khorasan and Samarcand 
subdued : Sanjar defeated by the Kur Khan of 
the Tatars, 1 140 b — defeated and expelled by 
Turks of Balkh, n57, b dies: Taksh Khan 
defeats and kills Togrul and introduces 
Kharismians, 11 94 — petty native princes rule 
in part of Pari, about 1200 — Moguls invade, 
before 1220, and subjugate : Jelal u din returns 
to Persia and is defeated, i228, b 1223-31° — 
Hulaioj (Houlagou) overthrows Abasside 
Kaliphate, and becomes Khan of Persia, (654,) 
1256 d — Abaka, (663-4,) 1265 d — Nekodah, 
(680,) i282, d i28i, b becomes a Mussulman — 
Argun Khan, (682-3,) 1284^ persecutes 
Islam — Kai Khatu, (689,) 1290 d — Baidu 
Khan, (695,) i294, d 1295 b — Gazan Khan, 
1295 — enforces Islam: conquers Syria and 
Palestine, 1299^ 1300 b — loses Syria and 
Palestine, 1303 — Mohammed Khodabandeh, 
(Algiritu Khan,) (703,) i304, d 1305 b — Abu- 
said, (717-8,) 1317 d — on his death, anarchy: 
Arpa Khan, 1336 b — Musa Khan, 1336 b — 
Mohammed Khan, 1336-8 b — Sakh Beg, 1338 b 
— Tehan Tymur ; Saliman Khan ; Muskirsan, 
I344 b — Emirs become independent: Hasein, 
I 374 b — Ahmed, 1384° — Timur, the Tatar, 
{Tamerlane,) invades Persia, i384, b 1387 d — 
subject to Tatar Emperors, i384-i502, b 1381- 
1502 a — Shah Rokh makes Turcoman chiefs 
tributary, after 141 o — Kara Yussuf makes 
great part of Persia tributary, 1437 b — [Tur- 
comans of Black Sheep] — Uzem Hassan 
master of all Persia, (873,) 1468 b d — [Turco- 
mans of White Sheep] — Soofi (Sujft) Dy- 
nasty : Ismael Shah Sufi {Saffari) expels 
Turcomans of White Sheep, and is sole sove- 
reign of Persia, 1502^ (907,) i5oi d — Kuman, 
Mesopotamia, Baghdad, reduced, 1504-8 — 
Khorasan and Balkh reduced, Sheibani Khan 
Usbek killed, i5io b — war with Turks, battle 
of Khalderoon, Persians routed, (920,) 17 Aug. 
i5i4 b — Georgia conquered, 1519 — Shah 
Tamasp I. succeeds his father, (930,) 1523 — 
war with Usbeks, Obeid Khan Usbek defeated 
at Herat, 1530 — war with Turks, 1533-6, 
Armenia lost and regained — Kandahar gained,. 
1535 b — war with Turks, who acquire for a 
short time Azebijar, Ispahan, &c, 1547 — 



Erivan taken, 1554 — English ambassador, An- 
thony Jenkinson, 1562 — incursions of Usbeks 
in Khorasan, about 1565 — Ismael II. suc- 
ceeds his father, (983,) 1575^ 1 51^-1 b — 
war with Turks, 1576-90 — Mohammed 
Khodabendah succeeds his brother, (985,) 
1577 — invasion of Turks, 1578 — Turks 
defeated near Khalderoon, 1578— invasion of 
Usbeks in Khorasan, 1578 — Shah Hamzeh 
succeeds and is assassinated, 1585 — Ismael 
III. assassinated, 1585 — Abbas, the Great, suc- 
ceeds, 1585 — loss of Georgia, Erivan, and 
Tabriz, to Turks, 1590 — Balkh and Bahrein 
gained, 1597 — war with Turkey, 1601-18 — 
Tabriz recovered, 1603 — Erivan, 1604 — La- 
ristan and Kandahar gained, 1 606 — war with 
Turks, 1622-39 — commercial treaty with Eng- 
lish, Sir D. Cotton ambassador, 1626— Sam 
Mirza, (Shah Sofi I.,) (1038,) i6 2 8, d 1627 b 
— Tabriz taken by Murad, 1634 — Baghdad 
taken by Murad, i637, b 1638 d — Kandahar 
lost to Mongols; peace, 1639 — Abbas II., 
(son,) 1641, 13 (1052,) 1642 d — Kandahar an- 
nexed to Persia, 1648, b 1660 d — reforms in 
administration of justice, 1656— revolt and 
subjugation of Georgia, 1659 — Shah Soly- 
man, (Soft II.,) (son,) (1077,) 1666 —Usbek 
and Tatar ravages : French embassy, Gillon, 
1673 — Shah Sultan Hussein, (1105,) 1694 — 
revolt of Goorghun in Georgia, 1704 — of 
Afghans in Kandahar, Meerweis independent, 
1709 — attempts to regain Kandahar, 17 10-13 
— Afghans in Herat independent, 17 19 — Meer 
Mahmoud invades Persia, 1720 — defeats Hus- 
sein at Goolnabad, his abdication, 1722 — 
Meer Mahmoud, (1134,) 1721^ 1722 b — 
opposed by Tamasp in Armenia, 1722 — takes 
from him Casbin, Shiraz, &c, 1722-23 — 
attempts of Turkey and Eussia on Persia, 1723 
— Meer Ashraf, (cousin,) (1137,) 1725 — in- 
vasion of Turks repulsed, 1726 — Peace of 
Baghdad, Ashraf acknowledged by Turkey, 
1727 — defeated, 1729 — again defeated and 
killed, Jan. 1730 — Tamasp II., (son of Hus- 
sein,) (1142,) 1730— war with Turkey, 1730 
— influence of Kouli Khan predominant : Peace 
of Erivan, (Casbin,?) Jan. 1732 — deposed by 
Kouli Khan, Aug. 1732 — Abbas III., (son,) 
(1143,) 1732 — Nadir Kouli Regent : war, 1732- 
5 — Persia recovers Armenia, Georgia, &c, 
1736 — Abbas tf., (1148,) 1736, end of Sofi 
dynasty — Nadir Shah, 1736 — assassinated, 
1747 — Ali Adil Shah, (nephew,) 1747-8 — 
dethroned and killed : Afghanistan independ- 
ent, 1748 — Shah Rokh, (grandson of Nadir,) 
1748-51 — dethroned and killed : anarchy, 1751- 
59 b — Kherim Khan Zund, Wakeel, 1759-79 b 
— rebellion and death of Mohammed Hussein, 
1761 b — invades Khorasan, defeated at Meshed, 
1768 b — wars with Turkomans and Arabs : in- 
vades Irak, takes Bassorah, 1775 — restored to 
Turkey, 1779 — Aga Mohammed independent 
in Mazanderan, 1779 b — Adu1 Futteh, 1779- 
8o — Saduk Khan, 1780-1 — Ali Monrad, 1781- 
84 — Georgia seeks protection of Russia, 1783 
— JaafarKhan, 1784-88— Seid Monrad, 1788- 
89 — Lutf Ali Khan, (of Zund family,) 1789-95 
— Aga Mohammed defeats Lutf Ali Khan, 



iii6 



PERSIAN GULF— PERSIAN!. 



1791 — Lutf Ali taken and put to death, 1795 
— Kadjar (Eajar) Dynasty ; Aga Mo- 
hammed Shah, 1795 — defeats Georgians and 
Russians, and pillages Teflis, 1 7 96 — assassinated, 
1797 — his nephew, Futteh Ali Shah, suc- 
ceeds, 17 97— invades Khorasan, repulsed, 1799- 
1800 — Khorasan, all but Herat, won, 1801 — 
war with Russia, 1804-13 — capture of Erivan, 
1806— defeated by Afghans at Herat, 1 8 r 1 — 
Treaty of Gulistan, cession of Caspian provinces 
to Russia, 1 813 — war with Turkey, Peace of 
Erzeroum, 1821-23 — renewed war with Rus- 
sia, 1826-28 — loses Erivan by Treaty of Turk- 
manchay, 1828-29 — Mohammed Shah, (grand- 
son,) 1834 — joins Dost Mahommed in unsuc- 
cessful siege of Herat, Jun. to Sep. 1838 — 
Herat submits to him, 1843 — tf., 13 Oct. 1848, 
and is succeeded by his son, Shah Nask. ed 
din (b., 1820) — maintains neutrality in Cri- 
mean War, 1853-55 — concludes treaty with 
Russia, end of 1855 — [Persian War] — treaty 
with Turkey, for regulation of frontiers, con- 
cluded, 8 Jun. 1869 — the country desolated by 
famine, 1871. a Engl. Cyc. b Oxf. Tab. 

c Elphinstone. d Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Persian Gulf, — [B C]— navigated by fleet of 
Alexander the Great, under Nearchus, 326-325 
— [AD] — reached by Trajan, 116 — survey of, 
executed by order of British Indian govern- 
ment, 1 82 1 -8. 

Persian Wars,— [B C]— Demokedes at Per- 
sian Court, 522, &c. — Hippias at Persian Court, 
about 509 ? — burning of Sardis, 499 — 1st ar- 
mament under Mardonius, sets out, spring 492 
— dispersed by a storm at Athos, Jul., Aug. 
492 — Darius sends heralds to Greece, 491 — 2nd 
armament under Datis and Artaphernes sets 
out, before mids. 490 — Cyclades subdued, Ere- 
tria taken : battle of Marathon, (6 Boedr. 01. 
72, 3,) Sep. 490 — three years of preparation by 
Darius, 490-487 — Xerxes begins his prepara- 
tions for invading Greece, sum. 484 — sets out 
from Susa for Sardis, spring 481 — Congress of 
Greek States at the Isthmus, wint. 481-80 — 
Xerxes winters at Sardis and sends heralds to 
Greece, 481-80 — sets out from Sardis for Aby- 
dos, spring 480 — battle of Thermopylae and 
storms and naval engagements near Artemi- 
sion, (Olympia,) Jul. 480 — Thespioe and Pla- 
taea burnt, Delphi invaded, Athens burnt, Aug. 
—battle of Salamis, (20 Boedr. 01. 15, 1,) Sep. 
480 — flight of Xerxes and the fleet, Oct. to 
Nov. — Mardonius winters in Thessaly, 480-479 
— Greek fleet recovers some of the Cyclades, 
Olynthus taken and Potidsea besieged by Arta- 
bazus, 479 — embassy of Alexander of Mace- 
donia to Athens, spring 479 — Mardonius occu- 
pies Athens, Jun. 479 — embassy of Murychides 
to Athenians at Salamis, Jun. — Sparta forti- 
fies the Isthmus ; Leotychides invited by Sa- 
mos to attack the Persian fleet; battles of 
Platsea and Mycale, (3 or 4 Boedr. 01. 15, 2,) 
Sep. 479 — siege of Sestos, late in 479 — 
surrenders, spring 478. 

[AD] — (of Sapor (Shapur) II. with Rome) : 
preparations of Constantine and his death, 337 — 
invasion of Mesopotamia and siege of Nisibis, by 
Sapor, 337 or 338 — Constantius II. marches into 



Syria, 338 — second siege of Nisibis unsuccess- 
ful, 346 — battle of Singara, 348 — the son of 
Sapor captured, tortured, and executed, 348 — 
third siege of Nisibis, unsuccessful, 350 — fruit- 
less negotiations, 358 — Sapor invades Mesopo- 
tamia, sum. 359 — siege of Amida, taken, Oct. — 
capture of Singara and Bezabde by Sapor, 360 
— overtures of Sapor to Julian, 362 — Julian 
marches to Antioch, sum. 362 — sets out for the 
war, 5 Mar. 363 — enters Assyria, Apr. — storms 
Anatha, takes Maogamalcha, passes the Tigris, 
defeats Sapor and burns his own fleet, before 
16 Jun. — death of Julian, 26 Jun. — Jovian 
makes peace and cedes the five provinces and 
Nisibis to Sapor, Jul. — invasion of Armenia by 
Persians, 365 — Persians repulsed in Armenia 
byArnitheus,37o-Sapor prepares for war: Per- 
sian invasion of Empire repulsed by Trajan and 
Vadomarius, 371 — embassy to Sapor, by Val- 
entinian, unsuccessful, 375 — death of Sapor, 379. 

(Of Cabades (Kobad) with Anastasius) : in- 
vasion of Armenia by Cabades, 502 — siege of 
Amida, wint. 502-3 — Roman army under 
Ariobindus, Celer, &c, makes unsuccessful cam- 
paign, 503 — Celer ravages Persian territories 
and enters Arzanene, 504 — Amida besieged by 
Romans, 504 — taken, early in 505 — Celer con- 
cludes a peace for seven years, 505. 

(Of Chosroes II. with Eastern Empire) : era- 
to Chosroes by Phocas, 603 — Chosroes de- 
clares war, to revenge death of Mauricius, 603 — 
the war begins, 604 — Persians pass Euphrates 
and ravage Syria, Palestine, and Phoenicia, 607 
— occupy Syria, &c, overrun Armenia, Cappa- 
docia, &c, and reach Ctesiphon, 609 — again 
invade Syria, May 611 — seize Csesarea in Cap- 
padocia, 612 — take Damascus, 614, and Jeru- 
salem, Jun. 614 — Chosroes refuses to negotiate 
with Heraclius, 614 — Saen threatens Chalcedon, 
615 — embassy to Chosroes, 615 — occupation of 
Egypt by Persians, 616 — Chosroes again rejects 
overtures of Heraclius, 6 1 8 — capture of Ancyra 
by Persians, 620 — preparations of Heraclius, 
620 — Chosroes forms three armies, sends one 
against Constantinople, 626 — alliance of Cha- 
zars with Heraclius, 626 — Avars unsuccessfully 
attack Constantinople, Jun. to Aug. 626 — de- 
fended by Sergius, Bonus, &c. : sixth campaign 
of Heraclius in Asia, 627 — rebellion of Siroes, 
628 — Chosroes put to death, 28 Feb. — treaty 
of peace concluded, Apr. 628. 

Persian War, (1855-57,)— independence of 
Herat provided for by convention between 
Great Britain and Persia, 5 Jan. 1853 — de- 
parture of British minister from Teheran, Dec. 
1855 — capture of Herat by Persians, 25 Oct. 
1856 — declaration of war by Great Britain, 1 
Nov. — capture of Bushire, 10 Dec. — Gen. Out- 
ram defeats Persians near Khooshab, 8 Feb. 
1857 — treaty of peace signed at Paris, 4 Mar. 
— successful attack on Mohammerah, 26 Mar. — 
capture of Ahwaz, 29 Mar. — cessation of hos- 
tilities, 5 Apr.— treaty ratified at Baghdad, 2 
May. 

Persiani, Fanny Tacchinardi, Madame, 
singer, — ft. at Rome, 4 Oct. 1818 — appears at 
Leghorn, 1832 — goes to Paris, 1837 — U., 1867. 

Persiani, Giuseppe, musical composer, — 0. 



PERSICUS-PERU. 



1 1 17 



in Italy, about 1805 — If., 26 Aug. 1869. 
Persicus, Paullus Fabius, — Consul witb L. 
Vitellius, (787, a. u. c.) 34. 

Persius Flaccus, Aulus, satiric poet, — &., 
4 Dec. 34 — tf., 24 Nov. 62. 

Perso -Athenian War, — [B C] — (479-449,) 
— Persian wars, 492-479 — siege of Sestos by 
Xanthippus, late in 479 — capitulates, spring 
478, a before wint. 479 b — Pausanias, general of 
the Greek confederates, with Aristides and 
Kimon, subdues Cyprus, captures Byzantium, 
478 [477] — Pausanias recalled and Dorkis sent, 
477 — Athens obtains the headship of the con- 
federacy, and Sparta leaves it, 477 — Aristides 
organizes the confederacy of Delos, 477 — war 
carried on against Thracian and Hellespontine 
towns, 47 6-466 — Kimon takes Eion from Boges, 
476 — takes Doriscus, from Maskames : Kimon 
attacks Caria and Lycia ; Phaselis joins him ; 
battles of the Eurymedon, 466 — Thracian 
Chersonese reduced, 466 c — Persians defeated at 
sea by Athenians, 462 d — Athens sends part of 
the fleet at Cyprus to aid Inaros in Egypt ; siege 
of Memphis, 462 [460] — defeated by Megaby- 
zus at Prosopitis, 455 — Kimon leads an expe- 
dition against Cyprus, 450 — siege of Kition, 
his death, 449— Anaxicrates commander, bat- 
tles of Salamis, (Cyprus,) and peace, 449. 
a Clinton. ' b Grote. 

c Thirlwall. d Du Fresnoy. 

Perso-Spartan War,— [B c]— (400-387,)— 
Expedition of Cyrus, 401 — Ionian cities, prest 
by Tissaphernes, beg aid of Sparta, 400 — 
Thimbron commands in Asia, autumn 400 — 
engages the Cyrean Greeks, Jan. 399 — takes 
Pergamus, &c, beginning 399 — Derkyllidas 
supersedes Thimbron, summer 399 — campaign 
in Elis, autumn 399 — truce with Pharnabazus, 
late in 399 — winters in Bithynia, 399-398 — 
renews the truce, early in 398 — siege of 
Atarneus 8 months, 398 — winters at Ephesus, 
398-397 — second Ionian embassy to Sparta, 
early in 397 — Derkyllidas invades Caria, Phaeax 
cooperates with fleet, 397 — armistice of Derkyl- 
lidas with Tissaphernes, about middle 397 — 
naval preparations in Phoenicia; Conon, admiral 
of Persian fleet, engages with Phaeax at Cau- 
nus ; Rhodes revolts ; alliance of Sparta with 
Egypt ; Agesilaos lands at Ephesus, spring 
396 — makes truce with Tissaphernes, 396 — 
Spithridates joins Agesilaos, 396 — Agis win- 
ters at Ephesus, 396-395 — victory at Sardis, 
395 — Tithraustes supersedes Tissaphernes, 395 
— Peisander admiral under Agesilaos, 395 — 
Agesilaos penetrates Phrygia and Pampbylia, 
autumn 395 — Cotys of Paphlagonia joins 
Agesilaos, autumn 395 — mission of Timocrates 
to Greece, autumn 395 — Agesilaos winters at 
Daskylion, 395-394 — enterprise of Herippides, 
early 394 — Agesilaos leaves satrapy of Pharna- 
bazus, spring 394— leaves Asia, middle 394 — 
Pharnabazus and Conon, Persian admirals, gain 
battle of Knidus, Peisander slain, about 10 Aug. 
394 — ravage Peloponnesian coasts, 393 — Conon 
rebuilds long walls of Athens, 393 — Tiribazus 
supersedes Tithraustes, 393 — Antalkidas sent 
to make peace with Persia, 393 — embassies 
from, to Greek states, Conon imprisoned, and 



Struthas supersedes Tiribazus, 392 — Thimbron 
commands in Asia, slain there, 392 — Diphridas 
commands in Asia, 391 — Tiribazus returns to 
his satrapy, 388 — Antalkidas commands, 388 — 
embassy to Persian Court ; returns to the coast, 
spring 387 — Peace of Antalkidas, autumn 387. 

Perth, in Scotland, — made a burgh as early 
as 1 1 06 — fortified by William the Lion, 12 10 — 
again by Edward I., 1298 — unsuccessfully 
attacked by Robert Bruce, 1 306 — taken by him, 
1 3 1 1 — taken possession of by Edward III., 1 335 
— besieged and taken by Regent Robert, 1339 
— seat of government transferred to Edinburgh, 
1437 — ranks as capital of the kingdom, till 
1482 — devastated by plague, 15 12 and 1585-7 
— scene of the Gowrie Conspiracy, 1600 — ■ 
visited by James I., May 1617 — by Charles I., 
Jun. 1633 — taken by Montrose, Sep. 1644 — 
capitulates to Cromwell, 2 Aug. 1651 — 
occupied by Dundee, Jul. 1689 — occupied by 
adherents of Pretender, 17 15 — recovered by 
Argyle, Nov. 17 15 — occupied by Prince Charles 
Edward, 1745. Parliament House, pulled 
down, 18 1 8. Military Prison,hmlt, 18 19 — Aca- 
demy, founded, 1760. Treaty of, between Edward 
III. and regents of Scotland, concluded, 18 
Aug. 1335. Articles of, proposed and rejected, 
16 1 7 — agreed to by General Assembly, 25 Aug. 
161 8 — confirmed by Parliament, 4 Aug. 1621 
— repealed, 1638. 

Perthes, Christoph Friedrich, bookseller, 
publisher, — rj. at Rudolstadt, 21 Apr. 1772 — 
assistant to bookseller Hoffmann at Hamburg, 
1793 — begins business, 1796 — marries Caroline 
Claudius, 2 Aug. 1797 — takes part in restoring 
constitution on retirement of French, 181 3 — 
flies from Hamburg on their return, 181 3- 14 — 
loses his wife, 1821 — removes to Gotha, 1822 — 
marries Charlotte Becker, 1825 — a", near 
Gotha, 18 May 1843. 

Pertinax, P. Helvius, Roman Emperor, 
(193,) — b., 1 Aug. 126 — drives the Kelts out of 
Noricum and Rheetia, after 172 — Consul suff. 
with M. Didius Severus Julianus, (932, a.u.c.) 
179 — governor of Syria, 180 — commands in 
Britain, 186 — quells mutiny of the soldiers 
there, 187 — prsefectus urbi and Consul with 
Commodus, (945,) 192— proclaimed Emperor 
on death of Commodus, 1 Jan. 193 — assass- 
inated, 28 Mar. 193. 

Peru, South America, — reached by Pizarro, 
1526 — taken possession of, by Pizarro and 
Almagro, 1532 — [Lima] — unsuccessful revolt 
under Tupac Amaro, 1780 — entered by Chilian 
army under San Martin, 1820— independence 
of, declared, 28 Jul. 1821 — San Martin pro- 
claimed Protector: resigns, 19 Aug. 1822 — 
entered by Bolivar, who continues war with 
the Viceroy Canterac, Sep. 1822 — Bolivar 
Dictator, Feb. 1824— [Bolivia]— final defeat of 
Spaniards near Ayacucho by Sucre, Dec. 
1824 — its independence acknowledged by Great 
Britain and United States ; new constitution 
adopted, Jan. 1827— disputes with Bolivia ter- 
minated by treaties, 25 Dec. 1 831— Spanish 
attack on Chincha Islands, 1864— treaty of 
peace with Spain concluded, 25 Jan. 1865 — rati- 
fied at Madrid, Apr. 1865 — insurrection breaks 



i ii s 



PERUGIA— PETER I. 



out, Feb. 1865 — the treaty with Spain rejected 
by Dictator Prado, Nov. 1 865 — concludes 
treaty of alliance with Chili, 5 Dec. 1865 — 
declares war on Spain: new constitution 
established, Jul. 1867— great earthquakes in, 
13-16 Aug. 1868. 

Perugia, (Perusia, Perusinus,) in Italy, — 
[BC] — troops of, defeated by L. Fabius 
Maximus, becomes tributary to Rome, 294 — 
occupied by L. Antonius and Fulvia, 41 — 
[Perusian War]— [AD]— besieged by Totila, 
surrenders to him, 546 or 548 — recovered by 
Narses, 552 — taken by Lombards under 
Rotharis, about 580 — recovered by Exarch 
Romanus, 591— besieged by Rachis, who is in- 
duced by Pope Zachary to raise the siege, 749 
— residence of Gregoiy IX., 1228-9— again, 
! 234-5 — troops of, defeated by Ghibelline 
army at Spello, 1246 — residence of Innocent 
IV., 1 25 1— attacked by Tuscans, 1247 — Pope 
Martin TV. and cardinals burnt in effigy at, 
1282 — devastated by plague, 1348 — submits to 
Braccio da Montone, 141 6 — on his death sub- 
mits to the pope, 1424 — recovered from the 
Baglioni by Julius II., 1506 — passes to Im- 
perialists, 1529 — conquered by Duke of Savoy, 
1708 — occupied by French, 1797 — suffers from 
earthquakes, 1^32 and 1838 — besieged by Papal 
troops and retaken, 20 Jun. 1850 — taken by 
Italians, 14 Sep. i860. University, founded, 
1296 or 1307. Fountain, erected by Giovanni 
Pisano, about 1285. Cathedral, built, between 
1400-1500. 

Perugino, II, (Pietro Vannucci,) painter, — 
J), at Citta della Pieve, about 1446 — visits 
Florence, about 1471(F) — employed at 
Perugia, 1475 — at Rome, about 1480-90 — 
teacher of Raphael, 1495 — opens his Academy 
at Perugia, 1499 — &■ at Castello di Fontignano, 
1524. Frescoes in the Sistine Chapel, Pome, 
1480-90 — Dead Christ, Pitti Palace, Florence, 
1495 — Frescoes in the Cambio, Perugia, 1500. 

Perusia. [Perugia.] 

Perusian War, — [BC] — Perusia occupied 
by the Consul L. Antonius, 41 — blockaded by 
Octavianus, close of 41 — famine: Antonius 
capitulates, the town burnt, beginning of 40. 

Peruzzi, Baldassare, (Baldassare da Siena,) 
painter, architect,— b. at Siena, a Volterra, b 7 
Mar. 148 1— succeeds Raphael as architect of 
St Peter's, 1520 — loses everything at sack of 
Rome, 1527 — tf. at Rome, 6 Jan. 1537. 
Adoration of the Kings, (a drawing,) National 
Gallery, 1522. 

a Biog. Catalogue. b Engl. Cyc. 

Pesara, Giovanni, Doge of Venice, — suc- 
ceeds Valieri, 8 May 1658 — &., 1 Oct. 1659. 

Pesarese, II. [Cantarini.] 

Pescara, Ferdinand Francesco d'Avalos, 
Marquis of, — b. at ^Naples, 1496 — marries 
Vittoria Colonna, about 1507 — first serves in 
Neapolitan army, and is taken prisoner at 
battle of Ravenna, 15 12 — contributes to defeat 
of Alviano near Yicenza, 8 Oct. 15 13 — takes 
Milan from Lautrec, 19 Nov. 1521 — pillages 
Como, 1521 — relieves Pavia, besieged by 
French, 1522 — distinguishes himself at combat 
of La Bicoque, 29 Apr. 1522 — takes Lodi, 



Pizzighitone, and Cremona, Apr. to May — pil- 
lages Genoa, 1522 — distinguishes himself at 
battle of Pavia, 1525 — tf. at Milan, 4 Nov. 

Peschiera, in Italy, — fortress built by 
Venetians, 1549 — occupied by Austrians, 1796 
— surrendered to Napoleon I., 1796 — surren- 
ders to Sardinians, 30 May 1848 — recovered 
by Radetzky, 14 Aug. 1848 — evacuated 
by Austrians, occupied by Italians, 9 Oct. 
1866. 

Peshawur, in Hindustan, — enlarged by 
Akber,i56o-i6oo — captured by Runjeet Singh, 
1827 — annexed with the Panjab to British 
India, 1849. 

Pesne, (Pene,) Antoine, painter, — b. at 
Paris, 1683 — visits Italy, 1707 — received at 
Academy of Painting, Paris, 1720 — tf. at Ber- 
lin^ Aug. 1757. 

Pesne, {Pene, Paine,) Jean, engraver, — b. 
at Rouen, 1623— tf. at Paris, 1700. 

Pestal, Paul, colonel, — b., 1794 — takes part 
in conspiracy against Czar Nicholas L, Dec. 
1825 — hung, 11 Jul. 1826. 

Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich,— b. at Zurich, 
12 Jan. 1746 — commences teaching, 1775 — 
establishes school at Stanz, 1798 — settles at 
Yverdun, 1804 — tf. at Brugg in Aargau, 17 
Feb. 1827. Bernhardt mid Gertrud, 178 1 — 
Buch der Mutter, 1803 — Meine lebensschichsale, 
1826. 

Pesth, in Hungary, — [Buda] — men- 
tioned, 1 148 — ravaged by Mongols, 1241 — 
subject to Turks, 1526 — suffers from inun- 
dation, 1838 — connected with Buda by suspen- 
sion bridge, opened, Jan. 1849 — bombarded 
by Gen. Hentzi, May 1849 — coronation of 
Emperor of Austria as King of Hungary at, 
8 Jun. 1867 — visited by Sultan Abdul Aziz, 1 
Aug. 1867 — Israelite congress held at, 14 
Dec. 1868. 

Petalism, — [B C] — established at Syracuse, 
about 454 a — discontinued, 452. a Muller. 

Petard, in artillery, — used by Huguenots 
at siege of Cahors, 1579. 

Petau, Denis, (Petavius,) chronologirt, — fi. 
at Orleans, 21 Aug. 1583 — Prof. Philosophy, 
Bourges, 1602 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1605 
— Prof. Theology, College of Clermont, Paris, 
1621— tf. there, 11 Dec. 1652. De Doctrina 
Temporum, 1627 — Eationarium Temporum, 
1633-34 — Tabula Chronologicce, 1628 — Theo- 
logica JDogmatica, 1644-50. 

Peter. [For Kings of Aragon, Castile, and 
Portugal, see Pedro.] 

Peter I., (Alexeivich,) the Great, Czar and 
Emperor of Russia, — ft. at Moscow, 1 1 Jun. 
1672 — named successor to the throne by his 
brother Theodore, 1682 — proclaimed joint 
sovereign with his brother Ivan, under regency 
of Princess Sophia, 25 Jun. 1682 — marries, 
27 Jan. 1689 — on resignation of Ivan, assumes 
the government alone, 1689 — has Le Fort for 
his chief minister, 1689 — founds Russian navy, 
1692 — unsuccessfully besieges Azof, 1695 — re- 
pudiates his wife, 1695 — renews the siege and 
takes Azof, 28 Jul. 1696 — sets out on European 
travels, Apr. 1697 — settles at Saardam, Aug. 



PETER II.— PETERBOROUGH. 



1119 



1697 — meets William III. of England, 1697 — 
arrives in England, Feb. 1698 — leaves Eng- 
land, 25 May — visits Vienna, Jun. — recalled 
by revolt of the Strelitzes, reaches Moscow, 4 
Sep. — institutes Order of St Andrew, 1698 — 
loses his minister, Le Fort, 1698 — reforms the 
Calendar, 1699 — declares war on Charles XII., 
1700 — besieges Narva, and is defeated by 
Charles, 30 Nov. 1700 — defeats Swedes near 
Dorpat, Sep. or Oct. 1701 — his army, under 
Scherematof, defeats Swedes at Pernor, 1702 — 
and takes Marienburg, 20 Aug. 1702 — founds 
mathematical and astronomical schools, 1702 — 
founds St Petersburg, 1703 — suspends the 
patriarchate, 1703 or 1701 — blockades Narva, 
1704 — takes Dorpat, 13 Jul. 1704 — storms 
Narva, 9 Aug. — invades Courland, Feb. 1705 
— takes Mittau, Sep. 1705 — proposes peace to 
Charles XII., 1706 — privately marries Cathe- 
rine, 1707 — defeats Gen. Leventhaupt atLesno, 
28 Sep. 1708— defeats Charles at Pultawa, 27 
May 1709— concludes alliance with Poland, 
Prussia, and Denmark against Sweden, 1709 
— declares war on Turkey, 25 Jan. 17 n — de- 
clares Catherine Czarina, 6 Mar. — marches 
to the Pruth, and is hemmed in by Turks, Jul. 
— concludes peace, and gives up Azof and 
other towns, 23 Jul. 17 n — solemnizes his mar- 
riage with Catherine at Moscow, 1 Mar. 17 12 
— conquers Finland, 17 13 -14 — visits Germany 
and Denmark, Jan. to Dec. 17 16 — at Paris, 7 
May to 20 Jun. 17 17 — at Spa, 28 Jun. to 26 
Jul. — at Amsterdam, 2 Aug. — at Berlin, 18 
Sep.— reaches St Petersburg, 21 Oct. — dis- 
inherits the Czarewich, Alexis, 14 Feb. 17 18 
— gets him condemned to death, 5 Jul. — death 
of Alexis, 7 Jul. — abolishes patriarchate, Jan. 
1 72 1 — concludes Treaty of Neustadt, Aug. 
17 2 1 — receives titles of the Great and Emperor, 
17 2 1 — changes order of succession, by decree 
of 16 Feb. 1722 — conducts expedition to the 
Caspian, Jul. 1722 — founds Academy of 
Sciences, 1723 — if. at St Petersburg, 28 Jan. 

i7 2 5- 

Peter II., [Alexevoich^ Emperor or Russia, 
— fc., 23 Oct. 17 15 — succeeds Catherine L, 17 
May 1727 — deprives Menschikof of the Re- 
gency, and exiles him to Siberia, Sep. 1727 — 
if., 31 Jan. 1730. 

Peter III., (Feodorovich,) Emperor op Rus- 
sia, — b., 21 Feb. 1728 — named heir to the 
throne, 26 Nov. 1742 — marries Princess Sophia 
Augusta of Anhalt Zerbst, 1 Sep. 1745 — suc- 
ceeds Elizabeth, 5 Jan. 1762 — makes peace 
with Frederick II., 1762 — conspiracy against, 
breaks out, 8 Jul. 1762 — Catherine II. pro- 
claimed : is compelled to sign renunciation of 
crown, 10 Jul. — put to death, 17 Jul. 

Peter of Blois, (Fetrus Blesensis,) theologian, 
— fc. at Blois, about n 30 — goes to Sicily, about 
1 167, and assists in the government: resigns 
and returns to France, 11 70 — goes to Court of 
Henry II. of England, n 75 — enters service of 
Abp of Canterbury, 11 76 — envoy to Rome, 
1 176 and 1 187 — secretary to Queen Eleanor, 
1 19 1-5 — if. in England, about 1200. 

Peter of Bruys. [Bruys.] 

Peter of Clugny, {Feter the Venerable,) — 



Abbot of Clugny, n 23 — writes confutation of 
Peter of Bruys, 1126-7^ ii35, b ^14.6° — re- 
ceives Abelard, 1 140 — effects formal recon- 
ciliation of Abelard and St Bernard, about 1141 
— if., 1 156. ' a Fuesslin and Gieseler. 

* « b Clemencet. c Baronius. 

Peter of Corbieres. [John XXII.] 
Peter of Courtenay, Count of Auxerre 
and Emperor of the East, — elected by 
barons of Constantinople to succeed Henry I., 
1 2 16 — crowned at Rome, by Honorius III., 9 
Apr. 12 1 7 — unsuccessfully besieges Durazzo, 
12 1 7 — arrested by Theodore Angelus, and im- 
prisoned, 12 1 7 — f}. in prison, 121 8 or 1219. 

Peter of Savoy, — fj. at Suza, 1203 — visits 
England, and is created Earl of Richmond, by 
Henry III., 1241 — governor of Dover, sent to 
prepare for invasion of Poitou, attends parlia- 
ment of London, 1248 — returns to Savoy, 1255 
— recalled by Henry III., 1257 — sent to Paris 
to assist in negotiations for peace, 1258 — suc- 
ceeds his brother Boniface as Count of Savoy, 
1263 — besieges and takes Turin, 1263— chosen 
protector of Berne, 1266 — if. at Chillon, 9 Jun. 
1268. 

Peter the Hermit, — ft. in Amiens, about 
1050 — serves under Count of Boulogne in 
Flanders, 107 1 — goes to Jerusalem, 1093 — is 
received by Pope Urban II., and preaches the 
crusade, 1095 — sets out with first band, Mar. 
1095 — at siege of Antioch, 1097 — reaches Jeru- 
salem, 1099 — }r. near Huy, Liege, 7 Jul. 1115. 
Peter des Roches, {de Eupibus,) Bp of 
"Winchester, — appointed to the see, 1205 — 
guardian of Henry III., and Joint-regent with 
Hubert de Burgh, 12 18 — dismissed by the 
king, Feb. 1227 — goes to Palestine : meets 
Frederick II. at Acre, Sep. 1228 — in Italy, 
assists in publishing absolution of Frederick, 
autumn 1229 — again becomes chief adviser to 
the king, 1233 — invited to aid Pope Gregory 
IX., 1233 — his estates ravaged by Llewelyn, 
Jan. 1234 — on complaint of the bishops of his 
violence, again dismissed with his adherents, 
1234 — Is. at Farnham, 9 Jun. 1238. 

Peter de Vinea, [de Vineis,) Chief Minister 
to Emperor Frederick IE, — fj. at Capua, about 
1 1 90 — becomes adviser of Frederick, as early 
as 1225 — ambassador to England, to negotiate 
marriage of Frederick with Princess Isabella, 
Nov. 1234 — joint-ambassador to Innocent IY. 
at Anagni, 1243 — serves at siege of Yiterbo, 
Oct. 1243 — captures Thomas Aquinas at Ac- 
quapendente, close of 1243 — ravages Acquapen- 
dente, 1245 — sent to Lyons, Jul. 1245 — joint- 
ambassador to St Louis, 1245 — falls into dis- 
grace, about 1 248 — arrested, blinded and given 
up to Pisans, 1249 — kills himself, 1249. 

Peter, Wenceslaus, painter, sculptor,— Is. 
at Carlsbad, 22 Nov. 1742 — ft. at Rome, 28 
Dec. 1829. 

Peter. [Brittany, Hungary, Savoy, Tus- 
cany.] 

Peterborough, (ATedehamstede,) in North- 
amptonshire. Abbey, founded by Peada, king 
of Mercia, 655-7 — destroyed by Danes, 870— 
restored by Ethelwold, Bp of Winchester, 963 
— dissolved, 1541. Cathedral, commenced by 



PETERBOROUGH-PETERWARADIN. 



Abbot John de Seez, 1117 — completed, 1528 — 
injured in civil war, 1643. See, founded by 
Henry VIII., 1541. 

Peterborough, Charles Mordaunt, Earl of, 
— ft., about 1658 — succeeds his father, John, 
Lord Mordaunt, 1675 — assists in defence of 
Tangier against Moors, 1680 — promotes the 
Revolution, 1688 — accompanies William Prince 
of Orange to England, 1688 — First Lord Com- 
missioner of the Treasury, and Earl of Mon- 
mouth, Apr. 1689 — serves under "William III. 
in Flanders, 1692— succeeds his uncle as Earl 
of Peterborough, 1697 — Privy Councillor, Mar. 
1705 — joint-commander with Sir Cloudesley 
Shovel of expedition to Spain, May 1705 — 
besieges Barcelona, 22 Aug. — storms fort of 
Montjuich, 6 Sep. — overruns Catalonia and 
Valencia, 1705 — returns to England, 17 10 — 
ambassador to Turin and other Italian Courts, 
17 10- 1 1 — governor of Minorca, about 1712 — 
K.C.G., 4 Aug. 17 1 3 — ambassador extraord. to 
king of Sicily, Nov. 17 13 — General of Marine 
Forces in Great Britain, 1722 — ts. at Lisbon, 
25 Oct. 1735. 

Peter House, {St Peter's College,) Cambridge, 
— founded by Hugh Balsham, Bp of Ely, 1257. 

' Peterloo Riot,' — Reform meeting, in St 
Peter's Fields, Manchester, convoked by Hunt 
and others, dispersed by military, 16 Aug. 18 19. 

Peter-pence, {Rome-fee, Rome-penning, Rome- 
scot, Denarii S. Petri, Census S. Petri,) — in 
England, first paid by Ina, 720, or by Offa, 
790 — paid by Ethelwolf, 855 — discontinued by 
Edward III., 1365 — prohibited, by Act 25 Hen. 
VIII. c. 21, 1534. 

Peter's, St, church at Rome, — founded by 
Constantine, consecrated by Pope Sylvester, 
306. New, projected by Nicholas V., 1450 — 
first stone laid by Julius II., 18 Apr. 1506 — 
designed and directed by Bramante : continued 
by San Gallo and Raphael, 15 14 — Peruzzi, 
1520 — Michael Angelo, 1541 — Vignola, 1563 — 
the dome completed by Fontana and Delia 
Porta, Jul. 1588 to Nov. 1590 — the nave 
lengthened and portico built by Maderno, 
1605-12 — completed, 1614 — dedicated by Ur- 
ban VIIL, 1626. Colonnades, by Bernini, 
1661-7. 

Peters, Bonaventura, painter, — b. at 
Antwerp, 16 14 — ft. there, 25 Jul. 1652. 

Peters, Hugh, Puritan, — ft. in Cornwall, 
r 599 — M.A. Cambridge, 1622 — goes to 
America, 1635 — succeeds Roger Williams as 
pastor at Salem, Dec. 1636 — returns to Eng- 
land, 1 641 — accompanies Parliamentary army 
to Ireland, 1649 — joint-commissioner for 
amendment of laws, 1651 — one of the ' fryers,' 
1654 — accompanies Monk to London, 1660 — 
executed as a regicide, Oct. 1660. 

Peters, John, pain ter,— fc. at Antwerp, 1625 
— tf. there, 1677. 

Petersburg, St, capital of Russia, — founded 
by Peter the Great, 16 May 1703 — partly 
burnt, 1736 and 1737 — suffers from inunda- 
tions, 1752, 1777, and 1824— 'great fire at, 10 
Jun. 1862 — visited by Prince Alfred, 9 Aug. 
1862 — by Prince of Wales, Nov. 1866. 
Cathedrals, of St Isaac, commenced by Ca- 



therine II., about 1770 — finished, 1859 — of St 
Peter and St Paul, built, 1712-32—0/ 'our Lady 
of Kasan, built, 1 800-8. Winter Palace, built, 
1754 — destroyed by fire, 29 Dec. 1837 — re- 
built, 1838. Marble Palace, built, 1770-83. 
New Michael of Palace, built, 1819-25. Great 
and Little Hermitages, 1840-50. University, 
founded, 18 19 — closed, 6 Oct. 1861 — again 
closed by Imperial Decree, 3 Jan. 1862. 
Academy of Sciences, founded by Peter the 
Great, 1723. Academy of Fine Arts, founded, 
1754. Lmperial Library, founded, 17 14 — 
augmented by Zaluski Library, 1795. Monu- 
ment of Peter the Great, erected, 1773-82. 
Treaties of, between Peter I. and king of 
Prussia, respecting war in Pomerania, signed, 
30 Oct. 17 15 — between Empress Catherine 
and king of Prussia, 10 Aug. 1726 — defensive 
alliance between Regent Anne and Frederick 
II. of Prussia, 16 Dec. 1740 — alliance between 
Russia and king of Poland, 4 Feb. 1744 — 
defensive alliance between Great Britain and 
Russia, 22 May (2 Jun.) 1746 — between the 
same, for subsidies, 11 (23) Jun. 1747 — be- 
tween the same, 30 Sep. 1755 — between 
Russia and Sweden, to protect navigation of 
the Baltic, 9 Mar. 1759 — of peace between 
Czar Peter III. and Frederick II., 5 May 1762 
— of alliance between Empress Catherine and 
Frederick II., 11 Apr. 1764 — of commerce 
between Great Britain and Russia, 20 Jun. 
1766 — for partition of Poland, between 
Austria, Russia, and Prussia signed, 5 Aug. 
177.2 — of alliance between Russia and Den- 
mark, 1 Aug. 1773 — between Russia and 
Sweden, for protection of commerce, 1 Aug. 
1780 — of commerce, with France, n Jan. 
1787 — defensive alliance between Russia and 
king of Hungary and Bohemia, 12 Jul. 1792 
— between Russia and Great Britain, 18 Feb. 
1795 — between Paul I. and Order of Malta, 
15 Jan. 1797 — alliance between Russia and 
Two Sicilies, 29 Nov. 1798 — between 
Russia and Portugal, 28 Sep. 1799 — between 
Russia and Sweden, 16 Dec. 1800 — Russia and 
Denmark, 16 Dec. — and Russia and Prussia, 18 
Dec. — of commerce with Sweden, 13 Mar. 1801 
— for third coalition against France, between 
England and Russia, signed, 8 Apr. 1805 — 
of alliance between Sweden and Russia against 
France, signed, 24 Mar. 18 12 — of peace and . 
union between Great Britain and Russia, signed, 
1 Aug. 1812. 

Petersburg, in Virginia, JJ. S., — incor- 
porated, 1748 — burnt and rebuilt, 1815 — Con- 
federate lines before, unsuccessfully attacked 
by Gen. Grant, 15 Jun. and 30 Jul. 1864 — 
abandoned by Confederates and occupied by 
Federals, 3 Apr. 1865. 

Peterswalden, in Silesia, — Convention of, 
between Great Britain and Russia, concluded, 
8 Jul. 1813. 

Peterwaradin, in Austria, — crusaders as- 
sembled at, by Peter the Hermit, 1096 — forti- 
fications blown up by Imperialists, 1688 — 
taken by the Turks, and burnt, 1688 — Prince 
Eugene defeats Turks at, 5 Aug. 17 16 — 
remains to the Emperor by Peace of Passaro- 



PETHION DE VILLENEUVE— PETRIE. 



witz, 17 1 8— occupied by Hungarians, 1848-9 
■ — surrenders to Austrians, 6 Sep. 1849. 

Pethion de Villeneuve, Jerome, revolu- 
tionary leader , Mayor of Paris, — b. at 
Ckartres, 1753 — deputy to States-General, 1789 
— Pres. Assembly, 4 Dec. 1790 — sent to con- 
duct Louis XVI. back to Paris, Jun. 1791 — 
Mayor of Paris, 14 Nov. 1791 — deputy to 
Convention and Pres., Sep. 1792 — proscribed 
as a Girondist, 31 May 1793 — rj., Jun. 1794. 

Petion, (Alexandre Sabes,) President op 
Hayti,— fj. at Port-au-Prince, 2 Apr. 1770 — 
serves under Eigaud against Toussaint Louver- 
ture, 1799 — goes to France, 1800 — beads revolt 
against French, 13 Oct. 1802 — supports Des- 
salines, 1803-4 — defeated by Cbristopbe, 1 Jan. 
1807 — Pres. Republic of Hayti, 27 Jan., a 10 
Mar. b 1807 — defends Port-au-Prince against 
Cbristopbe, 1812 — ft. at Port-au-Prince, 29 
Mar. 1 8 18. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Petis de la Croix, Francois, orientalist, — fj. 
at Paris, 1653 — sent by Colbert to tbe East, 1669 
— returns, 1680 — goes to Morocco, 1682 — Prof. 
Arabic, College Royal, 1692 — Oriental Inter- 
preter to tbe king, 1695 — rj. at Paris, 4 Dec. 
17 13. Les Mi lie et un Jours, (translation,) 
17 10-12 — Histoire de Timur-bec, 1722. 

Petit, Jean Louis, surgeon, — 6. at Paris, 13 
Mar. 1674 — serves in tbe army, 1692-7 — settles 
at Paris, 1700 — member of Academy of 
Sciences, 1715^ 1705 b — one of tbe founders 
and director of Royal Academy of Surgery, 
1731 — ft. at Paris, 20 Apr. 1750,* 1760. b 
Maladies des os, 1705 — Maladies chirurgicales, 
1774. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

b Biog. Univ. 

Petit, Pierre, mathematician, — fc. at Mont- 
luQon, 1598 — takes part with Pascal in bis 
experiments on air, 1646-7 — rj. at Lagny-sur- 
Marne, 20 Aug. 1677. 

Petit-Thouars. [Dupetit-Thouars.] 

Petition of Right, — presented to Cbarles I. 
by botb Houses of Parliament, 28 May 1628 
— made law by 3 Car. I. c. 1, 7 Jun. 1628. 

Petitot, Jean, painter in enamel, — fj. at 
Geneva, 1607 — in service of Cbarles I. of Eng- 
land, before 1649 — in service of Louis XIV., 
1649 — marries at Paris, 1651 — imprisoned as a 
Protestant, 1685 — retires to Geneva, 1686 — tr. 
at Vevay, 1691. 

Petiver, James, naturalist, — contributes me- 
moirs to Royal Society, 1697-1717 — tf. in 
London, 20 Apr. 17 18. Musei Petiveriani 
Centuries decern, 1695-1703 — Gazophylacium 
Natures et Artis, 1702-n. 

Peto, Peter, ( William,) (Friar Peto,) Car- 
dinal, — fj., about 1477 a — preaches before 
Henry VIII. and condemns his divorce, 1533 
— confessor to Queen Mary, 1553 ? — Cardinal 
and legate by Paul IV., 14 Jun. 1557— but is 
forbidden by tbe Queen to land in England : 
appointed Bp of Salisbury, but If. before con- 
secration, 1558. a Lingard. 

Petb'fi, Sandor, poet, — b. in Hungary, 1 
Jan. 1823— supports the revolution, 1848-9 — 
aide-de-camp to Gen. Bern, 1849 — fights at 
battle of Scbassburg and disappears, 31 Jul. 
1849. Poems, 1844-9. 



Petra, (Selah, Joktheel,) in Arabia, — [B C] — 
taken by Amaziah of Judab, 827 a — surprised 
by Athenseus, 312— seat of Arabian princes, 
(Aretas,) about 70 b — [AD] — acquired by 
Romans, 105 — favoured by Hadrian and named 
Hadriana, about 130 ?— seat of a bishopric, 
before 530 — discovered by Burckhardt, 1812 — 
visited by Irby and Mangles, 181 8. 

a Ussher. b Smith's Diet. Bib. 

Petra, in Colchis, — taken by Persians under 
Chosroes, 541 — besieged by Dagisteus and the 
Lazi, 549 a — by Bessas with the Lazi, close of 
550 b — surrenders, beginning of 55o. b 
a Gibbon. b Clinton. 

Petrarca, Francesco, poet, — b. at Arezzo, 
20 Jul. 1304 — studies law at Montpellier, 
1 3 1 8-2 1 — at Bologna, 1 32 1-4 — loses his mother, 
1324 — first sees Laura, at Avignon, 6 Apr. 
1327 — accompanies Jacopo Colonna from 
Avignon to Lombes, 1330 — takes up his re- 
sidence with Cardinal Colonna at Avignon, 
autumn 1330 — travels in France and Germany, 
1332-3 — canon of Lombes, by Benedict XII. , 
J 335 — -sets out for Italy, Dec. 1336 — settles at 
Vaucluse, autumn 1337 — commences his poem 
on Africa, 1339 — becomes acquainted with the 
monk Barlaam, 1340— crowned in the Capi- 
tol, Easter-day 1341 — visits Parma, 1341 — 
Archdeacon of Parma, 1341 — joint ambassador 
with Rienzi from Rome to Clement VI., 1342 
— ambassador of Clement to Naples, Oct. to Dec. 
1343 — supports Rienzi, 1347 — at Verona, hears 
of Laura's death, 6 Apr. 1348 — assists at Jubi- 
lee, Rome, 1350 — quits Vaucluse, May 1353 — 
sent by the Visconti of Milan to negotiate 
peace with Venice, 1 354 — visits Emperor 
Charles IV. at Mantua and accompanies him 
to Milan, Nov. 1 354 — envoy from the Visconti 
to Emperor at Prague, 1356— to John, king of 
France, 1360 — removes to Venice, 1362 — to 
Arqua, 1370 — U. there, 18 Jul. 1374. 

Petre, Edward, (Father Petre,) Jesuit, — 
adviser of James II., 1685 — made a Privy 
Councillor, 17 Jul. 1686 — dismissed, 27 Oct. 
1688 — excepted from Indemnity Act, 20 May 
1690. 

Petre, Sir William, statesman, — Fellow of 
All Souls, Oxford, 1523 — LL.D., 1532 — one of 
the commissioners for visitation of monasteries, 
1535 — Knt, 1538 — Privy Councillor and Sec- 
retary of State, 1543 — member of Regency 
during absence of Henry VIII., 1544 — takes 
part in negotiations for peace witb France and 
Scotland, at Boulogne, 1550 — Privy Council- 
lor and Secretary of State to Queen Elizabeth, 
1558— o\, 13 Jan. 1572. 

Petre, William, Lord, — accused by Titus 
Oates and sent to the Tower, 23 Oct. 1678 — 
ft. there, Jan. 1684. 

Petreius, M.,— [BC]— legatus to C. An- 
tonius against Catiline, 62 — to Pompey in 
Spain, 55 — defeated by Caesar and surrenders, 
49 — flees from Pharsalia to Patrae, 48 — at Rus- 
pina and Thapsus, kills himself, ? 46. 

Petrie, George, painter, antiquary, — fc. at 

Dublin, 1789 — visits London, 181 3 — exhibits 

at Royal Academy, 18 16 — visits Isles of Arran, 

1821— A.R.H.A., 1826— R.H.A., 1828— Li- 

7i 



PETBOBBUSSIANS— PEYBONNET. 



brarian, 1830 — connected with Ordnance Sur- 
vey of Ireland, 1833-46 — receives a pension, 
1 849 — visits Scotland, 1 856 — resigns Presidency 
of B.H.A., 1858— tf. at Dublin, 17 Jan. 1866. 
Ecclesiastical Architecture of Ireland, 1845. 

Petrobrussians. [Brueys, Peter of.] 

Petrocorius, (Petrocordius,) Paulinus, poet, 
— fl., about 473. 

Petrof, Vassili Petrovich, poet, — ft. at 
Moscow, 1736 — "Jj., 1799- Works, 1811. 

Petroleum, — in England, safe keeping of, 
provided for by Act 25 and 26 Vic. c. 66, 29 
Jul. 1862 — amended, by Act 31 and 32 Vic. c. 
56, 13 Jul. 1868 — those Acts repealed and new 
provisions made by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 105, 
2 1 Aug. 1 87 1 . In France, used by Communists 
for burning of Paris, May 187 1. . 

Petronius, C, (T.,) (Arbiter,)— kills him- 
self, 66. 

Petropaulovski, in Kamtschatka, — bom- 
barded by allied French and English fleet, 3 1 
Aug. and 1 Sep. 1 854 — abandoned by Eussians, 
1854 — occupied by French and English, 15 
May 1855. 

Petrus, Bp of Alexandria, — appointed, 
aut. 300 — suffers in Diocletian persecution, 304, 
»fec. — martyred by command of Maximin Daza, 
(29 Athyr.) 25-6 Nov. 311-12. 

Petrus, Bp op Sebaste, — ft., before 349 — 
presbyter, soon after 370 — Bp of Sebaste, about 
380 a — tf., after 391. a Tillemont. 

Petrus, — Consul of Borne, (1269, a. u.c.) 516. 

Petrus Fullo, {Grapheus,) Patkiarch op 
Antioch, — usurps see of Antioch, 469, 47i, a 
— banished to Egypt, but finds refuge at Con- 
stantinople -: restored to see by Basiliscus, 476, 
475 a — deposed by synod of Antioch, 477, 478 a 
—restored by Zeno, (5978. Al. E.) 485-6 >>—:&., 
488,c d (5983. Al. E.) 490-i.b 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Theophanes. 

c Victor. d Bollandus. 

Petrus Mongus, Patriarch op Alexan- 
dria, — appointed on death of Timothy iElu- 
rus, 477, and deprived by Zeno: restored by 
Zeno, 482 — rj., 490. 

Petrus Patricius et Magister, Bijzantine 
historian, — ambassador from Justinian I. to 
Amalasuntha and Theodatus, 534 — imprisoned 
by Theodatus, 535-8 — magister offic, 538 — 
patricius, about 550 — ambassador to Chosroes 
I., 550 — negotiates with Pope Vigilius, 551-2 
— ambassador to Chosroes, and ft., 562. 

Petrus Aponus. [Abano.] 

Pettigrew, Thomas Joseph, surgeon, archa- 
ologist, — ft. in London, 28 Oct. 1791 — admitted 
to Medical Society, 1808 — founds Philosophical 
Society, 18 10 — Secretary to Boyal Humane 
Society, 1813-20 — Librarian to Duke of Sus- 
sex, about 1820— assists in founding Charing 
Cross Hospital, about 1820 — tf. at Kensington, 
23 Nov. 1865. Superstitions connected with 
Medicine and Surgery, 1843 — Memoirs of Er 
Lettsom, 18 17 — History of Egyptian Mum- 
mies, 1834 — Medical Portrait Gallery, 1840 — 
Chronicles of the Tombs, 1847 — liibliotheca 
•Siinscxiana, 1827-39. 

Petty, Henry and William. [Lansdowne, 
Earls of.~\ 



Petty, Sir William, mechanician, economist, 
— ft. at Bomsey, in Hampshire, 16 May 1623 
— visits France and the Netherlands, 1643-6 — 
M.D., Fellow of Brasenose Coll. Oxford,i649— 
Prof. Anatomy, Oxford, 1650 — Prof. Medicine, 
Gresham Coll., 1651 — physician to army in 
Ireland, 1652 — M.P., 1658 — impeached, 1659 
— one of the founders of Boyal Society, 166c- 
— Knt, by Charles II., 1661 — U. at Westmin- 
ster, 16 Dec. 1687. Treatise on Taxes and 
Contributions, 1667 — Political Anatomy of Ire- 
land, 1692 — Political Arithmetic, 1676. 

Petty Bag Office, in Chancery, — regulated 
by Acts 11 and 12 Vic. c. 94, 31 Aug. 1848, 
and 12 and 13 Vic. c. 109, 1 Aug. 1849. 

Peukestes, — [B C] — accompanies Alexander 
in his expedition, 334 — satrap of Persia, 333 ? 
— again, 323-321 — joins Eumenes against An- 
tigonus, 317 — deprived of satrapy, &c, 316. 

Peutinger, Conrad, antiquary, — b. at Augs- 
burg, 1465 — studies in Italy, 1482-6 — Secre- 
tary to town of Augsburg, 1493 — created patri- 
cian, 1538 — fr. there, 28 Dec. 1547. Sermones 
convivales, 1530. 

Peutingerian Table, Map of Roman World, 
— probably constructed about 226 — reduced 
copy published by Muretus, 1598 — published 
(original size) by Von Scheyb, 1753. 

Pevensey, in Sussex, — [Anderida] — the port 
entered by Earl Godwin and Harold, who cap- 
ture many ships, 1043 — William the Conqueror 
lands at, 28 Sep. 1066 — Odo, Bp of Bayeux, 
besieged in the Castle, by William Bufus, 
1088 — unsuccessfully attacked by Simon de 
Montfort, 1265 — successfully defended by Lady 
Jane Pelham against adherents of Bichard II., 

1399- 

Pevernage, Andre, musical composer, — ft. at 
Courtrai, about 1541 — 3j. at Antwerp, 1589. 

Pews, (Pues,) in England, — wooden seats in 
churches introduced, about io8o-noo a — the 
term used in Vision of Piers the Plowman,* 
about 1365 — erection of, mentioned as early as 
1449 a — condemned by Bp Corbett, 1622 a — 
first (?) church pewed throughout, (Bishop's 
Castle, Shropshire,) about 1638 a — Select Com- 
mittee of Lords on, condemns system of appro- 
priation, 1857-8. a Neale. 

Peyrere, Isaac de la, — ft. at Bordeaux, 1594 
— imprisoned for his Prceadamitce, at Brussels, 
1656 — Librarian to Prince of Conde, 1659 — ty. 
near Paris, 13 Jan. 1676. Prceadamitce, 1654. 

Peyron, Jean Francois Pierre, painter, — ft. 
at Aix, 15 Nov. 1744 — obtains grand prize, 
1773 — admitted to Academy, 1783 — Director of 
Gobelins manufacture, 1785 — if., 20 Jan. 1815. 

Peyronie, Francois G-igot de la, surgeon, — 
ft. at Montpellier, 15 Jan. 1678 — goes to Paris, 
1714 — ennobled, 1721 — Free Associate of 
Academy of Sciences, 1732 — First Surgeon to 
the king, 1736 — accompanies him to Flanders, 
1744 — if. at Versailles, 25 Aug. 1747. 

Peyronnet, Charles Ignace, Count de, 
statesman, — ft. at B®rdeaux, Oct. 1778 — mem- 
ber of Chamber of Deputies, 1820— Minister 
of Justice, 14 Dec. 1821 — Count, 17 Aug. 1822 
— introduces bill to establish censorship, 1827 
— dismissed from office, and made Peer of 



PEZBON— PHASELIS. 



1I2 3 



France, Jan. 1828 — Minister of Interior, 16 
May 1830 — convicted of high treason and 
sentenced to imprisonment for life, end of Aug. 
1830 — liberated, 17 Oct. 1836 — tf., 2 Jan. 
1854. Pensees d'un prisonnier, 1834 — His- 
toire des Francs, 1846. 

Pezron, Paul, chronologist, — fj. at Hennebon, 
1639 — enters Cistercian Order, 1661 — D.D., 
1682 — Vicar-general of Beformed Houses of 
his Order in He de France, Champagne, and 
Picardy, 1690 — Abbot of la Charmoye, 1697 — 
resigns, 1703 — tf. at Chessy, 1706. Antiquite 
des Temps re'tablie et defendu, 1687 — Defense, 
1 69 1 — Essai d'un Commentaire sur les Pro- 
phetes, 1693 — Histoire evangelique confirmee 
par la Judaique et la Romaine, 1696. 

Pfaff, Christian Heinrich, natural philoso- 
pher, chemist, — fj. at Stuttgard, 1772 — Prof. 
Chemistry, Kiel, 1801 — tf. there, 24 Apr. 1852. 
System der Materia 31edica,i^o%-z^. — Elektro- 
magnetismus, 1824 — PLandbuch der Analy- 
tischen Chemie, 1824-25. 

Pfaff, Christoph Matthaeus, theologian, — ft. 
at Stuttgard, 22 Dec. 1686 — as tutor accom- 
panies hereditary Prince of Wurtemberg to 
Italy, 1708 — Prof. Theology, Tubingen, 1717 
— Chancellor of Univ., 1720 — Count-palatine, 
1724 — member of Academy of Berlin, 1731 — 
Chancellor of Univ. of Giessen, 1756 — Dean 
"of Faculty of Theology, 1756 — tf. at Giessen, 
19 Nov. 1760. Institutiones theologicce, dog- 
maticce, et morales, 17 19 — Lntroductio in his- 
toriam theologies litter ariam, 1720 — edition of 
Lactantius, 17 12. 

Pfaffenhofen, in Bavaria, — Gen. Batthyani 
defeats French and Bavarians at, 15 Apr. 1745 
— Gen. Oudinot defeats Austrians, 19 Apr. 
1809. 

Pfeiffer, August, orientalist, — fj. in Saxony, 
1640 — D.D., 1 68 1 — Prof. Theology and 
Oriental Languages, Leipzic, 168 1 — Super- 
intendent at Liibeck, 1689 — tf. at Liibeck, n 
Jan. 1698. Critica Sacra, 1680 — Opera philo- 
logica, 1704. 

Pfeiifer, Ida, traveller, — fj. at Vienna, 15 
Oct. 1797 — marries, 1820 — commences her 
travels, 1842 — tf. at Vienna, 1858. Frauenfahrt 
um die Welt, 1850 — Zweite Weltreise, 1856. 

Phaeax, orator, — [B C] — ambassador of 
Athens to Italy and Sicily, about Leontia and 
Syracuse, 422. 

Phaedon, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
76.1,) 476.* a Clinton. 

Phaedon, philosopher, — [BC]— taken pri- 
soner in war between Sparta and Elis, 401-400 
■ — sold at Athens, 400 — founds School of Philo- 
sophy at Elis, after 400. 

Phaedrus, fabulist, — {L, about 25. 
Phaeneas, JEtolian strategics, — [B C] — strate- 
gus, 198 — opposes Philip: serves under Fla- 
minius, 197 — strategus, 192 — opposes war: 
ambassador to submit to Borne, 191 — captured 
by Epeirots, 190 — ambassador to conclude 
peace, 189. 

Phaenippos, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (0.1 
72, 3,) 490. 

Phalaecos, — [BC] — commands in Pho^ian 
"War, 351-47 — commands Phocseans again, 346 



—makes treaty with Philip of Macedonia, be- 
trays Phocaeans, 346— killed at siege of Ky- 
donia, about 338. 

Phalaris,— [B C] — Tyrant of Agrigentum, 
beginning of 57°-555, a (01. 53, 4,) 565,* 
[5 6 5-4-549> c ] ( 01 - 52,3,) 570 d — overthrown 
by Telemachus, (01. 57, 3,) 550-49 b — tf., 549. 
[Perillus.] a Clinton. b Muller. 

c Hieron. d Euseb. Suidas. 

Phalsbourg-, (Pfalzburg,) in Lorraine, — 
fortress built by Count Palatine, 1570 — given 
up by Duke of Lorraine to France, 17 18 — 
blockaded by allies, 18 14-15 — invested by 
Crown Prince of Prussia, 9 Aug. 1870 — bom- 
barded, 10 and 14 Aug. and 24 Nov. — entered 
by Germans, 12 Dec. 1870. 

Phanias (Phcenias) of Eresos, philosopher, 
historian, — $., about 320. 

Phanocles, elegiac poet, — [BC] — £{., about 

335- 

Phanostratos, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, 
(01. 99, 2,) 383. 

Pharasmanes, King of Iberia, — aids his 
brother Mithridates in seizing throne of Ar- 
menia, 35 — incites his son Bhadamistus against 
him, 53 — puts Bhadamistus to death, 55. 

Pharmaceutical Society, of London, — estab- 
lished, 1 Jun. 1 841 — chartered, 18 Feb. 1843 
— regulated by Act 15 and 16 Vic. c. 56, 30 
Jun. 1852. 

Pharmacopoeia, — Number g, published, 1542 
— London, 161 8 — Edinburgh, 1699 — Dublin, 
1807 — British, published under direction of 
General Medical Council, 1864 — official pub- 
lication of, 14 Jun. 1867. . 

Pharnabazus, Satrap at the Hellespont, 
— [B C] — begins intrigues with Sparta, against 
Athens, 412— aids Spartans against Athenians 
at Hellespont, battle of Abydos, siege of 
Kyzikos, 411 -410 — defeated by Alkibiades and 
Thrasyllus, at Abydos, 409 — peacowith Athens, 
408 — detains ambassadors to Susa : opposes 
return of the Ten Thousand, 400 — in Perso- 
Spartan War, joins with Conon against 
Sparta, 397-3— invaded by Agesilaos, 396-5 — 
with Conon, plunders Peloponnesian coasts, 
spring 393 — commander in invasion of Egypt, 
392-0— again, 374. 

Pharnaces II., King of Pontus, {Bosporos,) 
— [B C] — revolts against his father, Mithridates, 
63, and becomes king — receives kingdom of 
Bosporos from Pompey, 63 — defeats Domitius 
Calvinus and Deiotarus and regains Pontus, 47 
— defeated by Caesar at Zela, 47— defeated and 
slain by Asander, 47. 

Pharos, The, at Alexandria, — [BC]— built 
by Ptolemy Soter and his successor, completed, 
283 — island devastated when Caesar besieged 
Alexandria, 47— [AD]— anchorites frequent, 
between 300-500. 

Pharsalia, battle of [Pharsalus.] 
Pharsalus, in Thessaly,— [B C]— Polydamas 
governor, 375 — put to death by Polyphron, 370 
— Caesar defeats Pompey at, 48. 

Phaselis, in Pamphylia — [BC] — founded 
by Lakios with Bhodians and Cretans, 690^ 
(01. 16, 4,) 713^ [676.C] 

a Euseb. b Muller. c Hieron. 

71 * 



I 1 24 



PHASIS— PHILIP I. 



Phasis, — [BC]- colony of Miletus, about 
750. 

Phayllus, — [B C] — serves under Onomarchus 
in Social (Phocian) War, 352— Lycophron of 
Pherse joins, before midsummer 352 — defeated, 
352 — rj., 351. 

Pheidias, sculptor, — [BC] — h., about 490a 
— overseer of all public works at Athens, about 
(01. 84) 444— goes to Elis, 437— on his re- 
turn to Athens, prosecuted for impiety, (01. 
87, 1,) 432 — rj., 432. Parthenon and Statue 
of Athene, finished and dedicated, (01. 85, 3,) 
middle Jul. 43 8. b Statue of Zeus, at Olym- 
pia, finished, 433. Athene robbed of its gold 
by Lachares, about 296. [AD] — Zeus removed 
to Constantinople by Theodosius L, 379-95 — 
and destroyed by fire, 475. 

a Smith's Diet. b Miiller. 

Pheidon, Tyrant of Argos,— [BC]— [895- 
869,^] — attempts to conquer Corinth, about (01. 
3) 768° — celebrates the games at Olympia, 
(01. 8,) Jul. 748 b — invents weights and mea- 
sures, between 770-730. 

a Par. Marti. b Pausanias. c Miiller. 

Phelippeaux, A. Ls Picard de, Vendean 
leader, — b. in Poitou, 1768 — enters military 
school of Paris, 1783 — emigrates, 1791 — serves 
under emigrant Princes in campaign of 1792 — 
serves in France, 1795-6— takes part with Sir 
Sydney Smith in defence of Acre, 1799 — tj. 
there, May 1799. 

Phenol, [Phenic Acid, Carbolic Acid, Phenic 
Alcohol,) — obtained from coal tar by Laurent, 
1846-7 — process improved by Mansfield, 1847 
—by Boboeuf, 1856 — by Calvert, 1859. 

Pherae, in Thessaly,-~[B C] — Jason, Tyrant 
of, 374-370 — Polyphron, 370-369 — Alexander, 
autumn 369 to before midsummer 359 — Tisi- 
phonus, before midsummer 359-357 a — Lyco- 
phron, 357— surrenders to Philip, and repub- 
lican government restored, summer 352. 

Pherecles, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
119, 1,) 304. 

Pherecrates, comic poet, — [BC] — gains his 
first victory, (01. 85, 3,) 438. Agrioi, Feb. 420. 

Pherekydes, of Syros, philosopher, — [BC] — 
«., 600— £{., (01. 59,) 544. 

Pherekydes, of Athens, logographer, — [B C] 
-6., (01. 75,) 4 8o,a (01. 81,) 455 . b 

a Suidas. b Euseb. and Cnron. Pasch. 

Phidias. [Pheidias.] 

Phigalia, (Phigaleia,) in Arcadia, — [BC] — 
taken by Lacedaemonians, (01. 30, 2,) 659. 

Phigaleian Marbles. [Elgin Marbles.] 

Phila, — [B C] — married to Balacrus, 332 ? — 
to Craterus, 322 — to Demetrius, 319? — re- 
ceives remains of Craterus from Ariston, 315 — 
attempts reconciliation of Cassander with 
Demetrius, after 301 — besieged by Ptolemy in 
Salamis, 295 — kills herself on dethronement of 
Demetrius, 287. 

Philadelphia, in Asia Minor, {Alia Shehr,) 
— [B C] — founded or enlarged by Attalus Phila- 
delphus, 157-137 — becomes subject to Romans, 
133 — [AD] — besieged by Turks, and the siege 
raised by Roger de Flor, 1304 a — besieged by 
8, relieved by Ahxios Philanthropenos", 
; 5~3 u ~ mentioned as independent, 1336 s — 



taken by Bajazet I., 1390^ i39i. c Council of, 
against Beryllus, Bp of Bosra, held, 242. 
a Finlay. b Smith's Diet. c Ersch and Gruber. 

Philadelphia, in Pennsylvania, U. S., — 
founded by William Penn, 1682— first Con- 
gress meets at, 5 Sep. 1774 — Declaration of 
Independence adopted at, Apr. 1776 — taken by 
British under Howe, 26 Sep. 1777 — recovered 
by Americans, 18 Jun. 1778 — ravaged by yellow 
fever, 1793 — ceases to be capital of Pennsyl- 
vania, and seat of government transferred to 
Washington, 1800 — riots at, suppressed by mili- 
tary, 1844. University, founded, 1765 — in- 
corporated, 1 79 1. Library, commenced by 
Franklin, 17 31. Mint, founded, 1792 — Ame- 
rican Philosophical Society, founded, 1743. 
Academy of Fine Arts, established, 1807. 
Athenceum, established, 18 14. Girard College, 
founded by Stephen Girard, 1831. 

Philanthropic Society, — for reformation of 
young criminals, originated by Robert Young, 
1788 — incorporated, 1806. [Reformatory.] 

Phile, (Philes,) Manuel, Byzantine poet, — 
b. at Ephesus, about 1275 — )j., probably about 
1340. 

Philemon, comic poet, (New Comedy,) — [BC] 
— ft., about 360— begins to exhibit, before (01. 
113) 330— *., (01. 129, 3,) 262.* 
a "Wesseling ad Diod. 

Philemon, Epistle of Paul to, written, about 
63-4^ a Smith's Diet. Bib. 

Philetaerus. [Pergamus.] 

Philetas, of Cos, elegiac poet, — [BC] — fl., 
336-290 a — tf., about 28o. b 

a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. 

Philharmonic Society, of London, — estab- 
lished, 1 813. 

Philibert. [Savoy.] 

Philidor, (Francois Andre Lanican,) mu- 
sical composer, chess-player, — b. at Dreux, 7 
Sep. 1726 — travels in Holland, Germany, and 
England, 1745-54 — fr. in London, 31 Aug. 
1795. Analysis of the Game of Chess, 1749. 

Philinus, historian, — [B C] — £L, about 
216. 

Philip of Suabia, Emperor of the Ro- 
mans, — created Marquis of Tuscany, 1195 — 
marries Irene, widow of Roger of Sicily, 1195 
— succeeds his father, Frederick Barbarossa, as 
Duke of Suabia, n 96 — excommunicated by 
Celestine III., 1197 — on death of his brother 
Henry VI., gets himself appointed Regent, 
and guardian for Frederick II., 11 98 — elected 
King of the Romans, 6 Mar. 11 98 — absolved 
and crowned at Mentz, by Abp of Taranto, 
about Easter n 98 — carries on war with his 
rival, Otto IV. : gets himself again elected, and 
is crowned with his wife at Aix-la-Chapelle, 6 
Jan. 1205 — obtains victory over Otto, 1206 — 
makes his peace with Innocent III., 1207 — 
assassinated at Bamberg, by Otto of TVittels- 
bach, 23 Jun. 1208 — his remains removed to 
Spire, 1 2 13. 

Philip I., King of France, — b., 1053 — 
crowned atRheims, 1059 — succeeds his father, 
Henry I., Aug. 1060 — regency of his mother, 
Anne of Russia : on her retirement, regency of 
Baldwin V., Count of Flanders, 1062 to 1 Sep. 



PHILIP. 



1125 



1067 — invades Flanders, and is defeated by 
Robert the Frisian at Montcassel, 20 Feb. 
1 07 1 — marries Bertha, daughter of Robert, 
1072 — marches against William the Conqueror, 
and raises siege of Dole, 1075 — the war ter- 
minated by William's death, 1087 — supports 
Robert, Duke of Normandy, against William 
Rufus, 1090 — shuts up Bertha at Montreuil 
and marries Bertrada, wife of Fulk of Anjou, 
Jun. 1092 — on death of Bertha, gets his mar- 
riage sanctioned by Council of Rheims, 16 
Sep. 1094— excommunicated by Council of 
Autun, 16 Oct. — again by Urban II. at Coun- 
cil of Clermont, 1095 — dismisses Bertrada and 
is absolved, early in 1097 — associates his son 
Louis in the kingdom, 1098 or 1099 — recalls 
Bertrada, and is again excommunicated by Coun- 
cil of Poitiers, n 00 — absolved by Pascal II., 
2 Dec. 1 104 — receives Pascal II. at Paris, 1 107 
— ft. at Melun, 29 Jul. 1108. 

Philip II. Augustus, King op France, — 
ft., 21 Aug. 1 1 65 — crowned at Rheims, 1 Nov. 
1179 — marries Isabella of Hainault, 28 Apr. 
1 1 80 — crowned again, with her, at St Denis, 
29 May — succeeds his father, Louis VII., 18 
Sep., under regency of Philip, Count of Flan- 
ders : concludes treaty of alliance with Henry 
II., 1 1 80 — suppresses revolt of nobles, 1180- 
82 — expels the Jews, Apr. 11 82 — makes war 
on Count of Flanders, and acquires County of 
Yermandois, 1183-85 — disperses the Braban- 
c,ons, 1 1 84 — quarrels with Henry II. of Eng- 
land about dower of Alice, his sister, betrothed 
to Richard, 1 187 — with Richard, carries on war 
against Henry, 11 87 — with Henry, projects 
crusade, Jan. 11 88 — holds assembly at Paris, 
and orders levy of the Saladin tenth, 27 Mar. 
1x88 — loses his queen, 15 Mar. 11 90 — takes 
the cross at St Denis, 24 Jun. 1190 — meets 
Richard at Vezelai, 4 Jul. — passes winter in 
Sicily, 1 1 90- 1 — arrives before Acre, 13 Apr. 
1 191 — [Crusades] — quarrels with Richard, 
Jul. — returns to France, about end of 1191 — 
marries Ingeburga, 14 Aug. 11 93 — excites re- 
volt against Richard in Aquitaiue and invades 
Normandy, 1193 — defeated by Richard near 
Freteval, and records of the kingdom captured, 
5 Jul. 1 1 94 — has conference with Richard, 7 
May 1 195 — concludes peace, 15 Jan. 1196 — 
marries Agnes of Meranie, Jun. 11 96 — nar- 
rowly escapes with his life at combat of Gisors, 
28 Sep. 1196^ 20 Sep. ii98 b — another com- 
bat at Gisors, 28 Oct. 1197 b — concludes a 
truce with Richard for five years, 1 3 Jan. 1 1 99 
— supports claim of Prince Arthur, 11 99 — gar- 
risons his territories and attacks Normandy, 
1200 — acknowledges King John, 23 May 1200 
— receives him at Paris, Jul. 1201 — makes war 
on him, 1202 — cites him to answer for death of 
Arthur, 30 Apr. 1203 — conquers Normandy, 
1203-4 — reduces Anjou, Maine, and Touraine, 
1204 — makes truce for two years with John, 
Sep. 1206 — prepares to invade England, 121 3 
— invades Flanders, 121 3 — his fleet at Damme 
burnt by Earl of Salisbury, 12 13 — again in- 
vades Flanders, Jul. 12 14 — defeats Otto IV. 
and allies at Bouvines, 27 Jul. — accepts offer 
of English crown for his son Louis, 26 Apr. 



1216 — [Louis, Prince] — ft. at Mantes, 14 Jul. 
1223. a Art de verifier les Dates. 

b Annals of England. 

Philip III. the Bold, King of France, — ft., 
May 1245 — marries Isabella of Aragon, 28 
May 1262 — on death of his father, St Louis, 
is proclaimed King, at Tunis, 25 Aug. 1270 — 
continues siege of Tunis : makes truce of ten 
years with king of Tunis, and embarks for 
France, 28 Nov. — loses his wife, Jan. 1271 — 
reaches Paris, 21 May — crowned at Rheims, 
15 or 31 Aug. — succeeds to County of Tou- 
louse, 127 1 — suppresses revolt of Count of 
Foix, May 1272 — gives up the Venaissin to 
Gregory X., Apr. 1274 — marries Mary of 
Brabant, Aug. 1274 — obtains cession of 
Normandy from Edward I., 1279 — invades 
Catalonia, spring 1285 — storms Elna, 25 May — 
passes the Pyrenees and besieges Gerona, Jun. 
to Sep. 1285 — fr. at Perpignan, 5 Oct. 1285. 

Philip IV. the Fair, King op France, — ft. 
at Fontainebleau, 1268 — marries Joanna, Queen 
of Navarre, 16 Aug. 1284 — accompanies his 
father, Philip the Bold, into Catalonia, 1285 
— proclaimed King, at Perpignan, 6 Oct. 1285 
— leads back army to France, 1285 — crowned 
with his queen at Rheims, 6 Jan. 1286 — 
receives homage of Edward I. at Paris, Whit- 
suntide, 5 Jun, 1286 — despoils the Jews, 1290 
— imprisons Italian merchants, 1291 — cites 
Edward I. to answer respecting hostilities be- 
tween Cinque Ports and Normans, Nov. 1293 — 
again, 5 May 1294 — declares Edward's fiefs in 
France forfeited, 1294— carries on war with 
English, Dec. 1294-7 — makes war on Guy, 
Count of Flanders, 1297 — makes truce for two 
years with England, close of 1297 — concludes 
peace, 19 Nov. 1298 — his quarrel with the 
pope begins, 1301 — [see Boniface VIII. and 
William of JSfogaret] — battle of Courtrai, 1302 
— enters Flanders, but concludes treaty with 
Edward I., and cedes Guienne to him, 20 May 
1303 — again invades Flanders, and defeats 
Flemings at Mons-en-Puelle, 18 Aug. 1304 — 
loses his Queen Joanna, 2 Apr. 1305 — promotes 
election of Clement V., 1305 — commences pro- 
ceedings against Knights Templars, 1307 — 
again invades Flanders, 1 3 1 3 — tf. at Fontaine- 
bleau, 29 Nov. 1 3 14. 

Philip V. the Tall, King of France, — ft., 
about 1294 — marries Joanna of Burgundy, Jan. 
1307 — Knt and Count of Poitiers, 13 13 — de- 
clared Regent of Navarre on death of his 
brother Louis X., Jul. 13 16— on death of his 
nephew, John I., Nov. 13 16, is crowned King 
of France at Rheims, 6 Jan. 13 17 — convokes 
States-General, and gets Salic Law confirmed, 
Feb. 1 317 — persecutes Albigenses, Vaudois, 
and Fratricelli, 1319-22 — terminates war with 
Flanders, by treaty of 2 May 1320 — persecutes 
lepers and Jews, 1321— tf. at Longchamps, 
near Paris, 2 or 3 Jan. 1322. 

Philip VI. of Valois, King oe France, — ft., 
1293— marries Jane of Burgundy, Jul. 1313— 
fails in expedition against Ghibellines in Lom- 
bardy, 1320— succeeds his father as Count of 
Valois, of Maine and Anjou, Dec. 1325 — 
Regent on death of Charles IV., Feb. 1328— 



126 



PHILIP. 



crowned King of France at Rheims, 29 May — 
defeats Flemings at Cassel, 23 or 24 Aug. — 
receives homage of Edward III. as Duke of 
Guienne, at Amiens, 6 Jun. 1329 — visits Bene- 
dict XII. at Avignon, 1336 — assists the Scots 
against Edward III., 1337 — invasion of France 
by Edward, 1339 — his fleet defeated at Sluys, 
24 Jun. 1 340 — challenged to single combat by 
Edward, 22 Jul. — refuses to meet him, 30 Jul. 
— concludes a truce, 20 Sep. — adjudges Duchy 
of Brittany to Charles of Blois, 1341 — war with 
England renewed, 1341 — truce concluded by 
mediation of Papal legates, 19 Jan. 1343 — 
holds a tournament at Paris, and puts to death 
Olivier Clisson, Jan. 1 344 — puts to death other 
Breton nobles, Nov. 1344— war with England 
renewed, 1345,* i344 b — defeated by Edward 
at Crecy,26 Aug. 1346 — siege of Calais, 1346-7 
— concludes a truce, Sep. 1347 — loses his 
queen, 12 Dec. 1349 — marries Blanche of 
Navarre, 29 Jan. 1350 — acquires Dauphinyfor 
the Crown, Mar. — acquires Lordship of Mont- 
pellier, from James, king of Majorca, Apr. — tf. 
at Nogent-le-Roi, near Chartres, 22 Aug. 1350. 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Annals of England. 

Philip I. of Castile. [Philip the Fair, Duke 
of Burgundy.] 

Philip II., King of Spain, — ft. at Valladolid, 
21 May 1527 — receives title of Duke of Milan ; 
marries Maria of Portugal, 13 Nov. 1543 — 
loses his wife, 16 Jul. 1545 — joins his father, 
Charles V., at Brussels, 1548-50 — King of 
Naples, 1554 — lands in England, 19 Jul. 1554 
— marries Mary, Queen of England, at "Win- 
chester, 25 Jul. — leaves England, Sep. 1555 — 
sovereign of the Netherlands on abdication of 
his father, Charles V., 25 Oct. 1555 — King of 
Spain, on like abdication, 5 Feb. 1556 — comes 
to England, 1557 — induces Mary to declare 
war on France, 7 Jun. — battle of St Quentin, 
10 Aug. — present at storming of the town, 27 
Aug. — battle of Gravelines, 1558 — Peace of 
Cateau-Cambresis, 1559— marries Isabella of 
France, 22 Jun. 1559 — appoints his sister Mar- 
garet, Duchess of Parma, governess of the 
Netherlands, Aug. 1559 — arrives in Spain, 
Aug. — present at Auto da Fe, 1559 — transfers 
seat of government from Toledo to Madrid, 
1560 — founds Escurial, 1563 — persecutes 
heretics in Naples, 1564 — persecutes Moors, 
1565 — [see Netherlands, Revolt of the] — im- 
prisons his son Don Carlos, 18 Jan. 1568 — 
loses his son, 24 Jul. — loses his queen, 3 Oct. 
— has Antwerp Polyglott printed at his ex- 
pence, 1569 — battle of Lepanto, 157 1 — marries 
Archduchess Anna Maria, 12 Nov. 1570 — visits 
provinces of Spain, 1576 — on death of Henry 
of Portugal, acquires that kingdom, 1580 — 
sends the Armada against England, 1588 — 
intrigues in France against Henry of Navarre, 
1585-93 — his ministers attempt assassination of 
Queen Elizabeth, 1593-4 — tf. at the Escurial, 

13 Sep. 1598. 

Philip III., King of Spain, — fc. at Madrid, 

14 Apr. 1578 — succeeds his father, Philip II., 
13 Sep. 1598 — makes Duke of Lerma his first 
minister: marries Margaret of Austria, 18 
Apr. 1599 — continues war in the Netherlands: 



sends embassy to James I. of England, 1603 — 
concludes truce for twelve years, and recognizes 
independence of United Provinces, 9 Apr. 1609 
— expels Moors of Valencia, 9 Dec. 1609 — ex- 
pels all Moors of Spain, 10 Jan. 16 10 — loses his 
queen, 3 Oct. i6n — dismisses Lerma, Oct. 
161 8 — ministry of Duke of TTzeda, 16 18 — rj. at 
Madrid, 31 Mar. 1621. 

Philip IV., King of Spain,— ft. at Valla- 
dolid, 8 Apr. 1605 — marries Isabella of France, 
25 Nov. 16 15 — succeeds his father, Philip III., 
31 Mar. 1 62 1 — ministry of Olivarez : renews 
war with the Dutch, 162 1 — fruitless negotia- 
tions with English Court for marriage of Prince 
Charles and the Infanta, 1623 — visit of Prince 
Charles to Madrid, Mar. 1623 — concludes mar- 
riage treaty, 20 Jul. — treaty broken off, Dec. 
— war with England, Mar. 1624 — siege of 
Breda, 1624-5 — war with France, begins, 
1636 — revolt of Catalonia, 1640 — revolt and 
separation of Portugal, 1 Dec. 1640 — dismisses 
Olivarez, and appoints De Haro first minister, 
1643 — revolt of Naples, 1647 — [Masaniello] 
— another, under Duke of Guise, Oct. to Nov. 
1647 to Apr. 1648 — renounces the Netherlands 
by Peace of Westphalia, 1648 — reduction of 
Catalonia by Don Juan, 1652 — Peace of the 
Pyrenees, 1659 — has interview with Louis 
XIV. at Bidassoa, Jun. 1660 — marries his 
daughter Maria Teresa to Louis XIV., 9 Jun. 
1660 — deprives Don Juan of command in the 
army, 1664 — battle of Villaviciosa, 1665 — &., 
17 Sep. 1665. 

Philip V., King of Spain, — h. at Versailles, 
19 Dec. 1683 — receives title of Duke of Anjou : 
called by testament of Charles II. to the throne, 
2 Oct. 1700 — proclaimed at Fontainebleau, 16 
Nov. — and at Madrid, 24 Nov. — enters Madrid, 
14 Apr. 1 701 — league formed by the Emperor, 
England, and Holland to dethrone him, 7 Sep. 
— [Spanish Succession, War of the] — loss of 
Oran to Moors, 1708 — marries Mary Louisa of 
Savoy, 11 Sep. 17 11 — recognized as king by 
Treaty of Utrecht, 17 13 — loses his queen, 14 
Feb. 17 14 — yields himself to guidance of 
Princess des LTrsins, 17 14— marries Elizabeth 
Farnese, 24 Dec. 17 14 — appoints Alberoni first 
minister, 17 15 — his projects give rise to the 
Quadruple Alliance, 17 18 — dismisses Al- 
beroni, 5 Dec. 17 19 — accedes to Quadruple 
Alliance, 17 Feb. 1720 — abdicates in favour 
of his son, Don Louis, 10 Jan. 1724 — on 
his death resumes the crown, 6 Sep. 1724 
— concludes treaty with Emperor, Sep. 1725 — 
unsuccessful siege of Gibraltar, 1727 — Treaty 
of Seville, 1729 — declares war on the Emperor, 
1733 — establishes his son, Don Carlos, as King 
of Two Sicilies, 1735 — Treaty of the Prado, 1739 
— England declares war against, 30 Oct. 1739 
— declares war on England, 28 Nov. — attempts 
to establish Don Philip in Italy, 1742-6 — 
[Parma] — tf. at Madrid, 9 Jul. 1746. 

Philip, Count of Evreux. [Joanna II., 
Queen of Navarre.] 

Philip. [Palatinate, Orleans, Savoy, Tus- 
cany, Flanders.] 

Philip de Kouvre. [Burgundy, Duchy of.] 
Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy,— b., 



PHILIP— PHILIPPINES. 



1127 



15 Jan. 1342 — distinguishes himself and is 
captured by English at battle of Poitiers, 1 356 
Duchy of Touraine erected for him, 1360 — 
— named Lieutenant-general in .Burgundy, 27 
Jun. 1363 — Duke of Burgundy, 6 Sep. 1363 — 
marries Margaret of Flanders, 19 Jun. 1369 — 
succours Troyes threatened by the English, 
1379 — contributes to victory of Rosebecque, 
Nov. 1382 — Count of Burgundy, Flanders, 
Artois, &c, on death of Louis de Male, Jan. 
1384 — buys County of Charolais of John, Count 
of Armagnac, 1390 — Regent of France with 
Duke of Berri, 1392 — "ft., 28 Apr. 1404. 

Philip the Good, Dukr op Burgundy, — ft. 
at Dijon, 30 Jun. 1396 — marries Michelle de 
France, Jun. 1409 — succeeds his father, John 
Sans Peur, 10 Sep. 141 9 — forms alliance with 
Henry V. of England, 1419 — joins iu Treaty of 
Troyes, 1420 — founds university of Dole, 1421 
— loses his wife, 8 Jul. 1422 — marries his sister 
Anne to Duke of Bedford, 13 Apr. 1423— holds 
conference with Dukes of Brittany and Bedford 
at Amiens, treaty of alliance concluded, 17 
Apr. — marries Bonne d' Artois, 30 Nov. 1424 
— she dies, 17 Sep. 1425 — marries Isabella of 
Portugal, 10 Jan. 1429 — takes part in siege 
of Orleans, 1429 — inherits Brabant, 1429 — 
appointed governor of Paris, 1429 — quarrels 
with Bedford, 1432 — Congress of Arras, 1435 
— -withdraws from English alliance, 21 Sep. 
1435 — besieges Calais, 19 Jul. to 2 Aug. 1436 
— his territories ravaged by Talbot, 1437 — 
ransoms Charles, Duke of Orleans,taken prisoner 
at Agincourt, Nov. 1440 — inherits Duchy of 
Luxemburg, 145 1 — protects Louis, Dauphin 
of France, 1456— sends ambassadors to Con- 
gress of Mantua, 1459 — assists at coronation 
of Louis XL, 146 1 — makes war on Louis, gives 
up administration of his Duchy to his son 
Charles, Count of Charolais, Apr. 1465 — 
[Charles the Hold] — present at destruction of 
Dinant, Aug. 1465 — ft. at Bruges, 15 Jun. 
1467. • 

Philip the Fair, Duke op Burgundy and 
King or Castile, — fi. at Bruges, 22 Jul. 1478 
■ — Count of Flanders on death of his mother, 
Mary of Burgundy, Mar. 1482 — Duke of Bur- 
gundy, 1493 — declared of age, 1495 — marries 
Infanta Joanna, daughter of Ferdinand and 
Isabella, 21 Oct. 1496 — on death of Isabella, 
assumes title of King of Castile, Nov. 1504 — 
sets out with his wife for Spain, 8 Nov. 1505 
— driven by storms on coast of England, 26 
Jan. 1506 — makes commercial treaty with 
Henry VII. and is compelled to give up Earl 
of Suffolk, Jan. to Apr. — crowned with his 
wife at Burgos, May — tf. there, 25 Sep. 1506. 

Philip the Magnanimous, Landgrave of 
Hesse, — fi., 13 Nov. 1504 — succeeds his father, 
"William II., n Jul. 1509 — under regency of 
his mother, Anne of Mecklenburg, till 15 18 — 
visits Luther at Worms, 1520 — marries, 1523 
— contributes to suppression of insurrection of 
peasants, 1525 — embraces the Reformation, 
1526 — attempts to mediate between Luther and 
Zwingli at Marburg, 1529 — signs Confession of 
Augsburg, 1530— joins League of Smalkald, 
153 1 — defeats Imperialists at Lauffen and re- 



stores Ulrich, Duke of Wiirtemberg, 1534 — 
marries a second wife, Mar. 1540— put under 
ban of the Empire, 20 Jul. 1546 — submits to 
Charles V., 1547 — death of his first wife, Apr. 
1549 — liberated by Charles V., Aug. 1552 — tf-, 
31 Mar. 1567. 

Philip of Alsace, Count op Flanders, — 
fi., about 1 143— associated in the government 
with his father, Thierry, 1157 — Count of 
Amiens and Vermandois, 1155 — succeeds his 
father, 1168 — concludes peace with Count of 
Holland, 27 Feb. 1168 — accompanies St 
Thomas of Canterbury to England, 1170 — 
makes a pilgrimage to Sant-Iago, 1172 — sup- 
ports revolt of Prince Henry of England against 
his father, 117 3 — sends troops to aid him in 
England, n 74 — takes part in siege of Rouen, 
Jul. to Aug. 1 1 74 — present at reconciliation of 
Henry II. and his son, 29 Sep. 1174 — takes 
the cross, early in 1175 — visits tomb of St 
Thomas of Canterbury, Jan. 117 7 — lands at 
Acre, about 1 Aug. 117 7 — visits Jerusalem, 
Easter 117 8 — returns home, Oct. 117 8 — ac- 
companies king of France to tomb of St 
Thomas, Sep. 1179 — assists at coronation of 
Philip Augustus, 1 Nov. n 79 — Regent of 
France for him, Sep. 11 80 — deprived, 1181 — 
war with Philip Augustus about Counties of 
Amiens and Vermandois, n 82 to Mar. n 86 — 
marries Theresa of Portugal at Bruges, Aug. 
1 1 84— present at conference of kings of France 
and England, near Gisors, takes the cross, Jan. 
1 1 88 — sets out for Palestine, 1190 — tf. at Acre, 
1 Jun. 1 19 1 — his remains brought to Clair- 
vaux. 

Philip of Neri, St. [Neri.] 

Philippa of Hainault, Queen op England, 
— ft., about 1 312 — contracted to Prince Edward 
of England, 1326 — arrives at London, 23 Dec. 
1327 — married to him (then Edward III.) at 
York, 24 Jan. 1328 — intercedes for burgesses 
of Calais, Aug. 1347 — tf. at Windsor, 15 Aug. 
1369. 

Philippi, in Macedonia, — [B C] — taken and 
fortified by Philip of Macedonia, 356 a — Bru- 
tus and Cassius defeated by Octavius and An- 
tony, close of 42 b — made a colony by Augustus, 
after 42 — [AD] — visited by Paul, 53.° 

a Tkirrwall. b Clinton. c Smith's Diet. 

Philippic Era, (or of Alexander, or Edessa,) 
[BC] 12 Nov. 324. (Jun. 323.) 

Philippics. [Demosthenes.] 

Philippicus, {Philepicus,) (Bardanes,) Em- 
peror of the East, (71 1-7 13,) — serves under 
Justinian II., before 695 — exiled by Tiberius 
Absimarus, 698 ? — proclaimed by army and 
Chersonites, rules solely, Dec. 711 — assassin- 
ated, 4 Jun. 713. 

Philippides, comic poet, {New Comedy,) — 
[BC]— fl., (01. Ill,) 335-3°i, a (01. 114,) 323.^ 
a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. 

Philippine Islands, Indian Archipelago,— 
discovered by Magellan, 152 1 — Spanish settle- 
ment in, under Lopez de Legaspi, 1565 — ex- 
plored by Semper, about 1860-3. [Manilla, 
and Japanese Martyrs.] 

Philippins, religious sect in Russia, — under 



I I2S 



PHLLIPPOPOLTS— PHILIPSBURG. 



Philip Pustoswiat emigrate, and settle in 
Prussia and Lithuania, 1700. 

Philippopolis, (Poneropolis,) in Thrace, — 
[BC] — founded by Philip of Macedonia, about 
342 a — [AD] — besieged and taken by Goths, 
250 b — Arian synod, [Sardica, Council of~\ — 
taken by Amurath I., 1360 — earthquake, 18 18 
— great fire, 1846. a Thirlwall. h Clinton. 

Philippus, — [BC] — (1.) Archon at Athens, 
(01. 71, 2,) 495. (2.) Archon, (01. 122, 1,) 
292. 

Philippus, — [BC] — rebels against Perdiccas 
II. of Macedonia, with Derdas, about 433 ? — 
serves with Athenians against Potidaea, 432— 
fr., before 429. 

Philippus, — [B C] — tetrarch of Gaulonitis, 4 
to [AD] 34 — founds Cossareia Philippi, [B C] 3. 
Philippus, — Consul with Eassus, (1161, 
a. u. c.) 408. 

Philippus, of Thessalonica, epigrammatist, 
— ft, not before 100. 

Philippus, Flavius,— Consul with Flavius 
Sallia, (1101, a. tj. c.) 348. 

Philippus, L. Marcius, orator, — [B C] — trib. 
pleb., 104 — arms against Saturninus, 100 — 
Consul with Sex. Julius Caesar, (663, a. tj. c.) 
91 — opposes Drusus : censor with M. Perperna, 
86 — opposes attempt of Lepidus to alter con- 
stitution, 78. 

Philippus, L. Marcius, — [BC]— marries 
Atia, mother of Augustus, about 58 — Consul 
with Cn. Corn. Lentulus Marcellinus, (698, 
a. u. c.) 56. 

Philippus, M. Julius, Roman Emperor, 
(244-9,) — praetorian praefect on death of Misi- 
theus, 243 — procures death of Gordian III. 
and his own proclamation, Mar. 244 — war with 
Carpi, 245 — makes his son Augustus with him, 
247 — rebellion of Jotapinus and Marinus, 248 
— Secular Games, 248 — killed with his son at 
Verona, Sep. or Oct. 249. 

Philippus, Q,. Marcius, — [BC] — praetor in 
Sicily, 188 — Consul with Sp. Postumus Albi- 
nus, (568, a. tj. c.) 186— defeated by Apuani 
at Saltus Marcius : ambassador to Greece about 
Philip of Macedonia, 183 — decemvir senorum, 
180 — ambassador to Perseus, 171 — Consul with 
Cn. Servilius Caepio, (585, a. u. c.) 169 — in- 
vades Macedonia : censor with L. JErnilius 
Paullus, 164. 

Philippus II.,— [B C] — King of Macedonia, 
(359-336,) — ft., 382 — taken to Thebes by Pelo- 
pidas, 368 — escapes to Macedonia, 360 — be- 
gins to reign, early in 359 — defeats Argaeus at 
Methonc, spring or before midsummer 359 — 
declares Amphipolis a free city, before mid- 
summer — makes peace with Athens, after mid- 
summer — defeats Paconians, defeats Illyrians, 
359— takes Amphipolis, after midsummer 358 
— seizes Pydna and Potidaea, 357-6 — takes 
Crenides, (Philippi,) after 356 — Khalkis and 
Euboca, 354 — Pagasae, 353 — takes and destroys 
Methone, 353 — defeats Onomarchus, 352 — 
delivers Pherae from Lycophron, 352 — attempts 
Thermopylae, hindered by Athenians, 352 — 
gives Epirus to Alexander, after 350 — attempts 
Khalkidian cities, 349 — Olynthian War, 348-7 
— celebrates Olympic atDium, spring or sum- 



mer 347— defeats Kersobleptes in Thrace, 347 
— makes peace with Athens, Jun. 346 — end of 
Phocian War, Jul. or Aug. 346 — Illyrian \Var, 
344 — inAcarnania, 343 — makes war on Thrace, 
defeats Kersobleptes again, spring 342 — returns 
from Thrace, after ten months, Jul. 341- — in 
Thessaly, 341— sends succours to Cardia, against 
Diopeithes, spring 341 — besieges Selymbria, 
Perinthus, Byzantium, 340-339 — Athenian 
embassy to Philip, 340 — writes from siege of 
Selymbria to Athens, 340 — chosen general of 
Amphictyons, Feb. 338 — battle of Chseroneia, 
338 — marries Cleopatra, 337 — slain, after mid- 
summer 336, 

Philippus V., — [B C] — King op Macedonia, 
(220-178,) — ft. ,237 — succeeds AntigonusDoson, 
220 — advances to Corinth, presides at congress 
at Corinth, 220 — enters Epirus, spring 219 — 
defeats iEtolian League, and reduces Elis, 
autumn to winter 219 — takes Thermus, spring 
218 — invades Sparta, 218 — peace, end of 
Social War, 217 — war with Illyrians, summer 
217 — fleet sent out against lllyria and re- 
called, 216 — his messenger to Hannibal cap- 
tured by Romans, 216 — concludes alliance 
with Hannibal, late in 215 — naval expedition 
to Apollonia, 214-3 — first collision with Rome, 
214 — invades Messenia, 214 — murders Aratus, 
213 — captures Echinus in Thessaly, 210 — de- 
feats iEtolians, is defeated at Elis, 209, a 208 b 
— war with Attalus, and confederacy of 
iEtolians at Rome, saves Khalkis, 208— peace 
with iEtolians, and with Rome, 205 — league 
with Antiochus against Egypt, 205 — war in the 
iEgean, 202 a — defeated by Attalus and Rhodi- 
ans, defeats them at Lade, 201 — returns to Mace- 
donia, 200 — war declared against him by Rome, 
200 — [Macedonian War, 1st] — aids Flami- 
ninus against Nabis,' 195 — aids Rome against 
Antiochus, 191 — confined to his ancient bound- 
aries of Macedonia, 185 — sends Demetrius to 
Rome, 183 — rj., near end of 179. 

a Thirlwall. b Clinton. 

Philippus of Side, ecclesiastical historian, — 
ft., about 380 — candidate for patriarchate of 
Constantinople, 425, 428, and 431. 

Philips, Ambrose, poet, — ft., about 1671 — 
rf. in England, 8 Jun. 1749. Distressed Mother, 
acted, Feb. 17 12 — Poems, 1748. 

Philips, John, poet, — ft. in Oxfordshire, 
1676 — enters Christ Church, Oxford, 1694 — 
rj., 15 Feb. 1708. Splendid Shilling, 1703 — 
Cider, 1706. 

Philipsburg, {TJdenheim,) in Germany, — 
acquired by bishops of Spire, 1316 s1 — seized, 
and the fortifications destroyed, by Elector Pa- 
latine and his allies, 18 Jun. 161 8 a — the works 
restored, 1623 — besieged and taken by Duke 
d'Enghien, 9 Sep. 1644 — conquered by Prince 
Charles of Lorraine, 17 Sep. 1676 — confirmed 
to him by Peace of Nimeguen, 1679 — besieged 
and taken by Dauphin, 10-29 ^ c ^ J 688 — 
given up to Imperialists by Peace of Ryswiek, 
1697 — invested by Marquis of Asfeld, 25 May 
1734 — surrenders, 18 Jul. — given up to Lor- 
raine by Treaty of Vienna, Oct. 1735 — bom- 
barded by French, 30 Aug. 1799 — relieved by 
Archduke Charles, Sep. — taken by French 



PHILISCOS— PHILOMELO? 



1129 



and fortifications destroyed, 1800 — passes to 
Baden, 1803. a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Philiscos, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
83, 1,) 448. 

Philiscos, comic poet, (Mid. Com.,) — [BC] — 
— fl., about 400 or later. 

Philiscos, {Pleiad,) of Korhyra, tragic poet, 
— [BC] — portrait painted by Protogenes, 304 
— at coronation of Ptolemy Pkiladelphus, 284 
— fl., about 278. 

Philistines, — [B C] — their wars with Israel- 
ites, from about 1325 a — [Jews]— at war with 
Sidonians, about i209 b — with Eameses III., 
about same time : b Abimelech, king of Gerar, 
about i9oo, a 1898,° 2054 d — another, about 
1804,° i96o d — Achish, (Abimelech,) king of 
Gath, 1060 a — tributary to Jehoshaphat, about 
910 a — invade Judah, and plunder Jerusalem, 
temp. Jehoram, spring 888 a — subject to 
Hazael, 839 a — war with Ahaz and Hezekiah, 
about 74o, a and about 720 a — war with Assy- 
ria, 714 e — with Psammetichus, about 650 a — 
with Necho, about 610 a — with Alexander the 
Great, 332 — with Antiochus the Great, 198 b 
joins Syrians against Judaea, 166 b — war with 
Alexander Balas, 148 b — with Alexander Jan- 
liLeus, 97 b — their country annexed to Syria, by 
Pomp ey, 63. b a Ussher. 

b Smith's Diet. Bib. c Bib. Cyc. 

d Hales. e Bib. Chron. 

Philistos, historian, — [B C]— ft., about 435 a 
— active in behalf of Dionysius, at Syracuse, 
406 b — exiled, before 367 — recalled by Diony- 
sius IL, about 367 — defeated and slain by Syra- 
cusans, summer 356. 

a Smith's Diet. "° Clinton. 

Phillimore, John George, jurist, historian, 
— ft., 1809 — called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, 
1832 — M.P. Leominster, 1852 — fj. in Oxford- 
shire, 27 Apr. 1865. History of Laiv of Evi- 
dence, 1850 — Introduction to Study of Roman 
Law, 1848 — Principles and Maxims of Juris- 
prudence, 1856 — History of England during 
Reign of George III., 1863. 

Phillip, John, painter, — ft. at Aberdeen, 22 
May 1 81 7 — student at Royal Academy, 1837 
— returns to Aberdeen, 1840 — visits Spain, 
1851-2 — A.E.A., 1857— R. A., 1859 — tf., 27 
Feb. 1867. Tasso, 1840 — Presbyterian Cate- 
chising, 1847 — Marriage of Princess Royal, 
i860 — House of Commons, 1863 — La Gloria, 
1864 — Early Career of Murillo, 1865 — Chat 
round the Brasero, 1866. 

Phillips, Richard^ chemist, mineralogist, — 
ft., 1778 — F.R.S., 1822 — curator and chemist 
of Museum of Practical Geology, 1839-51 — 
Pres. Chemical Society of London, 1849 and 
1850— tl., Jul. 1851. Joint-editor of Philoso- 
phical Magazine, 1827-51. 

Phillips, Samuel, miscellaneous writer, — ft. 
in London, 18 15 — applies himself to Literature, 
1841 — LL.D. Gottingen, 1852 — ly. at Brighton, 
14 Oct. 1854. Essays from the Times, 1852 
and 1854. 

Phillips, Thomas, painter, — ft. at Dudley, 
18 Oct. 1770 — goes to London, 1790 — R.A., 
1808 — Prof, at Royal Academy, 1824-32 
— If. in London, 20 Apr. 1845. Lectures on- 



History and Principles of Painting, 1833. 
Phillips, William, geologist,— h. in London, 
10 May 1773— F.R.S., 1827— fr at Tottenham, 
spring 1828. Elementary Introduction to the 
Knowledge of Mineralogy, 18 16— Outline of the 
Geology of England and Wales, 1818. 

Phillpotts, Henry, Bp of Exeter,— ft. at 
Bridgewater, 6 May 1778 — enters Corpus 
Christi Coll. Oxford, Nov. 1791— B.A., Jim. 
1 795— Fellow of Magdalen Coll., 1795— or- 
dained priest, 1804— marries, 1804— chaplain 
to Bp of Durham, 1806— prebendary of Dur- 
ham, 1809— D.D., 1 82 1 — Dean of Chester, 
1828— Bp of Exeter, Oct. 1830— refuses to 
institute Mr Gorham, 1 849 — convokes a synod 
at Exeter, 1851 — ft. at Bisliopstowe, 18 Sep. 
1869. Letters to Charles Butler on his Book of 
the Roman Catholic Church, 1825-6— Letters to 
Mr Canning on the Roman Catholic Claims, 
1827— Letter to the Abp of Canterbury on the 
Gorham Case, Mar. 1850. 

PMlo, C Curtius — [BC]— Consul vritliM. 
Genucius Augurinus, (309, a. ij. c.) 445. 

Philo, L. Veturius,— [B C]— Consul with C. 
Lutatius Catulus, both abdicate, (534, a. tj. c.) 
220 — dictator for holding comitia, 217 — cen- 
sor with P. Licinius Crassus Dives, 210 — ft., 
210. 

Philo, Q. Pnblilius,— [BC]— Consul with 
Tib. JEmilius Mamercinus, (415, a. u. c.) 339 
— defeats and triumphs over Latins : dictator, 
publishes Publilian Laws, 339 — first plebeian 
prsetor, 337 — niagister equitum to L. 7F.mil ins 
Mamercinus, 335 — censor with Sp. Postumus 
Albinus, 332 — Consul with L. Corn. Lentulus, 
(427,) 327 — proconsul, first, takes Pahepolis, 
326 — Consul with L. Papirius Cursor, (434,) 
320 — again, with same, (439,) 315. 

Philochoros,— [B C] — (author of Atthis,) 
hicroscopos at Athens, 306 — fl., about 306-260 
— put to death by Antigonus Doson, about 
260. 

Philocles,— [B C] — Archon at Athens, (1.) 
(01. 80, 2,) 459- (2.) (01.97, 1,) 392. (3.) 01. 
114, 3,) 322. 

Philocles, tragic poet, — [B C] — defeats So- 
phocles, 429 — mentioned, 422, 414, 411. 

Philocles, — [B C] —ravages Attica under 
Philip V., 200 — at Khalkis, relieves Corinth, 
takes Argos, 198 — ambassador to Prusias and 
to Rome : accompanies Demetrius to Rome, 
184 — envoy to Rome to investigate charge 
against Demetrius, 1 8 1 — put to death by Philip, 
179. 

Philocrates, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, 
(01. 73, 4,) 485. 

Philocrates, — [B C] — statesman and ambas- 
sador at Athens, in Philippic affairs, 347-344 — 
leading orator, 340 a — exiled, 344 till after 
330. a Clinton. 

Philolaos, the Corinthian, (lawgiver at 
Thebes,)— [BC]— fl., 728. 

Philolaos, Pythagorean philosopher, — [BC] 
— fl., before 400. 

Philombrotos, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, 
(01. 46, 2,) 595- 

Philomelos, — [B C] — General of Phocians 
in Sacred War, 357— killed in battle, 353. 



PH 1L0N— PHCEBID AS. 



Philon, Academic philosopher, successor of 
Clitomachus,— [B C] — fi., 92— removes from 
Athens to Rome, 88. a a Clinton. 

Philon, mechanician, — [B C] — fl., about 153. a 
a Fabricius. 

Philon, Herennius Byblius, historian, 
grammarian,— %., 47, 27 a — ft., about 124, (01. 
220,) io4. a a Suidas. 

Philon Jud&eus, philosopher, §c, — [B C] — b., 
about 20? — [AD] — heads embassy to Rome, 
on behalf of Jews of Alexandria, wint. 39-40. 

Philonides, comic poet or actor — [B C] — S., 
about 427-405, about 375 ? 

Philopoemen, General of Achaean League, — 
[B C] — b., 252 — resists Spartan attack on 
.Megalopolis, 222 — at battle of Sellasia, 221 — 
serves in Crete, between 220-210 — commander 
of Achaean cavalry, 210 — serves with Philip 
against Elis, 209 — strategus of Achaaan League, 
208 — defeats Machanidas at Mantineia, 208 — 
drives Nabis out of Messene, 202— strategus 
again, 201 — defeats Nabis, 201 — returns from 
Crete to Peloponnesus, 194 — strategus again, 
192 — defeats Nabis and ravages Laconia, com- 
poses troubles at Sparta, 191 — strategus 
again, 189-8-7 — takes Sparta, restores exiles, 
&c, 188 — strategus again, 183 — taken and 
put to death by Democrates, 183. 

Philoponus, Joannes Grammatieus, rheto- 
rician,— b., about 525 a — writes against Joannes 
of Constantinople, about 568 a — Physica, 617 — 
turns Mohammedan, ? 639 ? a Clinton. 

Philosophers, — [B C] — law respecting, at 
Athens, (01. 116,) 316 or (01. 118) 308 a — re- 
pealed in a year : [A D] — expelled from Rome 
by Vespasian, between 71-75 a — again, by Do- 
mi tian, 90. a a Clinton. 

Philosophy, — study and teaching of, re- 
strained by decree of Council of the Lateran, 

Philostorgius, ecclesiastical historian, — ft., 
358, a 367 b — finishes his history, about 425. 
a Gothofr. b Voss. 

Philostratus, — b., 182 a — living, 244. Vitae 
Sophist., about 237. a Clinton. 

Philostratus Leninius, — b., about 191 — 
exempted from public duties by Caracalla, 215. 

Philotas, — [BC] — put to death for treason, 
330. [See Parmenion.] 

Philotheus Coccinus, Patriarch of Con- 
stantinople, — Abp of Heracleia, before 1354 
— reconciles Michael and John Palaiologus, 
1355 — Patriarch, 1355 — deposed for Callistus, 
1355 — reestablished, 1363 — "&., 1371^ 1376. b 
a Cave. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Philoxenos of Kythera, dithyrambic poet, 
— [BC]-fc., 435 a -fi-> (01. 95, 2,) 398-t(., 
(01. 100,) 38o. a a Smith's Diet. 

Philoxenos of Eretria, painter, — [B C] — 
fl., about 330-315. 

Philoxenus, Fl. Theodorus, — Consul with 
Probus, junior, (1278, a. u. c.) 525. 

Philus, P. Furius,— [B C]— (1.) Consul Tvith. 
C Flaminius, (531, a. tj. c.) 223 — war with 
Gauls: praetor, sent to Africa, 216 — censor 
with M. Atilius Regulus, 214— tf., 213. (2.) 
Consul with Sex. Atilius Serranus, (618, 
a. u. c.) 136 — has Spain for his province. 



Philyllios, comic poet, — [B C] — ft., about 
400, 394- a a Clinton. 

Phintias, Tyrant or Agrigentum, — [BC] 
— establishes his power, about 289 — fc\, about 
279. 

Phipps, Constantine. [Kormanby, Lord.] 

Phlegon, miscellaneous writer, — $., about 
125. 

Phlius, — [B C] — ally of Sparta, through 
Peloponnesian war, 432-404 — Lacedaemonian 
party expelled and recalled, before 383 — be- 
sieged by Agesilaos, 380 — surrenders, and is 
revolutionized, 379 — war with Argos, Arcadia, 
Elis, and Thebes, 372-366 — separate peace with 
Thebes and Argos, 366. 

Phoceea, asteroid, — discovered by Chacornac, 
6 Apr. 1853. 

Phoeas, Emperor of the East, (602-610,) 
— while Exarch of Centurions in army of 
the Danube, revolts against Emperor Maurice, 
Nov. 602 — proclaimed Emperor, 23 Nov., and 
crowned by Patriarch Cyriacus — enters Con- 
stantinople, 25 Nov. — puts to death Maurice, 
four of his sons, and his brother Petrus, 27 
Nov. — assumes consulship, Dec. — sends em- 
bassy to Chosroes, Apr. 603 — congratulated 
by Pope Gregory I., 603 — carries on war with 
Persia, 604 — puts to death Constantina and 
her three daughters, Jun. 605 — kills Narses, 
605 — concedes supremacy to Pope Boniface 
III., 607 — his son-in-law Priscus invites aid 
of Heraclius the younger against him, 608 — 
given up to Heraclius and put to death at Con- 
stantinople, 5 Oct. 610. 

Phocian (Sacred) War, — [B C] — begins, 
357 — siege of Chios by Chares, death of 
Chabrias : Phocians, under Philomelos, seize 
Delphi : second campaign, operations in Samos, 
356 — third campaign, peace concluded, about 
mids. 355 — Onomarchos commands Phocians, 
353 — Phayllos, 352 — Phalaecos, 351-346 — 
Philip of Macedonia occupies Phocis, Jul. 346 
— Phocian towns dismantled, Jul. or Aug. 346. 

Phocion, (Phokion,) — [B C] — b., 402 — com- 
mands under Chabrias at seafight off Naxos, 9 
Sep. 376 — commands in Cyprus and reduces it, 
35 1 — expedition into Euocea, (Anthesterion 
01. 107, 3,) 350^ 354 b — battle of Tamyne, 
35o, a 354 b — defeats conspiracy at Megara, 343 
— defeats Philip's designs in Eubcea, 341 — de- 
fends Byzantium against Philip, 340 — advises 
the giving up of the orators to Alexander, 335 
— defeats and kills Mikion, 323 — repels Mace- 
donian invasion, Jul. 322 — ambassador from 
Athens to Antipater, in Lamian war, Aug. to 
Sep. 322 — accused of treason and put to death, 
Apr. to May 317. 

a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. 

Phocis, (Pholds,) — [BC] — expedition of 
Sparta against, for Doric Tetrapolis, 458 a — 
Cleombrotos opposes Thebans in, 375— Pho- 
cians seize Delphi, latter part of 357 — [Pho- 
cian War] — Alexander governor, 217. 
a Muller. 

Phocylides, (Phokylides,) gnomic poet, — 
[BC] -b., (01. 55,) 5 6o a -fl., 537 , b (01. 60,) 
540. c a Smith's Diet. b Suidas. c Euseb. 

Fhcebidas, — [BC]- seizes Cadmeia of 



PHOENICIA— PHRYNICHOS. 



1131 



Thebes, summer 382 — killed by Thebans in 
Thespise, late in 378. 

Phoenicia, {political history,) — [B C] — a 
federal republic under the headship of Tyre, 
Sidon, &c, possess maritime empire of the 
Mediterranean, 832-786 [825-780 a ] — flourish- 
ing period of their commerce, establishment 
of colonies, about 1100-400 — subjugated by 
Assyria, 721 — by Babylon, 585-572 — by Persia, 
about 538 — gained in part by Evagoras, of 
Cyprus, about 390 — revolt against Persia, sub- 
dued, 351 — subjugated by Alexander the Great, 
332 — province of Syria, 323 — seized by 
Ptolemy, 320 — recovered by Antigonus, 314-3 
— regained by Ptolemy, 312 — permanently 
acquired by Ptolemy, after Ipsus, 301 — gained 
by Antiochus, 203, 198 — made a Roman pro- 
vince, with Syria, by Pompey, 62— given by 
Antony to Cleopatra, 37 — finally subdued by 
Rome, at Actium, 31. a Euseb. Hieron. 

Phoenicia, {wars,) — [BC] — against Shal- 
maneser of Assyria, Tyre taken, 721 — against 
Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon, Tyre taken, 585- 
572 — against Egypt, in the service of Persia, 
525 — against Greece, in the Persian service, 
492, 490, 480-449, 397-387 — against Cyprus, 
in the service of Persia, 385-376 — against 
Artaxerxes III. of Persia, Sidon burnt, 351 — 
against Alexander the Great, Tyre taken, 332. 
[For other wars, see Macedonia, Egypt, Syria, 
Home, $cJ] 

Phoenixville, in Pennsylvania, IT. S., — Bone 
Cave discovered, 1870. 

Phormion, — [B C] — sent with reinforcements 
against Samos, 440 — commands against Poti- 
dsea, 432-0 — at Naupactus, 430-29 — Athenian 
admiral in sea-fights in Corinthian Gulf, sum- 
mer 429 — defeats Peloponnesian fleet, 429 — fr., 
before 428. 

Phormion,— [BC]— Archon at Athens, (01. 
96, 1,) 396. 

Phormis, {Phormos,) comic poet, — [BC] — 
fl., about 500 — serves under Gelon and Hieron, 
in Sicily, about 478. 

Phosphorus, — discovered by Brandt, 1669 
— shown to be a constituent of bone by Gahn, 
1769 — process of preparation from bone, de- 
vised by Scheele, 1775. 

Phosphuretted Hydrogen Gas, — obtained 
by Gengembre, 1783. 

Photius, Patriarch op Constantinople, 
Byzantine historian, $c, — appointed to suc- 
ceed Ignatius as Patriarch, by Bardas, 25 
Dec. 857— his appointment confirmed by Coun- 
cil of Constantinople, 858 — writes to Pope 
Nicholas I. to confirm his election, 858 — 
arrival of legates at Constantinople, close of 
860 — compels them to acknowledge him as 
Patriarch, May 861— excommunicated by Pope 
Nicholas I., 862 — excommunicates the Pope, 
867— deposed and exiled by Basilius, 867— 
deposition confirmed by Council of Constan- 
tinople, 869-70 — restored to Patriarchate, 
877 — recognized by Pope John VIII., 879 — 
convokes and presides at Council of Constan- 
tinople, 879 — deposed and banished to Arme- 
nia by Emperor Leo YL, 886 — ft. there, about 



Photographic Process, — attempted by 
Scheele, 1777 — by Wedgwood and Davy, 
1802 — experiments of Niepce commence, 18 14 
— permanent pictures produced by him, 1824 
— experiments of Daguerre commence, 1 824 — 
[Daguerreotype]— experiments of Eox Talbot 
commence, 1834 — his method {Photogenic 
Prawiny) published, 31 Jan. 1839— [Calotype 
Process, Collodion Process, Carbon Printing] 
— transfer of photograph to enamel practised 
by Laf on de Camersac, 1 85 1 — • new method 
of printing discovered by Swan and Woodbury, 
1866. [Carte de Visite.] 

Photometer, — attempted by Bouguer, 1748 
— invented by Lambert, about 1760 — Leslie's, 
invented, 1797— Ritchie's, 1825 — polarizing, 
by Babinet, about 1855. 

Photosculpture, — invented by Willeme, 
1864. 

Photozincography, — invented by James and 
Scott in England, and by Osborne iu Austra- 
lia, 1859. 

Phraates. [Parthia.] 

Phranza, ' {Phrantzes,) George, Byzantine 
historian, — fi. at Constantinople, 140 1 — Grand 
Chamberlain to Manuel II. Paheologus, 141 8 
— accompanies embassy to wife of Murad II. , 
1423 — taken prisoner by Turks at siege of 
Patras, 1429 — governor of the Morea, 1446 — • 
ambassador to Sultan, 1434 — to Trebizond, 
1446 — Protovestiarius, 1448 — enslaved with 
his family at taking of Constantinople, May 
1453 — liberated with his wife, Sep. 1453 — 
living at Corfu, 1477. Chronicon, written, 
about 1470-7. 

Phrasiclides, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, 
(01, 102, 2,) 371. 

Phrenology. [See Gall, Spurzheim, and 
Combe.] 

Phrygia, {mythic,)— [BC] — Midas I. king, 
before 11 83 — possesses naval empire of the 
Mediterranean, 904-879 a — Midas II., 7 38- 
695* [736-696 b ] — overrun by Kimmerians, 
about 700 — Midas III., about 600-570° — 
Goedias, 570-560° — {historical) made province 
of Lydia at death of Midas V., about 560 c — 
subject to Persia, 546-331 — 'absorbed in Mace- 
donian Empire, share of Antigonus, 322 — falls 
to Lysimachus after battle of Ipsus, 301 — con- 
quered and annexed to Syria by Seleucus and 
Leonnatus, 281 — ravaged by Gauls, 279— given 
to Eumenes II. of Pergamus, by Rome, after 
defeat of Antiochus, 188 — given to Mithridates 
Y. of Pontus, 1 30 — taken from Mithridates the 
Great, before 112 — conquered by Mithridates, 
88-84 — [AD] — famine in, 370 — ravaged by 
Ostrogoths, 399. 

a Euseb. b Hieron. c Rawlinson. 

Phryne, Athenian ' hetaira,' — [B C] — 0., 
about 350-330. 

Phrynichos, tragic poet, — [BC] — gains the 
prize, (01. 67), 511—8., (01. 74,) 483 *— last 
time victor, in tragedy, (01. 76,) spring. 476. 
a Euseb. Cyril. 

Phrynichos, comic poet, (Old Comedy,) — ■ 

[B c]— first exhibits, (01. 86, 87 ?) 435 a — ex- 

1 hibits, (1st ?) (01. 87, 3,) spring 429— living, 



1 132 



PHRYNICHOS— PICCINI. 



405. Monotropos, 3rd prize, (01. 91, 2,) \\\> 
Jlusce, 2nd prize, (01. 93, 3,) 405. b 
a Suidas. b Clinton. 

Phrynichos, — [B C] — Arckon at Athens, (01. 
HO, 4,) 337. , £ 

Phrynichos, — [B C] — joint commander 01 
Athenian forces, defeats Peloponnesians at 
Miletus, 412 — intrigues against Alkibiades at 
Samos, 411 — joins in establishing the Four 
Hundred, assassinated, 411. 

Phrynon,— [B C] — victor at Olympia, (01. 
36,) 636— contends with Pittacus of Mytilene 
about Sigeium, (01. 43, 2,) 607-6 *— killed in 
single combat by Pittacus, 606. a Miiller. 

Phylarchos, historian, — [BC] — fl., about 
215. 

Physical Forces, Correlation of,— doctrine 
of, announced by Grove, 1842. 

Physicians, in Great Britain, — duty on 
licence to practise imposed by Act 00 Geo. 
III. c. 194, 1 8 15— amended and explained by 
Act 6 Geo. IV. c. 133, 1825 — duty on licence 
abolished by Act 22 and 23 Vic. c. 36, 13 Aug. 
1859. 

Physicians, Royal College of, London,— 
founded by Linacre and chartered by letters 
patent of Henry VIII., 15 18 — confirmed by 
Acts 14 Hen. VIII. c. 5, 1528 ; 32 Hen. VIII. 
c. 40, 1540, and 1 Mar. s. 2, c. 9, 1553 — ex- 
clusive privileges of, cease under Act 21 and 22 
Vie. c. 90, 2 Aug. 1858. College, burnt, 1666 
— new, in Warwick Lane, built by "Wren, 
1674-98— pulled down, Aug. 1866— another, 
in Trafalgar Square, opened, 25 Jim. 1825. 

Piacenza, (Flacentia,) in Italy, — [BC] — 
Roman colony, 219 — taken and destroyed by 
Ligurians and Gauls under Hamilcar, 200 — 
colony reestablished, by Lselius, 193 — mutiny 
of Caesar's soldiers at, 49 — [AD] — destroyed in 
Avar between Otho and Vitellius, 70 — joins 
second Lombard League, 1226 — aids Gregory 
IX., 1229 — begs for peace, Dec. 1237 — forms 
alliance with Aragon, Jun. 1238 — unsuccess- 
fully attacked by Frederick II., Oct. 1239 — 
sends envoys to Council of Rome, who are 
captured by fleet of Frederick, 1241 — ravaged 
by Lancia, 1242— aids Parma, 1247 — becomes 
subject to the Visconti, about 1350 — revolts, 
places itself under protection of Venice, 1447 
— retaken and pillaged by Sforza, Dec. 1447 — 
with Parma, erected into a Duchy, 1545 — 
— [Parma and Piacenza] — Prince von Lich- 
tenstein defeats Marshal Maillebois before, 16 
Jun. 1746 — occupied by French, 1797 — re- 
covered by Austrians, 1799 — taken by Murat, 
17 May 1800 — garrisoned by Austrians, 18 15 
— evacuated by them, 1 859. Town Hall, built, 
about 1280. Church of San Francisco Grande, 
built, 1278. Councils of, held by Urban II., to 
bear charges of Empress Praxede (Adelaide) 
against Henry IV., to receive embassy from 
Constantinople respecting war with the Infidels, 
to renew condemnation of Berenger, and to 
condemn clerks guilty of simony or inconti- 
nence, 1-7 Mar. 1095 : by Innocent II., after 
Whitsuntide n 32. 

Piali, military commander, — brought up by 
S^lyman the Great, from 1526— Capitan-pasha, 



sent to aid of Francis I. of France, 1555 — 
defeats Spanish and Italian fleets at Zerbi, 
I 559? a Mar. 1560 b — devastates Sicily, 1565 — 
unsuccessfully besieges Malta, 18 May to Oct. 
1565 — reduces Chios, Apr. 1566 — conducts 
expedition aginst Cyprus, 1570 — disgraced, 
157 1 — tf- at Constantinople, 157 1. 

a Biog. Univ. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Piano-forte, — invented by Cristofali, 17 14 — 
independently by Schroter, 17 21 — introduced 
in England, by Zumpe, 1766. 

Piast. [Poland.] 

Piarists, (Scolopini,) Order of, — founded at 
Rome by Casalanza, 1599 — approved by Paul 
V., 1617— by Gregory XV., 1621. 

Piazzetta, Giovanni Battista, painter, — b. 
at Venice, about 1682 — tf. there, 1754. 

Piazzi, Giuseppe, astronomer, — b. at Ponte 
in the Valteline, 16 Jul. 1746 — enters Order of 
Theatins at Milan, 1764 — Prof. Mathematics, 
Malta, 1770 — Palermo, 1780 — Director of 
Observatory, 1787 — visits Paris, 1787 — Eng- 
land, 1788-9 — discovers Ceres, 1 Jan. 1801 — 
F.R.S. London, 1804 — Director of Observatory, 
Naples, 1 8 17 — ft. there, 22 Jul. 1826. Stel- 
lar um inerrantium Fositiones, 1803— Second 
Catalogue, 18 14. 

Pibrac, Gui de Faur, Seigneur de, diplo- 
matist, poet, — b. at Toulouse, 1529 — one of the 
ambassadors of France to Council of Trent, 
1562 — Advocate - general to Paiiiament of 
Paris, 1565 — Councillor of State, 1570 — ac- 
companies Duke of Anjou to Poland as his 
Chancellor, 1573 — negotiates treaty between 
Court of France and the Protestants, 1576 — 
President a, mortier, 1577 — tf. at Paris, 27 
May 1584. Oratio habita in Concilio Triden- 
tino, 1562 — Cinquante Quatrains, 1574. 

Picard, Jean, mathematician, astronomer, — 
h. at La Fleche, (Anjou,) 21 Jul. 1629^ 1620 b 
— observes with Gassendi eclipse of the sun, 
2 5> a !5 b Aug. !^45 — Prof. Astronomy, College 
Royal, 1655 — member of Academy of Sciences, 
1666 — measures arc of meridian, 1669-71 — 
visits Uranienborg, 167 1 — U. at Paris, 12 Jul. 
1682,° 1683 or i684, d 12 Oct. i682. e Con- 
naissance cles Temps, 1679-83 — Mesure de la 
Terre, 1671. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

c Delambre. d Other authorities. 

e Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Picard, Louis Benoit, dramatist, — b. at 
Paris, 29 Jul. 1769 — admitted to French 
Academy, 1807 — receives cross of Legion of 
Honour, 1807 — Director of Opera, 1 Nov. 
1807 to 1 Jan. 1 81 6 — ft. at Paris, 31 Dec. 
1828. CEuvres, 1821. 

Picards, (Adamites, Beghards,) sect of, — 
appears in Bohemia, 141 8 a — exterminated by 
Ziska, 142 1. a a Gieseler. 

Picart, Bernard, engraver, — b. at Paris, 
1663 — ft. at Amsterdam, 1733. Ceremonies 
religieuses de toates les nations, 1723-43. 

Picart, Etienne, (le Romain,) engraver, — b. 
at Paris, 163 i—U. at Amsterdam, 1721. 

Piccini, (Ficcinni,) Nicolo, musical composer, 
— b. at Bari, 1728 — enters Conservatory of 
Naples, 1742 — goes to Rome, 1758 — to Paris, 
Dec. 1776 — his rivalry with Gluck begins, 1778 



PICCINLNO— PIERCE. 



"33 



— receives a pension, 1799 — tf. at Passy, 7 May 
1800. Cecchina, 1760 — Olimpiade, 1761 — 
Roland, 1778 — Atys, 17%0—Didon, 1783. 

Piccinino, Niccolo, general, — ft. at Perugia, 
1375 — serves under Braccio da Montone, 1417 
— at siege of Aquileia, Jun. 1424 — in service 
of Florence, taken prisoner at Marradi, 1 Feb. 
1425 — enters service of Duke of Milan, Dec. 
1425 — defeats Count of Urbino on the Serchio, 
2 Dec. 1430 — defeats Carmagnola at Soncino 
and Cremona, 143 1 — defeats Venetians in the 
Valteline, 1432 — and Venetians and Florentines 
near Imola, 28 Aug. 1434 — seizes Bologna, 21 
May 1438 — defeated by Sforza, 9 Nov. 1439 — 
invades Tuscany, 1440 and 1441 — defeated at 
Anghiari by Florentines, 29 Jun. 1440 — defeats 
Sforza, 25 Jun. 1441 — Bologna revolts, 5 Jun. 
1443 — defeated by Sforza, near Rimini, 8 Nov. 
1443 — tf. at Milan, 15 Oct. 1444. 

Piccolomini, (Jacopo Ammanati,) Cardinal, 
— ft. near Lucca, 8 Mar. 1422 — goes to Rome, 
1450 — secretary to Card. Capranica, 1450-60 
— Bp of Pavia, 1460 — Cardinal, i48o, a 146 1 b 
— &., 10 Sep. 1479. Commentarii et Dpistolce, 
1506. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nonv. Biog. Gen. 

Piccolomini, JSneas Sylvius. [Pius II., 
Pope.] 

Piccolomini, Alessandro, Archbishop of 
Patras, miscellaneous ivriter, — ft. at Siena, 15 
Jun. 1508 — Prof. Moral Philosophy, Padua, 1540 
— Abp of Patras, 1574 — tf. at Siena, 12 Mar. 
1578. La Eafaella, 1539 — Lnstituzione morale, 
1560 — Delia sfera del mondo, 1540 — Instru- 
ment dellafilosqfia naturale, 155 1 — Alessandro, 
1586 — Amor Costante, 1586. 

Piccolomini, Ottavio, general, — ft., 1599 — 
distinguishes himself at battle of Liitzen, 1632 
— at Nordlingen, 1634 — sent to aid Spaniards 
in the Netherlands, 1635 — delivers Thionville 
from French, 1639 — unsuccessfully besieges 
Pont-a-Mousson, 1639 — enters service of king 
of Spain, 1643 — Knt of Golden Fleece, Gen- 
eral-in-chief of Spanish forces in the Nether- 
lands, Dec. 1643 — recalled and made field- 
marshal, by Emperor, 1648 — Chief Commis- 
sioner of Austria at Congress of Niirnberg, 
1649 — 1(. Prince of the Empire, at Vienna, 10 
Aug. 1656. 

Picentes, — [B C] — make treaty with Rome, 
299 a — war with Rome, 269 — conquered, 268 
— take part against Rome in Social War, 90 — 
receive Roman franchise, 89. a a Smith's Diet. 

Pichegru, Charles, general, — ft. at Arbois, 
16 Feb. 1761 — enters the army, 1783 — General 
of Division, takes command of army of the 
Rhine, Oct. 1793 — commands army of the 
North, Feb. 1794 — passes the Meuse, 18 Oct. 
1794 — enters Amsterdam, Jan. 1795 — again 
commands army of the Rhine, Mar. — suppresses 
insurrection at Paris, 1 Apr. — negotiates with 
Prince of Conde, 1795 — resigns, 1796 — Pres. 
Council of Five Hundred, Mar. 1797 — trans- 
ported to Cayenne, (19 Fructidor an V.,) 5 Sep. 
1797 — escapes, Jun. 1798, and reaches Eng- 
land: allies himself with Cadoudal, 1803 — 
arrested at Paris, 17 Feb. 1804 — found strangled 
in prison, (16 Germinal an XII.,) 6 Apr. 1804. 



Pichincha, volcano in the Andes, — crater en- 
tered by Orton, 22 Oct. 1867. 

Pichler, Caroline, novelist, — ft. at Vienna, 7 
Sep. 1769 — marries Andreas Pichler, 1796 — ft. 
at Vienna, 9 Jul. 1843. Gleichnisse, 1800— 
Agathocles, 1%0% — Nebenbuhler, 1%2.1—Zeit- 
bilder, 1840 — Denkwiirdigkeiten aus mcinem 
Leben, 1844. 

Picken, Andrew, miscellaneous writer, — ft. 
at Paisley, 1788— &., 23 Nov. 1833. Domi- 
nie's Legacy, 1830 — Traditionary Stories of 
Old Lam Hies, 1833. 

Pico della Mirandola. [Mirandola.] 

Picpus, Order of, — instituted in France by 
Abbe Condrin, and approved by Pius VII., 
1814. 

Picric {Trinitrophenie) Acid,— observed by 
Hausmann, 1788 — investigated by Liebig, 
1827, and by Dumas, 1834. 

Picton, Sir Thomas, general, — ft. in "Wales, 
1758 — enters the army, 177 1 — goes to West 
Indies, 1794 — Colonel and governor of Trini- 
dad, 1797 — convicted of ordering torture of 
female slave, 1807 — serves at siege of Flushing, 
and is named governor of the town, 1809 — 
distinguishes himself at siege of Badajoz, 181 1, 
and Ciudad-Rodrigo, 1812 — at battle of Vit- 
toria, 1 81 3 — receives thanks of House of Com- 
mons, seventh time, Jun. 18 14 — wounded at 
Quatre-Bras, 16 Jun. 1815— killed at Water- 
loo, 18 Jun. 1 8 15. 

Pictor, C. Fabius, painter, — [BC] — paints 
the temple of Salus, dedicated by C. Junius 
Brutus, Bubulus, 302. 

Pictor, C. Fabius, — [BC]— Consul with Q. 
Ogalnius Gallus, (485, a. u. c.) 269. 

Pictor, Num. Fabius, — [BC] — Consitl with 
D. Junius Pera, (488, a. tr. c.) 266. 

Pictor, Q. Fabius, historian, — [B C]— serves 
in Gallic War, 225 — in 2nd Punic War, 218- 
216 — sent to Delphi to consult oracle after 
Cannae, 216. 

Picts, in Scotland, — subdued by Claudius, 
47 — wall built by Hadrian from Solway Frith 
to the Tyne, to prevent their incursions, 121 — 
with Scots, invade Britain, opposed by Lupi- 
cinus, 360 — renew invasion, 364 — routed by 
Theodosius, 368 — by Clemens Maximus, 382 — 
renew their inroads, 402 — Nmian preaches 
among, before or about 400— Saxons called to 
aid Britain against, 428 ? — Britons aided by 
Aetius against, 435 — aid against, sought by 
Britons of the Romans, about 446 — St Columba 
preaches to, 563-597 — subdued by Scots under 
Kenneth II., about 842. 

Piedmont, — passes to Counts of Maurienne, 
(House of Savoy,) 1042 — made a Principality, 
1424 — increased byaddition of severalprovinces, 
1703 — forms part of kingdom of Sardinia, 17 18 
— occupied by French, 1797-1814 — forms part 
of kingdom of Italy, i860. 

Pie-poudre, Court o/jin England,— regulated 
by Act 17 Edw. IV. c. 2, 1477— still held at 
Bristol, 1866. 

Pierce, Edward, painter, — H. in London, 
about 1650 — most of his works perish in the 
Great Fire, 1666 — "&., i666. a a Nagler. 

Pierce, Franklin, President of the 



1 134 



PIERMARINI— PILLAR-SAINTS. 



United States, — b., 23 Nov. 1804 — graduates 
at Bowdoin Coll., 1824 — called to the bar, 1827 
— member of State Legislature, (New Hamp- 
shire,) 1829 — member of Congres. 1833 — 
senator, 1837 — resigns, 1842 — as Brigadier- 
general, takes part in expedition of Mexico, 
1847 — Pres. Convention for revision of State 
constitution, 1850 — Pres. IT. S., Mar. 1853-7 
— visits Europe, 1857-60— rj., 8 Oct. 1869. 

Piermarini, Giuseppe, architect, — b. at 
Foligno, 18 Jul. 1734 — goes to Home, 1754— 
settles at Milan, as architect to Archduke, 1769 
— tf. at Foligno, 18 Feb. 1808. Teatro Bella 
Scala, Milan, about i774- a a Fergusson. 

Piers and Harbours. [Harbours.] 
Pierson, Major, — defeats and captures French 
invading party at St Heliers, Jersey, and is 
killed, 6 Jan. 178 1. 

Pieters, Bonaventura, painter,— b. at Ant- 
werp, 1 6 14 — ft. there, 25 Jul. 1652. 

Pieters, Gherard, painter,— b. at Amster- 
dam, 1580. 

Pieters, Jan, painter, — b. at Antwerp, 1648^ 
1667 b — tf., 1727^ a Biog. Univ. b Nagler. 
Pietists, sect of, in Germany, — originated by 
Spener, about 1670-80 — name introduced at 
Leipsic, 1689. 

Pigafetta, Antonio, traveller, — b. _ at Vi- 
cenza, about 1490 — accompanies expedition of 
Magalhaens, 1519-22 — Kntof St John, 1524 — 
living, 1534. Primo Viaggio intomo al Globo, 
1800. 

Pigalle, Jean Baptiste, sculptor, — b. at 
Paris, 17 14 — received at Academy of Painting, 
30 Jul. 1744 — Prof., 1752 — Chancellor, Jan. 
1785 — tf. at Paris, 20, a 24 b Aug. 1785. 
Monument of Marshal Saxe, Strasburg, 1765- 
76 — Mercury and Venus, 1745-8. 

Pighius, Albert, mathematician, diplomatist, 
theologian, — rj. at Kempen in the Netherlands, 
about 1490 — D.D. Cologne, 15 17 — takes part 
at Diet of Worms, 15 21 — in service of Adrian 
VI., 1523 — at Diet of Ratisbon, 1524 — canon 
of Utrecht, 1524 — tf. at Utrecht, 26 Dec. 1542. 
Astrologies Defensio, 15 18 — Hierarchic ecclesi- 
astics assertio, 1538 — De JEquinoctiorum Sol- 
stitiorumque inventione, 1520. 

Pighius, Stephen Wynants, antiquary, — 
b. at Kempen, 1520 — studies at Rome, about 
1548-56 — librarian to Card. Granvella, 1557 — 
"0. canon of Xanten, 19 Oct. 1604. Annales 
magistratuum et provinciarum S.P.Q.R. ab 
urbe condita, §c, 1599-1615. 

Pignatelli, Antonio. [Innocent XII. ] 
Pignerol, {Pincrola,) in Italy, — becomes 
possession of House of Savoy, 1042 — taken by 
the Frencb, 1536 — recovered by Savoy, 1574 
— taken by Marshal Crequi, 23 Mar. 1630 — 
restored to Savoy, 1696. [Piedmont.] 

Pignoni, Simone, painter, — b. at Florence, 
1614 — tf. there, 16 Dec. 1698. 

Pignotti, Lorenzo, historian, fabulist, — b.at 
Figlini, in Tuscany, 1739 — M.D. Pisa, 1763 — 
Prof. Natural Philosophy, 17 74-1 801 — Rector 
of the University, 1809 — tf. at Pisa, 5 Aug. 
1812. Fables, 1779 — Poems, 18 12- 13 — Storia 
del la Tuscana, 1813. 

Pigot, Lokd, governor of Madras, — enters 
upon the office, 11 Dec. 1775 — suspends two 



members of the Council, 22 Aug. 1776— sus- 
pends those who protest, 23 Aug. — arrested 
and imprisoned by suspended members, 24 Aug. 
— tf. in prison, 17 Apr. 1777 — the members 
convicted and fined, n Feb. 1780. 

Pigres, of Caria, [Patrachomyomachia ?) — ■ 
[B C]— fl ., about 480. 

Pike, weapon of war, — use of, abolished in 
England, between 1690-1705 — in France, by 
Royal ordinance, 1703. 

Pike, Zebulon Montgomery, general, — b. 
in New Jersey, U. S., 5 Jan. 1779 — conducts 
expedition to sources of the Mississippi, Aug. 
1805 to Jun. 1806 — explores Louisiana, 1806-7 
—Colonel of Infantry, 1 810 — Brigadier-general, 
18 13 — killed at attack on York, (Canada,) 27 
Apr. 18 13. Narrative of Expedition to the 
Sources of the Mississippi, $•<?., 18 10. 

Pike's Peak, in Pocky Mountains, — dis- 
covered by Gen. Pike, 1806— gold found in 
region of, 1859. 

Pilarino, Giacomo, physician, — b. in Ce- 
phalonia, 9 Jan. 1659 — physician to Prince 
Cantacuzenus, 1684 — first physician to Peter 
the Great, 1688 — accompanies Morosini in his 
expeditions, 1693-4 — visits the East, 1707 — 
tf. at Padua, 18 Jun. 17 18. 
Pilate, Acts of. [Nicodemus, Gospel of.] 
Pilate, Pontius. [Pontius Pilate.] 
Pilati de Tassulo, Carlo Antonio, historian, 
#<?., — b. at Tassulo near Trent, 1733 — Prof. 
Jurisprudence, Lyceum of Trent, 1760 — tf. at 
Tassulo, 27 Oct. 1802. Pi una Peforma 
d 'Italia, 1767 — Storia delV Imperio Germani- 
co e delV Italia del tempi de' Carolingi sino 
alia pace di Vestfalia, 1769-72. 

Pilatre de Rozier, Jean Francois, natural 
philosopher, — b. at Metz, 1756 — Keeper of 
cabinets of Natural History of Monsieur, about 
17 8 1 — makes his first ascent in balloon, at 
Passy, 21 Nov. 1783 — killed by fall from 
balloon, 15 Jun. 1785. 

Piles, Soger de, painter and writer on Art, 
— b. at Clameci, 1635 — secretary of embassy 
at Venice, 1682 — sent as a spy into Holland, 
1692 — tf. at Paris, 5 Apr. 1709. Pissertations 
sur les ouvrages des plus fameux peintres, 168 1 — 
Abrege de la vie des peintres, 1699. 

Pilgrim Fathers, — sail in the Mayflower, 

from Delft Haven, for N. America, 6 Sep. 1620. 

Pilgrimage, — to Palestine, of Empress 

Helena, about 326 ? — becomes common, about 

1 000- 1 050. To Rome. [Jubilee.] 

1 Pilgrimage of Grace,' in England, — insur- 
rection of Roman Catholics,breaks out at Louth, 
in Lincolnshire, 2 Oct. 1536 — at Horncastle, 3 
Oct. — command assumed by Robert Aske, 4 
Oct. — suppressed, by 13 Oct. — breaks out in 
Yorkshire, 8 Oct. — Aske chosen Commander- 
in-chief, 14 Oct. — seizure of York, 16 Oct.— 
of Pomfret Castle, 20 Oct., and Hull, about 
same time — march on Doncaster, 25 Oct. — 
negotiations there, 26 Oct. — council and con- 
vocation at Pomfret, 27 Nov. — agreement 
signed, and insurgents induced to disperse, by 
Duke of Norfolk, Dec. — insurrection renewed 
and suppressed, 12 Jan. to Feb. 1537 — execu- 
tion of 74 persons, 1537. 
Pillar-Saints. [Stylites.] 



PILLOBY— PINZON. 



UZ5 



Pillory, — in England, mentioned in laws of 
Cnut, 1017-35 — appointed for forestallers, 
perjurers, &c, by 51 Henry III. st. 6, 1266-7 
— abolished in all cases, except perjury, by Act 
56 Geo. III. c. 138, 2 Jul. 18 16— abolished by 
Act 1 Yic. c. 23, 30 Jun. 1837. In France, 
abolished, 1832. 

Pilnitz, in Saxony, — interview of Leopold 

II. and Frederick William II. at, and publica- 
tion of Declaration of Pilnitz, in favour of 
emigrants, 27 Aug. 17 91. 

Pilon, (Pillon,) Germain, sculptor, — 6., 
about 1515,* at Paris, about 1535 b — Con- 
troller-general of the Mint, 1573 b — tf. at 
Paris, 1590. 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Jal. 

Pilots, Pilotage, in Great Britain, — regula- 
tions respecting, consolidated by Act 48 Geo. 

III. c. 104, 25 Jun. 1808— again, by Act 6 
Geo. IY. c. 125, 5 Jul. 1825 — law amended by 
Act 16 and 1,7 Yic. c. 129, 20 Aug. 1853— 
system reorganized under Act 17 and 18 Vic. 
c. 104, part V., 10 Aug. 1854. 

Pin Manufacture, in England, — regulated 
by Act 35 Hen. VIII. c. 6, 1543 — introduced 
in America, between 1812-20— machinery for, 
patented by "Wright, 1824 — by Howe, 1832 — 
new process by Howe, 1840. 

Pinchbeck, imitation of gold, — invented by 
Pinchbeck, who tf. in London, 1783. 

Pindar, Peter. [Wolcot, John.] 

Pindarees, The, in Hindustan, — attack Ma- 
dras, 1 817 — Marquis of Hastings marches 
against, Oct. — treaty concluded with Scindia, 
engaging his aid against, 5 Nov. — reduced, 
Apr. to May 181 8. 

Pindaros, lyric poet, — [B C] — 5., Aug. or Sep. 
(01. 65, 3) 518,1 (01. 64, 3,) 522 b — at Court 
of Hieron of Syracuse, about 473-469 — tf., 439, a 
442. 15 Pyth. X., 502 — Pyth. VI., 494 — Olymp, 
X. XL, 484— Pyth. XI. IX., 478— Olymp. 
XIV., 476— Pyth. III. L, 474— Olymp. II. 

XII, 472— Pyth. IV. V., 466—Ohjmp. 

XIII. VII, 464— Olymp. VIII, 460— Pyth. 
VIII, 458 c — Olymp. IV. V, 452. 

a Clinton. b Boeckh. c Miiller. 

Pindemonte, Ippolito, miscellaneous writer, 
— h. at Verona, 13 Nov. 1753 — visits Paris, 
1789-91 — tf., 18 Nov. 1828. Prose e Poesie 
Campestri, 1785 — Translation of Odyssey, 
1809-22 — Elogi di Letterati, 1825-6. 

Pine Apple, — described by Oviedo, 1535 — 
— introduced into Europe from S. America, 
about 1650 — in England, 1690. 

Pine, John, engraver, — b. in London, 1690 
— tf., 1756. Edition of Horace, 1737. 

Pineau, Severin, (Pinceus,) surgeon, — ft. at 
Chartres, about 1550 — tf. Dean of Coll. of 
Surgery, Paris, 29 Nov. 16 19. Discours 
touehant V invention et V instruction pour V ope- 
ration et extraction du calcul de la vessie, 16 10. 

Pineda, Juan de, theologian, — 6. at Seville, 
1557 — enters Order of Jesuits, a of St Francis, b 
157 1 — tf. at Seville, 27 Jan. 1637. Index 
novus Librorum prohibitorum, 163 1 — Commen- 
tarius in Job, 1597-1601. 

a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Pineda, Juan de. Monarquia Ecclesiastica, 
1588 — Agricultura Christiana 1589. 



Pinel, Philippe, physician, — h. nearLavour, 
20 Apr. 1745— M.D. Toulouse, 17 64,* 1773 ^ 
— goes to Paris, 1778— chief physician of Bice- 
tre, 1792^ 1793 b — of la Salpetriere, 1795 — 
member of Institute, 1803— tf. at Paris, 25 
Nov. 1826. Traite medico-philosophique sur 
V alienation mentale, 1791 — Nosographie philo- 
sophique, 1797,* 1798. 13 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Pinelli, Bartolomeo, engraver, — ft. at Borne, 
17 8 1 — 5j. tbere, 1 Apr. 1835. 

Pinelli, Giovanni Vincenzo, book-collector, 
— h. at Naples, 1535 — settles at Padua, 1559 
— tf. there, 1601. 

Pinelli, Maffeo, booJc-collector, — h. at Venice, 
1736 — tf. Director of ducal printing-press, at 
Venice, 7 Feb. 1785. 

Pinelo, Antonio de Leon, — fi. in Peru, 
about 1600. Recopilacion general de las leies 
de las Indias, 1680. 

Pinerolo. [Pignerol.] 

Pingre, Alexandre Gui, astronomer, — fi. at 
Paris, 4 Sep. 171 1 — observes transit of Mercury, 
in island of Diego Bodriguez, 6 May 1753 — free 
Associate of Academy of Sciences, 1756 — ob- 
serves transits of Venus, 1761 and 1769 — If. at 
Paris, 1 May 1796. Come'tographie, 1783. 

Pinkerton, John, litterateur, — b. at Edin- 
burgh, 27 Feb. 1758 — settles in London, 1780 
— tf. at Paris, 10 Mar. 1826. Ancient Scot- 
tish Poems, 1786 — Origin and Progress of 
Scythians and Goths, 1787 — Enquiry into 
the History of Scotland preceding the reign 
of Malcolm III, 1789 — History of Scotland, 
from accession of House of Stuart- to that of 
Mary, 1797 — Iconographia Scotica, 1795-7 — 
General Collection of Voyages and Travels, 
1808-13 — Walpoliana, 1799 — Modem Geogra- 
phy, 1802-7. 

Pinkey, Pinkie, near Musselburgh, in Scot- 
land, — Protector Somerset defeats Scots at, 10 
Sep. 1547. 

Pinkney, William, diplomatist, — fc. at An- 
napolis, Maryland, 12 Mar. 1764 — called to 
the bar, 1786 — minister plenipotentiary to 
England, 1796 — sent to Spain, 1795 — Attorney- 
general for Maryland, 1804 — ambassador to 
England, 1 806-1 1 — Attorney-general of United 
States, 1 81 1 — ambassador to Bussia, 18 16 — 
member of Congress, 18 15 — senator for Mary- 
land, 1819— tf., 22 Feb. 1822. 

Pino, Marco da, (Marco da Siena,) painter, 
— ft. at Siena, about 1520 — settles at Naples, 
about 1560— ft. there, about 1587. 

Pinson, Eichard. [Pynson.] 

Pintelli, Baccio, architect,— fl. at Borne, 
1471-84 — living, 1492. Sistine Chapel, 1473 
— Old Library of the Vatican, 1473-5. 

Pinto, Fernam Mendez. [Mendez-Pinto.] 

Pinturicchio, (Bernardino di Betto,)painter, 
— ft. at Perugia, 1454 — assists Perugino at 
Borne, 1484 — again employed in the Vatican, 
1493-6 — tf. at Siena, 11 Dec. 1513. Frescoes 
in the Library at Siena, 1502-9. 

Pinzon, Martin Alonzo, maritime discoverer, 
— accompanies Columbus on his first voyage, 
1492 — on his return to Spain is refused 
audience of the king, Mar. 1493 — tf. at Palus, 
1493 — his family institute law-suit agamst 



ii\6 



PINZON— PISA. 



heirs of Columbus, to establish, his claim to 
discovery of America, 15 13-15. 

Pinzon, Vicente Yanez, maritime discoverer, 
— accompanies Columbus on his first voyage, 
1492 — conducts expedition to Brazil, 1499 — 
accompanies Juan de Solis to Gulf of Mexico, 

Piombino, m Tuscany, — made a separate 
principality for the Appiani, 1399 — seized by 
Csesar Borgia, 1501 — restored to the Appiani, 
1503 — Alessandro killed, falls to Spain, 1589 
— adjudged to House of Mendoza by Aulic 
Council, 1 6 19— given by Emperor Ferdinand 
II. to Philip IV. of Spain, 1631 — given to 
Niccolo Ludovici, 1634 — passes by marriage to 
the Buoncompagui, 1681 — ceded to France, 
1 801 — given to Prince Baciocchi, 18 Mar. 
1805 — restored to the Buoncompagui, 18 15 — 
forms part of kingdom of Italy, i860 — meet- 
ing of Napoleon III. and Count Bismark at, 
1866. 
Piombo. [Sebastiano del Piombo.] 
Piozzi, Mrs, {Hester Lynch Salusbury,) mis- 
cellaneous writer, — b. at Bodvel, in Carnarvon- 
shire, 1739 — marries Henry Thrale, 1763 — 
becomes acquainted with Dr Johnson, 1765 — 
left a widow, 178 1 — marries Gabriel Piozzi, 
1784 — tf. at Clifton, near Bristol, 2 May 1821. 
Anecdotes of Johnson, 1786 — Letters to and 
from Johnson, 1788.. 

Pipe-Office, Office of Clerk of the Pipe, in 
the Exchequer, — abolished by Act 3 and 4 Wni 
IV. c. 99, 28 Aug. 1833. 

Pipeline, alkaloid in pepper, — discovered by 
Oersted, 18 19. 
Pippi, Giulio. [Giulio Romano.] 
Piracy, Pirates, — in England, made felony 
only, by 25 Edw. III. st. 5, c. 2, 1350-2 — 
trial and punishment of, regulated by Acts 27 
Hen. VIII. c. 4, 1536 ; 28 Hen. VIII. c. 15, 
1536 ; 11 and 12 fm III. c. 7, 1699 ; 4 Geo. 
I. c. 11, 1717 ; 6 Geo. I. c. 19, 1719; 39 
Geo. III. c. 15, 9 Jan. 1798 ; 43 Geo. III. c. 
113, 27 Jul. 1803 ; 46 Geo. III. c. 54, 23 May 
1806 ; 4 and 5 fm IV. c. 36, s. 22, 25 Jul. 
1834, and 1 Vic. c. 88, 17 Jul. 1837 — sup- 
pression of, provided for by Act 8 Geo. I. c. 
24, 1721 — made perpetual by Act 2 Geo. II. 
c. 28, s. 7, 1729 — new provisions by Act 13 
and 14 Vic. c. 26, 25 Jun. 1850. Ln United 
States, defined and punishment regulated by 
Acts of Congress, 30 Apr. 1790, 3 Mar. 1819, 
15 May 1820, and 30 Jan. 1823. 
Piracy, Literary. [Copyright.] 
Piranesi, Francesco, engraver, — fj. at Pome, 
1748 — sent to Paris as Minister of Roman 
Republic, 1798— rj. at Paris, 27 Jan. 18 10. 

Piranesi, Giovanni Battista, engraver, 
architect, §c, — b. at Venice, 1720 — goes to 
Rome, 1738 — tf. there, 9 Nov. 1778. 

Pirkheimer, Wilibald, historian, philolo- 
gist, — fj. at Eichstadt, 5 Dec. 1470 — tr. at 
Niirnberg, 22 Dec. 1530. Opera, 1610. 

Pirmasens, in Bavaria, — the Duke of 

Brunswick defeats Gen. Moreau, 14 Sep. 1793. 

Pirna, in Saxony, — given by Emperor Henry 

I. to bishops of Meisseu, 933 — acquired by 

Margrave of Saxony, 1404 — treaty between 



Emperor and Saxons concluded at, 1634 — 
stormed by Swedes under Baner, 1639 — taken 
bv Prussians, 1758 — occupied by French, 
1813. 

Piroli, Tommaso, engraver,— b. at Rome, 
1750 — tf. there, 1824. 

Piron, Alexis, dramatist, — b. at Dijon, 9 
Jul. 1689 — goes to Paris, 17 19 — rejected by 
French Academy, 1753 — is. at Paris, 21 Jan. 
1773. Fils Lngrats, (Ecole des Feres,) 1728 — 
Me'tromanie, 1738 — GEuvres, 1776. 

Pisa, in Greece, — [BC] — independent of 
Elis, (01. 26, 1,) 676^— Paxtaleon, King, 
takes part in 2nd Messenian War, about 674-2 c 
— reigns, about (01. 30) 660-657,* 644 d — the 
Pisans preside at Olympic Games, (01. 27,) 
672^ (01. 28,) 668 e — perhaps jointly with 
Eleans, 672-572 — Damophox, war with Elis, 
(01. 48, 4,) 585 b — Pyerhxs, war with Elis, 
Pisans defeated, after midsummer 572,° (01. 
50,) 580.* b [Olympic Games.] . a strabo. 
b MulIer. c Clinton. d Smith's Diet. e Afric. 

Pisa, {Fisce,) Pisans, in Italy, — [B C] — 
Latin colony settled at, 179 — [AD] — defeat 
Saracen pirates, 874 — receive Hugh, king of 
Italy, 926 — visited by Otto I., 965 — send fleet 
against the Seljuks in Syria, about 1003 — 
begin war with Mascet, king of Sardinia, 1004 
— conquer Sardinia, 1017 a - — lose and recover it, 
1050 — conquer Corsica, about 1050 — defeat 
Saracen fleet at Palermo, and pillage the city, 
1063 — wars with Genoa begin, about 1070 — in 
alliance with Genoa, make expedition against 
Moors of Barbary, 1088 — obtain from Pope 
Urban II. grant of Corsica as fief of Apostolic 
See, 1089 or 1091 — take part in first crusade, 
1096 — present at capture of Jerusalem, 1099 — 
compel Emperor Alexius to make a treaty with 
them, and obtain permission to establish factory 
at Constantinople, n 00 — the city walled, about 
1 1 00 — send fleet under Abp Pietro Moriconi 
against Balearic Islands, 11 14 — aided by Ray- 
mund, Count of Barcelona, complete conquest 
of Balearic Islands, Apr. n 17 — assist Gelasius 
II. against Henry V., 11 18 a — war with Genoa, 
1119-33* — assist the pope against Normans 
and take Amalfi, 11 37 — at war with Genoa, 
1 161 — deprived of Sardinia by Frederick Bar- 
barossa, u64 b — peace with Genoa, by medi- 
ation of Clement III., 11 88 — Podestat ap- 
pointed, 1 190 — refuse to join league formed by 
Innocent III., ii98 b — assist Markwald in 
Sicily, 1200 b — seize Syracuse, 1204 b — unsuc- 
cessfully attack Palermo, 1207 — support Em- 
peror Otto IV., 1 2 10 — attempt to seize Fred- 
erick II., 1 2 12 — quarrel with Florence begins, 
1220 — receive charter from Frederick, 24 Nov. 
1220 b — assist him in crusade, 1228 — recover 
privileges at Acre and Jerusalem, 1229 — send 
embassy to Diet at Ravenna, 1231 — visited by 
Frederick, 1239 — under King Enzio, defeat 
Genoese fleet, and capture tbe prelates, 3 May 
1 241 a — Council held at, by Frederick, 1 Aug. 
1244 — Abp of, attends Council of Lyons, 1245 
— conclude peace with Genoa, by mediation of 
Pope Alexander IV., 1258 — renew war with 
Genoa, 1282 — fleet of, defeated by Oberto 
Doria, off Meloria, 6 Aug, 1284 s — appoint 



PISA— PISO. 



"37 



Ugolino, Count Gherardesca, Captain - gen- 
eral, 1285 — Guido da Montefeltro ap- 
pointed, about 1289 — the harbour destroyed 
by Conrad Doria, 1290 — loses its maritime 
rank from that time : conclude peace with Flor- 
ence, 1293 — with Genoa, 1299— attacked by 
Guelfs, take Lucca, 13 14 — defeat Florentines 
at Montecatino, 29 Aug. 1315° — revolt and 
resume republican form of government, Apr. 
13 16 — banish Ghibelline nobles and make 
peace with Guelfs, 1322 — revolt in Sardinia 
against, and massacre of Pisans, n Apr. 1323 a 
— cede Sardinia to Aragon, 10 Jun. 1326 a — 
captured by Castruccio Castracani, 1327 — re- 
cover their freedom, autumn 1328 — defeat Flor- 
entines, and take possession of Lucca, 6 Jul. 
1342 — carry on war with Florentines, 1362 — 
peace concluded, 17 Aug. 1364 — compelled by 
Emperor Charles IV. to give up Lucca, 1369 — 
Pietro Gambacerta recalled, 1369 — he is killed 
by Jacopo d'Appiano, who reigns, 21 Oct. 
1392 to 5 Sep. 1398— threatened by Duke of 
Milan, 2 Jan. 1398 a — sold to him by Gherardo 
d'Appiano, Feb. 1 399 — placed under protection 
of Charles VI. of France, by Gabrieilo Maria 
Visconti, 1403 — sold to Florence, 31 Aug. 
1405 a — blockaded by Florentines, 1405 — sur- 
renders, 9 Oct., a 8 Nov. 1406 — revolt and 
regain independence, 1494 — unsuccessfully be 



sieged by Florentines, 1499 — again, 6 Sep. 
1504 — capitulates, 8 Jun. 1509. Cathedral, 
commenced by Buschetto, 1068 — completed, 
1 1 1 8. Baptistery, erected by Diotisalvi, 1 152- 
60. Campanile, {Leaning Tower,) begun, about 
1 174 — completed, about 1350. Campo Santo, 
cloisters constructed by Giovanni Pisano, 1278- 
83. University, founded, about 13 30 — restored, 
about 1470. Councils of, held, 30 May 1134 — 
convoked by Cardinals of rival Popes Gregory 
XII. and Benedict XIII. meets, 25 Mar. 1409 
—the Popes not appearing are declared con- 
tumacious, 30 Mar. — the Popes declared 
schismatic, heretical, perjured, and deposed, 5 
Jun. — elect Peter of Candia, 26 Jun. — [Alex- 
ander V.] — proceedings of Cardinals confirmed, 
reformation of Church referred to Council of 
141 2 : closes, 7 Aug. 1409 : convoked by Car- 
dinals dissatisfied with Julius II., meets, 1 Nov. 
15 1 1 — fourth session held at Milan, 4 Jan. 
1512 — suspends Julius II., and closes, 21 Apr. 
15 1 2. Treaty of, between Pope Alexander 
VII. and Louis XIV., concluded, 22 Feb. 
1664. a Sismondi. b Kington. 

c Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Pisa, Leonard of, (Leonardo Fibonacci,) 
mathematician,^-^, at Pisa, about. 1170 or 
n8o a — publishes his Liber Abaci, in which 
he uses Hindoo numerals, 1202 b — dedicates 
second edition to Michael Scott, i228. b Trea- 
tise on Square Numbers, about 1220. 

a Nout. Biog. Gen. b Kington. 

Pisanello, Vittore, (Pisano,) painter, — fl., 
about 1450. 

Pisani, Luigi, Doge of Venice, — fi. at 
Venice, 1663 — elected, 17 Jan. 1735 — tf., 17 
Jun. 1741. 

Pisani, Niccolo, admiral, — distinguishes 
himself in wars of Venice and Genoa, 1350-5 



1 — defeated by Paganino Doria, in Thracian 
Bosphorus, 1352— defeats Grimaldi, near coast 
of Sardinia, 1353— captured by Paganino 
Doria, 1354. 

_ Pisani, Vittore, admiral, — commands Vene- 
tian fleet, defeats Genoese near Actium, 1378 
— defeated by Luciano Doria, 1379 — compels 
surrender of Genoese fleet at Chiozza, 1180— 
tf., 1380. 

Pisano, Andrea, sculptor, architect, — 6. at 
Pisa, i28o, a 1270 b — tf. at Florence, 1345. 
Gates of Baptistery of St John, Florence, 1330- 
39. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Pisano, Giovanni, sculptor, architect, — fi. at 
Pisa, about 1240 — invited to Perugia to erect 
monument of Urban IV., 1264— settles at 
Pisa, 1273 — tf. at Pisa, 1320. Campo Santo, 
Pisa, 1278-83 — Altar in tJie Buomo of Arezzo, 
1286. 

Pisano, Giunta, painter, — 9., 1202-55 a — 
living, 1236^ 
a Biog. Catalogue. b Engl. Cyc. and Biog. Unir. 
Pisano, Niccola, sculptor, — ft. at Pisa, about 
1206 — architect to Frederick II., 1221 — 
employed by Ghibellines at Florence in at- 
tempt to destroy Baptistery, 1248 — tf. at 
Pisa, 1278. Deposition, at Lucca, 1234 — 
tomb of San Bomenico, Bologna, (commenced,) 
1225 — begins Church of San Antonio, Padua, 
1 23 1 — begins Cathedral of Pistoia, 1240 — 
Pulpit in the Baptistery, Pisa, 1260 — another 
in Buomo of Siena, 1266— Fountain, Perugia, 
about 1285. 

Pisidia,— [B C] — given by Antony to Amyn- 
tas, 39 a — in part independent, about 20 — 
[AD] — under Constantine made a separate 
province, 337. a Merivale. 

Piso, C. Calpurnius,— [BCJ— (1.) Taken 
prisoner at Cannae, 216 — praetor urbanus, 211 
— proposes annual exhibition of Apollinarian 
Games : propraetor in Etruria, 210-9. (2«) 
Praetor in Further Spain, 186-4— triumphs, 
184 — Consul with A. Postumius Albinus, (574, 
a. u._ c.) 180— tf., 180. (3.) Consul with 
M'Acilius Glabrio, (687,) 67 — proconsul in 
Narbonese Gaul, 66-5 — accused of malversa- 
tion, successfully defended by Cicero, 63 a — 
implicated in Catiline's conspiracy, slain, 63. 
(4.) Joins conspiracy against Nero, kills him- 
self, 65. (5.) Consul with M. Vettius Bo- 
lailUS, (864,) III. a Merirale. 

Piso, Cn. Calpurnius, — [BCJ — (1.) Consul 
with M. Popilius Laenas, (615, a. u. c.) 139. 
(2.) Opposes Caesar in Africa, 46— joins Brutus, 
44 — Consul with L. Sestius, (731,) 23. a (3.) 
Consul with Tib. Claudius Nero, (748,) 7 — 
[AD] — governor of Syria, 18 — accused of 
murdering Germanicus, kills himself, 20. 
a Zumpt. 
Piso, L. Calpurnius, — [B C] — (1. ) Consul 
with Cossus (Cn.) Corn. Lentulus, (753, a. u. c.) 
1. (2.) — [AD] — Consul with M. Licinius 
Crassus, (780,) 27. (3.) Consul with Nero 
Claudius Caesar, (810,) 57. 

Piso, M. Calpurnius, (Calpurnianus,) (M. 
Pupius Piso,) — [B C] — quaestor to L. Scipio, 
83 — goes over to Sulla, 83 ? — returns from 
Spain and triumphs, 69 — legatus to Pompey 

72 



u 3 8 



PISO— PIUS II. 



in ^lithridatic War, 66 — Consul with M. Va- 
lerius Messalla, (693, a. u. c.) 6i — favours 
Clodius. 

Piso, Q,u. Calpumius, — [B C] — Consul with 
Ser. Fulvus Flaccus, (619, a. u. c.) 135 — war 
against Nnmantia. 

Piso Caesoninus, L. Calpumius,— [BC] — 
(1.) Praetor in Further Spain, 154 — Consul 
with Sp. Postumius Albinus, (606, a. tj. c.) 
148 — sent to conduct war against Carthage. 
(2.) Consul with M. Livius Drusus, (642,) 112 
— legatus to L. Cassius in Gaul, 1 17 — killed in 
battle with the Tigurini. (3.) Tried for plun- 
der of his province, 59 — Consul with A. Ga- 
binius, (696,) 58 — proconsul in Macedonia, 
57-6-5 — censor with Ap. Claudius Pulcher, 50 
— ambassador to Antony at Mutiua, 43. (4.) 
ft., 49-8 — Consul with M. Livius Drusus Libo, 
(739,) 15 — obtains Pamphylia : war with 
Thrace, n -8 — triumphs, 8 — [AD] — prsefectus 
urbi, by Tiberius, 14 — tf., 32. 

Piso Frugi, L. Calpumius, — [BC]— orator, 
annalist, — tribunus plebis, 149 — proposes law 
against extortion in provinces : Consul with 
P. Mucins Scaevola, (621, a. u. c.) 133. 

Piso Thessalicus, — one of the Thirty 
Tyrants, after 260. 

Pistoia, (Pistorium,) in Italy, — conquered 
by Florence, about 1150 — factions of the 
Bianchi and Neri originate at, about 1300 — 
surrenders to the Neri of Florence, 10 Apr. 
1306. Cathedral, built by Countess Matilda, 
about 1080-1110 — restored by Xiccola Pisano, 
about 1240-60. Synod, convoked by Bp 
Eicci, for ecclesiastical reforms, Sep. 1786 — 
its decrees partly confirmed by General As- 
sembly of bishops of Tuscany, 23 Apr. 1787 — 
condemned by bull of Pius YI., (Auctorem 
Fidei,) 28 Aug. 1794. 

Pistoia, Fra Paolo da, painter, — ft., 1490 — 
tf., 3 Aug. 1547. Crucifixion, Siena, 1516 — 
Madonna and Child, Gallery of Vienna, 15 10. 

Pistoia, Leonardo da, II Pistoia, painter, 
— painted, 15 16 — tf. at Naples, about 1550. 

Pistol, fire-arm, — invented by Camillo 
Yitelli, of Pistoia, before 1547 — ordinance 
respecting use of, by Henry II. of France, 

J 549- 

Pitcairn's Island, Pacific Ocean, — seen by 
Pitcairn, 2 Jul. 1767, and named by Carteret: 
settlement of mutineers of the Bounty in, 1790 
— visited by Captain Elliot, 1839 — by Admiral 
Moresby, 1852. 

Pithon, — [B C] — bodyguard to Alexander 
the Great, before 324 — satrap of Media, 323 — 
accompanies Perdiccas into Egypt, 321 — Regent 
with Arrhidams, 321 — defeated by Philip and 
his allies: serves with Antigonus, 317-6 — 
put to death, 316. 

Pithou, Francois, jurist, — ft. at Troyes, 
1543 — advocate to parliament, 1580 — tf. at 
Troyes, 162 1. 

Pithou, Pierre, jurist,— Is. at Troyes, 1 Nov. 
1539 — received advocate at Paris, 1560 — If. at 
No<rent-sur -Seine, 1 Nov. 1596. (With his 
brother Francois) Corpus Juris canonici, 1687 
— Liberies de V Eglise gallicane, 1594. 

Pitiscus, Sa.muel,philologist, — fc. atZutphen, 



30 Mar. 1637 — Rector of Coll. of St Jerome 
Utrecht, about 1686 — tf. there, 1 Feb. 1727,* 
I7i7. b Lexicon Latino -B el gicum, 1725 — 
Lexicon antiquitatum Eomanarum, 17 13. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Pits, (Pitseus,) John, biographer, — ft. at 
Alton, Hampshire, 1560— tf. Dean of Liverdun, 
16 1 6. Pelationum historicarum de rebus 
Anglicis tomus primus, 16 19. 

Pitt, Christopher, poet, — fi. at Blandford, 
1699 — M.A. Oxford, 1724 — tf., 15 Apr. 1748. 
Poems, 1727 — translation of the JEneid, 1740. 

Pitt, John. [Chatham, Earl of.] 

Pitt, Thomas, — 6. at Blandford, 1653 — 
governor of Fort St George, Hindustan, "1698 
— purchases the Pitt Diamond, Feb. or Mar. 
1702 — returns to England, about 17 10— M.P. 
Old Sarum, about 17 15 — governor of Jamaica, 
17 16 — sells the diamond to Regent Orleans, 
about 17 17 — tf. at Blandford, 28 Apr. 1726. 

Pitt, William. [Chatham, Earl of.] 

Pitt, William, Prime Minister of Eng- 
land, — ft. at Hayes in Kent, 28 May 1759 — 
enters Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, 1773 — 
enters Lincoln's Inn, 1777 — called to the 
bar, 1780 — unsuccessful candidate for Cam- 
bridge Univ., 1780 — M.P. Appleby, 178 1 — 
moves for reform in parliament, 1782 — Chan- 
cellor of the Exchequer, Jul. 1782 to 31 Mar. 
1783 — renews his motion for reform, 1783 — 
First Lord of the Treasury and Chancellor 
of the Exchequer, Dec. 1783 — resigns, 14 
Mar. 1 801 — M.P. Cambridge Univ., 1786 — 
Warden of the Cinque Ports, 1792 — declared 
enemy of human race by French National Con- 
vention, 7 Aug. 1793 — introduces Income Tax, 
1799 — Prime Minister again, 12 May 1804 — 
tf. in London, 23 Jan. 1806 — buried in West- 
minster Abbey, 22 Feb. 1806. 

Pitt Diamond. [See Pitt, Thomas.] 

Pittacos, Tyrant of Mytilene, elegiac 
poet, (Wise Man,)— [BC]— fc., about (01. 32) 
652 a — overthrows tyranny of Melanchros at 
Lesbos, (01. 42,) 61 2-1 — contends for possession 
of Sigeium with Phrynon, and kills Phrynon in 
single combat, (01. 43, 2,) 607-6 b — governs 
Mytilene, 589 — tf., 569. a Suidas. b Muller. 

Pittorio, (Luigi Bigi,) (Pictorius,) poet, — ft. 
at Ferrara, 1454— tf., about 1525. 

Pitts, William, sculptor,— b. in London, 1790 
— poisons himself, 16 Apr. 1840. Shield of 
JEneas, 1828 — Brunsiviclc Shield, 1830. 

Pittsburg, (Fort Pitt,) in Pennsylvania, 
U. S., — fort erected by British, 1758-9 — town 
commenced, 1764 — abandoned by British, 1772 
— incorporated, 1804 — chartered as a city, 18 16 
— burnt, 1845. 

Pittsburg Landing, in Tennessee, U. S., — 
defeat of Federals by Confederates at, 6 Apr. 
1862 — explosion of arsenal at, 17 Sep. 1862. 

Pius L, Bp of Rome, — elected, 142 — tf., 157. 

Pius II., (JEneas Sylvius Piecolomini,) 
Pope, — b- at Corsignano, in Sienese ter- 
ritory, 18 Oct. 1405 a — goes to Univ. of Siena, 
1427 — assists as secretary at Council of Basel, 
1431-9 — recovers from the plague, 1438 — 
secretary to Felix Y., and ambassador from him 
to Frederick III., 1440— secretary to Frederick 



PIUS III.— PIZARRO. 



ri 39 



III., Nor. 1442 — ambassador of Frederick 
to Eugenius I\ r ., 1446 — appointed Apostolic 
Secretary, 1446 — gains over Diet of Frankfort 
to the pope, 1446 a — Bp of Trieste, by Nicholas 
V., Feb. 1447 a — ambassador of Frederick to 
Milan, 1447 — Bp of Siena, 1450 — legate in 
Germany and Bohemia, 145 1 — has conferences 
with Hussites, 145 1 — attends coronation of 
Frederick III. at Borne, 1452— ^accompanies 
him to Naples ; advises formation of league 
against Turks, 1452 — Cardinal, by Calixtus 
III., Dec. 1456 — succeeds Calixtus, 2i, a 27 b 
Aug. 1458 — presides over assembly of princes 
at Mantua, to arrange war against Turks, 27 
May 1459 — recognizes Dietrich of Isemburg as 
Abp of Mentz, 1459 — publishes the bull Exe- 
crabilis, against appeal to Councils, 1% Jan. 
1460 — declares Dietrich of Mentz deposed, 21 
Aug. 146 1— obtains from Louis XL abrogation 
of Pragmatic Sanction, 146 1— excommuni- 
cates Dietrich and his adherents, 1 Feb. 1462 
— condemns his own writings in favour of 
Council of Basel, by bull of 26 Apr. 1463 — 
goes to Ancona to promote war against Turks, 
1464 — falls ill there, middle of Jul. — ft. at 
Ancona, 16 Aug. 1464. Be Ortu, regione 
ac gestis Bohemorum, 1475 — Cosmographia, 
1477 — Epistolce, 1473 — Commentarii de gestis 
Basiliensis Concilii, 1535 — Opera, 155 1. 

a Milman. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Pius III., {Francesco Todeschini Piccolo mini,) 
Pope, — succeeds Alexander VI., 22 Sep. 1503 
— o\, 18 Oct. 1503. 

Pius IV., (Gian-Angelo de' Medici of 'Milan <,,) 
Pope, — fc., 1499 — takes degree of Doctor, 1525 
— Cardinal, by Paul III., 8 Apr. 1549 — suc- 
ceeds Paul IV., 26 Dec. 1559 — orders arrest of 
the Caraffa, 7 Jun. 1560 — continues Council of 
Trent, by butt of 29 Dec. 1560 — has Cardinal 
Caraffa and several others condemned and put 
to death, Mar. 156 1 — strengthens fortifications 
of Bome, 1561 — confirms decrees of Trent, 26 
Jan. 1564 — publishes confession of faith, 13 
Nov. 1564 — conspiracy to assassinate him, by 
Accolti and others, frustrated, Jan. 1565 — if. at 
Bome, 9 Dec. 1565. 

Pius V., (Michele Ghislieri,) Pope, — h. in 
Liguria, 17 Jan. 1504 — enters Dominican 
Order, 15 18 — Prof. Theology, Pavia, 1527-43 
— Cardinal, by Paul IV., 15 Mar. 1557 — Grand 
Inquisitor, 1557 — succeeds Pius IV., 7 Jan. 
1566 — publishes bull against Michael Baius of 
Louvain, 1 Oct. 1567 — republishes bulliw Ccena 
Bomini, 1568 — expels Jews from States of the 
Church, except Bome and Ancona, 1569— ex- 
communicates Queen Elizabeth, 25 Feb. 1570 
■ — [Felton, John] — suppresses Order of JJmi- 
liati, 8 Feb. 157 1 — ratifies league against 
Turks, May 157 1 — allows Antonio Colonna, 
after battle of Lepanto, to make triumphal en- 
try into Bome, Oct. 157 1 — lj. at Bome, 1 May 
1572 — beatified by Clement X., 1 May 1672 — 
canonized by Clement XL, 24 May 17 12. 

Pius VI., (Giovan-Angelo Braschi,) Pope, — 
fo. atCesena, 27 Dec.1717 — LL.D., 1735 — trea- 
surer of Apostolic Chamber, 1766 — Cardinal, .by 
Clement XIV., 26 Apr. 1773 — succeeds him, 
14 Feb. 1775 — commences drainage of Pontine 



Marshes, 1777 — commends Martini for his 
Italian version of Bible, Mar. 1778 — has dis- 
pute with Leopold, Grand Duke of Tuscany, 
1781 — writes to Emperor Joseph II. complain- 
ing of his reforms, 25 Aug. and 21 Dec. 1781 
—sets out for Vienna, 27 Feb. 1782— with 
Joseph II., enters the city, 22 Mar. — endeavours 
to dissuade him from carrying out his reforms ; 
quits Vienna, 23 Apr. — reaches Bome, 13 
Jun. — receives Emperor at Bome, 1783— con- 
demns resolutions of Synod of Pistoia, and 
suspends_ Bp Bicci, 1786 — condemns civil 
constitution of clergy in France, excommuni- 
cates Talleyrand, and is burnt in effigy at Paris, 
4 May 1791 a — receives emigrant priests, Oct. 
,1792 — concludes Treaty of Tolentino, Feb. 
1797 — [see'Rome, Napoleon I., Berthier, Gen.] 
— driven from Bome by the French, 20 Feb. 
1798 — removes to Florence, Jun. 1798 — ex- 
pelled from Florence, 14 Apr. 1799 — tf. at 
Valence, in Dauphiny, 29 Aug. 1799 — his body 
transferred to Rome, 17 Feb. 1802. 
a Carlyle. 

Pius VII., (Barnaba Chiaramonti,) Pope, — 
fi. at Cesena, 14 Aug. 1742 — enters Benedictine 
Order, Aug. 1758 — Cardinal, Bp of Imola, by 
Pius VI., 14 Feb. 1785 — elected to succeed Pius 
VI. by conclave at Venice, 14 Mar. 1800 — 
crowned, 2 1 Mar. — enters Bome, Jul. — appoints 
Cardinal Consalvi Secretary of State, 1800 — 
[Papal States]— Concordat with Napoleon sign- 
ed at Paris, 15 Jul. 1 801 — ratifies it, 14 Aug. — is 
requested to crown Napoleon Emperor at Paris, 
May 1804 — crowns him there, 2 Dec. — reenters 
Bome, 16 May 1805 — remonstrates with Na- 
poleon against occupation of Ancona, 13 Nov. 
1805 — refuses to annul marriage of Jerome 
Buonaparte, 1805— refuses to expel English, 
&c, from his states and to close ports against 
enemies of Napoleon, 1807 — occupation of 
Bome by Gen. Miollis, 2 Feb. 1808 — deprived 
of his states by decree of Napoleon, 17 May 
1809 — excommunicates perpetrators and abet- 
tors of invasion of Bome, 10 Jun. — taken 
prisoner by Miollis, 5 Jul., and removed to 
Grenoble ; afterwards to Savona ; and to Fon- 
tainebleau, 20 Jun. 1812 — has interview with 
Napoleon there, Dec. 18 12 — signs new Con- 
cordat, 25 Jan. 1813 — writes to Napoleon re- 
tracting his concessions, 24 Mar. — refuses to 
negotiate till restored to Bome, Oct. — ordered 
to leave Fontaine bleau, 22 Jan. 1814 — sets 
out, 23 Jan. — enters Bome, 24 May — recalls 
Jesuits, and reestablishes Inquisition, 18 14 — 
driven from Bome by Murat, Mar. 18 15 — re- 
turns, Jun. — introduces reforms in criminal 
law, 1 8 16 — publishes civil code, Nov. 18 17 — 
tf. at Bome, 20 Aug. 1823. 

Pius VIII., (Francisco Xaverio Castiglioni,) 
Pope, — fi. at Cingoli, in Ancona, 20 Nov. 1761 
— Cardinal, Bp of Cesena, by Pius VII. , 18 16 
— Bp of Frascati and Prefect of Congregation 
of Index, 1821 — succeeds Leo XII., Mar. 1829 
— tf. at Bome, 30 Nov. 1830. 

Pizarro, Francisco, Conqueror of Peru, 
— 6. at Truxillo, probably about 147 1 a — dis- 
tinguishes himself in expedition of Ojeda to 
Tierra Firma, 15 10— accompanies Balboa to 



1 140 



PIZARRO— PLATLERE. 



Mexico, 15 1 3— with Almagro, explores coast 
of Peru, 1524 — signs contract for partition of 
Peru, with Almagro and Luque, 10 Mar. 1526 a 
— sails on second voyage, 1526 — quarrels with 
Almagro, 1527 — returns to Panama, 1528— - 
reaches Seville, summer 1528 — has interview 
with Charles V. at Toledo, 1528 — gets appoint- 
ment of governor from Charles V. by capitula- 
tion of 26 Jul. 1529 — embarks at Panama for 
conquest of Peru, Jan. 153 1 — founds San 
Miguel, 1532 — receives embassy from the Inca, 
1532 — enters Caxamarca, 15 Nov. 1532 a — cap- 
tures Atahualp a at Caxamarca, 16 Nov. a — puts 
him to death, 29 Aug. 1533 a — appoints a suc- 
cessor, 1533 — founds Lima, Jan. 1535 — block- 
aded there, 1536 — his brother Hernando de- 
feats and captures Almagro, 26 Apr. 1538 — 
assassinated at Cuzco, 26 Jun. 1541. 
a Prescott. 
Pizarro, Gonzalo, — accompanies his brother 
Francisco to Peru, 153 1 — contributes to defeat 
of Almagro, 1538 — governor of Quito, 1540 — 
becomes master of Peru, 1541 — enters Lima in 
triumph, 28 Oct. 1544 a — defeats and kills the 
viceroy, Blasco Nunez, at Anaquito, 18 Jan. 
1546 a — defeats Centeno at Huarina, 26 Oct. 
1547 — taken prisoner and put to death by La 
Gasca, 1548. a Prescott. 

Plaat, Andreas Hendrik Jan van der, en- 
gineer, — b. at Grave, 11 Feb. 176 1 — enters 
service of Russia, 1787 — distinguishes himself 
in war with Sweden, 1788 — with Turkey, 1789 
— wounded at siege of Ismael, 1790 — Major- 
general, 1796 — returns to Holland, 1798 — 
Engineer-in-chief of department of Zuyderzee, 
1 8 10 — defends Breda against French, 1813 — 
Grand Cross of St Anne, 18 14 — governor of 
Antwerp, 1815 — lj. there, 15 Feb. 1819. 

Place Bill, in English History, — to exclude 
placemen from parliament, is introduced, Dec. 
1692 — passed by Commons, rejected by Lords : 
again passed by Commons, Xov. 1693— and by 
Lords; rejected by the king: again thrice 
read and rejected by Commons, Feb. 1694. 

Placencia, in Spain, — founded, about 1190 
— Duchy of, united to Crown of Castile, 1448. 
Cathedral, commenced, 1498. 
Placentia. [Piacenza.] 
Placentia, Duke of. [Lebrun, C. P.] 
Placidia Galla. [Galla.] 
Placidianus, — Consul with Tacitus, (1026, 
a. u. c.) 273. 

Placidus,— sole Consul, (1234, a. u. c.) 481. 
Placidus, M. Maecius Memmius, — Consul 
with Romulus, (1096, a. u. c.) 343. 

Plancius, Cn., — [BC] — serves in Africa, 
under A. Torquatus, 68 — military tribune under 
C. Antonius, in Macedonia, 62 — qurcstor in 
Macedonia, 58 — tribunus plebis, 56 — aedile, 54 
— accused of sodalitiion, defended by Cicero, 
and acquitted: joins Pompey, 49— exiled to 
Korkyra, 46. 

Planck, Gottlieb Jacob, theologian,— b. in 
Wurtemberg, 1 751— Prof. Theology, Got- 
tingen, 1784— commander of Guelphic Order, 
1831 — tf. at Gottingen, 31 Aug. 1833. Ge- 
schichte der Bildung des protestantischen Lehr- 
begriffs, 1 781-1800 — Geschichte der Entstchung 



und Ausbildung der Christlichen kirchlichen 
Gesellschaftsverfassung, 1803-5 — Geschichte der 
protestantischen Theologie, 1831. 

Plancus, L. Munatius, — [BC] — legatus to 
CaBsar in Gaul, wint. 54-3 — serves Csesar in 
Spain, 49 — in Africa, 46 — governor of Transal- 
pine Gaul, 44— founds Lugdunum andRaurica: 
joins Antony and Lepidus, 43 — Consul with 
M. iErnilius Lepidus, (712, a. u. c.) 42— with- 
draws to Athens with Fulvia, 40 — governor of 
Syria under Antony, 35 — goes to Rome, to 
Octavius, 32 — censor with Paullus iErnilius 
Lepidus, 22. 

Planetarium, — constructed by Hnyghens, 
(and named Automaton,) between 1665-81 — by 
Roemer, 1697 — of Royal Institution, London, 
devised by Young and" Pearson, about 1801 — 
constructed, 1802-3. 

Planing Machine, — patented by Bentham, 
1791 — by Bramah, 1802 — byWoodworth, 1828. 
Planta, Joseph, First Librarian of 
British Museum, — fj. in the Grisons, 21 Feb. 
1744 — comes to England, 1752 — Assistant Li- 
brarian at British Museum, 1773 — F.R.S., 
1 7 74 — Secretary, 1 7 7 6— Chief Librarian, British 
Museum, 1799 — tinder-secretary of State, 18 17 
— tf., 3 Dec. 1827. History of Swiss Con- 
federation, 1800. 

Plantagenet, Geoffrey. [See Anjou.] 
Plantagenet Line, of English Sovereigns, — 
begins with Henry II., 1154 — ends with Rich- 
ard III., 1485. 

Plantin, Christophe, printer, — fj. near 
Tours, 15 14 — settled at Antwerp, before 1555 
— tf. there, 1 Jul. 1589. Antwerp Polyglott, 
1568-72. 

'Blanud.eSj'M.Sixim.xiS, theolog ian, grammarian, 
rhetorician, compiler of Anthology, — ambas- 
sador from Andronicus II. to Venice, 1327 — 
living, 1340 — tf., i353, a i370. b Collection of 
Greek Epigrams, (printed,) 1494. 

a D'Orville. b Yossius. 

Plasian, William of, — one of the advisers 
of Philip the Fair, before 1300— accuses Pope 
Boniface VIII. before States-General at the 
Louvre, Jun. 1303 — in conjunction with Wil- 
liam of JSTogaret prosecutes memory of Boniface 
VIII. at Avignon, 13 10. 

Plassey, in Hindustan, — Colonel Clive de- 
feats Surajah Dowlah at, 23 Jun. 1757. 
Plata, La. [Argentine Confederation.] 
Platsea, {Platcea,) — [B C] — puts itself under 
protection of Athens, 519 a — aids Athenians at 
Marathon, 490 — destroyed by Xerxes, 480 — 
battle of, Mardonius defeated, 479 — attempted 
by Thebes, Apr. 43i, a early in spring 432 b — 
surrenders, 427, and razed : rebuilt, 386 — again 
destroyed, 374-3. a Clinton. b Miiller. 

Platea, Island in Kyrenaika, — [B C] — colon- 
ized by Thyreans under Battus, 639. 

Plater, Felix, physician, — b. at Basel, 1536 
— M.D. Montpellier, 1556 — Chief Physician 
and Prof. Practical Medicine, Basel, 1560 — tf. 
there, 28 Jul. 16 14. Be corporis humani 
structura et usu, 1583 — Praxis medica, 1602 — 
Observationes, 16 14. 

Platiere, Imbert de la, {Marshal de Bour- 
dillon,) — b., 1524 — at battle of Ceiisoles, 1544 



PLATIEEE— PLEBEIANS. 



1 141 



— Lieutenant-general of Champagne and Brie, 
1547 — follows Essex in expedition to Scotland, 
1548 — conducts Duke of Lorraine to Eheims, 
155 1 — contributes to capture of Thionville, 
Jun. 1558 — ambassador to Diet of Augsburg, 
Feb. 1559 — serves at siege of Havre de Grace, 
1563 — Marshal, 1564,* 22 Dec. i562 b — present 
at conferences of Bayonne, 1565 — tf. at Fon- 
tainebleau, 4 Apr. 1567. 

a Biog. Unir. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Platiere, La. [Roland.] 

Platina, (Bartolomeo de' Sacchi,) historian, 
— b. in Italy, 142 1 — imprisoned and tortured 
hyPiiis II., 1468-9 — Librarian of the Vatican, 
by Sixtus IV., 1475 — tf. at Borne, 1481. In 
vitas summorum pontificum ad Sixtum IV., 
1479. 

Platinum, metal, — brought into notice by 
Ulloa, 1735 — introduced into Europe from 
America, 1749 — ductility of, investigated by 
Wollaston, 181 3 — found in association with 
gold, by Boussingault, 1826 — new method of 
extraction introduced by Deville and Debray, 
1859. 

Platner, Ernst, physician, anthropologist, — 
b. at Leipsic, 11 Jun. 1744 — enters Leipsic 
Univ., 1762 — M.D., 1767 — Prof. Extraord. 
Medicine, 1770 — Prof. Physiology, 1780— 
Prof. Extraord. Philosophy, 1 801— Prof. Phi- 
losophy, 1811 — tf., 27 Dec. 181 8. Anthro- 
pologic, 1772-3 — Philosophische Aphorismen, 
1776-82 — Qucestiones physiologicce, 1794 — 
QiKBstiones medicince forensis, 1820. 

Platner, Johann Zacharias, physician, — ft. 
at Chemnitz, or Meissen, 16 Aug. 1694 — studies 
at Leipsic, 1712-15 — M.D. Halle, 1716 — Prof. 
Extraord. Anatomy and Surgery, Leipsic, 172 1 
— Prof. Physiology, 1724 — Prof. Pathology, 
1737 — Prof. Therapeutics, 1747 — tf., 19 Dec. 
1747. Institutiones Chirurgicc Rationalis, 
1745 — Opuscule, Chirurgica et Anatomica, 1749 
— Ars medendi, 1765. 

Plato, (Platon,) comic poet, — [B C] — first 
exhibits, (01. 88,) 427 — gains third prize with 
Cleophon, Feb. 405 — exhibits Phaon, (01. 97, 
2,) Feb. to Mar. 391. 

Plato, {Platon,) philosopher, — [BC] — b., (7 
Thargel. 01. 87, 2,) 21 May 430-429,* (OL 
88, 1,) 428 b — begins to hear Socrates, 409 — 
withdraws to Megara, 399 — travels in Italy, 
Cyrene, Egypt ; returns to Athens, 396-5 — 
first voyage to Sicily, 389-8 — returns to Athens, 
(01. 97, 4,) 389-8° — begins to teach in the 
Academy, about 388 — visits Sicily again, about 
367 and 361— tf., (01. 108, 1,) May 347. 

a Clinton. b Laert., &c. c Smith's Diet. 

PiatofF, Hetman of the Cossacks, — b., 
about 1765 — as Lieutenant-general, distin- 
guishes himself in Eussian campaigns, 1806-15 
— commands against Turks in Moldavia, 1808- 
12 — defeated by the French, near Grodno, 30 
Jun. 1 8 12 — harasses retreat of the Fi'ench, 
1 8 1 2 — takes part in German campaign, 181 3 — 
in campaign of France, 18 14 — enters Paris, 
and accompanies allied sovereigns to London, 
1814 — takes part in campaign of 1815 — tf., 
Feb. 1 8 18. 

Platon, ABr or Moscow, — b. near Moscow, 



24 Jun. (5 Jul.) 1737 — becomes a monk, 1758 
— Eector and Prof. Theology, Moscow, 1762 — 
Archimandrite of the Troitzkoi Cloister, 1766 
— Abp of Tver, 1770 — of Moscow, 1 Feb. 1775 
— Metropolitan of Eussian Church, 9 Jul. 1787 
— crowns Emperor Alexander, at Moscow, 1801 
— tf. at Moscow, 11 (23) Nov. 1802. 

Platonic Academy, — founded at Florence, 
by Lorenzo de' Medici, about 1474. 

Plattsburg, in Canada, — defeat of British 
squadron by Americans before, 11 Sep. 18 14. 

Plautianus, L. Fulvius, — Consul with P. 
Septimius Geta, (956, a. u. c.) 203 — conspires 
against Septimius Severus, and is put to death, 
203. 

Plautius, Aulus, — sent by Claudius to com- 
mand in Britain, 43 — founds London, 3 43-47 — 
with Vespasian, subdues south part of the 
island, 47 — returns to Eome and triumphs, 47. 
a Guest. 

Plautius, Q., — Consul with Sex. Papinius 
Allenius, (789, a. tj. c.) 36. 

Plautus, C. Kabellius, — accused by Julia 
Silana of designs on Emperor, 5^ — banished 
to Asia, 60 — put to death by Nero, 62. 

Plautus, T. Maccius, comic poet, — [B C] — 
b., about 254 a — commences his dramatic 
career, about 224a — tf., iS^. h Pseudolus, 191. 
a Kitsch. b Cic. 

Playfair, Sir Hugh Lyon, — b., 1786 — enters 
E. India Company's service, 1805 — reduces 
fort of Kalunga, 18 14 — Captain, 18 15 — super- 
intendent of Military Eoad, &c, Calcutta to 
Benares, about 1820-7 — returns to Europe, and 
settles at St Andrew's, 1834 — Provost, 1842 — 
Knt, 1856— LL.D. St Andrew's, 1856— tf. at 
St Andrew's, 21 Jan. 1861. 

Playfair, John, mathematician, — b. at 
Bervie, in Scotland, 10 Mar. 1748 — studies at 
St Andrew's, 1762 — parish minister of Litf and 
Bervie, 1773-82— Prof. Mathematics, Edin- 
burgh Univ., 1785 — Secretary to Eoyal Soc. 
Edinburgh, and Prof. Natural Philosophy, 
1805— visits the Alps, 1816 — tf. at Edinburgh, 
19 Jul. 1819. Works, 1822. 

Playfair, William, inventor, miscella- 
neous writer, — b., 1759 — draughtsman to 
James "Watt, 1780 — tf. in London, 11 Feb. 
1823. Commercial and Political Atlas, 1786 
— History of Jacobinism, 1795 — British Family 
Antiquities, 1 809-11. 

Play Grounds, in England, — protection of 
village greens as, provided for by Act 15 and 
16 Vic. c. 79, 30 Jun. 1852— grants of land 
for, facilitated by Act 22 Vic. c. 27, 19 Apr. 
1%^ — levy of rates for purchase and main- 
tenance of, authorized by Act 23 and 24 Vic. 
c. 30, 3 Jul. i860. 

Plays. [Theatres.] ,, _ 

Pleaders, in Roman Law, — [B C] — prohibit- 
ed from taking remuneration, by Cincia Lex, 
204 — confirmed by heavier penalties by 
Augustus, after 31 — [A D]— exception, intro- 
duced by Antoninus Pius, confirmed by Con- 
stants e, 319. 

Plebeians, at Pome, — [B C] — Valerian Laws 
passed, 508 — secession to Mons Sacer, 494 — 
appointment of Tribunes and iEdiles, 494 — 



I 142 



PLEBISCITA— PLYMOUTH. 



connubium with Patricians established, by Ca- 
nuleian Laws, 445 — admitted to quaestorship, 
421 — Licinian Laws, 366 — first plebeian Con- 
sul, (L. Sextius Lateranus,) 366 — first plebeian 
dictator, (C. Marcius Rutilus,) 356 — first ple- 
beian censor, 351 — first plebeian praetor, 336 
— first plebeian pontifex maximus, by Ogulnian 
Law, 300 — last secession, 286 — Hortensian 
Laws, 286. 

Plebiscita, at Rome, — [BC] — made binding 
on the whole nation (populus) by Valerio-Ho- 
ratian Law, 449 — made binding on all Quirites 
by Lex Publilia, 339 — on all the populus (po- 
pulus universus) by Lex Hortensia, 287. 

Plegmund, Abp op Canterbury, — con- 
secrated by Pope Formosus, 891 — tl., 923. 

Pleistoanax, King op Sparta, — [B Cj— 
succeeds Pleistarchos, 458 — invades Attica, 
about Feb. 445, a 446 b — exiled, 445 b — recalled, 
426 — secures peace with Athens, 421 — invades 
Arcadia to aid Parrhasians, 421 — inarches to 
aid Agis II. to Tegeia, 418— tf., 408. 
a Clinton. b Mutter. 

Plesiosaurus, fossil, — discovered at Lyme 
Regis, 1822. 

Plesswitz. [Poischwitz.] 

Pletho. [Gemisthus Pletho.] 

Pleyel, Ignaz, musical composer, — 6. near 
Vienna, 1757 — Chapel-master of Strasburg 
Cathedral, 1783 — visits London, 1791 — tf. 
near Paris, 14 Nov. 1831. 

Plinius Ceecilius Secundus, C-, (the younger,) 
■ — ft., close of 61 a — adopted by his uncle, 
about 7 2 — commences public life, 80 — praetor, 
about 93, b 90 a — praefectus eerarii Saturni, 98 
—Consul with Tertullus, (853, a. u. c.) from 
Kal. Sep. 100 — pronounces his Panegyricus, 
100 — propraetor in Pontica, (Bithynia,) Sep. 
103-4-5 — tf., after 109. 

a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. 

Plinius Secundus, C, (the elder,) naturalist, 
§c, — ft., 23, a beginning 24 b — serves under 
L. Pomponius Secundus in Germany, about 46 
— returns to Eome, 52 — procurator in Spain, 
before 68 — re turns to Rome, adopts his nephew, 
about 72 — perishes during eruption of Ve- 
suvius, 24 Aug. 79. JJubius Sermo, before 68 
— BZistoria Naturalis, about 77. 

a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. 

Plinta, — Consul with Monaxius, (1172, 
a. u. c.) 419. 

Plombieres,— interview of Napoleon III. 
and Count Cavour at, Jul. 1858. 

Ploos van Amstel, Cornelisz, engraver, $e., 
— b. at Amsterdam, 1726 — tf. there, 20 Dec. 
1798. 

Plot, Robert, naturalist, antiquary, — ft. in 
Kent, 1 641 — enters Magdalen Hall, Oxford, 
Mar. 1658— B.A., 1661— M.A., 1664— LL.D., 
167 1 — ■ F.R.S., 1677 — Secretary, 1682 — 
Keeper of Ashmolean Museum, 1683 — First 
Reader in Chemistry, Oxford, about 1683-90 
— Historiographer to James II., 1688 — tf. in 
Kent, 30 Apr. 1696. Natural History of Ox- 
fordshire, 1677 — of Staffordshire, 1686. 

Plotinus, N co -Platonic philosopher, — ft., 
205, ab about 203, ,: 204 d — hears Ammonius 
Saccas, 232 a — accompanies expedition of Em- 



peror Gordian to Persia, 242 a — returns to 
Rome, 244 a — begins to write, 253 a — tf., 27o, a b 
262,° 274. d a Clinton. b Tennemann. 

c Smith's Diet. d Engl. Cyc. 

Plough, Steam, — patented by Francis 
Moore, 1769 — another, by Pratt, 1810 — Heath- 
coat's, patented, 1832 — Fisken's, 1855 — Fowl- 
er's, 1854. 

Plowcze, in Poland, — Teutonic Knights de- 
feat Poles at, 1 33 1. 

Plowden, Edmund, jurist, — ft. in Shropshire, 
about 15 17 — Serjeant-at-law, about 1554 — tf. 
in London, 1584. Commentaries, (Reports,) 

*57 r - 

Plowden, Walter, British consul in Abys- 
sinia, — sent on mission to Ras Ali, 1848 — con- 
cludes treaty of friendship and commerce, 2 
Nov. 1849 — the treaty ratified by British 
Government, Mar. 1852 — interferes on behalf 
of frontier tribes, 1854 — received by Theodore, 
Jun. 1855 — wounded and taken prisoner by a 
native chief, on return to Massowah, Feb. i860 
— tf., Mar. i860. [Abyssinian War.] 

Plukenet, Leonard, botanist, — ft., 1642 — tf. 
Superintendent of Hampton Court Gardens, 
about 1710? 1706? Phytographia, 1691-6 
— Almagestum Botanicum, 1696. 

Plunket, William Conyngham, Lord Plun- 
ket, Lord Chancellor op Ireland, — ft. at 
Enniskillen, Jul. 1764 — called to the bar, 1787 
— Solicitor-general for Ireland, 1803 — Attor- 
ney-general, 1805 — M.P. Midburst, 1807 — 
M.P. Dublin Univ., 1812 — Attorney-general 
for Ireland, 1822— Chief Justice of Common 
Pleas, Ireland, and raised to peerage, Jun. 1827 
— Lord Chancellor of Ireland, close of 1830 to 
Nov. 1834 — again, Apr. 1835 to 1841 — tf. at 
Bray, 4 Jan. 1 854. Letters and Speeches, 1 867 . 
Pluquet, Francois Andre Adrien, — ft. at 
Bayeux, 17 16 — Prof. Moral Philosophy, Col- 
lege of France, 1776 — Prof. History, 1777-82 
— tf. at Paris, 18 Sep. 1790. Examen du Fatal- 
isme, 1757 — Dictionnaire des Heresies, 1762. 

Pluralities, in Ecclesiastical Law, — pro- 
hibited by Councils of Chalcedon, 451 — of 
Nicaea, 787 — of the Lateran, 12 15. Ln Eng- 
land, prohibited by Act 21 Hen. VIII. c. 13, 
1529 — law amended by Act "57 Geo. III. c. 99, 
10 Jul. 1 8 17 — former statutes repealed and 
new regulations made by Act 1 and 2 Vic. c. 
106, 14 Aug. 1838— laws amended by Acts 13 
and 14 Vic. c. 98, 14 Aug. 1850, and 18 and 
19 Vic. c. 127, 14 Aug. 1855. 

Plutarchus, (Ploutarchos,) biographer, §c, 
— ft., 46 ? — studies under Ammonius, about 66. 
Be primo frigido, wint. 105-6 a — writing his 
Lives, (Vitce Parallels,) about 1 10-13 — fr-> 
after 120. a Clinton. 

Plymouth, in Devonshire, — attacked by 
French, 1339 and. 1350 — attacked and partly 
burnt by Bretons, 1403 — walled, about 1440 — 
ravaged by plague, 1579 and 158 1 — rendezvous 
of fleet under Lord Howard, 1588 — visited by 
Charles I., 1625 — again ravaged by plague, 
1626 — sides with the Parliament, 1642 — un- 
successfully besieged by Prince Maurice, 15 
Sep. to 25 Dec. 1643 — attacked by Charles I., 
and blockaded by Sir R. Grenville, 1644— in- 



PLYMOUTH— POGGIO BRACCIOLINI. 



IJ 43 



decisive naval action with De Kuyter off, 16 
Aug-. 1652 — visited by Charles II., 1670— de- 
prived of its charter by Charles II., 1683 — 
recovers it, 1697 — visited by Prince and Princess 
of Wales, 18 Jul. 1865. C it ade I, huilt, 1670-1. 
Dockyard, commenced, about 1700. Gun 
Wharf, built, 1718-25. Western College, 
established, 1752. Roman Catholic Cathedral, 
built, 1858. Breakwater, commenced, 12 
Apr. 1 8 12. 

Plymouth, in N. Carolina, Tf. S., — taken by 
Confederates, 9 Dec. 1862. 

Plymouth, in Massachusetts, TF. S., — settled 
by Pilgrim Fathers, 22 Dec. 1620 — monument 
commenced, 1 Aug. 1859." 

Plymouth Brethren, in England, — congre- 
gations of, formed, about 1830-5. 

Pneumatic Dispatch Tube,— projected, 1861 
— opened in London, Nov. 1865. 

Pneumatic Railway. [Railway.] 

Po, (Padus,) river in Italy, — [B C] — first 
passed by Romans, under C. Flaminius, 223 — 
[A D] — navigation of, declared free, by treaty 
between Austria, Parma, and Modena, Jul. 1850. 

Poaching, — penalties and prosecutions for, 
regulated by Act 2 frn IV. c. 32, 5 Oct. 183? 
— amended by Act 23 and 24 Vic. c. 90, 13 
Aug. i860 — prevention of, further provided 
for by Act 25 and 26 Vic. c. 114, 7 Aug. 1862 
— night, prevention and punishment of, pro- 
vided for by Acts 57 Geo. III. c. 90, 10 Jul. 
1817; 9 Geo. IV. c. 69, 19 Jul. 1828, and 7 
and 8 Vic. c. 29, 4 Jul. 1844. 

Poccetti, Bernardino Ha,YbitQMi,{Rernardino 
delle Grotesche,) painter, — ft. at Florence, 1548 
— tf., 9 Nov. 1612. 

Pocock, Edward, orientalist,— -ft. at Oxford, 
Nov. 1604 — enters Magdalen Hall, 16 18 — re- 
moves to Corpus Christi Coll., 1620 — ordained 
priest, 1628 — chaplain to English factory at 
Aleppo, 1630-6 — Prof. Arabic, Oxford, 1636— 
at Constantinople, 1637-40 — meets Grotius at 
Paris, 1640 — marries, 1646 — Prof. Hebrew, 
Oxford, 1648 — D.D., 1660 — tf. at Oxford, 10 
Sep. 1 69 1. Specimen historice Arabum, 1650 
— Porta Mosis, 1655 — assists in English Poly- 
glott, 1657 — Latin translation of Abulfiragius, 
1663 — Arabic translation of Grotius ' De Veri- 
tate Religionis Christians,' 1660. 

Pocock, Sir George, admiral, — b., 6 Mar. 
1706 — enters the navy, and serves under his 
uncle, Sir G. Byng, in the Mediterranean, 1 7 1 8 
— Captain, 1738. — commander on West Indies 
station, intercepts French convoy, 1748 — Rear- 
admiral, 4 Feb. 1755 — takes part in reduction 
of Chandernagore, 1756 — Vice-admiral, 31 
Jan. 1758 — defeats French squadron off Nega- 
patam, 28 Apr. 1758— again, 4 Aug. — again, off 
Pondicherry, 8 Sep. 1759— K.B., J 7 6j — M - p - 
Plymouth, 1762 — takes command of expedition 
against the Havannah, Mar. 1762 — blockades 
the harbour, 6 Jun. — receives capitulation of 
the city, 14 Aug. — retires, 1766 — tf. in Lon- 
don, 3 Apr. 1792. 

Pocock, Isaac, painter, dramatist, — h. at 
Bristol, 1782 — tf., 23 Aug. 1835. 

Pococke, Richard, traveller, — fj. at South- 
ampton, 1704 — LL.D. Oxford, 1733 — visits 



the East, 1737-41 — Bp of Ossory, 1756 — tf. 
Bp of Meath, Sep. 1765. Observations on 
EyilPt, J 743 — Observations on Palestine, Syria, 
&•> 1745- 

Podiebrad, George, Regent; and King of 
Bohemia, — b., 23 Apr. 1420 — joins the 
Utraquist Orders at Tabor and offers crown of 
Bohemia to Casimir of Poland, 1438— defends 
Tabor against Emperor Albert II., 1438— 
chosen Joint-regent of Bohemia, by Hussites, 
during minority of Ladislaus the Posthumous, 
1444 — seizes Prague and imprisons his colleague, 
1449 — has interview with iEneas Sylvius, 1452 
—confirmed in office by Ladislaus, 1453— on 
death of Ladislaus, retains chief power, 1457 — ■ 
triumphs over several rivals, and is elected 
King, 2 Mar. 1458 — crowned, 7 May — liberates 
Matthias Corvinus, 1458 — recognized King by 
Imperial diploma, 31 Jul. 1459 — demands con- 
firmation of his election by Pius II., who 
refuses it, 1462— delivers Emperor Frederick 
III. besieged in Vienna by Turks, Oct. 1462 
—excommunicated as favourer of heretics by 
Pius II. and cited to Rome, 29 Mar. 1463 — 
declared deprived of the kingdom, by Paul II., 
8 Dec. 1465 — again excommunicated, 23 Dec. 
1466 — invasion of Moravia by Matthias Cor- 
vinus, at instigation of the Pope, 1468 — 
Matthias proclaimed King, 3 May 1469 — ap- 
points Ladislaus of Poland his successor, 19 
Jul. 1469— carries on war with Matthias : tf. 
at Prague, 22 May 1471. 

Podolia, in Russia, — united with Poland, 
1569 — invaded by Mahomet IV., 1672 — ceded 
to him by Michael Wiesnowieski, by Treaty of 
Bondchaz, 18 Oct. 1672 — the treaty annulled 
by Diet of Warsaw, and province recovered by 
Sobieski, 1673— annexed to Russia, 1793. 

Poe, Edgar Allpn, poet, novelist, — fi. at 
Baltimore, U. S., Jan. 181 1 — tf. there, 7 Oct. 
1849. Works, 1850. 

Poelemhurg, Cornelisz, painter, — ft. at 
Utrecht, 1586 — studies under Elzheimer at 
Rome, 1600 — returns to Holland, 1621 — tf. at 
Utrecht, 1660. 

Poerio, Carlo, — b. at Naples, 10 Dec. 1803 
— imprisoned for taking part in conspiracy of 
Avellino, 1828 — liberated, Mar. 1838 — again 
imprisoned, 1847 — released, organizes demon- 
stration of 27 Jan. 1848 — arrested, 19 Jul. 
1 849 — on false accusation sentenced to fine and 
imprisonment in irons for 24 years ; with other 
prisoners embarked for America, 19 Jan. 1859 — 
but finds his way to London and thence to 
Turin : elected deputy to parliament of Italy, 
i860 — Vice-pres., Mar. 1861 — tf. at Florence, 
28 Apr. 1867. 

Poet-Laureate, — dignity of, conferred on 
Petrarch, 1341 — in England, mentioned, about 
1460-70 — office made patent by Charles I., 
1630 — annual odes discontinued, after 18 10. 

Poggio Bracciolini, classical scholar, — it. in 
Tuscany, i38i a — apostolic secretary to Boni- 
face IX., and seven succeeding popes, 1412-52 
— attends Council of Constance, 1414-15 — visits 
England, resides with Cardinal Beaufort, about 
141 7 — marries Vaggia de Buondelmonti, 1435 
— •Chancellor of Republic of Florence, 1452 



1 144 



POGONATUS -POLAND. 



— tf. at Florence, 30 Oct. 1459. Facetie, about 
1470— Eistoria Florentine 17 15 — Be Varietate 
Fortunes, 1723. a Roscoe. 

Pogonatus. [Constantine Pogonatus.] 
Poictiers. [Poitiers.] 
Poilly, Francois de, engraver, — ft. at Abbe- 
ville, 1622 — studies at Borne, 1649-56 — en- 
graver to Louis XIV., 1664— tf. at Paris, 
1693. 

Poilly, Jean Baptiste de, engraver ,— n. at 
Paris, 1669 — admitted to Academy of Painting, 
26 Jul. 1714— tf. at Paris, 29 Apr. 1728. 

Poilly, Nicolas de, engraver, — rj. at Abbe- 
ville, 1626 — tf. at Paris, 1696. 

Poilly, Nicolas de, painter, engraver,— h. at 
Paris, 28 Jun. 1675 — tf. there, 12 Aug. 1747. 
Poirson, Auguste Simon Jean Chrysostome, 
historian, — f). at Paris, 20 Aug. 1795 — Prof. 
History, College of Henry IV., Oct. 1818— 
proviseur of College of St Louis, Dec. 1833 — of 
Coll. of Charlemagne, Mar. 1837 — Officer of Le- 
gion of Honour, 1 843 — Counsellor of the Univ., 
Dec. 1845 — member of Commission for organ- 
ization of professional instruction, Jan. 1850 — 
retires, 1853— tf-, Jul. 187 1. Histoire romaine, 
1824-26 — Precis de V histoire ancienne, 1827 — 
Histoire de Henri IV., 1857. 

Pois, Charles le, physician, — rj. at Nancy, 
1563 — tf. at Nancy, 1633. Selectiores observa- 
tions et consilia de pratervisis hactenus morbis, 
1618. 

Pois, -Nicolas le, physician, — ft., 1527 — tf., 
1587. Le cognoscendis et curandis prcecipue 
internis humani corporis morbis, 1580. 

Poischwitz, {Plessivitz,) in Silesia, — Armis- 
tice of, between Napoleon I. and allies, for six 
weeks, concluded, 4 Jun. 18 13. 

Poisoners. [See Boiling to Death.] 
Poisoning, — [B C] — first detected at Eome, 
331 — Cornelian law against, 82. 

Poisons, — in England, — [Arsenic] — sale of, 
regulated by Act 15 and 16 Vic. c. 56, 30 Jun. 
1852 — amended, and new regulations made, by 
Act 31 and 32 Vic. c. 121, 31 Jul. 1868. In 
Ireland, sale of, regulated by Act 33 and 34 
Vic. c. 26, 14 Jul. 1870. 

Poisson, Simeon Denis, mathematician, — b. 
in France, 21 Jun. 178 1 — enters Polytechnic 
Scbool, 1798 — Prof., 1802 — member of Bureau 
of Longitudes, 1808 — member of Academy of 
Sciences, 24 Mar. 181 2 — of Council of Public 
Instruction, 1820 — Peer of France, 1837 — tf. 
at Sceaux, 25 Apr. 1840. Traite de mecanique, 
181 1 — Theorie nouvelle de faction capillaire, 
1831. 
Poissy, Colloquy of. [Colloquy.] 
Poitiers, Poictiers, in France, {Augus- 
torition,) — pillaged by Vandals, 410 — taken by 
Visigoths, about 419 — Clovis defeats Alaric 
near, 507 — takes part in insurrection of 
Aquitaine, 585 — revolts against Dagobert, and. 
is besieged and sacked, 636 — Charles Martel 
defeats Abdelrahman near, 18 Oct. 732— passes 
to Henry Plantagenet (Henry II.) on his mar- 
riage with Eleanor of Guienne, 1152 — taken 
from English by Philip Augustus, 1204 — 
Edward the Black Prince defeats and captures 
John II. at, 19 Sep. 1356 — ceded to England by 



Treaty of Bretigny, 1 360 — surrenders to Charles 
V. of France, 1372 — Charles VII. holds his 
court and parliament at, about 1422-36 — taken 
by Huguenots, 1562— retaken by Catholics, 
and pillaged, 1569 — unsuccessfully attempted 
by Coligny, 1569. University, founded by 
Charles VII., 143 1. Cathedral, commenced by 
Henry II., 1152 — completed, 1379. Coun- 
cils of, for excommunication of Chrodielda, 
daughter of King Charibert, held, 590 — on 
discipline, about 1000 to about 1023 — re- 
specting "William, Count of Poitou, and his 
wife, 1073 — respecting Eucharist, 13 Jan. 
1074 — on discipline, 15 Jan. 1078 and 18 
Nov. 1 100 — for publication of crusade, 25 Jun. 
1106. 

Poitou, Province of France, — forms part of 
Aquitania Secunda, — [Aquitania] — governed 
by Counts, from 778 — Eainulf I. acquires 
Duchy of Aquitaine, 845 — finally united to the 
Crown, by Charles VII., 1422. 

Poland, — Piast chosen Duke of, 842 — his 
son, Ziemovit, succeeds, 861 — Lesko, (son,) 

892 — ZlEMOMYSLAS, (son,) 913 — MlECISLAS, 

(Miecislaf) (son,) 964 — receives baptism, and 
marries Bohemian princess, about 965 — tf., 
992 or 999 — Boleslas Chuobui, (son,) 992 ? 
— recovers Cracow from Bohemians — conquers 
part of Prussia — compelled by Emperor Henry 
II. to give up Bohemia, 1005 — ravages frontiers 
of Germany and invades Saxony, 1005 — de- 
feated by Henry II. in Silesia, spring 1006 — 
again at war with Bohemia, 10 15 — makes 
peace with Bohemia and Henry II., 1018 — 
discharged of homage to the Empire, by same 
treaty : restores Swiatopolk, Duke of Kief, 
1018 — invasion of Jaroslav, 1022 — tf., 28 Oct. 
1025 — Miecislas II., (son,) 1025 — divorced 
from Eichense, 1036 — tj., 15 Mar. 1037 — inter- 
regnum during minority of Casimir I., 1041 — 
Boleslas II. the Dauntless, (son,) 1058 — 
supports Bela, Duke of Hungary, against his 
brother Andrew, 1061 — assists Jaromir against 
his brother Wratislas II. of Bohemia, 1062 — 
reinstates Isiaslaf, Duke of Eussia, 1067 — 
again, 1077 — declares Poland independent and 
assumes title of King, 1077 — excommunicated 
by Bp of Cracow, 1079 — kills him, 7 May 1079 
— excommunicated by Gregory VII., who lays 
interdict on his dominions and suppresses title 
of King, 1080 — takes flight, 1081 — tf., 1083 — 
Ladislas Hermann (brother) succeeds, 108 1 
— gets interdict raised: carries on war with 
Prussians, 1092-7 — tf., 26 Jul. 1102 — Bo- 
leslas III., (son,) fc., 1086 — succeeds, 1102 
— marries Adelaide, daughter of Emperor 
Henry IV., 1109 — does homage to Emperor 
Lothaire at Merseburg, 11 35 — takes prisoner 
Jaropolk, Duke of Kief, 11 36— who escapes, 
1 1 37 — invades Eussia, 11 37 — defeated by Eus- 
sians, n 38— divides his states between four of 
his sons, 11 38 — tf., 11 38 — Ladislas II., (son,) 
b., 1 1 04 — succeeds to part of the kingdom 
with suzerainty over his brothers, n 38 — takes 
title of King : defeats his brothers Boleslas 
and Miecislas, 1142 — besieges them in Pos- 
nania, 1 146- -his troops massacred, be escapes 
into Germany, 1146 — Boleslas IV., (brother,) 



POLAND— POLARISCOPE. 



"45 



1 146 — resists demands of Emperor Conrad 
III. and Pope Eugenius III. for restoration 
of Ladislas, and is excommunicated, and the 
kingdom placed under interdict, 1148 — averts 
by negotiation threatened invasion by Conrad,* 
1 149 — invasion of Frederick I., 1157 — is de- 
feated and makes peace with him : invades 
Prussia, 11 63 — his army destroyed there, 1167 
— ft., 30 Oct. 1 17 3 — Miecislas III., (brother,) 
1 173 — deposed, 1 177 — Casimir II., (brother,) 
1 177 — Lesko Y. the White (son) succeeds 
under regency of his mother Helena, 11 94 — 
she cedes the crown to Miecislas, 1201 — on 
whose death his son Ladislas is proclaimed, 
1202 — war with him, 1202-6 — Lesko defeats 
Russians, 1207 — assassinated, 11 Nov. 1227 — 
Boleslas V. the Chaste, (son,) b., 1219 — 
succeeds, 1227 — regency of his uncle Conrad: 
invaded and partly conquered by Prussians, 
1230— recovered by aid of Teutonic Knights : 
Boleslas assumes the government, 1238 — on in- 
vasion of Batou-Khan, takes refuge in Hungary, 
1 240-1 — at war with his uncle Conrad, 1 24 1 -6 — 
ft., 10 Dec. 1279 — Lesko VI. the Black, 1279 
— on Tatar invasion, escapes to Hungary, 1287 
— defeated by Conrad, Duke of Mazovia, 1289 
— tf., 1289— Interregnum and civil war, 1289- 
95 — Puzemislas II. assumes title of King and 
is crowned, 26 Jun. 1295 — assassinated by 
Otto, Marquis of Brandenburg, 8 Feb. 1296 — 
Ladislas Loketek, 1296 — takes title of Duke : 
deposed, 1 300— "Wenceslas, King of Bohemia, 
1300 — expelled and succeeded by Loketek, 
1304 — carries on war with Henry, Duke of 
Glogau,i304-io — with Teutonic Knights, 1 304- 
33 — takes title of King, and is crowned at 
Cracow, 1320 — holds a Diet, 1331 — defeats 
Teutonic Knights at Plowce, 1331 — a"., 10 
Mar. 1333— Casimir III., 1333— dynasty of 
Piast extinct at his death, 1370 — Louis, King 
of Hungary,i37o — on hisdeatb, interregnum, 
1382— Ladislas, cousin of Casimir III., ob- 
tains authority from Clement VII. to take 
possession of the crown, 4 Jul. 1382 — gets a 
second brief, 13 Sep. — but is successfully op- 
posed by Hedwig, and retires to Germany, 
1385 — Hedwig and Jagellon, {Ladislas V.,) 
1385 — union with Lithuania: death of Hed- 
wig. 1399 — Ladislas VI., (son,) 1434 — 
Casimir IV., (brother,) 1445 — union of Prus- 
sian provinces with Poland, 1454— Peace of 
Thorn, 1462 — John Albert, (son,) 1492 — 
Alexander, (brother,) 1501 — ft., 19 Aug. 
1506— Sigismund I., (brother), 1506 — invasion 
of Mohdan, Prince of Moldavia, who is de- 
feated and becomes vassal of king of Poland, 
15 10— Sigismund II., (son,) 1548 — acquisition 
of Livonia : on his death, interregnum, Jul. 
1572 — succession disputed between Ernest, 
son of Emperor Maximilian, and Henry, Duke 
of Anjou, 1573 — Henry of Valois, 1574 — 
Stephen Bathori, Prince of Transylvania, 1575 
— Sigismund III., 1587 — Ladislas VII., 
1632 — John Casimir V., 1648 — Treaty of 
Velau, 1657— Peace of Oliva, 1660— Michael 
Coribut Wisnowiski, 1669 — John Sobieski, 
1674- — on his deatb, succession disputed, 1696 
■ — election of Prince of Conti and Frederick 



Augustus, Elector of Saxony, 27 Jun. 1697— 
Conti retires, Nov.— Frederick Augustus I., 
1697— Stanislas I., 1704 — Frederick Au- 
gustus restored, 1709 — interregnum on his 
death, 1733 — Stanislas proclaimed, but op- 
posed by Russia, withdraws : Frederick Au- 
gustus II., 1734 — interregnum, 1763 — Stan- 
islaus Augustus elected, 1764. [Bar, Con- 
federation of, and Dissidents.] First par- 
tition, between Russia, Austria, and Prussia, 
planned by Frederick II., 1772 — reforms pro- 
posed by Andrew Zamoyski rejected by Diet, 
1780 — Diet declares itself permanent, 1788 — 
new constitution proclaimed, veto abolished, 
throne declared hereditary in Saxon line, 2 
May 1792 — confederation of Targovitza formed 
at instigation of Russia, 1792 — invaded by 
Eussia and Prussia, 18 May 1792. Second 
partition between them, effected, Jan. 1793 — 
insurrection headed by Kosciusko, Mar. 1794. 
— storm of Praga by Suwarof, 4 Nov. 1794. 
Third partition, between Russia, Prussia, and 
Austria, 25 Nov. 1795 — hopes of restoration 
excited by Napoleon, 1806 — extinguished by 
Treaty of Tilsit, 1807— [Warsaw, Duchy of] 
— affairs of, rearranged, and kingdom of Poland 
erected, by Congress of Vienna, 18 15 — insur- 
rection in, breaks out, 29 Nov. 1830— the 
army declares for it, and Grand Duke Con- 
stantine withdraws : the throne declared vacant 
by Diet, government organized under Adam 
Czartoryski, 25 Jan. 1831 — battle of Ofro- 
chow, 25 Feb.— battle of Ostrolenka, 26 May 
— surrender of Warsaw, 7 Sep. — amnesty with 
exceptions proclaimed, 1 Nov. — declared in- 
tegral part of Russian empire, Feb. 1832 — in- 
surrection at Cracow, 1846 — new constitution 
for, published, 31 Mar. 1861 — dissolution of 
Agricultural Society, 6 Apr. — insurrection at 
Czeladz, 4 Oct. — kingdom declared in state of 
siege, 14 Oct. — Grand Duke Constantine ap- 
pointed Viceroy, 28 May 1862 — conscription 
in, 15 Jan. 1863 — insurrection breaks out, 22 
Jan. — Gen. Langiewicz defeats Russians at 
Piaskowa-Scala, 5 Mar. — is proclaimed Dic- 
tator, 10 Mar. — defeated and killed at Ta- 
goscie, 19 Mar. — joint remonstrance of Great 
Britain, France, and Austria, with Russia, 
Apr. — amnesty offered, 12 Apr., and rejected : 
Russia replies to remonstrance, 14 Apr. and 2 
May — title of Polish National Government 
adopted by Central Committee, 13 May — joint 
recommendation of amnesty and national re- 
presentation, by Great Britain, France, and 
Austria, 17 Jun. — Janow burnt by Russians, 
7 Jul. — reply of Russia to the Powers, 17 Jul. — 
repulse of Russians by Lelewel, 3 Sep. — defeat 
and death of Lelewel, 6 Sep. — defeat and cap- 
ture of Czachowski, 6 Nov. — expulsion of land- 
ed proprietors, 17 Dec. 1863 — conscription in, 
5 Nov. 1865 — confiscation of ecclesiastical 
estates by Ukase of 26 Dec. 1865, promulgated, 
10 Jan. 1 866 --Russian system of Administra- 
tion established, Jan. 1867. 
Polar Regions. [Arctic Expeditions.] 
Polar Star, Order of the,— instituted in 
Sweden, by King Frederick I., 1748. 
Polariscope, — Arago's, applied to examin- 



1146 



POLARIZATION OF LIGHT— POLEMON II. 



ation of stellar and cometary light, 3 Jul. 
1 8 19 a — applied to II alley's comet, 1835. 
a Humboldt. 

Polarization of Light, — by double refrac- 
tion, observed by Huyghens, 1678 a — an- 
nounced, 1690 a — by reflection, observed by 
Mains, 1808 ;i — laws of interference discovered 
by Arago and Fresnel, i8i6. a Chromatic, 
discovered by Arago, 181 1. Rotatory, by 
Fresnel, 18 17. Magnetic Rotatory, discovered 
by Faraday, i845. b 

a Humboldt. b Lardner. 

Pole, Edmund de la, Earl of Suffolk, — 
Duke of Suffolk on death of his father, 1491 — 
on attainder of his brother, makes compromise 
with Henry VII., and accepts rank of Earl, 
1497 — attends marriage of Arthur, Prince of 
Wales, 1502 — retires to Court of Burgundy, 1502 
—given up by Archduke Philip to Henry VII. 
and committed to the Tower, 1506 — beheaded, 
30 Apr. 15 1 3. 

Pole, John de la, Duke of Suffolk, — 
restored to the Dukedom by Edward IV., 23 
Mar. 1463 — tf. K.G-., 1491. 

Pole, John de la. [Lincoln, Earl of.] 

Pole, Michael de la, Earl of Suffolk, 
Lord Chancellor of England, — serves in 
French wars under Duke of Lancaster, 1355 — 
under the Black Prince, 1359 — under John of 
Gaunt, 1369 — Admiral of the king's fleet in 
northern seas, 1376 — again serves under John 
of Gaunt, 1378 — ambassador to Borne and to 
Milan, 1379 — Lord Chancellor, 13 Mar. 1383 
— created Earl of Suffolk, 6 Aug. 1385 — serves 
in Scottish war, 1385 — ambassador to France, 
Feb. to Mar. 1386 — deprived of his office, im- 
peached by Commons, and imprisoned, Oct. 
1386 — appealed of treason by Gloucester, 
escapes to Calais, Feb. 1388 — is refused ad- 
mission by his brother, and goes to Paris : ft. 
there, 5 Sep. 1388. 

Pole, Michael de la, Earl of Suffolk, — 
b., 1368 — obtains reversal of his father's 
attainder, 1398 — recovers Earldom and estates, 
1400 — serves under Henry V. in France, leads 
storming party at Harfleur, and is killed there, 
14 Sep. 1415. 

Pole, Reginald, Cardinal, Abp of Can- 
terbury, — ft. at Stourton Castle, in Stafford- 
shire, Mar. 1500 — studies at Padua, 1520-3 
— returns to England, 1525 — B.A. Oxford, 
1525 — agent of Henry VIII. to obtain sanction 
of Univ. of Paris for divorce of Queen Catherine, 
1529 — condemns the divorce, and is expelled 
the king's presence, about 1530 — goes abroad, 
1532 a — his opinion required on supremacy of 
the pope, 1535 a — writes his book de Unitate 
Ecclesice, 1535 — sends it to England, May 
1536 a — summoned to return by Henry VIII., 
Jun. — deprived of preferments and attainted, 
1536 — invited to Borne by Paul III. and 
created Cardinal, 20 Dec. 1536 a — commis- 
sioned as legate to France or Flanders, 1536 
— Francis I. refuses to see him, 1537 — at Cam- 
bray is prohibited entering territories of 
Charles V., 1537— retires to Liege, May 1537 
--recalled by the pope, Aug. 1537— publishes 
hiri bouk, Nov. or Dec. 1538 a — ambassador to 



Charles V. in Spain, Jan. 1539 — legate at 
Viterbo, 1539-42 — Pres. Council of Trent, 
1545 — excepted, from amnesty published by 
Edward VI., 1547 — nominated candidate for 
Papal See, 1549 — appointed legate to England, 
1553— receives permission to return to Eng- 
land, 11 Nov. 1554 — arrives in London, 24 
Nov. 1554 — invites parliament to reconciliation 
with Holy See, 27 Nov. — absolves parliament 
and frees the realm from spiritual censures, 30 
Nov. — recommends lenity ; appointed by the 
pope Abp of Canterbury, 11 Dec. 1555 — con- 
secrated, 22 Mar. 1556 — assumes functions of 
legate, 28 Mar. — Chancellor of Oxford and 
Cambridge, 1556 — holds visitation of Univer- 
sities, Feb. 1557 — his commission as legate 
cancelled, May 1557 — fc. at Lambeth, 17 Nov. 
1558. a Froude. 

Pole, Richard de la, Duke of Suffolk, 
( White Rose of England,) — serves in French 
army at defence of Terouenne, Aug. 15 13 — 
killed at battle of Pavia, 1525. 

Pole, Sir "William de la, — entertains Ed- 
ward III. at Hull, and is knighted, 1332 — 
envoy to Flanders, 1333 — Knt Banneret on 
field of Marconne, and second Baron of the 
Exchequer, Sep. 1339 — retires, Jun. 1340 — 
imprisoned, and his estates seized by the 
king, Nov. 1340— process annulled, Jul. 1344 
— tf., 21 Apr. 1366. 

Pole, William de la, Earl, Marquis, and 
Duke of Suffolk, — b., 1396 — contributes to 
victory over French atVerneuil, 1424 — charged 
with conduct of siege of Orleans, Nov. 1428 — 
taken prisoner at Jergeaux, 12 Jun. 1429 — 
assists at coronation of Henry VI. at Paris, 
Dec. 143 1 — negotiates truce with France, 
May 1444 — created Marquis of Suffolk, 14 
Sep. 1444 — negotiates marriage of Henry VI. 
with Margaret of Anjou, 1445 — escorts her to 
England, Apr. — receives thanks of parliament, 
1446 — succeeds to Earldom of Pembroke, 1446 
— becomes unpopular, 1447-8 — Lord High Ad- 
miral, about 1447 — Duke of Suffolk, 2 Jun. 
1448 — impeached by Commons, committed to 
the Tower, 28 Jan. 1450 — sentenced by parlia- 
ment to five years' banishment, 17 Mar. 1450 — ■ 
embarks at Ipswich, 3 May — beheaded at sea, 
by order of Duke of Exeter, May 1450. 

Polemius, — Consul with Ursus, (1091, 
a. u. c.) 338. 

Polemon, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
117, 1,) 312. _ • 

Polemon, Platonic philosopher, — [BC] — 
succeeds Xenocrates as head of Academy, (01. 
116,) 315-4— *., (01. 126, 4,) 273. 

Polemon, Stoic philosopher, geographer, — 
[BC] — fl., about 199. 

Polemon I., King of Pontus and Bosporos, 
— [B C] — appointed by Antony governor in 
Cilicia, 39 — King of Pontus, cooperates w r ith 
Antony against Parthia, 36 — confirmed in the 
kingdom by Augustus, 30 — made King of 
Bosporos, about 16 — defeated by Aspurgians 
and put to death, after 2. 

Polemon II., King of Pontus and Bos- 
poros, — [BC] — appointed King by Caligula, 
39^-exchanges Bosporos for part of Cilicia, 41 



POLEMON— POLLAJUOLO. 



H7 



■ — marries Berenice, widow of Herod of Chalcis, 
48 — made to abdicate by Nero, 62. 

Polemon, Antonius, sophist, rhetorician, — 
fl., about 133. 

Polemoscope, — invented by Hevelius, 1637. 

Poleni, Giovanni, Marquis, natural philo- 
sopher, mathematician, §c, — 6. at Venice, or 
Padua, 1683 — Prof. Astronomy, Padua, 1708 
— Prof. Physics, 17 15 — Prof. Mathematics, 
1 7 19 — member of Paris Academy of Sciences, 
1739 — consulted by Benedict XIV., 1748 — Is. 
at Padua, 14 Nov. 1761. Miscellanea, 1709 — 
De Motu Aquce Mixto, 17 17 — Utriusque The- 
sauri Antiquitatum Romanarum Grcecarumque 
supplementa, 1737. 

Polevoy, Nikolay Alexievich, litterateur, — 
fc. at Irkutsk, 22 Jun. (0. s.) 1796 — present at 
burning of Moscow, 1 8 1 2 — tf. at St Petersburg, 

22 Feb. (0. s.) 1846. Edits Moscow Telegraph, 
1825-34 — Ocherki Russkoy Litter aturiei, 1839 

■ — Life of Feter the Great, 1843 — History of 
Russia, 1829-33 — Dramatic Works and Trans- 
lations, 1842-3. 

Polhelm, {Polhammer,) Christoph, engineer, 
— fc. at Wisby, 166 1 — studies at Upsala, 1686 
— constructs mining machine, 1690 — visits 
Erance, 1695-97 — commences construction of 
Docks of Carlscrona, 17 12 — ennobledand named 
member of Chamber of Commerce, 17 16 — Pres. 
Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, 1744 — Knt, 
Commander of Polar Star, 1748— tf. at Stock- 
holm, 31 Aug. 175 1. 

Poli, Giuseppe Saverio, naturalist, — fc. at 
Molfetta, in Italy, 1746 — Prof. Military Geo- 
graphy, Naples, 1776 — tf. at Naples, 7 Apr. 
1825. Testacea utriusque Sieilice, §c, 1792- 
1826. 

Police, — in Scotland, establishment of general 
system authorized and provided for by Act 3 
and 4 ¥m IV. c. 46, 14 Aug. 1835 — amended 
by Acts 10 and 11 Vic. c. 39, 22 Jul. 1847, 
and 13 and 14 Vic. c. 33, 15 Jul. 1850 — further 
provisions respecting, by Act 20 and 21 Vic. c. 
72, 25 Aug. 1857. In Ireland, laws relating 
to, consolidated by Act 6 Wm IV. c. 13, 20 
May 1836— amended by 6 fm IV. c. 36, 
28 Jul. 1836. Dublin, reconstituted and 
regulated by Act 6 and 7 Wm IV. c. 29, 4 Jul. 
1836. 

Police, Lieutenant of, at Paris, — office 
instituted, Mar. 1667. 

Police, Metropolitan,— instituted by Act 10 
Geo. IV. c. 44, 19 Jun. 1829 — expense of, 
provision for defraying, by Act 3 and 4 Wm 
IV. c. 89, 28 Aug. 1833— improved, and dis- 
trict of, extended by Act 2 and 3 Vic. c. 47, 17 
Aug. 1839 — employment of, in Her Majesty's 
Yards and military stations provided for by Act 

23 and 24 Vic. o." 135, 28 Aug. i860. [See 
Constables.] 

Police, Ministry of, in France, — created, (1 1 
Nivose an IV.,) 1 Jan. 1796. 

Polignac, Auguste Jules Armand Marie, 
Prince de, statesman, — h. at Versailles, 14 
May 1 7 80 — takes part in conspiracy of Georges, 
and is condemned to death, 1 804 — the sentence 
commuted to imprisonment ; joins party of the 
Congregation, 18 14 — named Peer of France, 17 



Apr. 1 8 15 — marries Miss Campbell, 18 16 — 
Eoman Prince, by the pope, 1820 — ambassador 
to London, 1823-29 — marries Marchioness de 
Choiseul, 1825 — First Minister of Charles X., 
8 Aug. 1829 — Pres. Council, 17 Nov. 1829 

— [French Revolution, 1830] — arrested at 
Granville, 15 Aug. 1830 — tried by Chamber of 
Peers and condemned, 21 Dec. — imprisoned 
at Ham, Dec. 1830 — liberated, 29 Nov. 
1836 — quits France, 1836 — rj. at Paris, 2 Mar. 
1847. Considerations Politiques, 1832. 

Polignac, Melchior de, Cardinal, — fc. at 
Puy enVelay, n Oct. 1661 — takes holy orders, 
1689 — envoy to Rome, 1689 and 1692 — ambas- 
sador to Poland, 1695 — procures election of 
Prince de Contias King, 1696 — exiled by Louis 
XIV., 1698-1702 — admitted to French Aca- 
demy, 1704 — auditor of the rota, 1706 — pleni- 
potentiary to Conferences of Gertruydenberg, 
1710 — to Congress of Utrecht, 1712-13 — Car- 
dinal, 17 1 3 — member of Academy of Sciences, 
1715 — of Inscriptions, 1717 — banished, 1718 

— ambassador to Rome, 1724-32 — Abp of 
Auch, 1726 — rj. at Paris, 20 Nov. 1741,* 3 
Apr. 1742. b Anti- Lucretius, 1745. 

a Conv.-Lex. b Nouy. Biog. Gen. 

Polignac, Yolande Martine Gahrielle de 

Polastron, Duchess of,— ft., about 1749 — 
marries Count Jules de Polignac, 1767 — 
attached to Court of Marie Antoinette, about 
1774 — quits France, 1789 — U. at Vienna, 9 
Dec. 1795. 

Polish Succession, 1733. [See Poland, 
Stanislas I. and Frederick Augustus II.] 

Political Unions, in England, — affiliated, 
declared unlawful by royal proclamation, 21 
Nov. 1 83 1. 

Politiques, Party of in France, — formed by 
moderate Catholics, 1568. 

Poliziano, Angelo, (Politianus,) classical 
scholar, — fj. at Monte-Pulciano, 14 Jul. 1454 — 
enters family of Lorenzo de Medici, 1468 — ac- 
companies Lorenzo to Pistoia, about 1479 — nas 
controversy with Merula, 1479 — accompanies 
embassy to Innocent VIII. , 1484 — attends 
Lorenzo on his deathbed, 1492 — rj. at Flor- 
ence, 24 Sep. 1494. Giostra de Giuliano de' 
Medici, shout 1468 — Orfeo, 1483 — Miscellanea, 
1479 — Stanze, 1494. 

Polk, James Knox, President of the 
United States, — h. in N. Carolina, 2 Nov. 
1795 — admitted to the bar in Tennessee, 
1820 — member of legislature of Tennessee, 
1823 — member of Congress, 1825 — Speaker 
of House of Representatives, 1836-9 — go- 
vernor of Tennessee, 1839-41 — Pres. XL S., 4 
Mar. 1845 to 4 Mar. 1849 — rj. at Nashville, 
15 Jun. 1 849. 

Poll Act, in Ireland, — passed by junto of 
the Pale, at Trim, 1465. 

Poll Tax, in England, — levied, 1377 — again, 
Nov. 1380 — collection of, excites rebellion 
under Wat Tyler, 1381 — again imposed by 
Acts 16 Car. I. c. 9, 1641 ; 3 Wm and Mar. c. 
6, 1692 ; 5 and 6 Wm and Mar. c. 14, 1694. 

Pollajuolo, Antonio, painter, sculptor, — fc. 
at Florence, 1432 ? 1426 ?— assists Lorenzo 
Ghiberti, 1452 — goes to Rome, 1484— fc. there. 



148 



POLLAJUOLO— POLYGLOT. 



1498. Martyrdom of St Sebastian, National 
Gallery, 1475 — Monument to Sixtus IV., 

J 493- 

Pollajuolo, Piero, painter, sculptor, — ft. at 
Florence, 1433? 1428 ? — )j., 1498. 

Pollajuolo, Simone del, (Simon Masi,) {II 
Cronaca,) architect, — ft. at Florence, 1454 — tf., 
1509. Palazzo Strozzi, commenced, 1489. 

Pollentia, in Italy, — Stilicho attacks Alaric 
at, Easter Day 403. 

Pollexfen, Sir Henry, Chief Justice of 
Common Pleas, — ft., about 1632 — enters Inner 
Temple, 1652 — called to the bar, 1658 — 
bencher, 1674 — takes part in defence of Seven 
Bishops, 1688 — member of Convention Par- 
liament, 1689 — Knt and Attorney-general, 
Feb. 1689— Chief Justice C. P., 4 May 1689 
— tf. in London, 15 Jun. 1691. Reports, 1702. 

Pollio, C. Asinius, orator, poet, historian,^ — 
[BC] — ft., 76 — accuses C. Cato, 54 — joins 
Caesar, 50 — unsuccessful attack on Africa, 49 
— at Pharsalia, 48 — tribunus plebis, 47 — serves 
with Caesar in Africa and Spain, 46-5 — com- 
mands in Further Spain, 44 — defeated by Sex.. 
Pompey: joins the Triumvirs, Aug. 43 — go- 
vernor of Transpadane Gaul, 40 — mediates be- 
tween Antony and Octavius, 40 — defeats Par- 
thini and takes Salonae, 39 — triumphs, 25 Oct. 
39— &., [AD] 4. 

Pollio, C. Asinius, — Consul with C. Antis- 
tius Veter, (776, a. u. c.) 23. 

Pollio, L. FuMius, — Consul with Servilius 
Pudens, (919, a. u. c.) 166. 

Pollio, T. Vitrasius, — Consul (II.) with M. 
Flavius Asper, (929, a. u. c.) 176. 

Pollock, Sir Frederick, Chief Baron of 

THE COUET OF EXCHEQUER, — ft., 23 Sep. 1783 

— enters Trin. Coll. Cambridge, Oct. 1802— 
enters the Middle Temple, 1802 — B.A., 1806 
—Fellow of Trin. Coll., 1807— called to the 
bar, 27 Nov. 1807 — M.P. Huntingdon, 1831- 
44 — Attorney-general, 17 Dec. 1834 to Mar. 
1835 — Knt, Dec. 1834 — again Attorney- 
general, 6 Sep. 1 841 — Chief Baron and Privy 
Councillor, Apr. 1844 — retires, 13 Jul. 1866 
— Bart., Jul. 1866 — tJ. at Hatton, Middlesex, 
23 Aug. 1870. 

Pollok, Robert, poet, — ft. in Scotland, 1799 
— licensed to preach, 1827 — tf. near South- 
ampton, 15 Sep. 1827. Course of Time, 1827. 

Pollux, Julius, sophist, grammarian, — ft., 
about 183. Onomasticon, before 177. 

Polo, Marco, traveller, — ft. at Venice, 1254 s1 
— sets out with his father and uncle for Tar- 
tary, spring or summer i27i a — arrives at 
court of Kublai Khan, about Jan. or May 
1275 a — appointed commissioner (agent) of 
Privy Council, 1277 b — governor of Yang- 
chow, three years : leaves Court of Kublai 
Khan, early in 1292 a — reaches Venice, 1295 
(1296 ?) — commands a galley in Venetian fleet 
under Dandolo, and is taken prisoner by Ge- 
noese at Curzola, 7 Sep. 1298 a — in prison, 
dictates his book to Rusticiano of Pisa, 1298- 
9 — released, Jul. or Aug. 1299* — makes his 
will, 9 Jan. i324 a — tr. at Venice, soon after. 
II Milione cli Messer Marco Polo, written, 
1298-9. il Yule. # 'Tauthier. 



Polozk, in Russia, — conquered by Russians, 
1564 — taken by Stephen Bathori, 1579 — re " 
covered by Russia, 1772. 

Polwhele, Richard, topographical antiquary, 
$c, — ft. at Truro, 1760 — takes holy orders, 
1782 — tf. at Truro, Mar. 1838. History of 
Comivall, 1805-13 — History of Devonshire, 
1793-97 — translations of Theocritus, Bion, 
Moschus, and Tyrtaus, 1786. 

Polyaenus, the Macedonian, strategical writer, 
— ft., about 163. 

Polybius, historian, — [B C] — ft., about 204 ? a 
— ambassador with others to Ptolemy for 
Achaeans, 181 — commands cavalry of Achaean 
League, 169 — offers assistance to Rome: sent 
to Rome at suggestion of Callicrates, with 
others, 167 — accompanies Scipio on his mili- 
tary expeditions: returns to Greece, 151 — ac- 
companies Scipio at taking of Carthage, 146 — 
travels in Greece to explain constitution and 
laws of Roman province, 145 — fo., about 122 ? 
Pragmaticce, after 145. a Casaubon. 

Poly bus, of Cos, physician, — [BC] — ft., 
after 400. 

Polycarpus, Bp of Smyrna, one of the 
Fathers, — ft., or baptized, 80? — Bp of Smyrna, 
104 or before — visits Rome, and opposes doc- 
trines of Marcion, 153 a — martyred at Smyrna, 
i66, a i47, b 163,° i67, d i68, e 169/ 175.? 
a Clinton and Tillemont. b Pearson. 

c Chron. Pasch. d Scaliger, Cave. e Euseb. 
f Ussner, &c. & Petit. 

Polychares, — [B c] — victor at Olympia, (01. 
4,) 764 — cause of first Messenian War, 743. 

Polychrome Printing, — process patented by 
Congreve, 1820. 

Polycleitos, (the Elder,) sculptor, architect, 
§c.,- — [BC]— ft., about 452-412. 

Polycles, (the Elder,) sculptor, — [B C] — ft., 
about (01. 102) 370. (The Younger,) ft., 
about (01. 156) 155. 

Polycrates, Tyrant ofSamos, — [B C] — with 
his brothers Syloson and Pantagnotus, tyrant, 
533-2 — naval expedition of Peloponnesians 
against, about (01. 63) 528-4 a — war of Lace- 
daemonians against, 525 — entrapped by Orcetes 
of Sardis, and put to deatb, 522. 
a Miiller. 
Polycrates, — [B C] — commands in battle of 
Raphia, 217 — made governor of Cyprus, 216- 
196? 

Polygamy, in England, — declared felony by 
Act 1 Jac. I. c. 11, 1604. In United States, 
declared unlawful, by Act of Congress, 1 866 — 
again, by Mormon Disabilities Bill, Mar. 
1870. 

Polyglot, (Bible,) — attempted by Origen, 
(Hexapla,) between 220-250 — projected by 
Aldus, 1 50 1 — Complutensian, undertaken at 
expense of Cardinal Ximenes, 1502 — printing 
finished, 15 17 — diploma of LeoX. allowing it, 
22 Mar. 1520 — published, 1522. Antwerp, 
(Planting edited by Arias Montanus, printed 
by Christopher Plantin, 1569-72. Paris, 
edited by Le Jay, printed by Vitre, 1628-45. 
london, edited by Walton, published, 1654-57. 
nutter's, published at Niirnberg, 1599. Bag- 
ster's, published in London, 1831. 



POLYGNOTOS— POMPEIUS MAGNUS. 



1 149 



Polygnotos, painter, — [B C] — fl., about 
(01. 79, 2-88, 2) 463-426. 

Polyhymnia, asteroid, — discovered by Cha- 
cornac, 28 Oct. 1854. 

Polyidus, (Polyeidos,) painter, dithyrambic 
poet,—[B C]— fl., about (01. 95) 400. 

Polymnestos, (Polymnastos,) poet, musician, 
~[BC]-fl, 675-644. 

Polype, zoophyte, — discovered and described 
by Leuwenhoeck, 1703 — reproduction of its 
parts discovered by Trembley, 1740. 

Polysperchon, — [BC] — serves under Alex- 
ander in Asiatic campaigns, 334-324— com- 
mands for Antipater in Macedonia and Greece, 
321 — appointed Regent, 319 — proclaims cities 
of Greece free ; blockades Cassander in Athens, 
besieges Megalopolis, 318 — his fleet destroyed 
by Nicanor, loses Macedonia : invades Mace- 
donia with Olympias, spring_ 317 — besieged 
in Azorus, withdraws to JEtolia, 316— in Pelo- 
ponnesus with Alexander, 3 15-3 — brings forward 
Heracles as King of Macedonia, and assassinates 
him, 310 — cooperates with Cassander against 
Demetrius, 303. 

Polytechnic School, {Ecole Polytcchnique,) 
Paris, — founded as Central School by decree 
of National Convention, 11 Mar. 1794 — takes 
its present name, 1 Sep. 1795 — broken up, 3 
Apr. 1 8 16 — reconstituted, Sep. 18 16 — reor- 
ganized, 1 Nov. 1852 — removed to Tours, Mar. 
1 87 1 — returns to Paris, Jun. 1871. 

Polyxenidas, — [BC] — commands Cretan 
mercenaries of Antiochus III. in Hyrcania, 
209 — commands the fleet, 192 — defeated off 
Corycus, by Roman and allied fleets, 191 — de- 
feats Pausistratus and Rhodian fleet, early in 
190 — defeated by Roman fleet under JEniilius 
Paullus, later in 190. 

Pombal, Sebastiao Jose de Carvalho e Hel- 
lo, Marquis op, statesman, — b. in Portugal, 
13 May 1699 — envoy extraord. to London, 
1739-45 — ambassador to Vienna, 1745-50 — 
marries Countess Daun, at Vienna ; Minister 
of Foreign Affairs, 1750 — directs rebuilding of 
Lisbon after earthquake of Nov. 1755 — First 
Minister, 1756 — Count d'Oeyras, 1759 — gets 
Jesuits expelled from Portugal, Sep. 1759 — 
Marquis of Pombal, 1770 — resigns and retires 
to his estates, Mar. 1777 — ft. at Pombal, 5 
May 1782. 

Pomerania, — ■ occupied by Wends, before 
600 — forms a Duchy as early as 1062— Chris- 
tianity introduced by Otto, Bp of Bamberg, 
1 1 24-5 — bishopric founded at Julia, (Wollin,) 
1 1 25 — Dukes Bogislas I. and Casimir acknow- 
ledge themselves vassals of the Empire, in camp 
of Frederick I. before Liibeck, n 81 — war with 
Denmark, 11 84-7 — throws off yoke of Den- 
mark, 1223 — given by Frederick II. to Mar- 
graves of Brandenburg, 1231 — on death of Bar- 
nima divided into Duchies of Wolgast and 
Stettin for his sons, 1295 — division of Duchy 
of Wolgast between Bogislas and his uncle, 
1 366 — reunion of Wolgast under Bogislas IX. 
the Great, 1478 — made Principality of the Em- 
pire, 1528— the Reformation adopted, 1534 — 
entirely reunited under Bogislas XII., (XIV.,) 
1620 — placed under protection of Gustavus 



Adolphus, by Treaty of Stettin, 21 Jul. 1630— 
on extinction of line of dukes at death of Bo- 
gislas, 1637, claimed by Elector of Branden- 
burg : division of, between Brandenburg and 
Sweden by Peace of Westphalia, 1648— further 
part ceded to Prussia by Treaty of Stockholm, 
1720. Swedish, seized by Russia, 1808 — re- 
stored to Sweden by treaty of 17 Sep. 1809 — 
seized by Napoleon, Jan. 181 2— chief part 
of, ceded to Denmark in compensation for Nor- 
way, 15 Jan. 1 8 14 — ceded by Denmark to 
Prussia in exchange for Duchy of Lunenburg, 
by convention of 4 Jun. 18 15. 

Pomfret. [Pontefract.] 

Pomfret, John, poet, — b. at Luton, Bedford- 
shire, 1667 — M.A. Cambridge, 1698 — goes to 
London, about 1703 — tf. there, 1703. Poems, 
1699. 

Pomona, asteroid, — discovered by Gold- 
schmidt, 26 Oct. 1854. 

Pompadour, Jeanne Antoinette Poisson, 
Marchioness op, — b. at Paris, 17 21 — marries 
M. d'Etioles, 1740 — mistress of Louis XV., 
and Marchioness, 1745 — expelled tbe Court, but 
returns, 1757 — ft. at Versailles, 14 Apr. 1764. 

Pompei, Girolamo, poet, litterateur, — b. at 
Verona, 18 Apr. 17 31 — tf. there, 4 Feb. 1788. 
Canzoni Pastorali, 1766 — JSfuove Canzoni, 1779 
Vite degli uomini illustri di Plutarco, 1772. 

Pompeianus, — (1.) Consul with Avitus, 
(962, a. u. c.) 209. (2.) Consul with Peligni- 
anus, (994,) 231. (3.) Consul with Gordianus, 
(994,) 241. 

Pompeianus, Sex. Vetulenus Civica, — Con- 
sul with L. Ceionius Commodus Verus, (889, 
a. u. c.) 136. 

Pompeianus, Tib. Claudius, — Consul with 
M. Aurelius Severus, (926, a. u. c.) 173. 

Pompeii, — partly destroyed by earthquake, 
63 — buried by eruption of Vesuvius, 79 — 
remains discovered, 1689 — excavations com- 
menced, 17 2 1 — school of archaeology for study 
of its monuments, instituted at Naples by royal 
decree, 16 Jun. 1866. Wall Inscriptions, first 
studied, 1832, and collection of, published by 
C. Wordsworth, 1837 and 1845 — collection by 
Garrucci, 1856 (2nd ed.) — another, by Zan- 
gemeister, 1871. 

Pompeiopolis. [Soli.] 

Pompeius, — Consul with Rufus Magnus 
Faustus Avienus, (1254, a. u. c.) 501. 

Pompeius Magnus, Cn., — [B c] — b., 30 Sep. 
106 — serves under his father, Pompeius Strabo, 
89-87 — marries Antistia, 85 — raises three legions 
to aid Sulla, 83 — defeats M. Brutus; legatus 
to Sulla, 82 — fights against Carboin Sicily, puts 
him to death, 82 — divorces Antistia and marries 
iEmilia, 82 — defeats Domitius Ahenobarbus 
and Hiarbas in Africa, 81 — surnamed Magnus, 
triumphs, Sep. 81 — promotes election of Lepi- 
dus, 79 — with Catulus, defeats Lepidus at 
Rome, 77 — takes and puts to death M. Brutus 
at Mutina, 77 — conducts war against Sertorius 
in Spain, 76-72 — returns to Italy, 71 — ends 
Servile War, triumphs, 31 Dec. 71 — Consul 
with M. Licinius Crassus, (684, a.'u. c.) 70 — 
appointed by Gabinian Law to command 
against pirates, 67 — in Cilicia, appointed by 



1 150 



POMPEIUS MAGNUS— PONGERVILLE. 



Manilian law to war with Mithridates, 66 — 
[Mithridatic War] — reduces Syria to a pro- 
vince, 64 — takes Jerusalem, 63 — divorces 
Mucia, 62 — returns to Italy, end of 62 — 
triumphs, 22, 23, a 29, 30 b Sep. 61 — with 
Caesar and Crassus forms first triumvirate, 60 
— marries Julia, 59 — praefectus annonae, 57 — 
second arrangement with Caesar and Crassus, 
Apr. 56 — Consul with Crassus, (699,) 55 — 
opens first stone theatre in Borne, 55 — Julia 
dies, marries Cornelia, 53 — sole Consul, 25 Feh. 
53 — acknowledged head of aristocratic party, 
51 — proposition and counter-proposition to 
Caesar, illness at Neapolis, 50 — flies to Greece 
at Caesar's approach, 15 Mar. 49— defeated hy 
Caesar at Pharsalia, 9 Aug. 48 — assassinated by 
Achillas, 29 Sep. 48. 

a Merivale. b Clinton. 

Pompeius Magnus, Cn.,— [BC]— b., 80-75 
— obtains ships for Alexandria, 49 — commands 
in the Adriatic, 48 — in Spain, 46 — at battle of 
Munda, 1 7 Mar. 45 — killed, near Lauron, soon 
after. 

Pompeius Magnus, Sextus, — [BC] — b., 75 
— accompanies his father at his death, Sep. 48 
— in Cyprus, Africa, 47 — at battle of Thapsus, 
46 — fights against Caesarian lieutenants in 
Spain, 46-5— battle of Munda, 45 — defeats 
Asinius Pollio, 43 —gains possession of Sicily, 
42 — defeats Salvidienus, 42 — aids Antony 
against Octavius, 41 — Congress at Misenum, 
reconciled with Triumvirs, 39 — war with Oc- 
tavius, 38-36 — defeated off jSTaulochus, bv 
Agrippa, 3 Sep. 36 — attempts war on Antony, 
taken and killed by Titius, 35. 

Pompeius, Q., — [BC] — Consul with Cn. 
Servilius Crepio, (613, a. u. c.) 141— war with 
Kumantines : censor with Q,. Metellus Mace- 
donicus, 131. 

Pompeius Rufus, Q.,— [B C]— (1.) Tribunus 
plebis, 100 — praetor, 91 — Consul with Sulla, 
(666, a. u. c.) 88— killed by the soldiers, 88. 

Pompeius, Sextus, — Consul with Sex. Ap- 
puleius, (767, a. u. c.) 14. 

Pompeius Strabo, Cn., — [B C] — quaestor in 
Sardinia, 103 — praetor, 94 — propraetor in Sicily, 
93 — Consul with L. Porcius Cato, (665, a. u. c.) 
89 — war with allies, takes Picentium : pro- 
poses Lex Pompeia : proconsul in S. Italy, 88 
— procures murder of Qu. Pompeius, 88 — 
battle with Cinna and Sertorius, at Borne, 87 
• — killed by lightning, 87. 

Pompignan, Jean Georges le Franc de, 
Anp of Vienxe, — b. at Montauban, 22 Feb. 
1715— Bp of Puy, 1742 — attends Assembly 
of Clergy, 1755 — one of the Presidents of As- 
sembly of 1760 — Abp of Vienne, Feb. 1774 — 
deputy to States-General, joins the Tiers Parti, 
May to Jun. 1789 — Pres. National Assembly, 
1789 — Minister of State, 5 Aug. 1789 — resigns 
his see : tf. at Paris, 30 Dec. 1790. Questions 
sur I'incredulite, 1753 — Devotion reconciliee 
avee V esprit, 1754. 

Pompignan, Jean Jacques le Franc, Mar- 
^UM DE, poet, — b. at Montauban, 10 Aug. 
1709— settles at Paris, about 1757 — admitted 
to French Academy, 1759— tr. at Pompignan, 
1 Nov. 1784. Didon, l-j^—CEuvrcs, 1784. 



Pomponazzi, Pietro, (Pompouatius,) philo- 
sopher, — b. at Mantua, 16 Sep. 1462 — Prof. 
Philosophy, Padua, 1488 — removes to Ferrara, 
1509 — to Bologna, 15 12 — 1». at Bologna, 1524 
or 1526. De animce immortalitate, 1516 — De 
Fato, Libero Arbitrio, §c, 1567 — De Naturali- 
um Effectuum admirandorum Causis, 1556. 

Pomponius, Sextus, jurist, — fl., about 150. 

Pomponius Bononiensis, L., Fabulce Atel- 
lance, — [BC] — fl., about 91. 

Ponce de Leon, Juan, discoverer of Florida, 
— b. in Spain, about 1460 — accompanies 
Ovando to Hispaniola, 1502 — discovers Florida, 
27 Mar. 15 1 2 — fails in attempt to conquer 
Florida, 1521 — tf. in Cuba, 1521. 

Ponce de Leon, Rodrigo, Marquis of 
Cadiz, military commander, — ft. in Spain, 
1443 — obtains victory over Moors, about 1460 
—captures fortress of Alhama, 1482 — defeated 
by Moors in the Axarquia, 1483 — saves life of 
Ferdinand at siege of Velez, Apr. 1487 — dis- 
tinguishes himself at siege of Malaga, May to 
Aug. 1487— present at surrender of Baza, 1488 
— and of Granada, Jan. 1492 — tf. at Seville, 28 
Aug. 1492. 

Ponce de Leon, Luis. [Leon.] 

Ponce, Nicolas, engraver,- — b. at Paris, 12 
Mar. 1746— rj. there, 31 Mar. 1831. Melanges 
sur les Beaux- Arts, 1826. 

Ponce, Pierre de, first teacher of 'deaf mutes, 
— b. at Yalladolid, about 1520 — ft. in Spain, 
.1584. 

Ponce-Camus, Marie Nicolas, painter, — b. 
at Paris, 1776 — tf., 1839. Napoleon at the 
tomb of Frederick the Great, 1808. 

Pond, John, astronomer royal, — b., about 
1767 — settles in London, 1807 — astrono- 
mer royal, 181 1-35 — finishes his Catalogue 
of Stars, 1833 — fc. at Blackheath, 7 Sep. 
1836. 

Pondicherry, in Hindustan, — purchased by 
French, from king of Bejapoor, 1672 — French 
settlement at, 1674 — taken by Dutch, 5 Sep. 
1693 — restored to French by Treaty of Rys- 
wick, 1697 — unsuccessfully besieged by Ad- 
miral Boscawen and Major Lawrence, 3-17 
Oct. 1748 — treaty of peace between France 
and Great Britain, signed at, 26 Dec. 1754 — 
surrenders to Col. Coote, 16 Jan. 1761 — 
restored to France by Peace of Paris, 1763 — 
attacked by British, under Munro and Vernon, 
Aug. 1778 — surrenders, and fortifications de- 
molished, Oct. 1778 — restored to France by 
Treaty of Versailles, 1783 — again taken by 
British, 23 Aug. 1793 — restored by Treaty of 
Amiens, 1802 — again captured by British, n 
Sep. 1803 — restored by Peace of Paris, 
1 8 14. 

Pongerville, Jean Baptiste Antoine Aime 
Sanson de, translator, — b. at Abbeville, 3 
May 1792 — admitted to French Academy, Apr. 
1830 — Officer of Legion of Honour, 1845 — 
Keeper of Library of Ste Genevieve, 1 846 — of 
Imperial Library, 1851 — Commander of Legion 
of Honour, Aug. 1861 — }y., 23 Jan. 1870. 
Translations of Lucretius, 1823 — of Ovid's 
Metamorphoses, 1827 — of Milton's Paradise 
lost, 1838 — of Virgil's JEneid, 1846. 



PONIATOWSKI— PONTHIETT. 



"5i 



Poniatowski, Joseph, Prince, Marshal 
of the French Empire, — b. at Warsaw, a 
Vienna, b 7 May 1763,* b 1762 c — enters Aus- 
trian army, 1779,* I 77^ c — aide-de-camp to 
Joseph Unserves against Turks, 1787 — returns 
to Poland, 1789— commands against Russians, 
1792 — serves under Kosciusko, 1794 — retires to 
Vienna, 1794 — returns to Warsaw, 1798 — 
military commander of Warsaw, 1806 — receives 
Murat there, 28 Nov. 1806 — commands Polish 
forces in service of France, 1807 — invades 
Galicia, 1809 — repulses Austrians at Raszyn, 
19 Apr. 1809 — Grand Cordon of Legion of 
Honour, Jul. 1809 — ambassador extraord. 
of king of Saxony to Paris, 1811 — dis- 
tinguishes himself at Smolensko, 18 Aug. 
18 12 — at Borodino, 7 Sep. 18 12 — at Leipsic, 
16 Oct. 1 813 — Marshal of French Empire, 16 
Oct. 1 8 13— drowned in the Elster, i8, a 19 b 
Oct. 18 13. a Engl. Cyc. 

b Biog. Univ. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Poniatowski, Stanislaus, Count, — b. in 
Lithuania, 1678,* 1677 b — accompanies Charles 
XII. of Sweden in expedition of Russia, 1700 
— aids his escape to Bender, Jul. 1709 — marries 
Princess Constance Czartoryski, 1720 — Grand 
Treasurer of Lithuania, 1724 — palatine of 
Mazovia, 1731 — ambassador to France, 1740 
— Castellan of Cracow, 1752— tr. in Poland, 3 
Aug., b Sep. a 1762. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Poniatowski. [Stanislaus Augustus.] 

Pons, Antoine de, — b., 2 Feb. 15 10 — ac- 
companies Lautrec to Naples, 1528 — marries 
Anne de Parthenay, 1533 — present at interview 
of Francis I. and Henry VIII. , 1546 — envoy 
to Italy, 1546-60 — marries again, and re- 
nounces Calvinism, 1556— ft., 1586. 

Pons, Jacques de, — b., 141 3 — distinguishes 
himself in wars with English, 1426-49 — 
banished, 1449-61 — tf., 146 r, a 1472 or 147 3- b 
a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Pons, Jean Louis, astronomer, — b. at 
Peyres, (Hautes Alpes,) 25 Dec. 1761 — enters 
Observatory of Marseilles, 1789 — discovers 17 
comets, between 1802-9 — Director of Observa- 
tory of Marlia, i8i5, a i8i9 b — of Observatory 
of Florence, 1825 — tf. there, 14 Oct. 1831. 
a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Conv.-Lex. 

Pons, Renaud, Sire de, — b., about 1345 — 
enters service of Charles V. of France, and 
distinguishes himself in wars with English, 
1370 — contributes to capture of Soubise, 141 3 
— tf. at Pons, 1427. 

Ponsard, Francois, dramatist, — b. at Vienne, 
1 Jun. 1 8 14 — member of French Academy, 
1855 — tf., 7 Jul. 1867. Translation of 'Byron 's 
Manfred, 1837 — Lucrece, 1843 — Agnes de 
Meranie, 1846 — Charlotte Cor day, 1850 — 
1? Honntur et V Argent, 1853 — La Bourse, 1856. 

Ponsonby, Sir Frederick Cavendish, gen- 
eral, — b., 6 Jul. 1783 — enters the army, 1800 
— Major, 1807 — distinguishes himself at battles 
of Vimeira, 1808— Talavera, 1809 — Barrosa, 
1 81 1 — Llerena, 11 Apr. 1812 — Salamanca, 
Jul. 1 8 12— in retreat from the Douro,Nov. 181 2 
— at Vittoria, 18 13 — distinguishes himself and 
is seven times wounded at Waterloo, 18 15 — 



marries Lady Emily Bathurst, 1825— if. near 
Basingstoke, 12 Jan, 1837. 

Ponsonby, George, Lord Chancellor of 
Ireland,— b., 5 Mar. 1755— called to Irish 
bar, 1780— marries Lady Mary Butler, May 
1781— M.P. Wicklow, 1800— Lord Chancellor 
of Ireland, 1 806 — resigns, 1 807 — tf ., 8 Jul. 1 8 1 7 . 

Ponsonby, Sir William, general, — b., 1772 — 
killed at Waterloo, 18 Jim. 1815. 

Pont, Du. [Pontius.] 

Pont-a-Mousson, in France, — founded, be- 
fore 900— new town built, 1230 — burnt by 
Duke of Lorraine, 1240 — erected into a Mar- 
quisate and free Imperial town, 1 354 — receives 
title of city, 1444 — stormed by Duke of Bur- 
gundy, 1475— taken by Louis XIII. , 1632 — 
unsuccessfully besieged by Ottavio Piccolomini, 
1639 — occupied by Germans, Aug. 1870. 
[Franco-German War.] University, founded, 
1572 — removed to Nancy, 1768. 

Pontano, Giovanni, (Jovianus Pontanus,) 
statesman, Latinist, $•<?., — b. in Umbria, Dec. 
1426— serves in Neapolitan army, 1447 — chief 
secretary to Ferdinand, king of Naples, 1457 
— prevents hostilities between Duke of Ferrara 
and Venice, 1482 — ambassador to Innocent 
VIIL, negotiates treaty with him, i486 — 
First Minister of Naples, i486 — delivers 
keys of Naples to Charles VIIL of France, 
Feb. 1495 — deprived of his offices, 1495 — 
tf. at Naples, Aug. 1503. Poesies, 1505-18 — 
Opera, 1505-12. 

Pontchartrain, Louis Phelypeaux, Count 
or, Chancellor or France, — b., 29 Mar. 
1643 — first President of parliament of Bre- 
tagne, i667, a 1677 b — Intendant of Finance, 
1687 — Secretary of State, Nov. 1690 — Chan- 
cellor of France, 5 Sep. 1699 — retires, 1 Jul. 
17 14 — tf. at Pontchartrain, 22 Dec. 1727. 
a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Ponte, Da. [Bassano.] 

Ponte, Niccola da, Doge of Venice,— b., 
about 1492— elected, 18 Mar. 1578 — tf., 30 
Jul. 1585. 

Pontefract, (Pomfret,) in YorJcshire, — given 
to Ilbert de Lacy, who builds the castle, 1080 
— passes to Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, 13 10 — 
surrenders to Edward II., 1322 — Richard II. 
imprisoned at, 1399 — surrenders to rebels under 
Aske, 1536 — [Pilgrimage of Grace] — gar- 
risoned for Charles I., 1642 — unsuccessfully 
besieged by Fairfax, 1644 — again besieged and 
taken by him, 1645— captured by Royalists, 6 
Jun. 1648 — siege of, commenced by Cromwell, 
Oct. 1648 — continued by Lambert, Nov. — ca- 
pitulates, 25 Mar. 1649 — dismantled, sum. 1649. 

Ponthieu, County of, in France, — erected, 
before 700 — passes by marriage to Counts of 
Alencon, about 1100 — ravaged by Henry II. 
of England, 1168 — passes to House of Dam- 
martin, 1 22 1 — ceded to Edward I. of England, 
by Philip the Rash, 1279 — succession disputed 
between Prince Edward (II.) and Count of 
Aumale, 1290 — held by king of France till 
adjudged to Edward, 1299— seized by Philip 
the Tall, 13 19 — restored to Edward II. on his 
doing homage, 1320 — treaty respecting, be- 
tween Edward II. and Charles the Fair, Jun. 



XI 5 2 



PONTIANUS— PONTUS. 



1325 — given to Prince Edward (III.) by his 
father, 2 Sep. 1325 — Edward III. does homage 
for, to Philip of Valois, at Amiens, 6 Jun. 
1329 — seized by Philip of Valois, 1336 — given 
by King John to Jacques de Bourbon, 7 Feb. 
1 35 1 — restored to Edward III., by Treaty of 
Bretigny, 1360 — conquered by Charles V., 
1369 — recovered by Henry V., 1417 — recon- 
quered by Charles VII., and pledged by him 
to Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, 1435— 
redeemed by Louis XI., 1463— pledged by him 
to Charles, Count of Charolais, by Treaty of 
Confians, 5 Oct. 1465 — on death of Charles 
(the Bold) the Burgundians expelled, and the 
County reunited to Crown of France, Jan. 147 7 . 
Pontianus, Bp of Rome, — succeeds Urban, 

22 Jul. 230 — banished to Sardinia; tf. there, 

23 Sep. 235. 

Pontianus, — Consul suff. with Atilianus, 
(888, a. v. c.) 135. 

Pontianus, Ser. Octavius Lsenas, — Consul 
withM. Antonius Rufinus, (884, a. u. c.) 131. 
Pontianus Maximinus, — Consul with Ul- 
pius, (991, a. u. c.) 238. 

Pontic Era. [Mithridatic Era.] 
Pontifex, Pontifices,— [B Cj— [college in- 
stituted at Pome, byNuma (mythic)]— number 
raised to 9 by Ogulnian law, 300 — Tib. Corun- 
canius, first plebeian pontifex maximus, 254 — 
members elected by the people, by Domitian 
law, 104 — repealed by Sulla, 81 — number 
raised to 15, by Sulla, 81 — Domitian law re- 
stored in part, 63 — title of Pont. Max. assumed 
by Augustus, 1 2 — and borne by emperors, till 
Theodosius, 12 to [AD] 380 — Maximus and 
Balbinus, both Pont. Max., 238. 

Pontine Marshes, in Italy, — [BC] — drain- 
age of, attempted by Appius Claudius,? 312 — by 
Consul Cethegus, 160 — by Augustus, after 31 
— [AD] — road, constructed across by Trajan, 
107-110 — attempt to drain, renewed by Boni- 
face VIII., 1294-1303 — by Martin V., 1417-31 
— by Leo X., 1513-22 — by Sixtus V, 1585-90 — 
accomplished by Pius VI., 1778-88. 

Pontius, C, Samnite general, — [BC] — en- 
traps and sends Roman army under the yoke, at 
Caudine Forks, 321 — defeats Fabius Gurges, 
and is defeated, taken, and killed, 292. 

Pontius, (Du Font,) Paul, engraver, — fj. at 
Antwerp, 1596 or 1603. Slaughter of the In- 
nocents, (after Rubens,) 1653. 

Pontius Pilate, — procurator of Judsea, 
about Oct. 25, a 26 b — consents to the Crucifix- 
ion : removed from his office, Sep. or Oct. 35, a 
36. b a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. 

Pont-Noyelles, near Amiens, — Gen. Man- 
teuffel defeats Gen. Faidherbe at, 22-3 Dec. 
1870. 

Pontoise, in France, (Briva Isarce, Fon- 
tisara,) — taken by Duke of Rurgundy, summer 
141 7 — seized and pillaged by the English, 29 
Jul. 1419 — besieged by Charles VII., 4 Jun. 
1441 — surrenders to him, 16 Sep. 1441 — sub- 
mits to Henry IV., early in 1594. Treaty of, 
between Charles the Bad and the king of 
Navarre, respecting evacuation of Melun and 
other fortresses, signed, 21 Aug. 1359. 

Pontoppidan, Eric, historian, antiquarian, 



— b. at Aarhuus, in Jutland, 24 Aug. 1698 — 
visits the Netherlands and England, 1720 — 
chaplain to the king, 1735 — Prof. Theology, 
Copenhagen, 1738 — Bp of Bergen, 1747 — ■ 
D.D., 1749 — Vice-Chancellor of Univ. Co- 
penhagen, 1755 — rj. at Bergen, 20 Dec. 1764. 
Heller Glaubenspiegel, 1727 — Fianske Atlas, 
1740 — Annates Fcclesicc Fianicce diplomatici, 
1741-52 — Marmora Danica, 1741. 

Pontormo, Jacopo Carucci da, painter, — fc. 
at Pontormo, 1493 — ft. at Florence, 1558. 

Pontremoli, in Italy, — mentioned, 1077 — 
compelled to give hostages to Emperor Fred- 
erick II., Dec. 1239 a — garrisoned by his troops, 
i24o a — dismantled, 1241a — taken, and the 
inhabitants massacred by troops of Charles 
VIII. of France, Jun. 1495 b — purchased by 
Duke of Tuscany, 1650° — passes to Duke of 
Parma, 1847 c — becomes part of kingdom of 
Italy, i860. a Kington. b Roscoe. c Conv.-Lex. 

Pontus, (political history,) — [B C] — subject 
to Persia, before 400 r — Ariobarzanes II. revolts 
against Artaxerxes, 362 a — Mithridates II. 
acknowledges Alexander the Great, 333 — raises 
independent kingdom of Pontus, about 317 — 
Mithridates III. acquires Cappadocia and 
Paphlagonia, before 266 — Ariobarzanes III. 
acquires Amastris, before 240 — Mithridates IV. 
receives Phrygia from Seleucus Callinicus, 
before 226 — Pharnaces I. acquires Sinope, 
183 d — conquers part of Galatia and cedes it, 
179 — cedes Paphlagonia to Eumenes, 179 — 
Mithridates V. receives Phrygia from Aquillius, 
129— Mithridates VI. loses Phrygia to Rome, 
before 112 — conquers Colchis, &c, ii2-o b — 
divides Paphlagonia with Nicomedes of Bithynia, 
102 — seizes Galatia, 92 — acquires Cappadocia, 
&c, 89 — possessions in Asia Minor given up, 
84 — revolt of Colchis and Bosporos, 84 — re- 
duced, 81 — made in part a Roman province, 63 
— [AD] — Polemon II. induced to abdicate by 
Nero, the whole a province, 62. 

a Clinton. b Heeren. 

Pontus, (alliances,) — [BO]— of Mithridates 

II. with Eumenes against Antigonus, end of 
3i7, a 315 b — of Mithridates III. Avith Heracleia 
against Seleucus, 281 a — of Mithridates IV. 
with Seleucus Callinicus, (by marriage,) 
about 240 — with Antiochus Hierax against 
Seleucus Callinicus, 239? — with Antiochus 

III. and Achseus, (by marriages,) about 222 
and 2i4 b — of Mithridates V. with Prusias 
against Attalus II., i55, b 154 a — with Rome 
against Carthage and Aristonicus, 149 and 131 
— of Mithridates VI. with Scythians, &c, 105 c 
— with Nicomedes II. of Bithynia, 102 — with 
Tigranes of Armenia, 69. 

a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. c Heeren. 

Pontus, (wars,) — [BC] — of Mithridates II. 
against Antigonus, close of 317,* 315 b — of 
Mithridates III. against Lysimachus, between 
302-281 — of Mithridates III. and Ariobarzanes 

III. against Ptolemy, about 266 — of Mithridates 

IV. against Gauls, about 240 b — against Seleu- 
cus Callinicus, defeats him at Ancyra, about 
239 a — against Sinope, unsuccessful, 220 a — of 
Pharnaces I. against Sinope, takes it, 183° — 
against Eumenes II. of Pergamus, 1 81-179 a — 



PONTUS— POPE. 



"53 



of Mithridates V. against Prusias of Bithynia, 
154 — against Carthage, 149 — against Ariston- 
icus of Pergamus, 131- 129 — of Mithridates VI. 
against Colchis, &c, subjugates it, ii2-no c — 
against Scythians of Crimea, expels them, 108 c 

— on Galatia, 92, 88-6 — on Nicomedes of 
Bithynia, 90 — on Cappadocia, 90 — on Eome, 
1st Mithridatic War, 89-5 — 2nd Mith- 
ridatic War, 83-1 — on Colchis and Bosporos, 
8 1 — on Borne, 3rd Mithridatic War, 75-64 — of 
Pharnaces with Csesar, defeats Calvinus, defeated 
by Caesar at Zela, ( Vent, Vidi, Vici,) 2 Aug. 47. 

a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. e Heeren. 

Pontus, {rulers,) — [B C] — Artes, . . ? — 
Artabazes, ? 48o a — Ariobarzanes I. betrayed 
to Persia, about 400 b — Mithridates L, to 
368,* 363 c — Ariobarzanes II., 363 to end of 
337 ° — Mithridates II., (Ctistes,) end of 337 to 
end of 302 c — Mithridates III., 302-301-266,° 

— Ariobarzanes III., 266-240,° 258 d — 
Mithridates IV., about 240,° about 25o, d to 
about 190 c — Pharnaces I., about 190-156 c — 
Mithridates V., (Euergetes,) about 156-120° 
to 121 a — Mithridates VI., (Eupator,) 120- 
63,° 121-63 a — Pharnaces II., 63-47 — 
Darius made king by Antony, 39° — Pole- 
mon L, about 36-2 b — Pythodoris, about 2 
to [AD] 38 b — Polemon II., about 38-62. b 

a Heeren. b Smith's Diet. ° Clinton. d Droysen. 

Ponz, Antonio, painter, writer on Art, — b. 
in Valencia, 28 Jun. 1725 — studies at Madrid, 
1746 — at Borne, 175 1-9 — visits Naples, 175 1 — 
employed in the Escurial, about 1760 — secretary 
to Academy of Fine Arts, 1776 — If. at Madrid, 
4 Dec. 1792. Viage de Espana, 1771-94 — 
Viage fuera de Espana, 1785-92. 

Ponza, (Pontia,) island off' coast of Naples, — 
defeat of Aragonese fleet and capture of Alfonso 
V. by Genoese, off, 5 Aug. 1435 — capitulates to 
British, 26 Feb. 18 13 — evacuated by them, 
1 8 14. 

Ponzio, (Paolo ?) sculptor, — employed in 
France, 1530-71. 

Poole, Matthew, theologian, — fi. at York, 
1624 — obtains benefice in London, 1648 — in- 
corporated M.A. Oxford, 14 Jul. 1657 — ejected 
from his living, 1662 — rj. at Amsterdam, 1679. 
Synopsis criticorum Biblicorum, 1669-76 — An- 
notations on Scripture, 1685. 

Poona, in Hindustan, — mentioned, 1604 — 
confirmed to Shahjee, by Sultan of Delhi, 1637 
— seized by Viceroy Shaista, 1663 — restored to 
Sevajee, 1667 — residence of Mabratta sove- 
reigns, about 1750 — sacked and partly burnt 
by Nizam Ali, 1763 — Holkar defeats Scindia 
near, 25 Oct. 1 802 — evacuated by Holkar, early 
in Apr. 1803 — occupied by "Wellesley, 20 Apr. 
— durbar held at, by Sir Bartle Frere, 5 Sep. 
1865. College, established, 1821. Hospital, 
founded and endowed by Sassoon, 1863. 

Poor, Poor-Law, — in England, restrained 
from vagrancy by Act 12 Bic. II. c. 7, 1388 
— [Vagrants] — provisions and regulations re- 
specting, by Acts- 22 Hen. VIII. c. 12, 153 1, 
and 27 Hen. VIII. c. 25, 1536 — latter re- 
pealed, and new regulations made, by Act 1 
Edw. VI. c. 3, 1547 — repealed, and Act of 1531 
revived by Act 3 and 4 Edw. VI. c. 16, 1549 — 



duty of providing for, imposed on parishes, by 
Act 43 Eliz. c. 2, 1601— [Overseers]— settle- 
ment of, in parishes, regulated by Acts 13 and 
14 Car. II. c. 12, 1662 ; 1 Jac. II. c. 17, 1685 ; 
and 3 Wm and Mar. III. c. 11, 1691— certifi- 
cate of settlement required by Act 8 and 9 
Wm and Mar. c. 30, 1697— Commission of 
Inquiry respecting, appointed, 1832 —their 
Beport published, Feb. 1834— laws amended 
and Commissioners for better administration 
of, appointed by Act 4 and 5 Wm IV. c. 76, 
14 Aug. 1834— laws relating to removal of, 
amended by Acts 9 and 10 Vic. c. 66, 26 Aug. 
1846 — new Commissioners appointed and re- 
gulated by Act 10 and 11 Vic. c. 109, 23 Jul. 
1 847 — laws relating to removal of, amended by 
Act 11 and 12 Vic. c. 110, 4 Sep. 1848— laws 
amended, and title of Poor Law Board given 
to Commissioners, by Act 12 and 13 Vic. c. 
103, 1 Aug. 1849 — education and maintenance 
of children provided for, by Act 25 and 26 
Vic. c. 43, 17 Jul. 1862 — law relating to re- 
moval, amended by Act 25 and 26 Vic. c. 113, 
7 Aug. 1862 — and further explained by 27 and 
28 Vic. c. 105, 29 Jul. 1864 — churches and 
chapels exempted from Poor Bates by Act 2S 
and 29 Vic. c. 62, 29 Jun. 1865 — law of removal 
amended by Act 29 and 30 Vic. c. 113, 10 Aug. 
1866— again, by Act 31 and 32 Vic. c. 122, 31 
Jul. 1868 — laws relating to making and collect- 
ing rates amended by Act 32 and 33 Vic. c. 41, 
26 Jul. 1869 — law relating to removal, again 
amended by Act 33 and 34 Vic. c. 48, 1 Aug. 
1870. In Scotland, duty of providing for, 
imposed on parishes, 1579 — Commission of In- 
quiry into working of the law publish their 
Beport, 1843 — kw s amended, and better ad- 
ministration of, provided for, by Act 8 and 9 
Vic. c. 83, 4 Aug. 1845. fy Ireland, more 
effectual relief of, provided for by Act 2 Vic. 
c. 56, 31 Jul. 1838. Metropolitan, establish- 
ment of asylums for sick, insane, &c, provided 
for, and Common Poor Fund established, by 
Act 30 Vic. c. 6, 6 Mar. 1867 — equal dis- 
tribution of charge for relief of, further provided 
for by Act 33 and 34 Vic. c. 18, 4 Jul. 1870. 

Pope, (Papa,) bishop of Pome, — empowered 
to judge other bishops, by decree of Emperor 
Valentinian, 372 — confirmed by Council of 
Borne, 378 — primacy of, claimed by Innocent I., 
417— by Leo the Great, between 440-460 — made 
head of Western Church by decree of Valentinian 
III., 445 — universal jurisdiction of, asserted 
by False Decretals, about 835-845— change of 
name on election, first adopted by Sergius II., 
844 — made peculiar title of Bp of Borne, by 
decree of Gregory VII. at Council of Borne, 
1076 — temporal jurisdiction of, over sovereigns, 
assumed by Gregory VIL, 1073-86 — power of 
erecting new kingdoms exercised by Alexander 
III., 1 179 — power of, declared inferior to 
that of General Council by Council of Con- 
stance, 30 Mar. 1415 — confirmed by Council of 
Basel, 15 Feb. 1432 — infallibility of, denied 
by Hessel of Louvain, 1562 — establishment 
of diplomatic relations with, by Queen of 
England, authorized by Act 11 and 12 Vic. c. 
108, 4 Sep. 1848 — infallibility of, decreed by 
73 



"54 



POPE— POPES. 



Council of the Vatican, 18 Jul. 1870— end of 
the Temporal Power, Rome occupied by Italian 
troops, 20 Sep. 1870— [Papal States]— Papal 
Guarantees Bill, passed by Italian parliament, 2 
May 187 r — and condemned by Pius IX., by En- 
cyclical Letter, 15 May 1 8 7 1 . Election of, vested 
in College of Cardinals by bull of Nicholas II., 
1059— two -thirds of voters necessary, by de- 
cree of Alexander III. at third Lateran Coun- 
cil, 1 179 — forms of, regulated by constitution 
of second Council of Lyons, 1274— cardinals 
not to be deprived of franchise, even for ex- 
communication, by bull of Clement V., 13 12— 
regulations disregarded at election of Martin 
V. by Council of Constance, 1415 — gambling 
on chances of rival candidates forbidden by bull 
of Pius IV., 1559-65— further regulations by 
bull of Gregory XV., 162 1. 

Pope, Alexander, poet,—b. in London, 22 
May 1688— settles at Twickenham, about 1714 
— a", at Twickenham, 30 May 1744. Pastorals, 
1709 — Rape of the Lock, 17 12 — Essay on Criti- 
cism, 17 1 1 — Windsor Forest, 17 13 — Eloisa to 
Abelard, 171 7 — translations of the Iliad, 1 7 15- 
20 — the Odyssey, 1725 — Bunciad, 1728-42 — 
Essay on Man, 1733 — Satires, 1734 — Letters, 

Pope, Sir Thomas, statesman, — 0. at Dea- 
ington, Oxfordshire, about 1508 — Clerk of the 
Briefs in Star Chamber, 5 Oct. 1533— an- 
nounces sentence of death to Sir T. More, 5 
Jul. 1535 — Warden of the Mint, 13 Nov. 1535 
— Knt, 15 Oct. 1536 — Treasurer of Court of 
Augmentations, 1536-41 — receives surrender 
of St Alban's Abbey, 5 Dec. 1539— obtains 
charter for foundation of Trin. Coll. Oxford, 
8 Mar. 1554 — Master of Boyal Forests beyond 
the Trent, and Privy Councillor, Jan. 1546— 
Privy Councillor to Queen Mary, 1553 — Joint- 
commissioner for examining accounts of Sir 
T. Gresham, 15 Mar. 1554 — Joint-commis- 
sioner for suppression of heretics, 8 Feb. 1557 
— charged with care of Princess Elizabeth, at 
Hatfield, 1555-8— tf. at Clerkenwell, 29 Jan. 
1559 — his remains removed to Trin. Coll., 1567. 
Popes, (Bishops of Rome) — Linus, 66 — 
Anacletus, about 78 — Clement I., 91 — Eva- 
ristus, 100 — Alexander, 109 — Sixtus, 119 — 
Telesphorus, 127— Hyginus, 139— Pius L,i42 
— Anicetns, 157— Soter,i68 — Eleutherus,i77 
— Victor, 193— Zephyrinus, 202— CalixtusL, 
219 — Urban I., 223 — Pontianus, 230 — An- 
terius, 235 — Fabianus, 236— Cornelius, 251 
— Lucius, 252— Stephen, 253— Sixtus II., 
257— Dionysius, 259— Felix I., 269— Euty- 
chianus, 275 — Caius, 283 — Marcellinus, 296 
— Marcellus, 308 — Eusebius, 3 10 — Mcl- 
chiades, 311 — Sylvester I., 314 — Mar- 
cus, 336 — Julius I., 337 — Liberius, 352 
— Felix II., Antipope, 355 — Damasus, 366 — 
Siricius, 384 — Anastasius I., 398 — Innocent 
I., 402 — Zosimus, 417 — Boniface I., 418 — Ce- 
lestine I., 422 — Sixtus III., 432 — Leo I. the 
Great, 440 — Hilarius, 461 — Simplicius, 468 — 
Felix II., (or III.,) 483 — Gelasius, 492 — 
Anastasius II., 496 — Symmachus, 498 — Hor- 
misdas, 514 — John I., 523 — Felix III., (or 
IV.,) 526 — Boniface II., 5 30 — John II., 533 — 



Agapetus, 535 — Silverius, 536 — Vigilius, 
537— Pelagius I., 555— John III., 560— 
Benedict I., (Bonosus,) 574 — Pelagius II., 
578— Gregory I. the Great, 590— Sabinianus, 
604 — Boniface III., 606 or 607 — Boniface 
IV., 607 or 608 — Deusdedit, 614 or 615 — 
Boniface V., 617 or 618 — Honorius I., 625 — 
Severinus, 640 — John IV, 640 — Theodoras, 
642 — Martin I., 649 — Eugenins I., 654 — 
Vitalianus, 657 — Adeodatus, 672 — Domnus 
I., 676 — Agatho, 678 or 679 — Leo II., 
682 — Benedict IL, 684 — John V., 685 or 
686 — Conon, 686 — Sergius I., 687 — John 
VI., 701 — John VII., 705 — Sisinnius, 708 — 
Constantine, 708— Gregory II. , 7 15— Gregory 
III., 731 — Zacharias, 741 — Stephen IL, 
752 — Paul I., 757 — Stephen III., 768 — 
Adrian I., 772— Leo III., 795— Stephen IV., 
816 — Pascal I., 817 — Eugenins II. , 824 — 
Valentine, 827— Gregory IV., 827 — Sergius 
IL, 844— Leo IV, 847— Benedict III., 855 
— Nicholas I., 858 — Adrian II. , 867 — John 
VIII., 872— Marinus, (Martin II.,) 882— 
Adrian III., 884-Stephen V., 885— For- 
mosus, 891 — Boniface VI., 896 — Stephen 
VI., 896 — Romanus, 897 — Theodoras IL, 
898— John IX., 898— Benedict IV., 900— 
Leo V., 903 — Christopher, 903 — Sergius 
III., 904 — Anastasius III., 911 — Lando, 
913 or 914 — John X., 914— Leo VI., 928— 
Stephen VII., 929— John XL, 931 — Leo VII., 
936 — Stephen VIII., 939 — Marinus II. , 
(Martin III.,) 942 — Agapetus II., 946 — 
John XII., 956— Leo VIII., elected by Romans, 
963 — Benedict V., elected by a Council, 964 — 
John XIII., 965— Benedict VI., 972— Boni- 
face VII., Antipope, 974? — Domnus IL, 



974 



Benedict VII., 974 or 975 — John 



XIV., 983 — Boniface VII., restored, 984 — 
[John XV., 984 PI— John XVI., 985— Gregory 
V., 996 — John XVII. , Antipope, May 997 — 
Sylvester IL, 999 — John XVII., 1003 — John 
XVIII., 1003— Sergius IV, 1009 — Benedict 
VIII. , 1012 — John XIX., 1024 — Benedict IX., 
1033 — Sylvester III., 1044 — Gregory VI., 
1044 — Clement IL, 1046 — Damasus II. , 1048 
— Leo IX., 1048 — Victor II. , 1055 — Stephen 
IX., 1057 — Benedict X., Antipope, 1058 — 
Nicholas II. , 1058 — Alexander II., 1061 — 
Gregory VIL, 1073— Victor III., 1086 — 
Urban II. , 1088— Pascal II., 1099 — Gelasius 
II. , 1 1 18 — Calixtus II. , 1 1 19 — Honorius II. , 
1 1 24 — Innocent II. , 11 30 — Celestine II. , 
1 143 — Lucius IL, 1 144 — EugeniusIIL, 1145 
— Anastasius IV., 1153 — Adrian IV., 11 54 — 
Alexander III., 1159 — Lucius III., n 81 — 
Urban III., 11 85— Gregory VIII., 1187 — 
Clement III., 11 87— Celestine III., 1191 — 
Innocent III., 1198 — Honorius III. , 1216 — 
Gregory IX., 1227 — Celestine IV., 1241 — 
Innocent IV., 1 243— Alexander IV, 1254 — 
Urban IV., 1261— Clement IV., 1265— Gre- 
gory X., 1271 — Innocent V., 1276 — [Adrian 
V., 1276]— John XX. or XXL, 1276— Nicholas 
III., 1277 — Martin IV., 12 81 — Honorius IV., 
1285— Nicholas IV, 1288— Celestine V., 1294 
—Boniface VIII., 1294 — Benedict XL, 1303 
— Clement V., 1305 — transfers see to Avignon, 



POPHAM— PORPORATL 



<55 



1309— John XXII., 1316 — Benedict XII., 
1334— Clement VI., 1342 — Innocent VI., 
1352 — Urban V., 1362 — Gregory XI., 1370 — 
Urban VI. , 1378-89— restores see to .Rome, 
1378 — schism begins with election of Clement 
VII., Antipope, 1378-94 — Boniface IX., 1389- 
1404— Benedict XIII., Antipope, 1 394-1417 — 
Innocent VII., 1404 — Gregory XII., 1406 — 
Alexander V., 1409 — John XXIII., 1410 — 
Martin V., 1417 — Clement VIII., Antipope, 
1424 — schism ends by his abdication, 1429 — 
Eugenius IV., 143 1 — Nicholas V., 1447 — 
Calixtns III., 1455— Pins II., 1458 — Paul 
II., 1464 — Sixtus IV., 147 1 — Innocent VIII., 
1484 — Alexander VI., 1492 — Pins III., 1503 
— Julius II., 1503 — Leo X., 15 13 — Adrian 
VI., 1522— Clement VII., 1523— Paul III., 
1534 — Julius III., 1550 — Marcellus II., 1555 
—Paul IV, 1555— Pius IV, 1559— Pius V., 
1566— Gregory XIII., 1572 — Sixtus V., 1585 
— Urban VII., 1590 — Gregory XIV., 1590 — 
Innocent IX-, 1591 — Clement VIII., 1592 — 
Leo XI., 1605— Paul V, 1605 — Gregory XV., 
162 1 — Urban VIII., 1623 — Innocent X., 1644 
— Alexander VII., 1655 — Clement IX., 1667 
— Clement X-, 1670 — Innocent XL, 1676 — 
Alexander VIII. , 1689 — Innocent XII. , 1691 
—Clement XL, 1700— Innocent XIII. , 1721 
—Benedict XIII. , 1724 — Clement XII., 1730 
—Benedict XIV., 1740— Clement XIII., 1758 
—Clement XIV, 1769 — Pius VL, 1775 — 
Pius VII., 1800— Leo XII., 1823— Pius VIII. , 
1829— Gregory XVI., 1831— Pius IX., 1846. 

Popham, Sir Home Biggs, admiral, — b. at 
Gibraltar, 12 Oct. 1762 — assists in defence of 
Ostend against the French, 1794 — Post-cap- 
tain, 4 Apr. 1795 — bombards Ostend, May 
1798 — envoy to Russia, receives Cross of 
Malta, 1799— takes Cape of Good Hope from 
the Dutch, Jan. 1806 — serves under General 
Beresford against Spaniards on the La Plata, 
1806 — takes Buenos Ayres, 2 Jul. 1806 — tried 
by Court Martial and reprimanded, Mar. 1807 
— Rear-admiral, takes part in expedition against 
Flushing, Jul. to Aug. 1809 — Rear-admiral, 
and Commander-in-chief, Jun. 18 14 — Com- 
mander-in-chief on Jamaica station, 18 19 — tf. 
at Cheltenham, 11 Sep. 1820. 

Popham, Sir John, Lord Chief Justice of 
England, — b. at Wellington, Somersetshire, 
about 153 1 — marries, about 1560 — reader at 
the Middle Temple, 1568— M.P. Bristol, about 
157 1 — Solicitor-general, 26 Jun. 1579 — 
Speaker of House of Commons, Jan. 158 1 — 
Attorney-general, 1 Jun. 158 1 — Chief Justice, 
2 Jun. 1592 — Knt, and Privy Councillor, Jun. 
1592 — summons Essex to surrender, and is 
arrested by him, Feb. 1601 — presides at trial 
of Raleigh, 1603 — at trials of Guy Fawkes and 
his associates, 1606 — b\, 10 Jun. 1607. 

Popish Plot, in England, — discovery of, 
alleged by Titus Gates, 13 Aug. 1678 — sworn 
to, before Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey, 27 Sep. 
—-investigated by Privy Council, 28-29 Sep. 
— parliamentary committee appointed to ex- 
amine, 21 Oct. — several Romish peers com- 
mitted to the Tower, 23 Oct. — Coleman, secre- 
tary to Duke of York, executed, 3 Dec. — three 



priests executed, 24 Jan. 1679 — further par- 
ticulars given by Bedloe, Jan. 1679 — five 
Jesuits and a lawyer executed, 20 Jun. — eight 
priests, Wakeman, physician to the Queen, and 
three monks, tried and acquitted, 18 Jul.— Vis- 
count Stafford executed, 29 Dec. 

Popocatepetl, Volcano in Mexico, — ascent 
of, by Cortez, 15 19— scaled by Mantafio, 1522 
— eruptions of, 1519, 1539, and 1540 — again 
scaled by the Glennies, 1827 — by Birckbeck, 
Nov. 1827 — by Baron von Gerolt, 1834 — by 
Stone, 11 Apr. 1848. 

Poquelin, J. B. [Moliere.] 

Porbus, Frans, painter, — b. at Bruges, 
1540 — member of Academy of Antwerp, 1564 
— &., 1580. 

Porbus, Frans, the Younger, painter, — b. at 
Antwerp, 1570 — painter to Queen Mary of 
France, 161 1 a — painter to the king, 16 18 a — ft. 
at Paris, 1622. a Jal. 

Porbus, Pieter, painter, — b. at Gouda, about 

1510— tr., 1583. 

Porcacchi, Tommaso, litterateur, — b. in 
Tuscany, about 1530 — settles at Venice, 1559 
— tr. there, 1585. 

Porcaro, Stefano, — conspires against Pope 
Nicholas V., arrested, 5 Jan. 1453 — hung, 7 
Jan. 

Porcelain, — [BC] — made in China, 185-88 
— introduced in Japan, 27 — [AD] — mentioned 
by Edrisi, 1154 — first brought to England, 
1504 — imported by Portuguese, 15 18 — egg- 
shell ware invented, about 1573 — manufacture 
of, at Chelsea, before 1695 — at St Cloud, as 
early as 1695 — manufactory of, established at 
Meissen, by Bottcher, 17 15. [Sevres.] 

Porcelain Tower. [Nanking.] 

Porchester, Lord. [Carnarvon, Earl of.] 

Porcia, — [B C] — married to Bibulus, 59 — 
left a widow, 48 — married to M. Brutus, 45 — 
kills herself, 42. 

Porcina, M. iEmilius Lepidus, — [BC] — 
Consul with C. Hostilius Mancinus, (617, 
a. u. c.) 137 — proconsul, unsuccessful in Nu- 
mantine "War, 136. 

Pordenone, II, [Giovanni Antonio Zicinio,) 
painter, — b. at Pordenone, in Friuli, 1483 — is. 
at Ferrara, 1540,* 1539. b 

a Biog. Univ. b Biog. Catalogue. 

Porlier, Juan Diaz, El Marquesito, gen- 
eral, — b. at Carthagena, in S. America, 1783,* 
in the Canaries, about 1775 b — present at battle 
of Trafalgar, 1805 — distinguishes himself as 
guerilla chieftain in the Peninsular War, 1808 
■ — attempts to restore constitution, 18 15 — exe- * 
cuted at La Corogne, 3 Oct. 18 15. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Porphyrius, (Malchus,) Keo-Platonic philo- 
sopher, — b., 233 — sees Origen at Csesarea, 
about 249 — visits Rome, 253,* about 262 b — 
disciple of Plotinus, at Rome, 263-268 — retires 
to Sicily, 268 — b". at Rome, 303, 304, or 305,* 
305-6. c Vita Plotini, 301 b — Contra Chris- 
tians, after 268. 

a Biog. "Univ. b Clinton. c Smith's Diet. 

Porphyrius, Publilius Optatianus, idyllic 
poet,— &., about 326-333. 

Porporati, Carlo Antonio, engraver,— %. at 
73 * 



n 5 6 



PORSENA— PORTLAND YASE. 



Turin, 1741 — admitted to Academy, Paris, 1773 
— *j. at Turin, 16 Jun. 18 16. 

Porsena, Lars, King of Cltjsium, mythic, 
— [B C] — takes and conquers Rome, (246, 
A. U. C.) 5o8. a a Fischer. 

Porson, Richard, Greek scholar, — b. at 
East Ruston, Norfolk, 25 Dec. 1759 — enters 
Trin. Coll. Cambridge, end of 1777 — Fellow 
of his Coll., Oct. 1782-91— M.A., 1785,* 1783 * 
— Regius Prof. Greek, 1793 — marries, 1795 — 
loses his wife, 1797 — Librarian of London In- 
stitution, 1805 — rj. in London, 25 Sep. 1808. 
Letters to Archdeacon Travis, 1790 — Tracts 
and Miscellaneous Criticisms, 18 15 — Adver- 
saria, 18 12 — Thotii Lexicon, 1822. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Bees' Cyc. 

Port Adelaide. [Adelaide.] 
Port-au-Prince, Port-Bepublicain, in Eayti, 
— founded, 1749 — devastated by earthquake, 
175 1 and 1770 — taken by English, 1794 — 
earthquake at, 7 May 1842. 
Port Jackson. [New South Wales.] 
Port Louis. [Mauritius.] 
Port Mahon. [Mahon.] 
Port Natal. [Natal.] 
Port Phillip. [Victoria.] 
Port Republicain. [Port-au-Prince.] 
Porta, G-iambattista della, natural philo- 
sopher, — ft. at Naples, about 1540^ 1550 b — ft. 
there, 4 Feb. 16 15. Magice naturalislib. XX., 
1589 — Be furtivis litterarum notis, vulgo de 
zifaris, 1563 — Phytognomonica, 1583 — JDe 
humana physiognomia, 1586 — Villce lib. XLL., 
1592 — Be Eefractione, 1593 — Pneumatica, 
1601 — Be JEris transmutationibus, 1609. 
a Biog. Univ. " b Engl. Cyc. 

Porta, Giuseppe, (Salviati,) painter, — rj. at 
Castelnuovo de Garfagnana, 1535 (?) — ft. at 
Venice, after 1570, a i585. b 

a Nagler. b Some authorities. 

Porta. [Eaccio della Porta.] 
Portal, Antoine, Baron de, physician, — fj. 
at Gaillac, 5 Jan. 1742 — M.D. Montpellier, 
1764 — goes to Paris, 1766 — Prof. Medicine, 
Coll. de France, 1769 — admitted to Academy of 
Sciences, about 1775 — Prof. Anatomy, Jardin 
du Roi, 1777^ 1775 b — First Physician to 
Louis XVIII. and Charles X., 1815-30 — Pres. 
Academy of Medicine for life, 1820 — rj. at 
Paris, 23 Jul. 1832. BZisioire de Vanatomie et 
de la chirurgie, 1770-3 — Cours d' ' Anatomie 
medicate, 1803 — Maladies de Eamille et Mala- 
dies hereditaires, 1808. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nout. Biog. Gen. 

Portal D'Albaredes, Pierre Barthelemi, 
Bakon de, statesman, — fj. at Albaredes near 
Montauban, 31 Oct. 1765 — exiled by Napoleon 
I., 1 8 15 — Councillor of State, takes part iu nego- 
tiations for peace, 1 8 15 — member of Chamber 
of Deputies, 18 18 — Minister of Marine and the 
Colonies, 29 Dec. 18 18 — Peer of France, Dec. 
1 82 1 — tf. at Bordeaux, 11 Jan. 1845. 

Portalis, Jean Etienne Marie, statesman, — 
fc. in Provence, 1 Apr. 1746^ 1745 b — Advocate 
to parliament of Aix, 1767^ end of 1765 b — im- 
prisoned at Paris, end of 1793 — liberated, 1794 
— member of Council of Ancients, 1794 — pro- 
scribed, escapes to Germany, (18 Fructidor,) 4 



Sep. 1797 — returns, 1800 — Councillor of State, 
about Dec. 1800 — charged with direction of 
public worship, Aug. 1801 — member of In- 
stitute, 1803 — Minister of Interior, Jul. 1804 — 
rj. at Paris, 25 Aug. 1807. Traite sur V usage 
et Vabus de V esprit philosophique pendant le 18 
siecle, 1820. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Porteous, John, [Captain Porteous,) captain 
of city guard of Edinburgh, — fires on rioters at 
execution of the smuggler Wilson, 14 Apr. 1736 
— sentenced to death, and reprieved : seized 
and hung by the mob, at Edinburgh, 7 Sep. 

Porteous Riots. [Porteous, John.] 

Porter, Anna Maria, novelist, — b. at Dur- 
ham, about 17 81 — ft. near Bristol, 21 Jun. 
1832. 

Porter, George Richardson, statistician,—^. 
in London, 1792 — appointed chief of Statistical 
Department of Board of Trade, 1832 — founds 
Statistical Society, 1834 — secretary to Board of 
Trade, 1841 — tr. at Tunbridge Wells, 3 Sep. 
1855. Progress of the Nation, 1836-8. 

Porter, Jane, novelist, — fj. at Durham, 1776 
— accompanies her brother to St Petersburg, 
1842 — rj. at Bristol, 24 May 1850. Thaddeus 
of Warsaw, 1803 — Scottish Chiefs, 1809 — Sir 
Edward Seaward' 's Biary, 1831. 

Porter, Sir Robert Ker, painter, traveller, — 
b. at Durham, about 1775 — goes to London, 
about 1790 — historical painter to Emperor of 
Russia, 1 804 — accompanies Sir John Moore to 
Spain, 1808 — goes to St Petersburg, 1811 — ■ 
Knt, 1 81 3 — travels in Asia, 1817-20 — consul 
at Venezuela, 1826-41 — fc. at St Petersburg, 4 
May 1842. Siege of Acre, 1801 — Battle of 
Agincourt, 1802 — Battle of Alexandria, 1803 
— Travels in Georgia, Persia, §c, 1821-22. 

Porteus, Beilby, Bp of London, — b. at 
York, 8 May 1731 — B.A. Cambridge, 1752 — 
M.A., 1755 — chaplain to Abp Seeker, 1762 — 
marries, 1765 — D.D., 1767 — chaplain to George 
III. and Master of St Cross Hospital, Win- 
chester, 1769 — Bp of Chester, 1776 — Bp of 
London, 1787 — rj., 14 May 1808. Essay on 
Beath, 1759 — Life of Abp Seeker, 1797 — 
Works, 18 1 1. 

Portland, Maine, U. S., — English colony 
settled, 1632 — destroyed by British fleet, 1775 
— incorporated as a town, 1786 — fortifications 
erected, 1795 — incorporated as a city, 1832 — ■ 
great fire at, 4 Jul. 1866. 

Portland, Isle of, in Borsetshire, — victory of 
the Danes in, 837 — ravaged by Danes, 982 — 
plundered by Earl Godwine, 1052 — castle seized 
by Robert, Earl of Gloucester, 1 142 — devastated 
by French, May 141 6 — new castle built by 
Henry VIII. , about 1520 — naval battle between 
Van Tromp and Blake, begins off, 18 Feb. 
1 65 3 — convict establishment in, 1 848 . Break- 
water and Harbour of Be fig e, construction of, 
authorized by Act 10 and 11 Vic. c. 24, 11 May 
1 847 — first stone laid by Prince Albert, 25 Jul. 
1849. 

Portland Vase, [Barberini Vase,) — found 
near Rome, between 1623-44 — brought to 
England by Sir W. Hamilton, Dec. 1784- 
imitated by Wedgwood, 1 790-1 — deposited in 
British Museum, 18 10— destroyed, 1845. 



PORTLAND— PORTUGAL. 



ii57 



Portland, Henry Bentinck, 2nd Earl and 
1st Duke of, — ft., 1681 — marries Lady Eliza- 
beth Noel, 9 Jun. 1704 — M.P. Southampton, 
Oct. 1707 — succeeds his father, 1709— created 
Marquis of Tichfield and Duke of Portland, 6 
Jul. 17 16 — Captain-general and governor of 
Jamaica, 9 Sep. 1721 — tf. there, 4 Jul. 1726. 

Portland, Richard Weston, 1st Earl of, 
Lord Treasurer, — h-., 1577 — ambassador to 
Bohemia and to Brussels, about 1620 — Chan- 
cellor of the Exchequer, before 1623 — reelected 



M.P. 



-created Baron Weston, 13 Apr. 



1628 — accused as enemy of the nation by Sir 
John Eliot, 2 Mar. 1629 — Lord Treasurer, 15 
Jul. 1628— created Earl, 17 Feb. 1633 — &., 13 
Mar. 1634. 

Portland, William Bentinck, Earl of, 
statesman, — ft. in Guelderland, 1648 — accom- 
panies Prince of Orange to England, 1670 — 
D.C.L. Oxford, Dec. 1670 — Colonel and Cap- 
tain of Dutch Guards, 1672 — sent to negotiate 
marriage of Princess Mary with Prince of 
Orange, 1677 — offers James II. aid of the 
Prince against Monmouth, 1685 — envoy to 
Elector of Brandenburg, 1688 — conducts pre- 
parations for descent on England, and accom- 
panies the Prince, 1688 — Privy Councillor, 13 
Feb. 1689 — created Baron of Cirencester, Vis- 
count Woodstock, and Earl of Portland, 9 Apr. 
1689 — as Lieutenant-general, distinguishes 
himself at the Boyne, 1 Jul. 1690 — assists at 
Congress at the Hague, 1691 — attends William 
III. at battle of Landen, 1693 — at siege of 
Namur, 1695 — K.G., 9 Feb. 1697 — prepares 
with Marshal de Bonflers the Peace of Ryswick, 
Sep. 1697 — ambassador extraord. to Paris, Jan. 
1698 — signs Treaty of the Hague, n Oct. 1698 
■ — resigns his offices, 1700 — attends the king on 
his deathbed, Mar. 1702 — impeached for his 
share in Partition Treaties, 1 Apr. 1701 — ft. at 
Bulstrode, Bucks, 23 Nov. 1709. 

Portland, William Bentinck, 2nd Duke of, 
— ft., 1 Mar. 1709 — succeeds his father, 1726 
— travels in France and Italy, 1730-3— marries 
Lady Margaret Cavendish Harley, 1734 — K.G., 
20 Mar. 1741— tf., 1 May 1762. 

Portland, William Henry Cavendish Ben- 
tinck, 3rd Duke of, Prime Minister of Eng- 
land,- — ft., 14 Apr. 1738 — M.A. Oxon., 1 Feb. 
1757 — M.P. Weobly, 1761 — succeeds his 
father, 1762 — Lord Chamberlain, 1765 — mar- 
ries Lady Dorothy Cavendish, 8 Nov. 1766 — 
Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, 1782 — First Lord 
of the Treasury, 1783 — Chancellor of Univ. of 
Oxford, 1792 — Secretary of State for Home 
Department, 1794-1801 — Pres. of the Council, 
1 80 1 -1 805 — again First Lord of the Treasury, 
Apr. 1807— rj., 30 Oct. 1809. 

Porto. [Oporto and Ostia.] 

Porto Bello, Puerto Bello, in Colombia^ — ■ 
reached by Columbus, 2 Nov. 1502 — Spanish 
settlement, 1584 — captured by Admiral Vernon, 
and fortifications destroyed, 1739— ceases to be 
resort of Spanish galleons, and declines, 1740. 

Porto-Fino, — Venetian fleet under Pietro 
Loredano defeats Genoese under Francesco 
Spinola, near, 27 Aug. 1431. 

Porto-Longo, Isle of Sapienza, — Venetian 



fleet under Niccolo Pisani surprised and cap- 
tured by Genoese under Paganino Doria, 4 
Nov. 1354. 

Porto-Novo. [See Coote, Sir Eyre.] 

Porto-Rico, in West Indies, — discovered by 
Columbus, 15 Nov. 1493 — taken by Ponce de 
Leon, about 1509 — town built, 1514 — un- 
successfully attacked by Drake and Hawkins, 
1595 — taken by Duke of Cumberland, 1597 — 
unsuccessfully attacked by British, 1797 — has 
privilege of free trade, 18 15— revolutionary 
movement in, 1820 — suppressed, 1823. 

Portrait. [National Portrait Gallery, and 
National Portrait Exhibition.] 

Port-Royal, cles Champs, in France, — Cister- 
cian Abbey of, founded, 1204 — reform of, com- 
menced by Angelique Arnauld, 1608 — the 
community removed to Paris, {Port-Royal de 
Paris,) 1627 — occupied by lay religious, 1627 — 
some of the nuns return to, 1648 — School sup- 
pressed by order of Louis XIV., 1660 — separ- 
ation of the two houses decreed by Louis XIV., 
1 3 May 1669 — confirmed by bull of Clement X., 
23 Sep. 1 67 1 — convent suppressed by Clement 
XL and the nuns dispersed by military, 29 Oct. 
1709 — buildings demolished, by decree of 22 
Jan. 17 10 — remains of the religious ordered to 
be exhumed and dispersed in surrounding vil- 
lages, 17 1 1 — the Paris monastery suppressed, 
1790. [Jansenists.] 

Port-Royal, S. Carolina, V. S., — taken from 
Confederates by Federals, 7 Nov. 1861. 

Portsea, — [Portsmouth] — fortification of, 
commenced, 1770. 

Portsmouth, in Hampshire, — Port, with his 
sons Bieda and Maegla, land on the coast, 501 a 
— visited by Henry I., 11 23 — Empress Maud 
lands at, 11 40 — burnt by French, 1377 — forti- 
fied by Edward IV. and Richard III., 1460, &c. 
— indecisive action with French fleet off, 1 8 Jul. 
1545 — taken possession of by Essex, for the 
parliament, Jan. 1642 — marriage of Charles 
II. with Infanta of Portugal, celebrated at, 
1662 — fires in the Dockyard, 3 Jul. 1761, 27 
Jul. 1770, and 7 Dec. 1776 — visited by George 
III., 22 Jun. 1773 — mutiny of convicts at, 24 
Mar. 1786 — visit of French fleet to, 29 Aug. to 
2 Sep. 1 865 — extension of dockyard commenced, 
Jan. 1867 — volunteer review at, 13 Apr. 1868 
— piers for extension of harbour commenced, 1 1 
Mar. 1869. Southsea Castle, built by Henry 
VIIL, 1510-30 — strengthened, 1850. Fort 
Cumberland, commenced, 1746 — completed, 
1820. a A.S. Chron. 

Portsmouth, Louise Renee de Querouaille, 
Duchess of, — comes to England with Hen- 
rietta Maria, Duchess of Orleans, May 1670 — 
maid of honour to Queen of Charles II., Nov. 
1670 a — one of his mistresses, soon after : birth 
of her son, 29 Jul. 1672 a — created Duchess, 
1673— receives title and estate from Lotus 
XIV., 1673 — her son created Duke of Rich- 
mond, 19 Aug. 1675 a — presented by Shaftes- 
bury as a national nuisance, 26 Jun. 1680 a — 
reconciled with him, Aug.— attends Charles II. 
on his deathbed, Feb. 1685. a Lingard. 

Portugal, [Celtiberians, Lusitania] — occu- 



1158 



PORTTJLANO MEBICEO— POST-OFFICE. 



pied by Alani, 410— by Vandals and Snevi, 
427 — overrun by Visigotbs, 472-480 — con- 
quered by Saracens, 711-20 — erected into a 
County for Henry of Burgundy, by Alfonso 
VI. of Castile and Leon, about 1095 — Alfonso 
Henriquez, bis son, succeeds as Count, n 12 — 
erected into a kingdom, n 39 — succession to 
the crown regulated by Diet of Laniego, 1139 
or 1 143 — Sancho I. (son) succeeds, n 85 — 
Alfonso II., (son,) 1211 or 1212 — Sancho II., 
(son,) 1223— laid under interdict by Innocent 
IV., 1245— Alfonso III., (brother,) 1248— 
again laid under interdict, 1 257-62 — Dionysius, 
(son,) 1279 — Alfonso IV., (son,) 1325 — Don 
Pedro, {Pedro I.,) (son,) 1357 — Ferdinand, 
(son,) 1367 — Don Joam, (John I.,) (natural 
son of Pedro I.,) 1383 — Duarte, (Edward,) 
(son,) 1433 — Alfonso V., (son,) 1438 — John 
II., (son,) 148 1 — Emmanuel, (cousin,) 1495 
— John III., (son,) 152 1 — devastated by 
earthquakes and inundations, 152 1 — Sebastian, 
(grandson,) 1557 — Henry I., (son of Emman- 
uel,) 1578 — on his death, the kingdom is 
claimed by Antonio, grandson of Emmanuel, 
who is proclaimed at Santarem, 19 Jun. — and 
at Lisbon, 24 Jun. 1580 — defeated by Duke of 
Alba, at Alcantara, 25 Aug. — annexed to Spain, 
and Philip II. proclaimed King, 2 Sep. 1580 
— several pretenders, false Sebastians, appear, 
1585-94-98 — successfully revolts against 
Philip IV. of Spain, John IV., Duke of Bra- 
ganza, is proclaimed, 1 Dec. 1640 — war with 
Spain commenced, 1642 — Alfonso VI. (son) 
succeeds, 1656 — war with Spain terminated, 
and independence of the kingdom confirmed by 
treaty of 13 Feb. 1668 — Pedro II., (brother,) 
1683 — Methuen Treaty, 1703— John V., (son,) 
1706 — Joseph, (son,) 1750 — Pedro III., 
(brother,) and Maria Francisca, 1777— Maria 
alone, 1786 — regency of John Maria, Prince of 
Brazil, 1789 — treaty for partition of, between 
France and Spain concluded, 27 Oct. 1807 — 
French occupation of, Nov. 1807 — [Jnnot, 
Gen., Napoleon I.] — placed under British 
protection, 1807 — convention of Cintra, 30 
Aug. 1808 — second French invasion under 
Soult, Mar. 1809 — third, under Massena, Mar. 
18 10 — [See Wellington, Duke of, Beresford, 
Marshal]— John VI., (son,) 1816 — revolu- 
tion, constitution proclaimed, 15 Sep. 1820 — 
Pedro IV., (son,) 1826 — Maria da Gloria, 
(daughter,) 1826 — Don Miguel, (uncle,) 1828 
— Maria restored, 1833 — Pedro V., (son,) 1853 
— Luis I., (brother,) 1861. 

Portulano Mediceo, series of maps, Lauren- 
tian Library, Florence, — constructed, 1351 — 
photographic copy made for British Museum, 
1870. 

Portus, iEmilius, philologist, — h. at Fer- 
rara, 1550 — Prof. Greek, Lausanne, 158 1 — 
Prof. Greek, Heidelberg, 1596-9 — is., i6io, a 
after i6i2. b Dictionarium Lonicum Grceco- 
Latinum, 1603 — Pindaricum Lexicon, 1604. 
a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Portus, Franci3, philologist, — b. in Candia, 
151 1 — Prof. Greek, Modena, 1536-42 — goes to 
Ferrara, 1546— Prof. Greek, Geneva, 1562— 
ft. there, 5 Jun. 15 81. 



Porus, King of India, on the Hydaspes, — 
[BC] — defeated by Alexander, (Munych. 01. 
113, 2,) Apr. to May 326 a — put to death by 
Eudemus, after 321. a Arrian. 

Porzio, Simone, (Porihis,) philosopher,— 
ft. at Naples, 1497 — Prof, at Pisa, 1546-52 — 
tf. at Naples, 1554. Be Humana Mente, 155 1 
— J)e Rerum Naturalium principiis, 1553. 

Poseidippos, (Posidippos,) comic poet, — [B C] 
— (New Comedy,) begins to exhibit, (01. 122, 
3,) 289. 

Poseidonia, (Posidonia, Pcestum,) — [B C] — ■ 
Sybarite colony, about 524 a — taken by Luca^ 
nians, between 438-424 a — colony from Rome, 
273-4. a Smith's Diet. 

Poseidonius, Stoic philosopher, — [BC] — 6., 
about 1 35 — travels, after 1 1 2 — ambassador to 
Rome, 86 — removes to Rome, 51, and "is. 

Posen, in Prussia, — forms part of Poland 
till partition, when it is assigned to Prussia, 
1772 and 1793 — the capital burnt, 1803 — 
forms part of Duchy of Warsaw, 1807 — erected 
into a Grand Duchy and restored to Prussia 
by Congress of Vienna, 18 15 — insurrections in, 
Apr. to May 1 848 — German districts of, ad- 
mitted to German Confederation, 1848 — in- 
corporated with Germany by Act of Prussian 
Chambers, 1850. Treaty of Peace between 
Napoleon I. and Saxons, concluded at, 11 Dec. 
1806. 

Positive Philosophy, (Positivism,) — the 
phrase first used by Saint-Simon, 1808 and 
181 1. [Comte, Auguste.] 

Possevin, Antonio, Jesuit, — b. at Mantua, 
1534 — tS. at Ferrara, 161 1. Moscovia, 1586 
— Apparatus sacer, 1603-6. 

Postage, of letters, in England, — provided 
for and regulated by proclamation of Charles 
L, 1635 — again regulated by ordinance of par- 
liament, 1 6^6, Penny, metropolitan, introduced, 
1683 — uniform, proposed by Rowland Hill, 
1838 — adopted, 10 Jan. 1840. Halfpenny, in- 
troduced, for newspapers and book packets, 
and duties newly regulated, by Act 33 and 
34 Vic. c. 79, 9 Aug. 1870. [Post-Office.] 
Stamps, introduced, 6 May 1840. [Fees.] 
Book, introduced, 1848. 

Postage Stamps, in America, — adopted as 
currency, 1 Aug. 1862. 

Post-Cards, — introduced in United King- 
dom, 1 Oct. 1870. 

Post-Horses, in England, — rate of hire of, 
regulated by Act 2 and 3 Edw. VI. c. 3, 1548. 

Postmaster of England, for foreign parts, 
— office of, instituted hy James I., 1603-25 — 
sequestrated, 1640 — sequestration declared 
illegal, by Committee of Commons, 1642 — de- 
clared to be in sole power and disposal of par- 
liament, 1649. 

Postmaster-General, — office of, instituted 
by ordinance of parliament, 1656 — confirmed 
by Act 12 Car. II. c. 35, 1660. 

Post-Office, General, London, — establisbed 
by ordinance of parliament, 1656 — confirmed 
by Acts 12 Car. II. c. 35, 1660, and 9 Ann. 
c. 11, 17 10 — new building erected, 1829— re- 
gulated by many later Acts, most of which are 
repealed by Act 1 Yic. c. 32, 12 Jul. 1837 — 



POST-OFFICE ORDERS— POTOSI. 



"59 



laws respecting, consolidated, and management 
of, newly provided for, by Acts 1 Vic. cc. 33, 
34, 35, and 36, 12 Jul. 1837. Reform, plan 
of, proposed by Rowland Hill, early in 1837 — 
Select Committee appointed on, Dec. 1837 — 
carried into effect by Act 2 and 3 Vic. c. 52, 
17 Aug. 1839— confirmed by 3 and 4 Vic. c. 
96, 10 Aug. 1840. [Franking, Mails.] 

Post-Office Orders, for transmission of 
money, — introduced in England, Nov. 1 840 — 
system of, between United Kingdom and 
France, established by Convention at Paris, 
30 Apr. 1870 — ratified, 5 Aug. 1870. 

Post-Office Savings' Banks,— instituted and 
regulated by Act 24 Vic. c. 14, 17 May 1.861 
— amended by Act 26 and 27 Vic. c. 14, 4 
May 1863 — laws relating to investments for, 
amended by Act 32 and 33 Vic. c. 59, 9 Aug. 
1869. 

Postel, Guillaume, orientalist, visionary, 
— h. near Avranches, 25 Mar. i5io, a 28 
May 1505 b — sent to the East to collect MSS. 
for Francis I. : Prof. Mathematics and Ori- 
ental Languages, 1539 — dismissed, before 1544 
— meets Ignatius Loyola at Rome, about 1544 
— tf. at Paris, 6 Sep. 1581. De Originibus, 1538 
— De Orbis Terrce Concordia, 1544 — Be Eatio- 
nibus Spiritus Sancti, 1543 — De Universitate, 
1563, a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Postlethwayt, Malachi, — b., about 1707 — 
F.S.A. , 21 Mar. 1734— 1j. in London, 17 Sep. 
1767. Great Britain's True System, 1757 — 
Dictionary of Commerce, 1 75 1 -6. 

Postumianus, Rufius Prsetextatus, — Consul 
with Fl. Zeno, (1201, a. u. c.) 448. 

Postumius Albinus Magnus, Sp., — [B C] — 
Consul with L. Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, 
(606, a. u. c.) 148. 

Postumus, (M. Cassianus Batinius,) one of 
the Thirty Tyrants, — assumes the purple, 258 
— besieges Saloninus in Colonia Agrippina, 
and puts him to death, 260— assassinated, 267. 

Postumus, C. Rabirius, — [BC] — aids 
Ptolemy in gaining permission to recover 
Egypt, 57 — chief treasurer to Ptolemy, 55 — 
tried at Rome for extortion, and defended by 
Cicero, 54 — serves under Caesar in Africa, 46. 

Potassium, metal, — discovered by Davy, 1 807 
— obtained by chemical action by Guy Lussac 
and Thenard, 1808. 

Potato, — introduced into Europe, by Haw- 
kins, 1545 a — by Drake, 1573 b — by Raleigh, 
1586, 15 1623 c — cultivated in London by Ge- 
rarde, 1590 — introduced into Ireland, 16 10 — 
grown in open fields in Lancashire, 1684— in 
Scotland, 1728 — disease appears near Liege, 
1842 — in Canada, 1844 — in England, 1845 — 
occasions famine in Ireland, 1845-6. 

a Some authorities. b Others. c Rees' Cyc. 

Potemkin, Gregory Alexandrovich, Prince, 
field-marshal, — b. near Smolensk, Sep. 1736 
— enters the army, 1754 — supports Catherine 
II., 28 Jun. 1762, and is made Colonel and 
Gentleman of her household : distinguishes 
himself in war against Turks, 177 1-2 — Lieu- 
tenant general, 1772 — favourite and First Min- 
ister, ] 774-6 — takes possession of Crimea, 1784 
— Commander-in-chief against Turks, 1787 — 



takes Oczakoff by assault, 6 Dec. 1788 — takes 
Bender, 1789 — returns to St Petersburg, Mar. 
1790 — retires from the army, 1791 — attends 
Congress of Jassy, 1791 — ft. near N icolaieff, 15 
Oct. 1791. 

Potenza, in Italy, — Roger II., King of 
Sicily, receives Louis VII. of France at, 1 149 

— suffers from earthquakes, 1273, 1684 a or 
i694, b and 1812. 

a Macculloch. b Chambers' Encyc. 

Pothier, Robert Joseph, jurist, — b. at Or- 
leans, 9 Jan. 1699 — Prof. Law at the Univ., 
1749— "if. at Orleans, 2 Mar. 1772. Eandectce 
Justinianece in novum ordinem digestce, 1748-52 

— (Eiwres, 1773-9. 

Fotid&ea,— [B C]— founded by Corinth be- 
fore Persian Wars, a commenced, 492 — revolts 
from Athens, about mids. 432 b — battle of, 432 
— surrenders, early in 429 — taken and destroyed 
by Philip, 356 — (Cassandreia,) Apollodorus 
tyrant, conquered and killed by Antigonus 
Gonatas, 279. a Miiller. b Clinton. 

Potitus, L. Valerius, — [B C] — Consul with 
M. Manlius Capitolinus, (362, a. u. c.) 392. 

Potitus, L. Valerius Publicola, — [B C] — (1.) 
Consul with M. Fabius Vibulanus, (271, 
a. u. c.) 483 — with Tib. JEmilius Mamercinus, 
(284,) 470. (2.) Leads opposition to Decemvirs, 
on death of Virginia, Consul with. M. Horatius 
Barbatus, (305,) 449 — Valerian and Horatian 
Baws : quaestor parricidii, 446. 

Potitus, M. Valerius, — [B C] — Consul with 
C. ^Elius Paetus, (468, a. u. c.) 286. 

Potitus Volusus, C. Valerius, — [B C] — 
Consul with M. JEmilius Mamercinus, (344, 

A. U. C.) 410. 

Potocki, Claudina, Countess, — b. in Posen, 
1802 — marries Count Bernard Potocki; dis- 
tinguishes herself as benefactress of her coun- 
trymen during revolution, 1830-3 — 11. at 
Geneva, 8 Jun. 1836. 

Potocki, Ignaz, Grand Marshal op Lithu- 
ania, — b., 1750 — emigrates, 1792 — organizes 
government at Warsaw, and is taken prisoner 
by Russians, 1794 — ambassador extraord. to 
Napoleon I. at Vienna, 1809 — b\, 30 Apr. 1809. 

Potocki, John, Count, historian, — b., 1761 
— ft., 1 8 15. Voyage en Turquie et en Egypte, 
1788 — Essai sur Vhistoire universelle, 1788 — 
Fragments historiques et geographiqaes sur la 
Scythie, §c, 1796 — Chroniques, Memoires et 
EecJierches pour servir a Vhistoire de tons les 
Beuples Slaves, 1793. 

Potocki, Stanislaus Felix, Count,— b. in 
Poland, i75o, a 1745 b — Nuncio to Diet of War- 
saw, 1788-92 — publishes manifesto of Targo- 
witz, 1792 — condemned to death, 1794 — ft., 
1805. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Potocki, Stanislaus Kostka, Count, states- 
man, litterateur, — b. at Warsaw, 1757 — Nuncio 
at Diets of 1776, 1786, arid 1788— emigrates, 
1792— imprisoned at Josephstadt, 1794 — Sena- 
tor Palatine of Duchy of Warsaw, chief of the 
Council of State, 1807 — Minister of Worship 
and Instruction, 1816 — Pres. Senate, 1818 — ft., 
14 Sep. 1821. 

Potosi, in S. America, — silver mines dis- 
covered, 1545— city founded, 1547. Mint, 



[Co 



POTSDAM— POWNALL. 



established, 1562 — new building erected, 1751. 

Potsdam, in Prussia, — made residence of 
Elector Frederick "William, 1660-73. Toivn- 
Hall, built, 1754. Palace of Sans Souci, built, 
1745-7. ^ ew Palace, commenced by Frederick 
II., 1763. 

Pott, Percivall, surgeon, — ft. in London, 
Dec. 17 13 — commences practice, 1736 — surgeon 
to St Bartholomew's Hospital, 1749-87 — 
F.B.S., 1764 — tf. in London, Dec. 1788. 
Works, 1790X 

Potter, Cipriani, musical composer, — ft. in 
London, 1792 — travels on the Continent, 1807, 
&c. — Prof, at Boyal Academy of Music, 1823 
— Principal, 1832 — retires, 1859 — &• ^ n ^ on - 
don, 26 Sep. 1871. Overture, Cymbeline, 1%^ 
• — Overture, Antony and Cleopatra, 1856. 

Potter, John, Abp of Canterbury, — 6. at 
"Wakefield, about 1674 — enters Univ. Coll. Ox- 
ford, 1688 — B.A., 1692 — Fellow of Lincoln 
Coll., 1694 — M.A., Oct. 1694 — takes holy orders, 
1698 — D.D. and ehaplain to Queen Anne, 1706 
— Begius Prof. Divinity, Oxford, 1708 — Bp of 
Oxford, Apr. 17 15 — Abp of Canterbury, Jan. 
1737 — tf. at Lambeth, 10 Oct. 1747. Edition 
oi Lycophron, 1697 — Archceologia Grceca, 1697- 
98— edition of Clemens Alexandrinus, 17 15 — 
Theological Works, 1753. 

Potter, Paul, painter, — fj. at Enkhuysen, 
1625 — settles at the Hague, before 1650 — tf. 
at Amsterdam, 15 Jan. 1654. 

Potter, Robert, translator, — ft., 1721 — B.A. 
Cambridge, 1741 — M.A., 1788 — prebendary 
of Norwich, 1788 — tf. at Lowestoft, 9 Aug. 
1804. Translations of JEschylus, 1777 — Ei{,- 
ripides, 17 8 1-2 — Sophocles, 1788. 

Pottery. [Porcelain.] 

Pottinger, Sir Henry, Bart., diplomatist, 
general, — ft. in Ireland, 1789 — goes to India, 
1804 — marries, 1820 — Political Resident in 
Cutch and Scinde, about 1824-39 — Bart., Dec. 
1839 — ambassador to China, and superintend- 
ent of British trade, early in 1841 — concludes 
treaty, 1842 — G.C.B., 1842 — governor of Hong 
Kong, Apr. 1843 — returns to England, spring 
1 844 — Privy Councillor, May 1 844 — Governor 
of Cape Colony, Sep. 1846 to Sep. 1847 — Go- 
vernor and Commander-in-chief of Presidency 
of Madras, 1847 — returns to England, 1854 — 
tf. at Malta, 18 Mar. 1856. 

Pouget, Rertrand du, Cardinal,— ft. in 
France, 1280 — Cardinal, by John XXII., Dec. 
1 3 16— legate in Italy, 13 19 — Parma submits 
to him, 27 Sep. 1326 — Eeggio, 4 Oct. 1326 — 
Bologna, 5 Feb. 1327 — Modena, 5 Jun. 1327 
— suppresses revolt of Parma and Eeggio, 1329 
— has conference with King John of Bohemia 
at Castel-Franco, 16 Apr. 1331 — defeats Fer- 
rarese at Consandoli, 6 Feb. 1333 — defeated 
by Marquis d'Este, at Ferrara, 14 Apr. 1333 — 
compelled to evacuate Bologna, Mar. 1334 — tf. 
at Avignon, 8 Jan. 1352. 

Pouillet, Claude Servais Mathias, natural 
philosopher, — ft. at Cuzance, (Doubs,) 16 
Feb. 1 79 1 — enters the Ecole Norm ale, 181 1 — 
teacher of physical science to Duke of Chartres, 
1827— Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 1828 — 
Prof, rhysics at the Conservatory of Arts, 



1829 — Prof. Physics, at Ecole Polytechniqife'' 
1 8 3 1 — Director of Conservatory, 1832 — ad- 
mitted to Academy of Sciences, 17 Jul. 1837 — 
member of Chamber of Deputies, 1837-48 — 
Prof. Physics, Sorbonne, 1838 — Officer of 
Legion of Honour, 24 Apr. 1845 — deprived 
of directorship of Conservatory, Jun. 1849 — 
refuses oath to government of Napoleon III., 
Dec. 1 85 1 — tf., 15 Jun. 1868. Elements de 
physique experimentale et de meteorologie, 1827 
— Notions generales de physique et de meteor- 
ologie, (3rd ed.,) 1859. 

Poulkowa, in Pussia, — Observatory, founded 
by Emperor Nicholas, 31 Jul. 1835 — inaugur- 
ated, 19 Aug. 1839. 

Pound, iveight, in England, — settled by 
Stat. 31 Edw. I., 1302 (?) Troy, introduced, 
about 1497. Avoirdupois, about 1527. Stand- 
ard brass, made, 1758 — declared standard by 
Act 5 Geo. IV. c. 74, 17 Jun. 1824. [Stand- 
ards.] 

Pound, — a Catholic, presents petition com- 
plaining of his sufferings, 1604 — condemned 
by Star Chamber, imprisoned, twice pilloried, 
and fined £1000, 29 Nov. 1604. 

Poundage. [Tonnage and Poundage.] 

Poussin, Caspar, (Dughet,) painter, — ft. at 
Eome, 161 3 — If. there, 1675. 

Poussin, Nicolas, painter, — ft. atAndelysin 
Normandy, 19 Jun. 1593 or 1594 — visits Paris, 
16 12 — Eome, 1624 — marries, 1629 — principal 
painter to Louis XIII., close of 1640 — settles 
at Eome, 1642 — tf. there, 19 Nov. 1665. 

Powder. [Hair-powder.] 

Powell, Raden, theologian, natural philoso- 
pher, — ft. near London, 22 Aug. 1796 — M.A. 
Oxford, 1817 — takes holy orders, 1820 — F.E.S., 
1824 — Savilian Prof. Geometry, 1827 — Public 
Examiner, 1827-8-31 — F.G.S., 1837 — member 
of Oxford Univ. Commission, 1850 — tf. in 
London, 11 Jun. i860. Progress of Physical 
and Mathematical Sciences, 1834 — Connection 
of Natural and Divine Truth, 1838 — Tradition 
Unveiled, 1839 — View of Undidatory Theory of 
Light, 1 841 — Unity of Worlds and of Nature, 
1855 — Christianity without Judaism, 1857 — 
Order of Nature and Claims of Revelation, 
1859. 

Powell, "W. Ryrd, physiologist, <SfC, — ft. in 
Kentucky, 8 Jan. 1799 — graduates at Transyl- 
vania Univ., Lexington, about 1820 — Prof. 
Chemistry, Medical School of Louisiana, 1835 
— travels among Indian tribes, 1843-6, and 
forms collection of skulls : procures foundation 
of Memphis Institute, 1847 — Prof. Cerebral 
Physiology and Medical Geology there, 1849 
— Prof. Cerebral Physiology, Medical Institute 
of Cincinnati, 1856 — tf. in Kentucky, 13 May 
1866. Natural History of Human Tempera- 
ments, 1856. 

Power-Loom, — invented by Cartwright, 
1784. 

Powis. [Powys.] 

Powlet. [Paulet] 

Pownall, Thomas, antiquary,- — ft. at Lincoln, 
1722 — goes to America, 1753 — Governor of 
Massachusetts Bay, 1757 — of New Jersey, 1759 
— of S. Carolina, 176c — returns to England, 



POWYS— PRAEMUNIRE. 



161 



1 76 1 — Director-general of Control Office, 176 1 
— M.P., 1768-80— F.R.S., 1765— F.S.A., 1772 
— tf. at Bath, 25 Feb. 1805. Administration 
of British Colonies, 1765 — Antiquities of 
the Provincia Romana of Gaul, 1788 — Study 
of Antiquities, 1782 — {Intellectual Physics, 
1803?) 

Powys, William Herbert, Earl and Mar- 
quis of, — succeeds his father as Lord Powys, 
1667 — created Earl, 4 Apr. 1674 — committed 
to the Tower on charge of taking part in 
Popish Plot, 23 Oct. 1678 — liberated withourt 
trial, 1684 — Privy Councillor by James II., 
1685 — Viscount Montgomery and Marquis of 
Powys, 24 Mar. 1687 — conducts the queen and 
prince to France, Dec. 1688 — accompanies 
James II. to Ireland, 1690 — excepted from Act 
of Indemnity, May 1690 — tf. an outlaw, at St 
Germains, 2 Jun. 1696. 

Poyning, Sir Edward, Lord Deputy op 
Ireland, — appointed by Henry VII., Sep. 
1494 — besieges and takes Carlow Castle, 1495 
— holds parliament at Drogheda, and gets 
Poyning's Lavj passed, Dec. 1495. 

Poyning's Law, — [^Poyning, Sir Edward] 
— repeal of, demanded by Irish parliament, 
Apr. 1782 — repealed by Act 22 Geo. III. c. 53, 
1782. 

Pozzi, Stefano, painter, — fc. at Eome, 1708 
— tf., 1768. 

Pozzo de Sorgo, Carlo Andrea, diplomatist, 
— fc. near Ajaccio, 8 Mar. 1764 — deputy to 
Legislative Assembly, Paris, Oct. 1791 — joins 
General Paoli, 1792 — Pres. Board of Council, 
1794 — escapes to England, 1 7 97 --goes to Vienna, 
1798 — enters service of Russia, 1803 — Colonel, 
1806— joins English fleet at the Dardanelles, 
Jan. 1807 — present at defeat of Turks near 
Tenedos, 1 Jul. 1807 — at Vienna, 1808-9 — hi s 
extradition demanded l5y Napoleon I., refused 
by Emperor Francis, 1809 — in London, Oct. 
1 8 10- 1 2— Major-general, envoy to Bernadotte 
at Berlin, 1 8 1 3 — takes part in conferences at 
Frankfort, Sep. 18 13 — attends Congress of 
Baden, 18 14 — of Chatillon, 18 14 — escorts 
Louis XVIII. from London to Paris, 3 May 
1 8 14 — attends Congress of Vienna, Nov. 18 14 
to Mar. 1.8 15 — present at Waterloo, Jun. 1S15 
• — signs Treaty of Paris, 20 Nov. 18 15 — Peer 
of France, 18 15 — ambassador to Madrid, 1823 
— returns to St Petersburg, 1834 — sent to 
London, 1835 — returns to Paris, 1839 — tf. at 
Paris, 15 Feb. 1842. 

Pozzo, Ferdinand Count Dal, statesman, — 
ft. in Piedmont, 25 Mar. 1768 — deputy to 
French Legislative Body, 1803 — First Pres. 
Imperial Court of Genoa, member of Legion of 
Honour, and Baron of the Empire, 1809 — 
Minister of Interior, Mar. 1821 — exiled, Apr. 
1821-37 — tf. at Turin, 29 Dec. 1843. 

Pradher, Louis Barthelemi, musical com- 
poser, — b. at Paris, 16 Dec. 1782 — enters the 
Conservatory, 1794 — Prof., 1801-15 — Prof, 
at Royal School of Music, 18 15 — Chevalier of 
Legion of Honour, 1825 — tf. at Gray, Oct. 
1843. 

Pradier, Jacques, sculptor, — b. at Geneva, 
23 May 1792 — obtains grand prize of Aca- 



demy, Paris, 1 8 13— studies at Rome, 18 14- 19 
—Chevalier of Legion of Honour, i822, a 1828 b 
— member of Institute, 1827— officer of Legion 
of Honour, 1834— tf. near Paris, 5 Jun. 1852. 
Bacchante and Centaur, Rouen, 1819 — Three 
Graces, Versailles, 1831 — Phryne, 1845. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Pradt, Dominique Dufour de, Abp of 
Malines, — h. in Auvergne, 23 Apr. 1759 — 
D.D. Paris, 1786— deputy to States-General, 
1789 — emigrates, 1792 — as almoner to Napo- 
leon I. attends his coronation at Paris, Dec. 1804 
— Bp of Poitiers, 2 Feb. 1805 — attends coron- 
ation of Napoleon at Milan, 1805 — takes part 
in negotiations at Bayonne, 1808 — nominated 
Abp of Malines, 12 May 1808— member of 
Legion of Honour, 1809 — Grand Almoner, 
18 1 1 — ambassador to Warsaw, Jun. 18 12 — 
disgraced and deprived, 18 12 — Chancellor of 
Legion of Honour, by Louis XVIIL, 7 Apr. 
1 8 14 — Grand Cross, 30 Jul. — resigns his see, 
1 8 16 — member of Chamber of Deputies, 1827 
— retires, Apr. 1828— tf. at Paris, 18 Mar. 
1837. Antidote au Congres de Rastadt, 1798 
— La Prusse et sa Neutrality 1800 — BTistoire 
de V ambassade dans le grand-duche de Var- 
sovie, 1 8 15 — Quatre Concordats, 1818-20 — 
Jesuitisme, 1825. 

Praed, Winthrop Mackworth, poet, mis- 
cellaneous tvriter,—h. in London, 1802 — B.A. 
Cambridge, 1825 — called to the bar, 1829— 
M.P., 1830-31 and 1835— tf., 15 Jul. 1839. 
Works, 1864. 

Praedial Servitude, in Scotland, — colliers, 
&c, emancipated by Act 15 Geo. III. c. 28, 
I 775- 

Prsefect of the City, {Rome,)—[E C]— first 
made an elective magistracy, 487 — becomes 
merely nominal, 246 — new office instituted by 
Augustus, 16. 

Preefect of Provisions, — [B C] — first ap- 
pointed at Rome, 439 — Ponrpey appointed for 
5 years, 57 — office made regular by Augustus, 
about 27 ? 

Prsefect, Prgetorian, — [B C]— first appointed 
by Augustus, 27 — [AD] — Sejanus raises the 
office to the second in the Empire, 20-30 — 
changed to governor of province by Constan- 
tine, 330. 

Prsemunire, Statutes of, in England, — penal- 
ties against Papal pro visors, denounced by 35 
Edw. I. st. 2, 1306-7 ; 25 Edw. III. st. 6, 1353 ; 
27Edw.III. st. 1,0.3,1353; 38 Edw. III. st. 2, 
cc. 1, 2, 3, 4, 1364 — and 16 Ric. II. c. 5, {Statute 
of Prcemunire,) 1393 — against various ecclesi- 
astical offences, by Acts 2 Hen. IV. cc. 3 and 4, 
1401 ; 24 Hen. VIII. c. 12, 1532 ; 25 Hen. 
VIII. cc. 19, 20, and 21, 1534; 28 Hen. VIII. 
c. 16, 1537 ; 5 Eliz. c. 1, 1563 ; 13 Eliz. c. 2, 
157 1 ; 27 Eliz. c. 2, 1584 ; 1 and 2 Phil, and 
Mar. c. 8, 1554 — for refusing Oath of Alle- 
giance, by Act 3 Jac. I. c. 4, 1605 — for ob- 
taining stay of proceedings in suits for monopo- 
lies, by 21 Jac. I. c. 3, 1623 — against assertors 
of legislative authority of parliament without 
the king, by Act 13 Car. II. st. 1, c. 1, 1661 
— for violation of Habeas Corpus Act, 31 Car. 
II. c. 2, 1679 — again, for refusing Oath of 



Il62 



PILESENS— PEASLIN. 



Allegiance, by Acts 1 Wm and Mar. c. 8, 1689, 
and 7 and 8 "Win III. c. 4, 1696 — for other 
offences, by Acts 6 Ann. c. 7, 1707 ; 6 Geo. I. 
c. 18, 1720, and 12 Geo. III. c. 11, 177 1 — 
various Acts relating to, repealed by Act 9 and 
10 Vic. c. 59, 18 Aug. 1846. 

Praesens, — Consul with Albinus, (999, a. u. c.) 
246. 

Praesens, C. Bruttius, — Consul with Anto- 
ninus Pius, (892, a. u. c.) 139. 

Praesens, I. Fulvius Bruttius, — Consul 
with Sex. Quintilius Condianus, (933, A. u. c.) 
180. 

Praesidius, — Consul with Apronianus As- 
terius, (1247, a. tj. c.) 494. 

Praetextatus, C. Asinius,— Consul with C. 
Vettius Atticus, (995, a. tj. c.) 242. 

Praetor, — [BC] — first appointed, at Rome, 
366 — plebeian praetor, 337 — second praetor 
appointed, 246 — number increased to 4, 227 ; 
to 6, 197 ; to 8, by Sulla, 82-79; to 16, by 
Julius Caesar, 47-45. 

Praetorian Cohorts, — [BC] — instituted by 
Augustus, 27 — [AD]— stationed at Eome by 
Tiberius, about 20 — become the chief power in 
the Empire : receive first donative from Clau- 
dius, 41 — offer the purple for sale, 193 — new 
modelled by Severus, about 197 — reduced in 
number by Diocletian, 303 — suppressed by 
Constantine, 312. 

Praga, suburb of Warsaw. [Warsaw.] 

Pragmatic Sanction. 1. For limiting in- 
terference of court of Eome in elections of the 
clergy in France, and denying Papal right of 
ecclesiastical taxation, promulgated by St Louis, 
Mar. 1269. 

2. (Palladium of France,) for the same 
purpose, established by Charles VII. at As- 
sembly of Bourges, 7 Jul. 1438 — registered by 
the Parliament, 13 Jul. 1439 — 1T - S defenders 
cited before Council of the Lateran, 10 Dec. 
15 1 2 — again cited, 4 May 15 15 — abolished by 
same Council, 17 Dec. 1516, and the Con- 
cordat of Bologna substituted. 

3. For regulating succession to the Empire, 
published by Charles VI., 17 Apr. 17 13 — 
adopted by States of Austria, 17 19 b — accepted 
by States of Silesia, 25 Oct. 1720 — by States 
of Austrian Netherlands, 7 Apr. 1723 — gua- 
rantee of, by England and Holland, 16 Mar. 
173 1 — by Spain, 22 Jul. 173 1 — by Elector of 
Saxony, 1733 — and by France, 3 Oct. 1735 — 
death of Charles VI., Oct. 1740 — followed by 
"War of the Austrian Succession. 

4. For regulating succession to throne of the 
Two Sicilies, published by Charles III. of 
Spain, 1759. 

5. Declaring null Papal bulls and briefs in 
Duchy of Parma and Piacenza without ducal ex- 
equatur, published by Don Ferdinand, Jan. 1768 
— declared void by Papal brief, 1 Feb. 1768 — 
the brief suppressed by ducal ordinance, 3 Mar. 

Prague, (Pray.) capital of Bohemia, — Old 
Tovsn, founded, about 61 1,(?) 722 (?) — besieged 
by Henry the Fowler, 928 — seat of a bishopric, 

?-\ — besieged and taken by Emperor Henry 
II., 1043 — besieged and burnt by Duke Con- 
rad of Moravia, 11 42 — taken by Frederick, 



son of Vladislaus II., H79 — by Conrad, Duke 
of Znaim, n 85 — burnt, 1291 and 13 16. New 
Town, founded by Charles IV., declared capital 
of Germany, about 1348 — Town-hall stormed 
by Hussites, 14 19 — [Zizka] — taken by Em- 
peror Sigismuncl, 1435 — attacked by Eudolf 
II., 161 1 — defeat of Elector Palatine, Frede- 
rick V., by Maximilian, Duke of Bavaria, near, 

7 Nov. 1620 — taken by Saxons, 1631 — re- 
covered by "Wallenstein, 1632 — surprised by 
Swedes, 26 Jul. 1648 — fortifications strength- 
ened, 1 658- 1 7 27 — taken by French and allies, 
26 Oct. 1742 — taken by Frederick the Great, 
Sep. 1744 — evacuated by him, Nov. 1744 — 
defeat of Prince Charles of Lorraine at, 6 
May 1757 — again besieged by Frederick, 30 
May 1757 — siege raised, 19 Jun. 1757 — in- 
surrection of Czechs at, 29 May 1848 — con- 
flicts between Czechs and Germans, 12-17 
Jun. 1848 — bombarded by Windischgratz, 17 
Jun. — insurrection suppressed, 19 Jun. — for- 
tifications strengthened, 1850 — occupied by 
Prussians, Jun. to Aug. 1866. Cathedral, 
built, 1343-85 — partly burnt, 1541 — injured 
during the siege, 1757. University, (Caroli- 
num,) founded, by Charles IV., 1348. Imperial 
Palace,m the Hradschin, built, by Charles IV., 
133 3 — partly burnt, winter of 1 854-5 . Bridge, 
(Carlsbriicke,) commenced, by Charles IV., 
1358 — completed, 1503. Toivn-hall, partly 
taken down and rebuilt, 1 840. Belvedere, built, 
by Ferdinand I., 1536. Peace of, between 
Emperor and Elector of Saxony, signed, 30 
May 1635 — between Emperor of Austria and 
King of Prussia, signed, 23 Aug., ratified, 30 
Aug. 1866. Congress of, for negotiations be- 
tween Austria, Prussia, England, and France, 
Jul. to Aug. 181 3. Councils of, held, 1355 ; 
29 Apr. 138 1 ; 17 Jun. 1392 ; on discipline, 7 
Jun. 142 1. 

Pram, Christian Henriksen, poet, miscel- 
laneous writer, — ft. in Norway, 4 Sep. 1756 — 
Pres. Scandinavian Literary Society, 181 1- 18 
— tf. in Isle of St Thomas, 25 Nov. 1821. 
StdrJiodder, 1785. Works, 1824-6. 

Praslin. [Choiseul.] 

Praslin, Cesar Gabriel de Choiseul, Duke 
of, Peer of France, — fc. at Paris, 15 Aug. 
17 12 — Lieutenant-colonel of Cavalry, 1731 — 
distinguishes himself in campaigns of Bohemi? 
and Italy, 1741-5 — as Marechal-de-camp 
fights at Baucoux, 1745 — at Lafeldt, 1746- 
Lieutenant-general, May 1748— ambassador t< 
Vienna, 1758 — Minister of Foreign Affairs 
1760 — Chevalier of Orders of the King, 1762— 
signs Treaty of Paris, 10 Feb. 1763 — Duke 
and Peer of France, 1763 — Minister of Marine, 

8 Apr. 1766 — honorary member of Academy 
of Sciences, 1770 — disgraced, 24 Dec. 1770 — 
tf. at Paris, 15 Oct., a Nov. b 1785. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Praslin, Charles Laure Hugues Theobald, 
Duke of Choiseul, Peer of France, — b. 
at Paris, 29 Jun. 1805 — marries Mdlle Sebas- 
tiani, 1824 — member of Chamber of Deputies, 
1839-42 — Peer of France, 6 Apr. 1845— his 
duchess assassinated in his hotel, 17 Aug. 1847 
— arrested on suspicion, 19 Aug. — sent to the 



PRATINAS— PRESBYTERIANS. 



1163 



Luxembourg, 2 1 Aug. — poisons himself, 24 Aug. 

Pratinas, traciic and satiric poet, — [BC] — 
fl., about (01. 70) 500. 

Prato, in Tuscany, — castle, built by Emperor 
Frederick II., between 1220-50 — unsuccessfully 
attacked by Bernardo jSTardi, 1470 — sacked, and 
inhabitants massacred by Spaniards, Aug. 15 12. 

Pratt, Charles. [Camden, Earl of.] 

Pratt, Sir Charles, general,— -ft., 177 1 — 
Lieutenant-colonel, Mar. 1808 — distinguishes 
himself in Peninsular War, 1808-14 — C.B., 
1 8 14 — Colonel, 4 Jun. 1814 — K.C.B., 1830 — 
Lieutenant-general, 28 Jun. 1838 — tf. at 
Brighton, 25 Oct. 1839. 

Pratt, Sir John, Chief Justice of Eng- 
land, — enters Inner Temple, 18 Nov. 1675 — 
called to the bar, 12 Feb. 168 1— Serjeant-at- 
law, 1700 — M.P. Midhurst, 17 10 — Justice of 
the King's Bench, and Knt, 22 Nov. 17 14 — 
Commissioner of Great Seal, 1 8 Apr. to 1 2 May 
1718 — Chief Justice, 15 May 17 18 — ft. in 
London, 14 Feb. 1725. 

Pratt, John Henry, Archdeacon of Cal- 
cutta, mathematician, — B.A. Cambridge, 1833 
— M.A., 1836 — Chaplain to E. I. Company, 
1838 — Archdeacon of Calcutta, 1850 — If., Dec. 
1 87 1. Scripture and Science not at variance, 
1856 — Treatise on Attractions, §c. t i860. 

Pratt, John Tidd, Registrar of Friendly 
Societies in England, — ft., 1797 — called to the 
bar, at Inner Temple, 1824 — tr. in London, 9 
Jan. 1870. History of Savings' Banks, 1846 
— Laws relating to Friendly Societies, 1855. 

Pratt, Samuel Jackson, novelist, poet, §c, — 
ft. at St Ives, 25 Dec. 1749 — tf. at Birming- 
ham, 4 Oct. 1 8 14. Tears of Genius, 1774 — 
Sympathy, (4th ed.,) 17 81 — Liberal Opinions, 
1775 — Apology for David Hume, 1777— 
Family Secrets, 1797 — Cabinet of Poetry, 1808 
— translation of Goethe's Sorrows of Werter, 
18 13 (?) — Gleanings through Wales, Holland, 
and Westphalia, 1795. 

Praxagoras, of Cos, physician, — [B C]— fl., 
after 400. 

Praxias, sculptor, — [BC} — 0., about 448. 

Praxiboulos, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, 
(01. 116, 2,) 315. 

Praxiergos, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, 
(01. 77, 2,) 471. 

Praxilla, lyric poetess, — [B C] — fl., about 
(01. 82, 2) 45°. 

Praxiteles, sculptor, — [BC] — fl., about (01. 
104-107) 364.350. 

Praxiteles, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
84, 1,) 444- 

Pray, George, historian, — ft. at Presburg, 
1724 — enters Society of Jesus, 1740 — Keeper 
of Royal Library of Buda, 1773 — a", at Pesth, 
1801. Annales regum Hungarice, (997-1564,) 
1764-70. 

Prayer-Book. [Common Prayer-Eook.] 

Prebend, Prebendary, in England, — re- 
gulations respecting, by Act 3 and 4 Vic. c. 
113, 10 Aug. 1840. [See Pluralities.] 

Precedence, Precedency, in England, — 
regulated by Acts 31 Hen. VIII. c. 10, 1539, 
1 Wm and Mar. s. 1, c. 21, 1688, and 10 Ann. 
c. 4, 171 1. 



Precession of the Equinoxes,— [B C] — ob- 
served by Hipparchus, 160-145 — [AD] — shown 
to be result of lunar attraction, by D'Alembert, 
1749. 

Predestinarian doctrine, — condemned by 
synod of Mentz, 848 — by Councils of Quiercy, 
849 and 853— the decrees annulled by Councils 
of Valence, 855 — of Langres, 859 — and of 
Tousi, 860— [See Gottschalk] — revived by 
Calvin, 1536. 

Preemption. [Purveyance.] 

Preisler, Georg Martin, engraver, — ft. at 
Niirnberg, 1700 — Xf-, Aug. 1754. 

Preisler, Johann Georg, engraver, — ft. at 
Copenhagen, 1757 — goes to Paris, 1780 — 
member of Academy of Painting, Paris, 1786 — 
&., 1808. 

Preisler, Johann Justin, engraver, — ft. at 
Niirnberg, 4 Dec. 1698 — -Director of Academy 
of Fine Arts, 1742 — a", there, 17 Feb. 1771. 

Preisler, Johann Martin, engraver, — ft. at 
Niirnberg, 14 Mar. 17 15 — goes to Paris, 1739 
— Prof. Engraving, Copenhagen, 1744 — tf. at 
Copenhagen, 17 Nov. 1794. 

Premislas. [See Bohemia and Poland.] 

Premonstratensian {Norbertine) Order, 
branch of Order of St Augustine, — founded by 
St Norbert, at Premontre in Picardy, about 
1 1 20 — established in England, about 1140 — 
reformed, 1573. 

Prenzlau, in Prussia, — surrender of Prus- 
sian column to the French near, 28 Oct. 1806. 

Pre-Eaphaelite School, in Painting,— ^ori- 
ginated by W. Holman Hunt, D. G. Rosetti, 
and J. E. Millais, 1849-50. 

Prerogative Court, London, — appeals from, 
to the pope, prohibited by Act 25 Hen. VIII. c. 
19, 1534 — appeals to be made to King in Council 
by Act 2 and 3 Wm IV. c. 92, 7 Aug. 1832— 
to Judicial Committee of Privy Council by Act 
3 and 4 Wm IV. c. 41, 14 Aug. 1833— juris- 
diction of, transferred to Court of Probate by 
Act 20 and 21 Vic. c. 77, 25 Aug. 1857. 

Presburg, in Hungary, — defeat of Bavarians 
by Hungarians near, 907 — Diet held by King 
Sigismund, 141 1— made the capital, i446, a 
1 54 1 b — King Ladislaus and Maximilian I. con- 
clude peace at, 7 Nov. 1490 — burnt, 15 15 — 
taken by Bethlem Gabor, 1619 — retaken by 
Imperialists, 162 1 — fortified, 1648 — residence 
of Viceroy, 1732 — seat of government removed 
to Of en, 1784 — Royal Palace burnt, 181 1 — 
persecution of Jews at, Apr. 1 848 — inundation 
at, 5 Feb. 1850 — fortifications strengthened, 
1850. Treaty of, between France and 
Austria, cession of Venice to France, and of 
the Tyrol to Bavaria, concluded, 26 Dec. 1805. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Chambers' Encye. 

Presbyterian Church, — founded at Geneva, 
by Calvin, 1541. Of Scotland, founded, about 
1560 — established by parliament, 1592 — 
Episcopacy restored by James I., 1606 — regains 
ascendancy, 1638 — Episcopacy reestablished by 
Charles II., 1660— but again abolished by 
Convention, 1689. [Free Church of Scotland.'] 

Presbyterians, — m England, congregation 
of, established near London, 1572 — their 
discipline sanctioned for Established Church by 



1 1 64 



PRESCOTT— PRICE. 



parliament, 13 Oct. 1647 — abolished, 1660 — 
ejected from livings, 1662. [Uniformity, Act 
of.] In Ireland, congregation established at 
Carrickfergus, 1642. In America, congrega- 
tion established in Maryland, 1690 — General 
Assembly instituted, 1788. 

Prescott, William Hickling, historian, — h. 
at Salem, Massachusetts, 4 May 1796 — enters 
Harvard Univ., 1811 — graduates, 18 14 — loses 
sight of one eye, the other weakened, 1814 — 
member of French Institute, 1845 — visits 
Europe, 1850— 5j. at Boston, 28 Jan. 1859. 
History of Ferdinand and Isabella, 1837 — 
of Conquest of Mexico, 1843 — of Conquest of 
Peru, 1847 — of Philip II, King of Spain, 

1855-9- 

Prescription, in law of England, — claim by, 
limited to sixty years, by Act 32 Hen. VIII. c. 
2, 1540 — time of, in certain cases, shortened, by 
Act 2 and 3 Wm IV. c. 71, 1 Aug. 1832— 
further regulations respecting, by Acts 3 and 
4 Wm IV. c. 27, 24 Jul. 1833, and 3 and 4 
Wm IV. c. 100, 28 Aug. 1833. 

Press. [Censorship, Newspapers.] 

Press, Hydraulic. [Hydraulic Press.] 

Press, Printing. [Printing Press.] 

Press-Gang. [Impressment.] 

Preston, in lancashire, — held by Tostig, 
1066 — visited by Edward L, Jul. 1306 — partly 
destroyed by Bruce, 1322 — Edward III. halts 
at > : 333 — visited by James L, Aug. 161 7 — 
ravaged by plague, 1 630-1 — declares for 
Charles I., 1642 — taken by Fairfax, 12 Feb. 
1 643 — Cromwell defeats the Scots under 
Hamilton, 17 Aug. 1648 — Charles II. pro- 
claimed at, Jul. 1649— occupied by troops of 
the Pretender, 9 Nov. 17 15 — insurgents de- 
feated at, 12-13 Nov. 17 15 — entered by the 
Young Pretender, 27 Nov. 1745 — first cotton 
manufactory erected, 1777. Guild, celebration 
of, mentioned, 1329. 

Preston, Sir Richard Graham, Viscount, 
statesman, — $., 1648 — ambassador to Louis 
XIV., 1685 — Secretary of State under James 
II., 27 Oct. 1688— Lord Pres. Council, 1688— 
head of Jacobite conspiracy, 1690 — arrested, 
31 Dec. 1690 — convicted of treason, Jan. 1691, 
but afterwards pardoned : r/., 1695. 

Preston, Thomas, dramatist, — b., 1537 — 
Fellow of King's Coll. Cambridge, ii Sep. 
*5S6 — M.A., 1561 — incorporated M.A. Oxford, 
6 Sep. 1566— Master of Trinity Hall, Cam- 
bridge, about 1584 — tf. at Cambridge, 1598. 
Cambises, licensed, 1569. 

Preston-Pans, in Scotland, — defeat of Sir 
John Cope by the Young Pretender, 21 Sep. 
1745- 

Pretender, The Old. [James Francis 
Edward.] 

Pretender, The Young. [Charles Edward.] 

Prevesa, in Turkey,— Venetian fleet deserted 
by its Captain-general, Andrea Doria, and de- 
feated by Turks, 1538— taken by Venetians, 
under Morosini, 29 Sep. i684 a — recovered by 
Turks, 17 1 5 — again taken by Venetians, 17 17 
— confirmed to them by Peace of Passarowitz, 
1718 — falls into hands of the French, 1798 — 
taken from them by Ali Pasha, 1798. a Finlay. 



Prevost, Sir George, Bart., general, — 6., 
1767 — Bart., about 1803 — repulses the French 
in St Domingo, 22 Feb. 1805 — Lieutenant-go- 
vernor of Nova Scotia, 1808 — takes part in 
expedition against Martinique, 1808 — burns 
Buffalo and Black Rock, Dec. 18 13 — retreats 
from Plattsburg, 11 Sep. 18 14— returns to 
England, 18 14 — if. in London, 5 Jan. 18 16. 

Prevost, Louis Augustin, linguist,— b. at 
Troyes, 6 Jun. 1796 — comes to England, about 
1823 — Assistant-librarian in British Museum, 
1843 — ft. in London, 25 Apr. 1858. 

Prevost d'Exiles, Antoine Francois, lit- 
terateur, — ft. in Artois, 1 Apr. 1697 — enters 
Benedictine Order, 1720 — goes to Holland, 
1727 — to England, 1733 — returns to France, 
1734 — "ft. in Chantilly Forest, 23 Nov. 1763. 
Me'moires d'un Homme de Qualite, 1728-32 — 
Histoire de M. Cleveland, 1732-9 — Histoire du 
Chevalier Desgrieux et de Manon lescot, 1733 
— Pour et Contre, 1733-40 — Histoire Generate 
des Voyages, 1745-70. 

Prevost-Paradol, Lucien Anatole, political 
and miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Paris, 8 Aug. 
1829 — enters the Ecole Normale, 1849 — joins 
staff of Journal des De'bats, end of 1856 — fined 
and imprisoned for his Anciens Partis, 1 860 — 
unsuccessful candidate at Paris elections for 
Legislative Body, 1863 — admitted to French 
Academy, 7 Apr. 1865 — ambassador to United 
States, summer 1870 — tf. at Washington, 19 
Jul. 1870. Revue de V histoire universelle, 1854 
— Du role de la famille dans V education, 1857 
— Essais de politique et de la litterature, 1859, 
1862, and 1863 — Anciens partis, i860 — Qucl- 
ques pages d' 'histoire contemporaine, 1862 — 
France nouvelle, 1868. 

Priapus, in Mysia, — [BC] — founded by 
Milesians, about 715. 

Price, David, orientalist, — enters service of 
E. India Company, 1780 — Major, Jun. 1804 — 
returns to England, 1807 — tf., 16 Dec. 1835. 
Chronological Retrospect, 181 1-2 1 — Essay to- 
wards History of Arabia, before birth of Ma- 
homed, 1824. 

Price, Hugh. [See Jesus College, Oxford.'] 

Price, Richard, political writer, — h. at Tyn- 
ton, in Wales, 23 Feb. 1723 — goes to London, 
1741 — marries, 1757 — Pastor of Dissenting 
Congregation, Hackney, 1758 — F.R.S., about 
1763 — D.D. Glasgow, 1769 — has controversy 
with Priestley, 1778— LL.D. Yale Coll., 1783 
— loses his wife, 1786 — fr. in London, 19 Mar. 
1 79 1. Questions and Difficulties in Morals, 
1758 — Four Dissertations, 1766 — Treatise on 
Reversionary Payments, 1769 — Observations on 
Civil liberty and the Justice and Policy of the 
War with America, 1776 — Importance of 
American Revolution, 1784. 

Price, Richard, philologist, antiquary. 
Edition of War ton's History of English 
Poetry, 1824 — of JBlachstone's Commentaries, 
1830. 

Price, Thomas, — b. near Builth, in Wales, 
2 Oct. 1787 — Vicar of Cwmdu, 1825 — presents 
Welsh barp to Queen Victoria, 1843 — tf. at 
Cwmdu, 7 Nov. 1848. Hanes Cymru, 1836-42 
— Literary Remains, 1854-5. 






PRICE-PRINGLE. 



1165 



Price, Sir Uvedale, Bart., litterateur,— ft. 
at Foxley, Herefordshire, 1747— Bart., 1828 
— tf. at Foxley, 11 Sep. 1829. Essay on the 
Picturesque, 1794 — Essay on the Modern pro- 
nunciation of the Greek and Latin Languages, 
1827. 

Price, William, orientalist, — ft., 1780 — 
interpreter to embassy to Persia, 18 10 — tf. 
near "Worcester, Jun. 1830. Grammar of 
Hindustani, Persian, and Arabic, 1823 — Eng- 
lish Embassy to Persia, 1825 — Grammar of 
Hindustani, 1828. 

Price Current, weekly, — publication of, in 
England, commenced, 1634. 

Prichard, James Cowles, ethnologist,— ft. at 
Ross, Herefordshire, 11 Feb. i785, a 1786 b — 
commences practice at Bristol, 18 10— as Com- 
missioner of Lunacy, settles in London, 1845 
— ft. in London, 22 Dec. 1848. Researches 
into the Physical History of Mankind, 181 3 — 
Eastern Origin of Celtic Nations, 1831 — Na- 
tural History of Man, 1843 — Diseases of the 
Nervous System, 1822 — Treatise on Lnsanity, 
1834. a Engl. Cyc. b Chambers' Encyc. 

Pride, Colonel, Parliamentarian officer, — 
appears at bar of the House respecting Army 
Petition, 1 Apr. 1 647 — fights at battle of 
Preston, Aug. 1648 — purges the House of 
Presbyterian members, 6 Dec. 1648 — serves in 
Scottish "War, 1650 — one of Cromwell's peers, 
1657 — his body ordered to be disinterred and 
hung at Tyburn, 1660, but not disturbed. 

Prideaux, Humphrey, theologian, — ft. at Pad- 
stow, Cornwall, 3 May 1648 — enters Christ 
Church, Oxford, 1668 — M.A.,1676 — chaplain to 
Lord Chancellor, at Oxford, 1680 — Prebendary 
of Norwich, 1681— D.D., 1686— Dean of Nor- 
wich, 1702 — tf. at Norwich, 1 Nov. 1724. 
Marmora Oxoniensia, 1676 — Life of Mahomet, 
1697 — Connection of the History of Old and 
New Testament, 17 15-18. 

Prideaux, John, Bp of Worcester, — ft. at 
Stowford, Devonshire, 17 Sep. 1578— enters 
Exeter Coll. Oxford, 1596— B. A., 1596 — M.A., 
1603 — D.D. and Rector of Exeter Coll., 1612 
— Regius Prof. Divinity, Canon of Christ- 
church, 1615 — Bp of Worcester, 1 64 1 — tf. at 
Worcester, 12 Jul. 1650. 

Priene, in Asia Minor, — [BC] — temple of 
Athene Polias at, dedicated by Alexander the 
Great, about 330 (?) — [AD] — visited by 
Chandler, 1764 — explorations on site of, by 
Dilettanti Society, and discovery of Inscrip- 
tions, &c, 1869 — discovery of coins of Oro- 
phernes II. of Cappadocia (b.c. 167) at, by 
Clark, spring 1870. 

Priessnitz, Vincenz, founder of Hydropathy, 
— ft. at Graefenberg, in Silesia, 4 Oct. 1799 — 
establishes his Cold- Water System there, about 
1825 — tf. at Graefenberg, 28 Nov. 1851. 

Priestley, Joseph, natural philosopher, theo- 
logian, — ft. near Leeds, 13 Mar. 1733 (o. s.) — 
studies at Daventry Academy, 1752-5 — minis- 
ter of Dissenting Congregation, at Needham 
Market, 1755— removes to Nantwich, 1758 — 
to Warrington, 1761 — LL.D. Edinburgh, 
1766 — F.R.S. London, 1767 — settles at Leeds, 
1767 — adopts Unitarianism, about 1767 — in- 



vestigates properties of fixed air and receives 
Copley Medal, 1772 — Librarian to Earl of 
Shelburne, 1773-80 — discovers oxygen gas, 
1774 — pastor of Dissenting Congregation at 
Birmingham, 1780 — his house attacked by 
rioters, 14 Jul. 1791 — goes to America, 7 Apr. 
1794 — tf. there, 6 Feb. 1804. Scripture Doc- 
trine of Remission, 1 76 1 — History and Present 
State of Electricity, 1767 — Disquisitions on 
Matter and Spirit, 1777 — Letters to a philoso- 
phical unbeliever, 1 7 80 — Experiments and Ob- 
servations on Air, 1774-9 — History of Cor- 
ruptions of Christianity, 1782 — of early opin- 
ions concerning Jesus Christ, 1786 — General 
History of the Christian Church, 17 90- 1803 — 
Autobiography and Correspondence, 18 17. 

Priests. [See Marriage.] 

Primaticcio, Francesco, painter,— ft. at Bo- 
logna, i49o, a 1504 b — assists Giulio Romano, 
at Mantua, 1525-31 — employed by Francis I. 
at Fontainebleau, 15 31 — Abbot of St Martin 
of Troyes, 1544 — Superintendent of Royal 
Buildings, 1559 — tf. at Paris, 1570. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Catalogue. 

Primogeniture, — established in the Empire 
by Golden Bull, 1356 — abolished in France, 
by decree of Constituent Assembly, 1790 — and 
by Code Napoleon, 19 Apr. 1803. 

Primus, M. Antonius, — banished for forgery, 
before 68 — appointed to command in Pannonia, 
by Galba, 68 — declares for Vitellius, and then 
for Vespasian, 69 — defeats army of Vitellius at 
Bedriacum, Dec. 69 — takes and sacks Rome, 
Dec. 69 — tf., after 100. 

Prince, John, antiquary, — ft. at Axminster, 
1643 — tf. at Berry Pomeroy, 1723. Worthies 
of Devonshire, 1701. 

Prince Edward's Island, {St John's,) Gulf 
of St Lawrence, — discovered by Cabot, 24 Jun. 
1497 — taken by British, 1745 — restored to 
France, but retaken by British, 1758 — ceded 
to British and annexed to Nova Scotia, 1763 — 
made separate colony, 1768. 

Prince of Wales Island, {Pulo Penang,) in 
Eastern Archipelago, — taken possession of, by 
British, 7 Jul. 1786 — forms part of Eastern 
Straits Settlements, 1851. 

Princeton, New Jersey, V. S., — occupied by 
British, 1777 — Washington defeats Cornwallis 
near, 2 Jan. 1777— burnt, 1802 — again, 9 
Mar. 1855. College, founded, 1746 — removed 
to, 1757. 

Princetown, on Dartmoor, Devonshire, — 
government prison built, 1806. 

1 Principia.' [See Newton, Sir Isaac] , 

Pringle, Sir John, physician, — ft. in Scot- 
land, 10 Apr. 1707— studies at Edinburgh, 
1727 — studies under Boerhaave at Leyden, 
1728-30 — M.D. Leyden, 20 Jul. 1730 — Prof. 
Moral Philosophy, Edinburgh, 1734— present 
at battle of Dettingen, 26 Jun. 1743— phy- 
sician-general to English forces in the Nether- 
lands, 1743 — attends army in Scotland, 1745 
to Apr. 1746— F.R.S. , 1745 — receives Copley 
Medal, 1750— member of Council R.S., 1753 
— physician extraord. to the queen, 1763 — • 
F.R.C.P. London, 1763— Bart., 1766— Pres. 
R.S., 1772-8— physician extraord. to the king, 



1 66 



PRINGLE -PRISONS. 



1774 — foreign member of Academy of Sciences, 
Paris, 1778— if. in London, 18 Jan. 1782. 
Diseases of the army, 1752. 

Pringle, Thomas, poet, miscellaneous writer, 
— b. in Teviotdale, 5 Jan. 1789— goes to Cape 
of Good Hope, 1820 — returns to England, 1826 
— secretai7 to Anti-Slavery Society, about 1826 
— if. in London, 5 Dec. 1834. Scenes of 
Teviotdale, 18 16 — Ephemerides, 1828 — African 
Sketches, 1834 — Narrative of a residence in S. 
Africa, 1835. 

Prinsep, James, Orientalist, — b., 1800 — 
enters service of East India Company, about 
1820 — secretary to Asiatic Society, 1832 — if. 
in India, 22 Apr. 1840. Edits Journal of the 
Asiatic Society, 1832. 

Printing, Block, — practised by Chinese, from 
about 950 — adopted in Europe, about 1420 — 
with moveable types, — [see Fust, Johann; Gut- 
tenberg, Johann; Koster, Lawrence, and 
Schtiffer, Peter] — art of, made generally known 
by dispersion of workmen at siege of Mentz, 
1462— practised in Italy, 1465 — at Paris, 1469 
— at Westminster, 1474 — at Barcelona, 1475 
— at Venice, 1469 — in Turkey, about 1726. 

Printing Machine, steam, — patented by 
Nicholson, 1790. Kbnig's, invented, between 
1804-14 — used for printing the Times, 28 Nov. 
1 8 14. Applegath and Cowper's, invented, 
1 8 1 8 — rotary, by Hoe, 1 847 — vertical, by 
Applegath, 1848. 

Printing Press, — improved by Blaew, 1600- 
38. Stanhope, invented, 18 15. 

Printing. [Calico-Printing, Electrotype, 
Nature-Printing, Bank-Notes, Stereotype.] 

Printing for the Blind. [Blind.] 

Prior, Matthew, poet, diplomatist, — fc. at 
"Wimborne, Dorsetshire, or "Winburn, Middle- 
sex, 21 Jul. 1664 — enters St John's Coll. Cam- 
bridge, 1682 — Secretary of Embassy to the 
Hague, 1690 — to Congress of Ryswick, 1697 — 
to Paris, 1698 — Under-secretary of State, 1699 
— M.P. Grinstead, 1701 — Commissioner of 
Board of Trade, 1701 — sent to Paris with pro- 
posals of peace, Jul. 17 n — ambassador to 
Paris, Aug. 17 13 to Aug. 17 14 — imprisoned 
for treason, 17 14-16 — if. at Wimpole, Cam- 
bridgeshire, 18 Sep. 1721. Works, 1733. 

Priscianus, grammarian, — fl. at Constanti- 
nople, about 525,? 468.? 

Priscianus, Theodoras, physician, — fl., be- 
fore 400. 

Priscillianus, Bp of Avila, heresiarch, — 
propagates bis doctrines in Spain, 379 — cited 
to Council of Saragossa, but refuses to appear 
and is condemned with his adherents, 4 Oct. 
38 1, a 380 b — again condemned by synod of 
Burdigala, (Bordeaux,) appeals to Emperor 
Maximus, about 384 a — put to death by Maxi- 
mus at Treves, 385 c — his persecutors, Ithacius 
and Ursacius, deprived of their bishoprics, 389.° 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. 
b Mansi. <-• Clinton. 

Priscinus, (Crispinns* ?) M. Peducaeus, — 
Consul with Ser. Salvidienus Orfitus, (863, 
a. v. c.) no. a Zumpt. 

Priscinus, M. Peducseus Syloga, — Consul 
with T. Hourius Severus, (891, a. u. c.) 141. 



Priscus, rhetorician, historian, — joint-envoy 
from Theodosius IT. to Attila, 445^ 446^ 447,° 
448 d — at Rome, about 450— visits Egypt, 452 
—living, 471. 

a Smith's Diet. b Gibbon. c Biog. Univ. 

d Labbe and Clinton. 

Priscus, general,— takes command of army 
of the East, spring 588 a — sent against Avars, 
592 — crosses the Danube and makes peace with 
the Chagan, 593 a — defeats Slavonians, 593 b — 
superseded, 593 s — reinstated, 594 a — passes 
the Danube and has conference with the Cha- 
gan, spring 595 — marches to defence of Tomi, 
598 — defeats Avars in five battles, 600 — mar- 
ries daughter of Phocas : invites Heraclius to 
oppose Phocas, 608. 

a Clinton. b Finlay. 

Priscus, D. Novius, — Consul with L. Ceio- 
nius Commodus, (831, a. u. c.) 78. 

Priscus, Helvidius, — tribunus plebis, 56 — 
banished by Nero, 66 — recalled by Galba, 68-*- 
buries Galba's corpse, 69 — praetor, 70 — ban- 
ished by Vespasian and put to death, about 
75-76. 

Priscus, L. Valerius Messalla Thrasea, — 
Consul with. C. Domitius Dexter, (949, a. u. c.) 
196. 

Priscus, M. Statius, — Consul with Plautius 
Quintillius, (912, a. tj. c.) 159 — serves in Par- 
thian War, 162-3 — takes Artaxata, 163.* 
a Ziimpt. 

Priscus, P. Servilius, — [BC] — (1.) Consul 
with App. Claudius Sabinus, (259, a. u. c.) 495. 
(2.) Consul with L. ^Ebutius Elva, (291,) 463. 

Priscus, Q. Nonius, — Consul with Ser. 
Scipio Orfitus, (902, a. u. c.) 149. 

Priscus, Q. Servilius, — [B C] — Consul with 
T. Quinctius Barbatus Capitolinus, (286, 
a. u. c.) 468. 

Priscus, Q. Sosius, — Consul with P. Ccelius 
Apollinaris, (922, a. u. c.) 169. 

Priscus, T. Numicius, — [BC] — Consul with 
A. Verginius Tricost. Ccelimontanus, (285, 
a. u. c.) 469. 

Prison Ministers, in England, — appointment 
of, regulated by Act 26 and 27 Vic. c. 79, 28 
Jul. 1863. 

Prisons, — in England, custody of, given to 
sheriffs, by Act 14 Edw. III. c. 10, 1340 — 
state of, investigated by John Howard, 1773-4 
— improvement of, provided for by Acts 14 Geo. 

III. cc. 20 and 59, 1774, and 19 Geo. III. c. 
74, 1778 — investigations by Elizabeth Fry, 
commence, 18 13 — investigations of Buxton, 
published, 1818 — laws relating to, consolidated 
and amended by Act 4 Geo. IV. c. 64, 10 Jul. 
1823 — uniform government and appointment of 
Inspectors provided for by Act 5 and 6 Wm 

IV. c. 38, 25 Aug. 1835 — laws again consoli- 
dated by Acts 28 and 29 Vic. c. 126, 5 Jul. 
1865, and 29 and 30 Vic. c. 100, 10 Aug. 1866. 
In Scotland, parliamentary inquiry respecting, 
1826 — placed under Inspectors, by Act 5 and 
6 "Wm IV. c. 38,25 Aug. 1835 — administra- 
tion of, regulated by Acts 2 and 3 Vic. c. 42, 
17 Aug. 1839 ; 23 and 24 Vic. c. 105, 20 Aug. 
i860; 28 and 29 Vic. c. 84, 5 Jul. 1865. In 
Ireland, regulated by Acts 7 Geo. IV. c. 74, 



PRITCHARD— PROCLUS. 



1 167 



1826 ; 6 and 7 Wm IV. c. 51, 13 Aug. 1836. 
In France, Society for improvement of, formed, 
10 Apr. 18 19 — reform effected by law of 18 
May 1845. State, organized by decree of 
Napoleon L, 3 Mar. 18 10. In United States, 
reform of, commenced, 1787. 
Pritchard. [See Otaheite.] 
Priuli, Antonio, Doge of Venice, — elected, 
May 1618 — U., 12 Aug. 1623. 

Priuli, Girolamo, Doge of Venice, — 
elected, 1 Sep. 1559 — ft., 4 Nov. 1567. 

Priuli, Lorenzo, Doge of Venice, — elected, 
14 Jun. 1556— &., 17 Aug. 1559. 

Privas, in Languedoc, —embraces party of 
Prince of Conde, 1562 — unsuccessfully besieged 
by Duke of Montpensier, 1574 — synod of Re- 
formed Churches held at, 16 12 — invested by 
Marshal Schomberg, 14 May 1629 — taken and 
pillaged, 27 May — fortifications demolished, 
1629. 

Privateers, — [Marque, letters of] — pro- 
hibited, by agreement of European Powers, by 
Treaty of Paris, 1856. 

Privilege of Sanctuary. [Sanctuary.] 

Privileges, Feudal, Abolition of. [French 
Revolution, 1789.] 

Privy Council, — in England, — to conspire 
against life of member of, declared felony by 
Act 3 Hen. VII. c. 14, 1487 — Register com- 
mences, 18 Aug. 1540— jurisdiction of, restrict- 
ed by Act 16 Car. I. c. 10, 1642— limited to thirty 
by Charles II., 1679 — regulations respecting, 
by Act of Settlement, 12 and 13 Wm III. c. 2, 
1701, and by 6 Ann. c. 7, 1707 —unlawful as- 
sault on member of, declared felony by 9 Ann. 
c. 16, 17 10 — repealed by Act 9 Geo. IV. c. 31, 
27 Jun. 1828— powers of High Court of Dele- 
gates transferred to, by Act 2 and 3 Wm IV. 
c. 92, 9 Aug. 1832 — jurisdiction extended, and 
Judicial Committee appointed, by Act 3 and 4 
Wm IV. c. 41, 14 Aug. 1833 — powers and 
duties of Registrar defined by Act 16 and 17 
Vic. c. 85, 20 Aug. 1853 — powers of Board of 
Health transferred to, by (temporary) Act 21 
and 22 Vic. c. 97, 2 Aug. 1858— despatch of 
business by Judicial Committee further pro- 
vided for by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 91, 21 Aug. 
1 87 1 . Of Scotland, merged in that of England, 
by Act 6 Ann. c. 6, 1706. 

Prize Money, Army, — laws relating to, con- 
solidated and amended by Act 2 Wm IV. c. 53, 
23 Jun. 1832. 

Proaeresius, rhetorician, — b., about 276 a — 
teaches rhetoric at Athens, 340 — invited to 
Gaul by Constans, 342 — favoured by Julian, 362 
— b\, 367, a 368. b a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. 

Probate, Court of, in England, — instituted 
by Act 20 and 21 Vic. c. 77, 28 Aug. 1857. 

Probates, Duty on, — law respecting, 
amended by Act 24 and 25 Vic. c. 92, 6 Aug. 
1861. 

Probianus, Anicius, — Consul with Leo, 
(1224, a. -u. c.) 471. 

Probianus, Petronius, — Consul with Anicius 
Julianus, (1075, a. u. c.) 322. 

Probinus, Anicius, — Consul with. Eusebius, 
(1242, a. u. c.) 489. 

Probinus, Sex. Anicius, — Consul with Sex. 



Anicius Hermogenianus Olybrius, (1148, a. u. c. ) 
395- 

Probouli,— [B C]— a Council of Ten, at 
Athens, 412-41 1. 

Probus,— (1.) Consul with Faustus Avienus, 
junior, (1255, a. u. c.) 502. (2.) Consul with 
Clementinus, (1266,) 513. (3.) Junior, Consul 
with Fl. Theodoras Philoxenus, (1278,) 525. 

Probus, Anicius, — Consul with Arcadius, 
(1159, a. u. c.) 406. 

Probus, M. Aurelius, Roman Emperor, — 
b„ (14 Kal. Sep.) 19 Aug. 230 — serves under 
Valerian, &c, from about 255 — proclaimed 
Emperor after fall of Florianus, Apr., by 
Senate, (3 Non. Aug.) 29 Aug. 276 — cam- 
paign in Gaul, after May 277 s — in Illyricum, 
278 a — Isauria and the Blemmyes reduced, 
279 a — puts down rebellions of Saturninus, 280 
— and of Bonosus, 281 — killed, Sep. or Oct. 
282. a Clinton. 

Probus, Sex. Petronius, — Consul with Gra- 
tian, (1124, a. u. c.) 371— Praetorian Prsefect 
of Illyricum, defends Sirmium against the 
Quadi, 374^ a Gibbon. 

Procaccini, Camillo, painter, — b. at Bo- 
logna, 1546 — settles at Milan, about 1590 — if. 
there, 1626. 

Procaccini, Carlo Antonio, — painted, about 
1605. 

Procaccini, Ercole, the Elder, painter, — b. 
at Bologna, 1520 — living, 159 1. 

Procaccini, Ercole, the Younger, painter, — 
b. at Milan, 1596, 1590 s — tf. there, 1676. 
a Biog. Catalogue. 

Procaccini, Giulio Cesare, painter,— -fj. at 
Bologna, about 1548 — if. at Milan, 1626 — 
living, i6i8. a b Biog. Catalogue. 

Procession of the Holy Ghost. [Filioque.] 

Processions, Party, in Ireland, — restrained 
by Act 13 Vic. c. 2, 12 Mar. 1850. 

Processions, Eeligious, in Italy, — pro- 
hibited, Sep. 1865. 

Prochaska, Johann, Baron von, general, — 
b. at Vienna, 3 Jul. 1760 — enters the army, 
177 9 — distinguishes himself in the Netherlands. 
1794 — Knt of Order of Maria Theresa, 1796 — 
contributes to victory of Friedberg, 24 Aug. 
1796 — Lieutenant-general, May 1809 — Knt of 
St Leopold, member of Council of War, 18 14 
—Knt of St Anne, Grand Cross of the Red 
Eagle, Dec. 18 15— if. at Vienna, 1823. 

Procida, Giovanni de, — b. at Palermo, 
about 1225— present at death-bed of Emperor 
Frederick II., 1250 — takes part in attempt of 
Conradin, 1268 — endeavours to rouse Sicilians 
against French, 1279 — obtains aid of Michael 
Palasologus and sanction of Pope Nicholas III., 
1280— returns to Sicily, 1281 — massacre of 
French (' Sicilian Vespers ') begins at Palermo, 
30 Mar. 1282 — living, 1302. 

Proclamations, of the king, in England, — 
declared valid as Acts of Parliament, by Act 31 
Hen. VIII. c. 8, 1539 — trial of offenders 
against the Act, further regulated by 34 and 35 
Hen. VIII. c. 23, 1544 — Act repealed by 1 
Edw. VI. c. 12, 1547. 

Proclus, philosopher, — b. at Constantinople, 
8 Feb.4i2, a 410 b — studies at Alexandria, 426- 



6S 



PROCLUS— PROPHESYLTCS. 



428 b — goes to Athens, about 432 c — at Athens, 
429-437 b — tf. there, 17 Apr. 485,* about 487,° 
Apr. 47 5. b a Eng-l. Cyc. 

b Clinton. c Biog. Univ. 

Proclus, Neo-platonic philosopher, — ft. about 
Apr. 410/ 1 8 Feb. 412 b — studies at Alexandria 
under Leonas and Orion, 426-8 a — studies phi- 
losophy, under Olympiodorus, 426-8 — at Athens, 
under Plutarchus and Syrianus, 429 a — succeeds 
Syrianus, after 431 — visits the East, after 437 a 
— returns to Athens : if., 17 Apr. 485. 

a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. 

Proconnesos, — [B C] — founded by Mile- 
sians, about 715. 

Proconsul, — [B C] — first appointed at Rome, 
Q. Publilius Philo, 327 — first appointed, not 
having been consul before, P. Corn. Scipio, 211. 

Procopius. [Anthemius Procopius.] 

Procopius, historian, — ft. at Caesarea, about 
500 — assessor to Belisarius in Armenia, 526, a 
527 b — accompanies Belisarius in Persian War, 
530 — in expedition against Vandals in Africa, 
5 33-5 — in Gothic "War in Italy, 536-9 — Senator, 
540 — Prefect of Constantinople, 562 ? — ft-, 565. 
Anecdota, mentioned, 559 — History of his own 
Times, terminates, 553. 

a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. 

Procopius, Emperor of the East, (365-66,) 
— accompanies Julian in Persian War, 363 — 
submits to Jovian and resigns his command, 363 
— revolts at Constantinople, and is proclaimed 
Emperor, 28 Sep. 365 a — defeated and killed in 
Phrygia, by Yalens, 27 May 366.3- a Clinton. 

Procopius, Andrew, the Shaven, the Elder, 
— joins Hussites under Ziska, 141 9 — defeats 
Imperialists near Kremsier, 1423 — succeeds 
Ziska as leader of Taborites, 1424 — ravages 
Austria, 1425 — takes Teplitz, Bilin, and 
Leippa, 1426 — defeats Catholics at Aussig, 16 
Jun. 1426, and takes the town: drives Austrians 
out of Moravia, and ravages Austria, 1427 — 
joined by Procopius, the Younger, invades 
Silesia, 1427 — occupies Miess, 21 Jul. 1427 — 
storms Tachau, 1427 — unsuccessfully treats 
with Emperor Sigismund, 1428 — overruns 
Misnia, 1429 — again, 1430 — ravages Fran- 
conia and Bavaria, 1430 — sends to Council 
of Basel proposal for disputation between Catho- 
lics and Hussites, 143 1 — crusade proclaimed 
against him, 143 1 — compels Germans to raise 
siege of Tauss, 14 Aug. 1431 — defeated and kill- 
ed, with his colleague, near Lipau, 30 May 1434. 

Procopius Gazaus, rhetorician, theologian, 
— fl., 52°- 

Procter, Adelaide Anne, poetess, — ft., 1835 
— tf. in London, 2 Feb. 1864. legends and 
Lyrics, 1858 and 1861 — Chaplet of Verse, 1862. 

Proctors, in Ecclesiastical Courts, — required 
to take Oaths of Allegiance, &c, under penalty 
of a praemunire, by Act 7 and 8 Wm III. c. 
24, 1696 — regulations respecting, by Act 53 
Geo. III. c. 127, 12 Jul. 1813 — compensation 
to, on establishment of Probate and Divorce 
Courts, provided, and admission to practice in 
them, by Acts 20 and 21 Yic. cc. 77 and 85, 
25 and 28 Aug. 1857. 

Proculus, — rebels against Probus, is de- 
feated and killed, 280. 



Proculus, Cn. Acerronius, — Consul with C. 
Pontius Kigrinus, (790, a. u. 0.) 37. 

Proculus, C. Plautius, — [BC] — (1.) Consul 
with C. Fabius Ambustus, (396, a. u. c.) 358. 
(2.) Consul with. P. Corn. Scapula, (426,) 328. 

Proculus, L. Valerius, — Consul with Acyn- 
dinus, (1093, a. u. c.) 340. 

Prodicos, of Keos, sophist, — [BC] — fl., 435.4 a 
to after 400. a Cyril. Euseb. 

Profane Cursing and Swearing, — in Eng- 
land, — made punishable by Act 20 Jac. I. c. 21, 
1623 — continued by several Acts : punishable 
by fine, by Act 19 Geo. II. c. 21, 1746— in the 
navy, punishment regulated by Act 22 Geo. II. 
c. 33, art. 2, 1749. 

Prokophiev, Ivan Prokophievich, sculptor, 
— fj. at St Petersburg, 25 Jan. 1758 — studies 
at Paris, 1779— ft. at St Petersburg, 10 Feb. 
1828. 

Prome, in JBirmah, — occupied by British 
troops, summer 1825 — given up by Treaty of 
Yandaboo, Feb. 1826 — again captured by 
British, 9 Jul. 1852 — retaken by Birraese, but 
again captured, 9 Oct. 1852 — burnt, 1856. 

Promissory Notes, — [Exchange, Bills of] — 
negotiation of, facilitated by Act 26 and 27 
Yic. c. 105, 28 Jul. 1863 — law respecting, 
amended by Act 31 and 32 Yic. c. 72, 31 Jul. 
1868. • 

Promotion, in British army, — [Purchase] 
— newly regulated by Boyal Warrant, 31 Oct. 
1871. 

Promotus, Fl. — Consul with Fl. Timasius, 
(1142, a. u. c.) 389. 

Prony, Gaspard Claire Francois Marie 
Riche, Baron de, engineer, — ft. near Lyons, 
22 Jul. 1755 — enters School of Boads and 
Bridges, 1776 — goes to Paris, 1783 — Director 
of the Cadastre, 17 91 — Prof. Mechanics, 
Polytechnic School, 1794 — member of Institute, 
1795 — Inspector-general, 1798 — Director of 
School of Boads and Bridges, 1798 — member 
of Bureau of Longitude, 1817 — Foreign F.R.S. 
London, 1818 — Baron, 1828 — Peer of France, 
1835 — rj. near Paris, 31 Jul. 1839. -Archi- 
tecture hydraulique, 1790-6 — M ecani que philo- 
sophique, 1800 — Descriptions hydrographique 
et historique des marais Pontins, §c, 181 3. 

Propaganda Fide, Congregation de, — 
originated by Gregory XIII., 1572-84 — in- 
stituted at Borne, by bull of Gregory XY., 22 
Jun. 1622. College of, established by Urban 
VIII., 1627. 

Propagation of the Faith, Society for the, 
— established at Lyons, 1829. 

Propagation of the Gospel, — in Keiv Eng- 
land, Society for, established by Act of Par- 
liament, 1649 — charter renewed by Charles II., 
1 66 1. In Foreign Parts, Society for, founded, 
1698 — incorporated by William III., 16 Jun. 
1701. 

Propertius, Sex. Aurelius, elegiac poet, — 
[BC] — ft., between 57-46, about 51. a 
a Clinton. 

Property Tax,— [Income Tax] -[BC] — 

first ? at Athens, after siege of Mytilene, 428. 

Prophesyings, Puritan meetings, — com- 
menced at Northampton, about 1570 — pro- 



PROSCRIPTION— PROVIDENCE. 



169 



Mbited by Queen Elizabeth, 7 May 1577, and 
discontinued. 

Proscription, — [B C] — invented by Sulla, 8 1 
— ordered by the second triumvirate, 43. 

Prosecutor, Public, — in France, (ministere 
public,) instituted by Philip the Fair, about 
1302 — ministry reorganized, Apr. 18 10. In 
England, appointment of, recommended by 
Royal Commission, 1844 — by Select Commit- 
tee, 1856. 

Proserpine, asteroid, — discovered by Lu- 
ther, 5 May 1853. 

Prosper Aquitanus, theologian, historian, 
— b. in Aquitaine, 403 — addresses Augustine 
on the Pelagians, 428 — visits Eome a second 
time, 440 — living, 463. 

Protagoras, sophist, — [BC] — 6., about 470, a 
48 o h — fl., (01. 84-86,) 444-435 a — visits Athens, 
before 445 c — second visit, 422 a — if., 404^41 i. b 

a Clinton. b Frei. c Smith's Diet. 

Protection of British Agriculture, Society 
for, — formed in London, 17 Feb. 1844. 

Protector, in English History. [Richard, 
Duke of York, Somerset, Duke of, and 
Cromwell.] 

Protein, radical compound, — discovered by 
Mulder, 1838. 

Protestant Association, — for protection of 
Queen Elizabeth, formed, about 1584 — legalized 
by Act 27 Eliz. c. 1, 1584. 

Protestant Association, The, — founded in 
England, 1779. [Gordon Riots.] 

Protestants, — as designation of the Reform- 
ers, comes into use after their Protest against 
Imperial Brief at Diet of Spire, 19 Apr. 1529. 
[Dissidents, Huguenots, Reformation, Thirty 
Years' War.] In Austria, placed on same 
footing as Catholics by Imperial Decree, 9 Apr. 
1861. 

Protogenes, painter, — [B C] — £(., about (01. 
112) 332 to (01. 120) 300. 

Protogenes, — Consul with Asterius, (1202, 

A. U. C.) 449. 

Proudhon, Jean Baptiste Victor, jurist, — 

fc. in France,. 1 Feb. 1758 — studies at Besan- 
<jon, 1783-9 — LL.D., 1789 — deputy to Legis- 
lative Assembly, Aug. 1791 — Prof. Legislation, 
Central School of Doubs, Dec. 1796 — first 
Prof. Civil Code, Dijon, Jan. 1806 — Dean, 
1809— Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 12 Mar. 
1 83 1 — correspondent of Academy of Sciences, 
1833 — Officer, 9 Jun. 1837 — tf. at Dijon, 20 
Nov. 1838. Cours de legislation et de juris- 
prudence franc aises sar I'e'tat des personnes, 
1799 — Trait e des droits d'usufruit, d' usage, 
1823-5. 

Proudhon, Pierre Joseph, publicist, — b. at 
Besancon, 15 Jan. 1809 — member of Con- 
stituent Assembly, Jun. 1848 — founds People's 
Bank, Jan. 1849 — imprisoned, Jun. 1849 to 
Jun. 1852 — again sentenced to imprisonment, 
retires to Brussels, 1858 — sentence remitted, 
Dec. i860 — U. at Besanc.on, 19 Jan. 1865, 
Qu'est-ce que la Proprie'te, 1840 — edits Repre- 
sentant du Peuple, 1848 — edits Be Peuple, 1848 
— Be la creation de I'Ordre dans V PZumanite, 
1843 — Contradictions Economiques, 1846 — 
Confessions d'un Pe'volutionnaire, 1849 — Revo- 



lution Sociale de'montree par le Coup d'Etat du 
2 Becembre, 1852 — Principe de V Art, 1865. 

Prout, Father. [Mahoney.] 

Prout, Samuel, painter, — b. at Plymouth, 
17 Sep. 1783 — settles in London, 1805 — mem- 
ber of Society of Painters in Water Colours, 
1 8 15— visits France, 1818— ft. at Cambenvell, 
10 Feb. 1852. 

Prout, William, physician, chemist, — b., 
about 1786 — tf. in London, 9 Apr. 1850. On 
the nature and treatment of Stomach and Renal 
Diseases, 1840 — Pridgewater Treatise on Che- 
mistry, Meteorology, $c, 1834. 

Provence, (Provincia,) province of France, — 
[BC] — attacked by Romans, (629, a. tj. c.) 125 
— subjugated by them, 124-123 — forms part of 
Gallia Narbonensis, 27 — [AD] — conquered by 
Visigoths and Burgundians, about 41 6 — eastern 
portion ceded by Visigoths to Theodoric, about 
511 — western, conquered by sons of Clovis, 
about 530 — eastern, ceded to Franks by Vitiges, 
about 534 — erected into separate kingdom for 
Charles, son of Lothaire, 855 — [see Burgun- 
dy] — erected into a County for Boson, by Hugh, 
king of Italy, 926 — Boson II., 948 — William 
I., (son,) not later than 968 — drives Saracens 
from Fraxinet, 972 — Rotbold, (brother,) 992 
— William II., (nephew,) first proprietary 
Count, not later than 1008 — Geoffrey I. and 
Bertrand I. with William III., their cousin, 
first hereditary Counts, 101 8 — William tf., 1037 
— Bertrand 3j., 1054 — Bertrand II., (son of 
Geoffrey,) about 1063 — Etiennette, (mother,) 
1093 — Gerberge and Gilbert, Viscount of 
Gevaudan, about 11 00 — Douce, (daughter,) 
1 1 12 — transfers her rights to her husband, 
Raymond Berenger, Jan. 1113 — Berenger 
Raymond, (son,) 11 30 — Raymond Berenger 
II., (son,) 1 144 — receives title of Marquis, 
1 146 — County seized by his son-in-law, Ray- 
mond, Count of Toulouse, 1166 — conquered by 
Alfonso II. of Aragon, 11 67 — given by him to 
his brother Raymond Berenger III., 1168 — 
ceded by Count of Toulouse to Alfonso, by treaty 
of 18 Apr. 1 176 — given to Sancho, brother of 
Alfonso, Apr. 1 1 80 — to Alfonso, son of Alfonso, 
1 1 85 — who succeeds on his father's death as 
Alfonso IL, 1196 — Raymond Berenger IV., 
(son,) 1209 — Beatrice, (daughter,) 1245 — 
succession claimed by St Louis and Count of 
Toulouse, 1245 — marries Charles, brother of 
St Louis, 19 Jan. 1246 — [Charles I., King of 
Sicily] — by his accession to throne of Sicily, the 
County annexed to that kingdom, 1 266 — by will 
of Count Charles III., given to Louis XI. of 
France, Dec. 148 1 — united to Crown of France 
by letters-patent of Charles VIII. , Oct. i486 
— retains its own laws and privileges : parlia- 
ment for, established at Aix, by Louis XII., 
Jul. 1 50 1. 

Providence, capital of Rhode Island, U. S., 
— founded by Roger Williams, 1636 — receives 
patent from Charles I., 1643 — partly burnt in 
the war, 1675— incorporated as a city, 1832. 
Brown University, founded at Warren, 1764 — ■ 
removed to, 1770. Arcade, finished, 1828. 
Athenceum, incorporated, 1836. 

Providence, Sisters of, {reformed Bernard- 
74 



1170 



PROVIDENT SOCIETIES— PSALMANAZAR. 



ines,) — founded by Louise Blanche Therese 
Perrucard de Nallon, 1622 — constitution ap- 
proved by pope, 1 63 1. 

Provident Societies. [Friendly Societies, 
Industrial and Provident Societies.] 

Provinces, of Rome, — [BC] — Sicily, the first 
conquest reduced to a province, (513, a. u. c.) 
241 — divided into Imperial and Senatorial, by 
Augustus, (727,) 27 — reorganization of, by 
Augustus, (727-734,) 27-20— payment of go- 
vernors commenced by Augustus, about same 
time. 

Provisions of Oxford, — ordinances passed 
by Mad Parliament, 11 Jun. 1258 — sworn to, 
by Henry III. and Prince Edward, Jun. — ac- 
cepted by citizens of London, 22 Jul. — by Earl 
Richard, 28 Jan. 1259 — rejected by the king, 
Feb. 1 26 1 — abrogated by bull of Pope Alex- 
ander IV., 1 26 1— again accepted by the king, 
1262 and summer 1263 — confirmed by Great 
Council in London, 9 Sep. 1263 — on appeal of 
king and barons, annulled by St Louis, at 
Council of Amiens, and amnesty awarded to 
their upholders, 23 Jan. 1264. 

Provisions, Papal. [Praemunire.] 
Prudentius, Clemens Aurelius, poet, hymn- 
ologist, — ft. in Spain, 348 — goes to Rome, 
about 406. 

Prudhoe, Baron. [Northumberland, Duke 
of.] 

Prudhoinrne, Louis Marie, litterateur, — h. 
at Lyons, 1752 — settles at Paris, 1788 — estab- 
lishes and edits Journal des Revolutions de 
Paris, 12 Jul. 17 89 to 24 Feb. 1794 — fc. at Paris, 
20 Apr. 1830. Crimes des Reims de France, 
1793 — Hi stair e impartiale des Revolutions de 
Trance, 1796-7 — Dictionnaire Universel de la 
France, 1804 — Repertoire Universel des Femmes 
Ce'lebres, 1826-7. 

Prusa ad Olympum, (Rrusa,) — [BC] — 
founded by Prusias of Bithynia, 56o, a by Han- 
nibal, i84 b — [AD] — taken, by capitulation, 
by Orkhan, (726, a. h.) 1326 — capital of 
Ottoman Empire; to 1453. 

a Strabo. b Pliny. 

Prusias I., King of Bithynia, — [BC] — 
accession, 228 ? 230-28 a — war with Byzantium, 
220 — defeats and destroys Gaulish army, 216 
— aids Philip of Macedon against Rome and 
Attalus, 207-205— makes alliance with Rome, 
190 — war with Eumenes of Pergamus, 184 b — 
receives Hannibal, 184 — tf., after 183, about 
l8o. c a Clinton. b Heeren. c Smith's Diet. 
Prusias II., Xing of Bithynia, — [BC] — 
accession, between 183-179, about i8o a — 
treaty with Pharnaces of Pontus, 179 b — em- 
bassy to Rome in behalf of Perseus of Mace- 
donia, 169 — renewal of alliance with Rome, 
167 — war with Attalus, 156 — compelled to 
make peace by Rome, 154 — assassinated, 149. 
8 Smith's Diet. b Clinton. 

Prusias, {Cius, C r)—[B c] — foimded, (01. 38, 
3,) 626,* 628. b • a Euseb. b Hieron. 

Prussia, (Rorussia,) — under sanction of 
Emperor Frederick II. and Pope Gregory IX., 
subjugated and Christianized by Teutonic 
Knights, under Herman von Balek, 1231-33 
— crusade against, preached, 1 244 — conquest 



completed, 1283 — invaded by Jagellon, 141 o 
— "West, conquered by Poland, East, retained 
by Grand Master, as vassal of Poland, by 
Treaty of Thorn, 1466 — East, erected into a 
Duchy for Albert of Brandenburg, 9 Apr. 
1525 — Frederick Albert (son) succeeds, 1568 
— on his death, the Duchy acquired by Jobn Si- 
gismund and united with Brandenburg-, 16 18 
— declared a sovereign state, by Treaty of 
Vehlau, 19 Sep. 1657 — erected into a king- 
dom, by Elector Frederick III., 1701 — [Fre- 
derick I., King of Prussia] — Frederick 
William I., (son,) 17 13 — Frederick II., 
(son,) 1 740— Frederick William II. , (nephew,) 
1786 — Frederick William III., (son,) 1797 — 
Frederick William IV., (son,) 1840 — William 
I., (brother,) 2 Jan. 1861 — separates from 
German Confederation, 14 Jun. 1866. [Uorth 
German Confederation, Seven Weeks' War, 
and Franco-German War.] 

Prussian Blue, pigment, — discovered by 
Diesbach, 1704 — method of preparation im- 
proved by Woodward, 1724. 

Prussic {Hydrocyanic) Acid, Cyanide of 
Hydrogen, — discovered by Scheele, 1782 — 
composition of, investigated by Berthollet, 
1787 — by Ittner, 1809 — obtained pure and 
liquid, by Guy-Lussac, 1811. 

Prutenic Tables, astronomical, — constructed 
by Reinhold, 155 1. 

Pruth, river — [see Peter the Great]— de- 
clared boundary of Russian and Turkish Em- 
pires, by Treaty of Bucharest, 1812. [See 
Crimean War.] Treaty of, between Russia 
and Turkey, for restoration of Azof to Turkey, 
23 Jul. 1711. 

Pryme, George, political economist, — b., 
1781 — enters Tnn. Coll. Cambridge, 1799 — 
B.A., 1803— Fellow of his Coll., 1805— M.A., 
1806 — called to the bar, at Lincoln's Inn, 
1806 — marries, 1813 — begins to lecture on 
Political Economy, at Cambridge, Mar. 18 16 
—Prof. Political Economy, 1828-63— M.P. 
Cambridge, 1832-42 — fr., 2 Dec. 1868. In- 
troductory Tecture and Syllabus to Course on 
the Principles of Political Economy, 1823 — 
Autobiographic Recollections, 1870. 

Prynne, William, political writer, — h. near 
Bath, 1600 — enters Oxford Univ., 1616 — B.A., 
1620 — enters Lincoln's Inn, 1620 — fined by 
Star Chamber, pilloried, expelled from L T niy., 
and imprisoned for life, for bis Histrio-Mastyx, 
1634 — fined again, pilloried, and branded, for 
his News from Ipswich, 1637 — released, and 
the sentences declared illegal, by Long Parlia- 
ment, Nov. 1640 — M.P. Newport, 1641 — - 
bencher at Lincoln's Inn, about 1642 — one of 
the visitors of Oxford Univ., 1647 — Recorder 
of Bath, 1647 — expelled the House of Com- 
mons, 1650 — readmitted, 1659 — promotes Re- 
storation, 1660 — M.P. Bath, Mar. 1660 — 
Keeper of the Records in the Tower, 1660— -Jr. 
in London, 24 Oct. 1669. i 

Psalmanazar, George, literary impostor, — 
b. in France, 1679 — U. in London, 3 May 
1763. History of Formosa, 1704 — contributes 
to Universal History, 1730 et seq. — Memoirs, 
1764. 



PSALMS OF DAVID— PTOLEM^US X. 



1171 



Psalms of David, — French metrical version 
of, by Marot, about 1540 — oondemned by 
the Sorbonne, 1543 — completed by Beza, 156 1. 
English, by Sternhold and Hopkins, 1549-62 
—by Tate and Brady, 1698— by Watts, 17 19. 
Latin, by Buchanan, (2nd ed.,) 1566. 

Psalms of Solomon,— [BC J— written i7o, a 
63, b 48.° a Ewald. b Others. c Hilgenfeld. 

Psammetichus, King of Egypt,— [BC] — 
begins to reign, 670,* 67i, b 664,° 654 d — ft., 
6i6, a 6i7, b 6io. d a Clinton. 

b Smith's Diet. c Rawlinson. d Boeckh. 

Psammis, {Psammetichus II.,) King of 
Egypt, — [BC] — begins to reign, 6oo, a 6oi, b 
594^—tr., 596/595^588^ 

a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. c Rawlinson. 

Psellus, Michael, philosopher, poet, §e.,— fi., 
about 859-870. 

Psellus, Michael Constantine, philosopher, 
rhetorician, §c, — b. at Constantinople, 1020 — 
teaches Philosophy, &c, at Constantinople, 
from 1042 — envoy from Empress Theodora to 
Isaac Comnenus, 1057 — Counsellor to Romanus 
Diogenes, 1068 — advises deportation of Ro- 
manus, and election of Michael Ducas, 107 1 — 
retires to a monastery, about 1078 — £f., about 
1 105 or 1 1 10. 

Psyche, asteroid, — discovered by De Gas- 
paris, 17 Mar. 1852. 

Ptolemaeus, — [BC] — a hostage from Anti- 
gonus to Eumenes at Nora, 320 — commands in 
Asia Minor against Cassander's forces, 315-313 
— in Greece, for Antigonus, 313-31 1 — makes 
treaty with Cassander and Ptolemy, 310 — im- 
prisoned by Ptolemy, poisons himself, 309. 

Ptolemaeus of Alorus, Regent or King of 
Macedonia, — [BC] — assassinates Alexander 
II., 367 — Perdiccas III. established by Iphi- 
crates, Ptolemy Regent, 364 — assassinated by 
Perdiccas, 364. 

Ptolemaeus Ceraunus, King of Macedonia, 
— [BC] — b., about 320 a — goes to Court of 
Lysimachus, 285 — assassinates Seleucus, Jun. 
280 b — defeated by the Gauls, and put to death, 
about Oct. 28o. b a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. 

Ptolemaeus Claudius, astronomer, mathe- 
matician, geographer, — fl., 126-61. 

Ptolemaeus Philadelphus, son of Cleopatra 
by Antony— [BC] — ft., about 39 — proclaimed, 
by Antony, King of Spain, 34 — intrusted to 
care of Octavia, 30. 

Ptolemaeus I. Soter, King of Egypt, — 
[BC] — (323-285,) — banished from Court of 
Philip of Macedonia : recalled by Alexander, 
336 — accompanies Alexander in Asiatic ex- 
pedition, 334-323 — body-guard, 330 — obtains 
Egypt, 323 — annexes Cyrene, 322 — repels 
invasion of Perdiccas, 321 — seizes Phoenicia 
and Ccele-Syria, takes Jerusalem, 320 — alliance 
with Polysperchon and Eumenes, 319 — with 
Cassander and Lysimachus, 316 — loses Phoe- 
nicia, 314 — gains Cyprus, loses Cyrene, 313 — 
defeats Demetrius at Gaza, after midsummer 
312 a — general peace, 311 — campaigns in Asia 
Minor and Greece, 310-308 — regains Cyrene, 
308 — defeated at sea by Demetrius, loses 
Cyprus, 307 — assumes title of King, mid- 
summer 306 a — styled Soter by Rhodians, 304 



—alliance with Seleucus, Cassander, and Ly- 
simachus, against Antigonus, 302— aids Pyrrhus 
in seizing Epirus, 296— recovers Cyprus, 295— 
alliance with Lysimachus and Seleucus against 
Demetrius, 287—0"., 283. a Clinton. 

Ptolemaeus II. Philadelphus, King of 
Egypt ,— [B C]— (285-247,)— fc., 309— associ- 
ated with his father, 2 Nov. 285 a — revolt of 
Magas and loss of Cyrenaica, about 284— sends 
embassy to, and makes alliance with, Rome, 
273 a — aids Athens against Antigonus Gonatas, 
268 — supports Aratus and the Achaean League, 
about 251 — 0\, before end of 247. a Clinton. 

Ptolemaeus III. Euergetes. — King of 
Egypt, — [BC] — marries Berenice, before 247 
— succeeds his father, and annexes Cyrene, be- 
fore end of 247 — war with Seleucus Callinicus, 
conquers Syrian Empire, about 246-238 ? — 
supports Cleomenes against Aratus, about 222 — 
tf., before end of 222. 

Ptolemaeus IV. Philopator, King of 
Egypt, — [B C]— succeeds his father, before end 
of 222 — loses Syria, 218 — defeats Antiochus 
atRaphia, 217 — recovers Ccele-Syria; o\, 205. 

Ptolemaeus V. Epiphanes, King of Egypt, 
— [BC] — (205-181,) — b., about 210 — succeeds 
his father, 205 — Ccele-Syria and Phoenicia 
lost: Rome becomes guardian of Ptolemy 
and Egypt against Antiochus and Philip, about 
204 — treaty with Antiochus, 199 — attains ma- 
jority and is crowned, 196— marries Cleopatra, 
wint. 193-2— revolt in Lower Egypt put down, 
185 — poisoned, 181. 

Ptolemaeus VI. Philometor, King of 
Egypt, — [BC] — succeeds his father, 181 — 
Cleopatra Regent, 1 8 1 - 1 7 3 — taken by Antiochus, 
who subdues Lower Egypt, 170 — Ptolemaeus 
Euergetes II. proclaimed at Alexandria, 169 — 
Antiochus leaves Egypt, 168 — expelled from 
Alexandria with his brother, repairs to Rome, 
164 — reinstated, and Euergetes expelled to 
Cyrene, 163 — defeats Euergetes, and takes him, 
in Cyprus, 154 — proclaimed King of Syria, de- 
feats Alexander, and is killed, 146. 

Ptolemaeus VII. Physcon, {Euergetes II.,) 
King of Egypt, — [BC] — assumes crown at 
Alexandria, 178 — made King of Cyrene, 163 — 
defeated and taken by his brother in Cyprus, 
154 — seizes Egyptian throne by aid of Rome, 
146 — escapes to Cyprus, 130 — reinstated, 127 

— tr., 117. 

Ptolemaeus VIII. Lathyrus, {Soter II. 
Philometor,) King of Egypt, — [BC]— king 
with Cleopatra, 117 — flies from Alexandria, 
107, and establishes himself in Cyprus : invades 
Syria, against Alexander Jannaeus, 103- 1 01 — 
takes part in wars, 94 — recalled to Egypt, 89 
— tf., 81. 

Ptolemaeus IX. Alexander, King of Egypt, 
— [BC] — governs Cyprus, 1 17-107 — associated 
with his mother, Cleopatra, 107-90 — assassin- 
ates her, 90 — defeated by Tyrrhus at sea, 89 — 
defeated and killed by Chcereas in Cyprus, 81-80. 

Ptolemaeus X. Alexander II., King of 
Egypt, — [BC] — sent to Cos, 102? — taken by 
Mithridates the Great, 88 — accompanies Sulla 
to Rome, 83. — appointed King by Sulla, 81 — 
assassinated, 80. 

74* 



1172 



PTOLEMiEUS XL— PULAWSKI. 



Ptolemaeus XI. Auletes, {Neos Dionysos,) 
King of Egypt, — [B C] — proclaimed King at 
Alexandria, 80 — obtains ratification of title by 
.Home, 59 — expelled, and proceeds to Borne, 58 
— withdraws to Epbesus, 56 — reinstated by 
Gabinius, 55 — tf., May 51. 

Ptolemaeus XII. Auletes, King of Egypt, 
— [BC]— succeeds with bis sister Cleopatra, 
May 50 — expels Cleopatra, 48— Alexandrian 
war of Csesar, 48-47 — drowned, end of 48 or 
beginning 47. 

Ptolenrseus XIII. Auletes, King of Egypt, 
— [B C]— declared King with. Cleopatra, by 
Csesar, 47 — put to death by her, 43. 

Public Good, League of the. [League.] 

Public Houses, — in Metropolitan District, 
closing of, regulated by Act 27 and 28 Vic. c. 
64, 25 Jul. 1864— amended by 28 and 29 Vic. 
c. 77, 29 Jun. 1865. In Scotland, law relat- 
ing to, amended by Act 25 and 26 Vic. c. 35, 
7 Jul, 1862. 

Public Records. [Records.] 

Public Safety, Committee of, at Paris,— 
constituted, before 24 Mar. 1793 a — orders the 
levy en masse, 23 Aug.— made virtually su- 
preme, by decree of 4 Dec. — extinct, Oct. 1794. 
a Carlyle. 

Public Works,— in Ireland, execution of, 
facilitated by Acts 9 Vic. cc. 1 and 2, 5 Mar. 
1846 — undertaking of, sanctioned by circulars 
of Lord-lieutenant, 4 Sep. and 2 Oct. 1846. 
In Manufacturing Districts of England, facili- 
tated by Act 26 and 27 Vic. c. 70, 21 Jul. 1863 
— powers extended by Act 27 and 28 Vic. c. 
104, 29 Jul. 1864, 

Publicola, L. Gellius— [B G]— mentioned, 
120 — Consul with Cn. Corn. Lentulus Clodi- 
anus, (682, a. u. c.) 72 — defeated by Spartacus: 
censor with Cn. Corn. Lentulus, (684,) 70— lega- 
tusto Pompey against pirates, 67-6 — rj., after 55. 

Publicola, M. Valerius, — [B C] — Consul 
with C. Sulpicius Peticus, (399, a. u. c.) 355 
—again, (401,) 353. 

Publicola, P.Valerius, — [B C] — (1.) mythic, 
Consul with Brutus, (245, a. tj. c.) 509 — with 
T. Lucretius Tricipitinus, (246,) 508 — war with 
Porsena ; Consul with M. Horatius Pulvillus, 
(247,) 507 — again with T. Lucretius Tricipiti- 
nus, (250,) 504 — $•> 503. (2.) Consul with C. 
Nautius Butilus, (279,) 475 — with C. Claud. 
Sabinus Begilleus, (294,) 460— killed in de- 
fending the Capitol. (3.) Consul with C. Mar- 
tius Butilus, (402,) 352. 

Publilian Laws, at Home, — [B C] — proposed 
by Pub. Volero, 471 — by Q, Pub. Philo, 339. 

Publilius Volero,— [B C] — resists enlistment 
in rank, 473 — tribunus plebis, 472 and 471 — 
proposes Publilian Laws, 47 1 , 

Pucherite, mineral, (vanadiate,) — discovered 
in Pucher mine, Schneeberg, by Frenzel, 1871. 

Puddling Machine, in iron manufacture, — 
invented by Danks, 1858. 

Pudens, L, Arrius,— Consul with M. Gavius 
Orfitus, (918, a. u. c.) 165. 

Pudens, Q. Servilius, — Consul with L. Fu- 
fidius Pollio, (919, a. u. c.) 166. 

Pudsey, Hugh,— elected Bp of Durham, 31 
Jan. 1 153 — consecrated by Pope Anastasius at 



Borne, 20 Dec. 1153 — takes part in coronation 
of eldest son of Henry II., and is suspended by 
Alexander III., 1170 — if., 3 Mar. 1195. 

Puebla, in Mexico, — founded, 1533-4 — Gen. 
Zaragoza defeats French near, 5 May 1862 — 
invested by French, 19 Mar. 1863 — bombarded, 
27-29 Mar. — entered by French, 31 Mar. — 
fighting continues : occupied by Gen. Forey, 
surrender of Gen. Ortega, 17 May — captured 
by Porfirio Diaz, for Juarez, 2 Apr. 1867. 
Cathedral, commenced, 1552 — completed, 1649. 
Puerto Rico. [Porto Rico.] 
Puffendorf, Samuel, publicist, diplomatist, 
— b. at Chemnitz, Saxony, 8 Jan. 1632 — 
studies at Jena, 1656 — Prof. Law of Nature 
and Nations, Heidelberg, 166 1 — Prof. Law of 
Nations, Lunden, 1670 — historiographer to 
king of Sweden, Counsellor of State, about 
1676 — goes to Berlin, 1686 — ft. at Berlin, 26 
Oct. 1694. De Jure Naturae et Gentium, 1672 
— Severini de Mozambano De Statu Imperii 
Germanici, 1667 — De rebus gestis Caroli Gus- 
tavi, Suecice regis, 1695. 

Pugatschef, Jemeljan, Don Cossack, — b., 
1726 — personates deceased Emperor Peter III., 
Aug. 1773 — captures Kasan; threatens Mos- 
cow, but is betrayed and executed, 2 1 Jan. 1775. 
Puget, Pierre, painter, sculptor, architect, 
— b. at Marseilles, 31 Oct. 1622— tf. at Mar- 
seilles, 2 Dec. 1694. Milo of Crotona, Ver- 
sailles, 1682 — Perseus and Andromeda, Ver- 
sailles, 1685. 

Pughe, William Owen, miscellaneous writer, 
— fj. in Wales, 7 Aug. 1759 — goes to London, 
1776 — if. in Wales, 4 Jun. 1835. Welsh and 
English Dictionary, 1793-1803 — (with Owen 
Jones and Edward Williams) Myvyrian Ar- 
chaeology of Wales, 1 801 -7 — Cambrian Register, 
1796-18 18 — Welsh translation of Paradise 
lost, 1 8 19. 

Pugin, Augustus, architectural draughtsman, 
— fj. in Normandy, 1769 — fj. in London, 19 
Dec. 1832. Specimens of Gothic Architecture, 
1 82 1 -3 — Specimens of Architectural Antiqui- 
ties of Normandy, 1825-8. 

Pugin, Augustus Northmore Welby, archi- 
tect, — fj. in London, 181 1 — settles at Bamsgate, 
1833 — embraces Bomanism, 1834 — if. at Bams- 
gate, 14 Sep. 1852. Contrasts, 1841 — Glossary 
of Ecclesiastical Ornament, 1844 — True Princi- 
ples of Pointed or Christian Architecture, 1843. 
Puisaye, Joseph Genevieve, Count de, 
general, — 6. at Mortagne, 1754 — member of 
Constituent Assembly, 1789 — Marechal de 
Camp, 1791 — takes command against Jacobins 
and is proscribed, 1793 — organizes body of 
Chouans in Brittany, 1793 — comes to England, 
and originates expedition of Quiberon, 1794 — 
if. in England, 13 Sep. 1827. Memoires, 
1805-6. 

Pulaski, Port, near Savannah, TT.' S., — 
taken by Federals, 11 Apr. 1862. 

Pulawski, Casimir, — b. in Poland, 4 Mar. 
1748 — joins Confederation of Bar, 29 Feb. 1768 
— defeated by Bussians on the Dniester, end of 
1768 — retires to Carpathian Mountains, 1769- 
70 — attempts unsuccessfully to seize Cracow, 
Aug. 1770 — unsuccessfully besieged by Bussians 



PITLAWSKI— PUNIC WARS. 



J i73 



in monastery of Czenstochow, Jan. 177 1 — 
capitulates to them, 1772 — goes to America, 
end of 1775 — killed at siege of Savannah, U. S., 
9 Oct. 1779. 

PulawsM, Joseph, — b. in Poland, 1705 — 
founds, with Krasinsld, Confederation of Bar, 
29 Feb. 1768 — arrested in Moldavia, towards 
close of 1768 — tf. at Constantinople, 1769. 
Pulcher, App. Claudius. [Claudius.] 
Pulcheria, Roman Empress of the East, 
(414-453,)— ft., (14 Kal. Feb.) 399— Augusta, 
with Theodosius II., 4 Jul. 414 — succeeds him, 
28-9 Jul. 450 — marries Marcian, Aug. 450 — 
tf., Jul. 453- a a Clinton. 

Pulei, Bernardo, poet, — 6. at Florence, 
about 1425 — curator of Academy of Pisa, 1487 
— living, 1494. Translation of Virgil's Ec- 
logues, 1481— Passion of Christ, 1490. 

Pulci, Luca, poet, — tf., before 1490. Ci- 
riffo Calvaneo, (with additions by Giamballari,) 
1535 — Driadeo d' Amove, 1479 — Fpistole, 148 1. 
Pulci, Luigi, poet, — b. at Florence, 3 Dec. 
143 1 — tf. there, 1487. Morgante Maggiore, 
1488. a a Sismondi. 

Pulgar, Hernan del, historian, — historio- 
grapher of Spain, 1482 — living, 1492.* Croniea 
de los reycs catolicos D. Fernando y Dona Isa- 
bella, 1565 — Claros Varones, 1500 (?) — Letters, 
1543. a Ticknor. 

Pullus, L. Junius, — [B C]— Consul with P. 
Claud. Pulcher, (505, a. u. c.) 249. 
Pulo Penang. [Prince of Wales Island.] 
Pultawa, in Russia, — ceded by Poland to 
Russia, 1667 — Peter the Great defeats Charles 
XII. at, 8 Jul. 1709. 

Pulteney, Richard, botanist, — ft. at Lough- 
borough in Leicestershire, 17 Feb. 1730^- 
F.R.S., 1762— M.D. Edinburgh, 1764 — 3j. at 
Blandford, 13 Oct. 1801. General View of 
Writings of Linnceus, 1782 — Historical and 
Biographical Sketches of the progress of Botany 
in England, 1790. 

Pulteney, William, Earl oe Bath, states- 
man, — fc., 1682 — M.P., 1705 — Privy Council- 
lor and Secretary-at-War, 1714-17 — fights a 
duel with Lord Hervey, Jan. 17 31 — created 
Earl of Bath, 1742 — Prime Minister two days, 
Feb. 1746 — rj. in London, 8 Jul. 1764. 

Pultock, Robert. Life and Adventures of 
Beter Wilkins, 1750. 

Pultusk, in Bolancl, — Charles XII. defeats 
Poles at, 1 May 1703 — battle between Napo- 
leon I. and allies, 26 Dec. 1806. 

Pulvillus, C. Horatius, — [B C]— Consul with 
T. Menenius Lanatus, (277, a. u. c.) 477 — 
with Q,. Minucius Augurinus, (297,) 457. 

Pulvillus, M. Horatius, — [B C] — Consul 
svff. with P. Valerius Publicola, (245, a. u. c.) 
509 — Consul with Valerius, (247,) 507. 

Punic Wars, — [BC] — First (264-241) : suc- 
cess of App. Claudius in Sicily against Car- 
thage and Hiero, 264 — Hiero makes peace 
with Rome, 263 — siege and capture of Agri- 
gentum, Jim. to Dec. 262 — first preparation of 
fleet by Rome, 260— naval victory of Duilius, 
260 — siege of Egestse raised, 260 — Sardinia 
and Corsica ravaged and Hanno defeated, 259 
— war in Sicily, Panormus taken, 258 — naval 



engagement of Regulus with Carthaginians off 
Tyndaris, 257— Regulus defeats Carthaginians 
in another sea-fight, 256— lands in Africa, 
ravages Carthaginian territory, 256— remains 
there, Manlius returning in winter to Rome, 
256— Regulus defeated and taken, beginning 
255— fresh expedition to Africa, Jun. 255 — 
naval victory, 255 — the fleet wrecked, begin- 
ning Jul. 255 — Rome prepares another fleet, 
254 — set out, end of Apr. 254 — besiege Pa- 
normus, 3 months, Aug. 254 — fresh expedition, 
to Africa, take some towns, suffer shipwreck re- 
turning, sum. to wint. 253 — Senate give up 
sea-fights, 253 — expedition to Sicily, Himera 
taken, and lost ; expedition to Lipara, 252 — 
expedition to Sicily, 251 — Romans resume 
naval armaments, 250 — victory of Metellus at 
Panormus, 250 — expedition to Sicily, 250 — 
siege of Lilybceum, 250 — fleet under Claud. 
Pulcher defeated, L. Junius suffers ship- 
wreck, 249 — Romans again abandon the 
sea, 249 — Evyx taken, 249 — Senate ap- 
point A. Atilius Calatinus Dictator, 249 

— siege of Lilybceum continues, Drepa- 
num besieged, 248 — Roman privateering or 
piracy, 247 — Hamilcar Barcas General of 
Carthaginians, 247 — seizes Hercte, [262^] 
and ravages coasts of Italy, 247 — attacks 
Romans in Panormus, 247-244 — Fundanius 
opposes Barcas in Sicily, 243 — Romans again 
prepare a fleet, beginning sum. 242 — expedi- 
tion under C. Lutatius, beginning 241 — naval 
victory of Romans at .ZEgates Insulse, 10 Mar. 
241 b — surrender of Lilybceum, (6 Id. Mar.) 241 

— Carthage obtains peace, 241 — triumph of 
Catulus, 6 Oct. 

Second (218-201) : fall of Saguntum, de- 
claration of war, 219 — preparations of Han- 
nibal, wint. 219-218 — his review at Carthago 
Nova, spring 218 — passage of the Pyrenees and 
the Rhone, sum. 2 1 8 — Tib. Sempronius sent with 
fleet to Sicily, to invade Africa, sum. — passage 
of the Alps by Hannibal, Sep. or Oct. — battles 
of Ticinus and Trebbia, Dec. b — Hannibal 
winters in Liguria, 218-7 — invasion of Etruria, 
battle of Trasimene, spring 217 — Q. Fabius 
appointed Dictator, 217 — Minucius surprised 
by Hannibal, rescued by Fabius, 217 — battle 
of Cannse, sum. 216 — Hannibal winters at 
Capua, 216-215— treaty between Hannibal and 
Philip of Macedonia, 215 — Marcellus defeats 
Carthaginians atNola, 215 — Hannibal winters 
in ApuUa,conquers Locri and Croton, 2 15-214 — 
attempt of Hannibal on Tarentum, 214— siege 
of Syracuse, by Marcellus, begins, 214 — war 
with Philip begins, 214 — Hannibal before 
Tarentum, 213 — capture of Tarentum and 
blockade of citadel, early in 212 — Syracuse 
taken, aut. 212 — siege of Capua, by Fulvius, 
raised by Hannibal, 212 — Hannibal marches 
toward Rome, 211 — surrender of Capua, 211 
— treaty between JEtolians and Romans, 2 1 1 
— Agrigentum taken by M. Valerius, 210 — 
Carthago Nova taken by Scipio, 210 or 209 — 
refusal of 12. Latin colonies to furnish con- 
tingents, beginning 209— battles in Apulia, 209 
— Fabius- retakes Tarentum, 209 — Scipio de- 
feats. Hasdrubal in Spain, 209— the Consuls 



"74 



PUNJAB— PUYSEGUE. 



surprised near Venusia, Marcellus kiHed, 208 
— Hasdrubal winters in Gaul, 208-207 — passes 
the Alps, 207 — battle of Metaurus, Hasdrubal 
killed, 207— triumph of the Consuls, 207— 
Scipio defeats Carthaginians in Spain, early in 
206 — Scipio concludes treaty with Syphax, 206 
— Spain evacuated by Carthaginians, 206— 
preparations of Scipio and Mago, 205 — Scipio 
passes into Africa, besieges Utica, close of 
204 — Scipio burns camp of Syphax and Has- 
drubal, 203 — defeat of Syphax and Hasdrubal, 
by Lselius and Masinissa, 24 Jun. 203 b — 
Mago defeated in Cisalpine Gaul, 203 — Han- 
nibal recalled to Carthage, 203 — embassy to 
Borne for peace, unsuccessful, close of 203 — 
battle of Zama, truce for three months, early 
in 202 — peace concluded, beginning 201 — 
triumph of Scipio, 201. 

Third (150-146) : Cato declares for destruc- 
tion of Carthage, 150— preparations of Eome, 
150-149 — Carthaginian embassy to Eome, 
149 — 300 hostages given to the Consuls at 
Lilybceum, 149 — surrender of arms and ships, 
149— Hasdrubal reappointed general, siege of 
Carthage begun, 149 — expeditions of Piso 
along the coast, 148 — Scipio elected Consul, 
close of 148 — capture of Megara, blockade of 
the city, 147— attack renewed, spring 146 — 
Carthage taken and destroyed, about Jul. 
I46. b a Zonaras. b Clinton. 

Punjab. [Panjab.] 

Pupienus Maximus, M. Clodius, Eoman 
Emperor, — with Balbinus, Mar. 238 — slain, 
mid. Jun. 238.* a Clinton. 

Purbach, Georg, (Purbachias,) astronomer, 
— b. in Austria, 30 May 1423 — U. at Vienna, 
8 Apr. 1461. Theories JSfovce Planetarum, 1472 
— (with Eegiomontanus) translation of the 
Almagest, 1543. 

Purcell, Henry, musical composer, — ft. at 
Westminster, 1658— organist of Westminster 
Abbey, 1676 — organist of Chapel Eoyal, 1682 
— lj. in London, 21 Nov. 1695. Dido and 
JEneas, cantata, composed, 1680 — first printed, 
1 841 — Collection of Ayres, 1697 — Orpheus 
Britannicus, 1697. 

Purchas, Samuel,— b. in Essex, 1577 — ti. 
in London, about 1628. Ptcrchas his Pilgrim- 
age, 16 1 3 — Purchas his Pilgrimmes, 1625. 

Purchase System, in English Army, — sale of 
commissions prohibited by Act 5 and 6Edw. VL, 
1552 — payment of Is. in the £1 on surrender of 
a commission ordered by Eoyal Warrant, 1683 
— any payment interdicted by Eoyal Warrant, 
1693 — purchase of a commission recognized as 
legal, 1702— restrictions imposed, 17 n — again, 
1719-20 — Commission of Inquiry into over- 
regulation payments, 1725 — another, under 
Lord Ligonier, which fixes scale of prices, 
1765— over-regulation prices made penal, and 
interference with sale of commissions pro- 
hibited, by Act 49 Geo. III. c. 126, 1809— 
purchase commended by Wellington, 1833 — 
and by Eoyal Commissions, 1840 and 1850 
— other Commissions appointed, 1854, 1856, 
1858, 1863, 1867, 1870 — abolished by Eoyal 
Warrant, 20 Jul. 1871. [Promotion.] 

Purgatory, Doctrine of — suggested by 



Augustine, 407 — controverted by Pelagius at 
synod of Diospolis, 415 — inculcated by Gregory 
the Great, 590-604 — propagated by Bene- 
dictines, 615 — generally received in ^England, 
690 — all persons required by the pope to pray 
for souls in purgatory, about 1000 — discussed 
between Greeks and Latins at Council of Fer- 
rara, 1438 — adopted by Council of Florence, 
1439 — rejected by Articles of Church of Eng- 
land, 1553— enforced by Council of Trent, sess. 
25, 3 and 4 Dec. 1563. 

Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary, 
Feast of, — introduced in Eoman Church by 
Pope Gelasius, 494. 

Puritans, — rise of, in England, 1547-50 — 
name comes into use, 1564,* 1569 b — persecuted 
by Elizabeth, 1567 and 1583 — severe enact- 
ments against, by Act 35 Eliz. c. 1, 1593 — 
present their Millenary Petition, 1603 — hold 
conference with prelates at Hampton Court, 
Jan. 1604 — numerous in parliament, 1604 — 
influence of, predominant in Long Parliament, 
1640. [Nonconformists, Toleration.] 
a Fuller. b Strypc. 

Purpureo, L. Furius, — [B C] — military tri- 
bune under Marcellus, 210 — praetor in Cisal- 
pine Gaul, 200 — defeats Hamilcar and Gauls 
at Cremona, and triumphs : Consul with M. 
Claud. Marcellus, (558, a. u. c.) 196 — defeats 
Boii : ambassador to Transalpine Gaul, 183. 

Purveyance, right of, — in England, abolished 
by Act 12 Car. II. c. 24, 1660. 

Puschkin, Alexander Sergievich, poet, — ft. 
at St Petersburg, 26 May (o. s.) 1799 — enters 
service of government, 18 17 — exiled, 1820 — 
Imperial historiographer, 1825 — tf. at St Pe- 
tersburg, 10 Feb. 1837. Ruslan and Bind- 
mila, 1820 — PlenniJc Kavkaskoi, 1822 — 
Fountain of BaJchtchiserai, 1824 — Tzigani, 
1827 — Oneghine, 1828 — Pitltava, 1829 — Boris 
Gudenov, 1831. 

Puseus, — Consul with Joannes, (1220, 
a. u. c.) 467. 

Puseyism. [Tractarian Movement.] 

Putschius, Elias, philologist,—^, at Ant- 
werp, 1580 — ft. at Stade, 9 Mar. 1606. Gram- 
maticce latince auctores antiqui, 1605. 

Putter, Johann Stephen, publicist, — ft. in 
Westphalia, 25 Jun. 1725 — Prof. Jurispru- 
dence;, Gottingen, 1746 — member of Academy 
of Berlin, 1787— Dean of Faculty of Law, 
1797 — tf., 12 Aug. 1807. Institutiones juris 
publici Germanici, 1770 — Grundriss der Staats- 
ver Under ung en des Teutschen Reichs, 1753 — 
Historische Fntwiclcelung der heutigen Staats- 
verfassung des Teutschen Reichs, 1786-98. 

Puysegur, Armand Marie Jacques de Chas- 
tenet, Marquis de, general, litterateur, — ft. at 
Paris, 1 Mar. 1751 — enters the army, 1768 — Co- 
lonel, 1 7 7 8 — assists at siege of Gibraltar, 178 2 — 
attends lectures of Mesmer, about 1783 — sup- 
ports the revolution, 1789 — quits the army, 
1792 — arrested, 1797 — liberated, Nov. 1799 — 
tf. near Soissons, 1 Aug. 1825. Memoircs 
pour servir a I'histoire du magnetisme animal, 
1784 — Du magnetisme animal, 1804-7 — 
Recherches physiologiques sur Vhomme dans 
I'e'tat de somnambulisme, 1813. 



PUYSEGUR— PYTHIAN GAMES. 



"75 



Puysegur, Jacques de Chastenet, Vicomte 
de, general, — b. near Guise, 4 Sep. 1602 — 
enters Guards of Louis XIII., 1617 — distin- 
guishes himself in campaign against Spaniards, 
1636 — retires, Apr. 1659 — tf., 1682. Me- 
moir es, 1690. 

Puysegur, Jacques Francois de Chastenet, 
Marquis de, Marshal op France, — fc. at 
Paris, 13 Aug. 1656 — Marechal-general des 
logis, 1690 — negotiates league with Electors 
of Bavaria and Cologne, 1700 — passes into 
Spain as Director-general of French forces, 
1703 — Lieutenant-general, 1704 — serves at 
Malplaquet and Denain, 1707 — Marshal of 
France, 14 Jun. 1734— tf. at Paris, 15 Aug. 
1743. Art de la Guerre, 1748. 

Pydna, in Macedonia, — [B C] — reduced and 
rehuilt by Archelaos, 410 — revolts, and is 
taken by Philip, 35 8 — Olympias besieged in, 
by Cassander, 316-5 — iErnilius Paullus defeats 
Perseus at, 168. 

Pye, Henry James, poet-laureate, — n. in 
London, 1745 — LL.D. Oxford, 1772 — M.P. 
Berkshire, 1784 — appointed laureate, 1790 — 
tf., 11 Aug. 1 8 13. 

Pym, John, statesman, — fi. in Somerset- 
shire, 1584 — enters Oxford Univ., 1599 — fakes 
part in impeachment of Buckingham, 1626 — 
and in attack on Manwaring, 1628 — prevented 
from emigrating by Charles I., 1637 — member 
of Long Parliament, Nov. 1640 — proposes im- 
peachment of Earl of Strafford, 11 Nov. 1640, 
and conducts the proceedings — one of the 
Five Members, 1642 — Lieutenant of the 
Ordnance, Nov. 1643 — tf. in London, 8 Dec. 
1643. 

Pynaker, Adam van, painter,—^, at Pyn- 
aker, near Delft, 1621 — tf., 1678^ 1673. b 
a Engl. Cyc. 

Biog*. Univ., Nouv. Biog. Gen., andRees' Cyc. 
_„ Pyne, James B., painter, — b. at Bristol, 5 
Dec. 1800 — goes to London, 1835 — member of 
Society of British Artists, 1839 — visits Italy, 
Switzerland, and Germany, 1846 — again visits 
Italy, 1852-54 — tf., 29 Jul. 1870. 

Pyne, "William Henry, painter, miscellaneous 
writer, — fj. in London, 1770 — member of 
Society of Painters in "Water Colours, 1805 — 
tf., 29 May 1843. Microcosm, 1803 — History 
of the Royal Residences, 1 8 1 9. 

Pynson, Kichard, printer, — naturalized in 
England, by Henry VII., 1493 — King's 
Printer, 1503 or 1508 — tf., about 1529 (?). 

Pyramids of Egypt, — [BC] — the Great, of 
Cheops, at Ghizeh, built, 2i5o, a 2i8o, b 3280,° 
2o89, d 1082 e — [AD] — visited by Emperor Seve- 
rus, 202 — -second, of Cephren, visited and opened 
by Caliph Othman, 1 196-7 — visited by Belonius, 
1553— chamber in Great Pyramid discovered 
by Davison, 1764 — second, opened by Belzoni, 
about 1820 — other chambers opened by Vyse, 
1837 — measurement of Great, by Piazzi 
Smyth, 1863 — his second measurement, Jan. 
to Mar. 1865. a Sir J. flerschel. b Smyth. 

c Cra-wfurd. d Wilkinson. e Lepsius. 

Pyramids, Battle of the, — Napoleon defeats 
the Mamelukes, 21 Jul. 1798. 

Pyrenees, — [BC]— passed by Hannibal, 218 



— military road across, constructed by Pompeius, 
49— [AD] — passed by Charles the Great, 778 
— battles of the, defeat of Soult by Wellington, 
25-30 Jul. 1813— crossed by railway train, 21 
Aug. 1862. Peace of the, between France and 
Spain, concluded, 7 Nov. 1659. 

Pyrgoteles, gem engraver, — [B C] — £(., after 
35o. 

Pyromachos, {Phyromachos,) scidptor, — 
[B C]— fi., (01. 135,) 240. 

Pyrometer, — invented by Muschenbroek, 
about 1730 — Ellicott's, invented, 1736 — 
Graham's, 1754 — "Wedgwood's, 1782 — Banis- 
den's, 1785 — Guyton's, exhibited, 1803 — 
Daniell's, 1821 — Ericsson's, 1851. 

Pyrrhion,— [BC]— Archon at Athens, (01. 
98, 1,) 388. 

Pyrrhon, Sceptic philosopher, — [B C] — ac- 
companies Alexander the Great on Asiatic ex- 
pedition, about 330. 

Pyrrhus, King oe Epirus, — [BC] — ft., 
about 318 — accession, about 312 — expelled by 
Cassander and present at Ipsus, 301 — hostage 
to Ptolemy, 301 — restored to Epirus by him, 
297 — assassinates Neoptolemus and reigns 
alone, 295 — drives Antipater out of Macedonia, 
294 — invades Thessaly, 291 — defeats Pantau- 
chus in JEtolia, 289 — loses Korkyra : invades 
Macedonia and is driven out, 288 — alliance 
with Lysimachus, and drives Demetrius out of 
Macedonia, 287 — expelled from throne of Ma- 
cedonia by Lysimachus, mid. 286 or end of 287 
— receives embassy from Tarentum against 
Borne, 281 — passes into Italy, Apr. to May 280 
— defeats Valerius Lsevinus : sends Cineas to 
Borne, 280 — defeats Decius Mus and Sulpicius, 
near Asculum, 279 — truce with Borne, goes to 
Sicily, end of sum. 278 a — returns to Italy, 
275^ aut. 276 b - — defeated by Curius Den- 
tatus, 275 — returns to Epirus, end of 274 — in- 
vades Macedonia and is proclaimed King, 273 
— invades Laconia, and is killed, in retreating 
from Argos, wint. 272. 

a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. 

Pythagoras, philosopher, — [B C] — 6., about 

57o, a about 609 b — fl., about 540-510 — at 

Croton, (01. 60,) 540 «— tf., (01. 70, 1,) 500- 

499. d a Aristoxenus and Jamblichus. 

b Eratosth. and Antilochus. c Muller. 

d Euseb. Ann. 

Pythagoras, sculptor, — [BC] — fl., about 
480-430. a a Smith's Diet. 

Pythagorean League, — [BC] — over- 
thrown, 504. a a Muller. 

Pytharatos, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
127, 2,) 271. 

Pytheas, orator,— [BC] — accuses Demos- 
thenes of taking bribes from Harpalus, 325 — 
joins Antipater in Lamian War, 322. 

Pytheas, of Massilia, navigator, — [BC]— 0., 
about 325 ? 

Pytheas, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
100, 1,) 380. 

Pythiads, Era of,— [B C]— commences, (01. 
48, 3,) 586, a (01. 49, 3,) 5 8 2 . b 

a Boeckh and Clinton. b Euseb. 

Pythian Games, — [BC] — (wy£/Mc institution, 
celebrated by Delphi :) gymnastic contests in- 



H76 



PYTHOCLES— QUAGLIO. 



troduced, (01. 47, 3,) 590 a — celebrated by 
Amphictyons, from (01. 47, 3) 590 a or (01. 48 
3) 586 — flute-playing solo and as accompani- 
ment added, 590 01-586, and no more — chariot- 
race with four horses introduced, (Pyth. 2,) 578, 
(01. 49, 3,) 582 a — prize, a garland and palm- 
branch, from 582 — cithara playing, (Pyth. 8, 
01. 55, 3,) 558— foot-race in arms, (Pyth. 23, 
01. 70, 3,) 498 — chariot-race with two horses, 
(Pvth. 48, 01. 95, 3,) 398— with four colts, 
(Pyth. 53, 01. 100, 3,) 378— pancratium for 
boys, (Pyth. 61, 01. 108, 3,) 346— race with 
colts, (Pyth. 63, 01. 110, 3,) 338— chariot-race 
with two colts, (Pyth. 69, 01. 116, 3,) 314.; 

Celebrated by Philip of Macedonia with 
Thessalians and Boeotians, (01. 108, 3,) 346— 
celebrated at Athens, by Demetrius Poliorke- 
tes, (01. 122, 3.) 29o b — [AD]— celebrated pro- 
bably, till about 394. a Miiller. b Clinton. 



Pythocles, orator, — [BC] — put to death 
with Phocion at Athens, 317. 

"Pythocvitos^Jlute-plai/er, — [BC] — gainsprize 
at Pythian Games, (Pyth. 4-9,) 574-70-66-62- 
58-54- 

Pythocritos, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
71, 3,) 494. 

Pythocritos, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, 
(01. 94, 1,) 404. 

Pythodemos, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, 
(01. Ill, 1,) 336. 

Pythodoros, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, 
(01. 87, 1,) 432. 

Pythodotos, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, 
(01. 109, 2,) 343. 

Python, satiric dramatist, — [BC]— exhibits 
at the Dionysia, on banks of Hydaspes, 326. a 
a Clinton. 



Q. 



Quadrant, — use of, recommended by Ptole- 
my, 140-160. [Mural Quadrant, Sextant.] 

Quadrature of the Circle, — impossibility of, 
demonstrated by Lambert, 17 61 — Academy of 
Sciences, Paris, decline to examine papers pre- 
tending to the, 1775 — like announcement by 
Royal Society, London, soon after. 

Quadratus, Bp of Athens, — presents 
his Apology to Hadrian at Athens, 126. 

Quadratus, A. Julius, — Consul with Tib. 
Julius Candidus, (858, a. u. c.) 105. 

Quadratus, Asinius, historian, — ft., about 
245. 

Quadratus, L. Statius, — Consul with L. 
Cuspius Rufinus, (895, a. u. c.) 142. 

Quadratus, M. Ummidius, — Consul with 
Yerus, (920, a. u. c.) 167. 

Quadratus, Ummidius, — governor of Syria, 
5 1 -60 — suffers Rhadamistus to dethrone and kill 
Mithridates of Armenia, 52 — puts down dis- 
turbances in Judsea, 52. 

Quadrigarius, Q. Claudius, historian, — 
[BC]-— ft., about 100. 

Quadrilateral, The, Italian border fortresses, 
— evacuation of, by Austria, commenced, 9 Oct. 
1866. 

Quadrio, Francesco Saverio, Jesuit. — fc. in 
the Valtelline, 1 Dec. 1695— ft. at Milan, 21 
Kov. 1756. Storia e Pagione d'ogni Poesia, 

1739-59- 

Quadriremes, — [B C] — introduced into 
Greece by Dionysius I. of Syracuse, about 400 
— used at Athens, from 330. 

Quadruple Alliance, — for mutual defence, 
between States-General of Holland, King of 
Denmark, Grand Elector and Duke of Bruns- 
whk-Luneburg, signed at the Hague, 28 Oct. 
1666. 

Quadruple Alliance, {England, France, 
Austria, United Provinces, 17 18) — Peace of 



Utrecht, 17 13 — Peace of Rastadt, 1714 — barrier 
treaty of Antwerp, 17 15 — intrigues of Alberoni 
and Gortz in favour of the Pretender, 17 17 — 
conquest of Sardinia by Spain, 22 Aug. 1717 — 
alliance of England, France, and Austria, 22 
Jul. 17 18 — Byng's victory off Cape Passaro, 31 
Jul. 17 18 — alliance formed with United Pro- 
vinces, in Treaty of London, Quadruple Alliance, 

2 Aug. 17 1 8 — conquest of Sicily by Spain, 
Jul. to Sep. 17 1 8 — conspiracy of Cellamer, Dec. 
17 1 8— war declared by England and France 
against Spain, 16, 22 Dec. 17 18 — Port Pas- 
sages taken by Duke of Berwick, 13 Apr. 17 19 
— Fontarabia taken, 5 Jun. 17 19 — Spanish in- 
vasion defeated at Glenshields, 10 Jun. 17 19 
— Imperialists defeated at Yilla Franca, Sicily, 
20 Jun. 17 19 — St Sebastian taken, 1 Aug. 17 19 
— Yigo taken by Cobham, 1 Oct. 17 19 — Mes- 
sina recovered, 19 Oct. 17 19 — fall of Alberoni, 

3 Dec. 17 19 — Spain accepts the conditions of 
the Alliance, 26 Jan. 1720 — kingdom of Sar- 
dinia given to Savoy, 8 Aug. 1720 — Congress 
at Cambray, Jan. 1724 to Jun. 1725 — Treaty of 
Yienna, between the Empire and Spain, 30 Apr. 

1725- 

Quadruple Treaty, — in support of Queens 
Isabella and Maria, concluded between Great 
Britain, France, Spain, and Portugal 22 Apr. 
1834. 

Queestors, at Pome, — [B C]— the public ac- 
cusers, from before 510-366 — instituted by 
Valerius Publicola, (?) about 509-500 — number 
raised to 4, 421 — open to plebeians, 421 — first 
plebeian qua3stor, 409 — number raised to 8, 265 
— to 20, by Sulla, about 80 — none elected, 49 
— serarium not officially kept for 4 years after — 
number raised to 40, by Julius Csesar, about 45 
— [AD] — obliged to give games on taking 
office from time of Claudius, 41. 

Quaglio, Domenico, painter, — fi. at Munich, 



QUAIN— QUEEN'S COUNTY. 



"77 



i Jan. 1786 — ft. at Hohenschwangau, 9 Apr. 

1837- 

Quain, Jones, anatomist,— Prof. Anatomy 
and Physiology, London Univ., about 1830 — 
retires, 1836 — tf., Jan. 1865. Elements of Ana- 
tomy, 1832 (2nd ed.). 

Quaini, Lodovico, (Luigi,) painter, — 6. at 
Bologna, 1643 — tf., 17 17. 

Quakers, Society of friends, — originated in 
England by George Fox, about 1647 — perse- 
cuted, 1656-85 — [Naylor, James, Barclay, 
Robert, and Penn, William] — relief of, pro- 
vided for, by Toleration Act, 1689 — [Affirm- 
ation] — bill for relief of, introduced in parlia- 
ment, 1796 — scbism among, under Elias Hicks, 
commences in America, 1827 — admitted to Im- 
perial parliament, 1833 — mixed marriages 
solemnized according to their usage, declared 
valid by Act 23 and 24 Vic. c. 18, 15 May 
i860. 

Qualification for Offices, in Great Britain, 
—abolished by Act 29 Vic. c. 22, 18 May 1866. 

Quarantine, — instituted at Venice, about 
1485 — regulations respecting, in England, by 
Act 9 Ann. c. 2, 17 10 — established in France, 
1720 — law respecting, consolidated by Act 6 
Geo. IV. c. 78, 27 Jun. 1825 — international 
congress on, meets at Paris, 23 Jul. 1851 — 
closes, 19 Jan. 1852. 

Quarin, Joseph, Count, physician, — 5. at 
Vienna, 19 Nov. 1733 — teaches Anatomy and 
Materia Medica, at the Univ., 1754-6 — Aulic 
Councillor, 1756 — First Physician to Emperor 
Joseph II., 1777 — Count, 1797 — tf. at Vienna, 
19 Mar. 1 8 14. Commentatio de curandis 
febribus et inflammationibus, 178 1 — Animad- 
versiones practiced indiversos morbos, 1786. 

Quarles, Francis, poet, — ft. near Eomford, 
in Essex, 1592 — secretary to Abp Ussher, 
about 162 1 — chronologer to City of London, 
1 64 1 — joins the king at Oxford, his pro- 
perty sequestrated, 1644 — tf. in London, 8 Sep. 
1644. Loyal Convert, 1644 — Emblems, 1635 — 
Ench iridion of Mcdita t ions, 1654. 

Quarter Sessions, {Court of General Quarter 
Session of the Peace,) in England, — appointed 
to be held, by Act 12 Eic. II. c. 10, 1389— 
jurisdiction of, defined by Act 5 and 6 Vic. c. 
38, 30 Jim. 1842 — further regulated by Acts 11 
and 12 Vic. c. 78, 31 Aug. 1848; 12 and 13 
Vic. c. 45, 28 Jul. 1849 ; and 21 and 22 Vic. 
c. 73, 2 Aug. 185^. 

Quarterly Review, in England, — established, 
1809. 

Quartodecimani. [Easter.] 

Quatre Bras, in S. Brabant, — "Wellington 
repulses JSTey at, 16 Jun. 18 15. 

Quatremere, Etienne Marc, orientalist, — 
b. at Paris, 12 Jul. 1782 — Prof. Greek Liter- 
ature, Eouen, 1809— member of Academy of 
Inscriptions, 1815 — Prof. Semitic Languages, 
Coll. de France, 18 19 — Prof. Persian, at School 
of living Oriental Languages, 1827 — tf. at 
Paris, 18 Sep. 1857. Recherches sur la langue 
et la litterature de VEgypte, 1808 — Memoires 
geographiques et historiques sur VEgypte, 18 10 
— translations of Malcrizis History of Mame- 
luke Sultans of Egypt, 1837-40 — and Raschid 



Eddin's History of Mongols of Persia, 1836. 

Quatremere de Quincy, Antoine Chrysos- 
tome, archceologist,—f). at Paris, 21 Oct. 1758 
— goes to Eome, 1776— again in Italy, 1782-5 
— member of Legislative Assembly, 1791 — 
imprisoned, 1794 — member of Council of Five 
Hundred, May 1797 — is proscribed and escapes, 
after 19 Fructidor an V., 5 Sep. 1797 — mem- 
ber of Institute, 1804 — Censor Eoyal and 
Officer of Legion of Honour, 18 14 — Intendant- 
general of Arts and Public Monuments, 18 15 
— perpetual secretary of Academy of Fine Arts, 
1816-39 — member of Chamber of Deputies, 
1 8 20- 1 — tf. at Paris, 28 Dec. 1849. Biction- 
naire d Architecture, 1786 — Be la Nature, du 
But et des Moyens de V Imitation dans les Beaux 
Arts, 1833 — Histoire de la Vie et des Ouvrages 
des plus celebres Architectes, $c, 1830 — Vie de 
Raphael, 1 824 — Vie de Michel- Ange Buonarotti, 
1835- 

Quebec, in Canada, — founded by French, 
1608 — taken by English, 1629 — given up, 1632 
— declared capital of Canada by French, 1663 
— unsuccessfully attacked by English, 1690 and 
17 1 1 — Gen. Wolfe defeats Montcalm at, 13 
Sep. 1759 — surrenders to English, 18 Sep. — 
unsuccessfully besieged by French, 1760 — 
ceded to Great Britain, 1763 — unsuccessfully 
attacked by Americans, Dec. 1775 — first par- 
liament of Lower Canada meets at, 1792 — 
great fires at, 28 May and 28 Jun. 1845, and 
7 Jun. 1862 — Conference of Colonial Governors 
at, respecting Confederation of British N. 
America, Oct. 1864— great fires at, 22 Jun. 
1865, 14 Oct. 1866, and 24 May 1870. Laval 
University, founded as Eoman Catholic Semin- 
ary, 1663 — erected into a University, 1854. 
Presbyterian College, founded, 1862. 

Queen of England, regnant, — all regal power 
declared to be vested in, as fully as in a king, 
by Act 1 Mar. sess. 3, c. 1, 1554. Consort, to 
compass or imagine death of, declared treason, 
by Act 25 Edw.-III. st. 5, c. 2, 1352. 

Queen Anne's Bounty,— for augmentation 
of maintenance of poor clergy, instituted by 
letters-patent, 3 Nov. 1703 — confirmed and 
corporation established by Act 2 and 3 Ann. c. 
11, 1703. 

Queen Charlotte Islands, N. Pacific Ocean, 
— seen by Cook, about 1770 — explored by 
Dixon, and taken possession of for Great 
Britain, 1787 — form part of British Columbia, 
by Act 21 and 22 Vic. c. 99, 2 Aug. 1858. 

' Queen Charlotte Islands, S. Pacific Ocean, 
— discovered by Mandana, 1595 — visited by 
Carteret, about 1767. 

Queen's Bench. [King's Bench.] 

Queen's College, Cambridge, — founded by 
Margaret of Anjou, 30 Mar. 1449— refounded 
by Elizabeth, Queen of Edward IV., 1465. 

Queen's College, Oxford, — founded by 
Eobert Eglesfield, confessor to Queen Philippa, 
1340. 

Queen's Colleges, in Ireland, — foundation 
and endowment of, authorized by Act 8 and 9 
Vic. c. 66, 31 Jul. 1845. 

Queen's County, in Ireland, — constituted by 
Queen Mary, 1553-58. 



1178 



QUEEN'S THEATRE— QUIERCY-SUR-OISE. 



Queen's Theatre. [Opera House.] 

Queen's University, in Ireland, — founded 
by letters-patent of Queen Victoria, 15 Aug. 
1850. 

Queensberry, James Douglas, 2nd Duke 
op, — b., 18 Dec. 1662 — travels, 1680-4 — 
marries Lady Mary Boyle, 1 Dec. 1685 — sup- 
ports the Revolution, 1688 — Privy Councillor, 
1689 — serves under Mackay iu Scotland, 1690 
— Lord of the Treasury, 1692 — succeeds his 
father, 1695 — Lord Privy Seal, in Scotland, 
1695 — Lord High Commissioner, 1700 — K.G., 
Jun. 1701 — Secretary of State, by Queen Anne, 
1702 — Lord Privy Seal again, 1705 — Com- 
missioner for Treaty of Union, 1706 — Lord 
High Commissioner, at last Scottish parliament, 
1706 — created Baron Rippon, Marquis of 
Beverley, and Duke of Dover, in English peer- 
age, May 1708 — third Secretary of State, 9 
Feb. 1709 — loses his wife, 2 Oct. 1709 — tf., 6 
Jul. 17 1 1. 

Queensland, in Australia, — made separate 
colony, 10 Dec. 1859. 

Queenstown, in Ireland, {Cove of Cork,) — 
becomes important naval station in French 
war, 1792 — pier erected, 1805 — visited by 
Queen Victoria, and its name changed from 
Cove to Queenstown, Aug. 1849. 

Quekett, John Thomas, microscopist, — b. in 
Somersetshire, 18 15 — Assistant Curator of 
Hunterian Museum, 1843 — Principal Curator, 
Prof. Histology, R.C.S., 1856— F.R.S., i860 
— tf. at Pangbourne, Berks, 20 Aug. 1861. 

Quellinus. [Quellyn.] 

Quellyn, Artus, sculptor, painter, — b. at 
Antwerp, 1630 — tf. there, 17 15. Decorations 
of Hotel de Ville, Amsterdam, about 1655. 

Quellyn, Erasmus, painter, — b. at Antwerp, 
19 Nov. 1607 — tf. there, 11 Nov. 1678. 

Quellyn, Hubert, engraver, — b. at Antwerp, 
about 1608. 

Quellyn, Jan Erasmus, painter, — b. at 
Antwerp, 1629 — tf. there, 11 Mar. 1715. 

Quentin, St. [Saint-Quentin.] 

Querard, Joseph "Marie, bibliographer, — b- 
at Rennes, 25 Dec. 1797 — employed at Vienna, 
1819-24 — member of Legion of Honour, 15 
Aug. 1865 — tf. at Paris, 3 Dec. 1865. France 
Litteraire, 1827-42 — Litter ature francaise 
contemporaine, 1839-44 — Supercheries lit- 
teraires devoilees, 1845-56 — Lictionnaire des 
ouvrages polyonymes et anonym.es, 1846-7. 

Quercetanus. [Duchesne.] 

Quercia, Giacomo della, (Jacopo della Ponte,) 
sculptor, — b. at Siena, 1371 — competitor for 
Baptistry Gates of Florence, 1401 — tf. at 
Siena, 1438. Fonte Gaja, Ferrara, 1412-19. 

Queretaro, in Mexico, — conquered by Span- 
iards, 1531 — made a city, 1655 — taken by Gen. 
Marquez, 28 Aug. 1861 — contribution levied by 
Juarez, May 1863 — entered by Emperor Maxi- 
milian, 19 Feb. 1867 — betrayed to Juarists by 
Gen. Lopez, 15 May 1 867. Treaty of, peace be- 
tween United States and Mexico, ratified at, 29 
May 1848. 

Querini, Girolamo, Cardinal, — b. at Ven- 
ice, 30 Mar. 1680 — enters Benedictine Order, 
1696— travels, 1710-14— Abp of Corfu, 1721^ 



1723 c — Bp of Brescia, 1727 — Cardinal, Libra- 
rian of tbe Vatican, 1727 a — ft. at Brescia, 1755, b 
i759, a 6 Jan. 1759.° Frimordia Corcyrce, 1725 
— Specimen Brixiance Litter aturce, 1739 — edits 
works of St Fphrem, 1732-46 — Letters of 
Cardinal Fole, 1744 — Fpistolce Latince, 1742-9. 
a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Querouaille, Louise. [Portsmouth, Duchess 

OF.] 

Quer-y-Martinez, Jose, botanist, — b. at 
Perpignan, 1695 — settles at Madrid, 1748 — 
tf. at Madrid, 19 Mar. 1764. Flora Espanola, 
1762-84. 

Quesnay, Francois, surgeon, economist, — b. 
near Montfort-l'-Amaury, 4 Jun. 1694 — Sur- 
geon to the king, Prof. Royal and perpetual 
secretary, Academy of Surgery, 1737— follows 
Louis XV. in campaign of 1744 — M.D. Pont- 
a-Mousson, 1744 — tf. at Versailles, 16 Dec. 
1774. Histoire de Vorigine et des progres de 
la chirurgie en France, 1744 — Tableau Econo- 
mique, 1758 — Fhysiocratie, 1768. 

Quesne. [Duquesne.] 

Quesnel, Pasquier, Jansenist, — b. at Paris, 
14 Jul. 1634 — enters Congregation of the 
Oratory, 1657 — ordained priest, 1659 — refuses 
to sign formulary, and retires into the Nether- 
lands, Feb. 1685 — arrested by order of Philip 
V. of Spain, and imprisoned at Mechlin, 30 
May 1703 — escapes, 13 Sep. — tf. at Amster- 
dam, 2 Dec. 17 19. Deflexions morales, 1693-4 
— condemned by Clement XL, 171 1 — again, by 
the bull Unigenitus, 8 Sep. 17 13 — CEuvres du 
Tape Saint Leon, 1675 — put in the Index, 
1676. 

Quesnoy, in France, — fortified by Baldwin V., 
Count of Hainault, 1150 — taken by Louis XL 
1447 — retaken by Archduke Maximilian, 1477 
— taken by Henry II. of France, 1552 — retaken 
by Spaniards, 1568 — occupied by Turenne, 6 
Sep. 1654 — captured by Prince Eugene, 4 Jul. 
17 1 2 — retaken by Villars, 4 Oct. 17 12— sur- 
renders to Clerfayt, 9 Sep. 1793 — recovered by 
French, 16 Aug. 1794 — taken by allies, 18 15. 

Quesnoy, Francois du. [Duquesnoy.] 

Question. [Torture.] 

Quevedo y Villegas, Francisco Gomez de, 
satirist, — b. at Madrid, 26 Sep. 1580 — D.D. 
Alcala, 1595 — envoy from Duke of Ossuna in 
Sicily to Court of Spain, 1615 — Finance Min- 
ister at Naples, about 1616 — Knt of St Jago, 
16 1 7 — imprisoned at Madrid, on charge of libel, 
1620-3 — marries, 1634 — again imprisoned, 
1639-42 — tf. at Villanueva de los Infantes, 8 
Sep. 1645. Suenos, 1635 a — Farnasso Fspanol, 
1670.* a Ticknor. 

Quiberon Bay, in France, — [See V Orient, 
Belle-Isle] — French emigrants, under Puisaye, 
sail from England, 10 Jun. 1795 — land in, 29 
Jun. — and are defeated by Gen. Hoche, 20-2 1 
Jul. 

Quick, John, comedian, — b. in London, 1748 
— appears at Haymarket Theatre, 1769 — 
retires, 1798 — tf. at Islington, 4 Apr. 1831. 

Quicksilver. [Mercury. ] 

Quiercy-sur-Oise, in France. Council of, 
for condemnation of Gotschalk, held, Apr. or 
May 849. 



QUIETISM— QUO WAEBANTO. 



■19 



Quietism, Quietists,— originated by Miguel 
Molinos, about 1675 — in France, preached by 
Madame Guyon, 1687 — supported by Fenelon, 
and opposed by Bossuet, about 1694-5 — con- 
demned by bull of Innocent XII., 12 Mar. 
1699. 

Quietus, — Consul with Voldumianus, (1025, 
a. u. c.) 272. 

Quietus, C Fulvius, one of the Thirty Ty- 
rants, — associated with his father, Macrianus, 
and brother, beginning 261 a — besieged in 
Emesa, taken and killed by Odenathus, 262. 
a Clinton. 

Quietus, Q. Lusius, — offers his services to 
Trajan, 101 — serves in Parthian war, 114 — 
governor of Judaea and Consul, by Trajan, 116 
or 117 a — murdered, after 117. 
a Smith's Diet. 

Quillet, Claude, poet, — b. at Chinon, 1602 
— tf. at Paris, Sep. 1661. Callipcedia, 1655. 

Quiloa, E. Africa, — visited by Cabral, 1498 
— taken and burnt by Almeida, 1505. 

Quimper, Quimper-Corentin, in France, — 
capital of Armorican Comouailles, (Cormvall,) 
before 500 — walled, 1209 — again fortified, by 
Pierre de Dreux, who tf., 1250 — taken by 
Charles of Blois, 1344— by De Montfort, 1364 
— besieged and taken by Marshal d'Aumont, 
1595. Cathedral, commenced, 26 Jul. 1424. 

Quimperle, in France, — monastery founded 
at, 1029 — threatened by Louis of Spain, who 
is defeated by Walter de Mauny, 1342 — taken 
by Olivier de Clisson,i373 — taken and pillaged 
by troops of Henry IV., 1590 — walls de- 
molished, 1680. 

Quin, James, actor, — fj. in London, 24 Feb. 
1693 — appears at Drury Lane Theatre, 1715 
— retires, 19 Mar. 1753— tf. at Bath, 21 Jan. 
1766. 

Quinault, Philippe, poet, — fj. at Paris, 3 
Jun. 1635 — admitted to French Academy, 
1670— to Academy of Inscriptions, 1674 — tf. 
at Paris, 26 Nov. 1688. Theatre, 1715. 

Quincey, Thomas de. [De Quineey.] 

Quinctilianus, Sex. Nonius, — Consul with 
M. Furius Camillus, (762, a. u. c.) 8. 

Quincy, John, physician, — tf. in London, 
1723. Pharmacopoeia, 1739 — Lexicon Fhysico- 
medicum, 1787. 

Quincy, Josiah, Jr., political orator, — fc. at 
Boston, 23 Feb. 1744 — graduates at Harvard 
Coll., 1763 — called to the bar, 1765 — visits 
England, Sep. 1774-5 — tf. at sea, on his return, 
26 Apr. 1775. Observations on Boston Fort 
Bill, 1774. 

Quincy, Josiah, miscellaneous writer, — fi. at 
Boston, 4 Feb. 1772 — graduates at Harvard 
Coll., 1790 — member of Congress, 1805-13 — 
Pres. Harvard Univ., Jun. 1829 — resigns, 
Aug. 1845 — t)., 3 Jul. 1864. Memoir of Josiah 
Quincy, jr., 1825 — History of Harvard Uni- 
versity, 1840 — Life of John Quincy Adams, 
1858. 

Quincy. [Quatremkre de Quincy.] 

Quinine, — [Bark, Peruvian] — obtained 



in separate form by Pelletier and Caventon, 
1820. 

Quinoidine, Animal, — discovered by Bence 
Jones, 1866. 

Quinqueremes, — [BC]— used at Athens, 
325 — used in first Punic War, 264-241. 

Quinsang, in China, — captured by Major 
Gordon, 1863. 

Quintana, Manuel Jose, poet, Qc.,— u. at 
Madrid, 11 Apr. 1772 — imprisoned by Fer- 
dinand VII., 1814-20— again deprived of his 
offices, 1823-28 — Senator and Peer, 1835 — 
crowned with laurel by Queen of Spain, 25 
Mar. 1855 — tf. at Madrid, n Mar. 1857. 
Vidas de Espanoles celebres, 1807-34 — Odes, 
1808. 

Quintianus, — Consul with Severus, (988, 

A. U. C.) 235. 

Quintianus, L. Ragonius, — Consul \ti\k M. 
Macriiis Bassus, (1042, a. u. c.) 289. 

Quintilianus, M. Fabius, rhetorician, — h., 
about 40 — attends lectures of Domitius Afer, 
before 59 — comes from Spain to Pome, 68— 
practises at the bar and teaches rhetoric at 
Eome, about 69-89 — tsr., about 118. Lnstitu- 
tiones Oratories, after 90. 

Quintilius Condianus, {Gordianus,) and 
Quintilius Maximus, Sex., (brothers,) Consuls, 
(904, a. u. c.) 151. 

Quintilius Varus, Sex., — [B C] — Consul with 
P. Curiatius Fistus, (301, a. v. c.) 453. 

Quintilius, M. Aurelius, Eoman Emperor, 
proclaimed by troops at Aquileia, spring 270 
— kills himself, 270. 

Quintilius, Plautius, — (1.) Consul with 
Statins Priscus, (912, a. u. c.) 159. (2.) Con- 
sul with Commodus, (930,) 177. 

Quintus Smyrnseus, {Calaber,) epic poet, — 
H., about 400. 

Quirini. [Querini.] 

Quirinus, P.. Sulpicius, — [B C] — Consul vith. 
M. Valerius Messalla, 12 — appointed as Coun- 
sellor to Caesar, 1 — [AD] — governor of Syria, 
makes a census, not before 5 — tf., 21. 

Quiros, Pedro Fernandes de, maritime 
discoverer, — fj. in Spain, about 1550 — accom- 
panies Mendana on his second expedition, 
1595 — voyage in the Pacific, Dec. 1605 to Oct. 
1606 — discovers New Hebrides, Apr. 1606— 
tf. at Panama, 16 14. 

Quita, Domingos dos Reis, poet, — h. at 
Lisbon, 8 Jan. 1728 — tf. at Lisbon, 1770. 
Works, 1 78 1. 

Quito, in S. America, — rebuilt by Sebastian 
Benalcazar, 1534 — incorporated as a city by 
Charles V., 1541 — seat of a bishopric, 1545 — 
destroyed by earthquakes, 1775, 4 Feb. 1797, 
and 22 Mar. 1859. 

Quo Warranto, Writ of, in English law, — 
proceedings regulated by Acts 6 Edw. I. c. 1, 
1278, and 18 Edw. I. st. 2, 1289 — law amended 
by Act 9 Ann. c. 20, 17 10 — again, by Acts 32 
Geo. III. c. 58, 1792 ; 7 Wm IV. and 1 Vic. 
c. 78, 17 Jul, 1837 ; and 6 and 7 Vic. c. 89, 22 
Aug. 1843. 



nSo 



RAAB— RADCLIFFE. 



R. 



Raab, in Hungary, (Rabona, Arabona,) — 
place of importance, before iooo — taken by- 
Turks, 1595 — retaken by Imperialists, Mar. 
1598 — fortifications strengthened by Monte- 
cuculi: demolished, 1783 — defeat of Anstri- 
ans by French before, 14 Jun. 1809 — fortress 
built by Napoleon I., 1809 — fortifications again 
demolished, 1820 — occupied by Austrians, 29 
Jun. 1 849 — Gen. Klapka expels Austrians from, 
3 Aug. 1849 — reoccupied by Austrians, 15 Aug. 

Rabanus Maurus, (Rabanus Magnentius,) 
Abp of Mentz, — b. at Mentz, abont w6, a at 
Fulda, 785 b — priest, Dec. 814 — Abbot of 
Fulda, 822 — mediates between Louis le De- 
bonnaire and his sons, about 830 — Abp of 
Mentz, 847 — presides at Council of Mentz, 852 
■ — assists at Council of Frankfort, 853 — ft. at 
Winfeld, 4 Feb. 856. 

a Biog. Univ. b Bees' Cyc. 

Eabaut Saint Etienne, Jean Paul, states- 
man, — h. at Nismes, Apr. 1743 — deputy to 
States- General, May 1789 — Pres. National As- 
sembly, 15 Mar. 1790 — Deputy to Convention, 
1792 — executed at Paris, 5 Dec. 1793. Vieux 
Cevenol, 1779 — Lettres a M. Bailly sur Vhis- 
toire primitive cle la Grece, 1787 — Considera- 
tions sur les inter ets du Tiers Stat, 178 8 — Precis 
historique de la Revolution Francaise, 1792. 

Rabbah, (Rabbath bene Amnion, Philadel- 
phia,) — [BC] — taken by David, 1034 a — de- 
vastated by Tiglath Pileser, 740 a — recovered 
by Ammonites, after 740 a — rebuilt by Ptolemy 
Philadelphus, 285-247 — taken by Antiochus 
the Great, 218 b — Cotylas governor, about 134 13 
— held by Aretas, about 65 b — [AD] — found 
in ruins by Saracens, ii58. b 

a Ussher. b Smith's Diet. Bib. 

Itabelais, Francois, satirist, — ft. at Chinon, 
about 1483^ 1495 b — M.D. Montpellier, 22 
May 1537 b — follows Cardinal Du Bellay to 
Rome, 1536 — cure of Meudon, 1545 — &• at 
Paris, about 1553,° 1559. d Pantagruel, abont 
1546. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

c Some authorities. d Others. 

Rabener, Gottlieb Wilhelm, moralist, — h. 
at Wacb.au near Leipsic, 17 Sep. 17 14 — studies 
Law at Leipsic, 1734— -tf. at Dresden, 22 Mar. 
177 1. Works, 1 75 1 -5. 

Rabirius, C.,— [B C]— joins Marius in be- 
sieging Saturninus in the Capitol, 100 — ac- 
cused oiperduellio and defended by Cicero, 63. 

Rabirius, C, epic poet,— [B0\ — fl., about 
3i. a a Fischer. 

Rabutin, Roger. [Bussy, Count de.] 

Raby, Lord. [Strafford, Earl of.] 

Rachel-Felix, Elisabeth, tragedian, — 6. in 
Switzerland, 28 Feb. 1821,* 24 Mar. i82o b — 
enters the Conservatoire, Paris, 1833 — appears 
at Theatre Francais, Jun. 1838 — visits Lon- 



don, 1846 — visits America, 1855 — tf. near 
Toulon, 3 Jan. 1858. 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Conv,-Lex. 

Rachis, Ratchis. [See Lombards.] 

Racine, Jean, poet, — b. at Ferte-Milon, 
(Aisne,) 21 Dec. 1639 — studies at Paris, 1658 
— admitted to French Academy, 1673 — marries, 
1 Jun. 1677 — historiographer of France, about 
1678 — tf., 26, a 22 b Apr. 1699 — his remains 
removed from Port Royal to St Etienne du 
Mont, 17 1 1. La Thebdide, 1664 — Andromaque, 
1667 — Britannicus, 1669 — Berenice, 1670 
— Phe'dre, \6-]*i — Athalie, 1690. 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. 

Racine, Louis, — b. at Paris, 6 Nov. 1692 — 
ti. at Paris, 29 Jan. 1763. Fa Grace, 1720 — 
Fa Religion, 1742 — Prose translation of Mil- 
ton s Paradise Post, 1755. 

Rack, instrument of torture, — use of, in 
England, mentioned, 1467 — abolished, 1640. 

Racovians, — designation applied to Polish 
Unitarians, about 1600. 

Racow, in Poland, — Catechism of, published, 
1609 — burnt in England by order of parliament, 

i 6 53- 

Raczynski, Athanasius, Count, diplomatist, 
writer on Art,—Jb. at Posen, 2 May 1788 — 
ambassador to Lisbon, 1840 — afterwards to 
Madrid : settles at Berlin, 1853 — **• there, 1856. 
FListoire de Vart moderne en Allemagne, 1836- 
42 — Arts an Portugal, 1 846 — Fictionnaire his- 
torique et artistique de Portugal, 1847. 

Raczynski, Eduard, Count, archaeologist, 
litterateur, — b. at Posen, 1786 — joins Polish 
legion in service of Napoleon I., 1807 — assists 
at Diet of Warsaw, 1 812— travels in Turkey, 
1 8 14, &c. — gives his palace and library to town 
of Posen, 1829 — kills himself at chateau of 
Zantomize, 20 Jan. 1845. Fziennih Podrozy 
do Turcyi, 1821 — Memoires de PasseJc, 1838 — 
Obraz Polahow i Polski, 1840 — Medailler de 
Pologne, 1841-5 — Codex Fiplomaticus Fithu- 
ani&, 1845. 

Radagaisus, Germanic chief, — invades 
Italy, occupies Feesulae, is blockaded there by 
Stilicho, captured and put to death, 405. 

Radbert, Paschasius, Abbot of Corbie, — 
enters abbey of Corbie, before 826 — employed 
by Louis le Debonnaire in negotiations, 831 — 
Abbot of Corbie, 844 — assists at Council of 
Paris, 846 — at Council of Quiercy sur Oise, 
849 — resigns abbey, 851 — ft., 26 Apr. 865. Fe 
Sacramento corporis et sanguinis Fomini nostri, 
83 1. a a Robertson. 

Radbod. [See Friesland.] 

Radcliffe, Ann, novelist, — b. in London, 9 
Jul. 1764 — marries William Radcliffe, about 
1787 — ti. in London, 7 Feb. 1823. Romance 
of the Forest, 1791 — Mysteries of Vdolpho^ 



RADCLIFFE— RAGHIB PACHA. 



1794 — The Italian, 1797 — Journey through 
Holland, §c, 1795. 

Kadcliffe, John, physician, — b. at "Wake- 
field, 1650 — enters Univ. Coll. Oxford, 1665 — 
B.A., 1669 — M.A., 1672 — resigns fellowship of 
Lincoln Coll., 1677 — M.D., 1682 — settles in 
London, 1684 — physician to Princess Anne, 
1686 — M.P. Buckingham, 1713 — tf. at Car- 
shalton, 1 Nov. 17 14. 

Radcliffe Library, Oxford University, — 
founded by will of Dr John Radcliffe, 17 14 

— building commenced, 1737 — completed,- 
1747. 

Radcot Bridge, in Oxfordshire, — defeat of 
Robert de Vere, Duke of Ireland, by Duke of 
Gloucester, 20 Dec. 1387. 

Rademacker, Abraham, painter, engraver, 
— b. at Amsterdam, 1675 — settles at Haarlem, 
1730 — tf. there, 22 Jan. 1735. 

RademaGker, Gerard, painter, — b. at Am- 
sterdam, 1673— tf. there, 17 11. 

Radetzky de Radetz, Count Joseph Wen- 
zel, field-marshal, — b. in Bohemia, 2 Nov. 
1766 — enters Austrian army, 1784 — distin- 
guishes himself in Turkish campaign, 1788-9 

— in Netherlands, 1792-5 — Major-general, 
1805 — contributes to victory of Aspern, 21-22 
May 1809 — commands cavalry at Wagram, 6 
Jul. 1809 — Commander of Order of Maria 
Theresa, Apr. 18 10 — chief of the staff to Prince 
Schwarzenberg, 18 13 — contributes to victory 
of Leipsic, 18 Oct. 1813 — enters Paris with 
allies, 31 Mar. 18 14 — Commander of Olmutz, 
Nov. 1 82 1 — Commander-general of Lombardo- 
Venetian kingdom, Feb. 1831 — Field-marshal, 
1836 — defeated and driven from Milan by in- 
surgents, 23 Mar. 1848 — defeats Italians at 
Marignano and pillages the town, Mar. — enters 
Verona, 2 Apr. — defeats Italians at Custozza, 
25 Jul. — recovers Milan, 6 Aug. — invades 
Piedmont, and occupies Mortara, 21 Mar. 1849 
— defeats Sardinians at Novara, 23 Mar. — 
occupies Novara, 25 Mar. — besieges and bom- 
bards Venice, and takes it, 23 Aug. — Governor- 
general of Austrian provinces in Italy, 1849 
— resigns command, Feb. 1857 — tf. at Milan, 
3 Jan. 1858. 

Radiation of Heat,— investigated by Mariotte, 
1682 — by Lambert, 1760 — by Scheele, 1775 — 
byPictet and Prevost, about 1790 — byllerschel, 
1800— by Leslie, 1804 — by Count Rumford, 
1804 — by Melloni, 1831-50 — by Tyndall, 

l8 -59- 

Radical, — as designation of political party, 
comes into use in England, about 18 16-17. 

Radnor, in Wales, — castle burnt by King 
John, 2 Aug. 1 2 16 — rebuilt by Richard, Earl 
of Cornwall, 1232 — town and castle destroyed 
by De Montfort and Llewellyn, 1264 — burnt, 
and the castle destroyed by Owen Glendower, 
140 1. 

Radnor, John Robarts, Earl of, — Lord 
Deputy of Ireland, 1667 — created Earl, 1679 — 
*., 1685. 

Radnor, William Pleydell Bouverie, 3rd 
Earl of, Viscount Folkestone, — b. in 
London, 11 May 1779 — M.P. Downton, 1801 — 
marries Lady Catherine Pelham Clinton, 1800 



— one of the committee for impeachment of 
Lord Melville, 1803— loses his wife, 1804— 
marries again, 18 14— succeeds his father, Jan. 
1828 — U. at Coleshill House, Berkshire, 10 
Apr. 1869. 

Radnorshire, in Wales,— made a county by 
Act 27 Hen. VIII. c. 26, 1536. 

Radowitz, Joseph Maria von, statesman, — 
b. at Blankenburg, in the Harz, 6 Feb. 1797 — 
as artillery officer in Westphalian army, serves 
at_ battle of Leipsic, is wounded and taken 
prisoner, 181 3 — mathematical tutor to Prince 
Albert of Prussia, 1823— chief of the Staff of 
Artillery, 1830 — military plenipotentiary of 
Prussia, at German Diet, 1836-40— Colonel, 
1840 — envoy to Vienna, 1840 — ambassador 
extraord. to Courts of Carlsruhe, Darmstadt, and 
Nassau, 1842 — retires from Prussian service, 
Apr. 1848 — deputy to National Assembly, 
Frankfort, 1848 — devises the Union, 1849— 
Minister of Foreign Affairs, 27 Sep. 1850 to 
Jan. 1 85 1 — tf., 25 Dec. 1853. Deutschland tend 
Friedrich Wilhelm IV., \%^%~Gesprixche aus 
der Gegenwart uber Staat und Kirche, 1846 
— New Gespruche, 1851. 

Radstadt. [Rastadt] 

Raeburn, Sir Henry, painter, — b. near 
Edinburgh, 4 Mar. 1756 — marries, 1778 — 
studies in London, 1778— visits Italy, about 
J 7 8 5-7 — settles at Edinburgh, 1787 — Pres. 
Society of Artists, 1812 — R.A., 1815 — Knt, by 
George IV., 1822 — tf. at Edinburgh, 8 Jul. 
1823. Portraits of Sir W. Scott, 1808 and 
1822. 

Raffaelle. [Raphael Sanzio.] 

Raffles, Sir Thomas Stamford, statesman, 
naturalist, — b. in the West Indies, 5 Jul. 1781 
— under-secretary to governor of Pulo-Penang, 
1805 — visits Malacca, 1808 — Lieutenant- 
governor of Java, i8ii-i6 — visits England, 
1 8 16 — Lieutenant-governor of Bencoolen, 18 18 
— founds Anglo-Chinese College in Sumatra, 
1823 — his natural history collections burnt at 
sea, Feb. 1824 — arrives in England, Aug. 
1824 — founds Zoological Society, and becomes 
Pres., 1825 — tf. near London, 4 Jul. 1826. 
History of Java, 1 8 1 7 . 

Rafn, Karl Christian, archaeologist, — b. in 
Fiinen, 16 Jan. 1795 — TJnder-librarian, Royal 
Library, Copenhagen, 1821 — founds Society 
for Northern Antiquities, 1825 — tf-, 1858^ 
Oct. i864. b Nordische Heldengeschichte, (2nd 
ed.) 1829-30 — editions of the Krakumal, 1826 — ■ 
the Fomaldar Sogur Nordrlanda, 1829-30 — 
and Fiireyinga-Saga, 1832 — Antiquitates 
Americana, 1837 — with Maghusen, Groenlands 
historiske Mindesmarker, 1838-45. 

a Biog. Univ. b Vapereau. 

Ragged Schools, — opened in London, 1838 
— in Aberdeen, 1841 — Union, established, 1844 
— exempted from rating, by Act 32 and 33 
Vic. c. 40, 26 Jul. 1869. 

Raghib Pacha, Mohammed, Grand Vizier 
of Ottoman Empire, — b., about 1702 — . 
Secretary-general to Grand Vizier, 1736 — 
Grand Vizier, 1757 — founds public library at 
Constantinople, 1762 — tf-, 1768. 



RAGLAN— RAILWAY. 



Raglan, James Henry Fitzroy Somerset, 
Baron, field-marshal, — 6., 30 Sep. 1788 — 
eaters the army, 1804 — attends Sir A. Paget 
to Constantinople, 1807 — on the staff of Wel- 
lington, in Peninsular War, 1807 — wounded at 
Busaco, 18 10 — military secretary to Wellington, 
18 12 — distinguishes himself at storming of 
Badajoz, 181 2 — returns to England, 18 14 — 
marries, Aug. 18 14 — loses right arm at Water- 
loo, 18 Jun. 1 8 15 — secretary of embassy at 
Paris, Mar. 1 8 16- 19 — M. P. Truro,' 181 8 — 
again military secretary to Wellington, 1819-52 

— M.P. Truro, 1826 — Master-general of the 
Ordnance, Sep. 1852 — Baron Raglan, Oct. 
1852 — General, commands expedition to the 
Crimea, Mar. 1 854 — [Crimean War] — with 
Marshal St Arnaud, defeats Russians at the 
Alma, 20 Sep. 1 854— Field-marshal, Nov. 1854 
— fc. before Sebastopol, 28 Jun. 1855. 

Raglan Castle, in Wales, — besieged and 
taken by Fairfax, Aug. 1646. 

Ragnano, battle of. [See Roger, King of 
Sicily.] 

Ragnar Lodbrok, Scandinavian chief, — 
commences his piratical expeditions, about 765 
— with his three sons invades England, 794 — 
pillages Lindisfarne, and is killed, 794. 

Ragoba,PEisHw a of the Mahrattas,— takes 
part in reduction of Gujerat, 1755 — marches to 
support Ghazi u din, 1757 — takes Delhi, 1758 

— occupies the Punjab, May 1758 — distin- 
guishes himself at battle of Paniput, Jan. 1761 
— Regent for Madhoo Rao, 1761 — gets himself 
appointed Peishwa, but is imprisoned ; liber- 
ated, again assumes the government, close of 
1772 — instigates assassination of his nephew, 
Narain, Aug. 1773 — recognized as Peishwa, 
1773 — deposed, 1774 — takes refuge at Bombay, 
and makes a treaty with British, Mar. 1775 — 
with British auxiliaries marches on Poonah, 
and is defeated, spring 1775 — abandoned by 
British, May — unsuccessfully seeks aid of Por- 
tuguese, 1777 — concludes second treaty with 
British, Nov. 1777 — his army surrounded and 
himself given up to Mahrattas, 16 Jan. 1779 — 
escapes, Jun. 1779. 

Ragotzki, Francis Leopold, Prince of 
Transylvania, — fj., 27 Mar. 1676 — taken 
prisoner by Austrians, and sent to Jesuits' Col- 
lege, Prague, 1688 — visits Italy, 1693 — marries 
Princess Charlotte of Hesse-Rheinfeld, 26 Sep. 
1694 — imprisoned as a traitor at Neustadt, Apr. 
1701 — escapes, Nov. 1701 — elected Prince of 
Transylvania, Aug. 1705 — convokes a Diet and 
is again proclaimed Prince, and Duke of Hun- 
gary, Sep. 1705 — supported by Louis XIV., 
holds Diet of Onod, and declares himself in- 
dependent of House of Austria, Mar. 1707 — 
declines offer of crown of Poland, Oct. 1707 
— defeated by Imperialists at Trentschin, 
1708 — the clergy forbidden to recognize him, 
by Clement XL, 1709 — passes into Russia, 
17 10 — received by Louis XIV., 17 12 — goes to 
Constantinople, 17 17 — loses his wife, Feb. 
1722— ft. in Roumania, 8 Apr. 1735. 
Ragotzki, George. [See Transylvania.] 
Ragusa, Raugia, (Rausiu/n, Rhacusa,) — 
fortified, and republican government organized, 



656-700— attacked by Saracens, about 867 a — 
seat of archbishopric, 980 b — conquered by 
Venice, about 1258 — places itself under pro- 
tection of Hungary, and agrees to pay tribute, 
1358 — concludes treaty with the Porte, 1365 a 
— supports Genoa in war with Venice, 1378-80 
— threatened by Sultan Bajazet, about 1397 — 
tributary to Turks, about 1414 — protects 
George, Despot of Servia, 1440 — threatened by 
Mahomet II., about 147 1 — increases tribute, 
and is protected by the Porte : devastated by 
pestilence, 1548 and 1562 — partly destroyed by 
earthquake, 1667 — taken possession of by Na- 
poleon I., May 1806 — overrun by Montene- 
grins, who besiege the French, Jun. 1806 — 
relieved by Molitor, Jul. — its republican go- 
vernment abolished by Napoleon I., 31 Jan. 1808 
— incorporated with Dalmatia, forms part of 
kingdom of Illyria, 31 Oct. 1809— with Dal- 
matia recovered by Austrians, 29 Jan. 18 14 — 
earthquake, 14 Apr. 1850. 

a Finlay. b Meyer, Conv.-Lex. 

Ragusa, Duke of. [Marmont.] 
Raibolini. [Francia.] 
Raiewski, Nicholas, general, — fj. at St 
Petersburg, 177 1 — as Major, serves in Turkish 
War, 1789 — Colonel in Persian War, 1795 — 
Major-general, 1801 — serves under Prince 
Bagration in Germany, 1805 — wounded at 
Friedland, 1807 — Knt of St Vladimir and St 
Anne, 1807 — takes part in invasion of Fin- 
land, 1809 — Lieutenant-general, 1809 — directs 
attacks on Silistria and Shumla, 1810 — defeated 
by Napoleon at Smolensko, 1812 — at Borodino, 
18 1 2 — distinguishes himself at Bautzen and 
Reichenbach, 18 13 — wounded at Leipsie, Oct. 
1 813 — contributes to success of allies in cam- 
paign of 1 8 14 — Knt of St George and Maria 
Theresa, 1814 — tf., about 1840. 

Raikes, Robert, — b. at Gloucester, 1735 — 
begins Sunday Schools there, 17 81 — £., 5 Apr. 
1811. 

Railway, Railroad,— wooden tramways con- 
structed near Newcastle, about 1680 — upper 
surface of rail protected by iron, about 17 16 — 
iron rail introduced, about 1767 — improved, 
1776 — first opened, in England and America, 
1830. [Steam-Engine, Locomotive, Liverpool 
and Manchester Railway.] Broad gauge, intro- 
duced by Brunei, 1833. Mania, rise of, in Eng- 
land, 1845-6. Legislation, in England — [see 
Mails] — placed under supervision of Board of 
Trade, by Act 3 and 4 Vic. c. 97, 10 Aug. 1840 — 
further regulated by Acts 5 and 6 Vic. c. 55, 
30 Jul. 1842, and 7 and 8 Vic. c. 85, 9 Aug. 
1844— usual provisions of Railway Acts con- 
solidated by Act 8 Vic. c. 20, 8 May 1 845— 
gauge regulated by Act 9 and 10 Vic. c. 57, 18 
Aug. 1846 — powers of Board of Trade trans- 
ferred to Commissioners by Act 9 and 10 Vic. 
c. 105, 28 Aug. 1846 — repealed by 14 and 15 
Vic. c. 64, 7 Aug. 1 85 1 — abandonment of, and 
dissolution of companies facilitated, by Act 13 
and 14 Vic. c. 83, 14 Aug. 1850 — malicious 
injuries to, made felony by Act 14 and 15 
Vic. c. 19, ss. 6, 7, 8, 3 Jul. 1851 — traffic on, 
further regulated by Act 17 and 18 Vic. c. 31, 
10 Jul. 1854 — further provisions respecting, 



RAIMBACH— RAMILIES. 



by Acts 21 and 22 Vic. c. 75, 2 Aug. 1858, and 
22 and 23 Vic. c. 59, 13 Aug. 1859— usual 
clauses consolidated by Act 26 and 27 Vic. c. 
92, 28 Jul. 1863 — obtaining of further powers by 
companies, facilitated by Act 27 and 28 Vic. cc. 
120 and 121, 29 Jul. 1864 — Eoyal Commission 
on, appointed, Mar. 1865 — laws relating to 
securities, amended by Act 29 and 30 Vic. c. 
108, 10 Aug. 1866 — laws again amended, by 
Act 31 and 32 Vic. c. 119, 31 Jul. 1868. In 
Ireland, provisions of Act 7 and 8 Vic. c. 85 
extended to, by 30 and 31 Vic. c. 104, 15 Aug. 
1867 — temporary advances for construction 
authorized by Act 30 and 31 Vic. c. 138, 20 Aug. 
1867. 

Raimbach, Abraham, engraver, — 6. in 
London, 1776 — tf. there, 17 Jan. 1843. 
Memoirs and Recollections, 1843. 

Raimondi, Marcantonio, engraver, — ft. at 
Bologna, i482, a 1487 or 148 8, b 1475 c — visits 
Venice, 1509 — goes to Borne, i5io d . — loses all 
his property at sack of Borne, and goes to 
Bologna, 1527 — tf., before Aug. 1520,=* 1534^ 
!539> f !54 6 > g i5 l8 » h 1 55°> i a Fuga. 

b Ticozzi, &c. c Ottley. d Nagler. e Lemonnier. 
,. f Malpe. S Longhi. h Zani. 1 Malaspina. 

Rain, battle of. [See Lech.] 

Eain, — theory of, by Hutton, published, 
1784. 

Eainbow, — explanation of, attempted by 
Fleischer of Breslau, 157 1 — by Kepler, 1606 — 
by Antonio de Dominis, 161 1 (1590 ?) — theory 
of, announced by Descartes, 1637. 

Raineri, Cardinal. [Pascal II., Pope.] 

Rainolds, John, theologian, — ft. in Devon- 
shire, 1549 — enters Merton Coll. Oxford, 1562 
— removes to Corpus Christi Coll., 1563 — M.A., 
1572 — D.D., 1585 — first Divinity lecturer, 
1586 — Dean of Lincoln, 1593 — Pres. Corpus 
Christi Coll. Oxford, Dec. 1598 — takes part on 
Puritan side in Hampton Court Conference, 
1603 — assists in authorized translation of 
Bible, 1604 — tf. at Oxford, 21 May 1607. 

Rainsborough, Captain, — is sent against 
Barbary pirates and, with Emperor of Morocco, 
destroys shipping and town of Sallee, 1636 — 
incites the army against Charles I., 1647 — 
restored to office of Vice-admiral, Jan. 1648 — 
assassinated by Eoyalists at Doncaster, 29 Oct. 
1648^ a Guizot. 

Rainulf, 1st Count of Aversa, — fights 
under Melo against Greeks at Cannes, 1019 — 
succeeds his brother Drengot as chief of Nor- 
mans in Italy, 1019 — attacks Greeks in 
Apulia, 102 1 — founds Aversa, 102 1 — made 
Count by Sergius, Duke of Naples, 1029 — 
obtains investiture from Conrad II., 1038 — and 
from Henry III., 1047 — tf., 1059. 

Rajmahal, in Hindustan, — palace built by 
Sultan Soojah, 1630 — burnt, 1631 — taken 
possession of by British, 1763 — ceded to E. 
India Company by Shah Alum, 1765 — insur- 
rection in, suppressed, Jim. 1855. 

Rakowitz,— Stephen, vaivode of Moldavia, 
defeats Soliman, General of Mahomet II., at, 

H75- 

Raleigh, Sir Walter, statesman, $c, — ft. 
near Budleigh Salterton, in Devonshire, 1552 



—enters Oriel Coll. Oxford, about 1568— 
serves with Huguenot auxiliaries in France, 
1 $69 "7 5 — takes part in suppressing insurrec- 
tion in Ireland, 1580 — in favour with Queen 
Elizabeth, Apr. 1 5 82— obtains patent for colony 
in N. America, 1584— [Virginia]— M. P. De- 
vonshire, 1585 — Knt, by Queen Elizabeth, 
1585 — Warden of the Stannaries, Jul. 1585 — 
Captain of Queen's Guard, 1587 — receives 
grant of forfeited estates of Babington, 17 
Mar. 1587 — member of Council of War, 1587 
— distinguishes himself against Armada, Jul. 
1588 — serves in Portugal expedition, under 
Drake, 1589 — visits Spenser at Kilcolman 
Castle, 1589 — returns to Court, 1591 — inter- 
feres on behalf of John Udall, 159 1 — secretly 
marries Elizabeth Throgmorton, 1592 — im- 
prisoned in the Tower, 1592 — embarks at 
Plymouth for discovery of his El Dorado, 9 
Feb. 1595 — returns, autumn 1595 — distin- 
guishes himself as admiral at taking of Cadiz, 
Jun.1596 — reappears at Court,May 1597 — takes 
Fayal, 1597 — meets James I. on his way to Lon- 
don, 1603 — committed to the Tower on charge 
of implication in Main Conspiracy, Jul. 1603 
— tried at Winchester and condemned, 17 Nov. 
1603 — released, 30 Jan. 1616 — sails for Guiana, 
28 Mar. 1 6 17 — returns, 21 Jun. 161 8 — arrested, 
Jul. — beheaded, 29 Oct. 161 8. History of the 
World, 1 6 14. 

Ramah, in Palestine, — massacre of Chris- 
tians by Kharismians at, 1 244. 

Ramanieh, on the Nile, — captured by Gen. 
Hutchinson, 7 May 1801. 

Ramazzini, Bernardo, physician, — ft. near 
Modena, 5 Nov. 1633 — M.D. Parma, 1659 — 
Prof. Theory of Medicine, Modena, 1682 — First 
Prof. Medicine, Padua, 1708 — member of 
Boyal Society of Berlin, 1706 — tf. at Padua, 5 
Nov. 1714. Opera, 17 16. 

Rambouillet, Catherine de Vivonne, Mar- 
quise de, — ft. at Borne, 1588 — marries Charles 
d'Augennes, 1600 — becomes Marquise, and 
opens her salon, [Hotel de Rambouillet,) 161 1 
— tf. at Paris, 2 Dec. 1665. 

Rameau, Jean Philippe, musical composer, 
— ft. at Dijon, 25 Oct. 1683 — visits Milan, 
17 01 — settles at Paris, 1721 — tf. at Paris, 12 
Sep. 1764. Hippolyte and Aricia, 1733 — 
Castor and Pollux, 1737 — Trait e de lharmonie, 
1721 — Nouveau systeme de musique theorique, 
1726. 

Ramelli, Agostino, mechanician, — ft. in the 
Milanese, about 1531 — goes to France, 1556 
— wounded and taken prisoner at siege of Bo- 
chelle, 1573 — tf. at Paris, 1590. Diverse ed 
Artificiose Machine, 1588. 

Ramenghi, Bartolomeo, (II Bagnacavallo,) 
painter, — ft. at Bagnacavallo, 1484 — tf. at Bo- 
logna, 1542. 

Rameses. [See Egypt.] 

Ramey, Claude, sculptor, — ft. at Dijon, 
1754 — obtains grand prize, 1782 — studies at 
Rome, 1782-85 — admitted to Institute, 18 17 — 
tf. at Paris, 1838. 

Ramilies, in Belgium, — Marlborough de- 
feats the French and Bavarians at, 23 May 
1706. 



nS 4 



RAMIREZ— RANGOON. 



Ramirez, Ramiro. [See Aragon.] 
Ramler, Karl Wilhelm, poet, §c, — fc. at 
Kolberg, 15 Feb. 1725 — tf., n Apr. 1798. 
Translation of Odes of Horace, 1769 — Foetische 
Werke, 1 800-1. 

Rammohun Roy, Rajah,— fi. in Bengal, 
about 1774 — commences his plans for religious 
reform, 1803 — retires to Calcutta, 18 14 — am- 
bassador from king of Delhi to London, Apr. 
1831 — tf. near Bristol, 27 Sep. 1833. 

Ramnuggur, in Hindustan, — Major-general 
Thackwell repulses Shere Singh at, 2 Nov. 
1848. 

Rampon, Antoine Guillanme, general,— 
6. in the Yivarais, 1759 — enters the army, 1775 
— General of Brigade, 1793 — distinguishes 
himself at Montenotte, 10 Apr., and at Mille- 
simo, 15 Apr. 1796 — at Roveredo, 4 Sep. 1796 
— takes part in expedition of Egypt, 1798 to 
Nov. 1 801 — General of Division, 1800 — Grand 
Officer of Legion of Honour, 1803 — Count of 
the Empire, 1809 — Peer of France, 4 Jim. 
1 8 14 — tf. at Paris, 2 Mar. 1842. 

Ramsay, Allan, poet, — fc. in Lanarkshire, 15 
Oct. 1686 — abandons wigniaking and becomes 
a bookseller, 17 18 — retires, 1755 — tf. at Edin- 
burgh, 7 Jan. 1758. Poems, 1721 and 1728 — 
Gentle Shepherd, 1725 — Fables, 1722 and 1730. 
Ramsay, Allan, painter, — fc. at Edinburgh, 
1713,* 1709 b — founds Select Society there, 
1754— principal painter to George III., 1767 
— tf. at Dover, 1784. a Chambers. b Rees' Cyc. 
Ramsay, Andrew Michael, {Chevalier 
Famsay,) litterateur, — i). at Ayr, 9 Jan. 
1686 — resides with Fenelon at Cambray 
and becomes a Romanist, 1709 — tutor to son 
of the Pretender at Rome, 1724-5 — D.C.L. 
Oxford, F.R.S. London, 1730 — if. Intend- 
ant to Prince of Turenne, at St Germain-en- 
laye, 6 May 1743. Voyages de Cyrus, 1727 — 
Histoire de la vie de Fenelon, 1723 — Fssai de 
Politique, 17 19. 

Ramsay, David, physician, historian, — ft. in 
Pennsylvania, 2 Apr. 1749 — graduates at 
Princeton Coll., 1765 — member of legislature 
of S. Carolina, 1776 — of Continental Congress, 
1782 and 1785 — assassinated at Charleston, 
8 May 18 15. History of the revolution of S. 
Carolina, 1785 — History of the American re- 
volution, 1790 — History of the United States, 
1 8 17 — Universal History Americanized, 18 19. 
Ramsay, William, classical scholar, — £., 
1806 — B.A. Cambridge, 1830 — Prof. Literce 
Humaniores, Glasgow, 1831 — M.A. Cambridge, 
1836 — resigns his chair, May 1863 — goes to 
Rome, autumn 1863 — tf. near Mentone, 12 
Feb. 1865. Manual of Roman Antiquities, 
1 848 — Manual of Latin Prosody, 1 859 — edition 
of Mostellaria of Plautus, 1869. 

Ramsden, Jesse, optician, — fc. near Halifax, 
in Yorkshire, 1735 — goes to London, 1755 — 
marries Miss Dollond, about 1762? — invents 
his dividing-machine, before 1766 — perfects it 
and receives government premium, 1776 — 
F.R.S., 1786— member of Imperial Academy 
of St Petersburg, 1794 — receives Copley Medal, 
1795 — tf. at Brighton, 5 Nov. 1800. Great 
Theodolite, completed, 1787. 



Ramsey, in Huntingdonshire. Benedictine 
Abbey, founded, 969. 

Ramsgate, in Kent, — visited by George IV. 
and made a royal port, 182 1. Harbour, con- 
structed, 1749-91. 

Ramus, {Pierre de laPamee,) philosopher, — 
b. in Picardy, 1502 or 15 15 — forbidden to 
teach Philosophy, 1544 — teaches Rhetoric at 
Coll. of Presles, 1545 — Prof. Philosophy and 
Eloquence, Coll. of France, Aug. 155 1 — ab- 
jures Romanism, 156 1 — expelled from Paris, 
takes refuge at Fontainebleau, 1562 — restored 
to his chair, 1563 — again driven from Paris, 
1568-71 — killed at Paris, {Massacre of St Bar- 
tholomew's,) 16 Aug. 1572. Institutions dia- 
lectics, 1543 — Animadversiones in Bialecticam 
Aristotelis, 1543, suppressed by Royal Edict, 1 
Mar. 1544 — Pro philosophica disciplina, 1551 — 
Arithmetica, 1555 — Bialectique, 1555 — Scholce 
Grammatics, 1559 — Scholce Physics, 1565 — 
Scholce Metaphysics, 1569 — Scholce Mathema- 
ticce, 1569. 

Ramusio, {Famnusio,) Giambattista, histo- 
rian, — fc. at Treviso, a Venice, b 1485 — tf. at 
Padua, 10 Jul. 1557. Faccolta delle navigazioni 
e viaggi, 1550-9. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Ranee, Armand Jean, le Bouthilier de, mon- 
astic reformer, — b. at Paris, 9 Jan. 1626 — re- 
tires to La Trappe, 1663 — goes to Rome, Nov. 
1664 — returns to his monastery, Mar. 1666 — 
and applies himself to reform of discipline : 
resigns and appoints Zosimus his successor, 
Dec. 1695 — tf. at La Trappe, 27 Oct. 1700. 

Ranconet, Aimar de, jurist, <£c, — ft. at Pe- 
rigueux, a Bordeaux, b 1498 — imprisoned in 
Bastille, 1559 — tf. there, 1559. Author, wholly 
or in great part, of Bictionarium poeticum, 
(published under name of Charles Etienne,) 
1553 — Be Verborum quce ad jus pertinent signi- 
ficatione, (of Brisson,) 1557 — Be Formulis, (of 
Brisson,) 1583 — and Tresor de la langue fran- 
goise, augmented byNicot, and published, 1606. 
a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Menage. 

Rando, Alamannic Chieftain, — surprises 
Mogontiacum, 6 Jan. or Easter 368 — defeated 
by Yalentinian, 368. 

Randolph, Sir Thomas, diplomatist, — fi. in 
Kent, 1523 — B.A. Oxford, 1547 — Principal of 
Broadgate Hall, Nov. 1549 — deprived, retires 
to France, 1553 — returns and is in favour with 
Queen Elizabeth, 1558 — envoy to Scottish re- 
formers, Sep. 1559 — ambassador to Russia, 
1560 — to Scotland, 1561 — accompanies Queen 
Mary to the North, 1562 — negotiates with her 
respecting marriage with Leicester, 1563 — en- 
courages Murray in rebellion and is banished 
to Berwick, 1566 — has interview with Queen 
Elizabeth, 10 May 1567 — again ambassador to 
Scotland, Jan. 1570, 1577, 1581, 1585-6 — tf. 
in London, 8 Jun. 1590. 

Randolph, Thomas, poet,—b. in Northamp- 
tonshire, 15 Jun. 1605 — enters Trin. Coll. 
Cambridge, 1623 — ad eundem, Oxford, 1631 — 
tf. in Northamptonshire, 17 Mar. 1635. Poems, 
Translations, and Plays, 1638. 

Rangoon, in Pegu, — founded by Alompra, 
1755 — taken possession of by British, 11 May 
1824 — given up by Treaty of Yandaboo, Feb. 



RANTERS— RASK. 



1185 



1826 — British squadron arrives before, 29 Oct. 
1 85 1 — batteries erected by Viceroy, destroyed 
by British, Jan. 1852 — stormed and captured 
by Gen. Goodwin, 14 Apr.— annexed to British 
]ndia, 20 Dec. 1852 — partly burnt, Feb. 1853. 
Pagoda, new Htee set up on, by king of Ava, 
27-8 Oct. 1871. 

Ranters. [Methodists, Primitive.] 

Rantzan, Josias, Count de, Marshal of 
France, — ft. in Holstein, 18 Oct. 1609 — 
serves in Imperial army at capture of Mantua, 
1630— in Swedish army at siege of Brisach, 
1633 — accompanies Oxenstiern to France, 1635 
— Colonel in French army, 1635 — at siege of 
Dole, 1636 — serves at siege of Arras, 1640 — 
wounded and captured at Hannecourt, 1642 — 
contributes to victory of Rocroi, 19 May 1643 
— captured by Imperialists at Tuttlingen, 23 
Nov. 1643 — Lieutenant-general, 22 Apr. 1644 
— completes conquest of Flanders, 1 644-5— 
Marshal of France, 30 Jun. 1645 — embraces 
Bomanism, 1645 — Governor of Dunkirk, 1646 
— imprisoned in the Bastille, Feb. 1649— liber- 
ated, 22 Jan. 1650 — o\, 4 Sep. 1650. 

Ranzani, Camillo, naturalist, — ft. at Bo- 
logna, 22 Jun. 1775 — Prof. Natural History 
at the Univ., 1803 — visits Paris, 18 10- 12 — 
Bector of the Univ. Bologna, 1824 — begins 
Lectures on Geology, 1836 — tf. at Bologna, 23 
Apr. 1 841. Elementi di Zoologia, 1819. 

Raoul-Rochette, Desire, archceologist,- — ft. 
at St Amand, (Cher,) 9 Mar. 1789 — Prof. His- 
tory at the Lyceum, Paris, 18 11 — Lecturer on 
Modern History at the Univ., 18 15 — member 
of Academy of Inscriptions, 181 6 — Keeper of 
Medals, &c, in the Eoyal Library, 181 8 — per- 
petual secretary to Academy of Fine Arts, 
1839 — &• a * Paris* 6 Jul. 1854. Histoire 
Critique de V etablissement des Colonies Grecques, 
1 8 15— Histoire de la Revolution Helvetique de 
1797 d 1803, 1823 — Antiquite's Grecques du 
Bosphore Cimmerien, 1822 — Monuments in edits 
d'Antiquite jigurees Grecques, Etrusques, et 
Romaines, 1828 — Peintures Antiques inedites, 
1836 — Memoires de Numismatique et d 'An- 
tiquite, 1840 — Memoires d ' Archaologie corn- 
par ee Asiatique, Grecque, et Etrusque, 1848. 

Rape, — in England, reduced to a misde- 
meanour by Stat. Westm. I., 3 Edw. I. c. 13, 
1 275 — made a capital offence by Stat. Westm. 
II., 13 Edw. I. c. 34, 1285— benefit of clergy 
taken away by 18 Eliz. c. 1, 1576 — laws re- 
specting, consolidated and amended by Act 9 
Geo. IV. c. 31, 27 Jun. 1828 — punishment of 
death for, abolished by Act 4 and 5 Vic. c. 56, 
22 Jun. 1 841. In France, made capital crime 
by Ordinance of Blois, 1579 — confirmed by 
declaration of 26 Nov. 1640. 

Raphael Sanzio, {Raffaelle, Raffaello, Rafael,) 
painter, — ft. at Urbino, 6 Apr. 1483 — becomes 
pupil of Perngino, about 1495 — assists Pinturic- 
chio at Siena, 1502 or 1503 — visits Florence, 
Oct. 1504 — called to Rome by Julius II., sum. 
1508 — architect of St Peter's, 1 Apr. 1514 — if. 
there, 6 Apr. 1520. Coronation of the Virgin, 
Vatican, about 1503 — Sposalizio, in the Brer a, 
Milan, 1504 — The Trinity, fresco at San 
Severo, Perugia, 1505 — Madonna enthroned,] 



Blenheim, 1505— La Belle Jardiniere, Paris, 
1507 or 1508—^ Catherine, National Gallery, 
1507 — Holy Family, Berlin, 1508— frescoes of 
the Vatican, Theology, 1509 — Philosophy, 
{School of Athens,) 151 1 — Heliodorus, 15 12- 14 
— Cartoons, Hampton Court, painted, 15 15-16 
— purchased by Charles I., about 1630— lent 
to S. Kensington Museum, 1865 — Isaiah, San 
Agostino, probably 1512 or 1^1^—Fornarina, 
Florence, 15 12— Vision of Ezekiel, Pitti Palace, 
J5 J 6 — Holy Family, the Louvre, 15 18 — Trans- 
figuration, Rome, 1519-20. 

Raphia f — [B C]— Ptolemy Philopator defeats 
Antiochus tbe Great at, 217. 

Raphoe, in Ireland, — See of, united with 
Derry, under Church Temporalities Act, 1834. 

Rapiu-Thoyras, Paul de, historian, — ft. at 
Castres, 25 Mar. 1661 — received Advocate, 
1679 — goes to England, 1686 — to Holland, 
1686 — accompanies Prince of Orange to Eng- 
land, 1688— serves at battle of the Boyne, and 
siege of Limerick, 1690 — governor to Duke of 
Portland, 1693 — marries at the Hague, 1699 
—settles at "Wesel, 1707 — &. there, 16 May 
1725. Histoire d Angleterre, 1724. 

Rapp, Johann, general, — ft. at Colmar, 26 
Apr. 1772^ 1773 b — enters the army, May 
1788 — aide-de-camp to Desaix in Germany, 
Egypt, and Italy, 1 795-1 801 — envoy from Na- 
poleon I. to Switzerland, 1802 — distinguishes 
himself at Austerlitz, 2 Dec. 1 805 — General of 
Division, 24 Dec. 1805 — wounded in campaign 
of Poland, 1807 — Governor of Dantzic, 1807 — 
distinguishes himself at Esslingen, 1809 — 
Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 30 Jun. 
1811 — wounded at the Moskowa, 1812 — again 
commander of Dantzic, 1 812-13 — capitulates to 
Duke of Wiirtemberg, 2 Jan. 18 14 — Chevalier 
of St Louis, Grand Cordon of Legion of Honour, 
Jul. 1814 — joins Napoleon I., Mar. 1815 — Peer 
of France, 5 Mar. 18 19 — fo. at Paris, 8 Nov. 
1821. a Conv.-Lex. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Rappahannock, river, JJ. S., — battles on 
the, repulse of Federals by Confederates, 20- 
23 Aug. 1862 — passed by Federal army, under 
Burnside, 12 Dec. 1862 — repassed, 15 Dec. — 
Gen. Hooker retreats across, 5 May 1863. 

Rarey, J. S., horse-tamer, — ft. in Ohio, 
U. S., 1828— U. at Cleveland, U. S., 4 Oct. 
1866. 

Rasis, ' (Arrazi,) (Ahmed Ibn Mohammed 
Ibn-Musa,) historian, — ft. at Cordova, about 
864-870 — tf., probably before (350, a. h.) 961. 

Rask, Rasmus Christian, philologist, — ft. in 
Funen, (Denmark,) 22 Nov. 1787,* 1784 b — 
studies at Copenhagen, 1807 — employed in 
Univ. Library, 1808 — visits Sweden, 1812-^ 
Iceland, 181 3 — travels in Russia, Persia, and 
India, 1817-22 — Prof. History of Literature, 
Copenhagen, 1822-7 — Prof. Oriental Lan- 
guages, Chief Librarian to Univ., 1829 — tr. at 
Copenhagen, 14 Nov. 1832. Introduction to 
the study of Icelandic and Ancient Northern 
Languages, 181 1 — Anglo-Saxon Grammar, 1 8 1 7 
— Investigations concerning the Origin of 
Ancient Northern or Icelandic Language, 18 14 
— On the Age and Authenticity of the Zenda- 
vesta, 1826. a Conv.-Lex. h Biog. TJniv. 

75 



u86 



RASKOLNIKS— RAUPACH. 



Raskolniks, Schismatics of Russia, — oppose 
revised translation of Bible and Liturgies, 1654, 
and form various sects. 

Rasori, Giovanni, physician, — 6. at Parma, 
20 Aug. 1767 — studies at Pavia, 179 1 — visits 
England, 1793-95 — Rector of Univ. of Pavia, 
1796 — imprisoned at Mantua, 4 Dec. 18 14 — tf. 
at Milan, 13 Apr. 1837. Compendio della nuova 
dottrina niedica di Brown, trad. dall. inglese, 
1795-1805 — Zoonomia, (translation,) 1803 — 
Storia della febre petecchiale di Genova, 1803 — 
Opuscoli, 1830 — Teoria della Jlogosi, 1837. 

Raspe, Rodolph Eric, antiquary, — b. at 
Hanover, 1737 — Prof. Archaeology, and Keeper 
of Museum, Cassel, 1767 — If. in Ireland, Dec. 
1794. Descriptive Catalogue of ancient and 
modern Engraved Gems, 179 1 — edition of Leib- 
nitz's Philosophical Works, 1765. 

Rastadt, in Baden, — fortified, 1840-8 — in- 
surrection at, 1 1 May 1 849 — besieged by Prus- 
sians, Jun. — surrenders, 23 Jul. 1849. Treaty 
of, between France and the Empire, closing 
war of the Spanish Succession, concluded, 6 
Mar. 17 14. Congress of, to negotiate peace 
between France and the Empire, meets, 9 Dec. 
1797 — dissolved by Emperor, 7 Apr. 1799 — 
the French envoys assassinated, 19 Apr. 1799.* 
a Alison. 

Rastall, (Bastell,) John, printer, — printed, 
in London, 1517-1533— &. there, 1536. Pas- 
tyme of People, 1529 — Bobe of Purgatory, 

i53°- 

Rastall, William, — rj. in London, 1508 — 
studies at Oxford, 1525 — printer, as early as 
1531 — enters Lincoln's Inn, 12 Sep. 1532 — 
Serjeant-at-law, Oct. 1555 — Justice of Queen's 
Bench, 27 Oct. 1558 — retires, after Michael- 
mas 1562 — tf. at Louvain, 27 Aug. 1565. Col- 
lection of Statutes in Force and Use, 1557. 

Rastopchin. [Rostopchin.] 

Ratcliffe. [Derwentwater and Sussex, 
Earls of.] 

Rate. [Church-rate, Poor-rate.] 

Rathier, Bp of Verona, afterwards Bp of 
Liege, — accompanies Bp Hilduin to Rome, 
921 — follows Hugh, Count of Provence, and 
king of Italy to Italy, 928 — sent to Rome, 
negotiates Papal confirmation of election of 
Hilduin to see of Milan, about 930 — appointed 
Bp of Verona, on recommendation of Pope John 
XL, and ordained, 932,* 931 b — persecuted by 
Hugh : opens gates of Verona to Arnulph, 
Duke of Bavaria, 934 — seized, and imprisoned 
at Pavia and Como, by Hugh, about 934-9 — 
appointed Bp of Liege, by Abp Bruno of 
Cologne, 953— conspiracy formed against him, 
Christmas 955 — resigns the see, Mar. 956 — 
follows King Otto to Italy, and attempts to 
recover see of Verona, 958— reinstated ; assists 
at Council of Ravenna, 25 Apr. 967 — again 
driven away, 967 — rj. at Namur, 974. 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Rathlin, Massacre of, — the island taken 
and the Scots massacred by order of Essex, 
22-25 Jul. 1575. 

Rathmines, near Dublin, — Col. Jones 
defeats Duke of Ormond at, 2 Aug. 1649. 

Ratibor, in Silesia, — head of a Principality, 



1288 — passes to House of Austria, 1532 — 
assigned to Prussia, 1742. 

Ratisbon, Regensburg, in Bavaria, (Begi- 
num, Castra Begia, Augusta Tiberii,) — seat 
of a bishopric, 740 ? — free Imperial city, by 
Frederick I., 11 80— Frederick II. holds Diet 
at, Feb. 12 13 s1 — receives charter from him, 
1230 a — visited by Frederick, Jun. 1235^ and 
Easter 1237 a — tumults at, against Papal au- 
thority, 1 248 a — league of Catholic princes 
formed at, Dec. 1524 — conference between 
Catholics and Protestants, the Interim signed, 
1541 — threatened by Swedes, under Horn, 1632 
— taken by Bernhard of "Weimar, 1633 — re- 
taken by Imperialists, 1634 — bombarded by 
Banner, 1641 — seatof German Diet, 1663-1806 
— taken by Elector of Bavaria, 1703 — evacu- 
ated by him, 1704 — given to Prince Primate 
Carl von Dalberg, by Treaty of Luneville, 1801 
— defeat of Austrians and capture of the town • 
by French, 23 Apr. 1809 — given to Bavaria, 
1 810. Cathedral, built, 1274-1634 — restored 
byLudwig I., 1838 — completion of, commenced, 
1859. -Abbey of St Emmeran, founded, 652. 
[See Walhalla.] Councils of, held, 768 — for 
condemnation of Felix of ITrgel, about Aug. 
792 — on discipline, 20 Jan. 799, b 803 ; c 14 Jan. 
932. Truce of, between France and Spain and 
the Empire, concluded, 15 Aug. 1684. 
a Kington. b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Mansi. 

Ratti, Carlo Giuseppe, painter, — h. at 
Genoa, about 1735 — tf. there, 1795. Continu- 
ation of Soprani's Vite de' Pittori, Scultori, 
ed Ar-ehitetti, Genovesi, 1769. 

Ratti, Giovanni Agostino, painter, — fj. at 
Savona, 1699 — o\ at Genoa, 1775. 

Ratzeburg, in Mecklenburg, — mentioned, 
1062 — seat of Counts of Ratzeburg, 1143-^ 
fortified, 1690 — fortifications demolished, 18 19 

— the king of Prussia receives homage of 
Lauenburg nobility at, 26 Sep. 1865. 

Rau, Zarl Heinrich, political economist, — ft. 
at Erlangen, 23 Nov. 1792 — studies at the 
Univ., 1808-12 — Prof. Extraord. Erlangen, 
1 8 1 8 — Prof. Political Economy, Heidelberg, 
1822 — deputy to first Chamber of Baden, 
1837-40 — member of Commission of the 
Zollverein, 1851 — correspondent of French 
Institute, 1856 — rj., Mar. 1870. Lehrbuch der 
polit. Oekonomie, 1826-37 — edits Archiv der 
polit. Oekonomie, 1834-9 — and with Hanssen, 
1840-53. 

Rauch, Christian, sculptor, — fj. at Arolsen, 
in Waldeck, 2 Jan. 1777 — goes to Berlin, 1797 
— studies at Rome, 1804-11 — tf. at Dresden. 3 
Dec. 1857. Monument of Queen Luise, 181 1 

— Frederick the Great, Berlin, 1830-51 — 
Maximilian of Bavaria, 1829. 

Raucoux, — Marshal Saxe defeats allies at, 
11 Oct. 1746. 

Raupach, Ernst Benjamin Salomon, dra- 
matist, — h. near Liegnitz, 21 May 1784 — Prof. 
Philosophy, St Petersburg, 1 8 16 — Prof. German 
Literature, 181 8 — quits Russia, 1822 — Privy 
Councillor, Berlin, 1842 — tf. at Berlin, 18 Mar. 
1852. Dramatische Werke komiseher Gattung, 
1826-34 — Dramatische Werke ernster Gattung, 
1830-44. 



RAUSHENIAS— RAWLEY. 



1187 



Raushenias, Afghan, Sect 0/,— founded by 
Bayazid Ansari, about 161 1 — suppressed, before 
1614. 

Ravaillac, Franoois,— b. at Angouleme, 
about 1578 — assassinates Henry IV. at Paris, 
14 May 1610 — executed, 27 May 1610. 

Ravenet, Simon Francois, engraver, — comes 
to England, about 1750 — ft., 1774- 

Ravenna, John of, classical scholar, — b. near 
Eavenna, about 1350 — opens School at Bel- 
luna, 1375 — living at Florence, 141 2 — o\, pro- 
bably about 1420 ? 

Ravenna, in Italy, — [B C] — made one of the 
chief naval stations by Augustus, after 31 — 
[A D] — Honorius fixes his residence at, 404 — 
threatened by Alaric, 410 — Odoacer takes 
refuge at, Sep. 489 — siege of, by Theodoric, 
commences, 490 — surrenders, 5 Mar. 493 — 
taken possession of by Belisarius, 540 — seat of 
Greek governors of Italy, 553 — [Narses, 
and Ravenna, Exarchate of]— plundered by 
order of Justinian II., 709 — captured by 
Luitprand, and the port (Classis) destroyed, 
728 — recovered by Eutychius, 729 — taken by 
Astolphus, 752 — conquered by Pepin, 755 — 
given by him to the popes, 755 — given 
up to the pope by Frederick II., Jul. 
1213 — visited by Frederick II., Easter 1226 — ■ 
Diet held at, by Frederick, 2 Nov. 123 1— 
Council held by him, 14 Jan. 1232 — assists him 
against Bolognese, 1238 — taken by Venetians 
and Bolognese, 1239 — takes part in siege of 
Ferrara, 1240 — taken by Frederick, Aug. 1240 
— its monuments destroyed by him, 1241 — 
recovered by the pope, 1248 — ceded to the 
pope by Rudolph of Hapsburg, 29 May 1278 
— cession confirmed by Electors of the Empire, 
14 Feb. 1279 — treacherously acquired by 
Venetians, Feb. 1441 — assigned to the pope by 
Treaty of Cambray, 1508 — Gaston de Foix 
defeats Spaniards near, 11 Apr. 15 12 — occupied 
by French, same day : recovered by Venetians, 
1527 — held by French, 1797-18 14. Councils 
of, held by Honorius, Feb. 419 — held by Pope 
John VIII. to settle dispute between Doge of 
Venice and Patriarch of Grado, 874 ? 22 Jul. to 
Sep. 877 ? — by John IX. to approve Acts of 
Council of Rome, 898 — by John XIII., at 
which Emperor Otto confirms to the Holy See 
donations of his predecessors, deposition of 
Herold, Abp of Salzburg, is approved, and see 
of Magdeburg founded, 20 Apr. 967 ; 968 ; 998 — 
held by Emperor Henry II. to reinstate his 
brother Arnulf in the see, 1014; 1016 — by 
Pope Honorius II. to depose patriarchs of 
Aquileia and Venice, (Grado,) 1128 ; 28 Apr. 
1253 — convoked by Alexander IV. for aid 
against Tatars, Jul. 1261; 8 Jul. 1286 — held by 
Abp Raynald for examination of Templars, 17 
Jun. 1 3 10 — on morals and discipline, 17-21 
Jun. 1311 ; 10 Oct. 1314; 1317. 

Ravenna, Exarchate of, — Narses, as go- 
vernor of Italy for Justinian, resides at Ra- 
venna, 553— he is succeeded by Flavius Lon- 
ginus, who takes title of Exarch, 568— Sma- 
ragdus, 584 — makes a truce with Antharis, 
586 — at instance of the pope, compels patriarch 
of Aquileia to condemn the Three Chapters, 



588 — recovers Mantua, Modena, and other towns 
from Lombards, 590 — Romanus, 590— carries 
on war with Lombards : Callinicus, 597 — 
concludes peace with Lombards, 599 — violates 
it, 601 — Smaragdus reappointed, 602 — 
Joannes Lemigius, 611 — killed in a revolt 
excited by his tyranny, 616 — Eleutherus, 
616 — rebels, aims at Imperial crown, and is 
killed by his soldiers, 619 — Isaac, 619 — pro- 
tects Adaloald, 625 — visits Rome, pillages 
church of St John de Lateran, 633 — Plato, 
638 — Theodorus Calliopas, 648— Olympixjs, 
649— attends Council of Rome, Oct. 649 — 
again at Rome, fails in attempts to seize and 
to murder the pope, 652 — is defeated by 
Saracens in Sicily and U. there, 652 — Theo- 
dorus Calliopas again, 652 — arrests the 
pope, by order of Constans, 15 Jun. 653 — 
sends him to Constantinople, 19 Jun. — Gre- 
gory, not later than 666 — declares Church of 
Ravenna independent, by diploma given at. 
Syracuse, 1 Mar. 666 — Theodorus II., not 
later than 678 — contributes to extinction of 
schism of Istria, 679 — Joannes Platynus, 
before Sep. 687 — Theophylactus, 702 — 
Joannes Rizocopus, 710 — killed in a revolt, 
711 — Eutychius, 711 — Scholasticus, 713— 
Paulus, 727 — sent to Rome by Leo the 
Isaurian to assassinate Gregory II., but fails : 
killed in a tumult at Ravenna, 728 — Eutychius 
again, 728 — conquest of Exarchate by Lom- 
bards, under Astolphus, 752. 

Ravensberg, in Westphalia, — erected into a 
County, about 1071 — line of Counts extinct on 
death of Bernard, and the County given by 
Emperor Louis IV. to Gerard of Jnliers, 1 346 
— assigned to Elector of Brandenburg, 1666. 

Ravenscroft, Thomas, musical composer, — b., 
1592 — M.B. Cambridge, 1613? — U-, 1640. 
Melismata, 161 1 — Brief Discourses, 1614 — 
Whole Book of Psalms, 1621. 

Ravenspur, in Yorkshire, — Henry, Duke of 
Lancaster, lands at, 4 Jul. 1399 — Edward IV. 
lands at, 14 Mar. 147 1. 

Ravesteyn, Arnold van, painter,— b. at the 
Hague, 1615 — Dean of the Painters, 1 661 or 
1662. 

Ravesteyn, Jan van, painter, — b. at the 
Hague, about 1580 — living, 1636. 

Ravesteyn, Nicholas van, painter, — b. at 
Bommel, 1661 — tf., 9 Jan. 1750. 

Ravius, (Rau,) Christian, orientalist, — b. at 
Berlin, 161 3 — comes to England, 1638 — sent 
by Abp Ussher to the East in search of MSS., 
1639 — Prof. Oriental Languages, Gresham 
Coll., 1642— Prof, at Utrecht, 1644— Fellow 
of Magdalen Coll. Oxford, 1648 — Prof, at 
Upsala, 1651 — removes to Kiel, 1657^ 1669 b 
— tt. at Frankfort, 21 Jun. 1677. 

a Rees' Cyc. b Nou - ?. Biog. Gen. 

Rawdon, Francis. [Hastings, Marquis 
of.] 

Rawdon, John. [Moira, Earl of.] 
Rawley, William, editor of Bacon's Works, 
— b. at Norwich, 1588— Fellow of Bene't ColL 
Cambridge, 1609 — rector of Landbeach, Cam- 
bridgeshire, 16 1 6 — chaplain to Lord Bacon, 
1617— D.D., 1621 — chaplain to Charles II., 



i iSS 



RAWLINSON— RAYMOND OF POITIERS. 



1660 — tf. at Landbeach, 18 Jim. 1667. 

Rawlinson, Richard, topographical anti- 
quary,— M.A. Oxford, 1713— F.S.A., 1727 — 
tr. at Islington, 6 Apr. 1755. English Topo- 
grapher, 1720. 

Rawlinson, Thomas, {Tom Folio of Ad- 
dison ?) — b., 1681 — tf. in London, 6 Aug. 1725 
— sale of his collection, 4-20 Mar. 1734. 

Bay, ( Wray,) John, naturalist, — fo. at 
Black Notley, in Essex, 29 Nov. 1628— enters 
Catherine Hall, Cambridge, 28 Jun. 1644 — re- 
moves to Trin. Coll., 1646 — Fellow of Trin. 
Coll., 8 Sep. 1649 — Greek Lecturer, 1650 — 
Mathematical Tutor, 1652 — Humanity Reader, 
1655 — takes holy orders, 23 Dec. 1660 — loses 
his Fellowship under Act of Uniformity, Sep. 
1662 — travels with Willughby on the Con- 
tinent, 1663-6— F.R.S., 7 Nov. 1667 — loses 
his friend Willughby, 1672 — marries, Jun. 
1673 — tf. at Black Notley, 17 Jan. 1705. Ca- 
talogus Plantarum circa Cantabrigiam nascen- 
tium, 1660 — Supplements, 1663 and 1685 — 
Methodus plantarum nova, 1682 — Gatalogus 
plantarum Anglice, 1670 — Collection of Pro- 
verbs, 1672 — Historia plantarum, 1686-1704 
— Wisdom of God in the Creation, 1 690 — Synop- 
sis Methodica Stirpium Britannicarum, 1690. 
Ray Society, London, — instituted, 1844. 
Raymond IV., {de Saint-Gilles,) Count of 
Toulouse, — 6., about 1041 — Count of Nismes 
and Narbonne, 1066 — marries his cousin, 
daughter of Count of Provence, 1066 — marries 
Matilda of Sicily, 1080— succeeds his brother, 
William IV., 1088 — marries Elvira of Castile, 
1094 — takes the cross, and sends ambassadors 
to Council of Clermont, 1095 — sets out for 
Holy Land, Oct. 1096 — refuses prospective 
komage to Emperor Alexis, 1097 — conquers 
Laodicea and gives it up to Alexis, 1098— de- 
clines offer of crown of Jerusalem, 1099 — dis- 
tinguishes himself at Ascalon, 1099 — retires 
to Constantinople, n 00 — leads another army 
of crusaders, and is defeated by Turks in Cap- 
padocia, Aug. n 01 — embarks for Syria, and 
is imprisoned at Tarsus by Tancred, 11 02 — 
liberated, takes Tortosa, besieges Tripoli, 11 04 
— tf. near Tripoli, 28 Feb. 1105. 

Raymond V., Count or Toulouse, — fc., 
1 1 34 — jointly with his brother Alfonso II. 
succeeds his father, Alfonso-Jourdain, as Count 
of Toulouse, Duke of Narbonne, and Marquis 
of Provence, 1148 — marries Constance, sister 
of Louis VII., 1 154 — resists claim of Henry 
II. of England to bis County, besieged in Tou- 
louse, and relieved by Louis, 1159 — concludes 
peace, May n 60 — again attacked by Henry, 
1 1 64 — declares for Antipope Pascal, 11 65 — his 
estates laid under interdict by Alexander III., 
1 1 65 — repudiates Constance and marries Rich- 
ilda, 1 1 66 — the interdict raised, 11 68 — con- 
cludes Treaty of Limoges with Henry II., 
acknowledging his suzerainty as Duke of 
Aquitaine, Feb. 1173 — returns to obedience of 
Alexander III., 11 74 — sells bis rights in 
County of Aries to Alfonso of Aragon, 1 8 Feb. 
1 176 — persecutes Albigenses, 1 177 — marches 
to assistance of Richard, Duke of Aquitaine, 
1182 — supports Prince Henry of England in 



1 1 83 — carries on war with Duke 
-92 — 'is., Dec. 1 194. 



his rebellion 
Richard, 11S 

Raymond VI., Count of Toulouse, — b., 
27 Oct. 1 156 — loses his first wife, 1175 — suc- 
ceeds his father, Dec. n 94 — makes peace 
with Richard I. of England, and marries (for 
his fourth wife) Joanna, sister of Richard, 
1 196 — allies himself with Richard against 
Philip Augustus, 11 98 — loses his wife Joanna, 
1 199 — contracts alliance with Eleonora of 
Aragon, n 99 — is compelled by legates of 
Innocent III. to promise expulsion of heretics, 
1205 — [Albigenses] — If., Aug. 1222. 

Raymond VII., Count of Toulouse, — fj., 
Jul. 1197 — succeeds his father, 1222— [Albi- 
genses] — if. at Milhau, in the Rouergue, 
27 Sep. 1249. 

Raymond-Berenger IV., Count of Pro- 
vence, — b-, 1 198 — succeeds his father, Al- 
fonso II., under guardianship of Don Pedro II. 
of Aragon, 1 209 — the government assumed by 
his mother, 121 3 — his title disputed by several 
claimants in his absence : arrives in Provence, 
and checks revolt, 12 17 — marries Beatrice of 
Savoy, 1220— put to ban of the Empire, by 
Frederick II., 1224° — the County confirmed to 
him by Frederick, 1227 a — takes Nice from 
Genoese, 1229 — besieges Marseilles, 1229 — 
deprived of Forcalquier, by Frederick II., 1230 
— compelled by Raymond of Toulouse to raise 
siege of Marseilles, 1230 — founds Barcelonetta, 
1230 — edict in his favour issued by Frederick, at 
Ravenna, 1232 — marries his daughter Margaret 
to St Louis, 1234 — and his daughter Eleanor to 
Henry III. of England, 1236 — Knt, by Fred- 
erick II., close of 1235 — serves at siege of 
Brescia, 1238 s — Aries submits to him, Aug. 
1239 — rebels, drives Imperial vicar from Aries, 
and put to ban of the Empire, by Frederick II., 
Dec. 1239 — invited to Council, by Gregory IX., 
1 240 a — attacks Toulouse, 1 240 — marries his 
daughter Sanchia to Richard, Earl of Cornwall, 
1 244 — attends Council of Lyons, 1 245 a — tf. at 
Aix, 19 Aug. 1245. a Kington. 

Raymond-Berenger, Count of Barcelona 
and Prince of Aragon. [Aragon.] 

Raymond of Penaforte, Dominican, — b. in 
Catalonia, 11 75 — enters Dominican Order, r 
Apr. 1222 — compiles Decretals for Gregory 
IX., 1230-333 — General of his Order, 1238 — 
resigns, 1240 — tf. at Barcelona, 6 Jan. 1275 — 
canonized by Clement VIIL, 1601. 
a Robertson. 

Raymond of Poitiers, Prince of Antioch, 
— Knt, by Henry I. of England, 1 136— on 
death of Bohemond II., accepts Principality of 
Antioch, 11 36 — marries Constance, daughter 
of Bohemond, at Antioch, 1 1 36 — besieged 
there by John Comnenus, n 37 — does homage 
to him and receives investiture, 11,37 — accom- 
panies Emperor to siege of Csesarea, 11 38 — 
obtains his aid against Turks, and refuses to 
surrender Antioch, 1 142 — attacked by Manuel 
Comnenus, 1144 — swears fealty to bim at Con- 
stantinople, 1 144 — receives Louis VII. of 
France and his Queen, n 48 — defeated and 
killed by Noureddin, Sultan of Aleppo, 27 
Jun. 1 149. 



RAYMOND DE SEBONDE— RECAMIER. 



1189 



Raymond de Sebonde, (Sebon, Sabonde, 
Sabunde,) philosopher, — Prof. Medicine, Theo- 
logy and Philosophy, Toulouse, about 1430 — 
&., 1432? Theologia naturalis, 1487 — De 
natura hominis dialogi, 1501. 

Raymond, Henry Jarvis, journalist, — ft. in 
New York State, 24 Jan. 1820 — graduates at 
Univ. of Vermont, 1840 — member of State 
Legislature, 1849 — Speaker of the Assembly, 
1850 — founds and edits New York Times, 1851 
— Lieutenant-governor of State of New York, 
1854-7 — &•> i8Jun. 1869. 

Raymond, Michel Joachim Marie, general, 
— ft. at Serignac, 20 Sep. 1755 — goes to India, 
1775 — joins French army as Sub-lieutenant, 
1777 — enters service of Hyder Aly, about 1785 
— of Nizam Aly, 1786 — General, 1791 — fails 
in his project of detaching Nizam Aly from 
British alliance, 1791 — fails in negotiations 
with Tippoo Saib, 1794 — defeated by Mahrat- 
tas, 1795 — suppresses revolt of Aly Behader 
against his father, about 1796 — ft. at Hydera- 
bad, 6 Mar. 1798. 

Raymond, Sir Robert, Lord Raymond, 
Lord Chief Justice of England, — ft., 1673 
— admitted to Gray's Inn, 1 Nov. 1682 — called 
to the bar, 12 Nov. 1697 — M.P., 17 10 — Knt, 

13 May 17 10 — Solicitor-general, May 17 10 to 

14 Oct. 17 14 — Attorney-general, May 1720 — 
Justice of King's Bench, 31 Jan. 1724 — Com- 
missioner of Great Seal, 7 Jan. to 4 Jun. 1725 
— Chief Justice, 2 Mar. 1725 — created Lord 
Raymond, 15 Jan. 1731 — ts. in London, 19 
Mar. 1733. Reports, 1743. 

Raymnnd Lully. [Lully.] 
Raynal, Guillaume Thomas Francois, his- 
torian, philosopher, — ft. at St Geniez, (L'Avey- 



ron,) ir Mar., a 12 Apr. b 1713, 11 b 171; 



-goes 



to Paris, 1747 — quits France, 17 8 1-8 — ad- 
dresses defence of property to Constituent As- 
sembly, 1 79 1 — if. at Chaillot, 6 Mar. 1796. 
Histoire philosophique des Etablissements du 
commerce des Europeans dans les deux Indes, 
1770. a Biog. Univ. 

b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Engl. Cyo. 

Raynouard, Francois Juste Marie, littera- 
teur, — ft. at Brignolles, 18 Sep. 1761 — mem- 
ber of Legislative Assembly, 1791 — imprisoned, 
1793 — liberated, 1794 — member of Legislative 
Body, 1806 and 18 n — of Institute, 1807 — of 
Academy of Inscriptions, 1816 — perpetual 
secretary of French Academy, 1817-27 — U. at 
Passy, 27 Oct. 1836. Monuments historiques 
relatifs a la condamnation des chevaliers du 
Temple, 181 3 — Choix de poisies originates des 
troubadours, 1 816-21 — Nouveau choix de 
poesies des troubadours, 1835-6 — Lexique Ro- 
man, 1838-44. 

Razi; [Rhazes.] 

Razzi, Giovanni Antonio, (B Sodoma,) 
painter, — ft. at Vercelli, in Piedmont, about 
1479 — &• a * Siena, 14 Feb. 1549,* i554. b c 
Deposition from the Cross, Siena, 15 13 — -fres- 
coes, (History of St Benedict,) Monte Oliveto, 
1502 — St Catherine, Siena, 1526. 
a Biog. Catalogue. b Biog. Univ. c Engl Cyc. 

Re, Isle of, — captured by Huguenots under 
Soubise, early in 1625 — retaken by Count de 



la Rochefoucault, 15 Sep. — unsuccessfully at- 
tacked by Duke of Buckingham, Jul. to Oct. 
1627. 

Reade, John Edmund, poet, — tr. at Bud- 
leigh Salterton, Devon, 17 Sep. 1870. Cain, 
the Wanderer, 1830 — Poetical Works, 1865. 

Reading, in Berkshire, — held by Danes, 
871 — evacuated by them, 872 — town and 
nunnery burnt by Danes, 1006 — Henry II. 
receives Heraclius, Patriarch of Jerusalem, at, 
1 1 85 — Edward III. holds tournament at, 1346 
— Richard II. holds his Court at, 1384 — Great 
Council held, 1389 — parliament held at, by 
Henry VI., 1453 — Superior Courts sit at, 1625 
— garrisoned for parliament, 1642 — surrendered 
by Henry Martyn to Charles I., who makes it 
his head-quarters, autumn 1642 — besieged by 
Essex, 17 Apr. 1643 — taken, 27 Apr. — occu- 
pied by James II., 1688. Benedictine Abbey, 
founded by Henry L, 1121. Council of, to 
renew Constitutions of Councils of the Lateran 
(1215) and of London (1268) held, 30 Jul. 
1279. 

Reading Rooms, in England, — licence for, 
required by Act 39 Geo. III. c. 79, 12 Jul. 
1799 — repealed by 32 and 33- Vic. c. 24, 12 
Jul. 1869. 

Real Presence. [Transubstantiation.] 

Realists and Nominalists, Controversies of 
[Nominalists.] 

Reaping Machine, — mentioned by Pliny the 
Elder, about 50-70 — Patrick Bell's, invented, 
1826 — Hussey's, 1833 — McCormick's, 1834. 

Reason, Goddess of, — worship of, decreed 
by French National Convention, (20 Brumaire 
an II.,) 10 Nov. 1793. 

Reason and Understanding, — distinction of, 
investigated and established by Kant, 178 1. 

Reaumur, Rene Antoine Ferchault de, 
naturalist, natural philosopher, — ft. at Rochelle, 
28 Feb. 1683 — goes to Paris, 1703 — received at 
Academy of Sciences, 1708 — invents his ther- 
mometer, 1 73 1 — ft. at Bermondiere, (Maine,) 
18 Oct. 1757. Trait e sur Vart de convertir U 
fer en acier et d'adoucir le fer fondu, 1722 — 
Memoires pour servir a V histoire des insectes, 
1734-42. 

' Rebecca' Riots, — crusade against toll-gates 
in Wales, begin, Feb. 1843 — Royal Proclama- 
tion respectmg, published, 3 Oct. — Royal 
Commission appointed, 10 Oct. — rioters tried 
by Special Commission at Cardiff, 27-30 Oct. 

Rebellion, Great. [See Commonwealth, 
Charles I. of England, Cromwell, Oliver, 

Rebolledo, Bernardino, Count of, UtUra- 
teur, — ft. at Leon, 1597 — serves in the army 
against Genoese, 1622 — at the taking of Nice, 
1626 — serves in Low Countries, 1632 — suc- 
cours Ferdinand II. , 1636 — Count of the Em- 
pire, 1636 — ambassador from Philip IV. to 
Denmark, 1649-61 — tf. at Madrid, 1676. 
Works, 1660. 

Recamier, Jeanne Franchise Julie Adelaide 
Bernard, Dame, — ft. at Lyon, 4 Dec. 1777 — 
marries Jacques Rose Recamier, 24 Apr. 1793 
— meets Madame de Stael, about 1798 — ex- 
pelled from Paris by Napoleon L, Sep. 181 1— 



190 



EEC AEED -EEDESDALE. 



meets Chateaubriand, 18 17 — left a widow, 
1830 — tj. at Paris, 11 May 1849. 

Eecared, Visigoth, 1st Catholic King 
op Spain, — associated on the throne with his 
father Leovigild, 572— succeeds him, 586 — 
assembles the bishops and announces his con- 
version to Catholic faith, 586— holds Council 
of Toledo, 589 — If. at Toledo, 601. [See 
Filioque.] 

Eecared II. and Eechesuintlms. [Visi- 
goths.] 

Eeceipt, for money, — stamp duty imposed 
on, by Act 23 Geo. III. c. 49, 1783— forgery 
of, made capital felony by Act 45 Geo. III. c. 
89, 10 Jul. 1805 — uniform duty of one penny 
imposed by Act 16 and 17 Vic. c. 59, 4 Aug. 

1853- 

Eechiarius, King of the Suevi, in Spain, 
— succeeds his father, Eechila, Aug. 448, a 447 b 
— marries daughter of Theodores, king of the 
Visigoths, 449, a 448 b — plunders Vasconia, 
Feb. 449, a 448 b — ravages territory of Caesar 
Augusta, Jul. 449,* 448 b — marches into Tar- 
raconensis, 456 — defeated by Theodoric near 
Asturia, 5 Oct. 456 — captured and put to 
death, before Dec. 



Idatius. 



Clinton. 



Eechila, King of the Suevi, in Spain, — 

succeeds his father Hermeric, 438 — occupies 

Emerita, 439 — gains possession of Hispalis 

and reduces Bsetica, 441— ft., Aug. 448,* 447^ 

a Idatius. b Clinton. 

Eeciprocity Treaty, — between Great Britain 
and United States, regulating British American 
coast fisheries, navigation of the St Lawrence 
and the Lakes, &c, concluded, 7 Jun. 1854 — 
carried into effect by Act 18 Vic. c. 3, 19 Feb. 
1 855 — terminates by notice from United States, 
17 Mar. 1866. 

Eecollets, Order of, (Reformed Franciscans}) 
— instituted in Italy, about 1532 — approved by 
Clement VII., 1532 — introduced in France, 
1584. 

Eeconstruction, U.S., — of rebel States, [Con- 
federate States,] provided for, by Act of Con- 
gress, 2 Mar. 1867 — supplementary bill passed, 
23 Mar. 1867 — second supplementary bill, 19 
Jul. 1867 — Acts amended by Act of Congress, 
11 Mar. 1868 — Committee on, appointed by 
House of Representatives, 9 Dec. 1868. [See 
names of separate States,'] 

Eecord, The, English newspaper, — estab- 
lished by James Evans, 1828. 

Eecorde, Eobert, mathematician, — b. at 
Tenby, about 1500 ? — enters Oxford Univ., 
1525 — FeDow of All Souls', 1531 — M.D. 
Cambridge, 1545 — living in London, 1547 — tf. 
prisoner in the King's Bench, 1558. Urinal 
of Physicke, 1548 — Grounde of Artes, 1549 — 
Castle of Knowledge, 155 1 — Whetstone of 
Witte, 1557. 

Eecorder, in cities and boroughs, — office of, 
regulated by Act 5 and 6 Wm IV. c. 76, 9 
Sep. 1835. 

Eeeords, Public,— of England, commence, 
before 1200 — treasury of, in Tower of London, 
before 1305 — state of, investigated by Com- 
mittee of House of Commons, 1800. Com- 



mission on, appointed and six times renewed, 
between 1 800-1 831 — its proceedings investi- 
gated by Committee of House of Commons, 1835 
— Reportpublished,Committee suspended, 1837. 
Office, for safe keeping of, instituted and regu- 
lated by Act 1 and 2 Vic. c. 94, 10 Aug. 1838 
— admission of literary inquirers to, regulated 
by Master of the Eolls, 5 Jul. 1858. Of Scot- 
land, many lost, 1 280-1 300 — deposited in Ge- 
neral Register House, 1787. Of Ireland, Com- 
mission on, appointed, 1810 — dissolved, 1830 
—another appointed, 1847. 

Eecruiting, for the army, in England, — 
Royal Commission on, appointed, 1 1 May 1 866 
— Report published, 21 Nov. 

Eecusants, Eecusancy, in England, — liable 
to ecclesiastical censure and a fine by Act 1 
Eliz. c. 2, 1559 — penalty increased by Act 23 
Eliz. c. 1, 1581 — declared liable to banishment 
or death by Act 35 Eliz. c. 1, 1593. [See 
Toleration Act.] Popish, similar provisions 
against, by Act 35 Eliz. c. 2, 1593 — excepted 
from Toleration Act, 1689 — relieved by Act 
31 Geo. III. c. 32, 1791 — penal Acts against, 
repealed by Act 7 and 8 Vic. c. 102, 9 Aug. 
1844. 

Eed Bank, on the Delaware, U. S., — un- 
successfully attacked by Hessian troops under 
Count Donop, 22 Oct. 1777. 

Eed Eiver, iV. America, — Scottish settle- 
ment on, under Lord Selkirk, 181 2 — passes to 
Hudson's Bay Company, 1835 — transfer of, to 
Dominion of Canada, fixed for 1 Dec. 1869 — 
insurrection, refusal to receive the governor, 2 1 
Oct. 1869 — Louis Riel takes possession of Fort 
Garry, 24 Nov. — proclamation of McDougall as 
Lieut. -governor, 1 Dec. — meeting of delegates 
held, 25 Jan. to 10 Feb. 1870 — unsuccessful 
attempt of Major Boulton to surprise Fort 
Garry, about 16 Feb. — Boulton, Scott, and 
their followers captured by Riel, Boulton con- 
demned to be shot, 17 Feb., but is spared: 
Scott tried and shot, 4 Mar. — expedition under 
Colonel "Wolseley reaches Fort Garry, 23 Aug. 

— the insurgents submit without resistance : 
district receives name of Manitoba, 1870. 

Eed Sea, Arabian Gulf, (Rubrum Mare,) 

— [B C] — passage of Israelites through, — [Ex- 
odus] — becomes principal channel of commerce 
between Europe and India, under the Ptole- 
mies, 300-200 — [AD] — course of commerce 
diverted from, by discovery of passage by Cape 
of Good Hope, 1493 — survey of, commenced 
by Moresby, of Indian Navy, 1830 — completed 
by Elwin, 1834. [Suez Canal.] 

Eedan. [Sebastopol.] 

Eedemptorists, (ligum-ists,) Order of, — 
founded in Naples by Liguori, 1732 — con- 
firmed by Benedict XIV, 1749 — revived in 
Austria, 1820. 

Eedesdale, John Freeman Mitford, Baron, 
Lord Chancellor of Ireland, — h., 18 
Aug. 1748 — M.P. Beeralston, 1789 — Solicitor- 
general, Feb. 1793 — Knt, 15 Feb. 1793 — 
Attorney-general, 1799 — Speaker of House of 
Commons, 11 Feb. 1801 — Lord Chancellor of 
Ireland, Feb. 1802 — created Baron Eedesdale, 
15 Feb. 1802 — marries Lady Frances Percival, 



REDI— REFORM BILL. 



1191 



1803 — resigns, Mar. 1806 — tf. at Batsford 
Park, in Gloucestershire, 16 Jali. 1830. 

Redi, Francisco, naturalist,— b. at Arezzo, 
18 Feb. 1626— tf. at Pisa, 1 Mar. 1698. Os- 
servazione intorno alle vipere, 1664 — Esperienze 
intorno alia Generazione degli Lnsetti, 1668 — 
Sonetti, 1702 — Letter e, 1727. 

Reding, Aloys, general, — b. in Switzerland, 
1755 — quits Spanish army, 1788 — commands 
against French, Feb. 1798 — defeats French at 
Morgarten, 2 May 1798 — landamman, 21 Nov. 
1 80 1 — assembles Diet at Schwyz, 27 Sep. 1802 
— arrested by General Ney, 7 Nov. 1802 — 
,landamman of Schwyz, 1803 — conducts nego- 
tiations with allies, 1813 — fo. at Schwyz, Feb. 
1818. 

Redoute, Pierre Joseph, {Raphael des 
Jleurs,) painter, — fc. at St Hubert, 10 Jul. 1759 
— flower-painter to Empress Josephine, 1 805 — 
Prof. Vegetable Iconography, Jardin du Roi, 
1822 — tf. at Paris, 19 Jun. 1840. 

Redschid Pasha, Grand Vizier of Otto- 
man Empire, — b. at Constantinople, 1799 — 
besieges Missolonghi, 1825 — commands against 
Russians, 1827 — Minister of Foreign Affairs, 
1828 — taken prisoner by Ibrahim Pasha at 
Konieh, Dec. 1832 — negotiates Treaty of 
Kutayieh, 1833 — ambassador to London and 
Paris, 1838-9 — negotiates commercial treaty 
with England, 1837 — Minister of Foreign Af- 
fairs, 1839-41 — again, 1845 — again ambassa- 
dor to Paris, 1841 — Grand Vizier, 28 Sep. 



1846 — resigns, autumn 1852 — again Grand 
Vizier, autumn 1853 — Pres. Council, Oct. 1857 
— tS. at Constantinople, 7 Jan. 1858. 

Redwald, King of East Anglia, — suc- 
ceeds, 593, a 599 b — converted, 604 — chosen 
Bretwalda, about 617 — defeats and kills Ethel- 
frith of Northumbria, 617. 

a Lappenberg. b Annals of England. 

Reed, Andrew, divine, philanthropist, — ft. 
in London, 1787 — studies at Hackney College, 
1807-n — pastor in London, 1811 — establishes 
London Orphan Asylum, 1813 — founds Infant 
Orphan Asylum, Wanstead, about 1828— with 
Matheson, visits America, 1834 — founds another 
Orphan Asylum, 1 844 — founds Asylum for 
Idiots, 1847 — founds Hospital for Incurables, 
1854 — if. at Hackney, 25 Feb. 1862. No Fic- 
tion, 1 8 19. 

Reed, Isaac, critic, miscellaneous writer, — 
b. in London, 1742 — U., 1807. Biographia 
Dramatica, 1782 — Repository, 1777-83 — 
Works of Shakespeare, 1785. 

Rees, Abraham, Editor of the Cyclopcedia, 
— b. in Wales, 1743 — mathematical tutor at 
Hoxton Academy, 1762-84 — pastor of Presby- 
terian Congregation, Southwark, 1768 — theo- 
logical and philosophical tutor, Hackney Col- 
lege, 1786-95 — F.R.S., about 1786 — U. in 
London, 9 Jun. 1825. Edits Chambers's 
Cyclopcedia, 1786 — Cyclopcedia, 1803-19. 

Reeve, Clara, novelist, — b. at Ipswich, 1738 
■ — tf. there, Dec. 1808. Translation of Bar- 
clay's Argenis, 1772 — Old English Baron, 
1777 



—appears at Drury Lane Theatre, 1819— ft., 
Jan. 1838. 

Reeve, lovell Augustus, naturalist, — b. t 
about 1808— tf., 18 Nov. 1865. Conchologia 
Iconica, 1843 et se^—Lnitiamenta Concholo- 
gica, 1846-60. 

Reeves, John, — b., 20 Nov. 1752— M.A. 
Oxford, 1778— called to the bar, 1780— Chief 
Justice of Newfoundland, 1791 and 1792 — 
founds Loyal Association, 1792 — prosecuted 
for libel by order of House of Commons, 1796 
— acquitted, 20 May— one of the king's printers, 
1799— employed in Alien Office, 1803-14— fc. 
at Westminster, 7 Aug. 1829. History of 
English Law, 1783-4 — History of Law of 
Shipping and Navigation, 1792 — his edition of 
the Bible, 1802— Proposal of a Bible Society 
on a new plan, 1805. 

Reform, Parliamentary, in Great Britain, 
— motion of John Wilkes for, negatived with- 
out division, 20 Mar. 1776— Pitt's motions, 
negatived, 7 May 1782, 7 May 1783, and 18 
Apr. 1785— Society of Friends of the People 
formed to promote, spring 1792 — their petition 
presented by Grey, spring 1793— Grey's motion 
for, opposed by Pitt, and negatived, 6 May 
2 793— ; Brand's motion negatived, 21 May 18 10 
— petition of distressed mechanics for, prepared, 
15 Nov. 1816— Spa Fields' Riot, 2 Dec. 1816 
— petition of Corporation of London presented 
to Prince Regent, 9 Dec. 18 16 — public meet- 
ings held in large towns, 1 816- 17 — six hundred 
petitions presented to House of Commons, 18 17 
— Habeas Corpus Act suspended, 4 Mar., and 
again, Jun. 18 17 — Burdett's motions negatived, 
20 May and 3 Jun. 18 17 — Lord John Russell's 
motion negatived, 29 Apr. 1822 — resolutions 
in favour of, moved by Marquis of Blandford 
and rejected, 3 Jun. 1829 — again moved, by 
Lord John Russell and O'Connell, 28 May 
1830 — dissolution of Wellington ministry, 16 
Nov. — formation of ministry by Earl Grey, 22 
Nov. [See Reform Bill.] 

Reform Banquet. [French Revolution, 
1848.] 

Reform Bill, in Great Britain,— introduced 
by Lord John Russell, 1 Mar. 1 83 1 — second read- 
ing carried, 22 Mar. — amendment of Gascoigne 
in opposition introduced, 18 Apr. — carried, 20 
Apr. — parliament dissolved by proclamation, 23 
Apr. — new parliament meets, 14 Jun. — opened 
by William IV., 21 Jun. — Bill reintroduced by 
Russell, 24 Jun. — second reading carried, 6 
Jul. — committed, 13 Jul. — report brought up, 
13 Sep. — read third time, 19 Sep. — passed, 21 
Sep. — taken up to House of Lords, 22 Sep. — 
thrown out on second reading, 7 Oct. — riots at 
Derby and Nottingham suppressed by military, 
8 Oct. — parliament prorogued, 20 Oct., and 
reassembled, 6 Dec. — Bill introduced third time, 
12 Dec. — read second time, 17 Dec. — com- 
mitted, 20 Jan. 1832 — reported, 14 Mar. — read 
third time, 22 Mar. — first reading in House of 
Lords, 26 Mar. — second, 14 Apr. — hostile 
amendment by Lord Lyndhurst carried, 7 May 
— resignation of ministry, 9 May — attempt of 
Wellington to form a ministry fails, and Earl 



Reeve, John, comedian, — b. in London, 1799 I Grey returns to office, 17 May — bill read third 



1192 



REFORM CLUB— REGISTER. 



time in the Lords, 4 Jim. — receives royal as- 
sent, 7 Jun. [Representation of the People.] 
Reform Club, — established in London, 20 
May 1835. 

Reform League, — established in London, 
early in 1867— [Hyde Park]— dissolved, Mar. 
1869. 

Reformation, of \§th century, — in France, 
commenced by Lefevre and Farel, before 15 12. 
In Switzerland, by Zwingli, 15 16. In Ger- 
many, by Luther, 15 17 — condemned by bull of 
Leo X., 15 Jun. 1520. In England, opposed by 
Henry VIII., 1521. In Denmark, introduced 
by Frederick I., 1527. In Scotland, by Pat- 
rick Hamilton, 1527. In Sweden, established 
by Gustavus Vasa, 1529. At Geneva, estab- 
lished by Farel, 1535— opposed in^ Branden- 
burg by Elector Joachim I., 1532 — introduced 
by Joachim II., 1539 — preached in the Nether- 
lands, before 1535 — attempted in Italy and in 
Spain, before 1540. 

Reformation, Jubilee of the,— celebrated at 
Geneva, Aug. 1835. 

Reformatory Schools, — [Philanthropic So- 
ciety] — established at Redhill, Surrey, 1 849 — 
extended use and efficiency of, provided for, by 
Act 17 and 18 Vic. c. 86, 10 Aug. 1854— fur- 
ther regulated by Act 19 and 20 Vic. c. 109, 
29 Jul. 1856 — extension of, promoted by Act 
20 and 21 Vic. c. 55, 25 Aug. 1857 — law re- 
lating to, consolidated and amended by Act 29 
and 30 Vic. c. 117, 10 Aug. 1866. In Scotland, 
extended use of, provided for, by Act 17 and 18 
Vic. c. 74, 7 Aug. 1854 — amended by 18 
and 19 Vic. c. 87, 14 Aug. 1855 — further'pro- 
visions by 19 and 20 Vic. c. 28, 23 Jun. 1856. 
In Ireland, promoted and regulated by Act 21 
and 22 Vic. c. 103, 2 Aug. 1858 — law relating 
to, amended by Act 31 and 32 Vic. c. 59, Jul. 
1868. 

Refraction, Astronomical, — noticed by 
Ptolemy, about 150 — by Alhazen, about 1030 
— investigated by "Walther, about 16 15 — by 
Tycho Brahe, 1580-1600 — by Dominique Cas- 
sini, 1662-72 — fully explained by Newton, 
1704. 

Refraction of Light,— observed by Ptolemy, 
130-150 — law of, discovered by Willebrord 
Snell, 1621 — double, discovered by Bartholin, 
1669 — explained by Huyghens, 1690. 

Refreshment Houses, — in England, licence 
duty imposed on, by Act 23 and 24 Vic. c. 27, 
14 Jun. i860. In Ireland, duty imposed by 
Act 23 and 24 Vic. c. 107, 28 Aug. i860. 
Refuge, Harbours of. [Harbours.] 
Regale, in French history, — right of the 
king to revenue of sees during vacancy, and of 
presenting to benefices : recognized by Inno- 
cent III., 1 2 10 — arrangements respecting, be- 
tween Louis XIII. and the clergy made, 16 15, 
1624, and 1636— claimed by Louis XIV., 1673 
— discussed in Assembly held at Paris, Jan. 
1682 — regulated by declaration of Louis XIV., 
24 Jan. 1682. 

Regalia, of England, — inventory of, made, 
1649 — destroyed, new made for coronation of 
Charles II., 1660. 
Regalianus, (RegilManus,) one of the Thirty 



Tyrants, — proclaimed in Moesia, and put to 
death, 263. 

Regency, The, — in Great Britain, vested in 
the Prince of "Wales, during incapacity of 
George III., by Act 51 Geo. III. c. 1, 5 Feb. 
1 8 1 1 . In France, vested in Philip, Duke of 
Orleans, on accession of Louis XV., 1 Sep. 

Regensburg. [Ratisbon.] 

Regent's Canal, london, — commenced, Oct. 
18 1 2 — completed, Aug. 1820. 

Regent's Park, london, — formation of, com- 
menced, 1 81 2 — Broad "Walk opened, 1838 — 
breaking of ice in, and loss of many lives, 15 
Jan. 1867. 

Reggio, in Calabria. [Rhegium.] 

Reggio, in lombardy, {Rhegium lepidi,) — 
Dominican monastery founded at, 1233 a — aids 
Frederick II., 1236 a — again at siege of Brescia, 
1238 a — conspiracy at, suppressed by Enzio, 
1245 a — lordship of, vested in Obizzo II., 
Marquis of Este, 15 Jan. 1290 b — expels Azzo 
VIII., 27 Jan. 1306 b — acquired by the Gonza- 
gas, Lord of Mantua, n Jul. 1335 — taken by 
Nicholas II. of Este, May 1371 — sold to Ber- 
nabo Visconti, and taken possession of by him, 
May 1 37 1 — taken by Nicholas III., Marquis of 
Ferrara, Jul. 1409 — erected into a Duchy for 
Borso, 18 Jan. 1452 — taken by troops of 
Julius II., 1509 — recovered by Duke Alfonso 
I.; again taken for Julius II., 1512 — reen- 
tered by Alfonso, 29 Sep. 1523 — adjudged 
to him by Charles V., 1530 — unsuccessfully be- 
sieged by Spaniards under Marquis Caracena, 
1655 — seized by French, 1734 — forms part of 
Cisalpine Republic, 1796-1814. a Kington. 
b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Reggio, Duke of. [Oudinot.] 

Regillus, Lake, battle of, — [B C] — the Ro- 
mans defeat the Latins, 497. 

Regiments, — organization of, in France, 
not later than 1562 — in England, mentioned, 
1588. 

Regiomontanus, (Johann Muller,) astrono- 
mer, — b. at Konigsberg, (in Franconia, ?) 6 
Jun. 1436 — studies at Leipsic, 1448 — at Vienna, 
about 1452-3 — Prof. Astronomy at the Univ., 
146 1 — visits Italy, 146 1-2-4 — settles at Nurn- 
berg, 147 1 — called to Rome, and made Bp of 
Ratisbon, 1474 — tr. at Rome, 6 Jul. 1475. De 
Triangulis planis et sphcericis, 1533, a 1541 b — 
with Purbach, translation of the Almagest, 
1496 — Tabulce directionum profectionumque, 
i475, a 1485 b — Kalendarium Novum, before 
1475. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Regis, Pierre Sylvain, philosopher,— b. in 
the Agenois, 1632 — lectures on Cartesian philo- 
sophy at Toulouse, 1665 — at the Sorbonne, 
1680 — interdicted by Abp Harlay, 1680 — 
admitted to Academy of Sciences, 1699 — tf. at 
Paris, 11 Jan. 1707. Systeme de Philosophic, 
1690 — Usage de la liaison et de la Foi, 1704 — 
Discursus Philosophicus, 1705. 

Register, — of Deeds and Wills, in W^st 
Riding of Yorkshire, established by Act 2 and 
3 Ann. c. 4, 1703 — amended by Act 5 Ann. c. 
18, 1706 — in East Riding, established by Act 
6 Ann. c. 35, 1707 — in Middlesex, by Act 7 



REGISTER— REICHENBERG. 



ii93 



Ann. c. 20, 1709 — in North Riding of York- 
shire, by Act 8 Geo. II. c. 6, 1735. Of Judg- 
ments of Courts of Law and Equity, required in 
order to affect land, by Act 1 and 2 Vic. c. 110, 
16 Aug. 1838. Of Merchant Shipping, estab- 
lished by Navigation Act, 12 Car. II. c. 18, 
1660 — new regulations respecting, by Acts 7 
and 8 Win III. c. 22, s. 17, 1696, and 26 Geo. 
III. c. 60, 1786 — systematized by Act 27 Geo. 
III. c. 19, 1787 — law amended and consoli- 
dated by Act 17 and 18 Vic. c. 104, 10 Aug. 
1854.. Parish, keeping of, enjoined by Henry 

viii., 1538. 

Register, Lord Clerk, Scottish 1 Officer 
of State, — appointment of, made for life, 1777. 

Registration of Births, Deaths, and Mar- 
riages, — in England, ordained by Act 6 and 7 
Wm III. c. 6, 1694— further regulated by Acts 
9 Wm III. c. 32, 1697, and 52 Geo. III. c. 
146, 28 Jul. 18 12 — facilitated and regulated 
by Act 6 and 7 Wm IV. c. 86, 17 Aug. 1836 
— amended by Acts 1 Vic. c. 22, 30 Jun. 1837, 
and 19 and 20 Vic. c. 119, 29 Jul. 1855. In 
Scotland, provided for by Act 17 and 18 Vic. c. 
80, 7 Aug. 1854— further regulated by Acts 18 
and 19 "Vic. c. 29, 15 Jun. 1855, and 23 and 
24 Vic. c. 85, 6 Aug. i860. 

Registration of Births and Deaths, in Ire- 
land, — provided for by Act 26 Vic. c. 11, 20 
Apr. 1 863 — law amended by Act 31 and 32 Vic. 
c. 112, 31 Jul. 1868. Of Marriages, provided 
for by Act 26 and 27 Vic. c. 90, 28 Jul. 1863. 

Registration of Burials, in England, — fur- 
ther provided for by Act 27 and 28 Vic. c. 97, 
29 Jul. 1864. 

Registration of Places of Religious Wor- 
ship, in England, — required and regulated by 
Acts 1 Wm and Mar. c. 18, 1689; 31 Geo. 
lll.c. 32, 1791 ; 52 Geo. III. c. 155, 29 Dec. 
1812 ; 2 and 3 Wm IV. c. 115, 16 Aug. 1832 ; 
9 and 10 Vic. c. 59, 18 Aug. 1846, and 15 
and 16 Vic. c. 36, 30 Jun. 1852 — law respect- 
ing, amended by Act 18 and 19 Vic. c. 81, 30 
Jul. 1855. 

Registration of Voters,— in England and 
Wales, required by Reform Act, 2 Wm IV. c. 
45, 7 Jun. 1832 — law amended by Act 6 Vic. c. 
18, 31 May 1843. % n Scotland, law amended 
by Act 19 and 20 Vic. c. 58, 21 Jul. 1856. 

Regium Donum, — annual grant to Presby- 
terian clergy in Ireland, originated by Charles 
II., 1672— discontinued, before 1685 — renewed 
by William III., 19 Jun. 1690 — payable out 
of Civil List, by letters-patent of Queen Mary, 
1 69 1— renewed by William III., 1699 — by 
Queen Anne, 23 Dec. 1702 — augmented, 1708, 
1784, and 1792 — newly regulated, 1803 — dis- 
continued, and Acts relating to, repealed, by 
Act 32 and 33 Vic. c. 42, 26 Jul. 1869. Annual 
grant to Dissenting ministers in England, com- 
menced, 1723. 

Regius TJrbanus, poet, reformer, — Pastor 
at Lunenberg, 1532— tf. at Zelle, 23 May 1541. 

Regnard, Jean Francois, poet, — ft. at Paris, 
Feb. 1655 — visits Italy, about 1676 — Scan- 
dinavia, 1 68 1 -3— to. in France, 4 Sep. 1709. 
CEuvres, 17 11. 

Regnault, Alexandre Georges Henri, 



painter, -ft., 1847— obtains Grand Prize of 
Academy, (Paris,) 1 866— visits Tangier, 1870 
— serves as National Guard in German siege of 
Paris, and is killed in a sortie, 19 Jan. 1871. 
Portrait of Gen. Prim, 1869— Execution at the 
Alhambra, 1870 — Salome, 1870 — Judith, 1870. 

Regnault, Jean Baptiste, painter, — ft. at 
Paris, 19 Oct. 1754— obtains grand prize, 1776 
— admitted to Academy, 25 Oct. 1783 — rj. at 
Paris, 12 Nov. 1829. 

Regnault, Noel, mathematician, §c, — ft. at 
Arras, 5 Sep. 1683— tf. at Paris, 14 May 1762. 
Entretiens Physiques, 1729 — Origine Ancienne 
de la Physique Nouvelle, 1734 — Entretiens Ma- 
the'matiques, 1744. 

Regnier. [Hainault and Lorraine.] 

Regnier, Claude Ambroise, Duke of 
Massa, statesman, — ft. at Blamont, (Meurthe,) 
6 Apr. 1736 — deputy to States-General, 1789 
— member of Council of Ancients, Sep. 1795 
— Pres., Feb. 1796— reelected to Council, 1799 
— Grand Judge and Minister of Justice, 14 
Sep. 1 802 — Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 
1804 — Pres. Legislative Body, 19 Nov. 181 3 
— tf. at Paris, 24 Jun. 18 14. 

Regnier, Edme, mechanician, — ft. in Bur- 
gundy, 15 Jun. 175 1— tf. at Paris, 10 Jun. 
1825. Me'moire explicatif du Dynamometre et 
autres machines, 1798 — Description et usage 
d'un nouveau meridien a, canon, 1798. 

Regnier, Mathurin, poet, — ft. at Chartres, 
21 Dec. 1573 — tf. at Rouen, 22 Oct. 1613. 
QZuvres, 1608. 

Regulus, — Consul with M. Civica Barbaras, 
(910, a. u. c.) 157. 

Regulus, C. Atilius, — [BC] — (1.) Consul 
with Cn. Corn. Blasio, (497, a. u. c.) 257 — 
Consul with L. Manlius Vulso, (504,) 250. (2.) 
Consul with L. JEmilius Papus, (529,) 225 — 
killed in battle by the Gauls. 

Regulus, C. Memmius, — Consul with L. 
Virginius Rufus, (816, a. v. c.) 63. 

Regulus, M. Atilius,— [B C]— (1.) Consul 
with M. Valerius Corvus,( 419, a. u. c.)335. (2.) 
Consul with L. Postumius Megellus, (460,) 
294. (3.) Consul with L. Julius Libo, takes 
Brundusium, triumphs over Sallentini, (487,) 
267 — Consul with L. Manlius Vulso Longus, 
(498,) 256 — defeats Carthaginians at sea, 
ravages territory of Carthage ; defeats Car- 
thaginians under Hasdrubal, &c. ; defeated and 
taken by Xanthippus, 255 — sent with ambas- 
sadors to ask peace at Rome, 250 — put to death 
at Carthage, 250. (4.) Consul with P. Va- 
lerius Flaccus, (527,) 227 — Consul suff. with 
Cn. Servilius Geminus, (537,) 217 — censor,2i4. 

Reicha, Anton Joseph, musical composer t 
writer on music, — ft. at Prague, 27 Feb. 1770 — 
goes to Paris, 1794 — Prof, at the Conservatory, 
1 817 — admitted to Academy of Music, 1835— 
tf. at Paris, 28 May 1836. Cours de composi- 
tion musicale,\%\% — Traite demelodie, 18 14 — ■ 
Trait e de haute composition musicale, 1824-6. 

Reichenbach, Georg von, mechanician, — 
ft. at Durlach, in Baden, 24 Aug. 1772 — visits 
England, 1791-3 — tf. at Munich, 21 May 1826. 

Reichenberg, in Bohemia, — in possession of 
Wallenstein, 1622 — passes to the Counts 



u 9 4 



REICHSTADT— RELIEF SYNOD. 



Gallas, 16.34 — Austrian camp near, stormed by 
Prussians under Prince von Bevern, 21 Apr. 
1 757 —head-quarters of Prince Frederick Charles 
of Prussia, 24-26 Jun. 1866. 

Reichstadt, Duke of. [Bonaparte, Na- 
poleon Francois.] 

Reid, Thomas, philosopher, — fj. at Strachan, 
in Scotland, 26 Apr. 17 10 — enters Marischal 
Coll. Aberdeen, 1722 — M.A., 1726 — Librarian 
to his Coll., about 1726 — visits England, 1736 
— parish minister of New Machar, 1737 — 
marries, 1740 — Prof. Moral Philosophy, King's 
Coll. Aberdeen, 1752— Prof. Moral Philosophy, 
Univ. of Glasgow, 1764 — D.D. Aberdeen, about 
1764 — retires, 178 1 — loses his wife, 1792 — tf. 
at Glasgow, 7 Oct. 1796. Inquiry into the 
Human Mind, 1764. — Essays on the Intellectual 
Powers, 1785 — Essays on the Active Powers, 
1788. 

Reid, Sir William, natural philosopher, — 
ft. in Scotland, 1791 — enters the army, 1809 — 
serves in the Peninsular War, 1809-14 — pre- 
sent at Waterloo, 18 15— at attack on Algiers, 
1816 — Governor of Bermudas, 1838 — F.R. S., 
1839 — Governor of Windward Islands, 1846 — 
chairman of Executive Committee of Great Ex- 
hibition, 185 1— K.C.B., Governor of Malta, Dec. 
1851 — Major-general, May 1856— ft. in Lon- 
don, 31 Oct. 1858. law nf Storms, 1838 — Pro- 
gress of Development of law of Storms, 1849. 

Reign of Terror. [French Revolution, 
1789.] 

Reimarus, Hermann Sa,wael,phiMogist, $c, 
— ft. at Hamburg, 22 Dec. 1694 — Prof. Hebrew 
at the Gymnasium, 1727 — marries daughter of 
J. A. Fabricius, 1728 — tf. at Hamburg, 1 Mar. 
1768,* 1765^ De vita et scriptis J. Alb. 
Fabricii commentarius, 1737 — Die vomehmsten 
Wahrheiten der naturlichen Religion, 1754 — 
Betrachtungen iiber die Kunsttriebe der Thiere, 
1762 — Vernunftlehre, 1756 — Wolfenbuttelsche 
Fragmente, 1777-78. 
a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. and Conv.-Lex. 

Reimmann, Jacob Friedrich, bibliographer, 
— ft. at Groningen, 22 Jan. 1668 — tf. at Hilde- 
sheim, 1 Feb. 1743. Eistoria litter, exotericce 
et acroamaticce particula, 17 10 — Bibliotheca 
historice litter arice critica, 1739 — Versuch einer 
Einleitung in die Historia literaria, 1703-13. 

Reims. [Rheims.] 

Reineccins, Christian, philologist, theolo- 
gian, — ft. in Saxony, 22 Jan. 1668 — tf. at 
Weissenfels, 18 Oct. 1752. Bibliaquadralingua 
Novi Testamenti, 17 13 — Biblia hebraica, 1725 
■ — Biblia sacra quadralingua Vet. Test., 1748 
■ — Concordantia Bibliorum Germanico-Hebraico- 
Grceco, 17 18. 

Reineccius, (ReinecJc,) Reinier, historian, — 
ft. at Paderborn, 15 May 1541 — Prof. History, 
Frankfort-on-the Oder, 1578 — Prof. Literature 
and History, Helmstadt, 1583 — tf. there, 26 
Apr. 1595. Methodus legendi cognoscendique 
historiam, 1583 — Historia Julia, 1574 — His- 
toria Orientalis, 1595. 

'Reineke de Vos,' {Reynard the Fox,) — Eng- 
lish version printed by Caxton, 148 1 — Dutch, 
at Delft, 1484 — Low German, at Liibeck, 
1498 — translated into High German, 1545 — 
into Latin, by Schopper, 1567. 



Reinesius, Thomas, philologist, antiquary^ 
— fj. at Gotha, 13 Dec. 1587 — tf. at Leipsic, 17 
Jan. 1667. De Diis Syris, 1623 — Variarum 
lectionum lib. Ill, 1640 — Syntagma inscrip- 
tionum antiquarum, 1682. 

Reinhold, Erasmus, mathematician, astro- 
nomer,— ft. at Saalfeld, 21 Oct. 15 n— Prof. 
Astronomy, Wittenberg, 1552 — tf. in Thuringia, 
19 Feb. 1553. Frutenicce Tabulce Ccelestium 
motuum, 155 1 — Commentarius Theories nova 
planetarum G. Purbachii, 1542. 

Reinhold, Karl Leonhard, philosopher, — ft. 
at Vienna, 26 Oct. 1758 — Prof. Philosophy, 
Kiel, 1794 — tf. at Kiel, 10 Aug. 1820,* i823. b 
Versuch einer neuen Theorie des Vorstellungs- 
vermbgens, 1789 — Tleber das Fundament des 
philos. TVissens, 1791 — Grundlegung einer 
Synonymih filr den Allgemeinen Sprachgebrauch 
in den philos. TVissenschaften, 1812. 
a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. and Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Reiske, Ernestina Christina, — ft. at Kem- 
berg, in Saxony, 2 Apr. 1735 — marries J. J. 
Beiske, 1764 — widow, 1774 — tf. at Kemberg, 
27 Jul. 1798. Hellas, 1778 — Zar Moral, 1782 
— Fur deutsche Schonen, 1786. 

Reiske, Johann Jacob, philologist, oriental- 
ist, — ft. at Zorbig, in Saxony, 25 Dec. 17 16 — 
studies at Leipsic, 1733 — goes to Leyden, 1738 
— M.D., returns to Leipsic, 1746 — Prof. Phi- 
losophy there, 1747 — Extraord. Prof. Arabic, 
1748 — Hector of St Nicholas Coll., 1758 — 
marries Ernestina Miiller, 23 Jul. 1764 — tf. at 
Leipsic, 14 Aug. 1774. Observationes Medicce 
ex Arabum monimentis, 1746 — Frobender Ara- 
bischen Dichtkunst in verliebten und traurigen 
Gedichten, aus dem Motanabbi, §c, 1765 — 
Abulfedce Annales Moslemici, 1754 — transla- 
tions of Demosthenes and AEschines, 1761 — 
edition of Plutarch, 1774-9 — Annates regnorum 
orientalium ante Muhamedem, 1 847 — Autobio- 
graphic, 1783. 

Reland, Adrian, orientalist, — ft. at Ryp, in 
Holland, 17 Jul. 1676 — studies at Utrecht, 
1690-6 — Prof. Philosophy and Oriental Lan- 
guages, Harderwyk, 1699 — Prof. Oriental 
Languages and Ecclesiastical History, Utrecht, 
1701 — tf. there, 5 Feb. 17 18. Palcsstina ex 
monumentis veteribus Ulustrata, 17 14 — Anti- 
quitates sacrce veterum Hebrceorum, 1708 — De 
religione Mohammedica, 1705. 

Relics, — in Church History, traffic in, pro- 
hibited by Theodosius, 386 — veneration of, 
condemned by Vigilantius, about 400-410 — 
spurious, manufactured, before 600 — possession 
of, declared necessary to consecration of churches, 
by second Council of Nicaea, 787 — supply of, 
from Palestine, about 11 00 — plunder of, at 
capture of Milan by Frederick II., 1162 — at 
taking of Constantinople, 1203 — sale of, and 
veneration of new, without approval of Pope, 
prohibited by Innocent III., at Council of the 
Lateran, 1215 — brought into hall of Council 
at Basel, 16 May 1439 — veneration of, enjoined 
by Council of Trent, sess. 25, Dec. 1563. In 
Great Britain, importation of, prohibited, and 
Justices of Peace authorized to search for and 
destroy, by Act 3 Jac. I. c. 5, s. 15, 1606. 

Relief Synod, — of Presbyterian Dissenters, 
in Scotland, established, 1759. 



RELIGIOUS WARS— RENNELL. 



'95 



Religious Wars, in France. [Huguenots.] 
In Provence. [Albigenses.] 

Rembrandt, HermanszoonvanRyn, painter, 
etcher, — ft. near Leyden, 15 Jun. 1606 or 1608 
— settles at Amsterdam, about 1630 — marries, 
22 Jun. 1634 — loses his wife, 1642 — declared 
insolvent, 1656 — tr. at Amsterdam, Oct. 1669. 
Presentation in the Temple, the Hague, 1630 — 
Lesson in Anatomy, the Hague, 1632 — Descent 
from the Cross, 1640 — Night Watch, Amster- 
dam, 1642 — Five Syndics, Amsterdam, 1661 — 
Adoration of the Shepherds, National Gallery, 
1646 — Woman taken in Adultery, National 
Gallery, 1644 — Christ blessing little children, 
National Gallery, about 1650 — Nativity, Na- 
tional Gallery, 164.6 — * Hundred Guilder' 
Print, about 1648 ? 

Remembrancers, {Clerks of the Remem- 
brance,) — offices mentioned, 1363 — Lord 
Treasurer's, abolished, and duties transferred to 
Queen's, by Act 3 and 4 Wm IV. c. 99, 28 Aug. 

1833. 

Remi, St, {Eemigius,) Bp of Rheims, — u. 
near Laon, about 438 — Bp of Rheims, about 
460 — baptizes Clovis, Christmas 496 — tf., Jan. 

533 ? 

Remi, St, {Eemigius,) Bp of Lyons,— b., 
about 800 — Bp of Lyons, 852 — his controversy 
with Hincmar begins, 854 — presides at Councils 
of Valence, 855 — of Langres and Savonnieres, 
859— of Touzy, 860 — of Soissons, 866 — of 
Verberie, 869 — of Rheims, 871 — and of Cha- 
lons-sur-Saone, 873 and 875 — ft. at Lyons, 28 
Oct. 875. 

Remonstrance, Grand, — against measures 
of Charles I., adopted by House of Commons, 
22 Nov. 1 641 — presented to the king, 1 Dec. 
[Five Members.] 

Remonstrants, {Butch Arminians,) — pre- 
sent petition (Remonstrance) to States-General, 
1 6 10 — expelled and condemned by Synod of 
Dort, 16 1 9 — persecuted, 1619-20 — find refuge 
in Holstein ; begin to return, 1631. 

Remusat, Jean Pierre Abel, orientalist,— b. 
at Paris, 5 Sep. 1788— M.D., 1814,* 1813*— 
Prof. Chinese Language, College de France, 
18 14 — member of Academy of Inscriptions, 
1 8 14 — editor of Journal des Savants, 1818 — 
Keeper of Oriental MSS., Royal Library, 1824 
— fc. at Paris, 3, a 4, b 5 c Jun. 1832. Essai sur 
la langue et la litterature Chinoises, 1811 — 
Pecherches sur les langues Tartares, 1820 — 
Grammaire Chinoise, 1822 — Melanges Asia- 
tiques, 1825, 1829. a Engl. Cyc. 

b Nouv. Biog. Gen. ° Biog. Univ. 

Renaissance, in Art, period of classical 
revival, — commences in Italy, about 1400-20 
— style of the, introduced in France, 1500-20 
— in England, 1560-70. 

Renau d'Elicagaray, Bernard, naval com- 
mander, — b. in Beam, 1652 — constructs bomb- 
ships for siege of Algiers, 1680 — conducts siege 
of Philipsburg, 1688 — accompanies Louis XIV. 
to siege of Mons, 1691 — member of Academy 
of Sciences, 1699 — besieges Gibraltar, 1704 — 
O". at Pougues, 30 Sep. 17 19. Theorie de la 
manoeuvre des vaisseaux, 1689. 

Renaudot, Eusebe, orientalist, — b. at Paris, 
ao Jul. 1646 — member of French Academy, 



1689 — of Academy of Inscriptions, 1691 — 
visits Rome, 1700—0". at Paris, 1 Sep. 1720. 
Defense de la ' Perpetuite de lafoi,' 1708 — 
Historia Patriarcharum Alexandrinorum Ja- 
cobitarum, 17 13 — Liturgiarum orientalium col- 
lectio, 17 16. 

Renaudot, Theophraste, physician, journal- 
ist,~it. in London, 1584— M.D. Montpellier, 
1606 — settles at Paris, 161 2— tr. at Paris, 25 
Oct. 1653. Establishes Pa Gazette, 163 1. 

Renchen, in Baden, — Montecuculi repulses 
Turenne near, 1675— Moreau defeats Aus- 
trians at, 28 Jun. 1796. 

Rendsburg, in Holstein, — mentioned, be- 
tween 1 150-1200 — surprised by Waldemar II. 
of Denmark, 1226 — taken by Imperialists, 1627 
— by Swedes, 1643 — fortified, about 1670 — 
Assembly of States held at, 3 Apr. 1 848— taken 
by Prussians, 1 848 — occupied by Prussians and 
Austrians, 8 Feb. 1851 — given up to Danes, 20 
Feb. 1852 — fortifications dismantled, Sep. 1852 
— evacuated by Danes, occupied by Saxons 
under Gen. Hake, 31 Dec. 1863 — occupied by 
Prussians, 21 Jul. 1864. [Schleswig-Holstein 
Wars.] 

Rene, the Good, Duke of Anjou, Count op 
Provence, Duke of Lorraine, and King op 
Sicily, — b. at Angers, 1409 — marries Isabella, 
heiress of Lorraine, 1420 — defeated and im- 
prisoned by Duke of Burgundy, 2 Jul. 143 1 — 
conditionally liberated, Feb. 1432 — succeeds his 
brother Louis III., 1434 — declared legitimate 
Duke of Lorraine, by Emperor Sigismund, at 
Basel, 24 Apr. 1434 — named successor to crown 
of Naples, by Joanna II., 1434 — again im- 
prisoned at Dijon, 1 Mar. 1435 — liberated, 1 1 
Feb. 1437 — carries on war with Alfonso of 
Aragon, 1439-42 — loses his kingdom and 
retires to Provence, 1442 — takes part in nego- 
tiations at Tours for peace between France and 
England, 1444 — marries his daughter to Henry 
VI. of England, 1445 — [Margaret of Anjou] — 
resigns Lorraine to his son, 1453 — refuses offer 
of crown of Aragon, 1467 — loses his eldest son, 
27 Jul. 147 1 — on seizure of Anjou by Louis 
XL, retires to Aix, 1473 — )j. there, 10 Jul. 
1480. OSuvres, 1845-6. 

Rene II., Duke of Upper Lorraine, — b., 
1 45 1 — succeeds Duke Nicholas by cession of 
rights of his mother, Yolande of Anjou, 1473 — 
seized with Yolande, and carried off to Join- 
ville, by Charles the Bold, 1473 — liberated by 
intervention of Louis XL, 1473 — allies himself 
with Louis XL and Emperor Frederick III. 
against Charles, 1474 — the Duchy conquered 
by Charles, 1475 — leads the Swiss at Morat, 
1476 — recovers his Duchy, 1476 — defeats 
Charles at Nancy, 5 Jan. 1477 — acquires 
Duchy of Bar, 1480 — with Venetians, defeats 
Ferrarese at Adria, 1482 — regains Duchy of 
Bar, 1484 — marries for his second wife, Philip- 
pine of Guelderland, 1 Dec. 1485 — ft. near 
Bar-le-Duc, 10 Dec. 1508. 

Reni, Guido. [Guido Reni.] 

Rennell, James, geographer, — b.near Chud- 
leigh, Devonshire, 3 Nov. 1742 — enters the 
navy, 1757 — at siege of Pondicherry, 1761 — 
leaves the navy, 1766 — Surveyor-general of 
Bengal, about 1770? — returns to England, 



1 196 



RENNES— RESENIUS. 



1782— F.R.S., 1788— tr. in London, 29 Mar. 
1830. Atlas of Bengal, 1781 — Map of Hin- 
dustan, 1788 — Geographical System of Herodo- 
tus examined and explained, 1800 — Comparative 
Geography of Western Asia, 1831 — Illustra- 
tions chiefly geographical of the History of the 
Expedition of the Younger Cyrus, $e. t 18 16 — 
Investigation of the Currents of the Atlantic 
Ocean, $c, 1832. 

Rennes, in Bretagne, — unsuccessfully be- 
sieged by Charles the Bald, 843 — by Duke 
Pasquiten, 874 — taken by Conan IV. and the 
English, 1 155 — attempted by English, 1342 — 
by Duke of Lancaster, 1356 — threatened by 
La Tremouille, 1487 — besieged by Charles 
VIIL, 149 1 — visited by Henry IV., 1598 — 
partly burnt, 22-29 ^ ec * I 7 2 °« University, 
built, 1849-55. 

Rennie, George, civil engineer, — fj. in 
Surrey, 3 Jan. 1 791— enters Edinburgh Univ., 
1807 — in partnership with his brother, (Sir) 
John Rennie, 1821 — F.R.S., 1822 — tr. in Lon- 
don, 30 Mar. 1866. London Bridge, completed, 
1831. 

Rennie, John, civil engineer, — b. in Scotland, 
7 Jim. 1761 — settles in London, 1783 — marries, 
1786 — rj. there, 16 Oct. 1821. Waterloo 
Bridge, 1811-17 — Southward Bridge, 1815-19 
— London Docks, 1805. 

Renouard, George Cecil, Orientalist, $c.,— 
fj. at Stamford, 1780 — B.A. Cambridge, 1802 
— ordained priest, and chosen Fellow of Sidney 
Sussex Coll., 1804 — chaplain to British Em- 
bassy at Constantinople, 1804-6 — to Factory at 
Smyrna, 1811-14 — Prof. Arabic, Cambridge, 
1 8 14 — rector of Swanscombe, Kent, 1818 — ir. 
there, 15 Feb. 1867. 

Rent, in Great Britain, — distress for all 
kinds of, authorized and regulated by Act 4 
Geo. II. c. 28, s. 5, 17 31 — arrears of, not re- 
coverable after six years, by Act 3 and 4 ¥m 
IV. c. 27, s. 42, 24 Jul. 1833 — goods of lodgers 
protected against distresses for rent due to supe- 
rior landlord, by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 79, 16 
Aug. 1 87 1. 

Repeal of the Union, of Great Britain and 
Ireland, — resolutions in favour of, passed by 
meeting at Dublin, 1 Sep. 18 10 — associations 
to promote, formed, 1829 — O'Connell's motion 
in favour of, rejected by House of Commons, 
23 Apr. 1834 — National Association for, 
established, 1840 — monster meetings held, 1843 
— on Tara hill, 15 Aug. 1843 — at Clontarf, 
prohibited, 7 Oct. [O'Connell.] Conciliation 
Hall, Dublin, opened, 23 Oct. 1843. 

Repeating Circle, — suggested by Tobias 
Mayer, 1752—constructed, 1787— Borda's, 1777. 
Repetundse Pecuniae. [Extortions.] 
Repnin, Nicholas Vasilivich, Prince, field- 
marshal, diplomatist, — h., 22 Mar. 1734 — 
distinguishes himself in Seven Years' War, 
1756-63 — ambassador to "Warsaw, Sep. 1764 — 
takes part in Turkish War, 1770 — signs Peace 
of Kutchuk Kainardji, Jul. 1774— ambassa- 
dor to Constantinople, 1775 — signs Treaty 
of Teschen, 13 May 1779 — defeats Turks 
near Ismail, i8, a 20 b Sep. 1789 — blockades 
Ismail, 1790 — defeats Grand Vizier Yusuf 



before Matschin, 10 Jul. 1791 — signs prelimin- 
aries of peace at Galatz, 1 1 Aug. — signs Peace 
of Jassy, 9 Jan. 1792 — Governor of Livonia, 
about 1792 — of Lithuania, 1795— Field-marshal, 
20 Nov. 1796— sent on secret mission to Berlin, 
1798 — ft. at Riga, a Moscow, 24 May 1801. 
a Conv.-Lex. b Biog. Univ. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 
Representation, popular, — first instance in 
Aragon, 11 33 s — in Castile, at Burgos, n69, b 
n6o. c a Prescott. b Ferr. c Cron. Gen. 

Representation of the People, — in England 
and Wales, — [Reform, Parliamentary] — 
amended by Reform Act 2 Wm IV. c. 45, 7 
Jun. 1832 — again amended by Act 30 and 31 
Vic. c. 102, 15 Aug. 1867. In Scotland, 
amended by Act 2 and 3 Wm IV. c. 65, 17 Jul. 
1832 — again, by Act 31 and 32 Vic. c. 48, 13 
Jul. 1868. In Ireland, amended by Act 2 and 
3 Wm IV. c. 88, 7 Aug. 1832— again, by Act 
31 and 32 Vic. c. 49, 13 Jul. 1868. 

Repton, Humphrey, landscape-gardener, — 
b. at Bury St Edmunds, 2 May 1752 — tf. in 
Essex, 24 Mar. 18 18. Sketches and Hints on 
Landscape Gardening, 1795 — Fragments, on the 
theory, §c., of Landscape Gardening, 18 16. 

Repulsion, — as natural force, conjectured by 
Newton, 1675 — by Hooke, 1682 — hypothesis 
of, propounded by Boscovich, 1745 — as cosmic 
force, affirmed by Winslow, 1853 — by Faye, 
1858-60. 

Requesens, Luis de Zuniga y, Governor 
of the Netherlands, — Spanish ambassador 
to Rome, 1564 — commands expedition against 
Moors, 1570 — Lieutenant-general, distinguishes 
himself at Lepanto, 157 1 — Governor of the 
Netherlands, Nov. 1573 — unsuccessfully be- 
sieges Leyden, 1573-4 — &• at Brussels, 5 Mar. 
1576. 

Requests, Court of, Court of Equity in Eng- 
land, — abolished by Act 16 and 17 Car. I. c. 
10, 1641 — all Acts for erecting, declared public 
Acts by 27 Geo. II. c. 16, s. 2, 1754. 

Requests, (Conscience,) Court of, — estab- 
lished in London, 15 1 7 — confirmed by Acts 1 
Jac. I. c. 14, 1603, and 3 Jac. I. c. 15, 1605 — 
abolished with others of same kind by Act 9 
and 10 Vic. c. 95, 26 Aug. 1846. 

Resby, John, — burnt as a Wickliffite, in 
Scotland, 1408. 

Resende, Andre de, antiquary, — fj. at Evora, 
30 Nov. 1498 — Ij., 9 Dec. 1573. JDe Anti- 
quittitibus Lusitanice, 1593 — Vida de Infante 
D. Duarte, 1789. 

Resende, Garcia de, poet, historian, — fj. at 
Evora, about 1470 — accompanies Tristan da 
Cunha to Rome, 15 14 — living, 1554. Lyvro 
das Obras, fe., 1545 — Cancioneiro geral, 1516. 
Resenius, Johan Paul, theologian, — fj. at 
Resen, in Denmark, 156 1 — has controversy re- 
specting his translation of Bible with Stubceus, 
Prof. Hebrew, Copenhagen, 1609 — and with 
OlafCoccius, 1614 — o\, 1638. Danish transla- 
tion of New Testament, 1605 — Old Testament, 
1607. 

Resenius, Peter, — n. at Copenhagen, 1625 — 
studies at Leyden, 1647-50 — LL.D. Padua, 
1653 — marries at Copenhagen, 1655 — Prof. 
Moral Philosophy, 1657 — second Prof. Law, 



RESERVE FORCE— REUSS. 



t 9 7 



1662 — ennobled, 1680 — Councillor of State, 
1684 — ft., 1 Jun. 1688. Edda Islandorum, 
1665 — Inscriptiones BZavnienses, 1668 — Jus 
aulicum vetus regum Norvagorum, 1673. 

Reserve Force, in Great Britain, — [Naval 
Volunteers, Royal] — establishment of, au- 
thorized by Act 22 and 23 Vic. c. 42, 13 Aug. 
1859 — again, by Act 30 and 31 Vic. c. 110, 20 
Aug. 1867. 

Restoration, The, in English history, — return 
of Charles II., 29 May 1660 — annual celebra- 
tion of, appointed by Act 12 Car. II. c. 14, 
,660 — abolished by Act 22 Vic. c. 2, 25 Mar. 
1859. In French history, First, accession of 
Louis XVIII., 9 May 18 14. Second, return of 
Louis after Waterloo, 8 Jul. 1815— government 
of the, terminated by Revolution of Jul. 1830. 

Resumption Bill, in English history, — for 
resumption of Irish grants of "William III. 
and vesting them in trustees, introduced in 
Commons, tacked to Land-tax bill, Lords' 
amendments rejected, passed, (11 and 12 Wm 
III. c. 2,) Apr. 1700. 

Rethel, in France, (Reiteste, Reistetum, 
Registetum,) — given by Adalberon, Abp of 
Rheims, to Abbey of St Remi, about 970 — head 
of a County, as early as 974 — captured by 
Spaniards, 1650 — retaken by Marshal Du 
Plessis-Praslin, 14 Dec. 1650 — the Marshal 
defeats Spaniards under Don Estevan de Ga- 
mara and Turenne, 15 Dec. — again seized by 
Spaniards, 1 654, and retaken by Turenne : 
erected into a Duchy, 15 Dec. 1663. 

Retreat of the Ten Thousand. [Xenophon.] 

Retz, Albert de Gondi, Duke de, Makshal 
of France, — b. at Florence, 4 Nov. 1522 — 
appears at Court of Henry II., 1547 — takes 
part in battle of Renty, 1554 — in service of 
Charles IX. of France, 156 1 — marries, 4 Sep. 
1565 — at battle of St Denis, 10 Nov. 1567 — 
at battle of Moncontour, 3 Oct. 1569 — as proxy 
for the king, marries Archduchess Elizabeth of 
Austria and conducts her to Paris, 1570 — am- 
bassador to Queen Elizabeth, Dec. 1572 — 
distinguishes himself at siege of Rochelle, Apr. 
1573 — Marshal, 6 Jul. 1573 — assists at coron- 
ation of Henry III., Feb. 1575 — Governor of 
Nantes, 1578 — Duke, and Peer of France, 
Nov. 158 1 — ft., at Paris, 12 Apr. 1602. 

Retz, Gilles de Laval, Seigneur de, {Mar- 
shal de Retz,) — b., about 1396 — succeeds his 
father, 141 6 — in service of Duke of Brittany, 
between 1416-25 — marries Catherine de Thou- 
ars, 1420 — in service of Charles VII. of France, 
captures chateau of Lude, 1427 — takes from 
the English the chateaux of Rennefort and 
Malicorne, in Maine, about 1428 — aids Joan 
of Arc in revictualling Orleans, 1429 — dis- 
tinguishes himself at capture of Gergeau, 1429 
— attends Charles VII. at his coronation at 
Rheims, and is made Count, 1429 — Marshal of 
France, 1429 ? — distinguishes himself at taking 
of Melun, 1430 — contributes to raising siege 
of Lagny, 143 1 — inherits estates of his grand- 
father, Jean de Craon, 1432 — commands against 
English in Maine, 1433— sells P ar ^ °^ n ^ s do- 
mains to Duke of Brittany, 1434 — Lieuten- 
ant-general of Brittany, about 1435 ? — im- 



prisoned at Nantes, 1440— put to the torture ; 
makes confession of his crimes; condemned 
to death with two of his agents, and executed, 
25 Oct. 1440. 

Retz, Jean Francois Paul de Gondi, Car- 
dinal de, — u. at Montmirail, Oct. 16 14 — 
canon of Notre Dame, Paris, 31 Dec. 1627 
— coadjutor^ to Abp of Paris, 1643 — titular 
Abp of Corinth, 31 Jan. 1644 — joins popular 
party, 1649 — Cardinal, Sep. 165 1 — reconciled 
with the Court, Feb. 1652 — imprisoned at 
Vincennes, 19 Dec. 1652 — escapes to Spain, 
autumn 1654 — resigns archbishopric, 1661— 
tf. at Paris, 24 Aug. 1679. Memoires, 17 17. 

Retz, Pierre de Gondi, Cardinal de,— 0. at 
Lyons, 1533 — Bp of Paris, 1570— Cardinal, by 
Sixtus V., 21 Feb. 1588— tf., 17 Feb. 1616. 

Retzius, Andreas Johan, naturalist, — b. at 
Christianstadt, 3 Oct. 1742 — studies at Univ. 
of Lund, 1758 and 1764— M.D., 1766— De- 
monstrator of Botany, Lund, 177 1 — Prof. Na- 
tural History, 1777 — Prof. Chemistry, 1796 — 
Knt of Polar Star, 18 14— ft. at Stockholm, 6 
Oct. 1821. Flora Scandinavia prodromus, 177 9. 

Retzsch, Moritz, painter, engraver, — b. at 
Dresden, 2 Dec. 1779 — studies at Academy of 
Arts, from 1798 — admitted to Academy, 18 16 
— Prof. Painting, 1824 — lj. at Dresden, 11 
Jun. 1857. Illustrations to Faust, 18 12 — to 
Schiller's Works, 1822 — to Shakespeare, 1 828-45. 

Reu, — [BC]— fj., aut. 2217^ 2351 b — birth 
of Serug, sum. 2185 a — ft., sum. 1978.* 
a Ussher. b Clinton. 

Reuchlin, Johann, {Capnio,) Hebrew and 
classical scholar, — b. at Pforzheim, 28 Dec. 1455 
— studies at Paris, 1473 — teaches Greek and 
Latin at Basel, 1475 — commences practice as 
Advocate at Tubingen, 148 1 — visits Italy, 1482 
— settles at Stuttgard, 1484 — visits Italy with 
Duke Eberhard of Wiirtemberg, 1487 — again 
goes to Rome, 1498 — consulted by Maximilian 
I. as to burning Jewish books, 1509 — sum- 
moned before Inquisition, at Mentz, appears 
before Grand Inquisitor, Hochstraten, and 
appeals to the Pope, 9 Oct. 15 13 — declared 
innocent by Bp of Spire, 24 Apr. 15 14 — again 
acquitted by Commission of prelates, at Augs- 
burg, 2 Jul. 15 1 6 — the proceedings stopped by 
Leo X., 15 16 — defended by Ulrich von Hutten, 
1516-17 — appointed Prof. Hebrew and Greek, 
Wittenberg, but names Melanchthon instead, 
15 1 8 — Prof. Hebrew and Greek, Ingolstadt, 
1520 — Tubingen, 1522 — tf. at Stuttgard, 30 
Jun. 1522. Speculum Oculare, (Augenspiegel,) 
15 1 1 — (censured and ordered to be burnt, by 
Universities of Cologne, Paris, &c. : condemned 
by Papal decree, 23 Jun. 1520) — lexicon 
Hebraicum, 15 12 — De Verbo Mirifico, 1494 — 
Be Arte Cabalistica, 1494 — Rudimenta He- 
braica, 1506 — Bialogus an Judaorum Thalmud 
sit supprimendum, 15 18. 

Reuss, Frincipality of, in Germany, — 
divided between elder and younger lines, by 
treaty of 27 Aug. 16 16 — title of Prince of 
the Empire given to elder, 1778 — to younger, 
1806 — both join Germanic Confederation, 18 15 
— join North German Confederation, 1866. 

Reuss, Jeremias David, philologist, — b. in 



1198 



REUVENS— RHAZES. 



Library, 1782 — Prof. History of Literature, 
1 7 85-1 827— Chief Librarian, 18 14 — tf., 1837. 
Eepertorium commentation, a societatib. litterar. 
editarum, 1801-20 — V Angleterre savante, 1770 
d 1790, 1791. 

Reuvens, Jan Everard, jurist, — b. at Haar- 
lem, 1763 — Counsellor to Court of Justice of 
Holland, 1795 — 'Agent-general of Justice,' 1799 
— Pres. High Court of Justice, 1801 — Coun- 
cillor of State, Extraord., 1806 — Counsellor to 
Court of Cassation, Paris, 181 1 — Pres. Court 
of Appeal, the Hague, 18 14 — assists in pre- 
paring Criminal Code, 18 14- 16 — murdered at 
Brussels, 18 16. 

Reveilliere-Lepaux. [Lareveilliere.] 

Revel, in Russia, — founded by Waldemar 
II. of Denmark, about 121 8 — sold to Teutonic 
Knights, 1346 — burnt, 1433 — receives Lu- 
theranism, 1524 — taken by Swedes, 1561 — 
bombarded by Danish and Lubeck fleets, 1569 
— unsuccessfully besieged by Prussians, 1570 
and 1577 — cathedral and part of town burnt 
by lightning, 1684 — taken by Peter the Great, 
10 Oct. 17 10 — naval harbour commenced, 
1718. 

Revels. [Master of the Revels.] 

Revett, Nicholas, architect, — ft. in Suffolk, 
1 72 1 — travels with Stuart in Greece, 1750 — 
with Chandler, in Asia Minor, 1766 — tf. in 
London, 1804. 

Revolution, French. [French Revolu- 
tion.] 

Revolution, ' Glorious,' in English History, 
— accession of William, Prince of Orange, 
1688. [William III.] 

Revolutionary Tribunal. [French Revolu- 
tion, 1789.] 

Revolver, — patented by Colt, 1835 — ex- 
hibited in England, 1851. 

Rewbell, Jean Baptiste, a (Francois, h ) 
statesman, — b. at Colmar, 8 Oct. 1746,* 1747 b 
— deputy to States-General, 1789 — Pres., 5 
May 1791 — deputy to Convention, 1792— 
Pres., 1794 — member of Council of Five 
Hundred, Sep. 1795 — member of Directory, 
i Nov. 1795 — retires, 16 May 1799 — passes 
to Council of Ancients, 1799 — retires, Nov. 
1799 — tf. at Colmar, i8io, a 23 Nov. 1807^ 
a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Rey, Jean, physician, chemist, — h. at Bugue, 
(Perigord,) about 1590 — tf., 1645. Essais sur 
la recherche cle la cause pour laquelle fe'tain et 
le plomb augmentait de poids quand on les 
calcine, 1630. 

Rey, Jean Baptiste, musical composer, — ft. 
at Lanzerte, 1734 — attached to Royal Academy 
of Music, Paris, 1776 — chamber musician to 
the king, 1779 — Prof, at the Conservatory, 
leader of orchestra to Napoleon I., 1804 — tf. at 
Paris, 15 Jul. 18 10. 

Reyneau, Charles Rene, mathematician, — 
h. at Brissac, 1656 — Prof. Mathematics, An- 
gers, 1683 — removes to Paris, 1705— tf. at 
Paris, 24 Feb. 1728 — Free Associate of 
Academy of Sciences, 17 16. K Analyse de- 
montree, 1708 — Science du calcul des gran- 
deurs en general, 1714-35. 

Reynier, Jean Louis Ebenezer, general, — 



b. at Lausanne, 14 Jan. 177 1 — serves in 
Belgium, 1793-4 — General of Brigade, 13 Jan. 
1795 — Chief of the Staff under Moreau, 1796 — 
General of Division, 2 Nov. 1796 — distinguishes 
himself in expedition of Egypt, 1798 — takes El 
Arish, and assists at siege of Acre, 1799 — con- 
tributes to victory of Heliopolis, 1 800 — arrested 
and sent to France by Menou, Apr. 1800 — 
serves in army of Italy, 1805 — Grand Officer 
of Legion of Honour, about 1 806 — Minister of 
War to king of Naples, Aug. 1808 — takes part 
in battle of Wagram, 1809 — Count of the 
Empire, 30 Dec. 1809 — distinguishes himself 
in Spain, 18 10 — takes part in Russian cam- 
paign, 18 1 2 — taken prisoner at Leipsic, 18 13 
— tf. at Paris, 17 Feb. 1814. De VEgypte, 
§c, 1802. 

Reynolds, John. [Rainolds] 

Reynolds, John, — under name of Captain 
Pouch heads the Levellers in Midland Counties, 
May 1607 — captured and executed, 1607. 

Reynolds, Sir Joshua, painter, — n. at 
Plympton near Plymouth, 16 Jul. 1723 — 
pupil of Hudson, autumn 1740 — returns to 
Plymouth, 1742 — visits Italy with Keppel, 
1749-52 — becomes deaf, 1751 — settles in Lon- ■ 
don, 1753 — with Johnson, founds Literary 
Club, 1764 — member of Dilettanti Club, May 
1766 — Pres. Royal Academy, Dec. 1768— Knt, 
21 Apr. 1769 — visits Paris, Aug. to Sep. 
177 1 — D.C.L. Oxford, Jul. 1773 — mayor of 
Plympton, Sep. 1773 — member of Imperial 
Academy of Florence, about 1776 — travels in 
Holland and Germany, 17 81 — principal painter 
to the king, 1 Sep. 1784 — becomes partially 
blind, 1789— tf. in London, 23 Feb. 1792. 
Portrait of Commodore Keppel, 1753 — -first por- 
trait of Johnson, 1756 — Kitty Fisher, 1758 — 
first of Garrick, 1759 — Venus, 1759 — Lord 
Ligonier, 1760 — Portrait of Sterne, 176 1 
■ — Garrick between Tragedy and Comedy, 1762 
— Mrs Abingdon, 1764 — Count JJgolino, 1770-3 
— Portrait of Goldsmith, 1770 — of Garrick, 1776 
— Marlborough Family, 1777 — Nativity, 1779 

— (burnt at Belvoir, Oct. 1816) — The Ladies 
Waldegrave, 1781 — Mrs Siddons as Tragic 
Muse, 1784 — Mrs Robinson, (Pe?-dita,) 1782 

— Colonel Tarleton, 1782 — Infant Hercules 
strangling the Serpent, 1786 — Portrait of She- 
ridan, 1789 — Discourses on Painting, 1778. 

Rezonville, near Metz, — Gen. Steinmetz de- 
feats Marshal Bazaine at, 18 Aug. 1870. 

Rezzonico, Cakdinal. [Clement XIII., 
Pope.] 

Rezzonico, Antonio Giuseppe, Count della 
Torre, litterateur, — b. at Como, 1709 — tf. at 
Parma, 1785. Disquisitiones plinian <e, 176 3-7. 

Rezzonico, Carlo Gaston, Count della 
Torre, litterateur, — h. at Como, 1742 — 
member of Academy of Berlin, 1773 — tf. at 
Naples, 1796. Opere, 18 15. 

Rham, William Lewis, writer on Agri- 
culture, — h. at Utrecht, 1778 — B.A. Cambridge, 
1806— vicar of Winkfield, Berks, 1808— M. A., 
1 8 10— tf. at Winkfield, 31 Oct. 1843. 

Rhazes, (Razes, Razi, Razjeus, Rhazis, 
Rases, Rasis, Ras^eus, Arrasi,) (Mohammed 
Ben-Zakariya Abu-Bekr Al-Razi,) physician, 
— fa. in Khorasan, about 850 — tf. at Baghdad 



RHEEDE-RHINE. 



r 9 9 



or Rai, about (310, a. h.) 923 or (320) 932. 

Rheede, Hendrik Adrian Draakenstein van, 
botanist, — tl., between 1696-1703. Hortus 
Indicus Malabaricus, 167 8- 1703. 

Rhegium, Reggio, in Calabria, — [BC] — 
settlement of Messenians at, (01. 14, 1,) 724 
— government of, usurped by Anaxilaos, 497 — 
Lycophron tyrant, 467-461 — treaty with 
Athens, 433 — takes part with Athens in expe- 
dition against Syracuse, 415 — besieged by 
Dionysius the Elder, defended by Phyton, 388 
— surrenders, 387 — admits Roman auxiliaries, 
who make themselves masters of the town, 
280 — taken by Romans, Campanian Legion 
taken, and destroyed, 271 — [AD]— taken by 
Totila, 509 — by Saracens, 918 — by Pisans, 
1005 — by Robert Guiscard, 11 60 — sacked by 
Turks under Barbarossa, 1543 — again sacked, 
1558 and 1593 — destroyed by earthquake, 1783. 

Rheims, Reims, in France, (Durocortorum,) 
— [BC] — mentioned as capital of the Remi, by 
Caesar, 56 — [AD]— seat of a bishopric, 360 — 
— repulses attack of barbarians, 366 — seized by 
Vandals, 406 — attacked by Huns, 451 — occu- 
pied by Franks, Clovis baptized at, 496 — 
seized by Chilperic, 563 — recovered soon 
after by Sigebert of Ausfcrasia: erected into 
archbishopric, 744 — coronation of Louis le De- 
bonnaire at, 816 — taken by Raoul, 931 — by 
Duke of Vermandois, 940 — by Louis d'Out- 
remer, 946 — by Charles of Lorraine, 990 — in- 
surrection against Abbot of St Remy, 11 09 — 
consecration of Philip Augustus at, 11 79 — at 
war with Verdun, 1262-4 — unsuccessfully be- 
sieged by Edward III., 1359 — taken by Eng- 
lish, 142 1 — recovered by Joan of Arc, who has 
Charles VII. crowned at, 17 Jul. 1429 — devas- 
tated by plague, 148 1 — occupied by Duke of 
Guise, 1585 — declares for the League, 1588 — 
taken by Henry IV., 1595 — taken by Russians, 
12 Mar. 1 8 14 — retaken by Napoleon I., 13 
Mar. — entered by Marshal MacMahon in re- 
treat from Chalons, 21 Aug. 1870 — head-quart- 
ers of king of Prussia, 5 Sep. 1870 — explosion 
of petroleum at, 15 Jul. 1871. Cathedral, com- 
menced, about 1 2 10 — completed, 1241. Church 
of St Remi, built, 1041 — partly rebuilt, 1164- 
81. Hotel de Ville, commenced, 1627 — left 
unfinished; works resumed, 1823 — com- 
pleted, 1825. University, founded, 1547 — 
suppressed, 1793. Councils of, on discipline, 
625, 874 — for consecration of Charles, son 
of Louis the Stammerer, 28 Jan. 893 — for 
excommunication of murderers of Abp Fulk, 
6 Jul. 900 — to impose penance on all present 
at battle of Soissons, 923 ; 975 ; 987 ; 988 — 
for deposition of Abp Arnoul, and election of 
Gerbert, 17 Jun. 991 ; 993 ; 1015 — on disci- 
pline, 3 Oct. 1049 — to prohibit Robert the 
Frisian from seizing inheritance of the clergy, 
and to authorize appointment of Bishop of 
Arras, 1093 — respecting marriage of Philip 
Augustus with Bertrada, 17-20 Sep. 1094; 
1097 ; 1 105 — held by legate Conon, to excom- 
municate Emperor Henry, 28 Mar. 11 15 — held 
by Calixtus IT. to hear complaint of Louis the 
Fat, respecting English occupation of Nor- 
mandy, to sanction preaching of St Norbert, 
and on discipline, 19-30 Oct. 11 19 — held by 



Innocent II., St Bernard present, election of 
Innocent confirmed, Peter of Leon excommu- 
nicated, the Truce of God enjoined on pain of ex- 
communication, and Louis le Jeune consecrated, 
19 Oct. 1131— held by Eugenius III., St Ber- 
nard disputes with Gilbert de la Porree, Eon de 
l'Etoile condemned, &c, opens, 21 Mar. 1148 — 
against a sect of Albigenses, 26 Oct. 1157 — 
held by Pope Alexander III., 1164; 1235; 
respecting privileges of Mendicants, 1 Oct. 
1287 ; 1302 ; on discipline, 28 Apr. 1408. 

Rheims, College de, Faris, — founded by 
Abp Gui de Roye, 1409. 
; Rheinberg, in Prussia, — unsuccessfully be- 
sieged by Duke of Parma, 1586 — taken by 
Count von Mansfeld, 1590 — by Count Maurice 
of Nassau, 1597 — by Spaniards, 1598 — again 
by Prince Maurice, 1601 — by Spinola, 1606 — 
recovered by Dutch, 1633— taken by French, 
1672, and given up to Elector of Cologne: 
occupied by Cardinal von Fiirstenberg, 1688 — 
seized by king of Prussia, 1703 — restored to 
Elector of Cologne, by Peace of Rastadt, 17 15 
— the French defeated at, 12 Jun. 1658 — cap- 
tured by Marquis de Castries, 15 Oct. 1760 — 
he defeats Hanoverians, 16 Oct. 

Rheinfelden, in Switzerland, — falls to the 
Empire, 12 18 — pledged to Austria by Louis 
the Bavarian, 1331 — besieged by Duke Bern- 
hard of "Weimar, 1638 — Duke of Weimar de- 
feated and siege raised by Jean de Wert, 28 
Feb. 1638 — defeat and capture of Jean de 
Wert by Duke of Weimar, 3 Mar. 1638 — for- 
tifications destroyed by French, 1744 — given 
up by Austria to the Swiss, 1801 — forms part 
of canton Aargau, 18 15. 

Rhenanus, Beatus, (Bilde,) philologist, — ft. 
in Alsace, 1485 — corrector of press to Frobenius 
at Basel, 15 14 — Ij. at Strasburg, 20 May 1547. 
Res Germanicce, 153 1-5 1. 

Rheticus. [Joachim, George.] 

Rhianus, poet, grammarian, — [B C] — fl., 
before 200. 

Rhigas, (Rigas,) Greek patriot, — h. in 
Thessaly, about 1753, a 1760 or 1762 b — pro- 
jects the Hetaircea for liberation of Greece, 
about 1785-95 — arrested by Austrians and 
thrown into the Danube, May 1798. 

a Conv.-Lex. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Rhine, The, river, — [B C] — passed by Julius 
Caesar, 55 a — [AD] — passed and fortified by 
Valentinian, 368-9 a — passed by Vandals, 
Alani and Suevi, 3 1 May 406 a — made bound- 
ary of France and Germany, by Treaty of Paris, 
1814 — ceases to be so, 1871. [Franco-Ger- 
man War.] a Clinton. 

Rhine, Confederation of the. [Confeder- 
ation.] 

Rhine, League of the, (Rhinbund,) — be- 
tween France, Electors of Mentz, Treves, and 
Cologne, king of Sweden, &c, for maintenance 
of Peace of Westphalia, formed at Mentz, 15 
Aug. 1658— renewed, 13 Aug. 1661 and 25 
Jan. 1663. 

Rhine, Navigation of the,— regulated by 
convention between Napoleon I. and the Em- 
pire, 15 Aug. 1804 — declared free by Peace of 
Paris, 1 8 14 — Central Commission on, meets at 
Mentz, 15 Aug. 18 16— regulated by Act of 31 



RHINOCEROS— RIBBON SOCIETIES. 



Mar. 1831 — ratified by all parties, by 17 Jun. 
— Act revised and signed at Mannheim, 1 7 Oct. 
1868. 
Rhinoceros, — first seen in England, 1739. 
Rhinthon, burlesque dramatist, — [B C] — fl., 
about 310. 

Rhode Island, TJ. S., — Roger "Williams 
settles in, Feb. 1631 — State founded, as Provi- 
dence Plantations, 24 Mar. 1638 — colonies of 
Rhode Island and Providence Plantations in- 
corporated by charter of Charles I., 14 Mar. 
1644 — obtains new charter, 1663 — joins in 
resistance to British government, 1770 — occu- 
pied by Gen. Clinton, Dec. 1776 — unsuccess- 
fully attacked by Gen. Sullivan and the French, 
autumn 1778 — evacuated by British, Dec. 
1779— occupied by Rochambeau, 1780 — accepts 
Federal constitution, 29 May 1790 — insur- 
rection, 1 841 — suppressed, and new constitution 
adopted, 1842. 

Rhodes, {political history,) — [B C] — mythic 
empire of the sea, 91 3-891,* 918-904 b — royalty 
expires in, after (01. 30) 660 c — under power 
of Athens, before 424^ about 415 c — Sparta 
obtains influence, 412° — a free State, 4o8, e 
the lesser cities being merged in Rhodes, then 
founded f — recovered by Conon of Athens, 396 c 
— recovered by Sparta, 391 c — again under do- 
minion of Athens, 357 s — revolts with other 
islands and dependencies, soon after,? 358 a — 
under power of Caria, about 340 c — submits to 
Alexander the Great, after 334 — attempt of 
Demetrius Poliorketes, 304-3 — ally of Rome, 
before 300 h — mistress of JEgean, 300-200 f — 
in alliance with Prusias I. of Bithynia, war 
with Byzantium, spring 219 h — ally of Rome, 
about 200 s — with Rome, at Avar with Antio- 
chus, after 1978 — receives Lycia and Caria 
from Rome, 190/ 189 d — declines, after 168 f — 
sends Agepolis ambassador to Rome, i69-8, d 
167 h — war with Crete, 153 d — [AD] — made a 
Roman province by Vespasian, 72, 11 74' — con- 
quered by Chosroes, 616 s — recovered by Greek 
Emperor — conquered by Moawiyah, 651,? 
653 e — expedition of Anastasius II. for defence 
of, 716 — retaken by Constantine Copronymus, 
about 746 e — conquered by Tzachas, 1092 k — 
taken by Venice, ii24, a 1205* — retaken by 
Greeks, 1222* — revolts under Leo Gavalus 
against John III., 1233 — surprised by Genoese, 
about 1248 — taken by Ottoman Turks, 1283* 
— by Knights of St John, 15 Aug. 1310I — 
Smyrna acquired by Knights of Rhodes, 1344 s 
— unsuccessful attempt of Mahomet II., 1480 
— conquered by Solyman II., 1522 — added to 
Ottoman Empire, 1 Jan. 1523.1 

a Blair. b Euseb. c Miiller. d Smith's Diet. 
e Oxf. Tab. f Heeren. SEngl. Cyc. h Clinton. 
1 Des Langles. k Finlay. 1 Gibbon. 

Rhodes, city, — {B c] — founded by union of 
the smaller cities, Lindus, Cameirus, and Ialy- 
sus, after 408 a — built, 280 b — besieged by De- 
metrius Poliorketes, spring 304 to spring 303 — 
destroyed by earthquake, 217 — [AD]— besieged 
by Mahomet II., 25 May to 17 Aug. 1480— 
besieged by Solyman II., May 1522— surrenders, 
(3 Saphar 929, a. h ) 22 Dec. 1522— earth- 
quakes in, 1 85 1, 1856, and 22 Apr. 1863. 



Colossusof, — [B C] — erected by Chares of Lindus, 
about 290-280 — destroyed by earthquake, be- 
tween 226-224,° 218 d — [AD] — fragments sold 
by Moawiyah, 672. e a Miiller. b Oxf. Tab. 
c Clinton. d Polybius. e Smith' s Diet. 

Rhodes, Alexandre de, Jesuit, — ft. at Avig- 
non, 159 1 — goes to the Indies, 16 18 — a", in 
Persia, 1660. Dictionarium Annamiticum, 
1 65 1 — Voyages et Missions en la Chine et 
autres royaumes de V Ocean, 1653. 
Rhodes, Knights of. [Hospitallers.] 
Rhodiginus, Coelius, (Lodovico Ricchieri,) 
philologist, — ft. at Rovigo, about 1450 — teaches 
there, 1497 — removes to Vicenza, 1504 — called 
to Ferrara, 1508 — Prof. Greek and Latin Elo- 
quence, Milan, 15 15 — recalled to Rovigo, 1523 
— tf. there, 1525. Antiques Lectiones, 15 16. 

Rhodium, metal, — discovered by Wollaston, 
1803. 

Rhodomannus, Laurentius, Greek scholar, 
— ft. in Saxony, 1546 — Prof. Greek and His- 
tory, Jena, 159 1 — Prof. History, "Wittenberg, 
1 60 1 — if. there, 8 Jan. 1606. Vita Lutheri 
grceco carmine descripta et latine reddita, 1579 
— Poesis Christiana, 1589 — edits Anonymi 
Poetce Grceci, 1588. 

Rhodon, {Corodon,) theologian, — fl., about 
180-21 1. 

RhGecus, sculptor, architect, — [BC] — fl., 
about (01. 35) 6oo. a a Miiller. 

Rhuddlan, in Wales, — defeat of "Welsh by 
Saxons near, 795 — captured by Harold, Christ- 
mas 1063 — castle built and the Welsh defeated 
by Hugh Lupus, Earl of Chester, about 1070 
— head-quarters of Henry II., who strengthens 
the castle, 1 157-8 — besieged and taken by 
Owain, Cadwaladr, and Rhys,i 167 — again taken 
by Welsh, under Llewelyn, 1213 — granted to 
Prince Edward, 14 Feb. 1254 — taken by Ed- 
ward I., 1277 — castle besieged, destroyed by 
Llewelyn and David, Mar. 1282 — siege raised 
by Edward L, Jul. 1282 — burgesses exempted 
from toll by royal letters, 2 Jan. 1285 — castle 
seized and garrisoned by Earl of Northum- 
berland, 1399 — occupied by Royalists, 1642 — 
surrenders to Gen. Mytton, Jul. 1646 — dis- 
mantled, Dec. 1646. Statute of, passed, 10 
Edw. I., 1282. 

Rhyndacenus. [Lascaris, Andrew John.] 
Rhyne, Willetn Ten, physician, naturalist, 
— ft. at Deventer, about 1640 — physician to 
Dutch E. India Company, sent to Cape of 
Good Hope, 1673. 
Rialto. [Venice.] 

Riario, Girolamo, — Count, by his father, 
Sixtus IV., 147 1 — takes part in conspiracy of 
the Pazzi, 1478 — assassinated at Forli, 1488. 

Riario, Raffaello, — Cardinal, by his father, 
Sixtus IV., 147 1 — takes part in conspiracy of 
the Pazzi, 1478 — supports election of Leo X., 
15 1 3 — conspires against him, and is arrested, 
May 15 1 6— degraded, 20 Jun. — pardoned and 
reinstated, 15 16 — tf. at Naples, Jul. 1520. 

Ribalta, Francisco, painter, — ft. at Castel- 
lon de la Plana, 155 1 — tf. at Madrid, 12 Jan. 
1628. 

Ribbon Societies, in Ireland, — formed, about 
1808. 



RIBERA— RICH. 



Ribera, Jose, (Spagnoletto,) painter, — b. at 
San Felipe de Xativa, 12 Jan. 1588— studies 
under Caravaggio at Naples, 1606 — member of 
Academy of St Luke at Rome, 1630— Knt of 
Order of Christ, 1644— ft. at Naples, 1656 a — 
disappears, 1648.^ 

a Cean Bermudez. b Dominici. 

Ricard, Dominique, translator, — b. at Tou- 
louse, 1 741 — ft. at Paris, 28 Jan. 1803. 
(Euvres de Platarque, 17 83-1 803. 

Ricard, Etienne Pierre Sylvestre, Count, 
general, — b., 31 Dec. 177 1 — General of Brigade, 
1806 — Commander of Legion of Honour, 1807 
— distinguishes himself at the Moskowa, 18 12 
— General of Division, 18 12 — distinguishes 
himself at Liitzen, Grand Cordon of Legion of 
Honour, 18 13 — distinguishes himself at Mont- 
mirail, 18 14 — receives cross of St Louis, 18 14 
— Peer, 17 Aug. 18 15 — ft. at Milhau, 6 Nov. 
1843. 

Ricardo, David, economist, — b. in London, 
19 Apr. 1772 — M.P. Portarlington, 1819 — ft. 
in Gloucestershire, n Sep. 1823. Political 
Economy and Taxation, 1817. 

Ricardo, Joseph Lewis, publicist,— -b., 1812 
— M.P. Stoke, 1 841 — founds Electric Telegraph 
Company, 1846 — tr. in London, 20 Aug. 1862. 
Anatomy of Navigation Laws, 1857. 

Ricaut, {Rycaut,) Sir Paul, diplomatist, his- 
torian, — B.A. Cambridge, 1650 — accompanies 
Earl of Winchelsea as secretary to Constanti- 
nople, 1661-9 — consul at Smyrna, about 1670- 
81 — secretary to Lord-lieutenant for provinces 
of Leinster and Connaught, 1685 — Privy Coun- 
cillor for Ireland, Knt, 1685 — Judge of Court 
of Admiralty, 1685 — loses his offices, 1688 — 
president to Hanse Towns, 1690- 17 00 — ft. in 
England, 16 Dec. 1700. Present State of Otto- 
man Empire, 1668-70 — History of Turks from 
1623 to 1699, 1 680-1700 — translation of Gar- 
cilaso de la Vega's Commentaries of Peru, 
1688. 

Ricchieri, Lodovico. [Rhodiginus.] 

Ricci, Bartolomeo, Latin scholar, — b., 1490 
— tutor to Alfonso and Luigi d'Este, 1539 — 
ennobled, 1561 — ft., 1569. Apparatus Latince 
locutionis, 1533 — Be Lmitatione, 1541 — Epis- 
tola Familiares, 1560. 

Ricci, Giovanni Battista, (Novarese,) paint- 
er, — b. at Novara, 1545 — ft. at Rome, 1620. 

Ricci, Lorenzo, General of the Jesuits, — b. 
at Florence, 1703 — enters the Order, 17 18 — 
General, 21 May 1758 — imprisoned in castle 
of St Angelo, 1773 — ft. there, 24 Nov. 1775. 

Ricci, Matteo, Jesuit missionary, — b. in 
Ancona, 6 Oct. 1552 — enters the Order, 157 1 — 
goes to India, 1577 — settles in China, 1583 — 
received by Emperor and permitted to settle at 
Pekin, 1600 — ft. there, n May 1610. Be 
Christiana Expeditione apud Sinas, 16 15. 

Ricci, Scipione, Bp of Pistoia and Prato, 
— b. at Florence, 1741 — appointed to the see, 
1780 — supports and carries out reforms of Em- 
peror Joseph, 1780-90 — holds synod at Pistoia, 
Sep. 1786 — takes part in General Assembly of 
bishops of Tuscany, Apr. 1787 — his house at- 
tacked by rioters, May 1787 — expelled from 



his diocese, Apr. 1790 — resigns, 3 Jun. 1790 — 
denounces bull of Pius VI. against the synod, 
6 Sep. 1794 — imprisoned, 1799 — s ^S ns retract- 
ation, 1 Aug. 1799— reconciled with the pope, 
signs formula of adhesion to his bulls, 9 May 
1805 — ft., 27 Jan. 1 8 10. 

Ricci, (Rizzi,) Sebastiano, painter, — b. at 
Cividale di Belluno, about 1660 — admitted to 
Academy of Painting, Paris, 17 18 — ft. at 
Venice, 15 May 1734. 

Ricciarelli, Daniele, (Panicle da Volterra,) 
painter, — b. at Volterra, in Tuscany, 1509 a — 
Superintendent of Works in the Vatican, 1547 
— ft. at Rome, 4 Apr. i566, b 1567.* Descent 
from the Cross, Pome, destroyed by French, 
18 1 1— restored by Palmaroli, soon after. 
a Nagler. b Vasari. 

Riccio, Domenico, (LI Brusasorci,) painter, 
— b. at Verona, 1494 — ft., 1567. 

Riccio, Felice, (Brusasorci,) painter, — b. at 
Verona, 1540 — ft., 1605. 

Riccio, Marco, painter, engraver, — b. at 
Belluno, 1679 — ft., 1729. 

Riccioli, Giovanni Battista, astronomer,— 
b. at Ferrara, 17 Apr. 1598 — enters Order of 
Jesuits, 16 14 — ft. at Bologna, 25 Jun. 1671. 
Almagestum novum, 16 51 — Astronomia re- 
formata, 1665 — Chronologia reformata, 1669. 

Riccoboni, Antonio, classical scholar, — b. 
atRovigo, 1541 — LL.D., 157 1 — Prof. Rhetoric, 
Padua, 157 1 — ft. there, 1599. Be BZistoria, 
1568 — Be Gymnasio Patavino, 1598 — Latin 
versions of Aristotle's Rhetoric, 1579 — Poetics, 
1579— Ethics, 1593. 

Riccoboni, Antonio Francesco, dramatist, 
— b. at Mantua, 1707— ft. at Paris, 15 May 
1772. Art du Theatre, 1750. 

Riccoboni, Giovanni Battista, actor, littera- 
teur, — b. at Modena, 1674 or 1677 — ft. at 
Paris, 5 Dec. 1753. PListoire du Theatre Lta- 
lien, 1728-31. 

Riccoboni, Marie Jeanne Laboras de Me- 
zieres, M me , novelist, — b. at Paris, 1714 — ap- 
pears on the stage, 1734 — marries M. Ricco- 
boni, 1735 — ft. at Paris, 6 Dec. 1792. (Euvres, 
1786. 

Rice, T. Spring. [Monteagle, Lord.] 

Rich, Claudius James, traveller, — b. near 
Dijon, 28 Mar. 1787 — enters service of East 
India Company, 1803 — travels in the East, 
1 803-7 — 'resident' at Baghdad, 1808— visits 
Babylon, 181 1 and 18 16— Kurdistan, 1820— ft. 
at Shiraz, 5 Oct. 182 1. Memoir on the Ruins 
of Babylon, about 1812 — Second Memoir on 
Babylon, 18 18 — Narrative of a residence in 
Kurdistan, 1839. 

Rich, Edmund, St. [Edmund Rich.] 

Rich, Richard, Lord, Lord Chancellor 
of England, — reader at Middle Temple, 
autumn 1529 a — Solicitor-general, 10 Oct. 
1533 a — bears witness against Bishop Fisher 
and Sir T. More, 1535— Chancellor of Court of 
Augmentations, Apr. 1536— Speaker in par- 
liament of Jun. 1536— Knt, 1536— resigns his 
Chancellorship, 1544— Privy Councillor, 1547 
—created Lord Rich, 16 Feb. 1547 a — Lord 
Chancellor, 23 Oct. 1547 a — resigns, 21 Dec. 
155 1 a — ft., about May 1568.* a Foss. 

7 6 



RICH— RICHARD III. 



Rich, Robert, Lord Rich, — impeached by 
House of Commons, 1642. 

Richard I., Cceur de Lion, King of Eng- 
land, — b. at Oxford, 13 Sep. 1157 — 
receives Duchy of Aquitaine by Treaty of 
Montmirail between his father, Henry II., and 
Louis VII., Jan. 11 69 — quarrels with Henry 
II., 1 1 70 — does homage to king of France, 
1170 — goes to Court of France and joins in 
rebellion against his father, 1173 — reconciled 
to him, 29 Sep. n 74 — does homage for 
County of Poitou, 11 Oct. — refuses to do 
homage for Aquitaine to his brother Henry, 
and the Duchy is invaded by Henry and Geof- 
frey, 1 183 — war terminated by death of Henry, 
Jun. 1183 — the war renewed by Geoffrey and 
John, 1 1 84 — reconciled with his brothers in 
London, 30 Nov. — takes the cross, n 87 — 
does homage to Philip Augustus, 18 Nov. 1188 
— with Philip, makes war on Henry II., and 
expels him from Touraine, Jan. 11 89 — present 
at burial of his father at Fontevraud, Jul. 
1 1 89— liberates his mother, Eleanor, and ap- 
points her Regent in England, Jul. — received 
Duke of Normandy, 20 Jul. — arrives in Eng- 
land, 13 Aug. — crowned at Westminster, 3 
Sep. — appoints "William de Longchamp guard- 
ian of the realm, and returns to Normandy, 
1 1 Dec. — with his forces joins Philip Augustus 
at Yezelai, i, a n b Jul. n 90 — embarks at 
Marseilles, 7 Aug. — at Naples, 28 Aug. — 
arrives at Messma," 23 Sep. — captures Messina, 
4 Oct. — builds castle of Mategriffon, Oct. to 
Dec. 1 1 90 — compels Tancred to give up dower 
of Queen Joanna, Oct. 3 — quarrels with Philip, 
Oct. a — celebrates Christmas at Mategriffon, 
1 190 — embarks, 7 Apr. 1191 — reaches Rhodes, 
20 Apr. — conquers Cyprus and dethrones 
Isaac, May — marries Princess Berengaria at 
Limesol, 1 3 May — sets sail, 4 Jun. — reaches 
Acre, 8 Jun. — takes part in the siege : again 
quarrels with Philip, after 12 Jul. — puts 
Saracen hostages to death, 2o, a 30° Aug. — 
opens negotiations with Saphadin, 3 Sep. — 
defeats Saracens at Arsoof, 6 Sep. — takes Jaffa 
from Saladin, and fortifies it, Sep. to Oct. — 
abandons march on Jerusalem, 4,° 14 a Jan. 
1 1 92 — reopens negotiations, 20 Mar. b — pre- 
pares for return to Europe, Apr.— captures 
fortress of Daron, 21 May — again sets out for 
Jerusalem, 7 Jun. — but returns to Acre, 26 
Jul. — defeats Saladin and recovers Jaffa, Aug. 
— falls ill, and makes truce with Saladin, 2 
Sep. — sails from Acre, 9 Oct. — at Corfu, n 
Nov. — seized by Leopold, Duke of Austria, at 
Erperg, near Vienna, 20 Dec. — given up to 
Emperor Henry VI. and imprisoned in the 
Tyrol, 28 Dec. — appears before Diet at Ha- 
guenau, 28 Mar. to 13 Apr. a 1193 — titular 
sovereign of Provence, 22 Sep. — liberated, 4 
Feb. 1 1 94 — lands at Sandwich, 13 Mar. — holds 
great council at Nottingham, 30 Mar. — again 
crowned, at Winchester, 17 Apr. — sails for 
Normandy, 2 May — pardons his brother Earl 
John, May — defeats Philip Augustus at Fret- 
teval, 15 Jul.— concludes a truce, 23 Jul. — 
another, 1195 or 1196 — renews the war, 11 97 
— takes prisoner the Bp of Beauvais, n 97 — 



fights battle of Gisors, 28 Oct. — concludes a 
truce, and builds Chateau Gaillard, close of 
1 197 — defeats Philip at Gisors, 20, c 27 a Sep. 
1 1 98 — concludes truce for five years, 18 Jan. 
1 1 99 — wounded at siege of castle of Chalus- 
Chabrol, 26 Mar. — fc., 6, a 8 c Apr. 1199. 

a Lingard. b Stubbs. c Annals of England. 

Richard II., King of England, — b. at 
Bordeaux, Feb., a 3 Apr. b 1366 — after death of 
his father, the Black Prince, is presented to 
parliament as heir-apparent, 25 Jun. 1376 c — 
created Prince of Wales, 26 Jan. 1377— suc- 
ceeds his grandfather, Edward III., 22 Jun. 
1377 — crowned at Westminster, 16 Jul. — 
Council of Regency appointed, 17 Jul. — new 
Council, Oct. — has conference with Wat Tyler 
at Mile-end, 14 Jun. 1 381— and in Smithheld, 
and promises charters of freedom, 15 Jun. — 
revokes the charters, 30 Jun., a 2 Jul. c — marries 
Anne of Bohemia, 14 Jan. 1382 — marches 
against Scots, Jul. 1385 — takes and burns 
Edinburgh, Aug. — Regency appointed, with 
Gloucester at its head, 19 Nov. 1386 — attempts 
to overthrow Regency, 1387 — procures de- 
claration of its illegality from the Judges, 25 
Aug. 1387 — the attempt frustrated by Duke 
of Gloucester, Nov. to Dec. 1387 — his favourites 
condemned by parliament, 13 Feb. 1388 — 
assumes the government, and is formally re- 
conciled with Gloucester, 3 May 1389 — con- 
cludes four years' truce with France, 27 May 
1394 — loses his queen, Whitsunday 1394 — 
holds a parliament in Ireland, 1394 — marries 
Isabella of France, and agrees to truce of 25 
years, Oct. 1396 — orders arrest of Gloucester, 
and Earls of Arundel and Warwick, 10-12 
Jul. c 1397 — forbids combat between Dukes of 
Hereford and Norfolk at Coventry, 16 Sep. 
1398 — on death of Lancaster, seizes his estates, 
18 Mar. 1399 — embarks at Milford Haven for 
Ireland, 29 May — lands at Milford, 5 Aug. — 
deserted by his troops, flees to Conway, 6 Aug. 
— taken prisoner by Bolingbroke, 20 Aug. — 
sent to the Tower, 2 Sep. — renounces the 
crown, 29 Sep. — declared deposed, 30 Sep. — 
Duke of Lancaster declared King, same day : 
ordered to be ' kept secretly,' 23 Oct. — dis- 
appears, soon after : reported to be dead, Feb. 
1400 — his body (alleged) exhibited at St 
Paul's, 12 Mar. 1400. a Annals of England. 

b Engl. Cyc. c Lingard. 

Richard III., King of England, — fc. at 
Fotheringay Castle, 21 Oct. i45o, a 2 Oct. 
1452 b — after death of his father, Richard, 
Duke of York, sent to Flanders, early in 1461 
— recalled by his brother, Edward IV., and 
created Duke of Gloucester, Jun. 1461 — K. G. 
and Lord High Admiral, 146 1— one of the 
wardens of Scottish marches, 1469 — escapes 
with Edward IV. to Flanders, 1470 — returns 
with him, and takes part in battle of Barnet, 
Apr. 147 1 — contributes to -victory of Tewkes- 
bury, 4 May — suspected of murder of Henry 
VI., May or Jun.? — marries Anne Nevil, 
widow of Prince Edward, 1472 — quarrels with 
Clarence, his brother, about inheritance of 
Warwick, 1473 — accompanies Edward IV. to 
France, 1475 — marches against Scots, unsuccess- 



RICHARD— RICHELIEU. 



1203 



fully attacks Berwick, 1480 — with Albany, again 
invests Berwick, Jul. 1482 — received at Edin- 
burgh, Jul.— leaves the Borders, early in Apr. 
1483 — meets Buckingham at Northampton, 29 
Apr. — gets possession of Edward V., 30 Apr. — 
orders arrest of Earl Rivers, Lord Grey, and 
others, 30 Apr. — appointed Protector, before 
14 May — seizes and puts to death Lord Hast- 
ings, 1 3 Jun. — his claim to the throne asserted 
by Shaw at Paul's Cross, 22 Jun. — and by 
Buckingham at Guildhall, 24 Jun. — accepts the 
crown, 26 Jun. — crowned with his queen, 6 
Jul. — makes a progress through the country, 
23 Jul. to Oct. — again crowned at York, 8 Sep. 
— insurrection breaks out, 18 Oct. — but is 
suppressed, by 1 Nov. — visits "West of England, 
Nov. to Dec. — holds parliament at "Westminster, 
Jan. 1484 — declared lawful King by the ' Titu- 
lus Begins,' Jan. 1484 — loses his son, 9 Apr. — 
declares John de la Pole his heir ; concludes 
truce for three years with Scotland, 21 Sep. 
— negotiates marriage of Anne de la Pole with 
Prince James of Scotland, Sep. — loses his 
queen, 16 Mar. 1485 — Earl of Richmond lands 
at Milford, 7 Aug. — defeated by Richmond 
and killed at Bosworth, 22 Aug. 1485 — 
attainted by Act 1 Henry VII. c. 1, Nov. 1485. 
a Annals of England. b Engl. Cyc 

Richard, Louis Claude Marie, botanist, — b. 
at Versailles, 1754 — accompanies scientific ex- 
pedition to West Indies, 17 8 1-9 — to. at Paris, 
Jun. 1 82 1. Demonstrations botaniques, 1808. 

Richard Plantagenet. [Cornwall, Earl 

OF.] 

Richard. [Normandy and York, Dukes of.] 

Richard of Cirencester, (Ricardus Corinen- 
sis,) historian, — enters Benedictine Order at 
Westminster, 1350 — visits Rome, probably 
between 139 1-7 — to. at Westminster, about 
140 1 or 1402. 

Richard de Bury, {Richard de Aungervyle,) 
Bp of Durham, Lord Chancellor of Eng- 
land, — fc. at Bury St Edmunds, 128 1 a — tutor 
to Prince Edward, about 1320? — ambassador 
from Edward III. to Avignon, Oct. 1331 — 
becomes acquainted with Petrarch there : Dean 
of Wells, 20 Feb. 1332 — again ambassador to 
the pope, 1333 — consecrated Bp of Durham, 
19 Dec. 1333 — Treasurer, 3 Feb. 1334 s — 
Chancellor, 28 Sep. 1334* — resigns, 6 Jun. 
1335 » — ambassador to Paris, thrice, 1335-7 — 
to. at Auckland, 24 Apr. 1345. Philobiblon, 
1345 — printed, 1473. a Foss. 

Richard of St Victor, mystic, — prior of St 
Victor, Paris, 1162 — to. there, 1173. 

Richardson, Charles, lexicographer, — b., 
1775 — to- at Feltham, 6 Oct. 1865. Dictionary of 
English Language, 1835-7 — Supplement, 1855. 

Richardson, Sir John, Arctic explorer, dfc, 
— b. at Dumfries, 5 Nov. 1787 — enters Edin- 
burgh Univ., 1 801 — Assistant-surgeon R.N., 
present at taking of Copenhagen, 1807 — M.D. 
Edinburgh, 18 16 — accompanies Franklin to 
Arctic regions, 1819-22 and 1825-7 — physician 
to Melville Hospital, Chatham, 1828 — physician 
to the Fleet, 1838 — Knt, 1846 — commands ex- 
pedition in search of Franklin, 1848-9 — retires, 
1855 — to. near Grasmere, 5 Jun. 1865. Fauna 



Boreali-Americana, 1829-37 — Arctic Searching 
Expedition, 1851 — Polar Regions, i86r. 

Richardson, Jonathan, painter, writer on 
Art, — ft. in London, 1665 — to. there, 28 May 
1745. Essay on Art of Criticism as it relates 
to Painting, 17 19— Theory of Painting, 1773. 

Richardson, Samuel, novelist, — ft. in Derby- 
shire, 1689 — printer's apprentice in London, 
1706 — master of Stationers' Company, 1754 — 
to. in London, 4 Jul. 1761. Pamela, 1740 — 
Clarissa Harlowe, 1748 — Sir Charles Grandison, 
1753 — Correspondence, 1804. 

Richelet, Cesar Pierre, — ft. at Cheminon, 
1 63 1— to. at Paris, 1698. Dictionnaire des 
Rimes, 1667 — Dictionnaire frangais, 1680. 

Richelieu, Armand Jean Du Plessis, Duke 
of, Cardinal, First Minister of Louis 
XIII.,— ft. at Paris, 5 Sep. 1585 — consecrated 
Bp of Lucon, at Rome, 16 Apr. 1607 — D.D., 
29 Oct. 1607 — deputy to States-General, 1614 
— almoner to Queen Marie de Medici, 1614 — 
Secretary of State for War and Foreign 
Affairs, Nov. 1616 — exiled to Blois, end of 
Mar. 1 6 17 — to Avignon, 7 Apr. 1 6 1 8 — Cardinal, 
5 Sep. 1622 — member of the Council, 19 Apr. 
1624 — takes Rochelle, Sep.. 1628 — First 
Minister of State, 21 Nov. 1629 — as General- 
issimo, commands in Italy, 1630 — triumphs 
over his enemies, aiterDay of Dupes, Nov. 1630 
— founds French Academy, 1635 — loses his 
agent, Father Joseph, 1638 — conspiracy to 
assassinate him, 1642 — [Cinq-Mars] — to. at 
Paris, 4 Dec. 1642 — his remains exhumed and 
mostly lost, 1789 — relic preserved, restored to 
the Sorbonne, 15 Dec. 1866. Memoires, 1649. 
Richelieu, Armand Emmanuel Sophie 
Septimanie Du Plessis, Duke of, — ft. at 
Paris, 25 Sep. 1766 — enters Russian army, 
1789 — distinguishes himself at siege of Ismail, 
Dec. 1790 — joins emigrants' army, 1794 — 
recalled by Napoleon, 1 802 — Governor of Odessa, 
1803— Peer of France, 18 14 — follows Louis 
XVIII. to Ghent, 18 15 — Minister of Foreign 
Affairs and Pres. Council, 26 Sep. i8i5toDec. 
1 8 18 — signs Treaty of Paris, 20 Nov. 18 15 — 
member of French Academy, 24 Apr. 18 16 — 
attends Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, Sep. 18 17 
— Pres. Council, 20 Feb. 1820 to Dec. 1821 — 
to. at Paris, 17 May 1822. 

Richelieu, Louis Francois Armand Du 
Plessis, Duke of, Marshal of France, — 
b. at Paris, 13 Mar. 1696 — sent to the Bastille, 
22 Apr. 171 1 — liberated, Jun. 17 12 — aide-de- 
camp to Marshal Villars, 17 12 — fights a duel 
and is sent to the Bastille, Feb. 17 16 — again 
imprisoned for conspiracy, Mar. 17 19 — received 
at French Academy, 12 Dec. 1720 — ambas- 
sador to Vienna, 1725-9 — marries daughter of 
Prince of Guise, 7 Apr. 1734 — Lieutenant- 
general of Languedoc, 1738 — distinguishes 
himself at Dettingen, 1743 — Lieutenant- 
general, 1744 — aide-de-camp to Louis XV. at 
Fontenoy, 1745 — ambassador to Dresden, Dec. 
1746 — effects deliverance of Genoa from 
Austria, 1747-8 — Marshal of France, 11 Oct. 
1748— captures Port Mahon, Minorca, 28 Jun. 
1756 — compels Duke of Cumberland to capitu- 
late at Closterseven, 1757— Dean of French 
76 * 



1204 



RICHEMONT— RIDLEY. 



marshals, 1781 — rj. at Paris, 8 Aug. 1788. 

Richemont, Arthur, Count of. [Arthur 
III., Duke of Bretagne.] 

Kichensa, Richilda. [Lothaire II.] 

Richmond, in Surrey, {Schene, Sheen,) — 
royal palace exists, before 1377 — Henry Yll. 
holds a tournament at, 1492 — palace burnt, 
1499 — rebuilt by Henry VII., 1499-1501 — 
again burnt, 1506 — Philip I. of Spain received 
at, 1506 — Charles V. received at, 1523— courts 
of law removed to, autumn 1603 and 1625 — 
survey of, taken by order of parliament, 1649 
— sold, Apr. 1650 — restored to Queen-mother, 
1660. New Park, inclosed by Charles I., 1630- 
40. Bridge, erected, Aug. 1774 to Dec. 1777. 

Richmond, capital of Virginia, JJ. S., — 
founded, 1742 — seat of State government, 1779 
— seat of government of Confederate States, 
Jun. 1 86 1 — meeting of Confederate Congress 
at, 20 Jul. 1 86 1 — battles before, defeat of 
McClellan, 26-27 Jun. 1862 — Confederate 
Congress meets at, 18 Aug. 1862— battles near, 
defeat of Lee by Grant and Sheridan, 31 Mar. 
to 1 and 2 Apr. 1865 — abandoned by Confed- 
erates, and entered by Grant, 3 Apr. 1865. 

Richmond, in Yorkshire, — gives title of 
Earl to Alan of Bretagne, who builds the 
castle, about 1067-70. 

Richmond, Earl of. [John of Gaunt.] 

Richmond, Dukes of. [Lenox.] 

Richmond, Charles Lennox, Duke of, — rj., 
22 Feb. j 7 35 — succeeds to the title, 1750 — 
marries, 1757 — distinguishes himself at Min- 
den, 1759 — ambassador extraord. to France, 
1765 — principal Secretary of State, close of 
May 1766 — dismissed, Jul. — heads reform 
party, 17 81 — Master-general of Ordnance, 
Mar. 1782-95 — rj., 29 Dec. 1806. 

Richmond, Henry Fitzroy, Duke of, 
{natural son of Henry VIII.,) — rj., 15 19 — 
created Earl of Nottingham, and Duke of Rich- 
mond, 1525 — accompanies Court to France, 
1532 — marries sister of Earl of Surrey, 1535 — 
*., 1536. 

Richmond, Henry Tudor, Earl of. [Henry 
VII. of England^ 

Richmond, Legh, divine, — rj. at Liverpool, 
1772 — takes holy orders, 1797 — rector of 
Turvey, in Bedfordshire, 1805 — if. there, 1827. 
Annals of the Poor, 18 14 — Fathers of English 
Church, 1 807-1 1. 

Richmond, Margaret, Countess of, and 
Countess of Derby, — h, 1441 — marries Ed- 
mund Tudor, Earl of Richmond, 1455 — left a 
widow, 1456 — marries Sir Henry Stafford, 
1459 — again a widow, 148 1 — marries Thomas 
Lord Stanley, 1482 — assists at coronation of 
Bichard III., 1483 — her attainder reversed, 
1485— ft., 29 Jun. 1509. [See Christ's Col- 
lege, Cambridge.] 

Richter, JEmilius Ludwig, jurist, — b. in 
Saxony, 15 Feb. 1808— goes to Leipsic Univ., 
1826 — LL.D. Gottingen, 1 834 — Prof. Extraord. 
at Marburg, 1838 — Prof. Ecclesiastical Law, 
Berlin, May 1846— ft. there, 8 May 1864. 
Corpus Juris Canonici, 1833-9 — Beitrcige zur 
Kenntniss der Quellen des hanonischen Eechts, 
1845 — Lehrbuch des tvang. uud cath. Kirchen- 
rechts, i%\\—Geschichte der evang. Kirchen- 



verfassung, 1 851— founds and edits Kritische 
Jahrbiicher fur deutsche Rechtswissenschaft, 
1836-46. 

Richter, Jean Paul Friederich, {Jean Paul,) 
humourist, — rj. at Wunsiedel, near Baireuth, 
21 Mar. 1763 — studies at Leipsic, 178 1-4 — 
tutor at Schwarzenbach, 1786-90 — loses his 
mother, 1797 — removes to "Weimar, 1798 — 
marries Caroline Mayer, May 1801 — settles at 
Baireuth, 1804 — Ph.D. Heidelberg, 1817 — 
member of Academy of Sciences, Munich, 1820 
— loses his son, 1821 — becomes blind, begin- 
ning 1825 — if. at Baireuth, 14 Nov. 1825. 
Grbnldndische Processe, 1783-5 — Auswahl aus 
des Teufels Papieren, 1788 — Die unsichtbare 
Loge, 1793 — Hesperus, 1794 — Quintus Fixlein, 
1796 — Siebenkds, 1796-7 — Pas Campanerthal, 
1798 — Titan, 1800-3 — Vorschule der Aesthetik, 
1804 — Lev ana, 1807. 

Richter, Otto von, traveller, — accompanies 
Lindmann to Egypt and Syria, 18 14 — ft. at 
Smyrna, 1817. 

Ricimer, Count, Patrician of Rome, — 
serves under Aetius, before 454 — destroys fleet 
of Vandals off Corsica, and is named Deliverer 
of Italy, about Sep. 456 a — defeats and deposes 
Avitus, 16-17 Oct. 456 — patrician, 28 Feb. 
457 a — makes Majorianus Emperor, 1 Apr. 457 
— deposes him, 2 Aug. 461 — elevates Libius 
Severus, but reigns himself, 19 Nov. 461 — 
defeats Alani in Yenetia, 6 Feb. 464 s — marries 
daughter of Anthemius, close of 467 — quarrels 
with Anthemius, and goes to reside at Milan ; 
marches on Rome, sacks the city and kills 
Anthemius, n Jul. 472 — ft., 18 Aug. 472. 
a Clinton. 

Rickman, Thomas, writer on architecture, — 
rj. at Maidenhead, 8 Jun. 1776 — goes to Liver- 
pool and begins study of Architecture, 1808 — 
ft., 4 Mar. 1 841. Attempt to discriminate the 
Styles of Architecture in England, (oth ed.,) 
1848. 

Riddle, Joseph Esmond, divine and classical 
scholar, — ft., about 1804 — M.A. Oxford, 1831 
— ordained priest, 1832— settles at Leckhamp- 
ton, near Cheltenham, 1840 — Bampton Lec- 
turer, 1852 — ft. at Cheltenham, 27 Aug. 1859. 
Latin-English Dictionary, 1849— Manual of 
Christian Antiquities, 1839 — Ecclesiastical 
Chronology, 1840 — Natural History of In- 
fidelity and Superstition, 1852 — Manual of 
Scripture History, 1857. 

Ridinger, (Riedinger,) JohannElias,i?<w><&T, 
engraver, — rj. at Ulm, 16 Feb. 1698 — Director 
of Academy of Painting, Augsburg, 1757 — ft. 
there, 10 Apr. 1767. 

Ridley, Nicholas, Bp of London,— n. in 
Northumberland, 1500 — enters Pembroke Hall, 
Cambridge, about 15 18 — B.A., 1522 — Fellow 
of his Coll., 1524 — M.A., 1525 — studies at 
Paris and Louvain, 1528-9 — senior proctor of 
Cambridge Univ., 1533 — B.D., 1534— chap- 
lain to Abp Cranmer, 1537 — vicar of Heme, in 
Kent, 1538 — condemns Act of Six Articles, 
1639 — D.D., 1540 — Master of Pembroke Hall, 
1540 — chaplain to the king, 1540 — unsuccess- 
ful attempts to prosecute him for heresy, 1541 
— prebendary of Westminster, 1545 — Bp of 
Rochester, 14 Aug. 1547 — Bp of London, Apr. 



RIDOLFI— RIGHT. 



1205 



1550 — visits Princess Mary at Hunsdon, 1552 
— preaches in favour of Lady Jane Grey, at 
Paul's Cross, 16 Jul. 1553 — imprisoned by 
Queen Mary, Jul. 1553 — takes part in convo- 
cation at Oxford, Apr. 1554 — sentenced to 
death as a heretic at Oxford, 1 Oct. 1555 — 
burnt there, with Ep Latimer, 16 Oct. 1555. 

Ridolfi, Carlo, painter, writer on Art, — fc. 
at Vicenza, i594, a i6o2, b 1600 or 1602 c — Ij. 
at Venice, 1658^ d i66o. be Le Maraviglie 
delV Arte ovvero, Le Vite degli Illustri Fittori 
Veneti e dello Stato, 1648. 
a Biog. Catalogue. b Biog. Univ. c Engl. Cyc. 
d Zanetti. e Boschini. 

Ridolfi, Claudio, painter, — fc. at Verona, 
i57o, a 1560 b — ft. at Corinaldo, 1644. 

a Biog. Univ. b Biog. Catalogue. 

Riego-y-Nunez, Rafael del, Spanish patriot, 
— fc. at Oviedo, 24 Oct. 1785 — serves in patriot 
army against the French, 1808 — imprisoned in 
France, 1808-14 — heads insurrection and pro- 
claims constitution, 1 Jan. 1820 — Pres. Cortes, 
Feb. 1823— taken prisoner, Sep. 1823 — exe- 
cuted at Madrid, 7 Nov. 1823. 

Rienzi, Cola di, Tribune op Eome, — fc. at 
Rome, 1 31 3 — joint ambassador with Petrarch 
from Rome to Clement VI. at Avignon, 1 342 

— apostolic notary, 1344 — receives titles of 
Tribune and Liberator of Rome, 20 May 1347 
—defeats insurgent barons, 20 Nov. 1347 — 
abandoned by the people, shuts himself up in 
San Angelo, 15 Dec. 1347 — escapes, Jan. 1348 
— has interviews with Emperor Charles IV. at 
Prague, summer 1350 — returns secretly to 
Rome, 1350 — delivered up by Emperor to the 
pope at Avignon, Jul. 1 35 1 —liberated and 
made Governor of Rome by Innocent VI., Jul. 
1353 — retires to Perugia, Jun. 1354 — reenters 
Rome, 1 Aug. 1354 — besieged at the Capitol 
and killed, 8 Oct. 1354. 

Ries, Ferdinand, musical composer, — fc. at 
Bonn, 1785^ i784 b — in London, 1813-24 — tf. 
at Frankfort-on-the-Maine, 13 Jan. 1838. 
Adoration of the Kings, 1837. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Rieti, in Italy, (Heate,) — [BC] — plain of, 
drained by M. Curius Dentatus, 240 — [AD] — 
attacks Frederick II., 1227 — visited by Gregory 
IX., 12 3 1 — interviews of Frederick II. with 
the pope at, 1234 — damaged by earthquake, 
1785 — repulses insurgents of the Romagna, 
1 83 1. Cathedral, built, 1456. 

Rietschel, Ernst Friedrich August, sculp- 
tor, — fc. in Saxony, 15 Dec. 1804 — enters 
Academy of Art, Dresden, 1820 — studies under 
Rauuh at Berlin, 1826 — goes to Italy, 1827 — 
returns, 1828 — Prof, at Dresden Academy, 
1832 — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 1855 — 
Associate of Institute of France, 1858 — tf. at 
Dresden, 21 Feb. 1861. Monument to Frede- 
rick Augustus of Saxony, 1831 — Virgin and 
Bead Christ, 1 845 — Design for Monument to 
Luther, Worms, i860. 

Rieux, Jean de, Marshal of France, — fc., 
about 1342 — accompanies the Black Prince to 
the succour of Don Pedro, 1367 — distinguishes 
himself at battle of Rosebecque, 1382 — cooper- 
ates in favour of Constable de Clisson, 1387-92 

— Marshal, 19 Dec. 1397 — repulses English 



invaders, 1404— tr. at Roche fort, 7 Sep. 141 7. 

Rieux, Jean de, — fc., 27 Jun. 1447 — serves 
in war of the Public Good, 1464— Marshal of 
Brittany, 1470 — Lieutenant-general of armies 
of the king, 1472 — negotiates marriage of Anne 
of Brittany with Charles VIII., 149 1 — follows 
Charles VIII. to Naples, 1495 — "if., 9 Feb. 
1518. 

Rieux, Pierre de, (Marshal de Rochefort,) — 
fc. at Ancenis, 9 Sep. 1389— Marshal of France, 
141 7 — defends St Denis, 1435 — serves against 
English, from 141 8 — at sieges of Rouen and 
Tours, 1419-20 — forces English to raise siege 
of Harfleur, 1437 — taken prisoner, about Apr. 
1438 — rj., 1438. 

Riez, in Frovence. Council of, held, 29 Nov. 

439- 

Rifle, fire-arm, — in use in France, before 
1692 — introduced in British army, about 1780 
— revolving, invented by Gale, 1866 — [Enfield, 
Minie, Whitworth] — Martini-Henry, experi- 
ments by British government, 1 Jan. 1870 to 
Mar. 1 87 1 — report of Committee on, Mar. 1871 
— adopted, 187 1. 

Rifle Volunteers. [Volunteers.] 

Rifled Ordnance, — proposed by Blair, 1774 
— Cavalli's, invented, 1846 — experiments with 
his and Wahrendorff's at Shoeburyness, 1 850 
— Lancaster's tried, 1851 — used at Sebastopol, 
1853-4. [Armstrong Gun.] 

Riga, in Russia,— founded by Albert, Bp of 
Livonia, about 1200 — walled, 1206 — erected 
into Archbishopric, 1255 — joins Hanseatic 
League : taken by Teutonic Knights, 1330 
— accepts Lutheran Reformation, 1522,* 1532 
or 1537 b — given up to Poland, 1561 — 
Archbishopric abolished, 1566 — attacked by 
Russians, 1572 — submits to Stephen Bathori, 
158 1 — besieged and taken by Gustavus Adol- 
phus, 15 Sep. 1621 — fortifications commenced, 
1650 — unsuccessfully besieged by Russians, 
1658 — burnt, 1677 and 1689 — besieged by 
Frederick Augustus of Poland, 1700 — occupied 
by Charles XII., 18 Jul. 1701 — besieged by 
Peter the Great, 1705 — the fortifications com- 
pleted, 1708 — again besieged by Peter the 
Great, 1709 — capitulates, 4 Jul. 17 10 — unsuc- 
cessfully besieged by the French, 1812 — the 
walls partly removed, 1852. Cathedral, founded, 
121 1. Council of, sends complaint of oppres- 
sion to the pope, 1429. 

a Conv.-Lex. b Meyer, Conv.-Lex. 

Rigaud, Hyacinthe, painter,— -fc. at Perpig- 
nan, 25 Jul. 1659 — goes to Paris, 1681 — ad- 
mitted to Academy, 1700 — Prof.', 17 10 — Che- 
valier of St Michael, 1727— Rector of Academy, 
1733 — o". at Paris, 19 Dec. 1743. 

Rigaud, Stephen Peter, astronomer, — fc. at 
Richmond, Surrey, 1774 — enters Exeter Coll. 
Oxford, 14 Apr. 1791 — M.A., 21 Nov. 1799 — 
Savilian Prof. Astronomy, Oxford, 1810 — tr. in 
London, 16 Mar. 1839. Edits Bradley's Works 
and Correspondence, 1831. 

Righini, Vincenzo, musical composer, — fc. at 
Bologna, r/6o, a about 1758 b — Chapel-master 
to Elector of Mentz, 1788— to king of Prussia, 
1793 — Jj. at Bologna, 19 Aug. 18 12. 



Biog. Univ. 



Engl. Cyc. 



Right, Petition of. [Petition of Right.] 



I2o6 



RIGHTS— RITCHIE. 



Rights, Bill of. [Bill of Rights.] 

Rights, Declaration of. [Declaration.] 

Riley, John, painter, — b. in London, 1646 
— painter to Charles II., 1680 — painter to 
"William and Mary, 1688 — tf. in London, 1691. 

Rimini, in Italy, {Ariminum,) — [B C] — 
Roman colony, 268 — occupied by Caesar, 49 — 
[AD] — forms' part of Exarchate of Ravenna, 
553-1 S 2 — government of, given to Malatesta 
family, by Otto III., about 1200— visited by 
Frederick II., Jan. 1226— sold to Venetians, 
1503 — lost to the pope, 1509 — destroyed by 
earthquake, 1671. Council of, confirms Mcene 
Creed, condemns Arius, Ursacius, Valens, and 
others, and afterwards accepts new Arian for- 
mulary proposed by Emperor Constantius, Jul. 
to Oct. 359. 

Rinaldi, Odorico, historian, — fj. at Trevisa, 
1595 — enters Congregation of the Oratory, 
16 1 8— tr. at Rome, 22 Jan. 1 671. Continuation 
of Annales Ecclesiastici of Baronius, 1646-77 
— abridgment of the whole, 1669. 

Rincon, Antonio del, painter, — fj. at Guada- 
laxara, about 1446 — ft. at Seville, 1500. 

Rinderpest. _ [Cattle Plague.] 

Rintambor, in Hindustan, — taken by Al- 
tamsh, about 1230 — conquered by Bulbun, 
about 1250— taken by Ala u din, 1299-1300 — 
by Baber, 1528— acquired by Raja of Haranti, 
about 1550. 

Rintoul, Robert Stephen, journalist, — b. in 
Scotland, 1787 — editor of Dundee Advertiser, 
before 181 3 — becomes acquainted with Joseph 
Hume, 1 818 — establishes and edits the Spec- 
tator, 1828-58— tr., 22 Apr. 1858. 

Rinuccini, Ottavio, poet, — b. at Florence, 
about 1565 — follows Mary de' Medici to 
France, 1600 — tf. at Florence, 1621. Poesies, 
1622. 

Riobamba, in Peru, — destroyed by earth- 
quake, 4 Feb. 1797. 

Rio Janeiro, capital of Brazil, — founded by 
Portuguese, 1567 — seat of government of Vice- 
roys, 1763 — capital of Brazilian empire, 1822. 

Rioja, Francisco de, poet, — h. at Seville, 
1600 — tf. at Seville, 1659. 

Riolan, Jean, physician, — rj. at Amiens, 
J 539— M.D., 1574— Dean of the Faculty of 
Paris, 1586 and 1587— rj. at Paris, 18 Oct. 
1606. Opera, 1610. 

Riolan, Jean, anatomist, — b. at Paris, 1577 
or 1580 — Prof. Rqyal of Anatomy and Botany, 
161 3 — as First Physician to Mary of Medicis, 
accompanies her in her exile, 1631-42 — re- 
turns to Paris, 1642— rj. at Paris, 19 Feb. 1657. 
Anatome Corporis Humani, 16 10 — Anthropo- 
graphia, 1649 — Enchiridion Anatomicum et 
Tathologicum, 1648 — Opuscula Anatomica, 
1649-50-52-53. 

Rioms, Albert, Count de, naval officer,— 
fi. in Dauphiny, about 1738— distinguishes 
himself in American "War, 1779 — Commander 
of Toulon, 1789 — serves under Conde, 1792 — 
tr. in France, 1 806. 

Riot, Rioters, in England, — suppression of, 
provided for by Acts 17 Ric. II. c. 8, 1393- 
4; 13 Hen. IV. c. 7, 1411, and 2 Hen. V. st. 
1, c. 8, 1414 — refusal to disperse on proclama- 



tion made treason by Act 3 and 4 Edw. VI. c. 
5, 1549 — repealed by 1 Mar. Sess. 1, c. 1, 

1553 — made felony by 1 Mar. Sess. 2, c. 12, 
1553, an d 1 Eliz. c. 16, 1558 — dispersal of, 
by proclamation, provided for, by Riot Act, 1 
Geo. I. st. 2, c. 5, 20 Jul. 17 15 — law amended 
by Act 7 and 8 Geo. IV. cc. 27 and 30, 21 Jun. 
1827 — capital punishment for, abolished by 
Act 4 and 5 Vic. c. 56, 22 Jun. 1841 — new 
provisions, by Act 24 and 25 Vic. c. 97, 6 Aug. 
1861. 

Ripon, in Yorkshire, — monastery founded 
at, by Abbot of Melrose, 661 — given to "Wil- 
frid, Abp of York, about 664 — destroyed by 
Danes, 867 — made a royal borough by Alfred, 
886 — destroyed by Edred, 948^ 950 b — by 
"William I., 1069 — burnt by Robert Bruce, 
1323 — Henry IV. holds his Court at, 1405— 
visited by James I., 16 17 — conferences be- 
tween English and Scottish Commissioners 
commence at, 1 Oct. 1640 — transferred to 
London, 26 Oct. — visited by Charles I., 1633 
and 1644 — occupied by Parliamentarians, 1643 
— seat of a bishopric, 1836. Cathedral, com- 
menced, 1 33 1 — finished, probably 1494. Hos- 
pital, founded by Abp Thuvstan, 1144. Public 
Rooms, built, 1834. a Turner. b Eapin. 

Ripon, Frederick John Robinson, 1st Eakl 
of, Prime Minister of England, — b. in 
London, 30 Oct., a 1 Nov. b 1782 — M.A. Cam- 
bridge, 1802— M.P. Carlow, 1806 — M.P. 
Ripon, 1 807 — Fnder-secretary for Colonies, 
spring to Sep. 1809 — marries, 1 Sep. 1814 — 
Vice-Pres. Board of Trade, 18 12 — accompanies 
Lord Castlereagh on the Continent, 1813 — 
Pres., 1818 — Chancellor of the Exchequer, 
1823 — created Viscount Goderich, 28 Apr. 
1827 — Secretary of State for Colonies, 1827 — 
First Lord of the Treasury, Oct. 1827 — resigns, 
1828 — again Secretary for Colonies, 1830 — 
Lord Privy Seal, Mar. 1833 — created Earl of 
Ripon, 13 Apr. 1833 — retires, early in 1834 — 
Pres. Board of Trade, Sep. 1841 — retires, 1846 
— tf., 28 Jan. 1859. a Gent. Mag. b Burke. 

Ripperda, John William, Baron, after- 
wards Dure of, statesman, diplomatist, — 
b. in Groningen, 1690^ 1680 b — envoy to 
Madrid, 17 15 to Mar. 17 18 — enters service of 
Philip V., and abjures Protestantism, 17 18 — 
negotiates secret treaty with Emperor Charles 
VI., 25 Apr. 1725 — Duke, Grandee of Spain, 
and ambassador extraord. to Emperor, 1725 — 
First Minister, De&. 1725 — dismissed, 14 May 
1726 — arrested and imprisoned at Segovia, 25 
May 1727 — escapes to England, Sep. 1728— 
goes to the Hague and again professes Pro- 
testantism, 1730 — enters service of Emperor 
of Morocco, 1731 — defeated by Spaniards at 
siege of Ceuta, 1734 — Jj. at Tetuan, 2 Nov. 
1737. a Nouv; Biog. Gen. b Bees' Cyc. 

Riquet, Pierre Paul de, engineer, — fj. at 
Beziers, 1604 — projects Canal of Langnedoc, 
1662 — o". at Toulouse, 1 Oct. 1680. 

Riquetti. [Mirabeau.] 

Ritchie, Joseph, traveller, — sent with Cap- 
tain Lyon to explore interior of Africa, 18 19 — 
tf. at Mourzouk. 

Ritchie, Leitch, novelist, miscellaneous wr iter t 



EITSON— RIZZIO. 



1207 



— ft. at Greenock, about 1801 — Ij. at Greenwich, 
16 Jan. 1865. Romance of History, France, 
183 1 — Ireland, 1837-8 — Windsor Castle, 1840 
— Weary foot Common, 1855 — Winter Evenings, 
1858. 

Ritson, Joseph, critic, antiquary, — ft. at 
Stockton on Tees, 2 Oct. 1752 — 0. at Hoxton, 
3 Sep. 1803. Observations on Wartorf s His- 
tory of English Poetry, 1782 — Ancient Songs 
from time of Henry III. to the Revolution, 
1790 — Scottish Songs, 1794 — Robin Hood Bal- 
lads, 1795 — Bibliographia Poetica, 1802. 

Rittenhouse, David, astronomer, — ft. in 
Pennsylvania, 8 Apr. 1732 — observes transit 
of Venus, 1769 — member of American Acad, of 
Sciences at Boston, 1782 — Treasurer of Penn- 
sylvania, 1777-89 — Pres. American Philoso- 
phical Society, 1791 — Director of U. S. Mint, 
1792 — F.R.&. London, 1795— tf. at Phila- 
delphia, 26 Jun. 1796. 

Bitter, Heinrich, philosopher, — ft. atZerbst, 
1 79 1 — studies at Halle, Gottingen, and Berlin, 
1811-15 — Prof. Extraord., Berlin Univ., 1824 
— removes to Kiel, 1833 — to Gottingen, 1837 
— Tj. at Gottingen, Feb. 1869. Geschichte der 
Philosophic, 1829-53 — Versuch zur Verstdn- 
digung iiber die neueste Deutsche Philosophic, 
sett Kant, 1853 — Die Christliche Philosophic, 
1858-9 — Die Halbkantianer und der Panthe- 
ismus, 1827 — JJeber die Erkenntniss Gottes 
in der Welt, 1836 — System der logik und der 
Metaphysilc, 1856 — Encyclopaedic der philos. 
Wissenschaften, 1862-4 — Philos. Paradoxa, 
1867. 

Ritter, Johann Wilhelm, natural philoso- 
pher, — ft. in Silesia, 16 Dec. 1776 — member 
of Academy, Munich, 1805 — rj. there, 23 Jan. 
1 8 10. Beitrdge zur n'dhern Kenntniss des Gal- 
vanismus, 1 801-2 — Physisch-chemische Ab- 
handlungen, 1 806 — Fragmente aus dem Nachlass 
eines jungen Physikers, 18 10. 

Bitter, Earl, geographer, — ft. at Quedlin- 
burg, 7 Aug. 1779 — leaves Univ. of Halle, 
1798 — Prof. Extraord. Geography, Univ. of 
Berlin, 1820 — member of Academy of Sciences, 
1822 — foreign member Royal Society of Lon- 
don, Feb. 1848 — ft. at Berlin, 28 Sep. 1859. 
Europa, 1807 — Pie Erdkunde im Verhdltnisse 
zur Natur und zur Geschichte des Menschen, 
1817-18 — enlarged, 1 8 2 1 -46 — Pie Stupas, 
1838 — Per Jordan, 1850 — Einleitung zur all- 
gemeinen vergleiohenden Geographic, 1852. 

Ritualism, in England, — Royal Commission 
on, appointed, Jun. 1 867 — first report published, 
29 Aug. 1867 — second, Apr. 1868 — third, 
(Revision of the lectionary,) 26 Jan. 1870. 

Rivarol, Antoine, Count de, litterateur, — 
ft. at Bagno'ls, in Languedoc, 26 Jun. 1753 — 
goes to Paris, 1777 — emigrates, 1791 — tr. at 
Berlin, 13 Apr. 1801. Piscours sur I 'univer- 
sality de la langue Franchise, 1784 — P'Enferde 
Dante, 1784. 

Rive, Jean Joseph, bibliographer, — ft. in 
Provence, 1730 — librarian to the Duke de la 
Valliere at Paris, 1767 — *f. at Marseilles, 20 
Oct. 1792. La Chasse aux bibliographes et 
antiquaires mal advises, 1788-9 — Eclair cisse- 
ments sur les cartes a jouer, 1780. 



Rivers, Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl,— 
marries heiress of Lord Scales and takes that 
title, 1467— succeeds his father as Earl Rivers, 
1469— follows Edward IV. to Holland, 1470— 
governor of Calais, 147 1 ?— has charge of his 
nephew Edward (V.), 1482— seized by Glou- 
cester at Stony Stratford, 30 Apr. 1483 — be- 
headed at Pontefract, about 26 Jun. 1483. 

Rivers, Richard Woodville, 1st Earl,— 
marries Jacqueline, Duchess of Bedford ; cre- 
ated Baron Rivers, 9 May 1448 — seized by 
Yorkists and sent prisoner to Calais, 1459 — 
released, soon after: marries his daughter 
Elizabeth to Edward IV., about 1464— created 
Earl Rivers, 24 May 1466— taken prisoner at 
battle of Edgecote, 26 Jul. 1469 — beheaded at 
Northampton, 1469. 

Rivet de la Grange, Antoine, Benedictine, 
— fj. in Poitou, 30 Oct. 1683 — if. at the mon- 
astery of St Vincent du Mans, 7 Feb. 1749. 
Histoire litter aire de la France, (torn. I. to IX.,) 
1733-49- 

Riviere, Charles Francois de Riffardeau, 
Marquis and Duke de* general, diploma- 
tist, — ft. at La Ferte-sur-Cher, 17 Dec. 1763,* 
1765b — serves in French Guards, 1780 — 
emigrates, 1790 — sentenced to death, 10 Jun. 
1804 — Marechal de Camp, 28 Feb. 18 14 — 
Commander of St Louis, Sep. 18 14 — Lieu- 
tenant-general, Mar. 1 8 15 — Peer of France, 
17 Aug. 1 8 15 — serves in Corsica, 18 15— am- 
bassador to the Porte, Jun. 1816-20 — hereditary 
Duke, 30 May 1825 — governor of Duke of 
Bordeaux, 1826 — rj. at Paris, 20 Apr. 1828. 
a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. 

Riviere, Lazare, physician, — ft. at Mont- 
pellier, 1589— M.D., 1611— Prof, at the Univ., 
1622-55 — tf. at Montpellier, 1655. Praxis 
medica, 1640 — Observationes medicce et cura- 
tiones insignes, 1646 and 1659 — Institutiones 
medicce, 1655. 

Riviere, Mercier de la, economist,— -ft., about 
1720 — Counsellor to parliament of Paris, 1747 
— Intendant of Martinique, 1758 — rj. at Paris, 
about 1794. Ordre naturel et essentiel des 
societes politiques, 1767 — Palladium de la con- 
stitution politique, 1790. 

Rivinus, August Quirinus, botanist, — ft. at 
Leipsic, 9 Dec. 1652 — M.D. Helmstadt, 1676 
— Prof. Physiology and Botany, Leipsic, 1691 
— Dean of the Faculty, 1709 — rj. at Leipsic, 30 . 
Dec. 1723. Introductio ad rem herbariam, 
1690 — Dissertationes niedicce, 17 10. 

Rivoli, in Italy, — given to Bp of Turin by 
Emperor Frederick L, 1 159 — submits to Counts 
of Savoy, 1247 — castle sacked by French, 1690 
— Napoleon I. defeats Alvinzi and Wurmser 
at, 14-15 Jan. 1797. 

Rivoli, Duke of. [Massena.] 

Rizi, Francisco, painter, — ft. at Madrid, 
1608 — painter to the Cathedral of Toledo, 1653 
— principal painter to Philip IV., 1656 — rj. at 
Escorial, 2 Aug. 1685. 

Rizi, Juan, painter, — ft. at Madrid, 1595 — 
rj. at Monte Cassino, 1675. 

Rizzio, (Riccio,) David, — enters service of 
Mary Queen of Scots, 1564 — murdered by 
Darnley, 9 Mar. 1566. 



I208 



ROADS— ROBERT I. 



Roads. [Highways.] 

Roanoke Island, iV. America, — British 
settlement on, under Raleigh, 1585 — captured 
hy Gen. Burnside, 8 Feb. 1862. 

Robber Synod. [Ephesus, Councils of.~\ 

Robbery, — in England, law respecting, 
amended and consolidated by Act 7 and 8 Geo. 
IV. c. 29, 21 Jun. 1827 — again amended by 
Act 7 ¥m IV. and 1 Vic. c. 87, 17 Jul. 1837 
— new provisions by 24 and 25 Vic. c. 96, 6 
Aug. i86r. In Ireland, law respecting, assimi- 
lated to that of England, by Act 9 Geo. IV. c. 
55, 15 Jul. 1828. 

Robbia, Andrea della, sculptor, — b. at Flor- 
ence, 1437 — tr., 1528. 

Robbia, Girolamo, sculptor, — in service of 
Francis I. of France, 1527 — r/. at Paris, 3 
Aug. 1566. 

Robbia, Luca della, sculptor,— f>. at Flor- 
ence, about i4oo, a 1388 b ? — ft., about i48i, a 
14.63. b a Conv.-Lex. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Robert, Emperor of the Romans. [Ru- 
pert.] 

Robert L, Duke, and afterwards King of 
France, — defeats Northmen on the Loire, 921 
— elected King in opposition to Charles III., 
30 Jun. 922 — defeated and killed by him, near 
Soissons, 15 Jun. 923. 

Robert II., King of France, — b. at Or- 
leans, about 970 — crowned at Orleans and as- 
sociated with his father, Hugh Capet, 1 Jan. 
888 — again crowned at Rheims, 991 — marries 
Bertha, 995 — succeeds his father, Oct. 996 — 
his marriage annulled by Pope Gregory V., 
998 — refuses to submit, is excommunicated, and 
the kingdom laid under interdict, 998 — separ- 
ates from Bertha, 998 — marries Constance of 
Toulouse, 998 — claims Duchy of Burgundy, 
and carries on war with his rival, Otto Wil- 
liam, 1002-15 — acquires the Duchy and gives 
it to his son Henry, 1015 — associates his son 
Hugh with him, 1017 — goes to Rome, 1019 — 
persecutes and burns Manichseans, 1022 — has 
interview with Emperor Henry II., and renews 
alliance with him, in Luxemburg, 1023 — de- 
clines crown of Italy for his son, 1024 — loses 
his son, 17 Sep. 1025 — has his son Henry 
crowned, 1026 — rebellion of his sons Henry 
and Robert, 1030 — tr. at Melun, 20 Jul. 1031. 

Robert I., King of Scotland. [Bruce, 
Robert.] 

Robert II., Stuart, King of Scotland, — 
b., 2 Mar. 1 3 16 — named successor to the crown, 
1 3 1 8 — succeeds his father as Hiph Steward of 
Scotland, 1326 — distinguishes himself at Hali- 
don Hill, 1333 — assumes joint Regency with 
Earl of Murray, 1334 — sole Regent, 1338 to 4 
May 1 341 — takes Perth, 1338-9 — has a com- 
mand at Neville's Cross, and is again appointed 
Regent, with Earl of March, 1346-57 — receives 
grant of Earldom of Strathearn, 1359 — forms 
confederacy to resist proposed succession of 
Lionel, Duke of Clarence, to crown of Scotland, 
1363 — but renews oath of fealty to David II., 
14 May 1363 — imprisoned, 1363 — liberated, 
1 369 — declared King, after death of David, Feb. 
1 37 1 — crowned at Scone, 26 Mar. 1371, and 
gets his son John, Earl of Carrick, recognized 



as successor : at war with Richard II., 1377 — 
concludes a truce, Nov. 1380 — the war renewed, 
1384 — obtains French auxiliaries, May 1385 — 
Earl of Fife appointed governor of the kingdom, 
1389 — rj. at Dundonald Castle, 13 May, a 19 
Apr. b 1390. a Tytler. a Pinkerton and Nicolas. 

Robert III., (John, Earl of Carrick,) 
King of Scotland, — ft., probably before 1340 
— marries, 1357 — recognized successor to his 
father, 1371 — succeeds him, 13 May, a 19 Apr. b 
1390 — crowned at Scone, 14 Aug. 1390 — his 
wife crowned Queen, 15 Aug. a — renews war 
with England, 1399 — imprisons his son David, 
Duke of Rothsay, 1402 — who dies soon after : 
battle of Homildon Hill, 1402 — his son James 
captured by English, 30 May 1405 — ft. at 
Rothsay, Bute, 4 Apr. 1406. 

a Tytler. b Pinkerton and Nicolas. 

Robert of Anjou, the Wise, Duke of Ca- 
labria, and afterwards King of Naples, — b., 
about 1275 — Duke of Calabria, 1295 — marries 
Violante of Aragon, Mar. 1297 — succeeds his 
father, Charles II., May 1309 — crowned by 
Clement V. at Avignon, 3 or 5 Aug. 1309 — 
enters Naples, 5 Jun. 13 10— obtains vicariate 
of Ferrara and the Romagna, and is recognized 
head of the Guelfs, 131 1 — sends his brother 
John, Prince of the Morea, to occupy the Vati- 
can and part of Rome, 1312 — named sovereign 
of Florence for five years, 131 3 — declared a 
rebel, deprived of his states, and banished the 
Empire, by Emperor Henry VII., 131 3 — in- 
vades Sicily, Jul. 1 3 14 — unsuccessfully be- 
sieges Trapani, 13 14 — concludes truce, 17 Dec. 
1314 — quits Sicily, Feb. 1315 — procures 
election of Pope John XXII. , 1316 — Lord of 
Genoa for ten years, 27 Jul. 131 8 — defends it 
against Ghibellines, 1318-19 — Lord of Brescia, 
Jan. 1 319 — goes to Avignon, 1319 — his gen- 
eral, Raymond of Cordova, defeated in Lom- 
bardy, 1321 — returns to Naples, 1324 — his son 
Charles fails in expedition to Sicily, 1325^ — and 
Count Novello, 1326 — Vicar of the Empire in 
Italy, 1326— marries his granddaughter Joanna 
to Andrew of Hungary, 1333 — conquers Lipari, 
1339 — sen d s another expedition to Sicily, Jun. 
1 341 — tr. at Naples, 14 or 19 Jan. 1343. 

Robert of Courtenay, Emperor of the 
East, — accepts the crown on death of his father, 
Peter, and sets out from France, close of 1220 
— crowned at Constantinople, 25 Mar. 1221 — 
his army defeated by John Vataces at Pimarino, 
1224 — ICf., 1228. 

Robert Guiscard. [Guiscard.] 

Robert. [See Artois, Burgundy, Flanders.] 

Robert I., the Magnificent, and the Devil, 
Duke of Normandy, — (poisons ?) and succeeds 
his brother Richard III., 1027 or 1028 — takes 
Evreux from his uncle, Abp of Rouen, and 
expels him, 1 02 8 — reduces Bpof Bayeux and his 
allies, 1028 or 1029 — restores Baldwin IV., 
Count of Flanders, 1030 — protects and main- 
tains on the throne Henry I. of France, 103 1 
— receives grant of Chaumont, Pontoise, and 
the Vexin, 1031 — reduces Alan, Count of Bre- 
tagne, about 1032 — embarks for England, to 
restore his cousins Alfred and Edward, but is 
driven by a storm on Jersey, 1034 — goes on 



ROBERT II.— ROBINS. 



:209 



pilgrimage to Jerusalem, 1035 — poisoned at 
Nicaea on his return, 2 Jul. 1035. 

Robert II., Courthose, Duke op Normandy, 
— ft., probably about 1056 — rebels against his 
father, William the Conqueror, 1073— again 
rebels, and is besieged at Gerberoi by William, 
1078 — again, 1084 — succeeds his father in the 
Duchy, Sep. 1087 — unsuccessful rebellion in 
his favour against his brother William II. of 
England, 1088 — quarrels with his brother 
Henry, and imprisons him, 1089— carries on 
war with William II., and is reconciled with 
him, 1090 — concludes treaty with him, 1091 — 
accompanies William in expedition against Mal- 
colm of Scotland, 1091 — war with William re- 
newed, 1094 — makes peace, 1096 — sets out for 
crusade, Sep. 1096 — contributes to victory of 
Dorylseum, 1 Jul. 1097 — and to that of An- 
tioch, 28 Jun. 1098 — distinguishes himself at 
siege of Jerusalem, Jul. 1099 — defeats Afdhal, 
vizier of Mostali, at Ascalon, 1099 — refuses 
crown of Jerusalem, 1099 — on his return, 
marries Sibylla in Italy,io99 — meets St Anselm 
at Lyons, Jul. n 00 — invades England, 19 Jul. 
ir 01 — retires, after Michaelmas: again in 
England, 11 02 — protects Robert Belesme, Earl 
of Shrewsbury, 1104 — war with Henry I. re- 
newed, 1 1 04 — has fruitless interview with 
Henry at Northampton, Lent 1106 — defeated 
and taken prisoner by Henry at Tinchebray, 
27 Sep. 1 106 — sent to Cardiff Castle, and tf. 
there, Feb. n 34. 

Robert of Jumieges, {Rotbeard the French- 
man,) — Bp of London, 1044 — Abp of Canter- 
bury, 1051 — on return of Earl Godwin to Lon- 
don, fights his way out of the city and escapes 
to the continent, 1052. 

Robert, (Grosseteste,) Bp op Lincoln. [Gros- 
seteste.} 

Robert, Hubert, painter, — ft. at Paris, 22 
May 1733 — studies at Rome, 1753-66 — admit- 
ted to Academy, Paris, 26 Jul. 1766 — impri- 
soned, 1793 — liberated, 1794 — Keeper of Mu- 
seum of the Louvre, 1800 — tf. at Paris, 15 Apr. 
1808. 

Robert, Louis Leopold, painter, — ft. in Neuf- 
chatel, 13 May 1794 — studies engraving at 
Paris, 1 8 10 — kills himself at Venice, 20 Mar. 
1835. Neapolitan Lmprovisatore, 1822 — Ma- 
donna delV Arco, 1827 — Reapers, 1830 — Vene- 
tian Fishermen, 1835. 

Roberts, David, painter, — ft. at Edinburgh, 
24 Oct. 1796 — exhibits at Royal Academy, 
1826 — visits Spain, 1832-3 — A.R.A., 1839 — 
R.A., 1840 — tf. in London, 25 Nov. 1864. 
Spanish Sketches, 1835 — Holy Land, §c, 1842- 
8 — Ruins of Karnak, 1845 — Jerusalem, 1845 
— Destruction of Jerusalem, 1849 — Rome, 

1855. 

Roberts, Richard, mechanician, civil engineer, 
— b. in Denbighshire, 22 Apr. 1789 — invents 
self-acting spinning mule, 1825 — invents Jac- 
quard punching machine, 1847 — tf. in London, 
11 Mar. 1864. 

Robertson, Frederick William, theologian, 
— b. in London, 3 Feb. 1816 — enters Edinburgh 
Univ., 1833 — enters Brasenose Coll. Oxford, 4 
May 1837 — takes holy orders, 12 Jul. 1840 — 



marries at Geneva, 1841— minister of Trinity 
Chapel, Brighton, 1847— if. there, 14 Aug. 
1853. Sermons, 1855, 1857, and 1863— Lec- 
tures and Addresses, 1858 — Letters, 1865. 

Robertson, Joseph, antiquary, journalist, — 
ft. at Aberdeen, 181 1— Curator of Historical 
Department of Register House, 1853— LL.D. 
Edinburgh, 1864— if. at Edinburgh, 13 Dec. 
1866. Statuta Ecclesice Scotiana, 1864. 

Robertson, Thomas William, dramatist, — 
b., 9 Jan. 1829 — if. in London, Feb. 187 1. 
Society, 1%6^—Ours, 1866 — Caste, 1867— 
School, 1869— M.P., 1870. 

Robertson, William, hebraist, — if., 1686. 
Thesaurus linguae sanctce, 1680 — Lndex alpha- 
beticus hebraico-biblicus, 1683. 

Robertson, William, historian, — b. in Edin- 
burgh, or Borthwick, 1721— minister of Glads- 
muir, 1743 — chaplain to the king, 1761 — 
Principal of Univ. of Edinburgh, 1762 — his- 
toriographer to the king for Scotland, 1764 — 
tf. near Edinburgh, Jun. 1793. History of 
Scotland, 1759 — History of Charles V., 1769 — 
History of America, 1777. 

Robertson, William, historian, antiquary, 
— b. at Fordyce, in Banffshire, 1740 — Deputy 
Keeper of Records of Scotland, 1777— F.R.S.E., 
28 Jan. 1799 — ri. at Edinburgh, 4 Mar. 1803. 
History of Greece, 1768 — Lndex of Charters, 
1798 — Proceedings relative to Peerage of Scot- 
land, 1794. 

Roberval, Grilles Personne de, mathemati- 
cian, — b. at Roberval near Beauvais, 8 Aug. 
1602 — goes to Paris, 1627 — Prof. Philosophy, 
Coll. of Gervais, 1631 — Prof. Mathematics, 
Coll. Royal, 1632 — member of Academy of 
Sciences, 1665 — tf. at Paris, 27 Oct. 1675. 

Robervallian Lines, in geometry, — invented 
by Roberval, not later than 1646. 

Robespierre, Francois Maximilian Joseph 
Isidore, revolutionary leader^ — ft. at Arras, 1759 
deputy to States- General, May 1789— member 
of Jacobin Club, 1789 — public accuser, Mar. 
1791— member of Convention, Sep. 1792 — 
accused by Girondins, 25 Sep. — by Louvet, 29 
Oct. — acquitted, 5 Nov. — with Couthon antl 
St Just at head of Committee of Public Safety, 
Nov. 1793 — attempt to assassinate him, frus- 
trated, 23 May 1794 — presides at Feast of the 
Supreme Being, 8 Jun. — fails in the Conven- 
tion, 26 Jul. — accused, arrested, and rescued, 
27 Jul. — attempts to kill himself, 28 Jul. 
— guillotined at Paris, (9 Therm, an II.,) 28 
Jul. 1794. 

Robin, Jean, botanist, — ft. at Paris, about 
1550 — Keeper of the Jardin des Plantes, about 
1597 — tf. at Paris, 25 Apr. 1629. Catalogue 
stirpium tarn indigenarum quam exoticarum 
qua Lutetice coluntur, 1601 — Jardin du Roi 
Henri LV., 1608. 

Robins, Benjamin, mathematician,— -ft. at 
Bath, 1707 — goes to London, 1725 — F.R.S. 
and receives gold medal, 1747 — engineer to 
East India Company, 1749— goes to Madras, 
1750 — tf. there, 29 Jul. 1751. New Principles 
of Gunnery, 1742 — Anson's Voyage round the 
World, 1748. 
Robins, (Robyns,) John, astronomer, — ft. in 



ROBINSON— ROCHAMBEAU. 



Staffordshire, about 1500 ? — enters Oxford 
Univ., 15 1 6— Fellow of All Souls' Coll., 1520 
— B.D. Oxford, 1531 — Canon of Oxford, 1532 
— of Windsor, 1534 — if. chaplain to Queen 
Mary, 25 Aug. 1558. 

Robinson, Anastasia, actress, — b. in Lon- 
don, about 1695 — appears on the stage, 17 14 — 
privately married to Earl of Peterborough, 
1724 — acknowledged as Countess on his death, 

1735— *l; 175°- . . T . l7 . , 

Robinson, Edward, philologist, biblical 
scholar, — b. in Connecticut, U. S., 10 Apr. 
1794 — graduates at Hamilton Coll., 18 16 — 
visits Europe, and studies at Halle and Berlin, 
1826-30 — marries his second wife, 1828 — 
Prof. Extraord. Biblical Literature, Andover, 
1830-3— D.D. Dartmouth Coll., 1 831— Prof. 
Biblical Literature, Union Theol. Seminary, 
New York, 1837— visits Palestine, 1837 — 
Berlin, 1838-40— D.D. Halle, 1842— LL.D. 
Yale Coll., 1844 — again visits Europe, 1851 — 
and Palestine, 1852 — if. at New York, 25 Jan. 
1863. Greek and English lexicon of New 
Testament, 1836 — Biblical Researches in Pales- 
tine, 1 841 — originates Bibliotheca Sacra, 1843 
— Translations of Gesenius's Hebrew Lexicon, 
1836 — and Buttmann's Greek Grammar, 1832 
— Physical Geography of Palestine, 1865. 
Robinson, Fred. J. [Ripon, Earl of.] 
Robinson, Henry Crabb, — b. at Bury St 
Edmunds, 1775 — studies at Univ. of Jena, and 
becomes friend of Goethe, 1800-5 — present at 
Corunna, 1809 — called to the bar at Middle 
Temple, 1 8 1 3 — takes part in founding Uni- 
versity College, London, 1826 — retires from 
the bar, 1828 — F.S.A., 1829 — if. in London, 
5 Feb. 1867. Diary and Correspondence, 
1869. 

Robinson, John, Puritan divine, — b. pro- 
bably in Lincolnshire, 1575 — enters Cambridge 
Univ., 1592 — secedes from Church of England 
and leaves Norwich, 1604 — pastor at Scrooby, 
Notts, 1604 — escapes to Amsterdam, 1608 — 
removes to Leyden, 1609 — conducts service 
at embarkation of Pilgrim Fathers, 21 Jul. 
1620 — if. at Leyden, 1 Mar. 1625. Works, 
1851. 

Robinson, Mary, actress, (Perdita,) — b. at 
Bristol, 1758 — marries, 1773 — attracts atten- 
tion of George, Prince of Wales, 1780 — ir. at 
Englefield Green, 1800. 

Robinson, Robert, theologian,— b. at Swaff- 
ham, Norfolk, Oct. 1735 — begins to preach, 
about 1755— marries at Cambridge, about 1759 
— minister of Baptist congregation there, 1761 
— if., 8 Jun. 1790. Translation of Saurin's 
Sermons, 1775 — Plea for Divinity of Christ, 
1776 — History and Mystery of Good Friday, 
1777 — Sixteen Discourses, 1786 — History of 
Baptism, 1790 — Ecclesiastical Researches, 
1792. 

Robison, John, natural philosopher, — b. at 
Boghall,in Stirlingshire, 1739 — M.A. Glasgow, 
1756 — accompanies expedition to Quebec, 1759 
— Prof. Natural Philosophy, Glasgow, 1766 — 
Prof. Natural Philosophy, Edinburgh, Sep. 1774 
— LL.D. New Jersey, 1798 — LL.D. Glasgow, 



1799 — foreign member of Academy of Sciences, 
St Petersburg, 1800 — if. at Edinburgh, 30 
Jan. 1805. System of Mechanical Philosophy, 
1822. 

Robortello, Francisco, philologist,— b. at 
Udine, 9 Sep. 15 16 — Prof. Belles Lettres, 
Lucca, 1538 — at Pisa, 1543 — Prof. Rhetoric, 
Venice, 1549 — Prof. Greek and Latin Litera- 
ture, Padua, 1552 — Prof. Greek and Latin 
Literature, Bologna, 1557 — returns to Padua, 
1560 — ft. at Padua, 18 Mar. 1567. De His- 
torica Facultate, 1548 — De Vita et Victn 
populi Romani, 1559 — De Artificio dicendi, 
1567. 

Rob-Roy, {Robert Macgregor Campbell,) 
Highland Chieftain, — b., between 1657-60 
— takes part in insurrection of 17 15 — deprived 
of his estates by Duke of Montrose, begins his 
career as freebooter, 17 16 — living, 1733. 

Robson, F., comedian, — b. at Margate, 1821 
— appears in London, 1844-49 — engaged at 
Olympic Theatre, 1853 — if. in London, 12 
Aug. 1864. 

Robson, George Fennel, painter, — b. at 
Durham, 1790 — goes to London, 1805 — mem- 
ber of Society of Painters in Water-colours, 
1 8 14 — if. at Stockton-on-Tees, 8 Sep. 1833. 

Robusti. [Tintoretto.] 

Roby, John, topographical antiquary, — 
shipwrecked on the Orion, 17 Jun. 1850. Tra- 
ditions of Lancashire, 1829-31. 

Rocaberti, John Thomas de, Grand In- 
quisitor, — rj. in Catalonia, 4 Mar. 1627 — 
Provincial of Aragon, 1666 — General of Do- 
minican Order, 1670 — Abp of Valencia, 1676 
— Inquisitor-general in Spain, 1695 — if. at 
Madrid, 13 Jun. 1699. De Romani Pontificis 
Auctoritate, 169 1-4 — sale of, in France, pro- 
hibited by Parliament of Paris, 20 Dec. 1695 
— Bibliotheca Pontificia Maxima, 1695-9. 

Rocca, Angelo, antiquary, philologist, — b. 
in Ancona, 1545 — employed in the Vatican, 
1579 — Director of Printing-press in the Va- 
tican, 1585 — if. at Rome, 8 Apr. 1620. Opera, 
1719. 

Rocca-Secca, battle of [See Ladislaus, 
King of Naples.] 

Roch, St, — b. at Montpellier, Jun. 1295 — 
if. in prison, 16 Aug. 1327 — Fathers of Coun- 
cil of Constance place themselves under pro- 
tection of, 1414. 

I Rochambeau, Donatien Marie Joseph de 
Vimeur, Viscount de, general, — b. near 
Vendome, 1750 — serves with his father in 
America, 17 80-1 — Marechal de Camp, 1791 
— Lieutenant-general, 9 Jul. 1792 — Governor 
of "Windward Isles, 1792 — capitulates to Eng- 
lish, 22 Mar. 1794 — Governor of St Domingo, 
1796 — imprisoned at Ham, Sep. 1796 — serves 
in Italy, 1800 — takes part in expedition of St 
Domingo, 1802 — capitulates to the English 
and made prisoner of war, 30 Nov. 1803 — re- 
leased, 181 1 — distinguishes himself at Baut- 
zen, 1813— killed at battle of Leipsic, 18 Oct. 
1813. 

Rochambeau, Jean Baptiste Donatien de 
Vimeur, Count de, Marshal of France, — 



ROCHE-AYMON— ROCHFORD. 



ft. at Vendome, i Jul. 1725 — enters the army, 
1742 — aide-de-camp to Duke of Orleans, 1746 
— wounded at battle of Lawfeld, 5 Jul. 1747 — 
distinguishes himself at siege of Maestricht, 
1748 — takes part in expedition against Mi- 
norca, and is made Chevalier of St Louis, 1756 
— distinguishes himself at battle of Crevelt, 
23 Jun. 1758 — at Minden, 1 Aug. 1759 — at 
Corbach, 10 Jul. 1760 — wounded at Kloster- 
camp, 1760 — Marechal de Camp, Feb. 1761 
— Grand Cross of St Louis, about 1770 — 
Lieutenant-general, 1 Mar. 1780 — serves in 
American War, 17 80-1 — Governor of Picardy, 
1782 — member of Second Assembly of No- 
tables, 1788 — Marshal, 28 Dec. 1791— com- 
mands army of the North, Mar. to Jun. 1792 
- — imprisoned, 1793 — presented to Napoleon, 
1803 — Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 
1804 — tf. at Thore, 10 May 1807. Me'moires, 
1809. 

Roche-Aymon, Charles Antoine de la, 
Cardinal, Abp op Rheims, — 6. at Mainsac, 
(Limoges,) 1692 — Abp of Toulouse, 1740 — of 
Narbonne, 1752 — Grand Almoner of France, 
1760 — Abp of Rheims, 1762 — Cardinal, 177 1 
— attends Louis XV. when dying, 1774 — ft. 
Dean of French bishops, 27 Oct. 1777. 

Rochefort-sur-Mer, in France, — made naval 
station by Louis XIV., 1666. Marine Hos- 
pital, founded, 1787. 

Rochefoucauld, Francois de la, Cardinal, 
— ft. at Paris, 8 Dec. 1558 — Bp of Clermont, 
1584 — Cardinal, by Paul V., 1607 — assists at 
States-General, 16 14 — Grand Almoner of 
France, 16 18 — Abbot of St Genevieve, 16 19 
— Pres. Council of State, 1622 — fc. at St Ge- 
nevieve, 14 Feb. 1645. 

Rochefoucauld, Francois VI., Duke de la, 
Prince de Marsillac, — ft., 15 Dec. 161 3 — 
distinguishes himself at siege of Bordeaux, 
1650 — wounded at combat of St Antoine, Jul. 
1652 — tf., 17 Mar. 1680. Memoires de la re- 
gence a" Anne d'Autriche, 1662 — Reflexions, 
1665. 

Rochefoueauld-Liancourt, Francois Alex- 
andre Frederic, Duke de la, philanthropist, 
— ft., 11 Jan. 1747 — deputy to States -General, 
May 1789 — Pres. National Assembly, 18 Jul. 
1789 — Governor of Rouen, 1792 — proscribed, 
goes to England, after 10 Aug. 1792 — goes to 
America, 1794 — called to Chamber of Peers, 
1 8 14— excluded, Jul. 1823 — ft. at Paris, 27 
Mar. 1827. Voyage dans les Etats-unis 
d'Ame'rique, 1800 — Des prisons de Fhiladel- 
phie, 1796. 

Rochejaquelein, Henri de la, — h. near Cha- 
tillon, i773, a 3 Aug. 1772 b — Officer of Con- 
stitutional Guard, 1 791— joins Vendean in- 
surgents, Mar. 1793 — Generalissimo, 19 Oct. 
i 793 — falls at Nouaille, near Chollet, 4 Mar. 
1794. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Rochejaquelein, Louis Duvergier, Makqtjis 
de la, — fc. in Poitou, 30 Oct. 1777— protects 
retreat of Louis XVIII. to Ghent, Mar. 18 15 
— General-in-Chief of Vendeans, May 18 15 
— falls at combat of Mathis, 4 Jun. 18 15. 



Rochelle, La, in France, — comes into pos- 
session of Henry II. of England, 1152 — King 
John lands near, Jun. 1206 — taken by Louis 
VIII., 1224— ceded to England by Treaty of 
Bretigny, 1360 — recovered by Du Guesclin, 
Aug. 1372— stronghold of Huguenots, 1557 — 
invested by Catholics under Duke of Anjou, 
Mar. 1573 — successfully defended by La Noue, 
concludes treaty with Duke of Anjou, 24 Jun. 
1573 — again besieged by Duke of Angouleme, 
10 Aug. 1627 — unsuccessful attempts of Eng- 
lish to relieve, May and Oct. 1628 — submits to 
Louis XIII. , 28 Oct.— entry of the king, 1 
Nov. — fortifications destroyed, 1628 — new 
fortifications constructed by Vauban, about 
1681. 

Roches, Des. [Peter des Roches.] 

Rochester, in Kent, {Durobrivcz,) — seat of a 
bishopric, 604 — destroyed by Ethelred of 
Mercia, 676 — by Danes, 839 — besieged by 
Danes, and relieved by Alfred, 885 — again pil- 
laged by Danes, and citizens massacred, 999 — 
castle held by Bp Odo and Eustace of Boulogne, 
and taken by William II., 1088 — visited by 
Henry I. and burnt, May 11 30 — again burnt, 
3 Jun. 1 1 37 and 3 Apr. 1177 — held by barons, 
1 2 15 — besieged by King John, beginning of 
Oct. — taken, 30 Nov. 12 15 — taken by Prince 
Louis, May 12 16 — fortifications strengthened 
by Henry III., 1225 — Henry III. holds tour- 
nament at, 8 Dec. 1251 — fortifications again 
strengthened, 1264 — besieged by Simon de 
Montfort, Apr. 1264 — visited by Henry VIII. 
and Charles V., 1522 — by Queen Elizabeth, 
18-23 Sep. 1573 — Charles II. publicly re- 
ceived at, 28 May 1660 — ravaged by plague, 
1665 — threatened by Dutch, 1667 — fortifica- 
tions erected, 1802. Cathedral, founded by 
Gundulf, 1077 — consecrated, 11 30 — restoration 
commenced, 1871. Bridge, wooden, men- 
tioned, 1 2 15 — stone, built, 1380-92. 

Rochester, John Wilmot, Eael of,— h. in 
Oxfordshire, 10 Apr. 1647 or 1648 — suc- 
ceeds to the title, 1659 — presented at Court 
of Charles II., 1665 — serves in the navy, 
1665 and 1666 — tf., 26 Jul. 1680. Works, 
1771. 

Rochester, Lawrence Hyde, Earl op, 
statesman, — M.A. Oxford, 1660 — M.P. Oxford 
Univ., 1661 — ambassador to Poland, 1661-— 
plenipotentiary at Congress of Nimeguen, 1676 
— First Lord of the Treasury, 1679 — Baron of 
"Wotton Basset, and Viscount Hyde, 1681 — 
succeeds to Earldom, 1682 — Lord-president of 
the Council, 1684 — Lord-treasurer, 1685 — 
member of Ecclesiastical Commission, 1685 — 
deprived of his offices, receives a pension, 1686 
— takes part in the Revolution, 1688 — Lord- 
lieutenant of Ireland, 1700 — refuses to go to 
Ireland and is dismissed, 1702 — President of 
the Council, 17 10 — ft., 2 May 17 n. 

Rochester, Robert Carr, Earl of. [Somer- 
set, Earl op.] 

Rochford, George Boleyn, Viscount, — takes 
part in tournay at Greenwich, 1536 — tried, 
pronounced guilty of adultery and incest, 15 
May 1536 — executed, 17 May — his widow 



ROCHFORD— ROGER I. 



executed with Queen Catherine, (Howard,) 12 
Feb. 1542. 

Rochford, Thomas Boleyn, Viscount. 
[Wiltshire, Eael of.] 

Hock, Daniel, archaeologist, — h. at Liverpool, 
1799 — chaplain to Earl of Shrewsbury, at 
Alton Towers, 1827 — nominated one of the 
R.C. Chapter of Southwark, 1852 — settles in 
London, 1855 — leading promoter of Loan Col- 
lection at S. Kensington, 1862 — tf. at Kensing- 
ton, Nov. 187 1. Church of our Fathers, 1849- 
53 — Sierurgia, (2nd ed,,) 1851 — Textile Fa- 
brics, 1870. 

Rockets, for war, — invented by Congreve, 
1804 — used at attack on Boulogne, Oct. 1806 
— at siege of Copenhagen, 1807. 

Rockingham, Charles Watson Wentworth, 
Marquis of, Prime Minister of England, 
— h., 13 May 1730 — Earl of Malton, 1750 — 
succeeds to the Marquisate, Dec. 1750 — K.G., 
Feb. 1760 — assists at coronation of George 
III., 22 Sep. 1761 — First Lord of the Trea- 
sury, 10 Jul. 1765 to 12 Jul. 1766, and 22 
Mar. to 1 Jul. 1782 — tf. at Wimbledon, Sur- 
rey, 1 Jul. 1782. 

Rocky Mountains, N. America, — explora- 
tion of, commenced by Lewis and Clark, 1804. 
Rocoux. [Raucoux.] 

Rocroy, in France, — besieged by Spaniards, 
1643 — Spaniards defeated by Prince of Conde, 
19 May 1643 — surrenders to Germans, 5 Jan. 
1871. 
Roderic. [O'Connor, Roderic] 
Roderic, last Visigoth King of Spain, — 
dethrones and succeeds Witiza, about 710 — 
defeated and killed by Saracens under Tarik, 
at Xeres, Jul. 711. 

Roderic the Great, {Rhodri llawr,) — be- 
comes Prince of North Wales, 844 — attacked 
by Ethelwulf and Mercians, 853 — killed, about 
876. 
Roderigo. [Cid, The.'] 
Rodman Gun, — experiments at Shoebury- 
ness with, 20 Jul. and 2 Oct. 1867. 

Rodney, George Brydges, Lord, admiral, — 
fc. at Walton-upon-Thames, 19 Feb. 1718 — 
goes to sea, 1730 — Governor of Newfoundland, 
1748-52 — M.P. Saltash, 1752 — marries sister 
of Earl of Northampton, 1753 — Pear-admiral, 
19 May 1759 — destroys stores at Havre, pre- 
pared for invasion of England, 1759 — Com- 
mander-in-chief at Barbadoes, 1761 — Bart., 
1763 — M.P. Northampton, 1768 — Commander- 
in-chief, Jamaica, 177 1-4 — Admiral, May 1778 
— Commander-in-chief at Barbadoes, 1779 — 
defeats Spanish fleet near Cape St Vincent, 16 
Jan. 1780 — defeats French fleet near Mar- 
tinique, 17 Apr. 1780 — receives pension of 
£2000, 1780— M.P. Westminster, K.B., 1780 
— takes island of St Eustatia, 3 Feb. 1781 — 
takes Demerara, Essequibo, and Berbice, spring 
1781 — Vice-admiral of England, autumn 17 81 
— Commander of the West Indies, 17 81 — 
defeats French fleet under Count de Grasse 
near Martinique, 12 Apr. 1782 — raised to the 
Peerage and receives additional pension of 
£2000, 1782— tf. in London, 23 May 1792. 
Rodriguez, Ventura, architect, — fc. at Cien- 



pozuelos, 14 Jill. 17 17 — honorary member of 
Academy of St Luke at Rome, 1747 — Chief 
Director of Academy of St Fernando at Madrid, 
1752 — tf. there, 1785. 

Rodriguez de Arevalo. [Sanchez de Are- 
valo.] 

Roe, Sir Thomas, diplomatist, — fc. at Low 
Leyton, in Essex, about 1580 — enters Magdalen 
Coll. Oxford, 1593 — Knt, 1604 — explores the 
Amazons, 1609 — envoy to Shah Jehan, 16 15- 
18— M.P. Cirencester, 1620 — ambassador to 
Constantinople, 162 1 — negotiates peace be- 
tween Poland and Sweden, 1629 — M.P. Ox- 
ford Univ., 1640 — ambassador to Diet of 
Ratisbon, 1641 — Chancellor of Order of the 
Garter and Privy Councillor, 1641 — tf., Nov. 
1644. Negotiations ivith the Forte, 1740. 

Roederer, Pierre Louis, Count, statesman, 
miscellaneous writer, — fj. at Metz, 15 Feb. 
1754 — Counsellor to parliament of Metz, 1779,* 
1780 b — deputy to National Assembly, Oct. 
1789 — member of Jacobin Club, 1789 — con- 
sulted by Louis XVI., 10 Aug. 1792 — Prof. 
Political Economy, Ecole Centrale, about 
1795 — member of Institute, Jun. 1796 — 
Councillor of State, 24 Dec. 1799 — Senator, 
14 Sep. 1802 — Commander of Legion of Hon- 
our, 1804 — Minister of Finance to king of 
Naples, 1806 — Grand Officer of Legion of 
Honour, Count of the Empire, 1809 — ad- 
ministrator of Duchy of Berg, Sep. 1810 — 
enters Chamber of Peers, Mar. 18 15 — excluded 
from Institute, Apr. 1816 — recalled to Cham- 
ber of Peers and to Institute, 1831 — tf. at 
Paris, a at Bois-Poussel, b 17 Dec. 1835. Jour- 
nal d'economie publique, 1796-1800 — De la 
philosophie moderne, 1799 — Opuscules meles de 
litterature et philosophie, 1800-4 — Louis XLJ. y 
1820 — Francis L. f 1825 — Chronique de Cin- 
quante Jours, 1832. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Roelas, Juan de las, painter, — fj. at Seville, 
about 1558 or 1560 — prebendary of Olivarez, 
1603 — tf. at Olivarez, 23 Apr. 1625. Defeat 
of Moors by St Jago, Seville, 1609. 

Roemer, Olaus, astronomer, — ft. at Copen- 
hagen, a Arhusen, b 25 Sep. 1644 — accompanies 
Picard to Paris, 1672 — member of Academy of 
Sciences, 1673 — discovers velocity of light, 
1675 — Prof. Astronomy, Copenhagen, 1681 — 
invents Transit Instrument, about i69q — 
Counsellor of State, 1707 — tf. at Copenhagen, 
19 Sep. i7io, a 1702. b Basis Astronomies, 
1735. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Roesel von Rosenhof, August Johann, 
painter, engraver, naturalist, — fc. at Augusten- 
burg, 1705 — settles at Niirnberg, 1725 — tf. 
there, 27 Mar. 1759. JnseJctenbelustigungen, 
1746-55 — Sistoria Ranarum nostratium, 1758. 

Rogation Days, in Church History, — ob- 
served by Mamercus, Bp of Vienne, 469 — ob- 
servance of, prescribed by first Council of Or- 
leans, 511 — ordered by Council of Cloveshoo, 
747 — established at Borne by Leo III., 801. 

Roger I., {Guiscard,) Count of Sicily, — b. 
in Normandy, 103 1 — joins his brother Robert 
in Italy, about 1058 — takes part in conquest of 
Calabria, 1059-60— passes into Sicily, 1061 — 



ROGER II.— ROHAN. 



1213 



besieges Palermo, Aug. 1071 — takes it, early 
in 1072 — takes title of Count, 1072 — conquers 
Syracuse, 1088 — conquers Girgenti, 1089 — 
Enna, 1091 — assumes title of Grand Count, 
about 1096 — obtains for himself and bis suc- 
cessors appointment of legates apostolical in 
Sicily, 1098 — tf., Jul. noi. 

Roger II., Count and afterwards King of 
Sicily, — b., 1097 — proclaimed Count on death 
of his father, Roger L, under regency of his 
mother, Adelaide, 1 10 1— under joint regency 
of Adelaide and Robert of Burgundy, 1 103-13 
— marries Alberia, daughter of Peter of Leon, 
1 1 20 — invades Apulia, 11 21 — recognized Duke 
of Apulia and Calabria at Salerno, 11 27 — car- 
ries on war with Pope Honorius II., and is 
excommunicated, 1127 — takes Tarentum, 
Otranto, and Brindisium, 11 28 — encamps on 
the Brendano, 11 28 — receives investiture from 
the pope at Benevento, 22 Aug. 11 28 — makes 
Robert, Prince of Capua, his vassal, 11 29 — 
supports Antipope Anacletus, 11 30 — obtains 
from him title of King of Sicily, 27 Sep. 1130 
— crowned at Palermo, Christmas 11 30 — con- 
quers Bari, n 32 — defeated by Prince of Capua 
near Nocera, 24 Jul. 11 32 — assumes title of 
King of Italy, as early as 11 33 — enters Capua, 
1 1 34 — loses his wife, 1 1 35 — on report of his 
death, Prince of Capua with Pisans seizes Na- 
ples, Apr. 1 1 35 — Roger pillages and burns 
Aversa, Jun.— ravages territory of Naples : de- 
feats Pisans at Fratta, before Christmas 1 1 35 
— returns to Sicily, 1 1 36 — driven out of Italy 
by Emperor Lothaire, n 37 — recovers part of 
his states, but is defeated by Rainulf, Duke of 
Apulia, at Ragnano, 30 Oct. 11 37 — unsuccess- 
fully treats with Innocent II., 11 39 — takes the 
pope prisoner, 10 Jul. 1139 — concludes peace 
with him, 25 Jul. — and is confirmed in his 
kingdom : besieges Bari, Aug. — makes treaty 
with Pope Lucius II., 1144 — carries on war 
with Manuel, Emperor of the East, 1 146 — estab- 
lishes silk- weavers in Sicily, 11 46 — sends fleet 
against corsairs of Tripoli, 1147 — receives 
Louis VII. of France at Potenza, 1149 — tf. at 
Palermo, 26 Feb. 1154. 

Roger, Bp of Salisbury, — Chancellor, by 
Henry L, 1 10 1— appointed Bp of Salisbury, 13 
Apr. 1 102 — consecrated, 11 Aug. 1107 — Chief 
Justiciary and Regent of England, n 07 — ar- 
rested by Stephen, Jun. 11 39 — tf., 4 Dec. 11 39. 
Roger of Wendover, chronicler, — tf. at St 
Alban's Abbey, 6 May 1237. 

Rogers, Henry Darwin, geologist, — b. at 
Philadelphia, 1809— State Geologist for Penn- 
sylvania, 1835 — Prof. Natural History and 
Geology, Glasgow, 1857 — tf. there, 30 May 
1866. Geological Survey of Pennsylvania, 1858. 
Rogers, John, divine, — while chaplain to 
English factory at Antwerp, assists Tyndale 
and Coverdale in translating Bible, about 1530-7 
— returns to England, and is made prebendary 
of St Paul's, 1547 — cited before Privy Council 
for his sermon at Paul's Cross, 1 Aug. 1553 — 
ordered to remain prisoner in his own house, 
r8 Aug. 1553 — removed to Newgate, about 
Feb. 1554 — tried and condemned, Jan. 1555 — 
burnt at Smithneld, 4 Feb. 1555. 



[706 



1679— Fellow of Corpus Christi College, 
— D.D. Oxford, by diploma, 1721 — tr., 1 May 
1729. Visible and Invisible Church of Christy 
17 1 9 — Necessity of Divine Revelation, 1727. 

Rogers, Samuel, poet, — b. in London, 30 
Jul. 1763—^. in London, 1 8 Dec. 1 855. Ode to 
Superstition and other Poems, 1786— Pleasures 
of Memory, 1792— Columbus, 1 8 1 2 — Jacqueline, 
1 8 14— Human Life, 18 19— Italy, 1822— Table 
Talk, 1856. 

Rogers, Woods, maritime explorer, — takes 
command of expedition to South Seas, 1708 — 
reaches Juan Fernandez, Feb. 1709 — returns 
to England, Oct. 1711 — tf., 1732. 

Roget, Peter Mark, physician, $c , — b. in 
London, 18 Jan. 1779 — M.D. Edinburgh, Jun. 
1798 — Physician to Infirmary, Manchester, 
about 1805 — settles in London, 1808 — F.R.S. 
London, 18 15 — Secretary, 1827 — member of 
Senate of London Univ., 1826— Pres. Medical 
and Chirurgical Society, 1829-30 — Examiner 
in Physiology, London Univ., 1839 — tf. at 
Malvern, 12 Sep. 1869. Animal and Vegetable 
Physiology, 1834 — Physiology and Phrenology, 
1 838 — Thesaurus of English Words andPhrases, 
1852. 

Rogniat, Joseph, Viscount de, general, — 
b. at Vienne, (Isere,) 13 Nov. 1776 — enters 
the army, about 1790 — directs siege of Sara- 
gossa, 1808-9 — General of Brigade, assists at 
siege of Tortosa, 18 10 — directs siege of Tarra- 
gona, 181 1 — General of Division, 9 Jul. 1811 
— Chevalier of St Louis, 18 14 — Grand Officer 
of Legion of Honour, Aug. 18 14 — tf. at Paris, 
8 May 1840. Considerations sur I'art de la 
guerre, 1816. 

Rogue Money, in Scotland, — imposed by 
Act 11 Geo. II. c. 28, 1737-8 — power to levy, 
abolished by Act 31 and 32 Vic. c. 82, 31 Jul. 
1868. 

Rohan, Armand Gaston de, Cardinal, — 
b. at Paris, 26 Jun. 1674 — Doctor of the Sor- 
bonne, 1699 — admitted to French Academy, 
30 Jan. 1704— Bishop of Strasburg, 10 Apr. 
1704 — Cardinal, 18 May 17 12 — Grand Al- 
moner, 7 Jun. 17 13 — member of Council of 
Regency, 1722 — tf. at Paris, 19 Jul. 1749. 

Rohan, Henri, Duke of, leader of the 
Huguenots, — b. in Brittany, 25 Aug. 1579 — 
presented at Court of Henry II., 1595 — dis- 
tinguishes himself at siege of Amiens, 1597 — 
Duke and Peer of France, Apr. 1603 — marries 
Marguerite de Bethune, 7 Feb. 1605 — takes 
Juliers, 1 Sep. 16 10 — takes part in Conference 
at Saumur, and is recognized as head of the 
Calvinists, May 161 1 — contributes to the taking 
of Soissons, 16 16 — forces the king to raise 
siege of Montauban, 1620 — concludes peace 
with the king at Alais, 27 Jun. 1629 — retires 
to Venice, 1629 — suppresses revolt of the 
Valteline, 163 1 — ambassador extraordinary to 
Swiss Cantons, 1632-3 — conquers the Valteline, 
1635 — wounded at battle of Rhinfeld, 28 Feb. 
1638 — tf. in Berne, 13 Apr. 1638. Me'moires 
sur les choses advenues en France, §c, 1644 — 
Parfait capitaine, 1636 — Me'moires et lettres 
sur la guerre de la Valteline, 1758. 



1214 



ROHAN— ROMAN CATHOLICS. 



Rohan, Louis Rene Edouard, Prince de, 
Cardinal, Abp of Strasburg, — ft. at Paris, 
25 Sep. 1734 — coadjutor to his uncle in see of 
Strasburg, 1760— admitted to French Academy, 
11 Jun. 1761 — ambassador to Vienna, Jan. 
1772 — returns to Paris, Aug. 1774 — Grand 
Almoner, 1777 — Cardinal, 1778 — Bp of Stras- 
burg, 1779 — arrested as accomplice in affair of 
the Diamond Necklace, 15 Aug. 1785 — 
acquitted, but deprived and exiled, Aug. 1786 
■ — deputy to States-General, 1789 — resigns his 
see, 1 801 — rj. at Ettenheim, 16 Feb. 1803. 

Rohault, Jacques, natural philosopher, — 
ft. at Amiens, 1620 — tf., 1675. Traite de 
physique, 167 1 — Entretiens sur la philosophie, 
1671. 

Rohilcund, the Rohillas, in Hindustan, — 
subjugated by Rohillas, 1720-49 — ravaged by 
Mahrattas, and defended by English and 
Nabob of Oude, 1773 — treaty for conquest of, 
and annexation to Oude, between Warren 
Hastings and the Nabob, concluded, Sep. 1773 
— defeat of, by English, 23 Apr. 1774 — given 
up to Oude, 1774— ceded to English, 14 Nov. 
1801. 

Rohtas, on the ECydaspes, — founded by Shir 
Shah, (947, a. h.) 1540. 

Roland, Mme., (Mdnon Jeanne Phlipon,) — ft. 
at Paris, 17 Mar. 1754 — marries M. Roland, 
1780 — accompanies him to Paris, 1791 — 
accused as a spy, and acquitted, Jan. 1793 — 
imprisoned in the Abbaye, 31 May 1793 — 
guillotined at Paris, 8 Nov. 1793. Memoir es, 
J 795- 

Roland, Philippe Laurent, sculptor, — "ft. 
near Lille, 13 Aug. 1746 — goes to Paris, 1764 
— studies at Rome, 1774-9 — Associate of the 
Academy, 1779 — member of Institute, 1796 — 
employed in the Luxembourg and the Tuileries, 
1 7 99- 1 804 — tf. at Paris, 11 Jul. 18 16. 

Roland de la Platiere, Jean Marie, — ft. 
near Lyons, 18 Feb. 1734 a— marries Jeanne 
Phlipon, 4 Feb. 1780 — visits England, 1784 — 
Switzerland, 1787 — deputy to Constituent 
Assembly, arrives with his wife at Paris, 20 
Feb. 1791 — returns to Lyons, Sep. — goes again 
to Paris, Feb. 1792— Minister of the Interior, 
Mar. 1792— addresses letter to Louis XVI., 12 
Jun. 1792— dismissed, 13 Jun. — recalled, after 
10 Aug.— resigns, 22 Jan. 1793 — flies from 
Paris, Jun. — found dead at Baudouin, 15 Nov. 
1793. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Rolf, leader of Northmen, — banished from 
Norway by Harold Harfagr, retires to the 
Hebrides, about 875 ?— sails up the Seine and 
gains possession of Rouen, Jul. 885 — unsuc- 
cessfully besieges Paris, 885 — by treaty with 
Charles the Simple, acquires Neustna and 
Bretagne, 912 — embraces Christianity and is 
baptized by Abp of Rouen, 912 — tf., 917 ? 920 ? 
932? 

Rolle, Henry, Chief Justice of Eng- 
land, — ft. in Devonshire, about 1589 — enters 
Exeter Coll. Oxford, 1606— Middle Temple, 1 
Feb. 1609— called to the bar, 1616 — M.P., 
1624— Serjeant-at-law, May 1640 — Judge of 
the King's Bench, 28 Oct. 1645— Chief Justice, 
14 Nov. 1648 — member of Council of State, 



1649 — one of the Commissioners of the Exche- 
quer, 1654 — retires, 7 Jun. 1655 — tf., 30 Jul. 
1656. Abridgement of Cases, $c, 1668 — Re- 
ports, 1675-6. 

Rolli, Paolo Antonio, poet, translator, — ft. 
in Umbria, 1687 — settles in London, about 
1725 ? — returns to Rome, 1747 — rj. at Rome, 
1767. Translation of Milton's Paradise Lost, 
1729 — of VirgiVs Bucolics, 1742 — of Newton' s 
Chronology, 1757 — Rime, 17 17. 

Rollin, Charles, historian,— -ft. at Paris, 30 
Jan.-i66i — Prof. Rhetoric, Coll. of Plessis, 
1687— Prof. Eloquence, Royal Coll., 1688— 
Rector of Univ., 1694, 1695, and 1720 — tf. at 
Paris, 14 Sep. 1741. Traite des Etudes, 1726-31 
— Eistoire ancienne, 1730-8 — Sistoire Ro- 
maine, 1738. 

Rolls. [Master of the Rolls.] 

Romagna, The, — separates from States of 
the Church and is annexed to Sardinia, 1859 — 
becomes part of kingdom of Italy, i860. 
{Treaties of Villafranca and Zurich.] 

Romagna, Duke of. [Borgia, Cesare.] 

Romagnosi, Grian Domenico, jurist, §c, — ft. 
near Piacenza, 13 Dec. 1761 — LL.D. Parma, 
1786 — Prof. Law, Dec. 1802 — member of 
Commission for compiling Code for kingdom 
of Italy, 1806 — Prof. Civil Law, Pavia, 1807 — 
lecturer on Legislative Science, Milan, 1809-17 
— tf. at Milan, 8 Jun. 1835. Genesi del diritto 
penale, 17 91 — Introduzione alio Studio del 
Biritto Publico, 1805 — Assunto primo della 
Scienza del Eiritto Naturale, 1820 — Saggio 
filosofico-politico suir Istruzione Publica Legale, 
1807 — Bella Condotta delle Acque, 1822-4 — ^ n ~ 
stituzioni diflosojia civile, 1839. 

Romaine, William, theologian, — ft. at Hartle- 
pool, 25 Sep. 17 14 — enters Oxford Univ., 1730 
or 1731 — M.A., 1737 — ordained priest, 1738 — 
has controversy with Warburton, 1739 — settles 
in London, 1748 — Prof. Astronomy, Gresham 
Coll., 1755 — tf. in London, 26 Jul. 1795. 
Works, 1796 — edits Calasio's Hebrew Concord- 
ance and Lexicon, 1747-9. 

Roman Catholics, — in England, absolved 
from allegiance to Henry VIII., by bull of 
Paul III., 31 Aug. 1535— published, 17 Dec. 
1538 — again, by bull of Pius V., 25 Apr. 1570 
— prohibited saying mass by Act 23 Eliz. c. 1, 
15 8 1 — prohibited going beyond seas to be edu- 
cated, by Acts 27 Eliz. c. 2, 1585 ; 1 Jac. I. c. 
4, 1603, and 3 Car. I. c. 2, 1627 — required to 
take out licence for travelling, by Act 35 Eliz. 
c. 2, s. 12, 1593 — Gunpowder Plot, 1605 — 
disabled from presenting to benefices, by Acts 
3 Jac. I. c. 0, s. 18, 1605 ; 1 Vm and Mar. 
sess. 1, c. 26, 1688; 12 Ann. st. 2, c. 14, 
17 13, and 11 Geo. II. c. 17, s. 5, 1738 — dis- 
abled from sitting in parliament by Act 30 Car. 
II. st. 2, c. 1, 1677 — all, not housekeepers, 
ordered to leave London, by proclamation of 
Charles II., Oct. 1678 — excepted from benefit 
of Toleration Act, 1689 — disabled from voting 
at elections, by Act 7 and 8 Wm III. c. 27, 
1696 — from inheriting or holding lands, by 
Act 11 and 12 Wm III. c. 4, 1700 — required 
to register names and estates, by Act 1 Geo. I. 
c. 55, 17 14, and deeds and wills, by 3 Geo. I. 



ROMANA— ROMANS. 



1215 



c. 18, 17 1 6 — partial relief of, provided for by 
Act 18 Geo. III. c. 60, 1778— publish Declar- 
ation and Protestation against penal laws, 1789 
— relieved by Acts 31 Geo. III. c. 32, 1791, 
and 43 Geo. III. c. 30, 7 Apr. 1803— Ca- 
tholic Emancipation Act, 10 Geo. IV. c. 7, 
13 Apr. 1829 — made subject to same laws in 
respect to schools, places of worship, and 
charities as Protestant Dissenters, by Act 2 and 
3 ¥m IV. c. 115, 15 Aug. 1832 — various 
penal enactments against, repealed by Act 7 
and 8 Vic. c. 102, 9 Aug. 1844 — law relating 
to Charities of, amended by Act 23 and 24 Vic. 
c. 134, 28 Aug. i860. [Praemunire, Pro- 
visors, Recusants, #c] . 

In Ireland, Oath of Supremacy enforced 
by Irish Stat. 28 Hen. VIII. c. 13, 1536 

— compulsory establishment of Protestant 
Church, by 2 Eliz. c. 2, 1560— [Irish Church] 
— petition for free exercise of their religion 
refused by James I., and the deputies im- 
prisoned, Aug. 1603 — priests ordered to 
leave, under penalty of death, by proclama- 
tion of James I., 4 Jul. 1605 — commission of 
graces issued, 1605 — again complain and pe- 
tition, commission of inquiry appointed, 161 3 
— priests ordered to leave, by proclamation, 21 
Jan. 1623 — rebellion, 1641 — [Irish Rebellion] 
— resolution passed by both houses of parlia- 
ment against toleration of Catholic religion, 1 
Dec. 1641 — form Federative Assembly with Su- 
preme Council at Kilkenny, May 1642 — secret 
treaty with Charles I. negotiated by Glamorgan, 
Aug. 1645 — disavowed by Charles, Jan. 1646 

— peace published at Dublin and Kilkenny, 
condemned by synod of Waterford, Aug. 1646 

— Cromwell's campaign, 1649-50 — [Ireland, 
Settlement, $c.~\ — severe persecution, 1652-53 
— nuns ordered to marry or leave Ireland, 1653 

— penal laws against, ordered to be strictly 
enforced, 1660 — declaration of Charles II. for 
settlement of Ireland, 28 Nov. 1660 — excluded 
from municipal offices by (Irish) Corporation 
Act, 17 and 18 Car. II. c. 2, 1667, confirmed by 
33 Geo. III. c. 21, s-. 9, 1793 — excepted from 
Toleration Act, 1689 — war against William 
III., 1689-90— Articles of Limerick, 1691 — 
excluded from (Irish) parliament, by Act 3 Wm 
and Mar. c. 2, 1692, confirmed by (Irish) Stat. 
21 and 22 Geo. III. c. 48, s. 3, 1782, and 33 
Geo. III. c. 21, s. 9, 1793 — forbidden to keep 
schools., or to send children abroad for education, 
by Stat. 7 Wm III. c. 4, 1695— forbidden to 
possess arms, by Stat. 7 Wm III. c. 5, 1695 — 
intermarriages with Protestants forbidden, dis- 
abled from being guardians to any child, and 
from holding land, by Stat. 9 Wm III. c. 3, 
1697, and Test Act, 2 Ann. c. 6, 1703 — regular 
priests, bishops, &c, banished, priests ordered 
to be registered, by 9 Wm III. c. 1, 1697, and 
2 Ann. c. 3, 1703 — priests forbidden to cele- 
brate marriage between Protestants, or between 
Catholic and Protestant, by Acts 6 Ann. c. 16, 
1708, 8 Ann. c. 3, 1710, and 23 Geo. II. c. 
10, 1750 — excluded from military offices by 
(Irish) Stat. 9 Ann. c. 6, s. 18, 17 10— deprived 
of elective franchise, by Act 1 Geo. II. c. 9, 
1727 — partially relieved from disabilities, &c, 



by Acts 18 Geo. III. c. 60, 1778, 31 Geo. 
III. c. 32, 1.791, and 43 Geo. III. c. 30, 7 Apr. 
1803 — exercise of elective franchise facilitated 
by Act 51 Geo. III. c. 77, 15 Jun. 1811. 

In Russia, arrangements with Papal See re- 
specting, abolished, placed under control of 
Russian government, 8 Dec. 1 866. In Prussia, 
ecclesiastical and educational affairs of, placed 
under common administration with Protestant 
affairs, 1871. 

Romana, Pedro Caro y Snreda, Marquis db 
la, general, — b. in Majorca, 1761 — serves at 
siege of Gibraltar, 1782 — enters the army, 1792 
— Lieutenant-general, 1795 — Commander in 
Catalonia, 1800 — commands Spanish auxiliaries 
in service of France, 1807 — cooperates with 
English in Denmark, 1808— Commander-in- 
chief in north Spain, 1809-10 — ft. at Cartaxo, 
23 Jan. 1811. 

Romanelli, Giovanni Francesco, painter, — 
b. at Viterbo, 1617,* b about i6io c — ft. there, 
1662. a Eng-l. Cyc. 

b Biog. Univ. c Biog. Catalogue. 

Romanino, Girolamo Romani, II, painter, — 
h. at Brescia, about 1480 — ft., about 1560. 
Bead Christ tvith Mourners, Venice, 15 10. 

Romanists. [Roman Catholics.] 

Romano, Eccelino da, — b.,i 194 — at the head 
of the Ghibellines, gains possession of Verona, 
and is named podestat, 1226 — with his brother 
Alberic, receives charter from Frederick II., 
1232 — at Augsburg, invites Frederick to enter 
Italy, 1236 — meets him at Trent, 12 Aug. 
1236 — besieged in Verona by Guelfs, relieved 
by Frederick, 1236 — with him, storms Vicenza, 
1 Nov. — takes Padua, Feb. 1237 — takes part 
in siege of Mantua, 1237 — at siege of Monte- 
chiari, Oct. 1237 — marries Selvaggia, daughter 
of Frederick, May 1238 — advises attack on 
Brescia, Aug. 1238— enters Padua with Fred- 
erick, early in 1239 — excommunicated and de- 
clared deprived of his lands by the pope, 1239 
— receives Frederick at Verona, 1245 — frus- 
trates plot against his own life, 1247 — serves 
at siege of Parma, 1247 — crusade against him 
threatened, 1248 — marries again, 15 Sep. 1249 
• — takes castle of Este, 1250 — crusade against 
him published by Pope Alexander IV., 1256 — 
loses Padua, 19 Jun. 1256 — reduces Brescia, 
1258 — wounded and taken prisoner at combat 
of Cassano, 16 Sep. 1259 — ft. at Soncino, 26 
Sep. 

Romano, Giulio, {Giulio Pippi,) painter, — 
--6. at Rome, 1492,* 1498 b — studies under and 
assists Raphael; enters service of Duke of 
Mantua, 1524— ft. at Mantua, 1 Nov. 1546. 
With Penni, completes frescoes in the Sala di 
Gostantino in the Vatican, 1520-3. 

a Vasari. b MS. Authority. 

Romanoff Dynasty, in Russia,— founded by 
Michael Romanoff, 161 3. [Michael III., 
Czar.] 

Romans, Emperors of the, and Kings op 
Germany,— [Rome, Emperors of] — the Em- 
pire restored by Charles the Great, 800 — Louis 
(Ludwig) le Be'bonnaire, (son,) 814 — Lothaire 
L, (son,) 840— Louis II., (son,) 855— Charles 
II., the Bald, 875— Charles the Fat, 876— on 



ROMANTIC SCHOOL— ROME. 



his death, disintegration of his dominions, 888. 

Empire revived as Holy Roman Empire, by- 
Otto the Great, 962 — Otto II., (son,) 973 — 
Otto III., (son,) 983— Henry II., (Duke of 
Bavaria,) 1002 — Conrad IL, the Salic, 1024 
—Henry III., (son,) 1039 — Henry IV., (son,) 
1056 — Henry V., (son,) 11 06— Lothaire II., 
(Duke of Saxony,) 1125. 

House of Hohenstauffen : Conrad III., 1138 
— Frederick I. Barbarossa, 1152 — Henry VI., 
(son,) 1 191 — Philip, (brother,) 1198 — Otto 
IV., (Count of Poitou,) 1198 — FredericklL, 
1212 — Conrad IV, (son,) 1250 — William, 
(Count of Holland,) 1250 — interregnum, 
1256 — Richard, (Earl of Cornwall,) and 
Alfonso X., {of Castile,) titular emperors, 1257. 

Mouse of Hapsburg : Rudolph of Hapsburg, 
1273 — Adolphus of Nassau, 1292 — Albert I., 
(son of Rudolph,) 1298 — Henry VII., {of Lux- 
emburg,) 1308 — on his death, Aug. 1313, inter- 
regnum, till Oct. 1 3 14 — when a double election 
took place, of Frederick III. (Duke of Aus- 
tria) and Louis V. (Duke of Bavaria) : 
Louis alone, on death of Frederick, 1330 — 
Charles IV. of Luxemburg, 1347 — Wenceslaus, 
1378 — Rupert, 1400 — Sigismund, 141 o — 
Albert II., 1438 — Frederick IV., 1440 — 
Maximilian I., (son,) 1493 — Charles V., (of 
/Spain,) 1519 — Ferdinand I., (brother,) 1558 
— Maximilian II., (son,) 1564 — Rudolph II., 
(son,) 1576 — Matthias, (brother,) 1612 — 
Ferdinand II., 161 9 — Ferdinand III., (son,) 
1637 — Leopold I., (son,) 1658 — Joseph I., 
(son,) 1705— Charles VI., (son,) 17 11 — Charles 
VII., 1742— Francis L, 1745— Joseph II., 
(son,) 1765 — Leopold II., (brother,) 1790 — 
Francis II., (son,) 1792— extinction of the 
Empire on his renunciation, 6 Aug. 1806. 
[Austria.] 

Romantic School, in Art and Literature, — 
takes its rise in Germany, about 1 800-10 — 
similar movement in France, 1830-40. 

Romanus I., (Lecapenus,) Emperor of the 
East, (919-944,) — Grand Admiral, 911 — 
Caesar, Sep. 919 — Augustus, with Constantine 
VII., 17 or 24 Dec. 919 — exercises supreme 
power : associates his son Christopher with him, 
20 May 920 — compelled to hold conference with 
Symeon, King of Bulgarians, before Constan- 
tinople, and to conclude treaty recognizing in- 
dependence of Bulgarian Church, 924 — defeats 
Bulgarians, 927— associates his sons Stephen 
and Constantine, 928 — his fleet defeats Rus- 
sians on the Black Sea, 941 — seized by order of 
Stephen and imprisoned, 20 Dec. 944 — ft., 15 
Jul. 948. 

Romanus II., Emperor of the East, 
(959-963,) — ft., 939 — associated with his 
father, Constantine Porphyrogenitus, 948 — 
poisons and succeeds him, 9 or 15 Nov. 959 — 
poisoned by his wife Theophano, 15 Mar. 963. 

Romanus III., (Ar gyrus,) Emperor of 
the East, (1028-34,) — ft., about 973 — repudi- 
ates his wife and marries Zoe, Nov. 1028 — 
succeeds Constantine VIII., 12 Nov. 1028 — 
defeated by Saracens, 13 Apr. 1030 — assassin- 
ated by Zoe, 11 Apr. 1034. 

Romanus IV., (Diogenes,) Emperor of 



the East, (1067-71,) — serves with distinction 
under Constantine Ducas, after 1059 — attempts 
to dethrone sons of Constantine X., and is 
seized and sentenced to death by Eudocia, 
1067 — marries Eudocia, and shares the throne 
with her, 1 Jan. 1068 — in three campaigns 
drives Turks beyond the Euphrates, 1068-70 
— invades Armenia, 107 1 — besieges and re- 
duces Malazkerd, 107 1 — defeated and taken 
prisoner by Alp Arslan, 26 Aug. 107 1 — 
liberated soon after : seized on his way to Con- 
stantinople and blinded: rj., Oct. 1071. 

Romanus, Pope, — succeeds Stephen VI., 
before 20 Aug. 897 — rj., before end of Nov. 
897,* 8 Feb. 898^ 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Romanzoff, Peter Alexandrovich, general, 
— ft. in Russia, about 1730^ 1725 b — takes 
Colberg, 176 1 — Joint-commander with Galitzin, 
against Turks, 1768— defeats Turks and Tar- 
tars at Kartal, 17 Jul. 1770 — defeats Turks 
near the Kagoul, 12 Aug. 1770 — takes 
Giurgewo, 177 1 — passes the Danube, 29 Jun. 
1773 — again, 2 Jul. 1774 — dictates Treaty of 
Kainardji, 21 Jul. — retires, 1789— tf., 17 Dec. 
1796. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Romanzoff, Nicolas, Count, Chancellor 
of Russia, — ft., 1753 — Minister at Frankfort- 
on-the-Main, about 1779,* 1785 b — Minister of 
Commerce, 1802 — for Foreign Affairs, 1807 — 
Chancellor, i8o7, b i8io a — accompanies Em- 
peror Alexander to conference with Napoleon I. 
at Erfurt, 1808 — concludes peace with Sweden, 
1809 — negotiates Treaty of Fredericksham, 
1 8 10, and peace with Spain, 18 12 — retires, 
1814 — tf. at St Petersburg, Jan. 1826. 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. 

Romberg, Andreas, musical composer, — ft. 
near Osnabriick, 1767 — goes to Paris, 1784 
and 1800— tr. Chapel-master to Duke of Saxe- 
Gotha, 19 Nov. 1821. 

Romberg, Bernhard, musician, — ft. near 
Osnabriick, 1770 — Prof, at the Conservatory, 
Paris, 1 801 — settles at Berlin, 1805 — fr. at 
Hamburg, 13 Apr. 1841. 

Rom'bouts, Theodore, painter, — ft. at Ant- 
werp, 1 Jul. 1597 — goes to Italy, 1617— ad- 
mitted to Guild of St Luke, Antwerp, Feb. 
1625 — marries, 1625 — tf. at Antwerp, 1637 or 
1640. 

Rome, Era of Foundation of, — [BC]— 
(Palilia,) 21 Apr. (01. 6, 3,) 753, a (01. 7, 1,) 
752. b a Varro. h Cato. 

Rome, (wars,) — [BC_J — war with Aurunci, 
Pometia taken, (252, a. u. c.) 502 — Latin War, 
for restoration of the Tarquinii, terminated by 
battle of Lake Regillus, (258,) 496 — with 
iEqui and Volsci, begins, (265,) 489 ?— with 
Veii, begins, 479 ? — truce with Veii of 40 years, 
(280,) 474 — Sabines defeated by Horatius 
Barbatus, (305,) 449— Fidenee taken, (320,) 
434 — JEqui and Volsci subjugated by Dictator 
A. Postumius Tubertus, (323,.) 431 — war de- 
clared against Veii, (first jussu populi,) (327,) 
427 — revolt of Fidense, suppressed, (328,) 426 
— truce for 20 years with Veii, (329,) 425 — 
war with Volsci, (331,) 423 — JSqui defeated 
by Dictator A. Servilius Priscus, (336,) 418 — 



ROME. 



1217 



Bolae taken from iEqui, but again lost, (339,) 
415 — Ferentinum taken from Volsci and re- 
stored to Hernici, (341,) 413 — war with Volsci, 
siege of Antium and Ecetra, capture of Anxur, 
[Terracina,] (348,) 406— fall of Veii, 396 — 
war with Voisinii, (362,) 392 — the city taken 
and burnt by Gauls, (364,) 390 — revolt of 
Volsci, JEqui, and Etrusci, suppressed by 
Camillus, (365,) 389- — Satricum taken from 
Volsci, (368,) 386 — war with Prseneste, Prae- 
neste taken, (372-4,) 382-380 — war with Latins 
about Tusculum, (378,) 376 — with Hernici, 
(392,) 362— with Gauls allied with Tiburtini, 
(394,) 360 — Hernici subdued by Plautius, 
Sulpicius triumphs over Gauls, (396,) 358— 
war with Etrusci, Tarquinienses, and Falisci, 
successful, (398,) 356 — truce with Tarquini- 
enses and Falisci, of 40 years, (403,) 351 — 
Gallic War, 350-349 — war with Antium and 
Volsci, Satricum taken and destroyed, (408,) 
346 — with Aurunci and Volsci, Sora taken, 
(409,) 345— Samnite War, first, (411-13,) 
343-34.1 — Latin War, (414-16,) 34°-338— 
war with Sidicini and Caleni, Cales taken, 
(418-7,) 336-335 — Samnite War, second, (427- 
49,) 327-304 — siege and capture of Palsepolis, 
by Q. Publilius, (427-8,) 327-326 — war with 
Etrusci, attack on Sutrium, defeat of Etrusci 
by Q,. iEmilius, (443,) 311 — Fabius ravages 
territory of Etrusci, (444,) 310 — Etrusci 
defeated, Perusia taken, peace, (445,) 309 — 
war in Umbria, successful, (446,) 308 — war 
with iEqui and Hernici, (450,) 304 — Marsi 
subdued by Valerius, (453,) 301 — Nequinum 
taken from Umbrians, war with Etrusci and 
Gauls, (455,) 299 — Samnite War, third, (456- 
464,) 298-290 — war with Etrusci, (456-7,) 298- 
297 — with Falisci, (462,) 292 — subjugation of 
Sabines by M'Curius, (464,) 290 — war with 
Etrusci and Voisinii, (468,) 286 — with Etrusci 
and Lucani, 285 — siege of Arretium by Se- 
nones, Caecilius, defeated, Dolabella defeats 
Senones, (471,) 283 — war with Boii, subdued 
by Q. iEmilius, (472,) 282 — rebellion of allied 
Samnites, Lucani, and Bruttii, suppressed by 
Fabricius, 282 — war with Tarentum and 
Pyrrhus of Epirus, (473-9,) 281-275 — with 
Samnites, Bruttii, and Tarentines, surrender of 
Tarentum, 281-272 — revolt of Picentes, sup- 
pressed, (485-6,) 269-268 — subjugation of 
Sarsinates andSallentini, submission of all Italy 
to Borne, (488,) 266— Punic War, first, (490- 
513,) 264-41 — rebellion of Falisci suppressed, 
(513,) 241 — Gallic wars renewed, war with 
Ligures, (516,) 238 — war in Corsica and Sar- 
dinia, (518,) 236 — Sardinians subdued by Man- 
lius, gate of Janus closed, (519,) 235 — war with 
Corsi, Sardi, and Ligures, (520,) 234 — Illyrian 
War, suppression of piracy, (525-6,) 229-228 — 
Gallic War, the prsetor defeated at Fsesulse, 
Gauls defeated by Consuls, C. Atilius killed, 
(529,) 225 — war with Insubrians, Viridomarus 
defeated and killed, Mediolanum taken, (530-2,) 
224-222 — campaign against Demetrius of 
Pharos, reduction of Korkyra, (535,) 219 — 
Punic War, second, (536-53,) 218-201 — Mace- 
donian War, first, (543-9,) 211-205 — second, 
(554-7,) 200-197 — wars with Insubres and 



Boii, 200-199, 197-195 — insurrection in Hither 
Spain, suppressed by Cato, (559,) 195— Syrian 
War, (562-5,) 192-189— Boii subjugated by P. 
Cornelius, (563,) 191— ^tolians subjugated, 
Ambracia taken by M. Fulvius, (565,) 189— 
expedition of Manlius into Gallo-Grsecia, 189 
—war with Ligures, (567-74,) 187-180— war 
in Istria, (576-7,) 178-177— rebellion in Sar- 
dinia, suppressed by Tib. Gracchus, (578,) 176— 
Ligurian War, Petillius slain, 176 — Ligures 
Statielli subdued by Popillius, (581,) 173 — 
Macedonian War, third, (582-6,) 172-168 — 
Illyrian War ended by Anicius, 168 — Alpine 
Gauls and Ligurians subdued, triumph of Mar- 
cellus andGallus, (588,) 166— Ligures Veleates 
subdued, triumph of Fulvius, (595,) 159— war 
in Dalmatia, by C. Marcius, (598-9,) 156-155 
— Ligures Oxybii and Deceates subdued by Q. 
Opimius, (600,) 154— Celtiberian War begins, 
(601,) 153— Punic War, third, (605-7,) 149- 
147 — war with Viriathus, in Lusitania, begins, 
149 — with Andriscus, in Macedonia, Andriscus 
defeated, 149 — war with Achaean League, 
fall of Corinth, (607-8,) 147-146 — App. 
Claudius subdues the Salassi, (611,) 143 — siege 
of Numantia, (613-21,) 141-1 33— campaigns 
of Brutus against Gallaeci and of Lepidus 
against Vacceei, (618,) 136 — Servile War, in 
Sicily, first, (619-21,) 135-133/ (620-22,) 
134-132 b — war with Aristonicus in Pergamus, 
(622-5,) 132-129— revolt in Sardinia sup- 
pressed, (628,) 126 — revolt and destruction of 
Fregellse, (629,) 125 — war against Baleares, 
(631,) 123 — successful campaign of C. Sextius 
against Salluvii, (632,) 122 — subjugation of 
Allobroges and Arverni, by Q. Fabius Max- 
imus, (633,) 121 — war in Dalmatia, by Metel- 
lus, (635,) 119 — unsuccessful campaign of 
Cato against Scordisci, (640,) 114 — Cn. Carbo 
defeated by Cimbri, (641,) 113 — subjugation of 
Scordisci, by Drusus, (642,) 112 — Jugurthine 
War, (643-8,) in- 106 — war with Cimbri, by 
Silanus, with Scordisci, and Triballi, by 
Minucius, (645,) 109 — war with Cimbri, (649- 
53,) 105-101 — Servile War, in Sicily, second, 
(651-55,) 103-99, b (652-55,) 102-99 a — war 
with Celtiberians, (657-61,) 97-93 — Marsic 
{Social) War, (664-66,) 90-88 — war with 
Samnites and Hirpini, by Sulla, (665,) 89 — 
Bovianum taken — Mithridatic War, first, 
(666-9,) 88-84— civil war, of Marius and 
Sulla, (666-72,) 88-82 — Mithridatic War, 
second, (671-3,) 83-81 — rebellion of Sertorius 
in Spain, (674,) 80 — civil war between Lepidus 
and Catulus, (676-7,) 78-77 — war against 
pirates of Cilicia, by P. Servilius, (677-79,) 
77-75 a — subjugation of Isaurians by Servilius, 
75 — Servile War, in Italy, [Spartacus,] (681- 
83,) 73-71 — subjugation of Crete, by Q. Metel- 
lus, (685-87,) 69-67 — successful war of Pompey 
against pirates, spring and summer (687) 67 — 
conquest of Syria, Jerusalem taken by Pompey, 
(690-91,) 64-63— Catilinarian War, (691-92,) 
63-62 — Gallic War, begins, (696,) 58— [Caesar, 
C. J.] — invasion of Britain, (699-700,) 55-54 — 
Parthian War, (700-3,) 54-51— civil war be- 
tween Caesar and Pompey, (705-6,) 49-48 — war 
with Pharnaces, of Pontus, (707,) 47 — war in 
77 



ui8 



ROME. 



Africa, victory of Caesar at Thapsus, (708,) 46 
— war in Spain, defeat of Pompeians at Munda, 
(709,) 45— Mutine War, (711,) 43— civil war 
between second triumvirate and Brutus and 
Cassius, battles of Philippi, (712,) 42— siege of 
Perusia, (713-14,) 41-40 — Partbians under 
Labienus and Pacorus defeated by Ventidius, 
(715-14,) 39-38 — war against Sex. Pompeius, 
unsuccessful, (716,) 38— Jerusalem taken by 
Sosius, Dec. 38 a — war of Octavius against Sex. 
Pompeius, Agrippa successful, fall of Lepidus, 
(718,) 36 — Partbian War, defeat of Antony, 36 
— war against Illyrians and Pannonians, by 
Octavius, (719,) 35 — invasion of Armenia by 
Antony, (720-21,) 34-33 — civil war between 
Octavius and Antony, battle of Actium, (722- 

2 3 ,) 3 2 - 3 1 — C antabrian War, by Augustus, (728- 
29,) 26-25— war in Germany, by Drusus, (743- 
45,) 1 1 -9 — subjugation of Dalmatians by 
Tiberius, 9. 

[AD]— War in Germany, (754,) i, a (756,) 

3 b — campaigns of Tiberius in Germany, (757- 
59,) 4-6 — campaign of Tiberius and Germani- 
cus against Dalmatians and Pannonians, (760,) 
7— Illpian War, (760-62,) 7-9— war in Ger- 
many/ Varus and bis legions destroyed, (762,) 
9 — campaign of Tiberius and Germanicns on 
the Rhine, (764,) n — war of Germanicus 
against Arminius, spring (768-69) 15-16 — 
against Tacfarinas, in Africa, (770-77,) 17-24 
— Drusus conquers Maroboduus, (772,) 19 — 
war with the Frisii, (781,) 28 — with the Cattiand 
Chauci, (794,) 41 — revolt of Mauri suppressed 
by Suetonius Paullinus, 41 — expedition of A. 
Plautius into Britain, (796,) 43 — reduction of 
southern part of Britain by A. Plautius and 
Yespasian, (800,) 47 — campaign of Ostorius 
Scapula in Britain, 50 — defeat and capture of 
Caractacus, (803,) 50 — war in Armenia, by Cor- 
bulo, successful, (811,) 58 — revolt of Boadicea, 
suppressed by Suetonius, (814,) 61 — Jewish 
War, fall of Jerusalem, (819-23,) 66-70— cam- 
paigns of Agricola in Britain, (831-37,) 78-84 
— war with Catti, by Domitian, (836,) 83,* 
(837,) 84 b— Dacian War, of Domitian, (839,) 
86 — Sarmatian War, (846-47,) 93-94 — Dacian 
Wars, first, (854-56,) 101-103 — second, (857- 
59.) 104-106 — conquest of Arabia Petreea, by 

, Palma, (858-59,) 105-6 — Eastern expedition 
of Trajan, conquest of Armenia and the Par- 
tbians, (867-69,) 114-116 — Jewish rebel- 
lion, under Barchochebas, spring 132 a — war 
ends, Aug, 135 a — war with Brigantes in Bri- 
tain, victory of Lollius Urbicus, i39, a 144 b — 
wars with Caledonians in Britain, with Catti 
in Germany, (915,) 162— Parthian War, by 
Yerus, (915-18,) 162-65 — war with Marco- 
manni and Quadi, (919-33,) 166-180 — war in 
Britain, concluded by Ulpius Marcellus, (934- 
36,) 1 81-183 — war 0I Severus against JEmili- 
anus, siege and capture of Byzantium, (946- 
49,) 193-196 — war of Severus against Osrhoeni, 
Adiabeni, and Arabians, 195 — against Albinus, 
in Gaul, successful, (949-50,) 196-97 — Parthian 
War of Severus, (950-54,) 197-200 — war of Se- 
verus in Britain, (961-63,) 208-210— of Cara- 
calla against Alamanni, (967,) 214— of Caracalla 
against Partbians, (969,) 216 — Persian War 



of Alexander Severus, about 231-33 — German 
War, Alexander killed, (987-88,) 234-35— 
German War of Maximin, (989-90,) 236-37— 
wars of Maximin against the Gordians, and 
against Pupienus and Balbinus, spring (991) 
238— Persian War, of Gordian III., (994-97,) 
241-244 — war of Philip against Decius, Philip 
slain, (1002,) 249 — campaign of Decius against 
Goths in Mcesia, (1004,) 251 — of Aurelian 
against Goths, (1010,) 257 — of Valerian against 
Sapor, Valerian captured, (1013,) 260 — 
Gothic War of Claudius, (1022-23,) 269-270— 
war of Aurelian against Marcomanni, in Italy, 
270-271 — against Goths in Thrace, (1025,) 272 
— against Zenobia, destruction of Palmyra, 
272-3 — against Tetricus in Gaul, (1027,) 274 — 
war of Probus against Germans in Gaul, (1030,) 
277 — against Sarmatians in Illyricum, 278— 
reduction of Isauria and the Blemmyes, 279 — 
campaign of Cams against Sarmatians in Illy- 
ricum, close of (1035) 282 — naval war of 
Maximian against Carausius, (1042-43,) 289- 
290 — war of Maximian against Quinquegen- 
tiani in Africa, (1050,) 297 — of Diocletian 
against Misitheus, siege of Alexandria, 297 — 
of Galerius against Persia, Narses defeated, 
297-8 — of Constantius against Alamanni, 
(1053,) 300 — expedition of Constantius against 
Caledonians, (1059,) 306 — successful campaign 
of Constantine against Maxentius, (1065,) 312 
— of Licinius against Maximin, (1066,) 313 — 
war between Constantine and Licinius, division 
of empire, (1067,) 314 — campaign of Crispus 
against Franks in Gaul, (1073,) 320 — of Con- 
stantine against Sarmatians, (1075,) 322 — 
against Licinius, who is defeated, (1076,) 323 
— Persian War, begins, 338 — [Sapor II.] — 
war between Constantine II. and Constans, 
(1093,) 340 — war of Constans against the 
Franci in Gaul, (1094-95,) 341-2 — campaigns 
of Constantius against Magnentius, 351-3 — 
against Alamanni in Rheetia, 355 — campaigns 
of Julian against barbarians in Gaul, (1109-13,) 
356-60 — campaign of Constantius against Sar- 
matians, 358— of Lupicinus against Picts and 
Scots, 360 — of Julian against Persians, 363 — 
revolt of Procopius, 365-66 — campaign of 
Jovinus against Alamanni in Gaul, 366 — 
Gothic War, by Valens, 367-69— revolt in 
Britain, Severus, Jovinus, and Theodosius 
successively sent, peace restored, province of 
Valentia formed, 367-69 — campaigns of Valen- 
tinian against Alamanni, in Germany, 368-71 
— campaign of Theodosius against Alamanni, 
370 — revolt of Firmus in Africa, Theodosius 
sent against him, 372-74 — invasion of Illyri- 
cum by the Quadi, summer 374 — campaign of 
Yalentinian against Quadi, 375 — campaigns 
of Valens and Richorner against Goths in 
Thrace, under Fritigern, autumn 377-8 a — of 
Gratian against Alamanni, Priacius killed, 378 

— Gotbic War, victory of Theodosius, 379 — 
peace concluded, 382 — Persian War concluded, 
384 — war of Theodosius against Maximus, 
387-88 — against Eugenius and Arbogastes, 394 

— Greece ravaged by Alaric, Stilicho sent 
against him, 395 — again, 396 — successful expe- 
dition under Mascezel, sent by Stilicho against 



ROME. 



1219 



Gildo, in Africa, winter to spring 398 — revolt of 
Gainas the Goth, suppressed by Fravitta, 400 — 
invasion of Italy by Alaric, 400 — Isaurians 
ravage Eastern Empire, 404-7 — war of Stiliebo 
against Eadagaisus, successful, 405 — sieges of 
Rome by Alaric, 408-409-410 — invasion of 
Gaul by Gerontius, siege of Arelate, 41 1 — in- 
vasion of Gaul by Ataulphus, 412 — rebellion of 
Heraclianus in Africa, his invasion of Italy 
repulsed, 413 — campaigns of "Wallia against 
barbarians in Spain, 417-18 — unsuccessful ex- 
pedition of Castinus against Yandals of Bsetica, 
422 — expedition of Ardaburius and Aspar 
against Joannes, 424-425 — war against Boni- 
facius in Africa, 427 — successful campaigns of 
Aetius against Franks on the Rhine, 428, and 
against Goths, 430 — war of Bonifacius against 
Vandals in Africa, siege of Hippo, 430-431 — 
subjugation of Franks by Aetius, war of 
Aetius and Bonifacius, 432 — wars of Aetius 
against Goths and Burgundians in Gaul, 435- 
439— invasion of Sicily by Genseric, siege of 
Panormus, 440 — expedition of Anatolias and 
Aspar against king of Persia, 441 — invasion of 
Illyricum and Thrace by Huns, 441-442 — un- 
successful campaign of Vitus against Suevi, in 
Spain, 446 — Attila's invasion of Eastern Em- 
pire, 447 — of Gaul, battle on the Catalaunian 
plains, (Chalons,) 451 — invasion of Italy by 
Attila, siege of Aquileia, embassy of Pope Leo, 
452 — sack of Rome by Genseric, 455 — invasion 
of Tarraconensis by Suevi, defeat and capture 
of Rechiarius by Theoderic, 456 — victory of 
Ricimer over Vandal fleet, 456 — war with 
Vandals in Italy, 458 — Italy and Sicily ravaged 
by Genseric, 462-463-464 — successful war of 
JEgidius against Goths, in Gaul, 463 — Marcel - 
linus drives Vandals out of Sicily, Ricimer 
defeats Alani in Venetia, 464 — expedition sent 
by Leo against Vandals, fails, 468 — war be- 
ween Anthemius and Ricimer, Rome stormed 
by Ricimer, 472 — invasion of Eastern and 
"Western Empires by Goths under Theodemir 
and "Widemir, 473 — Orestes takes Ravenna, 
expels Nepos, and proclaims Romulus Em- 
peror, 475 — Orestes defeated and put to death 
by Odoacer, Aug. 476. a Clinton. b Zumpt. 

Eome, {leagues and treaties?) — [B C] — Treaty 
with Carthage, (245, a. u. c.) 509 — Latin 
League formed, (261,) 493 — alliance with Sam- 
nites, (400,) 354 — with Carthaginians, (406,) 
348 — with Samnites, (413,) 341— with Alex- 
ander of Epirus, (422,) 332 — with Lucani and 
Apuli, against Samnites, (427,) 327 — with Car- 
thage renewed, 306 ? — with Samnites renewed 
at close of second war, (450,) 304 — with Marsi, 
Peligni, and Frentani, 304 — with Tarentines, 
prescribing limits to fleets, 304 — with Picentes, 
(455,) 299 — with Samnites, renewed at close 
of third war, (464,) 290 — with Carthage, re- 
newed, (476,) 278 — with Ptolemy Philadel- 
phus, (481,) 273 — with Hasdrubal, fixing Ebro 
as boundary of Carthaginian Empire in Spain, 
(526,) 228— with JEtolians against Philip of 
Macedonia, (543,) 211 — with Attalus of Per- 
gamus, against Philip, (546,) 209— with Sy- 
phax and Masinissa, (548,) 206 — with Achoean 
League, (557,) 197 — with Spaniards, general 



pacification, by Tib. Sempronius Gracchus, 
(575,) 179 — of peace, with Numantines, by 
Mancinus, (617,) 137 — but rejected by Senate : 
of peace, with Mithridates, by Sulla, (670,) 84 
—[AD]— of Valens, with Goths, (1122,) 369 
—of Theodosius, with Goths, (1135,) Oct. 382 
— of peace, with Persians, by Theodosius, 
(1137,) 384— with Wallia, by Honorius, (1169,) 
416 — of Bonifacius, with Vandals, (1181-2,) 
428-9 — of peace, with Franks, by Aetius, (1185,) 
432 — with Genseric, by Valentinian, (1188,) 
435 — with Persians, by Anatolius, (1194,) 441 
— between Genseric and Valentinian, division 
of African provinces, (1195,) 442 — between 
Attila and Theodosius, (1200,) 447 — between 
Theoderic and Majorian, (1212,) 459 — between 
Genseric and Majorian, (1213,) 460 — between 
Theoderic (son of Triarius) and Leo, (annual 
tribute to Goths,) (1226.) 473 — between Nepos 
and Euric, (Visigoth,) (1227,) 474— of peace 
between Zeno and Genseric, (1228,) 475. 

Rome, {city,) — [B C] — founded, 753 or 752 — 
Capitoline Temple dedicated, (247, a. u. c.) 
507 — pestilence, (291,) 463 — the Capitol sur- 
prised by exiles and slaves, recovered by P. 
Valerius Publicola, (294,) 460 — Aventine as- 
signed to the plebs, (298,) 456 — famine, re- 
lieved by Sp. Maelius, (314,) 440 — pestilence, 
first Lectisternium, (355,) 399 a — taken and 
burnt by Gauls, recovered by Camillus, (364,) 
390, a 387 b — rebuilt, 390-389 — pestilence, pro- 
pitiation by theatrical performances, (390,) 364* 
— threatened by Gauls, (394,) 360 — Via Appia 
and Aqua Appia constructed, by App. Claudius, 
(442,) 312 a — Temple of Concord built, (449,) 
305 a — Temple of Bellona, (456,) 298 a — Temple 
of Venus, (459,) 295 a — Temple of Jupiter 
Stator, (460,) 294 — census taken, (479,) 275 — 
Columna Bostrala erected in Forum, (494,) 
260 — Via Flaminia commenced, (534,) 220 — 
Flaminian Circus constructed, 220 — Temple of 
Venus Erycina on the Capitol consecrated, 
(539,) 215 — great fire, 213 c — walls repaired, 
(542,) 212 — great fire, 211 c — threatened by 
Hannibal, (543,) 211 — first triumphal arches 
built, by C. Stertinius, (559,) 195^ 196 <= — 
Emporium on the Tiber established, (561,) 
193 a — fire, 192° — Temple of Cybele conse- 
crated, (563,) 191 — Temple of Hercules and the 
Muses, built, (567,) 187 — first Basilica, (Por- 
tia,) built, (570,) 184, (199 ? c )— Basilica Fulvia, 
Temples of Juno Regina and Diana, built, 
(575,) 179 — streets paved with flint, (580,) 
x-74 — Greek works of art brought from Corinth 
by Mummius, (608,) 146 — Aqua Marcia built, 
(610,) 144 — disturbances about Agrarian Laws, 
(621,) 133— [Gracchus] —Basilica Opimia, 
built by Opimius, (633,) 121— revolt of Sa- 
turninus, seizure of the Capitol, (654,) 100— 
Sulla master of the city, (666,) 88— taken by 
Marius and Cinna, 87 — Capitoline Temple 
burnt, (671,) 83— rebuilt, 81-69— battle near, 
between M. Lepidus and Q. Lutatius Cstalns, 
(677,) 77— expulsion of foreigners, (689,) 65 
— conspiracy of Catiline to seize, (691,) 63 — 
settlement of Jews in, begins, about 63 — riots 
of Clodius and Milo, (697,) 57— riot and con- 
flagration, (702,) 52 e — great fire, about 50,= 
77 * 



ROME. 



(703,) 51 e — evacuated by Senate and entered 
by Caesar, (705,) 49 — Forum of Julius Caesar 
and Temple of Venus Genitrix dedicated, (708,) 
46, a 45 c — occupation of, by murderers of 
Caesar, (710,) 44 — proscription, under second 
triumvirate, (711,) 43— night police instituted, 
(718,) 36 «— fire in the Circus Maximus, (723,) 
31 — Imperial Palace, by Augustus, 31-26 — 
Forum of Augustus and Temple of Mars Ultor, 
(734,) 20 -(dedicated, (752,) 2)— [AD]— fire on 
the Palatine, (756,) 3 — fire on the Coelian Hill, 
(780,) 27— fire on the Aventine, (789,) 36— 
earthquake, (800,) 47 e — Palace of Nero (Do- 
mus Transitoria) begun, (815,) 62 — great fire, 
19-24 Jul. (817,) 64 — persecution of Chris- 
tians, by Nero, 64 — pestilence, (818,) 65 — 
Nero's Golden Souse, begun, 65 — insurrection 
against Galba, the Capitol stormed by Vitellius 
and Temple burnt, (822,) 69— stormed and taken 
by army of Vespasian, Dec. 69 b — restoration 
of Capitol commenced, 70 — Temple of Peace, 
{Forum Pads,) by Vespasian, (824-28,) 71-75* 
— great fire, (3 days,) Capitoline Temple de- 
stroyed, (833,) 80 — pestilence, 80 — Capitol re- 
stored, 82 — philosophers expelled from, by 
Domitian, (843,) 90 d — sedition of the Prae- 
torians, (850,) 97 d — Trajan's Forum built, 
(866,) 113 — Temple of Venus and Eome, by 
Hadrian, (883,) 130 — pestilence, (920,) 167 — 
pestilence, (940,) 187 — fire, Capitol struck by 
lightning, 188 — famine, (942,) 189 — great 
fire, Forum Pacts destroyed, (944,) i9r — Secu- 
lar Games, to celebrate thousandth anniversary 
of the city, (1000,) 247 — approached by Ala- 
manni, (1012,) 259 — new walls begun by 
Aurelian, (1024,) 271 a — Temple of the Sun, 
built by Aurelian, (1026,) 273 — walls completed 
by Probus, (1029,) 276 — Baths of Diocletian, 
303-305 — battle near Milvian Bridge, defeat 
of Maxentius by Constantine, who enters the 
city, 28 Oct. (1065,) 312 — erection of churches 
begun, about 315 — ceases to be capital of the 
Empire, (1083,) 330 — [Constantinople] — 
visited by Constantius II., (1110,) 357 — 
triumph of Theodosius, (1142,) 389 a — visited 
by Honorius, his triumph, (1157,) 404,* 
403 c — saved from Badagaisus by Stilicho, 
(1158,) 405 — threatened by Alaric, (1161,) 
408 — again, and port of Ostia seized, (1162,) 
409 — besieged by Alaric, 409 a — taken, 410 a 
— entered by Honorius in triumph, 417 — by 
Vandals, under Genseric, and pillaged, Jun. 
455 — taken by Bicimer, n Jul. 472 — visited 
by Theodoric, 500 — entered by Belisarius, 9 
Dec. 536 — unsuccessfully besieged by Vitiges, 
Mar. 537 to Mar. 538— march of Totila 
towards, 543 — besieged by Totila, 545 — be- 
trayed to him, 17 Dec. 546 — fortifications 
partly destroyed, Dec. 546 — recovered, and 
fortifications restored, by Belisarius, early in 
547 — repulse of Totila in three battles at, 547 
■ — again betrayed to him by Isaurians, 549 — 
taken by Narses, after Jul. 552 — degraded to 
second rank under Exarchs of Ravenna, 553 — 
threatenedby Lombards,568 — besieged by them, 
573 and 578 — inundation of the Tiber, 589 — 
ravaged by pestilence, 590 — again besieged by 
Lombards, and saved by Gregory the Great, 593 



—visited and pillaged by Constans, 663 — pil- 
grimages to, become common, about 670-700 — 
Anglo-Saxon School founded by Ina, 727 — 
threatened by Luitprand, saved by Pope 
Gregory II., 728 and 729 — again threatened 
by Luitprand, 741 — threatened byAstolphus, 
752 — besieged by him, Jan. 755 — visited by 
Charles the Great, Easter 774 — again, 781 and 
787 — inundation, 791 — his coronation at, as 
Emperor, 800 — threatened by Saracens, 846 
and 847 — damaged by earthquake and fire, 847 
— fortifications strengthened by Leo IV., 848 
to Jun. 852 — threatened by Saracens, 849 — ■ 
visited by Ethelwulf and his son Alfred, (the 
Great,) 855-6 — entered by Emperor Louis II., 
864 — surprised by Lambert, Duke of Spoleto, 
867 — threatened and the environs ravaged by 
Saracens, 876 — at invitation of Pope Formo- 
sus, attacked and occupied by Arnulf, king of 
Germany, 894 — threatened by Magyars, 899 
and 906 — besieged by Hugh of Provence, 933 
and 936 — by Otto the Great, Jun. 964 — again 
entered by him, 967 — visited by Cnut, Con- 
rad II., and Budolph, king of Burgundy, 1027 
— besieged by Emperor Henry IV., 1081, 1082, 
and 1083 — capture of Leonine city, 2 Jun. 
1083 — siege raised by Bobert Guiscard, May 
1084 — sacked and burnt by him, 1084 — revolt 
under Arnold of Brescia, 1 144 — attacks Fre- 
derick Barbarossa, 1155 — attacked and occu- 
pied by him, 1167 — receives Frederick II., 
Apr. 1212 — his coronation at, 22 Nov. 1220 — 
earthquake at, 1231 — carries on war with 
Viterbo, 1231 — submits to Gregory IX., 1235 
— aids Frederick at siege of Brescia, 1238 — ■ 
threatenedby him, 1241, Jul. 1242, and 1243 — 
makes alliance with Viterbo, 1243 — seat of 
Papacy transferred to Avignon, 1309 — corona- 
tion of Petrarch, 8 Apr. 1341 — inundation, 
1345 — revolution under Rienzi, May 1347 — 
earthquake, 1349 — inundation, 1350 — again 
residence of the popes, 1367 — revolts against 
Eugenius IV., 1434 — destruction of ancient 
monuments prohibited by bull of Pius II., 
1462 — siege and sack of, by Constable de 
Bourbon, May 1527 — visited by Charles V., 
1536 — insurrection at, Gen. Duphot killed, 27 * 
Dec. 1 7 97 — occupied and pillage of, commenced, 
by French under Berthier, 15 Feb. 1798 — Re- 
public proclaimed, 15 Feb. — revolt sup- 
pressed, end of Feb. — receives French 
garrison, close of Mar. — abandoned by 
French, and occupied by Neapolitans, Nov. — 
again occupied by French, 12 Dec. — again in- 
vaded by Neapolitans, Oct. 1799 — occupied by 
French, Feb. 1808 — declared free Imperial city 
of French Empire, by Napoleon I., 1809 — in- 
surrection at, 15 Nov. 1848 — flight of Pius 
IX. from, 24 Nov. — provisional government 
appointed, 11 Dec. — meeting of Constituent 
Assembly, 5 Feb. 1849 — the pope deprived of 
temporal power and a Republic proclaimed, 8 
Feb. — French intervention resolved on, by 
National Assembly, 16 Apr. — unsuccessfully 
attacked by French, 30 Apr. — siege of, by Gen. 
Oudinot, commences, 3 Jun. — entered by 
French troops, 21 Jun. — surrenders, 30 Jun. 
— authority of pope reestablished, 15 Jul. — 



ROME. 



convention for evacuation of, by French, be- 
tween emperor of France and king of Italy, 
signed, 15 Sep. 1864 — evacuated by French, 
3-17 Dec. 1866 — occupation of, by Italian 
troops, proposed by Victor Emmanuel, refused 
by Napoleon III., 17 Oct. 1867 — again oc- 
cupied by French, 30 Oct. 1867 — evacuated by 
French, by 12 Aug. 1870 — entered by Italian 
troops, 20 Sep. — plebiscite, for annexation to 
kingdom of Italy, 2 Oct. — declared to be part 
of kingdom of Italy, by royal decree, 9 Oct. — 
inundation of the Tiber, 28 Dec. 1870 — 
capital transferred to, 1 Jul. 1871 — first ses- 
sion of Italian parliament at, opened by Victor 
Emmanuel, 27 Nov. 187 1. Castle of St An- 
gelo, the tower built by Hadrian, about 120-30 
— fortifications commenced by Pope Boniface 
IX., 1390-94, and continued by other popes. 
Academy of St Luke, (painting,) founded by 
Gregory XIII., about 1580. German Archcso- 
logical Institute, founded by Bunsen, "VVelcker, 
and others, 1829 — raised to a permanent in- 
stitution of state by Emperor William I., 2 
Mar. 1 87 1. British Archceological Society, 
founded, spring 1865 — takes the name ' British 
and American,' end of 187 1. [Catacombs, 
St Peter's, Vatican, <£c.] a Reunion t. 

b Rawlinson. c Dyer. d Clinton. e Merivale. 
Rome, [Councils of,) — respecting celebration 
of Easter, 196 ; held by Pope Victor to excom- 
municate Asiatic Qnartodecimani, about 197 ; 
by Pope Cornelius, to confirm canons of Council 
of Carthage, and to condemn Novatian, Oct. 
25 1 ; by Stephen, against decision of two 
Councils in favour of baptism by heretics, 256 ; 
by Sixtus, against Noetus, about 258; by 
Dionysius, to receive vindication of Dionysius 
of Alexandria, about 260 ; by Melchiades, 
against Donatists, 2 Oct. to Dec. 313 ; by 
Julius, for vindication of Athanasius and others 
against Arians, about Jun. 342 ; by Julius, 
against Photinus, and in favour of Athanasius, 
Jan. 349^ 348 b ; by Liberius, in favour of 
Athanasius, 352 ; by Antipope Felix, against 
Ursacius and Valens and Emperor Constantius, 
358 ; to receive deputies of Council of Lamp- 
sacus, 364; by' Liberius, confession of Mace- 
donians, 366 ; respecting charge brought 
against Pope Damasus, 367 ; by Damasus, 
against Ursacius and Valens, 369, a 367 c ; 
against Auxentius of Milan, and respecting 
nature of the Holy Spirit, 37 2, a end of 371 d ; 
against Apollinarius and Timotheus, and against 
Lucius of Alexandria, 374 ; against same 
Lucius, 375; against Apollinarists and Marcel - 
lianists, about end of 377 ; against accusers of 
Damasus, and to condemn Arius, Sabellius, 
Apollinarius, and others, 378 ; against heretics 
and partisans of Ursicinus, 379 ; to address 
synodical letters to Paulinus of Antioch, 382, a 
Sep. or Oct. 383 b ; by Siricius on discipline, 6 
Jan. 386; against Jovinian, 390 ; by Anastasius, 
on discipline, 400 ; against Nestorius and 
Pelagius, 11 Aug. 430; 431 ; 31 Jul. 433 ; by 
St Leo, against Manichseans, 444 ; in favour 
of Celidonius, and against Hilary of Aries, 
445 ; respecting bishops of Sicily, 29 Sep. 
447 ; against the Bobber Synod, Oct. 449 ; in 



favour of Council of Chalcedon, Dec. P 451 ; 
respecting ravages of the Huns, 458 ; Nov. 
462 ; by Hilarius, on discipline, 17 Nov. 465 ; 
by Felix III., against legates Vitalis and 
Misenus, Peter Mongus, Bp of Alexandria, and 
Acacius, Bp of Constantinople, 28 Jul. 484; 
against Acacius, 5 Oct. 485 ; 3 Mar. 489 ; by 
Gelasius, to absolve legate Misenus, 495 ; to 
prepare list of canonical books, 496 ; by Sym- 
machus, to regulate elections of popes, 1 Mar. 
499; respecting dispute between Symmachus 
and Laurentius, Whitsuntide 501 ; convoked 
by Theodoric, to restore order in Eome, Sep. 
501 ; in favour of Symmachus, Nov. 502 ; to 
defend preceding Council, 503 ; to anathema- 
tize usurpers of Church property as heretics, 
504 ; to authorize Boniface II. to name suc- 
cessor, after 12 Nov. 530; to quash decree of 
preceding Council, 531 ; respecting Stephen of 
Larissa, 7 Dec. 531 ; against opponents of pro- 
position JJnus e Trinitate passus est came, 534 ; 
by Gregory the Great, against Patriarch of 
Grado, Dec. 590 ; in favour of the four General 
Councils, Feb. 591 ; on discipline, 5 Jul. 595 ; 
Nov. 600 ; in favour of monks, 5 Apr. 601 ; 
by Boniface III., respecting election of popes, 
606; in favour of monks, 27 Feb. 610; by 
Severinus, against Ecthesis of Heraclius, 640 ; 
by John IV., against Monothelism, Jan. 641 ; 
648 ; by St Martin, against Paul of Thessa- 
lonica, 1 Nov. 650; by Vitalianus, 19 Dec. 667 ; 
for restoration of Wilfrid to see of York, Oct. 
679,1 678 c ; by Agatho, preliminary to General 
Council of Constantinople, 27 Mar. 680 ; by 
Gregory II., on discipline, 5 Apr. 721 ; 
Gregory III., against the priest George, 731 
favour of image-worship, 1 Nov. 732 ; 
Zacharias, on discipline, 22 Mar. 743 ; 
Adalbert and Clement, 25 Oct. 745 ; by Stephen 
III., against Antipope Constantine, and in 
favour of image-worship, 12 Apr. 769 ; by 
Adrian IV., conferring on Charles the Great 
right of electing the pope and of giving in- 
vestiture to all bishops, (?) 774; by Leo III. 
against Felix of Urgel, 799 ; held in presence 
of Charles the Great, respecting charges against 
Leo III., Dec. 800; by Stephen IV., respecting 
election of popes, 816 ; by Pascal, who purges 
himself, on oath, of accusation against him, 
823 ; by Eugenius II., on discipline, 15 Nov. 
826 ; by Leo IV., against bishops receiving 
money for conferring orders, not later than 
848 ; on discipline, 8 Dec. 853 ; by Nicholas 
I. , respecting affair of Ignatius and Photius, 
860 ; respecting same, 861 ; against John 
of Bavenna, 1 Nov. 861 ; against Theo- 
paschists, 862 ; in favour of Ignatius, Jan. 
863 ; against Council of Soissons, before 
Jun. 863 ; against Council of Metz, and 
John of Bavenna, 863 ; against Legate Bo- 
doaldo, 23 Dec. 864 to Jan. 865 ; by 
Adrian II., against Photius, before Aug. 868; 
against Cardinal Anastasius, 4 Oct. 868 ; by 
John VIII., to absolve Emperor Louis from 
obligation of an oath, 872 ; respecting election 
of Charles the Bald, Emperor, Dec. 875 ; for 
citation of Formosus, Bp of Porto, Apr. 876 ; 
Jul. 877 ; to excommunicate Lambert, Duke of 



by 
in 

by 



222 



ROME— ROMILLY. 



Spoleto, 878 ; respecting election of Emperor, 

I May 879; to recognize Photius, Aug. 879; 
to depose Anspert, Abp of Milan, 15 Oct. 879 ; 
by Stephen TI. , against deceased Pope Fornio- 
sus, whose body is disinterred, brought to the 
Council, divested of sacred habits, and muti- 
lated ; and to depose priests ordained by. him, 
896 or 897 ; by Theodore, to reinstate such 
priests, 898 ; by John IX., before Emperor 
Lambert, to reestablish memory of Formosus, 
aud restore bishops deposed by Stephen VI. , 
898 ; by Agapetus, 949 ; by Emperor Otto, to 
depose John XII. and appoint Leo Till. , 6-22 
Nov. 963 ; by John XII., to depose Leo VIII., 
26 Feb. 964; by Leo VIII. and Otto, to 
depose Benedict V. and to declare consent of 
emperor necessary to election of pope and 
of king of Italy, and to investiture of bishops, 
964 ; by John XIII., before Otto, Jan. 967 ; 
by John, before Otto I. and Otto II., Dec. 967 
to Jan. 968 ; 968 ; 26 May 969 ; 23 Apr. 971 ; 
by Benedict TIL, to excommunicate Boniface 
Francon, 975 ; by John XV., 989 ; by Gre- 
gory Y., before Emperor Otto III., to excom- 
municate usurpers of Church property, 996 ; on 
discipline, 24 Apr. 998; by Sylvester II., 6 
Jan. 1 00 1 ; 3 Dec. 1002 ; by John XVIII., 
1007 ; by John XIX., before Emperor Conrad, 
6 Apr. '1027 ; by Benedict IX., respecting 
church of Grado, Dec. 1044 ; by Clement II., 
before Emperor Henry III., against simony, 
Jan. 1047 ; by Leo IX., respecting simony, 

II Apr. 1049 ; against Berenger, 2 May 1050 ; 
after "Whitsuntide 1051; after Whitsuntide 
1053; by Stephen IX., 18 Apr. 1057; by 
Nicholas "II. , respecting election of popes, on 
discipline and the Eucharist, 13 Apr. 1059; 
against simony, attended by Aldred, Abp of 
York, 1 06 1 ; by Alexander II., on discipline, 9 
May 1063, a c 1068 b ; respecting degrees of con- 
sanguinity in relation to marriage, 1065 ; 1070 ; 
by Gregory VII., against simony and concu- 
binage, and to excommunicate Bobert Guis- 
card, Lent 1074; against investitures and in- 
continence of priests, 24-28 Feb. 1075 ; for 
excommunication of Henry IV., king of Ger- 
many, and absolution of his subjects from oath 
of fealty, Lent 1076 ; to appoint legates for 
Germany, and to excommunicate Normans, 
Lent 1078 ; to receive Berenger' s confession of 
faith, to excommunicate Nicephorus Botoniates, 
and on discipline, Nov. 1078; to receive re- 
newed confession of Berenger and respecting 
state of Germany, Feb. 1079 ; to depose and 
excommunicate Henry IV., and declare Ru- 
dolph king of Germany, to prohibit lay inves- 
titures, and to excommunicate several bishops 
and the Normans, closes, 7 Mar. 1080; to 
renew excommunication of Henry and his ad- 
herents, and to confirm deposition of Abps of 
Aries and Narbonne, 4 May 108 1; against 
Henry IV., 20 Nov. 1083 ; against Henry and 
Antipope Guibert, 1084; by Guibert, to annul 
Gregory's excommunication of Henry, Jan. 
1085 ; by Urban II., to confirm statutes of his 
predecessors, 1089 ; by partisans of Guibert, 
Aug. 1098; by Urban II., on discipline and 
investitures, 25 Apr. 1099 ; by Pascal II., to 



confirm excommunication of Henry IV., Mar. 
1 1 02; against Bruno, Abp of Treves, for re- 
ceiving investiture of Henry IV., Lent 11 04; 
against Count of Meulent, 26 Mar. 11 05 ; May 
1 1 05 ; respecting investitures, 7 Mar. 11 10; 
by Lucius II., respecting dispute between 
churches of Tours and Dol, May 1144; by In- 
nocent III., to canonize Cunegunda, 1200; to 
depose and excommunicate Emperor Otto, Nov. 
1210; by Gregory IX., to renew excommuni- 
cation of Frederick II., 18 Nov. 1227, and 
Lent 1228 ; by Boniface VIII., against Philip 
the Fair, 30 Oct. 1302; summoned by Alex- 
ander V., held by John XXIII. , condemns 
writings of Wickliffe, opens, Dec. 141 2, closes, 
Jun. 141 3. [See also Lateran and Vatican.] 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Mansi. 

c Pagi. d Tillemcmt. 

Rome, Emperors of,— [B C]— Augustus, 31 
— [AD] — Tiberius, 14 — Caligula, 37— Clau- 
dius, 41 — Nero, 54 — Galba, 68— Otho, 69 — 
Vitellius, 69— Vespasianus, 69— Titus, 79 — 
Domitianus, 81— Nerva, 96 — Trajanus, 98 — 
Hadrianus, 117— Antoninus Pius, 138— Mar- 
cus Aurelius Antoninus, 161 — Commodus, 
180 — Pertinax, 193 — Didius Julianus, 193 — 
Septimius Severus, 193 — Caracalla and 
Geta, 2 1 1— Caracalla alone, 212 — Macrinus, 
217 — Elagabalus, 218 — Alexander Severus, 
222 — Maximinus, 235 — Tbe Gordiani, 238 — 
Pupienus Maximus and Balbinus, 238 — Gor- 
dianus, 238 — Philippus, 244 — Decius, 249 — 
Gallus, 251 — Valerianus, 254 — Gallienus, 
260 — Claudius II., 268 — Aurelianus, 270 — 
Tacitus, 275 — Florianus, 276 — Probus, 276 
— Carus, 282 — Carinus and Numerianus, 283 
— Diocletianus, 284 — with Maximianus, 286 
— Constantius ivith Galerius, 305 — Galerius 
with Constantinus, Severus, and Maxentius, 
306 — on death of Severus, the same with 
Licinius, 307 — with Maximinus, 308 — his 
death, 310 — Galerius tf., 311 — ^Maxentius fc\, 
312 — Maximinus tr., 313 — Licinius 5j., and 
Constantinus sole Emperor, 323 — Constantinus 
JL, Constantius II., and Constans, 337 — Con- 
stantinus rj. , 340 — Constans tr., 350 — Julianus, 
361 — Jovianus, 363 — Valentinianus I., 364 — 
final separation of Eastern and "Western Em- 
pires made by Valentinianus, 364 — Gra- 
tianus and Valentinianus II., 375— Valen- 
tinianus alone, 383 — Eugenius proclaimed by 
Arbogastes, May 392 — Honorius declared 
Augustus, by Theodosius, Jan. 393 — appointed 
Emperor of the West, Sep. 394 — usurpation of 
Joannes, 423 — Valentinianus III., Oct. 425 
— Petronius Maximus, 455 — Avitus, 455— 
Majorianus, 457 — [ see Ricimer] — Severus, 
461— Anthemius, 467 — Olybrius, 472— Gly- 
cerius, 473 — Julius Nepos, 474 — Romulus 
Augustulus, 475 — overthrown by barbarians, 
476. [Odoacer, Italy, Eastern Empire.] 

Rome, Popes of. [Popes.] 

Rome-scot. [Peter-pence.] 

Romilly, Sir Samuel, Jurist, — 6. in Lon- 
don, 1 Mar. 1757 — enters Gray's Inn, May 
1778 — called to the bar, 1783 — Chancellor of 
Durham, about 1805 — Solicitor- General, Knt, 
1806 — M.P. Queenborougk, 1806 — applies 



ROMNEY— ROSCIUS. 



223 



himself to reform of Criminal Law, 1807 — 
M.P. Westminster, 181 8 — loses his wife, 30 
Oct. 181 8— kills himself, 2 Nov. 1818. 

Romney, George, painter, — ft. at Dalton, 
Lancashire, 15 Dec. 1734 — marries, 1756 — 
leaves his family and goes to London, 1762 — 
visits Italy, 1773-5 — returns to his family at 
Kendal, 1799 — tf. at Kendal, 15 Nov. 1802. 

Romorantin, in France, — taken by the 
Black Prince, 3 Sep. 1356 — Edict of, charging 
bishops with prosecution of heresy, and for- 
bidding it to parliaments, issued by Francis 
II., May 1560. 

Romulus, — Consul with M. Maecius Mem- 
mius Placidus, (1096, a. u. c.) 343. 

Roncaglia, in Lombardy, — Diets of, held 
by Emperor Henry III., 5 May 1055; by 
Frederick I., 1154 and Nov. 1158. 

Roncesvalles, — surprise of Charles the 
Great by Gascons, 778 — defeat of Spaniards 
by French, Jun. and Oct. 1794— passage 
forced by Soult, 25 Jul. 18 13. 

Ronda, in Spain, — becomes stronghold of 
Moors, under Abu Melic, about 1331 — taken by 
Ferdinand of Castile, 1485. 

Rondil, Jacques, Provencal poet, — ft., 31 
Jan. 1612— tf., probably Dec. 1684. 

Ronsard, Pierre de, poet, — ft. in the Ven- 
domois, 11 Sep. 1524 — attached to household 
of Duke of Orleans, 1536 — accompanies James 
V. of Scotland to his Court, 1538 — visits Eng- 
lish Court, 1541 — tf. near Tours, 27 Dec. 1585. 
(Euvres, 1567. 

Rooke, Sir George, admiral, — ft. near Can- 
terburj-j 1650 — Post-captain in the navy, 1680 
— Vice-admiral, 1692 — distinguishes himself 
in battle off Cape la Hogue, 19 May 1692 — 
destroys the French fleet, 20 May — Knt, 1692 
— M.P. Portsmouth, 1697 — Vice-admiral and 
Lieutenant of the Admiralty, 1702 — takes 
'Plate Fleet' at Vigo, 1702 — takes part in 
attack on Gibraltar, 21 Jul. 1704 — engages 
French fleet off Malaga, 13 Aug. 1704 — dis- 
missed from service, Feb. 1705 — &. near Can- 
terbury, 24 Jan. 1709. 

Rooke, Laurence, astronomer, — ft. at Dept- 
ford, Kent, 1623 — enters King's Coll. Cam- 
bridge, 1639 — Gresham Prof. Astronomy, 1652 
—Prof. Geometry, 1657— F.E.S., 1660— rj„ 
Jun. 1662. 

Roos, Johann Heinrich, painter, — ft. in 
the Palatinate, 1631 — tf. at Frankfort, 1685. 

Roos, Johann Melchior, painter, — ft. at 
Frankfort, 1659 — tf- there, 17 31. 

Roos, Joseph, painter, — ft. at Vienna, 1728 
— tf., about 1790. «* 

Roos, Philipp Peter, {Rosa di Tivoli,) 
painter, — ft. at Frankfort, 1655 — tf. at Eome, 

1705- 

Roose, {Nicholas de Liemacker,) painter, — 
ft. at Ghent, 1575 — tf. there, 1646. 

Rope-making Machinery, — patented by 
Chapman, Jul. 1799 — improved By Huddart, 
Aug. 1799. 

Roque, Gilles Andre de la, heraldist,—h. 
near Caen, 1597 — tf. at Paris, 1686. Kistoire 
generate des maisons nobles de Normandie, 1654 
— Ristoire genealogique de la maison d'JEar- 



coicrt, 1662 — Traite de Vorigine des noms, des 
surnoms, et de leur diver site, 1681 — Le blason 
des amies de la maison royale de Bourbon et de 
ses alliances, 1626. 

Roquebrune. [Mentone.] 

Roqueplan, {Pocoplan,) Joseph Etienne 
Camille, painter,— ft. at Mallemort, 18 Feb. 
1802 — first exhibits at Salon, 1819,* 1822 b — 
Chevalier of Legion of Honour, Jan. 1832 — 
Officer, Jul. 1852— tf. at Paris, Oct., a 29 Sep. c 
1855. Equinoctial Flood, 1827 — Crossing the 
stream, 1833 — Antiquary, 1834 

a Vapereau. b Biog. des Contempor. 

c CoiiY.-Lex. 

Roqueplan, Louis Victor Nestor, journalist, 
$c.j — ft. at Mallemort, 1804 — joint-editor of 
the Figaro, about 1827 — joins in protest of the 
journalists against ordinances of Charles X., 
Jul. 1830 — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 
1832 — Director of Theatre des Varietes, about 
1840— Joint- director of the Opera, 1847— sole, 
1850 — resigns, Nov. 1854 — Director of Opera 
Comique,~NoY. 1857-60 — Officer of Legion of 
Honour, Aug. 1867 — Director of the Chatelet, 
May 1869 — tf. at Paris, 26 Apr. 1870. 

Rosa. [Martinez de la Rosa.] 

Rosa, Salvator, poet, musician, painter, — ft. 
at Arenella near Naples, 20 Jun., a 21 Jul. b 
1615 — goes to Eome, 1635 — settles there, 1638 
— tf. there, 15 Mar. 1673. Satires, 17 19. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Wornum. 

Rosalba Carriera, painter, — ft. at Venice, 
1675 or 1672 — visits Paris and is admitted to 
Academy of Painting, 1720 — visits Germany, 
1735 — tf. at Venice, 15 Apr. 1757. 

Rosamond. [See Alboin.] 

Rosary, The, — institution of, mentioned, 
1 100. Festival of, to commemorate victory of 
Lepanto, instituted by Gregory XIII., 1573 — 
after victory of Peterwardein, appointed by 
Clement XL to be celebrated annually, 17 16. 

~ Rosas, {Rhode,) in Spain, — taken by Philip 
III. of France, 1285 a — retaken for Pedro III. 
of Aragon by Eoger de Loria, 1285 a — besieged 
by Count du Plessis-Praslin, 6 Apr. 1645 a — 
capitulates, 26 May a — captured and evacuated 
by Count de Noailles, 1693 b — taken by French, 
19 Nov. 1794° — defeat of French by Spaniards 
at, n Jul. 1808 c — capture and destruction of 
French squadron by the English under Lord 
Collingwood, 30 Oct. 1809° — besieged by St 
Cyr, 5 Nov. 1809° — relief attempted by Lord 
Cochrane, 30 Nov. c — surrenders, 4 Dec. 1809 c 
— given up by French, 18 14. 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Crowe. c Alison. 

Rosbach, in Prussia, — Frederick the Great 
defeats French and Imperialists, 5 Nov. 1757 
— battle-field visited and memorial column 
thrown down by Napoleon I., 1806. 

Roscelin, philosopher, — condemned for his 
speculations on the Trinity by Council of Sois- 
sons, 1092 — passes into England, about 1093 — 
living, 1 121. [See Nominalism.] 

Roscius, Lucius, — [BC] — sent ambassador 
to Fidenae and murdered there, 438. 

Roscius, Quintus, comic actor, — [B C] — 
made an eques by Sulla, 81 — defended by Cicero, 
68— tf., 62. 



1224 



ROSCIUS— ROSKILD. 



Roscius, Sextus,— [B C]— accused of murder 
of his father and successfully defended by Ci- 
cero, 30. 

Roscoe, Henry, miscellaneous writer, — 6., 
about 1800— called to the bar, 1826— tf., 25 
Mar. 1836. Lives of British Lawyers, 1 830— 
Life of William Roscoe, 1833— Law of Evi- 
dence in Criminal Cases, 1836. 

Roscoe, Thomas, miscellaneous writer, — fc. 
at Liverpool, Jun. 1791 — tf. in London, 24 
Sep. 1 87 1. Translations of Memoirs of B en- 
voi itto Cellini, i%iT > —Sismondi's Literature of 
South of Europe, 1823, and Lanzi's History of 
Painting in Ltaly, 1828. Memoirs of Scipiode 
Bicci, 1829 — Life and Writings of Cervantes, 
1 839 — edits Novelist's Library, 1 83 1 -2. 

Roscoe, William, historian,— b. near Liver- 
pool, 8 Mar. 1753 — begins practice as a law- 
yer, 1774— M. P. Liverpool, 1806 — retires, 
1807— tf. there, 30 Jun. 1831. Life of Lorenzo 
de' Medici, 1796 — Life and Pontificate of Leo 
X, 1805. 

Roscoe, William Caldwell, poet,—b. at 
Liverpool, 1823 — B.A. London, 1843 — called 
to the bar, 1850— marries, 1855— tf. at Rich- 
mond, 30 Jul. 1859. Poems and Essays, i860. 
Roscommon, in Ireland. Abbey, founded 
by O'Connor, about 1257. Castle, built by de 
Ufford, 1268. 

Roscommon, Wentworth Billon, 4th Earl 
of, poet, — fj. in Ireland, about 1633 — quits 
England, 1642-60 — tf., 17 Jan. 1684. 

Rose, George, statesman, — fc. at Brechin, n 
Jun. 1744— Keeper of Public Records, before 
1767 — appointed to complete Journals of House 
of Lords, 1767 — Joint-secretary to Treasury, 
1784 — accused of malversation, 1792 — Pres. 
Board of Trade, and Treasurer of the Navy, 
1 807 — "0. in Hampshire, 1 3 Jan. 18 1 8. Observ- 
ations on Historical Work of C. J. Fox, 1809. 
Rose, Heinrich, chemist, — fc. at Berlin, 6 
Aug. 1795 — studies under Berzelius at Stock- 
holm, 1 8 19-2 1 — Prof. Extraord. Chemistry, 
Berlin, 1823 — member of Academy of Sciences, 
1832 — Ordinary Prof., 1835 — tf. at Berlin, .28 
Jan. 1864. Handbuch der analytischen Chimie, 
1829-31. 

Rose, Hugh James, theologian, projector of 
Rose's Biographical Dictionary, — b. in Surrey, 
1 7 95 — B.A. Cambridge, 1 8 1 7 — takes holy 
orders, Dec. 181 8 — Prof. Divinity, Durham 
Univ., 1833 — chaplain to Abp of Canterbury, 
1834 — Principal of King's Coll. London, 1836 
— editor of Encyclopaedia Metropolitana, 1836 
— tj. at Florence, 22 Dec. 1838. 

Rosebecque, in Flanders, — Charles VI. of 
France defeats Flemings under Philip van 
Artevelde, 27 Nov. 1382. 

Roselli, {Rosselli,) Cosimo, painter, — fc. at 
Florence, 1439— employed in the Vatican by 
Sixtus IV., about 1480 — living, Nov. 1506. 
Tfreseo in Convent of San Ambrogio, Florence, 
1456. 

Rosellini, Ippolito, Egyptologist, — ft. at 
Pisa, 13 Aug. 1800 — D.D., 1821 — studies 
Oriental languages under Mezzofanti at Bolog- 
na, 1 82 1 -4— Prof. Oriental Languages, Pisa, 
1824 — begins study of Egyptian hieroglyphics, 



1825 — visits Egypt with Champollion, 1828-9 
— tf. Librarian to Univ. of Pisa, 4 Jun. 1843. 
I Monnmenti del Egitto e della Nubia, 1832-44. 
Rosen, Friedrich August, Orientalist, — fj. 
at Hanover, 2 Sep. 1805 — studies at Leipsic, 
1822 — at Berlin, 1824 — begins study of San- 
scrit, 1824 — Prof. Oriental Languages, London 
Univ., 1829 — tf. in London, 12 Sep. 1837. 
Radices Sanscritce, 1827 — Rig Vedae Specimen, 
1830 — Rig Veda Sanhita Liber primus, San- 
scrite et Latine, 1838. 

Rosenmiiller, Ernst Friedrich Karl, Orient- 
alist, — ft. at Hessberg, 10 Dec. 1768 — rrof. 
Arabic, Leipsic, 1795 — Prof. Oriental Lan- 
guages, 1813 — tf. at Leipsic, 17 Sep. 1835. 
Scholia in Vetus Testamentum, 17 88- 1835 — 
Handbuch der Mblischen Alterthumslmnde, 
1823-31 — Lnstitutiones linguae Arab icce, 181 8. 
Rosenmiiller, Johann Christian, anatomist, 
— ft. at Hessberg, 177 1 — M.D. Leipsic, 1797 — 
Extraord. Prof. Anatomy and Surgery, 1800 — 
Ordinary, 1804 — tf. at Leipsic, 29 Feb. 1820. 
Atlas anatomico-chirurgicale, 1805-12 — Hand- 
buch der Anatomie, 1808 — Beitrag zur phy- 
siJcalische Geschichte der Erde, 1 799-1 805. 

Rosenmiiller, Johann Georg, theologian, — 
fj. in Hildburghausen, 18 Dec. 1736 — Prof. 
Theology, Erlangen, and D.D., 1775 — at 
Leipsic, 1785 — tf. there, 14 Mar. 18 15. His- 
toria interpretations Librorum sacrorum, 1795- 
1814 — Scholia in Nov. Testamentum, 1777- 
1807. 

Roses, Wars of the, in England, — between 
Houses of York and Lancaster, commence with 
battle of St Alhan's, 23 May 1455 — terminate 
with battle of Bosworth, 22 Aug. r.485. \_See 
Henry VI., Edward IV., Richard III., Henry 
VII., Warwick, Earl of, Northampton, 
Wakefield, Towton, Hexham, Barnet, and 
Tewkesbury.] 

Rosetta, (Raschid,) in Egypt, — mentioned 
by Edrisi, 1153 — taken by the French, 1798 — 
by British and Turks, 19 Apr. 1801 — unsuc- 
cessfully besieged by British, Mar. to Apr. 
1807. Stone, with trilingual inscription, 
[b.c. 196] discovered by French, 1798 — 
brought to England, 1802. 

Rosicrucians, Secret Society, — attract at- 
tention in Germany, 1600-30. 

Rosin, (Roszfeld,) Jean, (Rosinus,) antiquary, 
— h. at Eisenach, 155 1 — preacher at Naum- 
burg, 1592 — tf. at Naumburg, 7 Oct. 1626. 
Antiquitatum Romanarum corpus, 1583. 

Rosini, Carlo Maria, archaeologist, — ft. at 
Naples, 1 Apr. 1748 — Prof. Greek and Latin, 
1769 — Grand Almoner and Counsellor of State, 
1806 — Pres. Royal Society, 18 15 — tf. at Naples, 
18 Feb. 1836. Dissertatio isagogica ad Her - 
culanensium voluminum explanationem, 1797 — 
Herculanensium voluminum quae supersunt, 
1793-1823. 

Roskild, Roeschild, in Lsle of Zealand, — 
founded, about 970 or 980 — seat of a bishop- 
ric, 1012 — rebuilt of stone, 1084 — fortified, 
1 150 — obtains rank of a city, about 1268 or 
1278 — burnt, 1282, 1443, and 1525 — ceases to 
be royal residence, 1443 — made seat of pro- 
vincial assembly for Danish Islands, by decree 



BOSLIN— EOSSI. 



1225 



of 28 May 183 1. Cathedral, built by Cnut 
the Holy, 1047-84. Treaty of, between Charles 
Gustavus of Sweden, and Frederick III. of 
Denmark, concluded, 28 Feb. 1658. 

Roslin, in Scotland, — the English defeated 
by the Scots in three engagements, 24 Feb. 
1303. Chapel, built by William St Clair, 
Earl of Orkney, 1446. Castle, burnt by Earl 
of Hertford, 1544. 

Rosmini, Carlo de, historian, biographer, — 
ft. at Eoveredo, 28 Oct. 1758 — settles at Milan, 
1802 — tf. at Milan, 9 Jun. 1827. Vita di 
Ovidio Nasone, 1789 — Vita edisciplina di Gua- 
rino Veronese, 1 805-6 — Vita di Francesco Filelfo 
da Tolentino, 1808 — Istoria di Milano, 1820. 

Rosmini Servati, Antonio, philosopher, — b. 
at Eoveredo, n Apr. 1787 — founds Institute of 
Charity, and Sisters of Providence, 1828 — 
envoy from Piedmont to Papal Court, 1848 — 
accompanies Pius IX. to Gaeta, 1848 — ft. at 
Stresa, 30 Jun. 1855. Cinque Piaghe dell' 
ecclesia, 1848 — SulV Origine delle Idee, 1830 — 
Principi della scienze morale, 1832 — Storia 
Comparativa de' Systemi intomo al principio 
delle scienze morale, 1837 — Filosofia della Po- 
litica, 1858 — Teodicea, 1857. 

Rosny, M. de. [Sully, Duke de.] 

Rosolic Acid, — discovered by Eunge, 1834. 

Ross, New Ross, in Ireland, — see of, united 
with Cork, 1586. 

Ross, The Man of. [Kyrle, John.] 

Ross, Alexander, poet, — %. in Aberdeenshire, 
1699 — M.A. Marischal Coll., 17 18— marries, 
1726 — schoolmaster of Lochlee, in Angus, 
1732 — tf., 20 May 1784. Helenore, 1768. 

Ross, Sir James Clark, maritime discoverer, 
— fi. in London, 15 Apr. 1800 — enters the 
navy, 1812 — accompanies his uncle, Sir John 
Eoss, on his first voyage to the North Seas, 
1818 — F.L.S., 1823 — accompanies Capt. Parry 
on his three voyages, between Jan. 18 19 to 
Oct. 1825— and again, 1827 — Commander, Nov. 
1827 — F.E.S., 1828— serves under Sir John 
Eoss on his second voyage, 1829-33 — Post- 
captain, 1834 — employed in magnetic survey 
of Great Britain and Ireland, 1836-8 — com- 
mands expedition to Antarctic Ocean, Apr. 
1839 to Sep. 1843, an< * discovers Victoria 
Land : Knt, D.C.L. Oxford, 1844 — commands 
expedition to Baffin's Bay in search of Sir J. 
Franklin, 1848 — tf. at Aylesbury, 3 Apr. 1862. 
Voyage of Discovery and Research in the 
Southern and Antarctic Regions during the years 
1839-43, 1847. 

Ross, {Rouse,) John, antiquary of Warwick, 
— tf. in Warwickshire, 149 1. 

Ross, Sir John, admiral, — h. in Scotland, 
24 Jun. 1777 — enters the navy, 1786 — Com- 
mander, Feb. 18 12 — commands expedition in 
search of North-West passage, Apr. to Nov. 
1818, and May 1829 to Sep. 1833— Knt, C.B., 
Dec. 1834 — consul at Stockholm, 1839-45 — 
goes in search of Sir John Franklin, 1850 — 
Bear-admiral, 8 Jul. 1851 — tf. in London, 30 
Aug. 1856. Voyage of Discovery . . . for the 
purpose of exploring Baffin' s Bay, 18 19 — Nar- 
rative of a Second Voyage in search of a North- 
West Passage, 1835. 



Ross, Robert, major-general, — 6., 1774— 
contributes to victory of Maida, 1 806 — distin- 
guishes himself in the Peninsula, 1808-14 — 
takes Washington, 24 Aug. 18 14 — killed in 
attack on Baltimore, 12 Sep. 18 14. 

Ross, Sir William Charles, painter, — h., 
1794 — E.A. and Knt, 1839 — **•> 2 ° ^ an - i860. 

Rosse, William Parsons, 3rd Eakl of, 
{lord Oxmantown,) astronomer, — ft. at York, 
1800 — B.A. Oxford, 1822 — M.P. King's 
County, 1821-34 — F.E.S., 1824 — marries, 
1836— succeeds to the peerage, 1841 — Pres. 
British Association, 1843 — one °f * ne repre- 
sentative peers of Ireland, 1845 — erects his 
great telescope, 1842-5 — Pres. E. S., 1849-54 
— member of Imperial Academy of Sciences, 
St Petersburg, 1853 — member of Legion of 
Honour, 1 855 — Chancellor of Univ. of Dublin, 
1865— tf. atMonkstown, 31 Oct. 1867. 

Rossel, Louis Nathaniel, colonel, — n. at 
Saint-Brieuc, in Brittany, 9 Sep. 1844 — takes 
part in Communal insurrection, at Paris, Mar. 
1 87 1 — appointed Minister of War to the Com- 
mune, 30 Apr. — captured by police at Paris, 7 
Jun. — tried before Court Martial, Versailles, 
Nov. 1 87 1 — shot at Satory, 28 Nov. 1871. 

Rosselli, Cosimo. [Roselli. ] 

Rosselli, Matteo, painter, — fi. at Florence, 
10 Aug. 1578 — tf. there, 1650. 

Rossetti, Grabriele, poet, §c, — ft. in the 
Abruzzi, 18 Feb. (iMar.) 1783 — Keeper of the 
Museum of Naples, 18 14 — compelled to leave 
Italy, 1 82 1 — comes to England, 1824 — Prof, 
Italian Literature, King's Coll. London, 1831 
— becomes blind, and resigns his chair, 1845 
— tf- in London, 26 Apr. 1854. Commento 
analitico alia Divina Commedia, 1826-7 — 
Sullo spirito antipapale, 1830 — Ifistero del 
Amor platonico svelato, 1840 — Salterio, 1840 — 
Veggente in solitudine, 1843 — Arpa evangelica, 
1852. 

Rossi, Countess. [Sontag, Henrietta.] 

Rossi, Antonio, painter, — 6. in Padua, 
about 1390? 

Rossi, Giovanni Bernardo, Orientalist,— b. 
at Castelnuovo-Canarese, 1742 — Prof, at Univ. 
of Parma, 1769 — tf. there, 1831. Varice lee- 
tiones Vet. Testamenti, 1784 — De hebraicce 
typographies origine ac primitiis, 1776. 

Rossi, Girolamo, {Rubeus, de Rubeis,) his- 
torian, — fi. at Eavenna, 1539 — envoy to Clem- 
ent VIIL, 1604 — tf. at Eavenna, 22 Apr. 1607. 
Historiarum Ravennatum lib. X., 1572. 

Rossi, John Charles Felix, sculptor,— b. at 
Nottingham, 1762 — studies at Eome, 1785-88 
— A.E.A., 1800 — E.A., 1802— tf., 21 Feb. 
1839. 

Rossi, Pellegrino, Count, statesman, — o. 
at Carrara, 13 Jul. 1787 — Advocate at Bologna, 
1809 — settles at Geneva, 18 14 — Prof. Law, 18 19 
— member of the Council, 1820 — Prof. Poli- 
tical Economy, Paris, 1833 — Peer of France, 
1839 — ambassador to Eome, 1845 — promotes 
election of Pius IX., 1846 — First Minister to 
the pope, 16 Sep. 1848 — assassinated at Eome, 
15 Nov. 1848. 

Rossi, Rosso He, {II Rosso,) {Giovambattista 
di Jacopo,) {Maltre Roux,) painter, — 6. at Flo- 



ROSSINI— ROTTECK. 



rence, about 1496 — enters service of Francis I. 
of France, 1530 — poisons himself at Fontaine- 
bleau, 1 54 1. 

Rossini, Gioacchino, musical composer— h. 
at Pesaro, near Bologna, 29 Feb. 1792— enters 
Lyceum of Bologna, 1807— Musical Director 
of San Carlo, Naples, 1815-23 — marries Mdlle 
Colbran, 1821 — visits Paris, 1823 — Director of 
Italian Opera, London, 1824 — Director of 
Italian Opera, Paris, 1825-30— returns to 
Italy, 1836— settles at Paris, 1855— tf. tliere, 
13 Nov. 1868. Inganno Infelice, 1812 — Tan- 
credi, 1 8 1 ^—Barbiere di Siviglia, 1 8 1 6 — Otello, 
1 816 — Cenerentola, 1817 — Gazza Ladra, 18 17 
— Moise, 1 8 1 8 — Semir -amide, 1823— Guillaume 
Tell, iSzg—Stabat Mater, ifyz—Messe Soloi- 
nelle, written, 1863 — produced at Paris, 1869. 
Eosslyn, Alexander Wedderburne, 1st 
Earl of, statesman, — b. in Scotland, 13 Feb. 
1 733 — goes to London, and enters Middle Tem- 
ple, 1753 — called to English bar, 1757— So- 
licitor-general, Jan. 177 1— Attorney-general, 
Jun. 1773— M.P. Oakhampton, 1774 — Privy- 
Councillor and Chief Justice of Common Pleas, 
Jun. 1 7 80 — created Lord Loughborough, 1 7 80 — 
First Commissioner of Great Seal, Apr. 1783 
— Lord Chancellor, 27 Jan. 1793 — retires, and 
is created Earl of Eosslyn, Apr. 1801 — tf. in 
Berkshire, 3 Jan. 1805. 

Eosslyn, James St Clair Erskine, 2nd Earl 
of, — b.,1762 — succeeds his father, SirH. Ers- 
kine, as Bart., 1863 — enters the army, 1778 — 
M.P., 1782 — marries, 1790 — as Lieutenant- 
colonel, serves at Toulon, 1793 — Colonel and 
aide-de-camp to George III., 1795 — Brigadier- 
general, serves in Portugal, Nov. 1796 to Dec. 
1797 — Major-general, 1 Jan. 1798 — present at 
reduction of Minorca, 1798 — Lieutenant-ge- 
neral, 1805 — succeeds his uncle in the peerage, 
3 Jan. 1805 — at siege of Copenhagen, 1807 — 
in Walcheren expedition, 1809 — General, Jun. 
18 14— K.G.C.B., 27 May 1820— Keeper of 
the Privy Seal, Jun. 1829 — Lord President of 
the Council, Dec. 1834 — tf. at Dysart House, 
Fifeshire, 18 Jan. 1837. 

Eost, Johann Christoph, poet, — b. at Leipsic, 
7 Apr. 17 17 — secretary and librarian to Count 
Briihl, at Dresden, 1744 — tf. there, 1765. 
Schufererzdhlungen, 1742 — Her Teufelan Herm 
G(ottsched,) 1754 — Vermischte Gedichte, 1769. 
Eostock, in Germany, — conquered and burnt 
by Waldemar I. of Denmark, 1161 — rebuilt by 
Pribislas, Prince of the Obotrites, about 1170 
— one of the Hanse Towns, 1218- 1630— seat 
of Lords of Rostock, under Danish supremacy, 
1237-1301 — passes to Mecklenburg, 1323. Uni- 
versity of, founded, 141 9 — transferred to 
Grcii'swald, 1737-43 — to Biitzow, 1760 — re- 
stored, 1789. 

Eostopchin, (Pastopchin,) Count Feodor 
Vasilevich, general, — ft. in Russia, 12 (23) 
Mar. 1765 a — Governor of Moscow, 29 May 
18 1 2 to 30 Aug. 1814 s — accompanies Emperor 
Alexander to Congress of Vienna, 18 14 — goes 
to Paris, 1817 — tf. at Moscow, 18 (30) Jan., a 
12 Feb. b 1826. La verite sur Vincendie de 
Moscou, 1823 — (Euvres, 1853. 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Conv.-Lex. 



Eosweyde, Heribert, hagiographer, — ft. at 
Utrecht, 22 Jan. 1569 — enters Order of Jesuits, 
1589 — tf. at Antwerp, 15 Oct. 1629. Fasti 
Sanctorum quorum Vitce in Belgio MSS. asser- 
vantur, 1607 — Vitce- Patrum, 1615-18 — Vin- 
dicia Kempenses, 161 7. 

Eoswitha. [Hroswitha.] 

Eota, Bernardino, poet, — b. at Naples, 1509 
— tf. there, 26 Dec. 1575. Piscatorie, 1560 — 
Sonetti, 1560. 

Eotary Furnace, — patented by "Walker, 
1853 — applied to puddling, 1865. 

Eotgans, Lucas, poet, — b. at Amsterdam, 
Oct. 1645 — serves in the army, 1672-74— tf. 
near Amsterdam, 3 Nov. 17 10. Poems, 17 15 

— Wilhem de F/erde, 1691. 
Eotharis. [See Lombards.] 

Eothe, Eichard, theologian, — b. at Posen, 
28 Jan. 1799 — goes to Heidelberg Univ., 18 17 
— to Berlin, 18 19— chaplain to Prussian em- 
bassy, at Rome, 1823-8 — Prof, at "Wittenberg, 
1828 — Prof, and Director, at Theological 
Seminary, Heidelberg, 1837 — removes to Bonn, 
1849 — returns to Heidelberg, 1854 — tf. there, 
20 Aug. 1867. Theologische Ethik, 1845-8 — 
Zur Bogmatik, 1863. 

Eotheram, (Scott,) Thomas, Abp of York, 
— b. at Rotheram, in Yorkshire, 24 Aug. 1423 a 

— enters King's Coll. Cambridge, 1444 — 
Keeper of the Privy Seal, and Bp of Roches- 
ter, 1468 — ambassador to France, 1469 — Bp 
of Lincoln, 8 Mar. 1472 — appointed Lord 
Chancellor, between 1 Feb. and 28 May 1474 a 
— Abp of York, 3 Sep. 1480 — dismissed by 
Gloucester, May 1483 — seized and imprisoned, 
Jun. 1483 — but liberated before 24 Jan. 1488 
— tf. at Cawood, 29 May 1500. a Foss. 

Eothesay, in Bute, — made royal burgh, by 
Robert III., 1400. Castle, built by Magnus, 
king of Norway, about 1098 — seized by Haco, 
king of Norway, 1263 — by Edward Baliol, 
1334 — by Earl of Lennox and the English, 
1544 — burnt by Duke of Argyle, 1685. 

Eothesay, David Stewart, Duke of, and 
Earl of Carrick, — b., about 1377 — created 
Duke by his father, Robert III., 28 Apr. 1398 a 
— Regent of Scotland, 27 Jan. 1398-9 — marries 
Elizabeth Douglas, 1398 — protects Edinburgh 
against Henry IV., 1400 — imprisoned in Falk- 
land Castle, and starved to death, 140 1 — Al- 
bany and Douglas examined respecting his 
death, in great council at Holyrood, and de- 
clared innocent, 16 May I402. a a Tytler. 

Eothschild, Meyer Anselm, banker, — b. at 
Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1743 — tf. there, Sep. 
1812. 

Eothschild, Nathan Meyer, — goes to Eng- 
land, 1800 — denizen by letters-patent, 1804 — 
Baron of Austrian Empire, 1822 — tf. at Frank- 
fort, 22 Jul. 1836 — buried in London, 8 Aug. 

Eotrou, Jean de, dramatist, — b. at Dreux, 
12 Aug. 1609 — tf. there, 27 Jul. 1650. Works, 
between 1631-50. 

Eotteck, Karl Wenceslaus Eodecker von, 
historian, — b. at Freiburg, (Baden,) 18 Jul. 
1775 — LL.D., 1797 — Prof. History at the 
Univ., 1798 — Prof. Politics and Law of 
Nations, 181 8 — member of first Chamber of 



ROTTENHAMER— EOTJSSILLON. 



1227 

. r 

31 May 1 868 — occupied by Germans, under 
Gen. Manteuffel, 5 Dec. 1870 — head-quarters 
of Gen. Fabrice, removed to Saint Denis, 13 
Apr. 1 87 1 — evacuated by Germans, 22 Jul. 
1871. Cathedral, rebuilt by Ingelramnus, 1212- 
80. Church of St Ouen, completed, 1339.° 
Councils of, held, 689 ; against simony, about 
1049 ; on discipline, 1055 ; 1073; on discipline, 
1074; to confirm decrees of Council oi Cler- 
mont, Feb. 1096 ; before Henry I. of England, 
respecting affairs of England and Normandy, 7 
Oct. or 5 Nov. n 18 ; against incontinence of 
priests, Nov. 11 19; on discipline, Oct. 11 28, 
and 11 Feb. 1190; to publish abridgment of 
canons of the Lateran, 27 Mar. 1223 ; on dis- 
cipline, 1231, 18 Jun. 1299, and 15 Dec. 1445. 
a Univers Pittoresque. b Crowe. c Fergusson. 

' Rouge et Noir,' (Trente-un, Trente et 
Quarante,) game of chance, — introduced in 
France, about 1789 — prohibited, 1838. 

Rougier de la Bergerie, Jean Baptiste, 
writer on Agriculture, — fc. in Limousin, 1757 
— member of municipality of Paris, 1789 — 
correspondent of Institute, 1796 — ft. at Paris, 
13 Sep. 1836. Histoire de V agriculture fran- 
caise, 1 8 15 — Cours complet d' 'agriculture fran- 
gaise, 1819-22 — Histoire de V Agriculture an- 
cienne des Momains, 1 834. 

Roulette, game of chance, — prohibited in 
France, 1838. 

Roullet, Jean Louis, engraver, — ft. at Aries, 
1645 — studies in Italy, 1673-83 — Associate of 
Academy, at Paris, 1698 — tr. at Paris, 1699. 

Roumania, — [Danubian Principalities] — 
principality constituted by union of Moldavia 
and Wallachia, 1861 — Prince Charles of Ho- 
henzollern elected Hospodar, 15 Apr. 1866 — 
recognized by the Porte, Jul. 1866 — massacre 
of Jews in, close of May 1870. 

Roundheads, — appellation of Puritans in 
England, comes into use, 1641. 

Roundway Down, near Devizes, — Prince 
Eupert defeats Sir W. "Waller at, 13 Jul. 1643. 

Rouse, John. [Ross.] 

Rousseau, Jacques, painter, — fi. at Paris, 
1630 — member of the Academy, 1662 — o". in 
London, 16 Dec. 1693. 

Rousseau, Jean Baptiste, poet, — b. at Paris, 
6 Apr. 1670 — admitted to Academy of Inscrip- 
tions, 1701 — banished from France, Apr. 17 12 
— visits England, 17 21 — fr. at Brussels, 17 Mar. 
1 741. (Euvres, 1743. 

Rousseau, Jean Jacques, miscellaneous 
writer, — b. at Geneva, 28 Jun. 17 12 — goes to 
Paris, 1 741 — secretary to embassy at Venice, 
1742 — meets Madame d'Epinay, 1748 — goes to 
live with her, 1756 — quits Paris, 1762 — in 
England, 1766 — returns to Paris, 1770 — U. near 
Chantilly, 1 Jul. 1778 — his remains removed 
to the Pantheon, Oct. 1794. Lettre sur la 
musique Frangaise, 1753 — Nouvelle Heloise, 
1760 — Fmile, 1762 — Contrat Social, 1762 — ■ 
Dictionnaire de Musique, 1767 — Confessions, 
1782. 

Rousselet, Gille, engraver,— fc. at Paris, 
i6i4, a i6io b — fc. there, Jul. 1686. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Roussillon, in France, {Comitatus Huscino- 



the States, 1819 — his lectures prohibited, Oct. 
1832 — U. at Freiburg, 26 Nov. 1840. Allge- 



Weltgeschich te, 1813-27 — Ideen iiber 
Landstdnde, 18 19 — Lehrbuch des Vernunft- 
rechts, 1829 — Kleinere Schriften, 1829-35. 

Rottenhamer, (Hothenamer,) Johann, paint- 
er, — h. at Munich, 1566^ 1564 bc —U. at Augs- 
burg, i6o4, a 1623.° 

a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Conv.-Lex. 

Rotterdam, in the Netherlands, — has rank 
of a city, 1272 — attacked by Archduke Maxi- 
milian, defended by Franz von Brederode, 
1480 — burnt, 1563 — taken and pillaged by 
Spaniards, 1573 — riots, suppressed by military, 
Nov. 1868. 

Roubillac, Louis Francois, sculptor, — n. at 
Lyons, about 1695 — goes to England, 1720 a ? 
about 1725^ before 1745° — tl. in London, 11 
Jan. 1762. Monument of John, Duke of 
Argyle, Westminster Abbey, about 1745? — 
Statue of Handel, Westminster, 1 760-1 — of 
Shakespeare, British Museum, 1758 — of Sir 
Isaac Newton, Cambridge, 1755. a Engl. Cyc. 
b Biog. Univ. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Roucher, Jean Antoine, poet, — 1). at Mont- 
pellier, 1745— guillotined at Paris, 7 Aug. 
1794. Les Mois, 1779. 

Rouelle, Guillaume Francois, chemist, — fc. 
near Caen, 1703 — if. at Passy, 3 Aug. 1770. 

Rouen, in Normandy, (Hotomagus,) — seat of 
bishopric, about 306 a — Charles the Great 
receives ambassadors of Emperor Michael at, 
812 a — pillaged and destroyed by Northmen, 
841 or 842 — capital of Duchy of Normandy, 
912 — repulses Emperor Otto, 946 b — besieged 
by Louis VII., Prince Henry of England, and 
Philip of Alsace, 22 Jul. 1174 — relieved by 
Henry II., 14 Aug. 1174 — unsuccessfully 
attacked by Philip Augustus, 11 93— besieged 
and taken by him, 1 Jun. 1204 — his fleet and 
army assemble at, for invasion of England, 
i2i3 b — obtains grant or confirmation of 
liberties from Philip the Hardy, 1278 — refuses 
aid to John II., 1356 — suburbs of, burnt by 
English, 1356 — insurrection against . tax- 
gatherers, 1382 — insurrection under Alain 
Blanchard, suppressed by the Dauphin, 141 7 — 
besieged by Henry V., Jul. 141 8 — surrenders, 
19 Jan. 1419 — Henry V. holds his Court at, 
1419 — Joan of Arc burnt at, 1431 — castle 
surprised by French, but immediately recovered, 
1432— recovered by Charles VII., 10 Nov. 
1449 b — castle given up to Duke of Bourbon 
for Duke of Berry, 1465 — entry of Charles, 
Duke of Normandy, Nov. 1465 — taken by 
Louis XL, Jan. 1466— declares for the Hu- 
guenots, Apr. 1562 — stormed by Anthony of 
Navarre, 26 Oct. 1562 — massacre of Protest- 
ants at, 1572 — castle surprised by Royalists, 
but retaken, 1590 — invested by Marshal de 
Biron, n Nov. 159 1 — relief of, attempted by 
Duke of Parma, who is defeated by Henry IV., 
Feb. 1592 — siege raised by Duke of Parma, 20 
Apr. — surrenders to Henry IV., 1593 — As- 
sembly of Notables at, 4 Nov. 1596 b — again, 
Dec. i6i7 b — occupied by Louis XIII. , 1620 — 
taken from Duke of Longueville, 1650 — 
visited by Napoleon III. and Empress Eugenie, 



;:S 



ROUSSILLON-ROYAL ACADEMY OF AETS. 



nensis or Boscilioncnsis,) — subject to Visigoths, 
462 — to Saracens, 720— conquered by Pepin 
the Short, 760 — forms a County, about 810 — 
hereditary County, about 915 — bequeathed to 
king- of Avagon, by Gerard, last Count, 4 Jul. 
1 172 — sovereignty of king of France renounced 
by Louis IX., 1258 — pledged to Louis XL by 
John II. of Aragon, 1462— seized by Louis 
XL, 147 1 — restored to Spain by Treaty of 
Narbonne, 1493 — taken possession of by France, 
1641-2 — ceded to France by Treaty of the Py- 
renees, 1659 — invaded by Spaniards, 1793 — 
recovered by French, 1794. 

Roussillon, Edict of, in French History, — 
against Huguenots, published by Charles IX., 
4 Aug. 1564. 

Routh, Martin Joseph, theologian, — b. near 
Beccles, Suffolk, 15 Sep. 1755— enters Queen's 
Coll. Oxford, 31 May 1770— Fellow of Magda- 
len Coll., Jul. 1776— M. A., Oct. 1776— Libra- 
rian to his Coll., 178 1 — Pres. Magdalen Coll., 
11 Apr. 1791 — marries, 1820 — ft. at Oxford, 22 
Dec. 1854. Reliquice Sacra, 1814-15 — edits 
Burnet's History of his own Times, 1823 — edits 
Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Opuscula, 1832-40. 

Roux, Maitre. [Rosso.] 

Rovere, Fr. della. [Sixtus IV., Pope.] 

Rovere, Giuliano della. [Julius II., Pope.] 

Roveredo, in Italy, — Napoleon I. defeats 
Austrians at, 3 and 4 Sep. 1796. 

Rovezzano, Benedetto da, sculptor, — ft. near 
Florence, about 1490 — comes to England, 1524 
— ft. at Florence, 1550. His monument of 
Gualberto destroyed, 1530. Begins Tomb for 
Wolsey, about 1524. 

Rovigo, Anne Jean Marie Rene Savary, 
Duke of, general, — h. in Champagne, 26 Apr. 
1774 — enters the army, about 1789 — serves in 
army of the Rhine, 1794-5 — aide-de-camp to 
Desaix, 1796 — to Napoleon, 1800 — General of 
Division, 1 Feb. 1805 — sent on secret missions 
to Emperor of Russia, 1805-6 — takes Hameln, 
20 Nov. 1806 — defeats Russians at Ostrolenka, 
16 Feb. 1807 — Grand Cordon of Legion of 
Honour, 1807 — distinguishes himself at Fried- 
land, 1807— Duke of Rovigo, Feb. 1808 — 
serves in Spain, 1808 — rejoins Napoleon at 
Erfurt, Oct. 1808 — accompanies Napoleon in 
campaign of Wagram, 1 809 — Minister of 
Police, Jun. 18 10 — Peer of France, 18 15 — 
Governor of Algeria, Dec. 1831 to Mar. 1833 — 
tf. at Paris, 2 Jun. 1833. 

Rowe, Elizabeth, miscellaneous writer, — b. 
at llchester, 11 Sep. 1674 — marries Thomas 
Rowe, 17 10 — left a widow, 17 15 — tf. at Frome, 
20 Feb. 1737. Friendship in Death, 1728 — 
Letters, 1729-33 — Devout Exercises, 1737. 

Rowe, Nicholas, poet, — b. in Bedfordshire, 
1673 — enters the Middle Temple, 1689 — poet 
laureate, 17 14 — ft., 6 Dec. 17 18. Ambitious 
Stepmother, 1698 — Tamerlane, 1703 — Fair 
Penitent, 1703 — Lady Jane Grey, 1715— edi- 
tion of Shakespeare, 1709 — translation of Lu- 
can's PharaaUa, 1728. 

Rowlands, Henry, antiquary, — tf., 1722. 
Mona A a a (//'n reatituta, 1723. 

Rowlandson, Thomas, artist, — b. in London, 
1 756— -studies at Royal Academy, about 1774 — 

n., 1827. 



Rowley, William, dramatist. A new 
Wonder, a woman never vext, 1532 — Match at 
Midnight, 1633 — Birth of Merlin, 1662. 

Rowley, Sir William, admiral, — Com- 
mander R. N., 17 16 — Vice-admiral, Jun. 1744 
— bombards several towns on Genoese coast, 
1745 — Admiral, Jul. 1747— Rear-admiral of 
Great Britain, 12 Jul. 1749 — Commissioner for 
office of Lord High Admiral, 1751 — K.B., 
1753 — Admiral of the Fleet, 1762 — ft., 1 Jan. 
1768. 

Roxana, — [B C] — married to Alexander, 327 
— murders Stateira and Drypetis, 323 — accom- 
panies Perdiccas into Egypt, 321 — removed to 
Macedonia, by Antipater, 320 — flees to JEacides 
of Epirus, 318 — taken by Cassander at Pydna, 
and put into custody, 316 — put to death, 311. 

Roxburgh, William, physician, botanist, — 
b. in Ayrshire, 29 Jun. 1759 — Superintendent 
of Botanic Garden, Calcutta, 1793-1814 — if. at 
Edinburgh, 10 Apr. 18 15. Flora Indica, 1832 
— Coromandel Flants, 1795-8. 

Roxburgh Castle, in Scotland, — royal resid- 
ence, by David I.., 11 32 — surrendered to Henry 
II. of England on release of William the Lion, 
Dec. 1 174 — given up by Richard I., 1189 — 
residence of Alexander III., Sep. 1255 — visited 
by Henry III. of England, 1255 — surrendered 
to Edward I., 6 Jun. 1291 — Court of King's 
Bench sits in, 1292 — captured by Bruce and 
Douglas, Mar. 1313' — demolished by Bruce, 
soon after: rebuilt by Edward III., 1334 — 
who spends Christmas at, 1335 — taken by Scots 
under Sir A. Ramsay, 1342 — retaken by Eng- 
lish, 1 346 — siege of, commenced by James II. 
of Scotland, and taken by Queen Mary, 1460 — 
again destroyed, 1460 — partly restored by Duke 
of Somerset, 1547 — given up to Scots, and de- 
molished, 1550. 

Roxburghe, John, Duke of, ' bibliophile^ 
— b. at Bristol, 1746 — ft. in London, 19 Mar. 
1804. 

Roxburghe Club, — founded in London, 1 8 1 2. 

Roy. [Rammohun Roy.] 

Roy, Antoine, Count, statesman, — b. at 
Savigny, 1764 — Advocate, 1785 — Minister of 
Finance, 7-27 Dec. 1818 — again, 19 Nov. 1819 
to 13 Dec. 1 82 1 — Peer of France, Dec. 1821 — 
again Minister, 4 Jan. 1828 — retires, 9 Aug. 
1829 — tf. at Paris, 4 Apr. 1847. 

Roy, Pierre Charles, dramatist, — b. at 
Paris, 1683 — ft. there, 23 Oct. 1764. (Euvres 
diver ses, 1727. 

Roy, William, major-general, — b. in Scot- 
land, 4 May 1726 — employed, on military 
survey and map of Scotland, 1746 — F.R.S., 
1767 — measures ' Hounslow Base' for Ord- 
nance Survey of Great Britain, 1784 — and 
receives Copley Medal of Royal Society, 1785 
— completes triangulation, Sep. 1788 — rj. in 
London, 1 Jul. 1790. Military Antiquities of 
the Romans in North Britain, 1793. 

Royal Academy of Arts, London, — founded, 
10 Sep. 1768 — class of Associates created, 1769 
— first exhibition in Somerset House, 178 1 — ■ 
occupies part of National Gallery, 1836 — class 
of Retired Academicians formed, 1862 — re- 
moved to Burlington House, 1 869. Commission 
on, appointed, 2 Feb. 1863. 



ROYAL DOMAIN— RUDBECK. 



1229 



Royal Domain, of France, — alienations of, 
revoked by Philip the Tall, 1318 — declared in- 
alienable by Charles IX., 1566 — distinction 
between domains of the Crown and of the 
State introduced by Constituent Assembly, 
1790. 

Royal George, — sinks at Spithead, 29 Aug. 
1782 — wreck surveyed with diving-bell, 23 
May 1817 — removed by Pasley, 1839-41. 

Royal Institution, London, — founded, 1 800. 

Royal Marriage Act. [Marriage.] 

Royal Society, of London, — founded, 28 
Nov. 1660 — incorporated by charter of Charles 
II., 22 Apr. 1663 — has apartments in Somerset 
House, 1782— method of admission revised, 
1848. Copley Medal, instituted by Sir God- 
frey Copley, 1709. Rumford Medal, by Count 
Rumford, 1796. Royal Medals, by George 
IV., 1 8 25. Philosophical Transactions, publica- 
tion of, commences, 6 Mar. 1665. 

Royal Society, of Edinburgh, — founded, 23 
Jun. 1783 — incorporated by royal charter, 

1783 

Royal Society of Literature, — established, 
1823 — chartered, 13 Sep. 1826. 

Royen, Adrian van, botanist, — b., 1705 — 
Director of Botanic Garden, Leyden, 1738 — ft., 
1779. Dissertatio botanico-medica inauguralis 
de anatome et ceconomia plantarum, 1728. 

Royer-Collard, Pierre Paul, statesman, 
philosopher, — b. near Vitry-le-Francois, 1763 
— Advocate to Parliament of Paris, 1789 — 
deputy to Council of Five Hundred, May to 
Jul. 1797 — Dean of Faculty of Letters, Prof. 
History of Modern Philosophy, 181 1 — Director 
of royal printing-press, Councillor of State, 
Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 18 14 to Mar. 
1815 — Councillor of State, Pres. Commission 
of Public Instruction, 1815 — member of Cham- 
ber of Deputies, 18 15— Vice-Pres., Jan. 18 16 
— admitted to French. Academy, 1827 — Pres. 
Chamber of Deputies, 1828 — ft. at Chateau- 
Vieux, 4 Sep. 1845. 

Roziere, Louis Francois Carlet, Marquis 
de la, general, — ft. in Ardennes, 1733 — enters 
the army, 1745 — at battle of Rosbach, 1757 — 
wounded at Sondershausen, 1758 — takes part 
An retreat of Minden, 1759 — distinguishes him- 
self at capture of Cassel, 1760— Chevalier of 
St Louis, 176 1 — leads assault on Cascade of 
Cassel, 1 76 1 — in England, 1763 — Commander 
at St Malo, 1770 — prepares plan of descent on 
England, 1778 — Marechal de Camp, 17 81 — 
serves under emigrant princes, 1792 — enters 
service of Portugal, 1797 — ft. at Lisbon, 7 Apr. 
1808. 

Rualt, Jean, {Rualdus,) classical scholar, — b. 
at Coutances, about i58o, a 1570 b — Prof. Belles 
Lettres, Coll. Royal, 1629 — ft. at Paris, 1636. 
Edition of Plutarch, 1624. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Rubens, Sir Peter Paul, painter, — b. at 
Siegen, in Westphalia, 29 Jun. 1577 — visits 
Italy, 1600 — ambassador from Duke of Mantua 
to Philip III. of Spain, 1605 — returns to Ant- 
werp, 1608 — court painter to Albert and Isa- 
bella, 1609 — marries, Oct. 1609 — visits Court 
of France, 1620 — loses his wife, 1626 — ambas- 
sador from Isabella to Philip III., 1628 — 



ambassador to England, 1629— Knt, by Charles 
I., 1630 — marries again, 1630 — envoy to Hol- 
land, 1633 — ft. at Antwerp, 30 May 1640. 
Elevation of the Cross, Antwerp, 16 10 — Decora- 
tions of the Luxembourg Palace, 1620-5 — 
Descent from the Cross, Antwerp, about 1610-15 
—Peace and War, National Gallery, before 
1630 — Horrors of War, Florence, 1637. 

Rubidium, metal, — discovered by Bunsen and 
Kirchhoff, i860. 

Rubini, Giambattista, singer, — ft. at 
Romano, near Bergamo, 1795— engaged at 
Naples, 1 8 15 — visits Paris, 1825 — Paris and 
London, annually, 1 831 -41— Director of Im- 
perial Music, St Petersburg, 1844-52— ft. at 
Bergamo, 3 Mar. 1854. 

Rubruquis, ( Willem de Ruysbroch,) traveller, 
— b. in Brabant, about 1230 ? — envoy from St 
Louis to Manchu, Khan of Tartary, 1253 — 
returns to Syria, 1256 — living, 1293. 

Rucellai, Bernardo, {Oriccellarius,) diplo- 
matist, $c, — ft, at Florence, 1449 — marries 
Nannina, sister of Lorenzo de' Medici, 1466 — 
Gonfalonier of Justice, 1480 — ambassador to 
Genoa, 1484 — to Naples, 1494 — to Charles 
VIII. of France, twice, between 1495-8 — ft. at 
Florence, 7 Oct. 15 14. De Bello Italico, 1724. 
Rucellai, Giovanni, litterateur, — ft. at Flo- 
rence, 1475 — ambassador to Venice, 1505 — 
recalled from exile with the Medici, 15 15 — 
receives visit of Leo X., Dec. 15 15 — Nuncio to 
France, soon after: Governor of St Angelo, 
1523 — ft. at Rome, 1525. Rosmunda, written, 
1515, published, 1525—LeApi, 1539. 

Ruchat, Abraham, theologian, historian, — 
b. in Berne, about 1780 — Prof. Belles Lettres, 
Lausanne, 1721 — Prof. Theology, 1733 — ft. at 
Lausanne, 1750. Les Delices de la Suisse, 17 14 
— DZistoire de la Reformation de la Suisse, 
1727. 

Ruckert, Friedrich, poet, — b. at Schwein- 
furt, 16 May 1788 — visits Rome, 18 18 — Prof. 
Oriental Literature, Erlangen, 1826 — called 
to same office, Berlin, 1841 — retires to Neuses, 
1849 — ft. there, 31 Jan. 1866. Gedichte, 18 14 
— Kranz der Zeit, 1 8 1 7 — Oestliche Rosen, 1822 
— translations of Hariri's Makamen, 1826, 
and of Nal and Damajanti, 1828 — Morgen- 
landische Sag en, 1837 — Rostem und Suhrab, 
1838 — Weisheit der Prahmanen, 1836-9 — 
Hamasa, 1846. 

Ruckert, Leopold Immanuel, theologian, — 
b. near Herrnhut, 1797 — enters Leipsic Univ., 
1 8 14 — ordained deacon, 18 19 — Subrector of 
Gymnasium, Zittau, 1825 — D.D. Copenhagen, 
i%>$6 — Conrector, Zittau, 1840 — Prof. The- 
ology, Jena, 1842 — ft., Apr. 187 1. Christliche 
Philosophic, 1825 — Commentare zur Rbmer- 
brief, 1 8 3 1 — Galaterbrief 1833 — Ep heser- 
brief, 1834 — Korintherbriefen, 1836-7 — The- 
ologie, 1851. 

Rudbeck, Olaus, anatomist, botanist, — b. in 
Sweden, 1630 — discovers lymphatic vessels, 
about 1649 — founds Botanic Garden at Upsala, 
x6^^ — Prof. Botany and Anatomy, 1658 — 
loses his MSS. at the fire of Upsala, Apr. 1702 
— ft. there, 7 Sep. 1702. Atlantica, 1675-98. 
Rudbeck, Olaus, — b. at Upsala, 15 Mar. 
1660 — M.D. Utrecht, 1690 — Prof. Botany and 



23° 



RUDDIMAN— RUFUS. 



Anatomy, 1693 — sent to visit Lapland, 1695 — 
loses his MSS. at fire of Upsala, Apr. 1702 — 
founds Society of Sciences there, 1720 — tf. at 
Upsala, 1740. Nova Samoland, 1701 — with 
his father, Campi Elysii, lib. I., 1702 — lib. II., 
1 701 — Reliquice Rudbeckiante, 1789. 

Ruddiman, Thomas, grammarian, — ft. in 
Scotland, Oct. 1674 — M.A. Aberdeen, 1694 — 
tf. at Edinburgh, 19 Jan. 1757. Rudiments of 
the Latin Tongue, 17 14 — edition of Buchanan, 
17 15 — of Livy, 1751 — Grammaticce Latince 
Institutions, 1725. 

Ruding, Rogers, numismatist, — ft. at Lei- 
cester, 9 Aug. 1 75 1 — M.A. Oxford, 1775 — 
Vicar of Maiden, in Surrey, 1793 — F.S.A., 
about 1793 — tf. at Maiden, 16 Feb. 1820. 
Annals of the Coinage of Great Britain and its 
dependencies, 18 17. 

Rudolph I. of Hapsburg, Emperor of the 
Romans, — b., 1 May 121 8— follows Frederick 
II. into Italy, 1237 — serves at siege of Faenza, 
1240 — succeeds his father, Albert the "Wise, 
1240— visits Frederick at Capua, 1242 — goes 
to Verona, 1245 — marries Gertrude of Hohen- 
berg, 1245 — fights for Frederick, 1248— chosen 
Protector of Cantons of T7ri, Unterwald, and 
Schwytz, 1256 — General of Canton of Zurich, 
1264 — defeats Confederates under Count von 
Tockenburg, 1265 — elected King of the 
Romans, 1 Oct. 1273 — crowned at Aix-la- 
Chapelle, 28 Oct. 1273 — comfirms Imperial 
donations to Holy See and obtains confirma- 
tion of his election by Gregory X., 1274 — 
meets Gregory at Lausanne, and takes the 
Cross, 18 Oct. 1275 — conquers Duchy of 
Austria, gives up the Roniagna to the pope, 127 8 
— defeats and kills Ottocar, king of Bohemia, 
26 Aug. 1278 — seizes Moravia and invades 
Bohemia, 1278 — loses his wife, 1281 — invests 
his son Albert with Duchy of Austria, 27 Dec. 
1282 — marries Elizabeth of Burgundy, 1284 — 
fails in attempt to get him elected King of the 
Romans, 1290 — tf. at Germersheim, 15 Jul., a 
30 Sep. b 1 29 1. a Pfeffel. b Zurlauben. 

Rudolph II., Emperor of the Romans, — 
h. at Vienna, 18 Jul. 1552 — brought up at 
Court of Madrid, 1564T70 — King of Hungary, 
1572 — King of Bohemia, 1575 — elected King 
of the Romans, at Ratisbon, 27 Oct. 1575 — 
crowned there, 1 Nov. — succeeds his father, 
Maximilian II., 12 Oct. 1576 — war with Turks 
renewed, 1579 — persecutes Protestants; con- 
cludes peace with Achmet I., 9 Nov. 1606 — 
resigns crown of Hungary to his brother 
Matthias, 27 Jun. 1608 — resigns Bohemia to 
him, 16 1 1 — tJ. at Prague, 20 Jan. 1612. 

Rudolph. [See Burgundy, Italy, Palatin- 
ate, Saxony.] 

Rudolph of Rhcinfcldcn, Duke of Suabia, 
— named successor of Otto III., by Empress 
Agnes, 1057 — marries her daughter Maud, 
1057— losi s hia wife, 1058 or 1060 — supports 
Gregory VII. against Henry IV., 1076 — 
I King of Germany, and crowned at 
M< ntz, 15 and 26 Mar. 1077 — his election con- 
firmed by the pope : defeats Henry at Melrich- 
stadt, 7 Aug. 1078— at Fladenheim, 27 Jan. 
10S0 — defeated by him and mortally wounded 



by Godfrey of Bouillon at Vfolksheim, 15 Oct. 
1080 — tf. at Merseburg, Oct. 1080. 

Rudolphine Tables, astronomical, — com- 
piled by Kepler, from observations of Tycho 
Brahe, by direction of Rudolph II., 1601-27. 

Rue, Gervais de la, antiquary, — fc. at Caen, 
7 Sep. 1 75 1 — while Prof, at College of Arts, 
refuses to recognize civil constitution of the 
clergy, and comes to England, 1792 — F.S.A. 
London, between 1792-97 — returns to France, 
1797 — Prof. History, Caen, 1808 — tf. near 
Caen, 24 Sep. 1835. Recherches sur les outrages 
des bardes de la Bretagne armorienne du moyen 
age, 18 15 — Essais historiques sur les bardes, 
les jongleurs et les trouveres normands et anglo- 
normands, 1834. 

Ruel, Treaty of. [Fronde.] 

Ruffec, in Poitou, — Council of, held, 21 Jan. 

i3 2 7- 

Ruffi, Antoine de, historian, — fi. at Mar- 
seilles, 1607 — Councillor of State, 1654 — tr. at 
Marseilles, 3 Apr. 1689. JSistoire de la ville 
de Marseille, 1642 — Histoire des Comtes de 
Provence, 1655. 

Ruffb, Dionisio Fabrizio, Cardinal, gen- 
eral, — b. in Calabria, 16 Sep. 1744 — Cardinal, 
21 Feb. 1794 — follows Ferdinand I. to Sicily, 
1798 — excites insurrection against French in 
Calabria, Feb. or Mar. 1799 — receives capitu- 
lation of French at Naples, Jun. 1799 — goes 
to France, 1809 — attends marriage of Napoleon 
I., 1 8 10 — rejoins Pius VII. at Rome, 18 14 — 
assists at election of Leo XII., 1823 — fr. at 
Naples, 13 Dec. 1827. 

Rufinus, — (1.) Consul with Ap. Claud. La- 
teranus, (950, a. u. c.) 197. (2.) Consul with 
Eusebius, (1100,) 347. (3.) Magister ofiici- 
orum, 390 — Consul with Arcadius, (1145.) 392 
— deposes and banishes Tatianus, and becomes 
praetorian praefect, 392 — assassinated, 27 Nov. 

395- 

Rufinus, A. Junius, — Consul with C. Brut- 
tius Praesens, (906, a. v. c.) 153. 

Rufinus, L. Cuspius, — Consul with L. Sta- 
tius Quadratus, (895, a. u. c.) 142. 

Rufinus, M. Antonius,— Consul with Ser. 
Octavius Laenas Pontianus, (884, a. u. c.) 131. 

Rufinus, P. Cornelius, — [B C]— Consul with 
Dentatus, (463, a. u. c.) 294 — with C. Junius 
Brutus, (477,) 277. 

Rufinus, T. Vinius, — Consul with Galba, 
(822, a. u. c.) 69. 

Rufinus, Triarius, — Consul with M' Acilius 
Faustinus, (963, a. u. c.) 210. 

Rufinus, Vettius, — Consul with Acilius 
Severus, (1076, a. u. c.) 323. 

Rufinus Tyrannius, (Toranus,) theologian, 
— fc., about 345 — baptized, 371-2 — accompanies 
Jerome to the East, 371 — at Alexandria, 372 — 
in Palestine, 377-397 — quarrels with Jerome, 
393 — reconciled, 397 — returns to Italy, autumn 
397 — at Rome, translates one of Origen's 
works, 398 — returns to Aquileia, 399 — cited to 
Rome by Pope Anastasius, about 402 — Xf. in 
Sicily, soou after 410. Translation of Euse- 
bius, 408 ? 

Rufus, — (1.) Consul with Mamertinus, 
(935, a. tj. c.) 182. (2.) Consul with Constan- 



RUFUS— RUNCIMAN. 



1231 



tinus, (1210,) 457. (3.) Consul -with Anas- 
tasius, (1245,) 492. 

Rufus, C. Ceecilius, — Consul with L. Pom- 
ponius Flaceus, (770, a. u. c.) 17. 

Rufus, C. Julius, — Consul with L. Fonteius 
Capito, (820, a. u. c.) 67. 

Rufus, C. Musonius, Stoic philosopher, — ft., 
about 14 — banished by Nero, 66. 

Rufus, Julianus, — Consul with Orfitus, (931, 
a. l\ c.) 178. 

Rufus, L. Minucius, — Consulwitih. Domitian, 
(841, a. u. c.) 88. 

Rufus, L. Passienus, — [BC] — Consul with 
C. Calvisius, (750, a. u. c.) 4. 

Rufus, L. Virginius, — Consul with C. Mem- 
mius Regulus, (816, a. u. c.) 63 — again Consul, 
defeats Yindex in Germany, (811,) 68 — accused 
of conspiracy against Vitellius, 69 — Consul III., 
with Nerva, (850,) 97— ft., 97. 

Rufus, M. Cselius,— [B Cj— ft., 28 May 82 
— accompanies Pompeius Rufus to Africa, 61 
— accuses C. Antonius, 59 — accuses Sempro- 
nius Atratinus, 57 and 56 — accused of vis and 
defended by Cicero, 56 — trib. pleb., 52 — cor- 
responds with Cicero, 51 — curule aedile, 50 — 
joins Caesar, and accompanies him into Spain, 
49 — praetor, 48 — expelled for his revolutionary 
laws and killed. 

Rufus, M. Minucius, — [BC]— (1.) Consul 
with P. Corn. Scipio Asina, (533, a. tj. c.) 221. 
(2.) Consul with Sp. Postumias Albinus, (644, 
a. u. c.) 1 to — proconsul in Thrace, war against 
Scordisci and Triballi, 109. 

Rufus, Q. Minucius, — [BC] — Consul with 
C. Corn. Cethegus, (557, a. tj. c.) 197. 

Rufus, Q. Petilius, — Consul II, with Do- 
mitian, (836, a. u. c.) 83. 

Rufus, Ser. Sulpicius,— [BC] — Consul with 
M. Claudius Marcellus, (703, a. tj. c.) 51. 

Rufus, T. Annius Luscus, — [B C]— Consul 
with Cn. Octavius, (626, a. tj. c.) 128. 

Rufus Ephesius, physician, — fl., about 105- 
110. 

Rufus Mamercinus, P. Pinarius, — [B C] — 
Consul with C. Julius lulus, (265, a. tj. c.) 
489. 

Rugby, in Warwickshire. Grammar School, 
founded by Lawrence Sheriff, 1567. 

Riigen, island in the Baltic, — attacked by 
"Waldemar I. of Denmark, n 64 — subdued and 
made tributary to him, 11 68 — on death of last 
native prince, united with Pomerania, 1325,* 
1478 b — passes to Sweden at Peace of West- 
phalia, 1648 — ceded to Sweden by Frederick 
III., by Treaty of Copenhagen, 6 Jun. 1660 — 
conquered by Christian V. of Denmark, about 
1677 — restored to Sweden by Treaty of St 
Germain-en-Laye, 1679 — conquered by Danes 
and Prussians, 17 Nov. 17 15 — restored by 
Peace of Stockholm, 1721 — ceded to Prussia by 
Sweden, 1815. 

a Conv.-Lex. b Rees' Cyc. 

Rugendas, GeorgPhilipp,^'??^;-, engraver, 
— b. at Augsburg, 27 Nov. 1666 — visits Italy, 
1692-5 — present at siege of Augsburg, 1703 — 
Director of Academy, 17 10 — ft. at Augsburg, 
10 Aug. 1742. 

Ruhnken, David, philologist, — ft. at Stolpe, 



in Pomerania, 2 Jan. 1723— studies at Witten- 
berg, 1 741— at Leyden, 1743— visits Paris, 
1 7 55— assistant Prof. Greek with Hemsterhuys, 
Leyden, 1757— Prof. Eloquence and History, 
1 76 1— Librarian to Univ., 1774— ft. at Leyden, 
14 May 1798^ 1797^ Opuscula oratoria, 
philologica, §c, 1797. 

a Engl. Cyc. *> Conv.-Lex. 

Ruinart, Thierry, martyrologist, — ft. at 
Rheims, 10 Jun. 1657— enters Benedictine 
Order, 1674— ft. at Abbey of Hautvilliers, 17 
Sep. 1709. Acta Primorum Martyrum, 1689 
—edits Works of Gregory of Tours, 1699. 

Ruisch, Frederic, anatomist, — b. at the 
Hague, 23 Mar. 1638— M.D. Leyden, 1664— 
Prof. Anatomy, Amsterdam, 1665— member of 
French Academy of Sciences, 1727 — ft. at Am- 
sterdam, 22 Feb. 1731. Thesaurus Anatomi- 
cus, 1701-15 — Opera, 1721. 

Ruisch, Rachel, painter, — ft. at Amsterdam, 
1664 — painter to Elector Palatine, 1708 — ft. 
at Amsterdam, 1750. 

Ruiz, Juan, ' Archpriest of Sita,' satirist, 
— ft, 1330-43. 

Rullianus, Q. Fabius,— [B c]— Consul with 
C. Marcius Rutilus, (444, a. tj. c.) 310. 

Rullus, P. Servilius, — [BC] — trib. pleb., 10 
Dec. 64, and 63 — introduces agrarian law, 
opposed by Cicero. 

Rumford, Benjamin Thomson, Count, 
natural philosopher, — ft. at Woburn, Massachu- 
setts, 28 Mar. 1752 — marries, 1772 — carries to 
England news of evacuation of Boston, 1776 — 
F.R.S., 1778— Under-secretary of State, 1780- 
82 — enters service of king of Bavaria, 1783 — 
Knt, 1784 — created Count Rumford, 1790 — 
suppresses beggary in Bavaria, 1790 — assists 
in founding Royal Institution, 1799 — settles at 
Paris, 1802 — marries Mme Lavoisier, 1804 — 
ft. near Paris, 21 Aug. 1814. Essays, 1798- 
1802 — Medal. [See Royal Society.] 

Rumoffski, Stephen de, mathematician, 
astronomer, §c.,— ft. in Russia, 29 Oct. 1734 — 
studies at St Petersburg, 1748 — studies at 
Berlin, 1755 — titular Prof. Mathematics, St 
Petersburg, 1757 — observes in Siberia transit 
of Venus, 1761 — Imperial astronomer, 1765 — 
ft., 25 Sep. 1815. 

Rumohr, Karl Friedrich Ludwig Felix von, 
writer on Art, — ft. near Dresden, 6 Jan. 1785 
— visits Italy, 1804-5, 1815, 1828, 1837 — ft. at 
Dresden, 25 Jul. 1843. Italicnische Forschung- 
en, 1827-31 — Kovcllen, 1832-5 — Zur Ges- 
chichte unci Theorie der Formschneidekunst, 

1837. 

Rumoridus, — Consul -with Theodosius, (1156, 
a. tj. c.) 403. 

Rump, The, — designation applied to remains 
of parliament of England, after Pride's Targe, 
6 Dec. 1648 — dissolved by Cromwell, 20 Apr. 

1653- 
Rumpf, George Everhard, (HzmpMus,) 

botanist, — b. in Germany, 1626 — goes to East 
Indies, about 1654 — ft. at Amboyna, 1693. 
Herbarium Amboincnse, 1741-55. 

Runciman, Alexander, painter, — b. at 
Edinburgh, 1736— visits Italy, 1766 — Director 
of Academy of Arts, Edinburgh, 177 1 — visits 



I2 3 2 



RUNES— RUSSIA. 



London, 1772— r;. at Edinburgh, 21 Oct.. 1785. 
Runes, Runic Writing,— mentioned by Ye- 
nantius Fortunatus, about 580-90— disused in 
Sweden, 1001 (?) — condemned by Council of 
Toledo, 1 1 15— prohibited by Alfonso of Cas- 
tillo, 1 1 36. 

Runjeet Singh, Maharajah op the Pun- 
jab, (King of Lahore,) — ft., 2 Nov. 1780,* 
1782 b — assumes the government, 1797 — takes 
possession of Lahore, 1799— conquers the Pun- 
jab and proclaims himself Rajah, 1 8 1 2 — acquires 
Attock, 18 13— storms Multan, 18 17— annexes 
Cashmere, 18 19, and assumes title of Mahara- 
jah: conquers Peshawur from Afghans, 1822 
— his army defeated by Afghans, 1836— tf., 27 
Jun. 1839. 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. and Engl. Cyc. b Biog. TJniv. 
Runnymede. [See Magna Charta.] 
Rupee, Indian silver coin, — first issued by 
Shir Khan, 1540. 

Rupert, Count Palatine and Emperor 
of the Romans, — ft., 1352 — marries Eliza- 
beth of Niirnberg, 1374 — succeeds his father as 
Elector Palatine, 1398 — elected Emperor on 
deposition of "Wenceslaus, 24 Aug. 1400 — 
crowned at Cologne, 6 Jan. 1401 — appoints 
his son Louis Vicar of the Empire and marches 
into Italy, 1401 — defeated by general of Ga- 
leazzo Yisconti, near lake of Garda, 17 Oct. 
1401 — returns to Germany, about May 1402— 
league formed against him, 1404 — declares 
himself Protector of Gregory XII., 1409 — new 
league against him, 141 o — ft. at Oppenheim, 
18 May 141 o. 

Rupert, Prince, (Prince Robert of Bavaria,) 
— ft., 16 19 — surrenders his sword to Hatz- 
feld, 1637 — enters service of Charles I., Sep. 
1642 — loses "Worcester to Essex, and takes part 
in battle of Edge Hill, Oct. 1642 — surprises 
Parliamentarians at Chalgrove, Jun. 1643 — 
takes Bristol, 25 Jul. 1643 — fights at New- 
bury, Sep. — E.G., Duke of Cumberland, Jan. 
1644 — relieves Lathom House, May 1644 — 
defeated by Cromwell at Marston Moor, 2 Jul. 
1644 — distinguishes himself at Naseby, 14 Jun. 
1645 — surrenders Bristol to Fairfax, n Sep. 
1645 — dismissed by Charles I., Sep. — Com- 
mander of royal fleet, 1648 — his squadron de- 
stroyed by Blake, at Malaga, Jan. 1651 — Privy 
Councillor, by Charles II., 1660 — commands 
under Duke of York against Dutch, 1665 — as 
Joint-commander of fleet with Duke of Albe- 
marle, engages Dutch fleet in the Downs, 1-4 
Jun. 1666 — defeats them off North Foreland, 25 
Jul. — promoter and first Governor of Hudson's 
Bay Company, 1670 — again takes command of 
fleet, 1673 — rj. in London, 29 Nov. 1682. 

Rupilius, P., — [BC]- Consul with P. Po- 
pillius Lamas, (622, a. u. c.) 132 — Servile war 
in Sicily: proconsul, pacifies Sicily, 131. 

Rupprecht, Friedrich Carl, painter, en- 
graver, architect, — ft. in Bavaria, 1779 — tj. at 
Bamberg, 25 Oct. 1831. 

Ruremond, (Rocrmond,) in Belgium, — walled 
by Count Otto III. of Guelderland, 1290 — 
seat of a bishopric, 1562 — taken by William I., 
Prince of Orange, 1572 — by Prince Frederick 
Hairy, 1632 — by Spaniards, 1637 — burnt, 
1665— surrenders to Marlborough, 7 Oct. 1702 



— taken by Prince Charles "William of Bruns- 
wick, 27 Jun. 1758 — by French, 1792 — re- 
taken by Duke Frederick of Bruns wick- els, 6 
Mar. 1793 — Gen. Jourdan defeats Austrians 
under Clerfait at, 2 Oct. 1794. 
Ruric. [See Russia.] 
Rush, Benjamin, physician, — ft. near Phila- 
delphia, U. S., 24 Dec. 1745 — graduates at 
Princeton Coll., 1760 — studies at Edinburgh, 
1767-9 — M.D., 1769 — Prof. Chemistry, Phila- 
delphia, 1769 — marries, 1776 — member of the 
Congress, 1776 — Prof. Theory and Practice of 
Physic, 1789 — Prof. Institutes of Medicine and 
Clinical Practice, 1791 — Treasurer of TJ. S. 
Mint, 1799-1813 — &., 19 Apr. 1813. Medical 
Inquiries and Observations, 17 89-1 804 — Essays, 
1798 — Diseases of the Mind, 1812. 

Rushworth, John, — ft. in Northumberland, 
about 1607 — assistant clerk to House of Com- 
mons, 1640 — secretary to Fairfax, 1645 — M.A. 
Oxford, 1649— M. P. Berwick, Jan. 1658 — 
secretary to Lord Keeper Bridgeman, 1677 — 
imprisoned for debt, 1684— rj. in King's Bench 
prison, 12 May 1690. Historical Collections 
of Private Passages of State, 1 659-1701. 

Russell, Alexander, physician, ^-c.,— physi- 
cian to English factory at Aleppo, 1740-54 — 
physician to St Thomas's Hospital, London, 
1758 — rj. in London, 25 Nov. 1768. Natural 
History of Aleppo, 1754. 

Russell, Edward. [Orford, Earl of.] 
Russell, Lady Rachel, — ft., 1636 — marries 
Lord "William Russell, 1669 — attends him at 
his trial, Jul. 1683 — rj. at Southampton House, 
29 Sep. 1723. Letters, 1773. 

Russell, Michael, Bp of Glasgow and 
Galloway, — ft. at Edinburgh, 178 1 — M.A. 
Glasgow, 1806 — appointed to St James's 
Chapel, Leith, 1808— LL.D. Glasgow, 1820— 
Bp of Glasgow and Galloway, 1837 — D.C.L. 
Oxford, 1837 — if. at Edinburgh, 2 Apr. 1848. 
Connection of Sacred and Profane History, 
1827-37. 

Russell, Patrick, physician, — ft. in Scot- 
land, 1726 — physician to English factory at 
Aleppo, 1754— rj. in England, 2 Jul. 1805. 
Treatise on the Plague, 1791 — Notice on the 
Serpents of India, 1796. 

Russell, William, historian, — ft. in Scotland, 
1 741 — goes to London, May 1767 — marries, 
1787 — LL.D. St Andrew's, 1792 — ij., 25 Dec. 
1793. History of Modem Europe, 1779-84. 

Russell, Lord William, statesman, — ft., Sep. 
1639— M. P. Tavistock, 1660 — marries Rachel 
Wriothesly, 1669 — Privy Councillor, 1679 — ■ 
presents Duke of York as a recusant, Jun. 1680 
— promotes Exclusion Bill, 1680 — tried for 
bigh treason, at the Old Bailey, 13 Jul., and 
beheaded in Line. Inn Fields, 21 Jul. 1683. 

Russell Institution, literary and scientific, 
— established in London, 1808. 

Russia, (Muscovy,) Russian Empire, — first 
dynasty of princes founded by Ruric, at Novo- 
gorod, 862 — he suppresses revolt, 865— If., 879 
— succeeded by his son Igor under regency of 
Oleg, who conquers Kief, 883 — attacks Con- 
stantinople and compels Leo VI. to make 
peace, 904 — again imposes articles of peace on 
Greek Emperor, 912 — ft., 913 — revolts of 



RUSSIAN AMEEICA— RUTHIN CASTLE. 



33 



dependent tribes ; Igor invades the Empire, 941 

— again threatens it, 944 — killed by the 
Drevlians, 945 — his son Sviatoslaf succeeds, 
945 — Jaropolk I., (son,) 973 — Vladimir I., 
(son,) 980 — introduction of Christianity, 988 — 
Sviatopolk I., (nephew,) 1015 — Jaroslaf I., 
1019 — Isiaslaf L, (son,) 1055 — Vsevolod I., 
(brother,) 1078 — Michael Sviatopolk II., 
(nephew,) 1093 — Vladimir II., (son of Vsevo- 
lod,) 1 1 13 — Mstislaf, (son,) 1 1 25 — Jaropolk 
II., (brother,) n 32 — Viatcheslaf, (brother,) 
1 140 — deposed and succeeded by Vsevolod II., 
1 140 — Igor II., (brother,) 1147 — defeated and 
succeeded by Isiaslaf II., 1147 — Juri, 
{George}) 1149 — Isiaslaf restored, 1150 — Ros- 
tislaf, (brother,) n 54 — defeated and deposed 
by Isiaslaf III., 1154 — Juki again, 1154 — 
rj., 1157. 

Second Dynasty : Grand Princes of Yolo- 
dimir, — Andrew I., (son of Juri,) 1157 — on 
his assassination, 1170, period of anarchy: 
Michael, (son of Juri,) 1175 — Vsevolod III., 
(brother,) 1177 — Juri II., (son,) 1212 — Jaros- 
laf II., (brother,) 1237 — tributary to the 
Golden Horde, 1239 — Sviatoslaf, (brother,) 
1247 — Alexander I., Newskt, (brother,) 1251 

— Jaroslaf III., (brother,) 1264 — Vassili, 
(brother,) 1272 — rebellion of his nephew De- 
metrius suppressed by aid of Tatars: tf., 1276 
— Demetrius I., {Dmitri,) (nephew,) 1276 — 
carries on war with his brother Andrew : rj., 
1294 — Andrew III., (brother,) 1294 — 
Michael II., (son of Jaroslaf,) 1304 — opposed 
by George, Prince of Moscow : put to death by 
Uzbeks, 1320 — Juri III., 1320 — deprived and 
succeeded by Demetrius II., 1323 — kills Juri 
and is deposed, 1324 — put to death, 1326 — 
Alexander II., (brother,) 1324 — expelled and 
succeeded by Ivan I., 1328 — Simeon, (son,) 
1 341— Ivan II., (brother,) 1353— "»., 1359 — 
Demetrius III. Donsej, opposed by Deme- 
trius IV., 1360 — becomes sole ruler, 1380 — 
carries on war with Tatars : r/., 1389 — [Krem- 
lin]— Vassili II., (son,) 1389— Vassili III., 
(son,) 1425 — Ivan III., (sou,) 1462 — final ex- 
pulsion of Tatars, 148 1 — Vassili IV., (son,) 
1505 — Ivan IV., (son,) Jirst Czar, 1538 — 
Feodor I., (son,) 1584 — Boris Godunof, 
usurper, 1598 — Demetrius, pretender, 1605 
— Vassili Shuiski, 1606 — interregnum and 
anarchy on his deposition, 16 10. 

Third Dynasty : House of Romanoff, — 
Michael III. Romanoff, Feb. 161 3 — Alexis, 
(son,) 1645 — Feodor II., (son,) 1676 — Ivan V. 
and Peter I., (sons,) 1682 — Peter alone, first 
Emperor, 1689 — Catherine I., 1725 — Peter II., 
1727 — Anne, 1730— Ivan VI., 1740 — Eliza- 
beth, 1741 — Peter III., 1762 — Catherine II., 
1762— Paul I., 1796 — Alexander L, 1801 — 
Nicholas, 1825— Alexander II., 1855 — mil- 
lennial Jubilee of foundation of Empire, cele- 
brated at Novogorod, Sep. 1862. 

Russian America, — ceded to United States 
by treaty of 13 Mar. 1867, ratified by Senate 
of U. S., 9 Apr. — formal transfer of, made at 
New Archangel, 8 Oct. 

Russian Church, — completely separated from 
Church of Rome, about 1480-90— remains 



subject to Patriarch of Constantinople : Pa- 
triarchate of Moscow erected by Jeremias, 
Patriarch of Constantinople, 1588 — subordina- 
tion to Constantinople disclaimed by Nikon, 
1652-7 — the Patriarchate left vacant on death 
of Adrian, 1700— abolished by Peter I., 1721, 
and the Holy Synod established. 

Russian Laws, — code compiled by order of 
Ivan III., 1497— revised and completed {Su- 
debnik) by order of Ivan IV., 1550— new code 
compiled {Ulogenie) by order of Alexis, 1649 
— additional collections of laws and ordinances 
{ukases) published by order of Nicholas, 
1827-30 and 1832-3 — the Svod Zakonow {cor- 
pus juris) extracted and published, 1826-33 — 
Criminal and Military Codes, 1845 — Com- 
mercial Code, 1 85 1 — reforms in administration 
effected by decrees of 29 Sep. (u Oct.) 1862 
and 20 Nov. (2 Dec.) 1864. 

Russo-American Company, — formed under 
letters-patent, by George Shelikoff, 1799. 

Rustchuk, in Turkey, — battles between 
Turks and Russians near, 1773, 1774, and 1790 
— besieged, twice stormed, capitulates to Rus- 
sians, 27 Sep. 18 10— Ahmed Aga defeats Rus- 
sians near, 4 Jul. 18 n — evacuated by them, 26 
Jul. 181 1 — dismantled in pursuance of Peace 
of Adrianople, 1829 — again fortified, 1853. 

Rusticus, — (1.) Consul v^ith. Hadrian, (872, 
a. u. c.) 119 — (2.) Consul with Fl. i\nicius 
Olybrius, (1217,) 464- (3.) CohmJ with Vitali- 
anus, (1273,) 520. 

Rusticus, Q. Junius, — Consul with C. 
Vettius Aquilinus, (915, a. u. c.) 162. 

Ruth, — [BC] — married to Boaz, 1307^ 
a Bib. Cliron. and Ussher. 

Ruthenium, metal, — discovered in platinum 
ores by Clauss, 1845. 

Rutherford, Daniel, physician, — h. at 
Edinburgh, Nov. 1749 — discovers azote, 1772 
—Prof. Botany, 1786— rj., 5 Nov. 1819. De 
aere mephitico, 1772. 

Rutherford, Samuel, theologian, — rj. in 
Scotland, about 1600 — M.A. Edinburgh, 1621 
— marries, 1625 — minister of Anwoth, 1627 — 
deprived by High Commission Court of Gal- 
loway, 1630— returns to Anwoth, Feb. 1638 
— delegate to General Assembly, Nov. 1638 
— Prof. Divinity, New Coll. St Andrews, Oct. 
1639 — commissioner to Westminster Assembly, 
1643 — Principal of New Coll. St Andrews, Jan. 
^49 — Rector of Univ., 1649 — deprived of his 
offices, 1660 — r/., 20 Mar. 1661. Due Right of 
Presbytery, \d\\—Lex Rex, 1644, ordered to 
be burnt by Committee of Estates at Edinburgh, 
1660 — Divine Right of Church Government, 
1646 — Free Disputation against pretended 
Liberty of Conscience, 1649. 

Rutherforth, Thomas, theologian, §c, — fc, 
in Cambridgeshire, 13 Oct. 17 12— enters St 
John's Coll. Cambridge, about 1725— M. A., 
1733 — F.R.S., 1742 — Regius Prof. Divinity, 
Cambridge, and D.D., 1745— &., 5 Oct. 177*1. 
System of Natural Philosophy, 1748 — Institutes 
of Natural Law, 1754-6. 

Ruthin Castle, in Wales,— given by Edward 
I. to Reginald de Grey, 1281— captured, and 
the town burnt, by Owen Glendower, 1400 — 



1234 



RUTHVEN— SAAD-ED-DIN. 



garrisoned for Charles I., 1642— taken for 
Parliament by Gen. Mytton, Apr. 1646— dis- 
mantled by order of Parliament, soon after. 

Kuthven, Patrick, Earl of Forth and 
Brextford, general, — b., probably between 
1570-80 — serves as Colonel under Gustavus 
Adolpbus at siege of Eiga, 1621—as^ Major- 
general, distinguishes himself at Leipsic, 163 1 
— Governor of Ulm, 163 1— Governor of Edin- 
burgh Castle, for Charles I., Jun. 1639— Lieu- 
tenant-general, and created Lord Ettrick : de- 
fends the Castle against Lesley, Jun. 1640— 
surrenders it, Sep. — serves in Royal army at 
Edgehill, 1642— General-in-chief, defeats Par- 
liamentary forces at Brentford, Nov.— with 
Charles I. at Oxford, and takes part in sieges of 
Bristol and Gloucester, and first battle of New- 
bury, 1643— defeated by Waller, 1644 — created 
Earl of Brentford, defeats Waller at Cropredy 
Bridge, 29 Jun. — wounded at Newbury, 27 
Oct. — excepted from pardon by Articles of 
Westminster, Jul. 1646 — rj. near Dundee, 1651. 

Ruthven, Eaid of, — seizure of James YI. of 
Scotland by Alexander Ruthven, Earl of 
Gowrie, and other nobles, who compel him to 
dismiss Arran and Lenox, Aug. 1582. / 

Rutilius Numatianus, Claudius, poet, — 
praefectus urbi, about 413-4. 

Rutilius Rufus, P.,— [B C]— trib. mil. in 
Nuniantine War, 134-133 — praetor, 1 1 1 — Consul 
with Cn. Manlius Maximus, (649, a. u. c.) 
105 — legatus to Mucins Scaevola, in Asia, 95 — 
accused of malversation and banished, 92 — 
living at Smyrna, about 80. 

Rutilius, Sp. Nautius,— [B C]— (1.) Consul 
with Sex. Furius Fusus, (266, a. tj.c.)488— (2.) 
Consul with M. Popillius Laenas, (438,) 316. 

Rutilus, A. Verginius Tricost, — [B C] — 
Consul with Sp. Servilius Structus, (278, 
a. u. c.) 476. 

Rutilus, C. Marcius, — [BC] — Consul with 
Cn. Manlius Capitolinus, (397, a. u. c.) 357 — 
takes Privernum : first Plebeian Dictator, 
defeats Etruscans, 356 — Consul with P. Vale- 
rius Publicola, (402,) 352 — first-Plebeian Censor, 
351 — Consulwith. T. Manlhis Torquatus, (410,) 
344 — Consul with Q. Servilius Ahala, (412,) 342. 

Rutilus, C. Nautius — [B C]— (1.) Consul 
with P. Valerius Publicola, (279, a. u. c.) 475 
— with L. Minucius Augurinus, (296,) 458. 
(2.) Consul with M. Papirius Mugillanus, (343,) 
411. (3.) Consul with M. Claudius Marcellus, 
(467,) 287. 

Rutilus, T. Verginius Tricost., — [BC] — 
Consul with K. Fabius Vibulanus, (275, a.u. c.) 

479- 

Rutland, Charles, 4th Duke of, — h., 15 
Mar. 1754 — marries Mary, daughter of Duke 



of Beaufort, 1775 — Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 
1784 — tr., 24 Oct. 1787. 

Rutland, Edmund, Earl of, — b. at Rouen, 
17 May 1443 — captured and killed by Lord 
Clifford, at Wakefield, 31 Dec. 1460 — his re- 
mains interred at Fotheringhay, Jul. 1466. 

Rutland, Edward, Earl of. [York, Duke 
of.] 

Ruysdael, (Buysdaal,) Jacob, painter, — b. at 
Haarlem, about 1625, 1630, or 1635 — ft. at 
Amsterdam, 16 Nov. 1681. 

Ruyter, Michael Adrianszoon van, admiral, 
— 6. at Flushing, 24 Mar. 1607 — Captain in 
the navy, 1635 — Rear-admiral, 1645 — sinks 
Algerine squadron off Sallee, 1647 — engages 
English fleet off Plymouth, 1652 — defeated by 
Blake, 1653 — defeats Swedish fleet, 1659 — 
defeated by English, Jul. 1665 — destroys 
shipping at Sheerness, Jun. 1667 — commands 
against English, 1671 — defeated by French in 
Mediterranean, 1675 — fr. at Syracuse, 29 Apr. 
1676. 

Rycaut. [Ricaut.] 

Ryder, Dudley. [Harrowby, Eael of.] 

Rye, in Sussex, — the Danes land at, 893 — 
fortification of, authorized by charter of 
Richard I., 1194 — plundered and burnt by 
French, 1377 — receives Huguenot refugees, 
1572 — construction of new harbour commenced, 
1750 — abandoned, 1778. 

Ryehouse Plot, — for insurrection in favour 
of Duke of Monmouth and to assassinate 
Charles II., discovered, middle of Jun. 1683 — 
Lord William Russell and others executed, 
Jul. 1683. 

Ryland, William Wynne, engraver, — b. in 
London, 1729 or 1732 — executed for forgery 
at Tyburn, 29 Aug. 1783. 

Rymer, Thomas, editor of the ' Fcedera,' — b. 
at Northallerton, 1638 or 1639,* about 1650 b 
— enters Gray's Inn, 1666 — historiographer 
royal, 23 Dec. 1692 — tf. in London, 14 Dec. 
1713. Fcedera, $c, 1703-35. 

a Engl Cyc. b Biog. Univ.' 

Rysbrack, John Michael, sculptor, — b. at 
Antwerp, 24 Jun. 1693 — studies under Van der 
Voorst, 1706-12 — comes to London, 1720 — tf., 
8 Jan. 1770. Monument to Sir I. Newton, 
Westminster Abbey, 17 31 — Monument to Duke 
and Duchess of Marlborough, Blenheim, 1733 — 
Equestrian Statue of William III., Bristol, 
1733 — Statue of Locke, Oxford, 1757. 

Rysbrack, {Bysbraeck, Bysbrechts,) Peter, 
painter, — b. at Antwerp, 1657 — -Director of 
Academy, 1713 — fr. at Antwerp, 17 16. 

Ryswick, in Holland,— Treaty of, between 
France, England, Spain, and Holland, signed, 
20 Sep. 1697 — accession of Emperor to, 30 Oct. 



Sa de Miranda. [Miranda.] 
Saad-Ed-Din, {Khqja Saad-Ed-Din Mo- 
hammed Effendi,) historian, — b., 1536 — tutor 



to Murad, son of Selim II., 1573 — military 
judge and historiographer, Dec. 1574 — attends 
Mohammed in Hungarian campaign, 1596 — 



SAAD 1BN ABU WAKKAS— SABLE. 



™35 



Mar. 1598 — b\ at Constantinople, (1008, 
2 Oct. 1.599. 



mufti, 

A. H.) 

Saad Ibn Abu Wakkas, military commander, 
— recognizes Mohammed as prophet, about 610 
— goes to Medina, (1, a. h.) 622 — takes part 
in expedition against Koreishites, (2,) 623 — de- 
feats Persians near the Euphrates, (15,) 636 — 
at Jalula, 637 — takes Nahr-Schyr, 637 — 
founds Kufah, (17,) 638— takes Madain, (18,) 
639 — one of the six commissioners for electing 
successor to Caliph Omar, (24,) 644 — tf., {55,) 

6 75- 

Saadi, (Sadi,) (Sheikh Moslih Ed-din 
Saadi Alshirazi,) poet, — b. at Shiraz, about 
ii75, a 1190^ 1184° — ft., (690, a. h.) 11 Dec. 
1291^ (691,) I296. d a D'Herbelot. b Sacy. 
c Nouv. Biog. Gen. d Biog. Univ. 

Saarbriick, in Frussia, — head of a County 
held by House of Nassau- Saarbriick, 1381- 
1793 — annexed to France, 1801 — assigned to 
Prussia, 18 15 — attacked by French, 31 Jul. 
1870 — battle of, between French and Germans, 
2 Aug. — reoccupied by Germans, 6 Aug. 
Saardam. [See Peter the Great.] 
Saarlouis, in Prussia, — fortress built by 
Vauban, 1680 — assured to France by Treaty of 
Ryswick, 1697 — unsuccessfully besieged by 
allies, 1705 — ceded to allies by Treaty of Paris, 
and assigned to Prussia, 20 Nov. 1815. 
Saavedra. [Cervantes.] 
Saavedra y Faxardo, Diego, Count de, 
diplomatist, §c, — b. in Algezares, 1584 — goes 
to Rome as secretary to Cardinal Gaspare de 
Borgia, 1606 — employed in diplomatic negotia- 
tions in Italy, Switzerland, and Germany, 1606- 
36 — at Diet of Batisbon, 1636 — Joint-plenipo- 
tentiary of Philip IV. at Congress of Munster, 
1643 — tf. at Madrid, 24 Aug. 1648. Idea de 
tin principe politico-christiano, 1640 — Inicio 
de artes y ciencias, 1655 — Eepublica Liter aria, 
1670. 

Saba, (Sabas,) theologian, — b., 439 — visits 
Jerusalem, 457 — with Euthymius, 473 — founds 
Magna Laura, 483-4 — presbyter, 491-2 — sent 
with others to Anastasius, 5 1 2 — visits Elias and 
publishes the recognition of Council of Chalce- 
don, 518 — visits Constantinople about remission 
of taxes in Palestine, 529-30 — b\, Dec. 532.* 
a Clinton. 
Sabatier, Antoine, (Subatier de Castres,) 
— b. at Castres, 1742 — ft. at Paris, 15 Jun. 
18 17. Les trots Siecles de la Litter -attire 
Francais, 1779 — Correspondance litter aire, 1782 
— Siecles Faiens, 1784. 

Sabatier, (Sabbathier,) Pierre, Benedictine, 
— b. at Poitiers, 1682 — enters the Order, 1700 
— tJ. at Rheims, 24 Mar. 1742. Bibliorum Sa- 
crorum latince versiones antiques, 1743. 

Sabatini, Francisco, architect, — b. at Paler- 
mo, 1722 — settles at Madrid, 1759 — &• there, 
19 Dec. 1798. 

Sabbagee, in Gambia, — the Mandingoes re- 
pulse British troops sent to arrest a slave-dealer, 
16 Jul. 1855 — taken and razed by British and 
French troops, 17 Jul. 

Sabbatarians, (Seventh Fay Baptists?) — 
congregation of, formed in London, 1676. 

Sabbatini, Andrea, (Andrea da Salerno,) 
painter, — b. at Salerno, about 1480 — goes to 



Borne to study under Raphael, about 1509-10,* 
i505» b 15 1 2 c — tf. at Naples, about 1545. 
a Biog. Catalogue. b Biog. Univ. 

c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 
Sabbatini, (Sabadini,) Lorenzo, (Lorenzino 
da Bologna or Lorenzino di Tiziano,) painter, 
— b. at Bologna, about 1530— assists Vasari at 
Florence, 1566 — superintendent of decorations 
of the Vatican, 1575 — tr. at Rome, 1577. 
Sabellians. [Sabellius.] 
Sabellicus, {Marcus Antonius Cocceius,) his- 
torian,— -b. near Rome, 1436— Prof. Eloquence, 
Udine, about 1475 — at Venice, 1484— ft. at 
Venice, 18 Apr. 1508^ i5o6. b Ftistoria Rerum 
Venetarum, 1487. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Sabellius, heresiarch, — fi., about 252-3. 
Sabina, Poppeea, — becomes Nero's mistress, 
58 — contrives death of Agrippina, 59 — married 
to Nero, 62, and contrives Octavia's death : 
killed, 65. 

Sabines, — [B C] — receive jus suffragii from 
Rome, 268. 

Sabinianus, — unsuccessfully revolts in 
Africa, 240. 

Sabinianus, Bp of Rome, — succeeds Gre- 
gory the Great, i, a 13 b Sep. 604— tf., 22 Feb. 
6o6. b a Fleuri. b Pagi. 

Sabinianus, M. Rufinus, — Consul with C. 
Julius Severus, (908, a. u. c.) 155. 

Sabinillus, — Consul with Gallienus, (1019, 
a. u. c.) 266. 

Sabinus, {George Schiller,) poet, — b. in 
Brandenburg, 23 Apr. 1508 — studies under 
Melanchthon at "Wittenberg, 1523-33 — visits 
Italy, 1533 — Prof. Belles Lettres, Frankfort-on- 
the-Oder, 1538 — Rector of Konigsberg Univ., 
1544 — enters service of Joachim, Elector of 
Brandenburg, 1555 — ft. at Frankfort, 2 Dec. 
1560. Sabini Carmina, 1563. 

Sabinus, — Consul with Messalla, (967, a.u.c.) 
214 — with Anulius, (969,) 2i6. a a Zumpt. 
Sabinus, Aulus, poet, — fl., about 15. 
Sabinus, C, Atius, — Consul (II.) with Corn. 
Anallinus, (969, a. u. c.) 2i6. a a Clinton. 

Sabinus, C. Calvisius,— [BC]— (1.) Legatus 
to Caesar, 48 — Governor of Africa, 45 — Consul 
with L. Marcius Censorinus, (715, a. u. c.) 39 
— commands fleet of Octavianus, 38 — [AD] — 
(2.) Consul with Cn. Corn. Lentulus, (779,) 26. 
Sabinus, C. Poppseus, — Consul with Q,. 
Sulpicius Camerinus, (762, a. v. c.) 9 — Go- 
vernor of Mcesia, n -35 — it., 35. 

Sabinus, Flavius,— (I.) serves under Plau- 
tius in Britain, 45 — Governor of Moesia, 7 
years, between 45-54 — prsefectus urbi, by Nero, 
57-68 — again, by Otho, 69 — takes refuge in the 
Capitol, which " is burnt, and himself killed, 
Dec. 69. (2.) T., Consul with Domitian, (835, 

A. TJ. C.) 82. 

Sabinus, \ Massurius, jurist, — fl., about 

Sabinus, M. Caelius, jurist, — Consul, 69. a 
a Smith's Diet. 

Sabinus, Oppius, (Ap. Junius, 3 -) — Corcs?^ with 
Domitian, (837, A. u. c.) 84. a Zumpt. 

Sable, in France, — besieged and taken by 
Henry IV., 1589 — occupied by Germans, 25 
Jan. 1 87 1. Treaty of, between Charles VIII. 



1236 



'SACADAS— SADLER. 



of France and Francis II., Duke of Bretagne, 
signed, 21 Aug. 1488. 

Sacadas, musician, — [BC] — gains prize at 
Pythia, 586, 582, 57 8,a (01. 47, 3; 48, 3 ; 49, 
3.) 590, 586, 5 8 2 , b (01. 47, 3 ; 49, 3 ; 50, 3,) 
590, 582, 578.C 

a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. c Miiller. 

Saccas. [Ammonius Saccas.] 

Sacchetti, Franco, poet, novelist, — ft. at 
Florence, about 1335— member of Council of 
Eight, 1383 — tf., probably between 1400-10. 
Xovelle, 1724 — Battaglia delle Vecchi e delle 
Tanciulle, 15 19. 

Sacchetti, Giambattista, architect, — called 
to Madrid, 1736 — tf. there, 3 Dec. 1764. 
Palace at Madrid, begun, about 1755. 

Sacchi, Andrea, painter, — ft. at Eome, 1598 
— tf., 1 66 1. Miracle of St Gregory, St Peter's, 
1624. . 

Sacchini, Antonio Maria Gaspare, musical 
composer, — u. at Naples, i735, a at Puzzuoli, 
23 Jul. i734, b 1727 c — called to Rome, 1762 — 
tf. at Paris, 7 Oct. 1786 — visits England, 1772 
— Paris, 1781. a Xouy. Biog. Gen. 

b Fetis. c Bees' Cyc. 

Sacheverell, Henry, theologian, — 6. in 
'Wiltshire, about 1672 — M.A. Oxford, 1696 — 
preacher at St Saviour's, Southwark, 1705 — 
D.D., 1708— impeached by Commons for two 
sermons, 15 Dec. 1709 — tried, 27 Feh. to 23 
Mar. 1 7 1 o — suspended from preaching, 1 7 1 o- 1 3 
— rector of St Andrew's, Holborn, 17 13 — tf., 5 
Jun. 1724. 

Sachs, Hans. [Hans Sachs.] 

Sachtleven. [Zachtleven.] 

Sackville, Charles and Thomas. [Dorset, 
Paris 0/.] 

Sackville, George, Viscount,— h., 26 Jan. 
1 7 1 6 — serves at Dettingen, 1743 — at Fontenoy , 
1 745 — Secretary for Ireland, 175 1 — Lieutenant- 
general, 1758 — commands under Prince Fer- 
dinand of Brunswick at Minden, and disobeys 
orders, 1 Aug. 1759 — deprived of his military 
employments, 1759 — tried by Court Martial 
and cashiered, 26 Jan., a Feb., b 3 Apr. c 1760 — 
M.P. Hythe, 1761— M.P. East Grinstead, 1768 
— restored to Privy Council, 1766 — assumes 
name of Germaine, 1770 — fights a duel with 
Governor Johnstone, 177 1 — Secretary of State 
for the Colonies, Oct. 1775 — resigns and is 
created Yi?count, Feb. 1782 — 0., 26 Apr., a 26 
Aug. c 1785. 

a Georgian Era. b Mahon. c Engl. Cyc. 

Sacrament. [Test Act and Transsubstanti- 
ation.] 

Sacrament, Holy, Festival of the, — origin- 
ated at Liege, 1246 — observance of, ordained 
by Urban IV., 1264 — and by Council of Yienne, 
1311. 

Saciamento, in California, — settlement on 
pite of, 1839 — fort built, 1841 — town com- 
menced, Jan. 1849 — burnt, 3 Nov. 1852 — 
becomes State capital, 25 Feb. 1854 — again 
burnt, Jul. 1854. 

Sacred Heart of Jesus, Feast of the, — ap- 
proved by Clement XII., 1732 and 1736 — and 
by Clement XIII., 1765. 

Sacred War. [Cirrhaean War and Phocian 
War.J 



Sacrifices, — [B C] — human, prohibited by 
Roman Senate, (657, a. u. c.) 97 — [AD] — 
pagan, prohibited by Theodosius, 381. 

Sacrilege, in England, — benefit of clergy 
allowed to persons convicted of, by 25 Edw. 
III. st. 3, c. 4, 1350-2 — refused bv Acts 23 
Hen. VIII. c. 1, 1531 ; 1 Edw. VI. c. 12, 
1547, and 5 and 6 Edw. VI. c. 10, 1552 — de- 
clared capital felony by Act 8 Geo. IV. c. 29, 
s. 10, 21 Jun. 1827 — punishment of death for, 
abolished by Act 5 and 6 Wm IV. c. 81, 10 
Sep. 1835 — penalties further regulated by Acts 
6 Wm IV. c. 4, 18 Mar. 1836, and 7 Wm IV. 
and 1 Vic. c. 90, s. 5, 17 Jul. 1837 — l as * two 
Acts repealed by 24 and 25 Vic. c. 95, 6 Aug. 
1 86 1 — new provisions by 24 and 25 Vic. c. 96, 
s. 50, 6 Aug. 1 86 1. 

Sacrobosco, Johannes de, mathematician, — 
studies at Paris, 1221 — tf. there, 1256. Pe 
Sphxera Mundi, 1472. 

Sacrovir, Julius, — heads revolt of JEdui, 21. 

Sacy, Antoine Isaac Sylvestre, Barox de, 
Orientalist, — fc. at Paris, 21 Sep. 1758 — As- 
sociate of Academy of Inscriptions, 1785 — 
Prof. Arabic, 1795 — member of Institute, 1796 
— Prof. Persian, Coll. de France, 1806— mem- 
ber of Legislative Body, 1808-14 — °f Chamber 
of Deputies, 1814 — Peer of France, 1832 — 
Keeper of Oriental MSS. in Royal Library, 
and perpetual Secretary to Academy of In- 
scriptions, 1832 — tf. at Paris, 21 Feb. 1838. 
Memoir es sur diverses antiquites de la Perse et 
sur les me'dailles des rots de la dynastie des Sas- 
sanides, 1793 — Principes degrammaire generate, 
1799 — Chrestomathie Arabe,i%o6 — Grammaire 
Arabe, 18 10. 

Sacy, Louis de, litterateur, — ft. at Paris, 
1654 — received at French Academy, 1701 — tf. 
at Paris, 26 Oct. 1727. Lettres de Pline le 
Jeune, 1699-1701 — TraiU de VAmitie, 1703 — 
Traite de la Gloire, 17 15. 

Sacy, Louis Isaac, {Le Maistre,) Port- 
Royalist, — h. at Paris, 161 3 — Director of Port- 
Royal, 1650 — is prosecuted and leaves Port- 
Royal, 1661 — discovered and sent to the Bas- 
tille, 13 May 1666 — liberated, 31 Oct. 1668 — ■ 
again driven from Port-Royal, 1679 — tf., 4 
Jan. 1684. Translation of Keio Testament, 
1667 — of Bible, 1672 et seq. — of Pmitatio 
Christ i, 1662. 

Sadeel, {Chaudieu,) Antoine la Eoche de, 
theologian, — ft. in the Maqonnais, 1534 — tf., 
Feb. 1591. (Euvres, 1592. 

Sadeler, Gilles, engraver, — ft. at Antwerp, 
1570 — fo. at Prague, 1629. 

Sadeler, Hans, engraver,— ft. at Brussels, 
about 1550 — tf. at Venice, 16 10. 

Sadeler, Raphael, engraver, — ft. at Brussels, 
about 1555 — tf. at Venice, 1616. 

Sadi. [Saadi.] 

Sadler, Michael Thomas, politician, phil- 
anthropist, — ft. at Snelstone, in Derbyshire, 
Jan. 1780 — M.P. Newark, 1829 — tf. near Bel- 
fast, 29 Jul. 1835. Ireland, 1829 — Law of 
Popidation, 1830. 

Sadler, (Sadlier,) Sir Ralph, diplomatist, — 
ft. at Hackney, Middlesex, 1507 — employed by 
Henry VIII. in the dissolution of the monas- 
teries, 1535-7— ambassador to Scotland, 1537, 



SADLEES' COMPANY— SAINTE-BEUVE. 



1237 



1540, and 1541 — returns to England, Dec.1543 
—Knight-banneret at battle of Pinkie, 10 Sep. 
1547 — Privy Councillor, 1547 — Privy Coun- 
cillor to Queen Elizabeth, 1558 — ambassador 
to Scotland, 1558 — one of the commissioners 
at Conference of York, 1568 — envoy to James 
VI. of Scotland, about 1586 — fr. at Standon, 
Hertfordshire, 30 Mar. 1587. Letters and 
Negotiations of Sir B. Sadler, 1720. 

Sadiers' Company, of London, — formed, be- 
fore 1 1 90 — incorporated,. 1272. 

Sadoleto, Jacopo, Cardinal, — ft. at Mo- 
dena, 14 Jul. 1477 — secretary to Leo X., 15 13- 
21 — Bp of Carpentras, 1517 — secretary to Cle- 
ment VII., 1523 — quits Borne, May 1527 — 
recalled to Eome by Paul III., 1536 — Car- 
dinal, 22 Dec. 1536 — follows the pope to Nice, 
1538 — legate to Francis I., 1542 — resigns his 
see, 1544 — lj. at Rome, 18 Oct. 1547. Opera, 
1607. 

Sadowa, (or Koniggrdtz,) in Bohemia, — 
Austrians under Benedek routed by Prussians 
under King William I. at, 3 Jul. 1866. 

Ssecular Games, — [B C] — instituted at 
Eome, under the title Tarentine or Taurian : 
name changed to Saccular, by Augustus, 17 — 
[AD] — last celebration, 248. 

Saecularis, Corn., — Consul with Donatus, 
(1013, a. u. c.) 260. 

Ssemund hum Froda, Sigfusson, Icelandic 
poet and historian, — "&., 1135. 

Safety Lamp, — invented by Davy, 18 16 — 
perfected, 1859. 

Sagarelli, Gerard, founder of Apostolic 
Brethren, — preaches in Parma, about 1266- 
86 — banished, 1286 — condemned and burnt 
by Inquisition, 1300.- 

Sage, Alain Rene Le. [Le Sage.] 

Sage, Balthasar George, chemist, — ft. at 
Paris, 1740 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 
1770 — Director of School of Mines, 1783 — 
blind, 1805 — tf. member of Institute, 1824. 
Elements de inine'ralogie docimastique, ITJ2 — 
Expose sommaire des principales decouvertes 
faites dans Vespace de 50 annees, 1813. 

Sagredo, Giovanni, historian, — fj. at Venice, 
about 1616 — ambassador to England, 1650 — to 
France, 1656 — to Emperor, 1665 — elected 
Doge, but renounces the dignity, 1676 — Pro- 
veditor-general of Levant Seas, 1691. Me- 
morie Istoriche de Monarchi Ottomani, 1677. 

Sagredo, Niccola, Doge op Venice, — suc- 
ceeds Domenico Contareno, 6 Feb. 1675 — Jr., 
15 Aug. 1676. _ 

Saguntum, in Spain, — [B C] — besieged and 
taken by Hannibal, 219. [Punic War, 
seco)td.~\ 

Sahagun, Bernardino de, historian, — mis- 
sionary to Mexico, 1529 — tf. there, 1590. 
Historia Universal de JVueva Espana, 1829. 

Ssiha,ra,,AfricanBesert, — explored by Browne, 
1793 — by Hornemann, about 1801 — by Lyon, 
1 819 — by Clapperton and Oudney, 1822-4 — 
by Laing, 1825 — by Caillie, 1827. [Africa.] 

Saigon, in Cochin China, — five forts at, 
captured by France and Spain, 24 Feb. 1861. 

Saint-Aignan. Francois de Beauvillier, 
Count and Duke of, general, — 6., 30 Oct. 
1610 — wounded at siege of Dole, 1636 — dis- 



tinguishes himself at retaking of Corbie, 1636 
— at siege of Landrecies, 1637 — imprisoned in 
the Bastille, 1639-40 — Lieutenant-general, 
serves in War of the Fronde, 1649-50 — 
wounded at siege of Chateau-Porcien, 1653 — 
Duke, Dec. 1663 — ft., 16 Jun. 1687. 

Saint-Aignan, Faul de Beauvillier, Duke 
of, — ft. at St Aignan, 24 Oct. 1648 — envoy to 
England, Dec. 167 1 — Brigadier of armies of 
the King, 1677 — Duke de Beauvillier, 1679 — 
Pres. Council of Finance, Nov. 1685 — Cheva- 
lier of Orders of the King, Dec. 1688 — Go- 
vernor of Duke of Burgundy, 1689 — Minister 
of State, 1 69 1 — defends Fenelon, 1697 — 
Grandee of Spain, 1701 — Counsellor to the 
Dauphin, (Louis XV.,) 17 11 — r/., 31 Aug. 
1714. 

Saint-Aignan, Paul Hippolyte de Beauvil- 
lier, Duke of, — fc. at Paris, 1684 — enters the 
army, 1706 — taken prisoner at Oudenarde, 
1708 — wounded at Malplaquet, 1709 — ambas- 
sador to Spain, 17 16-19 — member of Council 
of Eegency, 17 19 — admitted to French 
Academy, 1727 — ambassador extraord. to 
Eome, 17 3 1 — honorary member of Academy 
of Inscriptions, 1732 — envoy to Naples, 1741 
— rj., 22 Jan. 1776. 

Saint-Andre, Jacques D'Albon, Marechal 
de, 1547 — commands army of Champagne, 
1552 — takes Marienburg, 1554 — ruins Cateau 
Cambresis, 1555 — retreat of Quesnoi, taken 
prisoner at St Quentin, 1557 — negotiates 
Peace of Cateau Cambresis, 1559 — joins party 
of Duke of Guise, 156 1 — killed at battle of 
Dreux, 1562. 

Saint-Arnaud, Jacques Achille Leroy de, 
Marshal of France, — ft. at Paris, 20 Aug. 
1801 — enters the army, 19 Dec. 1816 — be- 
comes an actor, about 1821 — reenters the 
army, 22 Feb. 1831 — takes part in suppressing 
insurrection in La Vendee, and has charge of 
Duchess of Berri, at Blaye, 1832 — sent to Al- 
geria, 1836 — distinguishes himself at siege 
of Constantine, 1837 — member of Legion 
of Honour, 1837 — distinguishes himself in 
African campaigns, 1837-51 — Commander of 
Constantina, 1850 — conquers the Kabyles, 
1 85 1 — General of Division, 10 Jul. 1851 — 
Minister of War, 26 Oct. 1851 — takes part in 
Coup d'Etat, 2 Dec. 1851 — Senator, 1852 — 
Marshal, 2 Dec. 1852— Commander-in-chief 
of French army in the Crimean War, 1854 — 
distinguishes himself at the Alma, Sep. 1854 
— fr. at sea, 29 Sep. 1854. 

St Bees' College, Cumberland,-— established 
by Bp Law, 1816. 

Sainte-Beuve, Charles Augustin, poet, his- 
torian, critic, — fc. at Boulogne, 23 Dec. 1804 
— goes to Paris, 1822 — Keeper of Mazarine 
Library, 1840 — received at French Academy, 
27 Feb. 1845 — Prof. Latin Poetry, Coll. de 
France, 1852 — Senator, 28 Apr. 1865— tf. at 
Paris, 13 Oct. 1869. Tableau historique et 
critique de la Boe'sie Francaise, 1828 — Vie, 
Boesies et Bense'es de J. Belorme, 1829 — Con- 
solations, 1830 — Bense'es d'Aoid, 1837 — Vo- 
lupte, 1834 — FCistoire du Bort-Royal, 1840-60 
— Chateaubriand, i860 — Causeries du Fundi, 
1851-62 — Nouveaux Lundis, 1863-7. 



1238 



ST CHRISTOPHER'S— SAINT-JUST. 



St Christopher's. [Christopher's, St.] 

Saint-Cloud, in France,— burnt by English, 
1 358 — again by Armagnacs, 141 1. Palace, built, 
1572 — bought by Louis XIV. for Duke of 
Orleans, 1658— by Louis XVI. for Marie An- 
toinette, 1782— head-quarters of Schwarzen- 
berg and Blucher, 18 14 and 18 15 — shelled 
and burnt by the French, 13 Oct. 1870. 

Sainte-Croix, Guillaunie Emmanuel Joseph 
Guilheni de Clermont-Lodeve, Baron de, — 
b., 5 Jan. 1746 — serves in the army, 1761-70 — 
admitted to .Academy of Inscriptions, 1777 — 
member of Institute, 1803 — "&. at Paris, 11 
Mar. 1809. Examen critique des historiens 
d' Alexandre le Grand, 1775 — Memoire pour 
servir d Vhistoire de la religion secrete des 
anciens peuples, §c, 1784. 

Saint-Cyr, School of, — founded by Louis 
XIV., 1686 — converted into military hospital, 
1793 — military school of Fontainebieau trans- 
ferred to, by Napoleon I., 1806. 

Saint-Cyr, Laurent Gouvion, Marquis de, 
Marshal and Peer of France, — b. at 
Toul, i3, a 16 b Apr. 1764 — studies painting 
at Eome, 1782-3 — enters the arnry, 1 Sep. 
1792 — General of Division, 3 Jun. 1794 — 
Commander-in-chief of army of Rome, 1798 — 
Councillor of State, Jun. 1 800 — Grand Officer 
of Legion of Honour, 1805 — defeats and cap- 
tures Prince de Rohan and his corps, at Castel- 
Franco, 23, a 24 b Nov. 1805 — Governor of 
"Warsaw, 1807 — serves in Spain, 1807 — defeats 
Castro, and takes Barcelona, Dec. 1808 — de- 
feats Spaniards at Molino del Rey, 21 Dec. 
1808 — again, at Vals, 25 Feb. 1809 — fails at 
siege of Gerona and is dismissed, 1809 — rein- 
stated, 181 1 — defeats Wittgenstein at Polotsk, 
18 Aug. 1 812 — Marshal, Aug. 1812 — distin- 
guishes himself at Dresden, 181 3 — capitulates 
and is taken prisoner by allies, 1 1 Nov. 1 8 1 3 
— liberated and made Peer of France by Louis 
XVIII., 1 8 14— Minister of War, 8 Jul. 18 15 
— Grand Cross of St Louis, 18 17— again Min- 
ister of War, 12 Sep. 18 17 — retires, 19 Nov. 
i8i8, a 1819b— ft. at Hieres, io, a i7, b i 2 c 
Mar. 1830. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

b Conv.-Lex. c Biog. Univ. 

Saint-Cyran, Jean Duvergier de Hau- 
ranne, Abbe de, theologian, — b. at Bayonne, 
158 1 — Abbe of St Cyran, 1620 — imprisoned 
at Vincennes, 1638-42 — tf. at Paris, 11 Oct. 
1643. Pet r us Aurelius, 1631. 

Saint-Denis, in France, — chapel of, built, 240? 
250 ?— converted into Oratory, by Chilperic, 
one of his sons interred there, 580 a — church 
erected by Dagobert L, about 630, 11 613,2 636 d 
— burial-place of French kings from Dagobert 
I., 6 3 8— church improved by Abbe Suger, 1 130- 
44— enlarged by St Louis and his successors, 
1250-80 — taken by Orleanists, 1411 — by the 
English, 141 2 and 1435— battle of, death of 
Constable Montmorenci, 10 Nov. 1567 — abbey 
suppressed, 1792 — monuments demolished by 
decree of National Convention, 3 1 Jul., e 3 Aug./ 
6 Aug. d 1793— tombs plundered by order of the 
mmritipality of Paris, Oct. 1793— restorations 
begun by Napoleon I., 1806— completed by Louis 
Philippe, 1 846— the town occupied by Germans, 



19 Sep. 1870 to Mar. 187 1 — reoccupied, 20 
Mar. 1 87 1 — evacuated, 18 Jun. [Franco-Ger- 
man War.] Chronicles of, (Grandes Chro- 
niques de France,) published, 1476. a Le Bas. 
b Bouillet. c Conv.-Lex. d Encyc. d. Gens du 
Monde. e Engl. Cyc. f Alison. 

Saint -Etienne, in France, — Socialist dis- 
turbances at, 25-26 Mar. 1871. 

St George, Chevalier de. [Stuart, James 
F. E.] 

Saint-Germain, Count de, adventurer, — 
accompanies Marshal Belle-Isle to France, 
about i74o, a i77o b — tf. at S chles wig, 1784, c 
I795. d a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Conv.-Lex. 

c Some authorities. d Others. 

Saint-Germain, Claude Louis, Count de, 
general, statesman, — b. near Loas-le-Saulnier, 
15 Apr. 1707 — Lieutenant-general, 1748 — 
serves in Hungary against the Turks, 1758 — 
takes part in battle of Rosbach, 1757 — distin- 
guishes himself at Crevelt, 1758— at Mindeh, 
1759 — Commander-in-chief of Danish army, 
1762 — returns to France, 1768 — receives Cross 
of St Louis, and is appointed Minister of War, 
Oct. 1775 — resigns, Sep. 1777 — if. at Paris, 15 
Jan. 1778. 

Saint-Germain-en-Laye, in France, — Cha- 
teau built by Louis le Gros, about n 10-20 — 
sacked by English, 1346, 1419, and 1438 — Cha- 
teau rebuilt by Francis I., 1547 — declines on re- 
moval of Court to Versailles, 1672 — residence 
of James II. of England, 1689 — occupied by 
Germans, 19 Sep. 1870. Treaty of, between 
Louis XIII. and Duke of Lorraine, concluded, 

29 Mar. 1 641. 

Saint-Hilaire, Auguste de, {Augustin Fran- 
cois Cesar Prouvensal de,) botanist, — b. at Or- 
leans, 4 Oct. 1799 — travels in S. America, 
1816-22 — in provinces of Bio Janeiro and 
Minas Geraes, 1830 — in Diamond Districts, 
1833 — titular member of Paris Academy of 
Sciences, 8 Mar. 1830 — tf. at Orleans, 30 Sep. 
1853. Flora Brasilice Meridionalis, 1825-32. 
Saint-Hilaire. [GeofFroy Saint-Hilaire.] 
St John, Henry. [Bolingbroke, Viscount.] 
St John, Oliver, Chief Justice op Com- 
mon Pleas, — b., about 1598 — enters Queen's 
Coll. Cambridge, 16 Aug. 16 15 — enters Lin- 
coln's Inn, 22 Apr. 1619 — called to the bar, 22 
Jun. 1626 — marries, about 1629 — prosecuted in 
Star Chamber, 1630 — defends Hampden in the 
Ship Money trial, Nov. 1637 — marries Eliza- 
beth Cromwell, 21 Jan. 1638 — M.P. Totnes, 
Apr. and Nov. 1640 — Solicitor-general, 29 Jan. 
1 641 — his appointment revoked by Charles I., 

30 Oct. 1643 — named a Commissioner of Great 
Seal by parliament, 10 Nov. 1643 — takes part 
in Treaty of Uxbridge, Jan. 1645 — Chief Justice 
of Common Pleas, 22 Nov. 1648 — Joint-ambas- 
sador to Netherlands, Mar. 1651 — Commis- 
sioner for Affairs of Scotland, Oct. 165 1 — 
member of Council of State, Nov. — retires, 
1660 — tf., 31 Dec. 1673. 

St John's College, — Cambridge, founded 
by Margaret, Countess of Bichmond, 15 11. 
Oxford, founded by Sir Thomas White, 1555. 

Saint- Just, Antoine, revolutionist, — b. in 
the Nivernais, 1768 — deputy to Convention, 



SAINT-LAMBERT— ST VINCENT. 



1239 



1792 — member of triumvirate, (with Robes- 
pierre and Couthon,) about May 1793 — Com- 
missioner to the army, 1793 — Pres. Convention, 
end of 1793 — Commissioner to the army, May 
1794 — executed at Paris, (9 Thermidor,) 28 
Jul. 1794. 

Saint-Lambert, Jean Francois, Marquis op, 
poet, §c, — b. at Nancy, 26 Dec. 17 16 — in 
service of Stanislaus, king of Poland, 1748 — 
received at French Academy, 23 Jun. 1770 — tf. 
at Paris, 9 Feb. 1803. Saisons, 1769 — (Euvres 
philosophiques, 1798-1801. 

St Lawrence, river, — discovered by Aubert, 
1508. 

Saint-Leger, Abbe de. [Mercier, B.] 

Saint-Luc, Francois d'Espinay de, mili- 
tary commander, — b., 1554 — Governor of 
Brouage and Saintonge, 1579 — defends Brou- 
age against Huguenots, 1585 — taken prisoner 
at battle of Coutras, 1587 — Lieutenant-general 
in Bretagne, 1592-6 — negotiates surrender of 
Paris, 1594 — Chevalier du Saint-Esprit, 1595 
— Grand Master of Artillery, 1596 — killed at 
siege of Amiens, 8 Sep. 1597. 

Sainte-Marthe, Scevole and Louis de, — 6. at 
Loudun, 20 Dec. 1571 — Councillors of State, 
and historiographers of France, 1620 — tf. at 
Paris, Scevole, 7 Sep. 1650 — Louis, 29 Apr. 
1656. Histoire genealogique de la maison de 
France, 1627-8 — Histoire genealogique de la 
maison de Beauvais, 1626 — Gallia Christiana, 
1656. 

Saint-Martin, Louis Claude de, (' le philo- 
sophe inconnu,) — b. at Amboise, 18 Jan. 1743 
— visits Italy, 1775 and 1787 — expelled from 
Paris, 1794 — tf. near Paris, 1803. Des erreurs 
et de la verite, 1775. 

St Mary Hall, Oxford, — given witb St 
Mary's Church to Oriel Coll., by Edward II., 
1325 — made separate place of education, 

1333- . . , 

Saint-Omer, in France, — mentioned as a 
town, 626 — takes its present name from St 
Audomarus, about 695 — sacked by Normans, 
845, 861, 881— fortified by Fulk, Abbot of St 
Bertin, and Baldwin II., Count of Flanders, 
880-910 — attacked by Normans, 6 May 891 — 
Robert the Frisian defeats Arnulf III. of Flan- 
ders and Philip of France near, 1071 a — burnt, 
1081 and 1099 — revolts, 1128 — has a mint as 
early as 1145 — burnt, 1 151— forms part of 
dower of Isabella of Hainault, 1180 — seized 
by Baldwin of Flanders, 1192 and 1198 — 
unsuccessfully besieged by Robert of Artois 
and the English, 1340 — again attacked by 
him, 1406 — unsuccessfully besieged by Louis 
XL, 1477 b — surprised by Imperialists, 1486,° 
1487 e — revolts and is reentered by Bur- 
gundians, n Feb. 14896 — seat of a bishopric, 
1560 d — Huguenot disturbances at, 1577 — 
Henry IV. attempts to seize, 1594 — unsuccess- 
fully besieged by Chatillon, 1638^ e 1635,° 
1629 ad — Prince of Orange defeated by Duke 
of Orleans at, 1677 — taken by Duke of Orleans, 
22 Feb., d 20 Apr. f 1677 — ceded to France by 
Treaty of Nimeguen, 1678 — rendezvous of 
flotilla for invasion of England, 1805. Abbey, 
built, 1320-1520 — destroyed, 1792. College 



for English Catholics, founded by Philip II. of 
Spain, about i596. d 

a Meyer, Conv. -Lex. b Langlois Diet. 

c Univers Pittoresque. d Zedler, Univ. Lex. 

e Encyc. Mod. f Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Sainte-Palaye, Jean Baptiste de la Curne 
de, antiquary, — h. at Auxerre, 6 Jun. 1697 — 
member of Academy of Inscriptions, 1724— of 
French Academy, 1758— tf. at Paris, 1 Mar. 
17 81. Memoir es sur V ancienne Chevalerie, 
1759-81 — Histoire des Troubadours, 1774. 

Saint-Pierre, Charles Irenee Castel de, 
publicist, miscellaneous writer, — b., 1658 — 
goes to Paris, 1686 — If. at Paris, 29 Apr. 1743. 
Frojet de Paix Ferpetuelle, 17 13-17 — Ouvrages 
de Politique et de Morale, 1738-41. 

Saint-Pierre, Jacques Bernardin Henri 
de, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Havre, 19 
Jan. 1737 — visits Isle of France, 1767 — returns 
to Paris, Jim. 177 1 — marries, 1792 — member of 
Institute, 1795 — tf. at Eragny-sur-Oise, 21 
Jan. 18 14. Ftudes de la Nature, 1784 — Paul 
et Virginie, 1788 — Chaumiere Indienne, 1790 
— Harmonies de la Nature, 18 15. 

Saint-Quentin, in France, [Augusta Veru- 
manduorum,) — besieged by Spaniards, under 
Duke of Savoy, defended by Coligny, 1557 — 
defeat of French by Spaniards near, 10 Aug. 
1557 — unsuccessfully attacked by Germans, 9 
Oct. 1870 — occupied by Germans, 21 Oct. — 
evacuated, 23 Oct. — reoccupied by French, 9 
Dec. — Gen. von Goeben defeats Gen. Faidherbe 
at, 19-20 Jan. 1871. Canal of, completed by 
Napoleon, 18 10. 

Saint-Remy, in the Vosges, — Gen. Dupre 
defeated by Germans at, 6 Oct. 1870. 

Saint-Simon, Claude Henri, Count of, 
philosopher, — b. at Paris, 17 Oct. 1760 — serves 
in American "War, 1779-82 — quits the army, 
1789 — attempts suicide, 1823 — tf. at Paris, 19 
May 1825. Introduction aux travaux scienti- 
fiques du 19 e siecle, 1807 — De la reorganisation 
de la socie'te europe'enne, 18 14 — V Industrie, 
1 8 17- 1 8 — B>u systeme industriel, 1821-22 — 
Nouveau christianisme, 1825. 

Saint- Simon, Louis de Rouvroy, Duke of, 
Peee of France,— b. at Paris, 16 Jan. 1675 
— serves under Marshal Luxembourg, 1692 — 
marries, 1695— sent to Spain to negotiate mar- 
riage of Louis (XV.) with the Infanta, 172 1 — 
tf. at Paris, 2 Mar. 1755. Memoir es, 1788-89. 
[complete, 1829-30.] 

St Thomas, one of the Virgin Islands, — 
settled by Danes, 1672 — devastated by earth- 
quake and inundation, 19 Feb. 1842 — by hur- 
ricane, 29 Oct. 1867 — again by earthquake and 
inundation, 18 Nov. 1867 and 17 Sep. 1869. 

St Thomas's Hospital, london,— founded by 
Corporation of London, 1553— rebuilt, 1706— 
first stone of new building, at Lambeth, laid by 
Queen Victoria, 12 May 1868— opened by the 
Queen, 21 Jun. 1871. 

St Vincent, Cape, — Admiral Tourville defeats 
Sir G. Rooke near, 17 Jun. 1693— Rodney de- 
feats de Langara, 16 Jan. 1780— Admiral Jervis 
defeats Spanish fleet, 14 Feb. 1797— Admiral 
Napier captures Miguelite squadron, 2 Jul. 
1833. 



1240 



ST VINCENT— SALANGORE. 



St Vincent, island of West Indies, — dis- 
covered by Columbus, 22 Jan. 1498 — ravaged 
by Frencb, 1655 a — placed under government 
of Lord Willoughby with Barbadoes and otber 
islands, 1673 — French, settlement attempted, 
17 19 a — British attempt, 1723 — taken from the 
French by the British, 1762 — ceded to British 
by Peace of Paris, 1763 — revolt of natives, 
1772— peace with them, 1773— captured by 
French, 19 Jun. 1779 — devastated by hurricane, 
1780 — restored to Great Britain by Treaty of 
Versailles, 1783 — revolt of natives, 1794— sup- 
pressed, 1796 —devastated by eruption of 
Mount Souffriere, 30 Apr. 181 2. a a Bayley. 

St Vincent, John Jervis, Earl of, Admi- 
ral of the Fleet, — ft. at Meaford, Stafford- 
shire, 9 Jan. 1735 — enters the navy, 1745 — 
serves in expedition to Quebec, 1759 — Post- 
captain, 13 Oct. 1760 — serves in expedition 
to Newfoundland, 1762 — distinguishes himself 
under Keppel against the French, 1778 
— captures the Fe'gase, 20 Apr. 1782 — K.B., 
28 May 1782 — accompanies Lord Howe to 
relief of Gibraltar, Oct. 1782— M.P., 1782 
— marries, 5 Jun. 1783 — Rear-admiral, 24 
Sep. 1787— takes Martinique, 16 Mar. 1794 

— Admiral, 1 Jun. 1795 — Commander of 
Mediterranean fleet, 1795 — obtains victory over 
Spanish fleet off Cape St Vincent, 14 Feb. 
1797 — receives thanks of both houses of par- 
liament, and is raised to the peerage, Mar. 1797 
— suppresses mutiny in fleet off Cadiz, Jul. 1797 
— Commander of Channel fleet, Apr. 1800 — 
First Lord of the Admiralty, Feb. 1 801-4 — 
Viscount, 21 Apr. 1801 — Commander of Chan- 
nel fleet, 1806-7 — F.R.S., 1 815 — loses his 
wife, Feb. 18 16 — Admiral of the Fleet, 19 
Jul. 1821 — tf. in Essex, 15 Mar. 1823. 

Saintes, in France, (Mediolanum, Santones,) 
— pillaged by Normans, 845 and 854 — St 
Louis defeats English at, 22 Jul. 1242 — sur- 
prised and destroyed by Duke of Alencon, 1330 

— discovery of Roman thermce at, 1 85 1 . 
Abbey, founded, 1043. Councils of, held, 562 ; 
Jan. 1081 ; 4 Nov. 1089 ; 2 Mar. 1097 ; 1282. 

Saintine, Xavier Boniface, litterateur, — ft. 
at Paris, 10 Jul. 1798 — receives Cross of Le- 
gion of Honour, and Montyon Prize of the 
Academy, 1837 — tf., Jan. 1865. Eoemes, 1823 
— Picciola, 1836. 

Saisset, Emile Edmond, philosopher, — h. at 
Montpellier, 16 Sep. 18 14 — deputy Prof. His- 
tory of Philosophy, Normal School, 1842 — 
maitre de conferences, 1846 — deputy Prof. 
History of Philosophy, Sorbonne, 1849 — lec- 
turer on Greek and Latin Philosophy, Coll. de 
France, 1853-7 — E r °f- History of Philosophy, 
Sorbonne, 1862 — tf. at Paris, 27 Dec. 1863. 
JEnesideme, 1840 — Translation of Spinoza, 
1 843 — Essai sur la Philosophic et la Religion 
au XIX. e Siecle, 1845 — Melanges d' Histoire, 
de Morale et de Critique, 1 859 — Essai de Ehilo- 
sophie Iieligieuse, i860 — L'Ame et la Vie, 
1864. 

Saladin, (Salah Eddin,) (Malek El Nasser 
Salah Eddin Abu-Modhaffer Yusef) Sultan 
of Egypt and Syria,— 6., about (532, a. h.) 
1 1 37— follows his uncle Shiracouh to Egypt, 



1 163 — again, 1 166 — defends Alexandria against 
Franks, 11 66 — succeeds Shiracouh as Grand 
Vizier, 1 1 68 — proclaimed Sultan of Egypt on 
death of Noureddin, (569,) 117 3— occupies 
Damascus, 11 74 — twice defeats army of Malek 
el Saleh, besieges him in Aleppo, obtains 
cession of southern Syria, and assumes title of 
Sultan, 1 1 74 — defeated by Renaud de Chatillon, 
near Ramla, (24 Guimadha I. 573,) 18 Nov. 
1 177 — captures Edessa, Nisibis, &c, (578,) 
1 1 82 — repulsed before Mosul, n 82 — takes 
Amida and Aleppo, (579,) 11 83— concludes 
truce with Franks for four years, (581,) 11 85 
— defeats crusaders at Tiberias, (26 Rabia II. 
583,) 5 Jul. 1 1 87 — captures Guy of Lusignan, 
and Renaud de Chatillon: puts Ch&tillon to 
death: besieges and takes Jerusalem, (13-27 
Redgeb 583,) 2 Oct. 11 87 — unsuccessfully 
besieges Tyre, 1 Nov. to Dec. — attempts relief 
of Acre, 1 189-91 — concludes truce for three 
years with Richard Coeur de Lion, (22 Schaban 
588,) 2 Sep. 1 192— tf. at Damascus, (27, a 29 b 
Sepher 589,) 4 Mar. 1193. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Abulfeda. 

Saladine, tax, — imposed in England and 
France for the crusade, 11 88. 

Salado, (Tarifa,) in Spain, — Alfonso IV. of 
Portugal defeats Moors at, 30 Oct. 1344. 



sum. 231 1, * 2445 



b 



a — U., sura. 1878.* 

b Clinton. 
— combat between 
at, 11 Aug. 1798 — 
—evacuated by them, 



Salah— [BC]— fc. 
birth of Eber, sum. : 
a TJssher. 

Salahieh, in Egypt, 
French and Mamelukes 
fortified by French, 1798 
May 1 80 1. 

Salamanca, (Salmantica,) in Spain, — [B C] — 
taken by Hannibal, 222 — [AD] — conquered by 
Ordofio II., 862 — recovered from the Moors, 
1095— taken possession of by Spaniards under 
Duke del Parque, 25 Oct. 1809 — occupied by 
Wellington, 17 Jun. 1812 — siege and capture 
of its forts by Wellington, 17-27 Jun. — Wel- 
lington defeats Marmont near, 22 Jul. 18 12. 
Cathedral, new, commenced, 15 13— completed, 
1734. University, founded by Alfonso IX. of 
Leon, 1200 — extended and incorporated with 
Palencia, by Alfonso X., 1239. Councils of, 
held by Roderic, Abp of Compostella, respect- 
ing charges against Templars, 21 Oct. 13 10; 
on discipline, 24 May 1335 ; before John I. of 
Castile, respecting rival claims of Urban VI. 
and Clement VII., 23 Nov. 1380 to 19 May 
1 38 1 ; in favour of Benedict XIII., 1410. 

Salamis, island, — [B C] — taken by Athenians 
under Solon, (01. 44,) 604 a — reconquered by 
Megarians, (01. 46,) 596 a — Themistocles de- 
feats fleet of Xerxes, 480— surrenders to Mace- 
donians, 318 — recovered by Athens, 232. 
a Miiller. 

Salamis, in Cyprus, — [B C] — victory of 
Athenians over Persian fleet at, 449 — (rulers:) 
Euelthon, about 529-8 a — Cheisis, ? : Gorgus, 
449 — restored, 498-480 a — Onesilus, 499-8 a — 
Evagoras I., 410-374-3 a — Nicocles, 374-3 a — 
Prytagoras, about 351-332 a — Nicocreon, about 
331-315. a a Smith's Diet. 

Salangore, on Strait of Malacca, — British 
attack on pirates of, 3-4 Jul. 1871. 



SALANKEMEN— SALISBUBY. 



1241 



Salankemen, — Prince Louis of Baden de- 
feats Turks under Grand Vizier Kiuperli, 19 
Aug. 1 69 1. 

Salassi, Alpine tribe, — [BC] — campaign of 
Octavius against, 35 — conquered and captured 
by Terentius Varro, 25. 

Salban, — Heraclius defeats Persians under 
Sabaraza, and winters at, 624-5. 

Saldanha Bay, S. Africa, — Commodore 
Johnstone captures five Dutch India ships in, 
21 Jul. 1781 — Admiral Elphinstone captures 
Dutch squadron in, 18 Aug. 1796. 

Sale, Antoine de la, novelist, — b. at Tours, 
or in Burgundy, 1 398— tf., about 1462. L'Hys- 
toire et plaisante chronique du petit Jehan de 
Saintre, 15 17 — la Salade, 152 1. 

Sale, George, Orientalist, — b., 1680 — tf. in 
London, 14 Nov. 1736. Translation of the 
Koran, 1734. 

Sale, Sir Bobert Henry, general, — b., 1782 
— enters the army, 1795 — serves at storming 
of Seringapatam, 1799 — at storming of Tra- 
vancore lines, 1 809 — at capture of the Mauri- 
tius, 1 8 16— at capture of Bangoon, 1824 — 
takes part in invasion of Afghanistan, 1838 — 
wounded at storming of Ghuznee, Jul. 1839 — 
subdues Kohistan, 1840 — forces Khoord Cabul 
and Jugdollock passes, 1841 — besieged in Jella- 
labad by Afghans, 12 Nov. — defeats Akhbar 
Khan and raises the siege, 7 Apr. 1842 — re- 
ceives thanks of parliament, 1842 — mortally 
wounded at action of Moodkee, 18 Dec. 1845 — 
tf., 28 Feb. 1846. 

Salerno, (Salernum,) in Italy, — [B C] — 
Boman colony, 194 — [A D] — expels dukes of Be- 
nevento and becomes independent principality, 
840 — taken by Saracens, 905 — seat of arch- 
bishopric, 974 — taken by Bobert Guiscard, 
1076 — assembly of barons at, elect Boger 
King of Naples and Sicily, 11 30 — sacked and 
burnt by Emperor Henry VI., 1193 — visited 
by Frederick II., 121 3, 1221, 1226 — one of 
the seats of new Court of Justice, by Frederick 
II., 1234 — again visited by Frederick, 1246 — 
harbour commenced by John of Procida, 1260 
— visited by Victor Emmanuel, 7 May 1862. 
Cathedral, rebuilt by Bobert Guiscard, 1084. 
Medical School, {Salemitana Schola,) attains 
high repute under Constantinus Afer, 1060-80 
— obtains privileges from Frederick II., about 
1225 — converted into Lyceum, 18 17. 

Sales, St Francois de, Bishop of Geneva, 
— b. near Annecy, in Savoy, 21 Aug. 1567 — 
studies at Paris, 1578-84 — at Padua, 1584-91 
missionary with his brother to Geneva, 1594-6 
— visits Court of France, 1602 — consecrated 
Bishop of Geneva, 8 Dec. 1602 — founds Order 
of the Visitation, 16 10 — accompanies the Car- 
dinal of Savoy to Paris, 1619— tf. at Lyons, 28 
Dec. 1622 — canonized by Alexander VII., 
1665. (Euvres, 1641. 

Salesbury, {Salisbury,) William, — living, 
1567. Englyshe and Welshe Dictionaries 547 
— Introduction teaching how to pronounce the 
letters in the Brytishe Tongue, 1550. 

Salic Law, of the Franks, — excluding 
females from inheritance, republished by 
Charles the Great, 798 — applied to succes- 



sion to throne of France, 13 16— contested by 
Edward III., 1328— confirmed by Parliament 
of Paris, 1593. In Spain, established by pro- 
clamation of Philip V., 1 2 May 17 13— abolished 
by decree of Ferdinand VII., 8 Dec. 1813. 

Saliceti, Guglielmo, (de Saliceto, Tlacen- 
tinus,) physician,— b. at Placentia, about 1200 
— tf. at Verona, 1280. liber in scientia me- 
dicinali, 1475 — Cyrurgia, 1476. 

Salieri, Antonio, musical composer,—]}, at 
Legnano, 29 Aug. 1750— Chapel-master of the 
Imperial Chamber, Vienna, about 1775 — 
Foreign Associate of French Institute, 1806 — 
if. at Vienna, 7 May 1825. 

Salimbene, Fra, chronicler, — b. at Parma, 
1222 — enters Franciscan Order, 1238 — visits 
France, 1247-8. Chronicle, first printed, 1857. 

Salinas, Franciscus, writer on music, — b. 
at Burgos, 1613 — tf., 1690.* Be Musica, 1677. 
a Thuanus. 

Salinator, — Consul with Hadrian, (871, 

A. TJ. C.) Il8. 

Salinator, C. Livius, — [B C] — prsetor, com- 
mands fleet against Antiochus, 191 — Consul 
with M. Valerius Messalla, (566, a. u. c.) 188. 

Salinator, M. Livius, — [BC] — Consul with 
L. JEmilius Paullus, (535, a. u. c.) 219 — 
war with Illyrians, accused by the soldiers and 
leaves Borne : brought back to the city and 
Senate, 210 — Consul with C. Claudius Nero, 
(547,) 207 — defeats and kills Hasdrubal, 
triumphs : Dictator to hold Comitia, 207 — 
Proconsul in Etruria, 206-5 — Censor with C. 
Claudius Nero, (550,) 204 — imposes tax on 
salt. 

Salinguerra II. Torelli, Loed of Ferrara, 
— b., about 1 1 60 — elected podestat on death of 
his father, Torello, 11 95 — expels Azzo d'Este, 
1 1 95 — driven away by Azzo, seeks aid of Em- 
peror Henry VI., 1196 — aided by Eccelino 
' the Monk,' reenters Ferrara, and is elected 
podestat, 11 99 — Lord of Verona, 1200 — of 
Modena, 1205 — again driven way, by Azzoiino, 
but aided by Bolognese returns, 1208 — has in- 
terview with Emperor Otto IV., and is created 
Prince of the Empire, 12 10 — excommunicated 
by Innocent III., 121 1 — obtains from him inves- 
titure of fiefs held by Countess Matilda, 12 15 — 
attacked by Azzo VII., Aug. 1221 — with Ec- 
celino, expels Azzo from Verona, 1227 — expels 
Eccelino from Verona, 1230 — resigns Ferrara 
to Emperor, 1236 — besieged in Ferrara by al- 
lied Venetians, Milanese, Mantuans, &c, Feb. 
1240 — taken prisoner at conference with Azzo, 
3 Jun., and sent to Venice : tf. at Venice, 25 
Jul. 1244. 

Salinguerra I. and III. [Ferrara.] 

Salisbury, {New Sarum,) capital of Wilt- 
shire, — seat of bishopric transferred from Old 
Sarum to, 1 217 — Boy alist insurrection under Sir 
Joseph Wagstaff at, 11 Mar. 1655. Cathedral, 
commenced, 1220 — completed, 1258. Black- 
more Museum, opened, 5 Sep. 1867. Hamilton 
Hall, opened, 2 Oct. 1871. Council of, held 
before Henry I., n 16. 

Salisbury, John de Montacute, Earl of,- — 
joins in proceedings against Gloucester, 1397 
—excepted from pardon by Henry IV., Nov. 



1242 



SALISBURY— SALONA. 



1399 — joins in plot for restoration of Bicbard 
II., Jan. 1400 — beheaded without trial at Ox- 
ford, 7 Jan. 

Salisbury, Margaret Plantagenet, Count- 
ess of, — created, 14 Oct. 1513 s — accused of 
favouring Pilgrimage of Grace, and of cor- 
responding with ber son Cardinal Pole, at- 
tainted, and sent to tbe Tower, May 1539 — 
bebeaded, 27 May 1541. a Burke. 

Salisbury, Richard Neville, Eael of, — fj., 
1400 — created Earl of, on bis marriage with 
Alice Montacute, May 1442 — takes part "with 
York in first battle of St Alban's, 1455 — de- 
feats Lancastrians under Lord Audley at Blore- 
heath, 23 Sep. 1459 — joins York at Ludlow, 
Oct. 1459 — escapes to Calais, 1459 — returns 
with Yorkist leaders, and enters London, 2 
Jul. 1460 — captured by Queen Margaret at 
Wakefield, 31 Dec. 1460 — beheaded at Ponte- 
fract, 1 Jan. 146 1. 

Salisbury, Richard Neville, Eael of. 
[Warwick, Eael of.] 

Salisbury, Robert Cecil, Eael of, states- 
man, — b., about i55o, a 1 Jun. 1563 b — M.P. 
Westminster, 1585-6 — Knt, Jun. 159 1 — Privy 
Councillor, Aug. 1591 — one of the principal 
Secretaries of State, 1596 — fails in negotiations 
at Boulogne, for peace between France and 
Spain, May 1600 — Knt, 1601 c — sole Secretary 
of State, 1603 — Baron of Essingden, 13 May 
1603 — his enmity to Baleigh begins, 1603 — 
Viscount Cranbourne, 20 Aug. 1604 — Earl of 
Salisbury, 4 May 1605 — Chancellor of Univ. of 
Cambridge, 1605 — Knt of the Garter, May 
1606 — Lord High Treasurer, 4 May 1608 — 
if. at Marlborough, 24 May 16 12. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Collins. c Burke. 

Salisbury, Thomas de Montacute, Eael 
of, — created, 1409 — serves under Bedford in 
France, 1422 — defeats French and Scots at 
Crevant, Jul. 1423 — besieges Orleans, and is 
wounded, 27 Oct. 1428 — if., 3 Nov. 

Salisbury, William Longespee, Eael of, 
— burns French fleet prepared for invasion of 
England, at Damme, 121 3 — captured by French 
at Bouvines, 12 14 — if., 7 Mar. 1226. 

Salisbury, William Montacute, Eael of, 
— K.B., 1323 — joint-ambassador to tbe pope, 
1330 — arrests Roger Mortimer at Nottingham, 
1330— summoned to parliament, 1331-6 — Con- 
stable of the Tower, 1334 — Admiral of the 
king's fleet, westward, 1336 — created Earl, 16 
Mar. 1337 — obtains possession of Isle of Man, 
1343— distinguishes himself in Scottish and 
French wars, 1337-9 — if., i346, a i343- b 
a Annals of England. b Burke. 

Salivahana, Era of, — commences, 78. 

Sallee. [See Morocco.] 

Sallia, Flavius, — Consul \riih Fl. Philippus, 
(1101, a.tj. c.) 348. 

Sallustius, adviser of Julian, — recalled by 
Constantius, close of 357 — Consul with Julian, 
(1116, a. u. c.) 363. 

Sallustius, (Secundus,) — Consul with Leon- 
tius, (1097, a. u. c.) 344— Prsefect of the East, 
by Julian, 362— declines the crown on Julian's 
death, 363— again, on Jovian's death, 364— dis- 
missed by Yalens, 365. 



Sallustius, (Salustius,) Cynic philosopher, 
— S., before 500. 

Sallustius Crispus, C, historian, — [BC] — 
6., 86 — tribunus plebis, 52 — ejected from 
Senate, 50 — praetor, 47 — accompanies Csesar to 
Africa, Governor of Numidia, 46 — if., 34. 

Sallustius Crispus, C, — [BC]— adopted by 
the historian, before 34 — favourite of Augustus, 
16— [AD]— if., 20. 

Salmasius, {Claude de Saumaise,) philologist, 
§c, — fc. atSemur, 15 Apr. 1588 — sent to Paris, 
1604 — renounces Bomanism at Heidelberg, be- 
fore 1 610 — marries Anne Mercier, 1623 — 
settles at Leyden, 1632 — visits Queen Chris- 
tina of Sweden, 1650 — if. at Spa, 6 Sep. 1653,* 
i658. b Historice August ce Script ores sex, 1620 
— Pliniance exercitationes in Caii Julii Solini 
Polyhistora, 1629 — Defensio regia pro Carolo I., 
1649. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Salmon, — exportation of, from United King- 
dom, at certain times prohibited by Act 26 Yic. 
c. 10, 20 Apr. 1863. 

Salmon, Francois, — fj. at Paris, 1676 — if. at 
Chaillot, 1736. Traite de V etude des ccnciles 
et de leurs collections, 1724. 

Salmon, Manuel Gonzalvo, statesman, — b. 
at Cadiz, 18 Oct. 1778 — First Secretary of 
State, 17 Mar. 1809 — Secretary of the king, 17 
Jul. 1809 — Minister Plenipotentiary to Court 
of Saxony, 14 Sep. 18 19 — Minister of Interior, 
19 Aug. 1826 — First Secretary of State and 
Minister of Foreign Affairs, 15 Oct. 1830 — if., 
18 Jan. 1832. 

Salmon, Nathaniel, antiquary, — enters 
Bene't Coll. Cambridge, Jun. 1690 — LL.B., 
1695 — if., 2 Apr. 1742. Survey of Roman 
Stations in Britain, 1721 — Survey of Roman 
Stations in the Midland Counties in England, 
1726 — History of Hertfordshire, 1728 — An- 
tiquities of Surrey, 1736. 

Salmon, Thomas, writer on music, — if., about 
17 10. Essay to the advancement of music, 
1672. 

Salmon, Thomas, miscellaneous writer, — if. 
in London, Apr. 1743 (?). Modern History, 
1739 — Universal Traveller, 1754. 

Salmon Fisheries, — regulated by Acts 13 
Edw. I. st. 1, c. 47, 1285 ; 13 Bic. II. st. 1, 
c. 19, 1389-90; 17 Bic. II, c. 9, 1393-4; 4 
Ann. c. 21, 1705 ; 1 Geo. I. st. 2, c. 18, 17 14; 
58 Geo. III. c. 43, 28 May 1818; 6 and 7 
Yic. c. 33, 28 Jul. 1843 ; 11 and 12 Vic. c. 52, 
14 Aug. 1848. In England, law respecting, 
amended by Acts 24 and 25 Vic. c. 109, 6 
Aug. 1 861, and 28 and 29 Vic. c. 121, 5 Jul. 
1865. In Scotland, newly regulated by Act 
25 and 26 Vic. c. 97, 7 Aug. 1862, amended by 
Acts 26 and 27 Vic. c. 50, 13 Jul. 1863, 27 and 
28 Vic. c. 118, 29 Jul. 1864, and 31 and 32 
Vic. c. 123, 31 Jul. 1868. In Ireland, law 
amended by Act 26 and 27 Vic. c. 114, 28 Jul. 
1863. 

Salnave, Pees. [See Domingo, St.] 

Salona, in Ealmatia, — Diocletian retires to 
his palace at, 305 — taken by Odoacer, about 
481 — head-quarters of Narses, 552 — pillaged 
and burnt by Avars, 641 — visited by Em- 



SALONICA— SALZBURG. 



1243 



peror Francis, 18 18. Council of, for corona- 
tion of Demetrius, King of Dalmatia, Oct. 
1076. 

Salonica. [Thessalonica.] 

Saloninus, P. Licinius Corn. Valerianus, 
— Caesar, 253 — put to death by Postumus, 

259- 

Salsette, island in Indian Ocean, — taken 
from Portuguese byMahrattas, 1739,* I 75° b — 
taken by British, 1774 — confirmed to them by 
Treaty of Salbye, 1782. 

a Thornton. b Rees' Cyc. 

Salt,— [BC] — taxed in Rome, by M. Livius 
Salinator, 204 — [AD] — rock, discovered in 
Cheshire, 1670 — duty imposed on by Act 5 
and 6 ¥m and Mar. c. 7, 1694 — regulated by 
many subsequent Acts : abolished, by Act 3 
Geo. IV. c. 82, 26 Jul. 1822. [Gabelle, Wie- 
lickska. ] 

Salt, Henry, traveller, — ft. at Lichfield, 
about 1785 — embarks for India, 3 Jun. 1802 
— visits Abyssinia, 1805 — returns to England, 
Sep. 1806 — sent to negotiate alliance with 
Abyssinia, Jan. 1809 — returns, Jan. 181 1 — 
consul-general at Cairo, 18 15 — correspondent 
of French Academy of Inscriptions, Dec. 1815 
— 1j. in Egypt, 30 Aug. 1827. Voyage to 
Abyssinia, 18 14 — Correspondence, 1854. 

Salt Lake City, capital of Utah, — settled by 
Mormons, 1847. Temple, commenced, 1853. 

Salter, Henry Hyde, physician,— -b., 2 Nov. 
1823 — B.A. London, 1846 — M.D. London, 
1851 — assistant-editor of JEncyc. Anatomy 
and Physiology, 1852 — assistant-physician, 
Charing Cross Hospital, 1855— F.R.C.P. and 
F.R.S., 1856 — full physician and lecturer in 
Medicine, 1866 — Tr. in London, 30 Aug. 1871. 
Asthma, i860. 

Salters' Company, of London, — incorporated 
by Queen Elizabeth, 1558. 

Saltpetre, — freely to be made in Great.Bri- 
tain, by Act 17 Car. I. c. 21,1641 — ordinance for 
making, passed by Lords and Commons, 3 Apr. 
1644- -similar ordinance, 9 Feb. 1652 — dig- 
ging for, regulated by Act of Lord Protector 
and Parliament, 1656. 

Saluces, (Saluzzo,) in Italy, — erected into a 
Marquisate, before 11 30 — taken, pillaged, and 
burnt by Manfred of Saluzzo, 13 Apr. 1341 — 
restored to Thomas II. by Emperor Charles 
IV., 1355 — besieged by Prin^of Achaia and 
Duke of Savoy, 14 13 — besieged and taken by 
Miolaus, Marshal of Savoy, Feb. i486 — seat of 
a bisboprtc, by Julius II., between 1503-13 — 
seized by Henry II. of France, 1548 — seized by 
Charles Emmanuel of Savoy, 1588 — ceded to 
Duke of Savoy by Henry IV. of France, by 
Treaty of Lyons, 1601. Cathedral, built, 1480. 
Abbey of Staffarda, founded by Marquis 
Thomas I., 11 35 — destroyed, 1341. 

Saluces, {Saluzzo,) Louis II., 11th Mar- 
quis of, — b., 1438— at war with Duke of 
Savoy, 1485 — seeks aid of France, Jan. i486 
— loses his estates to Savoy, Feb. i486 — by 
aid of Duke of Milan, recovers them, 1490 — 
receives Louis XII., 1503 — named General of 
French armies in Italy, and Viceroy of Naples, 
1503 — defeated at the Garigliano, 1503 — lj. at 



Genoa, 27 Jan. 1504. Art de Chevalerie scion 
Vegece, 1488. 

Saluces, Michel Antoine, Marquis of, — 
fi., about 1484 — Governor of Asti, by Louis 
XII., 1507 — serves in Italian campaigns, 
I 5°9" I 3— ^serves under Francis I. in conquest 
of the Milanese, 15 15 — distinguishes himself 
at Marignano, 15 15— attends Francis I. at in- 
terview with Leo X. at Bologna, 15 15 — at 
battle of Pavia, 1525— Admiral of Guienne, 
and Lieutenant-general of Francis I. in Italy, 
1525 — takes command against Constable de 
Bourbon, 1526 — Commander of French army 
in Naples, 1528 — mortally wounded before 
Aversa, 1529. 

Salvador. [San Salvador.] 

Salvador, Francesco Daniel, musical com- 
poser, — appointed Director of the Conservatoire, 
Paris, by the Commune, May 1871 — captured 
by Versailles troops and shot, end of May. 

Salvage. [Wreck and Salvage.] 

Salvandy, Narcisse Achille, Count de, 
political and miscellaneous writer, — b. at Con- 
dom, (Gers,) 11 Jun. 1795 — enters the army, 
1 8 12 — member of Legion of Honour, Apr. 
1 8 14 — maitre des requetes, 18 19 — Councillor of 
State, 12 Nov. 1828— member of Chamber of 
Deputies, 1832 — member of French Academy, 
19 Feb. 1835 — Minister of Public Instruction, 
15 Apr. 1837 to Mar. 1839 — ambassador to 
Spain, Sep. 1 841-2 — again Minister of Public 
Instruction, 1 Feb. 1845 — ft. in Normandy, 15 
Dec. 1856. Don Alonzo, 1824 — Histoire de 
Pologne, 1827-9 — contributes to the Journal 
des D 'e 'bats, 1824-48. 

Salvatierra, in Spain, — besieged by Moham- 
med al Nasir, Oct. 121 1 — surrenders, end of 
May 1212. 

Salvator Rosa. [Rosa.] 

Salvi, Giambattista, {II Sassoferrato,) paint- 
er, — b. at Sassoferrato, 11 Jul. 1605 — tf. at 
Rome, 8 Aug. 1685. 

Salvianus, theologian, — fl., before 490. 

Salviati, Francesco Rossi del, '{Cecchino del 
Salviati,) painter, — b. at Florence, 1510 — at 
Venice, 1540 — settles at Rome, 1548 — visits 
France, 1554 — tf. at Rome, 11 Nov. 1563. 

Salviati, G. del. [Porta, Giuseppe.] 

Salviati, Giovanni, Cakdinal, — f>. at Flor- 
ence, 1490 — Cardinal, by Leo X., 15 17 — envoy 
to Charles V. at Madrid, 1526 — negotiates 
Treaty of the Holy League, 1527 — negotiates 
peace between Charles V. and Holy See, 1529 
— Bp of Porto, 1546 — tf. at Ravenna, 28 Oct. 

x 553- 

Salviati, Lionardo, philologist, — ft. at Flor- 
ence, 1540 — takes part in founding Academia 
della Crusca, 1582 — tf. at Florence, Sep, 1589. 
Orazioni, 1575 — Avvertimenti della lingua 
sopraH Decamerone, 1584-6. 

Salza. [Herman von Salza.] 

Salzburg, in Austria, {Juvavia, Juvavium,) 
— seat of archbishopric, 798 — treaty between 
Charles the Great and Mcephorus, Emperor of 
the East, fixing boundaries of their empires, 
concluded at, 803 — archbishop of, constituted 
legate of all German churches, about 1088 — 
expulsion of Jews, 1498 — Protestants perse- 



1244 



SAMANA BAY— SAN FRANCISCO. 



cuted, emigrate to Prussia, 173 1-2 — arch- 
bishopric secularized, 1802 — interview of Em- 
peror of Austria and King of Prussia at, to 
ratify Convention of Gastein, 19 Aug. 1865 — 
meeting of Emperors of France and Austria, 
18-23 Aug. 1867 — diplomatic circular respect- 
ing the interview issued by Count Bismarck, 
7 "Sep. 1867 — meeting of Emperors of Ger- 
many and Austria at, Sep. 1871. University, 
founded, 1620 — reduced to a Lyceum, 1800. 
University Church, consecrated, 1707. Cathe- 
dral, built, 1614-68. St Margaret's Church, 
built, 1485. Councils of, to regulate distribu- 
tion of titles, held, 26 Jan. 807 ; against Anti- 
pope Calixtus, and in favour of Alexander III., 
1 Feb. 1 1 7 8 ; respecting constitutions of 
Council of Lyons, 1274; on discipline, 1281 ; 
for granting tenth of Church revenues for aid 
of Holy Land, 1287 ; respecting means of aid- 
ing Holy Land, 1291 ; to regulate payment of 
tenth demanded by the pope, and to explain 
statutes of preceding Councils, 13 10; to degrade 
a priest for denial of the real presence, and to 
give him up to secular power to be burnt, 1340 ; 
Jul. 1380; to reestablish discipline, 18 Nov. 
141 8; for reformation of monasteries, 145 1 ; 
on discipline, and to publish constitution of 
Martin V. respecting ecclesiastical privileges 
and sanctuaries, 19 Oct. 1490. 

Samana Bay, St Domingo, — bought by 
United States, 1867. 

Samanis, House of, in Turkistan, — subsists, 
(279-395, a. h.) 892-1004' — rise to notice 
under Caliph Mamun, (202,) 817 — retain 
Transoxiana, from 817 — cross the Oxus, take 
Omar Leith, and seize his territory, (287,) 900 
— lose portion of their territory by the Buyades, 
(Deilemites,) (321,) 932 — Noh, seventh king, 
attacked by Bogra Khan, king of Hoeike 
Tatars, 993-7 — overthrown by Elik Khan, 
Hoeike Tatar, about 995 — Mansub II. subject 
to Faik, 999. a Elphinstone. 

Samarcand, in Bokhara, (Maracanda,) — 
conquered by Arabs under Catiba, (87-93, a. h.) 
706-712 — [Samanis] — conquered by Sultan 
Mahmud, (407,) 1016 — taken by Gengis Khan, 
1220 — by Timur, 135.9 — capital of his empire, 
1369 — his triumph celebrated at, Jul. 1404 to 
Jan. 1405 — visited by Clavijo, i404^declines, 
after 1468 — conquered by Baber,i497, and lost : 
occupied by Uzbeks, 1499 — regained by Baber, 
151 1 — and regained by Uzbeks, 1512 — reunited 
to Bokhara, between 1550-1600 — visited by 
Khanikoff, about 1839-42 — by Vambery, 1863 
— Bokharese defeated by Russians near, 13 
May 1868 — occupied by Russians, 14 May. 

Samaria, (Sebaste,) — [B C] — built by Omri, 
King of Israel, about 925^ 926 b — besieged by 
Benhadad II. of Syria, 901 and 892 — besieged 
and taken by Shalmaneser, 724-721^ 723-721 b 
— repeopled by Esarhaddon, 677 ? c — taken by 
Alexander the Great, about 332 — taken and 
razed by John Hyrcanus, 109 c — rebuilt by 
Gabinius, about 55 — given to Herod by Augus- 
tus, adorned and fortified by Herod, 40-25 — 
[A D]— seat of bishopric, before 325 — desolated, 
Before 400 — taken by Mussulmans, 637. 
a Ussher. b Clinton. c Smith's Diet. Bible. 



Samaritans, — [B C] — first planted in Pales- 
tine from Babylon, &c, by Esarhaddon, 67 7, a 
about 695 b — oppose the rebuilding of the 
Temple, autumn 535, autumn 522, spring 519 a 
— Manasses deserts to Sanballat, 333^428° — 
Sanballat acknowledges Alexander the Great 
during siege of Tyre ; obtains permission to 
build temple on Mt Gerizim, 332 — temple 
built, 422 c — temple destroyed by John Hyr- 
canus, 109 — rebuilt by Herod, 25 — [AD] — 
revolt, 529. a Ussher. b Clinton. c Newton. 
Samnite Wars, — [B C] — outbreak of first, 
Roman invasion of Samnium, (414, a. u. c.) 
34o, a 343 b — battles of Mount Gaurus and 
Suessula, 34o, a 343 b — peace made, 338. 
Second, begins, (431,) 323— [Caudine Forks, 
C Pontius, Lautulae] — ends, 303. Third, 
begins, (455,) 298 — battle of Sentinum, 295 — 
[Decius Mus, Gellius Egnatius] — ends with 
submission of Samnites, 290. 

a EaAvlinson and Zumpt. b Smith's Diet. 

Samnites, — [BC] — [Samnite Wars] —join 
the allies in Social War, 90 — defeated by Sulla, 
before Rome, 82. 

Samos, — [B C] — tyranny of Polycrates, 
Syloson, and Pantagnostus, 533-2 — obtains 
maritime supremacy, 529 a — Lacedsemonians 
make war on, 525 — iEaces restored to tyranny 
by Persians, 494 — independent, joins Athenian 
confederacy, 479 — Samian "War, latter half 440 
— city besieged by Timotheus, surrenders, begin. 
439 — colonized by Athenians, latter part 352 — 
Athenians expelled by Perdiccas, 323 — restored 
to Athenians by Polysperchon, 319 — taken by 
Rhodians, 200 — forms part of province of 
Asia, 84 — made a free State by Octavius, about 
30 ? — [AD] — deprived of its autonomy by Ves- 
pasian, about 72 — ravaged by Mahomet II., 
1453. a Euseb. 

Samson, Joseph Isidore, actor, dramatist, 
— ft. at Saint-Denis, 2 Jul. 1793 — enters Con- 
servatoire, at Paris, 181 2 — settles at Paris, 18 19 
— joins the Comedie Francaise, 1827 — Prof. 
at the Conservatoire, 1836 — retires, 16 Apr. 
1863— to., Mar. 1871. 

Samuel, Jewish Prophet and Judge, — = 
[B C] — ft., n7o a — presented atShiloh, n65 a — 
called to the prophetic office, 1 142 a — becomes 
judge, ni6, b ii3i a — defeats Philistines at 
Mizpeh, 1096 b — anoints Saul as King, 1095 b 
— instals him at Gilgal, 1095 b — destroys Agag, 
king of Amalekites, 1079 a — anoints David as 
future king, 1063 b — "ft., 1057^ 

a Bib. Chron. b Ussher. 

San, Tablet of. [Canopus, Decree of.] 
San-Carlos, Joseph Michael de Carvagal, 
Duke of, statesman, §c, — ft. at Lima, 177 1 — 
goes to Spain, 1787 — Governor of the heir- 
presumptive, 1796 — Viceroy of Navarre, 1807 
— Grand Master of King's House, Privy Coun- 
cillor, 1 808 — follows Ferdinand to France, 
May 1808 — signs treaty with Napoleon, 8 
Dec. 18 13 — First Minister and Secretary of 
State, 4 May 18 14 — ambassador to Vienna, 
Oct. 1815-17 — to London, 1817-20 — tf. at 
Paris, 1828. 

San Francisco, in California, — one of the 
Spanish mission settlements, 1776 — the mis- 



SAN MARINO— SANDERSON, 



1245 



sion secularized, 1834 — site laid out as a town, 
1839 — taken possession of by United States, 
1 846— receives its present name, 30 Jan. 1 847 
— ceded to United States, 1 848 — devastated by- 
earthquake, 21 Oct. 1868 — again, 17 Feb. and 
2 Apr. 1870. 

San Marino. [Marino.] 

San Miniato. [See Florence.] 

San Roque, — hues of, constructed by Span- 
iards, 1729. 

San Salvador, {Guanahani,) one of the Ba- 
hama Islands, — discovered by Columbus, 12 
Oct. 1492. 

San Salvador, (Cuscatlan,) in Central Ame- 
rica, — conquered by Pedro de Alvarado, 1524 
— incorporated with Mexico, 1821 — one of the 
United States of Central America, 1823 — be- 
comes independent republic, 1856 — at war 
with Guatemala, 1863-4. 

San Salvador, capital of the Republic, — 
founded by Jorge de Alvarado, 1528 —destroyed 
by earthquake, 16 Apr. 1854. 

San Severino, Lorenzo and Jacopo di, 
painters, — fl. at Urbino, 1416-70 (?). 

Sanazzaro, Giacomo, poet, — fj. at Naples, 
28 Jul. 1458 — follows Frederick, king of 
Naples, to France, 1501-5 — rj. at Naples, Dec. 
1530. Arcadia, 1504 — De Bartu Virginis, 
about 1524. 

Sancerre, Louis de, Constable of France, 
— ft., about 1342 — serves in war against the 
English, 1359 — Marshal, by Charles V., 1369 
— distinguishes himself in campaigns of Poi- 
tou, 1372-75 — assists at coronation of Charles 
VI., 1380 — contributes to victory of Rosebecque, 
1382 — Constable, 28 Jul. 1397 — defeats the 
Captal de Buch, at the Dordogne, 1398 — r/., 6 
Feb. 1402. 

Sanchez {Rodriguez) de Arevalo, [Roderi- 
cus Sanctius,) Bp of Zamora, — fj. in Old Cas- 
tile, 1404 — ambassador to Frederick III., about 
1440 — envoy to Calixtus III., 1455 — Governor 
of St Angelo, by Paul II., 1464 — ft. at Rome, 
Oct. 1470. Speculum vitce humance, 1468 — 
Liber de origine ac differentia principatus im- 
perialis et regalis, 152 1. 

Sanchez, Francisco, {El Brocense,) philolo- 
gist, — fj. at Las Brocas in Spain, 1523— Prof. 
Rhetoric, Salamanca, 1554-93 — rj. there, 17 
Jan. 1 601. Minerva, 1587. 

Sanchi Tope, near Bhilsah, in Hindustan, — 
[B C] — probably built, about 500 a — colonnade, 
250 s — [AD] — gateways, 19-37* — opened by 
Sir Herbert Maddock, 18 19 — explored by Ma- 
jor-gen. Cunningham, Jan. to Feb. 1851 — cast 
of gateway taken by Lieut. Cole, 1869 — ex- 
hibited at International Exhibition, London, 
1 87 1. a Cunningham. 

Sancho. [Castile and Navarre.] 

Sancho I., Kino of Portugal, — ft. at 
Coimbra, 11 Nov. 1154 — defeats Ali-Yakoub 
before Santarem, 11 84 — succeeds his father, 
Alfonso I., Dec. 1185 — takes Silves from the 
Moors, 8 Sep. 1189 — loses it, 1191 — recovers 
it, 1 1 97 — takes title of King of Algarves, 1197 
— takes Elvas, 1203 — "0. at Coimbra, 27 Mar. 
1211 or 1212. 

Sancho II. Capello, King of Portugal, — 



ft. at Coimbra, 8 Sep. 1208 — succeeds his 
father, Alfonso II., Mar. 1223— expels Moors 
from Alemtejo, and takes several towns in Al- 
garves from them, between 1223-40— his sub- 
jects complain to Innocent IV. of his immoral- 
ities and neglect of government, 1245 — excom- 
municated, Jul. 1245 — takes refuge at Toledo, 
1245 — with Castilian army reenters Portugal, 
1247— returns to Toledo, and rj. there, 1248. 

Sanchuniathon, historian— [B C] — trans- 
lated or invented by Philon Byblius, before 
[AD] 100. 

Bancroft, William, Abp of Canterbury, 
— fj. at Fresingfield, Suffolk, 13 Jan. 1616— 
enters Emmanuel Coll. Cambridge, 1634— 
M.A., 1641— Fellow of his College, 1642— 
deprived, 1649 — chaplain to Cosin, Bp of Dur- 
ham, 1660 — D.D. and Master of Emmanuel 
Coll., 1662 — Dean of York, 1663 — Dean of St 
Paul's, 1664 — Archdeacon of Canterbury, 1668 
—Abp of Canterbury, 1677— attends Charles 
II. on his deathbed, Feb. 1685— crowns James 
II., Apr. 1685 — refuses to act on Ecclesiastical 
Commission of James II., 1686 — one of the 
Seven Bishops, 1688 — refuses oaths to "William 
and Mary, and is deprived, Feb. 1691 — fr. at 
Fresingfield, 24 Nov. 1693. 

Sanctius. [Sanchez de Arevalo.] 

Sanctorius, {Santorio,) physician, — fj. at 
Capo d'Istria, 1561 — Prof. Theory of Medicine, 
Padua, 161 1 — rj. at Venice, 1636. Methodus 
vitandorum errorum omnium qui in arte medica 
contingunt, 1602 — Ars de statica medicina, 
1614. 

Sanctuary, Privilege of, in England, — taken 
from felons committing fresh felony by bull of 
Innocent VIII., 1487 — limited by Pope Alex- 
ander VI., 1503 — further limited by Acts 26 
Hen. VIII. c. 13, 1534, 27 Hen. VIII. c. 19, 
1536, and 32 Hen. VIII. c. 12, 1540 — abol- 
ished by Act 21 Jac. I. c. 28, 1624— for debtors, 
abolished by Act 8 and 9¥m III. c. 27, 1697. 

Sandby, Paul, painter, engraver, — ft. at Not- 
tingham, 1725 — goes to London, 1746 — mem- 
ber of Royal Academy, 1768 — rj. in London, 9 
Nov. 1809. 

Sandby, Thomas, architect, §c, — ft. at Not- 
tingham, 17 2 1 — deputy-ranger of "Windsor 
Great Park, 1746 — first Prof. Architecture at 
Royal Academv, 1768 — tr. at Windsor, 25 Jun. 
1798. 

Sandeman, Robert, leader of the Sandema- 
nians, — ft. at Perth, 17 1 8, a 1723 b — goes to Lon- 
don, 1760 — goes to America, 1764 — ft. there, 
1772. a Some authorities. h Others. 

Sanders, Nicholas, — ft. at Charlewood, Sur- 
rey, about 1527— enters New Coll. Oxford, 
1548 — Prof. Canon Law, Oxford, 1557 — de- 
prived, 1558 — goes to Rome, 1560 — accom- 
panies Cardinal Hosius to Council of Trent, 
1562 — Nuncio to Ireland, by Gregory XIII. , 
1579 — tf. there, 158 1 (?). Be Visibili Monar- 
chia Ecclesice, 157 1 — Be Origine ac Progressu 
Schismatis Anglican i, 1585. 

Sanderson, Robert, Bp of Lincoln— ft. at 
Rotheram, 19 Sep. 1587 — enters Lincoln Coll. 
Oxford, 1600 — Fellow of his Coll., 1606 — 
M.A., 1608 — takes holy orders, 161 1 — mar- 



H 6 



SANDERSON— SANITARY ACTS. 



ries, about 1619 — prebendary of Lincoln, 1629 
—chaplain to the king, 163 1 — D.D., 1636— 
Regius Prof. Divinity, Oxford, 1642 — refuses 
to join Assembly of Divines, 1643 — as chap- 
lain, attends Charles I., 1647-8 — ejected, 
1648 — Bp of Liacoln, Oct. 1660— takes part 
in Savoy Conference, 1661—0"., 29 Jan. 1663. 
Logicce Artis Compendium, 16 15 — Episcopacy 
as established by law in England not prejudicial 
to Regal Poiver, 1661 — Nine cases of conscience 
resolved, 1678 — Physic® Sciential Compendium, 

l6 7 r - . ^ 

Sanderson, Robert, antiquary,— ft. in Dur- 
ham, 1660— enters St John's Coll. Cambridge, 
1683— assistant to Rymer, 1707— tf. in Lon- 
don, 25 Dec. 1741. Completes Rymer's Fos- 
dera, 1717-35- 

Sandhurst, Royal Military College, — founded 
at Great Maiiow by Royal Warrant, 1799— 
reconstituted, 1808 — transferred to Sandhurst, 
18 1 2— newly regulated, 1862. 

Sandoval, Fray Prudencio de, historian, — 
ft. at Valladolid or Monterey, about 1560 — Bp 
of Pampeluna, 161 2 — tf. there, 17 Mar. 162 1. 
FListoria de la vida y hechos del Emperador 
Carlos V., 1604 — Eistoria de los Reyes de Cas- 
tilla y de Leon, 1634. 

Sandracottus, {Sandracoptus, Chandra- 
gupta,) — [BCJ — King of Magada, between 
312-280,* 350,* 3I55 c 392-376^ 381-347.* 
a Greek Hist. b Wilford. c Wilson. 
. d Crawfurd. e Tumour. 

Sandrart, Joachim von, painter, engraver, 
biographer, — ft. at Frankfort-on-the-Main, 
1606 — visits Italy, 1627-35 — tf. at Niirnberg, 
1683,* 1688. b Teutsche Academie der Bau- 
Bildhauer-und Maler-Kunst, 1675-9 — Fcono- 
logia deorum, §c, 1680 — Romce antiques et novae 
theatrum, 1684. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. and Conv.-Lex. 

Sandwich, in Kent, — mentioned, 665 — 
Athelstan defeats Danes near, 851 — pillaged by 
Danes, 993 or 994, and 1007 — rendezvous of 
the great fleet, 1009 — Cnut lands at, 1014, 
1 01 6, and 1029 — Earl Godwine assembles an 
army at, 1052 — mentioned as one of the Cinque 
Ports, 1086 — Richard I. lands at, Mar. 1194 — 
Edward III. assembles army at, 1372 — taken 
and pillaged by French, 1438 — again taken and 
burnt, 1457 — settlement of Flemings at, about 
1560 — visited by Queen Elizabeth, 1573. 

Sandwich, Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of, 
geyieral, admiral, statesman, — ft., 27 Jul. 1625 
— raises a regiment for the Parliament, Aug. 
1643 — commands fleet in the Downs, 1657 — 
in North Sea, 1659 — created Baron Montagu, 
Viscount Hinchinbroke, and Earl of Sandwich, 
by Charles II., 12 Jul. 1660— sent to take 

Possession of Tangier, 1661 — commands under 
)uke of York against the Dutch, 1664-5 — 
contributes to victory over Dutch fleet, 3 Jun. 
1665 — killed, in naval combat with Dutch, in 
Southwold Bay, 28 May 1672. 

Sandwich, John Montagu, 4th Earl of, 
{Jemmy Twitcher,) — ft., Nov. 17 18 — succeeds 
to the title, 20 Oct. 1729 — enters Trin. Coll. 
Cambridge, 1735 — negotiates Peace of Aix-la- 



Chapelle, 1748 — First Lord of the Admiralty, 
1748 — dismissed, 1751 — again First Lord, Apr. 
1763 to Dec. 1767 — again, 177 1 — wounded in 
the Gordon Riots, 1780 — tf., 30 Apr. 1792. 

Sandwich Islands, in the Pacific Ocean, — 
discovered by Gaetan,? 1542 — discovered by 
Cook, 1778 — [Hawaii] — visited by Vancouver, 
1778, 1792, and 1794 — idols and temples de- 
stroyed by natives, 1819-20 — American mis- 
sions in, commenced, 1820 — visit of the king, 
Kamehameha II., and his queen to London, 
1824 — constitutional government established, 
1840 — visit of Queen Emma to London, 1866 
— great earthquake in, 19 Feb. 1871. 

Sandys, Edwin, Abp of York, — ft. in 
Lancashire, 15 19 — enters St John's Coll. Cam- 
bridge, about 1532 — B.A., 1539 — M.A., 1541 
— Master of Catherine Hall, 1547 — D.D., 1549 
— prebendary of Peterborough, 1549 — of Car- 
lisle, 1552 — Vice-chancellor of Cambridge 
Univ., 1553 — preaches a sermon in support of 
Queen Jane, and is deprived of the Vice-chan- 
cellorship, Jul. 1553 — refuses to proclaim 
Queen Mary, and is imprisoned, 1553 — liber- 
ated, escapes to the continent, May 1554 — 
returns to England, 1558 — assists in new 
translation of Bible, 1565 — Bp of Wor- 
cester, 21 Dec. 1559 — Bp of London, 1570 — 
conspiracy of Sir R. Stapleton and others to 
ruin his character, May 1582 — Abp of York, 
1576 — tf. at Southwell, 10 Jul. 1588. Sermons, 

1616. 

Sandy3, Sir Edwin, — ft., about 156 1 — B.A. 

Cambridge, 1579 — prebendary of York, 15 81 

— resigns, 1602 — Knt, by James I., May 1603 

— tf., Oct. 1629. Europce Speculum, 1605. 

Sandys, George, poet, traveller, — ft. at York, 

1577 — enters Oxford Univ., 1589 — goes to the 

East, 1 6 10 — tf. at Bexley, Kent, Mar. 1644. 

Relation of a Journey begun in 1610, 16 15 — 

Ovid's Metamorphoses englished, 1632 — Para- 
phrase on Psalms of David, 1636 — Christ's 

Passion, {Christus Patiens of Grotius,) 1640. 
Sandys, Samuel, Lord, — ft., about 1697 — 

moves accusation against Sir R. Walpole, 13 

Feb. 1 741— Chancellor of the Exchequer, 16 

Feb. 1742 — created Lord Sandys, 1743 — First 

Commissioner of Board of Trade, 1761 — tf., 

Mar. 1770. 

Sangallo, Antonio da, architect, — ft. at Mu- 

gello, about 1482 — architect of St Peter's at 

Rome, 1536 — tf. at Terni, 1546. 
Sangallo, Antonio Giamberti de, architect, 

— tf., 1534- 

Sangallo, Bastiano da, (Aristotele,) painter, 

— ft. at Florence, 1491 — tf., 31 May 1551. 

Copy of Michael Angelo's Cartoon of Pisa, 

1506. 
Sangallo, Giuliano Giamberti a de, architect, 

— ft. at Florence, 1443 — tf. there, 15 17. 
a Engl. Cyc. 
San Giorgio, Eusebio Hi, painter, — ft., about 

1478 — tf., about 1550. St Francis receiving 

the stigmata, Assist, 1507. 

Sanhedrim, Jewish, — [B C] — first men- 
tioned, 69. 

Sanitary Acts, in Great Britain. [See 

Health, Public, Sewage.] 



SANITARY CONFERENCE— SAPOR I. 



1247 



Sanitary Conference, — held at Paris, 1851 
and 1856— at Constantinople, Feb. 1866. 

Sanmicheli, Michel, architect, — ft. at Ve- 
rona, 1484 — goes to Rome, about 1500 — if. at 
Verona, 1559. Fortifications of Verona, 1525. 

Sannyrion, comic poet, — [B C] — exhibits 
Danae, about 407. Io, 374? 

Sansavino, {Tatti,) Jacopo, sculptor, archi- 
tect, — ft. at Florence, 1479, a *477 b — q.u.its 
Rome and retires to "Venice, about 1527 — if. 
at Venice, 27 Nov. i578, a i57o. bc 

a Engl. Cyc. b Perkins. c Biog. Univ. 

Sanscrit, — studied, and account of given by 
Hwen Thsang, about 635-40 — existence and 
affinities of, known to Filippo Sassetti, 1583- 
88 — his letters published, 1855. 

Sansculottes, — designation applied to in- 
digent patriots of French Revolution, 17 90-1. 

Sansevero, Raymond di Sangro, mechanical 
inventor, — ft. at Naples, 17 10 — if., 177 1. 

Sanson, Nicolas, geographer, — ft. at Abbe- 
ville, Dec. 1600 — goes to Paris, 1627 — geo- 
grapher to the king, Counsellor of State, 
about 1641 ? — if. at Paris, 7 or 16 Jul. 1667. 
Atlas, 1693. 

Santa Cruz, in Morocco, — fort built by Em- 
manuel, king of Portugal, 1503 — lost by Por- 
tuguese, 1536 — taken by Sidi Mohammed, 

1773- 

Santa Cruz, in Teneriffe, — fleet of Spanish 
treasure-ships at, destroyed by Blake, 20 Apr. 
1657 — unsuccessfully attacked by Nelson, 24 
Jul. 1797 — harbour enlarged, 1865. 

Santa Cruz. [Virgin Islands. ] 

Santa Fe, in New Mexico, — founded by 
Spaniards, 158 1 — taken by Gen. Kearny, Sep. 
1846. 

Santa Fe de Bogota. [Bogota.] 

Santa Maura, one of the Ionian Islands. 
[Leucadia.] 

Santa Vittoria, in lombardy, — defeat of 
Austrians by Duke of Vendome at, 26 Jul. 
1702. 

Santacroce, Girolamo da, painter, — H., 
about 1520-48. 

Santafede, Fabrizio, painter, — ft. at Naples, 
about 1560 — if., 1634. 

Santander, in Spain, — captured by Gen. 
Merle, Jun. 1808 — sacked by French, Nov. 
1808 — stormed by Spaniards, Jun. 1809 — re- 
taken by French, 10 Jun. 1809 — evacuated by 
them, Aug. 18 12 — British depot established 
at, Jun. 1 8 13 — taken by revolutionary forces, 
Sep. 1868. 

Santander, Carlo Antonio Laserna de, 
bibliographer, — ft. in Biscay, 1 Feb. 1752 — 
goes to Brussels, 1772 — Keeper of the City 
Library, 1795 — if. there, Nov. 18 13. Cata- 
logue des livres de la bibliotheque de dom Simon 
Santander, 1792 — Dictionnaire bibliographique 
du 15 e siecle, §c, 1805-7. 

Santarem, in Tortugal, — taken by Moors, 
1 146 — besieged and stormed by Juzef Abu 
Jacob, (580, a. h.) 1 183— defeat of Moors at, 
1 1 84 — defeat of Don Miguel at, 16 Mav 
1834. 

Santerre, Antonio Joseph, — ft. at Paris, 
1752 — takes part in siege of the Bastille, 1789 



—Commander of National Guard of Paris, May 
1792 — conducts royal family to the Temple, 
after 10 Aug. 1792— escorts Louis XVI. to 
Convention, 10 and 26 Dec. 1792— attends 
execution of the king, 21 Jan. 1793— if. at 
Paris, 6 Feb. 1809. 

Santerre, Jean Baptiste, painter, — ft. near 
Pontoise, 1651,* 1 Jan. 1658 b — admitted to 
Academy of Painting, 18 Oct. i704 b — if. at 
Paris, 21 Nov. 17 17. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Santeul, Jean de, (Santolhts,) poet, — ft. at 
Paris, 12 May 1630— if., 3 Aug. 1697. Symni 
sacri, 1698. 

Santi, (Sanzio,) Giovanni, painter, (father 
of Raphael,) — known as a painter, 1468 ? — if., 
1 Aug. 1494. Madonna and Child enthroned, 
Urbino, 1489. 

Santi, {Sanzio,) Raffaello. [Raphael.] 

Santiago, capital of Chili, — founded by 
Pedro de Valdivia, 1541 — destroyed by earth- 
quake and inundation, 1730 — Church de la 
Compania burnt, 2000 lives lost, 8 Dec. 1863. 
University, founded, 1842. National Institute, 
1843. 

Santiago de Compostella, in Spain,— -be- 
comes place of pilgrimage, about 850 — fortified, 
96 1 — pillaged by Moors under Almansor, 
997 — sea ^ °f archbishopric, 1096? 1123? 
Cathedral, commenced, 1082— completed, n 28 
— cloisters built, 1533. University, founded, 
i532, a i57o. b Councils of, held, 29 Nov. 971 ; 
on discipline, 15 Jan. 1056; 17 Nov. 11 14. 
a Conv.-Lex. b Zedler. 

Santorini, Giovanni Domenico, anatomist, 
— ft. at Venice, about 168 1 — if. there, 7 May 
1736. Opuscula medica de structura et motu 
fibr<B, 1705 — Observationes anatomicce, 1724, 
&c. 

Santorino, one of the Cyclades, (Thera,) — 
new islands of eruption appear near, 1573 and 
1707 — submarine island appears in crater of, 
1810-30 — new island formed, 4 Feb. 1866 — 
earthquake in, chief town destroyed, 30 Jun. 
1870. 

Santorio. [Sanctorius.] 

Sanudo. [See Archipelago.] 

Sanuto, Marino, (Torsello,) chronicler, — 
returns from fifth voyage to the East, 1306 — • 
presents his book to Pope John XXII. at Avig- 
non, 1 32 1 — living, 1330. liber secretorum 
fidelium super Terra Sanctce recuperatione, be- 
tween 1306-21. 

Sapienza, island oftheMorea — [Sphacteria] 
— Venetian fleet under Niccola Pisani sur- 
prised and captured by Genoese under Paganini 
Doria, 4 Nov. 1 354. 

Sapor I., (Schahpor, Schavar,) King of 
Persia,— succeeds his father, Artaxerxes I., 
.238 — invades Syria and Mesopotamia, 241 — 
repulsed by Misitheus, 242 — and by the 
younger Gordian, 243 — makes peace with 
Philip, 244 — seizes Carrhee and Nisibis, pil- 
lages and burns Antioch, 258^ 26o, b 262 c — 
besieges Cassarea in Cappadocia, gains posses- 
sion by treachery, and massacres the inhab- 
itants, 25 8, a 260 b — defeats and captures 
Valerian, 260 — defeated and driven across the 



1248 



SAPOR II.— SAEMATIANS. 



Euphrates by Odenathus, 264 — assassinated by 
satraps, Dec. 27i, b Jan. 272.° 

a Tillemont, Muratori, and Art de Verifier les 
Dates. b Gibbon. c Clinton. 

Sapor II. the Great, Kes t g op Persia, — fc., 
after death of his father, Hormouz IT., and 
succeeds him, end of 308 or beginning of 309 a 
— invades Yemen, about 326 — persecutes Chris- 
tians, 326 — unsuccessfully besieges Nisibis, 
after 22 May 337, or before 22 May 338 a — - 
recommences persecution of Christians, 340 — 
again besieges Nisibis, before 6 Jun. 346 — en- 
counters Constantius at Singara, about Aug. 
348 — besieges Nisibis a third time, 350 — nego- 
tiates with Constantius without success, 358 — 
invades Mesopotamia, 359 — forms siege of 
Amida, about 27 Jul. — takes Amida, about 7 
Oct. — takes Singara and Bezabde, 360 — re- 
pulsed by Julian, 363 — defeats and kills Julian, 
26 Oct. 363 — makes peace with Jovian and re- 
gains the five provinces, 363 — prepares to in- 
vade the Empire, 371 — is defeated, and winters 
at Ctesiphon, 371-2 — ft. at Ctesiphon, 380. 
a Clinton. 

Sapor III., King of Persia,— succeeds Ar- 
taxerxes II., 383,* 384b — concludes treaty 
with Yalentinian II,, 384 — &., 388. 

a Clinton. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Sappho, poetess, — [ BC ] — voyage to Sicily, 
[592, Par. Marb.] between (01. 44, 1, and 
47, 2,) 604-592. 

Sappho, asteroid, — discovered by Pogson, 2 
May 1864. 

Saracens. [See Mohammed, Mohammedan 
Empire, and names of the Caliphs, §c.~\ 

Saragossa, (Zaragoza, Ccesar Augusta,) — 
[BC] — Eoman colony, by Augustus, 27 — [AD] 
— seat of a bishopric, 255 — territory of, 
ravaged by Bechiarius, Jul. 448 — taken by 
Goths, about 470 — by Moors, 712 — by the 
rebel Bahloul ben Mahlouk, (174, a. h.) 790-1 
— taken from Franks by Alhakem, 801 — be- 
sieged by Almundhar, 882 — taken by Calib 
Hai'sun, (273,) 886 — submits to Abdefrahman 
III., (305,) 917-18— made capital of Moorish 
kingdom, 10 14— besieged by Alfonso I. of 
Aragon, (510,) 11 16 — taken and entered by 
him, (4 Bamadan 512,) 19 Dec. 1118 — erected 
into archbishopric, 13 17 — submits to Philip V., 
1707 — defeat of French by Imperialists under 
Count von Stahremberg, 20 Aug. 17 10 — Palafox 
defeated by French near, 12, 13, and 14 Jun. 
1808— invested by French, 15 Jun. 1808 — de- 
fended by Palafox, and siege raised, 14 Aug. 
— again invested and bombarded by French, 20 
Dec. — stormed, 27 Jan. 1809 — capitulates, 20 
Feb. — threatened by Blake, Jun. 1809 — Clausel 
retreats to, and evacuates, 1 Jul. 1813 — eva- 
cuated by Suchet, Jul. 18 13 — insurrection at, 
1820 — triumphal entry of Marshal Serrano and 
Admiral Topete, 16 Oct. 1868. University, 
founded, about 1 1 18 — incorporated, 1474. 
il of, against Priscillianists, held, 4 Oct. 
38o,* 3 8i.b 

de Verifier les Dates. b Mansi. 

Saratoga. rAmeuca.i War.] 

Sarawak. [Brooke, Sir James.] 

Sarazin, {Sarrazi.:,) Jacques, sculptor,— ft. 



at ISToyon, 1590^ 1588 b — assists in founding 
Academy of Painting, and made Prof., 1648 — 
Eector, 1655 — ij. at Paris, 3 Dec. 1660. 
a Biog. Univ. a Noav. Biog. Gen. 

Sardica, in Illyria. Council of, against 
Arians, held, May 347. 

Sardinia, Island of, — [B C] — known to 
Greeks, 500 — ravaged by Eomans, 259 — made 
a Eoman province, 238 — [AD] — conquered by 
Genseric, about 461-2 ? — the Vandals expelled 
by Marcellinus, 468 a — conquered by Zano, 
brother of Gelimer, 533 — surrenders to Beli- 
sarius, and is annexed to prefecture of Africa, 
534 — Saracens begin to ravage the coasts, 720 
— conquered by Moors under Musait, who takes 
title of King, about 1000 — attacked by Pisans, 
1015 — taken from Moors by Genoese and 
Pisans, 1016-17, and retained by Pisans: 
given up to Emperor Frederick I., who appoints 
a king, 1164 13 — given to Enzio, by Frederick 
II., 1238 — claimed by Gregory IX., 1239 — 
submits to Eome, 1243 — sovereignty conferred 
on James II. of Aragon by Benedict VIII., 
1296 — invites king of Aragon to deliver from 
Pisa, 1 32 1 c — invaded by Don Alfonso, who 
takes Cagliari, 1324 — revolt against Pisans, , 
1325 — conquered by Aragonese, 1326 — revolt 
suppressed by Pedro IV., 1354 — parliament 
convoked by him at Cagliari, Apr. 1 355 d — the 
rival claimants, Brancaleone Doria and Vis- 
count of Narbonne defeated by Aragonese at 
Luri, Jun. 1409 d — on cession of Arborea to 
Alfonso V., becomes entirely subject to Aragon, 
1428 d — Inquisition established and Jews ex- 
pelled by Ferdinand the Catholic, 1492 — capi- 
tulates to Sir John Leake, 1708 — given to Em- 
peror Charles VI. by Peace of Utrecht, 17 13 
■ — seized by Philip V. of Spain, 17 17 — given 
up in exchange for Sicily to Victor Amadeus, 
Duke of Savoy, with title of King, by Treaty 
of London, 1720 — unsuccessfully attacked by 
French, 1793. a Gibbon. b Kington. 

c Art de Verifier les Dates. d Engl. Cyc. 

Sardinia, Kingdom of, — erected for Victor 
Amadeus, Duke of Savoy, 1720 — who abdi- 
cates, and is succeeded by his son Charles 
Emmanuel III., 1730 — Victor Amadeus III., 
(son,) 1773— Charles Emmanuel IV., (son,) 
1796 — Victor Emmanuel I., (son,) 1802 — 
Charles Felix, (brother,) 1821 — Charles 
Albert, 1 831— made a constitutional monarchy, 
8 Feb. 1848— Victor Emmanuel II., (son,) 
1849 — merges in kingdom of Italy, 1861. 

Sardes, (Sart,) — [BC] — taken by Kimme- 
rians, about 635 — period of its greatest splen- 
dour, about 560 — taken by Cyrus, end of 546 
— Agesilaos defeats Persians near, 395 — taken 
by Antiochus the Great, 216 — citadel besieged 
and taken by Antiochus, 2 14 — [A D] — destroyed 
by earthquake and rebuilt by Tiberius, 17. 

Sarmatians, (Sarmatce, Sauromatce,) — [BC] 
— mentioned by Herodotus, about 440 — [A D] 
— campaign of Domitian against, 93 — Hadrian 
marches against, 118 — defeated by Marcus 
Aurelius, 174 — his triumph, 176 — defeated by 
Carus, 283 — pass the Danube, and are driven 
back by Constantine, 322 — campaign of the 
Caesar Constantius in their country, 332 — ex- 



SARNEN— SATURNINUS. 



■Hg 



pelled by Limigantes, settled in the Empire, 
334 — campaign of Constantius II. against, 
peace concluded, 358 — ravage Pannonia, 365 — 
with the Quadi invade Illyricum, repulsed by 
Theodosius, 374. 

Sarnen, in Switzerland, — seat of Diet, from 
1646. League of, (Sarnenbund,) between 
Catholic Cantons, formed, 14 Nov. 1832 — dis- 
solved by decree of the Diet, 17 Aug. 1833. 

Sarpi, Pietro, {Fra Paolo, Father Paul,) 
statesman, historian, — ft. at Venice, 1552 — 
enters Servite Order, about 1572 — Proctor- 
general of his Order, 1585 — sent to Rome, 
1597 — pleads cause of Venetian Republic 
against demands of Paul V., 1606 — named 
theologian to the Republic ; his assassination 
attempted, Oct. 1607 — tf. at Venice, 14 Jan. 
1623. Storia del Conciho Tridentino, 16 19 
— Works, 1677. 

Sars, Michael, zoologist,— b. at Bergen, Aug. 
1805 — Prof. Extraord. Zoology, Christiania, 
1854 — ft., 22 Oct. 1869. Fauna Littoralis Nor - 
vegice, 1846 seqq. 

Sarsaparilla, — brought to Europe by Span- 
iards, about 1530. 

Sarsfield, Patrick, military commander, — 
serves against Duke of Monmouth at Sedge- 
moor, 1685 — member of Irish parliament, 1688 
— takes command in Irish army of James II., 
1689 — fights at battle of the Boyne, 1 Jul. 
1690 — surprises English artillery before Lime- 
rick, and compels William III. to raise the 
siege, Aug. 1690 — commands Irish reserve at 
Aghrim, 12 Jul. 169 1 — negotiates surrender of 
Limerick, Oct. 1691 — retires to France; dis- 
tinguishes himself at Steenkirke, Aug. 1692 — 
killed at Landen, 19 Jul. 1693. 

Sarti, Giuseppe, musical composer, — 0. at 
Faenza, 1729— organist of the Duomo, Milan, 
1779 — music director to Catherine of Russia, 
1784 — tf. at Berlin, 1802. 

Sarto, Andrea del, [Andrea Vamccchi,) 
painter, — fi. at Florence, 1487 — goes to France, 
1518— returns to Florence, 1519 — tf. there, 
1530. Frescoes in the Santissima Annunciata, 
Florence, 1509-10 — Madonna del Sacco, 1525 — 
Madonna di San Francesco, TJffizj, 15 17. 

Sartwell, Henry Parker, botanist, — a. in 
Massachusetts, 1792 — begins practice of medi- 
cine, 1792 — settles at Penn Yan, New York, 
1832 — tf. there, 15 Nov. 1867. Carices 
Americana Septentrionalis Fxsiccatce, 1848. 

Sarum, Old, near Salisbury, — Cynric king 
of "Wessex defeats Britons near, 552 — sacked 
and burnt by Sweyn, 1003 — seat of a bishopric, 
between 1058-78 — William I. holds his Court 
at, Jul. or Aug. 1086 — see removed to New 
Sarum, (Salisbury,) 1217 — returns members to 
parliament, 1295 — again, and regularly, from 
1 360- 1 — disfranchised as a rotten borough by 
Reform Act, 1832. 

Sarum, Use of, — compiled by Osmund, 
about 1085. 

Sarzana, in Italy,— ^ [B C]— founded, 176 — 
[AD]— seat of bishopric, 1204 — visited and 
protected by Emperor Frederick II., 1226 — 
conquered by Genoese, 1407 — ceded by Genoese 
to the Doge Fregoso on his abdication, 1421 — 



taken by Florentines, 1487 — treaty between 
Charles VIII. of France and Piero de' Medici 
concluded at, 1493 — recovered by Genoese, 
1496. Fortress, built by Pisans, 1262. Cathe- 
dral, built, 1200. 
Sassanidae. [Persia.] 
Sassoferrato. [Salvi, Giambattista.] 
Satellite-machine, — invented by Roemer, 
1679 — Pearson's, invented, 1798. 

Satricum,— [B C]— subject to Rome, before 
(361, a. v. c.) 393 *— revolts, 393— Camillus 
defeats Antiates near, (369,) 385— taken by 
Camillus, 385 — Roman colony, 384 — taken bv 
Praenestines and Antiates, 383— abandoned by 
Antiates and burnt by allies, (378,) 376— de- 
stroyed by Romans and Latins, (404,) 350 — 
war about it, between Romans and Antiates, 
(409,) 345— revolts to Samnites, (428,) 326— 
recovered by Romans by treachery, about 324. 
a Niebuhr. 
Sattara, in Hindustan,— taken from king of 
Bejapoor by Sevajee, and made capital of Mah- 
ratta dominions, 1673 — taken by Aurungzebe, 
1690,* 1700 b — retaken by Mahrattas, 1705 — 
taken by British, 18 18. 

a Macculloch. b Thornton. 

Saturday Review, London weekly Journal, 
— commenced, 3 Nov. 1855. 

Saturn, planet, — ring observed as lateral 
appendage, by Galileo, 1 610— discovered to be 
a ring by Huyghens, 1656 — observed as double, 
by Cassini, 1675 — described byHerschel, 1789- 
92 — third, observed by Hadley, 1723 — by 
Galle, 1838 — discovered by Bond, 15 Nov. 
1850, and by Dawes, 25 Nov. Satellites of, 
sixth, discovered by Huyghens, 1655 — four 
others, by Cassini, 1671-72-84 — two, by Her- 
schel, 1789 — an eighth, by Bond and Lassell, 
19 Sep. 1848. Fxcentric position of, noticed by 
Gallet, 1684 — discovered by Schwabe, Sep. 
1827. 

Saturnalia, — [B C] — instituted at Rome, 
497- 

Saturninus I., — one of the Thirty Tyrants, 
263. 

Saturninus II., usurper, Roman Emperor, 
— commands on Eastern frontiers, before 275 
— proclaimed Augustus at Alexandria, 279 — 
slain, 280. 

Saturninus, — Consul with Merobaudes, 
(1136, a. u. c.) 383. 

Saturninus, A. Volusius, — Consul with 
Domitian, (840, a. u. c.) 87. 

Saturninus, C. Sentius,— (1.) [BC]— Con- 
sul with Q. Lucretius, (735, a. u. c.) 19. (2.) 
[AD] — Consul with Sex. JElius Cato, (757,) 4. 
Saturninus, Claudius, jurist, — fl., about 150. 
Saturninus, Cn. Sentius, — Consul with C. 
Csesar, (794, a. u. c.) 41. 

Saturninus, L. Antonius, — rebels against 
Domitian in Germany, is defeated and killed, 

Saturninus, L. Appulems, — L B CJ— quaestor 
at Ostia, 104 — tribunus plebis, 102 — again, 100, 
put to death by mob. 

Saturninus, Qu. Volusius, — (1.) Consul 
with P. Corn. Scipio, (809, a. tj. c.) 56. (2.) 
Consul with Domitian, (845,) 92. 
79 



1250 



SATURNINUS— SAVANNAH. 



Saturninus, Titus, — Consul with C. Gallus, 
(951, a. u. c.) 198. 

Saturninus, Venuleius, jurist, — fl., about 
213. 

Saturnus, — [B C]— first temple of, at Rome, 
498. 

Saugor and Nerbudda Territory, in Hindu- 
stan, — ceded to British, 18 18 — confirmed by 
treaty, 1826. 
Saumaise, Claude de. [Salmasius.] 
Saumarez. [Sausmarez.] 
Saumur, (Salmuvium,) in France, — captured 
by Fulk of Anjou, 1016 — surprised by Count of 
Poitiers, 27 Jun. 1069 — investiture of Count of 
Poitou at, 1240— visited by Charles VII., 1424 
and 1425 — annexed to Crown of France, 1570 
— given up to Duke of Alencon, Nov. 1575 — 
assembly of Huguenots at, Feb. 1590— taken 
by Vendeans, 10 Jun. 1793 — revolt under 
Gen. Berton at, 24 Feb. 1822— barracks burnt, 
8 May 1848. Protestant Academy, dissolved 
by Louis XIV., 1684. Royal School of Cavalry, 
established, (as Royal Riding School,) 1771 — 
dissolved, 30 Mar. 1822 — reorganized under 
present name, 20 Mar. 1825. Councils of, on 
discipline and against clandestine marriages, 
2 Dec. 1253; 31 Aug. 1276; 9 Mar. 1294; 9 
May 1 3 15 : and 1342. 

Saunders, Sir Charles, admiral, — serves 
under Anson, in expedition to S. Seas, 1740 — 
Post-captain, 26 Sep. 1741 — contributes to 
victory of Hawke over French squadron, Oct. 
1747 — M.P. Plymouth, Apr, 1750 — Treasurer 
of Greenwich Hospital, 1754 — Comptroller 
of the Navy, Dec. 1755 — Commander-in-chief 
on Mediterranean station, Jan. 1757 — Rear- 
admiral, 1758 — Commander-in-chief of ex- 
pedition against Quebec, Feb. 1759 — takes 
Quebec, Sep. — Lieutenant-general of Marines, 
8 Dec. — receives thanks of Commons, 23 Jan. 
1760 — Commander-in-chief in Mediterranean, 
spring 1760 — K.C.B., 26 May 1761 — Vice- 
admiral, Oct. 1762 — Lord of the Admiralty, 
30 Aug. 1765 — First Lord of the Admiralty, 
and Privy Councillor, 16 Sep. 1766 — Admiral, 
Oct. 1770 — U. in London, 7 Dec. 1775 — 
buried in "Westminster Abbey, 12 Dec. 

Saunders, Sir Edmund, Chief Justice of 
England, — enters Middle Temple, 4 Jul. 1660 
— called to the bar, 25 Nov. 1664 — Bencher 
of his Inn , 1682 — Chief Justice and Knt, 13 
Jan. 1683 — tf. in London, 19 Jun. 1683. Re- 
ports, 1686. 

Saunders, Sir Edward, Chief Justice of 
Queen's Bench, — Reader at Middle Temple, 
1525 and 1533 — Serjeant at Law, 1540 — 
King's Serjeant, 1547 — induces Lord Mayor 
of London to proclaim Queen Mary, Jul. 1553 
— Judge of Common Pleas, 4 Oct. 1553 — Kjit, 
by King Philip, Jan. 1554— Chief Justice of 
Queen's Bench, 8 May 1557 — reappointed 'by 
Queen Elizabeth, 155 8— Chief ;Bdi'or f of Ex- 
chequer, before Hilary Term, j£j;g4-ij. ? beforp 
24 Jan. 1577. 

Saunders, Lawrence, — preaches against 
the mass in London, and is sent to the Mar- 
shalsea, 15 Oct. 1553— consents to proposed 
disputation at Cambridge, 8 May 1554 — ex.? 



amined and excommunicated, Jan. 1555 — 
degraded by Bonner, 4 Feb. — burnt at Co- 
ventry, 8 Feb., a May. b 

a Foxe. b Foss. 

Saunderson, Nicholas, mathematician, — fc. 
in Yorkshire, 1682 — begins to lecture at Cam- 
bridge, 1707 — M.A. and Lucasian Prof. Ma- 
thematics, Nov. 17 1 1 — marries, about 1723— 
LL.D., 1728 — ft., 19 Apr. 1739. Elements of 
Algebra, 1740 — Treaties on Fluxions, 1756. 

Saurin, Jacques, theologian, — fc. at Nisraes, 
6 Jan. 1677 — pastor of "Walloon church in 
London, 1701-5 — settles at the Hague, 1705 — 
rj. there, 30 Dec. 1730. Sermons, 1749 — Dis- 
cours historiques, theologiques et moraux, (Sau- 
rin's Bible,) 1720. 

Sausmarez, James, Lord de, admiral, — fi. 
in Guernsey, 11 Mar. 1757— enters the navy, 
1770 — takes part in attack on Charlestown, 
1776 — wounded in engagement with the Dutch 
off Dogger Bank, 5 Aug. 1781 — contributes to 
Rodney's victory over De Grasse, 12 Apr. 
1782 — captures French frigate Reunion and is 
knighted, 1793 — takes part under Lord Brid- 
port in battle of 23 Jun. 1795 — distinguishes 
himself in battle of Cape St Vincent, Feb. 
1797 — blockades Cadiz, Feb. 1797 to Apr. 1798 
— wounded at battle of the Wile, 1 Aug. 1798 
— watches French fleet off Brest, 1799- 18 00 — 
Rear-admiral, beginning of 1801 — Bart., Jun. 
1 801 — defeated by French at Algesiras, 6 Jul. 
1 801 — defeats French and Spanish fleets off 
Cabrita, 12 Jul. 1801 — K.B., 1801 — receives 
pension of £1200, 1803 — Commander of Baltic 
fleet, 1809— Admiral, 18 14— D.C.L. Oxford, 
1814 — Vice-admiral of Great Britain, 1821 — 
raised to the peerage, 1831 — tr. in Guernsey, 9 
Oct. 1836. 

Saussure, Horace Benedict de, naturalist, 
— n. at Geneva, 17 Feb. 1740 — visits Cha- 
mouni, 1760 — Prof. Philosophy, Coll. of Ge- 
neva, 1762-86 — commences his scientific 
travels, 1768 — ascends Mont Blanc, 3 Aug. 
1787 — spends 17 days on the summit of the 
Col du Geant, 1788 — ascends Monte Rosa, 
1789 — lj. at Geneva, 23 Jan. 1799. Voyages 
dans les Alpes, 1779-96 — Essais sur VHygro- 
me'trie, 1763. 

Sauvages, Francois Boissier de, botanist, 
physician, — b. at Alais, 1706— M.D. Mont- 
pellier, 1726 — Prof. Medicine and Botany, 
Montpellier, 1751 — tf. at Montpellier, 19 Feb. 
1767. Nosologia' Methodica, 1759 — De JS r a- 
tura rediviva, 1760. 

Sauveur, Joseph, mathematician, — n. at La 
Fleche, 24 Mar. 1653 — goes to Paris, 1670 — 
at siege of Mons, 1691 — Prof. Mathematics, 
Coll. Royal, 1686 — member of Academy of 
Sciences, 1696 — ft. at Paris, 9 Jul. 17 16. 

Savage, Richard, poet,— ft. in London, 10 
Jan. 1698 — tf. at Bristol, 31 Jul. 1743. Works, 

i777f 

Savannah, capital of Georgia, U.S.,— founded 
by Oglethorpe, Feb, j 7 33 — unsuccessfully 
attacked by British, 3 Mar. 1776 — taken by 
them, 29 Dec. 1778 — defeat of Americans and 
French by British at, Oct. 1779 — evacuated 



SAVAKY— SAVOY. 



1251 



by British, 1783 — chartered as a city, 1789 — 
Forts Jackson and Pulaski seized by State 
troops, 3 Jan. 1861 — evacuated by Gen. Hardee, 
20 Dec. 1864 — occupied by Gen. Sherman, 21 
Dec. 
Savary, Anne Jean Marie. [Rovigo, Duke 

OF.] 

Savary, Nicolas, traveller, — ft. at Vitre, 
in Brittany, 1750 — travels in Egypt, 1777-9 
— tf. at Paris, 4 Feb. 1788. Cor an, traduit de 
V Arabe, 1783 — Lettres sur VFgypte, 1784-5 — 
Lettres sur la Grece, 1788. 

Saverien, Alexandre, miscellaneous writer, 
— fc. at Aries, 1720 — tr. at Paris, 28 May 1805. 
Dictionnaire historique, theorique, et pratique 
de marine, 1758 — Sistoire des philosophes mo- 
dernes,i']6o-']T t — Sistoire des pr ogres de V esprit 
humain dans les sciences, $c, 17 66-7 8 — Sistoire 
des philosophes anciens, 1770-83. 

Saverne, (Tabernce, Zabern,) in Alsace, — for- 
tified, before 1200— pillaged by Austrians,i744 
— occupied by Crown Prince of Prussia, 8 
Aug. 1870. 

Saverrio, P. Sulpicins, — [B C] — (1.) Consul 
with P. Sempronius Sophus, (450, a. u. c.) 
304 — Censor with same, 292.' (2.) Consul 
with P. Decius Mus ; war with Pyrrhus, (475,) 
279. a Smith's Diet. 

Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, jurist, — fc. at 
Frankfort-on-the-Main, 21 Feb. 1779 — goes 
to Univ. of Gottingen, Oct. 1796 — to Marburg, 
autumn 1797 — LL.D. Marburg, 31 Oct. 1800 
— marries, 1804 — Prof. Law, Landshut, 1808 
— Prof. Law, Berlin, 18 10 — member of Aca- 
demy of Sciences, 18 10 — member of Council of 
State, 1 817 — Privy Minister of State, 1842 — 
retires, 1848 — tf. at Berlin, 25 Oct. 1861. 
Recht des Besitzes, 1803 — Geschichte des R6- 
mischen Rechts im Mittelalter, 18 15-31 — Bei- 
trag zur Recht sgeschichte des Adels in Neuern 
Europa, 1836 — System des heutigen Romischen 
Rechts, 1840-9 — Vermischte Schriften, 1850. 

Savile, George. [Halifax, Marquis of.] 

Savile, Sir Henry, mathematician, $c, — h. 
near Halifax, 30 Nov. 1549 — enters Merton 
Coll. Oxford, 1561 — M.A., 1570 — travels on 
the continent, 1578 — Greek tutor to Queen 
Elizabeth, 1578 — Warden of Merton Coll., 1585 
— Provost of Eton, 1596 — Knt, by James I., 
21 Sep. 1604 — founds professorships of Geo- 
metry and Astronomy, Oxford, 16 19 — ft. at 
Eton, 19 Feb. 1622. Rerum Anglicarum 
Scriptores post Bedam, 1596 — Lectures on the 
First Book of Euclid, 1621. 

Savings' Banks, in Great Britain, — origin- 
ated by Priscilla AVakefield, who establishes 
Charitable Bank at Tottenham, 1804 — another 
founded at Ruthwell by Duncan, 18 10 — estab- 
lishment of, facilitated and regulated by Acts 
57 Geo. III. cc. 105 and 130, 11 and 12 Jun. 
1817 — amended by Acts 58 Geo. III. c. 48, 30 
May 1 818, 1 Geo. IV. c. 83, 24 Jul. 1820, and 
5 Geo. IV. c. 62, 9 Jun. 1824 — laws relating 
to, consolidated by Act 9 Geo. IV. c. 92, 28 
Jul. 1828— further regulated by Act 3 "WmlV. 
c. 14, 10 Jun. 1833 — provisions extended to 
Scotland by Act 5 and 6 Wm IV. c. 57, 9 Sep. 
1835 — laws amended by 7 and 8 Vic. c. 83, 9 



Aug. 1844 — again amended and purchase of 
government annuities by depositors facilitated 
by 16 and 17 Vic. c. 45, 4 Aug. 1853— again 
consolidated and amended by Acts 26 anil 27 
Vic. c. 87, 28 Jul. 1863, and 29 Vic. c. 5, 13 
Mar. 1866 — laws relating to investments for, 
amended by Act 32 and 33 Vic. c. 59, 9 Aug. 
1869. Military, {Regimental,) established by 
warrant, 11 Oct. 1843— dissolved by Act 12 
and 13 Vic. c. 71, 28 Jul. 1849. Military, 
established by Act 5 and 6 Vic. c. 71, 30 Jul. 
1842 — amended by 8 and 9 Vic. c. 27, 30 Jun. 
1 845 — laws amended and consolidated by Act 
22 and 23 Vic. c. 20, 13 Aug. 1859. Naval, 
established and regulated by Act 29 and 30 
Vic. c. 43, 28 Jun. 1866. Post Office. [Post 
Office Savings' Banks.] 

Savona, in Italy, (Sava,) — destroyed by 
Eotharis, 639 — rebuilt by Louis the Pious, 981 
— besieged by Genoese, Mar. 1243— succom-ed 
by Enzio, and siege raised by Pisans under 
Lancia, Apr. 1243 — conference of Louis XII. 
of France and Ferdinand of Spain at, 1507 — 
the harbour partly filled up by Genoese, 1525-8 
— French and Spanish fleet sunk by British, 
1745 — taken by Sardinians, 1746 — Austrians 
defeated by the French, 1794 — occupied by 
the French, winter 1795-6 — taken by Austrians, 
Apr. 1800 — given up to French by armistice of 
Alexandria, 15 Jun. 1800 — residence of Pope 
Pius VII., 1809-12 — made a bonding port for 
foreign goods, 1850. Cathedral, built, 1604. 

Savonarola, Fra Girolamo, Prior of St 
Mark's, Florence, — ft. at Ferrara, 21 Sep. 1452 
— enters Dominican convent at Bologna, 24 
Apr. 1475 — sent to preach at Ferrara, 1482 — 
enters convent of San Marco, Florence, about 
1483 — preaches at San Gemignano, 1484-5 — at 
Brescia, i486 — recalled to Florence by Lorenzo 
de' Medici, 1490 — Prior of St Mark, 149 1 — 
attends Lorenzo on his death-bed, Apr. 1492 — 
ambassador to Charles VIIL, (French camp in 
Italy,) Nov. 1494 — restores popular govern- 
ment at Florence, Dec. 1494 — refuses offer of 
the cardinalate, early in 1496 ?— directs the 
4 bonfire of Vanities ' at the Carnival, 7 Feb. 
1497— excommunicated, 12 May 1497 — for- 
bidden to preach by the Pope and the Signory, 
Mar. 1498— holds the Ordeal, 7 Apr. — seized 
and imprisoned, 8 Apr. — hung and burnt, 23 
May 1498. Triumphus Crucis, 1497 — Com- 
pendium Revelationis, 1495. 

Savoy, (Sapaudia, Sabaudia,) — becomes sub- 
ject to Burgundians, 407^ 41 3 b — subject to 
Franks, 534 a — province of France, 561 b — 
forms part of new kingdom of Burgundy, 888 
— annexed to the Empire by Conrad II., 1033 
— held by Beroald, mentioned as Count of 
Maurienne, 1020 — Humbert I. (son) succeeds 
him, 1027 — Amadeus I., (son,) 1048 — Hum- 
bert II., (son,) about 1072 — obtains cession 
of five bishoprics from Emperor Henry IV., 
I0 77 — acquires Marches of Suza and Turin, 
and takes title of Marquis, 1098 — a"., 19 Oct. 
1 108 — Amadeus II., (III.,) (son,) 1108 — 
[Amadeus III.] — erected into a County by 
Henry V., n 11 — Humbert III. the Saint, 
fc., Aug. 1 136 — succeeds his father, 1148 — 
79 * 



1252 



SAVOY— SAXE. 



sends deputies to Diet of Roncaglia, 1158 — 
accompanies Frederick Barbarossa to siege of 
Milan, n 62 — his estates ravaged by Frederick, 
1 1 74 — tf. at Chambery, 4 Mar. n 88— Thomas 
(son) succeeds, 1188 — joins crusaders, and 
takes part in siege of Zara, 1201 — Vicar of the 
Empire in Lonibardy, by Frederick II., 1226 
— joins league against "Pope Honorius III., 
I23I — blockades Turin, seized by Marquis of 
Montferrat, 1232— tf. at Aosta, 20 Jan. 1233— 
Amadeus III., (IV.,) (son,) 1233— Boniface, 
Poland, (son,) fj., 1 Dec. 1244 — succeeds, 
! 253 — defeats Charles of Anjou near Bivoli, 
1262 — besieges Turin, and is defeated and 
taken prisoner, 1262 — tf., 1263 — Peter, the 
Little Charlemagne, (son,) 1263 — [Peter of 
Savoy] — Philip I., (brother,) fj., 1207 — 
marries Alice of Meranie, Countess of Bur- 
gundy, 1267 — succeeds, 1268 — concludes peace 
with Rudolph of Habsburg, by mediation of 
Pope Martin IV., 24 Jun. 1283 — tf., 17 Nov. 
1285— Amadeus IV., (V.,) (nephew,) 1285— 
Edward, (son,) h. at Bauge, 8 Feb. 1284 — 
marries Blanche of Burgundy, 1307 — succeeds 
his father, 1323 — fights against Flemings at 
Montcassel, 1328— tf., 4 Nov. 1329 — Aimon, 
(brother,) fj., 15 Dec. 1294 — succeeds, 1329 — 
marries Yolande of Montferrat, 1330— supports 
Philip of France against Edward III. of Eng- 
land, 1337 — contributes to raising siege of 
Tournay, 1339 — tf., 24 Jun. 1343 — Amadeus 
VI., (sod,) 1343 — Amadeus VII. , (son,) fj., 24 
Feb. 1360 — marries Bonne de Berri at Paris, 
Dec. 1376 — distinguishes himself at battle of 
Rosebecque, 1382 — succeeds his father, 1383 — 
the towns of Barcelonnetta, Vintemille, and 
Nice submit to him, 1388 — tf. at Eipaille, 1 
Nov. 1391 — Amadeus VIII., (son,) 1391 — the 
County erected into a Duchy, by Emperor 
Sigismund, 19 Feb. 141 7 — Louis, (son,) h. at 
Geneva, 24 Feb. 1402 — marries Anne of Lu- 
signan, 1432 — as Lieutenant-general, governs 
for his father, 1434 — succeeds him, 145 1 — tf., 
29 Jan. 1465 — Amadeus IX., (son,) 1465 — 
Philibert I., (son,) fj. at Chambery, 7 Aug. 
1465 — succeeds under regency of Yolande, 
1472 — visits Louis XI. at Lyon, Mar. 1482 — 
tf., 22 Apr. 1482 — Charles I. the Warrior, 
(brother,) fj., 29 Mar. 1468 — succeeds, 1482— 
donation of kingdom of Cyprus confirmed to 
him by Queen Charlotte, ' 25 Feb. 1485 — 
marries Blanche of Montferrat, 1485 — reduces 
Count of Bresse, and makes truce with Marquis 
of Saluces, 1487 — takes Saluces, 1488 — tf. at 
Pignerol, 13 Mar. 1489— Charles II., (son,) 
fj., 24 Jun. 1488 — succeeds under regency of 
Blanche, 1489— she gives Charles VIII. pas- 
sage through the Duchy, 1495 — tf., 16 Apr. 
1496 — Philip II. Satis terre, Count of Bresse, 
fj., 5 Feb. 1438 — marries Margaret of Bour- 
bon, 1472 — and after her death, 1483, Claudine 
de Brosse de Bretagne, 1485 — accompanies 
Charles VIII. in conquest of Naples, 1495 — 
succeeds his grandnephew, 1496 — tf., 7 Nov. 
1497 — Philibert II. the Handsome, fj., 10 
Apr. 1480 — accompanies Charles VIII. in con- 
quest of Naples, 1495 — marries his cousin 
Yolande of Savoy, 12 May 1496 — loses her, 



1496 — succeeds his father, 1497 — distinguishes 
himself in Florentine War, 1497 — permits pas- 
sage of Louis XII. through Savoy, 1499 — re " 
ceives Louis at Turin, and accompanies him in 
conquest of Milanese, 1499 — "&., 10 Sep. 1504 
— Charles III. the Good, (brother,) rj., 10 
Oct. i486 — succeeds, 1504 — quarrels with 
Francis I. of France, 15 16 — marries Beatrice 
of Portugal, 152 1 — is compelled by Treaty of 
Cherasco to renounce his claims on Montferrat, 
153 1 — attempts to abolish alliance of Geneva 
with Friburg, 1534 — his estates seized by 
Francis L, 1535 — recovers them, 1535 — at war 
with Berne, 1536 — again loses Turin to the 
French, Apr. 1536 — in alliance with Charles 
V. invades Provence, Jul. 1536 — tf. at Vercelli, 
16 Sep. 1553— Emmanuel Philibert, Tete-de- 
Fer, (son,) 1553 — Charles Emmanuel I. the 
Great, (son,) 1580— Victor Amadeus I., (son,) 
1630 — Francis Hyacinth, (son,) ft., 14 Sep. 
1632 — succeeds under regency of his mother, 
Christina, 1637 — treaty of alliance with France 
signed, 3 Jun. 1638 — tf., 4 Oct. 1638 — Charles 
Emmanuel II., (brother,) 1638 — Victor Ama- 
deus II., (son,) 1675 — becomes King of Sar- 
dinia, 1720. 

a Conv.-Lex. b Art de "Verifier les Dates. 

Savoy. [Anne, Bona, Boniface, Eugene, 
Louisa, of Savoy.] 

Savoy Palace, London, — built by Peter of 
Savoy, 1 245 — enlarged and beautified by 
Henry, Duke of Lancaster, 1328 — residence 
of John, king of France, 1357-63 — burnt by 
"Wat Tyler, 1381 — rebuilt and endowed as 
hospital by Henry VII., 1505. Chapel Royal, 
repaired by George I., 17 21 — again repaired, 
1826 — restored and reopened, 31 Mar. 1861 — 
burnt, 7 Jul. 1864 — restored by Queen Vic- 
toria and reopened, 26 Nov. 1865. Conferences 
between Episcopalian and Presbyterian divines, 
respecting the Liturgy, commence, 15 Apr. 
1 66 1 — close, 25 Jul. 

Saw-mills, — mentioned by Ausonius, before 
390 — introduced in England, about 1768. 

Sawtre, William, parish priest of Lynn, — 
examined before Bp of Norwich, 30 Apr. 1399 
— signs recantation, 19 May 1399 — examined 
before Abp Arundel, 12 Feb. 140 reconvicted 
of heresy and relapse, and degraded, 23 Feb. — 
burnt in Smithfield, 26 Feb.," 12 Feb., b 2 Mar. c 

a Foxe. b Annals of England. c Collier. 

Sawyer, Sir Robert, — M.A. Cambridge, 
1655 — Knt, by Charles II., 1661 — Attorney- 
general, Feb. 1680 — dismissed by James II., 
1687 — expelled the House of Commons for 
having taken part in prosecution of Sir Thomas 
Armstrong, 1688 — reelected M.P. Cambridge 
Univ., 1689 — tf. at Highclere, Hants, 1692. 

Saxa, Decidius, — [B C] — serves under Caesar, 
to 45— tribunus plebis, 44 — centurion under 
Antony at Mutina, 43 — commands in Greece 
against Brutus and Cassius, 42 — Governor of 
Syria, 42 — defeated and killed by Labienus, 40. 

Saxe, Hermann Maurice, Count of, Mar- 
shal of France, — b. at Dresden, i9, a 28 b 
Oct. 1696— serves under Count Schulembourg 
at Lisle, 1708 — at siege of Tournay, 1709 — 
marries, 12 Mar. 17 14 — distinguishes himself 



SAXE-ALTENBURG— SAXONY. 



' 2 53 



against Turks, 17 16 — goes to Paris, and is 
made Marechal de Camp, 7 Aug. 1720 b — his 
marriage annulled, 1720 — Duke of Courland, 
1726 — distinguishes himself at siege of Philips - 
burg, 1734 — Lieutenant-general, 1736^1 Aug. 
1734 13 — takes Prague and fortress of Egra, 
Nov. 1741 — Marshal of France, 26 Mar. 1743 
— in service of the Pretender, 1744 — General- 
in-Chief in Flanders, 1745 — defeats the Eng- 
lish and Dutch at Fontenoy, 11 May 1745 — 
naturalized in France, Apr. 1746 — again de- 
feats English and Dutch at Rocoux, 11 Oct. 
1746 — Marshal-general of armies of the king, 

12 Jan. 1747 — defeats Duke of Cumberland at 
Lawfeldt, 2 Jul. 1747 — takes Bergen-op-Zoom, 
16 Sep. 1747 — besieges and takes Maestricht, 

13 Apr. to 16 May 1748 — tf. at Chambord, 30 
Nov. 1750. Mes Reveries, 1757 — Lettres et 
Memoires choisis, 1794. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Saxe-Altenburg, Duchy of, — forms separate 
principality, 1603 — on extinction of Altenburg 
line, reverts to Dukes of Saxe-Gotha, 1672 — 
given to Duke of Hildburghausen in exchange 
for his own Duchy, 15 Nov. 1826 — constitution 
established, 29 Apr. 1831. 

Saxe-Coburg-Gtotha, Duchy of, — passes by 
marriage to Ernestine branch of House of 
Saxony, made a separate principality for Ernest 
I. the Pious, (b., 25 Dec. 1601,) 1605 — tf., 16 
Mar. 1675 — succeeded by his son Frederick 
I., (b. 1646,) 1675 — tf., 12 Aug. 1691 — Fre- 
derick II., b., 1676 — succeeds his father, 
1691- — tf., 23 Mar. 1732 — Frederick III., 
(son,) b., 1699 — succeeds, 1732 — tf., 10 Mar. 
1772 — Ernest Ludwig, (son,) b., 1745 — suc- 
ceeds, 1772 — tf., 20 Apr. 1804 — Emilius Leo- 
pold Augustus, (son,) b., 1772 — succeeds, 
1804 — tf., Feb. 1825 — the principality divided 
between Dukes of Saxe-Coburg, Hildburg- 
hausen, and Meiningen, 1825 — made a limited 
monarchy, 3 May 1852 — military contingent, 
placed under authority of Prussia, by conven- 
tion of 1 Jul. 1 86 1. 

Saxe -Meiningen-Hildburghausen, — made 
separate Duchy for Bernhard, third son of 
Ernest the Pious, of Saxe-Gotha, 1675 — his 
son Ernest Ludwig I. succeeds, 1706 — 
Ernest Ludwig II., (son,) 1724 — Charles 
Frederick, (brother,) 1729 — Anthony Ul- 
rich, (uncle,) 1743 — Augustus Frederick, 
(son,) 1763— George Frederick, (brother,) 
1782 — Bernhard, (son,) b., 17 Dec. 1800 — 
succeeds his father, 24 Dec. 1804 — establishes 
liberal constitution, 1824 — marries Mary of 
Hesse Cassel, 23 Mar. 18 25— acquires territories 
of Hildburghausen and Saalfeld, 1826 — E.G., 
by William IV. of England, 1831 — admitted 
to Zollverein, 1 Jan. 1834 — disturbances and 
reforms in, 1848-9. 

Saxe-Weimar,— forms independent Duchy 
for John William, 1570 — his sons Fre- 
derick William and John succeed, 1573 — 
John Ernest (son) succeeds, 1603 — Al- 
tenburg separated from, 1603 — William, 
(brother,) 1626 — John Ernest II., (son,) 
1662 — William Ernest, (son,) 168 3 — Ernest 
Augustus, (nephew,) 1728 — Ernest Au- 



gustus CONSTANTINE, (son,) 1 748 — CHARLES 

Augustus, (son,) 1758 — assumes title of 
Grand Duke, 9 Jun. 18 15 — grants a constitu- 
tion, 5 May 181 6— Charles Frederick, 14 
Jun. 1828— joins the Zollverein, 1 Jan. 1834— 
disturbances in, 1 848 — constitution revised, 
15 Oct. 1849— Charles Alexander, (son,) b., 
24 Jun. 1 818 — marries Princess Sophia of the 
Netherlands, 1842 — succeeds, 8 Jul. 1853. 

Saxe-Weimar, Bernard, Duke of, military 
commander,— -b. at Weimar, 16 Aug. 1600— 
distinguishes himself in affair of Wimpfen, 
162 1— serves in Danish army, 1625 and 1627 
—joins army of Gustavus Adolphus, 1631 — 
contributes to reduction of Wurzburg, 1631 — 
takes Spire and Mannheim, 1632— completes 
victory of Lutzen after death of Gustavus, 16 
Nov. 1632 — seizes Bamberg, 1632 — acquires 
Duchy of Franconia, 1633 — takes Batisbon, 16 
Jul. 1634 — defeated by Imperialists at Nord- 
lingen, 7 Sep. 1634— concludes Treaty of St 
Germain, Oct. 1635 — drives Imperialists from 
Lorraine, summer 1636 — obtains victory of 
Bheinfeld, 3 Mar. 1638 — takes Rheinfeld, 22 
Mar. — takes Alt Breisach, 19 Dec. 1638 — tf. 
at Neuburg, 18 Jul. 1639. 

Saxo Grammaticus, (Zongus,) — tf., about 
1204. Danorum regum heroumque Historia, 
$c, 15 14. 

Saxons, — infest coasts of Gaul, 287 a — harass 
coasts of Roman Britain, 365 a — invade Gaul 
and are routed by Severus, 370 a — the Britons 
ask aid of Aetius against them, 446 a — estab- 
lish themselves in Isle of Thanet, 447 ? 449 ? — 
conquer part of Thuringia, about 530 b — de- 
feated by Clotaire in Gaul, spring 555 a — wars 
with Franks recommence, 719 — on the Lippe, 
conquered and made tributary by Charles Martel, 
738° — under their Duke, Theodoric, defeated 
by Carloman, 743 c — by Carloman and Pepin, 
744 c — again by Carloman, 745 c — revolt under 
Grippon, are subdued and Theodoric captured 
by Pepin, 748 — again revolt, and are made 
tributary by Pepin, 752 and 758 — their wars 
with Charles the Great begin, 772 — [Charles 
the Great, and Witikind] — large bodies of them 
transported into Flanders, 803 — submit to 
Charles, and agree to become Christians, at 
Diet of Selz, 803 — renew their submission to 
Louis the Debonnaire, who restores to them 
their right of succession, 814. [Saxony.] .' 
a Clinton. b Engl. Cyc. 

c Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Saxony, — forms hereditary Duchy for Otto 
I., son of Count Ludolph, 880— his son Henry 
I. succeeds, 912— [Henry the Fowler] — Otto 
II., (son,) 936 — [Otto I., Emperor] — Her- 
mann Billing, general of Otto, obtains Duchy, 
about 960 — becomes Burgrave of Magdeburg, 
965— Bernhard I., (son,) 973— Bernhard 
II., (son,) 1010 — revolts against Emperor 
Henry II., 1018 — assists at election of Conrad 
II., 1024— assists Henry III. in war with 
Bohemians, 1039 and 1041 — Ordulph, (Otto 
III.,) (son,) 1062 — war with Slaves; tf., 
1073 — Magnus (son) marries Sophia of Hun- 
gary, 1070— succeeds, 1073 — with Otto, Duke 
of Bavaria, leads revolt against Henry IV., 



1254 



SAXONY— SAT AND SELE. 



1073— defeated and taken prisoner, 1075 — 
liberated, 1076 — subjugates Slaves, 1093— If., 
1 106 — Lothaire of Supplenburg receives 
grant of the Duchy, 1106 — [Lothaire II., Em- 
peror] —Henry I. the Proud, Duke of Bavaria, 
1 1 36— Henry II. the Lion, 11 39— the Duchy 
reduced by revolt of many great vassals, who 
make themselves independent ; the remainder 
given by Emperor Frederick I. to Bernhard 
III. of Aschersleben, 1 1 80 — accompanies 
Frederick to siege of Luneburg, 11 82 — loses 
the Duchy to Henry the Lion, 1191, but is 
soon restored: refuses Imperial crown, 1198 
— Albert I., (son,) 1212 — with his allies, 
defeats Waldemar II. of Denmark, at Born- 
havet, 22 Jul. 1227 — accompanies Frederick II. 
to the East, 1228 — Albert II., (son,) 1260 — 
assists at election of Rudolph of Hapsburg, 
1273 — marries his daughter, 1273— invested 
with Palatinate of Saxony and made Vicar of 
the Empire, 1288 — assists at election of Adol- 
phus of Nassau, 1292 — and of Albert I., 1298 
— tf. at Aix-la-Chapelle, 25 Aug. 1298,* 1302 
or 1308 b — Rudolph I., (son,) 1298 or 1308— 
assists at election of Henry VII., 1308 — declares 
for Frederick of Austria, 13 14 — invades Bran- 
denburg and unsuccessfully besieges Frankfort- 
on-the-Oder, 1322 — promotes election of 
Charles IV., 1346 — Rudolph II., (son,) 
1356 — Wenceslaus, (brother,) 1370 — killed 
at siege of Zelle, 1388 — Rudolph III., (son,) 
1388 — carries on war with Elector of Mentz, 
1393 — sent by Emperor Sigismund to treat 
with Hussites, 141 8 — Albert III., (brother,) 
141 8 — on his death, Electorate given to Frede- 
rick I., Marquis of Misnia, 6 Jun. 1423 — 
marches against Hussites in Bohemia and be- 
sieges Mies, (Mysa,) 1426 — routed by Procopius, 
15 Jul. 1426 — tf-, 4 Jan. 1428 — Frederick 
II., (son,) ft., 141 1 — succeeds, 1428 — seizes 
Landgraviate of Thuringia and carries on war 
with his brother William, 1439 — makes peace, 
gives up Thuringia in exchange for Misnia, 
1451 — r/., 7 Feb. 1464 — Ernest, (son,) (founder 
of Ernestine branch of House of Saxony,) ft., 
25 Mar. 1441 — marries Elizabeth of Bavaria, 
1462— succeeds, 1464 — mediates between Mat- 
thias of Hungary, Casimir of Poland, and 
Ladislaus of Bohemia, 1474 — suppresses revolt 
of Quedlinburg, 1476 — reduces Halle, 1478 — 
fc., 26 Aug. i486— Frederick III. the Wise, 
(son,) i486 — John the Constant, (brother,) 
1525 — John Frederick the Magnanimous, (son,) 
1532 — on his deprivation, Electorate given to 
his cousin Maurice, of Albertine line, 1548 — 
Augustus the Pious, (brother,) ft., 31 Jul. 1526 
— marries Anne of Denmark, 1548 — succeeds, 
1553 — concludes convention of Naumburg with 
John Frederick and his sons, 1554 — renews 
pact of confraternity with Brandenburg and 
Hesse, 1555— secularizes the bishoprics, 156 1 
— discovers conspiracy to assassinate him, 
besieges Grumbach in Gotha, and takes pri- 
soner John Frederick, 1563— cedes Burgraviate 
of Magdeburg to Elector of Brandenburg, 1579 
— has Formula of Concord drawn up, 1580— 
opposes introduction of Gregorian Calendar, 
1582 — obtains part of County of Henneberg, 



1583 — rj., 11 Feb. 1586 — Christian L, (son,) 
ft., 29 Oct. 1560 — marries Sophia of Branden- 
burg, 1582 — succeeds, 1586 — aids Henry IV. 
of France against the League, 159 1 — ti., 25 
Sep. 159 1 — Christian II., (son,) ft., 23 Sep. 
1583 — succeeds, 1591 — formally invested with 
estates of Juliers, 1610 — ft., 23 Jun. 161 1 — 
John George I., (brother,) 161 1 — John 
George II., (son,) ft., 31 May 1613 — marries 
Magdalen Sybil of Brandenburg Baireuth, 1638 
— succeeds, 1656 — Vicar of the Empire, 1657 
and 1658 — assists at election of Emperor Leo- 
pold, 1658 — at Diet of Ratisbon, promotes 
declaration of war against Turks, 1664 — makes 
alliance with Elector of Brandenburg, 1672 — 
assists Emperor in war on the Rhine, 1674 — tL, 
22 Aug. 1680 — John George III., (son,) ft., 20 
Jun. 1647 — marries Anne Sophia of Denmark, 
1666 — commands auxiliaries on the Rhine, 
1673 — succeeds, 1680 — takes part in raising 
siege of Vienna, 1683 — joins alliance of Augs- 
burg, 1686 — assists at siege of Mentz, 1689 — 
commands Imperial army on the Rhine, 1691 
— tf. at Tubingen, 22 Sep. 1691 — John 
George IV., (son,) ft., 18 Oct. 1668 — suc- 
ceeds, 1691 — fc., 27 Apr. 1694 — Frederick 
Augustus I., 1694 — King of Poland, 1697 — 
Frederick Augustus II., 1733— invasion of the 
country by Frederick II. of Prussia, 1756 — 
Frederick Christian, (son,) ft., 5 Sep. 1722 
— marries Marie Antoinette of Bavaria, 1747 
— succeeds, 5 Oct. 1763— ft., 17 Dec. 1763 — 
Frederick Augustus III., (son,) 1763 — takes 
title of King, 20 Dec. 1807 — the kingdom di- 
vided, and nearly half given up to Prussia, by 
treaty of 18 May 18 15 — Anthony Clement, 
(brother,) ft., 27 Dec. 1755— succeeds, 5 May 
1827 — appoints his nephew Frederick Augus- 
tus co-regent, 30 Sep. 1830 — disturbances 
break out, autumn 1831 — proclaims constitu- 
tion, 4 Sep. 1831 — tf., 6 Jun. 1836 — Frede- 
rick Augustus II., ft., 18 May 1797 — co-re- 
gent with his uncle Anthony, 30 Sep. 1830 — 
succeeds him, 6 Jun. 1836— visits England and 
Belgium, 1 844 — suppresses disturbances at 
Dresden, May 1 849 — tf. in the Tyrol, 9 Aug. 
1854 — John I., (brother,) ft., 12 Dec. 1801 — 
marries Amelia of Bavaria, 21 Nov. 1822 — 
Pres. Ministry of Finance, 1830 — Commander- 
in-chief of National Guards, 1831-46 — succeeds, 
9 Aug. 1854 — the constitution amended, 27 
Nov. i860 — again, 19 Oct. 1861 — the kingdom 
invaded by Prussians, 15 Jun. 1866 — incorpor- 
ated with Prussia, 1866. [Seven Weeks' 
War.] a Some authorities. b Others. 

Say, Jean Baptiste, economist, — ft. at Lyon, 
5 Jan. 1767 — ft. at Paris, 15 Nov. 1832. 
Traite d'Pconomie Politique, 1 802 — Catechisme 
d'Pcouomie Politique, 18 15. 

Say and Sele, James Fiennes, Lord, Trea- 
surer of England, — Governor of Arques, 
1419 — attends Henry VI. to France, 1430 — 
Constable of Dover, and Warden of the Cinque 
Ports, 24 Feb. 1447 — created Lord Say and 
Sele, 6 Mar. 1447 — Constable of the Tower, 7 
Aug. 1447 — Lord Treasurer, 30 Oct. 1449 — 
accused of treason by Commons, and seques- 
tered from his office, spring 1450 — committed 



SAY AND SELE— SCARRON. 



1255 



to the Tower, Jun. — beheaded by Jack Cade, 
Jul. 1450. 

Say and Sele, "William Fiennes, 2nd Lord, 
— b., about 1426— succeeds his father, 145 1 — 
serves in French wars, 1452-60 — Vice-admiral 
to Earl of Warwick, 1461 — escapes with Ed- 
ward IV. to Flanders, 1470 — returns with 
him, and is killed at Barnet, 12 Apr. 147 1. 

Say and Sele, William Fiennes, 1st Vis- 
count, — b., about 1585 — succeeds his father, 
1613 — created Viscount, 7 Jul. 1624 — excites 
opposition to ship-money, and projects emigra- 
tion to New England, 1637 — Lord. Privy Seal, 
1660 — tf., 14 Apr. 1662. 

Scaeva, D. Junius Brutus, — [BC] — Consul 
with Q,. Fabius Maximus, (462, a. u. c.) 292. 

Scaevola, P. Mucius, jurist, — [BC] — tri- 
bunus plebis, 141 — prsetor urbanus, 136 — Con- 
sul with. L. Calpurnius Piso Frugi, (621, a. u. c.) 
133 — pontifex maximus, 131 — rj., after 121. 

Scaevola, P. Mucius, — [BC] — praetor, 179 
— Consul with M. JEmilius Lepidus, (579, 
a.u.c.) 175. 

Scaevola, Q. Cervidius, jurist, — £(., about 
160. 

Scaevola, Q. Mucius,— [BC] — (1.) Praetor 
in Sicily, 179 — Consul with Sp. Postumius 
Albinus Paullulus, (580, a. u. c.) 174. (2.) 
Augur, jurist, tribunus plebis, 128 — plebeian 
sedile, 125 — praetor in Asia, 121 — Consul with 
L. Caecilius Metellus, (637,) 117 — tf., after 88. 
(3.) Pontifex, jurist, tribunus plebis, 106 — 
curule aeclile, 104 — Consul with L. Licinius 
Crassus, (659,) 95 — proconsul in Asia, 94 — 
pontifex maximus, 93 ? — assassinated in Marian 
proscription, 82. 

Scala, Bartolomeo della, litterateur, — b. in 
Tuscany, 1430 — Chancellor to Cosmo de' Me- 
dici, before 1470 — ennobled, 1472 — joint-en- 
voy to Innocent VIII., 1484— gonfaloniere of 
Florence, i486— tf. at Florence, 1495,* i497« b 
De historia Florentines, 1577. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Scala, Della. [See Padua and Verona.] 

Scaliger, Joseph Justus, critic, chronologist, 
— b. at Agen, 4 Aug. 1540 — goes to Paris, 1559 
— Prof. Belles Lettres, Leyden, 1593 — tj. there, 
21 Jan. 1609. De emendatione temporwm, 1583 
— Thesaurus temporum, 1609 — Epistolat, 1637. 

Scaliger, Julius Caesar, classical scholar, — 
b. at Riva, on the lake of Garda, 23 Apr. 1484 
— goes to Agen, 1525 — naturalized in France, 
1528 — ft. there, 21 Oct. 1558. De causis 
linguce Latinai, 1540 — Poetices lib. VII., 1561. 

Scamozzi, Vincenzio, architect, — b. at Vi- 
cenza, 1552 — visits Rome, 1579 — settles at 
Venice, 1583 — if. there, 7 Aug. 161 6. Idea 
delV architettura universale, 16 15 — St Mark's 
Place, Venice, begun, 1586. 

Scanderbeg, {George Castriota,) Prince op 
Albania, — b., 1404,* I4i4 b — Sanjak-beg, in 
service of Amurath II., 1432 b — his family 
dominions seized by Amurath, 1432, a 1442 b — 
intrigues with Huniades, vaivode of Transyl- 
vania, and contributes to defeat of Turks at 
Nissa, 10 Nov. 1443 — seizes Croya, puts 
the garrison to death, and recovers the sove- 
reignty, Nov. — defeats Turks in Albania, 



1444-5 — defends Croya against the Sultan, 
1450 — marries, May 145 1— makes peace with 
Mahomet II., Jun. 146 1 — marches into Italy 
to assist Ferdinand of Naples, and compels 
John of Anjou to raise siege of Bari, 1462 — 
contributes to his defeat near Troia, 18 Aug. 
1462— invades Turkey, 1463— defeats Turks 
besieging Croya, 1466 — ft. at Lissa, 17 Jan. 
1467. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Scandinavia. [Denmark, Norway, and 
Sweden.] 

Scapula, John, lexicographer, — living, pro- 
bably in 1612? Lexicon Grceco-Iatinum f 

1579- 

Scapula,* (Scipio, h ) P. Cornelius,— [B c]— 
Consul with C. Plautius Proculus, (426, a. u. c.) 
328. a Zumpt. b Smith's Diet. 

Scapula, P. Ostorius, — Consul suff., 46? 
— propraetor in Britain, 50 — defeats Caractacus, 
50, and dies. 

Scarborough Castle, in Yorkshire, — built, 
about 1135-55 — Piers Gaveston takes refuge 
in, 1 3 12 — besieged and taken by barons, 19 
May 1 312 — besieged by Douglas, about 13 19 
— by rebels, under Ashe, 1536 — by Par- 
liamentarians, under Sir John Meldrum, 18 
Feb. 1644 — surrenders, 22 Jul. 1645 — on revolt 
of the Governor, Boynton, again besieged and 
taken, 1647 — partly repaired, 1745. 

Scarborough, Sir Charles, physician, mathe- 
matician, — b., about 1616 — enters Caius Coll. 
Cambridge, 1632 — B.A., 1636 — Fellow, 1636 
— M.A., 1640 — ejected from his Fellowship, 
and incorporated M.A. Oxford, Jun. 1646 — 
Knt, and First Physician to Charles II., 1669 
—to James II., 1685— to William III., 1688 
— If., about 1696. 

Scarlatti, Alessandro, musical composer, — 
b. at Naples, 1650 — tf. there,* at Rome, b 1725. 
a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Scarlatti, Domenico, musical composer, — b. 
at Naples, 1683 — Master of Royal Chapel, 
Madrid, 1735 — tr. there, i757, a 175 i. b 
a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Scarlett, James. [Abinger, Loed.] 

Scarlett, Sir James Yorke, general, — b., 1 
Feb. 1799 — enters the army, 181 8 — M.P. Guild- 
ford, 1837-41 — Colonel, 1851 — Major-gen- 
eral, 1854 — as Commander of Cavalry Brigade, 
and Cavalry Division, distinguishes himself in 
Crimean War, 1854-6— K.C.B., 1856— Com- 
mander of Legion of Honour, 1856 — Com- 
mander at Aldershott, Oct. 1 865-70 — Lieut-gen., 
1862— G.C.B., 1869 — tr. at Burnley, 6 Dec. 
1871. 

Scarpa, Antonio, anatomist, — b. in Lom- 
bardy, 1748^ about 1746^ 13 Jun. 1747° — 
Prof. Anatomy, Modena, 1772 — Prof. Anatomy, 
Pavia, 1783— Director of Medical Faculty, 
1 8 14 — tf. at Pavia, 30 Oct. 1832. Anatomical 
descript. de Auditu et Olfactu, 1789 — Tabula 
neurologicce ad illustrandam hist, cardiacor. 
nervorum, 1794 — Trattato delle principali 
malattie degli occhi, 1801 — SulVemie, Memorie 
anat.-chirurg., 1809-10. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Scarron, Paul, poet, — b. at Paris, about 
1610— visits Italy, 1634 — marries Mile d'Au- 



1256 



SCARSELLA— SCHEEMAKERS. 



bigne, 1652 — tf. at Paris, Oct. 1660. CEuvres, 
1-737 — Ene'ide travestie, 1648-52. 

Scarsella, Ippolito, {Lo Scar sellino,) painter, 
— b. at Ferrara, 1530— "0. there, i6i4, a i62i. b 
a Biog. Univ. b Biog. Catalogue. 

Scaurus, M. JEmilius,— [B C]— b., 163— 
serves under Aurelius Orestes in Sardinia, 126 
— curule cedile, 123— a leading man in Rome, 
117— Consul with M. Caecilius Metellus, (639, 
a. u. c.) 115 — war in the Alps : ambassador to 
Jugurtha, 112 — legatus to Calpurnius Bestia 
against Jugurtha, n 1 — judge at trial of Ju- 
gurtha's bribees, no — Censor with M. Livius 
Drusus, 109 — Milvian Bridge, JEmilian Way : 
Consul in place of L. Cassius Longinus, (647,) 
107 — accused of malversation by Servilius 
Csepio, 91 — accused of exciting Italians to 
revolt, by Varius, 90 — tf., 89 ? 

Scaurus, M. .ffimilius,— [B C]— quaestor with 
Pompey, 66-59 — curule sedile, 58 — prsetor in 
Sardinia, ^ — accused of malversation in Sar- 
dinia, defended by Cicero and acquitted, 2 Sep. 
54— accused of ambitus and condemned, 52 — 
exiled. 

Scaurus, M. Aurelius, — [B C] — Consul with 
Ser. Sulpicius Galba, (646, a. u. c.) 108 — 
fights unsuccessfully against Cimbri : Consul 
suff., (647,) 107. 

Scaurus, Mamercus .ffimilius, orator, poet, 
— fl., 14-34 — kills himself. 

Scaurus, Q. Terentius, grammarian, — fl., 
about 125. 

Scene painting 1 , — [BC] — introduced by 
Agatharcos, about 460 — first at Rome, by C. 
Claudius Pulcher, 99. 

Scepsis, — [B C] — colony from Miletus, about 
75o. 

Scerdilaidas, King of Illyria, — [B C] — 
commands for Teuta against Epirus, 230 — 
obtains part of Illyria, 229 — league with JEto- 
lians, 220 — league with Philip of Macedonia, 
218 — war with Philip, 217 — ally of Rome : tf., 
before 204. 

Schabatz, —fortress of, evacuated by Turks, 
22 Apr. 1867. 

Schadow, Johann Gottfried, sculptor, — b. 
at Berlin, 20 May 1764 — studies at Rome, 
1785-88 — Director of Academy of Fine Arts, 
Berlin, 1822-50 — tf. there, 26 Jan. 1850. 
Wittenberg' s Denhnaler der Bildnerei, Bau- 
Icunst und Malerei, §c, 1825 — Folyklet, 1834. 

Schadow, Zono a Ridolfo, sculptor, — b. at 
Rome, 1786^ 1785 b — tf. there, 31 Jan. 1822. 
a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Schafarik, Paul Joseph, philologist, anti- 
quary, — b. in Hungary, 13 May 1795 — studies 
at Jena, 18 15- 16 — settles at Prague, 1833 — 
Censor Royal, 1837-48 — one of the keepers of 
Univ. Library, 1841 — librarian, 1848-60 — tf. 
at Prague, 27 Jun. 1861. Geschichte der 
Slawischcn Sprache und Literatur, 1826 — 
Slowanske Starozitnosti, 1837 — Slowansky 
Naroddpis, 1842. 

Sch'afer, Jacob Christian, naturalist, — b. at 
Querfurt, 17 18 — tf. at Ratisbon, 5 Jan. 1790. 
Fung or um qui in Bavaria .... nascuntur 
Jcones, 1762-70 — Icones insectorum circa Ba- 
tisbonam indigenorum, 1766-79. 



Schaffhausen, canton of Switzerland, — joins 
Swiss Confederation, 1501. 

Schalcken, Godfrey, painter, — 6. at Dort, 
1643 — tf. at the Hague, 16 Nov. 1706. 

Schamyl, Prophet of the Caucasus, — fj, in 
Daghestan, 1797 — takes part in insurrection 
against Russians, 1824 — wounded at storming 
of Hirari, 18 Oct. 1831 — elected to succeed 
Hamssad Bey as head of Sufi sect, {Imaum,) 
1834 — defeats Gen. Ivelitch, 1837 — besieged 
in fortress of Akulgo by Gen. Grabbe, 1 1 J un. 
1839 — the fortress taken by storm, 22 Aug. — 
escapes to Dargo : repulses Russians, May 
1842 — conquers country of Avars, 1843 — 
Dargo taken by Russians, 1845 — takes the 
fortress, Gerghebil, 1846 — successfully defends 
it against Gen. Woronzow, 13-16 Jun. 1847 — 
withdraws into the mountains, 1 848 — siege of 
Akulgo, Oct. 1 848 to Aug. 1 849 — his wife and 
son captured at storming of Akulgo, 21-29 
•Aug. 1849 — the war renewed, 1850 — confined 
to the defensive, by Gen. Baratinsky, 1852 — 
defeated by Russians at Aul Ismail, 1 1 Aug. 
1858 — the fortress Weden stormed, and his 
power broken, 12 Apr. 1859 — surrenders to 
Baratinsky, at Ghunib, 6 Sep. 1859, and is 
sent to St Petersburg : takes oath of fidelity to 
the Czar at Kaluga, 1866 — tf., Apr. 187 1. 

Scharnhorst, Gerhard David von, general, — 
b. in Hanover, 1 2 Nov. 1 756,* 1 755 b — enters War 
School at Wilhelmsstein, 1772 — enters Hano- 
verian army, 1776 — reorganizes and teaches at 
Artillery School, Hanover, 1782 — takes part in 
campaigns against the French, 1792-3 — distin- 
guishes himself at siege of Menin, 1794 — Lieu- 
tenant-colonel, 1796 — enters Prussian army, 
1 801 — Director at Academy for young officers, 
1 80 1 — resigns and is appointed Quarter-mas- 
ter-lieutenant on general staff, 1803 — Colonel, 
ennobled, 1804 — wounded at Auerstadt, 1806 
— takes part in battle of Eylau, 1807 — Major- 
general, and Adjutant-general of the king, 
1 807 — Pres. Commission for Military Organiza- 
tion, and Director of War Department, 1807- 
10 — projects organization of the Landwehr : 
chief of the staff, 18 10 — Inspector of Silesian 
fortresses, 18 12 — prepares for War of Liber- 
ation, 1 81 2-1 3 — mortally wounded at Gross- 
gorschen, and tf. at Prague, 28 Jun. 181 3. 
Handbuch filr Ofiziere, 1787-90 — Taschenbuch 
fur OJfiziere, 1793 — Militdrische JDenkwiirdig- 
keiten, 1797-1805. 

a Conv.-Lex. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Schedone, (Schidoni,) Bartolomeo, painter, 
— b. atModena, about 1570,* i58o, b 1560° — tf. 
at Parma, about 16 15. Frescoes of Coriolanus, 
Modena, 1604. 
a Biog. Univ. b Biog. Catalogue. c Engl. Cyc. 

Scheele, Karl Wilhelm, chemist, — b. at 
Stralsund, 19 Dec. 1742 — discovers tartaric 
acid, 1770 — goes to Upsala, 1773 — removes to 
Koping, 1775— discovers chlorine, 1784 — tf. 
near Stockholm, 24 May 1786. Chemical Ob- 
servations and Experiments on Air and Fire, 

1777. 

Scheemakers, Peter, sculptor, — b. at Ant- 
werp, 1691— at Rome, about 1733-35 — comes 
to England, 1735— returns to Antwerp, 1770 ? 



SCHEFFER— SCHILLEK. 



1257 



Scheffer, Ary, painter, — ft. at Dort, 10 Feb. 
1795 — removes to Paris and becomes pupil of 
Guerin, 1811 — exhibits at the Salon, 181 2 — 
becomes friend of Lafayette, 181 8 — joins the 
Carbonari, about 1 8 1 9 ? — teaches Art to Orleans 
family, i82-i, a 1826 b — takes part in insurrec- 
tion in Alsace, 1822 — fights on barricades of 
Paris, Jul. 1830 — accompanies Duke of Orleans 
to Antwerp, 1832 — Captain of National Guard, 
Feb. 1848 — fights under Cavaignac, Jun. 
1 848 — refuses Cross of Commander of Le- 
gion of Honour, 23 Aug. 1848 — visits 
Holland, 1849 — visits England, 1850, 

1857, and 1858 — tf. at Argenteuil, 15 Jun. 

1858. Femmes Suliotes, 1827 — Faust series, 
1831-39 — Francesca di Rimini, 1835 — Les 
Mignons, 1836 — Christ Consolateur, 1837 — 
Dante and Beatrice, 1846 — Augustine and 
Monica, 1846 — Femmes Saintes, 1847 — Tempt- 
ation, 1854-58. 

a Nouv, Biog. Gen. b Mrs Grote* 

Scheffer, Henri, painter, — b. at the Hague, 
27 Sep. 1798 — pupil of Guerin, at Paris, 181 1 
■ — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 1837 — If., 

15 Mar. 1862. Arrest of Charlotte Corclay, 
1830 — Reading the Bible, about 1835 — Protest- 
ant Sermon, 183.8, 

Scheffer, Jean, antiquary, — ft. at Strasburg, 

16 2 1 — Prof. Eloquence and Politics, Upsala, 
1648— If. Librarian of the Academy, 26 Mar. 
1679. Agrippa liberator, 1645 — Regnum Ro- 
manum, 1665 — Vpsalia antiqua, 1666 — De re 
vehicidari veterum, 167 1. 

Scheid, Everard, philologist,— h. at Arn- 
heim, 1742 — Prof, at Harderwyk, 1768 — Prof. 
Oriental Languages, Leyden, 1793 — ft. there, 
1795. Prima linece institutionum, 1779 — 
Glossarium Arabico-Latinum manuale, 1769 — 
Origines Hebrece, 1724-38 — Commentarucs in 
librum Job, 1737. 

Schemer, Christoph, astronomer, — ft. in 
Suabia, 1575 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1595 — 
while Prof. Mathematics, Ingolstadt, discovers 
spots on the sun, Apr. 161 1 — tf. in Silesia, 18 
Jul. 1650. Rosa JJrsina, 1630 — Disquisitiones 
mathematicce, 16 14 — Pantographice, 1631. 

Scheldt, river, — monopoly of navigation 
held by Dutcb, 1648- 1792 — right of levying 
dues secured to Netherlands, by Treaty of 
London, 19 Apr. 1839 — dues abolished by 
Treaty of Brussels, 16 Jul. 1863. 

Schelestadt, (Schlettstadt,) in Alsace, — men- 
tioned, 728 a — Charles the Great spends Christ- 
mas at, 775 a — fortified, I2i6, b about 1232 a 
• — Imperial town, about 1232 s1 — besieged, 
1338 and 1380a — besieged by Swedes, 1632 

— ceded to France, 1634 a — cession con- 
firmed by Treaty of Westphalia, 1648 — re- 
fortified by Louis XIY., 1673 — blockaded by 
Bavarians under Pappenheim, 18 14 — besieged 
and bombarded by Austrians, 18 15 — invested 
by Germans, Oct. 1870 — siege formed, 22 Oct. 

— capitulates, 24 Oct. [Franco - German 
War.] a TJnivers Pittoresque. 

Schellenberg, in Germany, — Marlborough 
defeats Bavarians at, 2 Jul. 1704. 

Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph, phi- 
losopher, — b. in Wiirtemberg, 27 Jan. 1775 — 



Prof. Extraord. Philosophy, Jena, 1798 — 
transferred to Wiirzburg, 1803 — settles at 
Munich, as Secretary to Academy of Arts, 1808 
— Prof. Philosophy, Munich Univ., 1827— re- 
moves to Berlin, 1 841— U. in Switzerland, 20 
Aug. 1854. Bruno, 1802 — Ideenzu einer Phi- 
losophic der Natur, 17 97— Von der Weltseele, 
1 809 — Erster Entwurf eines Systems der Natur - 
philosophic, 1799— System des Transcendental- 
en Idealismus, 1800. 

Schellings, Willem, painter, — fi. at Amster- 
dam, 1 63 1— ft., 11 Oct. 1678. 

Schemnitz, in Hung ary, —School of Mines, 
established by Maria Teresa, 1760— new build- 
ing commenced, 1854. 

Schenck, (Schenken Shans,) in Guelderland, 
—fortress constructed, 1586 — taken by Span- 
iards, 1635 — retaken by Dutch, 1636 — taken 
by Louis XIV., 1672 — ceded to Elector of 
Brandenburg, 1673 — given up to States of 
Holland, by treaty, 168 1. 

Scherer, Barthelemy Louis Joseph, general, 
— ft. at Delle, (Haut-Ehin,) 1747 — assists at 
battle of Valmy, 20 Sep. 1792 — General of 
Division, 28 Jan. 1794— at Fleurus, 26 Jun. 
1794 — distinguishes himself under Kleber, 1 
Jul. 1794 — takes Landrecies, 15 Jul. 1794 — 
takes Quesnoy, 16 Aug. — occupies Valen- 
ciennes, 27 Aug. — contributes to victory 
of Aldenhoven, 2 Oct. — commands army of 
Eastern Pyrenees, 1795 — of Italy, 1 Aug. — 
defeats Austrians at Loano, 24 Nov. — Minister 
of "War, 23 Jul. 1797 — defeated by Gen. Kray 
near Verona, 30 Mar. 1799 — and at Magnano, 
5 Apr. 1799 — if., 19 Aug. 1804. 

Scheuchzer, Johann Jacob, physician, na- 
turalist, — ft. at Zurich, 2 Aug. 1672 — physician 
to the city, 1696 — Prof. Physics, about 17 12 — 
If. at Zurich, 25 Jun. 1733. Piscium querelce 
et vindicice, 1708 — Biblia ex physicis illustrata, 
1731-5 — Beschreibung der Natur-geschichte des 
Schweitzerlandes, 1706-8. 

Scheuchzer, Johann, botanist,— b. at Zurich, 
1684 — Prof. Natural History there, 1733 — If. 
at Zurich, 8 Mar. 1738. Agrostographia, 17 19. 

Scheuffelin, (Schaeuffelin,) Hans Leonard, 
painter, engraver, — ft. at Niirnberg, about 1490 
— citizen of Nordlingen, 15 15 — tf. at Nord- 
lingen, about 1539 or I 54°- Descent from the 
Cross, Nordlingen, 152 1. 

Schiavone, Andrea, (Andrea Medola,) paint- 
er,— b. in Dalmatia, 1522 — U. at Venice," 1 
Vicenza, b 1582. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Schiavonetti, Luigi, engraver, — b. at Bas- 
sano, 1 Apr. 1765 — tr. in London, Jun. 18 10. 

Schick, Gottlieb, painter, — b. at Stuttgard, 
15 Aug. 1779— studies un & er David at Paris, 
1798 — goes to Borne, 1802 — returns to Stutt- 
gard, 18 1 1 — tf. there, 11 Apr. 18 12. David 
before Saul t 1803 — Noah's Thank- Offering, 
1805 — Apollo among the Shepherds, 1807. 

Schidoni. [Schedone.] 

Schiller, Johann Friedrich Christoph von, 
poet, historian, — b. at Marbach, 10 Nov. 1759 
— studies law, 1773 — studies medicine, at Stutt- 
gard, 1775 — runs away, Oct. 1782 — settles at 
Mannheim, Sep. 1 7 83 — removes to Dresden, 1 7 85 
— visits Weimar, 1787 — Prof. Extraord. His- 



SCHIMMELPENNINCK— SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN. 



torv, Jena, 1789 — marries, 1790 — his friend- 
ship with Goethe begins, 1794 — settles at 
"Weimar, 1799— ennobled, 1802 — tf. at Weimar, 
9 May 1805. Die Rduber, 1781 — Fiesco, 1783 
— Kabale und Liebe, 1783— edits the Thalia, 
1785-93 — the Horen, 1793 — Don Carlos, 1787 
— Geschichte des Abfalls der Vereinigten Me- 
derlande, 1788— Geschichte des dreissigjahrigen 
Kriegs, 1790-3 — Wallenstein, 1799 — Maria 
Stuart, 1800 — Jungfrau von Orleans, 1801 — 
Braut von Messina, 1803 — Wilhelm Tell, 
1804. 

Schimmelpenninck, Mary Anne,— fc. near 
Birmingham, 25 Nov. 1778 — marries Lam- 
bert Schimmelpenninck, 1806— joins the Mo- 
ravians, 18 18— tf. at Clifton, 29 Aug. 1856. 
Memoirs of Fort-Royal, (oth ed.) 1858. 

Schimmelpenninck, Rutger Jan, statesman, 
— n. at Deventer, 31 Oct. 1761— Pres. munici- 
pality of Amsterdam, 1795 — ambassador to 
French Directory, 1798— contributes to the 
Peace of Amiens, 1802 — again ambassador _ to 
Paris, 1803 — grand pensionary of Batavian 
Republic, Mar. 1 805 — becomes blind and re- 
tires, 1806 — member of States-General, Grand 
Cordon of the Belgic Lion, 18 15 — tf. at Am- 
sterdam, 15 Feb. 1825. 

Schinkel, Karl Friedrich, architect, — fj. in 
Brandenburg, 1 3 Mar. 1 7 8 1 — visits Italy, 
1 803-5 — admitted to Berlin Academy of Arts, 
May 181 1 — Prof, at Academy, 1820— Chief 
Director of Public Buildings, Berlin, 1839 — 
tf., 9 Oct. 1 841. Fntwiirfe, 1820-37 — Werke 
der hbheren Baukunst, 1845-6. 

Schism, in England, — provisions to prevent 
growth of, made by Act 13 Ann. c. 7, (Schism 
Bill,) 17 1 3 — repealed by Act 5 Geo. I. c. 4, 
1718. 

Schlegel, August Wilhelm von, poet, mis- 
cellaneous writer, — b. at Hanover, 5 Sep. 1767 
—studies at Gottingen, about 1785 — Prof. 
Humaniora, Jena, 1797 — goes to Berlin, 1802 
— travels with Madame de Stael, 1805 — lec- 
tures on Dramatic Literature, at Vienna, 1808 
— secretary to Bernadotte, 1813 — Prof. History, 
Bonn, 1 8 19 — tf. at Bonn, 12 May 1845. Trans- 
lation of Shakespeare, 1797-1810 — Ion, 1803 
— Vorlesungen iiber dramatische Kunst und 
Literatur, 1809-11 — Gedichte, 1811-15 — with 
his brother Friedrich, founds the Deutsche 
Museum, 18 12 — founds the Indische Bibliothek, 
1820 — edition of Ramayana, 1829-31 — Essais 
litter aires et historiques, 1842. 

Schlegel, Johann Elias, poet, — n. at Meis- 
sen, 28 Jan. 17 1 8 — accompanies von Spener 
to Denmark, 1743 — Prof. Modern History, and 
Librarian of the Univ., Soroe, 1748 — tf. there, 
13 Aug. 1749. Werke, 1761-70. 

Schlegel, Karl Wilhelm Friedrich von, 
poet, philosopher, <S,-c, — rj. at Hanover, 10 Mar. 
1772 — goes to Berlin, 1795 — lectures at Jena, 
1800 — at Paris, 1802 — enters Roman Catholic 
Church, at Cologne, 1805 — Imperial secretary, 
Vienna, 1809 — Counsellor of Legation at Ger- 
manic Diet, 1814-18 — tf. at Dresden, 12 Jan. 
1829. Griechen und Rb'mer, 1797— •-with his 
brother, edits the Athenaeum, 1796-99 — TTeber 
die Sprache und Weisheit der Indier, 1808 — 



Gedichte, 1809 — edits the Deutsche Museum, 
1 812- 13 — Ueber die Geschichte der alten und 
neuen Literatur, 18 15 — Philosophic des Lebens, 
1828 — Philosophie der Geschichte, 1829 — Philo- 
sophische Vorlesungen, insbesondere iiber die 
Philosophie der Sprache und des Wortes, 1830. 
Schleicher, August, philologist, — fc. at 
Meiningen, 19 Feb. 1821 — studies at Leipsic 
and Tiibingen, 1840-3 — at Bonn, 1843-6 — 
Ph.D. Bonn, 1846— Prof. Extraord. Philology, 
Prague, 1850 — Honorary Prof. Science of 
Language and Old German Philology, Jena, 
1857 — tf., 14 Oct. 1869. Sprachvergleichende 
TJntersuchungen, 1848-50 — Handbuch der li- 
tanischen Sprache, 1856-7 — Die Deutsche 
Sprache, i860 — Compendium der vergleichenden 
Grammatik der Indogerman. Sprachen, 1862 — 
Morphologie der Sprache, 1859 — Die Dar- 
win' sche Theorie, 1863. 

Schleiermacher, Friedrich Ernst Daniel, 
theologian, — fc. at Breslau, 21 Nov. 1768 — 
studies at Halle, 1786-90 — settles at Berlin, 
1796 — Prof. Theology and Philosophy, Halle, 
1804-7 — Prof. Theology, Berlin, 18 10 — mem- 
ber of Academy of Sciences, 1811 — visits Eng- 
land, autumn 1833 — tf. at Berlin, 12 Feb. 
1834. Reden iiber die Religion, 1799 — trans- 
lation of Plato, 1804-28 — Grundlinien einer 
Kritik der bisherigen Sittenlehre, 1803 — Der 
Christliche Glaube, 1821-2 — Predigten, 1801 
and 1808-33. 

Schleswig, (Slestvig,) Duchy of, (S. Jut- 
land,) — incorporated with the Empire -by 
Henry the Fowler, 930 — reorganized by Otto 
I., 948 — declared independent by Conrad II., 
and held unconditionally as appanage of Crown 
of Denmark, 1027 — given by King Waldemar 
Seir to his younger son Abel, 1232 — by mar- 
riage of Abel, becomes united with Holstein, 
1 239 — civil wars arise, 1239 — King Christopher 
compelled to acknowledge the Duchy as here- 
ditary, 1261 — attempt of Denmark to incor- 
porate, successfully resisted by Count Gerard 
of Holstein, 1326 — given to Count Gerhard as 
hereditary fief, never to be united with Den- 
mark, by the Constitutio Waldemariana, 1326 
— on failure of male line of Duke Abel, forms 
joint Duchy with Holstein under one duke, 
1375 — this union confirmed by Queen Mar- 
garet, 1386. [Schleswig-Holstein.] 

Schleswig, capital of the Duchy, — import- 
ant place of trade, before 900. [Schleswig- 
Holstein Wars.] 

Schleswig-Holstein, Duchy of, — [Schles- 
wig, Duchy of] — after Union o/Calmar, King 
Erick attempts conquest of, 141 5 — war of 20 
years : peace concluded, and Count Adolphus 
of Schaumburg acknowledged Duke, 1435 — on 
his death without issue, claimed by Christian I. 
of Denmark, 1459 — Christian elected Duke by 
States of the Duchy, 1460 — right of election 
of Duke acknowledged by Christian III., 6 
Mar. 1540 — separation of Holstein- Gottorp, 
1544 — entail of succession to heirs-male signed 
by Duke, 1650 — acquisition of ducal part of 
Holstein by Denmark, and Gottorp part of 
Schleswig declared to belong to Duke of 
Holstein by treaty between Denmark, France, 



SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN WAR— SCHMIDT. 



r*59 



England, Eussia, and Prussia, 1715 — Gottorp 
part of Schleswig acquired by Denmark by ex- 
change with Empress Catherine of Eussia, 
1767 — and formally ceded to Denmark, 1773 
— discontents in, 18 15, 1830, and 1838 — union 
with German confederation discussed, 1842 — 
war breaks out, 1848 — [Schleswig-Holstein 
War] — Austria and Prussia required by Diet 
to cede Holstein to Duke of Augustenburg, 6 
Apr. 1865 — his expulsion demanded by Prussia, 
rejected by Austria, 12 Jun. 1865 — convention 
of Gastein, 14 Aug. 1865 — government of 
Schleswig assumed by Prussian General Man- 
teuffel, and of Holstein by Austrian General 
von Gablenz, 15 Sep. — estates of Schleswig 
convened by Austria, dispersed by Prussian 
troops, n Jun. 1866 — [Seven Weeks' War]— 
incorporated with Prussia by bill passed 22 
Dec. 1866 — and by Eoyal Patent, promulgated 
24 Jan. 1867. 

Schleswig-Holstein War, (1848-51,)— on 
accession of Frederick VIL, king of Denmark, 
the Duchies revolt, and declare their independ- 
ence at Kiel, 23 Mar. 1848 — meeting of States 
at Eendsburg, 4 Apr. — Prussians enter Hol- 
stein, 6 Apr. — Danes defeat Holsteiners and 
Prussians near Flensborg, 7 Apr. — seizure of 
Prussian vessels in Danish ports, 19 Apr. — 
Prussians defeat Danes at Eckernforde, and 
take Schleswig and Flensborg, 23 Apr. — block- 
ade of coast by Danes, 27 Apr. — Conference of 
London opens, May — defeat of Prussians at 
Diippel, May — evacuation of Jutland by Gen. 
"Wrangel, 28 May — indecisive battle of Diip- 
pel, 5-6 Jun. — through British mediation, 
armistice of Malmoe ratified, 26 Aug. — armis- 
tice sanctioned by National Assembly at Frank- 
fort, 16 Sep., which leads to an insurrection in 
that town, 18 Sep. — hostilities recommence, 
naval combat at Eckernforde, 5 Apr. 1849 — 
defeat of Danes at Diippeler heights, 1 3 Apr. 
— Germans enter Jutland and take Kolding, 20 
Apr. — Danes defeated at Kolding, 23 Apr. — 
siege of Fredericia, May to Jul. — armistice 
for six months with Prussia concluded, 10 Jul., 
but rejected by Diet of the Duchies : treaty of 
peace between Denmark and Prussia and Prus- 
sian League respecting Duchies, signed, 2 Jul. 
1850 — Duchies prepare for war, Jul. — oc- 
cupation of Flensborg by Danes, 17 Jul. — vic- 
tory of Danes at Idstedt, 25 Jul.— occupation 
of Schleswig and Eckernforde by Danes, Jul. 
— bombardment of Friedrichstadt by troops of 
the Duchies, begins, 29 Sep. — unsuccessful 
attempt to storm, 6 Oct. — suspension of hos- 
tilities enjoined by Diet of Frankfort, 2 Nov. 
— Conference at Kiel between Commissioners 
of the Diet and Stadtholders of the Duchies, 9 
Jan. 1 85 1 — cessation of hostilities ordered by 
Stadtholders, who claim protection of Ger- 
man Confederation, 11 Jan. — government of 
Holstein transferred by Commissaries of Austria 
and Prussia to Danes, 18 Feb. 1852 — treaty 
securing independence of Schleswig, signed, 
Feb. — Holstein evacuated by Austrians, Feb. 
— Treaty of London, signed, 8 May 1852. 

Schleswig-Holstein War, (1864-66,)— Fre- 
derick VII. of Denmark proclaims constitution, 



30 Mar. 1863 — protest of German Diet against 
it, 16 Apr. — Diet resolves on Federal execu- 
tion in Denmark, 1 Oct.— bill for common con- 
stitution of Denmark and the Duchies presented, 
9 Oct. — [see Christian IX.] — German Powers 
summon Denmark to evacuate Schleswig, n 
Dec. — Prussia demands abolition of constitu- 
tion of Nov., 24 Dec. — occupation of Altona 
and government of Holstein and Lunenburg 
assumed by Federal Commissioners, 24 Dec. — 
the Eigsraad refuse to suspend constitution, 
25 Dec. — Prince Frederick of Augustenburg 
proclaimed Duke, at Kiel, 30 Dec. — Austro- 
Prussian ultimatum delivered, 16 Jan. 1864 — 
invasion of Schleswig and capture of Eckern- 
forde, 1 Feb. — battle of Missunde, 2 Feb. 
— capture of Oberselk and Kongsberg by Aus- 
trians, 3 Feb. — evacuation of the Dannewerk, 6 
Feb. — battles of Oversee and Idstedt, 6 Feb. 
— civil government assumed by allies, 7 Feb. 
— siege of Diippel begins, 15 Mar. — bombard- 
ment of Fredericia, 20 Mar. — battle of Diip- 
pel, 28 Mar. — bombardment of Sonderburg, 
2-5 Apr. — storm of Diippel, 18 Apr. — Con- 
ference of London opens, 25 Apr. — defeat of 
Austrian squadron off Heligoland, 9 May — 
hostilities suspended, 9 May — truce extended, 
9 Jun. — Conference closes without result, 25 
Jun. — hostilities renewed, Alsen attacked by 
Prussians, 26 Jun. — taken, 29 Jun. — another 
truce concluded, 20 Jul.— occupation of Eends- 
burg, by Prussians, 21 Jul. — preliminaries of 
peace, cession of Lunenbui'g, Schleswig, and 
Holstein by Denmark, signed at Vienna, 1 
Aug. — definitive Treaty of Vienna, signed, 30 
Oct. — ratified, 16 Nov. 1864 — Holstein evacu- 
ated by Austrians, 12 Jun. 1866. 

Schlosser, Friedrich Christoph, historian, 
— ft. at Jever, 17 Nov. 1776— Prof. History, 
Heidelberg, 18 17 — visits Paris, 1822 — tf. at 
Heidelberg, 24 Sep. 1861. Weltgeschichte, 
1817-24 — Geschiehte des ISten Jakrhundert, 
1823 — Universal- Mstorische Uebersicht der 
Geschiehte der Alien Welt, 1826-34. 

Schldzer, August Ludwig von, historian, — 
n. at Jagststedt, 5 Jul. 1737,* 1735 b — studies 
at Gottingen, 1754-6 — assists the historio- 
grapher Miiller at St Petersburg, 1761 — Prof. 
Political Science, Gottingen, 1767^ 1769°- 
1807 — tf., 9 Sep. 1809. Allgemeine nordische 
Geschiehte, 1772 — Weltgeschichte, 1792-1801. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. c Biog. Univ. 

Schmalkald, in Germany,— League of, be- 
tween Protestant Princes of Germany, formed, 

31 Dec. i53o, a 27 Feb. i53i, b 29 Mar. 1531 c 
— renewed for ten years, 24 Dec. 1535 — the 
Chiefs put under ban of the Empire, 20 Jul. 
1546— forces of, defeated at Miihlberg, and the 
war ended, 24 Apr. 1547. Articles of, sub- 
scribed, Feb. 1537. a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

b Conv.-Lex. c Pfizer. 

Schmidt, Georg Friedrich, engraver, — b. at 
Berlin, 17 12 — received at French Academy, 
1742 — Court-engraver, Berlin, 1744 — called to 
St Petersburg, 1756 — returns to Berlin, 1762 
— &. at Berlin, 1775. 

Schmidt, Michael Ignaz, historian,^ — fi. 
near Wurzburg, 1736 — Keeper of Archives of 



z6o 



SCHNEIDER- SCHON. 



the State, Vienna, 1780— tf. at Vienna, 1 Nov. 
1794. Geschichte der Dcutschen, 1778-93 — 
Neuere Geschichte, 17 85- 1808. 

Schneider, Johann Christian Friedrich, 
musical composer, — b. near Zittau, 23 Jan. 
I7 86— Chapel-master to Duke of Anhalt-Des- 
sau, 1821 — tf. at Dessau, 23 Nov. 1853. 

Schneider, Johann Gottlob, philologist, 
naturalist, — b. near Hubertsburg, 1 8 Jan. 
1750 — studies at Leipsic, 1768 — at Gottingen, 
I77I — p r of. Philology and Eloquence, Frank- 
fort-on-the-Oder, 1776 — Librarian to Univ. of 
Breslau, 1816 — tf. there, 13 Jan. 1822. Edition 
of Xenophon, 1801 et seq. — of Scriptores Rei 
Rustics, 1794-7 — of Aristotelis de Animalibus 
Historic, 1 8 1 2 — Griech-Deutsches Worter- 
buch, 1797 — Theophrasti characteres, 1799 — 
Eclogce physical, 1 80 1 , 

Schnorr von Karolsfeld, Julius, painter, 
— b. at Leipsic, 26 Mar. 1794 — studies at 
Vienna, 181 1 — at Eome, 1818-27 — Prof. His- 
torical Painting, Academy of Fine Arts, Mu- 
nich, 1827 — Director of the Picture Gallery, 
Prof, at Academy of Fine Arts, Dresden, 1 846 
■ — tf. there, 13 Apr. 1853. Frescoes in the 
Palace at Munich, 1827 et seq. — Bibel in 
Bildern, 1852. 

Schnurrer, Christian Friedrich, theologian, 
— b. at Canstadt, in Wiirtemberg, 28 Oct. 1742 
— Prof. Philosophy, Tubingen, 1770 — Chan- 
cellor of the Ilniv., 1805 — tf. at Stuttgard, 10 
Nov. 1822. Dissertationes philologica-criticce, 
1790 — Bibliotheca Arabica, 1811. 

Schoell, Maximilian Samson Friedrich, 
historian, publicist, — b. in Germany, 1766 — 
Prussian secretary of Legation at Paris, 1817- 
19 — in service of Hardenberg at Berlin, 18 19 
— tf. at Paris, 6 Aug. 1833. Collection des 
actes, $•<?., relatifs a la confederation du Rhin, 
1808 — Congres de Vienne, 18 16 — Histoire 
abrege des traite's de paix entre les puissances de 
V Europe depuis la paix de Westphalie jusquau 
traite de Paris du 20 Nov. 1815, 1817-18 — 
Cows d'histoire des Etats Europeens depuis la 
chute de V empire romain d' Occident jusqu' 'en 
1789, 1830-4. 
Schoen. [Schon.] 

SchofFer, Johann, printer, — succeeds his 
father, 1502? — living, 1533. Mercurius Tris- 
megistus, 1503. 

Schoffer, Peter, early printer, — living at 
Paris, 1449 — partner of Fust at Mentz, about 
1456 — living, Dec. 1502. Justinian, 1468 — 
Biblia Latina, 14.72 — Herbarium, 1484 — Latin 
Psalter, 1502. 

Scholastic Philosophy, — originated by 
Erigena, about 870-880 — [Nominalists] — 
promoted by Arabians in Europe, 1 100-1200 — 
falls into neglect, 1450- 1500. 

Scholz, Johann Matthias August, biblical 
scholar, philologist, — b. near Breslau, 8 Feb. 
1794 — begins studying text of New Testament 
at Vienna, 18 15-17 — visits Paris, London, 
Switzerland, and Italy, 1817-19 — Prof. Extra- 
ord. Theology, Borm, 1820 — travels in the East, 
1 82 1 — ordained priest at Breslau, Oct. 1821 — 
Prof. Theology and Canon of Bonn, 1823— tf., 
Nov. 1852. Novum Testamentum Greece, 1830-5. 



Schomberg, Armand Frederic de, Mar- 
shal of France, — b., about 1619 — serves at 
battle of Nordlingen, 1634 — reenters French 
army, 1650 — Lieutenant-general in the army 
of Flanders, 16 Jun. 1655 — distinguishes him- 
self at siege of Valenciennes, Jun. to Jul. 1656 
— contributes to victory of the Dunes, 14 Jun. 
1658 — sent to Portugal, 1660 — contributes to 
victory of Villaviciosa, 1 665 — returns to France, 
1668 — takes Bellegarde, 29 Jul. 1675 — Mar- 
shal of France, 30 Jul. 1675 — serves in the 
Netherlands, 1676 — assists at capture of Valen- 
ciennes and Cambray, 1677 — of Ghent and 
Ypres, 1678 — at siege of Luxemburg, 1683 — 
quits France, 1686 — takes part in expedition 
of William Prince of Orange to England, 1688 
— K.G. and naturalized by Act of Parliament, 
Apr. 1689 — created Duke of Schomberg, spring 
1689 — appointed Commander-in-chief in Ire- 
land, and lands at Carrickfergus, 13 Aug. 1689 
— killed at battle of the Boyne, 1 Jul. 1690. 

Schomberg, Charles de, Duke d' Halltjin, 
Peer and Marshal of France, — b. at 
Nanteuil, 16 Feb. 1601 — marries Duchess of 
Halluin, and is received as Peer, 22 Feb. 1621 
— distinguishes himself in Italian campaigns, 
1630-1 — Governor of Languedoc, 1632 — de- 
feats Spaniards and raises siege of Leucate, 28 
Sep. 1637 — Marshal, 26 Oct. 1637 — takes 
Perpignan, 1642 — Governor of Metz, 1643 — 
Colonel-general of Swiss, 1647— commands in 
Catalonia, 1648— takes Tortosa, 6 Jul. 1648— tf. 
at Paris, 6 Jun. 1656. 

Schomberg, Henri de, Marshal of France, 
— b. at Paris, 1583,* 14 Aug. 1575 b — enters 
the army, 1599 — serves in Hungary against 
Turks, 1 600- 1 — Lieutenant for the king in 
the Limousin, 1608 — ambassador to England, 
1 6 15 — ambassador to German courts, i6i6, a 
i6i7 h — Superintendent of Finance, 20 Jun. 
1 6 19 — contributes to defeat of Protestants in 
Languedoc, 162 1 — with Cardinal de Retz and 
de Paisieux shares chief power, 1821 — takes 
part in expedition of the Bouergue, 1622 — 
removed from office, 1623 — reinstated, Aug. 
1624 — Marshal, 16 Jun. 1625 — defeats Buck- 
ingham and recovers Isle of Bhe, 1627 — dis- 
tinguishes himself at siege of Eochelle, 1628 — 
wounded at combat of Pas-de-Suse, 1630 — 
Commander-in-chief in Languedoc, 1632 — 
defeats and captures Montmorenci at Castel- 
naudari, 1 Sep. 1632 — Governor of Languedoc, 
Sep. 1632 — tf. at Bordeaux, 17 Nov. 1632. 
Relation de la guerre d'ltalie, 1630. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Schomburgk, Sir Robert Hermann, travel- 
ler, — b. at Freiburg, 5 Jun. 1804 — employed 
in survey of Guiana, 1835-9 — discovers Victo- 
ria Regia, 1 Jan. 1837 — returns to Guiana, 
1 840 — Knt, 1 844 — British representative in St 
Domingo, 1848-53 — British representative in 
Siam, 1857 — tr. at Berlin, 11 Feb. 1865. Re- 
searches in British Guiana, 1840 — Description 
of British Guiana, 1840 — History of Barba- 
does, 1847 — with Taylor, translation of Travels 
of Prince Adalbert of Prussia, 1849. 

Schb'n, (Schongauer,) Martin, painter, en- 
graver,— b. at Ulm, a at Culembach, b about 



SCHOOL BOARDS— SCHWARZENBERG. 



1261 



i420, b 1440° — settles at Colrnar, about 146 1 a 
— ft. there, I486. b d a Engl. Cyc. 

b Biog. Univ. c Waagen. d Conv.-Lex. 

School Boards, in England and Wales, — 
establishment of, provided for and regulated 
by Act 33 and 34 Vic. c. 75, 9 Aug. 1870. 

Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe, ethnologist, — ft. 
in New York State, 28 Mar. 1793— conducts 
exploring expedition to sources of the Missis- 
sippi, 1820 — member of Legislature of Michi- 
gan, 1828-32 — founds Michigan Historical 
Society, 1828 — conducts government expedi- 
tion and discovers source of the Mississippi, 
1 832-3— Superintendent of Indian Affairs, about 
1836-40 — visits Europe, 1842 — appointed to 
make census of the Six Nations, 1845 — Xf. at 
Washington, 10 Dec. 1864. Algie Researches, 
1839 — Notes on the Iroquois, 1847 — Historical 
and Statistical Information respecting Indian 
Tribes of United States, 1851-60. 

Schools, Endowed,— [Charities] — condi- 
tions annexed to appointment of officers in, by 
Act 31 and 32 Tie. c. 32, 25 Jun. 1868— law 
amended, and advancement of education other- 
wise provided for, by Act 32 and 33 Vic. c. 56, 
2 Aug. 1869. 

Schools, Parochial, in Scotland, — estab- 
lishment of, authorized by Act of Parliament, 
16 15 — enjoined by another Act, 1656. 

Schools, Public, in England, — Royal Com- 
mission on, appointed, 1861— Report published, 
1864 — conditions annexed to appointment of 
officers in, by Act 27 and 28 Vic. c. 92, 29 Jul. 
1864 — good government and extension of, fur- 
ther provided for by Act 31 and 32 Vic. c. 118, 
31 Jul. 1868 — amended by 33 and 34 Vic. c. 
84, 9 Aug. 1870. 

Schools. [Infant, Industrial, National, 
Normal, Pauper, Ragged, Reformatory, and 
Sunday Schools.] 

Schopenhauer, Arthur, philosopher,— ft. at 
Dantzic, 22 Feb. 1788 — graduates at Jena, 1813 
— visits Weimar, winter 1 813-14 — settles at 
Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1831 — ft. there, 21 
Sep. i860. Die Welt als Wille und Vorstel- 
lung, 1 8 19. 

Schopenhauer, Johanna, novelist, — ft. at 
Dantzic, Jul. 1770 — settles at Weimar, 1806 
— fc. at Jena, 18 Apr. 1838. Fernows leben, 
1 8 10 — Gabriele, 1819-20 — Die Tante, 1823 — 
— Johann van Eyckund seine Nachfolger, 1822. 

Schorel, (Schoreel,) J an van., painter, — ft. at 
Schorel, near Alkmaar, i495, a 1493 b — a. at 
Utrecht, 1562,* Haarlem, 1560, 13 6 Dec. 1569.° 

a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Conv.-Lex. 

Schrevelius, Cornelius, lexicographer, — ft. 
at Haarlem, about 16 15 — ft. at Leyden, 1664 
or 1667. lexicon manuale Grceco-Iatinum, 
1645. 

Schubert, Franz Peter, musical composer,-^- 
ft. at Vienna, 31 Jan. 1797 — admitted to Im- 
perial Choir, 1808 — tf. there, 19 Nov. 1828. 

Schulenburg, Johann Matthias, Count 
von, general,— -ft. near Magdeburg, 8 Aug. 
1 66 1 — Lieutenant-general, 1700 — serves in 
Saxon army against Charles XII. , 1702-6 — 
attacked by Charles XII. at Puniz, retreats 
into Silesia, 12 Oct. 1704 — commands auxiliary 



forces in service of Emperor against the French, 
1706— distinguishes himself in Poland, 1704 — 
sent to service of Holland, takes Tournai, 1708 
— contributes to victory of Malplaquet, 1 1 Sep. 
1709— envoy to the Hague and to England, 
17 13— enters service of Venice as Field-marshal, 
17 15— defends Corfu against the Turks, 17 16 
— tf. at Verona, 14 Mar. 1747. 

Schultens, Albrecht, theologian, Orientalist, 
—6. at Groningen, 1686— studies at Leyden, 
1706— Prof. Oriental Languages, Franeker, 
17 1 3 — P r °f- Hebrew and Oriental Languages, 
Leyden, 1729— tf. at Leyden, a at Franeker, b 26 
Jan. 1750. Origines hebraicce, 1724 — Monu- 
menta vetustiora Arabics, 1740. a Conv.-Lex. 
b Biog. Univ. and Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Schultens, Heinrich Albrecht., orientalist, 
— ft. at Herborn, 15 Feb. 1749 — visits Oxford, 
1772— M.A. Oxford, May 1773— Prof. Oriental 
Languages, Amsterdam, 1773 — Prof. Oriental 
Languages, Leyden, Dec. 1778— tj. there, 12 
Aug. 1793. Anthologia sententiarum Arabi- 
carum, 1772 — Meidanii Proverbiorum Arabi- 
cor. pars, 1795. 

Schultze, Ernst Conrad Friedrich, poet, — 
ft. at Celle, 22 Mar. 1789— studies at Gottin- 
gen, 1806 — ft. at Celle, 29 Jun. 18 17. Werke, 
1818. 

Schumacher, Heinrich Christian, astrono- 
mer, — ft. in Holstein, 3 Sep. 1780 — Prof. Ex- 
traord. Astronomy, Copenhagen, 18 10 — Prof. 
and Director of Observatory, 18 15 — directs 
survey of Holstein and Lauenburg, 1821 — ft. 
at Altona, 28 Dec. 1850 — begins the Astro- 
nomische Nachrichten, 1813 — edits with Bessel 
the Astronomisches Jahrbuch, from 1836. 

Schumann, Robert, musical composer, — ft. 
at Zwickau, 7 Jul. 18 10 — goes to Leipsic 
Univ. ,1828 —abandons the law, 1 8 30 — marries 
Clara Wieck, 1840 — removes to Dresden, 1844 — 
Chapel-master at Diisseldorf, 1 850 — ft. at En- 
denich, near Bonn, 29 Jul. 1856. Paradise and 
the Peri, 1843 — Genoveva, 1847 — Gesammelte 
Schriften uber Musik, 1854. 

Schurmann, Anna Maria von, — ft. at Co- 
logne, 1607 — becomes adherent of Labadie, 
1650 — b\ in Friesland, 1678. Works, 1652. 

Schwabach, in Bavaria, — Articles of, (1.) 
Between Margrave George of Brandenburg- 
Ansbach and the Nurnbergers, signed, 14 Jun. 
1528. (2.) Drawn up by Luther, Oct. 1529. 

Schwanthaler, Ludwig Michael von, sculp- 
tor, — ft. at Munich, 26 Aug. 1802 — enters the 
Academy, 18 18 — visits Rome, 1826 and 1832-4 
— Prof. Sculpture, at the Academy of Munich, 
1835 — tf., 15 Nov. 1848. Hermann- Schlacht, 
Walhalla, 1835-42 — Statue of Bavaria, Mu- 
nich, 1844-50. 

Schwarz, Christian Friedrich, missionary, 
— ft. in Brandenburg, 26 Oct. 1726 — arrives at 
Tranquebar, Jul. 1750 — ambassador to Hyder 
Ali, about 1780 — guardian to the young Rajah 
of Tanjore, 1787 — &., 13 Feb. 1798. 

Schwarzenberg, Prince Felix Ludwig Jo- 
hann Friedrich, statesman, — ft. in Bohemia, 2 
Oct. 1800 — enters the army, 1818 — Major- 
general, 1842— his residence at Naples assailed 
by insurgents, 26 Mar. 1848 — distinguishes 



1262 SCHWARZENBERG— SCIPIO JSMILIANUS AFRICANUS MINOR. 



himself in Italian campaign, 1848 — First 
Minister of Austrian Empire, Oct. 1848 — tr. 
at Vienna, 5 Apr. 1852. 

Schwarzenberg, Karl Phillip, Prince von, 
field-marshal, diplomatist, — h. at Vienna, 
15 Apr. 177 1 — distinguishes himself against 
Turks, 1789— serves against French, 1793 — 
distinguishes himself at combat of Troisville, 
26 Apr. 1794 — and at Hohenlinden, 1801 — 
commands under Mack, 1805 — ambassador to 
Russia, 1808 — distinguishes himself at Wa- 
gram, 1809 — ambassador to Paris, negotiates 
marriage of Napoleon with Archduchess Maria 
Louisa, 1 8 10 — General-in-chief of auxiliaries 
in Russian expedition, 18 12 — Field-marshal, 
1812— Commander-in-chief of allies, Oct. 1813 
— Pres. Aulic Council, 18 15 — fo. at Leipsic, 15 
Oct. 1820. 

Schwegler, Albert, theologian, historian, — 
b. in "Wurtemberg, 10 Feb. 18 19 — studies at 
Tubingen, 1836 — Extraord. Prof. Classical 
Philology, Tubingen, 1848 — b\, 5 Jan. 1857. 
Montanismus, 1841 — establishes Jahrbiicher 
der Gegenwart, 1843 — Nachapostolische Zeit- 
alter, 1846 — Geschichte der Philosophic, 1848 
— edits Clementine Homilies, 1847 — Eusebius's 
Church History, 1852 — and Aristotle's Meta- 
physics, 1847-8 — Rbmische Geschichte, 1853-60. 

Schweidel, Georg Jacob, bibliographer,— b. 
at Niirnberg, about 1690 — tf. there, 1752. 
Thesaurus bibliothecalis, 1738-9. 

Schweidnitz, in Silesia, — taken byAustrians, 
1757 — by Prussians, 1759 — again byAustrians, 
17 6 1 — recovered by Prussians, 1762 — besieged 
and taken by French, 1807 — fortifications de- 
stroyed, 1807 

Schweighauser, Jean Geoffroy, archceolo- 
gist, — b. at Strasburg, 2 Jan. 1776 — assistant 
Prof. Greek Literature, Univ. of France, 18 10 
— titular, 1824 — 3j., 14 Mar. 1844. 

Schweighauser, Johann, philologist, — b. at 
Strasburg, 1742 — assistant Prof. Philosophy 
tbere, 1770 — titular, 1777 — Prof. Greek and 
Oriental Languages, 1778 — member of Aca- 
demy of Inscriptions, 1816 — b\ at Strasburg, 
19 Jan. 1830. Editions of Appianus, 1782-3 
— of Lexicon of Suidas, 1789 — of Polybius, 
1789-95 — of Herodotus, 1816. 

Schwenkfeld, Kaspar, founder of sect of 
Schwenkfeldians, — b. in Silesia, 1490 — banished 
his country, 1548 — fr. at Ulm, 1561. Be- 
kanndtniss und Rechenschaft von den Haupt- 
punJden des Christlichen Glaubens, 1547. 

Schwerin, Kurt Christoph, Count von, 
field-marshal, — b. in Pomerania, 1684 — serves 
under Marlborough, 1704 — enters service of 
Mecklenburg, 1 706 — bearer of secret despatches 
to Charles XII. at Bender, 17 11 — Major-ge- 
neral, 17 1 8 — enters service of Prussia, 1720 — 
Lieutenant-general, 1731 — Commander-ge- 
neral of Infantry, 1739 — Count and Councillor 
of State, by Frederick II., 1740— contributes 
to victory of Mollwitz, Apr. 1741 — takes 
Olmutz, 1 741 — Governor of Neiss and Brieg, 
1 74 1— takes part in campaign of Bohemia, 
1744— killed at battle of Prague, 5 May 1757. 

Schwind, Moritz von, painter, — 6. at Vi- 
enna, 1804 — studies under Cornelius, 1828 — 
Prof, at Academy of Fine Arts, Munich, 1 847 



— employed in decorating the Wartburg, from 
1853 — tf. at Munich, 9 Feb. 187 1. 

Schwyz, {Schweiz,) — one of the first mem- 
bers of Swiss Confederation, Jan. 1308 — new 
constitution established, 13 Oct. 1833 — another, 
18 Feb. 1848. 

Sciacca, in Sicily, — taken by Imperialists, 
1719. 

Science and Art Department, of Committee 
of Privy Council on Education, — instituted, as 
section of Board of Trade, Mar. 1853 — transf er- 
red to Committee of Privy Council, Feb. 1856. 

Scientific and Literary Societies, in Great 
Britain, — facilities for establishment of, and 
their better regulation provided for, by Act 17 
and 18 Vic. c. 112, n Aug. 1854. 

Scilly Islands, (Cassiterides ? Silurce In- 
sula,) — Athelstan expels Danes from, about 
938 — fortified, 1593 a — held for Charles I. by 
Sir John Greenville, 1645 — reduced by Blake 
and Ayscue, 1651. a Annals of England. 

Scina, Bomenico, naturalist, — b. at Palermo, 
1765 — Prof. Physics at the Univ., 1796 — Chan- 
cellor, 1822 — chief Librarian, 1823 — ft. at Pa- 
lermo, Jul. 1837. Introduzione alia fisica 
sperimentale, 1803 — Memorie sulla Vita e Filo- 
sofia di Empedocle, Girgentino, 18 13 — Prospetto 
della Storia Letter aria di Sicilia, 1825-7. 

Scinde. [Sinde.] 

Scindia. [Sindia.] 

Scio. [Chios.] 

Scioppius, Caspar, philologist, — b. in the 
Palatinate, 27 May 1576 — follows Clement 
VIII. to Rome, and abjures Protestantism, 1598 
— visits Paolo Sarpi at Venice, 1609 — Count 
Palatine, at Vienna, 1609 — at Madrid, beaten 
by servants of English ambassador, 16 13 — 
settles at Milan, 161 8 — tr. at Padua, 19 Nov. 
1649. Be arte critica, 1597 — Ecclesiasticus 
auctoritati Ser. D. Jacobo magnce Britannia 
regis oppositus, 1611 — Collyrium regum, 1611 
— Legatus Latro, 16 15 — Classicum Belli Sacri, 
16 19 — Grammatica Philosophica, 1628. 

Scipio, Cn., a (P. Corn.,*)— [B C] — Consul 
with L. Domitius, (738, a. u. c.) 16. 

a Zumpt. b Clinton. 

Scipio, L. Corn.,— [BC] — Consul with M. 
Popillius Lsenas, (404, a. tj. c.) 350. 

Scipio, L. Corn. — [BC] — Consul with C. 
Aquillius Florus, (495, a. u. c.) 259 — defeats 
Hanno : Censor, 258. 

Scipio, P. Corn. — [B C] — Consul with Ti. 
Sempronius Longus, (536, a. u. c.) 218 — de- 
feated by Hannibal at the Ticinus ; serves in 
Spain, 217-21 1 — defeated and killed by Mago 
and Hasdrubal, spring 211 ? 212. 

Scipio, P. Corn. , — Consul with Q,. Volusius 
Saturninus, (809, a. tj. c.) $6. 

Scipio iEmilianus Africanus Minor, P. 
Corn., {Num.antinus,) — [BCJ — b., about 185 — 
at Pydna, 168 — receives Polybius, 167 — trib. 
milit. in Spain, 151 — ambassador to Masinissa, 
150— trib. milit. in Africa, 149-148 — Consul 
with C. Livius Mamilianus Drusus, (607, 
a. u. c.) 147 — takes Carthage, spring 146 — 
Censor with L. Mummius, 142 — accused by 
Asellus, 139 — Con sul with C. Fulvius Flaccus, 
(620,) 134 — commands in Spain: takes Nu- 
mantia, 133 — assassinated, 129. 



SCIPIO AFRICANUS MAJOR— SCOTLAND. 



1263 



Scipio Africanus Major, P. Corn. — [BC] — 
ft., 234 — at battle of the Ticinus, 218 — trib. 
milit. at Cannae, 216 — gedile, 212 — proconsul 
in Spain, 210 — takes new Carthage : defeats 
Hasdrubal near Bsecula, 209 — defeats Hasdru- 
bal and Mago in Silpia, 207 — visits court of 
Syphax, puts down revolt and mutiny, and 
leaves Spain, 206 — Consul with P. Licinius Cras- 
sus, (549, a u. c.) 205 — prepares for invading 
Africa in Sicily, 205 — invades Africa, 204 — 
defeats Hasdrubal and Syphax, 203 — defeats 
Hannibal at Zama, 202 — makes peace and re- 
turns to Rome, 201 — Censor with P. JElius 
Psetus, 199 — Consul with Ti. Sempronius Lon- 
gus, (560,) 194 — ambassador to Africa and to 
Antiochus, 193 — legatus to his brother, L. 
Scipio, against Antiochus, 190 — accused with 
his brother, 187 — accused again, 185 — tf. at 
Liternum, 183 or 185-187 ? 

Scipio Asiaticus, {Asiagenes,) L. Corn.— 
[B C] — serves under his brother, P. Scipio 
Africanus, in Spain, 208 — praetor in Sicily, 
193 — Consul with C. Lselius, (564, a. u. c.) 
190 — defeats Antiochus at Mt Sipylus: accused 
with his brother, 187 — his property confis- 
cated: celebrates games, 185. 

Scipio Asina, Cn.Corn. — [BC] — Consul with 
C. Duilius, (494, a. v. c.) 260 — taken prisoner 
by Carthaginians : Consul with A. Atilius Ca- 
latinus, (500,) 254 — takes Panormus. 

Scipio Asina, P. Corn.— [B C] — Consul with 
M. Minucius Rufus, (533, a. u. c.) 221 — war 
with Istri. 

Scipio Barbatus, L. Corn. — [BC] — Consul 
with Cn. Fulvius Centumalus, (456, a. u. c.) 
298 — defeats Etruscans : serves against Sam- 
nites, 297, 295, and 293. 

Scipio Barbatus, P. Corn., — [BC] — Con- 
sul with C. Plautius Proculus, (426, a. v. c.) 
328 — Dictator, 306. 

Scipio Calvns, Cn. Corn. — [BC] — Consul 
with M. Claudius Marcellus, (532, a. u. c.) 
222— legatus to Publius in Spain, 217-21 1. 

Scipio Hispallus, Cn. Corn., — [B c]— prsetor, 
179 — Consul with Q. Petillius Spurmus, (578, 
a. u. c.) 176. 

Scipio Nasica, P. Corn., jurist,— [BC] — sent 
to receive statue of Idsean Mother at Ostia, 
204 — triumvir for colony at Yenusia, 200 — 
curule sedile, 196 — praetor in Spain, 194 — 
Consul with M.'Acilius Glabrio, (563, a. u. c.) 
191 — defeats Boii: triumvir for colony at 
Aquileia, 183-2 — accuses Roman governor for 
Spaniards, 171. 

Scipio Nasica, P. Corn., — [BC] — Consul 
with L. Calpurnius Piso Bestia, (643, a. u. c.) 
in — rj., in. 

Scipio Nasica Corculum, P. Corn., jurist, 
— [B C] — serves under L. JEmilius Paullus in 
Macedonia, 168 — Consul with C. Marcius 
Figulus, but abdicates, (592, a. tj. c.) 162 — 
Censor with M. Popillius Lamas, 159 — Consul 
with M. Claudius Marcellus, (599,) 155— 
defeats Dalmatians : pontifex maximus, 150. 

Scipio Nasica Serapio, P. Corn., — [B C] — 
Consul with D. Junius Brutus, (616, a. it. c.) 
138 — leads in attack on Tib. Gracchus, and is 
banished, 133. 
Sclavi, Sclavonians. [Slavonians.] 



Scopas, — [B C] — with Ariston defeats Aratus 
at Caphyse, 220— strategus of iEtolian League, 
destroys ^ Dion, spring 219— again strategus, 
for invasion of Acarnania, 211 — legislates with 
Dorimachus and withdraws to Alexandria, 204 
— invades and subjugates Judeea, defeated at 
Panion, and besieged by Antiochus at Sidon, 
200-199 — raises mercenary forces in JEtolia for 
Ptolemy, 200— conspires and is arrested and 
executed, 196. 

Scopas, sculptor, architect, — [B C] — fl., about 
395-350. \ 

Scone, in Scotland. Abbey, founded by 
Alexander I., 11 15 — burnt by rioters, 1559. 

Scopoli, Giovanni Antonio, naturalist, — ft. 
in the Tyrol, 13 Jun. 1723— Prof. Mineralogy, 
Schemnitz,i766— Prof. Natural History, Pavia, 
J 777— *• there, 8 May 1778. Flora carniolica, 
1760 — Entomologia carniolica, 1763 — Tenta- 
mina phys.-chem.-medica, 1761. 

Scoresby, William, Arctic navigator, — ft. in 
Yorkshire, 3 May 1760 — engages in the Green- 
land whale-fishery, 17 85 -1823 — invents the 
'round top-gallant crows-nest,' 1807 — &., 
1829. 

Scoresby, William, the Younger, Arctic 
navigator, — ft. at Whitby, 5 Oct. 1790 — begins 
his sea-life, 1800 — F.R.S., 17 Jun. 1824— B.D. 
Cambridge, 1834— D.D., 1839— visits America, 
1847 — visits Australia, 1855-6 — tf. at Torquay, 
21 Mar. 1857. Account of Arctic Regions, 
1820 — Journal of Voyage to Northern Whale- 
Fishery, 1823 — Magnetical Investigations, 
i 8 39-52. 

Scot, Eeginald, — tf. in Kent, 1599. Dis- 
coverie of Witchcraft 1584, burnt by the hang- 
man. 

Scotland, {North Britain,) {Caledonia,) — in- 
vaded by Agricola, 80, 83, and 84 — by Severus, 
209 — by Constantine, 313 — Christianity in- 
troduced by Ninias, about 395 — settlement of 
Scots from Ireland in, 498 a — forms one king- 
dom under Kenneth M'Alpin, about 850 — in- 
vaded by Northmen under Anlaf and Ivar, 
870 — under Sigurd and Thorstein the Red, 
894 — other invasions by Northmen, 904, 907, 
918, 961, 993, 1003 — they are defeated by 
Malcolm II. at Mortlach, 10 10 — treaty with 
them followed by their departure, 10 14 — great 
part conquered by Thorfinn of Caithness, 1034 
—[Duncan, Macbeth]— Malcolm III. Can- 
more succeeds, 1057 — master of the whole 
country, about 1085 — Donald VI., about Nov. 
1093 — Duncan II., about May 1094 — Donald 
YI. again, 1095 — Edgar, 1098 — Alexander I., 

8 Jan. 1107— David I., 27 Apr. 1124 — Mal- 
colm IV., 24 May 1 153 — William I. the Lion, 

9 Dec. 1 1 65— Alexander II., 4 Dec. 1214 — 
Alexander III., 8 Jul. 1249— Margaret, 16 
Mar. 1286— John Baliol, 17 Nov. 1292— in- 
terregnum, 10 Jul. 1296 — [see Edward I. of 
England']— Robert I. Bruce, 25 Mar. 1306 — 
David II., 7 Jun. 1329— Robert II. Stuart, 
22 Feb. 1 37 1 — Robert III., 19 Apr. 1390 — 
James I., 4 Apr. 1406 — James II., 21 Feb. 
1437— James III., 3 Aug. 1460— James IV., 
11 Jun. 1488 — James V., 9 Sep. 15 13 — Mary, 
14 Dec. 1542 — James VI., 24 Jul. 1567 — be- 
comes King of England, as James I., 24 Mar. 



1264 



SCOTLAND— SCROPE OF MASHAM. 



1603— [Great Britain! — commissioners ap- 
pointed to treat with Scots for union of the 
kingdoms, by Act 1 Jac. I. c. 1, 1603 — union 
recommended by James I., 1607 — again recom- 
mended by Queen Anne, Mar. 1702 — appoint- 
ment of commissioners to treat for union au- 
thorized by Act 1 Ann. c. 8, 1702 — commis- 
sioners appointed by Scottish, parliament, 1705 
— first meeting of commissioners at West- 
minster, 16 Apr. 1706 — articles agreed to, 22 
Jul.— presented to Scottish parliament, 3 Oct. 
— Act of Union passed by it, 16 Jan. 1707 — 
Union effected by Act 6 Ann. c. 11, 6 Mar. 
1707. a Skene. 

Scotland, (Protestant) Church of,— bishops 
empowered to meet in synod by bull of Pope 
Honorius III., 1225 — archbishopric of St An- 
drew's erected by SixtusIV., 1472 — of Glasgow, 
by Innocent VIII., 1492 — Romish hierarchy 
abolished by Convention Parliament, 1 Aug. 
1560 — first General Assembly held, 20 Dec. 
1560— confession of faith and doctrine author- 
ized by Act of Parliament, 1567 — Presbyterian 
polity established, 1592. [Presbyterianism, 
Liturgy, Covenant, Patronage, Free Church.] 
Scots, The, — appear in Ireland, 360 — settle 
in N. Britain, 498 — subdued by Picts, about 
750 — under Kenneth II. subdue them, about 
842. [Scotland.] 

Scott, Alexander John, Principal of Owen's 
College, Manchester, — h. at Greenock, N. B., 
1805 — studies at Glasgow Univ., 1819-26 — 
Prof. English Language and Literature, Univ. 
Coll. London, 1849-50 — first Principal of 
Owen's College, and Prof. Logic and Mental 
and Moral Philosophy, and English Language 
and Literature, 1851-65— ft. at Yeylaux, Can- 
ton de Yaud, Jan. 1866. Discourses, 1866. 

Scott, Daniel, — ft. in London, 1759. -Ap- 
pendix ad thesaurum lingua Grcecce H. Stephano 
constructum, 1745-6. 

Scott, David, painter, — h. at Edinburgh, 10 
or 12 Oct. 1806 — visits Italy, 1832 — ft., 5 Mar. 
1849. Vasco di Gama, Leith, 1839-49 — Illus- 
trations of Coleridge's Ancient Mariner, 1837 
— Ariel and Caliban, 1838. 
Scott, John. [Erigena.] 
Scott, John, poet, — fc. in London, 9 Jan. 
1730 — ft. there, 1783. Amwcll, 1776. 
Scott, John. [Eldon, Eael of.] 
Scott, Samuel, painter, — ft., 12 Oct. 1772. 
Old London Bridge, National Gallery, 1745. 

Scott, Thomas, theologian, — b. in Lincoln- 
shire, 1747— ordained priest, 1773 — rector of 
Aston Sandford, 1801 — ft., 1821. Force of 
Truth, 1779 — Commentary on the Bible, (Family 
Bible,) 1796. 

Scott, Sir Walter, Bart., novelist, poet, — h. 
at Edinburgh, 15 Aug. 1771 — studies at the 
High School, 1778-83— at College, 1783-6 — 
apprenticed as writer to the signet, May 1786 
— called to the bar, 1792 — marries Miss Car- 
penter, Dec. 1797 — enters into partnership with 
Ballantyne, 1805 — visits London, 18 15 — created 
Bart., 1820 — visits Ireland, 1825 — failure of 
the firm, 1826 — visits Italy, Oct. 1831 — ft. at 
Abbotsford, ii Sep. 1832. Translation of 
Burger, 1796— translation of Goethe's Gotz von 



Berlichingen, 1799 — Border Minstrelsy, 1802 
— Lay of the Last Minstrel, 1805 — Marmion, 
1 808 — Life ofDryden, 1 808 — Lady of the Lake, 
1809 — Bokeby, 18 13 — Waverley, Jul. 18 14 — 
Life of Swift, 18 14 — Guy Mannering, 18 15 
— Antiquary, 18 16 — Old Idortality, 18 16 — 
Bob Boy, 1 8 17 — Heart of Mid-Lothian, 181 8 
— Bride of Lammermoor and Lvanhoe, 18 19 — 
Kenil 'worth and The Pirate, 1821 — St Bonan's 
Well, 1825 — History of Napoleon, 1827 — 
Tales of a Grandfather, 1827 — Fair Maid of 
Perth, 1828 — Letters on Bemonology and Witch- 
craft, 1830. 

Scott, "William. [Stowell, Baron.] 

Scott, Winfield, general, — ft, near Peters- 
burg, Virginia, 13 Jun. 1786— enters the army, 
1808 — as Lieutenant-colonel, distinguishes 
himself in war with England, 181 2-14 — cap- 
tures Fort George, 27 May 1813 — Brigadier- 
general, spring 1 8 14 — defeats Gen. Riall at 
Chippawa, 5 Jul. 18 14 — twice wounded at bat- 
tle of Niagara, (Lundy's Lane,) 25 Jul. 18 14 — 
visits Europe, 18 15 — serves against Indians, 
1832 — Commander-in-chief of United States 
army, 1841 — takes Vera Cruz, 26 Mar. 1847 — 
defeats Santa Anna, near Jalapa, 1 7 Apr. — takes 
Jalapa, 19 Apr.-Puebla, 15 May — takes Mexico, 
14 Sep. — concludes peace, 2 Mar. 1848 — unsuc- 
cessful candidate for Presidency, 1852 — created 
Lieutenant-general, 1855 — charged with pro- 
tection of Columbia against Confederates, i860 
— resigns the command, 1 Nov. 1861 — ft. at 
West Point, 29 May 1866. 

Scotus, Duns. [Duns Scotus.] 

Scotus, Johannes. [Erigena.] 

Screw Propeller, — for steam vessels, comes 
into use, about 1836. 

Scribe, Augustin Eugene, dramatist, — 6. 
at Paris, 24 Dec. 1791 — Chevalier of Legion 
of Honour, 1827 — member of French Academy, 
28 Jan. 1836— ft. at Paris, 20 Feb. 1861. 
Dervis, 1811 — Fra Diavolo, 1830 — Bobert le 
Biable, 1831 — Bertrand and Baton, 1833 — 
Juive, 1835 — Huguenots, 1836. 

Scribonianus, Camillus, — Consul with Cn. 
Domitius Ahenobarbus, (785, a. u. c.) 32. 

Scroggs, Sir William, Chief Justice of 
England, — enters Gray's Inn, 22 Feb. 1640 
— B.A. Oxford, 1640 — M.A., 1643 — called to 
the bar, 27 Jun. 1653 — king's serjeant, Jun. 
1669 — Knt, and Justice of Common Pleas, 23 
Oct. 1676 — Chief Justice of King's Bench, 31 
May 1678 — dismissed, Apr. 1681 — ft. in Essex, 
25 Oct. 1683. 

Scroop, (Scrope,) Richard, Abp of York, 
— Dean of Chichester, 1381 — Bp of Coventry 
and Lichfield by Papal bull, 18 Aug. 1386 — 
consecrated at Genoa, 19 Aug. — obtains tem- 
poralities, 15 Nov. — Abp of York, 2 Jun. 1398 
— promotes elevation of Henry IV., Sep. 1399 
— takes part in Northumberland's rebellion, 
1403 — again, 1405 — declares Henry excom- 
municated, 9 May 1405 — captured by Earl of 
Westmoreland, by treachery : beheaded, 8 Jun. 

Scrope, Colonel in Parliamentary army, — 
takes Lord Holland prisoner, 10 Jul. 1648 — 
executed as a regicide, 16 or 17 Oct. 1660. 

Scrope of Masham, Henry, Lord, — con- 



SCUDERI— SEBASTOPOL. 



1265 



spires against Henry V., 1415 — executed, 2 or 
5 Aug. 1415. 

Scuderi, George de, dramatist, — fi. at 
Havre, about 1601 — member of Academy, 1650 
— tf. at Paris, 14 May 1667. 

Scuderi, Madeleine de, novelist, — rj. at 
.Havre, 1607 — rj., n Jul. 1701. Artamene, 
1650 — Cle'lie, 1656. 

Sculpture, — [B C] — marble used, by Dipoe- 
nus and Scyllis, about 775 ? — rapidly developed 
in Greece, 580-480 — nourishes in Asia Minor, 
560-528 — most nourishing period at Athens, 
480-336 — flourishes at Pthodes, from about 
320— decline of the art, from about 150 — works 
of Greek artists brought to Eome by Memnii- 
us, 146 — encouraged by Augustus, 31 to [AD] 
14. [AD] — polylithic, introduced at Rome, 
probably about 50-60 — nourishes at Pome 
under Trajan, Hadrian, and the Antonines, 100- 
150 — declines, after 150 — revival of the art in 
Italy by Niccola Pisano, 1200. 

Scylax, of Caryanda, navigator, — [B C] — 
sails from the Indus to the Ped Sea, about 500 
— Periplus compiled anonymously, about 35o. a 
a Niebuhr. 

Scylitzes, {Scylitza,) Joannes, Byzantine 
historian, — fl., about 1081-1118. 

Scyninus, of Chios, geographer, poet, — [B C] 
—ft, about 80? 

Scyros, — [BC] — taken by Kimon, 476. 

Scythians, — [B C]— occupy Asia, from 634- 
607 [632-i, a 630 b ] — expelled by Cyaxares, 
607. a Euseb. b Hieron. 

Sea-birds, — preservation of, provided for by 
Act 32 and 33 Vic. c. 17, 24 Jun. 1869. 

Sealsfield, Charles, litterateur, — fo. in Ger- 
many, about 1797 — rj. at Solothurn, 27 May 
1864. Tokeah, 1828 — Transatlantische Reise- 
skizzen, 1833 — Lebensbilder aus beiden Herni- 
spharen, 1835-7 — Sturm- Zand- und Seebilder, 
1838-9 — Stiffen und Korden, 1842-3. 

Search, Right of, over neutral vessels, — 
claimed by England, refused by the Dutch, 
1653 — put in force by Great Britain in case of 
the Chesapeake, American frigate, 23 Jun. 1807 
— question again raised between Great Britain 
and United States, 1842 — partly abolished by 
Treaty of Paris, 1856. 

Search Warrant, for stolen goods, in Great 
Britain, — grantable by Act 7 and 8 Geo. IV. 
c. 29, 21 Jun. 1827. 

Seaton, John Colborne, Loud, field-marshal, 
— fc. at Lyndhurst, Hampshire, 1779 — enters 
the army, 16 Jul. 1794 — serves in Holland, 
1799 — in Egypt, 1801 — at battle of Maida, 
1806 — military secretary to Sir John Moore, 
1808-9— joins Wellington's army at Jaracejo, 
1809 — serves in Peninsular campaigns, 1809-14 
— wounded at Ciudad Rodrigo, 8 Jan. 18 12 — 
carries redoubts of Vera, 7 Oct. 1813 — leads 
attack on Soult at Orthes, 27 Feb. 18 14 — 
Colonel, 4 Jun. 18 14 — marries, 21 Jun. 18 14 
— Major-general, 27 May 1825— contributes to 
victory of Waterloo, 18 Jun. 1815 — Lieutenant- 
governor of Canada, 1828-36 — G.C.H., 1836 — 
Governor-general and Commander-in-chief in 
Canada, 1837 — raised to peerage, 1838 — Lieu- 
tenant-general, 1 838 — Lord High Commissioner 



of Ionian Islands, Apr. 1843 to May 1849— 
retires, 1854— General, 20 Jun. 1854— Field- 
marshal, 1 Apr. i860— rj. at Torquay, 17 Apr. 
1863. 

Seaton, William Winston, journalist,— ■{». 
in Virginia, n Jan. 1785— settles at Washing, 
ton, 18 12 — founder and joint editor of Nation- 
al Intelligencer, 1812 — sole editor, i860— 
Mayor of Washington, 1840-51 — rj., 16 Jun. 
1866. 

Seba, Albert, naturalist, — n. in E. Fries- 
land, 1665— U., 3 May 1736. Loeupletissimi 
rerum natural, thesauri accurata JDescr. et iconi- 
bus artijzciosissimis Expressio, §c., 1734-65. 

Sebastian, King of Portugal, — 6., 20 
Jan. 1554 — succeeds his grandfather John III., 
11 Jun. 1557— -takes part in expedition against 
Moors of Africa, 1574 — again embarks for 
Africa, 24 Jun. 1578 — lands near Arzila, 29 
Jul.— defeated and killed at battle of Alcazar - 
quivir, 4 Aug. 1578. 

Sebastian, St, in Spain, — taken by French, 
17 19 — again taken by French, 4 Aug. 1794 — 
— unsuccessfully attacked by Sir T. Graham, 
Jul. 1 813 — stormed, 31 Aug. 18 13 — interview 
of Napoleon III. with Isabella II. of Spain 
at, 9 Sep. 1865. 

Sebastiani, Horace Francois, Count, Mar- 
shal op France, statesman, — ft. in Corsica, 
11 Nov. 1776 — enters French army, 1792 — dis- 
tinguishes himself at Verona, 1799 — takes part 
in revolution of 18 Brumaire,Nov. 1799 — envoy 
to Turkey, &c, 1802 — wounded at Austerlitz, 
and made General of Division, Dec. 1805 — 
serves in Spain, 1809- 11 — in Russian expe- 
dition, 1 8 12 — wounded at Leipsic, Oct. 1813 
— joint envoy to allied sovereigns, 18 15 — mem- 
ber of Chamber of Deputies, 18 19 — Minister 
of Marine, Aug. 1830 — Minister of Foreign 
Affairs, Nov. 1830-2 and 1833 — ambassador to 
London, 1835-40— Marshal of France, 1840 — 
rj. at Paris, 20 Jul. 1851. 

Sebastiano del Piombo, painter, — ft. at 
Venice, 1485 — goes to Rome, about 15 12 — tr. 
there, 1547. Resurrection of Lazarus, 1517-19. 

Sebastianus, — proclaimed Augustus, as col- 
league of rebel Emperor Jovinus, at Mogun- 
tiacum, 412 — put to death by Ataulphus, 413. 

Sebastianus, — son-in-law of Bonifacius, 
escapes from Italy, 435 — passes from Spain to 
Africa, 440 — takes refuge with Theodoric, 
king of the Visigoths, and occupies Barcelona, 
/|/|/| — takes refuge with Vandals in Africa, 445 
— put to death by Genseric, 449. 

Sebastopol, Sevastopol, in the Crimea, — 
founded by Catherine II., 1786 — invested by 
allied fleets, 28 Sep. 1854 — bombardment com- 
menced, 18 Oct. — the fleets damaged by hur- 
ricane, 14 Nov. — sortie repulsed, night of 22 
Mar. 1855 — second bombardment commenced, 
9 Apr. — third, 6 Jun. — the Quarries before 
the Redan stormed by British, and the Mame- 
lon captured by French, 7 Jun. — unsuccessful 
attack on the Redan, 18 Jun. — last bombard- 
ment, 5 Sep. — capture of the MalakhofF by 
French, 8 Sep. — unsuccessful attack on Great 
Redan by British, 8 Sep. — south side of the 
city evacuated and defences blown up, 8-9 
80 



>.66 



SEBONDE— SEEMANN. 



Sep, — restoration of fortifications prohibited 
by Treaty of Paris, Mar. 1856. 

Sebonde. [Raymond de Sebonde.] 

Secession. [Confederate States.] 

Seckendorf, Friedrich Heinrich, Count 
von, field-marshal, ~-b. at Konigsberg, Jul. 
167$ — distinguishes himself at battle of Blen- 
heim, 1704 — enters sendee of Augustus, king 
of Poland, 1709— ambassador to the Hague, 
17 1 2 — suppresses insurrection in Poland, 17 13 
— reenters Imperial army, 17 16 — compels Span- 
iards to raise siege of Milazzo, 17 19 — seizes 
Lipari, 17 19 — ambassador to Prussia, 1726 — 
defeats French at Clausen, 20 Oct. 1735 — com- 
mands against Turks, 1737— imprisoned, 1737- 
40 — Field-marshal and Privy Councillor to 
Charles VII., 1742— contributes to conclusion 
of Treaty of Fuessen, 1745 — 3j. at Meuselwitz, 
23 Nov. 1763. 

Seckendorf, Veit {Guy) Ludwig von, 
statesman, historian, — fj. near Erlangen, 20 
Dec. 1626 — studies at Strasburg, 1643-6 — 
Privy Councillor and Chancellor to Duke of 
Gotha, 1664 — to Duke of Zeitz, end of 1664-81 
— Privy Councillor to Frederick III. of Bran- 
denburg, and Chancellor of Univ. of Halle, 
1691 — tf. at Halle, 18 Dec. 1692. Deutscher 
Fiirstenstaat, 1665 — Commentarius historicus 
et apologeticus de Luther anismo, 1688. 

Seeker, Thomas, Abp or Canterbury, — fj. 
at Sibthorpe in Nottinghamshire, 1693 — M.D. 
Ley den, 172 1 — enters Exeter Coll. Oxford, 1 
Apr. 1721 — B.A., 1722 — ordained priest, Mar. 
1723 — rector of Houghton-le- Spring, 1724 — 
marries, Oct. 1725 — chaplain to the king, Jul. 
1732 — Bp of Bristol, 19 Jan. 1735— Bp of Ox- 
ford, May 1737 — Dean of St Paul's, Dec. 1750 
— consecrated Abp of Canterbury, 21 Apr. 1758 
— ft., 3 Aug. 1768. Works, 1770. 

Second Empire, French, — established under 
Napoleon III., 2 Dec. 1852 — Senatus-consul- 
tum modifying the constitution, adopted, 6 Sep. 
1869 — overthrown, 4 Sep. 1870. [Sedan, 
Franco-German War.] 

Secretaries of the King and of the Grand 
Chancery, in France, — empowered by King 
John to form themselves into a College, Mar. 
1350 — Louis XL declares himself and his suc- 
cessors their chiefs, Jul. 1465 — number of, 
forming Grand College, fixed at 300, 1727 — 
suppressed by Constituent Assembly, 1789. 

Secretary of State,— in England, a second, 
appointed by Henry VIII. , 1540 — title in use, 
1 60 1 — third, for Scotland, by Queen Anne, 
1707 — this office abolished, 1746 — for American 
colonies, appointed, 1768 — abolished by Act 22 
Geo. III. c. 82, 1782 — for War, 1794 — business 
of colonies transferred to him, 1801 — separate, 
for War, appointed, 1 854 — for India, ap- 
pointed, 1858 — for War, abolished, and duties 
transferred to one of the Secretaries of 
State, by Act 26 Vic. c. 12, 4 May 1863. 

In France, seven in number under Philip of 
Valois, 1 343 — twelve appointed by King John, 
1351 — eighteen by Begent Charles, 27 Jun. 
1 359— re duced to twelve by Charles VI., by 
3 of 13 Jul. 1381 and 12 Feb. 1387— to 
ten, 7 Jan. 1400 — to eight, May 141 3 — to five, 



141 8 — to four by Henry II., 14 Sep. 1547 — 
begin to sign for the king, 1560— title sup- 
pressed, 1789 — reintroduced, 18 14. 

Secularism, — as designation of system of 
doctrines, comes into use, about 1846. 

Secundums, Nicolaus, — interpreter at 
Council of Florence, 1438. 

Secundus, Johannes, Latin poet, — 6. at the, 
Hague, 10 Nov. 151 1 — follows Charles V. to 
Tunis, 1534 — rj. at Tournai, 8 Oct. 1536. 
Foemata, 1541. 

Secundus, Pomponius, tragic poet, — im- 
prisoned by Tiberius, 31 — released by Caligula, 
37 — Consul suff., (794, a. u. c.) 41 — defeats 
Chatti and triumphs, 50. 

Sedaine, Michel Jean, dramatist, — fc. at 
Paris, 4 Jul. 17 19 — admitted to the Academy, 
1785 — tf. at Paris, 17 May 1797. Liable d 
quatre, 1756 — Fhilosophe sans le savoir, 1765 — 
Gageure imprevue, 1768. 

Sedan, in France, — fort erected at, by Ev- 
rard de la Marck, 1446— fortified, 1459 — P rm * 
cipality of, passes to family of La Tour d'Au- 
vergne, 1591 — ceded to Louis XIII. by Duke 
of Bouillon, 1642 — cloth manufacture estab- 
lished at, about 1665 — Marshal M c Mahon 
defeated by Crown Prince of Prussia at, 1 Sep. 
1870 — capitulation of his army signed by Gen. 
Wimpffen, surrender of Napoleon III. to King 
of Prussia, as prisoner of war, 2 Sep. [Franco- 
German War.] Frotestant University of, 
founded by Duke of Bouillon, 1592 — suppressed 
by Louis XIV., 1681. 

Sedan Chairs, — patented in London, 1634 — 
tax levied on, by Act 5 and 6 Wm and Mar. c, 
22, 1694 — licensed and regulated by Acts 9 
Ann. c. 23, 17 10; 10 Ann. c. 19, 171 1; 12 
Geo. I. c. 12, 1725, and 7 Geo. III. c. 44, 1767. 

Sedgemoor, battle of, — Duke of Monmouth 
defeated by Royal troops, 5 Jul. 1685. 

Sedgwick, Catherine Maria, miscellaneous 
writer, — fj. at Stockbridge, Massachusetts, 
about 1799 — tf. at Boxbury, Massachusetts, 
12 Aug. 1867. Ridwood, 1824 — Hope Leslie, 
1827 — Letters from abroad, 1841. 

Sedition. [Riot Act.] 

Seditious Meetings, — prohibited by Boyal 
proclamation, 4 Nov. 1795 ; and by Acts 36 
Geo. III. c. 8, 1795 ; 41 Geo. III. c. 19, 1801 ; 
57 Geo. III. c. 19, 31 Mar. 1817, and 60 Geo. 
III. c. 6, 24 Dec. 1 8 19. [Six Acts.] 

Seditious Societies, in England, — Boyal 
message respecting, sent to parliament, May 
1794 — suppressed by Act 39 Geo. III. c. 79, 
1799. 

Sedley, Catherine, Countess of Dor- 
chester, — as mistress of James, Duke of York, 
refuses to leave Whitehall, 1685 — created 
Countess, 1686 — marries Earl of Portmore, 
after 1688— tr., 17 17. 

Sedley, Sir Charles, poet, — fj. in Kent, 1639 
— enters Oxford Univ., 1655-6 — goes to London, 
about 1660 — M.P. Bomney, 1661 — tf., 20 Aug. 
1701. Works, 17 19. 

Sedulius, Coelius, poet, — fl., about 450. 

Seeds, — adulteration of, repressed by Act 32 
and 33 Vic. c. 112, 11 Aug. 1869. 

Seemann, Berthold, traveller, botanist, — fj. 



SEETZEN— SELEUCUS 35TICATOR. 



1267 



at Hanover, 28 Feb. 1825 — naturalist on 
H. M. S. Herald, 1846 — visits Madeira and 
"West Indies, 1846 — explores Andes of Peru, 
Mexico, 1848— Arctic Eegions, 1849 — Sand- 
wich Islands, &c, 1850— arrives in London, 
Jun. 1 85 1 — joint-commissioner of British, go- 
vernment to Fiji islands, i860 — visits Cen- 
tral America, 1805-6 — tf. in Nicaragua, 10 
Oct. 1 87 1. Voyage of H. M. S. Herald, 
1852 — Popular History of the Palms, 1856 — 
Botany of the Voyage of H. M. S. Herald, 
1852-7 — Viti, 1862— Flora Vitiensis, 1862 — 
establishes Bonplandia, 1853 — {Journal of 
Botany, from 1863.) 

Seetzen, Ulric Jaspar, traveller, — ft. in Fries- 
land, 1767 — studies at Gottingen, 1785-8— 
sets out for the East, Jun. 1802 — reaches Da- 
mascus, Apr. 1805 — tf. in Arabia, Dec. 18 11. 

Segneri, Paolo, Jesuit preacher, — ft. atNet- 
tuno, 1624 — enters the Order, 1637 — preaches 
in chief towns of Italy, 1665-92 — called to 
Rome by Innocent XII., 1692 — Ij. at Rome, 9 
Dec. 1694. Opere, 17 12. 

Segni, Bernardo, historian, §c., — ft. at 
Florence, about 1500 — ambassador from Cosmo 
de' Medici to Emperor, 1541— Consul of Aca- 
demy Delia Crusca, 1542 — ft. at Florence, 13 
Apr. i558, a 1559. b Storie fiorentine, (1527- 
55,) 1723,* 1713° — Italian translation of 
Aristotle, 1549-51. 
a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Engl. Cyc. c Rees' Cyc. 

Segoutee, Treaty of. [Ghorka.] 

Segovia, in Spain, — sacked and occupied by 
French, 1808-14. Alcazar, restored, 1452-8 — 
visited by Charles I. of England, 13 Sep. 1623. 
Cathedral, commenced, 1525. 

Segrave, John de,— Constable of the army 
in expedition to Scotland, 1296 — made Go- 
vernor of Scotland by Edward I., 1302 — de- 
feated by Comyn, near Roslin, 24 Feb. 1303 — 
taken prisoner at Bannockburn, 13 14 — on sus- 
picion of favouring Roger Mortimer, is sent 
to Gascony, 1323. 

Segur, Louis Philippe, Count de, diplo- 
matist, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Paris, 11 
Dec. 1753 — enters the army, 1769 — serves in 
American War, 1782-3 — ambassador to Russia, 
Mar. 1785 to Oct. 1789 — accompanies Empress 
Catherine to the Crimea, 1787 — ambassador to 
Prussia, 179 1 — deputy to Legislative Body, 
1 801 — member of Council of State, Dec. 1802 
— admitted to French Academy, 1803 — Grand 
Cross of Legion of Honour, 1805 — Count of 
the Empire, 18 10 — Senator, 181 3 — Peer of 
France, 18 14 — tf. at Paris, 1832,* Jul. i83o, b 
27 Aug. 1830. (Euvres, 1824 — Memoires, 
souvenirs et anecdotes, 1826. 

Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Segur, Philippe Henri, Marquis de, Mak- 
shal of France, statesman, — ft., 20 Jan. 1724 
— enters the army, 1739 — distinguishes him- 
self at siege of Prague, 1741 — wounded at 
battle of Raucoux, 11 Oct. 1746 — of Lawfeld, 
2 Jul. 1747 — distinguishes himself in Seven 
Years' War, 1757-63 — Lieutenant-general, 

May 1760 — wounded and made prisoner at 
Klostercamp, Oct. 1760 — Minister of War, 23 
Dec. 1780 — Marshal, 13 Jun. 1783 — resigns 



office, 29 Aug. 1787— imprisoned, 1790— if. at 
Paris, 8 Oct. 1801. 

Segura, in Spain,— taken by Duke of Ber- 
wick, 1704. 

Seidlitz, — defeat of Russians by Poles at, 10 
Apr. 1831. 
Seignelay, Marquis de. [Colbert, J. B.] 
Seissel, Claude de, historian, — ft. in Savoy, 
about 1450— ambassador of France at Diet of 
Treves, 15 12— and at Council of the Lateran, 
1514— Abp of Turin, 1517— tf. there, 1520. 
Histoire singuliere du roi Louis XII., 1508 — 
La grande monarchic de Prance, 15 19. 

Sejanus, Lucius JElius, — joint-commander 
of Praetorians, sent with Drusus to Pannonia, 
14 — sole commander, 14— poisons Drusus, 23 
— persuades Tiberius to retire to Caprese, 27 — 
put to death by command of Tiberius, 31. 

Selden, John, jurist, antiquary, §c, — ft. 
near Worthing, Sussex, 16 Dec. 1584 — enters 
Hart Hall, Oxford, 1598 — member of Inner 
Temple, 1604 — summoned before High Com- 
mission Court for his treatise on tithes, 161 8 — 
M.P. Lancaster, 1623 — manages prosecution 
of Buckingham, 1625 — imprisoned by the 
king, Jan. 1629-34 — M.P. Oxford Univ., 1640 
— takes part in Assembly of Divines, 1643 — 
Chief Keeper of Rolls and Records in the Tower, 
1643 — one of the University visitors, 1647 — ft. 
in London, 30 Nov. 1654. Titles of Honour, 
1 6 14 — History of Tithes, 16 18 — Mare clau- 
sum, 1635 — Be Jure naturali et Gentium juxta 
disciplinam Hebrceorum, 1640 — Table Talk, 
1689. 

Selenium, elementary body, — discovered by 
Berzelius, 18 18. 

Seleucia, (Seleu/ceia,) — Councils of, held, 27 
Sep. 359; 410; 485; 576. 

Seleucia, on the Tigris, — [B C] — founded by 
Seleucus Nicator, after 312 — [AD] — burnt 
by Trajan, 116 — taken by Verus, between 162- 
166 — occupied by Severus, 198— deserted, be- 
fore 363. 

Seleucia Pieria, — [B c]— founded by Seleu- 
cus, Apr. 300 a — taken by Ptolemy Euergetes, 
246 — retaken by Antiochus the Great, 2 1 9 — 
independent, about 109 — unsuccessfully attack- 
ed by Tigranes, 84-70^ a Smith's Diet. 

Seleucidse, Era of the,— [B C]— commences, 
1 Oct. 312. 

Seleucus, Claudius, — Consul with Gratus 
Sabinianus, (974, a. u. c.) 221. 

Seleucus Callinicus, King of Syria, — 
[B C] — succeeds Antiochus II., his father, 246 
— loses Syria to Ptolemy, between 246-243, 
and recovers it : truce with Ptolemy for 10 
years, 239— killed by a fall, 226. 

Seleucus Nicator, King of Syria,— [b C] 
— ft., about 358 — accompanies Alexander's 
Asiatic expedition, 334-323— chiliarch of the 
hetairoi, 323 — goes with Perdiccas to Egypt, 
and is made satrap of Babylon, 321— ally of 
Antigonus against Eumenes, 320-316— takes 
Susa: takes refuge with Ptolemy, 316— with 
Ptolemy defeats Demetrius at Gaza, after mids. 
312 — takes possession of Babylon, Oct. 312 — 
defeats Nicanor at the Tigris and adds Media, 
&c, to his government : assumes title of King, 
80 * 



268 



SELETJCUS IV.— SENATE. 



raids. 306 — alliance with Ptolemy, Lysiniachus, 
and Cassander against Antigonus, 302 — at Ip- 
sus, 301 — marries daughter of Demetrius Polior- 
ketes, 300-299 — makes his son Antiochus King 
of trans-Euphratean provinces, 293 — alliance 
with Ptolemy and Lysimachus, 288 — captures 
Demetrius Poliorketes, 286 — defeats and kills 
Lysimachus at Corupedion, Jul. 281 — assassin- 
ated by Ptolemy Keraunos, Jan. 280. 

Seleucus IV., Philopator, King op Syria, 
— [BC] — commands in Chersonese, 196 — in 
JEolis, 190 — at battle of Magnesia, 190 — suc- 
ceeds Antiochus the Great, his father, 187 — 



alliance with Achseans, 185 — allii 



with 



Perseus, 178 — sends his son Demetrius as hos- 
tage to Rome; assassinated by Heliodorus, 

Seleucus VI., Epiphanes, Nicator, King of 

Syria,— [BC]— assumes sovereignty on death 
of his father, Antiochus Grypus, 96 — defeats 
and kills Antiochus Cyzicenus, 95 — defeated 
by Antiochus Eusebes and driven out of Syria ; 
burnt in Gymnasium at Mopsuestia, 94 ? 

Self-denying Ordinance, in English His- 
tory, — introduced in House of Commons, 9 
Dec. 1644 — passed, 3 Apr. 1645. 

Selim I., Sultan op the Ottomans, — 6., 
about 1466 — revolts against his father, Bajazet 
II., and is defeated, (917, a. h.) 151 i — recalled 
by Janissaries, succeeds on abdication of his 
father, (918,) 1512 — puts his brothers to death, 
15 1 2 — defeats Ismael, king of Persia, at Chal- 
deron, (920,) 15 14 — takes Tauris, 15 14— con- 
tinues war with Persians till 15 16 — defeats 
Khansou, sultan of Egypt, near Aleppo, 24 
Aug. 15 1 6 — defeats Toumonhai, his successor, 
near Cairo, 15 17 — takes Cairo and massacres 
the Mamelukes, 15 17 — defeats and captures 
Toumonhai, (1 Rabia II. 923,) 13 Apr. 1517 
— hangs him, and is master of Egypt : takes 
several towns from Persians, 1518 — tf., (9 
Schoual 926,) 22 Sep. 1520. 

Selim II., Sultan of the Ottomans, — fj., 
about i522, a 1524 b — succeeds his father, Soly- 
man II., (974, a. h.) 1566 — concludes truce of 
8 years with Emperor Maximilian, (Redgeb 
975,) Jan. 1568 — confirms treaty of peace with 
Venice, about Jan. 1568 — seizes Yemen, 1569- 
70 — sends Mustaphato conquer Cyprus, (978,) 
157 1 — his fleet defeated at Lepanto, 7 Oct. 
1571— tf., (28 Shaban 982,) 12 Dec., b 13 Dec., a 
Sep. c 1574. a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

b Xouv. Biog. Gen. c Engl. Cyc. 

Selim III., Sultan of the Ottomans, — ft., 
i4, a 24 b Dec. 1 76 1 — succeeds his brother Ab- 
dul Hamid, 7 Apr. 1789 — war with Russia 
continued: [see Focksani, Ismailoff, Suwar- 
off] — concludes peace with Austria, and re- 
covers Belgrade and other conquered territories, 
(120o, a. h.) 4 Aug. 1791 — concludes Peace of 
Jassy, (1206,) 1792 — revolt of Passwan Og- 
lou, 1797-8 — declares war on France, 12 Sep. 
1798 — concludes peace, (1217,) 9 Oct. 1801 — 
revolt of Czerny-George, 1805 — deposed by 
Janissaries, 29 May 1807 — put to death by 
Mustapha IV., 28 Jul. 180S. 
a Xouv. Biog. Gen. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Selinus,— [B C]— founded by Pammelos of 



Megara, (01. 38, 1,) 628 a [6 5 o, b 654 c]— 
Peithagoras dies, Euryleon succeeds, 519 a — 
destroyed by Carthaginians, early in 408. 

Seljuks, Seljukian Turks, Seljukids, 
— subject to Mahmud of Ghazni, about 
102 1 — revolt suppressed by Mahmud, (418, 
a. h.) 1027 — wars with Masoud of Ghazni, 
1030— dynasty of, established in Persia, under 
Togrul Beg, who defeats Masoud near Merv, 
(432,) 1039 — conquests divided into 4 kingdoms 
under Togrul Beg, 1040 — wars of Farokhzad 
against, 1052-8— Alp Arslan succeeds, 1063 — 
Malek Shah, his son, 1072 — on his death their 
empire is divided, 1092 — [Iconium, Sultans of, 
Aleppo, Damascus, Kharism,] — Sanjar takes 
Ghor and Ghazni, 1152 a — Sanjar defeated and 
beheaded by Euzes, (548,) 1153. 
a Elphinstone. 

Selkirk, in Scotland, — burnt by English, 
15 1 3 — Montrose surprised by Lesley at, 1645. 

Selkirk, {Sealchraig,) Alexander, — ft. at 
Largo in Scotland, 1676 — cast on Juan Fer- 
nandez, Oct. 1704 — brought away, 12 Feb. 
1709 — tf. Lieutenant B.N"., 1723. Monument 
to, erected on the island by Commodore Powell, 
1868. 

Selva, Giannantonio, architect, — ft. at 
Venice, 13 Jun. 1753 — goes to Eome, 1778— 
tf., 1819. Teatro delta Fenice, 1790-1. 

Selynibria, in Thrace, — [B C] — founded, 
probably 662 to before 653 — taken by Aiki- 
biades, 408 — besieged by Philip, 340. 

Semaphore. [Telegraph.] 

Semele, asteroid, — discovered by Tietjen, 4 
Jan. 1866. 

Semi-Arians, — party originated by Eusebius 
of Nicomedia, before 325. 

Seminara, in Calabria, — the French under 
D' Aubigny defeat Spaniards under Gonsalvo de 
Cordova, 1495 — D'Aubigny defeats Ugo de 
Cardona, 21 Apr. 1503. 

Seminole War, in Florida, — the Seminoies 
(tribe of American Indians) make treaty with 
United States, and engage to retire beyond 
Mississippi, 1832 — repudiate the treaty, and 
the war begins, 1835 — treaty for removal of 
Indians signed, 1842 — removal completed, 4 
May 1 85 8 — termination of war proclaimed, 8 
May. 

Semi-Pelagians. [Cassianus, Joannes.] 

Semler, Johann Salomo, theologian, — ft. at 
Saalfeld, 18 Dec. 1725— Prof. Theology, Halle, 
1 75 1 -9 1 — Director of Theological Seminary, 
1757-79 — tf-, 14 Mar. 1794. Abhandlung von 
der Untersuchung des Kanons, 1771 — Versuch 
einer biblischen Damonologie, 17 7 6 — Selecta 
Capita Historic?; ecclesiasticce, 1767-9. 

Sempach, in Switzerland, — Leopold, Duke 
of Austria, defeated by Swiss, 9 Jul. 1386. 

Senac, Jean Baptiste, physician, — ft. near 
Lombez, 1693 — First Physician to the king, 
1752 — tf. at Paris, 20 Dec. 1770. Traite del 
la structure du cceur, 1748. 

Senate, at Rome, — [BC] — number increased I 
by Sulla, and the judicia restored to, 81— 
raised to 900 by Julius Caesar, about 45 — re- 
duced to 600 by Augustus, 2%—frst 2)lebeia?i\ 
senator, Spurius Mselius, 439 — first obtain seatsl 



SENATOR— SEPOY WAR. 



1269 



in orchestra at theatres and in podium of am- 
phitheatres, by Scipio Africanus Major, 194. 

Senator, — Consul with Isidorus, (1189, 
A. u. c.) 436. 

Senebier, Jean, naturalist, bibliographer, — 
it. at Geneva, 6 May 1742 — Librarian to the 
City, 1773 — if. there, 22 Jul. 1809. Essai sur 
fart d' observer et defaire des experiences, 1775 
— Catalogue raisonne des manuscrits conserves 
dans la bibliotheque de Geneve, 1779 — Physi- 
ologic vegetale, 1800. 

Seneca, L. Annseus, Stoic philosopher, — 
banished to Corsica, 41 — recalled, 49 — tutor 
to Nero, 50 ? — adviser to Nero, 54 — pnt to 
death, 65. 

Seneca, M. Annseus, rhetorician — [BC]— 
fr., about 61 — [AD] — ft., about 36. 

Senecio, C. Sosius, — Consul with A. Corn. 
Palina, (852, a. u. c.) 99 — with L. Licinius 
Sura, (855 and 860,) 102 and 107. 

Senef, in Belgium, — Conde defeats "William 
Prince of Orange at, 11 Aug. 1674. 

Senefelder, Aloys, inventor of lithography, 
— ft. at Prague, 6 Nov. 177 1 — invents chemi- 
cal printing, 1798 — Inspector of Royal Litho- 
graphic Establishment, Munich, Oct. 1809 — 
3j. there, 26 Feb., a Mar. b 1834. Art of Li- 
thography, 1 8 19. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Senegal, in Africa. [Seneganibia.] 

Senegambia, in W. Africa, — reached by 
Portuguese, between 1444-69 — their settle- 
ments neglected, after 1497 — French settle- 
ment in, 1637 — Senegal Company formed, 
1664 — Senegal acquired by French*, about 
1675 — Gambia, by British, 1686 — capture of 
Senegal by British, 1756— secured to them by 
treaty, 1763 — retaken by French, 1779 — again 
seized by British, 1803 — given up to France, 
1 8 14. 

Senior, Nassau William, political economist, 
— b. at Compton in Berkshire, 1790 — B.A. 
Oxford, 18 1 1 — called to the bar at Lincoln's 
Inn, 1 8 19 — Prof. Political Economy, Oxford, 
1825-30 — Poor Law Commissioner, 1832 — 
Master in Chancery, 1836 — again Prof, at 
Oxford. 1847 — member of Poor Law Com- 
mission, 1858-61 — resigns, 1862 — o". at Ken- 
sington, 4 Jun. 1864. Political Economy, (En- 
cyc. Metrop.,) 1848 — Journal in Turkey and 
Greece, 1859 — Biographical Sketches, 1863 — 
Essays on Fiction, 1864 — Historical and Philo- 
sophical Essays, 1865 — Journals, §c, relating 
to Ireland, 1868. 

Senlac, battle of. [Hastings.] 

Senlis, in France, (Augustomagus,) — assem- 
bly at, proclaims Hugh Capet King, 987 — ■ 
marriage of Philip Augustus celebrated at, 
1 180— taken by the Jacques, 1358 — by Burgun- 
dians, 1414 — unsuccessfully besieged by Charles 
VII., 141 8 — taken from English by Charles 
VII., 1429 — seized by the League, 1589 — soon 
recovered by Royalists. Councils of, to depose 
Carloman, son of King Charles, from his eccle- 
siastical office and condemn him to death, held, 
873; to confirm excommunication of adversa- 
ries of Arnulf, Abp of Rheims, Jul. 988 ; to lay 
interdict on Royal demesne in province of 
Rheims, 14 Nov. 1235 ; against Templars, 



1310; on discipline, 9 May 1315; against 
usurpers of Church property, 27 Mar. 13 18; 
for publication of several statutes, n Apr. 1326. 
Treaty of, between Maximilian, king of the 
Romans, and Charles VIII. of France, for 
cession to Charles of Counties of Burgundy, 
Charolais, and Artois, concluded, 23 May 1493. 

Sennaar, — the capital built, 1504 — con- 
quered by Ismael Pasha, 1822. 

Sens, in France, (Agendicum, Senones,) — 
Julian winters at, and is besieged, 356-7 a — 
besieged by Clotaire, 613 — head of a County, 
before 836— Counts expelled by King Robert, 
and County annexed to Crown of France, 1005 b 
— occupied by Germans, Nov. 1 87 o. Councils of, 
respecting reformation of manners, simony, and 
ordination of neophytes, about 601; 846; 1048; 
to hear appeal of Abelavd, who is confuted by 
Bernard, and censured, held, 2 Jan. 1 140 ; 
against the Poplicans, in the Nivernais, 1198 ; 
on discipline, 1239 ; to prohibit seizure of 
Church property by Theobald, Count of Cham- 
pagne, 15 Nov. 1252; respecting dispute be- 
tween Preaching Friars and Univ. of Paris, 31 
Jul. 1256; on discipline, 26 Oct. 1269; 25 
Sep. 1280; 22 May 1320; by Abp Tristan, 
to confirm constitutions of his predecessor, and 
respecting divine service, reform of the clergy, 
of the religious, &c, 23 Jun. 1485. 

a Clinton. b Moreri. 

Separation, Judicial, — of husband and wife, 
permitted and regulated by Act 20 and 21 Vic. 
c. 85, 28 Aug. 1857. 

Separatists, sect of, — originates at Dublin, 
about 1803 — allowed to make affirmation in- 
stead of oath by Act 3 and 4 Wm IV. c. 82, 
28 Aug. 1833. 

Sepoy War, (Indian Mutiny?) (1857-8,) — ill- 
feeling of natives excited by the greased car- 
tridges of Enfield rifles, 1856 — mutinies of the 
Sepoys break out at Barrackpore, Berhampore, 
ana Lucknow, between 24 Jan. and 6 May 1 857 — 
mutiny at Meerut, 10 May — themutineers reach 
Delhi, 1 1 May — they proclaim the king of Delhi 
Emperor, 12 May — at Lahore, the Sepoys are 
disarmed by Brigadier Corbett, 1 3 May — death 
of Gen. Anson, Commander-in-chief, at Kur- 
naul, 27 May — Sir H. Bernard succeeds him : 
Brigadier Wilson defeats Sepoys near Delhi, 
30 and 31 May — mutiny at Lucknow, 3° ^ a y 
—at Benares, 4 Jun. — at Allahabad, 5 Jim. — 
at Cawnpoor, 5 Jun.— Gen. Bernard, occupies 
cantonments near Delhi, 8 Jun. — regiments at 
Mooltan disarmed, 1 1 Jun.— death of Sir H. 
Lawrence, at Lucknow, 2 Jul. — march of 
Gen. Havelock from Allahabad for Cawnpoor, 
7 Jul.— [Havelock, Sir Henry]— death of Sir 
H. Bernard, 5 Jul.— Gen. Reid succeeds him : 
defeat of Sepoys at Futtehpoor, 10 Jul. — at 
Sealcote, by Gen. Nicholson, 12 Jul. — resigna- 
tion of Gen. Reid, who is succeeded by Gen. 
Wilson, 22 Jul. — arrival of Sir Colin Camp- 
bell at Calcutta, as Commander-in-chief, 14 
Aug.— [Clyde, Lord]— capture of Delhi, 14- 
20 Sep. — capture of the king by Lieut. Hod- 
son, 21 Sep.— occupation of Alum Bagh by 
Havelock and Outram, 23 Sep. — relief of Luck- 
now, 25 Sep. —rescue of the garrison of Luck- 



SEPOYS— SEEIXGAPATAM. 



now, 22 Nov.— Gen. Wheeler defeated near 
Cawnpoor, 27 Xov. 

1858: Occupation of Futtehghur by Camp- 
bell, 2 Jan. — capture of Awah in Bajpootana by- 
Gen. Roberts, 23 Jan. — relief of Saugor, by 
Sir Hugh Eose, 29 Jan. — siege of Lucknow, 
8-19 Mar. — capture of Calpee by Eose, 23 
May — war substantially closed, by Jun. — re- 
duction of Oude complete, beginning 1859. 

Sepoys, (Sipoys,) (native soldiers of India 
disciplined as Europeans,)— employed by chief 
of Sinde against Akbar, 159172 — employed in 
French service, 1746 — in British service, from 
1748 — mutiny, 1857. [Sepoy War.] 

Seppings, Sir Robert, naval architect, — fi., 
about 1768— F.E.S., 10 Nov. 1814— tf. at 
Taunton, 25 Apr. 1840. 

Septennial Act, — enabling parliament of 
Great Britain to sit for seven years, 1 Geo. I. 
c. 38, passed, 7 May 17 16. 

Septimania, — district of seven cities in 
south of France (Toulouse, Bordeaux, Poitiers, 
Saintes, Angouleme, Perigueux, and Agen) 
ceded by patrician Constantius to Yisigoths, 
419 — name so applied by Sidonius Apollrnaris, 
about 473 — subjugated by Saracens, 712-719 
— ravaged by Charles Martel, 737 — partly 
conquered by Pepin le Bref, 760 — forms part 
of kingdom of Aquitaine, 778 — erected into a 
Duchy, 817 — forms a Marquisate, 844 — 
ravaged by Normans, 859 — March of Spain 
separated, 864 — passes to House of Toulouse, 
918. 

Septimianus, M. Petronius, — Consul -with 
Commodus, (943, a. v. c.) 190. 

Septuagint, The, — [B C] — version executed, 
about 286-5,3- between 293-285. 15 

* Hody, after Aristobulus. b Smith.. 

Sepulchre, St, Order of Hospitallers of, — 
instituted in Palestine, about 1 1 14 — introduced 
in England, about 11 30 — united with Order of 
Malta, by Innocent VIII. , 1484 — in France, 
protected by Louis XVIII., 18 14. 

Sepulveda, Juan Ginez de, historian, — b. 
near Cordova, about 1490 — studies at Bo- 
logna, 15 15 — Chaplain and Historiographer to 
Charles V., 1536 — tf. near Cordova, i574, a 
157 3- b Opera, 1602. a Engl. Cyc. 

b Biog. Univ. and Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Sequestration of Benefices, in England, — 
imposed for non-residence, illegal trading, &c, 
by Act 1 and 2 Yic. c. 106, 14 Aug. 1838 — 
remedies of sequestrators extended by Act 12 
and 13 Yic. c. 67, 28 Jul. 1849 — law amended 
by 34 and 35 Yic. c. 45, 13 Jul. 1871. 

Serampore, in Hindustan, — sold by Danes to 
English, 1845. 

Serapeion, Alexandria, — destroyed by Theo- 
philus at command of Theodosius, made a 
cathedral, 389-390. 

Seraphim, Order of, [Order of Jesus,) — in- 
stituted in Sweden by Magnus II., 1334 — 
abolished by Charles IX., between 1604-11 — 
revived by Frederick I., 11 Feb. 1748. 

Serassi, Piero Antonio, biographer, — fl. at 
Bergamo, 1721 — tf. at Eome, 19 Feb. 1791. 
Vita di T. Tasso, 1785. 
Serbelloni, Gabriel, general, — b. at Milan, 



1508 — defends Strigonia against Turks, 1543 
— enters service of Charles V., 1546 — contri- 
butes to victory of Alba over the Saxons, 1546 
— takes Siena, 1555 — enters service of Pope 
Pius IY., 1560 — of Spain, 1565— contributes 
to victory of Lepanto, 7 Oct. 157 1 — viceroy of 
Sicily, 157 1 — captured by Turks at Tunis, 
1574 — defeats the Dutch at Gembloux, 28 
Jan. 1578 — assists at siege of Maestricht, 
1578— tf., Jan. 1580. 

Serenus, Q. Sammonicus, orator, poet, — 
assassinated by Caracalla, 212. 

Serfdom, Serfs, — in England, exists as late 
as 1574. In France, on Eoyal demesnes, eman- 
cipated by Louis Hutin, 13 15 — again, by Louis 
XVI., 1779 — abolished by Constituent As- 
sembly, Jun. 1792. In Hungary, abolished, 
1848. In Russia, introduced by Boris Godu- 
nof, 1593 — general emancipation proclaimed by 
Alexander II., 3 Mar. 1861 — takes effect, 3 
Mar. 1863 — complete by 19 Feb. 1870. 

Sergell, Johann Tobias, sculptor, — it. at 
Stockholm, 8 Sep. 1740 — goes to Eome, 1767- 
78— member of Academy of Fine Arts, Paris, 
1778— court sculptor, a Prof . Sculpture, 15 Stock- 
holm, 1779 — accompanies Gustavus III. to 
Eome, 1784 — tf. at Stockholm, 26 Feb. 18 14. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. TTnir. 

Sergianus, C. Trebius, — Consul with Serius 
Augurinus, (885, a. u. c.) 132. 

Sergius I., Pope, — succeeds Conon, 15 Dec. 
687 — refuses to subscribe canons of Council in 
Trullo, sent by Justinian II., 692 — Zacharias 
sent to arrest him, and is successfully resisted, 
694 — driven from Eome by John, exarch of 
Eavenna, 694 — tf., 8 Sep. 701. 

Sergius II., Pope, — succeeds Gregory IY., 
27 Jan., a 10 Feb. b 844 — his ordination con- 
firmed by Emperor Lothaire ; tf., 27 Jan. 847. 
a Bianchini. b Pagi. 

Sergius III., Pope, — unsuccessful com- 
petitor for Holy See on death of Theodore II., 
898 — retires into Tuscany, 898 — recalled, 
deposes and succeeds Christopher, 905 — tf., 
Aug. 911. 

Sergius IV., (Fetrus OsForci or Bucca2)orci,) 
Pope, — elected to succeed John XYIIL, be- 
tween 17 Jun. and 12 Aug. 1009 — tf., 13 Jul., a 
17 May, b 29 May, c before 6 Jul. d 1012. 
& Papebrock and Fleuri. b Pagi. c Oldnin. 

d Art de Verifier les Dates. 
Sergius I., Patriarch of Constantinople, 
— succeeds Thomas I., 18 Apr. 610 — takes 
part in defence of Constantinople against 
Avars, Jul. 626 — consulted by Heraclius on 
the Monothelite dogma, approves it, 630 — urges 
publication of the Ecthesis, 638 — holds Council 
at Constantinople to confirm it, 638 — tf-, Dec. 
638. 

Sergius II., Patriarch op Constanti- 
nople, — succeeds Sisinnius, 999 — tf., Jul. 
1019. 
Sergius, Duke of Naples. [Naples.] 
Sergius, — Consul with Nigrianus, (1103, 
a. u. c.) 350. 

Seringapatam, in Hindustan, — made capital 
of Mysore, by Eaj Wadegar, 1610 — attacked 
by Mahrattas, 1697 — besieged by Bussy, 1755 



SERJEANTS -AT- ARMS— SERVI A. 



— seat of government of Hyder Ali, 1765 — 
again attacked by Mahrattas, 1772 — Lord 
Cornwallis defeats Tippoo Sultan near, 15 May 
1791 — the redoubts stormed by British and 
Mahratta allied forces, 6 Feb. 1792 — stormed 
by Major-general Eaird and Tippoo killed, 4 
May 1799 — assigned to British by treaty with 
the Nizam, 22 Jun. 1799. 

Serjeants-at-arms, — in France, instituted by 
Philip Augustus, about 1191. In England, by 
Richard I., between 1 195-9 — number of, 
restricted to thirty, by Act 13 Ric. IT. c. 6, 
1389-90. 

Serjeants-at-law, in England, — mentioned, 
1259 — their exclusive right of audience in 
Court of Common Pleas suspended by Royal 
Warrant, 24 Apr. 1834 — legality of the War- 
rant investigated by Privy Council, 10 Jan. 
and 2 Feb. 1839 — exclusive right reasserted by 
the Court and restored, Jan. 1840 — abolished 
by Act 9 and 10 Vic. c. 54, 18 Aug. 1846. 

Serlio, Sebastiano, (Bastiano da Bologna,) 
architect, — b. at Bologna, 1475 — architect to 
Francis I. at Fontainebleau, 1541 — tf. there, 
1552. Opere di Architettura, 1584. 

Serranus, A. Atilius,— [B C] —praetor, in 
Macedonia, 192 — again praetor, 173 — Consul 
with A. Hostilius Mancinus, (584, a. u. c.) 
170. 

Serranus, C. Atilius, — [BC]— Consul with 
Q,. Servilius Caepio, (648, a. u. c.) 106 — joins 
in resistance to Saturninus, 100. 

Serranus, Sex. Atilius, — [B C] — Consul with. 
P. Furius Philus, (618, a. u. c.) 136. 

Serres, Jean de, {Serranus,) theologian, — b. 
in the Vivarais, about 1540 — Prof. Theology, 
Nimes, 1579 — assists at synod of Saumur, 
1596 — Historiographer of France, 1597 — tf. at 
Geneva, 31 May 1598. Comment, de statu 
religionis et reipubl. in regno Gallia, 157 1-3 — 
translation of Plato, 1578 — Inventaire general 
de Vhistoire de France, 1597 — Apparatus ad 
Fidem Catholicam, 1597. 

Serres, Olive, (TTilmot,) — rj. at Warwick, 
1772 — marries Mr Serres, 1792 — pretends to 
be daughter of Henry Frederick, Duke of 
Cumberland : investigation of the claim refused 
by parliament, Jun. 1822 — tf., 1834. Her claim 
revived by her daughter, Lavinia Ryves, 1866 
— investigated and shown to be fraudulent by 
Court of Queen's Bench, 1866 — death of Mrs 
Ryves, Dec. 1871. 

Serres, Olivier de, writer on Agriculture, — 
b. in the Vivarais, about 1539 — tf. there, 2 
Jul. 16 19. Le Theatre d' Agriculture, 1600. 

Sertorius, Q., — [BC] — at battle on the 
Rhone, 105 — acts as spy on the Teutones for 
Marius at Aquae Sextiae, 102 — trib. milit. in 
Spain, under T. Didius, 97 — quaestor in Trans- 
padane Gaul, 91 — takes part with Cinna, 88 — 
praetor, 83 — at battle at Colline gate, 82 — goes 
into Spain, 83 or 82 — makes a campaign in 
Africa, 81 ? — takes command of Lusitanians 
against Rome, 80 — defeats Cotta at sea, in 
Straits of Gibraltar, 80— joined by Perperna, 77 
— defeats Pompey, before winter 75 — assassin- 
ated by Perperna, 72. 

Serug, — [BC]— rj., summer 2i85, a 2319 b — 



birth of Nahor, summer 2155 a — tf., summer 
*955- a a TJssher. b Clinton. 

Serurier, Jean Mathieu Philibert, Count, 
Marshal and Peer of France, — b. at Laon, 
8 Dec., a Sep. b 1742 — enters the army, 1755 — 
Colonel, 1792 — General of Division, Jun. 1795 
—distinguishes himself in campaign of Italy, 
1796 — Governor of Venice, 1797 — serves in 
Italian campaign of 1799 — taken prisoner by 
Suwaroff, 27 Apr. 1799 — Governor of the 
Invalides, 24 Apr. 1804-15— Marshal of the 
Empire, 19 May 1804— Grand Eagle of Legion 
of Honour, 1805— Count, 1808— tf. at Paris, 
21 Dec. 1819. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Servandoni, Jean Jerome, painter, architect, 
— b. at Florence, 1695 — goes to Paris, 1724 — 
tf. there, 29 Jan. 1766. Facade of St Sulpice, 
Far is, begun about 1732. 

Servant of the Servants of God, (Servus 
Servorum Dei,) — title assumed by Pope Gre- 
gory the Great, about 595. 

Servants, in England, — diet and apparel of, 
regulated by Act 37 Edw. III. cc. 8-15, 1363 
— repealed by 38 Edw. III. st. 1, c. 2, 1364, 
and other Acts : wages of, regulated by Act 12 
Ric. II. c. 4, 1388— repealed by 4 Hen. V. c. 4, 
141 6 — discharge or desertion without notice 
prohibited, and further regulations made, by 
Act 5 Eliz. c. 4, 1563 — penalties for obtaining 
situations by false pretences imposed by Act 
32 Geo. III. c. 56, 1792 — better protection of, 
provided for by Act 14 Vic. c. 11, 20 May 
1 85 1 — law relating to misappropriation by, 
amended by Act 26 and 27 Vic. c. 103, 28 Jul. 
1863. Male, duty imposed on, by Act 17 Geo. 
III. c. 39, 1777— altered by Act 25 Geo. III. 
c. 43, 1785. Female, duty imposed on, by last- 
named Act: abolished by Act 32 Geo. III. c. 3, 
1792.,. 

Serve tus, Michael, theologian, — b. at Vil- 
lanueva, in Aragon, 1509 — goes to study at 
Toulouse, 1528 — visits Germany and Switzer- 
land, 1530 — at Paris, 1537— arrested by Abp 
of Lyon, 1553 — escapes to Geneva, but is ar- 
rested again, at instigation of Calvin, Aug. 1553 
— burnt at Geneva, 27 Oct. 1553. Be Trinitatis 
erroribus, 1531 — Christianismi restitutio, 1553. 

Servia, (Moesia Superior,)^ the Servi, — set- 
tlement of the Servi (Slavonic tribe) in, on in- 
vitation of Heraclius, about 636-8— carry on 
war with Bulgarians, between 850-1018 — 
become subject to Greek Emperor, before 900 
— revolt against Greek governor, after 1000 — 
forms independent principality under Stephen 
Bogislav, 1043 — his son Michael takes title 
of King, and is recognized by Gregory VII., 
1050-80 — new dynasty founded by Stephen 
Nemauja, 1 1 65 — offer alliance to Frederick 
Barbarossa, 11 89 — under Stephen Dushan, 
1336-56, kingdom includes Macedonia, Al- 
bania, Thessaly, N. Greece, and Bulgaria : new 
dynasty, by Lazar, about 1374 — under Lazar, 
in alliance with Hungarians, defeated by Turks 
at Kossova, 1389 — overrun by Amurath II., 
about 1440 — restored by Turks at Peace of 
Szegedin, 1444 — conquered by Sultan Mah- 
moud, and annexed to Turkish Empire, 1459— 
[see Belgrade] — with the Patriarch joins Em- 



SERVIANUS— SEVEN "WEEKS' TV AR. 



peror Leopold, 1689 — partly conquered by 
Austrians under Prince Eugene, 17 17— ceded 
to Austria by Peace of Passarowits, 17 18 — re- 
covered by turkey, at Peace of Belgrade, 1739 
— patriarchate taken under protection of Em- 
peror Joseph, 1788 — under Kara George, 
revolts against the Porte, about 1804 — inde- 
pendent, 1 807 — [Czerni-George] — recovered 
by the Turks and made a paskalik, 1813 — re- 
volts again, under Milosch Obrexovich, 
18 15, who retains administration as Prince, 
and restores constitution established by Kara 
George : practically independent of the Porte, 
1826— obtains Imperial Hatti Sherif by which 
religious liberty, hereditary succession in his 
family, institution of national militia, &c, are 
conferred, Nov. 1830 — conspiracy formed 
against Milosch, who abdicates and is succeeded 
by his son Milan, 13 May 1839 — Michael II. 
(brother) succeeds, 7 Jul. 1839 — deprived, Sep. 
1842 — succeeded by Alexander, son of Kara 
George, 27 Jul. 1843 — declared semi-independ- 
ent State, and placed under protection of Great 
Powers, by Treaty of Paris, 30 Mar. 1856 — 
Milosch Obrexovich restored, Dec. 1858 — 
Michael III., (son,) h., 1825 — succeeds his 
father, 26 Sep. i860 — conferences on affairs of, 
close, 26 Aug. 1862 — protocol of conference 
signed by Turkish minister and representatives 
of Great Powers, 8 Sep. — the Prince assassin- 
ated at Belgrade, 10 Jun. 1868 — Milan Ob- 
rexovich elected to succeed, 2 Jul. 1868. 

Servianus, C. Julius Servilius TJrsus, — 

Consul (III.) with C. Vibius Juventius Varus, 

(887, a. it. c) 134. 

Service-Eook. [Common Prayer.] 

Servile War,— [B C]— in Sicily, 134-2 and 

102-98 — Spartacus and the Gladiators at Borne, 

73" 1 - 

Servites, Order of, — instituted at Florence, 
1233 — reestablished, and take name of Servites- 
Eremites, 1593. 

Servitude, Penal. [Penal Servitude.] 

Servius Maurus Honoratus, grammarian, — 
0., about 400. 

Sessa, in Italy, — [BC] — Roman colony, 314 
— [AD] — taken for Gregory IX. by Cardinal 
Pelagius, 1229 a — gi Yen U P to Frederick II., 
Sep. 1229^ a Kington. 

Session, Court of, in Scotland, — constituted, 
17 May 1532 — judges appointed by the Crown, 
from 1554 — churchmen excluded from, by Act 
of 1640, repealed, 1661— appeal to House of 
Lords given, 1706 — divided into two courts, 
1 808 — reorganized, 18 10 — Admiralty and Coin- 
missionary Courts merged in, 1830. 

Sessions of the Peace. [Quarter Sessions.] 

Sestini, Domenico, numismatist, — b. at 
Florence, 10 Aug. 1750 — visits Turkey, 1778 
— tf. at Florence, 8 Jun. 1832. Lettere odepo- 
riche, 1785 — Classes genera les Geographies Nu- 
mismaticce, 1797 — Lettere e dissertazioni nu- 
mismatiche, 17 89- 1805 and 1813-20. 

Sestius, (Sextius,) P., — [BC] — quaestor to 
C. Antonius in Catilinian affair, 63 — pro- 
quaestor in Macedonia, 62 — trib. pleb., 57 — 
defended by Cicero against charge of vis by 
Albinovanus, 56 — acquitted, 14 Mar. — praetor, 



53 — joins Pompey, 49 — joins Caesar and is sent 
to Cappadocia, 48 — tf., after 43. 

Sesto, Cesare da, painter, — tf. at Milan, 
about 1524. 

_ Sestos, — [B C] — siege of, (last event in 
history of Herodotus,) aut. 479 — surrenders, 
spring 478. 

Seth, — [B C] — fj.,sum. 3874^ 4008 b — birth 
of Enoch, sum. 3769 a — tf., sum. 2962.* 
a Ussher. b Clinton. 

Settala, Luigi, (Septalius,) physician, — ft. 
at Milan, 1552 — rj. there, 1633. In Aristote- 
lis problemata commentaria, 1607 — Animad- 
versiones et cantiones mediae, 16 14. 

Settle, Elkanah, poet, — h. at Dunstable, 
1648 — if. at the Charterhouse, 1723. 

Settlement, Act of. [Hanoverian Succes- 
sion.] 

Seuthes, King of Thrace,— [BC]— (1.) 
Accompanies his uncle Sitalces into Macedonia, 
429 — succeeds Sitalces, 424 — engages the Ten 
Thousand Greeks, 400 — alliance with Athens, 
393. (2.) Revolts against Zopyrion, 325 — war 
with Lysimachus, 323 — again, 313. 

Sevajee Bosla, founder of the Mahratta 
Empire, — fc., May 1627 a — surprises a hill fort, 
Torna,i646 — usurps his father's (Shahji's) jagir, 
and gets possession of other forts, 1647 — revolts 
against government of Bijapoor and takes pos- 
session of Northern Concan, 1648 — his father 
seized and kept as hostage for him, 1 649-5 3^ — 
plunders Mogul provinces, 1655 — pardoned by 
Aurungzebe, 1658 — assassinates Afzal Khan, 
and routs his army, 1659 — loses most of his 
conquests, Jan. 1661 — recovers them and 
makes peace with king of Bijapoor, 1662 — 
ravages Mogul provinces, (1073, a. h.) 1662 — 
surprises Shaista Khan at Poona, 1663 — 
plunders Surat, (15 Guimadhi II. 1074,) 5 
Jan. 1664 b — after the death of Shahji, assumes 
title of Raja, 1664 — submits to Aurungzebe, 
1665 — escapes from confinement at Delhi, 
Mar. 1666 — makes peace with Aurungzebe and 
is acknowledged Raja, 1667 — applies himself 
to reform of administration, 1668-9 — surprises 
Singhar, plunders Surat, and ravages Mogul 
territory, 1670 — first levies the chout, (1081,) 
Dec. 1670 — defeats Moguls under Mohabat 
Khan, (1082,) 1672 — conquers Southern Con- 
can, 1673-4 — crowned at Raighar, 6 Jun. 
1674 b — passes the Nerbudda, 1675 — forms 
alliance with king of Golconda, close of 1676 
— takes Jinji and Vellore and recovers his 
father's jagir in Mysore, 1677— £f., 5 Apr. 
i68o. b a Grant Duff. b Elphinstone. 

Sevenoaks, in Kent. [See Cade, Jack.] 

Seven-shilling pieces, in England, — gold, 
introduced, 2 Dec. 1797. 

Seven Sleepers, legend of, — appears in letter 
of Gregory of Tours, about 570. 

Seven "Weeks' "War, between Prussia and 
Austria, — 1866 : treaty of alliance between 
Prussia and Italy signed, 27 Mar. — mediation 
offered by Bavaria, Apr. — conference respect- 
ing Schleswig-Holstein and Austro-Italian 
difficulty proposed by England, France, and 
Russia, 28 May — Prussia declares the Gastein 
convention invalidated, 4 Jun. — scheme of 



SEVEN TEARS' WAR-SEVIGNE. 



conference abandoned, 5 Jun. — entrance of 
Prussian troops into Holstein, 8 — Holstein 
estates dispersed by Prussians, n — Aus- 
trians evacuate Holstein, 12 — diplomatic 
relations cease, 12 — treaty of alliance between 
Prussia and Italy, ratified, 12 — Austrian pro- 
posal for mobilization of Federal army adopted 
by Diet, 14 — Prussia secedes from German 
Confederation, 14 — entrance of Prussian troops 
into Saxony and Hanover, 15 — occupation of 
Leipsic, Giessen, and Cassel, by Prussians, 16 
— occupation of city of Hanover by Prussians, 
17 — declaration of war by Austria, 17 — by 
Prussia, 18 — occupation of Dresden by Prus- 
sians, 18 — declaration of war against Austria 
and Bavaria, by Victor Emmanuel, 20 — Venice 
and Trieste declared in state of siege, 22 — 
Italians pass tbe Mincio, 23 — Prussians under 
Prince Frederick Charles enter Bohemia, 24 — 
battle of Custozza, 24— armistice with Han- 
over agreed to, 24 — Prince Frederick Charles 
occupies Reichenberg, 24 — repulse of Italian 
volunteers by Austrians near bridge of Cassaro- 
bach, 25 — terms of capitulation rejected by 
king of Hanover, 26 — battles of Langensalza, 
Nachod, and Trautenau, 27 — battles of Miin- 
chengratz and Skalitz, 28 — surrender of 
Hanoverian army, 29 — capture of Gitschin, 
29 — Austrians under Clam-Gallas retire upon 
Koniggratz, 30 — Prince Frederick Charles 
effects junction with Crown Prince, 30 — defeat 
of Saxons and Austrians at Gitschin, 1 Jul. — 
battle of Sadowa, (Kbniggriitz,) 3 — Garibaldi 
unsuccessfully attacks Austrians at Monte 
Suello, 3 — cession of Venetia to France an- 
nounced, 5 — proposals for armistice rejected by 
Prussia, 5— passage of the Elbe by Prussians, 
5 — defeat of Bavarians at Dermbach, 5 — medi- 
ation of Napoleon III. accepted, 7 — Gen. 
Cialdini passes the Po, 8 — Prussians force pas- 
sage of the Saale near Kissingen, 1 1 — occupa- 
tion of Brunn, 13 — battle of Aschaffenberg, 14 
— Frankfort evacuated by Federal troops, and 
seat of Diet removed to Augsburg, 14 — battle 
of Olmutz, 15 — occupation of Frankfort, 16 — 
Italian volunteers repulsed by Austrians near 
Condino, 16 — occupation of Darmstadt, 18 — 
capture of fort of Arngola in the Tyrol by Gari- 
baldi, 19 — battle of Lissa, 20— engagement 
near Presburg terminated by armistice, 22 — 
defeat of Austrians by Italians in Valsugana, 
23 — suspension of hostilities between Austria 
and Italy agreed to, 25 — defeat of Bavarians 
at Dettingen, 26 — preliminary treaty of Nikols- 
burg, 26 — armistice for four weeks between 
Austria and Italy, n Aug. — secret treaties of 
alliance between Prussia and Wiirtemberg, 
signed, 1 3 Aug. — Prussia and Baden, 1 8 Aug. 
— and Prussia and Bavaria, 22 Aug. — Treaty 
of Prague, between Austria and Prussia, signed, 
23 Aug.— Cross of Honour in commemoration 
of campaign instituted in Prussia, Sep. —Treaty 
of Vienna, between Austria and Italy, signed, 
3 Oct. — Peace between Prussia and Saxony, 
signed, 21 Oct. — secret treaties with S. German 
States made public, 23 Mar. 1867. 

Seven Years' War, bctxoeen Austria and 
Prussia, — commences with invasion of Saxony 



by Frederick II. of Prussia, 24 Aug. i7<;6— 
ends with Peace of Hubertsburg, 15 Feb. 
1763. [Frederick II., Daun, Marshal, Fer- 
dinand of Brunswick, Henry, Prince, (of 
Prussia,) Charles of Lorraine, Prince.] 

Severianus, Julius, rhetorician, — fl., about 
125. 

Severino, Marco Aurelio, jrtiysician, — fc. in 
Calabria, 1580— if. Prof. Medicine and Anato- 
my, Univ. of Naples, 16 Jul. 1656. Zootomia 
democritea, 1645 — Be efficaci meclicina, 1646. 

Severinus, — (1.) Consul with Dagalaiphus, 
(1214, a. u. c.) 461. (2.) Consul with Tro- 
condus, (1235,) 482. 

Severinus, Bp of Rome, — succeeds Honorius 
I., 28 or 29 May 640— rj., 1 Aug. 640. 

Severn, river, — coasts of, ravaged by fleet 
from Bretagne, 918. 

Severus, — (1.) Consul with Quintianus, 
(988, a. u. c.) 235. (2.) Rhetorician, Consul 
with Jordanes, (1223,) 470. 

Severus of Antioch, heresiarch, — in Con- 
stantinople, 512 — appointed Patriarch of An- 
tioch, 5 1 2 a — anathematized by Council of Con- 
stantinople, 518 — escapes to Alexandria, 518- 
1 9 — £•> 53 8 "9 5 54 2 - b a Clinton. b Assemani. 

Severus, Acilius, — Consul with Vettius Ru- 
finus, (1076, a. u. c.) 323. 

Severus, C. Julius, — Consul with M. Ru- 
finus Sabinianus, (908, a. tj. c.) 155. 

Severus, Cassius, orator, satirist, — [BC] — 
b., about 50 — accuses Nonius Asprenas, 9 — 
[A D] — banished by Augustus, about 8 — pro- 
perty confiscated by Tiberius, 24 — if., 33. 

Severus, Cn- Claudius, — Consul with Sex. 
Erucius Clarus, (899, a. it. c.) 146. 

Severus, Flavius Valerius, Roman Em- 
peror, (306-7,) — made Ceesar by Galerius, 1 
May 305 — made Augustus, Jul. 306 — surren- 
ders to Herculius, and is put to death, 307. 

Severus, L. Catilius, — Consul with T. Aure- 
lius Fulvius Bojonius, (873, a. tj. c.) 120. 

Severus, L. Septirnius, Roman Emperor, 
(193-211,) — b., 11 Apr. 146 — while commander 
in Pannonia and Illyria, proclaimed Emperor 
by his soldiers, 13 Apr. 193, and marches on 
Rome, 1-2 Jun. 193 — defeats Niger at Issus 
and captures him, 194 — campaign beyond 
Euphrates, 195 — takes Byzantium, 196— de- 
feats Clodius Albinus, who kills himself, at 
Lyons, 19 Feb. 197 — campaign beyond Eu- 
phrates, takes Babylon, Seleucia, and Ctesi- 
phon, 198 — returns to Rome, 202 — enters 
Britain, 208 — if. at Tork, 4 Feb. 211. 

Severus, Libius, Roman Emperor, (461-5,) 
— made Emperor by Ricimer, 19-20 Nov. 461 
— if., 15 Aug. or later, 465. 

Severus, M. Aurelius, — Consul with Ti. 
Claudius Pompeianus, (926, a. tj. c.) 173. 

Severus, T. Hcenius, — Consul with M. Pedu- 
caeus Syloga Priscinus, (894, a. tj. c.) 141. 

Severus, Ti. Claudius, — Consul with C. 
Aufidius Victorinus, (953, a. u. c.) 200. 

Severus, Sulpicius, ecclesiastical historian, 
— h., about 363 — retires from the world, about 
392 — if., after 410. 

Sevigne, Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, Mar- 
quise de, — b. in Burgundy, 6 Feb. 1626 — at 



1274 



SEVILLE— SFOPZA. 



Paris, marries Marquis de Sevigne, i Aug. 
1644— left a widow, 5 Feb. 1 651— reappears 
at Paris, 1654 — U. at Grignan, 18 Apr. 1696. 
Lettres, 1726. 

Seville, in Spain, {Hispalis, Colonia Julia 
Eomula,) — [B C] — captured by Julius Caesar, 9 
Aug. 45 — [A D] — taken by Vandals under Gun- 
deric, between 409-420 — taken by Musa, 712 
— threatened by Northmen, 844 — seat of king- 
dom of the Abadides, about 1030 — conquered 
by Almoravides under Yusuf ben Tashfyn, 
1091 — by Almohades, 1147 — besieged by Fer- 
dinand III. of Castile, 20 Aug. 1247 — sur- 
renders, 23 Nor. 1248 — conference between 
Mohammed II., king of Granada, and Alfonso 
X. of Castile, and treaty concluded at, (Rama- 
dan 671, a. h.) Apr. 1273 — has monopoly of 
trade with New World, 1501-1726 — Magellan 
sails from, 15 19 — seat of government removed 
to Valladolid by Charles V., 1532 — ravaged by 
fever, Aug. to Nov. 1800 — seat of the Junta, 27 
May 1808 — taken by French, 1 Feb. 1810 — 
evacuated by French, 27 Aug. 18 12 — seat of the 
Cortes under Ferdinand VII., 1823 — bombarded 
by Espartero, 21 Jul. 1843 — the siege raised, 27 
Jul. Cathedral, commenced, 1480 — consecrated, 
15 1 9. Giralda, built by Abu Yusuf Yacob, 
1 1 96— enlarged, 1568. Alcazar, rebuilt, be- 
tween 900-1100. Exchange, erected by Philip 
II., 1585-98. University, founded, 1 502. Treaty 
of between Great Britain, France, and Spain, 
signed, 9 Nov. 1729 — Holland accedes to, 21 
Nov. Councils of, on discipline, held, 5 Nov. 
590 and 13 Nov. 619. 

Sevres, in France, — Porcelain manufactory 
transferred from Vincennes to, 1756 — made 
state establishment by Louis XV., 1759. 

Sewage, Dry Earth. System of, — invented 
by Moule, and introduced in Bengal, 1865 — 
in England, 1867. 

Sewage, Sewerage, Sewers, in England, — 
regulated by Act 9 Hen. III., about 1225, 
and several subsequent Acts : law respecting, 
consolidated in Bill of Sewers, 25 Hen. VIII. 
c. 10, 1531 — law amended by Acts 3 and 4 Wm 
IV. c. 22, 28 Jun. 1833, and 4 and 5 Vic. c. 45, 
21 Jun. 1 84 1 — regulated by Public Health 
Act, 11 and 12 Vic. c. 63, 31 Aug. 1848 — use- 
ful application of, facilitated by Act 28 and 29 
Vic. c. 75, 29 Jun. 1865, amended by 29 and 
30 Vic. c. 90, 7 Aug. 1866 — further provisions 
by Acts 30 and 31 Vic. c. 113, 20 Aug. 1867, 
and 31 and 32 Vic. c. 115, 31 Jul. 1868. Me- 
tropolitan, control and regulation of, vested in 
Commissioners by Act 11 and 12 Vic. c. 112, 
4 Sep. 1 848 — transferred to Board of Works, 
by Act 18 and 19 Vic. c. 120, 14 Aug. 1855 

Seward, Anna, litterateur, — fc. in 
shire, 1747 — lj. at Lichfield, Mar. 1809. Me- 
moirs of Br Barwin, 1804 — Poems, 18 10 — 
Letters, 181 1. 

Seward, William, biographical writer, — b. 
in London, Jan. 1747 — ft. at Richmond, 24 
Apr. 1799. Anecdotes of Bistinguished Per- 
sons, 1795 — Biographiana, 1799. 

Sewell, William, historian, — rj. at Amster- 
dam, 1650— tf., about 1725. History of the 
Quakers, 1722. 



Derby - 



Sewing Machine, — patented by Elias 
Howe, 10 Sep. 1846. 

Sexagesimal Notation, — [B C] — intro- 
duced in Greece by Hipparchus, about 150 
— [AD] — adopted and made more widely cur- 
rent by Ptolemy, 150. 

Sextant, — Hadley's, invented, not later than 
summer of 1730 — Godfrey's, about Oct. or Nov. 
1730. 

Sextus of Chceroneia, Stoic philosopher, — ft., 
about 120 a — instructs Marcus Aurelius, about 
I33. a a Clinton. 

Sextus Empiricus, physician, sceptic, — fl., 
between 200-250. 

Seychelles, islands in Indian Ocean, — dis- 
covered by Vasco de Gama, about 1498 — partly 
explored by French, 1743 — French settlement 
in, about 1768,* 1756 b — captured by British, 
1794 — occupied by them, 1810 — ceded to Brit- 
ish by Treaty of Paris, 18 15. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Chambers' Encyc. 

Seymour, Sir Edward, Bart., — fj., 1633 — 
Speaker of House of Commons, 1673 — Privy 
Councillor and Treasurer of the Navy, 1673 — 
opposes Exclusion Bill, 1679 — supports Prince 
of Orange, 1688 — member of Convention Par- 
liament, 1689— Privy Councillor and Com- 
missioner of the Treasury, Mar. 1692 — dis- 
missed, 1694 — again Privy Councillor, 1702 — 
tf. in Wiltshire, 17 Feb. 1708. 

Seymour, Edward. [Somerset, Duke of.] 
Seymour, Jane. [Jane Seymour.] 
Seymour, Thomas, Lord Seymour or Sud- 
let, — created Baron and Grand Admiral of 
England, Jan. 1547 — privately marries Queen 
Catherine (Parr), has custody of Princess 
Elizabeth and Lady Jane Grey, 1547 — aims at 
marrying Princess Elizabeth, 1548 — intrigues 
against the Protector : summoned before the 
Council, refuses to attend, 1548 — committed to 
the Tower, 19 Jan. 1549 — attainted ; beheaded, 
20 Mar. 1549. 

Seymour, William. [See Stuart, Arabella.] 
Sforza Attendolo, Giacomuzzo, (Jacopo,) 
military adventurer, — h. near Faenza, 10 
Jun. 1369 — serves under Alberico da Barbiano 
against the Breton Company, in Italy, and is 
named Sforza, 1377 — in service of Florence, 
1401 — in service of Nicolas III. of Este, de- 
feats and assassinates Ottobuono de Terzi, 27 
May 1409 — in service of Ladislaus, king of 
Naples, 141 2 — Grand Constable of Naples, 
1414 — arrested by James of Bourbon, at Be- 
neventum, Aug. 1415 — released, Sep. 1416 — 
restores Papal authority at Eome, 141 7 — de- 
fends Louis of Anjou against Braccio, 1420 — 
reconciled with Joanna II. and made Con- 
stable of Naples, 1422 — expels Alfonso of Ara- 
gon from Naples, 1423 — drowned in crossing 
the Pescara, 4 Jan. 1424. 

Sforza, Francesco, Duke of Milan,— h., 
25 Jul. 1401 — imprisoned with his father at 
Benevento, 1415 — distinguishes himself in 
combat of Toscanella, 141 7 — marries, 141 8 — ■ 
succeeds to command of his father's forces, Jan. 
1424 — assumes name of Sforza, 1424 — enters 
service of Duke of Milan, and commands against 
Florentines and Venetians, 1425 — sent to sue- 



SFORZA— SHAFTESBURY. 



'275 



cour Genoa, 1427 — falls under suspicion, and is 
banished to Mortara, 1428 — relieves Lucca, 
besieged by Florentines, 1430 — takes part in 
defeat of Venetian fleet, 23 May 143 1 — con- 
quers March of Ancona, 1433 — forms alliance 
■with Cosmo de' Medici, 1434 — gonfalonier of 
the Church, byEugenius IV., 1434 — takes com- 
mand of Florentine army, 1434— reenters service 
of Duke of Milan, who promises him his daughter 
in marriage, 1438 — enters service of Venice, 
and twice defeats Piccinino, 1439 — marries 
Bianca Visconti, 1 Aug. 1441 — Captain -general 
of the Milanese, 1441 — loses March of Ancona, 
and is excommunicated, 1442-3 — defeats Pic- 
cinino, 8 Nov. 1443, and recovers the March : 
again loses it, 1443-7 — on death of Philip 
Maria, duke of Milan, claims to succeed him, 
1447 — at head of Milanese troops, conquers 
Pavia, 1447 — takes Placentia, 16 Nov., and 
other towns : defeats Venetians at Caravaggio, 
15 Sep. 1448 — concludes alliance with them, 
19 Oct. 1448— blockades Milan, 1449 — enters 
Milan and is proclaimed Duke, 25 Mar. 1450 — 
acquires fresh territory by treaty with Duke of 
Ferrara, 1450 — Venice declares war on him, 19 
Apr. 1452 — makes peace with Venice, 9 Apr. 
1454 — makes peace with Alfonso of Naples, 
1454 — obtains cession of Genoa from Louis 
XL, and is recognized sovereign, 1464 — ac- 
quires Duchy of Eari, 1465 — ft., 8 Mar. 1466. 

Sforza, Francesco Maria, Duke of Milan, 
— lives at Trent, 1515-21 — league for his 
restoration formed by Leo X. and Charles V., 
8 May 152 1 — received as Duke, end of Nov. 
152 1 — put in possession of the Duchy after 
battle of La Bicoque, 1522— abandons Milan 
on approach of the French, 1524 — returns after 
battle of Pavia, 1525 — deprived by Charles V., 
1525 — league formed by the pope, Francis I., 
and Venetians to reinstate him, 22 May 1526 
— obtains investiture from Charles V. at Bo- 
logna, 23 Dec. 1529— marries Christina of Den- 
mark, 1534 — tr., 24 Oct. 1535. 

Sforza, Galeazzo Maria, Duke op Milan, 
— b., 14 Jan. 1444 — succeeds his father, Mar. 
1466 — marries Bona of Savoy, 6 Jul. 1468 — 
visits Florence and Genoa, 147 1 — assassinated 
at Milan, 26 Dec. 1476. 

Sforza, Giovanni Galeazzo Maria, Duke of 
Milan, — b., 1468 — succeeds his father, 1476 
— chief power assumed by his uncle Ludovico, 
1480 — marries Isabella of Aragon, 2 Feb. 1493 
— ft. at Pavia, 22 Oct. 1494. 

Sforza, Ludovico Maria, II Moro, Duke of 
Milan, — b., 3 Aug. 1451 — seizes Tortona, and 
assumes share of regency for his nephew, 1479 
— puts to death the Begent Simonetta, 30 Oct. 
1480, and banishes Bona, 2 Nov.— joins league 
of Ferdinand I. of Naples and Florentines 
against Venice, 1482 — frustrates conspiracy 
against him, 1484 — marries Beatrice of Este, 
18 Jan. 1491— invites Charles VIII. of France 
to Italy, 1493 — succeeds his nephew, 1494 — 
joins league against Charles VIIL, 31 Mar. 
1495 — loses his wife, 2 Jan. 1497 — forms league 
against Louis XII., Mar. 1499 — his Duchy 
conquered by Louis, 1499— sets out for Ger- 
many, 2 Sep. 1499 — reconquers his dominions, 



Jan. to Feb. 1500 — besieges Novara, and is be- 
trayed to the French, 9 Apr. 1500 — ft. at 
chateau of Loches, i5io, a i5o8. b 

a Some authorities. b Others. 

Sforza, Maximilian, Duke or Milan, — b., 
149 1 — sent to Court of Emperor Maximilian, 
1500— declared Duke of Milan by pope and 
emperor, 15 12 — enters Milan, 15 Dec. 15 12 — 
defeats the French under Trivulzio at Novara, 
6 Jun. 15 1 3 — recovers the citadel, 15 14 — his 
troops defeated by Francis I. at Marignano, 
14 Sep. 15 15, and the Milanese again occupied 
by French : besieged in Milan, cedes the Duchy 
to Francis L, 5 Oct. — ft. at Paris, Jun. 1530. 

'S Gravesande. [Gravesande.] 

Shadwell, Sir Lancelot, Vice-chancellor 
or England, — b., 3 May 1770 — B.A. Cam- 
bridge, 1800 — M.A., 1803 — called to the bar 
at Lincoln's Inn, 10 Feb. 1803 — marries, 1804 
— M.P. Bipon, 1826 — Vice-chancellor, 1 Nov. 
1827 — Commissioner of the Great Seal, 23 Apr. 
1835 to 16 Jan. 1836 — LL.D. Cambridge, 
1842 — again Commissioner of Great Seal, 19 
Jun. to 15 Jul. 1 850 — ft. in Surrey, 10 Aug. 1 850. 

Shadwell, Thomas, dramatist, poet laureate, 
— b. in Norfolk, 1640 — poet laureate, 1688 — 
ft. at Chelsea, 1692. Works, 1720. 

Shafei, Mohammed Ben Idris al, Moham- 
medan Doctor, — h. at Gaza, (150, a. h.) 767 — 
taken to Mecca, 769 — visits Bagdad, (195,) 810 
— goes to Egypt, (195,) about 811 — ft. there, 
(204,) 819. 

Shafeites, Shafites, Mohammedan sect, — 
[Shafei.] 

Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st 
Earl of, Lord Chancellor of England, — • 
b. at "Wimborne-St-Giles's, Dorsetshire, 22 Jul. 
1621 — enters Exeter Coll. Oxford, 1637 — enters 
Lincoln's Inn, 1638 — marries a daughter of 
Lord Coventry, 25 Feb. 1639— M.P. Tewkes- 
bury, Apr. 1640 — goes over to the parliament, 
Feb. 1644 — Commander-in-chief of parliament- 
ary forces in Dorsetshire, 25 Oct. 1644 — storms 
Abbotsbury, beginning Nov. — relieves Blake 
at Taunton, Dec. — loses his wife, 10 Jul. 1649 
—marries Lady Frances Cecil, 25 Apr. 1650 — 
M.P. Wiltshire, (Barebone's parliament,) Jul. 
1653 — member of Council of State, Dec. 1653 
— death of his second wife, 1654 — retires from 
the Council and separates from Cromwell, Dec. 
1654 — marries again, (daughter of Lord 
Spencer of Wormleighton,) 1656 — excluded 
from new parliament, 1656— joins in Remon- 
strance of excluded members, 1656 — takes his 
seat, Jan. 1658 — member of Council of State, 
May 1659 — arrested as Royalist, but acquitted, 
21 Aug. 1659 — member of Convention parlia- 
ment, and one of the Commissioners sent to 
Charles II. at Breda, Apr. 1660 — Privy Coun- 
cillor, May 1660 — Commissioner on trial of the 
Regicides, Oct. 1660 — Baron Ashley, Apr. 1661 
— Chancellor of the Exchequer, Ilnder-trea- 
surer, May 166 1 — opposes Act of Uniformity, 
1662 — supports dispensing bill, 1663 — Joint- 
grantee of province of Carolina, 1663 and Jun. 
1665— his friendship with Locke begins, Jun. 
1666 — Joint-commissioner of the Treasury, 
summer 1667 — member of the Cabal, 1670 — 



2 7 6 



SHAFTESBURY— SHANGHAE. 



Earl of Shaftesbury, 23 Apr. 1672 — Pres. 
Council of Trade and Plantations, 27 Sep. 1672 
to Apr. 1676 — Lord Chancellor, 17 Nov. 1672 
to 9 Nov. 1673 — refuses bribe offered by French 
ambassador, Dec. 1673 — dismissed from Privy 
Council, 19 May 1674 — imprisoned, 16 Feb. 
1677 to 26 Feb. 1678 — Pres. Council, Apr. 
1679 — procures passing of Habeas Corpus Act, 
1679 — dismissed, beginning Oct. 1679 — pre- 
sents Duke of York as Popish recusant in Court 
of K.B., 26 Jun. 1680 — attends parliament at 
Oxford, Mar. 168 1 — imprisoned for high trea- 
son, 2 Jul. to 1 Dec. — indictment ignored, 24 
Nov. — goes to Holland, 18 Nov. 1682— fc. at 
Amsterdam, 21 Jan. 1683. 

Shaftesbury, Anthony Cooper, 3rd Earl 
of, moralist, miscellaneous writer, — ft. in Lon- 
don, 26 Feb. 1 67 1 — M.P. Poole, 1693 — goes to 
Holland, 1698-9 — succeeds to the peerage, 1699 
— tf. at Naples, 15 Feb. 17 13. Characteristics 
of Men, Manners, Opinions, and Times, 17 13. 

Shah Alum II., (Aly-Goher,) Emperor op 
Delhi, — h., 1723 — invades Bengal, and is taken 
prisoner by allied Imperialists and English, 
1759 — succeeds his father, Alumgir II., (8 Ra- 
bia II. 1173, a. h.) 30 Oct. 1759 — escapes from 
his captors and is crowned at Patna, 1760 — 
allies himself with Sooja ud Doulah, and is 
present at battle of Paniput, 7 Jan. 1761 — de- 
feated by English at Buxar, 23 Oct. 1764 — 
takes refuge in English camp, and is installed 
as Emperor at Allahabad, 1764 — enters Delhi, 
under Mahratta escort, 25 Dec. 177 1 — com- 
pelled by Mahrattas to cede Allahabad and 
Corah, 22 Dec. 1772 — his assassination at- 
tempted by Gholam-Cadyr, 10 Aug. 1788 — tf. 
at Delhi, 16 Nov. 1806. 

Shah Jehan, (Prince Khurkam,) Mogul 
Emperor op Delhi, — fc., 1592— distinguishes 
himself in war with Mewar, (1023, a. h.) 1613- 
14 — declared heir-apparent, 1616 — sent to set- 
tle the Deckan, 1616 — succeeds in his expedi- 
tion, and returns to Mandu, (Shawal 1026,) 
Sep. 16 1 7 — visits Guzerat with Jehanghir, and 
is named viceroy, Sep. 16 17 to Sep. 161 8 — 
again sent to pacify the Deckan, defeats Malik 
Amber, (1030,) 1621 — rebels, early in 1623 — 
retreats on approach of Jehanghir, (1032,) Feb. 
1623 — marches into Bengal, defeats Baj Mahal, 
and obtains possession of the province, (1033,) 
1624 — is defeated and flies to the Deckan, 1624 
— submits to Jehanghir, 1625 — succeeds him 
and is proclaimed at Agra, (7 Jamadhi al Akhir 
1037,) 26 Jan. 1628 — marches into the Deckan 
against Khan Jehan, (Rabi ul Awal 1039,) 
Oct. 1629 — on his defeat and death carries on 
war with Nizam Shah, (1040,) 1630 — his gen- 
eral Asof Khan unsuccessfully besieges Bija- 
poor, 1 63 1 — returns to Delhi, (Ramzan 1041,) 
Mar. 1632 — again marches into the Deckan, 
(Jamadi ul Awal 1045,) Nov. 1635 — unsuc- 
cessfully besieges Bijapoor, 1636 — makes peace, 
1636 — returns to Delhi, (1046,) 1637 — acquires 
Candahar, 1637 — loses it to the Persians, 1648 
— renews war with Bijapoor, 1657 — falls ill, 
Oct. 1657— rcassumes the government, Nov. 
— adheres to the cause of his son Dara, 1658 
—deposed by Aurungzebe, (17 Ramzan 1068,) 



Jun. 1658— if., (Redgeb 1076,) Dec. 1666. 
Shahab u din Ghori, founder of Mahometan 
Empire in India, — associated in the govern- 
ment with his brother Gheias u din, (552, a. h.) 
1 157 — makes his first expedition to India, and 
takes Uch, (572,) 1 176— invades Guzerat, 1178 
— overruns Sinde, (575,) 1178 — makes war on 
Khusra Malik, 11 79 — occupies Lahore and ex- 
pels the Ghaznevides from the Panjab, (582,) 
1 1 86 — defeated by Pritwi Raja at Tirouri, 
(587,) 1 191 — defeats and puts him to death, 
(589,) 1193 — conquers Ajmir, 1193 — takes 
Canouj and Benares, (591,) 11 94 — takes Biana 
and begins siege of Gwalior, (592,) 1195 — at 
war with king of Kharism, 1 196-1202 — suc- 
ceeds his brother as king of Ghazni, (599,) 
1202 — invades Kharism and is defeated, (600,) 
1203 — subdues rebellions in India, between 
1203-6 — sets out for Kharism, and ft. on the 
march, (2 Shaban 602,) 14 Mar. 1206. 

Shakers, Sect of, — originates in Lancashire, 
about 1747 — joined by Ann Lee, 1758 — estab- 
lish themselves in New York, 1774. 

Shakespear, Sir Kiehmond Campbell, colo- 
nel, — h., 1809 — enters Bengal artillery, 1829 — 
rescues 400 Russians from slavery in Khiva, 
1840 — Knt, 1840 — rescues English captives 
from Afghans, Sep. 1 842 — distinguishes him- 
self in attack on Gwalior, Dec. 1843 — marries, 
1 844 — takes part in Sikh War, 1848-9 — wound- 
ed at Goojerat, 21 Feb. 1849 — Colonel, 1852 
— takes part in suppression of mutiny, 1857-8 
— appointed Chief Commissioner in Mysore, 
1 86 1 — lj., before entering on the office, at 
Indore, 29 Oct. 1861. 

Shakespeare, (Shakspeare, Shakspere,) Wil- 
liam, poet, — h. at Stratford-upon-Avon, 23 ? 
Apr., baptized, 26 Apr. 1564 — marries Anne 
Hathaway, about Nov. 1582 — birth of his 
daughter Susanna, May 1583 — goes to Lon- 
don, about 1586 — joint-proprietor of Black- 
friars' Theatre, 1589— purchases New Place, 
Stratford, 1597 — loses his father, John Shake- 
speare, 1 601 — retires to Stratford, probably 
about 1604 — loses his mother, Mary Shake- 
speare, 1608 — tf. at Stratford, 23 Apr. 16 16. 
Venus and Adonis, 1593 — Rape of Lucrece, 
1594 — Tivelfth Night, 1601 — Samlet, 1602 — 
King Lear, 1607 — Tempest, 161 1 — first folio,, 
1623 — second, 1632 — Thotozincographic Fac- 
simile of first folio, 1865. 

Shakespeare Gallery, — projected by Boy- 
dell, 1786 — disposed of by lottery, 1804 — re- 
produced by photography, 1864. 

Shakespeare Jubilee,— celebrated at Strat- 
ford, 6-8 Sep. 1769 — another, 1824. Ter- 
centenary Festival, Apr. 1864. 

Shanghae, Shanghai, in China, — captured 
by British, 19 Jun. 1842 — the port opened to 
foreign traffic, (in pursuance of treaty of 26 
Aug. 1842,) 15 Nov. 1843 — captured by rebels, 
7 Sep. 1853 — recovered by Imperialists, 1855 — 
Conference of representatives of Great Britain, 
France, United States, and Russia at, 30 Mar. 
1858 — transferred to Tientsin— [Chinese War] 
— unsuccessfully attacked by rebels, Aug. i860 
— Supreme Court for China and Japan opened 
at, 4 Sep. 1865. 



SHANNON— SHECHEM. 



1277 



Shannon, river in Ireland, — improvement 
of navigation of, entrusted to Commissioners 
by Act 2 and 3 Vic. c. 61, 17 Aug. 1839. 

Shapur. [Sapor.] 

Sharp, Abraham, mechanician, §c, — b. at 
Little Horton, in Yorkshire, about 1651 — 
assistant to Flamsteed in Eoyal Observatory, 
Aug. 1688 — tf. at Little Horton, 18 Jul. 1742. 
Geometry improved, 1 7 1 7 . 

Sharp, Granville, philanthropist, — b. at 
Durham, 1734 — founds association for aboli- 
tion of slavery, 22 May 1787 — tf. in London, 
Jul. 1813. Representation of the injustice, §c, 
of tolerating slavery in England, 1772 — Uses of 
the Definitive Article in Greek Testament, 1798. 

Sharp, James, Abp of St Andrew's, — b. at 
Banff Castle, May 161 8 — sent prisoner to 
England by Monk, Aug. 1651 — agent of the 
Resolutioners to Cromwell, 1656 — promotes 
the restoration of Charles II., 1660 — Prof. 
Divinity, St Mary's Coll., Chaplain to the 
king for Scotland, 1660 — Abp of St Andrew's, 
1661 — shot at, at Edinburgh, 9 Jul. 1668 — 
killed, on Magus Muir, 3 May 1679. 

Sharp, John, Abp op York, — b. at Brad- 
ford, in Yorkshire, 16 Feb. 1644 — enters 
Christ's Coll. Cambridge, Apr. 1660 — B.A., 
1663 — M.A., 1667 — ordained priest, 1667 — 
incorporated M.A. Oxford, 1669 — Archdeacon 
of Berkshire, 1672 — Prebendary of Norwich, 
1676 — D.D. Cambridge, 1679 — Dean of Nor- 
wich, 168 1 — suspended by Ecclesiastical Com- 
mission, Jun. 1686 — reinstated, Jan. 1687 — 
Dean of Canterbury, Sep. 1689 — consecrated 
Abp of York, 5 Jul. 1691 — tf. at Bath, 2 Feb. 
17 14. Sermons, 1729-35. 

Sharp, Richard, {Conversation Sharp,) — b., 
about 1759 — M.P. Castle Rising, 1806 — ft. at 
Dorchester, 30 Mar. 1835. Letters and Essays, 
1834. 

Sharp, Samuel, surgeon, — elected F.B.S., 
1749 — foreign member of Academy of Sur- 
gery, Paris, 1749 — tf., 24 Mar. 1778. Opera- 
tions of Surgery, 1739 — Critical Inquiry into 
Present State of Surgery, 1750 — Letters from 
Italy, 1766. 

Sharp,William, engraver, — b. in London, 29 
Jan. 1749 — member of Imperial Academy, Vi- 
enna, and Royal Academy, Munich, 18 14 — tf. at 
Chiswick, 25 Jul. 1824. 

Sharpe, Charles Kirkpatrick, etcher, mis- 
cellaneous writer, — b. at Hoddam, Dumfries- 
shire, 17 8 1 — studies at Christ Church, Oxford, 
1798-1802 — settles at Edinburgh, 18 13 — 
M.A., 28 Jan. 1806 — tf. at Edinburgh, 17 
Mar. 1 85 1. Metrical Legends, 1807 — Edits 
Kirkton's Secret and True History of Church of 
Scotland, 18 17 — Law's Memorials, 181 8 — and 
Ballad Book, 1823 — Portraits by an Amateur, 
1833 — Etchings and Literary Remains, 1869. 

Sharpe, Daniel, geologist, — b. in London, 
1806— F.G.S., Jun. 1829— F.B.S., 6 Jun. 
1850 — Pres. G.S., 1856 — tf. in London, 31 
May 1856. 

Sharpe, Gregory, theologian, — b. in York- 
shire, 17 1 3 — tf. Master of the Temple and 
chaplain to the king, 8 Jan. 1771. Review of 
Controversy about Demoniacs, 1738 — Defence 



of Dr Clarke, 1744 — Two Dissertations on 
Languages and Letters, 1751— Argument in 
Defence of Christianity, 1755— Second Argu- 
ment, 1762. 

Shaving the beard,— [B c]— introduced at 
Borne by P. Ticinius Messa, who brings bar- 
bers from Sicily, (454, a. v. c.) 300. 

Shaw, George, naturalist, — b. at Bierton, 
Bucks, 10 Dec. 1 751— enters Magdalen Hall, 
Oxford,i76 5 — B.A.,1769— M.A.,1772— M.D., 
settles in London, 1787 — V.P.L.S., 1788— 
F.K.S., 1789 — Assistant-keeper of Natural 
History Department, British Museum, 1791— 
Keeper, 1807— tf., 22 Jul. 18 13. Naturalist's 
Miscellany, 1789-1813 — Catalogue of Leverian 
Museum, 1792-6 — Zoology, 1800-16. 

Shaw, Peter, physician,— F.R.S., 1755— &•> 
15 Mar. 1763. New Practice of Physic, 1726 
— Chymical Lectures, 1734 — Abridgment of 
Bacon's Philosophical Works, 1725. 

Shaw, Ralph, D.D., — preaches at Paul's 
Cross, and sets forth title of Gloucester to the 
throne, 22 Jun. 1483. 

Shaw, Stebbing, divine and antiquary, — b. 
in Staffordshire, 1762 — enters Queen's Coll. 
Cambridge, 1780 — rector of Hartshorn, 
Derbyshire, 1800 — tf. in London, 28 Oct. 1802. 
Edits Topographer, 1789-91— History of Staf- 
fordshire, 1798-1801. 

Shaw, Thomas, traveller, — b. at Kendal, 
about 1692 — enters Queen's Coll. Oxford, 171 1 
— M.A., 17 19— Chaplain to English factory at 
Algiers, 1722-34— Fellow of his College, 1727 
—D.D. and F.R.S., 1734— Principal of Ed- 
mund Hall, 1740 — tf. Regius Prof. Greek, 
Oxford, 15 Aug. 175 1. Travels, 1738. 

Shaxton, Nicholas, Bp of Salisbury, — 
elected, Feb. 1535 — on passing of the Six 
Articles resigns his see, 1 Jul. 1539 — im- 
prisoned as a ' sacramentarian heretic,' 1539 — 
condemned to the stake, saves his life by re- 
cantation, 1546. 

Shea, Daniel, Orientalist, — b. at Dublin, 
1772 — tf. Prof. Oriental Languages, Hailey- 
bury Coll., 10 May 1836. Translation of 
Mirkhond's History of Kings of Persia, 1843. 

Shebbeare, John, physician, political writer, 
— b. at Bideford, Devonshire, 1709 — M.D. 
Paris, 1752 (?) — general warrant for his arrest 
issued, 12 Jan. 1758 — set in the pillory, 5 
Dec. 1758 — and imprisoned, 1758-61 — obtains 
a pension, about 1762 — tf., 1 Aug. 1788. 
Marriage Act, 1754 — Letters on the English 
Nation, 1755 — Letters to the People of Eng- 
land, 1756-8 — History of the Sumatrans, 1760. 

Shechem, (Sychar, Neapolis, Nabulus,) — 
[B C] — built, before 1740 a — seat of Abimelech's 
kingdom, 1236 a — taken and destroyed by 
Abimelech, 1233 a — capital of kingdom of 
Israel, 975 s1 — temple built on Mt Gerizim, 
332 — taken by John Hyrcanus, 129 — [AD] — 
rebuilt by Vespasian, 70-80 — deprived of its 
rights as a city by Septimius Severus, 200 b — 
bishopric, before 314, and till 536 b — disturb- 
ances at, between Samaritans and Christians, 
after 474 b — Samaritan insurrection, May 
529 b — surrendered to Tancred, 1098 — sacked 
by Saracens, n 13 — assembly of prelates and 



2 7 8 



SHEE— SHENANDOAH VALLEY. 



nobles at, 1 1 20 b — plundered by Saladin, 1 1 84 
—devastated by his troops, 11 87 — taken by 
Christians, 1 242 — taken by Abu Ali, 1 244 h — 
rebellious against Mehemet Ali, 1834. 
a Ussher. b Robinson. 

Shee, Sir Martin Archer, President of 
the Royal Academy, — ft. at Dublin, 23 Dec. 
1770 — goes to London, 1788 — exhibits at 
Royal Academy, 1789— A.R.A., 1798 — R.A., 
1800 — Pres. R.A. and Knt, 1830 — ft. at 
Brighton, 19 Aug. 1850. Rhymes on Art, 1805 
— Elements of Art, 1809 — Commemoration of 
Reynolds, 18 14 — Alasco, 1824. 

Sheepshanks, John,— ft. at Leeds, 1787 — 
gives his collection of pictures to the nation, 
1856 — tf. in London, 5 Oct. 1863. 

Sheepshanks, Richard, astronomer, — ft. at 
Leeds, 30 Jul. 1794 — studies at Cambridge 
Univ., 1 8 12— Fellow of Trin. Coll., 1817— 
called to the Bar, about 1822 — F.A.S., 1824 — 
F.R.S., 1830 — engaged in restoration of 
standard of measure, 1844-55 — tf. at Reading, 
4 Aug. 1855. 

Sheepshanks Gallery. [See Sheepshanks, 
John.] 

Sheerness, in Kent, — fortress commenced at, 
about 1 66 1 — fortress and shipping destroyed 
by de Ruyter, 9 Jun. 1667 — mutiny of the 
Xore breaks out at, 1798. Dockyard, enlarged 
and improved, 1815-30. 

Sheffield, in Yorkshire, — famous for cutlery, 
before 1 300 — parliamentary borough, 1832. 
Castle, seized by Sir John Gell, 1642 — recovered 
by Duke of Newcastle, soon after : capitulates 
to Parliamentarians, 10 Aug. 1644 — demolished 
by order of parliament, 1646. Commission on 
Trade Outrages at, sits 3 Jun. to 5 Jul. 
1867. 

Sheffield, John Baker Holroyd, Lord, Vis- 
count Peyensey, political and miscellaneous 
writer, — ft., i74i, a 1735 b — serves in the army, 
in Germany, 1760-3 — travels, 1763-6 — marries, 
1767 — raises regiment of Light Dragoons, 1779 
— M.P. Coventry, 1780— raised to Irish peer- 
age, 9 Jan. 178 1 — marries again, 1794 — third 
time, 1798 — raised to English peerage, 29 Jul. 
1802 — Earl of Sheffield, Viscount Pevensey, in 
Irish peerage, 22 Jan. 18 16 — ft. in London, 30 
May 1 82 1. Observations on Commerce of 
American States, 1783 — On Manufactures, §c., 
of Ireland, 1785 — On Project for abolishing 
Slave Trade, 1789 — The Orders in Council, §c, 
1809 — Letter on the Com Laws, 18 15 — edits 
Miscellaneous Works of Gibbon, 1799. 
a Gent. Mag. b Burke. 

Sheffield, John. [Buckingham, Duke or.] 

Shehab-Eddin, Abdul-Rahman, historian, 
— ft. at Damascus, about (597, a. h.) 1200 — 
tf., (666-7,) 1267. 

Sheibany, Abul Abbas Ahmed Ben Yahia, 
Mohammedan scholar, — ft., (199, a. h.) May 
815— tr. at Baghdad, (297.) 6 Apr. 910. 

Sheil, Richard Lalor, political orator, — ft. 
near Waterford, 17 Aug. 1791— B.A. Trin. 
Coll. Dublin, 18 11— called to Irish Bar, 18 14 
— M.P. Milbourne Port, 1829— V.P. Board of 
Trade, and Privy Councillor, 1839— Master of 
the Mint, 1846-50— Minister at Court of Tus- 



cany, 1850 — tf. at Florence, 23 May 1851. 
Sketches of Irish Bar, 1854. 

Shelburne, William Petty, Earl op, and 
1st Marquis of Lansdowne, Prime Minister 
of England, — ft., 2 May 1737 — aide-de-camp 
to George III., 1760 — M.P. Wycombe, 1761 
— succeeds to the Earldom, 10 May 1761 — 
Pres. Board of Trade and Privy Councillor, 
Apr. 1763 — Secretary of State, 1766 to Oct. 
1768, and 20 Mar. to 1 Jul. 1782 — wounded in 
duel with MrFullarton, 1780 — Prime Minister, 
Jul. 1782 to 21 Feb. 1783 — Marquis of Lans- 
downe, 1784 — tf. in London, 2 May 1805. 

Sheldon, Gilbert, Abp of Canterbury, — 
ft. at Staunton, Staffordshire, 19 Jul. 1598 — 
enters Oxford Univ., end of 1613 — M.A., 1620 
— D.D., 1634— Warden of All Souls' Coll., 
Chaplain to Charles L, Mar. 1635 — attends at 
Treaty of Uxbridge, Feb. 1644 — ejected from 
the wardenship, and imprisoned, 30 Mar. 1647 
— released, Oct. 1648 — restored to wardenship, 
Mar. 1659-60 — Bp of London, Oct. 1660 — 
Abp of Canterbury, 1663 — builds the Shel- 
donian Theatre, Oxford, 1664-9 — Chancellor 
of Oxford Univ., Dec. 1667 to Jul. 1669 — tf. 
in London, 9 Nov. 1677. 

Shell, in Gunnery, — used by Sultan of 
Guzerat, 1480 — by Turks at siege of Rhodes, 
1522 — in general use, about 1630-40 — in naval 
warfare, 168 1. 

Shelley, Mary, [Godwin,) novelist, — ft. 
in London, 1798 — marries Percy Bysshe 
Shelley, 18 16 — tf. in London, 1 Feb. 1851. 
Frankenstein, 18 16 — edits Letters and Prose 
Writings of P. B. Shelley, 1 840 — Shelley Me- 
morials, 1859. 

Shelley, Percy Bysshe, poet, — ft. near Hors- 
ham, Sussex, 4 Aug. 1792 — studies at Eton, 
1807-9 — enters Univ. Coll. Oxford, Oct. 1810 

— expelled for his Necessity of Atheism, 25 
Mar. 181 1 — marries Harriet Westbrook, at 
Edinburgh, Aug. or Sep. 181 1 — remarried in 
London, 24 Mar. 18 14 — separates from his 
wife, Jun. 18 14 — travels on the Continent with 
Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin, Jul. to Sep. 
1 8 14 — meets Byron in Switzerland, close of 
May 1 8 16 — his wife drowns herself, 10 Nov. 
(Dec?) 1 8 16 — marries Mary Godwin, 30 Dec. 
1 8 16 — is refused care of his children, by Court 
of Chancery, 23 Aug. 18 17 — quits England for 
Italy, 11 Mar. 18 18 — with Byron at Venice, 
Aug. 1 8 1 8 — death of his sou, William, at Rome, 
7 Jun. 1 819 — drowned at sea, off coast of Tus- 
cany, 8 Jul. 1822— his corpse found, 22 Jul. 
— burnt, 16 Aug. — his ashes buried soon after 
in Protestant cemetery at Rome. Queen Mob, 
1 81 3 — Alastor, 18 16 — Revolt of 'Islam, (Laon 
and Cythna,) 18 17 — The Cenci, about Mar. 
1820 — Prometheus Unbound, about Aug. 1820 

— Epipsychidion, 1821 — Witch of Atlas, 
Adonais, Sellas, 1821 — Julian and Maddalo, 
1824. 

Shem, — [B C] — ft., sum. 2446, a 2582 b — 
birth of Urphaxad, sum. 23463 — tf., sum. 
1846.* a Ussoer. b Clinton. 

Shenandoah Valley, V. S., — laid waste by 
Gen. Sheridan, 1864 — Gen. Early defeated by 
Gen. Sheridan, 1 Mar. 1865. 



SHENE— SHIR KHAN. 



1279 



Shene. [Richmond.] 

Shenstone, William, poet, — b. at Hales- 
Owen, Shropshire, Nov. 17 14 — enters Pem- 
broke Coll. Oxford, 1732 — tf. at Hales-Owen, 
n Feb. 1763. Works, 1764. 

Sheppard, John George, classical scholar, — 
b. in Killarney Co., 181 8 — B.A. Oxford, 1839 
— M.A., 1 841 — Head -master of Kidderminster 
Grammar School, Dec. 1851 — rj. at Kidder- 
minster, 1 Jan. 1869. With Evans, Notes ton 
Thucydides, 1857 — Fall of Rome and Rise of 
new Nationalities, 1%61—Aids to Classical Study, 
1868. 

Sheppey, Isle of, in Kent, — ravagedby North- 
men, 832, 849, 851 — winter-quarters of North- 
men, 855. [Sheerness.] 

Sherard, {Sherwood,) William, botanist, — 
b., 1659 — enters St John's Coll. Oxford, 1677 
—Fellow of his Coll., 1683— LL.B., 1683— 
British consul at Smyrna, 1702-18 — LL.D. 
Oxford, about 17 19 — invites Dillenius to Eng- 
land, 17 2 1 — tf. at Eltham, 12 Aug. 1728. 
Frofessorship of Botany, Oxford, endowed by 
him, 1728. 

Sherborne, in Dorsetshire, — seat of a bishop- 
ric by Ina, 705 — see transferred to Old Sarum, 
about 1078. Castle, built by Bp Roger, 1100- 
30 — stormed by Cromwell and Fairfax, 15 
Aug. 1645. Grammar School, founded by 
Edward VI., 1550. 

Sherburne, Sir Edward, translator,— b. in 
London, 18 Sep. 1618 — Knt, Jan. 1682 — tf. in 
London, 4 Nov. 1702. Translation of Mani- 
lius, 1675. 

Sheridan, Richard Brinsley Butler, states- 
man, dramatist, — b. at Dublin, Sep. 1751 — 
marries Miss Linley, 1773 — M.P. Stafford, 
1780 — Under-secretary of State, 1782 — Secre- 
tary of the Treasury, 1783 — takes part in im- 
peachment of Warren Hastings, 1787 — loses 
his wife, 1792 — Treasurer of the Navy and 
Privy Councillor, 5 Feb. to Oct. 1806— M.P. 
Westminster, 31 Oct. 1806 — loses his seat, 
May 1807 — tf. in London, 7 Jul. 1816. The 
Rivals, 1775 — School for Scandal, 1777 — Critic, 
1779 — Stranger and Fizarro, 1798. 

Sheridan, Thomas, actor, lexicographer, — rj. 
at Quilca, in Ireland, 172 1 — M.A. Trin. Coll. 
Dublin, 1738 — appears at Covent Garden, 1744 
— retires from the stage, 1776 — tf., 14 Aug. 
1788. Pronouncing Dictionary of the English 
Language, 1778. 

Sherif-ed-deen, [Moolah Ali Sherif-ed- 
decn Yezdi,) historian, — completes the Zefer- 
Nameh, (828, a. h.) 1424. 

Sheriff, {Shire-Reve,) in England, — election 
of, by people of the shire, ordained by Act 28 
Edw. I. c. 8, 1299 — repealed, and appointment 
by Chancellor, Treasurer, and Judges, ordered 
by 9 Edw. II. st. 2, 1321 — qualification for 
office defined by Acts 9 Edw. II. st. 2, 1321, 4 
Edw. III. c. 9, 1330, 5 Edw. III. c. 4, 1331, 
and 13 and 14 Car. II. c. 21, 1662— to bold 
office for one year only by Act 14 Edw. III. st. 
1, c. 7, 1340, and other Acts: office of, better 
regulated by Act 3 Geo. I. c. 15, 17 16. 

Sheriffmuir, {Dumblaine,) in Scotland, — in- 



decisive battle of, between Earl of Mar and 
Duke of Argyle, 13 Nov. 17 15. 

Sherlock, Thomas, Bp of London, — b. in 
London, 1678— enters Katherine Hall, Cam- 
bridge, about 1693 — B.A., 1697— M.A., 1701 
—Master of the Temple, 1704-53 — D.D., 1714 
— Vice-chancellor of Cambridge Univ., 17 14 — 
Dean of Chichester, 17 16 — Bp of Bangor, 1727 
— Bp of Salisbury, 1734 — declines primacy, 
1747 — Bpof London, 1748 — tf. there, 18 Jul. 
1761. Use and Intent of Frophecy, 1725 — 
Trial of the Witnesses, 1729. 

Sherlock, William, theologian, — b. in Lon- 
don, about 1 641 — B.A. Cambridge, 1660 — 
M.A., 1665— D.D., 1680— Prebendary of St 
Paul's, 168 1 — Master of the Temple, 1684 or 
1685 — Dean of St Paul's, 1691 — t}„ at Hamp- 
stead, 19 Jun. 1707. Treatise on Death, 1690 
— Vindication of Doctrine of the Trinity, 
1691. 

Sherwin, JohnKeyse, engraver, — b. in Sus- 
sex, about 175 1 — obtains gold medal of Society 
of Arts, 1778 — engraver to the king, 1785 — tf., 
20 Sep. 1790. 

Sherwood, Mary Martha, miscellaneous 
writer, — b. at Stanford in Worcestershire, 6 
May 1775 — marries Henry Sherwood and goes 
to India, 1803 — left a widow, 6 Dec. 1849 — tf. 
at Twickenham, 22 Sep. 1851. 

Sherwood Forest, Nottinghamshire, — con- 
stituted, before 1155 — last survey of, 1609. 

Shetland {Zetland) Islands, {Rialtland,) 
Scotland, — form part of earldom of Orkney, 
about 1380 — pass to James III. of Scotland on 
his marriage with Margaret of Denmark, 1469. 

Shield, William, operatic composer, — b. in 
Durham, about 1749 — composer to Covent 
Garden Theatre, 1782-91 — visits Italy, 1791-2 
— master of the king's band, 1817 — tf. in 
London, 25 Jan. 1829. Flitch of Bacon, 1778 
— Rosina, 1783 — Foor Soldier, 1783 — Intro- 
duction to Harmony, 1800. 

Shiites, Mohammedan Sect, — adherents of 
Ali as lawful Caliph, 661. [Fatimites.] 

Shilling, in England, — first coined by Henry 
VII., 1503. 

Shiloh, {Seilun,) — [B C] — the tabernacle set 
up, 1444 a — ark removed and lost to Philis- 
tines, Ill7. a a Ussher. 

Shipmoney, Writ of, in England,— devised 
by Noy, issued by Charles L, 1634 — pronounced 
lawful by the Judges, 1636 — resisted by John 
Hampden, who is condemned, 12 Jun. 1636 — 
declared illegal by Long Parliament, Nov. 
1640. 

Shipping. [Merchant Shipping.] 

Shir Khan, — with his brother Nizam enters 
service of Sultan Secander of Delhi, before 
15 17 — appointed by Baber to a command in 
Behar, about 1528 — makes himself master of 
Behar and takes fort of Chunar, about 1530-2 
— conquers Bengal, and assumes title of King, 
between 1532-7 — surprises and defeats Hu- 
mayun, (6 Saphar 946, a. h.) 26 Jun. 1539— 
again defeats him on the Ganges, opposite 
Canouj, (10 Moharram 947,) 16 May 1540— 
takes possession of the Panjab, 1541— con- 
quers Malwa, (949,) 1542— reduces fort of 



:So 



SHIRACOUH—SHREWSBURY. 



Raisin, (950,) 1543— invades Marwar, (951,) 
1544 — killed at siege of Calinjer, (Rabi ul 
Awal 952,) 22 May 1545. 
Shiracouh. [Saladin.] 
Shiraz, in Persia, — founded, 697 — destroyed 
by earthquakes, 18 12, 1824, and Apr. 1853. 
* Shirley, Anthony, traveller, — h. in Sussex, 
1565 — B.A. Oxford, 1581— Knt, by Queen 
Elizabeth, 1597— sets out for Persia, Mar. 
1598— plenipotentiary from Shah Abbas to 
Courts of Europe, 1599— tf. in Spain, about 
1630. Travels in Persia, 161 3. 

Shirley, James, poet, — ft. in London, about 
I594 _1j. there, 29 Oct. 1666. Wedding, 1629 
— Gamester, 1637 — Poems, 1646 — Sisters, 
1652. 

Shirley, Robert,— ft., about 1570— accom- 
panies his brother Anthony to Persia, 1598 — 
in service of Shah Abbas, 1599 — ambassador to 
England, 161 2— to Spain, 16 16— to England 
again, 1623 — tf. at Casbin, 13 Jul. 1628. 

Shirley, Walter Waddington, historical 
scholar,— ft., 24 Jul. 1828— B.A. Oxford, 1851 
— M.A., 1854— marries, 1855— Prof. Ecclesi- 
astical History and Canon of Christ Church, 
1864 — tf. at Oxford, 20 Nov. 1866. Fasciculi 
Zizaniorum Magistri Joannis Wyclif, 1858 — 
Letters illustrative of Reign of Henry III., 
1863— Catalogue of WicMiffe's Writings, 186 5. 
Shishak, — [BC] — invades Judah, 972^ 

a Clinton. 
Shishkov, Alexander Semenovich, states- 
man, miscellaneous writer, — ft. in Russia, 1754 
— Pres. Russian Academy, 1816 — member of 
Council of the Empire, 1820 — Minister of 
Public Instruction, 1824 — tf., Apr. 1841. 
Marine Dictionary, 1795 — Opinion on the Old 
and New Style in the Russian Language, 
1802 — Memoirs of the War of 1812, 183 1. 

Sholapore, in Hindustan, — mentioned as 
stronghold of Bahmani kings, 1478 — taken by 
Aurungzebe, 1685 — taken by British, 1818. 

Shore, Jane, — becomes mistress of Edward 
TV., about 1470? — does penance, after his 
death, in St Paul's, 1483 — living, 1509. 
Shore, Sir John. [Teignmouth, Lord.] 
Short, James, optician, — ft. at Edinburgh, 
17 10 — studies at the Univ., 17 26 — mathematical 
tutor to Duke of Cumberland, 1736 — F.R.S., 
1736 — accompanies Earl of Macclesfield to 
Orkney Islands, 1739 — optician in London, 
1740 — o". there, Jun. 1768. Telescope, for king 
of Spain, 1752. 

Short, Thomas, physician, — marries at Shef- 
field, 1732 — tf. at Rotheram, 28 Nov. 1772. 
Natural History of Medicinal Waters, 1725 — 
Chronological History of the Air, Weather, §£., 
1749 — Comparative History of Increase and 
Decrease of Mankind in England, 1767. 
Shorthand. [Stenography.] 
Shovel, Sir Cloudesley, admiral, — ft. in 
Norfolk, about 1650 — serves under Sir John 
Narborough in the Mediterranean, 1674 — dis- 
tinguishes himself at battle of Bantry Bay, 
1689 — Knt, by William III., 1689 — conveys 
the king and his anny to Ireland, 1690 — Rear- 
admiral, 1690 — distinguishes himself at La 
Ilogue, 1692 — First Lord of Admiralty, 1693 



— serves with Sir George Rooke in the Me- 
diterranean, 1704 — Rear-admiral of the fleet, 
Jan. 1705 — Commander-in-chief, 1705 — joint- 
commander of expedition to Spain with Earls 
of Peterborough and Monmouth, 1705 — con- 
tributes to capture of Barcelona, 1705 — takes 
part in siege of Toulon, Oct. 1707 — wrecked 
off the Scilly Isles, 22 Oct. 1707. 

Shrapnel Shell, — invented by Gen. Shrap- 
nel, about 1808. 

Shrewsbury, in Shropshire, (Pengwerne,) — 
Athelstan establishes mint at, about 925 — 
Ethelred spends Christmas at, 1006 — besieged 
and taken by Edmund, {Ironside,) about 10 16 
— included in earldom of Shrewsbury erected 
for Roger de Montgomery by WilliamL, 1066 — 
siege of, by Owain Gwynedd, raised by William, 
1067 — castle and town surrendered to Henry I., 
1 102 — captured by Llewelyn, 1215 — in posses- 
sion of English again, 1221 — plundered and 
burnt by Earl of Pembroke, 1233 — burnt by 
Llewelyn ap Jorwerth, Jan. 1234 — taken by 
Simon de Montfort, 1264 — restored to the 
Crown, 1265 — Henry III. assembles army at, 
1267 — Edward I. removes courts to, 1277 — 
parliament held at, for trial of David, Prince of 
Wales, Sep. 1283 — another parliament held 
by Richard II., Jan. 1398 — Henry IV. assem- 
bles his army at, 1402 — he defeats the Percies, 
23 Jul. 1403 — supports the Yorkists, in Wars 
of the Roses, 1455-85 — head-quarters of Charles 
I., 20 Sep. 1642 — Parliamentarians under Earl 
of Denbigh and Col. Mytton repulsed by Royal- 
ists near, Jul. 1643 — surprised by Parliamenta- 
rians, Feb. 1644 — James II. holds his Court at, 
Aug. 1687. 

Shrewsbury, Charles Talbot, 12th Earl 
and only Dukle of, — fj., 24 Jul. 1660 — becomes 
acquainted with Tillotson, 1679 — renounces 
Romanism, 168 1 — joins Prince of Orange, in 
Holland, 1688 — comes to England with him, 
Nov. — Privy Councillor and Principal Secretary 
of State, Feb. 1689 — resigns, spring 1690 — 
reappointed, 4 Mar. 1694 — K.G., Apr. 1694 — 
created Marquis of Alton and Duke of Shrews- 
bury, 30 Apr. 1694— one of the Lords Justices, 
1695 and 1697 — resigns office, May 1699— 
Lord Chamberlain, 25 Oct. 1699 — resigns and 
goes to Italy, 1700 — returns, Dec. 1705 — again 
Lord Chamberlain and Privy Councillor, 15 
Apr. 17 10 — ambassador extraord. to France, 
Dec. i7i2to Aug. 1713 — Lord-Lieutenant of 
Ireland, 17 13 — Lord High Treasurer, by Queen 
Anne, end of Jul. 17 14 — one of the Lords Jus- 
tices for George I., Aug. — Lord Chamberlain, 
20 Oct. — resigns, 17 17 — tf. at Isleworth, 1 
Feb. 17 18, and the dukedom is extinct. 

Shrewsbury, Francis Talbot, 5th Earl of, 
— fj., at Sheffield Castle, 1500 — summoned to 
parliament, Feb. 1533 — succeeds his father, 
1541 — takes part in invasion of Scotland, 1542 
and 1544 — King's Lieutenant of the North, 
1544 — K. C. G., Apr. 1545 — conducts expedi- 
tion into Scotland for relief of Haddington, 
1548 — Pres. Council in the North, 1553 — 
Privy Councillor, 1558 — fc., 2i, a 25 b Sep. 
1560. a Collins. b Burke. 

Shrewsbury, George Talbot, 4th Earl of, 



SHREWSBURY— SICILY. 



— ft., 1468 — succeeds his father, Jim. 1473 — 
Privy Councillor, 1485 — fights at Stoke, Jun. 
1487 — K.G., 1488 — -joint-commander of aux- 
iliary forces sent to Maximilian I., 1490 — 
Steward of the king's household, and Privy 
Councillor, 1509 — takes part in siege of Te- 
rouenne, 15 13 — present at Field of the Cloth of 
Gold, 1520 — Lieutenant-general of the North, 
ravages the border, 1522 — signs articles against 
Wolsey, 1529 — takes part in suppressing re- 
bellion in the North, [Pilgrimage of Grace,] 
1536 — tf. at Wingfield, Derbyshire, 26 Jul. 

I54-I- 

Shrewsbury, George Talbot, 6th Earl of, 
— succeeds his father, 1560 — K. G-., Apr. 156 1 
— has custody of Mary Queen of Scots, 1568- 
84 — Lord High Steward, for trial of Duke of 
Norfolk, 10 Jan. 1572 — Earl Marshal, Jun. 
1572 — assists at execution of Mary Queen of 
Scots, 1587— tf., 18 Nov. 1590. 

Shrewsbury, Gilbert Talbot, 7th Eakl of, 
— joint-ambassador to France, 1573 — summon- 
ed to parliament, 1590 — succeeds his father, 
Nov. 1590 — K.G., 1592 — ambassador to France, 
1597 — tf. in London, 8 May 16 16. 

Shrewsbury, Henry John Chetwynd, 18th 
Earl of, — b„ 8 Nov. 1803 — marries Lady 
Sarah Beresford, 1828 — M.P. Hertford, Dec. 
1832 — his election declared void, 1833 — M.P. 
South Staffordshire, Aug. 1837 — succeeds his 
father as 3rd Earl Talbot, 13 Jan. 1849 — on 
death of Bertram, Earl of Shrewsbury, claims the 
title, Aug. 1856 — bis claim opposed, trial com- 
mences, 13 Jul. 1857 — closes, his claim estab- 
lished by House of Lords, 1 Jun. 1858 — takes. 
his seat, 10 Jun. — tf., 4 Jun. 1868. 

Shrewsbury, Hugh de Montgomery, Earl 
of,— takes part in defence of Anglesey against 
Magnus III. of Norway and is killed there, 
1098. 

Shrewsbury, John Talbot, Earl of, — 
[Talbot.] 

Shrewsbury, John Talbot, 2nd Earl of, — 
h., about 141 3 — Knt, 1426 — serves in France, 
1442 — Lord Treasurer of Ireland, 1446 — suc- 
ceeds his father, Jul. 1453 — Lord Treasurer of 
England, 1457 — killed at battle of Northamp- 
ton, 10 Jul. 1460. 

Shrewsbury, Robert Belesme, Earl of, — 
created, n 00 — supports Robert, Duke of Nor- 
mandy, against Henry I., is defeated and 
driven from England, n 02 — fails in attempt 
to regain his estates, 11 05 — captured in Nor- 
mandy and imprisoned by Henry I., n 12. 

Shrewsbury, Roger de Montgomery, Earl 
of, — created by William L, 1066. 

Shuckburgh Evelyn, Sir George, mathema- 
tician, §c, — b., 1750 — F.R.S., 1774 — tf. in 
Warwickshire, Sep. 1804. 

Shuckford, Samuel, divine, — M.A. Cam- 
bridge, 1720 — tf., 14 Jul. 1754. History of 
the World, 1728. 

Shumla, in Turkey, — burnt by Emperor 
Nicephorus, 811 — besieged by Alexius, 1087 — 
capitulates to Turks, 1387 — fortified, 1689 — 
unsuccessfully attacked by Russians, under 
Rumjanzow, 1774 — under Kaminskoi, 18 10 — 
and under Wittgenstein, 1828. 



rius. [Clovis.] 
Siam, Siamese, in Asia, — Buddhism intro- 
duced, about 638 — the former capital, Ayulhia, 
founded, Apr. 1350 a — Portuguese intercourse 
with, begins, 151 1 ? 1547 ? — conquer Cambodia, 
1532 — becomes subject to Pegu, 1556 a — 
visited by English, 1662, b 161 2 c — recovers 
independence in a few years : Constantine 
Phaulcon acquires influence in, and is made 
Minister of State, about 1684 — embassy to 
Louis XIV., 1684 — receives embassy from 
him, 1685 — another sent to him, 1686 — mas- 
sacre of English at Port of Morgin, 1687 — 
revolution, and expulsion of French, 1689 — ■ 
ravaged and the capital taken by Birmans, 
Mar. 1767 a — truce with Birmah concluded, 
1793 — commercial treaty with England, 1826 
— with America, 1833 — new treaty with Eng- 
land concluded, 1855 — embassy to England, 
received at Windsor, 18 Nov. 1857 — embassy 
to France, received at Fontainebleau, 28 Jun. 
1 86 1. a Bowring. 

b Chambers' Encye. c Engl. Cyc. 

Sibbald, Sir Robert, naturalist, §c. f — M.D. 
Leyden, 1661 — F.R.C.P., 1681 — If., about 
17 12. Scotia illustrata, 1684 — History of 
Fifeshire and Kinrossshire, 17 10 — Treatises 
concerning Scotland, 1739. 

Siberia, — seized and occupied by Mongols 
under Sheibani Khan, 1242 a — conquest of, by 
Cossacks under Yermak Timofeyew, 1580-4 — 
Tomsk founded by Russians, 1604 — conquest 
completed, about 1658-60 — boundary with 
China settled by treaty, 1689 — confirmed, by 
treaty of 1727 — eastern coast explored by 
Behring, 1728 and 1741 — revolt of Polish 
exiles in, summer 1866. a Gibbon. 

Sibthorp, Charles de Laet Waldo, politician, 
— b., about 1784 — marries, 181 2 — M.P. Lin- 
coln, 1826 — tf. in London, 14 Dec. 1855. 

Sibthorp, John, botanist, — b. at Oxford, 28 
Oct. 1758— M.A. Oxford, 1780— Prof. Botany 
to Coll. of Physicians, 1784 — M.D., 1784 — 
visits Greece and Turkey, Mar. 1786 to Sep. 
1787— F.L.S., 1788— F.R.S., 1789— Regius 
Prof. Botany, 1793 — second visit to Greece, 
Mar. 1794 to autumn 1795— tf. at Bath, 8 
Feb. 1796. Flora Oxoniensis, 1794 — Flora 
Grceca, (edited by Smith and Lindley,) 1806-40. 

Sibylline Books, — [B C] — burnt at con- 
flagration of temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, 82 
— critical proceedings respecting the spurious, 
by Augustus, (742, a. it. c.) 12. 

Sicard, Roch Ambroise Cucurron, teacher 
of deaf mutes,— -b. near Toulouse, 20 Sep. 1742 
— succeeds the Abbe l'Epee, at Paris, 1789 — 
imprisoned, 26 Aug. 1792 — released, 4 Sep. 
1792 — Prof. Grammar, Normal School, 1795 
— member of Institute, 1796 — visits England, 
1815 — tf. at Paris, 10 May 1822. Cours d'in- 
struction d'un sourd-muet de naissance, 1800 — 
Theorie des signes pour V instruction des sourds 
muets, 1808. 

Sicilian Vespers, — insurrection at Palermo, 
massacre of the French, 30 Mar. 1282, which 
puts an end to Anjevinerule. [Procida, John 
of, Charles of Anjou.] 

Sicily, {Trinacria,) — [BC] — first Greek 
81 



1282 



SICILY— SICKINGEN. 



colony, (Naxos,) 753 a — unsuccessful invasion 
by Carthaginians, 480 s — ancient government 
reestablished in towns, 464^ — money system of, 
(01. 40, 50,) 620-580 — expedition of Athenians 
under Alkibiades, first campaign, mids. 415 — 
second campaign, spring 414 — Eurymedon 
takes supplies from Athens, Dec. 414 — third 
campaign, spring 41 3 — Demosthenes arrives in, 
sum. 413 — Athenians defeated through eclipse 
of the moon, 27 Aug. 413 — army flies, 4-5 Sep. 
— Nikias surrenders, 12-13 Sep.— Agrigentum 
besieged, Mar. or Apr. 406 — taken, Nov. or 
Dec. 406 — Carthaginian invasion and conquest, 
409-405 — Dion lands in, Sep. 357 — expedition 
of Timoleon, 344 — Agathocles king, 306 — first 
appearance of Romans in, 264, beginning of 
first Punic War : made a Roman province, (the 
first,) 241 — revolt, siege and capture of Syra- 
cuse by Marcellus, 214-212 — [Servile War] — 
administration regulated by Leges Rupilice, 131 
— occupied by Sex. Pompeius, 42 — [AD]— 
visited by Hadrian, 123 c — invaded by Genseric, 
440 d — again ravaged by Vandals, 462, 463, 
464 d — "Vandals driven out of, by Marcellinus, 
464 d — conquered by Theodoric, 480 — occupied 
by Belisarius for Justinian, 535 d — revolt of 
Mecesius, (Mecentius,) 668 — suppressed by 
Constantine IV., 669 — revolt of Euphemius, 
about 826 e — Saracens, invited by him, com- 
mence conquest of, 827 f — storm Syracuse, 878 
— Emirate of, made hereditary in house of 
Hassan the Kelbite, 948 f — expulsion of Greeks 
from their last stronghold, Tauromenium, 962 
— expedition sent by Nieephorus Phocas to re- 
conquer, his army defeated, 964 — revolt against 
Emir, followed by anarchy, 1035 — in great 
part conquered by Maniaces, aided by North- 
men, 1038s — recovered by Saracens, 1040 s — 
investiture of, given to Robert Guiscard, by 
Pope Nicholas II., 1060 — Norman conquest of, 
commenced, 1061 — completed, by Roger Guis- 
card, 1090 — erected into a kingdom by Count 
Roger II., 11 30, who is crowned at Palermo, 
as Roger I., Christmas 11 30 — part of the 
Abruzzo acquired, 1140 — William I., the Bad, 
(son,) succeeds, 1154 — William II., the Good, 
(son,) 1 166 — Tancred, {grandson of King 
Roger,) elected in opposition to Henry, king of 
the Romans, 1189 — [Henry VI., Emperor] — 
William III., (son,) under regency of his 
mother, Sibylla, n 94 — deposed and succeeded 
by Henry I., (VI., Emperor,) Oct. 11 94 — 
Frederick {Roger) I., (son,) 1197 — [Frede- 
rick II., Emperor] — the kingdom given to 
Empress Constance by Innocent III., 11 98 — 
invaded by Markwald, 1199 — rebellion in, 
1232 — Saracen revolt in, Jul. 1246 — attacked 
by Innocent IV., 1249 — Conrad I., (son,) 
1250 — [Conrad IV., Emperor] — Conrad II., 
{C'onradin,) (son,) 1254, under regency of 
Manfred, who succeeds him, Aug. 1258 — 
Charles I., Count of Anjou, Jun. 1266 — 
Sicilian Vespers, 1282 — separation from Na- 
ples, and the crown given to Peter I., [Pedro 
III. of Aragon] Sep. 1282 — interdict laid on 
the kingdom by Martin IV., 1283— James, 
(son,) 1285— [James II., of Aragon]— Frede- 
rick II., (brother,) 1296— Peter II., (son,) t)., 



1305 — associated in the government, 1321 — 
interdict laid on the kingdom by John XXII., 
1321 — succeeds his father, 1337 — the interdict 
raised, 1338 — rj., 8 Aug. 1342 — Louis, (son,) 
fi., 1338 — succeeds under regency of Prince 
John, his uncle, 1342 — concludes treaty of 
peace with Joanna of Naples, 4 Nov. 1347 — 
death of Prince John, Apr. 1348 — tr., Oct. or 
Nov. 1355— Frederick III., (brother,) 1355 — 
Maria (daughter) succeeds under regency of 
Artale d'Alagon, 1377 — carried off to Barce- 
lona by order of Pedro IV. "of Aragon, 1379 — 
marries her cousin Martin, who takes title of 
King, 1 39 1 — they arrive in the island, Mar. 
1392 — revolt, 1392 — on death of Maria, 25 
May 1402, Martin alone : marries Blanche 
of Naples, 1403 — suppresses rebellion in Sar- 
dinia, 1409 — tf., 25 Jul. 1409 — annexed to 
Crown of Aragon, under Martin II. , 1409 — 
viceroys first appointed by Alfonso the Mag- 
nanimous, 1420 — united with Naples, 1435 — 
again separate under John II. of Aragon, 1458 
— revolt against the viceroy, Mar. 15 16 — great 
earthquakes in, Jan. 1693 — the kingdom given 
up to Victor Amadeus, Duke of Savoy, by Phi- 
lip V., by Treaty of Utrecht, 17 13 — taken from 
him by Spaniards, Jul. to Aug. 17 18 — assigned 
with Naples to the Emperor Charles VI. by 
Triple Alliance, 17 18 — conquered by Don 
Carlos, 1734 — [Two Sicilies] — separated from 
Naples, 1806-15 — new liberal constitution pro- 
claimed, 1 812 — abolished, Jul. 18 14 — demands 
separate parliament, insurrection suppressed, 
Jul. 1820 — another insurrection, 183 1-2 — 
ravaged by cholera, Jan. to Oct. 1837 — revolts, 
the viceroy deposed, 1837 — the revolt sup- 
pressed ; separate administration abolished, de- 
clared a province of Naples, 31 Oct. 1837 — 
visited by Eerdinand II., who dissolves courts- 
martial, Mar. 1838 — insurrection breaks out 
at Messina, 6 Jan. 1848 — provisional govern- 
ment established at Palermo, 15 Jan. — con- 
stitution granted, 10 Feb. — the king deposed, 
15 Apr. — constitution adopted, 10 Jul. — Duke 
of Genoa invited to be king, 1 1 Jul.— recon- 
quest of, commenced by General Filangieri, 
capture of Messina, 7 Sep. — ultimatum of the 
king offered, 28 Eeb. 1849, with large conces- 
sions : ultimatum rejected by the parliament, 9 
Mar. — fighting renewed : lines of Taormino 
taken, 2 Apr. — fall of Catania, 6 Apr. — sur- 
render of Palermo, 23 Apr. — annexed to king- 
dom of Italy, 1 860 — [Garibaldi] — Royal Lieu- 
tenancy in, abolished by decree of 10 Jan. 
1862 — declared in state of siege, 21 Aug. 1862 
— disturbances in, 16 Sep. 1866 — suppressed, 
20 Sep. 

a Smith's Diet. b Miiller. c Meriyale. 

d Clinton. e Engl. Cyc. f Kington. S Finlay. 

Sickingen, Franz von, military commander, 
— fc. at the Castle of Ebernburg, (Baden,) 1 
Mar. 148 1 — besieges Worms and concludes 
treaty with it, 15 15 — invades Lorraine, May 
15 1 6 — enters service of Francis I. of France, 
about 15 1 6 — besieges Metz, 15 18 — enters 
service of Charles of Austria, 15 18— commands 
army of Suabian League against Duke Ulrich 
of Wurtemberg, 15 19 — promotes election of 



SICYON— SIENA. 



1283 



Charles V., 1520 — invades France, 1521 — con- 
vokes "assembly of knights at Landau, and is 
appointed head of their league, 1522 — makes 
war on Abp of Treves, 1522 — ft. at siege of his 
Castle of Neustall, 7 May 1523. 

Sicyon, (Sikyon,) — [BC] — Orthagoras 
tyrant, (01. 26,) 676-3 a — Andreas, (01. 33,) 
648, a 676 b — Cleisthenes, war with Argos, (01. 
45,) about 600 — death of Cleisthenes, about 
576 b — family of tyrants banished, (01. 51, 3,) 
574 a : — ancient constitution restored, (01. 65,) 
520-16 a — constitution made more oligarchical 
by Sparta, 41 8 a — Euphron makes it democratic, 
becomes tyrant, 369 a — overthrown by aristo- 
crats, made a timocracy, 368-5 a — Abantidas 
tyrant, 264 — freed by Aratus, after 50 years of 
tyrants, 251. a Miiller. b Smith's Diet. 

Siddons, Sarah, tragedian, — ft. at Brecon, 5 
Jul. 1755 — marries Mr Siddons, 26 Nov. 1773 
— appears at Drury Lane, 29 Dec. 1775 — 
quits the stage, 9 Jun. 181 8 — ft. in London, 8 
Jun. 1831. 

Side, Sida, in Pamphylia, — Council of, 
against Messalians, held, 391. 

Sideboard, (abacus,) — [BC] — for display of 
plate, introduced at Rome, 187. 

Sidi, Mohammed, Sultan of Morocco, — 
ft., about 1702— succeeds his father, Muley 
Abdallah, 1757 — founds Mogador, 1760 — con- 
cludes treaty of commerce with France, 1767 — 
besieges and takes Mazagran from Portuguese, 
1769 — unsuccessfully besieges Melilla, 1774 — 
concludes peace with Spain, 1780 — assists 
Spain during siege of Gibraltar, 1779-82 — 
makes peace with Dutch, 1778 — suppresses 
revolt of the troops, who proclaim his son 
Muley Yezid, end of 1778 — concludes treaties 
with England and Austria, 1783 — tf. at Rabat, 
11 Apr. 1783^ i79o. b 

a Encyc Mod. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Sidmouth, Henry Addington, Viscount, 
Prime Minister of England, — ft. at Read- 
ing, 30 May 1757 — enters Brasenose Coll. 
Oxford, Jan. 1774 — called to the bar, 11 May 
1784 — M.P. Devizes, 1784 — Speaker, May 
1789 — Chancellor of the Exchequer and First 
Lord of the Treasury, Mar. 1801 to 12 May 
1 804 — promotes Treaty of Amiens, 1S02 — Vis- 
count Sidmouth, 12 Jan. 1805 — Pres. Council, 
Jan. to Jul. 1805 — Lord Privy Seal, 4 Feb. 
1806 — Pres. Council again, Oct. 1806 to Mar. 
1807 and Apr. 181 2 — Secretary of State for 
Home Department, Jun. 1812-22 — ft. at Rich- 
mond, 15 Feb. 1844. 

Sidney, (Sydney,) Algernon, statesman, — ft. 
in London, probably about 1622 — serves under 
his brother in Ireland, 1641-2 — joins Parlia- 
mentary army, 1643 — wounded at Marston 
Moor, 1644 — Lieutenant-general of horse in 
Ireland, and Governor of Dublin, 1646 — M.P. 
Cardiff, 1646 — receives thanks of Commons, 
1647 — member of High Court of Justice for 
trial of Charles I., 1648 — member of Council 
of State, May 1659 — ambassador to Denmark, 
Jun. 1659 — at the Hague, 1665 — permitted to 
return home, 1677^ 1679 b — committed to the 
Tower as Ryehouse conspirator, Jun. 1683 — 
tried before Chief Justice Jeffreys, 21 Nov. 



1683 — beheaded in London, 7 Dec. 1683— his 
attainder reversed, 1689. Discourses on Go- 
vernment, 1698. a Pict. Hist. England. 
b Annals of England. 
Sidney, Sir Henry, statesman, — ft,, about 
1528— Knt, by Edward VI., 1549— ambassador 
to France, about 1550 — attends Edward VI. on 
his death-bed, 1553 — Vice-treasurer of Ireland, 
1555 — Lord President of Wales, 1560 — am- 
bassador to France and Scotland, 1563 — K.G., 
1564 — Lord Deputy of Ireland, 13 Oct. 1565, a 
7 Apr. 1567 b — again, 1575 and 1576 b — tr., 

1586. a Annals of England. b Biog. Brit. 

Sidney, Mary. [Pembroke, Countess of.] 
Sidney, Sir Philip, knight, poet, — ft. at 
Penshurst, Kent, 29 Nov. 1554 — enters Christ 
Church, Oxford, 1569 — visits Paris, Aug. 1572 
— travels on the Continent, 1572 to May 1575 
— ambassador to Vienna, 1576 — withdraws from 
Court, 1580 — marries daughter of Sir Francis 
AValsingham, 1583 — Knt, 13 Jan. 1583 — with 
Drake, projects expedition against Spaniards in 
America, but is prohibited from going by 
Queen Elizabeth, 1585 — Governor of Flushing, 
1585 — takes Axel, Jul. 1586 — saves the army 
at Gravelines, 1586 — wounded at battle of 
Zutphen, 22 Sep. 1586— ft. at Arnheim, 7 Oct. 
1586 — buried in St Paul's, London, 16 Feb. 

1587. Arcadia, 1590 — Defence of Poesie, 1595. 
Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, — founded 

by Lady Frances Sidney, 1598. 

Sidon, Zidon, (Saide,) in Syria, — [BC] — 
important commercial city, as early as 1444 ? — 
furnishes ships to Xerxes, 480— joins in revolt 
against Artaxerxes Ochus, and is betrayed to 
him by King Tennes and burnt by citizens, 35 1 
— submits to Alexander, 333 — on his death as- 
signed to Ptolemy, 323 — [AD] — besieged by 
Crusaders, 1107 — taken by Baldwin, 19 Dec. 
1 1 10 — taken by Saracens, 11 87 — retaken by 
Christians, 1197 — given up to Frederick II., 
1229 — plundered and destroyed by Saracens, 
1253 — again destroyed by Saracens, 1291 — 
bombarded by allied fleets of England, Austria, 
and Turkey, under Admiral Napier, 28 Sep. 
1840. 

Sidonius Apollinaris, C. Sollius, (Modes- 
tus,) poet, — ft. at Lugdunum, about 431 — ac- 
companies his father-in-law Avitus to Rome, 
456 — Senator and Prefect of the city, 456 — 
Comes, by Majorianus, 458 — at Arelate, 461 — 
ambassador from the Arverni to Anthemius, 
467 — Patrician and Prefect of the city, 468 — 
Bp of Clermont, after 46 8, a 472 b — o\, 21 Aug. 
482 or 484. Panegyricus Avito, 456 — Pane- 
gyricus Majoriano, 458 — Panegyricus An- 
themio, 468. 

a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. 

Siegen, Ludwig von, inventor of mezzotint 
engraving, — ft. at Utrecht, 1609 — publishes his 
invention, 1642 — explains it to Prince Rupert, 
at Cologne, 1654— living, 1675. 

Siegfried, Thomas Rudolph, Orientalist, — 
ft. at Dessau, 1830— comes to England, 1852 
— Assistant-librarian, Trin. Coll. Dublin, 1854 
—lecturer on Sanscrit, 1858 — title changed to 
Prof., 1862— tf. at Dublin, 10 Jan. 1863. 

Siena, (Sena Julia.) in Tuscany, — seat of a 



I2S4 



SIENA— SIGISMUND I. 



bishopric, before 600— aids Frederick II. at 
siege of Brescia, 1238 a — visited by Mm, Jan. 
1240 — receives exiled Gbibellines of Florence, 
1258 — takes part in victory of Farinati degli 
TJberti over Guelfs at Monte Aperto, 4 Sep. 
1260 — under lordship of Charles of Anjou, 
becomes member of Guelfic League, 1270 b — 
allied with Florence against the Visconti of 
Milan, 1351 — supreme power assumed by Em- 
peror Charles IV., 1368 — places itself under 
protection of Giovanni Galeazzo of Milan, 
1^0 — submits entirely to him, 1400— -visited 
by Emperor Sigismund, 1432 — see raised to 
archbishopric by Pius II., 1459 b — visited by 
Pius II., 1460 — restoration of aristocratic 
government under Petrucci, 1487 b — occupied 
by French, 1493 — Spanish garrison placedin, 
by Charles Y., 1547 — expels them, and receives 
French garrison, 1552 — attacked by Imperial- 
ists and Duke Cosmo of Florence, 1554— ca- 
pitulates, 22 Apr. 1555 — given to Cosmo, 
forms part of Tuscany, 1557 — held by the 
French, 1808-14. Cathedral, commenced, 1243.* 
University, founded, 1330. Councils of for 
election of Pope Nicholas II., held, 28 Dep. 
1058 ; against heretics, transferred from Pa via 
to, 22 Jun. 1423 ; opens, 22 Aug. ; dissolved, 
26 Feb. 1424. a Kington. b Meyer, Conv.-Lex. 
Siena, Guido da, painter, — S., 1221. 
Siena, Matteo di Giovanni da, painter, — 
fl., 1462-91. 

Siena, Ugolino da, painter, — tf. at Siena, 
1339. 

Sierra Leone, in Africa, — ceded to Great 
Britain, and colony of free negroes settled in, 
1787 — establishment of colony provided for by 
Act 31 Geo. III. c. 55, 1791 — Company, 
chartered, 17 91 — granted to the Company by 
letters-patent, 1800 — restored to the Crown, 
by Act 47 Geo. III. s. 2, c. U, 8 Aug. 1807— 
territory increased, 18 18 — again, 1862 — go- 
vernment remodelled by Charter of 27 May 
1863— forms part of West Africa Settlements, 
Feb. 1866. 

Sievershausen,— Maurice, Elector of Saxony, 
defeats Albert, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ba- 
reuth, and is mortally wounded, 9 Jul. 1553. 

Sieyes, Emmanuel Joseph, Count, states- 
man, — b. at Frejus, 3 May 1748— member of 
Provincial Assembly of Orleans, 1787— deputy 
for Paris to States-General, May 1789 — pro- 
motes constitution of National Assembly, 16 
Jun. 1789 — Pres., 8 Jun. 1790 — member of 
Convention, 1792 — of Committee of Public 
Safety, 5 Mar. 1795 — with Rewbell, negotiates 
treaty of peace with Holland, May 1795 — 
member of Council of Five Hundred, Oct. 1795 
— attempt to assassinate him, 12 Apr. 1797 — 
Pres. Assembly, 22 Nov. 1797 — envoy to 
Berlin, 10 May 1798 — member of the Direct- 
ory, 16 May 1799 — Pres., 19 Jun. — Consul, 
(18 Brumaire,) 9 Nov. to 24 Dec. 1799 — Se- 
nator, 31 Dec. 1799 — member of French 
Academy, 1804 — Grand Officer of Legion of 
Honour, 1804— Count of the Empire, 1808 — 
Peer, by Napoleon, Mar. 18 15 — exiled, 18 16 
— returns, 1830 — tf. at Pai'is, 20 Jun. 1836. 
Qu'est-ce que le Tiers Etat, Jan. 1789. 



Sigebert. [Anstrasia, East Anglia, and 
Wessex.] 

Sigeium, — [3 C] — Pittacos and Phrynon 
contend for, Periander decides disputes be- 
tween them, (01. 43, 2,) 6o7. a a Muller. 

Sigerid, Sighard, Sighere. [See East 
Anglia.] 

Sigismund, Emperor of the Eomans, — 
u., 28 Jun., a 14 Feb. b 1368 — succeeds his 
father, Charles IV., as Margrave of Branden- 
burg, 1378 — visits Poland, 1383 — marries 
Maria of Hungary, at Stuhlweissenberg, spring 
1386 — crowned King of Hungary, 10 Jun. 
1386 — reduces Wallachia, 1387 — on death of 
his queen, his claim to the crown unsuccess- 
fully disputed by Ladislaus Y. of Poland, 1392 
— suppresses another rebellion in Wallachia, 
1393 — routed by Turks, 1393 — obtains suc- 
cours of France and England, 1396 — takes 
direction of crusade, and is defeated at Nicopo- 
lis, 28 Sep. 1396 — leads a wandering life, and 
returns to his kingdom, about Mar. 1398 — 
imprisoned by his nobles, 28 Apr. 1401 — the 
crown given to Ladislaus of Naples, 1403 — ■ 
escapes to Bohemia, Aug. 1403 — restored, 1403 
— elected Emperor by one party, at Frankfort, 
20 Sep. 1410 — opposed by Jobst, Marquis of 
Moravia, Oct. — schism ends, Jan. 141 1 — re- 
elected unanimously, 21 Jul. 1411 — has 
conference with Pope John XXIII. at Lodi, 
Nov. 141 3 — concludes peace with Venice, 141 3 
— crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle, 8 Nov. 14 14 — 
sends safe-conduct to John Hus, for Council 
of Constance, Oct. 1414 — arrives at Constance, 
Christmas 1414 — his troops guard the gates : 
abandons John Hus, Jan. 1415 — [Hus, 
John, and Constance, Council of] — leaves 
Constance, 21 Jul. 1415 — has interview with 
Benedict XIII. at Perpignan, 1415 — negoti- 
ates at the same place with kings of Aragon, 
Castile, Navarre, and Portugal, respecting re- 
cognition of Council of Constance, 1415— visits 
Charles VI. at Paris, Mar. 1416 — visits Eng- 
land, and forms secret alliance with Henry V. 
against France, 141 6 — returns to Constance, 
17 Jan. 141 7 — succeeds his brother Wenceslaus 
as King of Bohemia, Aug. 141 9 — assembles 
Bohemian States, and receives submission of 
Prague, 15 Dec. 141 9 — [see Hussites] — 
crowned at Prague, Jul. 1420 — presides at 
Diet of Niirnberg, 143 1 — crowned with the 
Iron Crown at Milan, 25 Nov. 143 1 — crowned 
at Rome by Eugenius IV., 31 May 1433 — 
crowned at Prague, 1436 — fails in attempt to 
form a German Union, at Eger, 1437 b — ft. at 
Znaim, in Moravia, 9 Dec. 1437. 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 
c Engl. Cyc. 
Sigismund, King of Hungary and Bo- 
hemia. [Sigismund, Emperor.] 

Sigismund I., King of Poland, — fj.,i466, a 
1 Jan. 1467 b — elected to succeed his brother 
Alexander, as Duke of Lithuania, 20 Oct. 1506 
— proclaimed King of Poland, 8 Dec. 1506 b — 
crowned at Cracow, 24 Jan. 1507 — declares war 
on Russia, and defeats allied Russians and 
Tatars at Orsza, 14 Jul. 1508 — is compelled to 
make peace, 1509 — declines proposal of Pope 



SIGISMTJND II.— SILANUS. 



285 



Julius II. to head league against Turks, about 
15 1 1 — again makes war on Russia, 15 12 — 
loses Smolensko to tlie Czar, 15 14 — has fruit- 
less conference with Emperor Maximilian at 
Yienna, 15 15 — marries Bona Sforza, 1518 — 
truce for five years agreed to, 1523 — creates 
Albert of Brandenburg hereditary Duke of 
Prussia under suzerainty of Poland, 1525 — his 
general defeats "Wallachians, 153 1 — lj. at Cra- 
cow, 1 Apr. 1548. 

a Engl. Cj'c. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Sigismund II. Augustus, King op Poland, 
— ft. at Cracow, 1 Aug. 1520 a — designated 
successor to his father, 1530 b — marries Eliza- 
beth, daughter of Emperor Ferdinand I., 1543 
— loses his wife, 1545 — secretly marries Barbe 
Eadziwil, 1546° — succeeds his father, 1548 — 
refuses to dissolve the marriage, declared null 
by the Diet, 1550 — has Barbe crowned, 9 Dec. 
I 55° c — l° ses hi s queen, 12 May 1551 — mar- 
ries Catherine of Austria, widow of Duke of 
Mantua, 1553 — makes war on Eivonia, 1556 
— obtains cession of Livonia, 156 1 — refuses to 
give his daughter in marriage to- the Czar, 
war with Russia renewed, 1563 — procures 
abolition of religious restrictions on admission 
to dignities and offices of state, at Diet of 
"Wilna, 1563 — gets the privilege confirmed by 
Diets of Grodno, 1568, and Wilna, 1569 — re- 
unites Lithuania to Poland, 1569 — concludes 
truce of three years with Russia, 157 1— ft., 7, a 
18 c Jul. 1572. a Biog. Univ. 

b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Sigismund III., King of Poland. [Sigis- 
inund, King of Sweden.] 

Sigismund, King of Sweden, — h. at Stocks 
holm, 20 Jun. 1566 — succeeds Stephen Bathori 
as King of Poland, 9 Aug. 1587 — crowned at 
Cracow, 27 Dec. — his rival, Archduke Maxi- 
milian, defeated and captured, Jan. 1588 — 
liberates him, Jul. 1589 — marries Anne of 
Austria, 21 May 1592 — succeeds his father, 
John III., as King of Sweden, 17 Nov. 1592 — 
crowned at Epsala, 19 Feb. 1594 — loses his 
queen, 10 Feb. 1598 — deposed by States of 
Sweden, 6 Feb. 1604 — marries Constance, his 
sister-in-law, by dispensation of Clement VIII., 
4 Dec. 1605 — conquers Severia, 1609 — the 
crown of Russia offered to his son Vladislans, 
1 6 10 — besieges Smolensko, 16 10 — takes it, 13 
Jul. 161 1 — carries on war with Turkey, 1621 
— concludes peace and gives up Choczim, 9 Oct. 
1 62 1 — war with Sweden renewed, 1625 — re- 
jects truce offered by Gustavus Adolphus, 1629 
— concludes truce, 1632 — fr. near Warsaw, 29 
Apr. 1632. 

Sigisvultus, (Segisvuldus,) — Consul with 
Aetius, (1190, a. u. c.) 437. 

Signorelli, Luca, {Luca da Cortona,) paint- 
er, — ft. at Cortona, 1439,* I 44°» b about 1441° 
— begins to distinguish himself, 1472 — called 
to Rome by Sixtus IV., 1478 — at Cortona, 
1484 c — one of the chief magistrates of Cortona, 
1488 — travels, 1497 — employed in the Vatican 
by Julius II., 1508 — ft. at Arezzo, i52i, ab 
about 1524.° School of Pan ? before 1500 — 
Frescoes in the Cathedral of Orvieto, 1499- 1504 
— Altar-piece of San? Onofrio, Perugia, 1484 



—Adoration of the Magi, Citta di Castelle, 
1496 C —Pietd, Cortona, 1502 — Descent from the 
Cross, La Fratta, 1515.° a Engl. Cyc. 

b Biog. Univ. c Crowe and Cavalcaselle. 

Signorelli, Pietro Napoli, litterateur,— h. 
at Naples, i 7 3i_g es to Madrid, 1765— re- 
turns to Naples, 1783— Secretary to Royal 
Academy, 1784— fc. at Naples, 1 Apr. 18 15. 
Storia Critica de' theatri, i-m—Vicende delta 
coltura nelle Due Sicilie, 1784-6— Opuscoli, 
J 79 2 -5- 

Sigonio, Carolo, classical scholar, — fc. at 
Modena, about 1520^ 1524 b — Prof. Greek 
Literature there, 1546— Prof. Belles Lettres, 
Venice, 1552— Prof. Eloquence, Padua, 1560 
— Prof, at Bologna, 1563 — visits Gregory 
XIII. at Rome, 1579— 53. at Modena, 12 Aug. 
1584. Opera, 1732-7. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Sigourney, Lydia Huntley, poetess, §c.,— b. 
m Connecticut, TJ. S., 1791— marries Mr Si- 
gourney, 181 9— U. at Hartford, Conn., 11 Jun. 
1865. 

Sigurd. [Denmark and Norway.] 

Sihtric. [Northumbria.] 

Sikhs, in Hindustan, — [Nanek]— persecuted 
by Mohammedans and their chief put to death, 
1606 — form religious and military common- 
wealth under Guru Govind, 1675 — under 
Bandu ravage the Punjab and occupy Sirhind, 
1709 — driven into the hills by Bahadur, 17 10 
— renew their devastations under Bandu, are 
defeated and nearly extirpated, 17 16 — invade 
the Punjab, 1764 — conquer the Punjab, under 
Runjeet Singh, 1794-1805 — begin to pass the 
Sutlej, 11 Dec. 1845 — battle of Moodkee, 18 
Dec. — battle of Ferozeshah, 21-22 Dec. — 
battle of Aliwal, 28 Jan. 1846— battle of So- 
braon, 10 Feb. — murder Mr Vans Agnew and 
Lieut. Anderson, 20 Apr. 1848 — defeated by 
Lieut. Edwardes at Kennyree, 1 8 Jun. — again, 
1 Jul. — unsuccessful siege of Mooltan by 
British, Jul. to Aug. — Sheve Sing deserts to 
them, Sep. — defeated by Thackwell at Rham- 
nuggur, 2 Nov. — and again, near Vizierabad, 3 
Dec. — capture of Mooltan, 2 Jan. 1849 — battle 
of Chillian wallah, 13 Jan. — total rout of, by 
General Gough, at G-oojerat, 21 Feb. — surren- 
der of the chiefs, 14 Mar. [Punjab.] 

Silanion, statuary in bronze, — [3 C] — {{., 
about (01. 114) 324^ a Pliny. 

Silanus, Appius Junius, — Consul with P. 
Silius Nerva, (781, a. u. c.) 2S. 

Silanus, A. Licinius Nerva, — Consul with 
Q. Caecilius Metellus, (760, a. u. c.) 7. 

Silanus, C. Junius, — [BC]— (1.) Consul 
with C. Furnius, (737, a. tj. c.) 17. [AD] 
—(2.) Consul vriik P. Corn. Dolabella, (763,) 
10. 

Silanus, D. Junius, — [B C] — Consul with L. 
Licinius Murena, (692, a. u. c.) 62 — Lex 
Licinia Julia. 

Silanus, Duilius, a (J/". Servilius,^) — Consul 
LJ. with C. Allius Fuscianus, (941, a. v. c.) 
188. a Clinton. b Zumpt. 

Silanus, Junius and Q. Servilius, Consuls, 
(942, A. U. c.) 189. a a Zumpt. 

Silanus, M. Junius,— [BC]— (1.) Defends 



;S6 



SLLCHESTER— SILVESTER II. 



Neapolis against Hannibal, 216 — praetor in 
Etruria, 212 — serves in Spain under Scipio, 
210— defeats Hanno and Mago, 207 — killed in 
battle with Boii, 196. (2.) Consul with Q. 
Cfficilius Metellus, (645, a. u. c.) 109 — defeat- 
ed by Cimbri : accused by Cn. Domitius Aheno- 
barbus, 104, and acquitted. (3.) Legatus to 
Caesar in Gaul, 53 — supports Antony in Gaul, 
43 — Consul with Augustus, 25. (4.) — [AD]— 
Consul with L. Norbanus, (772,) 19 — his 
daughter marries C. Caesar, 33. (5.) Consul 
with Valerius Asiaticus, (800,) 46— proconsul 
in Asia, 54 — poisoned by Agrippina. 

Silchester, in Hampshire, — excavations 
begun, autumn 1864. 

Silesia, — occupied by Slavic tribes, about 
550 — Christianity introduced, 965— given to 
sons of Ladislaus II. by Boleslaus IV., 1163 — 
divided into Upper and Lower, 1201 — annexed 
to Bohemia, 1357 — submits to Ferdinand I. as 
King of Bohemia, 1526 — agreement for mutual 
succession between Duke of Liegnitz and Elect- 
or of Brandenburg, signed, 1537— invaded by 
Frederick II. of Prussia, 1740 — ceded to him 
by Maria Theresa, 1742 — second Silesian war, 
1744-5 — devastated in Seven Years' War, 
1756-63 — finally ceded to Prussia, by Peace of 
Hubertsburg, 1763. 

Silicon, — elementary body, obtained in 
separate form, 1823. 

Silistria, in Turkey, — John Zimisces defeats 
Russians under Swiatoslav, 971 — burnt by 
Turks, 1595 — burnt by Radul Weyda, 1603 — 
unsuccessfully attacked by Russians, 10 Jun. 
1773 — again, 1779 — Russians defeated near, 22 
Oct. 1 809 — citadel capitulates to them, 1 1 Jun. 
1 8 10 — unsuccessfully besieged by Russians, 21 
Jul. to 10 Nov. 1828 — stormed by Diebitsch, 
30 Jun. 1829— evacuated by Russians, 11 Sep. 
1830 — newly fortified, 1849 — fortifications 
strengthened, 1853 — invested by Russians, 17 
May 1854 — successfully defended by Captain 
Butler and Lieut. Nasmyth, and the siege raised, 
15 Jun. 

Silius Italicus, C, epic poet, — ft., about 25 
— Consul with M. Galerius Trachalus, (821, 
a. u. c.) 68 — proconsul in Asia, after 69 — 
starves himself to death, after or about 100. 

Silius (Silianus, Syllanus) Nerva, P ., — 
Consul with C. Julius Atticus Vestinus, (8T8, 
a. u. c.) 6^. 

Silk, — [BC] — manufactured at Cos, about 
350— silken flags used in the Parthian army, 
54 — [A D] — use of, prohibited to men by 
Roman Senate, about 15 — mentioned by Galen, 
173 — in general use at Rome, 370 — manu- 
facture of, introduced at Constantinople, by 
Justinian, about 55o, a 530 b — in Sicily, by 
King Roger, about 1150 — in France, about 
1466 — in Louisiana, 17 18. In England, silk- 
throwsters form a fellowship, 1562 — breeding 
of silkworms recommended by James I., 1608 
— broad silk manufacture introduced, 1620 — 
silkthrowsters incorporated, 1629 — importation 
of, prohibited by Acts 9 and 10 Wm III. c. 
43, 1698; 1 Ann. st. 1, cc. 27, 28, 1701 ; 5 
Ann. c. 20, 1706 ; 3 Geo. III. c. 21, 1762, and 
5 Goo. 111. c. 48, 1765 — permitted and regu- 



lated by Acts 4 and 5 Geo. IV. c. 21, 1824 ; 7 
Geo. IV. c. 53, 1826, and other Acts— further 
regulated by 16 and 17 Vic. c. 107, s. 44, 20 
Aug. 1853. Wages of Weavers regulated by 
Spitalfields Act, 13 Geo. III. c. 68, 1773, 
and Act 51 Geo. III. c. 7, 22 Mar. 181 1 — re- 
pealed by Act 4 and 5 Geo. IV. c. 66, 1824. 

a Brande and Cox's Diet. b Smith's Diet. 

Sillery, Nicolas Brulart, Marquis de, 
Chancellor of France, — ft. at Sillery, in 
Champagne, 1544 — ambassador to king of 
Navarre, 1585 — to the Swiss, 1589 and 1593, a 
1595 b — Pres. of the parliament of Paris, 1595 
— plenipotentiary to Vervins, concludes peace 
with Spain and Savoy, 1598 — at Rome, nego- 
tiates divorce of Henry IV. and Margaret of 
Valois, and at Florence, marriage of Henry 
with Mary of Medici, 1599 — Keeper of the 
Seals, end of 1604 — Chancellor of Navarre, 
1605 — Chancellor of France, 10 Sep. 1607 to 
May 1616 — again, 23 Jan. 1623 to 2 Jan. 1624 
— tf. at Sillery, 1 Oct. 1624. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Silliman, Benjamin, chemist, geologist, — ft. 
in Connecticut, U. S., 8 Aug. 1779 — graduates 
at Yale Coll., 1796 — tutor, 1799 — Prof. 
Chemistry and Geology, 1 804 — visits England 
and studies at Edinburgh Univ., 1805-6 — 
originates American Journal of Science and 
Arts, 1 81 8— again visits Europe, 1851 — Em- 
eritus Prof., Yale Coll., 1853 — if. at Newhaven, 
Conn., 24 Nov. 1864. Chemistry, 1830. 

Silo, Q. Pompaedius, — [BC] — leader of 
Marsi in Social "War, 91 — defeated and killed 
by Metellus Pius, 88. 

Silurian System, in Geology, — investigation 
of, by Murchison, commenced, 1831. 

Silva. [Figueroa.] 

Silvani, Gherardo, architect, — ft. at Florence, 
1579 — a", there, 1675. 

Silvanus, usurper, Emperor, — deserts to 
Constantius from Magnentius,- Sep. 35 1 — 
quells insurrection of barbarians, 355 — accused 
of usurpation and acquitted, usurps, end of Jul. 
355— kiUed, end of Aug. 355. 

Silvanus, M. Ceionius, — Consul with C. 
Serius Augurinus, (909, a. u. c.) 156. 

Silvanus, M. Plautius, — [B C] — Consul with 
Augustus, (752, a. u. c.) 2. 

Silver, — [BC]— large coins first struck in, 
at Syracuse, (Demaretia,) about 480 — first 
coined at Rome, 269. 

Silverius, Pope, — elected to succeed Aga- 
petus, by command of Theodotus, Jun. 536 — 
deprived and degraded by Belisarius, Nov. 537 
— appeals to Justinian and is sent back to 
Rome, 538 — given up to his rival Vigilius and 
banished to Pandataria; fr. there, Jun. 538. 

Silvester, St, Bp of Rome, — succeeds 
Miltiades, 31 Jan. 314 — sends deputies to 
Council of Nicsea, 325 — tr. at Rome, 31 Dec. 

335- 

Silvester II., Pope, (Gerbert,) — Abbot of 
Bobbio, by Otto II., before 970 — Abp of 
Rheims, 992 — deposed by John XVI., 995 — ■ 
reinstated by Gregory V., 997 — Abp of Ra- 
venna, 999 — succeeds Gregory V., 2 Apr. 999 
— U. at Rome, 11 May 1003. 



SILVESTER III.— SINCLAIR. 



1287 



Silvester III., Pope, {John, Bp of Sabina,) 
— elected on deposition of Benedict IX , Jan., a 
May b 1044 — deposed, about Apr. a 1044. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Silvester IV., Antipope, (Maginolfo,) — 
elected in opposition to Pascal II. and driven 
away the day after, 1106. 

Silvestre, Israel, engraver,— ft. at Nancy, 
15 Aug. 1621 — draughtsman and engraver to 
Louis XIV., 1662 — Associate of Academy, 
1666 — member, 6 Dec. 1670 — If. at Paris, 11 
Oct. 1691. 

Silvestro, Don, painter, — living at Florence, 
1410. 

Silvia, asteroid, — discovered by Pogson, 16 
May 1866. 

Silvio, Domenico, Doge of Venice, — suc- 
ceeds Domenico Contareno, 107 1 — his fleet sent 
to aid the Greeks defeated by Robert Guiscard, 
Nov. 1084 — deposed, 1084. 

Silvio Pellico. [Pellico.] 

Simeon, Charles, theologian, — ft. at Reading, 
1759 — enters King's Coll. Cambridge, 1776 — 
rector of Trinity Church, 1783 — &., 13 Nov. 
1836. Works, 1832. 

Simeon. [See Bulgarians, and Russia.] 

Simeon Stylites, St, pillar-saint, — ft. in 
Asia, about 390 — retires to his column, about 
423— tf., 459. 

Simeon of Durham, historian, — tr., probably 
about 1 1 30. 

Simmias, Socratic philosopher, — [B C] — fl. , 
after 400. 

Simnel, Lambert, impostor, — ft. at Oxford, 
about 1474 — professes himself to be Edward, 
Earl of Warwick, and is crowned as Edward 
VI. at Dublin, 2 May 1487 — defeated and taken 
prisoner by Henry IV. at Stoke, 16 Jun. 1487. 

Simon, of Thebes, theologian, — fl., about 
1 350-1400. 

Simon, of JEgina, statuary in bronze, — [B C] 
— fl., about (01. 76) 475. 

Simon, Richard, Orientalist, — ft. at Dieppe, 
13 May 1638 — enters Congregation of the 
Oratory, i659, a 1662 b — ordained priest, 1670 
— quits the Oratory, 1678 — settles at Paris, 
1682 — tf. at Dieppe, 11 Apr. 17 12. Uistoire 
critique du Vieux Testament, 1678 — Uistoire 
critique du Nouveau Testament, 1689 — Uistoire 
de Vorigine et des progres des revenus eccle'sias- 
tiques, 1684 — Uistoire critique des principaux 
commentateurs du Nouveau Testament, 1692 — 
Novorum Bibliorum Polyglottorum Synopsis, 
1684. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Simon Magus, — at Rome, about 50. 

Simon de Montfort. [Montfort.] 

Simonides, of Samos or Amorgos, poet, — 
[BCJ— fi., 693-662^ 66^. h 

a Hieron. b Euseb. 

Simonides, of Ceos, lyric poet, — [BC]- ft., 
(01. 56, 1,) 556 — conquers iEschylus in Mara- 
thon Ode, 489 — ode about Plataea, 479 — gains 
the prize in Chorus Virum, (01. 75, 4,) 477 
(476?)— tr., (01. 78, 2,) 467. 

Simonides, — [BC] — (1.) Archon at Athens, 
(01. 47, 2,) 491. (2.) Archon at Athens, (01. 
117, 2,) 311. 

Simonneau, Charles, engraver— h. at Or- 



leans, about i6 39 ,a ^56 b — admitted to Acade- 
my, 18 Jun. i 7 io b — tf. at Paris, 1728. 
a Biog. Univ. b Jal. 

Simonneau, Louis, engraver, — ft. at Orleans, 
1657— admitted to Academy, 29 May 1706 a — 
U. at Paris, 1738^ 1727^ a Jal. b Biog. Univ. 
Simony,— condemned by Council of Rome, 
Jan. 1047— by Council of Rheims, Oct. 1049 — 

practised secretly by Boniface IX., 1389-96 

organized and established by him, 1399 ~~ 
[Annates] — in JEnglish law, defined and pro- 
hibited by canon of 1229— by Acts 31 Eliz. 
c. 6, 1589 ; 12 Ann. st. 2, c. 12, 1713, and 44 
Geo. III. c. 43, 3 May 1803— further pro- 
visions respecting, by Acts 7 and 8 Geo. IV. c. 
25, 1 827, and 9 Geo. IV. c. 94, 28 Jul. 1828. 

Simplicius, Bp of Rome, — succeeds Hila- 
rius, 25 Feb. 468—0-., 27 Feb. 483. 

Simplicius, Neo-platonic philosopher, — after 
suppression of School of Athens goes to Court 
of Chosroes, about 532— returns to Greece, 
533 — Commentaries on Aristotle, Be Ccelo, not 
before 555 — de Phys. Auscult., 555-560. 

Simplon, The, Alpine Pass,— [BC] — battle 
between Romans and Kimbri, 109 — [AD] — 
combat between French and Austrians on, 
1799 — passage of, by French, May 1800— 
military road over, commenced by Napoleon I., 
1800 — completed, 1806 — sovereignty of, as- 
sumed by Napoleon I., Nov. 18 10— occupied 
by allies, Jan. 18 14. 

Simpson, Sir James Young, Bart., dis- 
coverer of Chloroform, — ft. in Scotland, 1811 — 
Prof. Midwifery, Edinburgh Univ., 1840 — 
discovers chloroform, 1847 — Pres. R.C.P., 1849 
— Pres. Medico-Chirurgical Society, 1852 — 
Foreign Associate of French Academy of Medi- 
cine, 1853 — receives the Montyon prize, 1856 
— proposes acupressure, 1864 — Bart., 1867 — 
Xf. at Edinburgh, 6 May 1869. 

Simpson, Thomas, mathematician, — ft. at 
Market-Bosworth, 20 Aug. 17 10 — settles in 
London, 1736 — Prof. Mathematics, R. M. 
Academy, Woolwich, 1743 — F.R.S., 1746 — tf. 
at Market-Bosworth, 14 May 1761. New 
Treatise of Fluxions, 1737 — Nature and Laws 
of Chance, 1740 — Doctrine and applications of 
Fluxions, 1750 — Mathematical Dissertations, 
1743 — Elements of Geometry, 1747 — Miscel- 
laneous Tracts, 1754. 

Simson, Robert, mathematician, — ft. in 
Scotland, Oct. 1687 — studies at Glasgow Univ., 
about 1 701 — Prof. Mathematics, Glasgow, 
1711-61 — tf., 1 Oct. 1768. The Loci plani of 
Apollonius restored, 1746 — edition of Euclid's 
Elements, 1756. 

Sinai, Desert of, — Ordnance survey of, ex- 
ecuted, 1868-9. 

Sinaitic Codex, of New Testament, — dis- 
covered in Convent of St Catherine, Mount 
Sinai, by Tischendorf, 1 844 — recovered by 
him, 1859 — acquired by Imperial Library, St 
Petersburg, 1868. 

Sinaitic Inscriptions,— observed by Cosmas 
Indicopleustes, about 525 — copied and pub- 
lished by Grey, 1832 — again copied and in- 
vestigated by Palmer, 1869. 

Sinclair, Catherine, miscellaneous writer t — 



1283 



SINCLAIR— SIROES. 



ft. at Edinburgh, 17 Apr. 1800 — U. in Loudon, 
9 Aug. 1864. Scotland and the Scots, and 
Shetland and the Shetlanders, 1859— Journey 
of Life, 1847— Memoirs of English Bible, 1858. 

Sinclair, George, mathematician, — Prof. 
Philosophy, Glasgow, 18 Apr. 1654 -deprived, 
1662— reinstated, 1689 — Prof. Mathematics, 
Mar. 1 69 1— tf., 1696. Ars nova et magna 
Gravitatis et Levitatis, 1669 — Satan's Invisible 
World discovered, 1685 — Hydrostaticlcs, 1672. 

Sinclair, Sir John, Bart., philanthropist, 
statistician, — ft. at Thurso Castle, 10 May 1754 
— Advocate, 1775 — M.P. Caithness, 1780 — 
called to the English bar, 1782— marries, 1783 
—Bart., 1786— visits Paris, 1785— travels in 
Europe, 1785-87— First Pres. Board of Agri- 
culture, 1793 — Privy Councillor, 1810 — ft. at 
Edinburgh, 21 Dec. 1835. Statistical Account 
of Scotland, 1798 — History of the Revenue of 
Great Britain, 1 803 — Code of Agriculture, 1 8 1 9 
— Code of Health and Longevity, 1807. 

Sinde, — [BC] — independent, but divided into 
4 principalities, 325 — [AD]— united under 
Raja Dahir, when invaded by Arabs under 
Casim, (92, a. h.) 711 — recovered by the Su- 
nieras, Rajputs, (132,) 750 — tributary to Mo- 
hammedans, Shahab u din, (575,) 1178 — 
with Moultan, independent under Nasir u din, 
(602,) 1206— attacked by Altamsh of Delhi, 
(614,) 1 2 17 — attacked by Kharismians, about 
1 2 1 7 ? — conquered by Jelal u din, jSTasir u din 
driven into Moultan, invaded by Moguls, (620,) 
1223 — conquered by Altamsh, Nasir u din 
drowned, (622,) 1225 — invaded by Firuz 
Toghlak, about 1361 — possessed by Arghuns, 
from after 1522 — attempts of Humayun on, 
1540-2 — conquered by Akber, (1000,) 1592 — 
conquered by Nadir Shah, 1739 — annexed to 
Afghan dominions, 1756 — conquered by Tah- 
poor tribe, 1779 — treaties with British con- 
cluded, 1809, 1820, 1832, and Apr. 1838 — 
annexed to British India, 1843. 

Sindia, {Scindia,) Dowlut Rao, Mahratta 
Prince, — ft., 178 1 — succeeds his grand-uncle, 
Madhajee, 1794 — defeats Jeswunt Rao Holkar 
and plunders Indore, 14 Oct. 1801 — defeated 
by Holkar, near Poona, 25 Oct. 1802 — carries 
on fruitless negotiations with British, 1803 — 
war commences, 3 Aug. 1803 — [Mahrattas] 
— tf., 21 Mar. 1827. 

Sindia, {Scindia,) Madhajee, Mahratta 
Prince, — ft., probably about 1743 — severely 
wounded at battle of Paniput, 1761 — takes 
part in invasion of Hindustan and expulsion of 
the Sikhs, 1770 — obtains possession of Delhi, 
177 1 — restores the Emperor Shah Alum, Dec. 
177 1 — ravages Rohilcund, 1772 and 1773 — 
cooperates against Ragoba, 1775-82 — defeated 
by Gen. Goddard, 3 Apr. 1780 — confirmed in 
his possessions, and recognised as independent 
prince by Treaty of Salbhye, 17 May 1782 — 
takes Gwalior, 1784 — again master of Delhi, 
takes Agra, 1785 — takes De Boigne into his 
service, about 1785 — conquers Joudpoor and 
Odeypoor, 1790, and Jypoor, about 1791 — re- 
turns to Poona, 1 79 1 — q\, 1794. 

Sines, {Versed Sines, Tangents,) — first used 
by Albateguius, about 880-900. 



Singapore, P. Indies, {Smghapura,) — taken 
by king of Java, and royal residence removed 
to Malacca, 1252 — annexed by sultan of Ja- 
hore, 1811 — British factory established, 1819 — 
purchased of sultan of Jahore by British, Aug. 
1824 — placed under government of Straits' 
Settlement, 1826 — with Malacca and Prince 
of Wales Island formed into separate govern- 
ment, 1 85 1. 

Singara. [See Sapor II.] 

Singleton, Henry, painter, — ft. in London, 
1766 — exhibits at Royal Academy, 1784 — 3j. in 
London, 15 Sep. 1839. 

Sinking Fund, in Great Britain, — for ex- 
tinction of National Debt, established by Wal- 
pole, 17 16 — Pitt's scheme introduced, Mar. 
1786-^established by Act 47 Geo. III. s. 1, c. 
55, 25 Apr. 1807 — new, established and re- 
gulated by Act 4 Geo. IV. c. 19, 26 Mar. 1823. 

Sinope, (Sinoub,) in Asia Minor, — [BC] — 
colonized by Ambron, Milesian, about 782 a — 
second colony, by Milesians, Coos, and Critines, 
629, 13 630,° 632 d — attempt of Mithridates IV. 
of Pontus on, 220 d — annexed to kingdom of 
Pontus by Pharnaces I., and made royal re- 
sidence, 183 d — made the capital, by Mithri- 
dates; attacked by Murena, 82 — taken by Lu- 
cullus, 72 — Roman colony, by Csesar, 45 — 
[AD] — included in empire of Trebizond, 1204 
— taken by Sultan Azeddin, 12 14 — by Ma- 
homet II., 146 1 — destroyed with Turkish fleet 
by Admiral Kachimoff, 30 Nov. 1853. 
a Clinton. b Euseb. c Hieron. d Smith's Diet. 

Sion College, London, — founded by "White, 
1623. 

Sirani, Elisabetta, painter, — ft. at Bologna, 
8 Jan. 1638— tf., 28 Aug. 1665. 

Sirani, Giovanni Andrea, painter, — ft. at 
Bologna, 4 Sep. 1610 — ft., 21 May 1670. 

Sirhind, in Hindustan, — founded, 1357 — 
Humayun defeats Secander Sur near, 1555 — 
pillaged and destroyed by Sikhs, 1707. 

Siri, Vittorio, historian, — ft. at Parma, 1608, a 
1625 b — enters Benedictine Order, 1625 — tf. at 
Paris, Almoner and Historiographer to Louis 
XIV., 6 Oct. 1685. II Mercurio, 1644-82— 
Memorie recondite del anno 1601 sino al 1640, 
1676-79. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Siricius, Bp of Rome, — ft. at Rome, 324— 
succeeds Damasus, 22 Dec. 384 — writes his let- 
ter to Himerus, Bp of Tarragona, 385 — con- 
demns Jovinian, 389 — tf. at Rome, 25 Nov. 

39 8 - 

Sirmium, [Illyricum] — visited by Julian, 
361 — recovered from Bulgarians by Theodo- 
ric, 504— demanded of Justin by Avars, 574— 
invested by Baian, Chagan of the Avars, 574 — 
surrenders, 577. Councils of, held by Arians 
against Photinus, who is deposed, 35 1 ; others, 

357 w 359» and 359- 

Sirmond, Jacques, Jesuit, — ft. at Riom, 22 
Oct. 1559 — enters the Order, 1576 — secretary 
to Father Aquaviva, at Rome, 1590 — returns 
to Paris, i6o6, a 1608 b — confessor to Louis 
XIII., 1637 — visits Rome, 1645 — tf. at Paris, 
7 Oct. 1 65 1. (Euvres, 1696. a Biog. Univ. 
b Engl. C)-c. and Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Siroes. [Persia.] 



SISENNA— SKIPPON. 



Sisenna, L. Corn., annalist, — [BC] — b., 
about 1 1 8-9 — praetor, 78 — legatus to Pompey 
in Pirate War, 67 — rj., about 67. 

Sisenna, Nunrmius, — Consul with Hiberus, 
(886, a. u. c.) 133. 

Sisinnius, Pope, — succeeds John VII., 18 
Jan. 708 — ft. at Eome, 7 Feb. 708. 

Sismondi, Jean Charles Leonard Simonde 
de, historian, — fa. at Geneva, 9 May 1773 — 
visits England, 1792, a Eeb. 1793 h — returns to 
Geneva, 1794 — visits Paris, 1 8 1 3 — marries, 
1 8 19 — foreign member of Institute, 1838 — 
member of Legion of Honour, 1841 — rj. at 
Geneva, 25 Jun. 1842. Republiques Italiennes, 
1807 — De la Litter ature da, Midi de V Europe, 
18 1 3 — Histoire des Francais, 1821-42 — Nou- 
veaux Principes d' Economic politique, 18 19 — 
Etudes des sciences sociales, 1836-38. 

a Biog. Univ. b Engl Cyc. 

Sisseck, in Croatia, — invested by Pasha of 
Bosnia, 9 Jun. 1593 — Archduke Ernest defeats 
him, 22 Jun. — admits the Turks, 24 Aug. 

Sisters of Charity, — Association of, insti- 
tuted by Vincent de Paul, 1634. 

Sistine Chapel. [Vatican.] 

Sistova, in Turkey, — Congress of, meets, 30 
Dec. 1790 — the Russians defeat the Turks 
near, 7 Sep. 18 10. Treaty of, between Austria 
and the Porte, concluded, 4 Aug. 1791. 

Sitalces, King of Thrace, — [BC] — con- 
cludes treaty with Athens, sum. 431 — marches 
against Perdiccas, late in 429 — defeated and 
killed by the Triballi, 424. 

Sitana, {Sittana,) in Hindustan, — Wahabee 
camp formed at, 1830 — destroyed and villages 
razed by Sir Sydney Cotton, 1*858. 

Sittius, P., "leader of mercenaries, — [B C] — 
goes to Spain, 64 — to Africa, 63 — joins Caesar, 
46 — killed by Arabio, 43 ? 

Sitvatorok, — Treaty of, between Emperor 
and Sultan, concluded, 11 Nov. 1606. 

Siward, Earl of Northtjmbhia, — murders 
Eadwulf and obtains earldom, 1041 a — assists in 
despoiling Queen Emma, Nov. 1043 a — called 
to aid Edward the Confessor against Earl God- 
wine, 105 1 — leads an army into Scotland and 
defeats Macbeth, 1054 — tf., early in 1055. a 
a Freeman. 

Sis, Jan, dramatist, — fi. at Amsterdam, 
1618 — tf., 1700. 

Six Acts, against seditious speaking, writ- 
ing, &c, — [Seditious Meetings,] — 60 Geo. 
III. cc. 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 18 19. 

' Six Articles,' [Bloody Statute,) — for abol- 
ishing diversity of opinions in certain Articles 
concerning Christian religion, 31 Plen. VIII. 
c. 14, 1539 — repealed by Act 1 Edw. VI. c. 12, 

1547- 

Six Clerks, in Chancery, — limited to that 
number, 1390 — permitted to marry, by Act 14 
and 15 Hen. VIII. c. 8, 1528 — office abolished 
by ordinance of Cromwell, 1654 — reestablished, 
1*660 — becomes a sinecure, 1693 — unsuccessful 
attempt to abolish, 1825 — abolished by Act 5 
Vic. c. 5, 5 Oct. 1 841. 

Six Principle Baptists, sect of, — originates 
in Bhode Island, U. S., 1665. 

Sixtus I., Bp of Eome, — succeeds Alexan- 



der, 119 — tf., about end of i27, a 6 Aug. 127. b 
a Muratori. b Nout. Biog. Gen. 

Sixtus II., Bp of Rome, — b. at Athens, 
about i8o a — succeeds Stephen, 24 Aug. 257 
— martyred at Borne, 6 Aug. 258, b 259.° 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. 
b Pagi and Art de Verifier les Dates. c Bianchini. 

Sixtus III., Bp of Bome, — while priest at 
Borne, subscribes decree against Pelagians, 418 
— succeeds Celestine L, 31 Jul. 432 — success- 
fully mediates between Cyrillus and John of 
Antioch ; tf. at Bome, 18 Aug. 440^ 
a Prosper. 

Sixtus IV., Pope, (Francesco d'Albescola 
della Rovere,) — b., 22 Jul. 1414* — succeeds 
Paul II., 9 Aug. 147 1— equips fleet against 
Turks, 1472 — sends his nephew Cardinal 
Julian to repress disturbances at Todi, 1474 — . 
grants indulgences for celebration of Feast of 
Immaculate Conception, by bull of 1 Mar. 
1476 — publishes bull for protection of English 
clergy against laity, 14 May 1476 b — confirms 
privileges of Oxford itniv. by bull of 13 Sep. 
1476 b — supports conspiracy of the Pazsi, 1478 
— equips another fleet against Turks, 1480 — in 
alliance with Venice carries on war with Duke 
of Ferrara, 1482— makes separate peace with 
the Duke, 12 Dec. 1482° — excommunicates 
Venetians, 24 May 1483 c — persecutes the 
Colonnas, 1484 — ft. at Bome, 13 Aug. 1484. 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Collier. c Sismondi. 

Sixtus V., Pope, (Felice Perretti,) — fi. in 
March of Ancona, 13 Dec. 152 1 — Prof. Canon 
Law, Bimini, 1544 — ordained priest, 1545 — 
goes to Bome, about 1560— Cardinal of Mont- 
alto, 1570 — succeeds Gregory XIII. , 24 Apr. 
1585 — consulted by Duke of Nevers, disap- 
proves the League, 1585 — excommunicates 
king of Navarre and prince of Conde, 10 Sep. 
1585 — publishes the bull Detestabilis, 21 Oct. 
1586 — lays interdict on England, and excom- 
municates Queen Elizabeth, 1588 — excom- 
municated by Bp of London, .1588 — "ft. at 
Bome, 27 Aug. 1590. 

Skefiington, Sir "William, — named Lord 
Deputy of Ireland, Aug. 1529 — again appoint- 
ed, 1534 — sets sail, 14 Oct. 1534 — arrives at 
Dublin, 21 Oct. — makes expedition to Drog- 
heda, Nov. — besieges Maynooth Castle, 14 Mar. 
1535 — bombards it, 17-22 Mar. — storms it, 23 
Mar. 

Skelton, John, poet, — h. in Cumberland or 
Norfolk, about 1460 ? — laureated at Oxford, 
about 1490 — ad eundem at Cambridge, 1493 — 
ordained priest, 1498 — tutor to Prince Henry, 
about 1498 (?) — tf. at Westminster, 21 Jun. 
1529. Works, 1568. 

Skinner, Stephen, philologist, — h. in or near 
London, 1623 — B.A. and M.A. Oxford, 1646 
— incorporated M.D. Oxford, 1656,3- 1654 b — 
tf. at Lincoln, 5 Sep. 1667. Eiymologicon Lin- 
guce Anglican^, 1671. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Chalmers. 

Skinners' Company, of London, — incorpor- 
ated by Edward ILL, 1327. 

Skippon, Philip, major-general, — commands 
city militia which reinstates Five Members, 
Jan. 1642 — surrenders to Charles I. in Corn- 



1290 



SKIPTON CASTLE— SLAVERY. 



•wall, 2 Sep. 1644 — Major-general in Fairfax's 
army, spring 1 645 —wounded at Naseby, 14 
Juu.' 1645 — appointed to convey money for the 
Scots to York, Jan. 1647 — again takes com- 
mand of city militia, May 1648 — member of 
Council of State, Jan. 1649— again, 1654— one 
of the major-generals, Aug. 1655 — one of 
Cromwell's peers, Jan. 1658. 

Skipton Castle, in Yorkshire, — built by 
Robert de Romille, about 1085 — invested by 
Parliamentary army, 1642 — surrenders, 22 Dec. 
1645 — dismantled, 1649. 

Slander. [Defamation.] 

Slave Trade, African,— commenced by Por- 
tuguese, 1444 — who import negroes to tbe 
West Indies, 1503 — sanctioned by Ferdinand 
tbe Catholic, 151 1 — engaged in by Sir John 
Hawkins, 1562— by Dutch, in Virginia, 1620 
—denounced by Penn, 166S — by Quakers in 
America, 1696— carried on by Assiento Com- 
pany, under Treaty of Utrecht, 17 13 — de- 
nounced by Quakers in London, 1727 — Gran- 
ville Sharp writes against, 1776 — petition of 
Quakers for abolition of, presented to British 
parliament, 17 Jun. 1783 — Society for sup- 
pression of, founded in London, 1787 — [see 
Clarkson, Thomas, and Wilberforce, William] 
—regulated by Act 28 Geo. III. c. 54, 1788— 
prohibited by State of Georgia, U.S., 1798 — 
abolition of, negatived by British parliament, 
Feb. 1 805 — prohibited in British conquered 
colonies by Order in Council, 1805 — resolution 
for gradual abolition of, passed bv parliament, 
1 806— abolished by Act 47 Geo. III. c. 36, 25 
Mar. 1807— by United States, 1808 — declared 
felony by Act 51 Geo. III. c. 23, 14 May 1811 
— abolished in France by decree of Napoleon 
I., 29 Mar. 1 8 15 — declaration of principal 
European Powers in favour of its abolition, 
signed, 8 Feb. 18 15, annexed to Treaty of 
Vienna, 9 Jun. 18 15 — French ceases, 181 9 — 
declared piracy by United States, 1820 — re- 
newed by Congress of Verona, 28 Nov. 1822 — 
Society for abolition of, founded in London, 
1823 — laws of Great Britain relating to, con- 
solidated, declared to be piracy and punishable 
capitally, by Act 5 Geo. IV. c. 113, 24 Jun. 
1824 — declared piracy by law of Venezuela, 
Feb. 1825 — declared piracy by Emperor of 
Brazil, 1850. 

Treaties between Great Britain and other 
Powers for suppression of : With France, ad- 
ditional articles to treaties of Paris, 30 May 
i8i4and 20 Nov. 1815 — convention of Paris, 
30 Nov. 1 83 1 — supplementary convention of 
Paris, 22 Mar. 1833— treaty of Paris, 20 Dec. 
1841, not ratified: convention of London, 29 
May 1845. With Spain, treaty of Madrid, 23 
Sep. 1817 — explanatory article, 10 Dec. 1822 
—Treaty of Madrid, 28 Jun. 1835. With 
Netherlands, treaty of London, 13 Aug. 18 14 — 
of the Hague, 4 May 181 8 — additional ar- 
ticles, at Brussels, 31 Dec. 1822, 25 Jan. 1823, 
and 7 Feb. 1837. With Denmark, treaty of 
Kiel, 14 Jan. 18 14 — of Copenhagen, 26 Jul. 
1834. With Portugal, treaty of Vienna, 22 
Jan. 1815— of London, 28 Jul*. 1817 — separate 
article signed, 11 Sep. 18 17— additional articles 



at Lisbon, 15 Mar. 1823 — treaty of Lisbon, 
3 Jul. 1842. With Sweden, treaty of Stock- 
holm, 6 Nov. 1824 — additional article, 15 Jun. 
1835. With Madagascar, treaty of Tamatave, 
23 Oct. 1817 — additional articles, 11 Oct. 1820. 
With Lnaum of Muscat, 10 Sep. 1822 — ad- 
ditional article, 17 Dec. 1839. With Brazil, 
treaty of Rio Janeiro, 23 Nov. 1826 — another, 
1845. With Sardinia, treaty of Turin, 8 Aug. 
1834 — additional article, 8 Dec. 1834. With 
Tuscany, convention of Florence, 24 Nov. 
1837. With Hanse Towns, convention of 
Hamburg, 9 Jun. 1837. With Two Sicilies, 
convention of Naples, 14 Feb. 1838. With 
Venezuela, treaty of Caracas, 15 Mar. 1839. 
With Chili, treaty of Santiago, 19 Jan. 1839. 
With Uruguay, treaty of Montevideo, 13 Jul. 
1839. With Argentine Confederation, treaty 
of Buenos Ayres, 24 May 1839. With FLayti, 
convention of Port-au-Prince, 23 Dec. 1839. 
With Bolivia, treaty of Sucre, 25 Sep. 1840. 
With Texas, treaty of London, 16 Nov. 1840. 
With Mexico, treaty of Mexico, 24 Feb. 1841. 
With Austria, Prussia, and Russia,, treaty of 
London, 20 Dec. 1841. With United States, 
Ashburton Treaty, 1842 — treaty of Washing- 
ton, 7 Apr. 1862 — carried into effect by Act 25 
and 26 Vic. c. 40, 17 Jul. 1862 — additional 
article, 17 Feb. 1863. 

Slavery, — in England, made punishment of 
vagabonds by Act 1 Edw. VI. c. 3, 1547 — re- 
pealed by Act 3 and 4 Edw. VI. c. 16, 1549 — 
declared illegal, 1772. In British Colonies, 
abolished by Act 3 and 4 Wm IV. c. 73, 28 
Aug. 1833 — further execution of Abolition Act 
provided for by 5 and 6 Wm IV. c. 45, 31 Aug. 
1835, and 6 and 7WmIV. c. 5, 18 Mar. 1836— 
compensation to owners, further regulated by 
Act 6 and 7 Wm IV. c. 82, 17 Aug. 1836— 
termination of apprenticeships provided for by 
Acts 1 and 2 Vic. c. 19, 11 Apr. 1838, and 4 
and 5 Vic. c. 18, 18 May 1841. In France, 
Negro, regulated by Black Code of Louis XIV., 
1685. In French Colonies, abolished by Na- 
tional Assembly, 15 May 17 91 — restored in all 
but Hayti by Napoleon L, 1804-14 — abolished 
by Provisional Government, 1848. In United 
States, Society for Abolition of, formed in Penn- 
sylvania, 1775 — abolished in Vermont, 1777 — 
gradual emancipation provided for in Penn- 
sylvania, 1780 — Society for Abolition of, formed 
in N. York, 1785 — recognized and guai-anteed 
by Constitution of Union, 1787 — gradual 
emancipation provided for in N. York, 1799 — 
gradual emancipation provided for inN. Jersey, 
1804 — abolition of, in New York, enacted, 
1817 — (accomplished, 4 Jul. 1827) — Anti- 
Slavery Society established at Boston, 1 Jan. 
1832 — American, Dec. 1833 — American and 
Foreign, 1840 — American Abolition Society, 
Boston, 1855 — Church Anti- Slavery Society, 
1859— -disputes respecting, give rise' to seces- 
sion of Southern States from the Union, 1S60- 
1 — [Confederate States] — right of each State 
to maintain and regulate, affirmed by Pres. 
Lincoln, 4 Mar. 1861 — abolition of, in Southern 
Stares, proposed by Pres. Lincoln, 6 Mar. 1862 
— his plan approved by House of Represents- 



SLAVES— SMELLIE. 



1291 



tives, 10 Mar. — by Senate, 3 Apr. — abolition 
of, in rebel States, proclaimed (for 1 Jan. 1863) 
by Pres. Lincoln, 22 Sep. 1862 — again pro- 
claimed, 2 Jan. 1863 — abolished by Constitu- 
tional Amendment, 31 Jan. 1865. In India, 
mitigation and abolition of, provided for, by Act 
.3 and 4 ¥m IV. c. 85, s. 88, 28 Aug. 1833. In 
Swedish Colonies, abolished, 1746-7 — in Danish, 
1848 — in Dutch, i860. 

Slaves, in Roman Empire, — manumission of, 
regulated by Lex JElia Sentia, about 3. 

Slavonia, province of Austria, — [Illyricum, 
Pannonia] — invaded by Bulgarians, 827 — 
Christianity introduced by Cyrill and Metho- 
dius, 864 — battle-field of Emperor Constantine 
VIII. and Stephen of Hungary, n 27 — occu- 
pied by Emperor Emmanuel, 1153 — ceded to 
him, soon after : restored to Bela III. of Hun- 
gary, 1 163 — ravaged in Turkish wars, 1442 et 
seq. — given to Matthias Corvinus, 1490 — con- 
quered by Turks, 1524 — Croatia separated and 
subject to Austria, 1526 — conquered by Leo- 
pold L, 1683 — unsuccessfully invaded by Turks, 
1690 — ceded to Emperor by Peace of Carlo- 
witz, 1699 — united with Croatia, 1849. 

Slavonians, [Sclavonians, Slaves,) — invade 
Eastern Empire, 547 a — again, 550 a — retire, 
spring 551 a — with Huns, penetrate to Con- 
stantinople, spring 559 — repass the Danube, 
autumn — conquered by Otto the Great, 950 — 
their territories ravaged by Mongols, 1243 — 
their language allowed in divine service, about 
1245. [Bohemia, Bulgaria, Moravia, Po- 
land, Russia, and Servia.] a Clinton. 

Slavonic Academy, South, — founded at 
Agram, in Croatia, by Bp Strossmayer, 1867. 

Slavonic Version, of the Bible, — partly ex- 
ecuted by Cyrillus and Methodius, 862-8 — 
oldest known MS. of whole Bible, 1499 — 
(partly, 15 16?) 

Sleeman, Sir William Henry, major-general, 
— ft. in Cornwall, 1788 — enters service of East 
India Company, 1808 — Agent in Saugor and 
Nerbudda district, 1820— resident atLucknow, 
1849 — Major-general, Nov. 1855 — K.C.B., 
Jan. 1856 — tf. at sea, 10 Feb. 1856. Diary in 
Oude, 1852 — Rambles and Recollections of an 
Indian Officer, 1843. 

Sleidanus, Johann, (Johann Fhilippson,) his- 
torian, — ft. near Cologne, 1506— in service of 
Cardinal duBellay, 1535 — retires to Strasburg, 
1542 — employed in negotiations for Protestant 
princes with France and England, 1545 — de- 
puty from Strasburg to Council of Trent, 21 
Nov. 155 1 to 1 Apr. 1552 — tf. at Strasburg, 31 
Dec. 1556. De statu religionis et Reipublicce 
Carolo quinto Ccesare Commentarii, 1555 — De 
quatuor summis imperiis, 1556. 
Sleswick. [Schleswig.] 
Slidell, John, statesman, diplomatist, — am- 
bassador extraord. of United States to Mexico, 
1846 — Senator, 1853-61 — Commissioner of 
Confederate States to Court of France, seized 
by U. S. Commander, Wilkes, on board the 
Trent, Dec. 1861 — tf. at Cowes, Isle of Wight, 
26 Jul. 1 87 1. 
Sliding- Scale. [Corn Law.] 
Sligo, in Ireland, — Castle built, 1240-50 — 



destroyed by O'Donnell, 1270— rebuilt, 13 10 
—taken by Sir C. Coote for Parliament, but 
soon abandoned, 1641— declares for James II. 
and is taken by Enniskilleners, 1688— retaken 
by Sarsfield, 1689— occupied by Lord Granard, 
1689. 

Slingelandt, Pieter van, painter,— h. at 
Leyden, 20 Oct. 1640— tf. there, 7 Nov. 1691. 
Sloane, Sir Hans, physician, botanist, §c, — 
ft. in Ireland, 16 Apr.' 1660— studies in Lon- 
don, 1679-83— goes to Paris and Montpellier, 
1683-4 — settles in London, 1684— F.E.S., 
1685— F.E.C.P., Apr. 1687— visits Jamaica, 

1687-9— Secretary to Royal Society, 1693 

Physician to Christ's Hospital, 1694— marries, 
1695 — V.P.R.S., 1702— Foreign Associate 
Academy of Sciences, Paris, 1708— Bart, and 
Physician- General to the forces, 17 16 — Pres. 
Coll. Physicians, 1719-35— Physician to the 
king, 1727— Pres. R.S., 1727— resigns, 1740— 
tf. at Chelsea, 11 Jan. 1753. Natural History 
of Jamaica, 1707-25. [British Museum.] 

Sloboja, Armistice of, — between French and 
Russians, concluded, 24 Aug. 1807. 

Sluys, in the Netherlands, — Edward III. 
defeats French fleet at, 24 Jun. 1 340 — French 
fleet for invasion of England, assembles at, 
1385-6— walled by Philip the Rash, Duke of 
Burgundy, 1385 — occupied by Philip of Cleves, 
besieged and taken by Albert, Duke of Saxony, 
1495 — sides with the Dutch and is besieged and 
taken by Prince of Parma, 1587 — reduced by 
Prince Maurice of Nassau, 1604 — invested by 
French, Jul. 1794 — surrenders, 25 Aug. 

Smalkald, League of. [Schmalkald.] 

Small-Pox, — rages at Mecca, 572 — first 
treated of, by Rhazes, 900-930 — reaches Eng- 
land, about 900 — reaches St Domingo, 15 17 — 
Mexico, 1520 — Iceland, 1707 — Greenland, 
1733 — investigated by Sydenham, 1666-82. 
[Inoculation, Vaccination.] 

Smart, Christopher, poet, — ft. in Kent, 
1722 — enters Cambridge Univ. Oct. 1739 
— tf. in King's Bench prison, 18 May 1770. 
Poems, 1 79 1. 

Smart, Sir George, musician, — ft. in London, 
May 1776 — chorister in Chapel Royal, 1784 — 
Knt, 1 8 1 1 — takes part in founding Philhar- 
monic Society, 18 13 — musical director to Co- 
vent Garden Theatre, 1813 — 5*. in London, 23 
Feb. 1867. 

Smeaton, John, civil engineer, — ft. near 
Leeds, 28 May 1724 — goes to London, 1742 — 
F.R.S., 1753 — obtains Copley Medal of Royal 
Society, 1759 — tf. near Leeds, 28 Oct. 1792. 
Eddy stone Lighthouse, 5 Aug. 1756 to 9 Oct. 
1759 — Ramsgate Harbour, 1749-74. 

Smeaton, Mark, musician, — accused as 
paramour of Queen Anne (Boleyn) and tried, 
12 May 1536 — executed, 17 May. 

Smedley, Francis Edward, novelist, — ft. at 
Marlow, 4 Oct. 181 8 — tf. in London, 1 May 
1 864. Frank Fairlegh, 1 850 — Lewis Arundel, 
1852 — Harry Coverdale's Courtship, 1854 
— Gathered Leaves, 1865. 

Smellie, William, — ft. at Edinburgh, about 
1740 — begins business as a printer, 1765 — pro- 
jects and compiles Encyclopaedia Britannica, 



2 9 2 



SMIEKE— SMITH. 



177 1 — tf. at Edinburgh, 24 Jun. 1795. Trans- 
lation of Buffon' s Natural History, commenced, 
1780. 

Sinirke, Robert, painter, — b. near Carlisle, 
1 75 1 — student at Eoyal Academy, 1770 — ex- 
hibits, 1786— E.A., 1792— tf. in London, 5 
Jan. 1845. 

Smirke, Sir Robert, architect, — b. in Lon- 
don, 1780— A.E. A., 1808— E.A., 181 1— Ent, 
1 83 1 — tf. at Cheltenham, 18 Apr. 1867. 
Covent Garden Theatre, 1808 — General Post 
Office, London, 1823-9 — British Museum, 1823- 
47 — Restoration of York Minster, 1830. 

Smith, Adam, political economist, — b. at 
Kirkaldy, 5 Jun. 1723— studies at Glasgow, 
1737-40 — at Oxford, 1740-7 — Prof. Logic, 
Glasgow, 175 1 — Prof. Moral Philosophy, 1752 
— travels with the Duke of Buccleugh, 1764-6 
— Eector of Glasgow Univ., 1787 — one of the 
Commissioners of Customs for Scotland, 1788 
■ — tf. at Edinburgh, 8 Jul. 1790. Theory of 
Moral Sentiments, 1759 — Wealth of Nations, 
1776. 

Smith, Albert, miscellaneous writer, — b. at 
Chertsey, 24 May 18 16 — settles in London, 
1 841 — visits Constantinople, 1849 — ascends 
Mont Blanc, Aug. 1851 — visits China, 1858-9 
— tf. at Fulham, 23 May i860. 

Smith, Alexander, poet, — b. at Kilmarnock, 
31 Dec. 1830 — Secretary to Edinburgh Univ., 
1854 — tf. near Edinburgh, 5 Jan. 1867. Life 
Drama, 1853 — City Poems, 1857 — Edwin of 
JDeira, 1861 — Breamthorp, 1863 — Summer in 
Skye, 1865 — Alfred Hagarfs Household, 1865. 
Smith, Anker, engraver, — b. in London, 
1759 — Assistant to James Heath, 1782 — 
A.E. A., 1797 — tf., Jun. 1 819. 

Smith, Charlotte, poetess, novelist, — b., 1749 
— marries, about 1765 — left a widow, Mar. 
1806 — tf. near Farnham, in Surrey, 28 Oct. 
1806. Elegiac Sonnets, 1784 — Emmeline, 1788 
— Old Manor House, 1793. 

Smith, Edward, a {Edmund," ) poet, — b. in 
"Worcestershire, 1668 — M.A. Oxford, before 
1705 — expelled from Christ-church, 1705 — tf., 
1 7 10. Works, 17 19. a Rees' Cyc. b Chalmers. 
Smith, G. C., (Boatsivain Smith,) — b., 1782 
— pressed into British navy, 1796 — serves at 
battle of Copenhagen, 1801 — quits the navy, 
1 803 — pastor of Baptist congregation, Pen- 
zance, 1807 — devotes himself to improvement 
of seamen, 1809 — begins open ah- preaching, 
1816 — opens Mariners' Church, Well Close 
Square, London, 1825 — visits United States, 
1862 — tf. at Penzance, 10 Jan. 1863. 

Smith, George, painter, — b. at Chichester, 
1714 — tf-, 7 Sep. 1776, » 1766. «> 

a Chalmers. b Rees' Cyc. 

Smith, Henry, theologian, — b. in Leicester- 
shire, 1550— M.A. , 1583?— tf., 1593 ?* about 
i6oo. b Sermons, 161 2- 14. 

a Wood. b Fuller. 

Smith, Sir Henry George Wakelyn, Bart., 
general, — b. at Whittlesea, 1788 — enters the 
army, 1805 — serves in Peninsular War, 1808- 
14 — marries, 18 14— takes part in capture of 
Washington, 1814— at Waterloo, Jun. 1815 — 
serves at Cape of Good Hope, 1827 — Adjutant- 



general to forces in India, about 1840 — K.C.B. 
after battle of Maharajpore, 1 844 — distinguishes 
himself at Ferozepore, Dec. 1845— takes Ali- 
wal, 28 Jan. 1846 — contributes to victory of 
Sobraon, 10 Feb. 1846 — G.C.B. and Bart., 
1846 — Governor of Cape of Good Hope, Sep. 
1847— conducts Kaffir War, 185 1-2— Lieu- 
tenant-general, 1854— tf. in London, 12 Oct. 
i860. 

Smith, James, agriculturist, — b. in Glas- 
gow, 3 Jan. 1789 — tf., 10 Jun. 1850. 
Thorough Braining and Beep Ploughing, 183 1. 

Smith, James and Horace, litterateurs, — b. 
in London, James, 10 Feb. 1775 — Horace, 31 
Dec. 1779 — tf., James, in London, 24 Dec. 
1839 — -Horace, at Tunbridge Wells, 12 Jul. 
1 849 . Rejected Addresses, Oct. 1 8 1 2 . 

Smith, Sir James Edward, botanist, — b. at 
Norwich, 2 Dec. 1759 — studies at Edinburgh, 
17 81 — purchases the Collections and Library of 
Linnaeus, 1784— M.D. Leyden, 1786 — first 
Pres. Linnrean Society, 1788 — Knt, 28 Jul. 
1 8 14 — tJ. at Norwich, 17 Mar. 1828. Tour on 
the Continent, 1793 — English Botany, 1792- 
1807 — Flora Britannica, 1800-4 — edits Sib- 
thorp's Flora Grceca, 1808. 

Smith, John, one of the founders of Vir- 
ginia,— b. in Lincolnshire, 1579 — distinguishes 
himself in wars of Hungary with Turks, 1600 
—conducts English settlers to Virginia, Dec. 
1606— sets out to explore the Chickahominy, 
10 Dec. 1607 — explores bay of the Chesapeake, 
Jun. to Sep. 1608 — Pres. of the Council, 10 
Sep. 1608 — returns to England, autumn 1609 
— goes again to Virginia, 16 14 and 16 15 — 
taken prisoner by French, 16 15 — tf. in London, 
163 1. True Relation of Occurrences in Vir- 
ginia, 1608 — Generall Historie of Virginia, 
New England, §c., 1626 — Travels, 1630. 

Smith, John, engraver, — b. in London, 1654 
— tf. there, about 1720? 

Smith, John, Celtic scholar, — b. in Argyle- 
shire, 1747 — Minister of Campbelton, 1781 — tf., 
1807. Essay on Gaelic Antiquities, 1780 — 
Life of St Columba, 1798. 

Smith, John, theologian, — b. near Oundle, 
in Northamptonshire, 161 8 — enters Emmanuel 
Coll. Cambridge, Apr. 1636 — B.A., 1640 — 
M.A., 1644 — Fellow of Queen's Coll., 1644 — 
tf., 7 Aug. 1652. Select Biscourses, 1660. 

Smith, John Christopher, musical composer, 
— b. at Anspach, 17 12 — pupil of Handel, 1725 
— tf. at Bath, 1795. 

Smith, John Pye, theologian, — b. at Shef- 
field, 25 May 1774 — classical tutor, Homerton 
Theological Academy, Jan. 1801 — D.D. Yale 
Coll., 1807 — Divinity tutor, Homerton, 181 3 
— again classical tutor, 1843-50 — LL.D. 
Aberdeen, 1835 — tf. at Guildford, 5 Feb. 1851. 
Scripture Testimony to the Messiah, 18 18-21 — 
Relation between Holy Scriptures and some 
parts of Geological Science, 1834 — Four Bis- 
courses on the Sacrifice and Priesthood of Jesus 
Christ, 1828. 

Smith, John Raphael, engraver, — b. in Lon- 
don, about 1740 — tf., Mar. 1812. 

Smith, John Stafford, musical composer, — 
b. at Gloucester, about 1750— organist of the 



SMITH— SMITHFIELD. 



"93 



Chapel Royal, 1802 — Master of the Children 
of the Chapel, 1805-17— tf., 1836,* 1826^ 
Musica Antigua, 18 12 — Ancient Songs of the 
Fifteenth Century, 1785 ? 

a Engl. Cyc. b Fetis. 

Smith, John Thomas, Keeper of Prints and 
Drawings in the British Museum, — ft. in Lon- 
don, 23 Jun. 1766 — studies at the Royal Aca- 
demy, 1802 — Keeper of the Prints, &c, 18 16 
— tf. in London, 8 Mar. 1833. Antiquities of 
London and its Environs, 1791-1800 — An- 
tiquities of Westminster, 1807 — Ancient Topo- 
graphy of London, 18 10- 15 — Nollekens and his 
Times, 1828. 

Smith, Joseph, founder of 3Ior monism, — ft. 
at Sharon, Vermont, U. S., 23 Dec. 1805 — 
alleged revelation of existence of the golden 
plates, 21 Sep. 1823 — marries, 18 Jan. 1827 — 
takes possession of the plates, 22 Sep. 1827 — 
publishes the Book of Mormon, 1830 — organizes 
Church of Latter Day Saints at Manchester, 
New York State, 6 Apr. 1830— escapes from 
Kirtland, Jan. 1838 — founds Nauvoo on the 
Mississippi, 1839 — obtains charter of incorpor- 
ation, Dec. 1840 — arrested for sedition, and 
liberated, 1841 — murdered in Carthage jail, 27 
Jun. 1844. 

Smith, Robert, mathematician, — ft., 1689 — 
M.A. Cambridge, 17 15 — Plumian Prof. As- 
tronomy, Cambridge, 17 16 — F.R.S., 17 18 — 
LL.D. Cambridge, 1723 — D.D., 1739 — Master 
of Trin. Coll., 1742 — tf- at Cambiidge, 1768. 
Harmonia Mensurarum, 1722 — Complete Sys- 
tem of Optics, 1738 — Harmonics, 1748. 

Smith, Sydney, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at 
Woodford, Essex, 3 Jun. 1771 — enters New 
Coll. Oxford, 1780— scholar of New Coll., 
1790 — B.A., 1792 — takes holy orders, 1794 — 
M.A., 1796 — goes to Edinburgh, 1797 — 
marries, 1799 — removes to London, 1804 — 
settles at Foston-le-Clay, 18 14 — canon of 
Bristol, 1828 — canon residentiary of St Paul's, 
1831 — tf. in London, 22 Feb. 1845. Assists in 
founding and edits Edinburgh Review, 1 802 — 
Peter Plymley's Letters, 1808 — Works, 1839 
— Sketches of Moral Philosophy, 1850. 

Smith, Sir Thomas, statesman, diplomatist, 
— ft. at Saffron- Walden, 28 Mar. 15 14 or 15 15 
— enters Queen's Coll. Cambridge, 1526 — Fel- 
low of his Coll., 1531 — Greek Lecturer, 1535 
— Public Orator, 1536 — visits France and 
Italy, and graduates LL.D. at Padua, 1539-42 
• — D.C.L. Cambridge, King's Prof. Law, 1542 
— Knt, and Secretary of State-, 1548 — ambas- 
sador to Charles V. at Brussels, Jul. 1548 — to 
Henry II. of France, Apr. 155 1— again sent 
to France, 1559, 1562, 1567, and 1572 — Privy 
Councillor, Assistant-secretary of State, 157 1 — 
Chancellor of Order of the Garter, 1572 — 
Secretary of State, Jun. 1572 to Aug. 1577 — 
tf. in Essex, 12 Aug. 1577. English Common- 
wealth, 1584. 

Smith, Thomas, — ft. in London, 3 Jun. 1638 
— enters Queen's Coll. Oxford, 1657 — Fellow 
of Magdalen Coll., 1666 — visits Constantinople, 
1668 — D.D., 1683 — refuses oaths to William 
and Mary, and loses his Fellowship, Jul. 1692 
— o". in London, 11 May 1710. Diatriba de 



Chaldaicis Paraphrastis, 1662 — Manners, §c, 
of the Turks, 1678 — Account of the Greek 
Church, 1680 — Miscellanea, 1686-92 — Catalo- 
gus Librorum Manuscriptorum Bibl. Cotto- 
nianm, 1696 — Vitce quorundam eruditissi- 
morum et illustrium virorum, 1707. 

Smith, Thomas Southwood, physician, — ft. 
in Somersetshire, 1788 — M.D. Edinburgh, 
1 816 — goes to London, 1820 — Physician to 
Fever Hospital, 1824 — Commissioner on Fac- 
tories, 1832 — assists in founding Health of 
Towns Association, 1839 — Commissioner on 
employment of children in mines, 1840 — 
Metropolitan Sanitary Commissioner, 1847 — 
medical member of Board of Health, 1848 

— retires from practice, 1850 — ft. at Flor- 
ence, 10 Dec. 1 86 1. Divine Government, 18 14 
— assists in founding Westminster Review, 1824 

— Philosophy of Health, 1834 — Treatise on 
Fever, 1830. 

Smith, Toulmin, antiquary, §c, — ft. at Bir- 
mingham, 28 May 1 8 16 — visits United States, 
1837-42 — member of Society of Northern An- 
tiquaries, Copenhagen, 1 840 — called to the bar, 
1849 — tf. at Lancing, Sussex, 28 Apr. 1869. 
Discovery of America by Northmen, 1839 — 
The Parish, 1 854 — Parallels between Constitu- 
tional History of England and Hungary, 1849 
— English Gilds, 1870. 

Smith, William, geologist, — ft. in Oxford- 
shire, 23 Mar. 1769— sells his collection to 
British Museum, 1 8 15 — receives first Wollaston 
Medal of Geological Society, 1831 — LL.D. 
Trin. Coll. Dublin, 1835— tf. at Northampton, 
28 Aug. 1839. Geological Map of England 
and Wales with part of Scotland, 18 15. 

Smith, William, theologian, classical scholar, 

— ft. at Worcester, 17 11 — enters New 
Coll. Oxford, 1728— B. A., 1732— M.A, 1737 
— Dean of Chester, and D.D., 1758 — Minister 
of St George's Church, Liverpool, 1753-67 — tf., 
12 Jan. 1787, Translation of Longinus, 1739 
— of Thucydides, 1753 — Sermons on the Beati- 
tudes, 1782 — Poetic Works, 1791. 

Smith, Sir William Sidney, admiral, — ft., 
1764 — enters the navy, 1776 — Post-captain, 
1783 — serves under Hood at Toulon, 1794 — 
taken prisoner by the French at Havre, 1796 
— escapes from the Temple, 1798 — captures 
French flotilla at Acre, 16 Mar. 1799 — defends 
Acre against Napoleon, and compels him to 
raise the siege, May 1799 — negotiates treaty 
of El Arish, Jan. 1 800 — cooperates with Aber- 
cromby in Egypt, and is wounded at battle of 
Alexandria, 1801— M.P. Rochester, 1802 — 
K.C.B., 1815 — Admiral, 1821 — Lieutenant- 
general of marines, 1830 — tf. at Paris, 26 May 
1840. 

Smithfield, London, — mentioned as scene of 
horse-market, by Fitz-Stephen, about 1174 — 
place of execution, before 12 19 — tournaments 
held, 1357, 1362, 1369, 1385, 1390, 1393, 1409, 
1430, and 1467 — many martyrs burnt in, 
during reigns of Henry VIIL, Mary, and 
Elizabeth, 1510-1603. Cattle Market, placed 
under control of Corporation, 1345 — regulated 
during the plague by Royal Proclamation, 1500 
— removal of, authorized by Act 14 and 15 Vic. 



i2 9 4 



SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTE— SNOW. 



c. 61, i Aug. 1 85 1 — closed on completion of 
Islington Cattle Market, 1 r Jun. 1 855. Meat 
Market, erection of, authorized by Act of Par- 
liament, r 860— first stone laid, 5 Jun. 1867 — 
opened, 24 Nov. 1868. 

Smithsonian Institute. [Washington, 
TJ. S.-] 

Smoke Nuisance, — in London, abatement 
of, provided for by Act 16 and 17 Vic. c. 128, 
20 Aug. 1853 — amended by 19 and 20 Vic. c. 
107, 29 Jul. 1856. In Scotland, abatement 
of, provided for by Act 20 and 21 Vic. c. 73, 
25 Aug. 1857 — amended by 24 Vic. c. 17, 7 
Jun. 1861. 

Smoke Rings, — exhibited by Daniell, before 
1850. 

Smolensko, in Russia, — mentioned, 879 — 
ravaged by plague, 123 1 — taken by Svatoslas, 
1232 — ravaged by plague, 1377, 1386, and 1387 
— taken by Lithuanians, 141 3 — seized by Jurij, 
1440 — given up to Lithuanians, 1494 — unsuc- 
cessfully attacked by Vassili, 1513 — taken by 
him, 15 14 — unsuccessfully attacked by Lithu- 
anians, 15 14 — besieged by Poles, Nov. 1609 — 
surrenders, 3 Jul. 161 1 — unsuccessfully be- 
sieged by Russians, 16 17 — threatened by Mi- 
chael Feodorovich, 1633 — ceded to Poland, 
1634 — taken by Russians, 1654 — ceded to 
them, 1667 and 1686 — bombarded and burnt 
by Napoleon I., 16-17 Aug. 18 12— evacuated 
by French, Nov. 18 12. 

Smollett, Tobias, novelist, historian, — ft. at 
Cardross, Scotland, 172 1 — serves as surgeon's 
mate, in expedition to Carthagena, 1741 — mar- 
ries, 1747 — visits France and Italy, 1763-6 — 
again goes to Italy, early in 1770 — tf. at Leg- 
horn, 21 Oct. 1771. Roderick Random, 1748 
— Peregrine Pickle, 175 1 — Ferdinand Count 
Fathom, 1753 — translation of Don Quixote, 
1755 — History of England, 1758 — Sir Launce- 
lot Greaves, 17 60-1 — Expedition of Humphry 
Clinker, 1770 — edits Critical Review, 1756 — 
History and Adventures of an Atom, 1769. 

Smuggling, in Great Britain, — made felony 
without benefit of clergy, by Act 19 Geo. II. 
c. 34, 1746, made perpetual by 43 Geo. III. 
c. 15, 1803 — laws relating to, consolidated and 
amended by Act 6 Geo. IV. c. 108, 5 Jul. 
1825— new provisions against, by Acts 3 and 4 
Wm IV. c. 53, 28 Aug. 1833; 4 Wm IV. c. 
13, 22 May 1834; 8 and 9 Vic. c. 87, 4 Aug. 
1845 — law altered by Act 16 and 17 Vic. c. 
107, 20 Aug. 1853 — again, by 18 and 19 Vic. 
c. 96, 14 Aug. 1855. 

Smyrna, in Turkey, — [BC] — founded, 959 
[1015 '?] — joins Ionian Confederacy, about 700 a 
— taken and destroyed by Sadyattes, between 
629-617 — rebuilt, on new site, by Antigonus 
and Lysimachus, about 320-290 — occupied by 
Trebonius, besieged and taken by Dolabella, 
Feb. 43 — [AD] — one of the 'Seven Churches 
of Asia,' before 100 — destroyed by earthquake, 
about 178 b or i8o c — restored by Aurelius, 
179 d — seized by Tzachas, 1083 — made capital 
of his dominions, 1092 e — recovered by Alexius 
I., 1097 e — becomes possession of Genoese, 
about 1 26 1 — taken by Knights Hospitallers, 
J 34 6 — besieged and sacked by Tamerlane, 1-15 



Dec. 1402 f — strongly fortified by Djouneid, 
1406-12 — taken by Mahomet I., 1424 — 
sacked and burnt by crusaders, 1472 — burnt, 
6 Aug. 1763 — occupied by Egyptians, 1830 — 
restored to Turkey, 1840 — nearly destroyed by 
fire, 28 Jul. 1 841 — and again, summer 1845 — 
British military hospital established at, 1855. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Chron. Pasch. c Eusebius. 
d Clinton. e Finlay. f Von Hammer. 

Smyth, William, historian, — ft. at Liver- 
pool, 1764 — M.A. Cambridge, 1790 — Prof. 
Modern History, 1807 — tf. at Norwich, 26 
Jun. 1849. English Lyricks, 1806 — Lectures 
on Modern History, 1 840 — French Revolution, 
1840 — Evidences of Christianity, 1845. 

Smyth, William Henry, admiral, — ft. at 
Westminster, 21 Jan. 1788 — enters the navy, 
Mar. 1805 — serves at siege of Cadiz, 18 10— 
Lieutenant, 18 13 — employed in Mediterranean 
surveys, 1815-24 — F.S.A., 1821 — Post-captain, 
1824 — F.R.S., 1826 — member of Council of 
Geographical Society, Jul. 1830 — Rear-admi- 
ral, 1853 — tf. near Aylesbury, 9 Sep. 1865. 
Mediterranean, 1854 — Cycle of Celestial Objects, 
1844 — -Nautical Dictionary, 1867. 

Snake River Falls, in N. America, — disco- 
vered, 1863. 

Snayers, Hendrik, engraver, — ft. at Ant- 
werp, 16 1 2. 

Snayers, Pieter, painter, — ft. at Antwerp, 
1593 — TJ. at Brussels, 1670. 

Snell, Rudolph, mathematician, philologist, 
— ft. at Oudenarde, 1547 — Prof. Mathemat- 
ics, Leyden, about 1578 — Prof. Hebrew, about 
16 1 2 — tf. at Leyden, 16 13. Apollonius Rata- 
vus, 1597. 

Snell, Willebrord, mathematician, — ft. at 
Leyden, 1591 — Prof. Mathematics, 16 13 — fo., 
31 Oct. 1626. Eratosthenes Batavus de terrce 
ambitus vera quantitate suscitatus, 1617 — ' 
Cyclometricus, 1621. 

Snell Exhibitions, Oxford Univ., — founded 
by John Snell, 1677 — scheme for administra- 
tion of, settled by Court of Chancery, 1861. 

Sniadecki, Andrew, physiologist, — ft. in 
Poland, 30 Nov. 1768 — studies at Pavia, 17 91 
— at Edinburgh, 1795 — Prof. Chemistry and 
Pharmacy, Wilna, 1797 — tt. there, n May 
1838. Teorya jestestw organicznych, 18 04-11. 

Sniadecki, Jan, astronomer, mathematician , 
— ft. in Poland, 29 Aug. 1756 — studies at Univ. 
of Cracow, 1772 — visits Germany, Holland, and 
France, 1778 — Prof. Mathematics and Astro- 
nomy, Cracow, 17 81 — visits England, 1787 — 
Rector of Univ. of Wilna, 1806-23— lj., 1830. 
Pisma Rozmaite, 1822-24. 

Snider, Jacob, inventor of the Snider Rifle, — > 
comes to England, Mar. 1859 — his process for 
conversion of Enfield rifle, adopted by British 
Government, 1866 — if. in London, 25 Oct. 
1866. 

Snorri Sturleson (Sturlason, Slurulson) 
1 Scald,' — ft', in Iceland, 1178 — takes refuge in 
Norway, 1236-39 — murdered at Reykjahollt, 
22 Sep. 1 241. Heimskringla, completed, about 
1230. 

Snow, John, physician, — ft. at York, 1813 
— enters Hunterian School, London, 1836 — 



SNOWDON— SODOMY. 



1295 



M.R.C.S., May 1838— M.D. London, Dec. 
1844 — lecturer on Forensic Medicine, Alders- 
gate School, 1845-49 — Pres. Medical Society 
of London, 1855 — ft., 16 Jun. 1858. Mode of 
Communication of Cholera, 1849 — Chloroform 
and other Ancesthetics, 1858. 

Snowdon, Snowdonia, in Wales, — overrun 
by Saxons, 817 or 818 — William I. assembles 
his army at, 1095 — reached by Henry I., 
1 12 1 (?) — Llewelyn takes refuge in, 1211 — 
ravaged by Henry III., autumn 1245 — Lle- 
welyn retires to, before Edward L, 1277 and 
1282 — Madog retires to, 1294. 

Snyders, Frans, painter, — b. at Antwerp, 
1579-*- there > l6 57- 

Soane, Sir John, architect, founder of the 
Soane Museum, — b. at Eeading, 10 Sep. 1753 
— student at Royal Academy, 1772 — studies in 
Italy, 1777-80 — architect of the Bank of Eng- 
land, 1788 — Prof. Architecture, Royal Acade- 
my, 1806 — F.R.S., 1824 — Knt, 1 83 1 — gives 
his Museum to the nation, 1833 — tf. in Lon- 
don, 20 Jan. 1837. 

Soane Museum, London, — vested in trustees 
for benefit of the nation by Act of Parliament, 
i833- 

in Great Britain, — excise duty im- 
on, by Act 10 Ann. c. 19, 17 11 — makers 
required to take out licence by Acts 24 Geo. 
III. c. 41, 1784, and 43 Geo. III. c. 69, 4 Jul. 
1803 — manufacture of, freed from excise inter-, 
ference, by Act 3 and 4 Vic. c. 49, 4 Aug. 1 840 
— duties on, abolished by Act 16 and 17 Vic. c. 
39, 8 Jul. 1853. 

Sobieski, James, general, diplomatist, — b. 
in Poland, about 1590 — negotiates truce with 
Russians, n Dec. 16 18 — castellan of Cracow, 
signs Peace of Choczim, 9 Oct. 1621 — tf., 
1648. 

Sobieski, John, {John III.,) King of Po- 
land, — b. at Olesko, in Poland, 1629^ 2 Jun. 
1624 b — studies in France, 1645 — begins to 
distinguish himself as a soldier, 1648 — con- 
tributes to victory of Beretesck, 1651 — dis- 
tinguishes himself in war with Sweden, 1653- 
60 — defeats Cossacks in the Ukraine, and Mus- 
covites, 1665 — Grand Marshal of Poland, 1665 
— defeated by Lubomirski, 1665 — marries 
Marie Casimire de la Grange d'Arquien, 6 Jul. 
1665 — defeats allied Cossacks and Tatars, after 
17 days' fighting, 15 Oct. 1667 — again defeats 
Tatars, 1672 — defeats Turks and takes Choczim, 
10 Nov. 1673 — elected King, 21 May 1674 — 
fails in attempt on Kaminiek, 1675 — crowned 
with his wife, 2 Feb. 1676 — concludes peace 
with Turks, 27 Oct. 1676 — refuses to make 
alliance with Emperor Leopold, 1682 — con- 
cludes alliance with him, 31 Mar. 1683 — de- 
feats Turks under Kara Mustapha and saves 
Vienna, 12 Sep. 1683 — defeated by Turks near 
Gran, 7 Oct. — defeats them, 9 Oct. — again, 4 
Dec. — at Cracow, 25 Dec. — leads expedition 
for recovery of Kaminiek, 1684 — overruns 
Moldavia and Wallachia, 1686 — resigns com- 
mand of the army, 1689 — tf. near "Warsaw, 17 
Jun. 1696. - a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

b Nouv. Biog. Gen, 



Sobieslaus. [Bohemia.] 

Sobraon, in the Punjab, — Sir Hugh Gough 
defeats the Sikhs, 10 Feb. 1846. 

Social Science Association, in England, — 
established, Jul. 1857. 

Social War, {revolt of Chians, Mhodians, 
Coans, and Byzantines from Athens,) — [B C] — 
begins, before mids. 357 — Chios besieged by 
Chares and Chabrias, death of Chabrias, 357 — 
Phocians seize Delphi, 357— second campaign, 
356 — third campaign, Chares, Timotheos, 
Iphicrates, Menestheus, sent with a fleet, 355 
— Mausolus assists allies : Eubulus promotes 
peace : peace with the Confederates, mids. 355. 

Social War. [Marsian War.] 

Socialism, — adherents of, become numerous 
in France, 1 825-30. [St Simon, Owen, Eobert, 
Enfantin, $c] 

Society Islands, in the Pacific Ocean, — dis- 
covered by Quiros, 1606. [Otaheite.] 

Socinians, [Socinus, Faustus] — persecuted at 
Warsaw, 1638 — banishment or death denounced 
against, by Diet of Warsaw, 1658 and 1661. 
In England, excepted from Toleration Act, 
1689— relieved by Act 53 Geo. III. c. 160, 21 
Jul. 1813. 

Socinus, Faustus, theologian, — ft. at Siena, 
5 Dec. 1539 — takes refuge in France, 1559 — 
in service of Grand Duke of Tuscany, 1562-74 
— studies theology at Basel, 1574 — visits Tran- 
sylvania, about 1578 — visits Poland, 1579 — ■ 
loses his wife, 1587 — assists at Synod of Brest, 
1588 — persecuted at Cracow, 1598 — tf. near 
Cracow, 3 Mar. 1604. Opera, {Bibliotheca 
fratrum polonorum, §c.,) 1656. 

Socinus, Laelius, — b. at Siena, 1525 — mem- 
ber of secret religious society at Vicenza, 1546 
— begins his travels, 1547 — corresponds with 
Calvin, 155 1-2 — tf. at Zurich, 1562. 

Socotra, island in Indian Ocean, — noticed by 
Ptolemy, about 150 — visited by Marco Polo, 
about 1292-3 — visited by Fernandez Perara, 
1504 — taken possession of by Albuquerque, 
1507 — occupied a short time by British, 1836. 

Socrates, {SoJcrates,) philosopher, — [B C | — • 
b. near Athens, (01. 77, 4,) Apr. or May 469- 
8 — taught by Archelaos, about 450 — at Po- 
tidsea, Delion, Amphipolis, 432-424 — carica- 
tured in the Clouds of Aristophanes, (01. 89, 
1,) 423 — opposes death of the commanders at 
Arginusae, 406 — opposes death of Leon of 
Salamis, 404 — accused by Anytos, Meletos, 
and Lycon, condemned to death for impiety 
and made to drink hemlock, (end of Thargelion, 
01. 95, 2,) 399. 

Socrates, {Scholasticus,) ecclesiastical his^ 
torian, — b., about 379 — studies under Ammo- 
nius and Helladius, about 390 — tf., after 439. 

Soda, — process of making, from common salt, 
invented by Leblanc, published, 1794. 

Sodium, metal, — shown to be distinct sub- 
stance by Duhamel, 1736 — again byMarggraf, 
1758 — obtained by Davy, 1807. 

Sodoma, II. [Razzi, Antonio.] 

Sodomy, in England, — declared felony by 
Acts 25 Hen. VIII. c. 6, 1533-4, ana " 5 E l iz - °- 
17, 1562 — punishable by death by Act 9 Geo. 
IV. c. 31, s. 15, 27 Jun. 1828 — by penal servi- 



1296 



SOEMMERING— SOLEMN LEAGUE AND COVENANT. 



tiide, by Act 24 and 25 Vic. c. 100, ss. 61, 63, 
6 Aug. 1 861. 

Soemmering', Samuel Thomas, anatomist, — 
C. at Thorn, 25 Jan. 1755 — M.D. Gottingen, 
1778 — Prof. Anatomy, Cassel, 1778 — Mentz, 
1784 — removes to Frankfort, 1793 — Prof, at 
Heidelberg Univ., 1803— removes to Munich, 
1804— member of Academy of Sciences, Mun- 
ich, 1804 — first uses Voltaic pile in construction 
of telegraph, 1807 — returns to Frankfort, 1820 
— tf. there, 2 Mar. 1830. Be corporis humani 
fabrica, 1794-1801 — Be morbis vasorum ab- 
sorbent hem, 1795 — Torn Baue des menschlichen 
E'orpers, 179 1-6. 

Soest, (Soust,) Gerard, painter,— if. in West- 
phalia, about 1637 — comes to England, 1656 
— tf., 1681. 

Soeur, Hubert le, sculptor, — comes to Eng- 
land, probably about 1630 — U., before 1678. 

Sofala, in Africa, — visited by Pedrao Caval- 
hao, 1480 — taken possession of by Albuquerque, 
1508. 

Sofaride and Sofi Dynasties. [See Persia.] 

Soflan, Abu. [Abu Sofian.] 

Sogdiana, — [B C] — conquered by Alexander 
the Great, 328 — [AD] — taken possession of by 
Baber, about 1500. 

Sogliani, Giovanni Antonio, painter, — b. at 
Florence, about 149 1 — ft., 1544. Crucifixion 
of Sanf Arcadio, Florence, 152 1. 

Sois sons, in France, (Noviodunum?, Augusta 
Suessionum,) — Clovis defeats Syagrius near, 
486 a — capital of kingdom of the Franks, 486 b 
— seat of a kingdom for Clotaire I., 511 — 
Chilperic I. succeeds, 561 — Clotaire II., 584 
— [see ETeustria] — Charles Martel defeats Duke 
Frederick of Aquitaine, 719— parliament held 
at, deposes Childeric III. and proclaims Pepin 
the Short, Mar. 752 d — coronation of Carloman 
at, 9 Oct. 768 — Robert I. defeated and killed 
by Charles the Simple near, 15 Jun. 923 d — 
head of a County, before 1043 c— Philip Au- 
gustus assembles barons at, to plan descent 
upon England, i2i3 e — surrenders its charter 
to Charles IV., 1325 — garrisoned by Burgun- 
dians, taken by Armagnacs, 141 3 — again occu- 
pied by Burgundians, and taken and pillaged 
by Armagnacs, 20 May 1414 — passes by mar- 
riage to House of Bourbon-Vendome, 1482 b — 
sacked by Huguenots, 1567 — meeting of con- 
spirators against D'Ancre, 16 16 e — besieged by 
Guise and d'Auvergne, 161 6 — camp formed at, 
Sep. 1792 f — stormed by Russians, 13 Feb. 
i8i4 f — evacuated same day: reoccupied by 
Mortier : again taken by allies, 3 Mar. — un- 
successfully attacked by Napoleon I., 5 Mar. 
— occupied by Napoleon I., 11 Mar. — invested 
by Germans, Oct. 1870 — siege begins, 13 Oct. 
—capitulates, 16 Oct. Abbey of St Medard, 
founded by Clotaire I., 557. Councils of held 
by St Boniface, 2 Mar. 744 ; by Charles II. to 
recognize ordination of Hincmar, 26 Apr. 853 ; 
for excommunication of Rothade, Bp of Sois- 
Bons, by Hincmar, 861 ; transferred from Pitres, 
for deposition of Rothade, 862 ; to reinstate 
clerks ordained by Ebbo, 18 Aug. 866 ; to de- 
pose Artaud, Abp of Rheims, 941 ; against Ros- 
celin, about 1092 ; 6 Jan. 1115 ; against Abe- 



lard, 1 122 ; to make peace between Louis le 
Jeune and barons, 10 Jun. 1155; respecting 
marriage of Philip Augustus with Ingeburga, 
Mar. to Apr. 1201 — to confirm canon of Coun- 
cil of Basel respecting celebration of Divine 
service, n Jul. 1455. Congress of, respecting 
differences between sovereigns of Europe, 
meets, 14 Jun. 1728 — closes, without result, 
Jun. 1729. a Clinton. b Univ. Pittoresque. 

c Meyer, Conv.-Lex. d Art de. Verifier les Dates. 
e Crowe. f Alison. 

Soissons, Charles de Bourbon, Count op, 
Grand Master op France, — b., 13 Nov. 
J 556, a 1566 b — Chevalier, 1587— joins Henry 
of Navarre, and distinguishes himself at battle 
of Coutras, 1587 — supports Henry III. at 
States of Blois, 1588 — saves Tours from the 
Leaguers, 1589— captured by Duke of Mer- 
ceeur, 1589 — Governor of Brittany, 1589 — 
joins Henry IV. and commands English aux- 
iliaries at siege of Paris, Nov. 1589 — Grand 
Master of France, 1589 — distinguishes himself 
at sieges of Chartres and Rouen, 159 1 — at 
siege of Lyons, 1594 — in campaign of Bur- 
gundy, 1595 — Governor of Dauphiny, Mar. 
1602 — of Normandy, 10 Jun. 1610 — ft., 1 Nov. 
1612. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Soissons, Louis de Bourbon, Count of, — 
b. at Paris, n May 1604 — Grand Master of 
France and Governor of Dauphiny, 1612 — 
distinguishes himself in attack on Isle of Rhe, 
1622 — commands expedition against Rochelle, 
1622 — joins in conspiracy of Chalais, 1626 — 
distinguishes himself at siege of Rochelle, 
1628 — follows the king to Italy, 1630 — Go- 
vernor of Champagne, Sep. 163 1 — killed at 
combat of Bazeille, 6 Jul. 1641. 

Solander, Daniel Charles, naturalist, — b. 
in Sweden, 28 Feb. 1736 — arrives in England, 
Oct. 1760 — Assistant in Nat. Hist. Depart- 
ment of British Museum, 1763 — F.R.S., 1764 
— accompanies Captain Cook in his first voy- 
age, 1768-71 — LL.D. Oxford, 1771 — Under- 
librarian, British Museum, 1773 — ft., 16 May 
1782. 

Solar System, motion of, — in space, sug- 
gested by Wright, 1750 — investigated by 
Herschel, 1783 and 1805 — by Bessel, 1839— 
by Argelander, 1837 — by Struve, 1842 — by 
Galloway, 1847. 

Solari, (Solario,) Andrea, (Bel Gobbo,) 
(Andrea Milanese,) painter, — b. at Milan, 
about 1458, a 1480 b — living, 1509,* 1530. b 
a Biog. Catalogue. b Biog. Univ. 

Solario, Antonio, (Lo Zingaro,) painter, — 
b. in Venice or the Abruzzi, about 1382 — ft. at 
Naples, 1455. 

Solebay. [Southwold Bay.] 

Soledad, in Mexico, — Convention of, con- 
cluded by Generals Prim and Doblado, 19 Feb. 
1862 — but disapproved by France. [Mexican 
Expedition.] 

Solemn League and Covenant, in Scotland, 
— published by the Tables, 1 Mar. 1638 — 
modified, and received by the parliament at 
Assembly of Divines, 25 Sep. 1643 — Charles 
(II.) declares his assent to, 16 Aug. 1650 — 
pronounced unlawful by Act 13 and 14 Car. 



SOLETTRE— SOLOMON. 



-97 



II. c. 4, 1662 — burnt by the hangman in 
England, 1662 — renewed, 1666. [Cove- 
nanters.] 

Soleure. [Solothurn.] 

Solferino, in Italy, — Napoleon III. and 
Victor Emmanuel defeat Emperor Francis 
Joseph, 24 Jun. 1859. 

Soli, (Soles,) in Cilicia, — [B C] — Pasicrates, 
Prince, submits to Alexander, 331 — Eunostus, 
Prince, 315. 

Soliman, (Sultan of the Ottomans, ?) — 
escapes from battle of Ancyra, (804, a. h.) 30 
Jun. 1402 — proclaimed at Adrianople ; carries 
on war with his brother Musa, who is declared 
Sultan by Tamerlane, 1406 — generally recog- 
nized ag Sultan, 1408 — Musa renews the war, 
1410 — assassinated, 1410. 

Soliman I. the Magnificent, Sultan of 
the Ottomans, — 6., about 1490^ 1494 b — 
succeeds his father, Selim I., (9 Schoual 926, 
a. h.) 22 Sep. 1520 — his general suppresses 
rebellion of Ghazali at Damascus, 27 Jan. 
152 1 c — takes Belgrade, (5 Ramadan 927,) 9 
Aug. 1521 — sends fleet under Mustapha against 
Rhodes, (Redgeb 928,) May 1522— joins the 
fleet before Rhodes, (5 Schoual,) 28 Aug. — 
receives capitulation, (5 Sepher 929,) 22 Dec. 
— enters Rhodes, 25 Dec— marries his sister 
to Grand Vizier Ibrahim Pasha, 22 May 1524° 
— suppresses revolt of Janissaries, Mar. 1525 
— exempts French in his dominions from tribute, 
1525 — invades Hungary and gains victory of 
Mohacz, 1526 — enters Buda, (5 Dhu'l hajjah 
932,) • 10 Sep. 1526 — burns Buda: loses it 
again, 1527 — signs treaty of alliance with 
Hungary, 29 Feb. 1528 c — retakes Buda for 
his ally, John Zapolski, (936,) Sep. 1529 — 
massacres the garrison ; storms Altenburg and 
massacres the inhabitants, 1529 — unsuccess- 
fully besieges Vienna, (22 Moharram to 10 
Saphar 936,) 26 Sep. to 14 Oct. 1529°— de- 
feats Hungarians at Gradisca, 1531 — makes 
war on Persia, takes Van, (940,) 1534 — enters 
Baghdad, 1 Jan. 1535 c — takes Barbarossa into 
his service, 1534 — concludes treaty of com- 
merce with France, early in 1536 c — at insti- 
gation of Roxalana, puts his Vizier Ibrahim to 
death, (21 Ramadan 942,) 5 Mar. 1536° — 
carries on war with Venice, 1537 — assists at 
siege of Corfu, Aug. to Sep. 1537 c — again 
invades Hungary, Jun. 1541 — occupies Buda 
and incorporates it with his empire, 29 Aug. 
1 541 c — invades Hungary, spring 1543 — loses 
his son Mohammed, 6 Nov. 1543 c — concludes 
alliance with Francis I. of France against Em- 
peror Charles V., i544, a 1536 b — sends Bar- 
barossa to ravage Italy, (950,) 1545 — con- 
cludes truce for five years with the pope, em- 
peror, king of France, and Venice, 19 Jun. 
1547 c — again invades Persia, 1548 — besieges 
and takes Van, (10-18 Redgeb. 954,) 16-24 
Aug. 1548 — reenters Constantinople, 21 Dec. 
1549 — renews invasion of Hungary under Me- 
hemet Pasha, (959,) 1552 — concludes treaty of 
peace with Shah of Persia, (8 Redgeb. 962,) 
29 May 1555 c — concludes truce with emperor, 
1562 — puts his son Mustapha to death, 1553 — 
sends Mustapha Pasha against Malta, (972,) 



Apr. 1565 — again invades Hungary, (974,) 
1566 — commences siege of Szigeth, 5 Aug. — ■ 
tf. there, (13,* 20 b ° Sepher 974,) 30 Aug.,* 5 
Sep. b c 1566. a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

b Engl. Cyc. " Von Hammer. 

Soliman III., Sultan of the Ottomans, — 
fj., 1639,* 1641b — succeeds his brother Ma- 
homet IV., (13 Moharram 1099, a. h.) 9 Nov. 
1687 — loses many towns in Hungary to Im- 
perialists, 1688— his Vizier Mustapha Kuprili 
recovers them, 1689— tr., (5 Schoual 1102,) 22 
Jun. 169 1. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Engl. Cyc. 

Solimena, Francesco, painter, — b. at Nocera 
de' Pagani, 4 Oct. 1657— goes to Naples, 1674 
— tf. near Naples, 5 Apr. 1747. 

Solinus, C. Julius, geographer,— -ft., probably 
238.* a Dodwell. 

Solis, Antonio de, historian, dramatist, — 
6. at Placenzia, 18 Jul. 16 10 — secretary to 
Philip IV., about 1655— historiographer of 
the Indies, 1665 — tf. at Madrid, 19 Apr. 1686. 
Historia de la Conquista de Mexico, 1684,* 



[68: 



Varias poesias, 1692,* 1682. b 



a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Solis, Juan Diez de, maritime discoverer, — 
accompanies Pinzon on voyage of discovery, 
1506— with him, discovers Yucatan ? 1507-8 — 
imprisoned, 15 10 — conducts expeditions along 
coast of S. America, 15 12 and 15 15 — killed by 
Indians, 1515. 

Solly, Samuel, surgeon, — fi., 1805 — 
M.R.C.S., 1828 — Lecturer on Practical Anat- 
omy, St Thomas's Hospital, 1833-9 — Assist- 
ant-surgeon, 1840 — F.R.C.S., 1843 — Surgeon, 
1850 — member of the Council, R.C.S., 1856 — 
Prof. Human Anatomy and Surgery, 1862 — 
member of Court of Examiners, and senior 
Vice-Pres., 1867 — retires, 1870— tr. in London, 
24 Sep. 187 1. On the Human Brain, 1847 
(2nd ed.) — Surgical Experiences, 1865. 

Solomon, King or Israel, — [B C] — ft., 
autumn 1033a — shares the kingdom, spring 
ioi5 a — king alone, autumn ioi5, a 1016 b — 
marries Egyptian princess, autumn ioi4 a — 
vision at Gibeon, spring ioi3 a — league with 
Hiram, autumn ioi3 a — founds Temple, 4 May 
(2 mo. 2,) ioi2, a ioi3 b — dedicates Temple, (17 
mo.,) 30 Oct. 1004 — adorns Jerusalem, &c, 
992 — tf., spring 975, a May 976. b 

a Ussher. b Clinton. 

Solomon, King of Hungary, — b., 1051 a — 
crowned King by his father, Andrew, 1058 a — 
retires to Court of Emperor Henry IV., 1061 
— marries Sophia, daughter of Henry III., 
1063 — succeeds his uncle Bela,and does homage 
to Emperor, io63, b 1064 a — besieges and takes 
Belgrade, 1072 — carries on war with Geisa, is 
defeated and dethroned, 1077 — attempts to 
seize Ladislaus and is imprisoned, 108 1 — as- 
sembles an army, and makes war on Ladislaus, 
1086 and 1087 — tf. at Pola, about 1100. 
Ca Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Solomon, general, — carries on war with 
Moors in Africa, 534 — winters at Carthage, 
535-6 — resumes command in Africa, 539 — 
pacifies tbe provinces, 540 — killed by Moors at 
siege of Leptis Magna, 543. 

82 



129S 



SOLOMON'S ISLANDS— SOMERSET. 



Solomon's Islands. [New Georgia Archi- 
pelago.] 

Solon, Athenian legislator, — [B C] — b., about 
638 — excites Athens to conquest of Salamis, 
596? — Archon, legislates for Athens, 594 [591 a ] 
— tf., after 560. a Ann. Hieron. 

Solothurn, Solenre, Canton of Switzer- 
land, — joins the Confederacy, i48i, a 22 Dec. 
1487 b — forms part of Helvetic Kepublic, 1798 

— accedes to constitution of 29 May 1801 — 
adopts liberal constitution, 1831 — constitution 
revised, 1841 and 1851. City, becomes free 
Imperial City, about 121 8 — walled, 1273 — un- 
successfully "besieged by Duke Leopold, 131 8. 
Cathedral, commenced, 1762 — finished, 1772. 

a Conv.-Lex. h Meyer, Conv.-Lex. 

Solvyns, Frans Balthasar, traveller, en- 
graver, — fi. at Antwerp, 1760 — travels in 
Tartary and India, 1798-99 — tf. at Antwerp, 
1824. Les Hindous, 1806. 

Solway Moss, in Cumberland, — the Scots 
under Oliver Sinclair defeated by Duke of 
Norfolk, 25 Nov. 1542. 

Somers, John, Lord Somers, Lord Chan- 
cellor of England, — b. at Worcester, 4 
Mar. 165 1 — enters Trin. Coll. Oxford, 23 Mar. 
1667-' — enters Middle Temple, 24 May 1669 a 
— called to the bar, 5 May 1676 — member of 
Convention Parliament, Jan. 1689 — Solicitor- 
general, May 1689 — Knt, Oct. 1689 — M.P. 
Worcester, 1690 — Attorney-general, 2 May 
1692 — Lord-keeper of Great Seal, 23 Mar. 1693 

— one of the Lords Justices, 1695 — Lord 
Chancellor, 22 Apr. 1697 — Lord Somers, Baron 
Evesham, Dec. 1697 — deprived, 17 Apr. 1700 
— impeached, 1 Apr. 1701 — and acquitted, 17 
Jun. — Pres. Royal Society, 1702 — draws up 
plan for Union with Scotland, 1706 — Pres. 
Council, Nov. 1708 — resigns, 1710 — tf., 26 
Apr. 17 16— his MSS. burnt in Lincoln's Inn, 
29 Jan. 1752. a Campbell. 

Somerset, Charles Seymour, Duke of, — h., 
12 Aug. 1662 — succeeds his "brother Francis, 
Apr. 1678 — marries Lady Elizabeth Percy, 30 
May 1682— -K.G., 8 Apr. 1684 — as Gentleman 
of the Bed-chamber to James II., refuses to 
introduce Papal Nuncio at Windsor, 3 Jul. 

1687, and is dismissed: Chancellor of Cam- 
bridge Univ., 1688 — joins Prince of Orange, 

1688, and is named Pres. Council: one of the 
Lords Justices, 1701 — Master of the Horse, 3 
Jul. 1702 — Commissioner for treating of Union 
with Scotland, 1708 — dismissed from Master- 
ship, 17 Jan. 17 1 2 — one of the guardians of 
the realm, by George I., Aug. 17 14 — again 
Master of the Horse, 27 Sep. 17 14 — resigns, 
25 Oct. 17 15 — loses his wife, 1722 — marries 
Lady Charlotte Finch, 4 Feb. 1726 — }y. at 
Petworth, 2 Dec. 1748. 

Somerset, Edmund Beaufort, Duke of, — 
declared legitimate son of John of Gaunt, 6 
Feb. 1 397 a — taken prisoner by French, at 
Beauge, Mar. 142 1 — distinguishes himself 
under Bedford in France, 1422-35 — defends 
Bouen, 1432 — Joint-commander with Duke of 
York in Normandy, 1435 — captures Harfleur, 
1440 — relieves Calais, 1441 — created Earl of 
Dorset, 24 Aug. 1441 b — Marquis of Dorset, 



24 Jun. 1442 b — succeeds his brother as Earl of 
Somerset, 1444 b — succeeds Duke of York as 
Eegent of Normand)', 1444 — created Duke of 
Somerset, 31 Mar. T448 b — surrenders Caen, 
autumn 1450 — returns to England and has 
chief direction of affairs, 1450 — trial of, de- 
manded by York, 1452 — imprisoned and de- 
prived of his offices, Feb. 1454 — liberated, 5 
Feb. 1455 — submits his quarrel with York to 
arbitration, 4 Mar. — defeated and killed by 
York at St Albans, 23 May 1455. 

a Lingard. b Burke. 

Somerset, Edmund Beaufort, Duke of, — 
succeeds his father, and takes command of Lan- 
castrians, 1464 — defeated at Tewkesbury, 4 
May 147 1 — beheaded, 6 May. 

Somerset, Edward Seymour, Duke of, 
Protector and Lord Treasurer of Eng- 
land, — accompanies Duke of Suffolk to France, 
Aug. 1523 — Knt, 1 Nov. 1523 — accompanies 
Wolsey to France, 1527 — attends Henry VIII. 
to France, 1532 — Viscount Beauchamp, 5 Jun. 
1536— Earl of Hertford, 18 Oct. 1537— K.G., 
9 Jan. 1542 — accompanies Duke of Norfolk in 
invasion of Scotland, 1542— Lord Great Cham- 
berlain for life, 1543 — Lieutenant-general of 
the North, invades Scotland, takes and burns 
Leith and Edinburgh, 5 May 1544 — takes 
part in siege of Boulogne, Aug. to Sep. 1544 — 
overruns south of Scotland, 1545 — Chan- 
cellor of Cambridge Univ., 1546 — Protector of 
the Realm and Governor of Edward VI., end 
of Jan. 1547 — Lord Treasurer, 10 Feb. 1547 
— Duke of Somerset, 16 Feb. — Earl Marshal 
of England, 17 Feb. — invades Scotland and 
obtains victory of Musselburgh, 10 Sep. 1548 
— deprived of Protectorship, 13 Oct. 1548 — 
committed to the Tower, 14 Oct. — pardoned, 
16 Feb. 1550— restored to the Council, Apr. — 
again imprisoned, 16 Oct. 155 1 — tried for 
treason, 1 Dec. — beheaded on Tower Hill, 22 
Jan. 1552. 

Somerset, Edward. [V/orcester, Marquis 
of.] 

Somerset, Lord Fitzroy. [Raglan, Lord.] 

Somerset, Henry Beaufort, Duke of, — suc- 
ceeds his father, 1455 — commands Lancastrians 
and is defeated at Towton, 29 Mar. 146 1 — 
escapes to Scotland : gives up Bamborough 
Castle, and is pardoned by Edward IV., 1463 
— again joins Queen Margaret, 1464 — taken 
prisoner at Hexham, 15 May — beheaded, 16 
May 1464. 

Somerset, Eobert Carr, Earl of, and Vis- 
count Rochester, favourite of James I., — 
presented at Court of James I.., 1606 — Knt, 
1607 — Lord Treasurer of Scotland, 1610 — 
Viscount Kochester, 25 Mar. 161 1 — K.G., 
May 161 1 — Privy Councillor, Apr. 16 12 — ■ 
Earl of Somerset, 3 Nov. 16 13 — marries 
Countess of Essex, 26 Dec. 16 13 — condemned 
to death for murder of Sir Thomas Overbury, 
1616 — pardoned and released, 1622 — rj., Jul. 
1645. 

Somerset, William Seymour, 2nd Duke 
of, Earl and Marquis of Hertford, — suc- 
ceeds his grandfather as Earl of Hertford, Apr. 
1621— created Marquis of Hertford, 3 Jun. 



SOMERSET HOUSE— SOPHOCLES. 



1299 



1640 — Governor to Prince of Wales, 1640 — 
Lieutenant-general of Royal forces in Wilt- 
shire, Hampshire, &c, 1642 — defends Sher- 
borne Castle, 1 642 — distinguishes himself at 
battle of Lansdown, 5 Jul. 1643 — Chancellor 
of Oxford Univ., 24 Oct. 1643 — dismissed 
from chancellorship, 1648 — reinstated, 26 May 
1660 — K.G.,27 May — Duke of Somerset, on 
reversal of attainder of first Duke, 1660 — "&., 
24 Oct. 1660. 

Somerset House, London, — built by Pro- 
tector Somerset, about 1549 — taken down and 
rebuilding commenced, 1776. 

Somerville, William, poet, — fj. at Edston, 
in Warwickshire, 1692 — tf. there, 19 Jul. i742, a 
14 Jul. i743- b The Chase, 1735. 

a Engl. Cye. b Chalmers. 

Sommeiller, Germain, engineer, — h. at St 
Jeoire, in Savoy, 15 Feb. 18 15— studies at 
Coll. of Milan, 1827-33— invents boring en- 
gine for the Mont-Cenis tunnel, by 1857 — joint- 
engineer of the works, 1857— tf. at St Jeoire, 
11 Jul. 187 1. 

Sommershausen, — Gen. Wrangel and Vis- 
count Turenne defeat Imperialists at, 17 Apr. 
1648. 

Somnauth, (Somnath-Pattan,) in Hindu- 
stan, Temple of, — stormed by Sultan Mahmud, 
(415, a. h.) 1024 — gates captured by British 
at Ghuznee, 1842. 

Somner, William, antiquary, — fj. at Can- 
terbury, 30 Mar. 1606 ? 1598 ? — imprisoned as 
one of the Kentish Petitioners, 1659 — Master 
of St John's Hospital, Canterbury, 1660 — tf., 
30 Mar. 1669. Antiquities of Canterbury, 
1640 — Diction arium saxonico-latino-anglieum, 
1659 — Treatise on Gavelkind, 1660. 

Soneino, in Italy, — Francesco Sforza de- 
feats Carmagnola near, 17 May 143 1. 

Sonderborg, in Schleswig. [See Schleswig- 
Holstein War.] 

Sonderbund, League of Seven Catholic Can- 
'tons of Switzerland, — formed for defence 
against the Free Corps, 1846 — illegality of, 
decreed by Diet, 29 Jul. 1847 — forces of, de- 
feated by Gen. Dufour at Freyburg, 13 Nov. 
— again, at Lucerne, 24 Nov. — submits, and is 
dissolved. 

Sonnerat, Pierre, traveller, naturalist, — b. 
at Lyons, about 1749 — explores Madagascar 
with Commerson, 1768-71 — visits China and 
India, 1774-81 — tf. at Paris, 31 Mar. 18 14. 
Voyage dans la Nouvelle Guine'e, 1776 — Voyage 
aux Indes Orientales et a. la Chine, 1782. 

Sonnini de Manoncourt, Charles Nicolas 
Sigisbert, naturalist, — h. at Luneville, 1 Feb. 
1 75 1 — visits Cayenne, 1772 and 1775 — goes 
to Egypt, 1777 — tf. at Paris, 29 May 1812. 
Voyage dans la haute et basse JSgypte, 1799 — 
Voyage en Grece et en Turquie, 1801 — edition 
and continuations of Buffon's Histoire Na- 
turelle, 1799-1808. 

Sontag, Henrietta, singer, — fj. at Coblentz, 
13 Mar. 1805 — prima donna, Berlin, 1823 — 
appears at Paris and London, 1828 — marries 
Count Rossi and retires, 1829-30 — again ap- 
pears in London, 1849 — visits America, 18,52 
— tf. at Mexico, 18 Jun. 1854. 



Sooloo Islands, in Indian Ocean, — Spaniards 
at war with, 1566 — they seize Sooloo, and 
claim sovereignty, 1646— Balambangan ceded 
to British, and settlement formed, 1763 — 
settlers killed and settlement burnt by Sooloos, 
1773 — British settlement reestablished, 1803 
— again abandoned, 1804 — Zamboangan in 
Mindanao captured by Spaniards, and power of 
the Sultan destroyed, 28 Feb. 1851. 

_ Sopater, of Paphos, parodist, — [B C] — ex- 
hibits in Alexander's reign, 333 — still ex- 
hibits, 283. 

Sopater, of Apamea, sophist, — ft., about 330. 

Sophene, in Armenia, — [B C] — Arsaces (Ar- 
taxes) conquered by Tigranes, before 83 — 
with Gudyene made a kingdom for Tigranes, 
from 66 — Socmus king, 54. 

Sophia, Electress and Duchess Dow- 
ager of Hanover, — fj., 1630 — marries Ernest 
Augustus, Duke of Brunswick- Liineburg, 17 
Oct. 1658 — birth of her son George Louis, 
[George I. of England^ 1660 — crown of Eng- 
land limited to her by Act 12 and 13 Wm III. 
c. 2, 23 Mar. 1701 — confirmed by Act 13 Wm 
III. c. 6, 1702 — naturalized with her issue by 
Act 4 and 5 Ann. c. 16, 1705 — crown of Great 
Britain limited to her by Act of Union, 6 Ann. 
c. 11, 6 Mar. 1706 — tf. at Herrenhausen, 28 
May 17 14. 

Sophia Alexeievna, — fj., 1667^7 Sep. 1657b 
— Regent of Russia for her brothers Ivan Alexi- 
ovich and Peter I., 3 Jul. 1682 — deprived by 
Peter and sent to monastery of Novo-devitchei, 
1689 — takes the veil, 18 Sep. — tf. there, 1704. 
a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Sophia Augusta, of Anhalt-Zerbst. [Ca- 
therine II., Empress of Russia.] 

Sophia Charlotte, Queen of Prussia, — fj., 
20 Oct. 1668 — marries Frederick I. of Prussia, 
28 Sep. 1684 — tf. at Hanover, 1 Feb. 1705. 

Sophia Dorothea, Queen of Prussia, — fj. 
at Hanover, 27 Mar. 1687 — marries Frederick 
William of Prussia, 28 Nov. 1706 — left a 
widow, 31 May 1740 — tf. at Monbijon, Berlin, 
28 Jun. 1757. 

Sophia Dorothea, Peincess of Zell, Queen 
of England, — b., 15 Sep. 1666 — marries 
George, duke of Brunswick Liineburg, (after- 
wards George I. of England,) 21 Nov. 1682 — 
accused of intrigue with Count Konigsmark 
and imprisoned at Ahlen, Jul. 1694 — becomes 
Queen, 17 14 — tf. in prison, 13 Nov. 1726. 

Sophia, St, Church of, Constantinople, — ■ 
founded by Constantine, 325-6 — enlarged by 
Constantius ; destroyed, 404 — rebuilt by The- 
odosius, 415 — burnt in sedition of the Nika, 
532 — rebuilt by Justinian, 531-537 —con- 
verted to a mosque by Mahomet II., 1453. 

Sophian, Abu. [Abu Sofian.] 

Sophocles, tragic poet,— [B C]— b., (01. 71, 
2,) 495, a 496 b — exarchos at celebration of 
victory at Salamis, aut. 480 — first dramatic 
exhibition and prize, (Dionys. Maj. 01. 77, 4,) 
468 — one of the strategi in Samian War, sum. 
440 to spring 439 — one of the probouloi after 
destruction of Sicilian army, aut. 413 — tf., 
(Choes. 01. 93, 2,) 406^ 405 a — honoured by 
LycurguSj (orator,) about 350-330. Works: 
82 * 



I 3°° 



SOPHOCLES— SOUBISE. 



Triptolemus, ? 468— Antigone, (01. 84, 4,) 440 
—Philoctctes, (Dionys. Maj. 01. 92, 3,) 409 
— CEdipus Colon., (01. 94, 3,) Feb. or Mar. 
401. a Clinton. 

b Par. Mar. c Smith's Diet. 

Sophocles Junior, tragic poet, — [3C] — ex- 
hibits his grandfather's (Edipus Colon., Feb. or 
Mar. 401 — begins to exhibit his own, 396. 

Sophocles, — [B C] — proposes law against 
philosophers, (01. 115, 4, or 116, 1,) 317 or 
316 [(01. 118,) 308-5]— repealed, 315. 

Sophron, mimographer, — [B C] — fl., about 
460-420. 

Sophronius, theologian, — S., about 390. 

Sophus,?. Sempronius,— [3 C] — trib. pleb., 
310 — Consul with P. Sulpicius Severus, (Saver- 
rio,) 304— defeats JEqui and triumphs : first 
plebeian censor, pontifex, 300 — censor with P. 
Sulpicius Severus, 299. 

Sora, in Italy, — r L B C] — taken by Samnites, 
315 — reconquered by Eomans, 314 — [AD] — 
taken from Conrad von Marlei by troops of 
Frederick II., i2o8 a — yisited by Innocent III., 
1208 — riots at, 1227 — town taken by Papal 
troops, summer 1229 — retaken and burnt by 
Frederick II., 28 Oct. 1229 a — visited by him, 
Jul. I240. a a Kington. 

Soranus, physician, anatomist, — $., about 
110-150. 

Soranzo, Giovanni, Doge of Venice, — 
takes Ferrara and is excommunicated by Pope 
Clement V., 1308 — succeeds Marino Giorgi, 13 
Jul. 131 1 — obtains absolution, Jan. 1323 — ft., 
Dec. 1327. 

Sorbin, — discovered by Pelouze, about 1852 
— obtained in crystals, by Delffs, 1871. 

Sorbonne, College of the, Paris, — founded 
by Ptobert de Sorbonne, 1253 — approved by 
Clement IV., 1268— new buildings erected by 
Cardinal Eichelieu, 1629 — church built, 1635- 
59 — Library burnt by Communists, 24 May 
1871. 

Sorbonne, (Sorbon,) Robert de, — ft. at Sor- 
bon, near Eethel, 9 Oct. 1201 — confessor to 
St Louis, before 1250 — Canon of Paris, 1258 
— rj. at Paris, 15 Aug. 1274. [Sorbonne, Col- 
lege of the.] 

Sorcerers, Sorcery, in England. [Witch- 
craft.] 

Sorel, Agnes, — fj. in Touraine, 1409 — Maid 
of Honour to Isabella, Duchess of Anjou, 1424 
— accompanies her to Court of France, about 
143 1 — Maid of Honour to the queen and mis- 
tress of Charles VII., soon after : retires from 
Court, 1445 — returns, 1449— if. at Jumiege, 9 
Fob. 1450. 

Sorel, Charles, litterateur, — ft. at Paris, 
about 1595 — historiographer of France, 1635 
— a", at Paris, 8 Mar. 1674. La rraie his- 
toire comique de Francion, 1622— le berger ex- 
travagant, 1627 — Pibliotheque frangaise, 
1664. 

Sosibios, grammarian, — [BC] — fl., 251. 

Sosigenes, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
109, 3,) 342. 

Sosigenes, Peripatetic philosopher, — [3 C] — 
employed by Julius Caesar in correction of cal- 
endar, 46. 



Sosiphanes, one of the Tragic Pleiad, — [B C] 
— ft., between 340-330 a — exhibits, (01. 121, 4,) 
296-284^ a Clinton. 

Sosis, — [BC] — assassinates Hieronymus of 
Syracuse, 215 — joins Marcellus : made a Eo- 
man citizen, 211. 

Sosistratos, — [B C] — directs affairs of Syra- 
cuse, before 317 — exile at Agrigentum, 314. 

Sosistratos, — [B C] — chief in affairs of Syra- 
cuse, 279— yields to Pyrrhus, 278-7. 

Sosistratos, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
81, 2,) 455. 

Sositheus, one of the Tragic Pleiad, — [BCj 
— fi., about (01. 124) 284-278^ 
a Clinton. 

Sosius, C, — [BC] — quaestor to H\ Lepidus, 
66 — praetor, joins Pompey, 49 — Governor of 
Syria under Antony, 38 — takes Jerusalem and 
enthrones Herod, 37 — triumphs, 34 — Consul 
with Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, (722, a. u. c.) 
32 — commands in Antony's fleet, 31 — pardoned 
by Augustus, after Actium, 31. 

Sosthenes,— [B C] — commands Macedonians 
(King ?) after Antipater, 280 — war with Gauls. 

Sosthenes, architect, — [BC] — builds Pharos 
at Alexandria, about 300. 

Sotades, of Maroneia, — [B C] — drowned for 
his satires on Lysimachus and Ptolemy, be- 
tween 285-281 — fl., 28o. a a Clinton. 

Soter, Bp ofEome, — succeeds Anicetus, 168 

—if., 177. 

Sotheby, Samuel Leigh, typographical anti- 
quary, — ft., about 1806 — drowned, 19 Jun. 
1 86 1. Principia Typographica, 1858. 

Sotheby, William, miscellemeous writer, — ft. 
in London, 9 Nov. 1757 — marries, 1780 — set- 
tles in London, 179 1 — ij. in London, 30 Dec. 
1833. Translation of Wieland's Oberon, 1798 
— the Georgics, 1800 — the Iliad, 1831. 

Soto, Domingo, theologian, — ft. at Segnvia, 
1494 — Prof. Philosophy, Alcala, 15 19 — enters 
Dominican Order, 1524 — First Theologian of 
Charles V. at Council of Trent, 1545 — tf. at 
Salamanca, 17 Dec. 1560. Summulee, 1525 — ■ 
Be Just it ia et Jure, 1568. 

Soto, Hernandez de, discoverer of the Mis- 
sissippi, — ft. at Villanueva, about 1496 — goes 
to America, about 1520 — distinguishes himself 
under Pizarro, in conquest of Peru, 153 1-2 — 
obtains authority from Charles V. to conquer 
Florida, and is named Governor of Cuba, 1538 — 
embarks at San Lucar, Apr. 1538 — lands in 
Florida, Jun. 1539 — explores the country : ft., 
25 Jun. 1542. 

Soubise, Benjamin de Eohan, Seigxeur 
de, Protestant leader, — ft. at La Eochelle, about 
i589, a 1583 b — assists at Assembly of Saumur, 
161 1 — Commander-general of Protestant forces 
in Poitou, Brittany, and Anjou, 162 1 — sur- 
renders to the king at St Jean d'Angely, 23 
Jun. 1 62 1 — ravages Poitou and is defeated by 
the king near Nantes, Apr. 1622 — declared 
guilty of high treason, 15 Jul. 1622 b — seizes 
Isle of Ehe, 1625 — defeated by Eoyal fleet off 
Eochelle, 15 Sep. 1625 — conducts English 
fleet to Eochelle, and is refused admission, 
1626 — his Barony of Fontenay erected into a 
Duchy by letters-patent, 1626 — included in 



SOUBISE— SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 



301 



Pacification of Nismes, 29 Jun. 1629 — if. in 
London, 9 Oct. 1642. 

a Conv.-Lex. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Soubise, Charles de Bohan, Prince de, 
Peer and Marshal of France, — b. at Paris, 
16 Jul. 17 15 — enters the army, 1734,* 1731 b — 
marries Anne Marie Louise de la Tour d'Au- 
vergne, 30 Dec. 1734 — loses his wife, 17 Sep. 
1739 — marries Theresa of Savoy, 5 Nov. 1741 
— aide-de-camp to Louis XV., 1744-8 — wounded 
at siege of Friburg, 1744 — loses his wife, 5 
Apr. 1745 — marries Christina of Hesse-Bhin- 
i'eld, 24 Dec. 1745 — Lieutenant-general, 1 Jan. 
1748 — Governor of Flanders andHainault, 1751 
— marries his eldest daughter to Prince of 
Conde, 1753 — defeated by Prussians at Eoss- 
bach, 3 Nov. 1757 — obtains victories over 
Hessians, &c, at Sondershausen, i3, a 23 b Jul., 
and at Liitzelburg, 10 Oct. 1758 — Marshal of 
France, 19 Oct. 1758 — Minister of State, 18 
Feb. 1759 — commands army of the Ehiue, 
1761 — defeated by Prince of Brunswick, 15 
Jul. 1761 — banished, 17 Feb. 1762 — if. at 
Paris, 4 Jul. 1787. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Soudan. [Africa and Niger.] 
Soufflot, Jacques Germain, architect, — b. 
near Auxerre, i7i4, a 17 13 b — admitted to Aca- 
demy of Architecture, Paris, 1 749 — if. at Paris, 
29 Aug. i78i, a 1780.° Eebuilds Church of St 
Genevieve, 1757-81. a Biog. Univ. 

b Engl. Cyc. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Sculie, Melehior Frederic, dramatist, novel- 
ist, — b. at Foix, 23 Dec. 1800 — settles at 
Paris, 1825 — if. at Bievre, near Paris, 22 Sep. 
1847. Clotilde, 1832 — Deux Cadavres, 1833 — 
Memoires du diable, 1842. 

Soulouque, Faustin, Negro Emperor of 
Hayti, — b. near Port-au-Prince, about 1782 a 
■ — Pres. Eepublic of Hayti, 1 Mar. 1847 — 
assumes title of Emperor, (Faustin I.,) 26 
Aug. 1849 — crowned with his wife, 18 Apr. 
1852— deposed, Dec. 1858 — arrested, 15 Jan. 
1859 — **• near Port-au-Prince, end of Jul., 
1867. [Domingo, St.] a Conv.-Lex. 

Soult, Nicolas Jean de Bieu, Duke oe Dal- 
matia, Marshal oe France, — b. at St 
A mans la Bastide, (Tarn,) 29 Mar. 1769 — 
enters the army, 15 Apr. 1785 — distinguishes 
himself at Fleurus, 26 Jun. 1794 — General of 
Brigade, n Oct. 1794 — serves at siege of 
Luxemburg, 1795 — contributes to defeat of 
Austrians at Altenkirchen, 1796 — repulses 
Austrian cavalry at Herborn, 15 Jun. 1796 — 
distinguishes himself at battle of Stockach, 25 
Mar. 1799 — General of Division, 21 Apr. 1799 
— takes part in combats before Zurich, 4 Jun. 
1799 — contributes to victory of Zurich, 25 Sep. 
1799 — takes part in defence of Genoa, 1800 — 
organizes the ' Army of England,' at Boulogne, 
1803 — Marshal of the Empire and Grand 
Officer of Legion of Honour, 19 May 1804 — 
distinguishes himself at Austerlitz, 2 Dec. 
1805 — at Jena, 14 Oct. 1806 — at Eylau, 8 
Feb. 1807 — takes Konigsberg, 14 Jun. 1807 — 
defeats Spaniards at Burgos, 10 Nov. 1808 — 
defeated by Sir John Moore at Coruna, 16 
Jan. 1809 — takes Oporto, 29 Mar. — evacuates 



it, 12 May — Major-general of army in Spain, 
Jul. — obtains victory of Ocana, 19 Nov.— un- 
successfully attempts Cadiz, 5 Feb. 18x0— 
General-m-chief of army of the South, 14 Jul. 
1810— takes Badajoz, 11 Mar. 181 1 — defeated 
byBeresford at Albuera, 16 May— retires from 
Andalusia, Jul. 18 12— serves at Liitzen and 
Bautzen, 1813— Commander-in-chief in Spain, 
Jul. 1813 — defeated by Wellington at Orthes, 
27 Feb. 1 8 14 — and at Toulouse, 10 Apr. — 
evacuates Toulouse, 11 Apr. 18 14— Minister of 
War, 3 Dec. 18 14 — dismissed, n Mar. 18 15 — 
joins Napoleon I., 25 Mar. 1 8i5~Peer of France, 
by Napoleon, 2 Jun. — present at Waterloo, j8 
Jun. 1 8 15 — banished by decree of 12 Jan. 
1 8 16 — returns to France, May 18 19— Peer of 
France, 5 Nov. 1827— Minister of War, 17 
Nov. 1830 — Pres. Council, 11 Oct. 1832 to 18 
Jill. 1834 — ambassador extraord. to Queen 
Victoria, 25 Apr. 1838 — -Pres. Council and 
Minister of Foreign Affairs, May 1839 to Mar. 
1840 — Pres. Council and Minister of War, 29 
Oct. 1840 — resigns portfolio of War, 10 Nov. 
1845 — resigns presidency, 10 Sep. 1847 — 
Marshal -general of France, 26 Sep. 1847 — 
if. at the Chateau of Soult-Berg, 26 Nov. 
1851. 

Sound, The, strait between Denmark and 
Sweden, — passage of, forced by British fleet, 
under Admiral Parker, 30 Mar. 1801 — again, 
by Admiral Gambier, 1 Sep. 1807. Dues im- 
posed by treaty between king of Denmark and 
Hanse Towns, 1348 — agreed to, by England, 
1450 — Sweden exempted from payment of, 
1644, but again made subject to, 1720 — con- 
firmed and regulated by Congress of Vienna, 
1 8 15 — abolished by treaty between Denmark 
and principal States of Europe, signed at Co- 
penhagen, 14 Mar. 1857, and by separate 
treaty between Denmark and United States, 

South, Sir James, astronomer, — b. in Lon- 
don, 1785 — Joint-founder of Eoyal Astrono- 
mical Society, 1820 — F.E.S., 1821 — with Sir 
J. Herschel, compiles catalogue of double stars, 
1822-3 — another, 1826 — receives Copley Medal, 
1826 — Knt, 1830 — ij. at Kensington, 19 Oct. 
1867. 

South, Eobert, theologian, — b. at Hackney, 
Middlesex, 1633 — enters Christ- church, Oxford, 
1651 — M.A., 1657 — takes holy orders, 1658 
— Public Creator of Oxford Univ., 1660 — Pre- 
bendary of Westminster and D.D., 1663 — ■ 
canon of Christ-church, 1670 — chaplain to 
Lawrence Hyde, when sent ambassador to Jobn 
Sobieski, 1676 — rector of Islip, Oxfordshire, 
1678 — has controversy with Sherlock, 1693 — 
refuses bishopric of Bochester and deanery of 
Westminster, 17 13 — if. in London, 8 Jul. 17 16. 
Sermons, 1678-1715 — Posthumous Works, 
1717. 

South Australia, — territory granted to S. 
Australia Colonization Association, 1835 — 
colonized by British, 1836— gold discovered 
in, 1844 — better government of, provided for, 
by Act 13 and 14 Vic. c. 59, 5 Aug. 1850 — 
new constitution adopted, 27 Oct. 1856 — ex- 
plored by Stuart, 1861. 



SOUTH KENSINGTON MUSEUM— SOUTHEY. 



South Kensington Museum. [Kensing- 
ton.] 

South Mountain, in Virginia, V. S.,— de- 
feat of Confederates by Federals at, 14 Sep. 
1862. 

South-Sea Company, — established by Act 9 
Ann. c. 21, 17 10 — offers its scheme for dis- 
charging National Debt to House of Commons, 
27 Jan. 1720 — its proposals accepted, 1 Feb. 
1720 — price of its stock ranges between 900 
and 1000, Jun., Jul. 1720— £1,000,000 of new 
capital subscribed, 24 Aug. 1720 — price of its 
stock begins to fall, 26 Aug. 1720 — agreement 
with the Bank, 23 Sep. 1720 — directors ordered 
by House of Commons to produce an account 
of their proceedings, 12 Dec. 1720 — Committee 
of Secrecy chosen, 6 Jan. 1721 — directors in 
service of the Crown discharged, n Jan. 1721 — 
directors examined before House of Lords, 12 
Jan. 172 1— Secret Committee takes possession 
of South-Sea House and books, 14 Jan. 1721 
— Knight, the cashier, absconds, 22 Jan.1721 — 
imprisonment of several M.Ps., directors, and 
others, 23-25 Jan. 172 1 — Knight imprisoned 
at Antwerp, 3 Feb. 172 1 — report of Com- 
mittee of Secrecy, 16 Feb. 1721 — Aislabie ex- 
amined by House of Commons, and committed 
to the Tower ; Sunderland resigns his office, 8 
Mar. 1721 — forfeitures on estates of directors 
ordered by House of Commons, 17 Apr. 172 1 
— Parliament prorogued, 10 Aug. 1721 — Court 
of Company held respecting the Assiento con- 
tract and Greenland trade, 3 Sep. 17 2 1 — Knight 
escapes from Antwerp, and is pardoned, 18 
Oct. 172 1 — ships fitted out for Greenland fish- 
ery, Jul. 1724 to Apr. 1726 — Greenland fishery 
given up, 22 Nov. 1732 — inquiry of House of 
Lords into conduct of the Company, 1 Jun. 

1733. 

Southampton, in Hampshire, — unsuccess- 
fully attacked by Danes, 837 — pillaged by 
them, 980 — winter-quarters of Danes, 994-995 
— sacked by French and Genoese, Oct. 1338 — 
fortifications strengthened, 1339 — Edward III. 
embarks for France at, 7 Jul. 1345 — Henry V. 
embarks at, 11 Aug. 1415 — Marquis of Dorset 
with auxiliary force for Spain embarks at, 
Jun. 15 1 2 — Emperor Charles V. sails from, 
1522 — visited by Edward VI., 1552— Queen 
Elizabeth holds her Court at, 1569 — visited by 
Garibaldi, 3 Apr. 1 864. Hartley Institution, 
opened, 15 Oct. 1862. 

Southampton, Henry Wriothesley, Earl 
of, friend of Shakespeare, — b., 1573 — accom- 
panies Essex to Cadiz, 1596 — attainted, 1598 
— accompanies Essex to Ireland, 1599 — takes 
part in his rebellion, 8 Feb. 1 601— tried and 
found guilty, 19 Feb.— restored to his honours, 
1603 — created anew Earl of Southampton, 21 
Jul. 1603— serves in the Netherlands, 1624 — 
)J. at Bergen-op-Zoom, 1624. 

Southampton, Thomas Wriothesley, Earl 
of, Lord Chancellor of England,— Clerk 
to the Signet, to Henry VI 1 1., 1530— obtains 
office in Common Pleas, 1537 — Knt, and secre- 
tary of the king, 1538 — Joint-Commissioner 
for treaty of league with Charles V., 1543 — 
created Baron Wriothesley, 1 Jan. 1544 — 



Lord Chancellor, 3 May 1544 — negotiates treaty 
with Scotland, May 1544— takes part in torture 
of Anne Askew, 1546 — one of the executors of 
Henry VIII., Jan. 1547— created Earl of South- 
ampton, 16 Feb. 1547 — puts Great Seal in 
commission, and is dismissed and imprisoned, 6 
Mar. 1547 — tf. in London, 30 Jul. 1550. 

Southampton, Thomas Wriothesley, Earl 
of, Lord High Treasurer of England, — 
succeeds his father, 1624— joins Royalist party, 
1 641 — takes proposals of accommodation to 
Parliament, 25 Aug. 1642 — Commissioner at 
Treaty of Uxbridge, 1645 — Privy Councillor 
and Lord High Treasurer, 1660 — tr., 16 May 
1667. 

Southampton, William Fitzwilliam, Earl 
of, admiral, — Commander in fleet against 
France, 1512 — Vice-admiral of England, 1520 
— Admiral, 1523 — treasurer of the king's 
household, 1524 — accompanies Henry VIII. 
to France, 1532 — K.G., Chancellor of Duchy 
of Lancaster, 1535 — Admiral of England, &c, 
1536 — Earl of Southampton, 18 Oct. 1537 — 
Lord Privy Seal, Oct. 1539— 5j. at Newcastle, 
Oct. 1542. 

Southcott, Joanna, fanatic, — ft. in Devon- 
shire, Apr. 1750 — professes herself a prophet- 
ess, about 1792 — "ft. in London, 27 Dec. 18 14. 
Warning to the whole world, 1803 — Book of 
Wonders, 18 13-14. 

Southern, Thomas, dramatist, — u. at Ox- 
mantown, in Dublin County, i66o, a at Strat- 
ford-on-Avon, i662, b at Dublin, 1659° — 
enters Trin. Coll. Dublin, 1676 c — enters Mid- 
dle Temple, London, 1678 — If. at Westmin- 
ster, 26 May 1746. Works, 1774. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Rees' Cyc. c Chalmers. 

Southey, Caroline Anne, (Miss Bowles,) 
poetess, — f). atLymington, Hants, 6 Dec. 1786 
— marries Eobert Southey, 4 Jun. 1839 — ^ e ^ 
a widow, 21 Mar. 1843 — tf. at Lymington, 20 
Jul. 1854. Mien Fitz- Arthur, 1820 — Solitary 
Hours, 1826 — Chapters on Churchyards, 1829 
— Birth-day, 1836. 

Southey, Eobert, poet, miscellaneous writer, 
— fc. at Bristol, 12 Aug. 1774 — enters Balliol 
Coll. Oxford, Jan. 1793 — leaves it, 1794 — be- 
comes acquainted with Coleridge, 1794 — mar- 
ries Edith Flicker, Nov. 1795 — visits Spain 
and Portugal, 1795-6 — again, 1800 — settles at 
Greta Hall, near Keswick, 1804 — visits Scott, 
1805 — receives pension, 1807 — begins to con- 
tribute to Quarterly Review, 1809 — poet-lau- 
reate, Nov. 1813 — LL.D. Oxford, 1821 — visits 
Holland, 1825 — receives increased pension, 
1835 — loses his wife, 1837 — visits Normandy 
and Brittany, 1837 — marries Caroline Bowles, 
4 Jun. 1839 — tf. at Greta Hall, 21 Mar. 1843. 
Poems, with Lovell, 1794 — Joan of Arc, 1795 
— edition of Chatterton, 1803 — Thalaba, 1803 
— Metrical Tales, 1804 — Madoc, 1805 — Letters 
from England, 1807 — Curse of Kehama, 18 10 
— History of Brazil, 18 10- 19 — Life of Nelson, 
181 3 — Boderick, 181 4 — Wat Tyler, 1 8 1 7 — 
Life of John Wesley, 1820 — History of the 
Peninsular War, 1822-32 — Book of the Church, 
1824 — Life of John Bunyan, 1830 — Essays, 
1832 — Naval History of England, 1833-40 — 



SOUTHWAEK BRIDGE— SPALDING. 



1303 



The Doctor, 1834 — edition of Cowper's Works, 
1835-8 — Poetical Works, 1837 — Correspond- 
ence, 1849-50 — Commonplace Book, 1849-51. 

Southwark Bridge, London, — commenced 
by Eennie, 23 May 1815 — opened, 24 Mar. 
1819. 

Southwell, Kobert, Jesuit, — b. in Norfolk, 
1560 — enters Order of Jesuits at Eome, 1578 
— sent missionary to London, about 1586 — im- 
prisoned, Jul. 1592 — executed at Tyburn, 21 
Feb. 1595. St Peter's Complaint, 1593 — 
Mceonice, 1595 — Triumph over Death, 1595 — 
Mary Magdalen's Tears, 1609. 

Southwold Bay, {Solebay,) — Duke of York 
defeats Dutch fleet, 28 May 1672. 

Souvestre, Emile, litterateur, — b. at Mor- 
laix, 15 Apr. 1806 — settles at Paris, 1836 — 
member of Legion of Honour, 1847 — ft. at 
Paris, 5 Jul. 1854. Des Demiers Bretons, 
1835-7 — joint-editor of .Revue des deux Mondes, 
1836-48. 

Souza, Luiz de, historian, — b. at Santarem, 
about 1560 — enters Dominican Order, 8 Sep. 
1614 — tf. near Lisbon, May 1632. Vida de 
Bartholomeu dos Marty res, 1619 — Historia de 
San-Domingos, 1623-78. 

Souza-Botelho, Jose Maria, Marquis de, 
diplomatist, litterateur, — b. at Oporto, 9, a 20 b 
Mar. 1758 — plenipotentiary in Sweden, 1791 
— at Copenhagen, 1795 — at Lisbon, 1799 — 
envoy to England, 1802 — plenipotentiary at 
Paris, 1802-5 — tf. there, 1 Jun. 1825. Edition 
of the Lusiad, 18 17. 



Engl. Cyc. 



Biog. "Univ. 



Souza. [Faria de Sousa, Manoel.] 

Sovereign, gold coin, — coined in England by 
Henry VII., 1489 a — displaced by guinea, 1663 
— again coined, 18 15. Double, 1485. 
a Ruding. 

Sowerby, George Brettingham, naturalist, 
— b. in London, 12 Aug. 1788 — If., 26 Jul. 
1854. Genera of Pecent and Fossil Shells, 
1820-4. 

Sowerby, James, naturalist, — b. in London, 
21 Mar. 1757— "&., 25 Oct. 1822. With Sir J. 
E. Smith, English Botany, 1832 — English 
Fungi, 17 97 -1803 — British Mineralogy, 1804- 
17 — Exotic Mineralogy, 18 11. 

Soye, Philippe de, engraver, — b. in Holland, 
about 1538. 

Soyuti, {Abul-Fadl Abd El-Pahman Ben 
Abu Bekr Ben Mohammed-Jelal Ed-Din El- 
Soyuti, (Osyuti,) miscellaneous writer, — b. at 
Cairo, (1 Eajib' 849, a. h.) 2 Oct. 1445— If., 
(18 Jomadba I. 911,) 17 Sep. 1505. 

Sozomenos, {Hermeias, Salamanes, Scholas- 
ticus,) ecclesiastical historian, — ft., 439-443. 
Church History, 439. 

Sozopetra, in Syria, — taken and destroyed 
by Emperor Theophilus, 838. 

Spa, in Belgium, — its mineral waters dis- 
covered, probably about 1320-30 — taken by 
French, 1794. 

Spada, Lionello, painter, — b. at Bologna, 
1576 — ti. at Parma, 17 May 1622. 

Spaendonck, Gerard van, painter, — b. at 
Tilbourg, 23 Mar. 1746 — goes to Paris, 1770 
— admitted to Academy of Painting, 1781 — 



member of French Institute, 1796 — ft. at 
Paris, n May 1822. 

Spagna, Lo (Spagnuolo) Giovanni di Pie- 
tro, painter, — paints, 1507-30 — head of paint- 
ers' guild at Spoleto, 15 17. 
Spagnoletto. [Ribera.] 
Spain, {Hispania, Iberia,) — [B C] — men- 
tioned by Hecataeus, about 500— Carthaginians 
under Hamilcar settle in, and conquer part of 
the country, 237-229 — Carthaginians conquered 
and expelled by Eomans, 206 — divided into 
two provinces, EC. Citerior and H. Ulterior, as 
early as 201 — [see Celtiberians, Cinibri, Lu- 
sitanians, Numantia, Sertorius, Viriathus] 
— subjugation of, completed by Augustus, about ' 
25, and then divided into three provinces, Tar- 
raconensis, Bcetica, and Lusitania : — [AD] — 
receives jus Latii from Vespasian, 71-79 — in- 
vaded by Suevi and Vandals, 409 — entered by 
Visigoths, who reconquer great part for Eo- 
man Empire, 414-418 — evacuated by Vandals, 
429 — Eoman dominion ends, 471 — conquered 
by Saracens, 712 — [Moors] — kingdom of As- 
turias founded by Pelayo, 718 — [see Aragon, 
Castile, Leon, Navarre, Almoravides, Almo- 
hades, Granada] — forms one kingdom under 
Charles L, [Charles V., Emperok] 15 16 — 
Philip II. (son) succeeds, 1556 — Portugal 
united with, 1581 — Philip III., (son,) 1591 — ■ 
Philip IV., (son,) 1621 — separation of Portu- 
gal, 1640 — Charles II., (son,) 1665. 

Souse of Bourbon : Philip V., Duke of 
Anjou, appointed to the succession by Charles 
II., 1700 — Louis, (son,) 1724 — Philip V. 
again, 1724— Ferdinand VI., (son,) 1746— 
Charles III., (brother,) 1759— Charles IV., 
(son,) 1788. 

French conquest : Joseph Napoleon, 1808 — 
Restoration of Bourbons, Ferdinand VII., 18 14 
— Isabella II., (daughter,) 1833 — the throne 
claimed by Don Carlos : civil war commences, 
1834 — ends with defeat of Carlists, Sep. 1840 
— insurrections in, May 1843 — again, early 
in 1856 — [O'Donnell] — whole kingdom de- 
clared in state of siege, 22 Feb. — insurrection 
at Madrid, 17 Jul. — National Junta estab- 
lished, 19 Jul. — banishment of Queen Chris- 
tina, 28 Aug. — war with Morocco, 1859 — war 
with Peru, 1864— with Peru and Chili, 1865 
— insurrection headed by Gen. Prim, 3 Jan. 
1866 — suppressed, 20 Jan. — another, 17 
Jul. 1867 — martial law proclaimed and insur- 
rection suppressed, Jul. — Isabella deposed, 29 
Sep. 1868— [Spanish Bevolution] — Amadeus 
I. (Duke op Aosta) accepts the crown, 3 Dec. 
1870 — dissolution of the Cortes, 24 Jan. 
1872. 
Spain, Era of. [Spanish Era.] 
Spalatin, George, reformer, — b-, 1484 — 
studies at Niirnberg and Erfurt, 1497 -1502 — 
— ordained priest, 1507 — chaplain to Frederick 
the Wise, Elector of Saxony, 15 14 — attends 
Diet of Worms, 152 1 — takes part in organ- 
ization of Saxon Churches, 1527-39 — attends 
Diet of Augsburg, 1530 — "if., 16 Jan. 1545. 

Spalding, Georg Ludwig, philologist, — b. 
at Earth, 8 Apr. 1762 — M.A. Halle, 1792— 
member of Berlin Academy, 1803 — if. at Per- 



3 C 4 



SPALDING— SPARKS. 



lin, ; Jim. 1S11. Edition of Quintilian, 1798- 
1808. 

Spalding, Johann Joachim, theologian, — 
b. in Swedish Pomerania, 1 Not. 17 14— pastor 
at Berlin, 1764-88— tf. there, 2 Mar., a 26 
May, b 26 Mar. c 1804. Sermons, 1765, 1768, 
1784 — Bestimmung des Jlenschen, 1748 — Le- 
bensbeschreibung, 1 804. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Conv.-Lex. 

Spalding, Samuel— b. in London, 30 May 
1807—53. at the Cape of Good Hope, 14 Jan. 
1S34. Philosophy of Christian Morals, 1834. 

Spalding Club, at Aberdeen, — instituted by 
Robertson and others, 1839— dissolved, Dec. 
1869. 

Spallanzani, Lazaro, naturalist, — b. near 
Reggio, 12 Jan. 1729— Prof. Logic, Meta- 
physics, and Greek Literature, Univ. of Reggio, 
1754 — removes to Modena, 1760 — Prof. Na- 
tural History, Pavia, 1770 — travels in Switzer- 
land, South Europe, Turkey, &c, 1779-86 
— if. at Pavia, 12 Feb. 1799. Saggio diosser- 
vazioni microscopiche concernenti it sistcma della 
generazione di Needham e di Buffon, 1767 — 
De' fenomeni delta circolazione, §c, 1777 — 
Opuscoli difisica animate e vegetabile, 1776 — 
Mem. nulla rc&pirazione, 1803. 

Spandau,. in Prussia — taken by Swedes, 
163 1 — by French, 25 Oct. 1806 — surrenders 
to allies, 20 Apr. 1813. 

Spangenberg, August Gottlieb, theologian, 
— b. in Hohenstein, 15 Jul. 1704 — studies at 
Jena and becomes acquainted with Zinzendorf, 
1722-6 — Assistant Prof. Theology, Halle, 17 31 
— dismissed, 1733 — joins Moravians at Herrn- 
hut, 1733 — goes to England and obtains grant 
for Moravian settlement in Georgia, 1734 — 
forms the settlement, spring 1735 — returns to 
Europe, 1739 — ordained bishop, returns to 
Georgia, 1744 — member of College of Bishops 
and Elders at Herrnhut, 1762— ij. at Berthels- 
dorf in Saxony, 18 Sep. 1792. Leben Zinzen- 
dorf, 1772 — Idea Fidei F rat rum, 1779. 

Spanheim, Ezechiel, numismatist, philolo- 
gist, — b. at Geneva, 7 Dec. 1629 — Prof. Belles 
Lettres, Geneva, 1651 — visits Italy, 1659-65 
— ambassador extraord. of Elector of Branden- 
burg to Paris, 1680-89 and 1697-1701 — am- 
bassador to England, 1702 — if. there, 7 Nov. 
17 10. Be pnestantia et asu numismedum an- 
tiguorum, 1664. 

Spanheim, Frederick, theologian, — b. at 
Amberg, 1 Jan. 1600 — Prof. Philosophy, Ge- 
neva, 1626 — Prof. Theology, 1631 — Prof. The- 
ology, Leyden, 1642 — tr. there, 1649. 

Spanish America, — boundary of, denned, 
and investiture given to Ferdinand and Isa- 
bella, by Pope Alexander VI., 1493. [Mexico, 
Peru, Chili, $c] 

Spanish Armada. [Armada.] 

Spanish Era, — [BC] — commences, 1 Jan. 
38— disused in Aragon, by edict of Pedro IV., 
17 Dec. 1350 — in Valencia, 1358— in Castile, 
x 3 8 3 — in Portugal, about 1415. 

Spanish Marriages. [Montpensier, Duke 
of.] 

Spanish Revolution, — 1868 : expulsion of 
Daku and Duchess of Montpensier from Spain, 



by Isabella IL, 6 Jul. — arrest and banishment 
of Serrano and other generals, 6 — commences 
with pronunciamento of fleet at Cadiz, 18 Sep. 
— revolutionary forces under Gen. Serrano de- 
feat Gen. Novaliches at Alcolea, 28 — Madrid 
declares for revolution, provisional government 
formed, deposition of Bourbon dynasty pro- 
nounced, 29 — departure of the queen, 30 — Ser- 
rano enters Madrid, 3 Oct. — Gen. Prim enters 
Madrid, 7 — new ministry under presidency of 
Serrano, 8 — suppression of Jesuits, and confis- 
cation of their property, 13 — suppression of- 
monasteries founded since 1837, 19 — Central 
Junta, Madrid, dissolved, 20 — manifesto by Pro- 
visional Government issued, 26 — insurrection at 
Cadiz, 5 Dec. — suppressed, 13 — manifesto of 
Duke of Montpensier to Spanish people, 24. 

1869 : insurrection at Malaga, suppressed 
by Gen. Caballero de Rodas, Jan. — remon- 
strance against religious freedom, presented by 
ladies, 9 — decree issued for taking possession 
of archives and Art treasures in churches and 
monasteries, Jan. — civil governor of Burgos as- 
sassinated in the cathedral, 24 — the Cortes open- 
ed, 1 1 Feb. — resignation of Provisional Govern- 
ment, 22 — Serrano appointed Chief Minister, 25 
— disturbances in Andalusia, Mar. — abolition 
of conscription resolved on, by Cortes, 12 Mar. 
— the crown offered to Dom Ferdinand of 
Portugal, and refused by him, Apr. — monarchy 
adopted by Cortes, 21 May — new constitution 
adopted, 1 Jim. — promulgated at Madrid, 6 — 
regency established, Serrano appointed Regent, 
16 — sworn in, 18 — Carlist disturbances, Jul. — 
martial law proclaimed, 25 Jul. — crown de- 
clined by King Luis of Portugal, 30 Sep. 

1 870 : abdication of Isabella in favour of her 
son, Prince of the Asturias, 25 Jim. — crown 
accepted by Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern- 
Sigmaringen, early in Jul. — [Franco-Ger- 
man War.] — Duke of Aosta elected King by 
the Cortes, 17 Nov. — accepts the crown, 3 
Dec, and takes title of Amadeus I. : Gen. 
Prim assassinated at Madrid, 28 Dec. — tf., 30 
Dec. 

Spanish Succession, War of the, — breaks 
out, on death of Charles II. of Spain without 
heir, between Emperor Leopold I. and Louis 
XIV., Jul. 1701 — Grand Alliance, of Emperor, 
Great Britain, and Holland, concluded, 7 Sep. 
1 7 01 — Holland declares war against France 
and Spain, 8 May 1702 — Great Britain, 15 
May — the Emperor, 3 Jul. — [see Pragmatic 
Sanction ; Charles II. of Spain ; Philip V. ; 
Marlborough, Duke op ; Eugene, Pkixce ; 
Blenheim, Gibraltar, Barcelona, Ramilies, 
Almanza, Oudenarde, Malplaquet, §c.~] — 
ends with establishment of Pbilip on the tbrone 
by Treaties of Utrecht, 17 13, and Baden, 17 14. 

Sparks, Jared, historian, biographer, — 
b. at Wellington, Conn. U.S., 10 May 1789 — 
graduates at Harvard Univ., 18 15 — pastor of 
Unitarian Church at Baltimore, 1819 — settles 
at Boston, 1823— M c Lean Prof. History, Har- 
vard Univ., 1839 — Pres. Harvard, 1849 — visits 
England and France, 1852 — tr. at Cambridge, 
Mass. U.S., 14 Mar. 1866. Life of Ledyard, 
1828 — Life and Writings of Washington, 1834- 



SPARRMANN— SPEED. 



'3°5 



37 — Diplomatic Correspondence of American 
Revolution, 1829-30 — American Almanac, 1830 
— Life of Governor Morris, 1832 — Library of 
American Biography, 1834-48 — edits North 
American Review, 1823-30 — edition of Frank- 
lin's Works, 1840 — Correspondence of Ameri- 
can Revolution, 1854. 

Sparrmann, Andrew, naturalist, traveller, 
— h. in Sweden, about 1747 — goes to the Cape of 
Good Hope, 1772 — accompanies Captain Cook 
round the world, 1772-5 — travels in interior of 
Africa, 1775-6 — member of Academy of 
Sciences, Stockholm, 1776 — tf. at Stockholm, 
20 Jul. 1820. Voyage to the Cape of Good 
Hope, §c, 1787. 

Sparta, Laeedsemon, Kings of, — [BC] — 
[Eurysthenes and Procles, joint kings of, 
1074 a ] — -joint sovereignty held by their de- 
scendants, but dates merely conjectural till the 
reigns of Anaxandbides (Agid) and Aeiston, 
(Proclid,) about 560 b — Cleomenes I., 524 a 
— Demabatus, about5 1 2-508 a --LEONiDAS, 49 1 
— Leotychidas, 492 a — Pleistabchus, 480 a 
— (Pausanias Regent :) Aechidamus H.,469 — 
Pleistoanax, about 464-460^ 458 b — Pausa- 
nias REGENT, 445 — AGIS II., 426 b — PATJSANIAS 

King, 408— Agesilaos II., 398— Agesipolis 
I., 394 — Cleombeotus, 380 — Agesipolis II., 
371 — Cleomenes II., 370 — Aechidamus III., 
361 — Agis III., Aug. 338 — Aeeus II., 309 — 

EUDAMIDAS I., 330 — AcROTATUS, 265 — Ab- 

chidamls IV., — ? — Aeeus II., 264 ? — Eu- 

DAMIDAS II., — ? — LeONIDAS II., ? — - 

Cleombeotus II., — ? — Agis IY., 244 — 
Leonidas restored, 240 — Eurydamidas, — ? 
— Cleomenes III., 236 — Aechidamus Y., — 
— Agesipolis III., 219 — Lycuegus elected, 
219— Machanidas, 210 — Nabis, 206. 
a Miiller. b Clinton. 

Sparta, Lacedeemon, — [BC]- [ruled by 
joint kings, (Agid or Eurysthenid and Proclid,) 
from 1074 a ] — power of popular Assembly 
limited by Polydorus and Theopompus, (01. 7, 
3,) 750 a — first Messsnian War, 743-723 — war 
with Argives for Thyrea, (?) 718 — second Mes- 
senian War, 685-668, 13 probably 679-662° — 
contests of boys, naked, instituted at, 665, d 669 e 
— defeated by Argives at Hysiae, 669 — capture 
of Phigalia, 659 — receives the Bacchiadce ex- 
pelled from Corinth, 6^^ — unsuccessful war 
with Tegea, about (01. 46) 596 a — Hegemony 
of, about 580 — five years' truce with Athens, 
552 a — twenty years' truce with Argos, 552 a — 
finds bones of Orestes, defeats Tegea, (01. 58, 
1,) 548 a — war against Polycrates of Samos, 
525 c — pretended maritime power, 512 a — takes 
part in Persian War, 480-477 — war with He- 
lots, 479-465 — war with Arcadia, begins, about 
470 — earthquake, 464 — revolt of Helots, 464 c 
—third M essenian War, 464-455 — Athens re- 
nounces alliance of, 462— campaign in Doris, 
457 — battle of Tanagra, 457 — four months' 
truce with Athens, 457 a — league with Thebes, 
45 7 a — thirty years' truce with Athens, 446-445 a 
— congress at, autumn 432— Peloponnesian 
War, 432-404 — war with Elis, 401-399 — 
earthquake, 401 — acknowledged supremacy of, 
399 — assailed, 394-387 — restored, 387-379 — 



Olyntkian War, 382-379— supremacy again as- 
sailed, 378-371 — restored, 371 — overthrown at 
Leuctra, 371 — struggle for existence, 370-361 
— excepted from general peace, 361 — war with 
Megalopolis, after midsummer 352 — subject to 
Philip of Macedonia, 338— attempt of Agis to 
recover independence, Agis defeated and slain by 
Antipater, 331 — syssitia exchanged for luxury, 
about 300 — unsuccessfully attacked by Pyrrhus, 
268 — unsuccessful attempt of Agis to restore 
laws of Lycurgus, 244-240— reforms of Cleo-. 
menes, 225— battle of Sellasia, 221 — taken by 
Aratus,22i— on defeat of JSTabis by Philopoe- 
men, joins Aehsean League, 192 — laws of Lv- 
curgus abrogated by Philopoenien, (01. 148, 
1,) 188 — subjugated with the rest of Greece 
by Some, 146. a MG]ler. 

b Paus. c Clinton. d Euseb. e Hieron. 

Spartacus, — [B C] — chosen leader of re- 
volted gladiators, 73 — defeats Cossanus and 
Glaber, 73 — defeats Corn. Lentulus and Pub- 
licola, 72 — encamps at Thurii, 72-71 — defeats 
Longinus at Mutina, 7 1 — defeats Manlius and 
Mummius, 71 — defeated by Crassus, 71 — block- 
aded in Ehegium, attempts to reach Sicily, 7 1 
— defeats L. Quintius and Tremellius Scrofa, 
near Petilia ; defeated and slain near the 
Silarus by Crassus, 7 1 . 

Spartianus, iElius, biographer, historian, — 
fl., about 300-310. 

Speaking- Trumpet, norland's, — invented, 
1670. 

Species, Origin of, — investigated by La- 
marck, 1 809 — discussed by GeofFroy St Hilaire 
and Cuvier, 1830 — investigated by author of 
Vestiges of Natural History of Creation, 1844 
— by Darwin, 1859. 

Speckter, Erwin, painter, — ft. at Hamburg, 
1806 — visits Munich, 1825-7 — Italy, 1831-4 — 
tf., 23 Nov. 1835. Briefe eincs Leutschen 
Kiinstier aus Ltalien, 1846. 

Speckter, Otto, painter, book-illustrator, — 
6. at Hamburg, 1807 — rj., about Jun. 187 1. 
Fabelbuch fur Kinder, 1833. 

Spectator. [See Addison.] 

Spectator, English weekly Journal, — origin- 
ated by Rintoul, 5 Jul. 1828. 

Spectrum, Solar, — explained by Newton, 
1666-7. [Spectrum Analysis.] 

Spectrum Analysis, — dark lines in solar 
spectrum observed by Wollaston, 1802 — in- 
vestigated and mapped by Fraunhofer, 18 14 — 
spectra of fixed stars examined by Fraunhofer, 
1 8 14 — spectra of coloured flames investigated 
by Herschel, 1822— by Talbot, 1826 — by 
Miller, 1845 — by Foucault, 1849 — by Swan, 
1857 — placed on scientific basis by discoveries 
of Bunsen and Kirchkoff, i860 — applied to 
light of fixed stars by Donati, 1862 — by Hag- 
gins, Miller, and Secchi, 1863 — to the nebulae, 
by Huggins, 1864— to comets, by Huggins, 
1866 — in observation of eclipses of the sun, 
Aug. 1868 and Dec. 1871, Of electric spark, 
effected by Wheatstone, 1835 — Angstrom's ex- 
periments, 1855 — Stokes's, 1862. 

Speed, John, historian, — fi. in Cheshire, 
1542 — tf. in London, 28 Jul. 1629. History 
of Great Britain, 161 1. 



r 3°6 



SPEKE— SPHODEIAS. 



Speke, John Hanning, African explorer — 
b. in Somersetshire, 1827 — enters Indian army, 
1844 — accompanies Burton in E. Africa, 1856 
— reaches Lake Nyanza, 1858 — with Grant, 
explores sources of the Nile, 1860-3 — accident- 
ally shot, near Bath, 15 Sep. 1864. Journal of 
Discovery of Source of the Nile, 1863 — What 
led to Discovery of Source of the Nile, 1864. 

Spello, in Italy, — the Guelfs of Perugia de- 
feated by troops of Frederick II. at, Mar. 1246. 

Spelman, Sir Henry, antiquary, — b. in 
Norfolk, 1562— enters Trin. Coll. Cambridge, 
1575 — Knt, by James I., about 16 12 ? — settles 
in London, 16 12— tf. there, 1641. Glossarium 
archaiologicum, 1626 — Concilia, decreta, leges, 
constitutiones in re ecclesiastica Orbis Britan- 
nici, 1639-64 — Peliquice, 1698. 

Spence, B. E., sculptor, — tf. at Leghorn, 28 
Oct. 1866. 

Spence, Joseph, miscellaneous writer, — b. at 
Kingsclere, Hants, 25 Apr. 1699— M.A. Ox- 
ford, 1727— Prof. Poetry, Oxford, 1728-38— 
Eegius Prof. Modern History, 1742 — prebend- 
ary of Durham, 1754 — drowned at Byfleet, 
Surrey, 20 Aug. 1758. Polymetis, 1747 — 
Anecdotes, 1820. 

Spence, "William, entomologist, — b., 1783 — 
becomes acquainted with Kirby at Hull, 1805 
— tf. in London, 6 Jan. i860. "With Kirby, 
Ditroduction to Fntomology , 1815-26. 

Spencer, Charles, Henry, and'Ro'heit. [Sun- 
derland, Earls of.] 

Spencer, De. [Despenser.] 

Spencer, George, (Father. Ignatius of St 
Paul,) Passionist, — 6. in London, 21 Dec. 1799 
—enters Trin. Coll. Cambridge, 18 17 — M.A., 
1819 — takes holy orders, Dec. 1822 — priest, 
Jun. 1824 — enters Church of Borne, 1830 — 
ordained priest at Borne, 26 May 1832 — settles 
at West Bromwich, Nov. 1832 — tutor at Oscott 
College, spring 1839 — enters Order of Pas- 
sionists, Jan. 1847 — if. at Carstairs, in Scotland, 
1 Oct. 1864. 

Spencer, George John, 2nd Earl, and Vis- 
count Althorp, — fj. at Wimbledon, 1 Sep. 
1758 — M.A. Cambridge, 1778 — M.P. North- 
amptonshire, 1780 — marries, 178 1 — Commis- 
sioner of the Treasury, 1782 — succeeds his 
father, 31 Oct. 1782— D.C.L. Oxford, 1793 — 
trustee of British Museum, 1793 — ambassador 
extraord. to Vienna, 1794 — Lord Privy Seal, 
19 Jul. — First Lord of Admiralty, Dec. — K.G., 
1 Mar. 1799 — resigns office, 1802 — Secretary 
of State for Home Department, 1806 — retires, 
1806 — Pros. Boxburghe Club, 1812 — loses his 
wife, 1 83 1 — tf. at Althorp Park, 10 Nov. 1834. 

Spencer, John, theologian, — b. at Boeton, 
Kent, 1630— enters Corpus Christi Coll. Cam- 
bridge, 1645 — M.A., 1652 — Fellow of his 
Coll., 1655 — D.D., 1665 — Master of Corpus, 
Aug. 1667 — Dean of Ely, 1677 — tf. at Cam- 
bridge, 27 May 1695. De TIrim et Thummim, 
1678 — De legibns Hebrceorumritualibus, 1685. 

Spencer, John Charles, 3rd Earl, Vis- 
count Althorp, statesman, — b., 30 May 
1782— M.A. Cambridge, 1802 — M.P. Oak- 
hampton, 1804 — M.P. Northamptonshire, 
1806-32 — Chancellor of the Exchequer, Nov. 



1830 to Nov. 1834 — succeeds his father, Nov. 
1834 — Pres. Boyal Agricultural Society, 1838 
— tf. atWiseton'Hall, Nottinghamshire, 1 Oct. 
1845. 

Spener, Philipp Jakob, founder of the Piet- 
ists, — b. in Alsace, 13 Jan. 1635 — begins to 
study at Strasburg, 1651 — public preacher, 
Strasburg, 1663 — D.D., 1664 — first preacher 
of Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1666 — founds there 
his Collegia Pietatis, 1670 — court preacher, 
Dresden, 1686 — tf. at Berlin, 5 Feb. 1705. 
Theatrum nobilitatis Europcece, 1668 — Insig- 
nium theoria, 1690 — Pia Desideria, 1675. 
Spenser, De. [Despenser.] 
Spenser, Edmund, poet, — b. in London, 
1553 — enters Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, 20 
May 1569 — B.A., 1572 — M.A., 1576 — goes 
to Ireland as secretary to Lord Grey of Wil- 
ton, 1580 — receives grant of Kilcolman, 1586 
— presented to Queen Elizabeth by Baleigh, 
1590 — marries, 1594 — his house and child 
burnt by rebels, 1598 — tf. in London, 16 Jan. 
1599. S/iephearde's Calendar, 1579 — Faerie 
Queen, 1590-1 — Complaints, 1591 — Hymns, 
1596 — View of Ireland, written, 1596, pub- 
lished, 1633. 

Spenser, [Spencer,) Henry, Bp of Norwich, 
(Fighting Bishop,) — appointed by Papal bull, 
3 Apr. 1370 — suppresses insurrection in east- 
ern counties, 1381 — appointed by Urban VI. 
to head crusade against Clement VII., 1382 — 
passes into Flanders, takes Gravelines, and 
enters Dunkirk, May 1383 — unsuccessfully be- 
sieges Tpres ; on his return is accused of re- 
ceiving bribe from France, Oct. 1383 — de- 
prived of his temporalities, 1383 — receives 
them again, 24 Oct. 1385 — tf., 23 Aug. 1406. 
Speranski, Michael, statesman, — b. in Bus- 
sia, 17 7 1 — Prof. Mathematics and Physics, 
Academy of St Petersburg, 1797 — Secretary to 
Imperial Council, 1801 — Assistant Minister of 
Justice, Governor of Finland, 1808 — Privy 
Councillor, 1809 — exiled, 18 12 — Governor of 
Siberia, 18 19 — restored to the Council, Mar. 
1821 — Pres. of the Chancery, 1825 — tf. at St 
Petersburg, 23 Feb. 1839. 

Sperling, Otto, antiquary, — b.at Christiania, 
1634 — LL.D. Kiel, 1674 — visits Paris, 1681 
— Prof. Jurisprudence and History, Copen- 
hagen, 1692 — F.B.S. London, 1700 — tf. at 
Copenhagen, 18 Mar. 17 15. Monumentum 
hamburgense benedictinum, 1675 — De Danicce 
linguce et nominis antiqua gloria, 1694 — De 
numis non cusis, 1700. 

Speroni, Sperone, poet, litterateur, — b. at 
Padua, 1500 — Prof. Logic, 1520 — Prof. Philo- 
sophy, 1523-8 — sent to Borne as agent of Duke 
of Urbino, 1560 — Knt, by Pius IV., 1564 — tf. 
at Padua, 3 Jun. 1588. Dialoghi, 1542 — 
Canace, 1546 — Orazioni, 1596 — Lettere, 1608. 

Speusippus, Platonic philosopher, — [B C] 
— succeeds Plato, 347 to May or Jun. 339. 

Sphacteria, — [B C] — invested, surrenders 
to Cleon, 425. 

Sphserus, Stoic philosopher, — [BC] — 3., 
about 300. 

Spherograph, — invented by Saxby, 1856. 
Sphodrias, — [BO] — attempts the Pii seus, 



SPICHEREN— SPOLETO. 



1307 



378 — harmost of Thespise : tried and acquitted : 
killed at Leuctra, 371. 

Spicheren, battle of, [Forbach.] 

Spiers, Alexandre, lexicographer, — ft. at 
Gosport, Hants, 1808 — settles at Paris, 1829 
— Prof. English, Lycee Bonaparte, 1833 — ft. 
at Passy, near Paris, 26 Aug. 1869. Diction- 
naire general francais-anglais, 1846 — General 
French and English Dictionary, 1849. 

Spigeiius, ( Vanden Spieghel, ) Adrian, 
anatomist, — ft. at Brussels, 1578 — Prof. Anato- 
my and Surgery, Padua, 16 16 — ft. there, 1625. 
Opera, 1645. 

Spilberg, Johann, painter, — ft. at Diissel- 
dorf, 1619 — if., 10 Aug. 1690. 

Spiller, John, sculptor, — ft. in London, 1763 
— tS., 1794. Statue of Charles II., Royal Ex- 
change, 1794. 

Spine Bags, — patented by Chapman, 1863. 

Spinelli, Spinello. [Aretino.] 

Spinelli, ( Spinello, ) Parri, (Gasparri, ) 
painter, — ft. at Arezzo, about 1386 ? 

Spinning-Frame, — invented by Arkwright, 
1769 — improved by Crompton, (llule-Jenny,) 
1779. 

Spinning- Jenny, — invented by Hargreaves, 
1767. 

Spinning-Wheel, — invented at Niirnberg, 
about 1530. 

Spinola, Ambrosio, Marquis op, general, — 
ft. at Genoa, 1569^ 1571 b — General-in-chief of 
Spanish forces in the Netherlands, 1604 — takes 
Ostend, after three years' siege, 14 Sep. 1604 — 
concludes truce with Prince Maurice, 9 Apr. 
1609 — takes Juliers, Feb. 1622 — takes Breda, 
Jun. 1625 — tf. at Castel-Nuovo di Scrivia, 25 
Sep. 1630. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Spinoza, Benedict (Baruch) de, philosopher, 
— ft. at Amsterdam, 24 Nov. 1632 — excom- 
municated by the Synagogue, (6 Ab,) Jul. 
1656 a — leaves Amsterdam, before end of 1656 a 
— living at Khynsburg, 1660-4 — latinizes bis 
name, (Benedict,) 1663 — settles at Voorburg, 
near the Hague, 1664 — invited to Chair 
of Philosophy, Univ. of Heidelberg, early in 
1673, but declines it: ft. at the Hague, 
21 Feb. 1677. Renati Descartes Principiorum 
Fhilosophice pars prima et secunda more geome- 
trico demonstratus, 1663 — Cogitata metaphysica, 
1664 — Tractatus theologico-politicus, 1670 — 
Opera post huma, 1677. a Willis. 

Spire, (Speyer,) in Bavaria, (Noviomagus,) 
— seat of a bishopric, about 300 — visited by 
Emperor Frederick II., Apr. 1236 — seat of 
Imperial Chamber of Justice, 1513-1689 — 
taken and nearly destroyed by French, May 
1689 — rebuilt, about 1700 — taken by Gen. 
Custine, 29 Sep. 1792 — annexed to France, 
1 80 1 -14. Cathedral, commenced by Conrad 
the Salic, 1030 — completed by Henry IV., 
1 06 1— desecrated and pillaged by French, 31 
May 1689 — restoration of, 1772-84 — again 
destroyed by French, 1794 — restored and re- 
consecrated, 19 May 1822 — decorated with 
frescoes by Schraudolph, 1843-55. Diet of, — 
[see Protestants.] 

Spirit Level, — invented by Melchizedek 
Thevenot, 1761. 



Spirit-Rapping, Spiritualism, — originates 
in America, 1847-8 — introduced in London, 
about 1852. [Table-turning.] 

Spirits, Ardent, in England,— excise laws 
relating to, consolidated by Act 23 and 24 Vic. 
c. 114, 28 Aug. i860— amended by 25 and 26 
Vic. c. 38, 17 Jul. 1862. 

Spitaliields, London, — silk manufacture 
established by French refugees, about 1685-90 
— riots of weavers, 14 Oct. 1767, and 7 Oct. 
1769 — two of the rioters hung, Dec. 1770. 

Spithead, off Portsmouth, — naval reviews at, 
8 Aug. 1853, 23 May 1856, and in presence of 
Sultan Abdul Aziz, 17 Jul. 1867. 

Spitsbergen, in Arctic Ocean,— discovered 
by "Willughby, 1553 (?) — visited and named by 
Barentz, Hemskirke, and Ryp, 1595-6 — coasts 
surveyed by Phipps, 1773 — explored by Torell, 
1861 — first German exploring expedition, 1868 
— survey of East, by Von Heuglin, Jul. to Sep. 
1870 — other expeditions under Von Heuglin, 
Payer and "Weyprecht, &c, sum. 187 1. 

Spix, Johann Baptist von, anatomist, natu- 
ralist, — ft. at Hochstadt, Bavaria, 9 Feb. 178 1 
— Keeper of Natural History Museum, 1811 — ■ 
member of Acad, of Sciences, Munich, 18 13 — 
travels with Von Martius in Brazil, 1817-20— 
tf., '13 May 1826. Cephalo genesis, 1815 — 
^Geschichte und Beurtheilung aller Systeme der 
ZooTogie, 18 11. 

Splugen, Pass of the, — crossed by the 
French under Marshal Macdonald, 27 Nov. to 
1 Dec. 1800. 

Spofforth, Reginald, musical composer, — ft. 
at Southwell, Notts, 1768 — tf. in London, 8 
Sep. 1826. 

Spohn, Friedrich August "Wiihelm, philo- 
logist, — ft. at Dortmund, 16 May 1792 — Prof. 
Greek and Latin, Leipsic, 18 19 — tf., 17 Jan. 
1824. Edits Panegyricus of Isocrates, 1817— 
and Opera et Dies of Hesiod, 18 19 — De Tibulli 
Vitaet Carminibus, 18 19 — Lectiones Theocriteca, 
1823-4 — D e lingua et Uteris yeterum JEgyp- 
tiorum, 1825. 

Spohr, Ludwig, musical composer, — ft. in 
Brunswick, 5 Apr. 1784 — Concert-master at 
Gotha, 1805 — marries, about 1806 — Chapel- 
master, Vienna, 181 3 — Director of Theatre, 
Frankfort-on-the-Main, 18 17 — visits Paris and 
London, 18 19 — Chapel-master at Cassel, 1823 
— tf. at Cassel, 22 Oct. 1859. Faust, written, 
1814, produced, 1818 — Jessonda, 1823 — Last 
Judgment, 1829 — Violonschule, 1831 — Cruci- 
fixion, 1835 — Fall of Babylon, 1840 — Conse- 
cration of Sound, 1838 — Selbstb iograph ie, i860. 

Spoleto, in Italy, {Spoletium Spoletum,) — 
[B Cj — Roman colony, 242 a — unsuccessfully 
attacked by Hannibal, 217 a — [AD]— seat of a 
bishopric, before 100 — taken by Totila, 545 b — 
fortifications restored by Narses, about 560-5 — 
head of a Lombard Duchy, by Alboin, 570 c — 
taken possession of by Berenger, king of Italy, 
888— attacked by Frederick Barbarossa, 1155 d 
— given by Frederick II. to the pope, 121 3 d — 
aids Frederick, i234 d — reclaimed by him, 
1239 d — garrisoned by the pope, 1240 d — sub- 
mits to Frederick, Jun. 1241 d — visited by him, 
May 1244 d — destroyed by Perugians, 1324— 



1308 



SPOLIA OPIMA— STALE. 



taken by Italian from Papal troops, i860. 
a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. 

c Art de Verifier les Dates. d Kington. 

Spolia Opima, — [BC] — [said to be won by 
Romulus :] won by Aulus Corn. Cossus from 
Lar Tolnmnius, Yeii, (328, a. tt. c.) 426 — by 
M. Claudius Marcellus from Yiridonmrus, 
GcTsata?, (532,) 222. 

Spon, Jacob, archaeologist, traveller, — ft. at 
Lyons, 1647— goes to Italy and the East, 1675- 
6— tf. at Yevay, 25 Dec. 1685. Voyage, 1678 
— Histoire de la republique de Geneve, 1680 — 
Bccherches curiewes cV Antiquite, 1683 — Mis- 
ceilanea erudit'ee antiquitates, 1685. 

Spondanus, {Henri de Sjyonde,) historical 
writer,— h. at Mauleon, 6 Jan. 1568 — Master 
of Requests, to Henry of Navarre, before 1595 
— embraces Eomanism, 21 Nov. 1595 — goes to 
Rome, 1600 — takes holy orders, 27 Mar. 1606 
- — Bp of Pamiers, 1626 — resigns his see and 
settles at Paris, 1639 — tf. at Toulouse, 18 May 
1643. Annales Ecclesiastic! Baronii in epito- 
men redact/', 1612 — Annalium Baronii Con- 
tin uatio, 1639. 

Spontaneous Generation. [Generation, 
Spontaneous.] 

Spontini, Gaspare Luigi Paeifico, Count of 
San? Andrea, musical composer, — ft. near Jesi, 
in March of Ancona, 15 Oct. 1779^ *4 ^ ov - 
1774 b — goes to Paris, 1803 — Music-director to 
Empress Josephine, 1807 — Director of Italian 
Opera, Paris, 18 10 — marries, 181 1 — Chapel- 
master to Frederick William III. of Prussia, 
1820 — member of Academy of Fine Arts, Paris, 
1839 — returns to Paris, 1842 — tf. at Jesi, 24 
Jan. 1 85 1. Ycstale, 1807 — Fernando Cortez, 
1 809 — Nburmahal, 1824 — Alcidor, 1 825 — 
Agnes von Hohenstaaffen, 1829. 

a Xouv. Biog. Gen. b Fetis. 

Sports. [Book of Sports.] 
Spotswood, (Spotisu-ood,) John, Abp of 
St Andrew's, — ft. in Edinburgh County, 1565 
— minister of Calder parish, 1583 — accompanies 
Lennox, ambassador to France, 1601 — attends 
James VI. (I.) to England, 1603 — Abp of 
Glasgow, and Privy Councillor for Scotland, 
1603 — Moderator of General Assembly, 16 10 
— consecrated, in London, 21 Oct. 1610 — Abp 
of St Andrew's, Jun. 1615— presides at Assem- 
bly of Perth, 161 8 — crowns Charles I. at Holy- 
rood, 18 Jun. 1633— promotes prosecution of 
Lord Balmerino, 1634 — Chancellor of Scot- 
land. 1635 — deposed and excommunicated, flees 
to England, Nov. 1638— tf. in London, 26 
Nov. 1639. History of the Church of Scot- 
1655. 
Spottsylvania, TJ. S., — battle of, between 
Federals and Confederates, 12 May 1864. 

Spragge, {Sprague,) Sir Edward, admiral, 
— distinguishes himself in battle between Eng- 
lish and Dutch, 3 Jim. 1665 — Knt, Jun. 1665 
— takes part in battles of Jun. and Jul. 1666 — 
:ly defends Sheerness against Yan 
Tromp, 1667 — servos against Algiers, 167 1 — 
it at battle of Solebay, 28 May 1672 — 
Admiral, 1673 — distinguishes himself against 
Y-rn Tromp, 2S May and 4 Jun. 1673 — falls in 
combat with Yan Tromp, 11 Aug. 1673. 



Spranger, Bartholomew, painter, — ft. at 
Antwerp, 1546 — principal painter to Emperor 
Maximilian II. , 1575 — to Rudolph II., 1576 — 
ennobled, 1588 — tf. at Prague, 1623,* i628. b 
a Xouv. Biog. Gen. b Eees' Cyc. 

Sprat, Thomas, Bp of Rochester, — ft. at 
Tallaton, Devonshire, 1636 — enters Wadham 
Coll. Oxford, 1651— M.A., 1657— takes holy 
orders, after May 1660 — F.R.S., 1662 — Pre- 
bendary of 'Westminster, 1668 — Canon of 
Windsor, 1680 — Dean of Westminster, 1683 — 
Bp of Rochester, 1684 — member of Ecclesiast- 
ical Commission, Jul. 1686 — reads Declara- 
tion of Indulgence, 1688 — resigns commission- 
ership, 1688— member of new Ecclesiastical 
Commission, Oct. 1689 — withdraws immedi- 
ately: accused of conspiracy by Robert Young, 
and kept ten days in confinement, May 1692 
— tf. at Bromley, Kent, 30 May 17 13. His- 
tory of the Royal Society, 1667 — Account of 
Bye-House Blot, 1685. 

Sprengel, Curt, physician, botanist, — ft. in 
Pomerania, 3 Aug. 1766— M.D. Halle, 1787 
— Prof. Medicine, Halle, 1795 — Prof. Botany, 
1797 — tf. at Halle, 15 Mar. 1833. Geschichte 
dor Arzneikunde, 1792-1820 — Institutiones 
Jledicce, 1809-16 — Antiquitates Botanical, 1798 
— Historic/, rei herbaria, 1808 — Geschichte der 
Botanik, iSiy -i%—0pusada, 1844. 

Springfield, TJ. S., — Federals under Gen. 
Lyon defeated by Confederates under Gens. 
McCulloch and Price, near, 10 Aug. 1861 — 
occupied by Confederates, n Aug. — captured 
by Federals, 25 Oct. — evacuated by them, 9 
Nov. — again occupied by Confederates, 27 Nov. 
— recovered by Federals, Feb. 1862. 

Spring-Eice, Thomas. [Monteagle, Lord.] 
Spurinna Vestritius, — defends Placentia 
against Csecina, 69 — tf., before no. 

Spurinus, Q. Fetillius, — [BC] — prEetor 
urbanus, 181 — Consul with Cn. Corn. Scipio 
Hispallus, (578, a. l t . c.) 176 — killed in battle 
'with Ligurians. 

Spurs, battle of the. [Guinegate.] 
Spurzheim, Johann Gaspar, phrenologist, — 
ft. at Longwich, near Treves, 31 Dec. 1776 — 
studies under Gall at Yienna, 17 99- 1803 — 
visits England, 181 3 — settles at Paris, 1817 — 
again in England, 1 821-8 — tf. at Boston, TJ. S., 
10 Nov. 1832. 

Squarcione, Francesco, painter, — ft. at 
Padua, 1394 — conducts a school there, 1441- 
63 a — tf. there, 1474. a b c a Biog. Catalogue. 
b CroTve and Caralcaselle. c Naglef . 

Stackhouse, John, botanist, — resigns Fel- 
lowship at Exeter Coll. Oxford, and settles at 
Bath, 1763 — tf. there, Nov. 18 19. Nereis 
Britannica, 1801 — edition of Theophrastus 
' On Blants,' 18 14. 

Stackhouse, Thomas, theologian,— ft., about 
1680 — vicar of Benham, Berks, 1733 — tf. 
there, 11 Oct. 1752. History of the Bible, 
1732. 

Stade, in Hanover, — head of a County, about 
930 — destroyed by Hanscatic League, 1267 — 
assigned to Sweden, 1648 — besieged by Im- 
perialists, 1676 — besieged and taken by Danes, 



STADION— STATE. 



over, 17 19 — fortifications restored, 1757, and 
demolished, 1786 — occupied by Napoleon, 
1 8 10 — restored to Hanover, 181 3 — again for- 
tified, 18 16. Dues, revived by Sweden, 1688 
— regulated by treaty, 1691 — revised by con- 
vention between king of Hanover and sove- 
reigns of States bordering on the Elbe, 13 
Apr. 1 844 — regulated by treaty between Great 
Britain and Hanover, 22 Jul. 1844 — treaty 
renewed, 1854 — abolished, (by treaty of 22 
Jun.) 1 Jul. 1 86 1. 

Stadion, Johann Philipp Karl Joseph, 
Count von, statesman, — h. at Mentz, 1 8 Jun. 
1 763 — ambassador of Austria to Stockholm, 1787 
— ambassador to London, 1790-2— to Berlin, 
1 797 — assis ts at Congress of Bastadt, 179 8 — am- 
bassador to St Petersburg, 1803 — takes part in 
forming third coalition against France, 1805 — 
Minister of Foreign Affairs, Dec. 1805 — follows 
Francis II. in campaign of Wagram, 1809 — 
retires to Prague, close of 1809 — assists at 
Congress of Vienna, 18 15 — Finance-minister, 
end of 1815-18 — attends Congress of Aix-la- 
Chapelle, 18 18 — if. at Baden, 15 May 1824. 

Stael - Holstein, Anne Louise Germaine, 
Baroness de, (Madame de Stael,) miscel- 
laneous writer, — ft. at Paris, 22 Apr. 1766 — 
marries Baron de Stael-Holstein, 1786 — pro- 
cures appointment of Talleyrand as Minister of 
Foreign Affairs, Jul. 1797 — banished from Paris 
by Napoleon, 1802 — visits Italy and Germany, 
1802-4 — left a widow, 1802 — visits Weimar, 
Dec. 1803 to Jan. 1804 — ordered to quit France, 
1807— privately marries M. de Rocca, 1811 — 
visits Bussia, 18 12 — returns to France, 18 15 — a". 
at Paris, 14 Jul. 18 17. Lettres sur les ouvrages 
et le Caractere de J. J. Rousseau, 1788 — In- 
fluence des Passions sur le bonheur des individus 
et des nations, 1796 — Delphine, 1802 — Corinne, 
1807 — De VAllemagne, 18 10, seized and de- 
stroyed by French police, 18 10 — Considerations 
sur la Revolution francaise, 1818 — Essais Dra- 
matiques, 1821 — Dix anne'es d 'Pxil, 1821. 

Staff, Military, — permanent, (e'tat majeur,) 
established in France, 1783 — suppressed, 1790 
— reinstituted, by decree of 6 May 181 8 — 
established in Great Britain, about 1800. 

Staff College, near Sandhurst, — established, 
1858. 

Stafford, — fort built at, by Ethelfleda, 913 
■ — visited by Queen Elizabeth, 1575 — occupied 
by Boyalists, 1642 — taken by Parliamentarians, 
1643. 

Stafford, Sir Humphrey, — defeated and 
killed by Jack Cade, at Sevenoaks, 27 Jun. 
1450. 

Stafford, Humphrey and Thomas, — rebel 
against Henry VII., are deserted by Ijovel, 
Humphrey executed, and Thomas pardoned, 
i486. 

Stafford, Humphrey, Earl of. [Bucking- 
ham.] 

Stafford, John, Abp op Canterbury, and 
Lord Chancellor of England,- — Archdeacon 
of Salisbury, 4 Sep. 1419 —Chancellor of Salis- 
bury, 142 1— Keeper of Privy Seal, May 1421 
— Treasurer of England, Dec. 1422 to 13 Mar. 
1426— Bp of Bath and Wells, 12 May 1425 — 



again Keeper of Privy Seal, Jul. 1428— ac- 
companies the king to France, 1430 — Lord 
Chancellor, 4 Mar. 1432— Abp of Canterbury, 
by Papal bull, 15 May 1443— deprived of 
Great Seal, 31 Jan. 1450— ft. at Maidstone, 6 
Jul. 1452. 

Stafford, Thomas, — English refugee in 
France, lands with a party at Scarborough and 
seizes the castle, 25 Apr. 1557— assumes title 
of Protector : surrenders to Earl of Westmore- 
land : tried with his associates in London, 22 
May— pleads guilty and is beheaded on Tower 
Hill, 28 May. 

Stafford, William Howard, Viscount,— 6., 
30 Nov. 161 2— Baron, 12 Sep. 1640— Viscount, 
11 Nov. 1640— committed to the Tower, 30 
Oct. 1678 — tried and convicted of taking part 
in Popish Plot, 30 Nov. to 7 Dec— executed, 
29 Dec. 1678. 

Stageira, (Stageiros,) in Macedonia, — [BC] 
— founded, 654, a 656. 13 

a Clinton. t> Smith's Diet. 

Stagnelius, Erik Johan, poet,— ft. at Kal- 
mar, in Sweden, 14 Oct. 1793— a\, 3 Apr. 
1823. Wladimir den Store, 1817 — Liljor i 
Saron, iS2i—Samlade Skrifter, 1824. 

Stahl, Georg Ernest, physician, chemist, — b. 
at Anspach, 21 Oct. 1660 — Second Prof. 
Medicine, Halle Univ., 1694— Physician to 
king of Prussia, 17 16— tr. at Berlin, 14 May 
1734. Theoria medica vera, 1707-8 — Funda- 
menta chymice, i^jit,. 

Stahremberg, {Starhemberg ,) Guido Baldi, 
Count von, field-marshal— %., n Nov. 1657 
— enters the army, 1680 — distinguishes him- 
self at siege of Vienna, 1683— wounded at 
assault of Buda, 1686— at Belgrade, 1688— 
defends Essek, 1690— Field-marshal-lieutenant, 
1692 — Grand Master of Artillery, 1695 — 
distinguishes himself at battles of Salankemen 
and of Zenta, Sep. 1697— distinguishes himself 
in Spanish Succession War, 1702-10 — Field- 
marshal, 5 Feb. 1704— defeats army of Philip 
of Anjou, at Almenara, 27 Jul. 17 10— again at 
Saragossa, 20 Aug.— defeated at Villaviciosa, 
10 Dec— Pres. Aulic Council, 17 16 — ft. at 
Vienna, 7 Mar. 1737. 

Stair, James Dalrymple, 1st Viscount, 
statesman, — fj. in Ayrshire, Scotland, May 
1619— M.A. Glasgow, 1637— Prof. Philoso- 
phy, Glasgow, 1641-47 — marries, 1643 — re- 
ceived Advocate at Edinburgh, Feb. 1648 — 
secretary to commissioners sent to treat with 
Charles I. at Breda, 1649 and 1650 — Lord of 
Session, 1 Jul. 1657 — Knt, by Charles II., 
1660 — confirmed in office as Lord of Session, 
14 Feb. 1661 — Bart., Jun. 1664 — Pres. Court 
of Session, 7 Jan. 167 1 — deprived, 168 1 — re- 
tires to Holland, Oct. 1682 — returns with 
Prince of Orange, 1688 — Viscount Stair, 21 
Apr. 1690— tf., 25 Nov. 1695. Institutions of 
the law of Scotland, 1681 — Decisions of Court 
of Session, 1684-87 — Phisiologia nova experi- 
ment alis, 1686. 

Stair, John Dalrymple, 2nd Viscount, 1st 
Earl of, (Master of Stair,) Secretary of 
State for Scotland, — fi., about 1648 — Ad- 
vocate in the Court of Session, Feb. 1672 — 



i3ro 



STAIR— STANHOPE. 



twice imprisoned, between 1681-85 — Lord Ad- 
vocate, by James II., 1685 — procures a pardon 
for his father : Lord of Session, 1686 — takes a 
leading part in the Scottish Convention Par- 
liament, 1689 — Secretary of State for Scotland, 
1 69 1 — plots Massacre of Giencoe, 1692 — cen- 
sured and dismissed, 1695 — succeeds his father 
as Viscount, 1695 — created Earl of Stair, 8 
Apr. 1703 — one of the Commissioners for the 
Union, 1706 — if., 8 Jan. 1707. 

Stair, John Dalrympie, 2nd Earl or, 
field-marshal, — fc. at Edinburgh, 20 Jul. 1673 
— serves under Earl of Angus at battle of 
Steinkirk, 1692 — Secretary of State for Scot- 
land, 1692 — Lieutenant-colonel, 1701 — aide- 
de-camp to Duke of Marlborough, 1702 — suc- 
ceeds to the Earldom, 1707 — distinguishes 
himself at Ramilies, Oudenarde, and Mal- 
plaquet, 1706- 17 09 — retires, 17 n — Privy 
Councillor and Representative Peer of Scotland, 
1714 — ambassador to France, 1715-20 — Field- 
marshal, Commander of English Forces in 
Flanders, ambassador extraord. to States- 
General, 1 741 — wins victory of Dettingen, 
Jun. 1743 — if. at Edinburgh, May 1747. 

Stamford, in Lincolnshire, — fortified by Ed- 
ward the Elder, 922 — one of the Five Burghs, 
recovered from Danes by King Edmund, 942 — 
treaty of peace between Stephen and Ranulph, 
Earl of Chester, concluded at, 1140 — pillage 
and massacre of Jews at, n 90 — meeting of 
barons at, 12 15 — visited by Henry III., Easter 
1264 — parliament held at, i3oo, a 1301, 13 or 
1302° — again, Jul. 1309, Apr. 1327, Jun. 
1337 — Richard II. holds Councils of "War at, 
1377 and 1392 — partly burnt by Lancastrians, 
146 1 — visited by Edward IV., 1462 — Lan- 
castrian rebellion under Sir Robert Wells at, 
suppressed, Mar. 1470 — again visited by Ed- 
ward IV., 27 Jul. 1473 — settlement of Flemish 
weavers at, 1572 — visited by Henry VIII., 
■ 1532 and 1539 — by Queen Elizabeth, 1565 — 
by James I., Mar. 1603 — ravaged by plague, 
1603 — visited by Charles I., 1632 and 1634 — 
plague rages again, Jul. 161 1 to Mar. 161 2 — 
gives title of Earl to Lord Grey of Groby, 1628 
■ — again visited by Charles I., 1642 — Cromwell 
reaches, 1643 — William III. visits, 28 Oct. 
1696 — visited by Prince Regent, 30 Dec. 18 13. 
a Speed. b Knighton and Stow. c "Walsingham. 
Stamford, Henry Grey, Eaul of, — succeeds 
his grandfather as second Lord Grey of Groby, 
1 6 14— created Earl, 26 Mar. 1628 — presents 
petition to Charles I., 1642 — defeated by Sir 
W. Waller at Stratton, 16 May 1643 — is., 

1673- 

Stamford, Thomas Grey, 2nd Earl of, — 
succeeds his grandfather, 1673 — arrested and 
imprisoned as implicated in plots ngainst James 
II., 1686, but is liberated without trial: if., 
31 Jan. 1720. 

Stamford-bridge, in YorJcsliire, — Harold II. 
defeats and kills Harold Hardrada and Tostig, 
25 Sep. 1066. 

Stamp - Act, American. [See American 
War.] 

Stamp Duties, in England, — first imposed 
by Act 22 and 23 Car. II. c. 9, 167 1— again, 



by 5 and 6 Wm and Mar. c. 21, 1694 — laws 
relating to, repealed and new regulations made, 
by Act 44 Geo. III. c. 98, 28 Jul. 1804— 
again, by General Stamp Act, 55 Geo. III. c. 
184, n Jul. 1 8 15 — on conveyances, altered and 
regulated by Act 13 and 14 Vic. c. 97, 14 Aug. 
1850 — laws amended by Act 33 and 34 Vic. c. 
98, 10 Aug. 1870. 

Standard, battle of the. [Northallerton.] 
Standards of Weight and Measure, in 
Great Britain, — parliamentary committees on, 
appointed, 1758, 1759, 1790, 1814 — pound and 
yard adjusted by committee of 1758 — com- 
mission appointed by Prince Regent, 1819 — 
Reports of, issued, 24 Jun. 18 19, 13 Jul. 1820, 
and 31 Mar. 1821 — referred to parliamentary 
committee, 1821 — regulated by Acts 5 Geo. 
IV. c. 74, 17 Jun. 1824, and 4 and 5 Wm IV. 
c. 49, 13 Aug. 1834— Bird's, of 1758 and 1760, 
destroyed, 1834 — new provisions by Act and 
6 Wm. IV. c. 63, 31 Aug. 1835 — treasury 
commission appointed to consider mode of re- 
placing lost standards, 1838 — report of, pre- 
sented, 21 Dec. 1 841 — scientific committee 
appointed to carry out its recommendations, 
1842 — their Report presented, 28 Mar. 1854 — 
restored Standards legalized, and preservation 
of, provided for by Act 18 and 19 Vic. c. 72, 
30 Jul. 1855 — further regulations by Act 22 
and 23 Vic. c. 56, 13 Aug. 1859 — law respect- 
ing, amended by Act 29 and 30 Vic. c. 82, 6 
Aug. 1866. 

Standish, Frank Hall, miscellaneous writer, 
— fj., about 1798 — if. at Cadiz, 21 Dec. 1840. 
Life of Voltaire, 1821 — Shores of the Mediter- 
ranean, 1837-8. 

Standish, Miles, Puritan leader, — h. in 
Lancashire, about 1584— goes to New Eng- 
land, 1620 — if. at Duxbury, Mass. U. S., 3 
Oct. 1656. 

Stanhope, Charles, 3rd Earl, mechanical 
inventor, — ft. in London, 3 Aug. 1753 — marries 
Esther Pitt, 1774 — M.P., 1780 — loses his wife, 
1780 — marries again, 178 1 — succeeds to the 
Peerage, 1786 — invents the Stanhope Press, 
1 8 14 — if. in London, 15 Dec. 18 16. Treatise 
on Electricity, 1779. 

Stanhope, George, theologian, translator, — 
b. at Hartshorne, in Derbyshire, 5 Mar. 1660 
— enters King's Coll. Cambridge, 1677 — M.A., 
1685 — D.D., 1697 — Boyle Lecturer, 1701 — 
Dean of Canterbury, 1703 — if. at Bath, 18 
Mar. 1728. Paraphrase and Comment on 
Epistles and Gospels, 1705 — translations of 
Imitatio Christi, 1696 — of Meditations of Mar- 
cus Aurelius, 1699 — and of Epictetus, 1700 — 
Bogle Lectures, 1706. 

Stanhope, James, 1st Earl, general, states- 
man, — b. at Paris, 1673 — wounded at siege of 
Xamur, 1695 — M.P. Cockermouth, 1702 — 
distinguishes himself under Earl of Peter- 
borough, in Spain, 1705 — Commander-in-chief 
of British forces in Spain, 1708 — takes Port 
Mahon, Minorca, 1708 — defeats Spanish army 
at Almenara, 27 Jul., and at Saragossa, 20 
Aug. 17 10 — defeated and made prisoner by 
Duke of Vendome, at Brihuega, 9 Dec. 17 10 — 
Secretary of State, 24 Sep. 17 14 — accompanies 



STANHOPE— STAPLE. 



1311 



the king- to Hanover, 17 16 — First Lord of the 
Treasury and Chancellor of the Exchequer, 
Apr. to Jul. 17 17 — Baron Stanhope, Viscount 
Stanhope, 2 Jul. 17 17 — again Secretary of 
State, Mar. 1718— Earl, Apr. 1718 — takes part 
in forming the Quadruple Alliance, Aug. 17 18 
— a", in London, 5 Feb. 17 21. 

Stanhope, Lady Hester Lucy, — ft. in Lon- 
don, 12 Mar. 1776 — on death of her uncle, 
"William Pitt, receives a pension, 1806 — goes 
to the East, 18 10 — settles near Joon, in the 
Lebanon, 1813 — ft. there, 23 Jun. 1839. Me- 
moirs, 1845-6. 

Stanhope, Philip Dormer. [Chesterfield, 
Earl of.] 

Stanhope Press. [See Stanhope, Charles, 
3rd Earl.] 

Stanislaus I., (Leczinski,) King of Po- 
land, — ft. at Lemberg, 20 Oct. 1677,* 1682 b 
— deputy to Diet, 1696 — marries, 1698 — 
elected King on deposition of Frederick Au- 
gustus I., 12 Jul. 1704 — flies from Warsaw on 
return of Frederick and joins Charles XII. at 
Lemberg, 31 Aug. — crowned at Warsaw, 4 
Oct. 1705 — recognized King by his rival by 
Treaty of Alt-Eanstadt, 24 Sep. 1706 — recog- 
nized by France, Great Britain, the Emperor, 
Prussia, and the Porte, 1707 — expelled by 
Frederick, Aug. 1709 — distinguishes himself in 
campaigns against Danes, Saxons, and Rus- 
sians, 17 1 2 — arrested in Moldavia and sent to 
Bender, Feb. 1713° — has conference with 
Charles XII. at Bender, 17 13 — liberated, 23 
May 1714° — retires to Deux-Ponts, 17 14 — re- 
moves to Weissenburg, Jan. 1720 — on death 
of Frederick Augustus goes to "Warsaw, Sep. 
1733 — again proclaimed King, 12 Sep. — driven 
away by Bussians, Sep. — besieged in Dantzic 
by Russians, Feb. 1734 — escapes, 27 Jun. — 
treaty between Emperor and king of France, 
for his recognition as Duke of Lorraine and 
Bar, signed, 3 Oct. 1735 — arrives in France, 
Jun. 1736 — takes possession of Duchies of Lor- 
raine and Bar, and settles at Luneville, 3 Apr. 
1737 — loses his wife, 19 Mar. 1747 — ft. at 
Luneville, 23 Feb. 1766. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. 

c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Stanislaus II. Augustus, {PoniatoicsTci,) 
King of Poland, — ft. in Lithuania, 17 Jan. 
1732 — Nuncio to Diet of Grodno, 1752 — pre- 
sented at Court of Russia, 1755 a — recalled from 
St Petersburg, 1763 — elected King, 6 Sep. 1764 
■ — crowned, 25 Nov. — rejects claims of Dissi- 
dents, 1766— [Bar, Confederation of] — seized 
and carried off by Confederates, 3 Nov. 177 1 
— rescued by Russians, returns to W r arsaw, 
I 77 I — [Poland, Partitions of] — is compelled 
to abdicate, 25 Nov. 1795 — tr. at St Petersburg, 
12 Feb. i798, a n Apr. i796. b 
a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Stanislaus, St, Order of, — instituted by 
Stanislaus II. of Poland, 1765. 

Stanley, Edward, Bp of Norwich, — ft. in 
London, 1 Jan. 1779 — M.A. Cambridge, 1805 
— rector of Alderley, 1805-37 — Bp of Nor- 
wich, 1837 — tf. in Scotland, 6 Sep. 1849. 
Familiar History of Birds, 1835. 



Stanley, Edward John, Lord Stanley of 
Alderley, statesman, — 6. at Alderley Park, 
13 Nov. 1802 — B.A. Oxford, 1823 — marries, 
1826— M.P. BZindon, 1831 — M.P. North 
Cheshire, Dec. 1832-41 — Under-secretary of 
State for the Colonies, 1833-4 — for the Home 
Department, 1834 — Patronage Secretary of the 
Treasury, 1835-41 — Paymaster-general, Jun. 
to Sep. 1 841 — Under-secretary of State for 
Foreign Affairs, 1846 — again M.P. North 
Cheshire, 1847 — created Baron Eddisbury, 12 
May 1848 — succeeds his father, 23 Oct. 1850 
— V.P. Board of Trade, Jan. to Feb. 1852— 
again, 1853-5 — P res - Board of Trade, Jan. 
1855 — resigns, 1858 — Postmaster-general, Sep. 
i860 — resigns, 1866 — rj. in London, 16 Jun. 
1869. 

Stanley, James and Lord Thomas. [Derby, 
Earls of} 

Stanley, John, musical composer, — ft., 17 13 
— Master of the King's Band, 1779 — ^., H^. 

Stanley, Sir John, — Lord-deputy of Ireland, 
1385 — Lord Justice, 1399 — Lord-lieutenant, 
Dec. 1399 — receives grant of Isle of Man from 
Henry IV., 6 Apr. 1406 — K.G., 141 3 — again 
Lord-lieutenant for six years, Sep. 141 3 — ft. in 
Ireland, 6 Jan. 1414. 

Stanley, Thomas, miscellaneous writer, — ft. 
in Hertfordshire, 1625 — M.A. Cambridge, 1641 
— tf. in London, 12 Apr. 1678. History of 
Philosophy, 1655-62 — Edition of JEschylus, 
1663. 

Stanley, Sir William, — Justice of N. "Wales, 
Jun. 1483 — contributes to victory of Richmond 
at Eosworth, 1485 — Chancellor of Exchequer 
and K.G., 1485 — charged with favouring Per- 
kin Warbeck, condemned and executed, 16 Feb. 
H95- 

Stanley, Sir William, — serves under Lei- 
cester in Netherlands, 1586 — deserts his post 
at Deventer and joins the Spaniards, 1587. 

Stannaries, of Devon and Cornwall, — char- 
ter granted to tinners by King John, 1201 — 
conferred by Edward III. on the Black Prince, 
as Duke of Cornwall, 1337 — duties on stamp- 
ing or coinage of tin abolished by Act 1 and 2 
Tie. c. 120, 16 Aug. 1838. Court — jurisdiction 
of, limited by Act 16 Car. I. c. 15, 1641 — re- 
modelled by Act 6 and 7 Wm IV. c. 106, 20 
Aug. 1 8 36 — further regulated by 2 and 3 Vic. 
c. 58, 17 Aug. 1839 — jurisdiction of, extended 
and procedure amended by 18 and 19 Vic. c. 32, 
15 Jun. 1855. 

Stanton, Edwin, statesman, — ft. in Ohio, 
about 1 8 15 — begins to practise as Advocate at 
Washington, 1858— Attorney-general, i860 — 
Secretary of War, Jan. 1862 — dismissed by 
Pres. Johnson, 12 Aug. 1867 — reinstated by 
Senate, Jan. 1868 — resigns, May 1868— tf. at 
Washington, 23 Dec. 1869. 

Stanz, in Switzerland, — taken by French, 
1798. Convention of, concluded, 1481. 

Stanzioni, Massimo, painter, — ft. at Naples, 
1585 — fj. there, 1650^ 1656.^ a Engl. Cyc. 
b Biog. Univ. c Biog. Catalogue. 

Staple, Merchants of the, in England, — 
form association, about 1248 ? — incorporated, 



STAPLETON— STEAM-ENGINE. 



before 1 3 1 9 — new charter by Queen Elizabeth, 
1588. [See Merchant Adventurers.] 

Stapleton, Sir Philip,— sent by parliament 
into Scotland to watch Charles I., 1641— fights 
at Edgehill, Oct. 1642. 

Stapleton, Sir Robert, poet, $■<?.,— fights for 
Charles I. at Edgehill, Oct. 1642 — Knt, 1642 
— LL.D. Oxford,, about 1643 — accompanies 
Charles II. to London, 1660— "0., n Jul. 1669. 
Translations of Juvenal, 1647 — Musceus, 164.7 
— and Strada's History of Belgic War, 1650. 

Stapleton, (Stapeldon,) Walter, — elected 
Bp of Exeter, Nov. 1307 — consecrated, 13 Oct. 
1308 — Treasurer of the Exchequer, Feb. 1320 
— accompanies the queen to France, 1325 — 
seized and beheaded, 15 Oct. 1326 — [Exeter 
College, Oxford] — inquiry into his death by 
Synod of London, and his murderers executed, 

I 33°- 

Star, Order of the, in France, — instituted 
by King John, 1350 — almost extinct, 1460. 

Star of India, Order of, — instituted by 
Queen Victoria, 25 Jun. 1861 — first investiture, 
(Sir Hugh Rose, at Calcutta,) 26 Aug. 1861 — 
constitution revised by letters-patent, 28 Mar. 
1866. 

Starchamber, Court of, in England, — estab- 
lished or remodelled by Act 3 Hen. VII. c. 1, 
i486— abolished by Act 16 Car. I. c. 10, 1641. 
Stargard, {Starograd,) in Pomerania, — de- 
stroyed by Poles, 11 20 — raised to rank of a 
city, 1129^ 1295 b — taken by Swedes, 1643 — 
by Poles, 1657 — attacked by Ferdinand von 
Schill, 26 Feb. 1807. College, founded by 
Peter Groning, 1631. 

a Conv. -Lex. b Meyer, Conr.-Lex. 

Stars, Fixed, — denoted in maps, &c, by 
letters, by Bayer, 1603 — variable, observed by 
Herschel, 1795 — double, changes in position of, 
by Herschel, 1803 — light of, investigated by 
Spectrum Analysis, by Donati, 1862 — photo- 
graphs of, obtained by Rutherford, 1871. 

State Offences, {Perduellio, Majestas,) — [B C] 
— laws concerning : Apuleian, (Mario Cos. V.,) 
101 — Varian, 91 — Cornelian, 81 — Julian, 48. 

State Paper Office, in England, — founded, 
1578 — building erected by Soane, 1829. 

States-General, — of France, three orders of, 
constituted by Philip IV., 10 Apr. 1302 — 
[see Blois, Paris, Tours] — assemble at Paris, 
under Louis XIII., 27 Sep. 1614 — next meet- 
ing of, May 1789. [French Revolution.] Of 
United Provinces. [United Provinces.] 

Stationers' Company, of London, — incor- 
porated by Philip and Mary, 4 May 1556^ 
1557 b — monopoly of printing Psalters and 
Almanacks conferred on, by James L, 29 Oct. 
1603 — confirmed by him, 8 Mar. 1615 — re- 
gistration of copyrights by, provided for, by 
Act 5 and 6 Vic. c. 45, 1 Jul. 1842. 
a Allen. b Rees' Cyc. 

Stationery Office, London, — established by 
Lords of the Treasury, 1786. 

Statistical Society of London, — established, 
1834. 

Statius, P. Papinius, grammarian, — opens 
a school at Naples, about 39 a — ft., about 86. 
a Dodwell. 



Statius, P. Papinius, epic poet, — ft., about 
86. 

Statute Law, of England, — Commission on, 
appointed, 1854 — revision of, promoted by 
Acts 26 and 27 Vic. c. 125, 28 Jul. 1863, 30 
and 31 Vic. c. 59, 15 Jul. 1867, and 33 and 
34 Vic. c. 69, 9 Aug. 1870. 

Statutes of the Realm, — of England, print- 
ing of, each session, commenced, 1484 — de- 
clared to be of force from day of Royal Assent, 
by Act 33 Geo. III. c. 13, 1793 — authoritative 
edition of, to the end of Queen Anne's reign, 
published by Record Commissioners, 1810-24 
— provisions for shortening, by Act 13 and 14 
Vic. c. 21, 10 Jun. 1850 — many obsolete, re- 
pealed by Act 19 and 20 Vic. c. 64, 21 Jul. 
1856. Of Scotland, published by commission- 
ers for collection and publication of, 1566 — 
published by Record Commissioners, 1814-44. 
Of Ireland, earliest printed, 1310 — regular 
series, from 1429. 

Staudenmaier, Franz Anton, theologian, — 
ft. in Vfiirtemberg, n Sep. 1800 — ordained 
Catholic priest, 1828 — Prof. Theology, Giessen, 
1830 — at Freiburg in Brisgau, 1837 — member 
of First Chamber of Legislature of Baden, 1851 
— tf. at Freiburg, 19 Jan. 1856. Geschichte 
der Bisehofsw allien, 1830 — Encyclopcidie der 
theologischen Wissenschaften, 1834 — Geist des 
Christenthums, 1835 — Christliche Eogmatik, 
1844-52 — Protestantismus, 1846. 

Staudigl, Joseph, singer, — ft., 1807 — if. at 
Vienna, 28 Mar. 1861. 

Staunton, Sir George Leonard, Bart., di- 
plomatist, — ft. at Cargin, in Ireland, 19 Apr. 
1737 — goes to "West Indies, 1762 — taken 
prisoner by the French, in island of Grenada, 
1779— accompanies Lord Macartney to India, 
17 8 1 — concludes treaty with Tippoo Saib, 
1784 — Bart., 1784 — accompanies Lord Macart- 
ney to China, 1792 — ft. in London, 14 Jan. 
1801. Embassy to Enperor of China, 1797. 

Staunton, Sir George Thomas, litterateur, 
— ft. at Salisbury, 178 1 — secretary to English 
Factory, Canton, 1799 — M.P., 1818 — jj. in 
London, 10 Aug. 1859. Penal Code of Chinese 
Empire, 18 10 — Narrative of Chinese Embassy 
to Khan Tourgonth, 1821 — edits translation of 
Mendoza's History of China, 1853. 

Stauracius, Emperor of the East, — - 
crowned, Dec. 803 — marries Theophano, Dec. 
807 — accompanies his father, Nicephorus, in 
Bulgarian campaign and is mortally wounded, 
25 Jul. 811 — sole Emperor, same day: de- 
feated and made a monk, by Michael, 1 Oct. 
— ft., 5 or 6 Jan. 812. 

Steam-Carriage, [Locomotive,] on common 
roads, — attempted by Cugnot, 1770 — by Mur- 
doch, 1782 — by Symington and Evans, 1786 
—by Trevethick and Vivian, 1802 — Griffith's, 
patented, 1821 — Gordon's, first, 1822 — several 
others, 1824 — select committee of House of 
Commons appointed to inquire respecting, 1831 
— Hancock's and Gurney's, invented, 1831 — 
Boydell's, Bray's, and others, 1858-60 — use of, 
regulated by Acts 24 and 25 Vic. c. 70, 6 Aug. 
1 861, and 28 and 29 Vic. c. 83, 5 Jul. 1865. 
Steam-Engine, — described by Marquis of 



STEAM-GUN— STEIN. 



1313 



"Worcester, 1663 — improved by Savery, 1698 
— Newcomen's, invented, 1705 — improved by 
Beighton, 17 18 — Watt's first, patented, 1769 
— [Watt, James] — double-acting, patented by 
Watt, 4 Jul. 1782. 

Steam-Gun, — invented by Perkins, 1824. 

Steam-Hammer, — suggested by Watt, 1784 
— patented in France, by Bourdon, Apr. 1842 
— in England, by Nasmytb, Jun. 1 842. 

Steam-Plough. [Plough.] 

Steam-Vessel, — projected by Blasco de 
Garay, 1543 — attempted by Ramsey, 16 18 and 
1630 — patented by Hulls, 21 Dec. 1736 — con- 
structed by Count d'Auxiron, 1774 — by Perier, 
1775 — by Marquis de Jouffroy, 1778 and 17 81 
or 1782 — by Fitch, 1783^ 1786 b — his model 
presented to Congress of United States, 1785 a 
— by Ramsey, 1784,* 1787 b — by Symington, 
Miller, and Taylor, 1788 and 1789 — experi- 
ments of Earl Stanhope, 1795 — Fulton's, suc- 
cessful, 1807 — Stevens's, 1807 — Bell's, com- 
mences running on the Clyde, Jan. 181 2 — first 
on the Thames, 18 13 or 18 15 — for ocean voy- 
ages, brought into regular use, by Napier, 
18 1 8. a Engl. Cyc. b Amer. Cyc. 

Stedinger, The, heretics of Friesland, — inter- 
dict laid on, by Gregory IX., 1232 — crusade 
preached against, by Abp of Bremen, and mas- 
sacre of, 1234 — persecuted by Emperor Fred- 
erick II., and aided by Otto of Brunswick, 

1235- 

Steel, — [BC] — mentioned by Aristotle and 
Daimachus, about 320 — [AD] — cast, first made 
by Huntsman, 1770. Manufacture of, Letsome' s 
process for, patented, 8 Apr. 1626 — process 
improved by Heath, 1839 — new process 
patented by Bessemer, 17 Oct. and 5 Dec. 1855, 
and 12 Feb. 1856 — Eaton's, patented, 25 Jun. 
1861. 

Steele, Sir Richard, political and miscella- 
neous writer, — b. in Dublin, 167 1 a — sent to 
the Charterhouse, 1684— enters Christ Church, 
Oxford, 1689 a — enters Merton Coll., 169 1 — 
appointed Gazetteer, May 1707 a — member of 
the Kit- Cat Club, 1707 — marries a second 
time, 9 Sep. 1707— resigns Commissionership 
of Stamps, 4 Jun. 17 13 — M.P. Stockbridge, 
Aug. i7i3 a — arraigned for libel and sedition, 
12 Mar. i7i4 a — makes his defence and is ex- 
pelled the House, 1 8 Mar.— Surveyor of Royal 
Stables at Hampton Court, 17 14 — M.P. 
Boroughbridge, Jan. 17 15 — obtains patent as 
Governor of Drury Lane Theatre, 19 Jan. 
1715? — Knt, 8 Apr. i7i5 a — one of the Com- 
missioners for forfeited estates in Scotland, 
17 16 — U. at Carmarthen, 1 Sep. 1729. Chris- 
tian Sero, 1701 — begins Tatler, 12 Apr. (o.s.) 
1709 — begins, with Addison, Spectator, 1 Mar. 
17 1 1, and Guardian, 12 Mar. 1713— " 
Englishman, 6 Oct. 17 13 — Plays, 1755. 
a Montgomery. 

Steel-Yard, (Stilyard,) Merchants of the, 
(Guilhalda Teutonicorum,) — form a company, 
1 2 15? 1232? — obtain privileges from Henry 
III., 1235 — receive charter from Edward I., 
1280 — charter confirmed by Henry V., 141 3 — 
further privileged by Edward IV., 1475 — their 
privileges confirmed by Act 19 Hen. VII. c. 23, 



1504— opposed by Merchant Adventurers, 
1505 — the company abolished by Edward VI., 
22 Feb. 1552 — restored for a short time by 
Queen Mary, 1554— finally abolished by Queen 
Elizabeth, 1578 — their house closed, 1597. 

Steen, Frans van den, engraver, — 6. at 
Antwerp, a Amsterdam, 13 1604 — living, i66o. c 
a Engl. Cyc. b Nagler. c Sandrart. 

Steen, Jan, painter, — b. at Leyden, 1636 a 
— ft. at Delft, 1689.* a Nagler. 

Steenkirk, in the Netherlands, — William 
III. of England defeated by Marshal Luxem- 
bourg, 3 Aug. 1692. 

Steenwyck, (Steinwyck,) Hendrik van, 
painter, — ft. at Steenwyck, about 1550 — tf. at 
Frankfort-on-the-Main, i6oi, a about i6o3, b 
1604.° 

a Biog. Univ. b De Jongh. c Hiisgen. 

Steenwyck, Hendrik van, the Younger, 
painter, — b. at Amsterdam, 1589,* 1585 b — ft. 
in London, after 1642,° about i64o. d 

a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

c Nouv. Biog. Gen. d Nagler. 

Steevens, George, editor of Shakespeare, — 
b. at Stepney, 10 May 1736 — enters King's 
Coll. Cambridge, 1754 — ft. at Hampstead, 22 
Jan. 1800. Reprint of Twenty Plays of Shake- 
speare, 1766 — edition of Shakespeare, (with 
Johnson,) 1773 — another edition of Shake- 
speare, 1799. 

Stefani, Piero de', sculptor, — b. at Naples, 
about 1230 — tf., about 1310. 

Stefani, Tommaso de', painter, — b. at 
Naples, 1230 — U., 1310. 

Stefano, Tommaso di. [Giottino.] 

Steffani, Agostino, musical composer, — b. 
at Castello Franco, about 1655 — Chapel-master 
at Brunswick, about 1692 — Honorary Pres. 
Academy of Ancient Music, London, about 
1725 — visits Italy, 1729 — tf. at Frankfort, 
1730. Psalmodia Vespertina, 1674 — P/uetti, 
1683 — Servio Tullio, 1685 — Certezza dei prin- 
cipij della Musica, 1695. 

Steifens, Heinrich, miscellaneous writer, — 
b. in Norway, 2 May 1773 — Prof. Philosophy, 
Halle, 1804 — Prof. Physics and Natural His- 
tory, Breslau, 18 13— Prof, at Berlin, 1831 — 
If. there, 13 Feb. 1845. GrundzUge der philo- 
sophischen Naturwissenschaft, 1806 — PLand- 
buch der Oryktognosie, 1 8 1 1 - 19 — Anthropologic, 
1822 — Von der falschen Theologie und dem 
wahren Glauben, 1824 — Novellen, 1837-38 — 
Was ich erlebte, 1840-45. 

Steibelt, Daniel, musical composer, — b. at 
Berlin, 1756^ 1764 or 1765 b — goes to Paris, 
1790 — to London, 1798 — tf. Chapel-master to 
the Emperor at St Petersburg, 20 Sep. 1823. 
a Conv.-Lex. b Fetis. 

Stein, Heinrich Friedrich Karl, Baron von, 
statesman, — b. at Nassau, 26 Oct. 1757- — 
studies at Gottingen, 1773-77 — visits England, 
1786 — supreme Pres. Westphalian Chambers, 
1797 — minister of department of indirect taxes, 
&c, Berlin, 1804-7 — First Minister, after Peace 
of Tilsit, Jul. 1807 to Nov. 1 808— Councillor to 
Emperor Alexander, 1812 — accompanies allies 
to Paris, 18 14 — at Congress of Vienna, 18 15 — 
Knt of Prussian Eagle, 1816 — at Congress of 
83 



I3M- 



STEINHEIL GUN— STEPHEN. 



Aix-la-Chapelle, i8r8 — member of Council of 
State, 1827 — ft., 29 Jim. 1831. 

Steinheil Gun, centrifugal, — invented and 
offered to Bavarian government, 1832 — adopt- 
ed by Napoleon III., 1867. 

Stella, Claudine, engraver, — fc. at Lyons, 
1634 — ft. at Paris, 1697. 

Stella, Jacques, painter, — b. at Lyons, 1596 
— goes to Italy, 16 16 — studies at Rome, 1623- 
34 — first painter to the king, 1645,* i644 h — 
ft. at Paris, 1647/ 20 Apr. 1657.° 
a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Stelvio, Pass of the, — over Alps, completed 
by Austrian government, 1828. 

Stenbock, Magnus, general, — b. at Stock- 
holm, 1664 — distinguishes himself in Dutch 
army, between 1684-96 — Colonel of German re- 
giment, 1697 — contributes to victory of Narva, 
1700 — attends Charles XII. to Saxony, 1706 
— while Governor of Scania, defeats Frederick 
IV. of Denmark at Helsingborg, 28 Feb. 
17 10 — again defeats Danes in Mecklenburg, 
20 Dec. 17 1 2 — burns Altona, 9 Jan. 17 13 — 
capitulates to allied Danish, Russian, and Saxon 
armies at Tonningen, 6 May 17 13 — ft. in pri- 
son, at Copenhagen, 17 17. 

Steno, Michele, Doge of Venice, — b., about 
1 33 1 — elected to succeed Antonio Vernieri, 1 
Dec. 1400 — visited by Emperor Robert, 10 
Dec. 1401 to 10 Apr. 1402 — ft., 26 Dec. 
1413. 

Steno, Nicholas, anatomist, — h. at Copen- 
hagen, 1638, a 1 Jan. i63i b — studies at Ley- 
den, 1661-64 — at Paris, 1664 — physician to 
Grand Duke of Tuscany, 1667 — embraces Ro- 
manism, 1669 — Prof. Anatomy, Copenhagen, 
1672 — returns soon after to Florence: takes 
holy orders, 1675 — Bp of Heliopolis, 1677 — ft. 
at Schwerin, 1686 a 25 Nov. i687. b Observa- 
tions anatomicce, 1662 — Observationum anato- 
micar. de musculis et glandulis specimen, 1664 
— Discours sur Vanatomie du cerveau, 1669. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Stenography, — taught in England by Bright, 
1588 — by Bale, 1590 — alphabet attempted by 
Willis, 1602 — Gurney's system published, 1753 
— Byrom's, formed, 1720— published, 1767 — 
Taylor's, 1786. 

Stephen I., Bp of Rome, — succeeds Lucius, 
Mar. 25 3 — maintains validity of baptism of 
heretics, 255 — ft., 2 Aug. 257. 

Stephen II.,— elected to succeed Zacharias, 
but died before consecration, 14 Mar. 752. 

Stephen II., (III.,) Pope, — succeeds Za- 
charias, 26 Mar. 752 — sends embassy to 
Astolphus and procures truce of 40 years, 
752— on breach of truce by Astolphus, seeks 
aid of Constantine Copronymus, in vain, 
753— .secretly applies to Pepin, 753— sets out 
from Rome for Lombardy, 14 Oct. 753 — un- 
successfully negotiates with Astolphus at Pavia, 
Nov - 753— meets- Pepin at Pontyon, 6 Jan. 
754— obtains promise of donation of Exarchate 
and Pcntapolis ; anoints Pepin at St Denis, 28 
Jul. 754 — returns to Rome, before end of 754 
—besieged in Rome by Astolphus, Dec. 754 — 
delivered by Pepin, 755 — recognizes Desiderius 
as King of Lombardy, 756 — ft., 25 Apr. 757. 



Stephen III., (IV.,) Pope,— succeeds Paul I. 
after vacancy of a year, 7 Aug. 768 — sends 
Sergius ambassador to Pepin, to seek aid 
against Lombards, 768 — has conference with 
Desiderius in the Vatican, 769 — disapproves 
marriage of Cbarles the Great with daughter 
of Desiderius, 769 — ft., 1 Feb. 772. 

Stephen IV., (V.,) Pope, — succeeds Leo III., 
22 Jun. 816— procures oath of fidelity of Ro- 
man people to Emperor Louis, (le Debonnaire,) 
816 — flies from Rome, and crowns Louis at 
Rheims, about Sep. 816 — arrives at Rome, 
Nov. 816 — ft., 24 Jan. 817. 

Stephen V., (VI.,) Pope, — succeeds Adrian 
III., end of Sep. 885,* 22 Jul. 886 b — crowned 
by Formosus, Bp of Porto, 21 Feb. 891 c — ft., 7 
Aug. 891. a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

b Biog. Univ. c Milman. 

Stephen VI., (VII.,) Pope,— succeeds Boni- 
face VI., 22 May, a 6 Jun., b before 20 Aug. c 
896 — has body of Formosus exhumed, pre- 
sented before Council, degraded, and beheaded, 
about Dec. 896 — strangled in prison, 897. 
a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Milman. 

c Art de Verifier lea Dates. 

Stephen VII., (VIII.,) Pope, — succeeds Leo 
VI., about 1 Feb., a 3 or 4 Mar. b 929 — ft., 12 
Mar. 931. a Some authorities. b Others. 

Stephen VIII., (IX.,) Pope,— succeeds Leo 
VII., not later than 19 Jul. 939 — sends legate 
to France and threatens revolted seigneurs with 
excommunication, 942 — ft., Nov. 942. 

StephenlX., (X.,)Pope, (Frederick of Lor- 
raine,) — while Cardinal, flies from Henry III., 
1052 — legate of Leo IX. to Constantinople, 
1054 — Chancellor of Roman Church and Abbot 
of Monte Cassino, about 1055 — succeeds Victor 
II., .2 Aug. 1057 — ft. at Florence, 29 Mar. 
1058. 

Stephen, King of England, — fc., probably 
about 1096 a — brought early to England by his 
uncle Henry I.j distinguishes himself at 
Tenchebrai, and is created Earl of Mortaigne, 
1 1 06 b — gives oath with other nobles to receive 
Maud as Queen, 25 Dec. 11 26 — on death of 
Henry I. comes to England and is received as 
King, Dec. 11 35 — crowned, 26 Dec. — holds 
Great Council at Oxford, Jan. 11 36 — gets his 
election confirmed by Pope Innocent II., 11 36 
— marches against David, king of Scotland, 
and concludes truce with him at Durham, spring 
1 1 36 — takes Exeter from Baldwin de Rivers, 
1 1 36 — goes to Normandy, 1137 — seizes Robert 
of Gloucester's lands, 1138 — holds Council at 
Oxford, deprives Bishops of Salisbury, Ely, 
and Lincoln of their castles, and Bp of Ely of 
his see, midsummer n 38 — cited by Henry," Bp 
of Winchester, to Council at Winchester, and 
his dealings with bishops condemned, 29 Aug. 
1 1 39 — appeals to the pope : besieges M aud in 
Arundel Castle, Oct. 1 1 39 — besieges Ralph, Earl 
of Chester, in Lincoln Castle, Jan. 1 141 — attack- 
ed and taken prisoner by Robert of Gloucester, 
2 Feb. — sent to Bristol Castle : liberated in ex- 
change for Robert of Gloucester, 1 Nov. — 
attends Council of Westminster, 7 Dec. — be- 
sieges Maud in Oxford, Sep. to Dec. 1142 — his 
kingdom laid under interdict by Theobald, 



STEPHEN I.— STEPHENSON. 



1315 



Abp of Canterbury, 11 47 — invasion of Henry, 
son of Maud, 115 2 — loses his son Eustace, 18 
Aug. 1 153 — concludes treaty for succession of 
Henry, on Stephen's death, 7 Nov. 1 153— ft. 
at Dover, 25 Oct. 1 154. 

a Annals of England. b Lingard. 

Stephen I., (St,) King of Hungary, — fj., 
979? — baptized, 996 — succeeds his father, 
Geysa, as Duke of Hungary, 997 — obtains title 
of King, which is confirmed by Pope Sylvester 
II., 1000 — named also Apostle of Hungary, 
with powers of perpetual legate of Holy See, 
1000 — defeats his uncle Giula, Duke of Tran- 
sylvania, and conquers his Duchy, 1004 — 
marries Gisela, sister of Emperor Henry II., 
1008 — claims Duchy of Bavaria, 1028— ravages 
Bavaria, 1030 — renounces his claim and makes 
peace with Emperor, 1031 — ft. at Buda, 15 
Aug. 1038. 

Stephen II., Thunderbolt, King or Hun- 
gary, — ft., noi — succeeds his father, Colo- 
man, 1 1 14 — ravages Austria, 11 20 — resigns 
the crown to his cousin Bela, and retires to a 
monastery, 1131 — ft., 1131. 

Stephen III., King of Hungary, — suc- 
ceeds his father, Geysa II., May 1161 — de- 
prived by Emperor Manuel, and the crown 
given to his uncle Ladislaus, about Jun. 1161 a 
— restored, and again driven away, 1162* — 
again resumes the crown, 1163a — marries 
Agnes, daughter of Duke of Austria, 11 66 — 
joins Emperor Manuel in war with Venice, 
and invades Dalmatia, 1171 — deposed by his 
uncle Ladislaus, 1172 — ft., Mar. 1173. 
a Greek authorities. 

Stephen, (IV.,?) — made King of Hungary on 
death of his brother Ladislaus, by Emperor 
Manuel, Jan. 1162 a — expelled, and his nephew 
Stephen III. restored, n62 a — taken prisoner 
by Stephen III. at Zeugmine, 1163a — ft., 11 
Apr. 1 163. a Greek authorities. 

Stephen IV., (V.,) King of Hungary, — 
succeeds his father, Bela IV., 1270 — makes 
Bulgarians tributary: ft., about 1 Aug. 1272. 

Stephen IV., Prince of Moldavia, — ft., 
1433 — drives away the usurper, Peter Aaron, 
1458 — assists Mahomet II. in Wallachia, 1462 
— unsuccessfully invades Transylvania, and be- 
comes tributary to the Prince, 1468 — defeats 
Turks in ^Vallachia, 17 Jan. 1475 — attacked 
by Mahomet II., 1479 — ravages Wallachia, 
1480 — repulses Bajazet, 1484 — routs John 
Albert, king of Poland, 1494 — ravages Poland, 
1495— ft., 2 Jul. 1504. 

Stephen, Henry John, serjeant-at-law, — ft., 
about 1788 — called to the bar at Inner Temple, 
24 Nov. 1 8 15 — Serjeant-at-law, 1827 — ft. at 
Clifton, 28 Nov. 1864. Principles of Pleading 
in Civil Actions, 5th edition, 1 843 — Summary 
of Criminal Law, 1834 — New Commentaries on 
Laws of England, 1848. 

Stephen, Sir James, statesman, historian, — 
ft. in London, 3 Jan. 1789 — B.A. Cambridge, 
1 8 1 2 — Assistant Under - secretary for the 
Colonies, 1834 — afterwards Under-secretary ; 
retires, 1847 — K.C.B., 1847 — Eegius Prof. 
Modern History, Cambridge, 1 849 — ft. at Cob- 
lentz, 14 Sep. 1859. Essays in Ecclesiastical 



Biography, 1849 — Lectures on the History of 
France, 1851. 

Stephen Bathori. [Bathori.] 

Stephens, Alexander, litterateur, — ft. at 
Elgin, about 1757 — enters Middle Temple, 
1778— ft. at Chelsea, 24 Feb. 1821. Public 
Characters, 1 7 99- 1 808 — Annual Biography, 
1 817-2 1 — Memoirs of John Home Tooke, 181 3. 

Stephens, (Etienne, Estienne,) Anthony, — 6. 
at Geneva, 1592,* i594 b — naturalized in France, 
16 1 2 — conducts printing business at Paris, 
1613-64 — printer to the king, 16 15 — syndic of 
Society of Printers, 1649 — ft. at Paris, 1674. 
a Engl. Cyc. and Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. 

Stephens, Charles, printer, — ft., about 1504 

— begins printing at Paris, probably 155 1 — 
printer to the king, 155 1 — ft., 1564. The- 
saurus Ciceronianus, 1557 — Prcedium rusticum, 

1554- 

Stephens, Francis, — ft. at Paris, 1502 — 
prints, 1537-43 — ft. at Paris, 1550. 

Stephens, Francis, (II.,) — prints at Geneva, 
1562-82. 

Stephens, Henry, printer, — ft. at Paris, 
about 1470 ? 1460 ? — begins printing, 1502 ? 

— ft., 24 Jul. 1520^ 1521 or 1522. b 

a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Stephens, Henry, (II.,) philologist, printer, 
— ft. at Paris, 1528 — assists his father in print- 
ing, 1546 — visits Italy, 1547-9 an( ^ J 554"5 — 
England, 1550 — head of a printing -office, end 
of 1556 — succeeds to his father's business at 
Geneva, 1559 — ft. at Lyons, Mar. 1598. 
Biodorus Siculus, 1559 — Xenophon, 1561 — 
Thesaurus Grcecce Linguce, 1572 — Plato, 1578. 

Stephens, James Francis, entomologist,— 
ft. at Shoreham, Sussex, 16 Sep. 1792— ft. in 
London, 22 Dec. 1852. Jllustrations of British 
Entomology, 1829. 

Stephens, Paul, — ft. at Geneva, 1566 — visits 
London, 1594 — head of the printing-office, 
Geneva, 1599-1626 or 1627. 

Stephens, Robert, philologist, printer, — ft. 
at Paris, 1503 — commences printing, end of 
1526 a — marries, 1528 — printer to the king for 
Latin, Greek, and Hebrew works, 24 Jun. 
1539 — sale of his Bibles prohibited, 1548 — 
escapes to Geneva, 155 1 or 1552 — ft. there, 
7, ab 13 c Sep. 1559. Biblia Latina, 1528 — 
Latince Ungues Thesaurus, 153 1 — Bictionarium 
latino-gallicum, 1543 — edits Ecclesiastica His- 
toria Eusebii, Socrates, Theodoreti, &c, 1544 — 
Biblia Hebraica, 1544 and 1546 — Antiquitates 
Romani of Bionysius of Halicamassus, 1547 — 
Bion Cassins, 1548. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. 
b Biog. Univ. c Engl. Cyc. 

Stephens, Robert, (II.,) printer, — ft. at 
Paris, 1530— commences printing, 1556^ 1566 b 
— Royal printer, 1561a — ft. at Geneva, be- 
fore 2 Nov. i57o, b Feb. 157 i. a 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Stephens, Robert, (III.,)— ft., about 1560 
— prints, 1606-31 a — ft., 1629^ 1630.° 
a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Stephenson, George, civil engineer, — ft. at 
"Wy.lam, Northumberland, 9 Jun. 178 1 — mar- 
ries, 1 802 — loses his wife, 1 804 — makes a lo- 
comotive steam-engine, at Killingworth, 1813- 
83 * 



1316 



STEPHENSON— STEWART. 



14 — takes out patent for locomotive, Feb. 18 15 
— invents safety-lamp, (Geordie,) Nov. 18 15 — 
marries again, 18 19 — visits Belgium and Spain, 
1845 — If. at Tapton, in Derbyshire, 12 Aug. 
1848. Stockton and Darlington Railway, 18 19 
to Nov. 1822 — Manchester and Liverpool Rail- 
way, Jun. 1826 to 15 Sep. 1830. 

Stephenson, Robert, civil engineer, — fj. at 
Willington, 16 Oct. 1803— studies at Edin- 
burgh Univ., 1 8 20- 1 — takes management of 
the business at Newcastle, 1828 — marries, 1829 
— loses his wife, 1842 — M.P. Whitby, 1847 
— member of Legion of Honour, 1855 — 
Pres. Institution of Civil Engineers, 1856-7 — 
D.C.L. Oxford, 1856— tf. in London, 12 Oct. 
1 859. London and Birmingham Railway, Jun. 

1834 to Sep. 1838 — Britannia Tabular Bridge, 
Menai Strait, commenced, 1 846 — completed, 5 
Mar. 1850 — Victoria Tubular Bridge, over the 
St Lawrence, finished, 1859. 

Stepney, George, poet, diplomatist, — rj. at 
Westminster, 1663 — enters Trim Coll. Cam- 
bridge, 1682 — envoy to Elector of Branden- 
burg, 1692 — to Imperial Court, 1693 — to 
Elector of Saxony, 1694 — Commissioner of 
Trade, 1697 — envoy to king of Poland, 1699 
— again to Imperial Court, 1701 — to Holland, 
3706 — tf. at Chelsea, 1707. 

Stereographic Projection, — so named by 
Dr Aguillon, 161 3. 

Stereometer, — invented by Say, 1797. 

Stereoscope, — invented by Wheatstone, 1838 
— lenticular, by Brewster, 1849. 

Stereotype Printing, — attempted by Van 
der Mey, 171 1 — by Ged, 1725 — by Tilloch 
and Foulis, about 1780 — practised by Didot, 
1794 — brought into general use, by Earl Stan- 
hope, about 1803-10 — adopted in printing 
newspapers, (the Times, by Walter,) 1856-60. 

Sterling, John, litterateur, — 6. in Bute 
Island, 20 Jul. 1806 — enters Trin. Coll. Cam- 
bridge, 1824 — leaves Cambridge, 1827 — meets 
Coleridge at Highgate, about 1828 — marries, 
1830 — curate of Hurstmonceaux, 1834 to Feb. 

1835 — meets Carlyle in London, 1835 — ft. at 
Ventnor, 18 Sep. 1844. Poems, 1839 — The 
Election, 1841 — Essays and Tales, 1848. 

Sterne, Lawrence, novelist, — rj. at Clonmel, 
24 Nov. 1713 — enters Jesus Coll. Cambridge, 
Jul. 1733 — B.A., 1736 — M.A., 1740 — takes 
holy orders, between 1736-40 — marries, 1741 
— visits France, 1762 — Italy, 1764 — tf. in 
London, 18 Mar. 1768. Tristram Shandy, 
1 759-67 — Sentimental Journey, 1768 — Sermons, 
1760-6 — Letters, 1775. 

Sternhold, Thomas, — tf.,'Aug. 1549. With 
Hopkins, Metrical version of the Psalms, 1549. 

Sterry, Peter, theologian, — tf., 19 Nov. 
1672. Discourse on Freedom of the Will, 1675 
— Rise, Race, and Royalty of the Kingdom of 
God in the Soul of Man, 1683 — Remains, 17 10. 

Stesichoros, lyric poet, — [BC] — 6., (01. 37,) 
632— fl., about (01. 43) 608,* (01. 53, 4,) 565,* 
-tf., (01. 56,) 55 6,c (01. 55, 2,) 559,* (01. 56, 
4 >) 553-° a Muller. b Suidas. c Clinton. 

Stethoscope, — invented by Laennec, 1816. 

Stettin, in Prussia, (Sedinum, Stettinj,0n,) — 
conquered by Boleslaus, 1 121— seized by Fred- 



erick II., Elector of Brandenburg, 1466 — re- 
stored to Pomerania, 1472 — occupied by Swedes, 
1630-48 — unsuccessfully besieged by Imperial- 
ists, Sep. to Nov. 1659 — besieged by Elector of 
Brandenburg, Oct. 1676 — capitulates, 16 Dec. 
1677— restored to Sweden, 1679 — taken by 
allies, 171 3 — given up to Prussia, by Peace of 
Stockholm, 1720 — occupied by French, 29 
Oct. 1806 to 5 Dec. 1 81 3. Treaty of peace 
between Sweden and Denmark, signed at, 13 
Dec. 1570. 

Steuart-Denham, Sir James, political econo- 
mist, — rj. at Edinburgh, 21 Oct. 17 12 — makes 
the grand tour, 1735-40 — takes part in rebel- 
lion of the Pretender, and is exiled, 1745- 
63 — receives full pardon, 177 1 — rj., Nov. 1780. 
Lnquiry into the Principles of Political Econo- 
my, 1767 — Works, 1805. 

Stevens, George Alexander, actor, miscel- 
laneous writer, — appears at Covent Garden 
Theatre, 1753 — tf. at Baldock, Herts, 6 Sep. 
1784. ECistory of Tom Fool, 1760 — Songs, 
Comic and Satirical, 1772 — Adventures of a 
Speculist, 1788. 

Stevens, John, mechanical inventor, — ft. in 
New York, 1749— commences his experiments 
in steam navigation, 1787 — constructs small 
steamboat, 1804 — ft. in New Jersey, 1838. 

Stevens, Richard James Samuel, musical 
composer, — b. in London, about 1753 — Prof. 
Music, Gresham Coll., 1801 — tf., 1837. 

Stevens, Robert Livingston, mechanical in- 
ventor, — h. in New Jersey, 1788 — commences 
experiments in steam navigation, 1808 — invents 
elongated bomb-shell, 1813-14 — tf. in New 
Jersey, 20 Apr. 1856. 

Stevens, Thaddeus, statesman, — b. in Ver- 
mont, LJ. S., 4 Apr. 1793 — graduates at Dart- 
mouth Coll., 1 8 14 — admitted to the bar, 18 16 
— member of legislature of Pennsylvania, 1833 
— of State Constitutional Convention, 1836 — 
of Congress, 1848 — of Baltimore Convention, 
1864 — LL.D. Vermont Univ., Aug. 1867 — tf. 
at Washington, 11 Aug. 1868. 

Stevenson, Sir John Andrew, musical com- 
poser, — b., 1759? — Ent, 1802 — tf. at Meath, 
14 Sep. 1833. Lrish Melodies, 1807-33 — 
Sacred Songs, Duets, $c, 1816. 

Stevenson, Robert, civil engineer, — b. at 
Glasgow, 8 Jun. 1772 — engineer to Northern 
Lighthouse Commissioners, 17 97 -1842 — tf. at 
Edinburgh, 12 Jul. 1850. Bell Rock Light- 
house, 1 807 -1 1. 

Stevin, Simon, mathematician, — b. at 
Bruges, about 1550 ? — tf. at Leyden, 1633. 
Works, 1605. 

Stewart, Dugald, philosopher, — b. at Edin- 
burgh, 22 Nov. 1753 — assistant Prof. Mathe- 
matics, 1775 — Prof. Moral Philosophy, 1785- 
18 10 — tf. at Edinburgh, 11 Jun. 1828. Ele- 
ments of Philosophy of 'the Human Mind, 1792- 
1827 — Life of Dr Reid, 1802 — Philosophical 
Essays, 18 10 — General View of the Progress of 
Metaphysical, Ethical, and Political Science 
since the Revival of Letters, 18 15 — View of the 
active and moral Powers, 1828. 

Stewart, Matthew, mathematician, — b. at 
Rotbsay, Bute, 17 17 — studies at Glasgow 



STEWART— STIRLING. 



*3i7 



Univ., 1734— Prof. Mathematics, Edinburgh, 
1747-72 — F.R.S., 1764— -tf., 25 Jan. 1785. 
Geometrical Theorems, 1746 — Tracts, Physical 
and Mathematical, 176 1. 

Stewart, Sir James. [Steuart.] 

Ste.wart, Robert. [Castlereagh, Lord, and 
Londonderry, Marquis of.] 

Stewart. [Stuart.] 

Stieglitz, Christian Ludwig, writer on Ar- 
chitecture, — b. at Leipsic, 12 Dec. 1756 — 
LL.D., 1784 — tf., 17 Jul. 1836. Geschichte 
der BauJcunst der Alten, 1792 — Encyclopddie 
der Baukunst der Alten, 1792-98 — Alt-deutsche 
Baukimst, 1820 — Geschichte der Baukunst, 
1827. 

Stieglitz, Heinrich, poet, — b. in Waldeck, 
1803— tf. at Venice, 24 Aug. 1849. Bilder des 
Orients, 1 83 1-3 3 — Stimmen der Zeit, 1834 — 
Dionysosfest, 1836. 

Stiernhielm, George, — b. in Dalecarlia, 1598 
— ennobled, 1631 — Vice-Pres. Court of Justice 
of Dorpat, 1648 — member of Council of "War, 
1 66 1 — Director of College of Antiquities, Up- 
sala, 1666 — tf. at Stockholm, 1672. Leges 
Vestrogothicce antiques, 1663 — Ulphilas, 167 1 
— Archimedes Beformatus, 1 644 — Anticluve- 
rius, 1685. 

Stifel, (Stiefel,) Michael, (Stifelius,) mathe- 
matician, — b. at Eslingen, Saxony, 1509,* 
i486 15 — tf. at Jena, 19 Apr. 1567. Arith- 
metica integra, 1544. 

a Vossius. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Stifter, Adalbert, novelist, §c, — b. in Bohe- 
mia, 1806 — goes to Vienna, 1826 — Councillor 
of Public Instruction, Upper Austria, 1849 — 
tf., 28 Jan. 1868. Studien, \%\\-$\—Bunte 
Steine, 1852 — Nachsommer, 1857 — Witiko, 
1865-67. 

Stigand, Abp of Canterbury, — Bp of E. 
Angles, 1043 — deprived, and his possessions 
seized by Edward the Confessor, 1043— recovers 
his see, 1044 — Bp of Winchester, 1047 — ad- 
ministers see of Canterbury on deposition of 
Abp Robert, 1052 — Abp of Canterbury, pro- 
bably 1053— assists at consecration of West- 
minster Abbey, 1065 — crowns Harold, Jan. 
1066 — anoints Edgar the Atheling at London, 
Oct. 1066 — submits to William I., 1066 — ac- 
companies the king to Normandy, 1067 — de- 
prived, about Easter 1070 — joins Hereward at 
Camp of Refuge, 1070 — imprisoned at Win- 
chester, 1072. 

Stiglmayer, Johann Baptist, bronze-founder, 
— b. near Munich, 18 Oct. 179 1 — studies at the 
Academy, 18 10 — studies in Italy, 1819-22 — 
Director of Foundry at Munich, 1824 — Knt of 
St Michael, 1839 — tf. at Munich, 2 Mar. 1844. 

Stilicho, magister equitum, — ambassador to 
Persia, 384 — guardian to Honorius Augustus 
with Serena, 395 a — campaign in Gaul : com- 
passes death of Rufinus, 395 — blockades Alaric 
in Peloponnesus, 396 — returns to Italy : war 
with Alaric, 402 a — blockaded in Milan by 
Alaric, 403 — defeats Alaric at Pollen tia, Easter 
403 — and at Verona, 403 — triumphs, 404 — 
opens negotiations with Alaric, defeats Rada- 
gaisus, 406, 405 a — assassinated at Ravenna, 
(10 Kal. Sep.) 23 Aug. 408. a Clinton. 



Still, John, Bp of Bath and Wells, — b., 
J 543 ? — Lady Margaret's Prof. Divinity, 1570 
— rector of Hadleigh,in Suffolk, 157 1— Master 
of St John's Coll. Cambridge, 1574 — Master of 
Trim Coll. Cambridge, 1577— Bp of Bath and 
Wells, 1592 — tf., 26 Feb. 1607. Gammer 
Gurton's Needle, written, probably 1565 — 
printed, 1575. 

Stilling, Johann Heinrich. [Jung Still- 
ing.] 

Stillingfleet, Benjamin, naturalist, — b., 
about 1702 — B. A. Cambridge, 1723-^ with 
Windham, visits Chamouni, 1741 — tf. in Lon- 
don, 15 Dec. 177 1. Tracts on Natural His- 
tory, 1759 — Principles and Power of Harmony, 
1771. 

Stillingfleet, Edward, Bp of Worcester, 
— b. at Cranbourne, Dorsetshire, 17 Apr. 1635 
— enters St John's Coll. Cambridge, 1648 — 
B.A., 1652— Fellow of St John's Coll., Mar. 
1653 — rector of Sutton, 1657 — chaplain to 
Charles II., about 1665 — D.D., 1668 — Canon 
Residentiary of St Paul's, 1670 — Dean of St 
Paul's, 1678 — Bp of Worcester, 1689 — tf. at 
Westminster, 27 Mar. 1699. Irenicum, 1659 
— Origines Sacra, 1662 — Origines Britannicce, 
1685. 

Stillington, Robert, Bp of Bath and 
Wells, Lord Chancellor of England, — 
Canon of Wells, 1445 — Archdeacon of Taun- 
ton, 1450 — Canon of York, 145 1 — Dean of 
St Martin's, London, 1458 — Keeper of the 
Privy Seal, 146 1 — Archdeacon of Berks, 1463 
— of Wells, 1465 — Bp of Bath and Wells, 1 1 
Jan. 1466 — Lord Chancellor, 20 Jun. 1467 — 
dismissed, 27 Jul. 1475 — assists at coronation 
of Richard III., 1483 — imprisoned by Henry 
VII., Aug. 1485 — imprisoned in Windsor 
Castle on charge of favouring Simnel, 1487 — 
tf. there, May 1491. 

Stillwater, — battles near, in American 
War, 19 Sep. and 7 Oct. 1777. 

Stilo, L. iElius Prseconinus, grammarian, 
— [B C] — accompanies Q,. Metellus Numidicus 
into exile, 100. 

Stilpo, philosopher, — [B C] — at Megara, 
when taken by Demetrius Poliorketes, (01. 
121, 3,) Sep. ? 307. 

Stirling, in Scotland, — Castle rebuilt, before 
900 — Royal burgh, as early as it 19 — Castle 
given up to Henry II. by William the Lion, 
1 174 — restored by Richard I., 11 89 — occupied 
by Edward I., spring 1296 — Wallace defeats 
English at, 10 Sep. 1297 — Castle burnt by 
Scots, 1298 — surrenders to Scots, 1299 — re- 
covered by English, 1300 — taken by Scots, 
18 Feb. 1303 — besieged by Edward I., Apr. 
1304 — surrenders, 20 Jul. 1304 — besieged by 
Scots, early in 13 14 — surrenders, 24 Jun. 1314 
—submits to Edward Baliol, 1323 — recovered 
by Scots, 1 341 — assassination of Douglas at, 
145 1 — coronation of James VI. at, 1567 — James 
VI. holds parliament at, 1578 — occupied by 
Angus and Mar, 1584 — again, 1585 — Privy 
Council and Court of Session removed to, 1637 
— occupied by Gen. Monk, 14 Aug. 1651 — un- 
successfully besieged by Highlanders, 1745. 

Stirling, James, mathematician, — F.R.S., 



1318 



STIRLING— STOPFORD. 



1726 — tf., probably after 1764. Methodus 
differen tialis, 1730. 

Stirling-, William Alexander, Earl of, 
poet, — b., about 1580? — Gentleman-usher to 
Prince Charles, Knt, and Master of the Re- 
quests, 161 3 — receives charter for settlement 
of Nova Scotia, 1621 — Secretary of State for 
Scotland, 1626 — receives charter of Lordship 
of Canada, 1628 — Viscount Stirling, 1630 — 
Earl of Sterling, 1633 — tf., 1640. Monarchike 
Tragedies, 1607 — Doomsday, 16 14. 

Stobaeus, Joannes, — fl., about 405.* 
a Blair. 

Stock, Simon, Carmelite, — sixth General of 
his Order, about 1250—0"., 1265. 

Stock Certificates, — payable to bearer, issue 
of, authorized and regulated by Act 26 Vic. c. 
28, 8 Jun. 1863. 

Stockholm, capital of Siveden, — founded, by 
Birger Jarl, about 1250 — besieged and taken 
by Margaret, 1339 — the Swedes defeat the 
Danes near, 14 Oct. 147 1 — Queen Christina 
of Denmark besieged in citadel by Sten Sture, 
winter 1501 — capitulates, 27 May 1502 — be- 
sieged by Christian II. of Denmark, defended 
by Christina Gyllenstierna, Jun. 1520 — ca- 
pitulates, 7 Sep. 1520 — visited by Prince and 
Princess of "Wales, Sep. to 4 Oct. 1 864 — Ex- 
hibition of Arts and Industry opened, 15 Jun. 
1866. Royal Palace, burnt, 1697 — rebuilding 
of, commenced, by Charles XL, 1698 — com- 
pleted, 1751. Academy of Sciences, founded, 
about 1740. Swedish Academy, 1753. Treaties 
of, between Sweden and States-General, con- 
cluded, 11 Sep. 1640— between Sweden and 
Elector of Brandenburg, 27 Mar. 1666 — of 
alliance with France, 14 Apr. 1672 — with 
Emperor Leopold, 12 Oct. 1682 — with States- 
General, 22 Feb. 1698 — with Great Britain, 1 
Feb. 1720 — with Peter the Great, 24 Mar. 
1724 — with France and Great Britain, 26 Mar. 

1727 — with Denmark, 5 Oct. 1734 — with 
Russia, 5 Aug. 1735 — with France, 10 Nov. 
1738 — renewed, 6 Jim. 1747 — with France, 
17 Jan. 1754 to 21 Mar. 1757 — of commerce, 
with Great Britain, 5 Feb. 1766 — secret, with 
Great Britain, 3 Dec. 1804 — with Great Bri- 
tain, 3 Mar. 1813 — between Sweden and Nor- 
way and Western Powers, guaranteeing in- 
tegrity of Swedish territories, signed, 21 Nov. 

1855. 

Stocking-Frame, — invented by Lee, about 
1589. 

Stocking-Knitters, — in England, Associa- 
tion of, chartered by Cromwell, 1657 — charter 
renewed and enlarged by Cbarles II., 19 Aug. 
1663. In France, company established at 
Paris, 1527. 

Stock-jobbing, in Great Britain, — prohibited 
by Acts 7 Geo. II. c. 8, 1734, and 10 Geo. II. 
c. 8, 1737— repealed by Act 23 and 24 Vic. c. 
28, 14 Jun. i860. 

Stockport, in Cheshire, — garrisoned for the 
Parliament, 1642 — taken by Prince Rupert, 
May 1644 — bridge blown up, to prevent re- 
treat of rebels, 1745. 

Stocks, place of punishment, — mentioned in 
2nd Statute of Labourers, 25 Edw. III., 1350-2 



— establishment of, in every village, prayed 
for, by Commons, 1376 — ordered to be estab- 
lished in every town and village, by Act 7 
Hen. IV. c. 17, 1405-6. 

Stockton-on-Tees, in Durham, — ravaged by 
Scots, 1325 — garrisoned for Charles I., 1642 — 
taken by Parliamentarians, 1644 — destroyed 
by Roundheads, 1652. Railway to Darlington, 
opened, 27 Sep. 1825. 

Stoddart, Sir John, miscellaneous writer, — 
b. at Westminster, 1773 — D.C.L. Oxford, 
1801 — political editor of the Times, 1812-16 — 
Knt, Chief Justice and Judge of Vice-Admiralty 
Court, Malta, 1826-39 — tf. in London, 16 Feb. 
1856. 

Stoke, in Nottinghamshire, — Henry VII. 
defeats and captures Lambert Simnel at, 16 
Jun. 1487. 

Stolberg 1 , Christian, Count von, poet,— b. 
at Hamburg, 15 Oct. 1748 — studies at Gottin- 
gen, 1769-74 — marries and settles in Schles- 
wig, 1777 — tf. at Eckernfbrde, 18 Jan. 1821. 
Gedichte, 1779 — Gedichte ausdem Griechischen, 
1782 — with his brother, Vaterldndische Ge- 
dichte, 1 8 15, 

Stolberg, Friedrich Leopold, Count von, 
poet, historian, — b. in Holstein, 7 Nov. 1750 
— marries, 1782 — loses his wife, 1788 — mar- 
ries again, 1790 — Chief Minister of Prince- 
Bishop of Liibeck, 1791 — enters Roman Ca- 
tholic Church at Munster, 1800 — tf. near 
Osnabriick, 5 Dec. 18 19. Geschichte der Re- 
ligion Jesu Christi, 1811-18 — Biichlein von der 
Liebe, 1819. 

Stolbowa, Peace of,— between Sweden and 
Russia, concluded, 27 Feb. 16 17. 

Stone, Edmund, mathematician, — F.R.S., 
1725 — tf., 1768. Mathematical Dictionary, 
1726 — Treatise on Fluxions, 1730 — Elements 
of Euclid, 173 1. 

Stone, Frank, painter, — b. at Manchester, 
23 Aug. 1800 — goes to London, 1831 — member 
of Society of Painters in Water-colours, 1832 
— A.R.A., 1 85 1 — tf. in London, 18 Nov. 1859. 
Impending Mate, Mated, 1 847 — Gardener's 
Daughter, 1850 — Bassanio receiving the letter, 
1851. 

Stony Point, on Hudson River, U, S., — fort 
captured by Sir H. Clinton, 1 Jun. 1779— re- 
taken by Gen. A. Wayne, 16 Jul. — destroyed 
and abandoned, 18 Jul. 

Stopford, Sir Robert, admiral, — b., 4 Feb. 
1768 — enters the navy, May 1779 — Captain, 
12 Aug. 1790 — distinguishes himself under 
Lord Howe, 1 Jun. 1794 — takes part under 
Cornwallis in action with the French, 17 Jun. 
1795 — wounded in action off St Domingo, 6 
Feb. 1806— takes part in Copenhagen expe- 
dition, Jul. 1807 — Rear-admiral, 1808 — 
marries, 1809 — Commander-in-chief at the 
Cape, 1 8 10 — takes Java, 181 1 — Vice-admiral, 
about 1 812 — K.C.B., 18 15 — Admiral, 27 May 
1825 — Commander-in-chief at Portsmouth, 
May 1827 — G.C.B., 1831 — Rear-admiral of 
United Kingdom, 1834 — Commander-in-chief 
in Mediterranean, 1837 — conducts operations 
on coast of Syria, and bombards Acre, 1840 — 
Governor of Greenwich Hospital, 1 May 1841 



STORACE— STRANGE. 



1319 



— Vice-admiral of United Kingdom, 1847 — tf. 
at Richmond, 25 Jun. 1847. 

.Storace, Anne Selina, actress, singer, — n. 
in London, 1761 — makes her debut at Florence, 
1780 — comes to London, 1788 — returns to 
Italy, 1796 — tr. near London, 18 14. 

Storace, Stephen, musical composer, — ft. in 
London, 1763— tf., 19 Mar. 1796. 

Sfcorch, Heinrich Friedrich. von, economist, 
— 6. at Riga, (?) 1766 — Councillor of State, St 
Petersburg, 1804 — Vice-Pres. Academy of 
Sciences, 1830 — tf., 1835. Cours d'Economie 
Politique, 18 15 — Tableau Historique et Sta- 
tist ique de V Empire de Russie, 1795. 

Storm Signals, — suggested at meeting of 
British Association, 1859 — communication of, 
in England, commenced by Fitzroy, 1 862 — 
discontinued, 7 Dec. 1866. 

Storms, Law of. [See Reid, Sir William.] 

Story, Joseph, jurist, — b. in Massachusetts, 
U. S., 18 Sep. 1779 — studies at Harvard Univ., 
1795-8 — called to the bar, 1801 — member of 
State Legislature, 1805— member of Congress, 
1809 — Speaker of Legislature of Massachusetts, 
Jan. 181 1 — Associate Justice of Supreme Court, 
Nov. 181 1 — member of Convention for revision 
of State Constitution, 1820 — Prof. Jurispru- 
dence, Harvard Univ., 1829 — tf. at Cambridge, 
near Boston, 10 Sep. 1845. Commentaries on 
Conflict of Laivs, 1834 — Commentaries on Con- 
stitution of United States, 1833. 

Stothard, Charles Alfred, draughtsman, — 
b. in London, 5 Jul. 1786 — historical draughts- 
man to Society of Antiquaries, 1815 — F.S.A., 
2 Jul. 1 8 19— tf. at Beer-Ferrers, Devonshire, 
27 May 1821. Death of Richard II „ 1810 — 
Monumental Effigies of Great Britain, 181 1-23. 

Stothard, Thomas, painter, — b. in London, 
17 Aug. 1755— A.R.A., 1785— R.A., 1794-- 
Librarian to the Royal Academy, 18 12 — tf. in 
London, 27 Apr. 1834. Canterbury Pilgrims, 
1817. 

Stow, John, historian, antiquary, — b. in 
London, 1525 — devotes himself to antiquarian 
pursuits, 1565 — tf. there, 5 Apr. 1605. Survey 
of London, 1598 — Summary of the Chronicles 
of England, 1561 — Annals of England, 1580. 

Stowell, William Scott, Baeon, Judge of 
the High Court of Admiralty, — ft. at 
Heworth, near Newcastle-on-Tyne, 17 Oct. 
1745 — enters Corpus Christi Coll. Oxford, Feb. 
1761 — M.A., 1767 — Camden Reader of An- 
cient History, 1774 — D.C.L., 1779 — member 
of the literary Club, Dec. 1778 — called to the 
bar, Feb. 1780— Judge of Consistory Court, 
1788— Knt, 1788— M.P. Downton, 1790— 
Judge of Admiralty Court, 1798 to Christmas 
1828— M.P. Oxford Univ., Mar. 1801— Baron 
Stowell, 21 Jul. 1 82 1 — tf. in Berkshire, 28 Jan. 
1836. 

Stowmarket, in Suffolk. {See Gun Cot- 
ton.] 

Strabo, geographer, — [BC] — b., about 66? 
54 a — at Gyarus, 29 — in Egypt with iElius 
Gallus, 24— [AD] — tf., between 21-25. 
a Clinton. 

Strabo, C. Fannius, — [BC] — (1.) Consul 
with M. Valerius Messalla, (593, a. u. c.) 161. 



(2.) Consul with Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, 
(632,) 122. 

Strachan, Sir Richard John, Bart., ad- 
miral, — b. in Devonshire, 27 Oct. 1760 — suc- 
ceeds to the baronetcy, Dec. 1777 — Post-cap- 
tain R.N., 26 Apr. 1783 — captures French 
frigate Resolu, 179 1 — defeats French squadron 
off Ferrol, 4 Nov. 1805 — Rear-admiral, 9 Nov. 
— K.B., 29 Jan. 1806— blockades Rochefbrt, 
1806 to summer 1809— commands fleet in Wal- 
cheren Expedition, 1809 — Vice-admiral, 31 
Jul. 1810 — Admiral, 19 Jul. 1821 — tf. in Lon- 
don, 3 Feb. 1828. 

Strada, Famiano, historian, — b. at Rome, 
1572 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1592 — tf. at 
Rome, 1649,* 1659^ Be Bello Belgico ab 
excessu Caroli V. ad annum 1590, 1632-47 — 
Prolusiones, 16 17. 
a Biog. Univ. and Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Bees' Cyc. 

Strada, {Stradanus,) John, {Giovanni Strada,) 
painter, — b. at Bruges, 1536^ b 1527° — tf., 
i6o4, ac i6o5. b 

a Sandrart. b Baldinucci. c De Piles. 

Stradella, Alessandro, musical composer, — 
b. at Naples, about 1645— murdered at Turin, 
1670^ 1678. b a Walther'sLex. b Biog. Univ. 

Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, Earl of, 
Lord Deputy of Ireland, — b. in Lon- 
don, 13 Apr. 1593 — marries Lady Margaret 
Clifford, 161 1— M.P. Yorkshire, Apr. 16 14 
and 1 62 1 — settles in London, 162 1 — resists 
forced loan, 1626 — imprisoned, May 1627 — 
goes over to side of the king, 1628 — created 
Baron Wentworth, 22 Jul. 1628 — Viscount 
Wentworth, 10 Dec. 1628— Lord Pres. of the 
North, Michaelmas 1628 — Privy Councillor, 
1629 — Lord Deputy of Ireland, 3 Jul. 1633 — 
Earl of Strafford and Lord-lieutenant of Ire- 
land, 1639 — impeached by the Commons, 11 
Nov. 1640 — sent to the Tower, 25 Nov. — his 
trial begins, 22 Mar. 1641 — bill of attainder 
against him, passed by Commons, 21 Apr. — by 
Lords, 29 Apr. — receives Royal assent, (16 
Car. I. c. 38,) 10 May— beheaded on Tower 
Hill, 12 May 1641 — his attainder reversed by 
Charles II., 1662. 

Stralsnnd, in Prussia, — founded by Prince 
Jaromar of Riigen, about 1209 — one of the 
Hanse Towns, about 1290? — unsuccessfully 
besieged by Danes, 1429 — forms alliance with 
Gustavus Adolphus, and is unsuccessfully be- 
sieged by Wallenstein, 1628 — taken by Elector 
Frederick William, 1678 — restored to Sweden, 
1679 — Durnt , 1680— taken by Frederick Wil- 
liam I. of Prussia, 22 Dec. 17 15 — restored to 
Sweden, 1720 — taken by French under Mor- 
tier, 20 Aug. 1807 — fortifications demolished, 
1808 — captured by Col. Schill, 25 May 1809 
— recaptured by French, 3 1 May — ceded to 
Denmark by Treaty of Kiel, 1 810 — occupied by 
French, 26 Jan. 18 12— ceded to Prussia by 
treaty of 4 Jul. 18 15 — fortifications restored, 
1816. 

Strange, George Stanley, Lord, — Knt, 
Apr. 1475 — summoned to parliament as Lord 
Strange, Nov. 1482 — assists in negotiating 
truce with the Scots, Sep. 1484 — at battle of 
Bosworth, Aug. 1485 — one of the Lords of the 



1320 



STRANGE— STRICKLAND. 



Privy Council by Henry VII., 1485 — contri- 
butes to victory of Stoke, Jun. 1487 — serves 
in France, 1492 — ft., 5 Dec. 1497. 

Strange, Sir Robert, engraver, — b. in the 
Orkney Isles, 14 Jul. 1721 — joins Prince 
Charles Edward, 1 745 — settles in London, 1 75 1 
— goes to Italy, 1760 — Knt, Jan. 1787 — tf., 5 
Jul. 1792. 

Strangford, Percy Clinton Sydney Smythe, 
Viscount, diplomatist, litterateur, — b., 31 Aug. 
1780 — Secretary of Legation at Lisbon, 1801 
— succeeds to the peerage, 1 Oct. 1801 — am- 
bassador to Lisbon, Dec. 1806 — accompanies 
royal family of Portugal to Brazil, 1808 — re- 
turns to England, 1 8 1 6 — ambassador to Stock- 
holm, Jul. 1 8 17 — marries, 1817 — ambassador 
to the Porte, Aug. 1820— joint-plenipotentiary 
at Congress of Verona, 1822 — ambassador to 
St Petersburg, Oct. 1825— K.G.C. Guelphic 
Order, 1825— Baron Penshurst, Jan. 1825 — 
F.S.A., 1825 — envoy to the Brazils, 1828 — 
D.C.L. Oxford, 10 Jun. 1834 — if. in London, 
29 May 1855. Translations from ' Camoens, 
1803. 

Strangford, Percy William Smythe, Vis- 
count, ■philologist, §c, — b. at St Petersburg, 
26 Nov. 1825 — Attache to British Embassy at 
Constantinople, 1845 — Oriental Secretary, Jul. 
1857 to Oct. 1858 — succeeds his brother, 1857 
— returns to England, 1857 — marries, 1862 — ft. 
in London, 9 Jan. 1869. Selections from his 
Writings, 1869. 

Strasburg, {Strassburg,) (Argentoratum,) — 
mentioned by Ptolemy, about 150 — Julian de- 
feats Chnodomarius and the Alamanni near, 
Aug. 357 — ravaged by Attila, 455 — by Ala- 
manni, 495 — becomes subject to Clovis, about 
496 — taken and pillaged and the cathedral 
burnt by Hermann, Duke of Suabia, 4 Apr. 
1002 — coronation of Lothaire II. by Innocent 
II. at, 1131 — heretics burnt at, 12 15 — visited 
by Frederick II., summer 1216 — declares for 
King Henry against Frederick, 1234 — obtains 
charter from Frederick, 1236 — takes the pope's 
side, 1246 — treaty between Duke of Lorraine 
and Cardinal Legate concluded at, May 1248 
— free city of the empire, 1254— accepts the 
Reformation, 1523 — fortifications erected by 
Speckel, 1580-9 — taken possession of by Louis 
XIV., 30 Sep. 168 1 — citadel built by Vauban, 
soon after — ceded to France by Treaty of Kys- 
wick, 1 696 — invested by Russians and Germans, 
7 Jan. 1 8 14 — armistice concluded, 16 Apr. — the 
blockade raised, 5 May 18 14 — supports Napo- 
leon on his escape from Elba, Mar. 18 15 — Gen. 
Rapp blockaded in, by Crown Prince of Wiir- 
temberg, end of Jun. 18 15 — sortie, 9 Jul. — 
armistice, 22 Jul. — blockade raised, 15 Sep. 
1 8 15 — insurrection attempted by Louis Napo- 
leon at, 29 Oct. 1836 — invested by Germans, n- 
17 Aug. 1870 — bombardment, 21-27 Aug. — 
capitulates to Gen. Werder, 27 Sep. — entered 
by Germans, 28 Sep. [Franco-German War.] 
University, founded by Ferdinand II., 1621 
—suppressed, before 1 803. Trotestant Academy, 
founded, 1 803. Imperial Academy, by Napo- 
leon I., 1808. Cathedral, commenced, 1015 — 
completed, 1439 — clock constructed, 157 1 — 



damaged in the siege, Sep. 1870. Town Li- 
brary, founded, 1765. Library of Trotestant 
Seminary, 1531 — both burnt, 24 Aug. 1870. 

Strategopulus, Alexius, general, — created 
Caesar, by Michael Palseologus, 1260 — recovers 
Constantinople from Latins, 25 Jul. 1261. 

Stratford, John (de), Abp op Canterbury 
and Chancellor of England, — summoned 
to parliament, 1 318-21 — Archdeacon of Lin- 
coln, 1 319 — ambassador to the pope at Avig- 
non, Dec. 1 32 1 — obtains from John XXII. 
grant of see of "Winchester, 20 Jan. 1323 — 
takes part in deposition of Edward II., 1327 — 
member of Council of Regency for Edward III., 
1327 — Chancellor, 28 Nov. 1330 — accompanies 
Edw. III. to France, 1331 — Abp of Canter- 
bury, 3 Nov. 1333— resigns Great Seal, 28 Sep. 
1334 — again Chancellor, 6 Jun. 1335 — resigns, 
24 Mar. 1337 — Chancellor a third time, 28 
Apr. 1 340 — resigns, 20 Jun. 1 340 — Pres. 
Council, Jul. 1345 and 1346 — ft. at Mayfield, 
Sussex, 23 Aug. 1348. 

Stratford, Robert (de), Bp of Chichester 
and Chancellor of England,— Joint-keeper 
of Great Seal, Apr. 1331 — Chancellor of the 
Exchequer, 1331 — Archdeacon of Canterbury, 
i33i, a 1334? ° — sole Keeper, Jun. 1332 — 
Chancellor, 24 Mar. 1337 — Bp of Chichester, 
Sep. 1337 — resigns Great Seal, 6 Jul. 1338 — 
again Chancellor, 1340 — present at siege of 
Tournay, Jul. 1340 — deprived of Great Seal, 
Dec. 1340 — envoy to the pope, May 1343 — o". 
at Aldingburne, 9 Apr. 1362. 

a Le Neve. b Foss. 

Strathfieldsaye, — mansion and estate given 
by the nation to Wellington, Nov. 18 17. 

Stratocles,— [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
88, 4,) 425. 

Stratocles, orator, — [BC] — deceives Athe- 
nians about the defeat of Amorgus, 322 — pro- 
poses statue to Lycurgus, 307 — demagogue, 
gets Demochares banished, flatters Demetrius 
Poliorketes, 302- r. 

Straton, Teripatetic philosopher, — [B C] — 
succeeds Theophrastus, (01. 123,) 288 — if., 270. 

Strattis, comic poet, — [BC] — begins to ex- 
hibit, about (01. 92) 412 — exhibiting in (01. 
99) 380. Anthroporrhaistes, about 407 — 
Totamioi, about 394. 

Stratton, in Cornwall, — Earl of Stamford 
defeated by Cornishmen, 16 May 1643. 

Straw, Jack, priest, — takes leading part in 
rebellion of Wat Tyler, 1381. 

Strawberry Hill. [See Walpole, Horace.] 

Straw-plait, — manufacture of, introduced in 
Scotland by Queen Mary, about 1562 — in Eng- 
land, by James I., about 1610-20. 

Streater, Eobert, painter, — b., 1624 — Ser- 
jeant-painter to Charles II., 1660 — if., 1680. 

Street Music. [Music] 

Streets, Metropolitan, — traffic in, regulated 
by Act 30 and 31 Vic. c. 134, 20 Aug. 1867— 
amended by 31 Vic. c. 5, 7 Dec. 1867. 

Strelitzy, Russian militia, — revolt, and are 
massacred and banished, 1698 — exterminated 
by Peter L, 1705. 

Strickland, Hugh Edwin, geologist, na- 
turalist, — b. in Yorkshire, 2 Mar. 181 1 — B.A. 



STRODE— STUART. 



1321 



Oxford, 1832— M. A., 1835 — visits Asia Minor, 
1835 — Reader in Geology, Oxford, 1850 — 
killed on Great Northern Railway, 14 Sep. 
1853. Edits the Bibliographia Zoologies et Ge- 
ologic, 1847-54 — Dodo and its kindred, 1848. 

Strode, William, — one of the Five Mem- 
bers, arrested by Charles I., 1642. 

Strombichides, — [BC] — sent to Samos, 412 
—aids Lampsacus, 41 x — put to death by Thirty 
Tyrants, 404. 

Strongbow. [Pembroke, Bichard, Earl of.] 

Strongylion, statuary in bronze, — [B CJ — 
fl., about 415. 

Strontium, metal, — discovered by Hope and 
Klaproth, 1793 — obtained in separate form by 
Davy, 1808 — pure, by Bunsen and Matthiessen, 

1855. 

Strozzi, Bernardo, {II Cappucino, II Prete 
Genovese,) painter, — b. at Genoa, 158 1 — be- 
comes a Capuchin, 1598 — tf. at Venice, 3 Aug. 
1644. 

Strozzi, Filippo, {Giovan-Battista,)—b. _ at 
Florence, 1488 — marries Clarice de' Medici, 
1508 — takes leading part in restoration of 
Florentine Republic, 1527— submits to Ales- 
sandro de' Medici, 1530 — accompanies Cathe- 
rine de' Medici to Paris, 1533 — procures assas- 
sination of Alessandro, Jan. 1537 — arrested, 
kills himself, 18 Dec. 1538. 

Strozzi, Giulio, poet, — fj. at Venice, 1583— 
tf. there, 1660. Venezia edificata, 1624 — Bar- 
barigo, 1626. 

Strozzi, Niccolo, poet,— "a., 1654. 

Strozzi, Palla, statesman, classical scholar, 
— b. at Florence, 1372 — Rector of Florence 
Univ., 1428 — banished, 1435 — tf. at Padua, 8 
May 1462. 

Strozzi, Piero, Marshal of France,—!)., 
1500 — takes refuge in France, 1536 — takes 
part in attempt to restore republican govern- 
ment at Florence, 1537— serves against English, 
1545 — commands Italian auxiliaries against 
English in Scotland, 1548 — distinguishes him- 
self at defence of Metz, 1552 — Field-marshal 
in French army, Feb. 1556 — takes part in siege 
of Calais, 1558 — mortally wounded at siege of 
Thionville, 20 Jim. 1558. 

Strozzi, Tito Vespasiano, poet, — b. at Fer- 
rara, about 1422 — tf. near Ferrara, 1505. 
Strozzii Foetce, pater etflius, 15 13. 

Structus, Sp. Servilius, — [B C] — Consul 
with A. Verginius Tricosta Rutilus, (278, 
a. v. c.) 476. 

Struensee, Johann Friedrich, Count, — b. 
at Halle, 5 Aug. 1737 — M.D., 1757 — attends 
Christian VII. of Denmark through Germany, 
France, and England, 1768 — First Minister, 
1770 — Count, 177 1 — accused of intrigue with 
the Queen, and arrested, 17 Jan. 1772 — [Caro- 
line Matilda] — beheaded, 28 Apr. 1772. 

Struensee von Carlsbach, Carl August, 
statesman, — b. at Halle, 18 Aug. 1735 — Coun- 
cillor of Finances, Berlin, 1782 — ennobled, 
1789 — Minister of Finance and Pres. Depart- 
ment of Excise, 1 79 1 — tf. at Berlin, 17 Oct. 
1804. 

Strutt, Joseph, antiquary, engraver, — b. in 
Essex, 27 Oct. i742, a 1749 b — student at Royal 



Academy, 1770 — tf. in London, 16 Oct. 1802. 
Regal and Ecclesiastical Antiquities of Eng- 
land, 1773 — Biographical Dictionary of En- 
gravers, 1785-6— Dress and Habits of the People 
of England, 1796-9 — Sports and Pastimes of 
the People of England, 1801. 

a Engl. Cyc. b E, ees ' Cyc. 

Struve, Burkhard Gotthelf, bibliographer, 
— b. at Weimar, 26 May 167 1 — studies at 
Univ. of Jena, 1687-9— Curator of the Library, 
1697— Prof. History, 1704 — Prof. Extraord. 
Law, 1712 — tf. at Jena, 28 May 1738. Bib- 
liotheca Juris Selecta, 1703-6 — Jntroductio in 
notitiam rei literarice et usum bibliotliecarum, 
1704 — Bibliotheca philosophica, 1704 — Selecta 
bibliotheca historica, 1705 — Syntagma Juris 
Publici, 17 1 1. 

Struve, Friedrich Georg Wilhelm, astro- 
nomer, — b. at Altona, 15 Apr. 1793 — studies at 
Dorpat Univ., 1 808-11 — employed in Dorpat 
Observatory, 1813 — takes part in trigonome- 
trical survey of Livonia, 1 816-19 — Director of 
Observatory, 181 7 — Director of Observatory of 
Pulkowa, 1839 — assists in measurement of arc 
of meridian in Russia and Scandinavia, 1845-52 
— tf. at St Petersburg, 23 Nov. 1864. Observa- 
tiones Dorpatenses, 1817-39 — Catalogus novus 
stellarum duplicium, 1827 — Stellarum fixarum 
imprimis composi'tarum positiones medice, 1852 
— Etudes d 'astronomie stellaire, 1847. 

Struve, Georg Adam, jurist,— b. at Magde- 
burg, 26 Sep. 16 1 9 — studies at Univ. of Jena, 
Jun. 1636 to Sep. 1639 — of Helmstadt, 1641 
to Apr. 1645 — Prof. Law, Jena, Dec. 1646 — • 
Privy Councillor to Duke of Weimar, 1667 — 
Ordinarius of Judicial College, Jena, 1674 — • 
Pres. Council of Regency, Weimar, Aug. 1680 
— tf. at Jena, 15 Dec. 1692. Syntagma Juris 
Feudalis, 1653 — Syntagma Jurisprudential 
Civilis, 1665. 

Struve, Gustav von, publicist, $c, — b. in 
Livonia, n Oct. 1805 — settles at Manheim, 
about 1840 — takes part in republican agitation 
and escapes to France, Apr. 1848 — again takes 
part in insurrection and is imprisoned, Sep. 
1848 — liberated, May 1849 — tf. at Vienna, 
1870. Geschichte der Phrenologie, 1843 — 
Politische Brief e, 1846 — System der Staatswis- 
senschaften, 1847-8 — Neue Zeit, 1850 — Diesseit 
und Jeuseit cles Oceans, 1864. 

Strychnia, vegetable alkaloid, — discovered by 
Pelleter and Caventon, 18 18. 

Strype, John, historian, biographer, — b. in 
London, 1 2 Nov. 1 643 — enters Jesus Coll. . 
Cambridge, 1661 — M.A., 1669 — tf. at Hackney, 
13 Dec. 1737. Memorials of Thomas Granmer, 
1694 — Annals of the Reformation, 1709-31 — 
lives of Abps Grindal, 17 10, Parker, 17 n, 
and Whitgift, 17 18 — edition of Sloiv's Survey 
of London, 1720 — Ecclesiastical Memorials, 
1721. 

Stuart, Arabella, (Lady Aeabblla,) — b. at 
Chatsworth, 1575 — conspiracy of Raleigh and 
others to place her on throne of England, dis- 
covered and frustrated, summer 1603 — privately 
marries William Seymour, 16 10 — imprisoned 
by James I., 5 Jun. 161 1 — tf. in the Tower, 
27 Sep. 1615. 



STUART-STURE. 



Stuart, Sir Charles, general, — b., Jan. 1753 
■ — enters the army, 1770 — serves in American 
War, 1775 — serves in the Mediterranean, and 
occupies Corsica, 1794-5 — occupies Lisbon, 
1797-8 — conquers Minorca, Nov. 1798 — block- 
ades Valletta, 1798 — takes it, 4 Sep. 1800 — tf. 
in London, 25 Mar. 1801. 

Stuart, Daniel, journalist, — b. at Edinburgh, 
1766 — secretary to Society of Friends of the 
People, about 1793 — joint-proprietor of Morn- 
ing Post, 1795 — of Courier, about 1803(F) 
■ — retires, 18 16 — tf. in London, 25 Aug. 1846. 
Stuart, Lord Dudley Coutts, — b., 4 Jan. 
1803 — B.A. Cambridge, 1823 — marries 
daughter of Lucien Bonaparte, 1824 — M.P. 
Arundel, 1830-7 — M.P. Marylebone, 1847 — 
loses his wife, 14 May 1847 — &■ a ^ Stockholm, 
17 Nov. 1854. 

Stuart, Gilbert, miscellaneous writer, — b. at 
Edinburgh, 1742 or 1746 — LL.D. Edinburgh, 
1767 — tf. at Musselburgh, 13 Aug. 1786. 
View of Society in Europe, 1778 — History of 
Scotland, 1782. 

Stuart, Gilbert Charles, painter, {American 
Stuart,) — b- in Rhode Island, U. S., 1756 — 
studies under West in London, 1778-80 — 
returns to America, 1793 — tf. at Boston, Jul. 
1828. 
Stuart, Henry. [Darnley, Earl of.] 
Stuart, Henry Benedict Maria Clement, 
Cardinal of York, — b. at Rome, 6 Mar. 
1725 — takes holy orders, 1746 — Cardinal, by 
Benedict XIV., 3 Jul. 1747 — Bp of Frascati, 
1761 — receives pension from George III., 1798 
— tf. at Frascati, 13 Jul. 1807. 

Stuart, James. [Murray, Earl of.] 
Stuart, James, {Athenian Stuart,) architect, 
— b. in London, 17 13 — goes to Italy, 1742 — 
accompanies Revett to Athens, 1751 — F.R.S. 
and F.S.A., before 1762 — tf. in London, 2 Feb. 
1788. Antiquities of Athens, (with Revett,) 
1762-1815. 

Stuart, James, of Dunearn, — b., 1776 — 
Writer to the Signet, 1798 — kills Sir A. Bos- 
well in a duel, Mar. 1822 — tried for murder 
and acquitted, 10 Jun. 1822 — visits America, 
1825 — editor of the Courier, about 1829 — In- 
spector of Factories, 1835 — tf. in London, 3 
Nov. 1849. Three Years in N. America, 
1833. 

Stuart, James E. B., general, — b. in Vir- 
ginia, about 1832 — graduates at West Point, 
1854 — resigns first lieutenancy and enters 
service of Confederate States, 14 May 1861 — 
commands Cavalry at Bull Run, 21 Jul. 1861 
— Brigadier-general, Sep. 1861 — distinguishes 
himself in raid in rear of Gen. M c Clellan's army 
near Richmond, 13-14 Jun. 1862 — makes night 
attack on head-quarters of Gen. Pope, Aug. 
1862 — his raid beyond the Potomac, Oct. 1862 
— protects retreat of Confederates after Gettys- 
burg, 3 Jul. 1863 — mortally wounded in action 
near Richmond, and tf . there, 1 1 Jun. 1 864. 

Stuart, John M c Douall, Australian ex- 
plorer, — b., 18 18 — commences explorations in 
Australia, 1857 — crosses Australia from south 
to north, i860 — tf. in London, 5 Jun. 1866. 
Journals, 1864. 



Stuart. [Charles Edward, and James 
Francis Edward Stuart, and Lenox, Earls 
of-] 

Stuart, Moses, theologian, biblical critic, 
— b. at Wilton, Conn. U.S., 26 Mar. 1780— 
graduates at Yale Coll., 1799 — called to the 
bar, 1802 — congregational pastor at New 
Haven, 1806 — Prof. Sacred Literature, An- 
dover Seminary, 1809 — resigns, 1848 — tf. at 
Andover, Mass., 4 Jan. 1852. Hebrew Gram- 
mars, 18 13 and 1 82 1 — Commentary on Epistle 
to the Hebrews, 1827-8 — Commentary on Epistle 
to the Romans, 1832 — Grammar of New Tes- 
tament Dialect, 1834 — Commentary on Apo- 
calypse, 1845. 

Stuart Wortley, Lady Emmeline, — b., 2 
May 1806 — marries Charles Stuart Wortley, 
1 831 — left a widow, 1844 — tf. at Beyrout, 
about Dec. 1855. Etcetera, 1853 — Portugal 
and Madeira, 1854 — Travels in United States, 
1851. 

Stubbe, {Stubbes,) Henry, miscellaneous 
writer, — b. in Lincolnshire, 28 Feb. 1631 — 
enters Christ Church, Oxford, 1649 — M.A., 
1656 — sub-librarian of the Bodleian, 1657-59 
— drowned near Bath, 12 Jul. 1676. 

Stubbes, Philip, — tf., probably 1592. Ana- 
tomie of Abuses, 1583 — Motive to Good Works, 
1593 — Crist al Glass for Christian Women, 
1629. 

Stubbs, George, anatomist, painter, — b. at 
Liverpool, 1724 — tf. A.R.A., 1806. Anatomy 
of the Horse, 1766. 

Stubbs, {Stubbe,) John, political writer, — b., 
about 1 54 1. Publishes his Discovery of a 
Gaping Gulph, 1579. 

Studius, — Consul with Aetius, (1207, a.tj. c.) 
454- 

Stuerbout, Dierick, {Dirk van Haarlem,) 
painter, — b. at Haarlem, 1410 ? — tf. there, 
1470 ? Paints his Pictures of Emperor Otto 
III. and Empress Mary, for Town-hall, Lou- 
vain, 1468. 

Stuhlweissenburg, in Hungary, — place of 
coronation of kings of Hungary from Stephen 
I. to Ferdinand I., 1000- 1527 — stormed by 
Maximilian L, 19 Nov. 1490 — Diet held at, 
152 1 and 1526 — Royal free city, 1541 — capi- 
tulates to Turks, 1543— stormed by Duke of 
Mercceur and Gen. Russworm, 6 Sep. 1601 — 
recovered by Turks, 1602 — given up by them, 
1688 — seat of a bishopric, 1776. 

Stukeley, William, antiquary, — b. at Hol- 
beach, in Lincolnshire, 7 Nov. 1687 — enters 
Bene't Coll. Cambridge, 1703 — F.R.S. , about 
1717— F.S.A., 1718— M.D., 1719— F.R.C.P., 
1720 — Gulstonian Lecturer, 1722 — takes holy 
orders, 1729 — tf. in London, 3 Mar. 1765. 
Itinerarium Curiosum, 1724 — Centuria, 1776 
— Stonehenge and Abury, 1740 — Abury, 1743 
— Palceographia Britannica, 1743. 

Stiiler, August, architect, — b. at Miihlhau- 
sen, in Thuringia, 28 Jan. 1800 — becomes 
pupil of Schinkel, 1827 — visits France and 
Italy, 1829 — Inspector of Court Buildings, 
Berlin, 1830— tf. at Berlin, 18 Mar. 1865. 

Sture, Nilson, — falsely accused and insulted 
by Eric XIV., 1566 — ambassador to Duke of 



STURE— SUBURANUS. 



J3 2 3 



Lorraine, 1566 — assassinated by Eric, and his 
relations massacred by order of the king, 1567. 

Sture, Sten, the Younger, Administrator 
of Sweden, — succeeds his father, Svante,i5i2 
— defeats Christian II. of Denmark, 22 Jul. 
15 1 7 — defeated and slain by him at Bogesund, 
19 Jan. 1520. 

Sture, Sten, — Administrator of Sweden, 
May 1471-97 — routs the Danes at Stockholm, 
11 Oct. 147 1 — founds Upsala Univ., 1477 — re- 
bels against King John, and is defeated at 
Eotebro, 28 Oct. 1497 — again Regent, 29 Jul. 
1 50 1 — besieges Queen Christina in citadel of 
Stockholm, and expels her, 1503 — Is., 13 Dec. 

1503. 

Sture, Svante, Administrator of Sweden, 
— Marshal, 1497 — succeeds Sten Sture, Jan. 
1504 — makes peace with Russians, 15 10 — If. 
at Westeraas, 2 Jan. 15 12. 

Sturleson, Snorro. [Snorro.] 

Sturge, Joseph, philanthropist, — ft. at El- 
berton, in Gloucestershire, 2 Aug. 1793 — takes 
part in Anti-Slavery Agitation, 1830 — visits 
West Indies, 1836-7 — visits America, 1841 — 
unsuccessful candidate at Nottingham election, 
1842 — visits Denmark and Schleswig-Holstein, 
and fails in attempt at mediation, 1850— joint- 
deputy from Society of Friends to Emperor 
Nicholas, 1854 — visits Finland, 1856 — Pres. 
Peace Society, 1858 — Is. in London, 14 May 
1858. 

Sturgeon, William, electrician, — ft. in 
Lancashire, 1783 — enters Royal Artillery, 1804 
— leaves the army, about 1824 — obtains medal 
of Society of Arts for new electro-magnetic 
apparatus, 1825 — Prof. Experimental Philo- 
sophy, Addiscombe, about 1825? — invents 
another electro-magnetic machine, 1836— if. at 
Prestwich, 8 Dec. 1850. Experimental Re- 
searches in Electro-magnetism, 1830 — edits 
Annals of Electricity, §c, 1836 et seq. 

Sturm, Christoph Christian, theologian, — 
ft. at Augsburg, 25 Jan. 1740 — pastor at Ham- 
burg, 1778 — if. there, 26 Aug. 1786. Be- 
trachtungen iiber die Werke Gottes, 1785. 

Sturm, Jacques Charles Frangois, mathe- 
matician, — ft. at Geneva, 29 Sep. 1803 — goes 
to Paris, end of 1823 — presents his theorem to 
Academy of Sciences, 23 May 1829 — Prof. 
Mathematics, College Rollin, 1830 — member 
of Academy, 1836 — Prof. Analysis, Ecole 
Polytechnique, 1 840 — foreign member of 
Royal Society, London, and receives Copley 
Medal, 1840 — visits England, 1841 — tf. at 
Paris, 18 Dec. 1855. Cours d' Analyse, 1857-9 
— Cours de Mecanique, 1861. 

Sturm, Johann Christoph, mathematician, 
$c, — ft. in Bavaria, 3 Nov. 1635 — Prof. Mathe- 
matics, Altdorf, 1669 — if. there, 26 Dec. 1703. 
Collegium Experimentale, 1676 — Mathesis Ju- 
venilis, 1684 — Fhysica electiva et hypothetica, 
1675. 

Sturm, Johannes von, classical scholar, — ft. 
at Schleiden in the Eifel, 1 Oct. 1507 — settles 
at Paris, 1529 — rector of school at Strasburg, 
1538 — gets it raised to a Univ., and is named 
Rector, 1566 — dismissed, 1582 — If. near Stras- 
burg, 3 Mar. 1589. 



Sturm von Sturmeck, Jakob, — ft. at Stras- 
burg, 1489 — elected Senator, 1524 — protests 
against exclusion of deputies of the Reformed 
from the Diet, 1529 — procures admission of 
Strasburg to League of Smalkald, 1532— joint- 
ambassador from Protestant princes to Henry 
VIII. of England, 1536— U. at Strasburg, 30 
Oct. 1553. 

Sturt, Charles, Australian explorer, — in his 
first journey discovers the Darling river, 1827 
—explores the Murray and Darling, 1830 — 
explores the interior, 1845-6— ft. at Chelten- 
ham, 16 Jun. 1869. 

Sturt, John, engraver,— ft. in London, 1658 
— IS., 1730. Booh of Common Prayer, 17 17. 

Stuttgart, capital of Wurtemberg, — men- 
tioned, 1229— besieged by Rudolph I., 1286 — 
becomes seat of Counts of Wurtemberg, 1320 
— seat of a bishopric, 1 321— made the capital, 
1482 — walled, 1520 and 1567 — attacked by 
Spaniards, 1546-7 — by Imperialists, 1634 et 
seq.— ravaged by plague, 1634-8 — attacked by 
French, 1688, 1693, and 1707 — occupied by 
French, 25 Jul. 1796 — again, 1800 and 1801 — 
meeting of Emperors of Russia and France 
at, 25 Sep. 1857. Academy of Fainting, $c, 
established, 1751. 
Style, Old and New. [Calendar.] 
Stylites. [Simeon Stylites.] 
Styria, (Steiermark,) — Magyars defeated and 
driven from, by Emperor Otto I., 955 — erected 
into a Duchy for Count Ottocar VI., 11 80— 
passes to House of Hapsburg, 1282 — receives 
doctrines of Luther, 1530 — at Diet of Augs- 
burg demands freedom of worship, 1547 — ob- 
tains it, 1575-8. 

Suabia, (Suevia, Schwaben,) Duchy of,— 
[Alsace]— given to Frederick of Hohenstaufen, 
1080 — extinct, 1268 — made one of the circles 
of the Empire, 15 12— fully organized, 1563. 

Suabian League, (Schwdbischer Bund,) — 
originates, 1376 — extended and converted into 
Grand Union, at Heidelberg, J 3 84 — opposed 
by League of Marbach, 1405. Grand, formed 
at Esslingen, 1488 — dissolved, 1533. 

Suarez, Francisco, theologian, — ft. at 
Granada, 5 Jan. 1548 — while a student at 
Salamanca enters Order of Jesuits, 1564 — Prof. 
Theology, Rome, 1580 — Prof. Theology, 
Alcala, 1588-96 — Prof. Theology, Coimbra, 
1597 — receives thanks of Paul V. for his 
Befensio, by brief of 9 Sep. 1613 — if. at Lisbon, 
25 Sep. i6i5, a 1617. 13 Befensio catholicce fdei 
contra anglicance sectce err ores, published, 16 13, 
and publicly burnt by hangman in London, 
Nov. 161 3, and at Paris, Jun. 16 14. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Subleyras, Pierre, painter, — ft. at Uzes, 
1699— obtains first prize at Academy of Paris, 
1726 — goes to Rome, 1728 — if. there, 28 May 
1749. 

Subscription, Clerical, to Thirty - nine 
Articles, in England, — required by Act 13 
Eliz. c. 12, 1570 — law respecting, amended by 
Act 28 and 29 Vic. c. 122, 5 Jul. 1865. 

Suburanus, a (Suranus, h ) — Consul with Mar- 
cellus, (856, a. u. c.) io3, a io4. b 

a Clinton. b Zurapt. 



SUCCESSION— SUGAR. 



Succession, Hanoverian. [Hanoverian 
Succession.] 

Succession Duty, in Great Britain, — im- 
posed on real property and regulated by Act 16 
and 17 Vic. c. 51, 4 Aug. 1853. 

Suchet, Louis Gabriel, Duke of Albufera, 
Marshal of France, — b. at Lyons, 1772,* 2 
Mar. 1770 b — enters the army, 1792 — serves at 
siege of Toulon, 1793-4 — distinguishes himself 
at Loano, 23 Nov. 1795, and in Italian cam- 
paign of 1796 — wounded at affair of Cerea, 11 
Oct. 1796 — again, at Neumark, 2 Apr. 1797 — 
distinguishes himself in Switzerland, early in 
1798— Chief of the Staff to Brune, Aug. 1798— 
deprived by Joubert, Feb. 1799 — General of 
Division, 10 Jul. 1799 — as Lieutenant to Mas- 
sena, distinguishes himself in Italy, from 8 
Mar. 1800 — Inspector-general of Infantry, Jul. 
1 801 — distinguishes himself at Austerlitz, 1805 
— Officer of Legion of Honour, 1806 — con- 
tributes to victory of Jena, Oct. 1806 — Count, 
19 Mar. 1808 — commands in Spain, Nov. 
1808 — General-in-chief of French army' in 
Aragon, Apr. 1809 — defeats Blake at Maria, 
14 Jun. 1809 — defeats O'Donnell, 22 Apr. 
1 8 1 o — takes Lerida, 14 May 1 8 1 o — takes 
Tarragona, 28 Jun. 18 n — Marshal, 8 Jul. 
1 8 1 1 —takes Valencia, 1 o Jan. 1 8 1 2 — D uke 
of Albufera, 24 Jan. 1812 — Peer of France, 4 
Jim. 1814— deprived of peerage, 24 Jul. 18 15 
— restored, 5 Mar. 18 19 — tf. at Marseilles, 3, b 
7 a Jan. 1826. Memoires, 1829-34. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Siog. Gen. 

Suckling-, Sir John, poet, — b. in Middlesex, 
about Feb. 1609 — enters Cambridge Univ., 
1623 — serves a campaign in Germany, under 
Gustavus Adolphus, 1631 — M.P. Bramber, 
1640 — accused of conspiracy to draw army 
against parliament, 1641 — ft. in France, 1641. 
Works , 1709. 

Sudbury, in Suffolk, — disfranchised for 
bribery and corruption, 1844. 

Sudbury, Simon de, Abp of Canterbury, 
Lord Chancellor of England, — auditor of 
the Eota and chaplain to Pope Innocent VI., 
before 7 Jul. 1358 a — Chancellor of Salisbury, 
1360 — Bp of London, 1361 — joint-envoy with 
Vfickliffe to Congress of Bruges, 1374 — Abp of 
Canterbury, 26 May 1375 a — arrives in Eng- 
land, Mar. 1376 — crowns Richard II., 1377 — 
under authority of Papal bull, joins Bp of 
London in citation of Wickliffe, 1377 — Chan- 
cellor, 4 Jul. 1379 a — presides in parliament of 
1380 — his palace pillaged by Wat Tyler, 1381 
— seized in the Tower and murdered by in- 
surgents, 14 Jun. 1381. a Foss. 

Sue, Marie Joseph Eugene, novelist, — ft. at 
Paris, 10 Dec. 1804 — enters the army, 1823 — 
the navy, 1825 — present at Navarino, 1828 — 
leaves the navy, 1829 — member of Legislative 
Assembly, Apr. 1850 — exiled, Dec. 1851 — tf. 
in Savoy, 3 Jul. 1857. Histoire de la marine 
frangaise, 1835-7 — Mathilde, 1841 — Mysteres 
de Paris, 1842-3 — Juif errant, 1844-5 — 
Martin, V enfant trouve, 1847 — Sept Peche's 
Capitaux, 1%4.7-9—Mi/stercs da Peuple, 1849- 
56. 

Suetonius Tranquillus, C, historian, bio- 



grapher, — ft., about 70 — If., after 117. 

Sueur, Eustache le. [Lesueur.] 

Suez Canal, — projected by Lesseps, 1854 — 
concession for forming, granted to him by 
Pasha of Egypt, 1856 — company formed, Jan. 
1859 — construction of, commenced, 1859 — con- 
vention respecting, between Viceroy of Egypt 
and Canal Company, signed, 5 Feb. 1866 — 
opened, 17 Nov. 1869. 

Suffolk, Earl, Marquis, and Duke of, — 
[Pole, De la.] 

Suffolk, Charles Brandon, Duke of, — 
created Viscount L'Isle, 15 May i5i3 a — ac- 
companies Henry VIII. to France, 15 13 — Duke 
of Suffolk, 1 Feb. I5i4 a — ambassador to Empe- 
ror, Feb. 15 14 — attends Princess Mary to Paris, 
15 14 — ambassador to Francis I., Jan. 15 15 — 
privately marries Mary, Feb. 15 15 — returns 
with her to England, end of Apr. — publicly 
married at Greenwich, 13 May — present at 
Field of Cloth of Gold, 1520 — commands Eng- 
lish force in France and threatens Paris, 1523 
— loses his wife, 1533 — sits on trial of Queen 
Anne Boleyn, 1536 — takes part in suppression 
of insurrections, 1536-7 — present at siege and 
capture of Boulogne, 1544— tr., 22 Aug. 1545. 
a Brewer. 

Suffolk, Henry Grey, Duke of, 3rd Mar- 
quis of Dorset, — created Duke, n Oct. 155 1 
— his daughter Lady Jane Grey proclaimed 
Queen, Jul. 1553 — sent to the Tower by Queen 
Mary, but is pardoned, 1553 — sits on trial of 
Northumberland, 18 Aug. 1553 — joins insur- 
rection of Wyatt, Jan. 1554 — tried and con- 
victed, 17 Feb. — executed on Tower Hill, 23 
Feb. 

Suffolk, Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of, — ft., 
about Dec. 1553 — restored in blood by Act of 
Parliament, 1585 — Knt, for his services against 
Spanish Armada, 1588 — distinguishes himself 
at capture of Cadiz, summer 1596 — takes part 
in expedition to the Azores, 1597 — K.G., 24 
May 1597 — sits on trial of Earls of Essex and 
Southampton, 1601 — Privy Councillor, May 
1603 — Earl of Suffolk, by James I., 21 Jul. 
1603 — Lord Chamberlain, 1603 — -Joint-com- 
missioner for office of Earl Marshal, 1604— 
Lord Chamberlain, 1604, 1605— Chancellor of 
Cambridge Univ., 161 3 — Lord High Treasurer 
of England, 11 Jul. 16 14 — dismissed, 19 Jul. 
16 1 8 — accused with his lady in Star Chamber, 
Oct. 1619 — both sent to the Tower, 20 Nov. — 
the earl liberated, 29 Nov. — restored to royal 
favour, Jan. 1620— U. in London, 28 May 
1626. 

Suffragan Bishops, in England, — appoint- 
ment of, by the king, authorized by Act 26 
Hen. VIII. c. 14, 1534 — repealed by Act 1 and 
2 Phil, and Mar. c. 8, 1554— reenacted by 1 
Eliz. c. 1, 1559. 

Sugar,— [BC] — mentioned by Herodotus, 
450-420 — [AD] — mentioned by Pliny, 50-70 — • 
refining, in England, mentioned, 1659 — Cane, 
described by historians of crusades, 1100-25 — 
introduced in Sicily, before 11 60 — in Hispa- 
niola, before 15 1 8 — in Barbadoes, before 1650 — 
duty on, in England, imposed, 1 661— doubled, 
1669 — newly regulated by Acts 7 and 8 Vic. c. 



SUGER-SULPHURIC ACID. 



i3 2 5 



28, 4 Jul. 1844; 9 and 10 Vic. c. 63, 18 Aug. 
1846 ; 11 and 12 Vic. c. 97, 4 Sep. 1848 ; 17 
and 18 Vic. c. 29, 10 Jul. 1854. Beetroot. {See 
Achard.] 

Suger, Abbot, statesman,— h\., probably 1082 
— confidential adviser of Louis VI., 1108 — 
negotiates peace between France and England, 
1 109, 1 1 14, 1 1 19, and 1 1 20 — sent on secret 
mission to Rome, 11 22 — Abbot of St Denis, 
1 122 — sent to meet .Innocent II. at Cluny, 
early in n 30 — confidential adviser of Louis 
VII., 1 1 37 — Regent during absence of Louis 
VII., 1 147 -8 — prepares another crusade, 1151 
— fc. at St Denis, 30 Jan. 1152. 

Suhm, Peter Frederik, historian, — ft. at 
Copenhagen, 1728 — travels in Norway, 1751- 
65 — tf., 7 Sep. 1798. Geschichte von Dane- 
mark, 1782-1812. 

Suhm, Ulrich Friedrich von, diplomatist, — 
ft. at Dresden, 1691 — plenipotentiary of Elector 
of Saxony at Berlin, 1720-30— goes to Court of 
Russia, 1737 — tf. at Warsaw, Nov. 1740. 
Correspondance de Frederic [iX] avec Suhm, 
1787. 

Suicer, {Schweitzer,) Johann Caspar, philo- 
logist, theologian, — ft. at Zurich, 1620 — Prof. 
Hebrew and Greek, 1660-83 — )j., 29 Dec. 
1684. Thesaurus ecclesiasticus de Patribus 
Grcecis, 1682. 

Suicer, Johann Heinrich, theologian, — ft. at 
Zurich, 1644 — Prof. Greek, 1683 — Prof. Theo- 
logy, Heidelberg, 1700 — o\, 23 Sep. 1705. 

Suicer, Johann Heinrich, historian. Chro- 
nologia Helvetica, 1607. 

Suicide, — Christian burial refused to, by 
Council of Braga, 563. In England, burial of, 
regulated by Act 4 Geo. IV. c. 52, 8 Jul. 1823. 

Suidas, Greek lexicographer, — fl., after 
1100? 1087 ? 

Suleiman. [Solyman.] 

Sulla, L. Corn., — [BC] — (1.) Consul with 
Augustus, (749, a. tj.c.) 5. (2.)— [AD]— 
Consul with. Ser. Sulpicius Galba, (786,) 33. 

Sulla, Faustus Cornelius, — [B C] — ft., before 
88 — accompanies Pompey into Asia, at siege 
of Jerusalem, 63 — quaestor, 54 — at Pharsalia, 
48 — taken prisoner and murdered by soldiers, 46. 

Sulla Felix, L. Corn.,— [BC]— ft., 138— 
quaestor, under Marius in Jugurthine War, 107 
— legatus to Marius, 104 — trib. milit., 103 — 
serves under Q. Calatius, 102-1 — praetor, 93 — 
propraetor in Cilicia, 92 — restores Ariobar- 
zanes to Cappadocia : legatus to L. Caesar, 90 
— to L. Cato, 89 — reduces Hirpini, takes Bo- 
viacum : Consul with Q. Pompeius Rufus, 
(666, a. u. c.) 88 — marches on Rome and 
drives Marius out : engaged in Mithridatic 
War, 87-83 — takes Athens, 1 Mar. 86— de- 
feats Archelaos at Chaeroneia, 86— passes into 
Asia and makes peace with Mithridates, early 
in 84 — defeats Fimbria, 84 — returns to Italy, 
spring 83 — defeats Norbanus, 83 — takes pos- 
session of Rome, defeats Italians andMarians at 
Colline Gate, 82 — appointed Dictator, end of 
82 — reign of Terror : triumphs, beginning of 
81 — revolution organized, 80-79 — resigns dic- 
tatorship and retires, 79 — tf., 78. 

Sullivan, John, general, — ft. in Maine, U.S., 



17 Feb. 1740 — member of Congress, 1774 — 
attacks Fort William and Mary, near Ports- 
mouth, Dec. 1 7 74 — as Brigadier-general, serves 
at siege of Boston, 1775— as Major-general, 
serves under Putnam, in Long Island, Aug. 
1776 — takes part in battle of Trenton, 25 Dec. 
1776 — unsuccessfully attacks Staten Island, 22 
Aug. 1777 — defeated at Brandy wine, 11 Sep. 
— again at Germantown, 4 Oct. — is compelled 
to raise siege of Newport, Aug. 1778 — com- 
mands expedition against Indians of the Six 
Nations, 1779 — a g am member of Congress, 
autumn 1780 — Federal Judge of New Hamp- 
shire, 1789 — ft. there, 23 Jan. 1795. 

Sullivan, William, miscellaneous writer, — 
ft. in Maine, U. S., 1774 — graduates at Har- 
vard Coll., 1792 — is. at Boston, 3 Sep. 1839. 
Historical Causes and Effects, 1838 — Public 
Men of the Revolution, 1847. 

Sullivan's Island, U. S„— Fort Moultrie 
evacuated by Federals under Major Anderson, 
and occupied by Confederates, 26 Dec. i860. 

Sully, Maximilien de Bethune, Duke of, 
statesman, — ft. at Rosny, Dec. 1560,'- b 1559° 
— taken to Court of Henry of Navarre, 1572— 
at Paris escapes massacre of St Bartholomew, 
Aug. 1572 — accompanies Henry on his flight 
from Paris, and enters the army, 1575 — distin- 
guishes himself and is severely wounded at 
siege of Cahors, 1580 — Councillor of Navarre, 
1580 — serves under Duke of Anjou in Holland, 
1580-2 — marries Anne de Courtney, Dec. 1583 — 
contributes to victory of Coutras, 20 Oct. 1587 
— defeats party of Leaguers at Bonneval, 18 
May 1589 — loses his wife, 1589 — at battle of 
Arques, 21 Sep. 1589 — wounded at Ivry, 14 
Mar. 1590 — again at siege of Chartres, 1591 — 
marries again, May 1592 b — Councillor of State 
and Finance, 1594 — member of Council of 
Finance, 1596 — Superintendent of Finance, 
1599 — Grand Master of Artillery, 13 Nov. 
1599 — Marquis of Rosny, Aug. 1601 — ambas- 
sador to Queen Elizabeth at Dover, 1601 — 
captures castles of Charbonnieres and Montme- 
lian, 1601 — ambassador to James I., 1603 — 
Duke of Sully and Peer of France, Feb. 1606 
— retires from office, 26 Jan. 161 1 — assists at 
Assembly of Saumur, 161 1— attends States- 
General, 1 6 14 — directs artillery at siege of St 
Jean d'Angely, and takes part in siege of 
Montauban, 162 1— resigns charge of Grand 
Master, and is created Marshal of France, 18 
Sep. 1634— tf. at Villebon, near Chartres, 22 
Dec. 1 641. Memoires, 1634-62. 
a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. e Duchesne. 

Sulphur, — monopoly of working mines of, 
in Sicily, granted to M. Taix, from 1 Aug. 
1838 — abolition of, demanded by British Go- 
vernment, 15 Mar. 1840 — refused by Govern- 
ment of Two Sicilies, 1 Apr.— mediation of 
France accepted, 20 Apr. — monopoly abolished, 
Jul. 1840 — compensation awarded to British 
claimants, Jan. 1842. 

Sulphuretted Hydrogen, gas,— investigated 
by Scheele, 1777. 

Sulphuric Acid, {Oil of Vitriol,) — discovered 
by Valentine, about 1490 — new method of pre- 
paration devised by Lefevre andLemery, 1740. 



i3 2( 



SULPICIUS LEMONIA RUFUS— SUNDAY. 



Sulpicius Lemonia Rufus, Serv. , jurist, — 
[BC] — 6., about 106— studies at Rhodus, 78 — 
qua>stor atOstia,74 — curule sedile, 69— praetor, 
65 — as interrex, names Pompey sole Consul, 52 
— Consul with M. Claud. Marcellus, (703, 
a. u. c.) 51 — proconsul of Acha3a, 46-45 — am- 
bassador to M. Antonius, and tf. at Mutina, 43. 
Sulpicius Rufus, P., orator,— [B C]— b., 124 
— accuses Norbanus of majestas, 94 — qua3stor, 
Q2 — legatus to Cn. Pompeius Strabo in Marsic 
War, 89 — trib. pleb., 88— joins Marius, and 
is put to death by Sulla, 88. 

Sulzer, Johann Georg, writer on Art,—b. 
in Zurich, 16 Oct. 1720 — visits Berlin, 1742 — 
Prof. Mathematics, Berlin, 1747-63 — admitted 
to Academy of Sciences, 1750 — tf. at Berlin, 
27 Feb. 1779. Allgemeine Theorie der Schbnen 
Kvnste, 1 7 7 1 -4 — Appendix, 1799 — Selbst- 
biographie, 1809. 

Sumarokof, Alexander, poet,— 6. at Mos- 
cow, 1727 — tf. there, 1777. 

Sumatra, in Indian Ocean, — visited by 
Xiccolo di Conti, before 1449 — reached by Por- 
tuguese, 1509 — Dutch settlement at Padang, 
about 1649 — English, at Bencoolen, 1685 — 
Dutch possessions in, taken by English, 181 1 
— restored to Dutch, 18 15 — British settlements 
given up to Dutch in exchange for Malacca, 
&c, 1824 — wars of the Padries with other in- 
habitants and the Dutch, begin, about 18 16 — 
Dutch possessions extended, 1835 — treaty for 
settling mutual relations of Dutch and English 
in, concluded, 1870, but ratification refused by 
parliament of Holland : treaty altered and rati- 
fied, 15 Dec. 187 1. 

Sumbawa, island of Indian Archipelago, — 
conquered by the Dutch, 1676 — devastated by 
eruption of Tomboro, 18 15 — again, 1836. 

Summerville, in Virginia, U. S., — Gen. 
Rosecranz defeats Confederates under Gen. 
Floyd near, 11 Sep. 1861. 

Sumner, John Bird, Abp of Canterbuky, 
— ft., 1780 — B.A. Cambridge, 1802 — Assist- 
ant-master at Eton, 1802 — takes holy orders 
and marries, 1803 — rector of Maple Durham, 
Oxfordshire, 181 8 — Bp of Chester, 1828 — 
Abp of Canterbury, 1848 — tf- at Addington 
Park, 6 Sep. 1862. Apostolical Breaching, 
1 815 — Records of Creation, 1816 — Evidences 
of Christianity, (6th ed.,) 1836. 

Sumptuary laws, at Rome, — [B C]— Orchian 
law respecting number of guests, 181 — Fannian, 
respecting cost of feasts and festivals, 161 — 
Didian, extending penalties to guests, 143 — 
Licinian, confirming Fannian, 103 ? — Corne- 
lian, confirming Fannian, 81 — iEmilian, pre- 
scribing bill of fare, 78 — Julian, confirming 
Fannian, licinian, Cornelian, 48? — [AD] — 
enacted for Court of Castile, 1258. 

Sumter, Fort, Charleston, U. S., — erected, 
1 845-55 — giirrison removed from Fort Moultrie 
to, 26 Dec. i860 — surrendered by Major An- 
derson to Confederates under Gen. Beauregard, 
14 Apr. 1 86 1 — bombarded and demolished by 
Gen. Gilmore, 17-24 Aug. 1863 — again bom- 
barded by Federals, 28 Oct. 1863 — Union Flag- 
replaced on, 14 Apr. 1865. 

Sun, The, — Apogee, motion of, discovered by 



Albategnius, about 880. Eccentricity, correct- 
ed by Albategnius, about 880. Parallax of, 
determined by observation of transits of Venus, 
1764 and 1769 — corrected by Le Verrier, 1863. 
Red [luminous) prominences, in eclipse of, ob- 
served by Stranayan, 1706 — by Vassenius, 3 
May 1733 — attract fresh attention, 7 Jul. 
1842 — investigated during eclipses of 28 Jul. 
1851, 18 Jul. i860, and 17-18 Aug. 1868 — 
method of investigation by spectroscope dis- 
covered by Lockyer and Janssen, Oct. 1868 — 
again examined by spectrum analysis, Dec. 
187 r. Raily's Reads, seen by Halley, 17 15 — by 
Maclaurin, 1737 — first, by Baily, 15 May 
1836. ' Willow-leaves' in surface configura- 
tion of, observed by Nasmyth, 1864. Rota- 
tion, asserted by Fabricius and Galileo, 1612 
— period of, determined by Scheiner, 1630. 
Spots on, observed by Fabricius, Mar. 161 i, a 
close of i6io b — his discovery published, Jun. 
161 1 c — seen, but not recognized as spots, by 
Hariot, 8 Dec. i6io c — recognized by him, 1 
Dec. 161 1 — observed by Galileo, not later than 
Apr. 161 1 c — his discovery announced, 4 May 
i6i2 c — asserted to be cosmical bodies, and 
named Rorbonia Sidera by Tarde, 1620 — and 
Austriaca Sidera, by Malapertus, 1633 — in- 
vestigated and asserted to be cavities in the 
photosphere, by Wilson, 1769-74 — by Bode, 
1776 — by Herschel, 1779-1801 — investigated 
by Schwabe, 1826-50 — by Carrington, 1853- 
61 — photographs of, obtained by De la Bue, 
1862 — shown to be cavities in the photosphere, 
by De la Bue, Stewart and Loewy, Jan. 1865 
— cause of, investigated and determined by 
spectrum analysis, by Lockyer, 1866. Dyna- 
mical efficiency of rays of, stated by Herschel, 
1833 — Mayer's theory of, published, 1845 — 
Waterston's, 1853 — Thompson's, 1854. Pho- 
tographs of, obtained by De la Bue, at Kew, 
1858-59 — of eclipse, by De la Bue and Secchi, 
i860. a Arago. b Brewster. c Humboldt. 

Sun, London neivspaper, — commenced, 1792 
— appears for the last time, 24 Feb. 1871. 

Sunda Islands. [Borneo, Celebes, Java, 
Sumatra.] 

Sunday, (Lord's Pay,) (Pies Solis, Pies 
Pominicus,) — observance of, mentioned by 
Justin Martyr, 140 a — enjoined and regulated 
by edicts of Constantine the Great, 7 Mar. 321 
— recognized by Council of Nice, 325 — ob- 
servance enjoined by Council of Laodicea, 
about 363 — by Theodosius L, 386 a — by Theo- 
dosius II , 425 — by Leo and Anthemius, 469 a 
— country labour prohibited by Council of Or- 
leans, 538 — and by Leo the Philosopher, 910 a 
— obligation of, denied by Waldenses, about 
1290 — by Lollards, about 1400 — observance 
sanctioned by Confession of Augsburg, 153 1 a — 
and by Helvetic Confession, 1566 a — ordained 
by Synod of Dort, 161 8 n — further discussion 
respecting, prohibited in Holland by States- 
General, 7 Aug. 1659.* In England, observ- 
ance enjoined and regulated by laws of Ina, 
673— by Council of Berkhampstead, 697 — by 
Constitutions of Abp Egbert, 749 — by Council 
of Cloveshoo, 747 — by convention between Ed- 
ward the Elder and Guthrun, 906 — by law of 



SUNDAY LEAGUE— SUSA. 



1327 



Athelstan, 925 — by law of Edgar the Peace- 
able, 958 — holding of fairs and markets on, 
prohibited by Act 27 Hen. VI. c. 5, 1448-9 — 
observance of, regulated by Acts 5 and 6 Edw. 
VI. c. 3, 1552, and 1 Eliz. c. 2, 1558 — [see 
Book of Sports] — sanctioned by Westminster 
Confession, 1643 — better observance of, pro- 
vided for. by Acts 29 Car. II. c. 7, 1676, and 
21 Geo. III. c. 49, 1781 — sale of beer and 
liquors on, regulated by Act 11 and 12 Vic. c. 
49, 14 Aug. 1848. a Hessey. 

Sunday League, National, — formed in Lon- 
don, 1865. 

Sunday Schools, — originated in England, 
by Raikes, 17 81 — exempted from rating by 
Act 32 and 33 Vic. c. 26, Jul. 1869. 

Sunday Trading Bill, in England, — intro- 
duced in Commons, 17 Apr. 1855 — read a 
second time, 3 May — demonstration in Hyde 
Park against, 24 Jim. — withdrawn, 2 Jul. 

Sunderland, Charles Spencer, 3rd Eakl or, 
Peime Minister of England, — b., 1674 — 
M.P. Tiverton, 1695 — marries daughter of 
Duke of Marlborough, Jan. 1699 — succeeds to 
the peerage, 1702 — envoy extraord. to Vienna 
and Berlin, 1705 — takes part in negotiating 
Union with Scotland, 1706 — Secretary of State, 
Dec. 1707 — dismissed, refuses a pension, Jun. 
17 10 — Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 17 14 — Lord 
Privy Seal, Aug. 17 15 — Secretary of State and 
Pres. Council, Apr. 17 17 — First Lord of the 
Treasury, Mar. 17 18 — involved in South Sea 
Scheme, 1720 — dismissed from office, 3 Apr. 
172 1 — tf. in London, 19 Apr. 1722. 

Sunderland, Henry Spencer, 1st Earl of, 
— 5. at Althorp, Nov. 1620 — succeeds to the 
peerage, 1633 — joins Charles I. at Nottingham, 
1642— distinguishes himself at Edgehill, Oct. 
1642 — created Earl of Sunderland, 8 Jun. 1643 
— killed at battle of Newbury, 20 Sep. 1643. 

Sunderland, Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of, 
— ft., about 1 641 — succeeds his father, 1643 — 
ambassador to Spain, 167 1 — to France, 1672 
— Privy Councillor, 1674 — again ambassador to 
France, 1678 — Secretary of State, 1679-81 — 
supports Exclusion Bill and is dismissed, 16 80-1 
• — again Secretary of State, Jan. 1682 — Pres. 
Council, by James II. , Dec. 1685 — bribed by 
Louis XIV., 1686 — member of Ecclesiastical 
Commission, Jul. 1686 — bribed by Tyrconnel, 
Jan. 1687 — K.G., 1687 — professes Romanism, 
1687 — dismissed, Oct. 1688 — retires to Holland, 
Nov. — excepted from Act of Indemnity, 1690 
— Lord Chamberlain, Privy Councillor, and one 
of the Lords Justices, Apr. 1697 — retires, Dec. 
1697— tf. at Althorp, 28 Sep. 1702. 

Sun-dial, {Gnomon, Horologium, Solarium,) 
— [BC] — mentioned by Herodotus, about 450 
— set up at Rome, by Papirius Cursor, (462, 
a. u. c.) 292 a — by M. Valerius Messalla, (491,) 
263 b — another, by Q. Marcius Philippus, (590,) 
164. a Some authorities. b Others. 

Suniades, — [BC]— Archon at Athens, (01. 
95, 4,) 397. 

Superannuations, retiring allowances, — in 
Civil Service of Great Britain, laws respecting, 
amended by Act 22 Vic. c. 26, 19 Apr. 1859 



Superior, Lake, in N. Amer 



reached 



and explored by French missionaries, Mesnard, 
1660, Allonez, 1666-8 — explored by Cass, 
1820 — United States surveys commence, 1843. 

Supremacy, Royal, in Church of England, — 
established by Act 26 Hen. VIII. c. 1, 1534— 
abolished by 1 and 2 Phil, and Mar. c. 8, 1554 — 
reestablished by 1 Eliz. c. 1, 1559. ^ at ^ °fi 
prescribed by Act 1 Eliz. c. 1, 1559— new, sub- 
stituted by 1 Wm and Mar. s. 1, c. 8, 1689— 
penal enactments relating to, repealed, and new 
regulations made, by Acts 7 and 8 Vic. c. 102, 
9 Aug. 1844, and 9 and 10 Vic. c. 59, 18 Aug. 
1846— abolished by Act 21 and 22 Vic. c. 48, 
23 Jul. 1858. 

Sura, L. Licinius, — Consul, (851, a. u. c.) 
98 ? — Consul with Senecius, (855,) 102 — again, 
with Senecius, (860,) 107. 

Surat, in Hindustan, — sacked and burnt by 
Portuguese, 1530 and 1531 — besieged and taken 
by Akber, 1572-3 — English factory establish- 
ed, 16 1 2— chief station of E. India Company on 
west coast, 1615 — seat of Presidency, 1657 — 
plundered by Sevajee, Jan. 1664 — again, 1670 
— seat of government transferred to Bombay, 
i686, a 1692 b — Castle taken possession of by 
British, 1759 — administration of, assumed by 
them, by treaty, 1800 — titular dignity of 
Nawab extinct, 1842. a Engl. Cyc b Thornton. 

Surgeons, — [Barber-Surgeons] — of Lon- 
don, — united with Company of Barber-Sur- 
geons, by Act 32 Hen. VIII. c. 42, 1540— 
constituted a separate company, by Act 18 Geo. 
II. c. 15, 1745. College of, constituted by 
Charter of George III., 1800 — receives new 
Charter, and is named Royal Coll. of Surgeons 
of England, 1 844 — receives further privileges, 
1852 and 1859. 

Surinam, [Guiana, Dutch] — immigration 
of labourers from India to, regulated by Con- 
vention between Great Britain and Holland, 
Dec. 1871. 

Surrey, Earls of. [Norfolk, Dukes of, and 
Warrenne, John and William de.] 

Surrey, Henry Howard, Earl of, poet,— b., 
about 15 16 — present at interview of Henry 
VIII. and Francis I. at Calais, 1532— serves 
in French "War, 1540 — K.G., 1542 — executed 
for treason, 19 Jan. 1547. Foems, (with 
Wyatt's,) 1557. 

Surrey Theatre, Royal, London, — built, 
1782 — rebuilt, 1806 — burnt, 30 Jan. 1865. 

Surtees, Robert, topographical antiquary, — 
b. at Durham, . 1 Apr. 1779 — B.A. Oxford, 
1800 — M.A., 1803 — marries, 1807 — tr., n Feb. 
1834. History of Durham, 1816-40. 

Surtees Society, — established, 1834. 

Survey, Trigonometrical. [Ordnance Sur- 
rey.] 

Surya Sidhanta, — written, about 4oo-6oo, a 
1091^ a Colebvooke, &c. b Bentley. 

Susa, — [B C] — residence of Persian kings, 
about 520 — improved by Darius I., about 520, 
&c. — occupied by Alexander the Great, 331. 

Susa, (Suza,) in Piedmont, (Segusio,) — burnt 
by Frederick Barbarossa, 1171 s — visited by 
Pope Innocent IV., Nov. 1244 a — P ass °% 
forced by Louis XIII. , 6 Mar. 1629 — taken by 
Marshal Catinat, 12 Nov. 1690 — recovered by 



1328 



SUSARION— SWAN RIVER SETTLEMENT. 



Duke of Savoy, 1696 — occupied by French, 
Dec. 1798— surrenders to Suwarof, summer 
1799 — captured by Thurreau, May 1800. 
Cathedral, consecrated, 1028. Treaty of, be- 
tween Louis XIII. and Duke of Savoy, con- 
cluded, 11 Mar. 1629. a Kington. 

Susarion, comic poet, — [B Cj — introduces 
Megaric comedy into Athens, between (01. 
50-4) 580-64 a — fl., about (01. 51) 576-2^ 
a Smith's Diet. b Miiller. 

Susdal, in Russia, — principality of, erected 
for Juri Yladimirovich, about 1147 — seat of 
an Eparchy, 12 14 — insurrection at, 1282. 

Susiana, (Elam,) — [BC] — most powerful 
State of S. W. Asia, under Chedorlaomer, 
i925-i9i3 a — Abradates joins Cyrus against 
Assyria, 538 — Abalites, satrap, surrenders 
Susa to Alexander, and is soon executed, 331. 
a Ussher. 

Suspension Bridge. [Menai, Friburg, &c] 

Sussex, South Saxons, kingdom of, — 
founded, by Ella and his sons, 477. 

Sussex, Augustus Frederick, Duke or, — 
fj. at Buckingham Palace, 27 Jan. 1773 — 
K.G., 2 Jan. 1786 — marries Lady Augusta 
Murray, at Rome, 4 Apr. 1793 — ceremony re- 
peated in London, 5 Dec. 1793 — the marriage 
pronounced null and void by Prerogative 
Court, Aug. 1794 — created Duke of Sussex, 27 
Nov. 1801— LL.D. Cambridge, 1818— Pres. 
Royal Society, 1830-9 — ft. at Kensington 
Palace, 21 Apr. 1843. 

Sussex, Robert Ratcliffe, 1st Earl of, — 
restored in blood and honours as 2nd Lord 
Fitz-Walter, by Henry VIII., 15 10 — attends 
the king in France, 15 13 — commands under 
Surrey in France, 1522 — created Viscount 
Fitz-Walter, 18 Jun. 1525 — subscribes articles 
against Wolsey, 1529 — Earl of Sussex, 8 Dec. 
1529 — accompanies the king to France, 1532 
— tf., 1542. 

Sussex, Thomas Ratcliffe, 3rd Earl of, — 
ft., 1526 — ambassador to Charles V. to negoti- 
ate marriage of Queen Mary and Philip of 
Spain, 1554 — Lord Deputy of Ireland, 1555 — 
succeeds to Earldom, 17 Feb. 1556 — K.G., 
about 1556 — ambassador of Queen Elizabeth 
to Vienna, 1567 — Lord -Lieutenant of Ireland, 
1560 — Joint-commissioner at Conferences of 
York, 1568 — Pres. of the North, 1569 — 
suppresses insurrection of Northumberland, 
1570 — tf. at Bermondsey, 9 Jul. 1583. 

Sutcliffe, Matthew, theologian, — Archdea- 
con of Taunton, 1586 — Dean of Exeter, 22 
Oct. 1588 — obtains charter of incorporation 
for his projected College of Divines at Chel- 
sea, 8 May 16 10— tf., 1629. Ecclesiastical 
Discipline, 1591 — Ee Eresbyterio, 1591 — Ee 
Vera Christi Ecclesia, 1600. His college failing, 
the estates are restored to his heirs by decree 
of Chancery, 163 1. 

Sutherlandshire, in Scotland, — gold dis- 
covered in, Jan. 1 869. 

Sutri, in Italy,— visited by Emperor Fre- 
derick II., Dec. 1220— seized by him, 1240. 
Council of, held by Henry III., king of Ger- 
many, who deposes Pope Gregory VI., and 
gets law renewed tbat no pope should be 
elected without consent of emperor, Dec. 1046. 



Suttee, — [BC] — practice of, in India, de- 
scribed by Diodorus, 300 — [AD] — declared 
illegal by Governor-general of British India, 
14 Dec. 1829. 

Sutton, Charles Manners. [Canterbury, 
Viscount.] 

Sutton, Thomas, founder of Charterhouse, 
— ft. in Lincolnshire, 1532 — as Master of Ord- 
nance at Berwick, renders important services 
during rebellion of Northumberland and West- 
moreland, 1569 — Master-general of Ordnance 
in the North for life, 1569 — takes part in cap- 
ture of Edinburgh Castle, 1573 — loses his 
wife, 1602 — founds Charterhouse, 16 11 — tf., 
12 Dec. 1611, 

Suwarof-Rymnikski, Alexander Vassili- 
vich, Count, Prince Italinski, Field-marshal 
and Generalissimo of Russian army, — ft. in 
Finland, 3 - in the Ukraine, 13 at Moscow, 24 
Nov. i730, ab 1729 cd — enters the army, 1743 
— serves against Swedes, 1748 e — Lieutenant- 
colonel, 1757 — serves at battle of Kunnersdorf, 
1759 — Brigadier-general, 1768 — defeats Polish 
Dissidents and takes Cracow, 1768 — serves 
against Turks, 1773 — General of Division, 
1773 — conquers Tatars of Kuban, 1783 — 
Commander-in-chief in Turkish War, 1787 — 
wounded at battle of Kinburn, 1 Oct. 1787 — 
takes part in siege of Oczakow, and is again 
wounded, 1788 — distinguishes himself at battle 
of Fokshany, 1 Aug. 1789 — defeats Turks on 
the Rymnik, 22 Sep. 1789 — Count of the Em- 
pire, by Joseph II., 1789 — Count Rymnikski, 
by Empress Catherine, 1789 — storms and 
sacks Ismael, Dec. 1790 — defeats Poles, 17 
and 19 Sep. i794 e — storms Praga, and enters 
Warsaw, 24 Sep., d 19 Nov., c 3-6 Nov. e 1794 
— Field-marshal, Nov. 1794 — falls into dis- 
grace and is deprived of his rank by Paul I., 
Sep. 1798° — reinstated, soon after : asj^ield- 
marshal-general, commands against French in 
Italy, Apr. 1799 — defeats Moreau at the Adda, 
27 Apr. — enters Milan, and puts an end to 
Cisalpine Republic, 28 Apr. — surprises Turin, 
27 May — victory of the Trebbia, 17, 18, 19 
Jun. — of the Novi, 15 Aug. — repulsed by 
French at pass of St Gothard, 23 Sep. e — 
forces the pass and enters Switzerland, 26 
Sep. e — passes the Alps and enters the Grisons, 
5-6 Oct. e — retreats into Bavaria, end of Oct. 
— Prince Italinski, 1799 — tf. at St Petersburg, 
18 Nov., a 18 May, b 17 May c 1800. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 
d Conv.-Lex. e Alison. 

Suyderhoef, Jonas, engraver, — ft. atLeyden, 
about 1600 — tf., after 1668. Congress of Mun- 
ster, after Terburg, 1649-50? 
Swabia. [Suabia.] 

Swammerdam, Jan, anatomist, entomologist, 
— ft. at Amsterdam, 12 Feb. 1637 — studies at 
Leyden, Saumur, and Paris, 1651-66 — M.D. 
Leyden, 1667 — tf. at Amsterdam, early in 168 i, a 
i68o, b 15 Feb. i685. c General History of In- 
sects, 1669 — Natural History of Bees, 1673 — ■ 
Anatomy of the Eay-Fly, 1675 — Eiblia naturae, 
1737-8. a Engl. Cyc. 

b Biog. Univ. c Conv.-Lex. 

Swan River Settlement. [Western Aus- 
tralia.] 



SWANEVELT— SWEYN. 



1329 



Swanevelt, Hermann van, painter,— b. at 
Woerden, 16 18 or 1620 — goes to Rome, 1640 
— tf. at Eome, i68o, a 1690. b 

a Some authorities. b Others. 

Swartz, Olof, botanist, — ft. in E. Gothland, 
1760 — studies at Upsala, 1778 — visits West 
Indies, and S. America, 1783-88— visits Eng- 
land, 1788 — member of Academy of Sciences, 
Stockholm, and Prof. Natural History, 1790 — 
tf. at Stockholm, 18 Sep. i8i7, a i8i8. b Fro- 
dromus fiorce Indices, 1788 — Flora India Occi- 
dentalis, 1806. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Swatopolk and Swatoslaus. [See Kussia.] 



Sweaborg. 

Swearing. 

and Swearing 

Sweating Sickness 



Helsingfors.] 

Oath, and Profane Cursing 



-rages in London, Sep. 



to Oct. 1485 — reappears in England, summe 
1506 and Jul. to Dec. 15 17 — breaks out in 
Holland, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Poland, 
and Russia, 1525-30 — again in England, May 
1528 and Apr. to Sep. 155 1. 

Sweden, — becomes a separate kingdom un- 
der Biorn Ironside, 794 a — attempt to intro- 
duce Christianity, by Anschar and Witmar, 
about 830 — pagan temples .demolished by 
Erick, between 993-1001 — his son Olaf suc- 
ceeds, 1001 — establishes Christian faith: 
Anund Jacob, 1026 b : Edmund Slemme, 
defeated and killed by Goths, 1056 — Stenkil, 
rules over Swedes and Goths, 1056 — Inge I. 
the Fious, 1079 — burns temple of Upsala; tf., 
1 1 12 — Sverker raised to the throne, 1129^ 
ii32 b — holds Diet at Linkoeping, at which 
the kingdom is divided into four dioceses by 
legate of Adrian IV., 1 152— Erick IX. (St) 
succeeds, n 55, b ii5o a — conquest of Finland, 
1154,° after ii55 b — Charles VII. , (son of 
Sverker,) about 1162 — defeated and killed by 
Cnut Erickson, who succeeds him, 1168 — 
Sverker II., (son,) 1192,° ii99 b — defeated, 
killed, and succeeded by Erick X. Cnutson, 
17 Jul. 1210 — marries Bicbsa of Denmark, 
1 2 10 — John I., (son of Sverker II.,) 1220,° 
1216 b — Erick XL, (son of Erick X.,) 1223 — 
t}., 2 Feb. 1250— Waldemar I., (nephew,) 
1250 — Magnus I., (brother,) 1279,° 1275 b — 
BirgerlL, (son,) 1290— Magnus II., (nephew,) 
i32o, c i3i9 b — Albert of Mecklenburg, 1363 — 
Margaret of Denmark, 1389 — Union of Cal- 
mar, 1397 — Erick XIII. of Fomerania, 141 2 — 
insurrection under Engelbrecht, 1434 — Chris- 
topher of Bavaria, 1441 — Charles VIII. 
Cnutson, 1448 — Sten Stnre I. administrator, 
1470 — John II. recognized, 1483 — Svante 
Nilson Sture administrator, 1503 — Sten 
Sture II. administrator, 15 12— Christian, (II. 
of Denmark,) 1520 — Gustavus Vasa, 1523 — 
Lutheranism adopted by Diet of Westeraas, 
1528— Erick XIV., (son,) 1560— John III., 
(brother,) 1568 — Sigismund, (son,) King of 
Poland, 1592 — Charles IX., Duke ofSuder- 
mania, (brother,) 1604 — Gustavus Adolphus, 
(son,) 161 1— Christina, (daughter,) 1633 — 
Charles X., (Gustavus,) (cousin,) 1654 — 
Charles XI., (son,) 1660 — Charles XII., (son,) 
1697 — Ulrica Eleonora, (sister,) 17 19— asso- 
ciates with her husband, Frederick, (Prince 



of Hesse-Cassel,) 1720— Adolphus Frede- 
rick, of Holstein-Eutin, 1751— Gustavus III., 
(son,) 177 1— Gustavus IV., (Adolphus,) (son,) 
1792— Charles XIII., (brother,) 1809— Con- 
stitution established, 6 Jun. 1 809— succession 
to the throne regulated bylaw of 26 Sep. 1810 
—union with Norway, by Treaty of Kiel, 14 
Jan. 1 8 14— Charles XIV, (Charles John,) 
(House of Bernadotte,) 1818— Oscar I., (son,) 
8 Mar. 1844-Charles XV, (son,) 8 Jul. 1859 
— Constitution reformed, by law of 8 Dec. 
1865 — confirmed -by the king, 22 Jim. 1866. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Encyc. Mod. 

c Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Swedenborg, (Svedberg,) Emanuel, philoso- 
pher, theologian, §c., — ft. at Stockholm, 29 
Jan. 1688 — Ph.D. Upsala, 17 10 — visits Eng- 
land, 1710 — assessor in Royal Metallic Coll. of 
Sweden, 13 Oct. 17 16 — assists at siege of 
Frederickshall, 17 18 — ennobled, and his name 
changed to Swedenborg, 17 19 — travels in Hol- 
land and Germany, 172 1-2 — member of Acad, 
of Sciences, of Upsala, 1729 — of St Petersburg, 
Dec. 1734 — of Stockholm, 1741 — falls ill in 
London, and his visions commence, 1743 — re- 
tires from public life, 1747 — fr. in London, 29 
Mar. 1772. Dcedalus Hyperboreus, 17 16- 18 — 
Frodromus Frincipiorum, 1721 — Miscellanea 
observata circa res naturales, §c, 1723 — Opera 
philosophica et miner alia, 1734 — (Economia 
Regni Animalis, 1 740-1 — Fegnum Animate, 
1744-5— D e Cultu et Amore Dei, 1745 — Ar- 
cana Ccelestia, 1749-56 — New Jerusalem and 
its Heavenly Doctrine, 1758 — Apocalypse re- 
vealed, 1766 — True Christian Religion, 177 1. 

Swedenborg Society, — established, 18 10. 

Swedenborgians, New Jerusalem Church, 
— organized in London, by Hindmarsh, 1788. 

Sweyn I., King of Denmark, — succeeds 
his father, Harold II., 985 — with Anlaf, at- 
tacks London and is repulsed, 8 Sep. 994 — 
winters at Southampton, 994-5 — his sister 
Gunhilda perishes in massacre of the Danes in 
England, 1002 — ravages Norfolk, burns Nor- 
wich and Thetford, 1004 — repulsed by Ulfkytel, 
1004 — again invades England, overruns East 
Anglia and Northumbria, takes Oxford and 
Winchester, and is received as King, 10 13 — U. 
at Gainsborough, 3 Feb. 10 14. 

Sweyn Estridsen, King of Denmark, — 
unsuccessfully attempts to seize crown of Den- 
mark, 1042— succeeds Magnus I., 1047 — at- 
tacked by Harold, king of Norway, 1049 — 
concludes peace with him, 1064 — sends an 
expedition against England, Sep. 1069 — con- 
ducts another expedition against England, 
makes a treaty Avith "William I. and retires, 
1070 — joins league of Henry IV. against 
Saxons, 1073 — tf., 28 Apr. 1074. 

Sweyn, Earl, (son of Earl Godwine,) — ap- 
pointed Earl, as early as 1043 a — ravages 
Wales, and carries off Eadgifu, Abbess of Leo- 
minster, 1046 — escapes to Bruges, 1047— joins 
fleet of Edward the Confessor, 1049 — murders 
his kinsman Biorn and again goes to Bruges, 
1049 — restored to his possessions, 1050 — at- 
tends witenagemot at Gloucester, Sep. 105 1 — 
supports Godwine in his revolt, is outlawed, and 
8 4 



SWIETEN— SWITZERLAND. 



retires to Bruges, 105 1 — goes on pilgrimage to 
Jerusalem, and tr. on his return, at Constan- 
tinople, 1 05 1 -2. a Freeman. 

Swieten, Gerard van, physician, — fj. at 
Leyden, 7 May 1700— Prof. Medicine, 1725— 
Prof. Medicine, Vienna, and First Physician to 
Maria Theresia, 1745— rj. at Schonbrunn, 18 
Jun. 1772. Commentarii in Eermanni Boer- 
havii Aphorismos, 1741-72. 

Swift, Jonathan, Dean of St Patkick's, 
— ft. at Dublin, 30 Nov. 1667 — enters Trin. 
Coll. Dublin, Apr. 1682— comes to England, 
^88 — M.A. Oxford, 4 Jul. 1692 — returns to 
Ireland, 1694 — ordained priest, 13 Jan. 1695 — 
meets 'Stella' at Mow Park, between 1695-8 
— chaplain to Lord Berkley, in Ireland, 1699 
— D.D., 1701 — goes over to the Tories, and is 
introduced to Harley, Oct. 17 10— -becomes ac- 
quainted with Hester Vanhomrigh, 17 12 — 
Dean of St Patrick's, 23 Feb. 17 13— privately 
marries 'Stella,' 17 16 — visits England, 1726 
to Oct. 1727 — loses 'Stella,' 28 Jan. 1728 — 
loses his reason, about 1741-2 — rj., 19 Oct. 
1745. Tale of a Tub, 1704 — Battle of the 
Books, 1704 — edits The Examiner, Nov. 17 10 
to Jun. 17 1 1 — Drapier's Letters, 1724 — 
Travels of Gulliver, 1726. 

Swinburne, Henry, traveller, — ft., May 
1752 — rj. at Trinidad, 1 Apr. 1803. Travels 
through Spain in 1775 and 1776, 1779— Travels 
in the Two Sicilies in 1777-80, 1783-5 — 
Courts of Europe at the close of the last Cen- 
tury, 1 84 1. 

Swinden, Jan Hendrik van, — fj. at the 
Hague, 1746 — Prof. Physical Science, Logic, 
and Metaphysics, at Franeker, 1767 — Prof. 
Mathematics, Physics, and Astronomy, at 
Athenaeum, Amsterdam, 1785 — Pres. College 
of Health, 1797 — correspondent of French 
Institute, 1803 — rj., 9 Mar. 1823. Verhan- 
deling over volmaakte rnaten en gewigten, 1802. 

Swinton, John, antiquary, — fj. in Cheshire, 
1703 — enters Wadham Coll. Oxford, Oct. 
17 19 — B.A., Dec. 1723 — M.A., 1 Dec. 1726 — 
takes priest's orders, 28 May 1727 — Fellow 
of his Coll., Jun. 1728 — visits Italy, 1728-33 
— F.R.S., 1730 — Keeper of Univ. Records, 
Oxford, 1767 — fj., 4 Apr. 1777. 

Swiss Confederation, —takes its origin in 
defensive compact formed between Uri, Schwyz, 
and community of the lower valley, 1 Aug. 
1 29 1 a — offensive and defensive alliance formed 
between Uri, Schwyz, and Zurich, against Duke 
Albert of Austria, 16 Oct. 1291a — troops of 
Zurich defeated by Austrians, 13 Apr. 1292^ 
and the league broken up : receives charters 
of confirmation of privileges, &c, from Em- 
peror Henry VII., 3 Jun. i309 a — acquires 
control of navigation of Lake of the Four 
Cantons, by Act signed at Stanz, 22 Jun. 1309 a 
— alliance formed against Eurest Cantons, be- 
tween Dukes of Austria and Zurich, 2 Aug. 
1 309 a — alliance of Lucerne, 1 1 Nov. 1 309 a — 
rights of Austria and the Empire in relation 
to, denned by rescript of Henry VII., 15 Jun. 
1 3 1 1 a — summoned to Diet of Niimberg by 
Louis of Bavaria, by letter of 17 Mar. I3i5 a 
— recognized as distinct political community, 



by decree of Louis, who takes it under his pro- 
tection, 17 Jul. — attacked by Leopold, Duke of 
Austria, Nov. — battle of Morgarten, 15 Nov. 
— Confederation of Forest Cantons renewed, 9 
Dec. a — designation of the people of Forest 
Cantons as The Swiss, comes into use about 
1 3 15 — Federal Diet established, 1352 — battle 
of Sempach, 1386 — battle of Nafels, 1388 — 
truce with Austria for 20 years concluded, 
1389 — conquest of Aargau, 1415 — alliance 
with the Valais as independent State, 1422 — 
civil war between Zurich and other Cantons 
respecting County of Toggenburg, 1436-46 — 
alliance with Louis XL {Hereditary Union) 
concluded at Senlis, n Jun. 1474 — war with 
Charles the Bold, begins, 1475 — victory over 
Milanese at Giornico, 1478 — convention of 
Stanz, 148 1 — war with Emperor Maximilian 
I., 1499 — alliance with Pope Julius II. against 
French in Italy, i5io b — Swiss Confedera- 
tion completed by accession of Appenzell, 15 13 
— treaty of perpetual alliance with France con- 
cluded, 25 Oct. 1515 13 — war between Catholic 
and Reformed Cantons, battle of Cappel, 15 31 
— boundaries of, defined, and neutrality estab- 
lished, by ' Befensionale ' of 1640 — the Con- 
federation acknowledged independent State by 
Treaty of Westphalia, 1648 — war between Ca- 
tholics and Protestants, defeat of latter, at 
Willmergen, 1653 — again, defeat of Catholics 
at Willmergen, 17 12 — treaty of peace, signed 
at Aarau, Aug. 17 12 — annexation of bishopric 
of Basel to French Republic, 1793 — French 
invasion under Napoleon, 1797 — democratic 
revolution at Basel, 1798 — Diet of Aarau: 
[Helvetic Republic] — entered by Austrians 
and Russians, Sep. 1799 — battle of Zurich, 
Sep. — evacuated by French, 1801 — new Con- 
federation of nineteen Cantons organized by 
Napoleon's Act of Mediation, 19 Feb. 1803 — 
passage of allied forces through, Dec. 1813 — 
independence of, within former limits, acknow- 
ledged by Congress of Vienna, 18 15 — new Con- 
federation of twenty-two Cantons formed, 18 15 
— perpetual neutrality of, secured by Great 
Powers of Europe, 20 Nov. 1815 — universal 
suffrage adopted in most of the larger Cantons, 
1830-31 — revision of Federal Pact, 17 Jul. 
1832 — League of Sarnen formed by Catholic 
Cantons, 1832— new law of education comes 
into force, 1839 — Free Corps organized for ex- 
pulsion of Jesuits, 1845 — League of Sarnen 
dissolved, the Sonderbund formed, 1846 — new 
Constitution promulgated, 12 Sep. 1848 — 
Berne chosen as seat of Federal Council, 28 
Nov. 1848. 

a Rilliet. a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Swithin, St, — ordained priest, 830 — Bp of 
Winchester, 852— rj., 2 Jul. 86 2 , a 86i,t> 863.C 
a Flor. AVig. b A.S. Chron. c Roger of Hoveclen. 
Switzerland, [Helvetia] — partly con- 
quered by Burgundians, 407 a — wholly subdued 
by Franks, 534 — on division of Frankish king- 
dom, assigned partly to Louis of Bavaria, partly 
to Emperor Lothaire, 840 — kingdom of Trans- 
jurane Burgundy constituted by Rudolph I., 
888 a — [Schwyz, Unterwalden, Uri] — most of 
the towns place themselves under protection of 



SYAGRIUS— SYMONDS. 



33i 



Rudolph of Hapsburg, 1257* — they promote 
his election as Emperor, 1273 — defensive com- 
pact formed between Uri, Schwyz, and com- 
munity of the lower valley, 1 Aug. 1291. 13 
[Swiss Confederation.] 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Eilliet. 

Syagrius. [See Clovis.] 

Syagrius, — Consul with Eucherius, (1134, 
a. u. c.) 381. 

Syagrius, Afranius, — Consul with Antonius, 
(1135, a. u. c.) 382. 

Sybaris, — [BC] — founded by Achseans and 
Trcezenians, 721 a — Telys tyrant, before 5io b 
— destroyed by Crotoniates, (01. 67, 3,) 5io, b 
5H. ac a Diod. b Muller. c Andron. Euseb. 

Sybrecht, John, painter, — ft. at Antwerp, 
about 1630 — tf. in London, about 1703. 

Sydenham, in Kent. [Crystal Palace.] 

Sydenham, Charles Edward Poulett Thom- 
son, Lokd, statesman, — ft. at "Waverley, 13 
Sep. 1799— M.P. Dover, 1826— V.P. Board of 
Trade, Treasurer of the Navy, Nov. 1830 — 
M.P. Manchester, Dec. 1832 — Pres. Board of 
Trade, Jun. 1834 — Governor-general of Canada, 
Aug. 1839 — Baron Sydenham, Aug. 1840 — tf. 
in Canada, 19 Sep. 1841. 

Sydenham, Floyer, translator, — ft., 17 10 — 
M.A. Oxford, 1734 — tf., 1 Apr. 1787. Trans- 
lations from Plato, 1759-80. 

Sydenham, Thomas, physician, — ft. in Dor- 
setshire, 1624 — enters Oxford Univ., 1642 — 
B.M., 1648— Fellow of All Souls', about 1648 
— tf. in London, 29 Dec. 1689. Opera Medica, 
1716. 

Sydenham Society, of London,— instituted, 
1843. 

Sydney. [Sidney.] 

Sydney, capital of New South Wales, — 
founded, 1788 — seat of a bishopric, (metro- 
politan,) 1836. University, incorporated and 
endowed by Act of Council, 1850 — inaugurated, 
11 Oct. 1852. Mint, established, 1855 — the 
Queen enabled to declare gold coin of, legal 
tender, by Act 26 and 27 Vic. c. 74, 28 Jul. 
1863 — declared so by Order in Council, 3 Feb. 
1866. 

Sykes, Arthur Ashley, theologian,— -ft. in 
London, about 1684 — enters Cambridge Univ., 
1701 — B.A., 1705 — M.A., 1708 — takes holy 
orders, 17 12 — Prebendary of Salisbury, by Bp 
Hoadly, 1724 — D.D. Cambridge, 1726 — Pre- 
bendary of Winchester, by Hoadly, 1740 — tf. 
in London, 23 Nov. 1756. Innocency of Error 
asserted, 17 15 — Case of Subscription to Thirty- 
nine Articles considered, 172 1 — Essay on Truth 
of Christian Religion, 1725 — Inquiry into 
meaning of the Demoniacs, 1737 — Principles 
and Connexion of Natural and, Revealed Re- 
ligion, 1740 — Examination of Newton's Chro- 
nology, 1744. 

Sylhurg, Friedrich, (Sylburgius,) Greek 
scholar, — ft. near Marburg, 1536 — tf- at Heidel- 
berg, 16 Feb. 1596. Editions of Aristotle, 
1584-7 — of Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 1586 
— of Romana Historian Scriptorcs, 1588-90. 

Sylvester. [Silvester.] 

Sylvester, Joshua, poet, — ft., 1563 — tf. at 
Middelburg, in Holland, 28 Sep. 1618. Trans- 



lation of Du Partus' s Divine Weeks and Works, 
1605. 

Sylvius, .Eneas. [Pius II., Pope.] 

Syme, James, surgeon, — ft. in Scotland, 1799 
— studies under Liston, 18 18 — Prof. Clinical 
Surgery, Edinburgh Univ., 1833— tf., 26 Jun. 
1870. Excision of Diseased Joints, 1831 — 
Principles of Surgery, 1832— Contributions to 
Pathology and Practice of Surgery, 1847. 

Symeon of St Mamas, theologian, — fl., about 
990. 

Symeon, Seth, Byzantine writer, — fl., about 
1034-74. 

Symeon Metaphrastes, Logotheta, theo- 
logian, — engaged in expedition of Himerius 
against Saracens in Crete, 908— tf., after 975. 

Symeon Stylites, St, theologian,— \*., about 
388 a — retires to his pillar, 423 a — tf., about 
4 6 °- a Tillemont. 

Symeon Stylites, junior,— -ft., about 521 — 
retires to his pillar, about 550 — tf., about 596. 

Symes, Michael, — British ambassador to 
Birmah, concludes treaty of commerce, 1795 — 
serves in Peninsular campaign, 1808 — tf., Jan. 
1809. 

Symmachus, Bp of Some, — elected to suc- 
ceed Anastasius II., 22 Nov. 498,* 22 Dec. 
499 b — opposed by Laurentius, elected same 
day : confirmed in his see by Theodoric, king 
of Italy ; receives Theodoric at Rome, Mar. 
499 b — serious charges brought against him, 
tried and acquitted by Synod of Borne, 503 b — 
tf., 19 Jul. 514. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Milman. 

Symmachus, the Samaritan, — publishes his 
version of the Old Testament, about 177.3- 
a Biog. Univ. 

Symmachus, — Consulwith. Gallicanus, (1083, 
a. u. c.) 330. 

Symmachus, — Consul with Boethius, (1275, 
a. u. c.) 522 — called to Bavenna, and put to 
death by Theodoric, 525. 

Symmachus, Q. Aurelius, orator, §c, — cor- 
rector of Lucania, 365 — proconsul of Africa, 
373 — charged by Senate to plead against sup- 
pression of Pagan rites, is refused a hearing by 
Gratian, and banished from Rome, 382 — while 
Pontifex Maximus and Praefect of the city, 
again pleads same cause before Valentinian, and 
is opposed by Ambrose, 384 — supports Maxi- 
mus, 387 — is pardoned, 388 — Consul with 
Tatianus, (1144, a. u. c.) 391 — living, 397. 

Symmons, Charles, miscellaneous writer, — 
ft. at Cardigan, 1749 — B.D. Cambridge, 1776 
— rector of Narberth, 1778 — D.D. Oxford, 
1794 — tf. at Bath, 27 Apr. 1826. Life of 
Hilton, 1 806 — Poems, 1 8 1 3 — Translation of 
JEneid, 1817. 

Symonds, John Addington, physician, — ft. 
at Oxford, 10 Apr. 1807 — enters Edinburgh 
Univ., 1825— M.D. Edinburgh, 1828— Phy- 
sician to General Hospital, Bristol, about 1832 
— marries, 1834 — Lecturer at Medical School, 
Bristol, 1834 — Honorary and Consulting Phy- 
sician to the Hospital, 1848— M.R.C.P., 1853 
— Fellow, 1857 — Gulstonian Lecturer, 1858 — 
Pres. British Medical Association, Bristol, 
1863 — takes part in Social Science Congress, 
84 * 



SYNAGOGUE— SZALAY. 



1869 — tf- at Clifton, 25 Feb. 1871. Principles 
of Beauty, 1857 — Miscellanies, 187 r. 

Synagogue, the Great, — [BC] — Ezra head 
of, 467 — Simon the Just, 332. 

Synagogue, Central, London, — consecrated, 
(6 Xisan 5630, a. it.) 7 Apr. 1870. 

Synagogues, — [B C] — first used, after 536. 

Syncellus, George, historian, — "writes his 
Chronograph!/, about 800. 

Syncellus, Michael, theologian, — fl., about 
830. 

Syndercomhe, — attempts to assassinate 
Cromwell, 19 Jan. 1657 — convicted, 9 Feb. — 
kills himself in prison, 13 Feb. 

Synergist Controversy, — originated in Ger- 
many by Pfefhnger, (Propositioties de Libero 
Arbitrio,) 1555. 

Synesius, Bp of Ptolemais, — ambassador 
from Cyrene to Emperor Arcadius, 398-400 — 
delivers a discourse de Regno, 399 — Bp of Pto- 
lemais, (in Libya,) about 410 — excommunicates 
the President Andronicus, 410 — living, 415. 

Syphax, King of Massjesylians, (Nu- 
midia,) — [B C] — war with Carthage, 213 — 
makes treaty with Eome : renews treaty with 
Pome, 210 — at peace with Carthage, 206 — 
alliance with Carthage : defeated by Scipio 
and taken, 203. 

Syr Daria, river of Central Asia, — navigation 
of, commenced by Russia, 1850. 

Syracuse, — [B C] — founded by Archias of Co- 
rinth, Jnn. or May 734, a about (01. 5, 3) 758 b 
— Geomori expelled, about 493 b — population of 
cities conquered by Gelon transferred to, 48 3 b 
— Gelon master of, 485 b -478 — Hieron, 478 b - 
467 ? — Thrasybulus expelled, democracy estab- 
lished, 468 b — war with Leontini, 427 — Athe- 
nian expedition against, 413 — democracy estab- 
lished by Diodes, 412 b — abolished, Dionysius 
the elder, tyrant, Dec. 406 to Feb. 367 — unsuc- 
cessfully besieged by Carthaginians, 396 — 
Dionysius II., 367 to Aug. 356 — Syracusans 
defeat and slay Philistus, summer 356 — Ca- 
lippus tyrant, 353-352 — expedition of Timoleon, 
343 — Amphipolis to Zeus Olympicus, lasted 
300 years, from 343 — Akestorides made supreme 
commander, banishes Agathocles, 317 — Aga- 
thocles tyrant, 317-289 — besieged by Hamil- 
car, 310 — Hieron II. chosen king, 270 — 
Hieronymus succeeds, 216 — attempt of An- 
dranodorus, 214 — besieged and taken by Mar- 
ccllus, 214-212 — [AD] — entered by Belisarius, 
31 Dec. 535 — meeting of Belisarius and Pro- 
copius at, 536 — taken by Moslems under Giafar, 
877,° 21 May 878 d — retaken by Greeks and 
Normans, 1038° — earthquake, 1 1 00 — Fre- 
derick II. holds a court at, 1233 — earthquakes, 
1542, 1693, and 1757. a Clinton. 

b Miiller. c Kington. d Engl. Cyc. 

Syria, (Aram,)— [3 C]— [Damascus]— sub- 
jugated by David,io56-ioi6— part wrestedfrom 
Solomon by B,ezon, king of Damascus, before 
976— independent of Assyria, to 769 :i — Tatnai, 
Persian governor, 519 — Megabazus, satrap, 
revolts, 447— after Issus, submits to Alexander, 
333 — S lves name to kingdom established by 
Seleucus _ Nicator, 321— [Seleucidse]— sub- 
ject to Tigranes of Armenia, 83-69— made a 
Iloman province by Pompey, 65— assigned to 



Crassus for 5 years, ^^ — invaded by Pacorus 
' and Labienus, 40 — [AD] — visited by Hadrian, 
spring or summer 1 3 r a — invaded by Par- 
thians under Yologesus III., 162 — reconquered 
by Verus and his generals, 163-165 — revolt of 
Avidius Cassius in, May 175 — suppressed, Aug. 
— overrun by Sapor, 258 — reconquered by 
Odenathus, 264 — earthquakes in, 341 — irrup- 
tions of Arabs, 497, 502, and Mar. 529 — in- 
vaded by Chosroes, spring 540 — ravaged by 
pestilence, 542 — devastated by Persians, 607, 
609, and May 61 t — invaded by Saracens, 613 
— recovered by Heraclius, 622-627 — invaded 
by Mohammed, 630 — conquered by Abu 
Obeidah and Ehaled, 632-638 — submits to 
Ahmed Ibn e Tooloon, 868 — recovered by 
Caliph Moktafi, 906 — subject to usurper 
Akhshed Mohammed Ibn Tughg, 936— con- 
quered by Moez, 970 — invaded by Seljuk 
Turks, 1076 — partly conquered by crusaders 
and included in kingdom of Jerusalem, 1099 — 
conquered by Saladin, n 87 — by Baharite Ma- 
melukes, 1250 — invaded by Tamerlane, 1400 
— conquered and made part of Turkish Em- 
pire by Selim I., 15 16 — revolts under Fakhred- 
din, 1635 — invaded by Napoleon, (I.,) 1799 — 
invaded by Ibrahim Pasha, 183 1-2 — insurrec- 
tion against his government, Jul. 1834— again 
invaded, May 1839 — hereditary government 
of, claimed by Mehemet Ali, 1839 — Treaty of 
London, to compel his submission, 1 840 — Bey- 
rout, Acre, and Sidon stornied by fleet of allies, 
1840— given up by Mehemet AH, Jan. 1841 — 
war between Maronites and Druses breaks out, 
i860 — French occupation of, commences, Aug. 
i860 — decision of plenipotentiaries at Paris to 
prolong it till 5 Jun., 15 Mar. 1861 — con- 
ference of Syrian commissioners and represent- 
atives of Powers at Constantinople held at 
Therapia, 21 May — evacuated by French, 5 
Jun. 1 86 1. Council of, to depose Arnulph, 
patriarch of Jerusalem, held, end of Dec. 11 15. 
a Clinton. 

Syriac Grammar. [Jacobus, Bp of Edessa.] 

Syriac Version, (Peshito,) — of the Bible, in 
common use, before 350 — of New Test., made 
known in Europe, by Moses of Merdin, 1552 — 
printed at Vienna, 1555 — of Old and New Test., 
edited by Gabriel Sionita, for Paris Polyglott, 
1645 — reprinted in Walton's Polyglott, 1657 
— edited for Bible Society, by Lee, 1823. 
(Philoccenian) of Neiv Test., made, 508 — re- 
vision of, by Thomas of Harkel, (Harlelean,) 
616— edited by White, 17 88-1 803. (Cureto- 
nian) of the Gospels, discovered in JSltrian 
monasteries, 1842 — published, 1858. 

Syrianus, Neo-platonist, — studies under 
Plutarchus, and succeeds him, after 120. 

Syrianus, Duke of Egypt, — surprises 
Alexandria, and expels Athanasius, 356. 

Syrus, Publius, monographer, — defeats all 
competitors, 45. 

Szabolchs, in Hungary, — Council of, held, 
1092. 

Szalay, Laszlo (Ladislaus) von, historian, 
$e., — ft. at Ofen, 18 Apr. 18 13 — studies at 
Univ. of Pestb, 1826-31 — Advocate, 1833 — 
establishes the journal Themis, 1837 — member 
of the Diet, 1843-4 — editor of the Pesti Kir- 



SZALKAI— TAEPINGS. 



lap, 1 844-5 — ambassador to Frankfort, sum. 
1848— tf. at Salzburg, 17 Jul. 1864. Publi- 
cistai dolgozatok, 1847 — Statusferjiek konyve, 
1847-52 — Magyarorszdg tbrte'nete, 1850-63. 

Szalkai, Antony von, poet, — tf.atBucla, 1804. 

Szechenyi, Istvan, statesman, — fi. at Vienna, 
21 Sep. 1791 — member of Hungarian Diet, 
1825 — visits England, 1833 — Minister of Pub- 
lic "Works, in the Batthyani-Kossuth cabinet, 
1848 — loses bis reason, Sep. 1848 — bis bouse 
and papers searched by Austrian police, Mar. 
i860 — kills himself at Dobling, 8 Apr. i860. 
Hitel, 1830 — Vildg, 1832 — Politikai Pro- 
gramm-tbredekek, 1847. 

Szegedin, in Hungary, — taken possession of 
by Sultan Solyman II., 1526 — recovered by 
Imperialists, Oct. 1686 — seat of revolutionary 
government, 1849 — taken by Gen. Haynau, 3 
Aug. 1849. 

Sze-Ma-Xwang, historian, — ft. in China, 



about 10 t 8 — writes his Tsze Che Ktong Keen, 
1066-84 — First Minister, under Empress-regent, 
for Che-Tsung, 1086 — ft., 1086 — his tomb 
soon after desecrated and destroyed : his monu- 
ment placed in the Hall of Ancestors by Kaou- 
Tsung, 1 1 29— his name inscribed in temple of 
Confucius, as Prince of Literature, 1267 — 
further honours done to his memory, 1530. 

Sze-Ma-Tseen, (Ssema Thsian, Szilma-Zian,) 
historian, author of ' Sze Xe,' — [B C] — ft. in 
China, about 145 — defends the general Le- 
Ling, and is sentenced to death by Emperor 
"Woo-Te, 99 — the sentence commuted for muti- 
lation and exile. 

Szigeth, Szigethvar, in Hungary, — siege 
of, by Solyman the Magnificent, formed, 4 
Aug. 1566 — defended by Nicholas Zrinyi : 
stormed, 8 Sep. — unsuccessfully besieged by 
Zrinyi the younger, 1664 — taken by Margrave 
of Baden, 1689. 



Taas, in Bohemia, — the Hussites defeat Pa- 
pal troops at, 14 Aug. 143 i. a a Milman. 

Tabari, {Abu Jaafar Mohammed Ibn Yezid 
Ibn Jerir,) historian, — ft. in Tabaristan, (224, 
a. h.) 839 — U. at Baghdad, (310,) 922. 

Tabasco, in Mexico, — taken by Cortez, 15 19. 

Tabernsemontanus, {Jacob Theodor,) botan- 
ist, — ft. at Berg-Zabern in Alsace, about 1520 
— ft. at Heidelberg, 1590. Neue vollkommen 
Krduterbuch, 1588-90. 

Table-turning, — tested and exposed by 
Faraday in London, Jun. 1853. 

Tabor, in Bohemia, — rebuilt and fortified by 
Hussites, 1420. 

Taborites, [Hussites]— form separate party 
from Calixtines, 1420 — reject their articles at 
Council of Basel, 1433 — defeated by allied 
Eomanists and Calixtines, near Prague, 30 
May 1434. 

Tabriz, {Tauris,) in Persia, — capital of Ar- 
menia under Tiridates III., 297 — residence of 
Harun-al-Baschid, enlarged and embellished by 
Zobaidah, 792— partly destroyed by earthquake, 
858 — again, 1041 — seat of a bishopric, 1329 s1 — 
sacked byTimur, 1392 — seized by Turkomans, 
soon after — see extinct, 1450 a — taken from 
the Turkomans by Persians, 1500 — Selim I. 
defeats Sophi Ismael near, 24 Aug. 15 14 — 
visited by Selim, 7-15 Sep. 15 14 — besieged and 
taken by army of Osman Pacha, 21-22 Sep. 
1585 — fortified by Grand Vizier, Oct. 1585 — 
unsuccessfully besieged by Persians, 1586 b — 
again devastated by earthquake, 172 1 — taken 
from Turks by Nadir Shah, 1730 — devastated 
by cholera and inundation, summer 187 1. 
a Wiltsch. b Von Hammer. 

Tacca, Fiero Jacopo, sculptor, — succeeds 
John of Bologna as court sculptor to Grand 
Duke of Tuscany, 1608 — ft., 1640. 

Tacfarinas, — defeated by Furius Camillus, 
1 8 — by Apronius, 20 — sends embassy to Tibe- 



rius, 22 — defeated by Bkesus, 22 — by Dola- 
bella, and killed, 24. 

Tacitus, C. Corn., historian, — ft., before 61 
— praator, 88 — Consul suffectus, 97 — conducts 
prosecution of Marius, 99 — tf., alter 117. Vita 
Agricolce, after 96 — Historian, after 98. 

Tacitus, M. Claudius, Boman Emperor, 
(275-6,) — Consul with Placidianus, (1026, 
a. u. c.) 273 — chosen Emperor by the Senate, 
25 Sep. 275 — Consul with iEinilianus, (1029,) 
276 — expels Goths from Asia Minor : lj., about 
9 Apr. 276. 

Tadmor. [Palmyra.] 

Taepings, The, in China, — begin their ra- 
vages under Tien-te, 1850 — surrounded by 
Imperialists at Yong-ngao, and Tien-te 
captured and executed, 1852 — under Hung- 
Sew-tsuen, sack Han-Yang and Hanken, 23 
Dec. 1852 — storm fortress of Hu-kuang, 12 
Jan. 1853 — take Nanking and make it their 
capital, 20 Mar. — take Chin-kiang, 2 Apr. — 
Kua-chow and Yan-chow, 3 Apr. — British 
commissioner sent to Nanking, May — become 
masters of Shanghai, Sep. — repulsed by Im- 
perialists, Nov. — assisted by British and Ameri- 
cans in defence of Shanghai, 1 854 — Shanghai 
unsuccessfully attacked by French, Jan. 1855 
— expelled from Shanghai by allied Imperial- 
ists, British, and Americans, 17 Feb. — retire 
from attack on Canton, Mar. — dissensions 
spread among, the king of the East is massa- 
cred, 1856 — unsuccessfully attack Soochow, 
Jun. 1858 — their rebellion almost suppressed, 
1859 — again become formidable, take Soochow, 
May i86o a — the allies proclaim intention of 
defending Shanghai, 26 May— capture of Sung- 
kiang by Ward, Jul. — repulsed by allies before 
Shanghai, Aug. — fail in attempts on Hankow, 
Nov. 1 861 — take Ningpo, 23 Dec. — again re- 
pulsed before Shanghai, Jan. 1862 — lo-se Kah- 
ding, 1 May— driven from Najow, 16 May — 



334 



TAGANROG— TALLEYRAND-PERIGORD. 



driven from Ningpo by Captain Dew, 10 May 
— ' Gen.' Ward killed, and succeeded by Burge- 
vine, 21 Sep. — lose Kahding, 23 Oct. — Burge- 
vine dismissed, and succeeded by Captain Hol- 
land, Jan. 1863 — capture of Showsing by 
Captain Dew, 18 Mar. — Colonel Gordon takes 
command of the Ever- Victorious Army, (disci- 
plined Chinese,) 24 Mar. — capture of Quinsan 
by Gordon, 31 May — joined by Burgevine, 
Aug. — siege of Soochow by Gordon formed, 
Sep. — surrender of Burgevine, Oct.— surrender 
of Soochow, Dec. — capture of Hangchow by 
Imperialists, 21 Mar. 1864 — repulse Gordon 
at Kintang, 21 Mar. — defeat Gordon at Wais- 
soo, 3 1 Mar. — capture of Chanchu Fu by Gor- 
don, 11 May — dissolution of Gordon's force, 
by 1 Jun. — Hung-Sew-Tsuen kills himself, 
Jun. — lose Nanking, 19 Jul.— disappear from 
provinces of Kiangsoo and Chekiang, Aug. — 
remnants of, driven out of Changchow, Apr. 
1865. 

* This date and the following taken chiefly from 
"Wilson. 

Taganrog, in Russia, — founded by Peter 



the Great, i< 



1696° — given up to 



Turks, 171 1 d — refounded by Catherine II., 
1768 d — restored to Russia, 1774 e — bombarded 
by allied fleets, 3-6 Jun. 1855. 

* Engl. Cyc. b McCulloch. e Bees' Cyc. 
d Conv.-Lex. e Chambers's Encyc, 

Tagina, (Tadince,) in Italy, — see of, united 
with that of Nocera, 1007 a — Totila defeated 
and killed by Narses, near, Jul. 55 2. a a Gibbon. 

Tagliacozzi, Gaspare, {Taliacotius,) surgeon, 
— b. at Bologna, 1546,* about 1490 b — ft. Prof. 
Anatomy and Surgery there, 1599^ J 553- b 
De curtorum chirurgia per insitionem, 1597. 
a Biog. Univ. andNouv. Biog. Gen. b Engl. Cyc. 

Tagliacozzo, in Italy, — Charles of Anjou 
defeats Conradin at, 23 Aug. 1268. 

Tagliamento, The, in Italy, — Napoleon 
Bonaparte defeats Archduke Charles, 16 Mar. 
1797 — repulse of Archduke Charles and passage 
of, by Massena, 13 Nov. 1805. 

Taherites, The, Saracen dynasty of, — estab- 
lished in Khorasan, 813 — supplanted by the 
Soffarides, 872. 

Tahiti. [Otaheite.] 

Taillebourg, in Trance, — Louis IX. defeats 
Henry III. before, 21 Jul. 1242. 

Taillefer, minstrel, — sings of Charles the 
Great and Roland, before Norman army at 
Senlac, [Hastings,] and is killed in the battle, 
14 Oct. 1066. 

Taiwan. [Formosa.] 

Talavera de la Reyna, in Spain, — taken by 
Moors, 714 — Moors defeated at, 914 and 949 — 
stormed by Alfonso VI. of Castile, 1080 — de- 
stroyed by Moors, 1109, but soon rebuilt: 
stormed by the Almohades, 11 96 — "Wellington 
defeats the French under Joseph Bonaparte, 
27 and 28 Jul. 1809. 

Talbot, John, Earl of Shrewsbury, mili- 
tary commander, — b. at Bletchmore, in Shrop- 
shire, about 1373 — Governor of Ireland, Feb. 
1 4 14- 1 9 — distinguishes himself at siege of 
Rouen, 141 8 — again Governor of Ireland, 1425 
— recovers Mans from the French, 1427 — takes 
part in siege of Orleans, Oct. 1428 to May 1429 



— defeated and taken prisoner by the French 
at Patay, 18 May 1429 — exchanged, 1432 — 
commands in France, again, 1433 — threatens 
Paris, 1436 — takes Pontoise, Feb. 1437 — 
Crotoy, 1437 — Earl of Shrewsbury, 20 May 
1442 — afterwards, Earl of Waterford and Wex- 
ford : Governor of Ireland, 1446-9 — takes 
Rouen, capitulates and is kept as hostage, 1449 
— released, 1450 — sent to reconquer Gascony, 
takes Bordeaux, 23 Oct. 1452 — killed at siege 
of Castillon, Jul. 1453. 

Talbot, Charles. [Shrewsbury, Earl and 
Duke op.] 

Talbot, Charles, Lord Talbot, Lord 
Chancellor op England, — rj., 1684— enters 
Oriel Coll. Oxford, 1701 — B.A. and Fellow of 
All Souls', 1704 — enters Inner Temple, Jun. 
1707 — called to the bar, Sep. 1711 — M.P. 
Tregony, 1719 — M.P. Durham, 1722 — So- 
licitor-General, Apr. 1726 — Lord Chancellor, 
29 Nov. 1733 — created Baron Talbot, Dec. 
1733 — rj. in London, 17 Feb. 1737. 

Talbot, Eichard. [Tyrconnel.] 

Talbot, Robert, antiquary, — enters New 
Coll. Oxford, 1525 — Prebendary of "Wells, 
1541 — Treasurer of Norwich Cathedral, Apr. 
!547— *•> 2 7 Aug. 1558. 

Talbotype. [Calotype.] 

Talfourd, Sir Thomas Noon, Judge of 

THE CoURTOF COMMON PLEAS, poet, §C, — ft. 

near Stafford, 26 Jan. 1795 — called to the bar, 
9 Feb. 1821 — Serjeant-at-law, 1833 — M.P. 
Reading, 1835-41 and 1847 — D.C.L. Oxford, 
Jun. 1844 — raised to the bench, Knt, Jul. 
1849 — tf. at Stafford, 13 Mar. 1854. Ion, 
1835 — Athenian Captive, 1838 — edits letters 
of Charles Iamb, 1837 — edits Tinal Memorials 
of Charles Iamb, 1 848 — Vacation Rambles and 
Thoughts, 1845 — Supplement, 1846. 

Taliacotius. [Tagliacozzi.] 

Tallart, Camille d'Hostun, Duke de, Mar- 
shal op France, — fc. in Dauphiny, 14 Feb. 
1652 — serves in campaigns of Holland, 1672-8 
— serves under Turenne in Alsace, 1674-5 — 
Marechal de Camp, 24 Aug. 1688 — crosses the 
Rhine on the ice, 1690 — wounded at Ebersburg, 
1 69 1 — contributes to victory of Pforzheim, 
1692 — takes part in capture of Heidelberg, 
1693 — Lieutenant-general, 30 Mar. 1693 — 
ambassador extraord. to London, Mar. 1698 — 
commands on the Rhine, 1702 — takes Treves 
and Traerbach, Oct. 1702 — occupies Nancy, 
Dec. 1702 — Marshal, 14 Jan. 1703 — defeats 
Imperialists near Spire, 15 Nov. 1703 — takes 
Landau, 17 Nov. 1703 — wounded and taken 
prisoner by Marlborough, at Blenheim, 13 Aug. 
1704 — released, Nov. 171 1 — Duke of Hostun, 
Mar. 17 1 2 — honorary member of Academy of 
Sciences, 1723 — Pres., 1724 — Secretary of 
State, 1726 — tf., 20/ 30 b Mar. 1728. 

a Conv.-Lex. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Talleyrand-Perigordj Charles Maurice de, 
Prestce op Bexeventum, diplomatist, — rj. at 
Paris, 13 Jan., a Feb. b 1754 — takes holy 
orders, 1773 — Agent-general of the clergy, 
1780 — consecrated Bp of Autun, 17 Jan. 1789 
— deputy to States-General, May 1789 — of- 
ficiates at Feast of Federation, 14 Jul. 1790 — 
consecrates constitutional bishops, Feb. 1791 — 



TALLIEN— TANGUT. 



*335 



excommunicated by Pius VI., 26 Apr. 1791 — 
resigns his see, Apr. 1791 — envoy to England, 
Feb. 1792 — ordered to leave England, 28 Jan. 
1794 — goes to America, Feb. 1794 — member 
of Institute, 1795 — recalled to France by decree 
of Convention, 4 Sep. 1795 — Minister of 
Foreign Affairs, 16 Jul. 1797 to 20 Jul. 1799, 
and 22 Nov. 1799 to 9 Aug. 1807 — negotiates 
treaty of Luneville, 1801 — of Amiens, 1802 — 
released from vow of celibacy by Pius VII., 29 
Jun. 1802 — marries Mrs Grant, 1802 — pro- 
motes murder of the Due d'Engbien, 1804 — 
Grand Chamberlain, 1805 — Prince of Bene- 
vento, 5 Jun. 1806 — Vice-grand-elector of the 
Empire, Aug. 1807 — excluded from cabinet, and 
placed under surveillance, by Napoleon I., 1807 

— recalled to office, but declines it : Arch- 
chancellor of State, 1808 — present at Confer- 
ence of Erfurt, 1808 — deprived of office of 
Grand Chamberlain, 20 Jan. 1809 — Minister 
of Foreign Affairs to Louis XVIII., 12 May 
1 8 14 — assists at Congress of Vienna, 18 14- 15 
— Minister of Foreign Affairs, and First Pres. 
Council, 8 Jul. 18 15 — resigns, and is again 
made Grand Chamberlain, 28 Sep. — ambassador 
extraord. to England, 5 Sep. 1830 to 7 Jan. 
1835 — tf. at Paris, 17 May 1838. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Tallien, Jean Lambert, revolutionary leader, 
— ft. at Paris, 1769 — takes part in insurrection 
of 10 Aug. 1792 — deputy to National Con- 
vention, 1792 — member of Committee of 
Safety, 21 Jan. 1793 — sent to Bordeaux to ex- 
tirpate the Girondists, end of Sep. 1793 to 
Apr. 1794 — Pres. Convention, 22 Mar. 1794 

— effects fall of Kobespierre, (9 Thermidor,) 
27 Jul. 1794 — member of Committee of Public 
Safety, 31 Jul. 1794 — marries Tereza de Fon- 
tenai, 26 Dec. 1794 — member of Council of 
Five Hundred, 1795 to 20 May 1798 — accom- 
panies expedition to Egypt, 1798 — on his 
return, is taken prisoner by English and sent 
to London, 1801 — divorces his wife, 1802 — tf. 
at Paris, 16 Nov. 1820. Ami da Citoyen, 1791. 

Tallies, in English law, — use of, abolished 
by Act 23 Geo. III. c. 82, 1783— ordered to be 
destroyed, 1834. 

Taliis, Thomas, musical composer, organist 
to Queen Elizabeth, — fc., about 1529? — tJ., 
Nov. 1585. "With Bird, Cantiones sacrce, 1575. 

Talma, Francois Joseph, tragedian, — fc. at 
Paris, 15 Jan. 1763 — makes his debut at the 
Theatre Francais, 21 Nov. 1787 — last appear- 
ance, 11 Jun. 1826 — ft. at Paris, 19 Oct. 1826. 

Talmud, The, — Mishna compiled, between 
220 [B C] and 200 [AD] a — Gemara, Jerusalem, 
redacted at Tiberias, about 390 [AD] a — 
Babylonian,2it Syra, 365-427 a — the codex com- 
pleted, about 490-500 a — proscribed by Novella 
of Justinian, 553 a — burnt in France by order 
of Gregory IX., about 1237— again ordered to 
be burnt by bull of Innocent IV., 9 May 1244 13 
— burnt at Paris, 1 246 c — condemned by Pope 
Clement IV., 1265 b — and by Honorius IV., 
1286 a — ordered to be burnt by John XXIL, 
1320 b — confiscated by decree of Maximilian I., 
1509 — defended by Beuchlin, 1509 — first 
printed, 1520 a — proscribed by Julius III., 29 
May 1554 b and 1555— by Paul IV., 1559— by 



Pius V., 1566— by Clement VIII., 28 Feb. 

1592 b and 1599. a Deutsch. (Quart. Rgt. 1867.) 

b Moroni. c Kington. 

Tamasp. [See Persia.] 

Tamerlane. [Timur.] 

Tammany Society, {Columbian Order,) at 
New York, — organized for charitable purposes, 
12 May 1789 — incorporated by Charter, 9 Apr. 
1805 — prosecutions against members for sys- 
tematic frauds, [Tammany Ring,) 1871-2. 

Tamworth, in Staffordshire, — fort built at, 
by Ethelfleda, 913 — taken by Anlaf, 943 — riot 
at, between Free Traders and Protectionists, 
28 May 1851. 

Tamynae, in ifoJa?«, — [B C] — Phokion defeats 
Callias of Chalkis, (Anthesterion 01. 107, 3,) 
35°> a 354- b a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. 

Tanagra, — [BC] — battles of, between 
Athenians and Lacedoemonians, Nov. 457 — 
gained by Athenians under Hipponicus over 
Tanagrians under Nikias, summer 426. 

Tanaro, The, in Italy, — Marshal de Maille- 
bois defeats Piedmontese on, 27 Sep. 1745. 

Tancred, Crusader, — joins first crusade, 1096 
— distinguishes himself at taking of Jerusalem, 
spring 1099 — Governor of Antioch for his 
cousin Bohemond, 1100 — again, 1103 — if. 
there, 11 12. 

Tancred, Xing of Sicily, — arrested by his 
uncle, William I., escapes to Constantinople, 
1 154 — returns to Sicily, and is received by his 
cousin William II., 1166 — proclaimed King and 
crowned, Jan. 11 90 — his claim contested by 
Emperor Henry VI. and Constance, 1190 — 
attacked by Bichard I. of England, and com- 
pelled to release the queen dowager, and pay 
her dower, 11 90 — invasion of his kingdom by 
Henry VI., Apr. 1191 — Constance given up to, 
by Salernitans, about Sep. 1191 — sends her 
back to the Emperor, 11 92 — continues war 
with him, 1 192-4 — loses his son Boger, end of 
1 193 — fc., 20 Feb. 1 194 — his tomb and his son's 
broken open, and the bodies cast out, by order 
of Henry VI., 26 Dec. 1194^ a Kington. 

Tanganyika, Lake, in Africa, — discovered 
by Burton, 1858. 

Tangermunde, in Prussia, — the Wends de- 
feated by Bpsof Magdeburgand Halberstadt and 
Margrave of North Saxony, near, 983 — treaty 
of peace between Waldemar and Frederick of 
Misnia, concluded at, 13 Apr. 1312 — taken by 
Gustavus Adolphus, 1 Jul. 163 1 — combat be- 
tween French and Prussians at, 20 Oct. 1806. 

Tangier, Tangiers, (Tingi, Tingitana,) in 
Morocco, — [B C] — free city, by Augustus, after 
31 — [AD] — Boman colony under Claudius, 
41-54— the Ameer Alhasan Ben Kenuz defeats 
army of Alhakem, king of Cordova, near, (362, 
a. h.) 972 a — surrenders to Jussef ben Taxfyn, 
(470,) 1077-8 — taken by Portuguese, 147 1 — 
passes to English, 1660 — unsuccessfully at- 
tacked by Moors, 1680 — abandoned and for- 
tifications destroyed by English, 1684 — bom- 
barded by Spanish fleet, 1790 — by French fleet 
under Prince de Joinville, 6 Aug. 1844. 

Tangut, in Asia, — Empire of, overthrown 
by Gengis Khan, 1227— chief part of, subject 
to Chinese emperor, 1341 — wholly annexed to 
Chiua, 1690. 



i33 6 



TANJORE -TARIK BEN ZETAD. 



Tanjore, district of, in Hindustan, — con- 
quered by Mahrattas, 1675,* about 1678 b — 
acquired by British, by treaty with Bajah, 25 
Oct. 1799. City, besieged by British, 1749 — by 
French, 1758 — taken by British, 1773. 
a Macculloch. b Thornton. 

Tankerville, Forde Grey, Earl op, — 
created Earl, 1695 — Keeper of Privy Seal, 
1 70 1 — tJ., and title becomes extinct, 1701. 

Tannahill, Robert, poet,— ft. at Paisley, 3 
Jim. 1774 — tJ., 17 May 18 10. 

Tannenberg, — Jagellon, king of Poland, 
defeats Teutonic knights at, 15 Jul. 1410. 

Tanner, Thomas, Bp op St Asaph, bio- 
grapher, bibliographer, — ft. at Market Laving- 
ton, "Wiltshire, 25 Jan. 1674 — enters Queen's 
Coll. Oxford, Nov. 1689— Fellow of All Souls', 
Nov. 1696— Chancellor of Diocese of Nor- 
wich, 1701 — D.D., 1710 — Prebendary of Ely, 
17 13 — Canon of Christ-Church, 1723 — Bp of St 
Asaph, Jan. 1732 — ft. at Oxford, 14 Dec. 1735. 
Notitia Monastica, 1695 — edition of Wood's 
Athena Oxonienses, 1721 — Bibliotheca Britan- 
nico-Hibernica, 1748. 

Tansillo, Luigi, poet, — ft. at Venosa, about 
1510 — ft. Judge of Gaeta, 1 Dec. 1568. Ven- 
demmiatore, 1534 — Lagrime di San Fietro, 
1560 — Balia, 1767 — II Podere, 1769. 

Tantalum, metal. [Columbium.] 

Tanucci, Bernardo, statesman, — ft. in Tus- 
cany, 1698 — accompanies Don Carlos to con- 
quest of Naples, 1 7 34— becomes his First Minis- 
ter, 1735 — one of the Council of Regency for Fer- 
dinand I., 1759, but soon exercises chief power: 
retires, Oct. 1776 — tf. at Naples, 29 Apr. 1783. 

Tapestry, [Bayeux, Gobelins] — mentioned 
by Gregory of Tours, about 590 — manufactory 
of, at Poitiers, as early as 1025 — manufacture 
of, practised in England, before 1400 — manu- 
factory established at Mortlake, by James I., 
about 16 19 — English manufacture encouraged, 
and importation of foreign restrained, by Act 15 
Car. II. c. lo, 1663. 

Tappan, Arthur, philanthropist, — ft. in Mas- 
sachusetts, U. S., 22 May 1786 — settles at New 
York, 1 8 14 — originates City Anti- Slavery 
Society, New York, 1833 — Pres. American 
2Vnti-Slavery Society, Dec. 1833— ft. at New- 
haven, Conn., 23 Jul. 1865. 

Tara, hill of, in Ireland, — Malachy, king of 
Ireland, defeats Danes near, 980 — -O'Connell 
holds Repeal meeting on, 22 Aug. 1843. 

Taranto. [Tarentum.] 

Tarascon, in France, — Castle commenced, 
1400 — completed by King Rene : tournament 
held at, 1449. 

Tarasius, Patriarch op Constantinople, 
— while Secretary of Imperial Palace, is 
ordained to succeed Paulus IV., 25 Dec. 784 
— recognized by Pope Adrian, 7 85 — holds 
Council on Image-worship, 786 — presides at 
Council of Nicaea, 787 — opposes design of 
Emperor Constantino to divorce his wife, 795 
— tf. at Constantinople, 25 Feb. 806. 

Tarbes, in France, — seat of a bishopric, 
420 — pillaged by Northmen, 843 — taken from 
the English, 1370 — Marshal Soult retires to, 
18 Mar. 1 8 14 — abandons, 20 Mar. Treaty of, 



between Jean d' Albret and Catherine, sovereign 
of Navarre, and John, Viscount of Narbonne, 
who renounces his claim on Navarre, concluded, 
7 Sep. 1497 — violated by the Viscount, 1498 — 
confirmed by Treaty of Etampes, 8 Mar. 1500 
— ratified by Louis XII., 9 May 1500 — first 
treaty quashed by parliament of Paris, 1502. 

Tardieu, Ambroise, engraver, — ft. at Paris, 
1788 — tf. there, 17 Jan. 1841,3- 1837^ Icono- 
graphie Universelle, 1820-8. 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Nagler. 

Tardieu, Nicolas Henri, engraver, — ft. at 
Paris, 18 Jan. 1674 a — received at the Academy, 
29 Nov. 1720 a — ij. at Paris, 27 Jan. 1749^ 
a Jal. 

Tardieu, Pierre Alexandre, engraver, — ft. 
at Paris, 2 Mar. 1756 s1 — member of Institute, 
1822 — member of Legion of Honour, 1825 — 
fr. at Paris, i843, b 3 Aug. i844. a 

a Jal. b Nagler. 

Tarentum, Duke of. [Macdonald.] 

Tarentum, Prince op. [Manfred.] 

Tarentum, {Tar as,) — [BC] — founded by 
Phalanthus and the Parthenise, (01. 18, 1,) 
708-707 a — commerce with Corinth, as early as 
600 — Aristophylidas tyrant, (01. 66,) $i6 h — 
defeated by Iapygians, 474 — becomes de- 
mocracy after Iapygian victory, 474 — resists 
foundation of Thurii, 443-433— code drawn up 
by Archytas, about 400 c — head of Italic Con- 
federacy against Lucanians, about 350 s — 
aided by Archidamus against Lucanians, 338° 
— aided by Alexander of Epirus, 326— aided by 
Pyrrhus against Rome, 281-274 — aided by 
Carthaginians, conquered by Rome, 273-272 — 
revolts, to Hannibal, 212 — recovered by Rome, 
207, c 209 d — Treaty of, between Octavius and 
Antony, 37 f — [A D] — attacked by Romanus and 
Rusticus, 508 — occupied by Belisarius, 548 — 
taken by Totila, 549 — Constans lands at, 663 e 
— taken by Lombards, 774 — Saracens land at, 
about 830 — taken by Normans, before 1060 
— Principality of, given to Walter de Brienne, 
by Innocent III., 1201 e — Frederick II. holds 
a court at, Feb. i23i e — occupied by French, 
under Soult, Apr. 1801 — again, under St Cyr, 
May 1803. a Hieron. Euseb. b Miiller. 

c Smith's Diet. d Zumpt. e Kington. 

f Merivale. S Rawlinson. 

Targnm, — [BC] — of Onkelos, compiled, 
about 60 — of Jonathan, about 25 — [AD] — of 
Ben der Jonathan and of Jerusalem, about 650. 

Tarifa, in Spain, (Josa, Julia Traducta,) — 
Tarik Ibn Malek lands at, 711 — the Ameer 
Mohammed Almamun defeated by Aben Hud 
and the Castilians near, (6 Ramadan 626, a. h.) 
1229* — taken by Don Sancho, king of Castile, 
(691,) 1293 — unsuccessfully attacked by Prince 
Juan, about 1294 — unsuccessfully besieged by 
Mohammed II. of Granada, (699,) i3oi, a 
(697,) i299 b — again, byAbul Hassan, king of 
Fez, and Jussef ben Ismael, (742,) 1341 — held 
by British troops, and unsuccessfully attacked 
by French under Victor and Laval, 30 Dec. 
1 8 1 1 . a Conde. b Other Authorities. 

Tarik ben Zeyad, Arab chieftain, — makes 
his first descent on Spain, (91, a. h.) 7io a — 
second, (Redgeb 92,) Apr. 7 1 1 a — defeats 



TARLETON— TASSO. 



1337 



Roderic the Goth and kills hira in battle of 
the Guadalete, (end of Ramadan 92,) 26-28 
Jul. 7 1 1 a — overruns great part of Spain, 711- 
712 — imprisoned and scourged by Musa at 
Toledo, 712— reinstated in command, 713 — 
reduces Tarragona, 714 — quits Spain and re- 
turns to Damascus, (95,) 714.* a Conde. 

Tarleton, Richard, comedian, — ft. in Lon- 
don, 1588. 

Tarragona, (Tarraco,) in Spain, — [BC] — 
restored by the Scipios, 2 17-2 n — visited by 
Augustus, 26 — [AD] — gives crown of gold to 
Galba, 68 — its temple restored by Hadrian, 
about 121 — harbour improved by Antoninus 
Pius, 150 — seat of a bishopric, as early 
as 305 a — taken by Goths, 467 — seat of 
archbishopric, as early as 622 a — taken 
by Arabs, (95, a. h.) 714 — rebellion at, 
suppressed, about (105) 724 b — restored by 
Counts of Barcelona, 1088 — taken by Alfonso 
of Aragon, 1 1 1 9 — occupied by rebels under 
Bahlul, and recovered by King Alhakem, 
(188, ) 803 b — unsuccessfully besieged by 
French, Aug. 1641c — captured by Earl of 
Peterborough, 1705 — taken and sacked by 
French under Suchet, 29 Jun. 1811 — invested 
by Gen. Murray, Jun. 18 12 — relieved by 
Suchet, 12 Jun. — fortifications destroyed by 
French, 1 8 Aug. 1 8 1 3 — capital of a province, 
1833 — disturbances at, 21 Sep. 1869. Coun- 
cils of, held, 464; 6 Nov. 516 ; 1 May 1230 ; 
19 Apr. 1239 ; (at Valencia), 8 May 1240 ; re- 
specting punishment and absolution of heretics, 
and on discipline, 1 3 May 1 242 ; against those 
who rob, ill-treat, or calumniate the clergy, 12 
Jan. 1244; against the same, and respecting 
baptism of Saracens, 1 May 1247 ; 1248 ; re- 
specting absolution of the excommunicated, 8 
Apr. 1253; against wearing of metal buttons 
by the clergy, and against Christians dwelling 
with Jews, 22 Mar. 1282; 1294; 22 Peb. 
1305 ; 1307 ; against Arnold of Villanuova, (?) 
22 Feb. 1 3 17. a Wiltsch. 

b Conde. c Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Tarsus, in Cilicia, — [BC] — founded by Sen- 
nacherib, about 685 — Cyrus the Younger halts 
at, spring 401 — described by Xenophon, about 
390-360 — Alexander the Great halts at, sum. 
333 — made capital of province of Cilicia, by 
Pompey, 66 — takes part with Caesar and as- 
sumes name of Juliopolis, about 44 — subdued 
by Cassius, 42 — made free city by Antony, 
about 41 — meeting of Antony and Cleopatra 
at, 41 — exempted from taxation by Augustus, 
after 31 — [AD] — Leontius crowned Emperor 
at, 484 — taken by Arabs, 640 — fortified by 
Harun Al Raschid, about 790-800 — recovered 
by Nicephorus Phocas, and the bronze gates 
removed to Constantinople, 965 — recovered 
from Saracens, by Tancred, 1097 — taken by 
Mahomet II., 1458. Councils of, against ad- 
herents of Cyrillus, 431 ; to accept canons of 
Council of Ephesus, condemn Nestorius, and 
adopt peace made between St Cyrillus and John 
of Antioch, 435 ; for reunion of Greeks and 
Armenians, 1177. 

Tartaglia, Nicolo, mathematician, — - ft. at 
Brescia, about 1500 — Prof. Mathematics, Ve- 



nice, 1534 — tf. there, i557, a i559- b Nuova 
Scienza, 1537 — Quesiti eel invenzioni diverse, 
1550 — la Travagliata invenzione, 1551. 
a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Tartaric Acid, — obtained in separate form 
by Scheele, 1770 — investigated by Pasteur, 
1847-60. 

Tartars. [Batou, Gengis Khan, Golden 
Horde, Mongols, Timur.] 

Tartary, Independent. [Bokhara, Tur- 
kestan.] 

Tarteron, Jacques, Jesuit,— b. at Paris, 7 
Feb. 1644 — tJ. at Paris, 12 Jun. 1720. Trans- 
lation of Epistles and Satires of Horace, 1685 
— Odes, 1704. 

Tartessus, — [BC] — Arganthonius King, 
after 600. 

Tartini, Giuseppe, writer on music, — ft. at 
Pirano, in Istria, 12 Apr. 1692 — "fl. at Padua, 
1770. Trattato di Musica seconda la vera Sci- 
enza dell' Armonia, 1754. 

Tarver, John Charles, lexicographer, — ft. at 
Dieppe, 27 Mar. 1790 — French Master at Eton, 
1826 — ft. there, 15 Apr. 1851. Phraseological 
French and English Dictionary, 1849. 

Tashkend, in Turkestan, — seized by Rus- 
sians, 1854, but soon abandoned: again cap- 
tured by them, Sep. 1864 — retaken by Emir of 
Bokhara, 1865 — re-captured by Russians, 25 
Jun. 1865. 

Tasman, Abel Janssen, maritime discoverer, 
— commands exploring expedition to Australia, 
Aug. 1642 to Jun. 1643 — discovers Van Die- 
men's Land, 24 Nov. 1642 — takes command 
of second expedition, Jan. 1644. 

Tasmania, VanDiemen's Land, — discovered 
by Tasman, 24 Nov., a 1 Dec. b 1642 — visited 
and explored by Cook, 1769, and by D'Entre- 
casteaux, Jan. 1793° — ascertained to be an 
island by Bass, 1797 — circumnavigated by 
Bass and Flinders, 1798 — English penal settle- 
ment established in, 1803 — ports open to foreign 
vessels, 18 13 — remains a dependency of New 
South Wales, till 1824, when it is made a 
separate colony : bishopric established, 1842 — 
government of, provided for by Act 13 and 14 
Vic. c. 59, 5 Aug. 1850 — constitution settled 
by local Act, 18 Vic. No. 17, 1854 — transport- 
ation to, ceases, 1853. a Conv.-Lex. 
b Chambers's Encyc. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 
Tassi, Agostino, (Buonamici,) painter, — ft. 
at Perugia, 1566 — fr. at Rome, 1644. 

Tassie, James, modeller in wax, — ft. near 
Glasgow, about 1735 — comes to London, 1766 
— tf., 1799. Descriptive Catalogue of a general 
collection of ancient and modem gems, §c, 1791. 
Tasso, Bernardo, poet, — ft. at Bergamo, 11 
Nov. 1493 — visits Court of Ferrara, 1529 — 
accompanies Prince of Salerno on expedition to 
Tunis, 1534 — sent on political mission to Spain, 
1537 — marries, 1539 — secretary to Duke Gon- 
zaga of Mantua, 1564-8 — envoy to Rome, on 
behalf of the Duke, 1564 — Podesta of Ostiglia, 
25 Feb. 1569 — tf. there, (4) 15 Sep. 1569. 
Amadigi di Gaula, 1560 — Rime, §c, 1749 — 
Letter e, 1554, 1869, and 1871. 

Tasso, Torquato, poet, — ft. at Sorrento, n 



i 33 8 



TASSONI— TAXATION OF THE CLERGY. 



d'Este, 1566 — accompanies him to France, 
157 1 — enters service of Alfonso, Duke of Fer- 
rara, 1572 — falls in love with Princess Elea- 
nora and is imprisoned, Jun. 1577 — escapes, 
Jul. 1577 — again imprisoned at Ferrara, Feb. 
1579 — by intercession of the Pope, Emperor, 
and other sovereigns, is liberated, Jul. 1586 — 
called to Rome by Clement VIII. to receive 
the laurel crown, 1594 — *&. at Rome, 25 Apr. 
1595. Gerusalemme liberata, (II Goffredo,) 
1 58 1 — Rinaldo, 1562 — Aminta, 158 1 — Gerusa- 
l .nine conquistata, 1593 — Rime, 1619 — JEpis- 
tolario, 1850. 

Tassoni, Alessandro, poet,— ft. at Modena, 
1565 — ft., 1635. Secchia Rapita, 1622. 

Tate, Nahum, poet,— ft. at Dublin, 1652— 
poet laureate, 1690— rj. in London, 12 Aug. 
17 15. (With N. Brady) New Version of the 
Psalms of David, 1698. 

Tatiamis, founder of the Eneratites, — £L, 

173- 

Tatiamis, — Consul with Q. Aurelius Sym- 
machus, (1144, a. u. c.) 391 — praetorian pre- 
fect, deprived by Rufinus, and banished, 392. 

' Tatler,' The. [Steele, Sir Richard.] 

Tatti, Jacopo. [Sansavino.] 

Tauler, Johann, theologian, — ft. at Cologne 
or Strasburg, 1290 — enters Dominican Order, 
1308— If. at Strasburg, 16 Jun. 1361. Sermons, 
1498 — JS r achfolgung des armen Leben Christi, 
1621. 

Taunton, in Somersetshire, — Great Council 
held and fortress built by Ina, about 700 — 
fortress destroyed by Ethelburga, 722 — rebuilt, 
about 1 1 10-30 — seized and abandoned by Per- 
kin Warbeck, 1497 — taken by Parliamentary 
forces, 1642 — retaken for the king by Hertford, 
1643 — again taken for the parliament by 
Blake, 8 Jul. 1644 — besieged by Goring, spring 
1645 — relieved by Fairfax, n May 1645 — 
siege renewed by Goring, May — again raised, 
3 Jul. — Duke of Monmouth proclaimed King 
at, 20 Jun. 1685 — Jeffreys' Bloody Assize at, 
1685 — loses its municipal charter, 1792. 

Taunton, Henry Labouchere, Loud, states- 
man, — ft. in London, 15 Aug. 1798 — M.P. St 
Michael's, 1826 — M.P. Taunton, 1830-59 — 
Lord of the Admiralty, 1832 — Privy Council- 
lor, 1835 — Pres. Board of Trade, 1846 — Chief 
Secretary for Ireland, 1846-7 — again Pres. 
Board of Trade, 1855 — Secretary of State for 
Colonies, 1858 — raised to the peerage, 1859 — 
tf. in London, 13 Jul. 1869. 

Taurida, province of Russia, — occupied by 
Turks under Mahomet II., 1476 — declared 
independent sovereignty at Peace of Kainardji, 
1774 — taken possession of by Catherine II. 
and confirmed to Russia by Treaty of Constan- 
tinople, 1783 — [see Crimea] — visited by Pallas, 
1794. 

Tauromenium, — [B C] — Andromachus assists 
Timoleon against Dionysius, 344. 

Taurus, — (1.) Consul with Florentius, 
(111-4, a. u. c.) 361. (2.) Consul with Felix, 
(1181,) 428. 

Taurus, M. (T. a T) Statilius,— Consul with 
L. Quinctius Crispinus, (797, a. u. c.) 44. 
a Zumpt. 



Taurus, Statilius, — [BC] — Consul suff., 37 
— commands Antony's fleet against Sex. Poni- 
peius, 36 — triumphs, about success in Africa, 
and commands in Dalmatia, 34 — commands 
army of Octavius at Actium, 31 — builds first 
stone amphitheatre at Rome, 30 — defeats Can- 
tabrians, about 29 — Consul with Augustus, 
(728, a. u. c.) 26 — praefectus urbi, 16. 

Taurus, T. Statilius,— (1.) Consul with M. 
iEniilius Lepidus, (764, a. u. c.) ii. (2.) 
(Corvinus) Consul with M. Vinicius, (79S,) 
45. (3.) (Sisenna) Consul with L. Scribonius 
Libo, (769,) 16. 

Tausan, (Tagesen,) Johan, theologian, Re- 
former, — ft. in Fiinen, 1494,* 1499 b — M.A. 
Rostock, returns to Denmark, 152 1 — begins 
preaching Lutheran doctrines, 1524 — im- 
prisoned at Wiborg, about 1525— liberated and 
named Court preacher to Frederick I., 1526 — 
preacher at Roeskilde, 1537 — Bp of Ripen, 1542 
— If., Nov. 156 1. Banish version of Psalms, 
1544. a Engl. Cyc. a Bees' Cyc. 

Tauss, battle of [Taas.] 

Tavannes, Gaspard de Saulx de, Marshal 
op France,— ft. at Dijon, Mar. 1509— pre- 
sented at Court, 1522 — taken prisoner with 
Francis I. at Pavia, 1525 — distinguishes him- 
self at siege of Yvoi, 1542 — at Rochelle, 1543 
— at battle of Cerisoles, 1544 — Marechal de 
Camp, 1552 — contributes to victory of Renti, 
Aug. 1554 — Lieutenant-general of Burgundy, 
under Duke of Aumale, 1554 — assists at capture 
of Calais, Jan. 1558 — Lieutenant-general in 
Dauphiny, 1560 — represses Huguenot insur- 
rection, spring 1562 — takes part in defeat of 
Huguenots at Jarnac, Mar. 1569 — saves Royal 
army at Roche-Abeille, Jun. 1569— raises siege 
of Poitiers, Sep. — defeats Huguenots at Mon- 
contour, Oct. — created fifth Marshal of France, 
28 Nov. 1569 — counsels massacre of St Bar- 
tholomew, 1572 — Governor of Provence, 1572 
— if. near Autun, 19 Jun. 1573. 

Tavannes, G-uillaume de Saulx, Count de, 
— ft.,1553— distinguishes himself at Jarnac, 1569 
— Lieutenant of the king in Burgundy, 1574 — 
holds the province against Duke of Mayenne, 
and declares for Henry IV., 1589 — ft., 1633,* 
1635. b Memoires, 1625. 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. TJniv. 

Tavannes, Jean de Saulx, Viscount de, — 
ft. at Paris, 1555 — serves at siege of Rochelle, 
1573 — accompanies Duke of Anjou to Poland, 
1573 — serves against Turks, 1573-4 — serves in 
army of the League, 1589— taken prisoner, 
159 1 — Marshal of France and Governor of 
Burgundy, by Mayenne, 1592— submits to Henry 
IV., 1595 — rj. at Sully, Oct. 1629. 

Tavernier, Jean Baptiste, traveller, — ft. at 
Paris, 1605 — present at battle of Prague, 1620 
— at Diet of Ratisbon, 1630— first visit to the 
East, 1630-3 — second, 1638-42 — third, 1643-9 
— fourth, 1651-5 — fifth, 1656 — marries, 1663 
— sixth journey, 1663-9 — ft. at Moscow, Jul. 
1689. Voyages, 1676-9. 
Taverns. [Inns, Public Houses.] 
Taxation of the Clergy, in England and 
Wales, — regulated by the Taxatio Ecclesiastica 
compiled by authority of Pope Nicholas IV. 



TAXILIS— TAYLOR. 



339 



and by precept of Edward I., 1288-91 — newly 
regulated by Valor Ecclesiasticus (King's 
Book) compiled under authority of Act 26 
Hen. VIII. c. 3, 1534 — in Convocation, dis- 
continued, 1665. 

Taxilis, — [BC] — conducts army of Mithri- 
dates into Greece, 86 — with Archelaos defeated 
by Sulla at Chseroneia, 86— commands in in- 
vasion of Paphlagonia, 74 — defeated by Lucul- 
lus in Cabeira, 72 — at battle of Tigranocerta, 
69. 

Tayler, John James, theologian, — ft. at Not- 
tingham, 1798 — studies at Glasgow Univ., 
1816-18— B.A., 1 818 — minister of Unitarian 
congregation, Manchester, 1820 — secretary to 
Manchester New College, York, 1822-40 — 
Prof. Ecclesiastical History, (on transfer of the 
Coll. to Manchester,) 1840 — Principal, (on its 
removal to London,) 1853 — deputy to Unitarian 
Tercentenary Festival in Hungary, autumn 
1868— tf. at Hampstead, 28 May 1869. Retro- 
spect of the Religious Life of England, 1845 
— Christian Aspects of Faith and Duty, 1 85 1 
— Attempt to ascertain the Character of the 
Fourth Gospel, 1867. 

Taylor, Ann. [Gilbert, Ann.] 

Taylor, Brook, mathematician, — ft. at Ed- 
monton, 18 Aug. 1685 — enters Cambridge 
Univ., 1701 — F.R.S., 17 12 — secretary, 17 14 — 
visits France, 17 16 — tf. in London, (?) 29 Dec. 
1731. Methodus incrementorum directa et in- 
versa, 17 15 — Linear Perspective, 17 15 — New 
Principles of Linear Perspective, 17 19 — his 
Theorem (1715) adopted by Lagrange as basis 
of Differential Calculus, 1772. 

Taylor, Edward, Prof. Music, Gresham Col- 
lege, — ft., about 1784 — tf. at Brentwood, Essex, 
12 Mar. 1863. 

Taylor, Sir Herbert, Lieutenant-general, — 
ft> 1775 — enters the army, 1793 — serves in 
campaigns of the Netherlands, 1793-4 — aide- 
de-camp to Commander-in-chief, Sep. 1795 — 
private secretary to Duke of York, Feb. 1799 
— to George III., 1805 — to Queen Charlotte, 
18 12 — Master of St Katharine's Hospital, 18 18 
— M.P. Windsor, 1820-3 — Lieutenant-general, 
1825 — tf. at Rome, 20 Apr. 1839. 

Taylor, Isaac, theological writer, — ft. at 
Lavenham, in Suffolk, Aug. 1786 — marries and 
settles near Ongar, 1824— unsuccessful candi- 
date for chair of Logic and Metaphysics, 
Edinburgh, 1 8 38 — tf. at Stanford Rivers, 28 Jun. 
1865. Elements of Thought, 1822 — Memoirs 
and Correspondence of Jane Taylor, 1825 — His- 
tory of Transmission of Ancient Books to 
Modern Times, 1827 — Process of Historical 
Proof, 1828 — Translation of Herodotus, 1829 

— Natural History of Enthusiasm, 1829 — 
Saturday Evening, 1832 — Natural History of 
Fanaticism, 1833 — Spiritual Despotism, 1835 — 
Physical Theory of Another Life, 1836 — Home 
Education, 1838 — Ancient Christianity, 1839- 
40 — Loyola and Jesuitism, 1849 — Wesley and 
Methodism, 1851 — Restoration of Relief, 1855 

— World- of Mind, 1857 — Logic in Theology, 
1859 — Ultimate Civilization, i860 — Spirit of 
Hebrew Poetry, 1861. 

Taylor, Jane, miscellaneous writer, — ft. in 



London, 23 Sep. 1783 — tf., 12 Apr. 1824. 
With her sister, Original Poems for Infant 
Minds, 1805 — Rhymes for the Nursery, 1806 — 
Hymns for Infant Minds, 1818 — Display, 1815 
■ — Essays in Rhyme, 181 6 — Contributions of 
Q. Q., 1824. 

Taylor, Jeremy, Bp or Down and Connor, 
— ft. at Cambridge, probably Aug. 1613 — enters 
Caius Coll., Aug. 1626 — B.A., 1 631— takes 
holy orders, 1633— M. A., 1633— Fellow of All 
Souls', Oxford, Jan. 1636 — chaplain to Charles 
I., 1636 — rector of Uppingham, Mar. 1638 
— marries, May 1639 — attends the king at 
Oxford, 1642 — D.D., 1642 — his living seques- 
trated, 1642 — retires into Wales, 1645 — marries 
again, about 1646 — settles in Ireland, 1658 — 
consecrated Bp of Down and Connor, Jan. 1661 
— Vice-chancellor of Dublin Univ., 1661 — tf. 
at Lisburn, 3 Aug. 1667. Episcopacy asserted, 
1642 — Liberty of Prophesying, 164.'] — Life of 
Christ, 1653 — Holy Living and Holy Dying, 
jJ^i-^-Deus justificatus, 1656 — Ductor Dubi- fx<S*& 
tantium, 1660 — Worthy Communicant, 1660. 

Taylor, John, theologian, — ft. in Lancashire, 
1694 — minister of Presbyterian congregation, 
Norwich, 1733 — Divinity Tutor at Warrington 
Academy, 1757 — tf., 5 Mar. 1761. Scripture 
Doctrine of Original Sin, 1740 — Scripture 
Doctrine of Atonement, 1753 — Hebrew-English 
Concordance, 1754. 

Taylor, John, Master of the Rolls, — takes 
part in negotiating treaty of commerce with 
Philip, Duke of Burgundy, Aug. 1504 — Clerk 
of the Parliament, 1509 — Archdeacon of Derby, 
15 1 5 — of Buckingham, 15 16 — incorporated at 
Cambridge, 1520 — at Oxford, May 1522 — 
envoy to Francis L, 1526 — Master of the Rolls, 
26 Jun. 1527 — Joint-commissioner to try 
validity of marriage of Henry VIII. with 
Catherine of Aragon, 1529 — retires from the 
Rolls, 6 Oct. 1534— tf., 1534. 

Taylor, John, ' the Water-Poet' — ft. at 
Gloucester, about 1580 — tf. in London, 1654. 
Works, 1630. 

Taylor, John, philologist, §c, — ft. at Shrews- 
bury, 1704 — B.A. Cambridge, 1727— Fellow 
of St John's Coll., 1730— M. A., 17 31— Re- 
gistrar of the Univ., 1734 — LL.D., 1741 — 
Chancellor of Lincoln, 1744 — takes holy 
orders, 1751 — Canon Residentiary of St Paul's, 
1757 — tf. in London, 14 Apr. 1766. Edition 
of Lysias, 1739 — Elements of Civil Law, 1755. 

Taylor, Rowland, theologian, — rector of 
Hadleigh, Suffolk, before 1549 — cited before 
Bp Gardiner, 1553 — burnt near Hadleigh, 8 
Feb. 1555. 

Taylor, Silas, antiquary, — ft. in Shropshire, 
1624 — enters New Inn Hall, Oxford, 1641 — 
tf. at Harwich, 4 Nov. 1678. 

Taylor, Thomas, translator, {the Platonist,) 
— ft. in London, 15 May 1758 — tf. there, 1 
Nov. 1835. Translations of Works of Pausa- 
nias, 1794 — of Plato, 1804 — of Aristotle, 181 2. 

Taylor, William, litterateur, — ft. at Nor- 
wich, 1765 — becomes friend of Southey, 1798 
— editor of Norwich Iris, 1802 — tf. there, 5 
Mar. 1836. Translation of lessing's Nathan 
the Wise,i$o6 — Survey of German Poetry, 1830. 



n+° 



TAYLOE— TEIAS. 



Taylor, William Cooke, historical and mis- 
ous writer, — ft. at Youghal, 1800 — ij. at 
Dublin, 12 Sep. 1849. Life and Times of Sir 
11. Peel, 1846-8 — History of House of Orleans, 
1849 — Manual of Ancient History, (5th ed.,) 
1849 — of Modern History, (6th. ed.,) 1856. 

Taylor, Zachary, Pkesident of the United 
States, — ft. in Virginia, 24 Nov. 1784 — enters 
the army, 1808 — Commander of Fort Harrison, 
.7 3 12 — Colonel, 1832 — sent to Florida, 1836 — 
defeats Indians, at Okechobee, 25 Dec. 1837 — 
Commander-in-chief in Florida, Apr. 1838-40 
— takes command of Mexican expedition, Jul. 
1845 — defeats Mexicans under Arista at Palo 
Alto, 8 May 1846 — again, at Eesaca de la 
Palma, 9 May — Major-general, May — takes 
possession of Matamoras, 1 8 May — takes Mon- 
terey, 19-24 Sep. — most of his troops taken 
from him, Dec. — defeats Santa Anna at Buena 
Vista, 22-23 Feb- J ^47 — returns home, Nov. 
1847 — elected Pres. United States, 7 Nov. 
1848 — tf. at "Washington, 9 Jul. 1850. 

Taylor's Theorem. [See Taylor, Brook.] 

Tchad, Lake, in Africa — known to Leo 
Africanus, about 1500-20 — reached and partly 
explored by Denham and Clapperton, 1823 — 
by Earth and Overweg, 1851 — by Vbgel, 1852. 

Tehemkest, in Turkestan, — conquered by 
Eussians, 1865. 

Tehernaya, The, in the Crimea, — defeat of 
Eussians by French and Sardinians on, 16 
Aug. 1855. 

Tchesme, in Turkey, — Turkish fleet de- 
stroyed by Eussians, under command of Eng- 
lish officers, Jul. 1770. 

Tea, — mentioned as Chinese beverage, 850 
— described by Eotero, 1590 — seen at Malacca 
by Texeira, 1600— use of, in Persia, mentioned 
by Olearius, 1633. Plant, sent from China to 
Bengal, by Lord Macartney, 1793 — discovered 
in Assam by Bruce, 1825 — introduced in the 
Himalaya, 1835-6. In England, in use, be- 
fore 1657 — excise duty imposed on decoction, 
by Act 12 Car. II. c. 23, 1660 — importation 
of, by E. India Company, begins, 1667 — duty 
imposed on the leaf, by Act 1 Wm and. Mar., 
1689 — duties reduced by Act 18 Geo. II. c. 26, 
1745 — again, by Act 24 Geo. III. c. 38, 1784 
— increased, 1795, 1797, 1798, 1800, 1803, 
1806, 1819 — monopoly of E. India Companv 
abolished by Act 3 and 4 Wm IV. c. 85, 28 
Aug. 1833 — duties newly regulated, 1834 and 
frequently since : greatly reduced, 1865. 
a Macculloch. 

Tehaldeo, Antonio. [Tibaldeo.] 

Tectosages, Celtic tribe, — [EC] — follow 
Brennus into Macedonia, settle in Galatia, 280- 

279- 

Tecnmseh, Chief of North American In- 
dia us, — ft., about 1770 — becomes distinguished 
as a warrior, 1795 — projects alliance of Indi- 
ans against the white men, about 1804 — de- 
feated by Governor Harrison at Tippecanoe, 7 
Nov. 181 1— as Brigadier-general, cooperates 
with English forces, 18 12- 13 — killed at battle 
of the Thames, 5 Oct. 181 3. 

Tedeschi, Elccolo, (il Panormitano,) canon- 
ist, — ft. at Palermo or Catana, 1386 — enters 



Order of St Benedict, 1400 — commences teach- 
ing at Siena, 14 19— auditor of the Eota by 
Pope Martin V., before 143 1 — Abp of Pa- 
lermo, 1434 — deputy of Alfonso V. of Aragon 
to Council of Basel, about 1434 — protests 
against deposition of Eugenius IV., Jun. 1439 
— Cardinal, by Felix V., 12 Nov. 1440 — legate 
in Germany, 1442 — tr. at Palermo, 15 Jul. 
1445. Opera, 1617. 

Teflis, Tiflis, capital of Georgia, — founded, 
about 450 ? — devastated by Saracens, 731 and 
760 — dependency of the Caliphate, 787 — 
destroyed by Chazars, 818 — destroyed by Alp 
Arslan, 1064 — by the Seljuks, 1078 — recovered 
by David III. and restored, n 26 — taken by 
Gengis Khan, about 1220 — by Sultan Jelal- 
eddin, 1228 — taken by Timur, 1386 — by Shah 
Ismael, 15 18 — partly burnt by Shah Tamasp, 
1536 — taken by Turks, 1576 — recovered by 
King Bustum, between 1636-58 — again taken 
by Turks, 1723 — retaken by Nadir Shah, 1734 
— sacked by Aga Mehemet Khan, about 1790 
— annexed to Eussia, 1 801— Peace of Gulistan 
ratified at, 26 Sep. 18 14 — ravaged by cholera, 
1830 — visited by Emperor Alexander, 3 Oct. 
1871. 

Tegagliano, Marcello, Doge of Venice, — 
succeeds Paoluccio, 717 — if., 726. 

Tegea, — [BC] — Sparta makes unsuccessful 
war on, about (01. 46) 596 a — Sparta finds 
bones of Orestes, and succeeds, (01. 58, 1,) 548 a 
— temple of Athena Alea rebuilt by Scopas, 
after the fire in (01. 96, 2) 394 — Stasippus resists 
confederation with other Arcadian towns, de- 
feats Callionis, is defeated and put to death, 
370. a Muller. 

Tegethoff, Wilhelm von, Baron, admiral, 
—ft. in Styria, 1827— enters Austrian navy, 
1845 — Corvet-captain, 1857 — sen ^ on mission 
to Egypt and E. Africa, 1857-8 — accompanies 
Archduke Ferdinand Max to Brazil, 1859 — 
Post-captain, 1861 — commands squadron of 
the Adriatic, 1862 — commands North Sea 
squadron, 1864 — defeats Danes off Heligoland, 
9 May 1864 — Eear-admiral, 12 May — defeats 
Admiral Persano at Lissa, 20 Jul. 1866 — Vice- 
admiral, 21 Jul. — visits France, England, and 
America, 1866-7 — commissioned to obtain re- 
mains of Emperor Maximilian, in Mexico, Jul. 
1867 — recovers them, and lands at Trieste, 20 
Jun. 1 868 — named Commander-in-chief of Aus- 
trian navy, 6 Mar. 1868 — tf., Apr. 1871. 

Tegner, Esaias, poet, — ft. in Sweden, 13 
Nov. 1782 — enters Univ. of Lund, 1799 — 
M.A., 1802 — Sub-librarian, 1805 — Prof. 
Greek, 18 12 — ordained priest, r8i2 — Bp of 
Wexio, 1824 — crowns Oelenschlager, 1829 — 
if. at Wexio, 2 Nov. 1846. Svea, 1811 — Axel, 
1 82 1 — Frithiof's Saga, 1825 — Children of the 
Lord's Supper, 1820. 

Tegyra, in Phokis, — [B C] — defeat of Spar- 
tans by Thebans, near, 375. 

Teheran, Tehran, in Persia, — peace with 
Turkey concluded at, 4 Sep. 1746 — made the 
capital by Aga Mehemet Khan, about 1795. 

Teias, King op the Goths, — succeeds 
Totila, 552 — defeated and slain by Narses, 
Mar. 553. 



TEIGNMQUTH— TELLURIUM. 



J 34* 



Teignmouth, John Shore, Lord, Governor- 
General of India, — b., 8 Oct. 1751 — goes to 
India, 1769 — accompanies Hastings to England, 
1785 — member of Supreme Council, Calcutta, 
1786 — Bart., 1792 — Governor-general, Aug. 
1793 — Pres. Asiatic Society, Apr. 1794 — re- 
tires, and is created Baron Teignmouth, 1797 
— Pres. British and Foreign Bible Society, 
1804-34 — member of the Board of Control, 4 
Apr. 1807 — Privy Councillor, 8 Apr. 1807 — tf., 
14 Feb. 1834. Memoirs of Sir William Jones, 
1804 — edition of Sir W. Jones's Works, 1807. 
Teissier, Antoine, litterateur, — u. at Mont- 
pellier, 1632 — emigrates, 1685 — historiogra- 
pher to Court of Prussia, 1692 — ft. at Berlin, 
7 Sep. 17 15. Eloges des Homines Savants, 1683. 
Tekeli, Emeric, Count, — b. at Kasmark, 
in Hungary, 1658 — heads revolt of Hungarians 
against Imperialists, 1678 — declared King of 
Hungary by Sultan Mahomet IV., 1682 — 
joins Kara Mustapha in invasion of Austria, 
1683 — takes Presburg, which is again taken 
by Prince of Baden, 1683 — imprisoned by Ma- 
homet IV., 1685 — invades Transylvania, 1690 
— serves in campaign of 1696 — retires, Nov. 
1697 — tf. at Nicomedia, 13 Sep. 1705. 

Telecleid.es, comic poet, — [BC] — fl., about 
444-43 r > 435-4°°- a a Clinton. 

Telegraph, Telegraphic Communication, — 
schemes for, suggested by Marquis of Worces- 
ter, 1663 — by Hooke, 1684 — by Amontons, 
about 1704 — Chappe's, brought into use, about 
1793 — his invention announced to National 
Convention, 17 Aug. 1794 — Edgeworth's im- 
proved, about 1794 — Lord George Murray's, 
1795 — line established between London and 
Dover, 1796. Semaphore, adopted in France, 
1803. Night, invented by Boaz, 1801 — Pas- 
ley's Polygrammatic, 1807 — Bremner's night, 
1 8 16 — semaphore improved by Popham, 18 16 
— Pasley's, for day and night, invented, 1823. 
Solar, (heliographic,) invented by Signor 
Sgarzi, 1854. Codes for, Admiralty, adopted, 
1808 — another, 18 16 — Lynn's, 18 18 — Squire's, 
1820 — new Admiralty, 1826 — Paper's, 1828 — 
Phillipps's, 1836 — Eohde's, 1836 — Walker's, 
1 841 — EardleyWilmot's, 1851 — Rogers's, 1854 
— Reynolds's, 1855 — Marryatt's, 1856 — Board 
of Trade, 1857. [Electric Telegraph.] 

Telegraph Conference, International, — first, 
at Brussels, 1858 — second, at Paris, 1865 — 
third, opens at Vienna, 12 Jun. 1868 — fourth, 
at Rome, meets, 1 Dec. 187 1. 

Telemachus, monk, — killed in attempt to 
prevent gladiatorial combat, 404. 
Telemsen. [Tlemsen.] 
Telescope, — invention of, in possession of 
Jacob Adriaansz, (Metius,) 17 Oct. 1608 a — of 
Hans Lippershey, 2 b Oct. 1608 — reported to 
Galileo, May 1609 — constructed by him, 1609 
— used by Hariot in England, 1609 — astrono- 
mical, described by Kepler, 161 1 — reflecting, 
suggested by Father Mersenne, before 1651 — 
Gregorian, invented, 1663 — constructed by 
Newton, 1669-72 — Cassegrain's, invented, 1672 
—[see Achromatic Lens, Herschel, Eosse] — 
dialgtic, invented by Plbssl, 1839. 

a Moll. b Humboldt. 



Telesilla, lyric poetess,— [BC]— ft., about 
(01. 67) 510. 

Telesinus, C Luccius, a (X. Pontius, h )— Con- 
sul with C. Suetonius Pauliuus, (819, a. u. c.) 
(if>- a Clinton. b Zumpt. 

Telesinus, Pontius, Samnite general, — [B C] 
—assists Marius against Sulla, defeated and 
killed, 82. 

Telesio, Bernardino, natural philosopher,— 
b. at Cosenza, 1509,* 1508 b — present at sack 
of Rome, 1527— Ph.D., 1535— tf. at Cosenza, 
i588. b Be reritm Natura juxta propria prin- 
cipia, 1565— Far ii de naturalibus rebus libelli, 
1590. a Biog# Univ# b Tennemann. 

Telesphorus, Bp of Rome, — appointed, 
close of 127 — tf., 2 Jan. 139 ? 

Telestes, dithyrambic poet, — [BC] — gains a 
prize, 401— fl., about (01. 95, 3) 398. 

Teleutias,— [B Cj— commands Spartan fleet 
against Corinth, 393— captures Athenian ships 
sent to aid Evagoras, 390— Thrasybulus sent 
to oppose him, 390— aids JEgina, 388— com- 
mands in Olynthian War, 382— slain there, 
spring 381. 

Telford, Thomas, civil engineer, — ft. in Dum- 
friesshire, 9 Aug. 1757— goes to London, about 
1782— settles at Shrewsbury, 1787— F.R.S.E., 
1803— F.R.S. London, 1827— tf. at Westmin- 
ster, 2 Sep. 1834. Ellesmere Canal, 1793- 
1805 — Caledonian Canal, completed, 1823 — 
Menai Suspension Bridge, 1826. 

Telingana, (Telugu country,) in Hindustan, 
—ruled by Yadavas, from about 800 to near 
noo a — invaded by Mussulmans, 1303 — con- 
quered by Cafur, (tributary to Delhi,) (709, 
a. h.) 1 309— independent under Hindoo raja, 
x 344— Warangol taken by Ahmed Shah, 142 1 
— invades Deckan, 146 1— kingdom subverted 
by Bahmani kings ? a Elptiinstone. 

_ Tell, William, national hero of the Swiss, — 
[joins confederates of Forest Cantons, and 
shoots Gessler, 1307 ?] — his story declared a 
fable by Willimann, 1607— doubted by Chris- 
tian and Isaac Iselin, 1727 and 1754 — 
denied _ by Freudenberger, 1760, whose book 
is publicly burnt in Uri by decree of the States : 
investigated by Ideler, 1826— by Schneller, 
1834 — by Kopp, 1835 — by Hausser, 1840 — by 
Hisely, 1843— by Hiiber, 1861 — by von Lie- 
benau, 1864— by Rilliet, 1868. 

Tellers of the Exchequer, in England, — 
office abolished by Act 4 and 5 Wm IV. c. 15, 
22 May 1834. 

Tellez, Balthazar, historian, — ft. at Lisbon, 
1595 — enters Order of Jesuits, 16 10 — 1». at 
Lisbon, Provincial of his Order, 19 Apr. 1675. 
Chronica da Companhia di Jesus da Provincia 
de Portugal, 1645-8 — Historia general de Ethi- 
opia a alta, 1660. 

Tellez, Gabriel, (Tirso de Molina,) drama- 
tist, — ft. at Madrid, about 1585 ? — becomes a 
monk, 1620 — Prior of the convent of Soria, 
1645 — tf. there, Feb. 1648. Cigarrales de 
Toledo, 1621 — Comedias, 1626-7 — Autos, 1635. 
Tellier. [Letellier.] 

Tellurium, metal, — discovered by Miiller 
von Reichenstein, 1782 — investigated by Klap- 
roth, 1798. 



U 2 



TEMAXZA— TEMPLE. 



Temanza, Tomaso, writer on Architecture, 
— b. at Venice, 1705 — tf. there, 14 Jun. 1789. 
Yite de' piu Eccellenti Architetti e Scultori 
Veneziani, 1778 — Antichitd di Rimini, 1741. 

Temeswar, in Hungary, — mentioned as seat 
of Counts of Temes, 1203 — castle built by 
Huniades, 1443 — besieged and taken by Pasha 
Mehemet for Solyman II., 155 1-2 — unsuccess- 
fully besieged by Hungarians, 1596 and 1597 — 
by Elector of Saxony, 1696 — taken by Prince 
Eugene, 12 Oct. 17 16 — fortified by him ; consti- 
tuted royal free city, 17 81 — besieged by Hun- 
garian insurgents, 25 Apr. 1 849 — capitulates, 9 
Aug. — Gen. Haynau defeats Hungarians before, 
9 Aug. 1849. Truce of, for 20 years, between 
Emperor and the Porte, concluded, 1664. 

Tempelhof, Georg Friedrich von, general, 
§c, — b. in Brandenburg, 17 Mar. 1737 — 
enters the army, 1756 — Lieutenant-colonel, 
1786 — member of Academy of Sciences, 1786 
— tf. at Berlin, 13 Jul. 1807. Bombardier 
Frussien, 1781 — Geschichte des Siebenjdhrigen 
Kriegs in Beutschland, 1782-1801. 

Temperance Society, American, — estab- 
lished at Boston, Feb. 1826. British and 
Foreign, established in London, Jun. 1831. 
National, in London, Nov. 1842. 

Tempesta, (Fietro Mulier or Be Mulieribus,) 
(Feter Molyn,) painter, — ft. at Haarlem, 1637 
— fr. at Milan, 1701. 

Tempesta, (Tempesti,) Antonio, painter, en- 
graver, — ft. at Florence, 1555 — ft. at Borne, 
1630. 

Templars, Knights Templars, Knights of 
the Temple, Order of, — founded, 1 1 1 8 or 1 1 1 9 
— rule prepared and decreed by Council of 
Troyes, and confirmed by Honorius II., 1128 
— the red cross assigned to, by Eugenius III., 
1 146 — Chapter of the Order held at Paris, 1147 
— permitted among other privileges to receive 
spiritual persons as members, by bull (Omne 
Batum Optimum) of Alexander III., 1172 — 
on loss of Palestine take refuge in Cyprus, 1 192 
— their clergy released from episcopal author- 
ity, by Innocent III., (1 198-12 16) — bishops pro- 
hibited from excommunicating, by Honorius 
III., (1216-27) — exempted from all contribu- 
tions to Holy AVar, and from tenths, by Gregory 
X., (127 1 -5) — destruction of, concerted between 
Clement Y. and Philip IV. of France, 1305 — 
[Molay, Jacques de] — sealed orders of Philip 
for arrest of, in France, issued, i2, a 14 b Sep. 
1307 — nearly all in France arrested, 13 Oct. — 
the Temple, Paris, taken possession of by the 
king : in England, seized and imprisoned by 
Edward II., end of Dec. 1307 — examinations 
with torture, carried on, 1307-8 — in Provence, 
arrested, Jan. 1308 b — aid of all princes and 
prelates demanded by bull of Clement V., Aug. 
1308 — Commission appointed by him to try 
the case, about Aug. 1308 — Commission opens 
at Paris, 7 Aug. 1309 — examinations in Eng- 
land and other countries continue, 1 309-1 1 — 
fifty-four defenders of, burnt at Paris by order 
of Council of Paris, 14 May 1310— dissolution 
of, proclaimed at Council "of Vienne, 3 Apr. 
1312 '< r — their lands in England, France, and 
other countries, transferred to Hospitallers, 



1312-23 — in Spain, to Knights of our Lady of 
Montesa, 13 17. a Engl. Cyc. b Milman. 
c Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Temple, The, at Jerusalem, — [B C] — pro- 
jected by David, 1044 a — foundation laid by 
Solomon, (Siv,) 21 May ioi2, a ioi3, b 1015,"° 
ioo8, d 998 e — building completed, (Bui,) autumn 
1005 a — Dedication, autumn 1004 a — Dama- 
scene altar put instead of brazen altar, by 
Ahaz, 740 a — altars for Tsabian worship in- 
troduced by Manasseh, after 699 a — purified by 
order of Josiah, 624 s — burnt by Nebuchad- 
nezzar, 27 Aug. 588, a Jul. 587^ 589/ 20 Jul. 
589 s — Treasury, plundered by Shishak, 970* 
— by Jehoash of Israel, 826 a — by Nebuchad- 
nezzar, 606 a — again, 588,* Jul. 587 b — gold 
taken away by Hezekiah to buy off Senna- 
cherib, 713 —rebuilt {second Temple) by Zerub- 
babel, 536 — work interrupted, 535, 522, and 
519 a — renewed, 520 a — reauthorized by Darius 
Hystaspis, spring 519 a — completed, 516-515 
(3 Adar a ) — pillaged and desecrated by An- 
tiochus Epiphanes, 168 — restored and repaired 
by Judas Maccabseus, 163 — Holy of Holies 
entered by Pompey, 63 — stormed by Herod, 37 
— rebuilt [third Temple) by Herod, 21-20 — 
[AD] — completed, 63 — burnt by Bomans, 70 
— attempt of Julian to rebuild, 363 — discovery 
of stele of Temple, with inscription, by Cler- 
mont-Ganneau, May 1871. a Usslier. 

b Clinton, Bib. Cyc. c Newton. d Marsliam. 
e Des Vignolles. f Larcher. S Petavius. 

Temple, The, Faris, — founded by Knights 
Templars, about 1222 — seized by Philip IV., 
1312 — Louis XVI. and his family confined in, 
1792 — tower demolished, 18 n. Falace, built 
by Grand Prior of Order of Malta, about 1566 
— repaired by Chevalier d' Orleans, 17 21 — again 
repaired, 1 8 1 2 — occupied by nuns of Bene- 
dictine Order, 18 15 — the nuns expelled, 1848 — 
demolished, 1853. 

Temple, George Grenville Nugent, Eakl, 
Marquis of Buckingham, statesman, — ft., 17 
Jun. 1753 — M.P. Buckinghamshire, 1774 — 
marries Lady Mary Nugent, 1775 — succeeds 
his uncle as Earl, 1779 — Lord-lieutenant of 
Ireland, 1782 — Secretary of State, Dec. 1783 
— resigns in a few days : created Marquis of 
Buckingham, 30 Nov. 1784 — again Lord- 
lieutenant of Ireland, 1787 — resigns, 1789 — tT., 
11 Feb. 1813. 

Temple, Richard Grenville, Earl,— h., 26 
Sep. 17 1 1 — M.P. Buckingham, 1734 — marries, 
1737 — succeeds to the title, 6 Oct. 1752 — First 
Lord of Admiralty, 20 Nov. 1756 — resigns, 
Apr. 1757 — Lord Privy Seal, 30 Jun. 1757 — 
K.G., 4 Feb. 1760 — resigns Privy Seal, 9 Oct. 
1761 — r/. at Stowe, 11 Sep. 1779. 

Temple, Sir William, Bakt., statesman,- 
miscellaneous writer, — ft. in London, 1628 — 
enters Emmanuel Coll. Cambridge, 1645— sets 
out onthe grand tour, about 1647 — returns, 1654 
— member of Irish Convention, 1660— Joint- 
commissioner of Irish parliament to Charles II., 
1662— secret envoy to Bp of Munster, 1665 — 
Bart., 1666— resident at Court of Brussels, 
1666 — negotiates Triple Alliance, 1668 — 
assists in negotiating Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 



TEMPLE BAR— TENNEMANN. 



1343 



1668 — dismissed, 167 1 — ambassador to States- 
General, 1674 — assists at Congress of Nime- 
guen, 1675-9 — tf. at Farnham, 27 Jan. i698, a 
1699, 13 close of 1700.° Observations upon the 
United Provinces, 1672 — Memoirs, 1709 — 
Letters, 1700-25 — Works, 1731. 

a Rees' Cyc. b Engl. Cyc. c Chalmers. 

Temple Bar, London, — built by Wren, 1670. 

Temple Church, London, — the Round dedi- 
cated by Heraclius, Patriarch of Jerusalem, 
1 1 85 — the Oblong, Ascension Day, 1240 — 
partly falls, and repairs commenced, 1825 — 
restoration commenced, 1840. 

Tenant Right, Ulster, — legality of, estab- 
lished by Act 33 and 34 Vic. c. 46, 1 Aug. 
1870. 

Tenasserim, in Malaij Peninsula, — ceded by 
Birman emperor to Great Britain, by Peace of 
Yandaboo, 1826. 

Tenby, in Wales, — founded by Flemish set- 
tlers, about 1 1 08 — castle captured by Welsh, 
1 152— attacked by Maelgwn, 11 88 — plundered 
and destroyed by Llewelyn, 1260— fortifications 
strengthened, 1588. 

Tencin, Claudine Alexandrine Guerin, 
Marquise de, — b. at Grenoble, 168 1 — re- 
nounces conventual life and settles at Paris, 
about 1 7 14 — gives birth to and abandons her 
son (d'Alembert,) 17 17 — arrested on suspicion 
of assassinating her lover, Mar. 1726 — sent to 
the Bastille, Apr., but soon released : tf. at 
Paris, 4 Dec. 1749. Siege de Calais, 1739 — 
Malheitrs de V Amour, 1747 — Anecdotes de la 
cour et du regne d'Edouard LI., 1776 — Cor- 
respondence with Cardinal Tencin, 1790. 

Tencin, Pierre Guerin de, Cardinal, Abp 
of Lyons, — b. at Grenoble, 22 Aug. 1680 — 
Abbot of Vezelay, 1702 — receives abjuration of 
J^aw, 17 Sep. 17 19 — accompanies . Cardinal de 
Rohan to Rome, and is named his conclavist, 
17 21 — remains at Rome as Charge d' Affaires, 
1 72 1-4 — Abp of Embrun, consecrated by the 
Pope, 2 Jul. 1724 — holds a Council and gets 
Soanen, Bp of Senez, condemned, Aug. 1727 — 
created Cardinal, 23 Feb. 1739— assists in the 
conclave, Aug. 1740 — Abp of Lyons, 1740 — 
Minister of State, 30 Aug. 1742— proviseur of 
the Sorbonne, 1749 — retires, Jul. 1751 — tf- at 
Lyons, 2 Mar. 1758. 

Tenedos, island of Greek Archipelago, — 
[BC] — becomes subject to Persia, 493 — naval 
station, by Xerxes, about 480— becomes ally of 
Athens in Peloponnesian War, about 430 ? — 
ravaged by Lacedaemonians, 389 — surrendered 
to Persians by Peace of Antalkidas, 387 — 
seized by Memnon, 333 — recovered by Mace- 
donians, 332 — naval station, by Attains and 
the Romans, about 200 ? — Lucullus defeats 
Mithridates near, 84 — [A D] — falls under power 
of the Turks, 1322 — ceded to Genoese, by An- 
dronicus Pakeologus, 1376— but given up by 
governor to Venetians, 1376 — unsuccessfully 
attacked by Genoese, 1377 — the dispute settled 
by mediation of Amadeus, Count of Savoy, 8 
Aug. 1 381 — taken by Venetians, 1656 — retaken 
by Turks, 1657 — occupied by British fleet, 2 
Mar. 1807 — Russians under Simavin defeat 
Seid Ali Pasha in sea-fight near, 21 Mar. 1807 



— Canaris and Cyriakos defeat the Capitan 
Pasha in sea-fight near, 10 Nov. 1822. 

Tenerani, Pietro, sculptor, — b. at Carrara, 
1789— Associate of French Academy of Fine 
Arts, 1844— tf. at Rome, 14 Dec. 1869. 

Tenerife, one of the Canary Islands, — pur- 
chased by Castile, 1476 — subjugated by Cas- 
tilians, 1493 — earthquake and volcanic eruptions 
in, 1704 and 1798. Peak of, described by 
Heberden, 1752— by Glas, 17 61 — height of, 
investigated by Borda, Aug. 1776 — ascended 
by Lemanon and Monges, 26 Aug. 1785 — by 
Humboldt, 1798 — by Bennet, 1810 — by Von 
Buch, 1 8 15— by Wilde, 1837 — astronomical 
observations made on, by Smyth, 1856. 

Teniers, David, the Elder, painter, — b. at 
Antwerp, 1582 — tf. there, 1649. 

Teniers, David, the Younger, painter, — ft. 
at Antwerp, 16 10 — Director of Academy of 
Antwerp, 1644 — tf. at Brussels, 1694,* n Feb. 
i685, b 1690,° i68o, d i696. d 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

c D'Argensville. d Other Authorities. 

Tenison, Thomas, Abp or Canterbury, — 
b. at Cottenham, in Cambridgeshire, 29 Sep. 
1636 — enters Corpus Christi Coll. Cambridge, 
1653 — takes holy orders, 1659 — M.A., 1660 
— Fellow of Bene't Coll., 24 Mar. 1662— 
chaplain to Earl of Manchester, 1667 — marries, 
about 1667 — minister of St Peter's Mancroft, 
Norwich, 1674 — D.D., 1680 — chaplain to the 
king, 1680 — rector of St Martin' s-in-the- 
Fields, London, 1680 — attends Duke of Mon- 
mouth at his execution, 1685 — has conference 
with the Jesuit, Pulton, 29 Sep. 1687- — mem- 
ber of Ecclesiastical Commission, 1689 — 
preaches funeral sermon for NellGwynn, 1691 
— Bp of Lincoln, 25 Nov. 1691 — Abp of Can- 
terbury, Dec. 1694— one of the Lords Justices, 
1695 — attends William III. on his death-bed, 
1702 — First Commissioner for treaty of union 
with Scotland, Apr. 1706 — crowns George I., 
17 15 — tf. at Lambeth, 14 Dec. 17 15. Creed 
of Mr Hobbes examined, 1670 — Discourse of 
Idolatry, 1678 — Baconiana, 1679. 

Tennant, Smithson, chemist, — b. at Selby, 
Yorkshire, 176 1 — enters Cambridge Univ., 
1782— F.R.S., Jan. 1785— M.D. Cambridge, 
1796 — receives Copley Medal, 1804 — Prof. 
Chemistry, Cambridge, 1813 — tf. at Boulogne, 
22 Feb. 1815. 

Tennant, William, poet,— b. at Anstruther, 
in Scotland, 1785 — studies at St Andrew's, 
1799-1801 — Prof. Oriental • Languages, St 
Andrew's, 1835— tf. near Dollar, 15 Feb. 1848. 
Anster Fair, 1812. 

Tennemann, Wilhelm Gottlieb, historian 
of philosophy— b. at Brembach, near Erfurt, 
7 Dec. 1 76 1 — studies at Jena, 17 8 1-8 — Prof. 
Extraord. Philosophy, Jena, 17 98 — Prof. Philo- 
sophy, Marburg, 1 804 — Librarian to the Univ., 
1 8 1 6 — If. at Marburg, 30 Sep. 1 8 1 9. Geschichte 
der Philosophic, 1798-1809 — System der Pla- 
tonischen Philosophic, 1792-4 — translation of 
Same's Lnquiry concerning the Human Under- 
standing, 1793 — translation of Locke's Essay, 
r 795-7- 



344 



TENNESSEE— TERTULLUS. 



Tennessee, V. S., — first settlements in, about 
1757 — settlements destroyed by Cherokees, 
1760— forms part of N. Carolina, ceded to 
United States, 1789, — organized as distinct 
Territory, 1794 — State of the Union, 1 Jun. 
1796 — constitution amended, 1834 — joins 
Confederate States, 8 Jun. 1861 — secret society 
of ex-rebels, Ku Klux Klan, organized in, 
1868. 

Tennessee River, V. S.,— Fort Henry on, 
surrenders to Federals, 6 Feb. 1862. 

Tennis Court, Oath of the. [French Re- 
volution, 1789.] 

Tenos, — [B Cj — taken and enslaved by Alex- 
ander of Pherse, 362. 

Tenterden, Charles Abbott, Lokd, Chief 
Justice of England,— b. at Canterbury, 7 
Oct. 1762 — enters Corpus ChristiColl. Oxford, 
Mar. 1 78 1— enters Middle Temple, 16 Nov. 
1787 — marries, Jul. 1795 — called to the bar at 
Inner Temple, Feb. 1796 — Judge in the Com- 
mon Pleas, 24 Jan. 1816 — Judge in the King's 
Bench, 3 May 18 16— Knt, 18 16— Chief Jus- 
tice of King's Bench, 4 Nov. 181 8 — created 
Baron Tenterden, 30 Apr. 1827 — tf., 4 Nov. 
1832. Law of Merchant Ships and Seamen, 
1802. 

Ten Thousand Greeks, Retreat of the, — 
[B C] — battle of Cunaxa, autumn 401 — reach 
Armenia, winter 401 — arrive at Cotyora, 
spring 400 — at Chrysopolis, after midsummer 
400 — serve Seuthes, 400— 400 of them sold 
by Aristarchus, harmost of Byzantium, 400 — 
incorporated with troops of Thimbron, 399. 

Tenths, in England, — payment of, sanctioned, 
1 188 — claimed by Pope Gregory XL, 10 Mar. 
1372 s — transferred to the Crown, by Act 26 
Hen. VIII. c. 3, 1534— restored to the Church, 
by Act 2 and 3 Phil, and Mar. c. 4, 1555— 
again vested in the Crown, by Act 1 Eliz. c. 
3 > I 559 — exemption from, granted to Abp of 
Canterbury and Bp of London, by Queen 
Elizabeth, 1559 — small benefices discharged of, 
by Act 6 Ann. c. 24, 1707 — restored to the 
Church by letters-patent of Queen Anne, 3 
Nov. 1703. [Queen Anne's Bounty.] 
a Milinan. 

Tenzel, [Tentzel,) Wilhelm Ernest, anti- 
quary, numismatist, — ft. in Thuringia, 1659 — 
historiographer of House of Saxony, 1696 — 
tf., 24 Nov. 1707. Saxonia numismatica, 1705 
—founds and edits the first literary j ournal of 
Germany, Monatlic'he JJnterredungen, 1688-98. 

Teotenheal, — defeat of Danes at, 6 Aug. 
910. 

Tephrice. [Paulicians.] 

Terah,— [B C] — b., summer 2i26, a 2260 11 — 
birth of Abraham, spring 1996 ;i — leaves Ur of 
the Chaldees, autumn 1922 a — tf., spring i92i. a 
a Ussher. b Clinton. 

Terbelis, King of the Bulgarians, — pro- 
tects andrcstores Justinian II. to the throne of 
Constantinople, 705. 

Terburg, {Ter JBorch,) Gerhard, painter, — 
fo. at Zwoll, near Overyssel, 1608— attends 
Congress of Munster, 1648— tf. at Deventer, 
1681. Congress of Munster, National Gallery, 
1648. 



Terceira, one of the Azores, — discovered and 
settled by Portuguese, 1445 — declares against 
Philip II. and repulses his fleet, 1580 — sub- 
mits to him, 1583 — earthquake in, 16 14 — 
declares for Donna Maria, 1828 — unsuccess- 
fully attacked by Don Miguel, 1829 — gives 
title of Duke to Count of Villaflor, 1833 — 
earthquake in, 1841. 

Terentius Afer, P., comic poet, — [BC] — b., 
195 — 'first exhibits, 166 — visits Greece: tf., 
(01. loo, 3,) 159-8. Andria, 4 Apr. 166, at 
Megalesian Games : Eecyra, (Megal. Games,) 
165 and 160 — Heauton-Timoreumenos, (Megal. 
Games,) 163 — Eunuchus, (Megal. Games,) 162 
— Phormio, (Roman Games,) 1 Oct. 162 — 
Adelphi, 160. 

Terms, in English law, — regulated bv Act 
11 Geo. IV. and 1 ¥m IV. c. 70, 23 Jul." 18 30 
— amended by 1 "Wm IV. c. 3, 23 Dec. 1830. 

Ternate, one of the Moluccas,— Portuguese 
settlement in, seized by Dutch, 1606 — taken 
by English, 1797 — restored to Dutch, 1801 — 
again taken by English, 18 10 — restored to 
Holland, 18 14. 

Terni, in Italy, — the Neapolitans defeated 
by French near, 27 Nov. 1798. 

Terouenne, in France, — besieged by English, 
15 1 3— capitulates to Henry VIIL, 22 Aug. 
— government of, provided for by Act 5 Hen. 
VIIL c. 1, 15 14— taken and destroyed by 
Charles V., 20 Jun. 1553 — see of, extinct, 

1559- 

Terpander, lyric poet, musician, — [B C] — f{., 
700-650^ 676-646 b — conquest at the Carneia, 
(01. 26,) 676 — introduces his musical reform, 
(heptachord lyre,) (01.33, 2-34, 1,) 647-4, (01. 
33, 4,) 645. 15 a Smith's Diet. b Muller. 

Terpsichore, asteroid, — discovered by Lu- 
ther, 30 Sep. 1864. 

Terra {Tierra) del Fuego, island of S. 
Pacific Ocean, — discovered by Magellan, 1520 
— visited by Banks and Solander, Jan. 1769 — 
coast explored by Cook, Dee. 1774 — missionary 
expeditions to, unsuccessful, 1850 and 1854. 

Terracina, {Anxur, Tarracina,) in Italy, — 
[BC] — taken by Romans, 403 — retaken by 
Volsci, 399 — again, by Romans, 396 — made 
Eoman colony, 329 — [AD] — sacked by French, 
1798 — bishopric suppressed by Napoleon I., 
1810. 

Terray, Joseph Marie, {Abbe Terray,) 
statesman, — b. in Forez, Dec. 17 15 — clerk to 
the parliament of Paris, 1736 — takes active 
part in expulsion of Jesuits and presents report 
on Statutes of the Order, 8 Jul. 176 1 — Abbot 
of Molesme, 1764 — Controller-general of Fi- 
nance, 23 Dec. 1769 to 24 Aug. 1774' — tf. at 
Paris, 18 Feb. 1778. 

Tertiary, {Third Order of St Francis,) — 
rules of the, published, 1221. 

Tertullianus, Quintus Septimius Florens, 
Latin Father, — b. at Carthage, about i6o, a 
i35 b — becomes Montanist, before 207 c — living, 
216 — tf., about "245 d ? Apologcticus adversus 
Gentes pro Christianis, 198. a Tillernont. 

b Others. c Clinton. d Biog. Univ. 

Tertullus, — Consul with Fl.Varanes, (1163, 
A. U. C.) 410. a a Clinton. 



TERTULLUS -TEUTONIC KXIGHTS. 



il\S 



Tertullns, Scapula, — Consul with. Tineius 
Clemens, (948, A. u. c.) 195. 

Tertullus, Sex. Sulpicius, — Consul with C. 
Tineius Sacerdos, (911, a. u. c.) 158. 

Teruel, {Turdeto,) in Spain, — taken from 
the Moors by Alfonso II. , 1171 — taken and 
pillaged by Pedro the Cruel of Castile, 25 Apr. 

I 3 6 5- 

Teschen, in Silesia, — head of a Principality, 
before 1298, when it becomes dependency of 
Bohemia : line of Dukes extinct, 1625 — given 
to Leopold, Duke of Lorraine, 1722. Peace of, 
between Prussia, Austria, and Saxony, termi- 
nating war of Bavarian Succession, ratified, 13 
May 1779. 

Tesselin, {Tettelin,) Louis, painter, — h. at 
Paris, 1615 — member of Academy of Painting, 
1648 — Prof., 1650 — tf. at Paris, 1655. 

Tessier, Henri Alexandre, writer on Agri- 
culture, — fj. at Angerville, 16 Oct. 1741 — 
member of Academy of Sciences, 1783 — fr- at 
Paris, 11 Dec. 1837. Edits with Bosc An- 
nates d' Agriculture, 1792-1828. 

Tessin, Karl Gustaf, Count von, archi- 
tect, statesman, — i>. at Stockholm, 1695 — 
travels in Europe, 17 14-19 — envoy to Vienna, 
1725— principal Intendant of the Court, 1728 
— Marshal of the empire : again sent to 
Vienna, 1735-7 — Speaker of the Diet, 1738 — 
ambassador to France, 1739-42 — to Denmark, 
1743 — to Berlin, 1744 — Knt of the Black 
Eagle, about 1745 — Minister of Foreign Af- 
fairs, 1747-52 — Governor of Crown Prince, 
Gustavus, 1747 — retires, 1761 — ft., Jan. 
1770. 

Test Act, in English History, — taking of 
the sacrament and declaration against transub- 
stantiation required as conditions of holding 
offices, by Act 25 Car. II. c. 2, 1673 — repealed 
by Act 9 Geo. IV. c. 17, 9 May 1828. 

Testa, C. Trebatius, jurist, — [BC] — with 
Ceesar in Gaul, between 58-49. 

Testa, Pietro, {II Lucchesino,) painter, en- 
graver, — b. at Lucca, 161 i, a 16 17 b — rj. at 
Rome, 1650. a Baldinucci. b Lanzi. 

Tetricus, C. Pesuvius, one of the Thirty 
Tyrants, — made Emperor, 267 — surrenders to 
Aurelian, 274. 

Tettenhall. [Teotenheai. ] 

Tetuan, in Morocco, — convention between 
Spain and Morocco signed at, 24 Aug. 1859 — 
the Spaniards under O'Donnell defeat the 
Moors near, 4 Feb. i860 — taken by Spaniards, 
6 Feb. i860 — Moors again defeated, 23 Mar. — 
treaty of peace signed at, 26 Apr. — evacuated 
by Spaniards by Treaty of Madrid, 30 Oct. 
1 86 1 — Roman Catholic Cathedral opened at, 
19 Nov. 1866. 

Tetuan, Dttke of. [O'Donnell.] 

Tetzel, {Tezel,) Johann, Dominican, — fr. at 
Leipsic, about 1470 — B.D., 1487 — enters the 
Order, 1489— preaches indulgences in Germany, 
1502 — opposed by Luther, 15 17 — burns 
Luther's Theses at Juterboch, 15 17 — rj. at 
Leipsic, Aug. 1519. 

Teutones, Teutoni, Teutonic Kations, — 
[BC] — mentioned by Pytheas, about 320 — 
with the Cimbri invade Roman dominions, 102. 



[Alanianni, Burgundians, Franks, Goths, 
Lombards, Saxons, Suevi, Vandals.] 

Teutonic Knights, Order of, — organized by 
Frederick, Duke of Suabia, in Palestine, 1 190 — 
confirmed by Celestine III. and invested with 
same privileges as Hospitallers and Templars, 
by bull of 23 Feb. 1192 — receive grants from 
Frederick II., 1205 et seq. — invited by Duke 
of Masovia to aid Poland against Prussians, 
and offered sovereignty of Prussia, 1230 — 
under Herman von Balek commence conquest 
of Prussia, 1231-3 — Order of Christ (Short- 
Swords of Livonia) incorporated with, 1237 — 
title of Grand Master assumed by Herman von 
Salza, about 1238 — driven from Acre by 
Templars, 1241 — Prussia given to, by Inno- 
cent IV., 1243 — serve under St Louis, 1248-50 
— by his permission quarter the Jleur de lis, 
1250 — found Konigsberg, 1255 — complete 
conquest of Prussia, 1283 — commence wars 
with Lithuanians, 1283 — on fall of Acre, 
establish themselves at Venice, 129 1 — seat of 
Order transferred to Marienburg, 1309 — re- 
storation of Pomerania to Poland ordered by 
the pope, 1322, but not made: attacked by 
king of Poland, 1324 — truce agreed to, till 
Christmas 1326 — the war renewed with Po- 
land, 1327, and disputes with Poland referred 
to arbitration of kings of Hungary and Bo- 
hemia, 1330 — truce concluded, 1330 — ravage 
Poland, 13^1 — defeat Poles at Plowcze, 1331 
— Pomerania awarded to, by kings of Hungary 
and Bohemia, 1335 — on appeal of King Ca- 
simir to the pope, the Order excommunicated 
by his nuncios, and condemned to restore 
Pomerania, but this sentence annulled by the 
pope, 1339-40 — treaty of peace with Poland 
concluded at Kalisch, 8 Jul. 1 343 — ratified by 
Diet, 23 Jul. — acquire Duchy of Esthonia 
from Denmark, 1347 — league formed against, 
by Casimir, king of Poland, and Emperor 
Charles IV., 1356 — take Kowno, 1362 — defeat 
Lithuanians at Rudau, 1370 — seize Gothland, 
1397 — accept mediation of Emperor "Wences- 
laus, and at Congress of Helsingborg agree to 
restore Gothland to Sweden, 1398 — conclude 
treaty of alliance with the three northern 
crowns, 1398 — acquire Keumark, 1402 — ac- 
quire Samogitia,. 1404 — renew peace with Po- 
land, 1404 — routed at Tannenberg, 1410 — 
Pomerania confirmed to, by Treaty of Thorn, 
1 Feb. 141 1 — the Grand Master, Henry von 
Plauen, accused of heresy as a Wickliftite and 
deposed, 141 3— attacked by king of Poland, 
1422 — by treaty with Poland, give up part 
of their domains, 27 Sep. 1422 — invade and 
ravage Poland, 143 1 — conclude truce for 
twelve years, Dec. 143 1 — convert truce into 
perpetual peace, at Brzesc, 31 Dec. 1436 — hos- 
tile confederation of nobles and towns formed 
at Marienwerder, 1440 — defeat revolted Prus- 
sians and their allies at Comitz, 1454 — carry 
on the war till 1466 — by Treaty of Thorn, 
lose Western Prussia to Poland, and hold 
Eastern as fief, 1466 — seat of the Order trans- 
ferred to Konigsberg, 1466 — Grand Master, 
Albert of Brandenburg, refuses homage to 
Sigismund of Poland, who declares war, Dec. 

85 



H4 6 



TEWKESBUKY— THAMES. 



I5I9 — truce of four years concluded by me- 
diation of emperor and king of Hungary, 
152 1 — lose Prussia, which is given as hered- 
itary Duchy to Albert of Brandenburg, by 
Peace of Cracow, 9 Apr. 1525 — unsuccessful 
attempt of Charles Y. to restore Prussia to, 
1530 — lose rest of Livonia, 156 1 — rights and 
revenue of Grand-Mastership acquired by Em- 
peror of Austria by Peace of Presburg, 1805 — 
Order abolished by Napoleon L, 24 Apr. 1809. 
Tewkesbury, in Gloucestershire, — Edward 
IV. defeats and takes prisoner Queen Marga- 
ret, 4 May 147 1 — taken by Parliamentarians, 
1644. Abbey, founded by Dukes of Mercia, 

7 r 5- 

Tewkesbury, Baron. [Munster, Earl of.] 

Texas, V. S., — Spanish settlement in, 1690 — 
French settlement attempted, 17 14 — boundary 
of, disputed between Spain and United States, 
from 1803 — the dispute settled by cession of 
Florida to United States, 18 19 — re-colonized, 
1822-23 — one of the Federal States of Mexico, 
1824 — colonization by United States prohi- 
bited by Bustamente, 1830 — his decree revoked, 
1834 — revolts against Mexican government, 
May 1835 — independence of, proclaimed, 22 
Dec. — adopts constitution and elects a presi- 
dent, 17 Mar. 1836 — independence of, acknow- 
ledged by United States, Mar. 1837 — by Eng- 
land, France, and Belgium, 1840 — treaty for 
annexation of, signed by Texan Commissioners, 
12 Apr. 1844, but rejected by U. S. Senate, 8 
Jun. — admitted to the Union, 27 Dec. 1845 — 
war respecting, between United States and 
Mexico, 1846-47 — secedes from Union, 5 Feb. 
1 86 1 — [Confederate States] — Fort Brown 
evacuated, by Federals, 1 2 Mar. — blockade of 
ports, by Pres. Lincoln, 19 Apr. — placed under 
provisional governor, 25 Jul. 1865 — ordinance 
of Secession annulled by State Convention, 
Feb. 1866 — government transferred to State 
officers, 13 Aug. 1866 — State Convention meets, 
1 Jun. 1868 — Constitution completed, Dec. 
1868 — readmitted to representation in Con- 
gress, Mar. 1870. 

Texeira, Joseph, Dominican, — b. in Portu- 
gal, 1543 — enters Dominican Order, 1565 — 
prior of Santarem, 1578 — chaplain to Henry 
III. of France, 1588 — assists at abjuration of 
Calvinism by Princes of Conde, 1596 — tf. at 
Paris, i6o4, a i62o. b Be Portugallice ortu, &c, 
1582. a Some authorities. b Others. 

Texeira, Pedro, traveller, — b., about 1570. 
Belaciones del origen, descendencia, y succession 
de los reyes de Persia, &c, 16 10. 

Texel, island at entrance of Zuyder Zee, — 
the Dutch fleet blockaded at, by Monk and 
Penn, Jun. 1653 — Van Tromp defeated and 
killed, 31 Jul. 1653 — indecisive engagement 
between Dutch and allied French and English 
fleets, 11 Aug. 1673 — Dutch fleet surrenders 
to Admiral Mitchell off, 30 Aug. 1799. 

Texier, Charles Felix Marie, archceologist, 
$c, — b. at Versailles, 29 Aug. 1802 — enters 
School of Fine Arts, 1823 — sent by French go- 
vernment to explore antiquities of Asia Minor, 
l8 33-43 — member of Legion of Honour, 1837 
—admitted to Academy of Inscriptions, 1 855 — 



rj. at Paris, 1 Jul. 187 1. Description de V 
Armenie, &c, 1842-5. Description de I'Asie 
Mineure, 1839, &c. Asie Mineure, (TJnivers 
Pittoresque,) 1863. 

Thackeray, William Makepeace, novelist, 
— b. at Calcutta, 181 1 — sent to England, 18 18 
—visits "Weimar and becomes acquainted with 
Goethe, 1830-31 — contributor to Punch, 1841 
— visits the East, 1 845 — called to the bar, 1 848 
— visits America, 1851 and 1855 — unsuccess- 
ful candidate for representation of Oxford, 1857 
— "&. in London, 24 Dec. 1863. Vanity Fair, 
1846-48 — Book of Snobs, 1848 — Pendennis, 
1850 — Esmond, 1852 — Barry Lyndon, 1853 — 
Lectures on English BTumourists, 1853 — The 
Newcomes, 1855 — Virginians, 1857-59 — estab- 
lishes and edits Cor nhill Magazine, 1859 — Four 
Georges, i860 — Adventures of Philip, 1861. 

Thackwell, Sir Joseph, general, — b., 1 Feb. 
17 8 1 — enters the army, 1800 — serves at Co- 
runna, 1809 — in Peninsular campaigns, 1813- 
14 — wounded at Vittoria, 18 13 — loses his left 
arm at Waterloo, 18 15 — Lieutenant-Colonel, 
1820 — distinguishes himself in first Afghan 
War, 1838-39 — K.C.B., 1840 — commands 
cavalry at Maharajpore, 1843 — distinguishes 
himself at Sobraon, 1846— in Sikh War, 1848- 
49 — rj. in County Cork, 8 Apr. 1859. 

Thaddeus of Suessa,— enters service of Em- 
peror Frederick II., about 1230 — defends him 
at Council of Lyons, 1245 — captured by Papal 
troops at siege of Parma, and put to death, 1 8 
Feb. 1248. 

Thalamus, — ambassador from Constantius 
to Constans at Petobio, 348— praetorian praefect 
of the East : tf., 353. 

Thalberg, Sigismond, pianist, musical com- 
poser, — b. at Geneva, 7 Jan. 1812 — begins his 
musical travels, 1830 — at Vienna, 1834 — at 
Paris, 1835 — marries a daughter of Lablache, 
1845— visits Brazil, 1855-6 — United States, 
1856-8 — at Paris and London, 1862 — again 
visits Brazil, 1863 — }j. at Naples, 27 Apr. 
1871. 

Thalelaeus, jurist, — fl., about 550. 

Thales, Tonic philosopher, — [BC] — b. at 
Miletus, about (01. 35) 639 — predicts eclipse, 
17 May 603 — b"., about 546. 

Thaletas {Thales) of Crete, lyric poet, mu- 
sician,— [BC]— ft., about (01. 38) 628-623,* 
about 670-660^ 690-660.° 

a Miiller. b Smith's Diet. c Clinton. 

Thalia, asteroid, — discovered by Hind, 15 
Dec. 1852. 

Thallium, metal, — discovered by Crookes, 
1861. 

Thalna, M.' Juventius, — [BC]— trib. pleb., 
170 — prsetor, 167 — Consul with Ti. Sempro- 
nius Gracchus, (591, a. u. c.) 163 — subdues 
Corsicans. 

Thames, The, river, — [B C] — forded by Caesar, 
54 — [AD] — the Northmen sail up, 851 — Lord 
Mayor appointed conservator of, by Act 4 Hen. 
VII. c. 15, 1487 — De Ruyter sails up, Jun. to 
Jul. 1667 — frozen over, and fair held on, Dec. 
1683 to Feb. 1684 — floods Westminster Hall, 
16 Feb. 1736 — frozen over, Jan. 1740 to 20 
Feb. — again, and fair held on, 17-24 Jan. 



THAMES-THEBAN WAR. 



^347 



1814 — again, Jan. to 8 Feb. 1839. Con- 
servancy of, provided for, by Act 20 and 21 
Vic. c. 47, 17 Aug. 1857 — further provisions 
and regulations, by Acts 27 and 28 Vic. c. 
113, 29 Jul. 1864, and 29 and 30 Vic. c. 89, 6 
Aug. 1866. 

Thames, battle of the, in Canada, [Te- 
cumseh.] 

Thames Embankment, London, — North side, 
construction of, authorized by Act 25 and 26 Vic. 
c. 93, 7 Aug. 1862 — commenced, 5 Dec. 1863 — 
opened, 13 Jul. 1870. South side, construction 
of, authorized by Act 26 and 27 Vic. c. 75, 28 
Jul. 1863 — commenced, 28 Jul. 1866 — opened, 
24 Nov. 1869. Chelsea, authorized by Act 31 
and 32 Vic. c. 44, 13 Jul. 1868 — commenced, 
5 Aug. 1 87 1. 

Thames Tunnel, London, — unsuccessfully at- 
tempted, 1804— projected by Brunei, 1823 — 
construction of, authorized by Act of Parlia- 
ment, 1824 — commenced, 1825 — irruptions of 
the river, 18 May 1827 and Jan. 1828 — works 
suspended, 1828 — resumed, 1835 — opened for 
traffic, 25 Mar. 1843— closed as footway, 19 
Jul. 1869. 

Thanet, Isle of, Kent,— the Danes winter 
in, 851 — Ealhere and Huda defeated and 
killed by Danes, 853 — Danes winter in, 864-5 
— ravaged by order of King Edgar, 968 — 
ravaged by Danes, 980— again, 1009 and ion 
— channel, {Wantsome,) separating it from 
mainland, ceases to be navigable, about 1500. 

Thapsacus, (Tiphsah,) — [BC] — in posses- 
sion of Solomon, about 990 a — sacked by 
Menahem, about 772.* a TJssher. 

Thapsus, in Africa, — [B C] — Csesar defeats 
Pompeians, and ends the civil war, 6 Apr. (in 
reality Non. Feb. 708, a. u. c.) 46, 

Thasos, — [B C] — founded, 720 a — recolon- 
ized by Parians, (Xanthus, &c.,) 708— revolt 
0^.465 — reduced by Athens, 463 — renewed re- 
volt, aided by Sparta, 41 1 — reduced by Thrasy- 
bulus, 407. a Dionys. 

Theaetetus, mathematician, Socratic philo- 
sopher, — [BC] — hears Socrates, about (01. 85) 
440. 

Theagenes Rheginus, Homeric commentator, 
— [B C] — fl., about 525. 

Theagenides, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, 
(01. 78, 1,) 468. 

Theatins, Teatins, Order of,— founded at 
Rome, by Gianpietro Caraffa, Bp Theate, 
and others, 1524 — confirmed by Clement VII., 
24 Jun. 1524 — again, by Paul III., 1540 — 
and by Pius V., 1568 — constitution revised 
and a general elected, 1588 — rule authorized 
by Clement VIII., 1604 — settle in France, 
1644 — at Vienna, 1703 — suppressed in France, 
1790. 

Theatines of the Congregation, Order of 
Nuns, — founded at Naples, by Ursula Benin- 
casa, 1583 — made subject to Nuncio of Naples, 
by Urban VIII., 1624 — again subject to Thea- 
tins, by Clement IX., 1668. 

Theatines of the Hermitage, Order of 
Nuns, — founded, at Naples, by Ursula Benin- 
casa, 1610 — confirmed by Urban VIII., 1624. 

Theatre, — [BC] — first stone, erected at 



Athens, after 500 — completed, about 340 — 
money charged for admission at Athens, after 
500— charge for the poor, defrayed by State, 
by Pericles, about 465 ? — first stone, at Rome, 
begun by Censor Cassius, but prohibited by 
P. Scipio Nasica, and pulled down, (599, 
a. u. c.) 155 — Roscian theatrical law, appoint- 
ing places for classes of hearers, 68 — wooden 
theatre, by M. JEmilius Scaurus, 58 — first 
stone, by Cn. Pompey, 55 — C. Curio's two 
theatres and amphitheatre, 50 — theatre of Mar- 
cellus, by Augustus, dedicated, 13 

Theatres, Theatrical Representations, — 
in England, ordered to be closed, 1642 — placed 
under inspection and control of Lord Cham- 
berlain, by Act 10 Geo. II. c. 28, 1737 — law 

amended by Act 28 Geo. III. c. 30, 1788 

suppression of unlicensed, further provided for 
by Act 2 and 3 Vic. c. 47, s. 46, 17 Aug. 1839 
— newly regulated by Act 6 and 7 Vic. c. 68, 
22 Aug. 1843. In France, tax on Parisian, 
imposed for benefit of poor, by decree of Louis 
XIV., 25 Feb. 1699 — increased, 17 18 and 
1744 — suppressed, 1792 — reimposed on all 
theatres, by decrees of Directory, (11 Nivose 
an IV.,) 1 Jan. 1796 and (7 Frimaire an V.) 
27 Nov. 1796 — renewed from time to time: 
made permanent by Imperial Decree, 29 Dec. 
1809 — Commission on legislation for, 1849 — 
Committee of Inquiry into dramatic works ap- 
pointed, 1850 — liberty of, declared by decree 
of Napoleon III., 5 Jan. 1864 — the Committee 
of Inquiry suppressed, 30 Sep. 1870. 

Theatrical Exhibitions, — [B C] — introduced 
at Rome, (a ballet ?) 364. 

Theban War, — [B C]— the Cadmeia seizedby 
Phcebidas, summer 382 — recovered by Theban 
exiles, beginning winter 379 — Athens decrees 
aid to the exiles, beginning winter 379— Cle- 
ombrotus marches intoBoeotia, midwinter 378 
— leaves Sphodrias, who attempts to seize the 
Piraeus, 378 — Agesilaos, commander of expedi- 
tion into Bceotia, autumn 378 — Phcebidas left 
in command, who fell, late 378 — 2nd expedi- 
tion of Agesilaos, spring 377— Cleombrotus' 
2nd expedition defeated at Cithgeron, 376 — 
Chabrias gains sea-fight at Naxos, 9 Sep. 376 
— Cleombrotus' 3rd expedition into Phokis, 
spring 375 — Athenians make alliance with 
Sparta, 374 — Timotheos, returning from Kor- 
kyra, lands exiles in Zakynthus, end 374 — 
Platsea destroyed, midsummer 374 — Timotheos, 
appointed to oppose Mnasippus in Korkyra, is 
superseded by Iphicrates, Apr. 373 — Iphicrates 
aids Korkyra, after midsummer 373 — Mna- 
sippus slain, spring 373 — Callistratus, Chabrias, 
with Iphicrates, autumn 373 — Timotheos tried, 
Nov. 373 — Timotheos goes to Asia, May 
372 — Iphicrates commands in Ionian Sea, 
May 372 — Congress at Sparta, treaty con- 
cluded, excluding Thebes, Jun. 37 1 — battle of 
Leuctra, Jul. 371 — Mantinea restored, 370 — 
Megalopolis founded, Jun. 370 — Agesilaos 
sent into Arcadia, 370 — 1st invasion of La- 
conia, midwinter 370-369 — withdraws, about 
Mar. — Messenians restored, 369 — treaty be- 
tween Athenians and Lacedaemonians, after 
Mar. 369. 

85* 



134* 



THEBES— THEODECTES. 



2. Theban invasion of Peloponnesus, spring 
368 — king of Persia attempts to arrange a 
peace, spring 368 — Dionysius the elder aids 
Lacedaemonians, 368-7— Archidamus and the 
tearless victory, 367 — Pelopidas, embassy to 
Persia fails, 367 to beginning 366. 

3. Expedition of Epaminondas into Achaia, 
early part 366 — Oropos taken, after midsum- 
mer 366 — Athens and Arcadia make defensive 
treaty, 366 — Corinth and Phlius, peace with 
Thebes, 366 — Arcadian and Elian "War, 1st 
campaign, 365 — 2nd campaign, 364. 

4. Expedition of Epaminondas into Pe- 
loponnesus, 362 — Sparta assaulted, battle of 
Mantinea, Jun. 362 — Epaminondas slain, Jun. 
362 — general peace, including Messenians, ex- 
cluding Laced'demonians, 361. 

Thebes, capital of Boiotia, — [B C]— Philolaos 
legislates for, (01. 13,) 728 ab — makes league 
with Sparta, 457 b — at war with Athens, 456 — 
battle of CEnophyta, 456 — attacks Platsea, Apr. 
431 — destroys Thespise, summer 423 — Cad- 
meia seized by Phcebidas, summer 382 — re- 
built by Cassander, before midsummer 315 — 
completely restored, 305. [Theban War.] 
a Clinton. b Muller. 

Thellusson, Peter, banker, — with Necker, 
establishes a bank at Paris, about 1763 — tf. at 
Plaistow, in Essex, 21 Jul. 1797 — validity of 
his will contested by heir-at-law, but estab- 
lished by Court of Chancery and House of 
Lords, 1805. 

Thellusson Act, — executory devises restricted 
by 40 Geo. 111. c. 98, 28 Jul. 1800. 

Thelwall, John, political and miscellaneous 
writer, — fj. in London, 27 Jul. 1764 — as 
member of Corresponding Society, tried with 
Hardy and Home Tooke for high treason, and 
acquitted, 1794 — tf. at Bath, 17 Feb. 1834. 
Poems, 1787. 

Themis, asteroid,— discovered by De Gas- 
•paris, 5 Apr. 1853. 

Themison,physician, founder of the Methodici, 
— [B C]— b., 123 a — tf., 43. a a Augustus. 

Themistius, rhetorician, philosopher, — at 
Constantinople, 347-67 ? — Senator, 355 — 
prsetorian, 361 — deputy to Jovian, 364— accom- 
panies Valens to the Danube, 368 — ambassador 
to Gratian at Borne, 377 — prsefect of Constanti- 
nople, 384. — tutor to Arcadius, 387-8 — tf., 
about 390. De Philanthropia, 347 — reply to 
Emperor's letter, early 256—tivo Orations in 
Honour of Constantius, 357 — Oration in Honour 
of Julian, 363 — Oration for Liberty of Con- 
science, 364 — on Accession of Valentinian and 
Valens, 364 — on Victory of Valens over Pro- 
copius, 367 — on Quinquennales, 368— £0 Valen- 
tinian on Jus Consulship, 369 — on Peace with 
Goths, 370 — on ten years of Valens 1 reign, 28 
Mar, 373 — Eroticus, 377 — on Elevation of 
Theodosius, 379. 

Themistocles, — [BC] — b., about 514— pro- 
motes ostracism of Aristides, 483 — Archon at 
Athens, (01. 74, 4,) 481— serves against Per- 
sians at Artemisium and Salamis, 480 — ambas- 
sador about the long walls to Sparta, 479 — 
ostracised, 471 — goes to Argos : flies to Persia, 
466 — passes thro' Athenian fleet besieging 



Naxos, 466 — arrives at Persian Court, 465— tf., 
about 449. 

Themistocles, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, 
(01. 108, 2,) 347. 

Thenard, Louis Jacques, Baron, chemist, — 
b. at La Louptiere, near Nogent-sur-Seine, 4 
May 1777 — goes to Paris, 1794 — Lecturer at 
Polytechnic School, 1798 — Prof. Chemistry, 
Coll. of France, Apr. 1804 — Prof. Chemistry, 
Polytechnic School, 18 10 — admitted to Aca- 
demy of Sciences, 18 10— Chevalier of Legion 
of Honour, 18 14 — Baron, May 1825 — member 
of Chamber of Deputies, 1827-30 — Peer of 
France, n Oct. 1832 — Commander of Legion 
of Honour, 1837 — administrator of Coll. of 
France, 1838 — resigns his professorship, 1840 
— Grand Cross of Legion of Honour, 1842 — 
tf. at Paris, 21 Jun. 1857. Trait e de chemie 
ele'mentaire, 18 13. 

Theobald, the Posthumous, and the Great, 
Count op Champagne and King op Na- 
varre, — b., and succeeds his father as Count, 
1 201 — his title disputed by'Erard of Brienne, 
1 2 15 — accompanies Louis VIII. of France to 
siege of Bochelle, 1224 — and to siege of 
Avignon, 1225 — suspected of procuring death 
of Louis VIII. and forbidden to assist at coron- 
ation of Louis IX., 1226 — his Counties claimed 
by Alice, queen of Cyprus : the dispute set- 
tled, 1234 — on death of Sancho VII. is pro- 
claimed King of Navarre, 8 May 1234— his 
title confirmed by the pope, 28 Aug. 1234 — • 
takes the Cross, 1235 — arrives at Ptolemais, 
1238 — present with his Court at martyrdom of 
Albigenses at Mont-Aime, 13 May 1239 — em- 
barks for Palestine, Aug. 1239— returns, Dec. 
— tf- at Troyes or Pampeluna, 8 or 10 Jul. 1253. 
GEuvres, 1742. 

Theobald, Abp op Canterbury, — Prior of 
Bee, 1 127 a — Abbot, 11 37 a — elected Abp, Dec. 
1 138 — consecrated, 8 Jan. 1139 — visits Borne, 
1139 — acknowledges Maud as Queen, 1141 — 
attends Council of Bheims against command of 
Stephen, Mar. 1 148— exiled, but soon returns, 
and lays interdict on king's demesnes, 1148 — 
at Council of London refuses to crown 
Stephen's son Eustace, 1152 — crowns Henry 
II., 19 Dec. 1 154 — tf. at Canterbury, 18 Apr. 
n6i a — his remains discovered, i787. a a Hook. 
Theobald. [See Champagne, Lorraine, and 
Navarre.] 

Theobald, Lewis, editor of Shakespeare, — tf., 
Sep. 1744. Shakspear restored, &c, 1726— 
edition of Shakespeare, 1733. 

Theocles, statuary, — [B C] — ft., about 550. 
Theocritus, bucolic poet, — [BC] — ft., about 
272 — goes to Alexandria, about (01. 124) 
284-280 — 16th Idyl, 270. 

Theocritus, of Chios, orator, sophist, — [B C] 
— ft., about 330 — put to death by Antigonus, 
before 301. 

Theodatus, (Theodahadus,) King of Italy, 
— marries Amalasontha, and shares the crown 
with her, spring 534 — puts her to death, 534 
or 535 — orders election of Silverius as Pope, 
Jun. 536 — deposed and slain, Aug. 536. 
Theodebald, Theodebert. [See Franks.] 
Theodectes, of Phaselis, tragic poet, rhe- 



THEODERICTTS— THEODORICUS. 



349 



torician, — [BC] — ft., about 376-375 a — gains 
tragic prize given by Artemisia, 352 — "is., not 
long before 334-335 — honoured by Alexander, 
winter 333. a Smith's Diet. 

Theodericus. [Theodoricus.] 

Theodolite, — invented by Houghton, not 
later than 1735 a — Ramsden's great, completed, 
1787. a Amer. Cyc. 

Theodora, Empress op the East,— marries 
Justinian, (I.,) about 525 — crowned Empress, 
Apr. 527 — contributes to suppression of the 
Wika sedition, 532 — procures deposition of 
Pope Silverius and election of Vigilius, 537 — 
ft., u, a 28 b Jun. 548. 

a Gibbon. b Clinton. 

Theodora, Empress op the East, — ft., 
about 810 — marries Theophilus, 830 a — is left 
guardian of the Empire and of Michael III., 20 
Jan. 842 — restores image-worship, 842 — [Icono- 
clasts] — compels Bogoris to make peace, 844 
— persecutes Paulicians, 845 — confined in a 
convent by Michael III., 857— ft., Sep. 867. 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Theodora, daughter of Constantine VIII, — 
refuses to marry Romanus Argyrus, 1028 — con- 
fined in a convent by her sister Zoe, 1028 — 
with Zoe, succeeds Michael V., i\ Apr. 1042 
— retires, Jun. 1042 — succeeds Constantine 
Monomachus, 30 Nov. 1054 — ft., 22 Aug. 
1056. 

Theodora, Queen op Jerusalem, — ft., 1145 
— marries Baldwin III., king of Jerusalem, 
1 158 — left a widow, Feb. 1162. 

Theodora, Roman courtezan, — her influence 
predominant at Borne, 890-920 — occupies 
Castle of St Angelo, about 908 — procures 
election of Pope John X., 914. 

Theodore, Pope, — succeeds John IV., 24 
Nov., a 8 Dec. h 642 — assumes title of Sovereign 
Pontiff, 646 — deposes Paul, Patriarch of Con- 
stantinople, at Council of Borne, 648 — con- 
demns Pyrrhus for Monothelism, 648 ? — ft., 13 
May 649. a Pagi and Bianebini. b Mansi. 

Theodore II., Pope, — succeeds Bomanus, 
898— ft., before Jun. 898. 

Theodore, (Kassai.) King of Abyssinia, — 
ft., about 1820 — makes war on his father-in- 
law, Bas Ali, and defeats him, 1853 — Prince of 
Amhara, 1853 — defeats and kills Ubye, sove- 
reign of Tigre, and assumes title of King of 
kings of Ethiopia and name of Theodore, Feb. 
1855 — conquers Shoa, 1856 — sanctions Pro- 
testant mission, Apr. 1856— appeals to England 
and France against Egyptian aggressions, about 
Oct. 1862 — imprisons the missionaries, Oct. 
1863 — arrests English consul Cameron, Nov. 
1863 — receives and imprisons English envoy 
Bassam, Jan. 1866 — refuses to give up his 
prisoners, spring 1867 — his troops defeated by 
Napier near Magdala, 10 Apr. 1868 — sur- 
renders British captives, 1 2 Apr. — defeated and 
killed at Magdala, 13 Apr. 

Theodore Lascaris. [Lascaris.] 

Theodoretus, Bp op Cyrus, ecclesiastical 
historian, — ft. at Antioch, about 387^ 393 b — 
Bp of Cyrus, 423 c — replies to capitula of 
Cyril, 430 — joins in condemnation of Cyril at 
Ephesus, 431 — deposed by Robber Synod of 



Ephesus, 449— restored by Council of Chalce- 
don, 451 — ft. at Cyrus, 457, b about 458 a — con- 
demned by command of Justinian at 2nd Coun- 
cil of Constantinople, 553.° Ecclesiastical 
History, written, 443-450.° 

a Biog. Univ. b Tillemont. c Clinton. 

Theodoricus, the Great, King op the Os- 
trogoths, — ft. near Vienna, 454, a 455 b — given 
up as hostage to Emperor Leo I., 461 (463 ?) — 
returns to his father, Theodemir, 473 — succeeds 
hir father, 475 — assists Zeno against Basiliscus, 
477 — again agrees to arm in defence of Em- 
pire, marches to Adrianople, and makes peace 
with Theodoric, (son of Triarius,) 47 8 a — dis- 
missed from his command by Zeno, Jan. 479 ? a 
— ravages Thessaly and Macedonia, 482 — ob- 
tains cession of parts of Dacia and Moesia, and 
is appointed by Zeno Master-general of the 
forces, 483 — Consul with Venantius, (1237, 
a. u. c.) 4.84— threatens Constantinople, 487 — 
patrician, authorized to conquer Italy, 488 — en- 
ters Italy, sum. 489 — defeats Odoacer at bridge 
of the Sontius, 28 Aug. — again, near Verona, ? 

27 Sep. — occupies Milan, Sep. — again defeats 
Odoacer at the Adda, 1 1 Aug. 490 — besieges him 
in Ravenna, 490-3 — repulses sally of Odoacer, 
10 or 15 Jul. 491 — at Ticinum, 22 Aug. 491 — 
returns to the camp before Ravenna, 29 Aug. 
492 — master of all Italy : concludes treaty with 
Odoacer, 27 Feb. 493 — enters Ravenna, 5 Mar. 
— kills Odoacer, and assumes title of King of 
Italy, Mar. — marries Audefleda, sister of Clovis, 
before 497 a — visits Rome, 500 — recovers 
Sirmium from Bulgarians, 504 — carries on 
war with Emperor Anastasius, 505-508 — me- 
diates between Alaric and Clovis, 506 — his 
general Hibba defeats the Franks, 508 — occu- 
pies dominions of Visigoths in Spain, and ad- 
ministers the government, 511-526 — marries 
his daughter Amalasontha to Eutharicus, 515 
— triumphs at Borne and at Ravenna, 519 — 
puts Boethius to death, 524— puts Symmachus 
to death, 525 — ft., 30 Aug. 526. 

a Clinton. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Theodoricus I., King op the Visigoths, 
(418-51,) — succeeds Wallia, 418 — unsuccess- 
fully besieges Aries, 426 — besieges Narbonne, 
436 — siege raised by Litorius, Theodoric de- 
feated by Aetius, 437 — besieged at Toulouse 
by Litorius, defeats and captures Litorius, 439 
— with Aetius, marches to relief of Orleans, 
451 — killed at battle of Chalons, 451. 

Theodoricus II., King op the Visigoths, 
(452-66,) — ft., 426 — kills his brother Toris- 
mund and succeeds him, close of 452 a — per- 
suades Avitus to usurp Empire of Borne, 455 
— invades Spain, 456 — defeats Bechiarius near 
Asturia, (Astorga,) 5 Oct. — plunders Bracara, 

28 Oct. — marches into Lusitania, Dec. — sacks 
Pollentia and Astorga, and returns to Gaul, 
spring 457 — negotiates with Majorian at 
Aries, 459 — attaches himself to Bicimer, who 
gives up Narbonne to him, 462 b — defeated by 
iEgidius at Orleans, 463 — assassinated by his 
brother Euric, probably close of 465, a Aug. b 
466. bc a Clinton. b Biog, Univ. c Smitb's Diet. 

Theodoricus, Ostrogothic Chief, (son of 
Triarius,) — supports Basiliscus against Emperor 



'35° 



THEODOBUS— THEOPHANO. 



Zeno, 475 — his overtures rejected by Zeno, 
threatens Constantinople, 478 — makes peace 
with Theodoric, (the Great,) 478 — General of 
the Empire, by Zeno, Jan. 479 (?)— approaches 
Constantinople as ally, 479— again threatens 
the city, 48 1 — killed on march to Illyricum, 48 1 . 

Theodoras, of Gyrene, Cyrenaic philosopher, 
— [BC] — at Athens, before 307 — in Egypt, 
after 307 — returns to Cyrene, after 307 ? 

Theodoras, of Gadara, rhetorician, — [B C] — 
fl., about 31. 

Theodoras, of Heracleia, Arian theologian, 
Bp,— ft., 355-8. a a Cave. 

Theodoras, sculptor, architect, §c, — [B C] — 
(1.) fl., about 6oo. a (2.) fl., about 560. a 
a Smith's Diet. 

Theodorus, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
80, 3,) 438. 

Theodorus, — Consul with Sabinianus, (1258, 
a. u. c.) 505. 

Theodoras, Bp of Mopstjestia, — ft. at An- 
tioch, about 350 a — appointed, 394^ 392 a — tf., 
429, 13 428 a — unsuccessful attempt to get him 
condemned by Cyril and others, 437 c — con- 
demned by Council of Constantinople, 553. 

a Biog. Univ. b Clinton. c Robertson. 

Theodorus, of Tarsus, Abp or Canterbury, 
— ft., about 603 — visits Borne, about 667-8 — 
appointed Abp of Canterbury, 668 — leaves 
Borne, Mar. 668 a — arrives in England, May 
669 a — presides at Synod of Hertford, 24 Sep. 
673 a — deposes "Wilfrid, Abp of York, 678 — 
mediates between Ethelred of Mercia and Eg- 
frid of jSTorthumbria, 679 — presides at Synod of 
Heathfield, 17 Sep. 680 — tf., 19 Sep. 690.* 
a Hook. 

Theodorus, Anagnostes, ecclesiastical his- 
torian, — fl., about 530. 

Theodoras, Angelus Comnerms, Emperor 
of Thessalonica, — succeeds his brother 
Michael as despot of Epirus, 1214a — treacher- 
ously seizes Peter of Courtenay, 12 17 — puts 
him to death, Jan. 12 18 — conquers Thessa- 
lonica and assumes title of Emperor, 1222 a — 
takes Adrianople, 1224 a — taken prisoner by 
Asan, king of Bulgaria, 1230 — plots against 
Asan and is blinded : marries his daughter to 
Asan and is released, about 1237 — treacherously 
detained prisoner by John Vataces, 1241 — 
confined in a monastery, 1251. a Finlay. 

Theodorus, PI. Mallius, — Consul with 
Eutropius, (1152, a. u. c.) 399. 

Theodorus Prodromus, monastic poet, — fl., 
before 1150. 

Theodorus I. Lascaris. [Lascaris.] 

Theodorus Studita, theologian, — ft., 759 — 
enters monastery of Studium, 781 — becomes 
Abbot, 794 — anathematizes Emperor Constan- 
tine, 795 — banished to Thessalonica, 796 — 
brought back to Constantinople, 797 — banished 
again, 809-811 — imprisoned, 813-821 — with- 
draws from Constantinople, 824 — fl., n Nov. 
826. 

Theodosian Code, — compilation of, com- 
manded, by Emperor of the East, 429 — new 
commission appointed, 435 — published, 15 Feb. 
438— epitomized by order of Alaric II., king of 
the Visigoths, {Breviarium,) 506. 



Theodosius, — campaigns of, in Britain, by 
which he recovers the island, 367-370 — defeats 
Alamanni on Upper Danube, 370 — sent to 
Africa against Firmus, end of 372 to beginning 
373 — beheaded, 376. 

Theodosius I., Boman Emperor, (379-395,) 
— ft., about 346 — accompanies his father to 
Britain, 367-370 — defeats Sarmatians in Moesia, 
374 — retires to Spain, 376 — made Emperor by 
Gratian, 19 Jan. 379 — his campaigns against 
Goths, 379-382 — baptized at Thessalonica, 380 
— prohibits pagan rites, Dec. 381 — makes 
peace with Alamanni and Goths, 382 — declares 
Arcadius, his son, Augustus, Jan. 383 — treaty of 
division with Maximus, 383 — crusade of edicts, 
&c, against Arians, 380-394— marries Galla, 
387 — defeats Maximus, 388 — restores Valen- 
tinian to Borne, 13 Jun. 389 — finally suppresses 
Paganism, 390 — orders the massacre at Thes- 
salonica, 390, and is excommunicated by Am- 
brose : restored to communion, Christmas 
390 — defeats Eugenius, Sep. 394 — $., 17 Jan. 
395- 

Theodosius II., Boman Emperor of the 
East, — ft., early in 401 — declared Augustus, 
Jan. 402 — Anthemius appointed guardian, 1 
May 408 — Pulcheria, guardian and Augusta, 4 
Jul. 414 — marries Eudocia, (Athenais,) 421 ? — 
war with Varanes, (Bahram,) end of 42 r — war 
with Joannes, 425 — with Attila, 441 — acquires 
part of Armenia, 441 ? — peace with Attila, 
447-8 — tf., Jun. 450. 

Theodosius III., Emperor of the East, — 
proclaimed, Jan. or Feb. 716 — gives up the 
Empire to Leo the Isaurian and retires to a 
monastery, about May 717. 

Theodosius, of Tripolis, mathematician, as- 
tronomer, — fl., about 100. 

Theodotians, Monarchian sect, — founded at 
Borne, by Theodotus, about 190-200. 

Theodotos,— [B C]— Archon at Athens, (01. 
98, 2,) 387. 

Theognis, of Megara, elegiac and gnomic poet, 
— [BC]— ft., about 570?— fl., (01. 58-9,) 548- 
444 — composes in 483^ a Mttller. 

Theognis, tragic poet,-^- [B C]— fl., before 
425 — mentioned, 41 1 — conspicuous till 404. 

Theon, of Smyrna, arithmetician, astrono- 
mer, — fl., 128-133.* a Clinton. 

Theon, of Alexandria, astronomer, geometer, 
— fl., about 385. 

Theophanes, of Byzantium, historian,— ft.., 
about 581. 

Theophanes, Cn. Pompeius, — [B c] — fl., 
about 62-44. 

Theophanes, Joannes, Byzantine historian, 
— ft., 758 — retires to a convent, 780 — defends 
worship of images at second Council of Nicaea, 
787 — summoned to Constantinople and im- 
prisoned, 815-16 — banished to Samothrace, and 
tf., 818. 

Theophania, Empress of the Bomans, — 
marries Otto II., 972 — Joint-regent for her 
son Otto III., 983 — celebrates Christmas at 
Borne, 989 — tf. at Nimeguen, 15 Jun. 991. 

Theophano, Empress of the East, — mar- 
ries Bomanus (II.) : accused of poisoning 
Constantine Porphyrogenitus, 959 — accused of 



THEOPHILANTHBOPISTS— THESSALONICA. 



US* 



poisoning Komanus, 963 — declared Regent of 
the Empire, Mar. 963 — marries Mcephorus 
Phocas, after 16 Aug. 963 a — instigates his as- 
sassination, 10 Dec. 969 a — banished by John 
Zimisces, 969 — recalled by her son Basilius 
II., 976. a a Finlay. 

Theophilanthropists,— sect of, formed in 
France, 1796 — suppressed, by decree of the 
Consuls, (12 Vendemiaire anX.,) 4 Oct. 1801. 

Theophilus, Emperor of the East, (829- 
842,) — crowned with his father, Michael Balbus, 
821 — succeeds him, i, a 3 b Oct. 829 — marries 
Theodora, 830 a — persecutes Catholics, and ex- 
pels painters from the Empire, 832 — invades 
Syria and besieges Sozopetra, 836 c — defeated 
by Al Motassem at Dasymon, 838,° 841 a — 
loses Amorium, Sep. 838 — puts to death his 
brother-in-law Theophobus, 841 — tf., 20 Jan. 
842 — absolved from excommunication by Synod 
of Constantinople, 842. 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Gibbon. c Finlay. 

Theophilus, Bp of Alexandria, — succeeds 
Timotheus, 23 Jul. 385 — instigates destruction 
of temple of Serapis, 388,* 389^ 391 c — opposes 
Origenites, 399 — takes part in persecution of 
Chrysostom, 403 — writes against him, 404 — 
suspended by Pope Innocent I., about 407 — ft., 
15 Oct. 412. a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

b Marcellinus and Tillemont. 
c Prosper and Pagi. 

Theophilus, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
108, 1,) 348. 

Theophilus, jurist, — fl., about 528-35. 

Theophilus, missionary to Abyssinia and 
India, — fi., about 350. 

Theophilus, Bp of Ajsttioch, — ff., before 183 
or 181. 

Theophimus, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, 
(01. 179, 3,) 62. 

Theophrastus, philosopher, — [BC] — suc- 
ceeds Aristotle, 322-287 — leaves Athens, at 
banishment of philosophers, (01. 118, 3,) 305 
— returns, 304 — "&., 287. PePapid., 315-314 — 
de Cans. Plant,, after 314-313 — de Hist. Plant., 
after 307. 

Theophylactus, Byzantine historian, — fl., 
about 602-628. 

Theophylactus, Abp of Bulgaria, — fl. , 
about 1075-1112. 

Theopompus, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, 
(01. 92,2,) 411. 

Theopompus, of Chios, historian, — [BC] — 
fc., about 378 — gains oratory prize given by 
Artemisia, 352 — restored to his country, 333 — 
takes refuge in Egypt : tf., after 305. 

Theopompus, comic poet, — [B CJ — fl., about 
380. 

Theoric Fund, at Athens, — [BC]— law of 
Eubulus, to prevent its being applied to 
military service, before 353 — law of Apollo- 
dorus, placing the application at the vote of 
citizens, repealed and himself fined, 353 — law 
of Eubulus repealed by Demosthenes, 339. 

Theotocopuli, Dominico, {PI Greco,) painter, 
sculptor, architect, — living at Toledo, 1577 — 
if. there, 1625. Altarpiece in Cathedral of 
Toledo, 1577-87. 

Theramenes, — [BC] — leading member of 



government of 400, at Athens, 411 — expedition 
against Euripus bridge, oligarchy of Paros, 
&c, 410 — commands at battle of Kyzikos, 410 
— siege of Chalkedon, &c, early in 408 — holds 
subordinate command at Arginusae, 406 — 
accuses the generals : ambassador to Lysander 
and Sparta, 405 — leader in establishment of 
the Thirty, 404 — condemned and put to death, 
404. 

_ Therapia, — Conference of Syrian Commis- 
sioners and representatives of Great Powers at 
Constantinople, meets at, 21 May 1861. 

Theresa, St,— b. at Avila, in Old Castile, 28 
Mar. 15 15 — enters Order of Carmelites, Sep. 
1534 — founds Order of Carmelites de'chausse's, 
at Avila, 1562 — t». at Alba, 5 Oct. 1582 — 
canonized by Gregory XV., 162 1. PI Castillo 
Pnterior, 1577 — Works, 1587. 

Thericles, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
61> 4 ») 533- a a Clinton. 

Thermo-Electricity, — discovered by See- 
beck, 1822 — investigated by Cumming, 1823. 

Thermograph, — invented by Marcy, 1864. 

Thermometer, — mercurial, invented by Gali- 
leo, before 1597 a — invention claimed by San- 
torio, 1630 — (attributed to Drebbel, 162 1 ?) — 
Fahrenheit's, invented, 1724 — Reaumur's, about 
1730 — Centigrade, by Celsius, 1742 — Dif- 
ferential, invented by Sturm, before 1676 — 
revived by Leslie, 1804 — Self -registering, by 
Six, 1782. a Libri. 

Thermopylae, — [B C] — battle of, Persians 
defeat Spartans, during Olympic Games, (01. 
75, 1,) 480 — Athenians prevent Philip from 
passing, before midsummer 352 — Acilius Gla- 
t)rio defeats Antiochus at, (563, a. u. c.) 191. 

Thermostat, — patented by Ure, 183 1. 

Thermus, Q. Minucius, — [BC]— trib. milit. 
under Scipio in Africa, 202 — trib. pleb., 201 — 
curule sedile, 197 — prsetor mHispania Citerior, 
196 — triumphs, 195 — Consul with L. Corn. 
Merula, (561, a. u. c.) 193 — Ligurian War : 
defeats Ligurians, 192 — returns to Borne, 190 
— serves under Scipio Asiaticus against An- 
tiochus, 189 — killed in battle with Thracians, 
188. 

Theroigne de Mericourt, Mlle., — takes 
part in insurrection of women, at Versailles, 5 
Oct. 1789 — arrested at Liege, early in 1791, 
and imprisoned in Austria : has interview with 
Emperor Leopold and is released, 1792 — ap- 
pears at Jacobin Club, Paris, Mar. 1792 
— takes part in insurrection of 10 Aug. 
1792 — attacked by women in Garden of the 
Tuileries, spring 1793 — insane, 1794 — writes 
to Saint- Just, 26 Jul. 1794— tf., 1817. 

Theron, Tyrant of Agrigentum, — [B C] — 
acquires the government, 488 — expels Terillus 
from Himera, and gains the city, 482 — with 
Gelon, defeats Hamilcar, 480 — receives Poly- 
zelus, 478 — victor at chariot race, at Olympia, 
(01. 76,) 476 a — rj., (01. 76, 4,) end of 472 or 
beginning of 47 1. a Miiller. 

Thespiae, — [BC] — destroyed by Thebans, 
summer 423. 

Thespis, tragic poet, — [BC] — first exhibits, 

535- 

Thessalonica, (Therme, Thermce, Salonica,) 



THESSALUS— THIRTY-NINE ARTICLES. 



in Macedonia, — [B C] — taken and occupied by 
Athenians, about 432— restored to Perdiccas, 
soon after : named in honour of Alexander's 
sister, and repeopled by Cassander, about 315 — 
surrenders to Romans, 16S, and is made capital 
of a province : [AD]— visited by Paul, about 53 
— sedition at, murder of the Prefect by the 
people, 390 — massacre of the people by order 
of Theodosius, Apr. 390 — besieged by Theo- 
doric, 479 — taken by Saracens, 30 Jul. 904 — 
[erected into a kingdom for Rayner of Mont- 
ferrat, 1 1 80 ?] — besieged and taken by Normans 
of Sicily, 15 Aug. 11 85 — made seat of Empire 
by Theodore Angelus, between 1220-30— go- 
vernment and title of Emperor assumed by his 
brother Manuel, 1230— John (son of Theo- 
dore) appointed, 1232— taken by Theodore, 
Emperor of Nicsea, and the Empire abolished, 
1234 — taken by Sultan Amurath I., 1380— 
ceded by Solyman to Emperor Manuel, 1403 
' — gives title of Emperor to John of Selymbria, 
1403 — visited by Emperor Manuel II., i4 J 4-— 
sold to Venice by Despot Andronicus : taken 
from Venetians by Amurath II., 1430. 

Thessalus, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
107, 2,) 351. 

Thessalus, physician, (one of the JDogmatici,) 
— [B €]—{{., about 400. 

Thessalus, physician, (one of the Methoclici,) 
— fl., about 60. 

Thessaly, — [BC] — Jason of Pherge elected 
Tagus, 374-370 — Lycophron deprived of the 
tyranny, 353— dependent on Macedonia, 344- 
197 — under protection of Rome, 197. 

Thetford, in Norfolk, (Sitomagus ?)— Synod 
held at, 669 — sacked by Danes, and made their 
head-quarters, 870 — burnt by Sweyn, 1004 a 
and 1 01 8 a — seat of bishopric, transferred from 
Elmham, 1075 — again removed to Norwich, 
1094 — priory founded, 11 04 — seat of suffragan 
bishopric, 1535. a Freeman. 

Thetis, asteroid, — discovered by Luther, 17 
Apr. 1852. 

Thevenot, Jean de, traveller, — h. at Paris, 
6 Jun. 1633 — goes to Rome, 1654 — visits the 
East, 1655-63— again, 1664 — ft. in Armenia, 
28 Nov. 1667. Voyages, 1689. 

Thevenot, Melchizedec, traveller, — fj. at 
Paris, 162 1 — envoy to Genoa, 1645 — envoy to 
Rome, 1652-5 — assists at election of Pope 
Alexander VII., 1654 — librarian to the king, 
1684 — member of Academy, 1685 — ft. near 
Paris, 29 Oct. 1692. Relations de divers 
voyages, &c, 1663-72. 

Thew, Robert, engraver, — ft. in Yorkshire, 
1758— ft. at Stevenage or Roxley, Jul. 1802. 

Thibaut, Anton Justus Friedrich, jurist, — 
fj. in Hanover, 4 Jan. 1772 — Prof. Civil Law, 
Kiel, 1799 — Prof. Civil Law, Jena, 1802 — 
Prof. Civil Law, Heidelberg, 1805 — Corre- 
spondent of French Academy of Sciences, 1837 
— U. at Heidelberg, 28 Mar. 1840. System 
des Pandekten-Rechts, 1803 — Civilistische Ab- 
handhmgen, 18 14 — JJebcr die Nothwcndigkeit 
cines allgemcinen burgerlichen Rechtes in 
Jjcut sell land, 18 14. 
Thibet. [Tibet.] 
Thielen, Jan Philip van, painter, — fj. at 



Mechlin, 161 8 — member of guild of painters of 
Antwerp, 1641 — returns to Mechliu, about 
1660 — ft. there, 1667. 

Thielmann, Johann Adolf, Baron von, 
general, — b. at Dresden, 27 Apr. 1765 — enters 
the army, 1782 — Lieutenant-general, 1810 — 
takes part in French expedition to Russia, 
1 812 — Baron, 1813 — Governor of Torgau, 
refuses to give up the town to Gen. Reynier, 
Feb. 18 1 3 — is ordered to surrender it, 10 May 
1 8 13 — enters service of Russia, 181 3 — takes 
Merseburg, 18 Sep.— attacks French cavalry 
near Nauburg, 10 Oct. — takes part in cam- 
paigns of 1 814-15 — ft. at Coblentz, 10 Oct. 
1824. 
Thierry. [See Flanders, Franks, Holland.] 
Thierry, Jacques Nicolas Augustin, his- 
torian, — 0. at Blois, 10 May 1795 — enters the 
Normal School, 18 11 — Secretary to Saint- 
Simon, 1 8 14- 1 7 — member of Academy of In- 
scriptions, 1830 — marries, 1831 — member of 
Legion of Honour, 1831 — Officer, 1837 — Com- 
mander, May 1845 — ft. at Paris, 21 May 1856. 
Editor of the Censeur Europeen, 1817-20 — 
Histoire de la conquete de V Angleterre par les 
Normands, 1825 — Lettrcs sur V histoire de 
France, 1827 — Recits des Temps Merovingiens, 
1840-2 — Essai sur V Histoire du Tiers Etat, 

Thimbron, ( Thibron,)—[B C] — Commander 
in Asia against Tissaph ernes, 399 — superseded 
by Derkyllidas, fined and exiled, 399 — com- 
mands in Asia against Sleuthes, and is slain, 

39 2 - 

Thionville, in Lorraine, (Caramcsia, Theodo- 
nis Villa,) — Charles the Great holds councils at, 
805 — unsuccessfully besieged by Philip of 
Burgundy, 1443 — taken from Spaniards by 
the French, 1528 — retaken by Spaniards ; 
stormed by Duke of Guise and Marshal de la 
Vieuville, 23 Jun. 1558 — restored to Philip II. 
by Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis, Apr. 1559 — 
Gen. de Feuquieres defeated by Ottavio Picco- 
lomini before, 7 Jun. 1639 s — besieged and 
taken by Conde, 1643 — ceded to France by 
Treaty of the Pyrenees, 1659 — unsuccessfully 
besieged by Prussians, under Brunswick, 24 
Aug. to 20 Sep. 1792 — blockaded by allies, 10 
Jan. to 20 Apr. 18 14 — again blockaded by 
Prussians, 25 Jun. 18 15 — surrenders, 20 Nov. 
— occupied by allies, under Treaty of Paris, 20 
Nov. 1 8 15 to 24 Nov. 1 81 8 — bombarded by 
Germans, 22 Nov. 1870 — capitulates, 24 Nov. 
— with part of Lorraine ceded to Germany by 
Treaty of Versailles, 26 Feb. 1 871— [Franco- 
German War.] Councils of, held, Oct. 822,* 
8r 3 ; b in support of Louis le Debonnaire, 
Feb. 835 ; for reconciliation of Lothaire, Louis, 
and Charles, Oct. 844 ; 1003. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Man si. 

Thirty-nine Articles, of Church of England, 
— originally forty -two, drawn up, 155 1 — modi- 
fied and reduced to present number, by Convo- 
cation, 29 Jan. 1563 — again modified, and sub- 
scription to, regulated by Act 13 Eliz. c. 12, 
157 1 — unsuccessful attempts made to get se- 
veral suppressed, 1572 — [Lambeth Articles] — 
adopted by Irish Convocation, 1635. 



T1IIET Y TYRANTS— THOMSON. 



1353 



Thirty Tyrants, at Athens,— [B C] — govern- 
ment of, established, (01. 93, 4,) 404— over- 
throw, followed by amnesty, 403. 

' Thirty Tyrants,' of Rome, (about nineteen, 
in fact,) — usurp Imperial title in various pro- 
vinces, and arrest invasions of barbarians, dur- 
ing reign of Gallienus, 254-268. 

Thirty Years' Truce, — [EC]- between 
Athens and Sparta, concluded, (01. 83, 3-4,) 
446 -445. a a M filler. 

Thirty Years' War, between Catholic and 
Protestant Princes of Germany,' — originates in 
persecution of Protestants of Bohemia by Em- 
peror Ferdinand II., and begins with revolt of 
Eohemia, 1618 — battle of Prague, 1620 — 
Danish intervention begins, 1624 — Peace of 
Liibeck, 1629 — Swedish intervention under 
Gustavus Adolphus, Jun. 1630 — battle _ of 
Liitzen, 1632 — French intervention begins, 
May 1635 — Peace of Prague, May 1635 — 
battle of Wittstock, 1636— battle of Nordlin- 
gen, 1645 — terminated by Peace of Westpha- 
lia, 1648. 

Thisbe, asteroid, — discovered by Peters, 15 
Jun. 1866. 

Thistle, Order of the, in Great Britain, — 
[re-]founded by James II., 29 May 1687 — 
falls into abeyance on his abdication, 1688 — 
revived by Queen Anne, 31 Dec. 1703 — num- 
ber of members increased by ordinance of 
George IV., 16 Jul. 1 821— again increased, 
May 1827. 

Thistle, Our Lady of the, military order of, 
— instituted by Louis II., Duke of Bourbon, 
1370. 

Thistlewood, Arthur,— ft. in Lincolnshire, 
1772 — arrested on charge of taking part in 
Spa-Fields Biots, Dec. 18 16 — liberated, Jun. 
1817 — challenges Lord Sidmouth, 1817 — takes 
part in Cato-Street Conspiracy, 1820 — exe- 
cuted, 1 May 1820. 

Thomas, Antoine Leonard, litterateur, — ft. 
in Auvergne, 1 Oct. 1732 — admitted to the 
Academy, 1767 — tf. near Lyons, 17 Sep. 1785. 
(Euvres, 1802. 

Thomas, George Henry, general, — ft. in 
Virginia, 21 Jul. 18 16 — studies at West Point 
Academy, 1836-40 — distinguishes himself in 
Mexican War, 1846-8— Prof, at West Point, 
1850 — employed against Indians in Texas, 
1 855 — Brigadier-general of Volunteers, 1 7 Aug. 
186 1 — sent into Kentucky, Dec. 1861 — defeats 
Zollikofer at Somerset, 19 Jan. 1862 — Bri- 
gadier-general in regular army, Jan. — Major- 
general of Volunteers, 25 Apr. — takes part in 
siege of Corinth, Oct. — distinguishes himself 
at Murfreesborough, 31 Dec. — and at Chat- 
tanooga, 19-20 Sep. 1863 — appointed Ge- 
neral-in-chief of army of Ohio : distinguishes 
himself in campaign of 1865 — Major-general, 
27 Jun. 1865 — ft. at San Francisco, 28 Mar. 
1870. 

Thomas, John, sculptor, — ft., about 18 15 — 
&. in London, 9 Apr. 1862. Model for Monic- 
ment to Shakespeare, 1862. 

Thomas, St. [St Thomas.] 

Thoma3, William, — Cleric of the Council 
to Edward VI., 1547— convicted of suggesting 



murder of Queen Mary, and executed, 18 May 
1554. History of Italy, 1549— Rules of Italian 
Grammar, &c, 1550. 

Thomas of Damascus, — distinguishes him- 
self at siege of Damascus, by Amrou and 
Khaled, 633 — pursued and put to death, 634. 

Thomas a Kempis. [Kempis.] 

Thomas Aquinas, St. [Aquinas.] 

Thomas Magister, rhetorician, grammari- 
an, — {L, about 1 3 10. 

Thomasin, (Tomasin,) {Zerlder, Tirlcelare, 
Clcir,) poet, — ft. in Italy, about 11 86. Per 
Welsche Gast, 12 16. 

Thomasius, Christian, — ft. at Leipsic, i, a 
12 b Jan. 1655— M.A., 1672— LL.D. Frank- 
fort-on-the-Oder, 1679 — Prof, at Univ. of 
Leipsic, begins lecturing in German, 1687 — 
lectures at Berlin, 1690 — Prof. Jurisprudence, 
Halle, 1694 — Bector, 17 10 — ft. at Halle, 23 
Sep. 1728. Pinleitung zu der Vemunft-lehre, 
1 69 1 — Pinleitung der Sittenlehre, 1692 — His- 
toric der Weisheit und Thorheit, 1693. 

a Conv-Lex. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Thomassin, Henri Simon, engraver, — ft. at 
Paris, i688, a 26 Feb. 1687 b — studies under 
Picart, 1710-13 — admitted to Academy of 
Painting, 27 Nov. 1728 b — ft. at Paris, 1 Jan. 
1741. Magnificat, after Jouvenet, 1724 — 
Plague of Marseilles, 1727. 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Jal. 

Thomassin, Philippe, engraver, — ft. at 
Troyes, 1536^ 1546 b — studies under Cort at 
Bome, before 1579. a Bost. b Other authorities. 

Thomassin, Simon, engraver, — ft. at Troyes, 
1652,* 1638, b 1655 ?c — ft. at Paris, 1732,* 
i722. b Transfiguration, after Baphael, 1680 
— Recueil de Statues, &c, 1694. 

a Basan and Nagler. b Kost. c Jal. 

Thompson, Sir Benjamin. [Eumford, 
Count.] 

Thompson, Charles Thurstan, engraver, — 
ft., about 1 8 17 — "&., 20 Jan. 1868. 

Thompson, John, engraver, — ft., about 1785 
— tf. at Kensington, 20 Feb. 1866. 

Thompson, William, poet, §c. — M. A. Queen's 
Coll. Oxford, 26 Feb. 1738 — tf. Dean of 
Baphoe in Ireland, before 1767. Sickness, 
1746 — Poems, 1757. 

Thompson, William, .naturalist, — ft. at Bel- 
fast, 2 Nov. 1805 — tf. in London, Jan. 1852. 
Natural History of Ireland, 1849-56. 

Thompson, Zadoc, naturalist, — ft. in Ver- 
mont State, U. S., 1796— graduates at Univ. 
of Vermont, 1823 — Prof. Natural History and 
Chemistry, about 1843— State Naturalist, 1853 
— tf. in Vermont, 19 Jan. 1856. Gazetteer of 
Vermont, 1824 — Natural, Civil, and Political 
History of Vermont, 1842. 

Thomson, Andrew, theologian, — ft. in Dum- 
friesshire, 11 Jul. 1779 — parish minister of 
Sprouston, 1802 — removes to Perth, 1808 — to 
Edinburgh, 18 10 — If. there, 9 Feb. 1831. 
Originates and edits Christian Instructor, 
1810. 

Thomson, Anthony Todd, physician, — ft. at 
Edinburgh, 7 Jan. 1778— settles in London, 
about 1800— F.B.C.P., 1826— Prof. Materia 
Medica, Univ. of London, 1828 — Prof. Me- 



354 



THOMSON— THORWALDSEN. 



dical Jurisprudence, 1832— tf. at Ealing, 3 Jul. 
1849. Conspectus Pharmacopice, 18 10 — Lon- 
don Dispensatory, 1 81 1 — Elements of Materia 
Medica, 1832. 

Thomson, Charles E. Poulett. [Syden- 
ham, Lord.] 

Thomson, James, poet, — fi. at Ednam, in Rox- 
burghshire, 11 Sep. 1700 — comes to London, 
1725 — tf. at Kew, 27 Aug. 1748. The Seasons, 
1726-30 — Castle of Indolence, 1748 — Liberty, 
1735. 

Thomson, John, painter, — b. in Ayrshire, 1 
Sep. 1778 — parish minister of Duddingstone, 
near Edinburgh, 1805 — tf. there, 27 Oct. 
1840. 

Thomson, Richard, antiquary, — b., about 
1795 — Librarian of London Institution, 13 
Aug. 1834 — tf. in London, 2 Jan. 1865. Ac- 
count of Processions and Ceremonies observed in 
the Coronations of the Kings and Queens of 
England, 1820 — Chronicles of London Bridge, 
1827 — Illustrations of British History, 1828 
— Legends of London, 1832. 

Thomson, Thomas, chemist, — b. at Crieff, 
Perthshire, 12 Apr. 1773 — studies at St An- 
drew's, 1788-91 — at Edinburgh, under Dr 
Black, 1795-6 — introduces use of symbols in 
chemistry, about 1798 — comes to London,i8i3 
— marries, 1 8 1 6 — Lecturer on Chemistry, 
Glasgow, 1 8 17— Prof., 1818-46— Pres. Philo- 
sophical Society, 1834 — tf., 2 Jul. 1852. Editor 
of third edition of Encyclopedia Britannica, 
1796-1800 — System of Chemistry, 1802 — Ele- 
ments of Chemistry, 18 10 — History of Royal 
Society, 1 8 1 2 — edits Annals of Philosophy, 
1813-22 — Attempt to establish First Principles 
of Chemistry, 1825 — History of Chemistry, 
1 8 30- 1 — Outlines of Mineralogy and Geology, 
1836. 

Thoreau, Henry David, — b. at ■ Boston, 
Mass. U. S., 12 Jul. 18 17 — graduates at Har- 
vard Coll., 1837— tf. at Concord, Mass., 6 May 
1862. A Week on the Concord and Merrimack 
Pi vers, 1849 — Life in the Woods, 1854 — Ex- 
cursions, 1863 — Yankee in Canada, &c, 1866. 

Thoreshy, Ralph, antiquary, — b. at Leeds, 
1658 — F.R.S., 1697 — tf., 1725. Pucatus 
Leodiensis, 17 15 — Vicaria Leodensis, 1724. 

Thorgilsen. [Are Frode.] 

Thorild, Thomas, poet, §c, — b. in Sweden, 
18 Apr. 1759 — visits England, Sep. 1788 — im- 
prisoned for his Essay on the Freedom of the 
Public Mind, 1789 — ft. Librarian and Prof. 
Greifswald TJniv., 31 Oct. 18 19. Simlade 
Skrifter, 1819-24. 

Thorinum, metal, — discovered by Berzelius, 
1828. 

Thorkelin, Grim Jonsson, — b. in Iceland, 
175 2 —studies at C openha gen, 177 o — visits Great 
Britain, 1786-91— LL.D. St Andrew's, 1788 — 
Keeper of the Secret Archives, Copenhagen, 
1 79 1 — loses his house and library by the bom- 
bardment, 1807 — tf. at Copenhagen, 4 Mar. 
1829. 

Thorlaksson, Jon, poet, — b. in Iceland, 13 
Dec. 1744— tf., 21 Oct. i8i9, a Apr. 1820. b 
Translation of Paradise Lost, 1828. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. TJniv. 



Thorn, in Prussia, — founded by Teutonic 
Knights, 123 1 — places itself under protection 
of king of Poland, 1454 — receives Lutheran- 
ism, 1557 — unsuccessfully attacked by Swedes 
under Wrangel, 1629 — capitulates to Charles 
Gustavus of Sweden, 1655 — taken by Poles 
and Brandenburgers, 1658 — blockade of, by 
Charles XII., formed, 1703 — surrenders, 14 
Oct. 1703 — devastated by plague, 1708-10 — 
massacre of Protestants at, 7 Dec. 1724 — taken 
possession of, by Prussia, 1793 — forms part of 
Grand Duchy of "Warsaw, 1807 — capitulates 
to Russians and Prussians, 18 13 — restored to 
Prussia by Congress of Vienna, 18 15 — fortifi- 
cations strengthened, after 18 18. First Treaty 
of between Poland and Teutonic Knights, 
confirming possession of Pomerania to the 
Knights, concluded, 1 Feb. 141 1. Second, by 
which the Knights lose "Western Prussia, and 
hold Eastern as fief of Poland, 1466. Con- 
ference of, for settlement of religious differ- 
ences, meets, Oct. 1645 — breaks up, 21 Nov. 
1645. 

Thorney, in Cambridgeshire, — monastery 
founded, about 662 — destroyed by Danes, 870 
— refounded for Benedictines, by Ethelwold, 
Bp of Winchester, 972 — church rebuilt, 1085- 
1125. 

Thornhill, Sir James, painter, — ft. at Mel- 
combe Regis, 1676 — Knt, 17 15 — M.P. Mel- 
combe Regis, 17 19 — opens his school for draw- 
ing, in London, 1724 — tf. at Thornhill, near 
"Weymouth, 4 May 1734. Cupola of St Paul's, 
London, 17 15, &c. — Painted Hall, Greenwich 
Hospital, 1708-27. 

Thornton, Bonnel, litterateur, — ft. in Lon- 
don, 1724 — tf. there, 9 May 1768. (With 
George Colman) The Connoisseur, 31 Jan. 
1754 to 30 Sep. 1756 — (with Colman and 
Warner) translation of Plautus, 1767 — Battle 
of the Wigs, 1768. 

Thornton, John Robert, botanist, — b., about 
1758 — M.B. Cambridge, 1797— tf. in London, 
21 Jan. 1837. Philosophy of Medicine, 1798 
Philosophy of Politics, 1799 — Practical 
1809 — British Flora, 18 12. 

Thorpe, Benjamin, antiquary, — h., 1808 — 
tf. at Chiswick, 18 Jul. 1870. Ancient Laws 
and Lnstitutes of England, 1840 — Translations 
of Pauli's Life of Alfred the Great, 1847 — - 
Northern Mythology, 1851 — Lappenberg's His- 
tory of England, 1845-57 — e ^ ts Anglo-Saxon 
Chronicle, with translation, 1858 — and Basic's 
Grammar of Anglo-Saxon Tongue, 1865 — 
Piplomaticum Anglicum AZvi Saxonici, 1865. 

Thorpe, William, — preaches doctrines of 
Wickliffe, about 1 386-1407 — in prison as a 
Lollard, 1407 — examined before Abp Arundel, 
3 Jul. 1407 — his Examination condemned by 
assembly of clergy, 1530. 

Thorwaldsen, Albert, (Bertel,) sculptor, — 
ft. at Copenhagen, 19 Nov. 1770,* 1769 b — 
obtains gold medal of the Academy, Mar. 1794 
— arrives at Rome, 8 Mar. 1797 — visits Copen- 
hagen, 1819-20 — tf. at Copenhagen, 24 Mar. 
1844. Jason, before 1803 — Triumph of Alex- 
ander, 1812 — Priam and Achilles, 1815 — Night 
and Pay, 18 15 — The Christ, St John, The 



THOU— THREE CHAPTERS. 



1355 



Apostles, completed, 1838 — Statue of Byron, 
1833. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Thou, Christophe de, — ft. at Paris, 1508— 
Pres. parliament of Paris, 1554 — First Pres., 
Dec. 1562 — If. at Paris, 11 Nov. 1582. 

Thou, Francois Auguste de,— ft. at Paris, 
about 1607 — executed at Lyons as accomplice 
of Cinqmars, 12 Sep. 1642. 

Thou, Jacques Auguste de, ( Thuanus,) his- 
torian, — ft. at Paris, 8 Oct. 1553 — witnesses 
massacre of St Bartholomew, at Paris, 1572 — 
goes to ■ Italy, 1573 — marries, 1585 — Coun- 
sellor of State, Aug. 1588 — attends States- 
General of Blois, 1588— attends Henry IV., 
1589-94 — Keeper of the Royal Library, 1593 
— takes part in Conferences of Surenes, 1594 
— Pres. a mortier, parliament of Paris, 1595 — 
assists in preparing Edict of Nantes, 1598 — 
marries again, 1605 — ft. at Paris, 7 May 1617. 
Historia sui Temporis, 1604-20, put in the 
Index Expurgatorius, 1609 — Memoires, 1620. 

Thou, Nicolas de, P>p of Chartres,— ft. at 
Paris, 1528 — Bp of Chartres, 1573 — receives 
Henry IV., 1589 — crowns Henry IV. at 
Chartres, 27 Feb. 1594— ft. at Villebon, 15 
Nov. 1598. 

Thouars. [Bu-Petit Thouars.] 
Thoyras. [Rapin de Thoyras.] 
Thrace, Thracians,— [B(5]— subjugated by 
Megabazos, 506 — recover independence, after 
479 — Sitalkes king, alliance with Athenians, 
429 — invasion of Brasidas, 424 — Seuthes, 424 
— the kingdom divided at his death, probably 
before 405 — Xenophon and the Ten Thousand 
in service of another Seuthes, 399 — Cotys 
king, 382-358 — Berisades with Amadocas 
and Kersobleptes succeed Cotys, 358-352 — 
great part of, reduced by Philip of Macedonia, 
spring 342 to Jul. 341 — falls to share of Ly- 
simachus, after 323 — Lysimachus, king, 
captured by Dromichsetes, king of the Getse, 
about 292-291 — with Macedonia, part of 
Roman Empire, 168 — ravaged by Scordisci, 
who defeat C. Cato, 1 14 — Metellus carries on 
war with, 113 — revolt in, suppressed by L. 
Piso, 1 3-1 1 — [AD] — deprived of autonomy by 
Vespasian, between 71-79 — expulsion of Goths 
by Probus, 27 8 — settlement of Sarmatse Limi- 
gantes in, 334 — plundered by Goths, 365 — 
settlement of Goths in, 382 — plundered by 
Bulgarians, 499 and 502 — defeat of Huns and 
Bulgarians in, by Mundus, 530 — by Belisarius, 
559 — invasion by Avars, 570 — forms part of 
Ottoman Empire, from 1453. 

Thrasea Paetus, P., {Fannius ?) — supports 
accusation of Cossutianus Capito, by Cilicians, 
57 — refuses to vote respecting murder of Agrip- 
pina, Mar. 59 — put to death by Nero, 66. 

Thrasybulus, [Thrasuboulos,) Tyrant of 
Miletus, — [B C] — ends war with Lydians, 612. 
Thrasybulus, the Steirian, — [B C] — com- 
mands galley at Samos, 411 — appointed one 
of the generals, recalls Alkibiades, at Kynos- 
sema, 411 — at Kyzikos, 410 — reduces Thrace, 
407 — superseded : at Arginusse, 406 — banished 
by the Thirty, 404— omipies Phyle, 404 — 
advances to Piraeus, (Posideon,) 404 — destroys 
tyranny of the Thirty, 404 — takes possession of 



Athens, before Jul. 403 — ends the contest, 
(Boedromion,) 403 — commands Athenians at 
Haliartus, 395 — sent to Cyprus to oppose 
Telentias, 390 — killed at Aspendus, end of 390 
or beginning of 389. 

Thrasybulus, Tyrant of Syracuse, — [B C] 
— begins to reign, 466, 467.3- a smith's Diet. 

Thrasydeeus, of Mis, — [B C] — heads de- 
mocracy and conquers oligarchs of Elis, 400 — 
sent to Lacedajmon, 399. 

Thrasydeeus, Tyrant of Agrigentum, — 
[BCj — succeeds his father, Theron, 472-471 — 
expelled from Syracuse, (01. 76, 4,) 47 3-47 2. a 
a Miiller. 

Thrasyllus, — [B C] — at Samos, opposes oli- 
garchical conspiracies, 41 1 — appointed General, 
commands at Kynossema, 41 1— checks Agis,near 
Athens, 410 — sails to Samos, sum. 409 — enters 
Lydia, sum. 409 — at Chalcedon, 408 — at siege 
of Byzantium, 408 — conducts vessels back to 
Athens, 407 — commander at Arginusae, 406 — 
put to death, 406. 

Thrasyllus, — Archon at Athens, (01. 210, 
1,) 61. 

Thrasymenus, — [B C] — Hannibal defeats C. 
Flaminius at, (537, a. u. c.) 217. 

Threatening Letters, — sending of, punish- 
able as high treason, by Act 8 Hen. VI. c. 6, 
1429 — as capital felony, by Act 9 Geo. I. c. 22, 
1722 — amended by 27 Geo. II. c. 15, 1754— 
to accuse of crime, punishable by Act 30 Geo. 
II. c. 24, 1757 — law respecting, altered by Act 
4 Geo. IV. c. 54, 8 Jul. 1823 — further provi- 
sions by Acts 7 and 8 Geo. IV. c. 29, s. 8, 21 
Jun. 1827 ; 7 Wm IV. and 1 Vic. c. 87, s. 4, 
17 Jul. 1837 ; and 10 and 11 Vic. c. 66, s. 6, 9 
Jul. 1847 — former provisions repealed by Act 
24 and 25 Vic. c. 95, 6 Aug. 1861 — new pro- 
visions respecting, by Act 24 and 25 Vic. cc. 
96 and 97, 6 Aug. 1861. 

1 Three Bishoprics.' [Metz, Toul, Verdun.] 

Three Chapters, in Church History, {selec- 
tion of passages from Theodore of Mopsuestia, ' 
Theodoret of Cyrrhus, and Ibas of Edessa,) — 
condemned by edict of Justinian at instigation 
of Theodore of Csesarea, 544, a 546, b and by 
Menas, Patriarch of Constantinople : defended, 
by Facundus of Hermiana, about 546-7,° 548 d 
— Pope Vigilius promises to anathematize 
them, Feb. 547, and suspends Menas, Patriarch 
of Constantinople : he is suspended by Menas: 
and restores Menas, 29 Jun. 547 c — condemned 
by Judicatum of Pope Vigilius at Council of 
Constantinople, 1 1 Apr. 548 b — oath (Juramen- 
tum) of Vigilius to procure condemnation of, 
15 Aug. 550 c — defended by Fulgentius Fer- 
randus, before 551 d — Theodore of Csesarea 
deposed and Menas again suspended by Vigi- 
lius at Council of Constantinople, 14 Aug. 
551 bc — persecution of Vigilius, 551 — obedi- 
ence to Imperial edicts against, prohibited by 
Vigilius, 552 c — defended by Reparatus, Bp of 
Carthage, who is banished, 552 — Encyclica of 
Vigilius, from Church of St Euphemia at 
Chalcedon, 5 Feb." 55 2 c — condemned by Coun- 
cil of Constantinople, which Vigilius refuses to 
attend, May to Jun. 553 — defended by Consti- 
tutum of Vigilius, 14 May 553° — condemned 



135'- 



THREE PER CENT CONSOLS— THURSTAN. 



by Vigilius, 7 Jun. 554 e — Victor and Theo- 
doras, African bishops, imprisoned for defend- 
ing. 555— condemned by Pope Pelagius, 555. 

- l Neander. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

c Clinton. d Gieseler. e Milman. 

Three per Cent Consols, Annuities, — created 
by Act 25 Geo. II. c. 27, 175 1. 

Threshing Machine,— improved, 1758— im- 
proved by Meikle, 1786 — and patented, 1788. 

Throcmorton, Francis,— executed for trea- 
son, 10 Jul. 1584. 

Throcmorton, John, — executed for treason, 

157°- 

Throcmorton, (Throcmorton,) Sir Nicholas, 
diplomatist,— rj., about 15 13 — serves under 
Henry VIII. in France, 1544— at battle of 
Pinkey, 1547 — present at death of Edward VI., 
1553— committed to the Tower for taking 
part in Wyatt's rebellion, 2 Feb. 1554 — tried 
and acquitted, 17 Apr. 1554 — released, 18 Jan. 
1555 — ambassador to France, 1559-63 — com- 
mitted to the Tower, 1569 — $., 12 Feb. 157 1. 

Thnanus. [Thou, Jacques Auguste de.] 

Thucydides, (Thoulcuclides,) historian, — 
[BC] — fc., 471 — commands at Thasus, loses 
Amphipolis to Brasidas, wint. 424 — banished, 
Jan. 423 — returns from exile, beginning 403 ? 

Thucydides, — [BC] — leader of aristocratic 
party at Athens, 449 —ostracised, 444—Com- 
mander in reinforcements sent to Pericles at 
Samos, 440. 

Thuggee, Thugs, in Hindustan, ■ — men- 
tioned, before 1200 — discovered in Mysore by 
British government, soon after 1799— pro- 
ceedings against, commenced, 18 10 — suppressed 
by Governor-Gen. Bentinck, 1830-5. 

Thulden, Theodor van, painter, engraver, — 
fc. at Bois-le-Duc, 1607 — U. there, 1676. 

Thule, — [B C] — mentioned by Pytheas, about 
330-320. 

Thummel, Moritz August von, litterateur, 
— b. near Leipsic, 27 May 1738 — studies at 
the Univ., 1756 — rj. at Coburg, 1817. Wil- 
helminc, 1764 — Peise in den Mittdgigen Pro- 
vinzen von Franhreich, 1 799-1 805. 

Thunberg, Carl Petter, traveller, botanist, 
■ — b. in Sweden, 11 Nov. 1743 — graduates 
M.D. at Upsala, and visits Paris and Holland, 
1770 — goes to Cape of Good Hope, Java, and 
Japan, 177 1-9 — visits England, 1779 — Prof. 
Botany, Upsala, 1784 — Knt of "Wasa, 1785 — 
Commander, 18 15 — "0. near Upsala, 8 Aug. 
1828. Flora Japonica, 1 7 84 — Pesa uti Furopa, 
Africa, &c, 1788 — Flora Capensia, 1807-13. 

Thurcytel, the Northman, — permitted by 
Edward the Elder to retire to France, 920. 

Thurcytel, (Turhetid,) — Chancellor (Secre- 
tary) to Athelstan, Edmund, and Edred, 925- 
948 — contributes to victory of Brunanhurgh, 
937 — restores Croyland Abbey, and is chosen 
Abbot, 948 a — rj. there, 975. a a Lingard. 

Thurgau, Thurgovia, Canton of Sivitzer- 
land, — landgraviate of, passes to House of Haps- 
burg, 1264 — conquered by Swiss confederates, 
1460— made a separate Canton, 1798 — consti- 
tution revised, 1831 — adopts new democratic 
constitution, spring 1869.. 

Thuringia, — forms a kingdom, as early as 



500 — conquered by Thierry, king of Austrasia, 
530 — erected into a Duchy, for Radulf, about 
630 — united with Duchy of Saxony, about 908 
— attains almost complete independence, about 
1050 — assigned to Henry the Illustrious, 
Marquis of Meissen, by Frederick II., 1247 — 
claimed by Sophia, Duchess of Brabant, 1247 
— after a long war, remains to Henry, 1264 — 
division of, between Albert and Ernest, sons of 
Frederick the Mild, by compact of 26 Aug. 
1485. Circle of, ceded to Prussia, by king of 
Saxony, by treaty of 18 May 18 15. 

Thurium, Thurii, in Lucania, — [BC] — co- 
lonized by allied Greeks, 446 a — by Athenians 
under Lampon, spring 443. b 

a Muller. b Smith's Diet. 

Thurketul. [Thurcytel.] 

Thurkill, (Thurcytel,) Earl of East An- 
glia, — commands Danish fleet and invades 
England, Aug. 1009 — [Danes] — joins the 
English, ioi2 a — made Earl of E. Anglia by 
Cnut, Jan. ioi7 a — outlawed, 1021 — made 
Regent of Denmark, 1023 — killed by the 
Welsh, 1039. a Freeman. 

Thurles, in Freland, — Synod of, held by 
Abp Cullen, 22 Aug. 1850 — statutes of, pub- 
lished, 1 Jan. 1852. 

Thurloe, John, statesman, — 6. in Essex, 161 6 
— called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, 1647 — 
Secretary to Council of State, 1652 — Se- 
cretary of State, Dec. 1653 to 14 Jan. 1660 
— M.P. Ely, Jun. 1654— Chief Postmaster, 
1656 — Privy Councillor, 1657 — M.P. Cam- 
bridge Univ., Dec. 1658 — Governor of Char- 
ter-house, 1658 — Chancellor of Glasgow Univ., 
1658 — imprisoned, May to Jim. 1660 — ft. in 
London, 21 Feb. 1668. State Papers, 1742. 

Thurlow, Edward, Lord, Lord Chancel- 
lor of England, — fc. near Stowmarket, in 
Suffolk, about 1732 — enters Caius Coll. Cam- 
bridge, Oct. 1748 — leaves the Univ., 1751 — 
called to the bar, Nov. 1754 — M.P. Tamworth, 
1768 — Solicitor-general, Mar. 1770 — Attor- 
ney-general, Jan. 177 1 — Lord Chancellor, 3 
Jun. 1778 to 9 Apr. 1783 — created Baron 
Thurlow, Jun. 1778 — reappointed Lord Chan- 
cellor, 23 Dec. 1783 — dismissed, 15 Jun. 1792 
— rj. at Brighton, 12 Sep. 1806. 

Thurneysser, Johann Jacob, engraver, — b. 
at Basel, 15 Jun. 1636 — tr. there, 17 Feb. 1718. 

Thurneysser zum Thurn, Leonard, astrolo- 
ger, §c., — h. at Basel, 6 Aug. 153 1 — tf. at Co- 
logne, 9 Jul. 1596. 

Thurot, Francois, naval officer— -ft., 1727 — 
takes command of expedition against Ireland, 
15 Oct. 1759 — lands at Carrickfergus, 10 Jan. 
1760 — takes the town : reembarks, and is de- 
feated and killed, 20 Jan. 

Thurstan, Abp of York, — chaplain and 
secretary to Henry I., 1100 — elected to suc- 
ceed Abp Thomas, refuses to receive consecra- 
tion from Abp of Canterbury, n 14 — con- 
secrated at Rheims, by Pope Calixtus II., Feb. 
1 1 19 — takes possession of his see, close of 
1 1 20 — attends Council of London, 11 29 — pre- 
sides at Council of Northampton, 11 33 — at- 
tends coronation of Stephen, Dec. n 34 — 
assembles forces against Scots, 11 38 — retires 



THYNNE-TIECK. 



1357 



to Cluniac monastery, Pontefract, Jan. 1140 — 
ft. there, 5 Feb. 1140. 

Thynne, Francis, antiquary, — Lancaster 
herald, 22 Apr. 1602 — tf., 161 i, a probably 
i6o8. b 

a Wood and Hearne. b Other authorities. 

Thyrea, — [BC] — war respecting, between 
Lacedaemonians and Argives, 7 18 a [737 b ] — 
combat of the 300 at, about (01. 58, 1) 548.° 
a Euseb. b Solinus. c Miiller. 

Tiarini, Alessandro, painter, — ft. at Bo- 
logna, 20 Mar. 1577 — tf. there, 8 Feb. 1668. 

Tibaldi, Pellagrin©, (Pellegrino Tibaldi de' 
Pellegrini, Pellegrino da Bologna,) painter, 
architect, — tJ. at Bologna, 1527 ? — goes to 
Borne, 1547 — architect to Milan Cathedral, 
1570 — employed at Madrid by Philip II., 
1586-95 — tf. at Milan, 1598/* 1590, 15 i6o6. b 
a Tiraboschi. b Other authorities. 
Tiberianus, — Consul with Probus, (1034, 
a. u. c.) 281 — Consul with Cassius Dio, (1044,) 
291. 

Tiberias, (Tabarieh,) in Palestine, — built by 
Herod Antipas, after 14 — a famous seat of 
rabbinical learning, after 70 — battle of, (Hat- 
tin,) Saladin defeats and captures Guy of Lu- 
signan, (583, a. h.) 4, a 5 b Jul. 1187 — taken 
and destroyed by Moslems, 1246-7 — almost 
destroyed by earthquake, 1 Jan. 1837. 
a Renaud. b Wilkin. 

Tiberius, (Absimarus,) Emperor of the 
East, — takes part in expedition against Car- 
thage, 697— dethrones Leontius and succeeds 
him, 698 — takes flight on return of Justinian 
II., and is beheaded by him, 705. 

Tiberius I. Claudius Nero Ceesar, Boman 
Emperor, (14-37,} — [BC] — ft., 16 Nov. 42 — 
enters Borne in triumph with Augustus, 29 — 
sent to restore Tigranes to Armenia, 20 — cam- 
paign with his brother against Bhseti, 15 — 
Consul with P. Quintilius Varus, (741, a. u. c.) 
13 — conducts war against Pannonians and 
Dalmatians, 11 — marries Julia, 11 — Consul 
with Cn. Calpurnius Piso, (747,) 7 — triumphs, 
7 — trib. potest, for 5 years, retires to Bhodes, 
6 — [AD] — returns to Borne, 2 — adopted by 
Augustus, 4— war in Germany, 4 — recovers 
Illyricum, 9 — triumphs for German and Dal- 
matian victories, 12— succeeds Augustus, 19 
Aug. 14 — informers encouraged, about 15 — 
Sejanus chief adviser: rebellions of the Julii, 
21 — trib. potest, conferred on Drusus, 22 — 
influence of Sejanus increased by Drusus' 
death, 23 — leaves Borne finally, 26 — for Ca- 
pre«3, 27 — death of Livia, adds to power of 
Sejanus, 29 — has Sejanus put to death, 31 — 
tf., 16 Mar. 37. 

Tiberius II. Anicius Thrax, Flavius Con- 
stantinus, Emperor of the East, (578-82,) 
— commands against Avars, successfully, 573 
— made Caesar or Augustus, by Justin II., 
Dec. 574 — war with Chosroes, 575 — sole 
Emperor on death of Justin, 5 Oct. 578 — war 
with Hormisclas, 579 — war with Mauretani, 
580— tf., 14 Aug. 582. 

Tibet, Thibet,-— [B C] — made a kingdom, 
313 — [AD] — Buddhism introduced, 407 — be- 
comes tributary to China, 821 — divided into 



seven kingdoms, about 1000— conquered by 
Gengis Khan, 1206 — eastern parts of, con- 
quered by Chinese, between 11 25-1 371 — map 
of, prepared by order of Emperor of China, 
17 15 — wholly tributary to China, from 1720 — 
visited by Turner, 1783— visited by Hue and 
Gabet, 1 844-6— by Adolf and Bobert Schlag- 
intweit, 1855-6— explored by Pundits under 
direction of Captain Montgomerie, B. E., 1866 
and 1867 — survey of Lower, completed by go- 
vernment of British India, 1866 — earthquake 
in, Bathang destroyed, 11 Apr. 1870. 

Tibullus, Albius, elegiac poet, — [BC]— ft., 
59, a 54 b — accompanies Messalla into Gaul, 31 
— accompanies him as far as Korkyra, and. 
returns to Borne, 30. Eleg. I., 27 ? 

a Voss, Passow, &c. b Lachmann, &c. 

Ticino, Tessin, Canton of Switzerland, — 
conquered by Swiss, 15 12 — under name of 
Italian bailiwicks governed by deputies : ad- 
mitted to the Confederation, 18 15 — constitution 
revised, 1830. 

Tickell, Thomas, poet, — ft. near Carlisle, 
1686 — enters Queen's Coll. Oxford, 1701 — 
M.A., 1708 — Fellow of his Coll., 17 10 — 
Under-secretary of State, 17 17 — secretary to 
Lords Justices of Ireland, 1725-40 — ft. at 
Bath, 23 Apr. 1740. 

Tickets of Leave, — issue of, to convicts, 
authorized by Act 16 and 17 Vic. c. 99, 20 
Aug. 1853. 

Ticknor, George, historian, — ft. at Boston, 
Mass. U. S., 1 Aug. 1791 — graduates at Dart- 
mouth Coll., 1807 — called to the bar, 18 13 — 
abandons the law, 18 15 — studies at Gottingen, 
1 8 15- 1 7 — travels in Europe, 18 18 — returns to 
America, 18 19 — Prof. Modern Languages, 
Harvard Univ., 1819-35 — again visits Europe, 
1835-8— tf., 26 Jan. 1871. History of 
Spanish Literature, 1849 — Memoir of Prescott , 
1863. 

Ticonderoga, in New York, IT. S„ — fortified 
by French, early in 1755 — General Aber- 
crombie repulsed by French at, 8 Jul. 1758 — • 
taken by Gen. Amherst, 30 Jul. 1759 — sur " 
prised by Americans, under Col. Allen, 10 May 
17 75 —invested by Burgoyne, 30 Jun. 1777 — 
taken, 5 Jul. — attacked by Gen. Lincoln, Sep. 
—occupied by British, 1780. 

Ticozzi, Stefano, miscellaneous writer, — ft. 
in Como, 1762 — tf. at Milan, 3 Oct. 1836. 
Pizionario degli Architetti, Scultori, Pittori, 
&c, 1 8 18 — Storia de Milano, (continuation of 
P. Verri's,) 1836. 

Tides, — [BC] — noticed by Pytheas, about 
330-320 — [AD] — explained by Newton, 1687 
— researches of Bernoulli; Maclaurin, andEuler 
on, about 1738 — theory of Laplace, 1790 and 
1 8 1 8— researches of Lubbock, 1829-31 — of 
Whewell, 1833-50. 

Tieck, Christian Friedrich, sculptor, — ft. at 
Berlin, 14 Aug. 1776— studies under David at 
Paris, 1798-1801 — visits Weimar, 1801— goes 
to Italy, 1805 and 181 2 — member of Academy 
of Berlin, 18 19 — tf. there, 14 May 1851. 

Tieck, Ludwig, poet, novelist, miscella- 
neous writer, — ft. at Berlin, 31 May 1773 — 
studies at Halle, Gottingen, and Eiiangen, 



r 35 8 



TIEDEMANN— TILLOTSON. 



1792-4 — marries and goes to Jena, 1799 — 
visits Italy, 1805-6 — visits England, 18 17— 
settles at Dresden, 18 19 — Privy Councillor at 
Berlin, 1840 — tf. there, 28 Apr. 1853. Peter 
Lebrecht, 1795-6 — Peter Lebrechts Volksmdr- 
chen, 1797 — Kaiser Octavianus, 1804 — Franz 
Sternbalds Wanderungen, 1798 — Romantische 
Bichtungen, 1799-1800 — translation of Bon 
Quixote, 17 99- 1 801 — Phantasm, 18 12-15 — 
Shakspeares Vorschule, 1823-9 — Bramaturg- 
ische Blatter, 1826 — (with Schlegel) trans- 
lation of Shakespeare, 1825-9 — (with Schlegel) 
edits JVovalis's Schriften, 1802. 

Tiedemann, Dietrich, philosopher, — b. near 
Bremen, 3 Apr. 1745/ 1748 b — Prof. Philo- 
sophy, &c, Marburg, 1786— tf. there, 24 May 
1803. System der Stoischen Philosophie, 1776 
— Geist der Speculativen Philosophie, 179 1-7 — 
FCandbuch der Psyehologie, 1804. 

a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. and Conv.-Lex. 

Tiedge, Christoph August, poet,— b. in 
Germany, 14 Dec. 1752 — tf. at Dresden, 8 Mar. 
1 841. Urania, 1801 — Elegien und vermischte 
Gedichte, 1803 — Wander ung en durch den Markt 
des Lebens, 1833 — Frauenspiegel, 1806. 

Tientsin, in China, — Conference of repre- 
sentatives of Great Britain, France, United 
States, and Russia, transferred from Shanghai 
to, spring 1858 — declared open port, 1858 — 
British consulate established at, Jan. 1861 — 
attack on French consulate and mission-house, 
massacre of priests and sisters of mercy, by 
Chinese mob, 21 Jun. 1870 — Chinese embassy 
respecting the massacre sent to Napoleon III., 
summer 1870 — received by M. Thiers, Pres. 
French Eepublic, Nov. 1871. Treaty of, be- 
cween Great Britain and China, concluded, 26 
Jun. 1858 — ratifications exchanged, 24 Oct. 
i860— supplementary convention, signed, 24 
Oct. 1869. 

Tiepolo, Giovanni Battista, painter, — b. at 
Venice, 1692^ 1693 b c — called to Madrid by 
Charles III., 1761 — tf. there, 25 Mar. 1769,* c 
I770. b a Biog. Univ. 

b Engl. Cyc. c Biog. Catalogue. 

Tiepolo, Jacopo, Doge of Venice,— suc- 
ceeds Piero Ziani, 1229— forms league with the 
Pope and Genoa against Frederick II., 1238 — 
assists Azzo Novello, Marquis of Este, to 
recover Ferrara, Feb. to May 1240 — tf., 9 Jul. 
1249. 

Tiepolo, Lorenzo, Doge of Venice, — suc- 
ceeds Renier Zeno, 23 Jul. 1268 — tf., 16 Aug. 

1275- 

Tiepolo, Pietro.— elected Podestat of Milan, 
marches against Frederick II., 1237 — de- 
feated and captured by him, at Cortenuova, 27 
Nov. 1237 — hung, 1240. 

Tierney, George, statesman, — b. at Gibral- 
tar, 20 Mar. 1761 — LL.B. Cambridge, 1784 — 
M.P. Colchester, 1789-90 — marries, 1789 — 
M.P. Southwark, 1796-1806 — fights a duel 
with Pitt, 27 May 1798— Treasurer of the 
Navy, 1 Jun. 1803 to 7 May 1804 — Pres. 
Board of Control, 30 Sep. 1806" to Mar. 1807 
—Muster of the Mint, 1827 to Jan. 1828— tf. 
in London, 25 Jan. 1830. 

Tiflis. [Teflis.] 



Tigellinus Sophonius, — banished to Scy- 
lacium, 39-40 — praetorian prsefect with Fenius 
Rufus, 63 — put to death by command of Otho, 
Jan. 70. 

Tighe, Mary, poetess, — b. at Dublin, 1773 
— marries her cousin, Henry Tighe, 1793 — tf. 
at Woodstock, Kilkenny Co., 24 Mar. 1810. 
Psyche, 1805 — Works, 181 1. 

Tigranes I., (Bikran,) King of Armenia, 
— [BC] — King, about 98-96 — acquires all 
Syria and Cilicia, 83 — invades Cappadocia at 
instigation of Mithridates, 76 — refuses to give 
up Mithridates to Lucullus, and declares war, 
71 — abandons Tigranocerta, defeated by Lu- 
cullus, Tigranocerta taken, 69 — defeated at the 
Arsanias, with Mithridates, by Lucullus, autumn 
68 — defeats Fannius, and recovers part of 
Armenia, 68 — recovers Armenia Minor, and 
invades Cappadocia, 67 — conspiracy of his son, 
66 — invasion of Phraates, 66 — submits to 
Pompey, and returns to his kingdom, 66— war 
with Phraates, 64 — peace by intervention of 
Pompey : tf., between 56-54. 

Tigranocerta, — [BC] — taken by Lucullus, 
69 — [AD] — surrendered to Corbulo, about 60 
—besieged by Arsaces XXIII. , 62. 

Tigris, river, — partly surveyed by Col. 
Chesney, 28 Sep. 1836. 

Tilbury, on the Thames, — Queen Elizabeth 
reviews the troops at, 1588 — regularly fortified, 
1667. 

Tilbury, Lord. [Vere, Sir H.] 

Tiles, — [BC] — made of marble by Byzes of 
Naxos, about 620 — introduced at Rome, about 
270. 

Tillemans, Pieter, painter, — b. at Antwerp, 
1684 — comes to England, 1708 — tf., 1734. 

Tillemont, Sebastien Lenain de, historian, 
— b. at Paris, 30 Nov. 1637 — ordained priest, 
1676 — driven from Port-Royal, 1679 — visits 
Port- Royalists in Holland, 1681 — tf. at Paris, 
10 Jan. 1698. Histoire des Fmpereurs, &c, 
1693-1738 — Memoir es pour servir a V histoire 
ecclesiastique des six premiers sieeles, 1693-17 12. 

Tilli, Michel- Angelo, botanist, physician, — 
b. at Florence, 1655 — F.R.S. London, 1708 — 
tf. at Pisa, 1740. Catalogus Plantarum FLorti 
Pisani, 1723. 

Tilloch, Alexander, — b. at Glasgow, 28 
Feb. 1759 — begins experiments in stereotype, 
178 1 — goes to London, 1787 — tf. there, 26 
Jan. 1825. Founds the Philosophical Maga- 
zine, Jun. 1797 — edits Star newspaper, 1789- 
1821. 

Tillotson, John, Abp of Canterbury, — 
b. near Halifax, 1630 — enters Clare Hall, 
Cambridge, 1647 — Fellow of his College, 1651 
— attends Savoy Conference, 1661 — marries, 
1664 — D.D., 1666 — chaplain to Charles II., 
1669 — opposes Declaration of Indulgence, 
Mar. 1672 — Dean of Canterbury, 1672 — Pre- 
bendary of St Paul's, 1675 — Canon Residenti- 
ary, 1677 — attends Lord "W. Russell on the 
scaffold, 1683 — Dean, and Clerk of the Closet 
to William III., 1689 — member of Ecclesias- 
tical Commission, 1689 — Abp of Canterbury, 
Apr. 1691 — t). in London, 22 Nov. 1694. 
Works, 1707-12. 



TILLY— TIMUR. 



!359 



Tilly, (Tilli,) Johann Tserclas, Count von, 
field-marshal, — b. in S. Brabant, 1559 — 
Colonel in Imperial army, 1601 — Commander- 
in-chief of Bavarian army, about 1609 — of 
forces of Catholic League, 1619 — defeats Bohe- 
mians at Prague, 8 Nov. 1620 — conquers Upper 
Palatinate, 1622— defeats Count of Mansfeld 
and Christian of Halberstadt, at Stadt-Loo, 
near Munster, 4-6 Aug. 1623 — Count of the 
Empire, 1623 — defeats Christian IV. of Den- 
mark at Lutter, 17 Aug. 1626— Field-marshal 
and Commander-in-chief of Imperial army, 
1630 — takes and sacks Magdeburg, May 163 1 
— defeated by Gustavus Adolphus and wounded 
at Leipsic, 7, ad i7, b 27 c Sep. 1631 — again de- 
feated and wounded at Rain on the Lech, 5 
Apr. 1632— tf. at Ingoldstadt, 8, a 6, b 30° Apr. 
1632. a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

b Engl. Cyc. c Biog. Univ. d Conv.-Lex. 

Tilsit, in Prussia, — conferences between 
Emperors Alexander and Napoleon I. at, 25-28 
Jun. 1807. Treaty of, between France, Russia, 
and Prussia, signed, 7 and 9 Jul. 1807. 

Timseus, historian, — [B C] — 6., about 352 — 
banished from Sicily by Agathocles, about 310 
— lives at Athens, about 310-264 — if., 256. 

Timagenes, rhetorician, historian, — [B C] — 
fl., about 61-31. 

Timanthes, painter, — [B C] — fl., about (01. 
95) 400. 

Timarchides, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, 
(01. 83, 2,) 447. 

Timasius, Fl., — commander of cavalry, 386 
—commander of infantry, 388 — Consul with 
FL Promotus, (1142, a. tj. c.) 389 — serves 
under Theodosius against barbarians in Mace- 
donia, 391 — commands against Eugenius, 394 
— banished to Daris, in Africa, 396. 

Timber Duties, in Great Britain, — laws 
relating to, consolidated by Act 59 Geo. III. 
c. 52, 2 Jul. 1 8 19 — considered by Committee 
of House of Commons, 1835 — reduced, 1842, 
1847, 1851, and i860 — abolished by Act 29 
Vic. c. 36, 11 Jul. 1866. 

Timbuctoo, in Africa, — founded by Mansa 
Suleiman, about (610, a. h.) 1213 — visited by 
Ibn Batuta, 1353 — becomes known to Europe- 
ans, 1373 — successfully revolts against Mo- 
rocco, about 1500 — reached by Leo Africanus, 
1510 — submits to king of Bambarra, about 
1670 — governed by negro chief from 1727 — 
reached by Laing, 1826 — by Caillie, 1828 — 
visited by Barth, Sep. 1853 to Oct. 1854. 

Time-Gun, — firing of, at Edinburgh, com- 
menced, 7 Jun. 1 86 1. 

Times, The, English Newspaper, — estab- 
lished, 1 Jan. 1788. 

Timocles, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
84, 4,) 441. 

Timocles, comic poet, — [BC] — fl., about 
343-324. a - a Clinton. 

Timocrates, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, 
(01. 104, 1,) 364. 

Timocreon, of Rhodes, lyric poet, — [B C] — 
fl., about 47 V (01. 77, 4,) 477 . b 

a Clinton. b Miiller. 

Timoleon, — [B C] — conducts expedition from 
Corinth against Syracuse, before end of 344 — 



gains Syracuse, before end of 343 — sends Dio- 
nysius II. to Corinth, after 343 — defeats Car- 
thaginians at the Crimesus, Jun. 339 — con- 
cludes treaty with Carthage, 338 — U., latter 
part of 337. 

Timomachos, painter, — [B C]— fl., about 48. 

Timon, of Phlius, Sceptic philosopher, sillo- 
grapher, — [BC] — fl., about 279. 

Timon, the misanthrope, — [BC]— fl., about 
420. 

Timosthenes, — [B C] —Archon at Athena, 
(01. 75, 3,) 478. 

Timosthenes, of Rhodes, writer about har- 
bours, — [BC] — fl., about 262. 

Timoteo daUrbino. [Vite, Timoteo della.] 

Timotheos, — dithyrambic poet, musician, — 
[BC] — b., 446 a — innovates in music, before 
406— fl., (01. 95,) 398— U., 357. 
a Par. Marb. 

Timotheos, sculptor, — [BC] — executes 
frieze for Mausoleum, 352. 

Timotheos, — [BC]— General with Chabrias 
and Callistratus, 378 — ravages Laconia: at 
Korkyra, 375 — recalled, end of 374 — aids 
Zakynthian exiles, end of 374— appointed to 
aid Korkyra against Mnasippus, 373, but 
superseded: tried, Nov. 373 — enters service 
of Artaxerxes II. against Egypt, May 372 — 
sent to aid Ariobarzanes, takes Samos, about 
367 — commands in Macedonia and Thrace, 
364-360 ? — repulsed by Olynthians at Amphi- 
polis, latter part of 360 — advises expedition into 
Eubcea, 358— in Social War, sent with others 
to relief of Samos, 356 — tried and condemned, 
354 — retires to Chalcis. 

Timur, {Tamerlane,) Tatar Sultan, — b. 
at Sebzar, (736, a. h.) 1335,* 1336 b — supports 
Husein Khan of Northern Khorasan, against 
Timur-Togluk, king of the Getes, and is 
named Chief of the Berlas, (763,) 1361 — 
marries Turkan, sister of Husein, (765,) 1363 
— loses his wife and rebels against Husein, 
(767,) 1365 — surprises Nakhshab, 1365 — de- 
feats Husein near Balkh, (768,) 1366 — besieges 
Balkh, 1366— storms and burns Balkh, (771,) 
1369— proclaimed Khan of Jagatai, 1 369,3- 1 370 13 
— makes Samarcand his capital, 1369 — makes 
war on Husein-Sofi, Khan of Kharismia, 1 374 — 
takes Kharism, (781,) 1379 — conquers Khora- 
san, (782-788,) 1380-6— invades Persia, (788,) 
1386— storms Ispahan, (789,) 18 Nov. 1387 b 
— overruns Kiptshak, (789-799,) 1387-96 — 
defeats Toktamish in Bashkiria, (15 Redgeb 
793,) 18 Jun. 1 39 1 a — returns to Samarcand, 
1392 — again takes the field against Toktamish, 
(797,) 1395 — takes Baghdad, 1395— unsuccess- 
fully besieges Mardin, 1395 — reaches Moscow 
and returns to Samarcand, 1396 — sets out for 
invasion of India, (801, a Redgeb 800, b ) Mar. b 
1398 — passes the Indus at Attock, (8 Mohar- 
ram 801,) 19 Sep. 1398 — defeats Mahmud 
near Delhi, and takes the city, 1398 — returns 
to Samarcand, 28 Apr. i399 b — overruns Asia 
Minor, takes Si was and puts to death Ertogh- 
rul, son of Bajazet, (803,) 1400 — overruns 
Syria and takes Ferruj, (11-14 Rabia I. 803,) 
30 Oct. to 2 Nov. 1400 — takes Damascus, (9 
Schaban 803,) 25 Mar. 1401^ 17 Feb. 1401 b 



1360 



TIN— TISSAPHEBXE8. 



—storms Baghdad, (27 Dhu'l Kadah 803,) 9 
Jul. 1401 — defeats and captures Bajazet at 
Angora, (19 Dhu'l hajjah 804,) 20 Jul. 1402 
— takes Smyrna, Dec. 1402 — returns to Samar- 
cand, Jul. 1404 — sets out for invasion of China, 
27 Nov. 1404 — tf. at Otrar on the Jaxartes, 
(17 Schaban 807,) 19 Feb. 1405. 

a Engl. Cyc. b BLog. Univ. 

Tin, metal, [Stannaries]— [B C]— obtained 
from Britain by Phoenicians, before 450 — 
coined by Dionysius at Syracuse, between 405- 
367? — [AD] — JBanca, discovered, 17 10 — im- 
ported into England, 1787 — duty on, in Great 
Britain, reduced, and duties on coinage of, 
abolished by Act 1 and 2 Vic. c. 120, 16 Aug. 
1838 — discovered in Missouri, 1867. 

Tin Plate, Tinning, — introduction of, from 
Saxony into England, attempted by Yarranton, 
about i665, a 16 81 b — manufacture established 
at Pontypool, about 1730. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Rees' Cyc. 

Tinchebrai, in Normandy, — Henry I. of 
England defeats his brother Robert, and takes 
him prisoner at, 28 Sep. 1106. 

Tindal, Matthew, miscellaneous writer, — ft. 
at Beer-Ferris, in Devonshire, about 1657 — 
enters Lincoln Coll. Oxford, 1672 — B.A., 1676 
—Fellow of All Souls', soon after — LL.D., 
Jul. 1685 — tf. in London, 16 Aug. 1733. 
Bights of the Christian Church asserted, 1706 
— with its two Defences, burnt by order of 
House of Commons, 17 10 — Christianity as Old 
as the Creation, 1730. 

Tindal, Nicholas, translator, §c, — ft., 1687 
— M.A. Oxford, 17 13 — Chaplain to Greenwich 
Hospital, 1738 — rj. there, 27 Jun. 1774. 
Translation of Bapin's History of England, 
1726 — continuation, 1744-7. 

Tindal, Sir Nicholas Conyngham, Chief 
Justice of Common Pleas, — ft. near Chelms- 
ford, 12 Dec. 1776 — enters Trin. Coll. Cam- 
bridge, 1795 — M.A. and Fellow of his College, 
1802 — called to tbe bar, 1809 — marries, 1809 
— takes part in defence of Queen Caroline, 
1820 — M.P. \Yigton burghs, 1824 — Solicitor- 
general and Knt, 20 Sep. 1826 — M.P. Cam- 
bridge Univ., 1827 — Chief Justice of Common 
Pleas, 9 Jun. 1829 — if., 6 Jul. 1846. 

Tindal. [Tyndale.] 

Tintern Abbey, Monmouthshire, — founded 
by Walter de Clare, 1131 — church completed, 
1268. 

Tintoretto, II, {Jacopo Bobusti,) painter, — 
ft. at Venice, 1512 — tf. there, 31 May 1594. 

Tippco Saib, Sultan of Mysore, — ft., 1 749 — 
takes part with his father, Hyder Aly, in invasion 
of tbe Carnatic, 1767 — distinguishes himself in 
Mahratta War, 1775-9 — repulsed by Col. 
Baillie near Perimbakum, 6 Sep. 1780 — defeats 
Col. Braithwaite on the Kolerun, 18 Feb. 1782 
— repulsed at Paniany, 20 Nov. 1782 — succeeds 
his father, 7 Dec. 1782 — evacuates Arcot and 
retires from the Carnatic, Jan. 1783 — takes 
Bednore from Gen. Matthews and puts him to 
death, 30 Apr. — invests Mangalore, 23 May — 
loses assistance of French under de Bussy, Jul. 
— receives capitulation of Mangalore, 24 Jan. 
1 7 84 — concludes treaty of peace with British, 



1 1 Mar. — concludes treaty with Mahrattas, 
about Dec. — assumes title of Sultan, 1785 — 
sends embassy to France, proposing alliance, 
1787— his proposal rejected, 1789 — subjugates 
the Nairs of Malabar, 1787-8 — repulsed before 
Travancore, 24 Dec. 1789 — enters Travancore 
and ravages the country, 7-24 May 1790 — his 
territory invaded by English, 15 Jun. — retakes 
from them several towns, Sep. — defeated by 
Lord Cornwallis at Arikera, 15 May 1791 — 
unsuccessfully treats for peace, 27-29 May — 
concludes treaty, ceding half of Mysore and 
giving np his sons as hostages, 9 Mar. 1792 — 
secretly intrigues against British, 1792-6 — his 
sons restored to him, 29 Mar. 1794 — sends 
embassy to the Mauritius, early in 1798 — the 
war renewed,' and Tippoo defeated by Gen. 
Stuart near Seedasere, 5 Mar. 1799 — negotiates 
with Gen. Harris, 20-28 Apr. — killed at 
storming of Seringapatam, 4 May. 

Tiptoft, John. [Worcester, Earl of.] 

Tiraboschi, Girolarno, historian, — ft. at 
Bergamo, 17 31 — Prof. Rhetoric, Milan Univ., 
about 1766 — Ducal Librarian, Modena, 1770 
— tf. there, Jun. 1794. Storia della Lettera- 
tura Italiana, 1772-83 — Biblioteca Modenese, 
1781-6. 

Tiribazus, — [B C] — defeated by the Ten 
Thousand Greeks, 401 — aids Antalkidas in 
obtaining alliance with Persia, 393— superseded 
by Struthas, 392 — restored, cooperates with 
Antalkidas, 388 — commands fleet against Eva- 
goras, 386 — recalled on accusation by Orontes, 
385 — conspires against Artaxerxes, and is put 
to death. 

Tiridates III., (Dertad II Ifedj',) King of 
Armenia, — preserved at destruction of his 
family by Sapor of Persia, 258-9 a — serves 
under Probus, 282— made King by Diocletian, 
286 b — expelled by N arses, after 294 a — joins 
Galerius against Narses, and is restored by 
Borne, 298^ 296-7 b — captured and blinded by 
Sapor II., 341-2 a — 5j., 342. b 

a Smith's Diet. b Gibbon. 

Tiro, M. Tullius, grammarian, §c, — [B C] 
— A., about 43. 

Tirso de Molina. [Tellez, Gabriel.] 

Tischbein, Johann Keinrich, the Elder, 
painter, — b. at Haina, in Hesse, 3 Oct. 1722 — 
studies under Vanloo at Paris, 1743-8 — Direct- 
or of Academy of Cassel, 1776 — ft. there, 22 
Aug. 1789. 

Tischbein, Johann Heinrich Wilhelm, the 
Younger, — ft. at Haina, 15 Feb. 1751 — goes to 
Pome, 1780 — Director of Academy of Naples, 
1790-9— tf. at Eutin, 26 Jul. 1829. Tetes cles 
differ ents Animaux, 1796 — Homer, nach An- 
tiken gezeichnet, 1801-4 — Collection 'of Engrav- 
ings from Ancient Vases, 179 1 -1 809. 

Tisicrates, sculptor,— [B C]— 3., about (01. 
120) 300. 

Tisio, Benvenuto. [Garofalo.] 

Tissaphernes, — [SC] — quells rebellion of 
Pissuthnes, 414 — makes alliance with Sparta, 
412 — intrigues with Athenians and Alkibiades, 
41 2-41 1 — imprisons Alkibiades, 411 — defends 
Ephesus against Athenians, 409 — accuses Cy- 
rus to Artaxerxes, end of 405 — commands at 



TISSOT— TOALDO. 



r 3 6i 



battle of Cunaxa, 401 — satrap of all W. Asia, 
400— truce with Derkyllidas, gives up satrapy 
of Pkarnabazus, 399 — unites with Pkarnaba- 
zus, 397 — false truce with Agesilaos, 396 — 
superseded by Tithraustes and put to death, 

395- 

Tissot, Pierre Francois, litterateur, — rj. at 
Versailles, 1768 — Prof. 'Latin Poetry, Coll. de 
France, 1813 — deprived, 1821 — reinstated, 
Aug. 1830 — admitted to French Academy, 7 
Mar. 1833 — ri. at Paris, 7 Apr. 1854. Buco- 
liques de Virgile, 1800 — Etudes sur Virgile, 
1825-30 — Histoire de la Revolution Francaise, 
1833-36. m 

Tissot, Simon Andre, physician, — 0. in the 
Pays de Vaud, 1728— Prof. Clinical Medicine, 
Pavia, 1780-83 — tf. at Lausanne, Jun. 1797. 
Opera, 1769. 

Titanium, metal, — discovered by Gregor, 
1 79 1 — investigated and named by Klaproth, 
1795 — investigated and described by Wollas- 
ton, 1822 — more completely by Wohler, 1849. 

Tithes, — [ BC ] — payment of, enjoined on 
Hebrews by law of Moses, for support of Le- 
vites, between 1625-1585 — taken by Peisistra- 
tos, at Athens, about 550 — reduced to a 20th 
by the Peisistratids, after 527 — vowed to 
Delphi, by Greeks, (time of Persian War,) 
about 480 — Xenophon tithes land near Scillus, 
for Artemis, about 390 — [AD] — enjoined, and 
fourfold appropriation of, established by Capi- 
tularies of Charles the Great, 778-803 — de- 
clared irredeemable by Louis le Debonnaire, 
829 — restoration of, by laymen to the Church, 
ordered by third Lateran Council, 1179 — 
parochial, appropriation of, ordered by Innocent 
III., 1200 — sanctioned and regulated, and ex- 
emption further restricted, by fourth Lateran 
Council, 1 2 15. In France, imposed as a debt, 
by second Council of Macon, 585 — declared re- 
deemable by National Assembly, 4 Aug. 1789 
— abolished", 11 Aug. In England, paid, as 
early as 669-690 — enjoined by Offa, king of 
Mercia, about 794 — payment and recovery of, 
in Ecclesiastical Court, provided for by Acts 
27 Hen. VIII. c. 20, 1535-6, and 32 Hen. 
VIII. c. 7, 1540 — rate of, in London, fixed by 
Act 37 Hen. VIII. c. 12, 1545— further pro- 
visions for recovery of, by Act 2 and 3 Edw. 
VI. c. 13, 1548 — proceedings for recovery of, 
further regulated by Acts 7 and 8 Wm III. 
cc. 6 and 34, 1696; 53 Geo. III. c. 127, 12 
Jul. 1813; 5 and 6 ¥m IV. c. 74, 9 Sep. 
1835 ; and 4 and 5 Vic. c. 36, 21 Jun. 1841. 
Commutation of, recommended by parliamentary 
Committee, 1822 — provided for, and Com- 
missioners appointed, by Act 6 and 7 ¥m IV. 
c. 71, 13 Aug. 1836 — amended by Acts 1 Vic. 
c. 69, 15 Jul. 1837 ; 1 and 2 Vic. c. 64, 4 Aug. 
1838 ; 2 and 3 Vic. c. 62, 17 Aug. 1839; 5 
and 6 Vic. c. 54, Jul. 1842 ; 9 and 10 Vic. c. 
73, 26 Aug. 1846 ; 10 and 11 Vic. c. 104, 22 
Jul. 1847; 23 and 24 Vic. c. 93, 13 Aug. 
i860. 

Tithraustes, — [B C] — puts Tissaphernes to 
death and succeeds him, 395 — superseded by 
Tnibazus, 393 — commands in unsuccessful ex- 
pedition of Egypt, 392-390. 



Titian, {Tiziano Vecettio,) painter, — b. at 
Capo del Cadore, in Friuli, i477, a 1480 b — 
employed in completing unfinished, works of 
Giorgione, 151 1 — employed by Duke of Fer- 
rara, 15 14 — called to Bologna by Charles V., 
1530 and 1532 — visits Paul III. at Bologna, 
1543 — visits Pome, 1545 — visits Charles V. at 
Augsburg, 1547 and 1550 c — visited by Henry 
III. of France, 1574 — tf. at Venice, 27 Aug. 
1576. Bacchus and Ariadne, National Gal- 
lery, 15 14 — Tribute Money, Dresden, 15 14 — 
Battle of Spoleto, Venice, 15 16, burnt, 1577 — 
Assumption of the Virgin, Venice, 15 16 — 
Death of St Peter Martyr, Venice, 1528, 
burnt, 16 Aug. 1867 — Last Supper, Escurial, 
1547-54 — Martyrdom of San Lorenzo, about 
1555 ? a Ridolfi. and others. 

d "Vasari and Sandrart. c Nagler. 

Titianus, — Consul with Nepotianus, (1054, 

A. U. C.) 301. 

Titianus, Junius,— Consul with M. Junius 
Philippus, (998, a. u. c.) 245. 

Titianus, L. Salvius Otho, — Consul with 
Corn. Sulla Faustus, (805, a. tj. c.) 52. 

Titianus, T. Atilius,— Consul with Galli- 
canus, (880, a. u. c.) 127. 

Titianus, Ti. Fabius, — Consul with Felici- 
anus, (1090, a. u. c.) 337. 

Titinins, comic poet, — [BC] — fl., about 170. 

Titius, C., orator, tragic poet, — [BC] — fl., 
about 100. 

Titius, M., — [BC] — taken prisoner by 
Menas, 40 — quaestor to Antony, against Par- 
thians, 36 — puts Sex. Pompey to death, 35 — 
deserts to Octavius, 32 — commands land forces 
at Actium, 31. 

Titles of Honour, — abolished in France, 20 
Jun. 1790. 

Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus, Eoman 
Emperor, (79-81,) — b., 30 Dec. 40 — serves 
under his father in Jewish wars, 66-70 — ac- 
companies his father, when Emperor, to Alex- 
andria, 1 Jul. 69 — takes Jerusalem, 8 Sep. 70 
— succeeds his father, 24 Jan. 79 — dedicates 
the Colosseum, 80 — ti., 13 Sep. 81. 

Tius, — [BC] — colony from Miletus, about 

75°- 

Tiverton, in Devonshire, — Castle built, 
about 1 106— ravaged by plague, 1591 — burnt, 
3 Apr. 1598— again, 5 Aug. 161 2 — taken by 
Fairfax, 19 Oct. 1645 — again burnt, 1731. 

Tlascala, in Mexico, — seat of independent 
republic, from about 1300 — unsuccessfully 
attacked by Montezuma, after 1502 — Cortez 
sends embassy to, Sep. 15 19 — entered by him, 
23 Sep. 1519 — Spaniards leave, Oct. 1519. 

Tlemsen, in Algeria, — becomes subject to 
the Zeirites, about 980 — fortified, 1161-85 — 
seat of Zianite dynasty, 1248 — surrenders to 
Abul Hassan Ali, the Merinide, 1 May 1337, 
but soon lost : occupied by Abdel Aziz, 1370 
— taken by Harosh Barbarossa, 15 15 — retaken 
by Spaniards, 151 8 — conquered by Turks, 1543 
— taken by French, 5 Dec. 1835— ceded to Abd 
el Kader, by Treaty of Tafna, 1837 — again 
taken by French, 1842. 

Toaldo, Giuseppe, geographer, §c, — b. near 
Vicenza, i7io, a i7i9 b — Prof. Astronomy and 



1362 



TOBACCO-TOKENS. 



Meteorology, Padua, 1762 — builds an observ- 
atory, 1767-74 — ft. there, Dec. 1798. Trigo- 
nometria plana e sf erica, 1769 — La meteoro- 
logica applicata all' agricoltura, 1775. 



Biog. Univ. 



Engl. Cyc. 



Tobacco, — becomes known to Columbus 
in Cuba, Nov. 1492 s — sent to Spain and 
Portugal, by Hernandez de Toledo, 1559— -in- 
troduced into France by Nicot, 1560 — into 
England, by Ralph Lane, i586, b 1577 c — by 
Sir J. Hawkins, 1565* before 1576 e — use of, 
prohibited by Sultan Amurath, about 16 10 — 
cultivation of, introduced in Virginia, 1615 — 
use of, in churches, prohibited by Urban VIII. 
under pain of excommunication, 1624 — edict 
against, by Jehanghir, 1605-27 — use of, pro- 
hibited in Russia, 1634 — sale of, restricted in 
France, by Louis XIII., 1635 — cultivation of, 
in France, made a monopoly, by Louis XIV., 
1674. In England, denounced by James I., 
{Counterblast,) 16 16 — duty imposed on, 1643 f 
— cultivation of, prohibited by Act of Parlia- 
ment, i652 f — prohibition confirmed by Act 12 
Car. II. c. 34, 1660— trade regulated by Acts 
29 Geo. III. c. 68, 1789; 30 Geo. III. c. 40, 
1790 ; 43 Geo. III. c. 68, 24 Jun., and c. 69, 
4 Jul. 1803 ; 45 Geo. III. c. 57, 27 Jun. 1805, 
and 49 Geo. III. c. 25, 30 Mar. 1 809 — regu- 
lations of trade consolidated by Act 16 and 17 
Vic. c. 107, s. 44, 20 Aug. 1853 — duties newly 
regulated by Act 26 Vic. c. 7, 27 Mar. 1863. 
In Scotland, cultivation of, prohibited by Act 
22 Geo. III. c. 73, 1782. In Ireland, cul- 
tivation of, prohibited by Act 12 Car. II. c. 34, 
1660— permitted by 19 Geo. III. c. 35, 1779 
— prohibited by Act 1 and 2 Wm IV. c. 13, 23 
Aug. 1 83 1. a Fairholt. b Harriot and Camden. 
c Stow. d Taylor. e Lobelius. f Macculloch. 

Tobago, one of the Caribbee Islands, — dis- 
covered by Columbus, (?) 1496^ 1498 b — 
granted to William, Earl of Pembroke, 1628 — 
settlement of Dutch in, 1632^ 1642° — the 
colony destroyed by Spaniards, 1 642 — again 
settled by Duke of Courland, 1652 — unsuccess- 
fully attacked by Dutch, 1654 a — captured and 
devastated by French, 1677 a — declared neutral 
by Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748 — taken by 
English, 1762 — ceded by France to England, 
by Peace of Paris, 1763 — captured by French, 
1781 — ceded to France by Treaty of Versailles, 
1783 — devastated by hurricane, 1790 — retaken 
by Gen. Cuyler, 1793 — given up to French by 
Treaty of Amiens, 1 802 — again taken by British, 
1 803 — confirmed to Great Britain, by Treaty of 
Paris, 1 8 14. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Macculloch. c Bayley. 

Tobin, John, — fj. at Salisbury, 1770 — "a., 8 
Dec. 1804. The Honeymoon, 1805. 

Tobit,— [BC]- 1>., 768 s — taken to Nineveh 
by Shalmaneser, 721 b — flies for safety, 712, b 
710° — becomes bLind, 710 a — fr., 610 a — book 
written, about 200 or i5o. d a Clinton. 

b Bib. Chron. c Ussier. d De Wette, &c. 

Tobolsk, in Russia, — founded, 1587. 

Tocqueville, Henri Alexis, Count de, 
statesman, historian, — b. at Verneuil, 29 Jul. 
1805 — admitted Advocate, at Paris, 1825 — 
sent on government service to N. America, 



1832 — visits England, 1833 — visits England 
and Ireland, 1835 — marries, 1835 — Chevalier 
of Legion of Honour, 1837 — member of In- 
stitute, Jan. 1838 — of Chamber of Deputies, 
1839 — of National Assembly, 1848 — Vice-Pres. 
Assembly, 1 Jun. 1849— Minister of Foreign 
Affairs, 2 Jun. to Oct. 1849 — member of French 
Academy, 23 Dec. 1841 — protests against 
Coup & Mat, and is imprisoned, Dec. 1851 — ft. 
at Cannes, 16 Apr. 1859. Democratic en 
Amerique, 1835 — Histoire philosophique du 
regne de Louis XV., 1847 — Coup d'CEil sur le 
regne de Louis XVI., 1850 — L' Ancien Regime 
et la Revolution, 1856 — (Euvres et Correspond- 
ance inedites, i860. 

Tod, James, traveller, $c, — b\, 1782— goes 
to India, 1800 — political Agent of Rajpootana, 
1817 — returns to England, 1823 — o". in London, 
17 Nov. 1835. Annals of Rajas? han, 1829-32 

— Travels in Western India, 1839. 

Todd, Henry John, litterateur, — b\, 'about 
1763— M.A. Oxford, 1786— Keeper of MSS. 
at Lambeth Palace, 1803 — Archdeacon of 
Cleveland, 1832 — )j. at Settrington, in York- 
shire, 24 Dec. 1845. Edits Milton's Poetical 
Works, 1 80 1 — Spenser s Poetical Works, 1805 
— Johnson's Dictionary, 18 14. 

Todd, James Henthorne, — n. at Dublin, 
1805 — Fellow of Trin. Coll., 1831 — Donnellau 
Lecturer, 1838 — Regius Prof. Hebrew, 1849 — 
Librariau, 1852 — tf. at Silveracre, near Rath- 
farnham, 28 Jun. 1869. Testimony of the 
Fathers to Roman dogma of Infallibility, 1848 
— edits Three Treatises by Wickliffe, 1851 — 
Book of Hymns of Ancient Church of Ireland, 
1855 — Memoir of St Patrick, 1863 — Books of 
the Vaudois, 1 866 — Wars of the Danes in Ire- 
land, 1866. 

Tofana, (Tophana,) of Palermo, poisoner, — 
sells poison to woman at Naples, discovered, 
1659 — ft., after 1730. 

Toggenburg, (Tockenburg,) in Switzerland, 
— County of, passes to Barons of Rason, 1436 
— sold to Abbot of St Gall, 1468 — enters into 
alliance with Schwyz and Glarus, 1469— resists 
oppression of Abbot, and is supported by Zurich 
and Berne, 17 12 — the quarrel settled, 17 18 — 
war renewed, 1755-9 — united with Canton of 
St Gall, 1803. 

Toghrai, (Tograi,) (Abu Ismail Hosein,) 
poet, — b. at Ispahan, about 1063 — in service 
of Malek Shah, 1073-92 — U., (515, a. h.) 1121. 
Lamiato-l- Ajam, (505,) in 1-12. 

Togrul Bey, (Abu Taleb Rocn-Eddin 3Io- 
hammed,) founder of Seljukide dynasty, — b., 
about 993 — defeats Sultan Masoud near Merv, 
conquers Persia, and is chosen Sultan, (432, 
a. h.) 1039 a — delivers Caliph Cayem and is 
named Lieutenant of Vicar of the Prophet, 
1055 — marries daughter of Cayem, about 1062 
— &., 1063. a Elphinstone. 

Tokay, in Hungary ', — Castle destroyed, 1705 

— engagements between Gen. Schlick and 
Hungarian insurgents near, 22 and 31 Jan. 
1849. 

Tokens, in coinage, — private, come into use 
in England, about 1508-10 — suppressed, and 
royal farthing introduced by James L, 19 May 



TOLA— TONE. 



: 3 6 3 



1613 — cease to be current, 1648 — private 
again used, till prohibited, 16 Aug. 1672 — 
again in use, 1784 — superseded, 1797 — forbid- 
den to be current, after 25 Mar. 18 13 — again 
prohibited, and declared not current from 1 
Jan. 1818, 27 Jul. 1817. 

Tola, Lieutenant, — Sardinian officer, arrested 
as accomplice in plot against the throne, and 
executed, 11 Jun. 1833. 

Toland, John, political and miscellaneous 
writer, — b. in Deny, Ireland, 30 Nov. 1669 or 
1670 — renounces Romanism, about 1686 — 
studies at Glasgow and Edinburgh, 1687-90 — 
M.A. Edinburgh, 1690 — ft. at Putney, near 
London, 11 Mar. 1722. Christianity not 
mysterious, 1696, burnt by hangman at Dub- 
lin, n Sep. 1697 — Life of Milton, 1698 — 
Amyntor, 1699—AngUa Libera, 1701 — Let- 
ters to Serena, 1704 — Nazarenus, 17 18 — Pan- 
theisticon, 1720 — Posthumous Works, 1716. 

Tolbiac, — Clovis defeats Alamanni at, aut. 
496 — Thierry of Orleans defeats Theodebert 
of Austrasia at, 612. 

Toledo, {Toletum,) in Spain, — [BC] — taken 
by Marius Fulvius, (561, a. u. c.) 193 — [AD] 
— taken by Goths, 467, and made the capital 
of Visigot'hic kingdom: taken by Tarik, 714 
— unsuccessfully besieged by rebels under 
Balek Ben Baxir, (125, a. h.) — taken from 
Mohammed Abulaswad by general of Abderah- 
man, (142,) 759 — revolt of Hixem Ben Adra 
in, (143,) 760 — surrenders to Temam Ben Al- 
cama, (148,) 765 — seized by Abdallah, (181,) 
797-8 — massacre of nobles at, by Vizier Am- 
rou, (190,) 805 — insurrection at, (213,) 828 — 
reduced by Abdelruf, (223,) 838 — besieged by 
Mohammed Ben Abderahman, (240,) 854-5 — 
taken, (245,) 859 — taken possession of by 
Calib Ben Hafsun, (273,) 886— recovered by 
Haxem Ben Abdelaziz, 886 — occupied by 
Giafar Ben Hafsun, (313,) 923 — surrenders to 
Abderahman, (315,) 924 — taken by Wadha El 
Alameri, (401,) 1010 — taken by Alfonso VI. 
of Castile and Leon, (Moharram 478,) May 
1085 — unsuccessfully attacked by Moors, 1109, 
1 1 14, and 1 1 27 — seized by rebels under Henry 
and Frederick, brothers of King Pedro, 1355 
■ — declines on removal of Court to Madrid, 
1560 — Carlist insurrection at, 30 Jul. 1869. 
Cathedral, commenced, by Ferdinand III. of 
Castile, 1258 — completed, 1492 — pillaged by 
Padilla, 152 1 — again, by French, 1808. Al- 
cazar, enlarged by Alfonso VI., 1085 — im- 
proved by Charles V., 1548. Convent and 
Church of San Juan, built by Ferdinand and 
Isabella, 1476. University of, founded, 1499. 
Foundling Hospital, founded, by Mendoza, 
1304. Sword Manufactory, built, 1788. 
Councils of, on discipline, and for readmission 
of Priscillianists to communion, 7 Sep. 400 ; 
{Hispanicum) against Priscillianists, 447 ; 
on discipline, 17 May 527 ; held by Leovigild 
and Arians, 581 or 582 ; on discipline, held by 
Recared, who abjures Arianism, 8 May 589 ; 
17 May 597?; 23 Oct. 610; held by St 
Isidore of Seville, 9 Dec. 633 ; by King Cin- 
tbilla, respecting his royal power, 636 ; to 
secure Catholic succession to the throne, 9 Jan. 



638-646 ; Dec. 653 ; Jan. 654; 1 Dec. 656 ; on 
discipline, &c., 7 Nov. 675 ; held by St Julian 
of Toledo, to confirm renunciation of King 
Wamba, and on discipline, 9-25 Jan. 681 ; on 
discipline, 4-6 Nov. 683 ; held on demand of 
Pope Leo II., to receive sixth General Council, 
14 Nov. 684; for explanation of oaths of King 
Egica, 11 May 688 ; on discipline, to con- 
firm code of Alaric and depose Abp Sisbert, 
2 May 693 ; on discipline, 9 Nov. 694 ; held 
by King Witiza, 701 ; on discipline, 21 Nov. 
1324, 19 May 1339, 1347, and 1355. 

Toledo, Don Pedro de, the Great, Viceroy 
of Naples, — 6. at Alba, in Old Castile, 1484 — 
Viceroy, 1532 — attempts to establish the In- 
quisition at Naples, 1547 — insurrection, May 
to Aug. 1547— tf. at Florence, Feb. 1553. 
Toledo, Rodrigo de. [Toletanus.] 
Toledo, Tables of, astronomical, — compiled 
by Arzachel, about 1080. 

Tolentino, — Murat defeated by Austrians 
at, 2-3 May 1815. Treaty of, between French 
Republic and Pope Pius VI., for cession of 
Avignon, Bologna, Ferrara, and the Bomagna, 
to France, concluded, 19 Feb. 1797. 
Toler, John. [Norbury, Lord.] 
Toleration Act, in English History, — relief 
of Protestant Dissenters provided for by Act 1 
Wmand Mar. c. 18, 24 May 1689. 

Toletanus, Rodericus, {Rodrigo de Toledo,) 
Abp of Toledo, historian, — ft. in Navarre, 
about 1 1 70 — distinguishes himself at battle of 
Las Navas, 1212 — assists at fourth Lateran 
Council, 1 2 15 — at Council of Lyons, 1245 — 
tf. in France, 1247. Rerum in Hispania ges- 
tarum Chronicon, 1545 — Historia Arabum, 

Tollens, Hendrik Cornelisz von, poet,— fc. 
at Rotterdam, 24 Sep. 1780 — joins Protestant 
Remonstrants, 1827 — Knt of the Dutch Lion, 
1850 — lj. at Rijswijk, 21 Oct. 1856. Songs 
and Ldylls, 1802 — Romances, Ballads, and Le- 
gends, 1818-19 — Cry to Arms, 18 15 — New 
Poems, 1821-29 — Songs of Claudius, 1832 — 
Scattered Poems, 1 840. 

Tolmides, — [BC] — ravages Peloponnesus, 
and plants Messenians at Naupactus, 455 — de- 
feated and killed at Coroneia, by Boeotians, 447. 

Tolosa, Navas de, battle of, — Mohammed 
al Naser defeated by kings of Castile, Aragon, 
and Navarre, (15 Saphar 609, a. h.) 17 Jul. 
1212. 

Tomboro, volcano. [Sumatra.] 

Tomi, — [BC] — founded by Milesians, 633. 

Tomline, (Pretyman,) George, Bp of "Win- 
chester, — b. at Bury St Edmund's, 9 Oct. 
1753 — Fellow of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, 
1773 — M.A., 1775 — private secretary to Mr 
Pitt, 1782 — marries, 1784 — Prebendary of 
Westminster, 1784 — D.D., 1784— F.R.S., 
1785 — Bp of Lincoln and Dean of St Paul's, 
Jan. 1787 — Bp of Winchester, Jul. 1820 — 
loses his wife, Jan. 1826 — fr., 14 Nov. 1827. 
Elements of Christian Theology, 1799 — Me- 
moirs of Pitt, 1 82 1. 

Tomsk, in Russia, — founded, 1604. 

Tone, Theobald Wolfe, — b. at Dublin, 
1763 — founds Society of United Irishmen, 
86 * 



*3 6 4 



TONGUES— TORELL1. 



1793 — retires to America, 1795 — to France, 
1796 — takes part in expedition of Gen. Hocke, 
Dec. 1796 — taken prisoner and condemned to 
death, 1798 — kills himself, 19 Nov. 1798. 

Tongres, {Tongern,) in Belgium, — ravaged 
and partly burnt by French, 1677 — taken by 
French, 1703. Church of Notre Dame, built, 
about 1240. 

Tongue, Dr, — joins Titus Oates in charge 
of Popish Plot, 1678. 

Tonk, in Hindustan, — Nawab of, instigates 
murder of uncle and cousin of the Thakoor of 
Lawa, with their followers, 1 Aug. 1867 — de- 
posed by British Government, Nov. 1867 — the 
sentence confirmed by Lord Mayo, in Council, 
13 Mar. 1869 — application made to Imperial 
Parliament for further inquiry, 23 Feb. 1872. 
Tonningen, in Schleswig, — mentioned, 11 86 
— raised to rank of a town, 1589 — rises into 
importance after construction of its harbour, 
16 1 3 — fortifications strengthened by Duke 
Frederick IV., 1644 — capitulation of Gottorp 
signed at, 15 Nov. 1658 — besieged by Danes, 
1660 — given up to them, 1675 — fortifications 
demolished, 1676 — recovered by the Duke and 
again fortified, 1679 — unsuccessfully besieged 
by Duke Albert of Wurtemberg for Frederick 
IV., 22 Apr. to 2 Jun. 1700 — taken by Swedes 
under Gen. Stenbock, 14 Feb. 17 13 — surrenders 
to Frederick Prince Royal of Denmark, 16 
May 17 1 3 — capitulates to Danes, 17 Feb. 17 14 
— Castle destroyed by Christian VI., 1734 — 
taken by Danes, Aug. 1850. 

Tonson, Jacob, bookseller, — ft., 1656 — ap- 
prenticed to Basset, 5 Jun. 1670 a — admitted to 
Stationers Company and begins business, 1678 
— meetings of the Kit Cat Club held at his 
house, (Barn Elms,) from 17 03 — ft., 1728. 
a Knight. 
Tonstall, [Tunstall,) Cuthbert, Bp of Dur- 
ham, — ft. at Hatchford, Yorkshire, 1474 or 
1475 — enters Baliol Coll. Oxford, about 149 1 
— Vicar-general to Abp Warham, Aug. 151 1 
— rector of Harrow, Dec. 15 11 — Prebendary 
of Lincoln, 15 14 — Master of the Rolls, May 
15 16 — joint-ambassador with Sir T. More to 
Charles I. of Spain, at Brussels, 15 16 — again, 
1517 — Dean of Salisbury, 1521 — Bp of Lon- 
don, Oct. 1522— Lord Privy Seal, May 1523 — 
ambassador to Spain, 1525 — accompanies Wol- 
sey to France, Jul. 1527 — takes part in nego- 
tiating Treaty of Cambray, 1529 — buys up Tyn- 
dale's New Testaments at Antwerp and burns 
them in Cheapside, 1529 — Bp of Durham, 
1530 — committed to the Tower, Dec. 155 1 — 
deprived, 14 Oct. 1552 — restored by Queen 
Mary, 1553 — again deprived by Queen Eliza- 
beth, Jul. 1559— tr. at Lambeth, 18 Nov. 1559. 
De arte supputandi, 1522 — De Veritate Corporis 
et Sanguinis Domini in Eucharistia, 1554. 

Tonsure,— mentioned by Paullinus of Nola, 
as adopted by monks, about 400. 

Tontine, species of Life Annuity, — intro- 
duced in France by Lorenzo Tonti, 1653 — 
prohibited by Council of State, 1763. 

Tooke, John Home, politician, philologist, 
— b. at Westminster, 25 Jun. 1736 — enters 
Cambridge Univ., 1755— ordained priest, 1760 



— with Wilkes, founds society for supporting 
the Bill of Rights, 1769 — M.A., 177 1 — resigns 
his living and begins to study for the bar, 1773 
— prosecuted for libel and imprisoned, 1777 — 
a call to the bar refused by the Benchers, on 
the ground of his being a clergyman, 1779 — 
tried for treason and acquitted, 1794 — M.P. 
Old Sarum, 1801 — fc. at Wimbledon, 18 Mar. 
1 812. Diversions of Purley, 17 86- 1805. 

Tooke, Thomas, economist, — ft. at St Peters- 
burg, 1774 — draws up Merchants' Petition in 
favour of Free Trade, 1820 — rj. in London, 26 
Feb. 1858. History of Prices, 1838- 57. 

Tooke, William, litterateur, — ft. at Isling- 
ton, 18 Jan. 1744 — chaplain to English Fac- 
tory at St Petersburg, 1774-92 — rj. in London, 
17 Nov. 1820. Life of Catherine LL., 1797 — 
View of the Russian Empire, 1799 — Sistory 
of Russia, 1800 — joint-editor of General Bio- 
graphical Dictionary, 1798. 

Tooke, William, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at 
St Petersburg, 22 Nov. 1777 — comes to Eng- 
land, 1792 — one of the founders and member 
of the Council of London University, 1823 — 
assists in founding Society for Diffusion of 
Useful Knowledge, 1826— M.P. Truro, 1832— 
Pres. Society of Arts, 1862 — tt. in London, 20 
Sep. 1863. Monarchy of 'France, 1855 — edition 
of Churchill's Poetical Works, 1804. 

Toplady, Augustus Montague, theologian, 
hymn-writer, — ft. at Farnham, in Surrey, 4 
Nov. 1740 — ordained priest, 1762 — vicar of 
Broad Hembury, Devonshire, 1768 — removes 
to London, 1775 — tf. in London, n Aug. 1778. 
Historic Proof of the Doctrinal Calvinism of 
the Church of England, 1774 — Scheme of Chris- 
tian and Philosophical Necessity asserted, 1775. 
Tbplitz, in Bohemia, — defeat of Prussians by 
Austrians near, 1762 — treaty of alliance be- 
tween Austria, Russia, and Prussia, signed at, 
9 Sep. 1 813. Conference of, between emperors 
of Austria and Russia, and king of Prussia, 
held, Oct. 1835. 

Toranus. [Ruflnus.] 

Torbanehill Mineral, [Boghead Coal,) gas- 
coal, — found near Edinburgh, about 1853 — 
law-suit respecting nature of, 1853. 

Torbay, in Devonshire, — William, Prince of 
Orange, lands at, 5 Nov. 1688. 

Tordenskiold, Peter, (Wessel,) admiral,— 
ft. at Trondheim, 28 Oct. 1691 — serves in 
Danish navy, 1709-20 — Captain, Dec. 17 14— 
contributes to victory over Swedes, 24 Apr. 
17 15 — ennobled, and his name changed to Tor- 
denskiold, by Frederick IV., Feb. 17 16 — Vice- 
admiral, 17 18 — storms Marstrand, Jul. 1719 — 
killed in a duel at Hanover, 20 Nov. 1720. 

Tordesillas, — Treaty of, between Spain and 
Portugal, for regulation of rights of commerce 
and discovery in Western Ocean, signed, 7 
Jun. 1494.* a Prescott. 

Torelli, Giuseppe, mathematician, — ft. at 
Verona, 1721 — ft. there, 1781. Edition of 
Works of Archimedes, 1792. 

Torelii, Lelio, jurist, — ft. at Fano, 1489 — 
enters service of the Medici at Florence, 1531 
— principal secretary to Grand Duke, 1546— ft. 
patrician of Florence, 1576. Digestorum seu 



TOEELLO— TOEEENS. 



1365 



Pandectarum libri I. ex Pandectis Jlorentinis 
reprtesentati, 1553. 

Torello. [See Ferrara.] 

Toreno, Don Jose Maria Queipo de Llano, 
Count or, Viscount of Mattarosa, states- 
man, historian, — fj. at Oviedo, 26 Nov. 1786 — 
visits England, 1808 — member of the Cortes, 
Feb. 181 1 — takes refuge in France, 1814-20 — 
again, 1823-32 — Minister of Finance, 1834 — 
Minister of Foreign Affairs, Pres. Council, 1835 
— resigns, Sep. 1835 — again member of the 
Cortes, 1840 — tf. at Paris, 16 Sep. 1843. His- 
toria del Levantamiento Guerra y Revolution de 
Fspdna, 1835-7. 

Torfaeus, {Tor modus,) (Thormod Thorveson,) 
historian, — fo. in Iceland, 1640 — studies at 
Univ. of Copenhagen, 1654-7 — Eoyal Historio- 
grapher of Denmark, 1682 — tf., 17 19. His- 
toria rerum Norwegicarum ad annum 1387, 
17 1 1 — Series dynastarum et regwn Danice, &c, 
1702 — Historia Vinlandice Antique, 1705 — 
Groenlandia Antigua, 1706. 

Torgau, in Prussia, — passage of the Elbe 
by Prussians at, 1745 — attacked by Imperialists, 
9 Aug. 1759 a — defended by Wolf ersdorf : ca- 
pitulates, 14 Aug. — Frederick II. defeats Mar- 
shal Daun at, 3 Nov. 1760.* league of, 
between Lutherans and Frederick the Wise, 
concluded, 1525. Articles of, presented by 
Lutherans to Elector John, 1530. Book of 
(Confession,) published, 1576 — which forms 
basis of the Formula Concordia, 1577. 
■•Carlyle. 

Tornea, in Finland, — founded by Swedes, 
1628 — visited by Charles XL, 1694 — captured 
by Eussians, 17 15 — observations of Maupertuis 
for determining figure of the earth, made at, 
1736-7 — taken by Eussians, 23 Mar. 1809 — 
ceded to Eussia by Peace of Frederickshamm, 
1809. Treaty of regulating boundary of 
Sweden and Eussia, concluded, 20 Nov. 18 10. 

Toro, in Spain, — Ferdinand of Castile defeats 
Alfonso V. of Portugal at, 1476. Laws of 
compiled, 1505. 

Toronto, in Canada, — founded by Governor 
Simcoe, and named York, 1794 — burnt by 
Americans, 181 3 — incorporated, and receives its 
present name, 1834 — head-quarters of rebellion, 
1837 — Sir F. Head defeats rebels at, 5 Jan. 
1838 — appointed seat of government alternately 
with Quebec, 1849 — partly burnt, 1849. 
Cathedral, (Anglican,) built, 1852. University, 
founded, 1843. 

Torpedoes, submarine mines, — used by Duke 
of Parma at siege of Antwerp, 1583 — by Eng- 
lish at Eochelle, 1628 — modern, invented and 
name adopted by Bushnell, 1776 — Fulton's 
invented, 1805 — in Crimean War, 1854-6 — 
electrical, attempted, 1855 — successfully used 
by Austrians, 1 859 — usecl in American War, 
1 86 1-5 — parliamentary committee on, ap- 
pointed in England, 1863 — its Eeport prepared, 
close of 1868. 

Torquatus, — Consul with Salvius Julianus, 
(901, a. u. c.) 148. 

Torquatus, A. Manlius, — [BC] — Consul 
with Q,. Cassins Longinus, (590, a. u. c.) 164. 

Torquatus, C Bellicius, — (1.) Consul with 



M.'Acilius Glabrio, (877, a. u. c.) 124. (2.) 
Consul with Ti. Claud. Atticus Herodes, (896,) 
143- 

Torquatus, L. Manlius, — [BC] — Consul 
with L. Aurelius Cotta, (689, a. u. c.) 65 — 
takes part against Catiline, 6^. 

Torquatus, L. Nonius Asprenas, — .Consul 
with M. Annius Libo, (881, a. u. c.) 128. 

Torquatus, T. Manlius,— [B C]— (1.) Consul 
with M. Fulvius Psetinus, (455, a. u.c.) 299. (2.) 
Consul with C. Atilius Bulbus, (519,) 235 — de- 
feats Sardinians and triumphs, gate of Janus 
shut : Censor with Q,. Fulvius Flaccus, resigns, 
231 — Consul with Q. Fulvius Flaccus, (530,) 
224 — first crosses the Po against Gauls : war in 
Sardinia, 217 — Dictator, for comitia, 208, 210. a 
(3.) Consul with Cn. Octavius, (589,) 165. 
a Smith's Diet. 

Torquatus, T. Manlius Imperiosus, — [BC] 

— serves under T. Quintius Pennus, and slays 
the Gaul, 361 — Dictator, against Cserites and 
Etruscans, 353 — Dictator, to hold comitia, 349 
— Consul with C. Plautius Hypsceus, (407, 
A. u. c.) 347 — with C. Marcius Eutilus, (410,) 
344 — with P. Decius Mus, (414,) 340 — defeats 
Latins, puts his son to death for breach of 
discipline : Dictator, 320. 

Torquemada, Juan de> {de Turrecremata,) 
Cardinal, — ft. at Valladolid, 1388 — enters 
Dominican Order, 1403 — attends Council of 
Constance, 141 7 — graduates at Paris, 1424 — 
Master of Sacred Palace, by Eugenius IV., 143 1 
— as theologian of the Pope, assists at Councils 
of Basel, Ferrara, and Florence, 143 1-9 — 
receives title of Defender of the Faith, 1439 — 
ambassador to Charles VII. of France, 1439 — 
Cardinal, 18 Dec. 1439 — assists at assembly of 
bishops at Bourges, 1440 — Bp of Palestrina, 
1455 — Bp of Sabina, 1464 — tf. at Eome, 26 
Sep. 1468. Fxpositio super toto Psalterio, 1465 
— Commentarii in decret. Gratiani part., 15 19 
— Meditationes, 1467. 

Torquemada, Tommaso de, Inguisitor -gen- 
eral,— %. at Valladolid, about 1420 — while 
Prior of Dominican Order, at Segovia, is named 
Inquisitor-general of Castile and Aragon, by 
bulls of Sixtus IV., 2 Aug. and 17 Oct. 1483 — ■ 
promotes expulsion of Jews, 1492 — tf., 16 Sep. 
1498. 

Torre, della. [See Milan.] 

Torre, Giovanni Maria della, natural philo- 
sopher, — h. at Eome, 17 13 — Librarian to King 
of Naples, and Keeper of Museum, 1754 — tj- 
at Naples, Mar. 1782. Scienza della Natura, 
1749-50 — Istituzioni aritmetiche, 1752 — Storia 
efenomeni del Vesuvio,!^^ —Elementa physices, 
1767. 

Torre del Greco, in Italy, — mentioned, 
1324 — suffers from eruption of Vesuvius, 163 1 
— destroyed by eruption, 1795 — again suffers, 
1804, 1822 — almost destroyed by earthquake, 
1857 — again, by eruption of Vesuvius, 8 Dec. 
1861. 

Torregiano. [Torrigiano.] 

Torrens, Sir Henry, general,— f). at London- 
derry, 1779 — enters the army, end of 1793 — 
serves under Abercromby in West Indies, and is 
wounded at capture of St Lucia, 1 May 1796 



1^66 



TORRES STRAIT— TORTURE. 



— again wounded in action near Alkmaar, 2 
Oct. 1799 — serves in^Egypt, 1801 — marries, 
1803 — takes part in expedition to S. America, 
1807 — military secretary to Sir A. Wellesley, 
accompanies him to Portugal, 1808 — Colonel, 
aide-de-camp to Prince Regent, 1812 — Adju- 
tant-general, Mar. 1820 — U. near Welwyn, 23 
Aug. 1828. 

Torres Strait, between Australia- and New 
Guinea, — passed by Louis Vaez de Torres, 
1606. 

Torres Vedras, in Portugal, — lines of, con- 
structed by Wellington, 1809-10 — occupied by 
him, 8 Oct. 18 10 — Massena arrives before, 
middle Oct. — retreats from, 14 Nov. 

Torricelli, Evangelista, mathematician, 
natural philosopher, — 6. at Faenza, a Piancal- 
doli, b 15 Oct. 1608 — invents the barometer, 
1643 — tf. Prof. Mathematics at the Academy of 
Florence, 1647. Opera geometrica, 1644. 
a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Torrigiano, Pietro, sculptor, — b. at Flor- 
ence, about 1470 a — quits England for Spain, 
1519— tr. at Seville, 1522. Tomb of Henry 
VII., Westminster Abbey, 15 19. a Nagler. 

Torrijos, Don Jose Maria, general, — b. at 
Madrid, 20 May 1791 — distinguishes himself 
in the army, 1808-13 — imprisoned, 1817-20 — 
Field -marshal, by the Cortes, and Governor of 
Navarre and Basque Provinces, 1820 — com- 
mands against French, 1823 — capitulates at 
Carthagena, and takes refuge in England, 
1823 — returns to Spain, and is shot with his 
companions at Malaga, 11 Dec. 1831. 

Torrington, Arthur Herbert, Earl of, Lord 
High Admiral of England, — Rear-admiral, 
1678 — raises siege of Tangier, 1682 — Joint- 
commissioner for office of Lord High Admiral, 
1684 — Vice-admiral of England and Master of 
the Robes, 1685 — dismissed from his offices, 
Jul. 1687 — enters service of States of Holland, 
and is Admiral of fleet of William Prince of 
Orange, 1688 — First Commissioner of Ad- 
miralty, by William III., 1688 — attacks French 
fleet in Bantry Bay, 1689 — Baron Herbert and 
Earl of Torrington, 1689 — dismissed from 
commission of Admiralty, 1690 — defeated by 
Admiral Tourville off Beachy Head, 30 Jun. 
1690— deprived of command and sent to the 
Tower, Aug. — tried by court-martial and ac- 
quitted, 19 Dec. 1690 — ts„ 13 Apr. 17 16. 

Torrington, George Byng, Viscount, ad- 
miral, — b. in Kent, 1663 — enters the navy, 
1678 — goes over to Prince of Orange, 1688 — 
Rear-admiral, serves under Sir Cloudesley 
Shovel, 1703 — commands at taking of Gibral- 
tar, 1704 — distinguishes himself at battle of 
Malaga, 1704 — Knt, by Queen Anne, 1704 — 
Vice-admiral, sent to Barcelona, 1706 — takes 
part in capture of Alicante, 1706 — Admiral, 
1708 — commands in the Mediterranean, 1709 — 
Bart., 17 15 — sent to the Baltic, 17 17 — charged 
with defence of Sicily, 17 18 — defeats Spanish 
fleet off Cape Passaro, 17 19 — Viscount Tor- 
rington, Baron Byng of Southill, 1721 — K.B., 
1725 — First Lord of the Admiralty, 1727 — tf., 
17 Jan. 1733. 
Torrington, George Byng, Viscount, ad- 



miral, — n. in London, 5 Jan. 1768 — enters the 
navy, 1778 — Lieutenant, 1790 — Post-captain, 
Jun. 1795 — captures French corvette, 1797 — 
resigns, May 1802 — resumes service, 1803 — 
succeeds his father as Viscount, .8 Jan. 181 3 — 
— Vice-admiral, 1821 — ft. in Kent, 18 Jun. 
1831. 

Torsellino. [Tursellinus.] 

Torstenson, Lennart, Count of Ortala, 
general, — b. in Sweden, 17 Aug. 1603 — page 
to Gustavus Adolphus, 161 8 — distinguishes 
himself under Gustavus at battle of Leipsic, 7 
Sep. 163 1 — and at passage of the Lech, 5 Apr. 
1632 — taken prisoner at combat of Nurnberg, 
24 Aug. 1632 — liberated, about Feb. 1633 — 
takes Landsberg, 1633 — Grand Master of 
Artillery, 1634 — serves against Poles in Prus- 
sia, 1635 — Commander-in-chief of Swedes in 
Germany, 1641 — defeats Austrians at Schwed- 
nitz, 21 May 1642 — again, at Breitenfeld, 2 
Nov. 1642 — conquers Holstein, Schleswig, and 
Jutland, 1643 — defeats Gen. Gallas at Jiiter- 
bogk, 23 Nov. 1644 — defeats Austrians at 
Jankowitz, 24 Feb. 1645 — retires, 1646 — 
created Count, 1647 — Councillor of State, 1648 
— tf. at Stockholm, 7 Apr. 1651. 

Tortola, one of the Virgin Islands, — Dutch 
settlement in, 1648 — Dutch expelled by Eng- 
lish, 1666 — devastated by hurricane, 29 Oct. 
1867. 

Tortona, in Italy, — taken and destroyed by 
Frederick Barbarossa, 1155 — fortifications re- 
stored by Milanese, 11 57 — favoured by Fre- 
derick II., 1220 — assists him at siege of Par- 
ma, 1247 — becomes subject to the Visconti, 
1346 — taken by Imperialists, 1706 — besieged 
and taken by French, 26 Jan. to 5 Feb. 1734 — 
taken by Spaniards, 14 Aug. 1745 — citadel 
capitulates, 3 Sep. — dismantled by French, 
1796 — besieged by Russians, surrenders to 
them, 1799 — restored to French, 1800 — given 
up to Sardinia, 18 14. 

Tortosa, (Derdosa,) in Spain, — taken from 
Moors by Louis le Debonnaire, 811 — cru- 
sade against, proclaimed by Eugenius III., 
1 148 — captured by Genoese, 1 148 — the women 
distinguish themselves in defence of, and Ray- 
mond, Count of Barcelona, institutes for them 
military Order of la Hacha, (the Flambeau,) 
1 170 — taken by Duke of Orleans, n Jul. 1708 
— unsuccessfully attacked by Stahremberg, 22 
Oct. 171 1 — taken by Marshal Suchet, 1 Jan. 
18 1 1 — evacuated by French, 18 14. 

Torture, of accused persons and witnesses, 

— sanctioned by code of Justinian, 530 — 
sanctioned in cases of heresy, by decree of In- 
nocent IV., 1252 — authorized in case of Knights 
Templars by Clement V., 1310. In Prussia, 
abolished by Frederick II., 3 Jun. 1740. In 
France, the question preparatoire discontinued 
by decree of Louis XVI., 24 Aug. 1780 — abol- 
ished, 9 Oct. 1789. In Pussia, abolition of, 
recommended by Empress Catherine, 1763 — 
effected, 1801. In England, applied to Tem- 
plars, 1 3 10 — in common use, from about 1460 

— declared by Judges unlawful, 1628 — last 
instance on record, May 1640. In Scotland, 
abolished by Act 7 Ann. c. 21, s. 5, 1709. 



TOEY— TOULOUSE. 



[367 



Tory,— comes into use as designation of 
political party in England, 1679. 

Toscanelli, Paolo del Pozzo, astronomer, — 
b. at Florence, 1397 — one of the keepers of 
Florentine Library, 1427 — erects gnomon on 
the Duomo of Florence, 1846— tf. at Florence, 
15 May 1482. 

Tostig, son of Earl Godwine, — banished, re- 
tires to Bruges, 105 1 — present at his father's 
death, 1053 — succeeds Siward as Earl of 
North umbria, early in 1055 — visits Home with 
his wife, 106 1 — takes part with his brother 
Harold in subjugation of Wales, 1063 — revolt 
of his subjects, outlawed, 1065 — on appoint- 
ment of Morcar to succeed him, retires to 
Flanders, about Nov. 1065 — ravages Isle of 
Wight, Apr. 1066 — repulsed at Isle of Thanet, 
ravages Lincolnshire, is defeated by Earls Ed- 
win and Morcar, and escapes to Scotland, 1066 
—joins Harold Hardrada on the Tyne, Sep.— 
killed at battle of Stamford-Bridge, 25 Sep. 
1066. 

Totila, Totilas, {Baduila,) Ostrogothic 
King of Italy, — proclaimed King, autumn 
541 — twice defeats Eomans, winter 541-2 — 
occupies part of S. Italy, 542 — besieges Naples, 
before winter 542 — takes it, 543 — marches to- 
wards Eome, 543 — takes Tibur, 544 — takes 
several towns, spring 545 — forms siege of 
Eome, 545 — takes possession of Eome, 17 Dec. 
546 — marches against Joannes and Lucanians, 
early in 547' — repulsed by Belisarius before 
Eome, 547 — takes Euscia, summer 548— joined 
by Ilaulph, 549— recovers Eome, takes Taren- 
tum and Ariminum, ravages Sicily, and takes 
Ehegium, 549 — restores Eoman senate, 551 — 
defeated and killed by Narses, Jul. 552. 

Tott, Francis, Baron de, diplomatist, $c, 
— b. at Champigny, 17 Aug. 1733 — lives at 
Constantinople, 1755-63 — in the service of the 
Porte, 1769-76 — lj. in Hungary, 1793. Me- 
moires sur les Turcs et Tartares, 1784. 

Toul, in Lorraine, (Tullum Leucorum,) — 
seat of a bishopric, 410 a — subject to Franks, 
from about 500 — Theodebert, king of Austrasia, 
defeated by Thierry, king of Orleans, at, 612 — 
ceded by Charles III. {the Simple) to the Em- 
peror, about 92 1 c — erected into a County, and 
governed by its bishops, 925 ^ — privilege of 
coining money exercised by bishops, from about 
1025 — unsuccessfully besieged by Eudes, Count 
of Champagne, Oct. 1037 — treaty of alliance 
between Emperor Frederick II. and Philip 
Augustus of France concluded at, 19 Nov. 12 12 
— obtains right of self-government from em- 
perors, by grants of 1365, 1397, and 1425 b — 
seized, with Metz and Verdun, {Three Bishop- 
rics,) by Henry II. of France, 1552 — assigned to 
France, by Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis, 1558 b 
— and again by Peace of Westphalia, 1648 a — 
fortified by Vauban, 1700 — the see divided, 
1777-8 — stormed by Eussians, 20 Jan. 1814 — 
invested by Germans, 14 Aug. 1870 — assault 
repulsed, 16 Aug. — bombardment commenced, 
23 Aug. — surrenders to Grand Duke of Meck- 
lenburg, 23 Sep. — railway bridge near, destroyed 
by forces under Eicciotti Garibaldi, 22 Jan. 
1871. [Franco-German War.] Cathedral, 



founded, 965— western front, by Jacquemin, 
1447-96. Hotel de Ville, 1740. Councils of, 
held, 1 Jun. 350 ; before Charles the Bald, 14 
Jun. 859. a conv. Lex. 

b Univers Pittoresque. c Diet, de la Conv. 
Toulon, in France, {Telo Martins, Telonis 
Partus,) — seat of a bishopric, 45 1 — destroyed by 
Saracens, 889, 1178, and 1196 — taken by Im- 
perialists under Constable de Bourbon, 1524 — 
by Charles V., 1536— royal dockyard establish- 
ed by Louis XIV., about 1678 — fortified by 
Vauban, 1678 — unsuccessfully attacked by 
Duke of Savoy, and English and Dutch fleets, 
17 Jul. 1707 — ravaged by plague, 1721 — Ad- 
miral Matthews repulsed by French and Span- 
ish fleets off, 22 Feb. 1744 — given up to Eng- 
lish by Eoyalist inhabitants, 27 Aug. 1793 — 
besieged by Eepublicans, early in Nov. — taken, 
19 Dec. — expedition of Egypt sails from, 18 
May 1798 — expedition of Algiers sails, 25 
May 1830 — fortifications extended, since 1840. 
Toulouse, County or Duchy of, — erected by 
Charles the Great for Chorson, (Torsin,) 778 a 
— deprived by Diet of Worms, and succeeded 
by William I., 790 — marches against Saracens 
and is defeated, 793 — takes part with Louis le 
Debonnaire in recovery of Barcelona from 
Saracens, 801 — retires to a monastery, 806 — tf., 
28 May 812 or 813 — Eaymond Eafinel, 810 ? 
—Duchy diminished by separation of Septimania 
and Spanish Marches, 817 — Berenger, 818 ? 
— defeats Gascons, 819 — Duke of Septimania, 
832 — Bernard (son of William I.) succeeds, 
835 — William II., (son,) b., 826 — succeeds, 
844 or 845 — with aid of Saracens, seizes Barce- 
lona, 848 — put to death as traitor, 850 — Fre- 
delon, 850 — Eaymond I. (brother) hered- 
itary Count, 852— Bernard, (son,) about 864 
— Odo, {Eudes,) (brother,) 875 — acquires the 
Albigeois, 878 a — Eaymond II., (son,) about 
918 — distinguishes hims.elf in battle with Nor- 
mans, 923 — Eaymond-Pons III., (son,) 923 — 
defeats Hungarians in Provence, 924 — acknow- 
ledges Eudolphas King of France, 932 — Wil- 
liam Taillefer III., (son,) 950— makes 
treaty of partition with Eaymond III., Count 
of Eouergue, 975 — marries Emma of Provence, 
about 990 — Pons, (son,) 1037 — inherits also part 
of Provence : William IV., (son,) 1060 — cedes 
his dominions to his brother Raymond IV., 
1088, and goes to Palestine, 1092 — Bertrand 
(son) declared Count, 1096 — deprived by Wil- 
liam, Duke of Aquitaine, 1098 — reestablished, 
1 100 — succeeds his father, 1105 — embarks for 
Palestine, Mar. 1109 — quarrels with Tancred 
at Antioch, 1109 — takes Tripoli, 10 Jun. 1109, 
and is named Count of Tripoli: tf., 21 Apr. 
121 2 — Alfonso-Jourdain, (brother,) Count 
of Eouergue, b. in Palestine and baptized in 
Jordan, 11 03 — succeeds his brother 11 12 — de- 
prived by Duke of Aquitaine, 11 14 — restored, 
about 1 1 20 — besieged in Orange by Count of 
Barcelona, and delivered by Toulousans, 1123 
— makes treaty with Count of Barcelona, 1 1 25 
— makes pilgrimage to St Jago, 1 141 — founds 
Montauban, 1 144 — takes the cross at Vezelai, 
1 146 — arrives at Acre, spring 1148 — ft. at 
Csesarea, Apr. 1148 — Raymond V. and Al- 



x 3 63 



TOULOUSE— TOURNEUR. 



fonso II., (sons,) 1 148 — County claimed by 
Henry II. of England, 1 159— Raymond VI. , 
(son of Eaymond V.,) 1194 — Raymond VII., 
(son,) 1222 — Alfonso, son of Louis VIIL, 
marries daughter of Raymond VII., 1237 — 
Count of Poitiers, 1241 — goes on crusade, 1247 
— succeeds his father-in-law, 1249 — captured 
by Turks, 5 Apr. 1250 — released, 6 May — 
arrives at Toulouse, May 1251 — again takes 
the cross, 1252 — embarks on crusade, spring 
1270 — tf. at Savona, 21 Aug. 127 1 — County 
passes to Philip III. of France: formally 
united to the Crown, 1361. [Albigenses.] 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Toulouse, in France, (Tolosa,) — [B C] — 
taken by Romans under Csepio, 106 — [AD] — 
seat of a bishopric, before 250 — capital of 
Visigoths, 412 — taken by Clovis, spring 508 — 
erected into a kingdom for Caribert, 630 — un- 
successfully attacked by Saracens under Zama, 
who is defeated by Eudes, 721 — head of a 
County or Duchy, by Charles the Great, 778 — 
[Toulouse, County or Duchy of] — seized by 
Louis VII., 1141 — unsuccessfully besieged by 
Henry II. of England, 1159 — parliament of, 
established by Charles VII. by edict of n Oct. 
1443 — submits to Henry IV., 1596 — 'Welling- 
ton defeats Marshal Soult at, 10 Apr. 18 14 — 
the Commune proclaimed at, Mar. 1870— dis- 
turbances at an end, by 1 Apr. Academie des 
Joux Floraux, instituted, 1823. Councils of, 
against simony, marriage of 'ecclesiastics, and 
various abuses, held, 13 Sep. 1056; held by 
St Hugh, Abbot of Ciuny, about 1060; by 
same, against simony, 1068 ; to depose Frotard, 
Bp of Albi, for simony, 1079 ; to correct abuses, 
spring 1090; respecting succour to Alfonso of 
Aragon against Saracens, about Feb. 11 18; 
held by Pope Calixtus II. against Manichoeans, 
8 Jul. 1 1 1 8 ; for recognition of Pope Alexan- 
der III. by kings of. France and England, 
about Dec. 1162 ; against heresy, and for estab- 
lishment of Inquisition, Nov. 1229. [Albi- 
genses.] 

Toumen, in Siberia, — founded, 1586. 

Toup, Jonathan, philologist,— b. in Corn- 
wall, Dec. 1713— M.A. Cambridge, 1756 — tf., 
19 Jan. 1785. Emendationes in Suidain, 1760- 
66 — Appendicula, 1775 — edition of Longinus, 
1778. 

Tour, Maurice Quentin de la, painter, — ft. 
at St Quentin, 1704 — admitted to the Academy, 
1746— rj. at St Quentin, 1788. 

Tour d'Auvergne. [Bouillon, Turenne.] 

Touraine, in France, — seized by Count of 
Anjou, 1044 — conquered and annexed to Crown 
of France, by Philip Augustus, 1202 — erected 
into a Duchy by King John, for his son Philip, 
Oct. i36o, a 1356 b — given to Archibald, Earl 
of Douglas, by Charles VI., 19 Apr. 1424 — 
finally reunited to the Crown, 1480. b 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. 
b Univers Pittoresque. 

Tourcoing, in France, — mentioned, 1146 — 
taken and destroyed by French, 1477 — burnt, 
1566, 1607, and 17 10 — Moreau defeats allies 
at, 18 May 1794. 

Tourgu'enief, {Turgenew,) Nikolai Ivano- 



vich, miscellaneous writer, — ft., 1790 — mem- 
ber of Council of State, (of Russian Empire,) 
about 1 8 14 — joins Society of the Public Good, 
1 8 19 — leaves Russia, 1824 — visits Paris, Lon- 
don, and Edinburgh, 1825-6 — condemned to 
death as a promoter of insurrection of Dec. 
1825, 1826 — tr. at Paris, 10 Nov. 1871. La 
Fussie et les Fusses, 1 847 . 

Tourmaline, mineral, — its properties in- 
vestigated by Lernery, 17 17 — by iEpinus, 
1756 — by Heberden and "Wilson, about 1758 
— by Canton, 1759 — by Priestley, 1766-7. 

Tournament, — held at Strasburg, 840 a — 
first held in England, about 1140 — condemned 
by Council of Halle, 11 76 — held in Smithfield, 
London, Michaelmas 1390 — at Greenwich, 
1 May 1536 — generally discontinued after death 
of Henry II. of France, 1559— representation 
of, at Eglinton Castle, 29 Aug. 1 839. a Nithard. 

Tournay, in Belgium, (Tomacwn, Turris 
Nerviorum,) — seized by Franks, under Clodion, 
445, a 432 b — seat of a bishopric, 484 b — sacked 
by Northmen, 880 b — made part of County of 
Flanders by Charles the Bald, before 877 — ac- 
cepts protection of Philip Augustus, n 92~seized 
by Ferdinand of Portugal, 1 2 1 3 b — soon retaken 
by French : fortified by Philip the Fair, 1295 — 
besieged by Edward III., Jul. 1340 — reunited 
to Crown of France by Charles VII., about 1423 
— unsuccessfully besieged by Duke of Guelder- 
land, 1477 b — taken by Henry VIIL, 29 Sep, 
15 1 3 — administration of justice in, provided 
for, by Act 5 Hen. VIIL c. 1, 1514 — restored 
to France, 15 18 — taken by Imperialists under 
Count of Nassau, 152 1 — ceded to Emperor by 
Treaty of Madrid, 1525 — disturbances at, 1566 
— revolts against Spaniards, and is subdued 
by Duke of Parma, 15 81 — taken by Louis 
XIV., 26 Jun. 1667 — ceded to France by 
Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1668 — citadel erected 
by Louis XIV., 167 1 — taken by Marlborough 
and Prince Eugene, 30 Jun. 1709 — ceded to 
Emperor by Treaty of Utrecht, 17 13 — placed 
in keeping of Holland, by Barrier Treaty, 
17 15 — captured by Louis XV., 22 May 1745 
— restored to Emperor by Peace of Aix-la- 
Chapelle, 1748 — dismantled, 17 81 — seized by 
French, 8 Nov. 1792 — retaken by Austrian s, 
30 Apr. 1793 — Duke of York defeated by 
Pichegru near, 19 May 1794 — occupied by 
French, 30 Jun. 1794 — given up to Dutch by 
France, by Treaty of Paris, 18 14 — fortifica- 
tions restored, after 18 16. 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Diet. Geog. Univ. 

Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de, botanist, — 
fo. at Aix, 5 Jun. 1656 — Prof. Botany, Jardin 
du Roi, Paris, 1683 — member of Academy of 
Sciences, 1692 — M.D., 1698 — visits the East, 
1700-2 — Prof. Medicine, Coll. of France, 1702 
— tf. at Paris, 28 Nov., a Dec. b 1708. Elements 
de botanique, {Institutiones rei herbarice,) 1694 
— Voyage du Levant, 17 17. 

a Conv.-Lex. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Tourneur, Pierre le, translator, — ft. at 
Valognes, 1736 — ft. at Paris, 1788. Transla- 
tions of Young's Night Thoughts, 1769-70 — • 
Shakespeare's Flays, 1776-82 — Clarissa FLar- 
lowe, 1784-7. 



TOURNIQUET— TOWNSHEND. 



1369 



Tourniquet, in Surgery, — suggested by 
Morel, 1674 — perfected by Petit, 17 18. 

Tournus, in France, — Council of held by 
Guy, Abp of Vienne, 15 Aug. 11 15. 

Tourrette, Marc Antoine Louis Claret de 
la, naturalist, — 6. at Lyons, 1729— o\ there, 
1793. Demonstrations Flementaires de Bo- 
tanique, 1766 — Voyage a Mont Piles, 1770. 

Tours, in France, (Cmsarodunum, Casar- 
omagus, Turoni,) — [AD] — visited by Hadrian, 
120 — seat of bishopric, 250 — archbishopric, be- 
tween 425-455 — taken from Visigoths by 
Clovis, 507 — Charles Martel defeats Saracens 
near, 732 — ravaged by Northmen, 853 — con- 
quered by Count of Anjou, 1044 — ceded to 
Louis IX. by Henry III. and united to Crown 
of France, 1259 — States-General meet at, 
1308 — truce between France and England 
concluded at, 1 Jun., a 28 May b 1444 — silk 
works established at, 1462-82 — States -General 
meet at, 1470, 15 Jan. to 14 Mar. 1484, May 
1506 and 15 10 — parliament of Paris trans- 
ferred to, by edict of Henry III., Feb. 1589- 
1594 — made seat of government delegation, 
Court of Criminal Justice, and Court of Cassa- 
tion, during German siege of Paris, 12 Sep. 1870 
— [Franco-German War] — delegation removed 
to Bordeaux, 10 Dec. 1870 — surrenders to Ger- 
mans, but is not occupied, 21 Dec. — occupied, 20 
Jan. 187 1. University, mentioned as existing, 
by Machiavel, 1500-20. Cathedral, founded by 
St Martin, 347— burnt, 561 — rebuilt by Gregory 
of Tours, about 575-590 — again burnt, 853 — 
rebuilt slowly and completed, 1550 — de- 
molished, 1793. Bridge over the Loire, built, 
1762-77. Abbey of St Martin, destroyed, 1797. 
Treaty of, between John de Montfort, Duke 
of Brittany, and Charles VI., concluded, 26 
Jan. 1392. Councils of, on discipline and cere- 
monial, held, 17 Nov. 567 ; on discipline and 
for correction of abuses, held by order of 
Charles the Great, Jun. 813; respecting relics 
of St Martin, Dec. 887 ; held by legate Giraud, 
against Berenger, 1050 ; by Hildebrand and 
Cardinal Gerard, against the same, who re- 
nounces his errors, and respecting dispute be- 
tween Emperor Henry III. and Ferdinand of 
Castile and Leon, 1055; to renew canons of 
Council of Vienne, 1 Mar. 1060; by Pope 
Urban II., to confirm decrees of Council of 
Clermont against Philip Augustus, Lent 1096 ; 
by Pope Alexander III., against Albigenses, 
(Manicheans,) and on discipline, 19 May 1163 ; 
respecting treatment of Jews by Crusaders, 10 
Jun. 1236 ; for reformation, 1239 ; to condemn 
various abuses, 3-5 Aug. 1282 ; by Louis XII., 
respecting declaration of war on Pope Julius 
II., Sep. 15 10. a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

b Annals of England. 

Tourville, Anne Hilarion de Cotentin, 
Count de, admiral, — b. at Paris, 1642 — Post- 
captain, 1666 — Lieutenant-general of naval 
armies, 1682 — bombards Algiers, 1688 — de- 
feats Dutch and English fleet off Beachy 
Head, 30 Jun. 1690 — burns Teignmouth, 1690 
— defeated by Admiral Bussell, off La Hogue, 
29 May 1692 — Marshal of France, 1693 — de- 
feats Dutch and English fleet off Cape St Vin- 



cent, 29 Jun. 1693 — blockaded in Toulon 
harbour by Admiral Bussell, 1694 — &. at 
Paris, 28 May 17 01. 

Toury, in France, — defeat of Gen. Beyan 
by Germans at, 5 Oct. 1870. 

Toussaint-Louverture, Negro Chieftain, — ■ 
b. in St Domingo, 1743— enters French army, 
Feb. 1794 — General of Division, 1795 — Com- 
mander-in-chief, Apr. 1796 — Governor for 
life, 1 801 — proclaimed outlaw by Leclerc, Feb. 
1802 — arrested, 10 Jun. 1802 — tJ. at Castle of 
Joux, near Besancon, 27 Apr. 1803. 

Towcester, in Northamptonshire, — unsuc- 
cessfully besieged by Danes, 92 r. 

Tower of London, — White Tower (?) erected 
by Gundulf, for William I., about 1078 — 
State prison, as early as 11 00 — Stephen holds 
his Court in, 1140 — surrendered to Stephen, 
1 143 — enclosed with wall by Longchamp, Bp 
of Ely, and held by him against Prince John, 
1 1 90— described by Fitzstephen, before 1191 
— begins to be used as arsenal, about 1200-10 
— Menagerie begins to be formed, about 1235 
— new walls built by Henry III., 1239 — fall 
of new walls, 1241 — outer mud wall pulled 
down by citizens, 1 3 1 6 — commission of inquiry 
into state of, appointed by Edward III., 1336 
— Edward III. resides at, 1337-8 — entered 
and pillaged by insurgents under Wat Tyler, 
1 38 1 — ceases to be Boyal residence, before 
1597 — survey of, by Sir John Peyton, Governor, 
1597 — visited and described by Paul Hentzner, 
1598 — occupied by James I., 1604 — visited 
by king of Denmark, 1606 — Report of Com- 
mission on state of, published, 1623 — occupied 
for Parliament by Major-Gen. Skippon, 12 
Jan. 1642 — visited by Charles II. at his 
coronation, 22 Apr. 1661 — repaired by Charles 
II., 1680-5 — seizure of, planned by Gordon 
rioters, 1780 — by Despard, 1803 — by rioters of 
18 16-17 — by Cato Street conspirators, 1820 — 
by rioters of 1831 — the Menagerie removed to 
Zoological Gardens, 1 831— great storehouse 
burnt, 30 Oct. 1841 — seizure of, planned by 
Chartists, 1848 — State Papers removed from, 

1857. 

Towers,— [BC] — moveable, used in sieges, 
first, in Sicily, 405. 

Towers, Joseph, political and miscellaneous 
writer, — b. in London, 1737 — Dissenting 
minister, 1774 — LL.D. Edinburgh, 1779 — fr., 
20 May 1799. British Biography, 1766-72. 

Townley Gallery, Townley Marbles. [See 
Townley, Charles.] 

Townley, Charles, antiquary,— $., 1 Oct. 
1737 — begins forming collection of Toivnley 
Marbles, at Bome, 1765-72 — tf. in London, 3 
Jan. 1805. His collection of sculpture bought 
for the nation, 1805— bronzes, coins, and gems 
bought, 1 8 14. 

Townshend, Charles, 2nd Viscount, states- 
man, — b., 1676 — succeeds to the title, Dec. 
1687 — marries, about 1699 — one of the Com- 
missioners to treat for Union with Scotland, 
1706— joint-plenipotentiary at conferences of 
Gertruydenberg, 1709-10 — ambassador ex- 
traord. to States-General of Holland, 17 10 
— loses his wife, 17 11 — marries again, 17 13 — 



i 3 7° 



TOWNSHEND— TRAIN. 



concludes the Barrier Treaty, 17 15 — Secretary 
of State and Prime Minister, 17 Sep. 17 14 — 
Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 17 17 — resigns, 10 
Apr. 17 17 — Pres. Council, 1 1 Jun. 1720 — again 
Secretary of State, 10 Feb. 1721 to 15 May 
1730 — K.G., 9 Jul. 1724 — ft. at Kainham, in 
Norfolk, 21 Jun. 1738. 

Townshend, Charles, statesman, — fc., 1725 
— M.P., 1747 — Commissioner of Trade, 1749 

— Lord of the Admiralty, 1751 and 1754— 
Treasurer of the Chamber, Nov. 1756 — secre- 
tary at War, 24 Mar. 176 1 to Feb. 1763 — 
First Lord of Trade and the Plantations, Mar. 
1763— Paymaster of the Forces, 8 Jun. 1765 — 
Chancellor of the Exchequer, 2 Aug. 1766 — 
introduces resolutions for taxing N. American 
colonies, 2 Jun. 1767 — ft., 4 Sep. 1767. 

Townshend, Chauncy Hare, — fc., 1800 — 
B.A. Cambridge, 1821— M.A., 1824 — ft. in 
London, 25 Feb. 1868. Sermons in Sonnets, 
1 85 1 — Mesmerism proved true, 1855 — Three 
Gates, 1859 — His Religious Opinions, 1869. 

Townshend, George, 4th Viscount, 1st 
Marquis, statesman, field-marshal, — ft., 28 
Feb. 1 7 24 — distinguishes himself at Dettingen, 
1743— at Fontenoy, 1745 — at Culloden, 1746 

— at Lafeldt, 1747 — M.P. Norfolk, 1747 — 
marries Lady Charlotte Compton, Dec. 1751 
— as Brigadier-general, takes part in expedition 
of Quebec, succeeds Wolfe as General-in-chief, 
1759 — receives capitulation of the French, 18 
Sep. 1759 — contributes to victory of allies at 
Fellinghausen, 1761 — serves in Portugal, 1762 
— succeeds to the peerage, 12 Mar. 1764 — 
Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 12 Aug. 1767 — 
loses his wife, Sep. 1770 — Master-general of 
the Ordnance, 17 Oct. 1772 — marries again, May 
1 7 7 3 — Earl of Leicester, 1 7 84 — created Marquis 
Townshend, 27 Oct. 1787 — ft., 14 Sep. 1807. 

Townshend, George Herbert, litterateur, — 
kills himself at Kensington, 23 Feb. 1869. 
Manuel of Bates, 1862 — edits Men of the Time, 
1868— Handbook of 1868, 1869. 

Townshend, John, — h. in London, 1757 — 
minister of Independent Congregation, Ber- 
mondsey, 1784 — assists in founding Deaf and 
Dumb Asylum, 1792 — ft., 1826. 

Towton, in Yorkshire, — Edward IV. defeats 
Henry VI. at, 29 Mar. 146 1. 

Toynbee, Joseph, aural surgeon, — ft., about 
1816—M.Ii.C.S., 1838— Pres. Quekett Club, 
1866— ft. in London, 8 Jul. 1866. 

Trachalus, M. Galerius, — Consul with C. 
Silius Italicus, (821, a. u. c.) 68. 

Tract Society, American, — established at 
New York, 1825. 

Tract Society, Religious, — of Scotland, in- 
stituted, by Campbell, 1793. Of London, by 
Burder, May 1799. New .England, by Porter 
and Edwards, May 18 14 — chartered by Mas- 
sachusetts Legislature, 1 8 16 — its name changed 
to American Tract Society, 1823 — becomes 
branch of the New York Society, 1825 — 
separates, 1859. 

Tractarian {Anglo- Catholic) Movement, 
(Puseyism,) — originated at Oxford by pub- 
lication of Tracts for the Times, by Pusey, 
Newman, and Keble, 1833-41. 



Traction Engine, Bray's, — experiment with, 
in London, 23 Aug. 1862 — at Woolwich, 30 
Dec. 

Tracts for the Times, [Tractarian Move- 
ment] — condemned by resolution of Vice-chan- 
cellor, heads of houses, and proctors, at Oxford, 
15 Mar. 1841. 

Tracy, William, — takes part in murder of 
Becket, 1170. 

Trade, Board of. [Board of Trade.] 

Trade Marks, in Great Britain, — law re- 
lating to counterfeiting, amended hy Act 25 
and 26 Vic. c. 88, 7 Aug. 1862. 

Trades Outrages. [Trades Unions.] 

Trades Unions, in Great Britain, — regulated 
by Acts 6 Geo. IV. c. 129, 6 Jul. 1825, and 22 
Vic. c. 34, 19 Apr. 1859 — proceedings of Com- 
missioners on, limited and regulated by Act 30 
Vic. c. 8, 5 Apr. 1867 — Commission on out- 
rages, opens at Sheffield, 12 Jun. 1867 — closes, 
8 Jul. — another at Manchester, Sep. 1867 — 
protection against larceny and embezzlement 
by members, provided by Act 31 and 32 Vic. c. 
116, 31 Jul. 1868 — law relating to, amended by 
Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 31, 29 Jun. 1871. 

Tradescant, John, naturalist, — living at 
Meopham, in Kent, 1608 — gardener to Charles 
I., 1629— ft., 1638. 

Tradescant, John, the Younger, — fc. at 
Meopham, Aug. 1608— gives his Museum of 
Natural History to Elias Ashmole, 15 Dec. 
1657 — ft., 22 Apr. 1662. Museum Tradescan- 
tium, 1656. 

Trading Companies, — incorporation, re- 
gulation and winding up of, provided for by 
Act 25 and 26 Vic. c. 89, 7 Aug. 1862. 

Tradonico, Pietro, Doge of Venice, — suc- 
ceeds Giovanni Particiaco, Jun. 837 — his son, 
Giovanni, associated with him : makes a treaty 
with Slaves in Dalmatia, about 839— receives 
patrician Theodosius, about 840 — receives Em- 
peror Louis II. at Venice, 856 — assassinated, 
15 Mar. 864. 

Trafalgar, Cape, in Spain, — Nelson defeats 
allied French and Spanish fleet off, 21 Oct. 1 805. 

Traffic, Street, in London, — regulated by 
Act 30 and 31 Vic. c. 134, 20 Aug. 1867. 

Tragedy, — [B C] — first named from prize of 
a goat, 589,3- 590 b — first made dramatic hy 
Thespis, 535 — masks first used by Thespis, 535 

— female masks, by Phrynichus, 512-476 — 
contemporary history dramatized by Phryni- 
chus, 494 — satyric drama invented by Pratinas 
of Phlius, about 500 — Dialogus, the Trilogy, 
and other improvements of iEschylus, 500-456 

— three actors and other improvements of 
Sophocles, about 460-440 — alterations by Eu- 
ripides, 450-420— at Borne, written by Livius 
Andronicus, 240. a Euseb. b Hieron. 

Traill, Robert, translator of Josephus, — it. 
at Lisburn, in Ireland, 15 Jul. 1793 — enters 
Trin. Coll. Dublin, 18 14 — ordained priest, 
1 820 — marries, 1 829 — parish minister of Schull, 
in Cork, 1830 — ft., 1847. Translation of 
Jewish War of Josephus, 1847. 

Train, Joseph, — becomes friend of Sir 
Walter Scott, 18 14 — presents to him the "Wal- 
lace Chair, 1824. Poems, with notes illustrative 



TRAINING TO ARMS— TRANSYLVANIA. 



i37r 



of traditions in Galloway and Ayrshire, 18 14. 
Training to Arms, in United Kingdom, — 
prohibited by Act 60 Geo. III. and 1 Geo. IV. 
c. 1, 11 Dec. 1819. 

Trajan's Bridge, — of stone, over the 
Danube built, 104-5 — destroyed by Hadrian, 
before 138. 

Trajanus, — defeats Sapor, 373 — assassinates 
Para, king of Armenia, 374 — defeated by Goths, 
377 — killed at battle of Adrianople, 9 Aug. 378. 

Trajanus, M. Ulpius, Roman Emperor, (98- 
117,) — b., 18 Sep. 52 — serves at the Euphrates 
against Parthians, 80 — praetor, before 86 — 
Consul with M.'Acilius Glabrio, (844, a. tj. c.) 
91 — adopted by Nerva, Csesar, trib. pot., close 
of 97 — succeeds Nerva, Jan. 98 — enters Rome, 
99 — sets out against Decebalus, defeats him, 
101 — second war against Decebalus, 104, who is 
defeated, and kills himself: triumphs, 105 — 
sets out for war against Armenians and Par- 
thians, 106 — Armenia a province, 107 — con- 
ducts Parthian War, 115 — winters at Anti- 
och, 1 15-6 — sails down Tigris to the ocean, 
116 — gives Parthians a king at Ctesiphon, 116 
— tf., early in Aug. 117. 

Tralee, in Ireland, — monastery founded at, 
1213 — taken by rebels, 1641 — taken by Wil- 
liam III., 1691. 

Tramways, Street, in England, — introduced, 
1868— construction of, facilitated, and working 
regulated, by Act 33 and 34 Vic. c. 78, 9 Aug. 
1870. 

Trani, in Italy,— defeat of catapan Eustasius 
by Normans at, about 1053 — receives charter 
from Bp of Worms, 12 15 — Frederick II. per- 
mits Jews to live at, 1221 — new castle built 
by him, 1233 — contest between French and 
Spanish knights, 1502. 

Tranquebar, in Hindustan, — Danish settle- 
ment in, about 16 16 — captured by British, 1807 
— restored to Danes, 1 8 14 — purchased by 
British, 1846. 

Transfiguration, Feast of the, — established 
by Pope Calixtus III., 1457. 

Transfusion of Blood, in Surgery, — attempt- 
ed in case of Innocent VIII., 1492 — operation 
described by Lebavius, 16 15 — recommended by 
Blundell, 1824. 

Transit. [See Mercury and Venus, planets.] 

Transit Instrument,— invented by Roemer, 
about 1690 — described by Horrebow, 1735. 

Translation of bishops, — prohibited by 
Councils of Nice, 325 — of Antioch, 341 — of 
Sardica, 347. 

Transoxiana. [Turkestan, Bokhara, Sa- 
marcand.] 

Transpadane Republic. [Lombardy.] _ 

Transportation, in English law, — authorized 
as mode of punishment of moss-troopers by Act 1 8 
Car. II. c. 3, 1666 — punishment of felons, by Acts 
4 Geo. I.e. 2, i7i8,and6Geo. I.e. 23, 1720— 
discontinued on establishment of penitentiaries, 
1775 — again authorized by Act 24 Geo. III. s. 
2, c. 56, 1784 — law respecting, amended and 
consolidated by Act 5 Geo. IV. c. 84, 21 Jim. 
1824— amended by Act 11 Geo. IV. and 1 Wm 
IV. c. 39, 16 Jul. 1830 — for life, in certain 
cases substituted for capital punishment by 



Act 4 and 5 Wm IV. c. 67, 13 Aug. 1834- 
parliamentary committees on, 1838 and 1839 — 
removal of prisoners under sentence of, to any 
prison in Great Britain, permitted by Act 10 
and 11 Vic. c. 67, 9 Jul. 1847 —for terms less 
than 14 years, abolished by Act 16 and 17 Vic. 
c. 99, 20 Aug. 1853— entirely abolished by Act 
20 and 21 Vic. c. 3, 26 Jun. 1857. 

Transsubstantiation, — doctrine of, main- 
tained by second Council of Nice, 787 — taught 
by Paschasius Radbert, ? 831— controverted by 
Rabanus Maurus, about 850 — by Lanfranc, 
about 1070— made a dogma of Roman Church 
and the term introduced by first Council of the 
Lateran, 12 15 — confirmed by Council of Trent, 
11 Oct. 1551. [See Luther, and Carlstadt] 
In England, public disputations on, at Oxford 
and Cambridge, 1549 — declaration against, as 
qualification for office or franchise, imposed by 
Acts 30 Car. II. st. 2, 1677, and 3 Win and 
Mar. c. 2, 169 1 — abolished by Act 30 and 31 
Vic. c. 62, 25 Jul. 1867. 

Transvaal Republic, in Africa, — estab- 
lished by emigrant Boers, 1848. 

Transylvania, [Dacia] — conquered by 
Stephen I. of Hungary, 1004 — invaded by 
Kumans, 1084-91 — Dutch settlers invited by 
Geisa II., 1143 — occupied by Emperor Manuel, 
1167-72 — invaded by Mongols, 1240 — separate 
kingdom for Stephen, son of Bela IV., 1262 — 
reunited with Hungary, 1270 — again invaded 
by Kumans, 1282 — erected into a Duchy by 
Ludwig the Great, for his brother Stephen, 
1344 — invaded by Turks, 1421 and 1433 — re- 
ceives doctrines of Luther, 1520 — insurrection 
in favour of John Zapolski, 1524 — treaty for 
erection of, into separate Principality, concluded 
between John Sigismund Zapolski and Ferdi- 
nand, Archduke of Austria, concluded, 1536 — 
John Zapolski, first Prince of, 1540 — Stephen 
Bathori elected to succeed him, 157 1 — Chris- 
topher Bathori, (brother,) 1576 — Sigismund 
Bathori, (son,) 158 1 — in alliance with Em- 
peror Rudolph carries on war with Turks, 
1595 — marries Christina of Austria, Aug. 1595 
— recognized as free Prince by Diet of Pres- 
burg, 1595 — takes part with Maximilian in 
expedition of Hungary, 1596 — cedes the Prin- 
cipality to Maximilian in exchange for Oppelen 
and Ratibor, 1597 — fails in attempts to regain 
it, and retires, 1602 — tf. in prison at Prague, 
20 Mar. 16 1 3 — Rudolph, Emperor, 1602 — re- 
volt under Moses Tzekely, Jun. 1603 — sup- 
pressed, Sep. — another revolt, 1604, under 
Stephen Botskai, who defeats Imperialists, 5 
Dec. — recognized Prince, Apr. 1605 — confirm- 
ed by Sultan, Nov. — recognized by Emperor 
and Porte, by treaty of 23 Jun. 1606 — tf., 28 
Dec. 1606 — Sigismund Racoczi (Ragotzki) 
elected, 22 Feb. 1607 — abdicates, 1608 — tf., 
16 1 3 — Gabriel Bathori elected, 1608 — ■ 
driven away by Turks, kills himself, 27 Oct. 
161 3 — Bethlem Gabor, 161 3 — George Racoczi 
I. [Ragotzki) elected, 163 1 — George Racoczi 
II., 1648 — Kemeni Janos, 1660 — deposed by 
Turks, 166 1 — killed in battle, 1 Feb. 1662 — 
Michael Abafpi I. appointed by Turks, 
1662— joins in truce of Teuieswar, 1664 — dis- 



*37 2 



TRAPEZUS— TREBIZOND. 



possessed by Duke of Lorraine, 1687 — restored 
by Emperor : tf., Apr. 1690 — Michael Abaf- 
fi II., b., 1677 — succeeds bis fatber, May 
1690 — unsuccessfully opposed by Count Eraeric 
Tekeli, 1690 — cedes bis States to tbe Emperor, 
1694— If. at Vienna, 1 Feb. 1713 — [Ragotzki, 
Francis Leopold] — supremacy of Porte over, 
renounced by Peace of Carlowitz, 1699 — 
united witb Hungary, 1 7 1 3 — erected into 
Grand Principality by Maria Theresa, 1765 — 
insurrection of peasants, under Hora, Kloska, 
and Krisan, (Hora Insurrection,) 1784-5 — 
another peasant insurrection, 1848-9 — sack of 
Nagy Enyed, Jan. 1 849 — invaded by Russians, 
1849 — separated from Hungary and made 
Crown-land of Austria, by Imperial constitution 
of 4 Mar. 1849 — former constitution restored, 
and separate Diet established, by decree of 20 
Oct. i860— reunited with Hungary, Nov. 1865 
— the reunion confirmed by Imperial Rescript, 
17 Feb. 1867. 
Trapezus. [Trebizond.] 
Trappists, Order of, — founded in Normandy 
by Rotrou, Count of Perche, 1 140 — receives 
rule of Cistercians, 1 148 — refounded by Abbe 
de Ranee, 1636-62 — abbey suppressed, 1789 — 
restored, 18 17 — suppression of, enjoined by 
ordinance of Charles X., 16 jun. 1828, but 
not carried out : the monastery burnt, Aug. 
1871. 

Traun, river in Austria, — Massena defeats 
Austrians on the, 3 May 1800. 

Trautenau, in Bohemia, battle of, — [Sohr] 
— Prince Frederick Charles of Prussia defeats 
Austrians at, 27 Jun. 1866. 

Travancore, in Hindustan, — factory of E. 
India Company established on the coast, 1673 
— Raja of, included in treaty between the 
Company and Sultan of Mysore, 1784 — over- 
run and devastated by Tippoo Sultan, 1789-90 
— placed under British protection by treaties of 
1797 and 1805 — British subsidiary force with- 
drawn, 1832. 

Travendal, — Treaty of, between Charles 
XII. of Sweden and Frederick IV. of Denmark, 
for restitution of places in Holstein conquered 
by latter, signed, 18 Aug. 1700. 

Traversari, Ambrogio, (Ambrosius Camal- 
dulensis,) — ft. at Portici, 1378, a at Forli, 1386 b 
— General of his Order, 143 1 — assists at Councils 
of Basel, Ferrara, and Florence, 1435-9 — &■ a * 
Florence, Oct. 1439. Hodceporicon, 168 1 — 
Epistoke, 1759. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 
Treadmill, — introduced in prisons, about 
1820. 

Treason, High Treason, in English law, — 
defined by Statute of Treasons, 25 Edw. III. 
st. 5, c. 2, 1352 — Acts creating, (since 25 Edw. 
III.,) repealed by Act 1 Mar. sess. 1, c. 1, 
1553 — prosecutions for, regulated by Act 7 
Wm III. c. 3, s. 2, 1695 — further regulations 
by Act 7 Ann. c. 21, 1708 — defence by counsel 
allowed to persons impeached of, by Act 20 
Geo. II. c. 30, 1757 — further denned by Act 
36 Geo. III. c. 7, 18 Dec. 1795 — made per- 
petual by 57 Geo. III. c. 6, 17 Mar. 18 17 — 
partly repealed by 11 and 12 Vic. c. 12, s. 1, 
22 Apr. 1848— prosecutions for, further regu- 



lated by Acts 39 and 40 Geo. III. c. 94, 28 
Jul. 1800; 6 Geo. IV. c. 50, s. 21, 22 Jun. 
1825, and 5 and 6 Vic. c. 51, 16 Jul. 1842. 
Punishment of, altered by Act 54 Geo. III. c. 
146, 27 Aug. 1 8 14 — forfeitures for, abolished, 
and the law amended, by Act 33 and 34 Vic. c. 
23, 4 Jul. 1870. 

Treason, Petit, — defined by Act 25 Edw. 
III. st. 5, c. 2, 1352 — benefit of clergy taken 
away by Act 12 Hen. VIII. c. 7, 1520 — . 
punishable as murder only by Acts 9 Geo. IV. 
c. 31, s. 2, 27 Jun. 1828, and 24 and 25 Vic. 
c. 100, s. 8, 6 Aug. 1861. 

Treasurer, Lord High, of England, — office 
first put into commission, 16 12 — becomes Lord 
High Treasurer of Great Britain, on union 
with Scotland, 1707 — office regularly vested 
in Commissioners since 17 15 — becomes Lord 
High Treasurer of United Kingdom, by Act 
56 Geo. III. c. 98, 1 Jul. 1816. 

Trebbia, (Trebia,) river in Italy, — [BC] — 
Hannibal defeats P. Scipio and T. Sempronius 
on the, end of 218 — [AD] — Suwarof defeats 
the French, 17-19 Jun. 1799. 

Trebellius Pollio, historian, — fl., about 323. 
Trebizond, {Trapezus,) on the Black Sea, — 
[B C] — colony of Sinope, 756 a — reached by 
Xenophon and the Ten Thousand, 400— con- 
quered by Romans, 6^ — [A D] — port constructed 
by Hadrian, about 120-30? — taken by Goths, 
(Borani,) 268 — restored by Justinian, between 
530-60 ? — rises into importance under Leo the 
Isaurian, 720-40 — threatened by Seljuks, 1071 
— erected into an Empire for Alexius Comnenus, 
1204 — unsuccessfully besieged by Seljuks, be- 
tween 1224-29 — visited by Rubruquis, 1253 — 
threatened by David, king of Iberia, 1282 b — 
plundered and burnt by pirates, 1314 13 — church 
and monastery burnt, 1 340 — ravaged by plague, 
1347 b — visited by Clavijo, Apr. 1404 — unsuc- 
cessfully attacked by Turks, 1442 — capitulates 
to Mahomet I. and annexed to Ottoman Em- 
pire, autumn 146 1 — visited by Fallmerayer, 
1840. a Euseb. b Finlay. 

Trebizond, Empire of, — erected for Alexius 
Comnenus, 1204 11 — tributary to Seljuks, be- 
fore 1222 — Andronicus I. (Ghidos) suc- 
ceeds, 1222 a — concludes treaty with Ala-eddin, 
1224 — alliance with Gelaleddin, battle of 
Akhlat, i229, b 1230° — Joannes I., (Axou- 
chos,) 1235? — Joannices, 1238? — Manuel 
I. the Great Captain, 1238 ?— sends embassy 
to St Louis, 1253 — Andronicus II., 1263 — 
Georgius, 1266 ? — captured by Turkomans, 
1280 — Joannes II. crowned Emperor of the 
Romans, 1280 — the Empire independent: re- 
ceives embassy from Michael VII I., 1281* — 
revolt under Papadopoulous, 1281 — marries 
Eudocia at Constantinople, Sep. 1282 a — in- 
vasion of David, king of Iberia, 1282 — deposed 
by his sister Theodora, 1285 — Joannes II. 
again, soon after: Alexius II., 1297-8 — de- 
feats invading Turkomans near Kerasunt, 1302 
— rejects proposal for commercial treaty with 
Genoese, who set fire to the town, i3o6, d 
1 3 1 1 e — allows Genoese to reestablish them- 
selves, by treaty of 9 Jun. 13 r5 a — invited 
by Pope John XXII. to aid in effecting union 



TREBONIUS— TRENT. 



1373 



of Greek and Latin Churches, 1329 — tf., 1330 — 
Andronicus III., 1330 — Manuel II., 1332 — 
Turkoman invasion repulsed, 1332 — Basilius, 
Sep. 1332 — Irene, Api\ 1339— civil war, *339 
— dethroned, and succeeded by Anna Ana- 
choutlon, Jul. 1 341 — put to death, Sep. 1342 
— Joannes III., Sep. 1342 — dethroned, and 
succeeded by his father, Michael, (Grand- 
Comnenus,) May 1344— war with the Genoese, 
1348-9 — dethroned, 13 Dec. 1349 — Alexius 
III., Dec. 1349 — unsuccessful rebellion of 
Duke Mcetas, 1355 — tf., 1390 — Manuel III., 
ft., 1364 — named Emperor by his father, 1376 
— succeeds him, 1390 — tributary to Timur, 
probably after spring of 1400 a — tf., 1417 — 
Alexius IV. fights against Timur, 1387, 1393, 
and 1400 — defeated, takes refuge with Bayazid, 
1400 — succeeds his father, 1417 — Turkish in- 
vasion, 1442 — murdered, about 1446 — Jo- 
annes IV., {Kalo-joannes,) about 1446 — Da- 
vid, 1458 — conquest of, by Mohammed II., 
autumn 146 1. a Finlay. b Von Hammer. 
c Fallmerayer. d Paehymeres (in Finlay). 

e Panaretos (in Finlay). 

Trebonius, C.,— [BC] — quaestor, 60 — trib. 
pleb., 55 — proposes prolongation of power of 
triumvirs for 5 years : legatus to Caesar, 54-49 
-praetor urbanus, 48 — pro-praetor in Hispania 
Ulterior, 47 — expelled by mutiny of soldiers : 
joins conspirators against Caesar, 44 — procon- 
sul in Asia, after Mar. 44— killed at Smyrna 
by Dolabella, 43. 

Tredgold, Thomas, civil engineer, — ft. near 
Durham, 22 Aug. 1788 — goes to London, 1813 
— begins business on his own account, 1823 — 
tr., 28 Jan. 1829. Elementary Principles of 
Carpentry, 1820 — Strength of Cast Iron, 1821 
— Steam Engine, 1827,. 

Trees of Liberty, — planted in France, by 
Jacobins, 1790 — again set up, at Paris, 1830 
and 1848 — in Italy, 1848-9. 

Trembley, Abraham, naturalist, — ft. at Ge- 
neva, 1700 — F.R.S., 1743 — member of Grand 
Council, Geneva, 1757 — tf. at Geneva, 1784. 
Memoir es pour servir a I'histoired'un genre de 
polypes d'eau douce, &c, 1744. 

Tremellius, Emmanuel, theologian, — ft. at 
Ferrara, about 15 10 — comes to England, about 
1548? — teaches Hebrew at Cambridge: re- 
turns to Germany, 1553 — tf. Prof. Hebrew, 
Univ. of Sedan, 1580. Latin Bible, 1575-9. 

Tremouille, Charlotte de la. [Derby, 
Countess of.] 

Tremouille, {Trenroille,) Henri Charles, 
Duke de la, Prince oe Tarentum, — ft. at 
Thouars, 17 Dec. 1620— assists at marriage of 
Prince William of Nassau to Mary of England, 
1641 — marries Princess AmeHa of Hesse Cassel, 
about 1647 — distinguishes himself in War of 
the Fronde, 1649-51 — takes Rocroy x 1653- — 
imprisoned by Mazarin, about 1656 — enters 
service of States of Holland as Genei;al,i663 — 
renounces Protestantism, Oct. 1670 — q\, 14 
Sep. 1672. Memoires, 1767. 

Tremouille, {Tremoille,) Louis II. de la, 
Viscount de Thouaes, Prince de Talmont, 
— ft., 1460 — commands expedition against 
Duke of Bretagne, 1487 — defeats him, and 



takes prisoner Duke of Orleans and Prince of 
Orange, at St Aubin du Cormier, 1488— be- 
sieges Rennes, 1491 — with French artillery, 
crosses the Apennines, 1495 — defeats Italian 
allies at Fornova, 6 Jul. 1495 — appointed 
Lieutenant-general of Poitou, Aivjou, &c. ; 
again commands army of Italy, 1500 — conquers 
Lombardy, and takes prisoner Ludovico Sf'orza, 
1500 — Governor of Burgundy, 1500— fails in 
expedition against Naples, 1503 — distinguishes 
himself at Agnadello, 1509 — defeated by Swiss 
at Novara, 15 13 — successfully defends Bur- 
gundy, 15 1 3 — contributes to victory of Marig- 
nano, 15 15 — defends Picardy against allied 
Imperialists and English, 1522-3 — killed at 
battle of Pavia, 24 Feb. 1525. 

Tremulus, Q. Marcius,— [B C] — Constcl -with 
P. Corn. Arvina, (448, a. u. c.) 306 — again, 
(466,) 288. 

Trenchard, Sir John, statesman, — ft. in 
Dorsetshire, 1650 — M.P. Taunton, 1679 — im- 
prisoned, as Rye House conspirator, 1683 — 
supports Duke of Monmouth, 1685 — member 
of Convention Parliament, 1689 — Secretary 
of State, spring 1693 — tf., 20 Apr. 1695. 

Trenchard, John, political and miscellaneous 
writer, — ft. in Dorsetshire, 1662, a 1669 b — 
M.P. Taunton, 1695 — fr., 17 Dec. 1723. His- 
tory of Standing Armies, 1698 — Independent 
Whig, 1720-3 — Cato' s Letters, 1720-3. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Rees and Chalmers. 

Trenck, Franz, Baron von, — ft. at Reggio, 
1 Jan. 1711** i7i4 b — enters the Austrian 
army, 1722 — enters service of Russia, 1738 — 
returns to Austrian service, raises a body of 
Pandours, 1740 — attacks and destroys Cham, 
7 Sep. 1742 — attempts capture of Frederick 
II. at Kolin, Sep. 1745 — kills himself at 
Gratz, 4 Oct. 1747/ i749- bc Leben und 
Thaten, 1807. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. c Biog. Univ. 

Trenck, Friedrich, Baron von,— ft. at 
Konigsberg, 16 Feb. 1726 — enters the army, 
1742 — his intrigue with Princess Amalie, 1743 
— escapes from prison at Glatz, 24 Dec. 1746 — 
arrested at Dantzic and imprisoned at Berlin, 
1748 — released, 24 Dec. 1763 — settles in 
France, 1791 — guillotined at Paris, 25 Jul. 
1794. Memoirs, 1787. 

Trendelenburg, Friedrich Adolf, philoso- 
pher, — ft. at Eutin, 30 Nov. 1802 — Ph.D., 
1826 — Prof. Philosophy, Univ. of Berlin, 1833 
— member of Academy of Sciences, 1846 — 
secretary, (historico-philosophical class,) 1847 
— member of Second Chamber, 1849-51 — tf., 
Jan . 1872. Elementa logices Aristoteliccs, 1837 
— Logische Vntersuchungen, 1840 — Naturrecht 
auf dem Grunde der Ethi/c, i860 — Histor. 
Beitrdgen zur Fhilosophie, 1856-67 — Las 
Ebenmass, 1865 — Friedrich der Grosse .und 
sein Staatsminister Freiherr von Zedlitz, 1859 
— Zur Er inner ung an Joh. Gottl. Fichte, 1862. 

Trent, in the Tyrol, (Indention,) — seat of 
bishopric, before 380 — Prince-bishopric, by 
Emperor Conrad, 1027 — conference of Louis 
of Bavaria with Ghibelline chiefs, 1327 — lord- 
ship of, united with the Tyrol, about 1363 — 
unsuccessfully attacked by Venetians, 1487 — 



1374 



TRENT— TREVISO. 



attacked by French, 1703 and 1735— occupied 
by Napoleon I., 5 Sep. 1796 — Austrians driven 
from, by Napoleon, 1797 — occupied by Gen. 
Macdonald, Jan. 1801 — see secularized and 
ceded to Austria, by Convention of 26 Dec. 
xg 2 — evacuated by French, Apr. 1809 — un- 
successfully attacked by them, 9 Jun. 1809 — 
taken by Bavarians, 17 Oct. 1809— retaken by 
Austrians, 23 Oct. 18 13. Council of against 
the Reformation, convoked for Mantua, by 
Paul III., May 1537 ; for Trent, by bull of 
Paul III., 22 May 1542; assembles, 13 Dec. 
1545 ; second session, held, 7 Jan. 1546 ; third, 
3 Feb. ; fourth, 8 Apr. ; fifth, 17 Jun. ; sixth, 

13 Jan. 1547; seventh, 3 Mar.; closed by 
legates, and transferred to Bologna, eighth 
session, 1 1 Mar. ; ninth, tenth, and eleventh, 
at Bologna, 1547 ; protest of Emperor Charles 
V. against Bologna meeting, 1548; reconvoked 
for Trent, by bull of Julius III., 14 Dec. 1550 ; 
eleventh session, continued there, 1 May 
155 1 ; twelfth, 1 Sep.; thirteenth, 11 Oct.; 
fourteenth, 25 Nov. ; fifteenth, 25 Jan. 1552 ; 
sixteenth, 28 Apr. ; then prorogued by Julius 
III. : reconvoked by bull of Pius IV., 29 
Dec. 1560 ; meets again, seventeenth session, 
18 Jan. 1562 ; eighteenth, 26 Feb. ; nineteenth, 

14 May; twentieth, 4 Jun. ; twenty-first, 16 
Jul. ; twenty-second, 17 Sep. ; twenty-third, 

15 Jul. 1563 ; twenty-fourth, n Nov. ; twenty- 
fifth, 3 Dec. ; closed, 4 Dec. 1563 ; Acts of, 
confirmed by bull of Pius IV., 26 Jan. 1564. 
Commemoration of Council, held, 20 Jun. 1863. 

Trent, The, British Hail Steamer, — inter- 
cepted by United States war steamer, San 
Jacinto, Commander Wilkes, Confederate Com- 
missioners Mason and Slidell seized and carried 
off, 8 Nov. 1 86 1 — news received in London, 
27 Nov. — vote of thanks to Commander Wilkes 
passed by Congress, 4 Dec. — surrender of 
Commissioners demanded by British Govern- 
ment, 23 Dec. — troops and stores sent to 
British N. America, 23 — surrender agreed to, 
27— Commissioners given up to Lord Lyons, 
at Washington, 28 Dec. — news of surrender 
received in England, 8 Jan. 1862 — Commis- 
sioners arrive at Southampton, 29 Jan. 

Trento, Antonio da, {Antonio Fantuzzi ?) 
engraver, — b. at Trente, about 1500 — living in 

1545- 

Trenton, in New Jersey, U. S., — Washing- 
ton defeats British and Hessian troops at, 26 
Dec. 1776 — capital of New Jersey, 1790 — in- 
corporated as a city, 1792. 

Trentschin, battle of. [See Ragotski, F. L.] 

Tresilian, Sir Robert, Chief Justice of 
King's Ben-ch, — Fellow of Exeter Coll. Ox- 
ford, about 1354 — Justice of King's Bench, 6 
May 1378— Chief Justice, 22 Jun. 1381 — tries 
and condemns adherents of Wat Tyler, 1381 — 
attends Council at Nottingham, and compels 
Judges to condemn commission of barons, 25 
Aug. 1387 — appealed of treason, 17 Nov. 1387 
— tried and condemned to death, 3-13 Feb. 
1388 — captured and hung at Tyburn, i9, a 18 b 
Feb. B Foss. b Annals of England. 

Tressan, Louis Elisabeth de la Vergne, 
Count de, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Mans, 



4 Nov. 1705 — enters the army, 17 15 — serves as 
aide-de-camp to the king at siege of Tournay 
and at battle of Fontenoy, 1745 — Lieutenant- 
general, 1747 — F.R.S. London, and member 
of Academy of Sciences, Paris, 1750 — Grand 
Marshal to King Stanislaus, 1750 — received at 
French Academy, 25 Jan. 17 81 — rj. at Paris, 
31 Oct. 1783. (Euvres choisies, 1787-91. 

Treves, {Trier,) in Prussia, {Augusta Tre- 
virorum,) — [B C] — taken by Csesar, 55 — [AD] 
— becomes residence of the Caesar, after 292 — 
seat of Archbishopric, as early as 314 — pil- 
laged by Vandals, 399 — taken'by Franks, 411 
or 412 — again sacked, about 420 and 440 — 
seized by Franks, 463 — assigned to Lorraine, 
843* — to Germany, 870 s — again to Lorraine, 
895 a — head of a County, government conferred 
on Archbishop, by Zwentibold, Duke of Lor- 
raine, 898 — Electorate, probably 1016 b — 
visited by Emperor Frederick II., Jan. i2i9 c 
— first confirmation of Elector by Emperor 
Louis of Bavaria, 1339 b — treaty concluded 
between the Dauphin and the Emperor at, 
1445 b — unsuccessfully besieged by Franz von 
Sickingen, 1523 b — the city besieged by Elector, 
1568 b — taken by Marshal d'Estrees, 20 Aug. 
1632 d — surprised by Spaniards, 26 Mar. 1635 d 
— capitulates to French, 8 Sep. 1673 d — re- 
covered by Spaniards, 6 Sep. 1675 d — again 
occupied by French, 1684-97 — alliance with 
England against France, 1702 — taken by 
Marlborough, 1704 — partly burnt, 1717 — 
.occupied by French, 8 Aug. 1794 — ceded to 
France by Treaty of Campo Formio, 1797 — 
Archbishopric and Electorate abolished, by 
Peace of Luneville, 1801 — assigned to Prussia 
by Congress of Vienna, 1814, University of, 
founded, 1454-72 — extended, 1722 — con- 
verted to Central School, 1797. Church of 
our Lady, built, 1227-43. Councils of, to 
admit Bp Ithacius to communion, 385 ; for re- 
formation of clergy, 927 ; for excommunication 
of Hugh, Count of Paris, 6 Sep. 948 ; for 
translation of relics of St Maternus, 20 Oct. 
1037 ; held by Pope Eugenius III. for ex- 
amination of writings of St Hildegarda, Dec. 
1 147 or Jan. 1148; respecting sacraments and 
duties of the clergy, 1 Mar. 1227 ; on dis- 
cipline, 1238; on the same, 28 Apr. 1310; 
respecting clergy, 1337 ; against doctrines of 
Wickliffe and Huss, 26 Apr. 1423. Holy Coat 
of exhibited to pilgrims at centenary Jubilee, 
1844. a Conv.-Lex. b Meyer, Conv. -Lex. 

c Kington. d Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Trevigi. [Treviso.] 

Trevigi, (Trevisi,) Girolamo da, painter, — 
b. at Trevigi, 1497 or 1508 — rj. architect and 
engineer to Henry VIII., before Boulogne, 
Sep. 1544. 

Trevisani, Francesco, painter, — b. at Capo 
d'Istria, near Trieste, 10 Apr. 1656 — ft. at 
Rome, 30 Jul. 1746. 

Treviso, Trevigi, in Italy, {Travisium,) — 
residence of Attila, about 400 — of Totila, 544 a 
—joins Lombard League, 11 67 — expels Ec- 
celino, 11 83 — forms alliance with Verona, &c, 
1209 a — joins second Lombard League, 1226 b 
— takes part in attack on Verona, 1236 b — sur- 



TREVITHICK— TRIENNIAL PARLIAMENTS. 



1375 



renders to Frederick II., 1237 b — visited by 
him, spring 1239 b — revolts under Alberic of 
Romano, May 1239 b — ravaged by Frederick, 
May b — resists Eccelino, 1243 — attacked by 
Patriarch of Aquileia, 1243 b — submits to 
Frederick, 1 245 — conquered by Francesco della 
Scala, 1329 a — ceded to Venice by Mastino 
della Scala, 24 Jan. 1339 c — submits to Venice, 
1344* — devastated by earthquake and pes- 
tilence, 1 348 a — attacked by Leopold, Duke of 
Austria, 1376 — ceded to him by Venice, 2 May 
1 38 1 — sold to Francisco Carrara, 1383 — re- 
covered by Venice, Dec. 1388 — unsuccessfully 
attacked by army of League of Cambray, 1509 
— occupied by French, 1797 — given up to 
Austrians, 1798 — included in kingdom of Italy, 
1805 — combat between French and Austrians 
near, 5 May 1809 d — restored to Austria, 18 14 
— invested by Austrians, n May 1848 — capitu- 
lates, 24 Jun. 1848. Armistice of, between 
Austrians and French, agreed to, 16 Jan. 1801. 
a Meyer, Conv.-Lex. b Kington. 

c Art de Verifier les Dates. d Conv.-Lex. 

Trevithick, Kichard, engineer, — takes out 
patent for high-pressure steam-engine, 1802 — 
^oes to Peru, 18 16. 

Trevor, Sir John, statesman, — ft. in "Wales, 
1626 — enters service of Chai'les II., about 1660 
— envoy to France, negotiates treaties of St 
Germain-en-Laye, 15 Apr. 1668, and Aix-la- 
Chapelle, 2 May 1668 — Knt, 1668— Secretary 
of State, Sep. 1668— ft., 28 May 1672. 

Trevor, Sir John, — b., 1633 — enters Inner 
Temple, Nov. 1654 s1 — called to the bar, May 
166 1 — T£nt, Jan. 167 1 — M.P., 1679 — Speaker 
of the House of Commons, May 1685 — Master 
of the Rolls, 20 Oct. 1685 a — Privy Councillor, 
6 Jul. 1688 — again Speaker, Mar. 1690 — Com- 
missioner of the Great Seal, 14 May 1690 — 
expelled the House for bribery, 16 Mar. 1695 
— tf. in London, 20 May 17 17. a Foss. 

Trevoux, in France, (Trivaltium, Trivortium, 
Trivium,) — Severus defeats Albinus at, 198 — 
suffers in war between Dukes of Bourbon and 
Savoy, 1431 — printing-press established by 
Prince of Dombes, 1695. Journal de, publish- 
ed by Jesuits, 170 1-4 — Bictionnaire de, 1704. 

Trew, Christopher James, anatomist, bo- 
tanist, — fc. iu Franconia, 26 Apr. 1695 — M.D. 
Altdorf, 17 16 — Pres. Academy of Naturce 
Guriosi, Vienna, 1746 — tr. at Nurnberg, 18 
Jun. 1769. Flantce selectee, 1750-60 — Amce- 
nissimce Florum imagines, 1750. 

Trezzo, in Italy, — Marco Visconti defeats 
the Guelfs of Milan under Raymond of Car- 
dona at, 25 Feb. 1323. 

Triarius, L. Valerius, — [BC] — qusestor 
urbanus, 8 1 — propraetor in Sardinia, repels 
Lepidus, 77 — defeated, and his army destroyed 
by Mithridates, near Zela, 68. 

Tribes, at Rome, — [BC] — (mythic, 30, by 
Servius Tullius, afterwards reduced to 21,) — 
increased to 25, 387 — to 27, 358 — to 29, 332 — 
to 31, 299 — to 35, 241. 

Tribolo, II, (Nicolo Braccini,) sculptor, — 6. 
at Florence, about 1500 — employed at Bologna, 
1525 — ft. at Florence, 7 Sep. 1550^ 1565. b 
a Ticozzi. b Vasari. 



Tribonianus, jurist, — fc. at Side, in Pam- 

phylia, about 500,°- 475 b — Commissioner for 

Code of Justinian, 528 — for the Digest, 530 — 

banished from the Court, 531 b — ts., 547, a 545. b 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Tribunes, (Military,) at Rome, — [BC] — 
"with consular power, elected, 444 — increased 
to 6, 405 — office abolished by Licinian Law, 
367 — elected by the people, 361 — election of 
16 for the 4 legions, 311 — of 4 out of 23, 207 
— election nominal, 171 — election of 4, 169— 
of 4 out of 8, 168 — [AD] — appointed by Em- 



peror, 



after 



14. 



Tribunes {JEr'ariari) at Rome, — [BC] — ■ 
receive a judicial power by Aurelian law, 70. 

Tribunes of the Plebs, at Rome,—[BC]~~ 
appointed after secession of the plebs, (260, 
A. u. c.) 494 — elected by comitia tributa, by 
Publiliau law, 47 1 — authority enhanced by 
law, shortly before 46 1 a — ten tribunes first 
elected, 457 — assume right to convoke senate, 
456 — office suspended during decemvirate, 451- 
449 — persons declared inviolate by Horatian 
law, 449— present at deliberations of senate, after 
legislation of decemvirs, 449 — take auspices in 
assembly of the tribes, from about 449— Vale- 
rian laws, 449 — unanimity required, 394-393 — 
ex officio senators, by Atinian plebiscitum, 132 ? 
— [AD] — power of, reduced by Nero, 54-68 — 
office continued to 400. a Niebuhr. 

Tribunitial Power, (Tribunitia Fotestas,) 
— [B C] —restored by Pompey, 70. 

Tribunus, physician, — at Court of Chosroes 

Tributum, — [B C] — remitted at Rome, after 
Macedonian War, 147 — reimposed, 43. , 

Trichina, parasitic worm, — discovered and 
described by Owen and Paget, independently, 
1835 — investigated by Virchow and Leuckart, 
i860. 

Trichmopoly, in Hindustan, — taken by 
Mahrattas, 1741 — taken by Nizam ul Mulk, 
1743 — besieged by French, relieved by Captain 
Calliaud, May 1757 — comes under British rule, 
1801. 

Tricolor, The, — adopted as national flag of 
France, 1789. 

Tricostus, L. Virginius,— [B C] — Consul 
with C. Julius lulus, (319 and 320, a. v. c.) 
435 and 434. 

Tricostus, Opiter Virginius,— [B c]— Con- 
sul with Sp. Cassius Viscellinus, (252, a. u. c.) 
502. 

Tricostus, T. Virginius,— [BC]— (1.) Con- 
sul with A. Postumius Albus Regillensis, (258, 
A. U. c.) 496. (2.) {Cozlimontanus) Consul 
with Lar Herminius Aquilinus, (306,) 448. 

Tricostus Ccelimontanus, A. Virginius,— 
[BC]— (1.) Consul with T. Veturius Geminus 
Cicurinus, (260, a. u. c.) 494. (2.) Consul 
with T. Numicius Priscus, (285,) 469. 

Tricostus Ccelimontanus, Sp. Virginius, — 
[B c] — Consul with M. Valerius Maximus, 
(298, a. u. c.) 456. 

Tricostus Rutilus, Proculus Virginius, — 
[B C] — Consul with Sp. Cassius Viscellinus, 
(268, a. u. c.) 486. 

Triennial Parliaments, in England, — ap- 



*37 6 



TRLERARCHY— TRIPOLIS. 



pointed to be held by Acts 16 Car. I. c. 1, 15 
Feb. 1641, 16 Car. II. c. 1, 1664, and 6 and 7 
"Wm and Mar. c. 2, 1694. [Septennial Act.] 

Trierarchy, at Athens,— [& C] — altered from 
an individual to collective service, by law of 
Periander, 358 — attempt of Demosthenes to 
remedy the evils, 354. 

Triers, Board of, — appointed by Cromwell, 
Mar. 1653. 

Trieste, in Austria, (Tergeste,) — [BC] — 
mentioned, 51 — [AD] — revolts against Venice, 
1368 a — besieged by Venetian fleet, Jul. 1368 a 
—relief of, attempted by Leopold, Duke of 
Austria; surrenders, Nov. 1369 s — ceded to Aus- 
tria, 1382 — made a free port by Emperor 
Charles VI., 17 19 — occupied by French, 1795- 
1805 — annexed to Illyria by Napoleon I., 1809 
— capitulates to allies, 31 Oct. 18 13 — restored 
to Austria, 18 14 — blockaded by Italian fleet, 
May to 12 Aug. 1848 b — again, Mar. to Sep. 
1849 13 — declared in state of siege, 22 Jun. 
1866. Tergcsteum, built, 1842. 

11 Art de Verifier les Dates. b Conv.-Lex. 

Trigonometrical Survey. [Ordnance Sur- 
vey.] 

Trimmer, Sarah, miscellaneous write?', — fj. 
at Ipswich, 6 Jan. 1741 — marries Mr Trimmer, 
1762 — tf., 15 Dec. 1810. Sacred History, 
1782-5. 

Trincavelli, Victor, (Tnncavelius,) physi- 
cian, — fj. at Venice, 1496— Prof. Medicine, Pa- 
dua, 1551 — fc. at Venice, 21 Aug. 1568. 
Opera Medica, 1586. 

Trincomalee, in Ceylon, — taken by Portu- 
guese, 1622 a — taken from Portuguese by 
Dutch: seized by French, 1673 — restored, 
1674 — again seized by French, 1782 — restored 
to Dutch, 1783— surrenders to British, Aug. 
1795 — ceded to them by Treaty of Amiens, 
1 801. Temple of a Thousand Columns, demol- 
ished by Portuguese, i622. a a Tennent. 

Trinidad, island of West Indies, — discovered 
bv Columbus, i, a 31b Jul. 1498 — Spanish 



settlement, about i5io, a 1532 



sited by 



Raleigh, 1595, 1593 ac — pillaged by French 
1674,* 1676 h — taken by Sir R. Abercromby, 
1797 — ceded to Great Britain by Treaty of 
Amiens, 1802 — the capital burnt, 24 Apr. 1808 
—again, 1809. a Bayley. b Martin. 

c Macculloch. 

Trinitarians, Order of,— formed for ran- 
soming captives from Moors, 11 98 — reformed, 
1578. 

Trinity, — term first used in theological sense 
by Synod of Alexandria, 317 — doctrine estab- 
lished by Councils of Nicaea, 325, and Con- 
stantinople, 381. In England, denial of, sub- 
ject to penalties of blasphemy, by Act 9 "Win 
III. c. 35, 1697-8 — impugners relieved from 
penalties by Smith's Act, 53 Geo. III. c. 160, 
21 Jul. 18 13 — relief extended to Ireland by 
Act 57 Geo. III. c. 70, 7 Jul. 1 817. 

Trinity, Fraternity of the Holy,— founded 
at Rome by St Philip Neri, 1548. 

Trinity College, Dublin University, — incor- 
porated by Queen Elizabeth, 3 Mar. 159 1 — 
obtains privilege of representation in parlia- 
ment, 1613 — new charter by Charles I., 1637 



— Royal Commission of inquiry into state of, 
appointed, 1851 — Report of Commission pre- 
sented, 1853 — statutes revised by Letters Pa- 
tent, 31 Jun. 1855. 

Trinity College, Rartford, Conn. U. S.,~ 
chartered as Washington Coll., 1823— organ- 
ized, 1824. 

Trinity College, Cambridge, — founded as 
Cardinal Coll. by Wolsey, 1524 — refounded 
as King Henry's Coll., 27 Sep. 1532 — fur- 
ther endowed, and receives present name, 1546. 

Trinity College, Oxford, — founded by Sir 
Thomas Pope, 18 Mar. 1556. 

Trinity Hall, Cambridge, — founded by Wil- 
liam Bateman, Bp of Norwich, 1350. 

Trinity House, (Corporation of Elder 
Brethren op the Holy and Undivided 
Trinity,) — established for encouragement of 
navigation, by Henry VIII., i5i2, a i5i8, b 
1515° — build their first lighthouse, 1680 — 
privileges of, confirmed by James II., 1685 — ■ 
jurisdiction over Irish lighthouses conferred by 
Act 52 Geo. II T. c. 39, 20 Apr. 18 12— light- 
houses on coast of England vested in, by Act 6 
and 7 Vv r m IV. c. 79, Aug. 1836 — further 
regulations by Act 17 and 18 Vic. c. 104, 10 
Aug. 1 854. a Annals of England. 

b Chambers's Encyc. c Rees' Cyc. 

Trinity Sunday, — observance of, enjoined 
by Council of Aries, 1260 — established as 
common Church festival, by Pope John XXIII. , 
1334- 

Trinobantes, British tribe, — [B C] — make 
terms with Caesar, 54 — [AD] — resist Claudius, 

43- 

Triple Alliance, — (1.) Between Great Bri- 
tain, Netherlands, and Sweden, against France, 
formed, 28 Jan. 1668. (2.) Of the Hague, 
between Great Britain, France, and Holland, 
to resist designs of Cardinal Alberoni, formed, 
4 Jan. 1717. 

Tripoli, in Africa, (Hegio Syrtica,) — [BC] 
— forms part of Roman province of Africa, 
146 — [A D] — oppressed by Count Romanus, 366 
— revolts under Firmus, 372 — conquered by 
Vandals, about 440-50 — recovered by Beli- 
sarius, 534 — conquered by Saracens, under 
Amrou, (21, a. h.) 641 — town besieged by 
Egyptians, 877 and 1054 — seized by Roger II. 
of Sicily, 1 146 — retaken and the walls razed by 
Yakub, 1 1 84 — taken from kings of Tunis by 
Spaniards, about 15 10 — ceded to Knights of 
St John by Charles V., 1530 — taken from them 
by troops of Sultan Solyman, 155 1 — seat of 
pirates, under Dragut, from 155 1 — bombarded 
by French fleet, submits to Louis XIV., 1683 
— revolt under Hamet Caramauli, who makes 
the government hereditary in bis family, 17 13 
— threatened by British squadron, 18 16 — 
abolishes slavery and piracy, 18 16 — rule of 
Caramauli family terminated, 1832. 

Tripolis, in Syria, — [B C] — joins in revolt 
of Phoenician cities against Ochus, 351 — Deme- 
trius Soter lands at, 161 — [AD] — destroyed by 
earthquake, 494 — taken by Saracens, (17, a. h.) 
638 a — taken by crusaders, 1108 — attacked by 
Saladin, and defended by Conrad of Mont- 
ferrat, about 11 88 — taken and burnt by 



TRIPOLITZA— TROND. 



r 377 



Kelaoun, sultan of Egypt, (11 Rabia I. 687,) 
15 Apr. 1288. a Conde. 

Tripolitza, in Greece, — capital of the Morea, 
17 1 8 * — the Mainotes defeated by Turks, 9 Apr. 
1770 a — the Albanians defeated by Turks, 10 
Jun. 1779 a — taken and sacked by Greeks, Oct. 
182 1 — seat of Greek government, 23 Apr. 
1823 a — retaken by Ibrahim Pasha, 23 Jun. 
1825 — destroyed and abandoned by him, 1828. 
[Greek Revolution.] a Conv.-Lex. 

Triremes, — [BCJ — first built by Ameinocles 
of Corinth, about 700 — introduced at Athens, 
by Themistocles, probably 483. 

Trissino, Giovanni Giorgio, poet, — ft. at 
Vicenza, 8 Jul. 1478 — tf. at Rome, Dec. 1550. 
Sofonisba, written about 15 14 — printed, 1524 
— Italia liber ata dai Gotti, 1525. 

Tristam, Nuno, maritime discoverer, — ac- 
companies Antam Gonsalves to west coast of 
Africa, 1441 a — reaches and names Cape Branco, 
1441 a — discovers and names Gete (island of 
Arguim) and Ilhadas Garcas, 1443 a — makes 
another voyage, reaches the country of the 
Blacks, 1445 a — reaches the Rio Grande, and 
is killed with most of his crew by the natives, 
I44.6. a a Major. 

Tristan da Cunha, islands in S. Atlantic 
Ocean, — discovered by Tristan da Cunha, 
1506. 

Tritheim, Johann, (Trithemius,) historian, 
theologian, — h. at Trittenheim, near Treves, 1 
Feb. 1462 — enters Benedictine Order at Span- 
heim, 1482 — Abbot of Spanheim, 29 Jul. 1483 
— Abbot of Wurtzburg, 1506 — tf. there, 27 
Dec. I5i6, a i5i8. b De Scriptoribus ecclesias- 
ticis collectanea, 1494 — De Luminaribus Ger- 
manics, 1495 — Bpistolce, 1536 — De laudibus 
ord. Carmelitarum, &c, 1492 — Curiositas Regia, 
15 1 1 — Sermones ad Monachos, 15 16 — Poly- 
graphia, 15 1 8 — Steganographia, 153 1. 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Gen. Biog. 

Trithen, Frederick Henry, Orientalist, $c, 
— 6. in Switzerland, Feb. 1820 — comes to 
England, about 1841 — assistant in British 
Museum, 1844-5 — visits Russia, Turkey, and 
Egypt, 1845-7 — Prof. Modern European 
Languages, Taylor Institution, Oxford, 1848-50 
— tf. near Odessa, 27 Apr. 1854. 

Triumph, Roman, — not allowed to a subject, 
after 14 — triumph of Belisarius over Vandals, 
534- 

Triumphal Arch, at Rome, — [BC] — first 
built by Stertinius, about 196. 

Triumvirate, — [B C] — first, so called, of 
Csesar, Pompey, and Crassus, formed, 60 — 
second, of Octavianus, Antony, and Lepidus, 
constituted for 5 years, 27 Nov. 43 to 31 Dec. 
38 a — renewed, 1 Jan. 37 to 31 Dec. 33 a — 
[AD] — op Guise, in France, formed by Duke 
of Guise, Constable de Montmorency, and 
Marshal de St Andre, against Huguenots, 
1561. 

Triumvirs, Roman, — [B C] — judges of 
capital offences, appointed, 292 — reipublicce 
comtituendce, (Coesar, Antony, Lepidus,) ap- 
pointed, 43 — reappointed, 37. 

Trivet, {Try vet, T revet, Trivcth, §c ,) Nicho- 
las, historian, — b. in Norfolk, about 1258 ? — 



tf. prior of Dominican monastery, London, 
1328. 

Trivulzio, Gian Giacopo, general, — 6. at 
Milan, about 1447 — serves in allied army of 
Duke of Milan and the Pope against Yenice, 
1483 — in service of Alfonso II. of Naples, sur- 
renders Capua to French, Feb. 1495 — enters 
service of Charles VIII. of France, 1495 — dis- 
tinguishes himself at battle of Taro, defends 
Asti, 1495 —conquers the Milanese for Louis 
XII., and is named Marshal of France and 
Governor of Milan, 1499 — defeats and captures 
Ludovico Sforza at Novara, Api\ 1500 — dis- 
tinguishes himself at battle of Agnadello, 1509 
— serves under Gaston de Foix in campaign of 
15 1 2 — defeated by Swiss at Novara, 6 Jun. 
15 1 3 — contributes to victory of Marignano, 
15 1 5 — tf. at Chartres, 5 Dec. 15 18. 

Trogus Pompeius, historian, — [B C] — fl., 
about 20. 

Troja, in Italy, — founded, before 11 00 — 
dismantled by order of Frederick II., 1230 and 
1250 a — Manfred defeats army of Innocent IV. 
at, 1254 — Alfonso I. of Aragon defeats army of 
Rene of Anjou, 1441 — Ferdinand I. of Aragon 
defeats Anje vines, 1462. a Kington. 

Trojan Era, — [BC] — commences, 12 (24) 
Jun. 1 1 84. 

Trollope, Frances, novelist, — h., 1790 — 
marries Anthony Trollope, 1809 — left a widow, 
1825 — goes to America, 1829 — returns to Eng- 
land, 1832 — tf. at Florence, 6 Oct. 1863. 
Domestic life of the Americans, 1832 — Widow 
Barnaby, 1839 — Widow Married, 1840. 

Tromp, Cornelisz van, admiral, — 0. at Rot- 
terdam, 9 Sep. 1629— takes part in expedition 
to Morocco, 1650 — Rear-admiral, 1653 — dis- 
tinguishes himself against the English fleet, 13 
Jul. 1665 — serves under De Ruyter against 
English, n-14 Jun. 1666 — defeated by Eng- 
lish, 4-5 Aug. 1666 — deprived of his commis- 
sion, 1666 — visits England, and is made Baron 
by Charles II., 1675 — Lieutenant Admiral- 
general of United Provinces, 1676 — tf. at Am- 
sterdam, 21 or 29 May 1691. 

Tromp, Martin Harpertzoon, admiral, — ft. 
at the Briel, 1597 — enters the navy, 1607 — 
Lieutenant-admiral, 1637 — obtains several 
victories over the Spanish fleet, Sep. to Oct. 
1639 — serves in campaigns of 1640-1 — defeated 
by Blake off Dover, 19 May 1652— defeats him, 
29 Nov. 1652 — encounters Blake again off 
Portland, 18-20 Feb. and 3-4 Jun. 1653 — killed 
at combat of 31 Jul. 1653. 

Tronchet, Francois Denis, jurisconsult, — fi. 
at Paris, 23 Mar/ 1726 — deputy to States- 
General, 1789 — Pies. National Assembly, 1791 
— undertakes defence of Louis XVI., Dec. 
1792 — member of Council of Ancients, Oct. 
1795 — First Pres. Court of Cassation, Dec. 
1799 — Senator, 1801 — tf., at Paris, 10 Mar. 
1806. 

Tronchin, Theodore, physician, — ft. at 
Geneva, 1709— M.D. Leyden, 1736 — returns 
to Geneva, 1754 — Director of Public Library, 
1756 — First Physician to Duke of Orleans, at 
Paris, 1766— tf. at Paris, 30 Nov. 178 1. 

Trond, St, iu Belgium, — fortifications dis- 
87 



'37* 



TRONO— TRTTEBA T COSIO. 



mantled, 1697 — Gen. Maison defeated by Rus- 
sians, 21 Jan. i8i4. a a Alison. 

Trono, Niccolo, Doge of Venice, — b., about 
1397 — succeeds Cristoforo Moro, 13 Nov. 147 1 
— ft., 28 Jul. 1473. 

Trophies, — [B C] — first erected by Domitius 
Ahenobarbus and Fab. Maximus, 121. 

Trophonius, Oracle of, at Lebadeia, — [B C] — 
temple plundered by Sulla, about 86 — not 
silent in time of Plutarch, [AD] 60-70. 

Troppau, in Silesia, — erected into a Prin- 
cipality by Ottocar II., 1261. Congress of, 
meets, 20 Oct. 1820 — breaks up, 20 Dec. 
[Laybach.] 

Trotilus, — [BC] — settlement attempted by 
Syracusans, 730? — founded by Lands of Me- 
gara, (01. 64,) 753^ a Miiller. 

Trotter, Thomas, physician, — M.D. Edin- 
bugh, 1788 — Physician to Royal Hospital, 
Portsmouth, 1793 — Physician to the fleet, 
1794 — tf. at Newcastle, 5 Sep. 1832. Treatise 
on Scurvy, 1786 — Medical and Chemical Essays, 
1796 — Jledica Xautica, 1799. 

Troubadours, poets of Romance languages, — 
become numerous, after 1140 — decline, 1250- 
1300. 

Troubridge. [Trowbridge.] 

Troughton, Edward, astronomical instrument 
maker, — b. in Cumberland, 1753 — settles in 
London, about 1780 — receives Copley Medal 
of R.S. for improved method of graduation, 
1S09 — F.R.S., about 1809— tf. in London, 12 
Jun. 1835. 

Trowbridge, Sir Thomas, Baht., admiral, — 
Post-captain, 1782 — taken prisoner by French, 
1794 — contributes to victory of Cape St Vin- 
cent, 14 Feb. 1797 — takes Castle of St Elmo, 
1799 — Bart., Nov. 1799 — Captain of Channel 
Fleet, 1 801 — Admiral, Apr. 1804 — sent to East 
Indies, 1805 — sails from Madras, 12 Jan. 1807. 

Troy, — \B C]— {mythic,) built byDardanus, 
1383,* 1327, 13 1480,° 1506 d — taken by the 
Greeks, n83, a ii27, b (23 Thargel.) 12 Jun. 
n84, ec i209, df 904,? 1171, 11 1 27c 1 {His- 
torical,) Ilium novum, built, after 720 ? k — 
visited by Xerxes, spring 480 — by Mindarus, 
autumn 411 1 — seized by Charidemus, 360 — 
visited by Alexander the Great, spring 334 — 
by Antiochus the Great, 1 96 — honoured by 
the Romans, 190 — sacked by Fimbria, 85 — - 
privileged by Sulla, 84 — by Julius Caesar, 47 — 
by Augustus, 31 — [A Dj — Excavations on 
Mount Hisarlik in search of ruins of the city, 
undertaken by Schliemann, 1871. a Eratostli. 
b Callim. c Petavius. d Du Fresnoy. 

e Dion. Halic. f Par. Marb. S Newton. 

h Sosibius. » Dodwell, Wbiston, Freret, Larcher. 

k Strabo. l Clinton. 

Troy Weight, — the pound mentioned as 
known weight in England, 1414 and 1423 — 
as standard pound, 1497. 

Troyes, in France, (Tricasses, Trecce, Augus- 
tobona Tricassi urn,)— seat of a bishopric, before 
3 50— threatened by Attila and saved by its 
bishop, 451 — plundered by Northmen, 889 — 
capital of County of Champagne, about 940 — 
besieged by its bishop, Oct. 965— threatened 
by confederate nobles, relieved by St Louis, 



1229 a — taken by Duke of Burgundy, 1415 — 
marriage of Henry V. of England with Cathe- 
rine of France celebrated at, 1420 — burnt, 
1424 — taken by Joan of Arc for Charles VII., 
1429 — massacre of Huguenots at, by Duke of 
Nevers, 1562 b — again, 1572 b — submits to 
Henry IV. ,1595 — Parliament of Paris banished 
to, 15 Aug. to 20 Sep. 1787 — head-quarters of 
Napoleon I., 3 Feb. 1814° — of allies, 7 Feb. — 
interview of Royalist leaders with Emperor 
Alexander at, 11 Feb. — recovered by Napoleon, 
24 Feb. — recaptured by allies, 4 Mar. — occu- 
pied by Germans, Nov. 1870. Councils of, for 
appointment of Germanus of Auxerre and 
Lupus of Troyes missionaries to England to 
oppose Pelagians, held, autumn 429 ; respect- 
ing affair of Ebbo, 25 Oct. 867 ; held by 
Pope John VIII., to prohibit burial of excom- 
municated persons, on discipline, for coronation 
of Louis the Stammerer, &c, commences, 11 
Aug. 878 ; 2 Apr. 1104 ; held by Pascal II., to 
promote the crusade, excommunicate violators 
of Truce of God, annul marriage of Louis the 
Fat with Lucienne de Rochefort, condemn in- 
vestitures, &c, 1 107 ; respecting giving a rule 
and dress to Templars, 13 Jan. 1128. Treaties 
of, betw r een Charles VI. of France, Henry V. 
of England, and Philip the Good, Duke of 
Burgundy, for marriage of Henry with Princess 
Katherine of France, and declaring him Re- 
gent and heir of France, concluded, 21 May 
1420 — of peace between England and. France, 
concluded, 1 Apr. 1564. 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Crowe. c Alison. 

Troyon, Constant, painter, — b. at Sevres, 
1 8 13 — member of Academy of Amsterdam, 
1847 — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, Sep. 
1849 — tf., 20 Mar. 1865. Foire limousine, 
1838 — Baigneuses, 1842 — Bceufs au Labour, 
1853 — Yalle'e de la Toque, 1853. 

Truce, Royal, in France, — established by 
ordonnance of Louis IX., 1 245 — enforced by 
Philip the Fair, 1296. 

Truce of God, Peace of God, {suspension of 
private feuds,) — originated at Council of Char- 
roux, 989 a — adopted by Council of Orleans, 
10 1 6 — by Council of Limoges, 1031 15 — ge- 
nerally received, about 1033 — opposed by- 
Gerard, Bp of Cambray, 1034 — limitations of, 
imposed by several Councils in France, 1041 — 
confirmed by Council of Narbonne, 1054 — 
again, by Council of Clermont, Nov. 1095 — 
violators of, excommunicated by Council of 
Troyes, 1107 — proclaimed at Rheims, Nov. 
1 119 c — confirmed by second and third Coun- 
cils of the Lateran, Apr. 1139 and Mar. ii79. b 
a Semicbon and Kluckbobn. 
b Robertson. c Milman. 

Truck System, mode of paying wages in 
goods, — many Acts respecting, repealed by Act 
1 and 2¥m IV. c. 36, 15 Oct. 1831— pro- 
hibited in certain trades by Act 1 and 2 Win 
IV. c. 37, 15 Oct. 1831 — Committee of Inquiry 
into operation of, appointed, 1842 — Commis- 
sion on, appointed, by Act 33 and 34 Vie. c. 
105, 10 Aug. 1870. 

Trueba y Cosio, Telesforo de, novelist, dra- 
matist, — b. at Santander, 1 805 — comes to Lon- 



TRUGUET— TUBULAR BRIDGE. 



379 



don, 1 8 14 — returns to Spain, and is elected 
member of the Cortes, 1834 — tf. at Paris, 4 
Oct. 1835. 

Truguet, Laurent Jean Francois, Count, 
admiral, — ft. at Toulon, 10 Jan. 1752 — enters 
the navy, 1766 — serves in American War, 
1778-83 — visits England, 1791 — Post-captain, 
Jan. 1792 — Rear-admiral, Apr. 1792 — Vice- 
admiral, 1794 — Minister of Marine, 1 Nov. 
1795 to 18 Jul. 1797 — ambassador to 
Spain, 20 Oct. 1797 to May 1798 — arrested 
and banished, Nov. 1798 — member of Coun- 
cil of State, 20 Sep. 1801 — refuses title 
of Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, Jun. 
1803 — dismissed from Council of State, Jun. 
1803 — again employed, 1809 — Grand Officer, 
Oct. 18 1 1 — quits prefecture of maritime pro- 
vince of Holland, and is imprisoned, 181 3 — 
liberated, 18 14 — Grand Cross of Legion of 
Honour and Count, by Louis XVIII. , 2 and 
24 Sep. 1814 — Peer of France, 5 May 18 19 
— honorary Admiral, 19 Nov. 1831 — tf. at 
Paris, 26 Dec. 1839. 

Truman, Joseph, theologian, — ft. in Notting- 
hamshire, Apr. 1 63 1 — tf. at Sutton, Bedford- 
shire, 29 Jul. 167 1. Great Propitiation, 1669 
— Discourse of Natural and Moral Impotency, 
1671. 

Trumbull, John, painter, — ft. in Connecti- 
cut, U. S., 6 Jun. 1756 — graduates at Harvard 
Coll., 1773 — studies under W est in England, 
1780-2— arrested and imprisoned, Mar, 178? — 
leaves England, Jan. 1782 — resumes his studies 
under West, 1783-6 — Pres. American Academy 
of Fine Arts, 18 16 — employed on historical 
paintings in the Capitol, 1817-24 — tf. at New- 
York, 1 o Nov. 1 843. Battle of Bunker Hill, 1786 
— Sortie of the garrison from Gibraltar, 1789. 

Trumbull, Sir William, diplomatist, $•<?., — 
ft. at Easthampstead, Berkshire, 1636 — LL.D. 
Oxford, 1667 — Knt, envoy extraord. to France, 
Nov. 1685 — envoy extraord. to the Porte, 
1686-91 — Lord of the Treasury, 1691 — Se- 
cretary of State, May 1695 — retires, Dec. 
1697 — tf. at Binfield, 14 Dec. 17 16. 

Truro, Thomas Wilde, 1st Lord, Lord 
Chancellor of England, — ft. in London, 7 
Jul. 1782 — called to the bar, at Inner Temple, 
7 Feb. 1 8 17 — assists in defence of Queen 
Caroline, 1820 — King's Serjeant, 1827 — M.P. 
Newark, 1831 — Solicitor-general and Knt, 9 
Feb. 1840 — Attorney-general, Jun. to Aug. 
1 841 — Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, 7 
Jul. 1 846 — Lord Chancellor, raised to the 
peerage, 15 Jul. 1850 — resigns, Feb. 1852 — 
tf. at Southgate, Middlesex, n Nov. 1855. 

Trust Estates, Trustees, in Great Britain, 
— laws relating to conveyances and appoint- 
ments of trustees consolidated and amended 
by Act 6 Geo. IV. c. 74, 27 Jun. 1825 — again, 
by 11 Geo. IV. and 1 Wm IV. c. 60, 23 Jul. 
1830 — again, by Trustee Act, 13 and 14 Vic. 
c. 60, 5 Aug. 1850 — provisions of last-named 
Act extended by 15 and 16 Vic. c. 55, 30 Jun. 
1852. 

Trust Funds, Trustees,— security of funds 
and relief of trustees better provided for, by 
Act 10 and 11 Vic. c. 96, 22 Jul. 1847— relief 



further provided for by 12 and 13 Vic. c. 74, 
28 Jul. 1849— law of property amended and 
trustees further relieved by 22 and 23 Vic. c. 
35, 13 Aug. 1859, and 23 and 2 4 Vic c. 38, 

23 Jul. i860 — certain powers usually inserted 
in wills, &c, given to trustees by Act 23 and 

24 Vic. c. 145, 28 Aug. i860. 

Truxillo, in Spain, — taken by Arabs, 711 — 
retaken by Alfonso of Castile, n 85 — con- 
quered by the. Almohades, 1 1 96 — recovered by 
Castilians, 1233. 

Truxillo, capital of Venezuela, — founded, 
1570 — pillaged by buccaneers, 1678 — armistice 
between Bolivar and Morillo concluded at, 2 
Nov. 1820. 

Truxillo, in Peru, — founded by Pizarro, 
1535— seat of a Congress, Jul. to Aug. 1823. 

Truxillo, in Honduras, — founded by Las 
Casas, 1524 — taken and destroyed by Dutch, 
1643 — the harbour restored, 1789 — besieged 
by British, 1797. 

Tryphon, Diodotus, usurper in Syria, — ■ t 
[B C] — sets up Antiochus, son of Balas, against 
Demetrius Nicator, 146 — murders Antiochus, 
and makes himself King, 142 — defeated and 
put to death by Antiochus Sidetes, 1 39. 

Tryphon, Salvius, — [BC] — King of the 
Slaves in Sicily, 103 — defeats Licinius Nerva; 
defeated by Licinius Lucullus; tf., 102. 

Tryphoninus, Claudius, jurist,— &., about 
200-212. 

Tschirnhausen, Ehrenfried Walther von, 
mathematician, natural philosopher, — ft. in 
Upper Lusatia, 13 Apr. 1651 — announces his 
discovery of the epicycloid curve, 1682 — tf. in 
Saxony, Oct. 1708. 

Tschudi, Grilles, {JEgidius Tchudius,) his- 
torian, — ft. at Glarus, 1505 — envoy to Assem- 
bly at Einsiedeln, respecting the Reformation, 
1528 — landamman in Glarus, 1557 — tf., 28 
Feb. 1572. Alpina Phcetia, 1538 — Chronicon 
Helveticum, 1734. 

Tsong-kha-pa, reformer of Lamaison, — ft. in 
Tibet, about 1350 — founds a convent, 1407 or 
1409 — tf., 1419. 

Tuam, in Ireland, — see raised to Archbishop- 
ric, about 1 152 — St Mayo united with, 1559 — 
Killala and Achonry united with, 1834 — re- 
duced to Bishopric under Church Temporal- 
ities Act, [Irish Church] 1839. 

Tubero, Q,. JElixis, jurist, the Stoic, — [B C] — 
trib. pleb., 133 — praetor, 123 — Consul suf- 
fectus, 118. 

Tubero, Q. iElius, jurist,— [B C] — ft., about 
74? — oration against Ligarius, 46 — Consul 
with P. Fab. Max., ? (743, a. u. c.) ii. 

Tubertus, P. Postumius, — [BC] — Consul 
with M. Valerius, (249, a. u. c.) 505— Consul 
with Agrippa Menenius, (251,) 503. 

Tubingen, in Wiirtemberg, — seat of Pala- 
tines {Pfalzgrafen) of Tubingen, 1080-163 1 — 
sold to Count Ulrich of Wiirtemberg, 1342. 
University of, founded, 1477 — Catholic Faculty 
instituted, 1 803 — new buildings completed, 
1845. Palace, built by Duke Ulrich, 1535. 
Treaty of, between Duke Ulrich and his sub- 
jects concluded, 8 Jul. 15 14. 

Tubular Bridge,— of timber, erected over 
87 * 



3 8o 



TXJCCA— TUNIS. 



the Eliine at Scliaffhausen, by Grubenmann, 
1757— burnt by the French, 1799 — of iron, 
projected by Stephenson, about 1842. [See 
Conway, and Menai Strait.] 

Tucca, C Servilius,— [B C]— Consul with 
L. Caecilius Metellus, (470, a. u. c.) 284. 

Tucker, Abraham, moralist, — b. in London, 
2 Sep. 1705 — enters Oxford Univ., 17 21 — en- 
ters Inner Temple, 1726 — marries, 1736 — 
loses his wife, 1754— becomes blind, 177 1 — tf., 
20 Nov. 1774. Light of Nature pursued, 1765. 

Tucker, Josiah, political writer, — b. in 
"Wales, 17 n — D.D., 1755 — Dean of Gloucester, 
1758 — tf. there, 4 Nov. 1799. Apology for 
Church of England, 1772 — Reflections on the 
present matters in dispute between Great Britain 
and Ireland, 1785 — Treatise concerning Civil 
Government, 178 1. 

Tucker, St George, poet, jurist, — b. in Ber- 
muda, 1752 — tf. in Virginia, Nov. 1827. 

Tuckerman, Henry Theodore, miscellaneous 
writer, — b. at Boston, Mass. IT. S., 20 Apr. 
1 81 3 — visits France and Italy, 1833-4 — settles 
at New York, 1845 — M.A. Harvard Coll., 
1850 — visits London and Paris, 1852 — tf. at 
N. York, 17 Dec. 187 1. Thoughts on the 
Poets, 1846 — Artist Life, 1847 — Character- 
istics of Literature, 1849 and 1851 — Optimist, 
1 850— Spirit of Poetry, 1851 — Memorial of 
Horatio Greenough, 1853 — Biographical Essays, 

1857. 

Tuckey, James Kingston, traveller, — b. in 
county Cork, 1778 — goes to India, 1794 — 
taken prisoner by French, 1805 — liberated, 
explores the Congo, 18 14 — tf., 18 16. Mari- 
time Geography and Statistics, 18 15. 

Tucuman, in Argentine Republic,— founded, 
i685, a 1564b — Independents defeat Spaniards 
at, 24 Sep. 18 12 — first Congress meets, 25 Mar. 
1 8 16 — declaration of independence of La 
Plata promulgated at, 9 Jul. i8i6. b 

' d Macculloch. b Conv.-Lex. 

Tudela. [Benjamin of Tudela.] 
Tudela, {Tutela,) in Spain, — taken from the 
Moors, 1 1 14 — treaty of reciprocal adoption be- 
tween Sancho of Navarre and James I. of 
Aragon signed at, 2 Feb. 1231 — the French 
defeat Spaniards near, 9 Jun. 1808 — Marshal 
Lannes defeats Gen. Castanos near, 23 Nov. 
1808. 

Tuditanus, C. Sempronius, orator, historian, 
— [3C] — praetor, 132 — Consul with M.'Aquil- 
lius, (625, a. u. c.) 129 — triumphs respecting 
Iapydes in Illyricum. 

Tuditanus, M. Sempronius, — [BC] — (1.) 
Consul with C. Claudius Cento, (514, a. u. c.) 
240 — Censor, 230. (2.) Trib. pleb., 193 — 
praetor, in Sicily, 189 — Consul with Ap. Clau- 
dius Pulcher, (569,) 185 — tf., 174. 

Tuditanus, P. Sempronius, — [BC] — at 
Canna), 216 — curule sedile, 214 — praetor, in 
Ariminum, 213-21 1 — takes Atarnum, 2 1 3— Cen- 
sor with M. Corn. Cethegus, 209 — Proconsul, 
concludes preliminary treaty with Philip, 205 — 
Consul with M. Corn. Cethegus, (550, a. it. c.) 
204— defeats Hannibal : ambassador to Ptole- 
my, 201. 
Tudor, Edmund. [Richmond, Earl of.] 



Tudor, Jasper. [Pembroke, Earl of.] 

Tudor, Owen, — secretly marries Katherine 
of France, 1423 — separated from her, 1436° — 
imprisoned, 1436 a — escapes, before Jul. 1437 a 
— captured and beheaded at battle of Mortimer's 
Cross, 2 Feb. 1461. a Strickland. 

Tudway, Thomas, musical composer, — n., 
about 1656 — Mus. B. Cambridge, 168 1 — Mus. 
D., 1705 — Prof. Music, 1705. 

Tuileries, Palace of the, Paris, — commenced 
by Catherine de' Medici, 1564— enlarged by 
Henry IV., 1590-1610 — coronation of Voltaire 
at, 30 Mar. 1778 — entered by the mob, 20 Jun. 
1792 — again attacked and Swiss Guards mas- 
sacred, 10 Aug. 1792 — National Convention 
meets in, 22 Sep. 1792 — fete deVEire Supreme 
celebrated in the Gardens, 11 Jim. 1794 — 
residence of Napoleon I., 1800-14 — connected 
with the Louvre, by Napoleon I., 1808 — at- 
tacked and taken by insurgents, 29 Jul. 1830 
— again, 24 Feb. 1848— conversion of, into 
asylum for invalid workmen ordered by Pro- 
visional Government, 26 Feb., but the order 
left unexecuted : annual exhibition of paintings 
opened in, 1849 — residence of Napoleon III., 
1852 — burnt by Communists, 24 May 187 1. 

Tula, in Russia, — mentioned, 1150 — re- 
founded and fortified by Vassili Ivanovich, 
1509-14 — Imperial gun factory established by 
Peter the Great, 17 12 — remodelled by Cathe- 
rine II., 1785— improved, 1817. 

Tulip, Garden, — brought from Constantino- 
ple to Augsburg by Conrad Gesner, 1559 — 
Tulipomania rages in Holland, 1636-7. 

Tull, Jethro, agriculturist, inventor of the 
drill plough, — tj. near Hungerford, Berkshire, 
3 Jan. 1740. Essay on Horse-hoeing Hus- 
bandry, 1733. 

Tullia, {Tulliola,) daughter of Cicero, — 
[BC] — b., 5 Aug. 79-78 — married to C. Cal- 
purnius Piso Frugi, 67 — who dies, beginning 
57? — married to Furius Crassipes, 56, and 
divorced : married to P. Corn. Dolabella, 50 
— joins her father at Brundusium, Jun. 47 — 
rejoins her husband, 46 — divorced, end of 46 — 
tf., Feb. 45. 

Tullus, C. Calvisius, — Consul with A. Corn. 
Palma, (862, a. u. c.) 109. 

Tullus, L. Volcatius,— [BC]— (1.) Consul 
with M.'-zEmilius Lepidus, (688, a. tj. c.) 66. 
(2.) Consul with Octavianus, (721,) 33. 
, Tulp, Nicholas, physician, — b. at Amster- 
dam, 11 Oct. 1593 — burgomaster, 1652 — dis- 
tinguishes himself in resisting invasion of Hol- 
land by Louis XIV., 1672 — tf. at Amsterdam, 
12 Sep. 1674. Observationes 3/edicce, 1642. 

Tumuli, (Barroivs,) in England, — investiga- 
tion of, commenced by Stukeley, about 1740 — 
researches of Douglas, published, 1793 — 
Hoare's, 1810-20. 

Tungsten, metal, — discovered by Scheele, 
178 1 — isolated, by the D'Elhuy arts, soon after. 
Tunis, capital of Tunis, one of the Barbary 
States, {Times, Tuneta,) — [B C] — taken by 
Agathocles, 310 — [AD] — ■ taken by Vandals, 
439 :i — taken from them by Belisarius, 533 — 
conquered by Saracens, about 690 b — by Roger, 
king of Sicily, about 1 152 — head of independ- 



'UNNAGE AND POUNDAGE— TURKISH TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE. 1381 



ent government, under Abu Ferez, 1206 — un- 
successfully attacked by St Louis, who is killed 
at siege of, 1270 — conquered, and the last 
king, Muley Hassem, deprived by Barbarossa, 
153 1, a 1534 b — taken by Charles V., who re- 
stores the king, 1535 — taken by Don John of 
Austria, 1572 — conquered by Turks, i574, a 
157 o, b 1575 c — pirates of, chastised by Admiral 
B19ke, 1655 — autonomy of the State confirmed 
by Imperial firman, government declared here- 
ditary in family of the Bey, Oct. 1871. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Macculloch. c Conv.-Lex. 

Tunnage and Poundage, in England, — 
granted by parliament to Richard II. for a 
term of years, by 5 Ric. II. sfc. 2, c. 3, 138 1-2 
— granted to Henry VI. for life, 1452-3, and 
so to his successors : exacted by Charles I., 
summer 1626 — again, 1628 — levying or pay- 
ing of, without grant by parliament condemn- 
ed by Commons, 2 Mar. 1629 — granted to 
Charles II. for life, by Act 12 Car. II. c. 4, 
1660 — made perpetual by Acts 9 Ann. c. 6, 
1710, 1 Geo. I. c. 12, 17 14, and 3 Geo. I. c. 7, 
17 16 — abolished by Customs Consolidation 
Act, 27 Geo. III. c. 13, 1787. 

Tunnel. [Thames Tunnel, Cenis, Mont.] 

Tunstall. [Tonstall.J 

Turan Shah, Sultan of Egypt, — succeeds 
his father, Nodgemeddin, (647, a. h.) 1249 — 
his camp surprised by French, (4 Dhul'kadah 
647,) 8 Feb. 1250 — captures St Louis and his 
army, (1 Moharram 648,) 5 Apr. 1250 — agrees 
to liberate him : assassinated at Damietta, (27 
Moharram,) 1 May. 

Turberville, George, poet, — b. in Dorset- 
shire, about 1530?— Fellow of New Coll. Ox- 
ford, 156 1 — living, 1594. Songs and Sonnets, 
1567 — translation of Ovid's Heroical Epistles, 
1567 — Tragical Tales, 1576 — Book of Fal- 
conry, 1575. 

Turehi, Alessandro, {Alessandro Veronese, 
Z'Orbetto,) painter, — ft. at Verona, 1582 — goes 
to study at Venice, 1605 — tf. at Rome, 1648. 

Turenne, Henri de la Tour-D'Auvergne, 
Viscount de, general, — b. at Sedan, i6, a 11 bc 
Sep. 161 1 — enters army of France, 1630— dis- 
tinguishes himself at siege of La Motte, and is 
made Marechal de Camp, 1634 — Lieutenant- 
general, 1639 — takes part in siege of Turin, 
May to Sep. 1640— bas command of the army 
in Germany, Dec. 1643 to Oct. 1648 — conducts 
retreat from Marienthal, 1645 — contributes to 
victory of Nordlingen, Aug. 1645 — joins the 
Frondears, 1649 — defeated by Marshal du 
Plessis-Praslin at Rethel, 14 Dec. 1650 — ac- 
cepts command of Royal army, 1652— contends 
against Conde in the Netherlands, 1653-59 — 
Marshal-general of armies of the king, 1660 — 
renounces Protestantism, 23 Oct. 1668, iic i666 b 
— Commander-in-chief in Flanders, 1672-75 — 
devastates the Palatinate, summer 1675 — kill- 
ed near Salzbach, 27, ac 26 b Jul. 1675. 
a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Turgot, Anne Eobert Jacques, statesman, — 
b. at Paris, 10 May 1727 — Master of Requests, 
28 Mar. 1753 — lntendant of Limoges, 1761 — 
Minister of Marine, May 1774 — Controller- 
general of Finance, 20 Jul. 1774 — dismissed, 



May 1776 — U. at Paris, 20 Mar. 1781. (Eicvres, 
1808-11. 

Turin, in Italy, [Taurasia, Augusta Tau- 
rinorum,) — [BC] — taken and sacked by Han- 
nibal, 218 — Roman colony, by Augustus, after 
31 — [A-D] — Constantine defeats Maxentius 
near, 312 — capital of a Lombard Duchy, about 
575 — annexed to Marquisate of Susa, by 
Charles the Great, after 774 — acquired by 
House of Savoy, 1032 — seized by Marquis of 
Montferrat, and blockaded by Count Thomas, 
1232 — unsuccessfully besieged by Count Boni- 
face, 1262 — capital of Savoy, 1 28 1 a — Louis 
XII. of France received by Duke Philibert II. 
at, 1499 — taken by Francis I. of France, 
spring 1536 — recovered by Duke Philibert, 
1562° — enlarged by decree of Charles Em- 
manuel I., 1620 — surprised by Prince Thomas 
of Savoy, 27 Aug. 1639 — invested by Count of 
Harcourt, 16 May 1640 — surrenders, 24 Sep. 
— again enlarged, 1673 and 1702 b — again 
invested by French, 15 May 1706 — the French 
defeated, and siege raised by Duke of Savoy 
and Prince Eugene, 7 Sep. 1706 — occupied by 
French under Joubert, 9 Dec. 1798 — by 
Suwarof, 25 May 1799 — surrendered to French, 
and made capital of department of the Po, 
1800-15 — capital of kingdom of Italy, i860 — 
disturbances caused by intended removal of 
Court to Florence, 22 Sep. 1864 — Court re- 
moved to Florence, 1865 — riots at, Univ. 
closed, 19 Nov. 1869. Cathedral, founded by 
Agilulf, 702 — reconstructed, 1498, b 1478."° 
Palace, built, 1403-16. University of, founded, 
1405 — reorganized by Victor Amadeus, about 
1630-5. Citadel, planned by Urbino, and 
built, 1567.° Treaty of, for separate peace 
between France and Savoy, concluded, 29 Aug. 
1696. a Macculloch. 

b Chambers's Encyc. c Conv.-Lex. 

Turinus, C. Mamilius, — [BC] — Consul with 
Q. Valerius Falto, (515, A- u. c.) 239. 

Turkestan, — conquered by Arabs, (87-93, 
a. h.) 706-712 — revolt against Haroun al 
Rashid, (190,) 806 — separated from Caliphate, 
(205,) 820 — [Takerites, Sofarides, Samanis] 
— invasion of Bogra Khan, 993 — revolt of 
Faik against Noh, 993 — taken possession of 
by Elik Khan, 1000 — conquered by Mahmud 
of Ghazni, (407,) 1016 — revolt suppressed by 
Mahmud, (415,) 1024 — possessed by Seljuks, 
about 1030 — recovered by Modud, 1041 — con- 
quered by Sheibani Khan of the Uzbeks, 1503 
— Russian conquests in, begin, about 1854. 
Chinese, subjugated by Chinese, 1757-8 — un- 
successful insurrection against Chinese, 1825-6 
— explored by Vambery, 1863 — Chinese gar- 
risons expelled or destroyed, and independ- 
ent government established by Yakoob Beg, 
1864. 

Turkey, Turks. [See Ottoman Empire, 
Seljuks.] 

Turkey Company, of London, — incorporated 
by Queen Elizabeth, 158 1. 

Turkey, domestic, — introduced in Europe, 
from Mexico, about 1520 — in England, 1524. 

Turkish Translation of the Bible,— by Kieff 
and others, 1827. 



1382 



TURNAU— TUSCANY. 



Turnau, in Bohemia, — Austrians repulsed 
by Prussians under Prince Frederick Charles 
near, 26-27 Jun. 1866. 

Turnebus, Adrian, classical scholar, — b. in 
Normandy, 15 12— Prof. Greek, Paris, 1547 — 
Eoyal Prof., 1555 — rj. at Paris, 12 Jun. 1565. 
Opera, 1600. 

Turner, Dawson, botanist, antiquary, — b. 
at Great Yarmouth, 1775 — enters Pembroke 
Coll. Cambridge, 1793— F.L.S., 1797— F.R.S., 
1802 — F.S.A., 1803 — tt. near London, 20 Jun. 
1858. Fuel, 1808-19 — e< ^ s Cotmans Archi- 
tectural Antiquities of Normandy, 1 820-1. 

Turner, Edward, chemist, — b. in Scotland, 
1798 — Prof. Chemistry, London Univ., 1828 — 
tr. in London, 13 Feb. 1839. Elements of 
Chemistry, about 1828. 

Turner, Francis, Bp of Ely,— B.A. Oxford, 
1659— M. A., 1663— D.D., 1669— Master of St 
John's Coll. Cambridge, Apr. 1670 — Dean of 
Windsor, 1683 — Bp of Rochester, Nov. 1683 — 
Bp of Ely, Aug. 1684 — one of the Seven 
Bishops imprisoued by James II., 1688 — 
refuses oaths to William and Mary and is sus- 
pended, Mar. 1689 — deprived, 1 Feb. 1691 — 
tf., 2 Nov. 1700. 

Turner, Joseph Mallord William, painter, — 
b. in London, 23 Apr. 1775 — student at Royal 
Academy, 1789 — first exhibits, 1790 — A.R.A., 
1799 — R.A., 1802 — Prof. Perspective R.A., 
1807 — visits Italy, 1819, 1829, and about 1840 
— rj. at Chelsea, 19 Dec. 1851. His will dis- 
puted, and the bequest of his pictures to the 
nation established by Court of Chancery, 19 
Mar. 1856. Battle of the Nile, 1799 — Calais 
Bier, 1803 — Shipwreck, 1805 — Falls of Schaff- 
hausen, 1805 — Sun rising in a mist, 1807 — 
Spithead, 1809 — Mercury and FLerse, 181 1 — ■ 
Snowstorm, Hannibal crossing the Alps, 1812 

— Dido building Carthage, 18 15 — Bay of 
Baice, 1823 — Mortlahe, 1826 and 1827 — Ulysses 
deriding Folyphemus, 1829 — Falestrina, 1830 
— Childe Harold, 1832 — Caligula's Falace and 
Bridge, 1831 — Temeraire, 1839 — Liber Stu- 
diorum, commenced, 1808 — finished, 1816 — 
Richmondshire, 1823 — Rivers of England, 1824 

— England and Wales, 1827-38 — Rivers of 
France, 1833-5. 

Turner, Samuel, traveller, — b. in Gloucester- 
shire, about i759, a I 749 b — envoy from Warren 
Hastings to the Dalai Lama, 1783 — distin- 
guishes himself at siege of Seringapatam, 1799 
— tf. in London, 2 Jan. 1802. Account of an 
Embassy to Tibet, 1800. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Turner, Sharon, historian, — b. in London, 
24 Sep. 1768 — tr. there, 13 Feb. 1847. His- 
tory of Anglo-Saxons, 1799-1805 — Sacred His- 
tory of the World, 1832. 

Turner, Thomas Hudson, antiquary, — b. 
in London, 18 15 — ft., 17 Jun. 1852. Account 
of Domestic Architecture in England, 1851. 

Turner, William, naturalist, — b. at Mor- 
peth, about 15 10 ? — Fellow of Pembroke Hall, 
Cambridge, about 153 1 a — incorporated M.D. 
Oxford, about 1548 — ordained priest, 1552 — 
rj. in London, 7 Jul. 1568. Herball, 1551-62. 
a Chalmers. 

Turnhout, in Belgium, — founded, 121 2 — 



Prince Maurice of Nassau defeats Spaniards at, 
22 Jan. 1597' — Van der Mersch defeats Aus- 
trians, 27 Oct. 1789. 

Turpilianus, P. Petronius, — Consul with C. 
Ca^sonius Paetus, (8 14, a. u. c.) 61 — Commander 
in Britain, 62. 

Turpilins, Sextns, comic poet, — [BC] — rj., 
101. 

Turpin's Chronicle, — declared authentic by 
Pope Calixtus II., (?) n 22. 

Turquet de Mayerne. [Mayerne.] 

Turrecremata. [Torquemada, Juan de.] 

Turret-ships, — invented by Capt. Cowper 
Coles, 1855 — employed by Americans, 1862. 

Tursellinus, Horatius, (Orazio Torsellino,) 
Jesuit, — b. at Rome, 1545 — enters the Order, 
1562 — Rector of Jesuit Seminary at Rome, 1579 
— tr. there, 6 Apr. 1599. Be vita S. Francisci 
Xavierii, 1594 — Be usu particularum Latini 
sermonis, 1598 — Epitome historiarum, 1598 ; 
French translation burnt by order of parlia- 
ment of Paris, 176 1. 

Tuscany, (Tuscia,) — [Etruria] — conquered 
by Goths, 476 — by Lombards, 568 a — by Charles 
the Great, 7 74 — forms a Marquisate or Duchy, 
about 820 ? — Boniface I. (II. ?) fights against 
Saracens in Africa, 828 — Adalbert I. (son) 
succeeds, before 847 — with Lambert of Spoleto, 
seizes Pope John VIII., and compels Romans 
to swear fealty to Carloman, 878 — excommu- 
nicated, 878 — absolved, 879 — Adalbert. II. 
(son) succeeds, May 890 — swears fealty to 
Arnulph, 894 — leagues with Berenger against 
him, 896 — takes arms against Emperor Lam- 
bert, 898 — his army routed and himself cap- 
tured, 898 — liberated by Berenger, 898 — quar- 
rels with Berenger, and induces Louis of Pro- 
vence to seize crown of Italy, 900 — visited by 
Louis, 902 — Gut, (son,) not later than 919 — ■ 
marries Marozia, 925 — King of Burgundy, 
(Aries,) 926 — imprisons and puts to death 
Pope John X., 928 — Lambert, (brother,) 929 
— seized and blinded by his brother Hugh, 
king of Italy, 931 — the Duchy given to Boson : 
deprived and imprisoned by Hugh, 936 — 
Hubert, (Humbert,) (son of Hugh,) created 
Duke, 936 — Duke of Spoleto and Marquis of 
Camerino, 943-6 — Hugh the Great (son) suc- 
ceeds, not later than 961 — Duke of Spoleto, 
989 — besieges Capua and puts to death mur- 
derers of Landenulf, by order of Otto III., 
993 — Adalbert III., about 1001 ? — Ragin- 
aire, (Reinier,) about 10 14 — refuses to recog- 
nize Conrad the Salic and is besieged by him 
in Lucca, 1027 — Boniface II. the Fious, 
associate of his father as Count of Modena, 
Reggio, &c, 1004 — succeeds him, 1012 — 
created Duke and Marquis of Tuscany by 
Conrad the Salic, 1027 — marries for second, 
wife Beatrice of Lorraine, 1036 — suppresses 
revolt of Parma, 1037 — for Henry III., sup- 
presses revolt in Upper Burgundy, 1042 — mur- 
dered, 7 May 1052 — Frederick, (Boniface,) 
(son,) under regency of his mother, Beatrice, 
1052 — seized with her by Emperor Henry III., 
1055 — Beatrice and her husband Godfrey, 
Duke of Lower Lorraine, 1055 — Beatrice 
liberated, returns to Tuscany, 1057 — Godfrey 
saves Papal territories from Richard, Prince of 



TUSCUS— TYCHSEN. 



1383 



Capua, 1066 — Godfrey ft., 25 Sep. 1070 — 
Beatrice ft., 28 Apr. 1076 — Matilda, the Great 
Countess, 1076 — on her death the succession 
disputed between Pope and Emperor, n 15 — 
independent republics formed at Lucca, Pisa, 
Siena, Florence, &c, 11 15 et seq.— Henry 
the Proud, Duke of Bavaria, made Count of 
Tuscany by Lothaire II., n 33 — Ulderic, 
Count of Lenzburg, created Marquis of Tus- 
cany by Conrad, 11 39 — Guelf of Bavaria, 
Marquis, by Frederick Barbarossa, 1153 — 
Philip, son of Frederick, Marquis, by Henry 
VI., 1 1 95 — [Philip, Emperor] — partly an- 
nexed to States of the Church by Innocent III., 
about 1 198 — ravaged by Frederick II., 1 243-4 b 
— Charles of Anjou named Vicar of, by Pope 
Clement IV., 1 267 — overrun by Emperor Henry 
VII., 1 3 12 — influence of the Albizzi becomes 
predominant, 1382 — influence of the Medici, 
1434 — erected into a Grand Duchy, for Cosmo 
de' Medici, 1569 — Francisco Maria de' 
Medici, (son,) ft., 1541 — marries Joanna of 
Austria, 1565 — succeeds, 1574 — confirmed by 
diploma of Maximilian II., 26 Jan. 1576 — 
loses his wife, 6 Apr. 1578 — marries Bianca 
Capella, 12 Oct. 1578 — ft., 19 Oct. 1587 — 
Ferdinand I., (brother,) ft., 1549 — created 
Cardinal, 1563 — succeeds, 1587 — marries 
Christina of Lorraine, 30 Apr. 1589 — ft., 17 
Feb. 1609 — Cosmo II., (son,) ft., 1590 — mar- 
ries Maria Magdalene of Austria, 1608 — suc- 
ceeds, 1609 — assists Duke of Mantua against 
Duke of Savoy, 161 3 — protects Emir Fakr-ed- 
din, Nov. 161 3 — assists Ferdinand II. against 
Bohemians, 16 19 — ft., 28 Feb. 162 1— Fer- 
dinand II., (son,) ft., 1610 — succeeds, 162 1 — 
marries Vittoria della Rovere, 163 1 — mediates 
between Courts of France and Rome, and 
negotiates Treaty of Pisa, 1662-4 — ft., 23 May 
1670 — Cosmo III., (son,) ft., 1642 — marries 
Margaret Louisa of Orleans, 1661 — succeeds, 
1670 — title of Royal Highness conferred on, 
1697 — loses his eldest son, 17 13 — ft., 31 Oct. 
1723 — Giovanni Gaston, (son,) ft., 1671 — 
marries Anna Maria, widow of Elector Pala- 
tine, 1697 — succeeds, 1723 — succession secured 
to Don Carlos by treaty between Emperor and 
King of Spain, 30 Apr. 1725 — succession of 
Francis, Duke of Lorraine, provided for, by 
treaty between Emperor and Kings of France 
and Spain, 3 Oct. 1735 — if., 9 Jul. 1737 — 
Francis II. of Lorraine, 1737 — [Francis, Em- 
peror or the Romans] — Leopold, (son,) 1765 
— [Leopold, Emperor] — Ferdinand III., 
(son,) ft., 6 May 1769 — succeeds, 2 Jul. 1790 — 
marries Louisa Amelia of Naples, 29 Sep. 1790 
— his Duchy occupied by French, 1799 — ceded 
to Louis, Prince of Parma, by Convention of 
Madrid, 21 Mar. 1801 — loses his wife, 1802 — 
receives Archbishopric of Salzburg, with title 
of Elector, 27 Apr. 1803 — gives it up to Em- 
peror Francis, and is declared Elector of Wurz- 
burg, 26 Dec. 1805 — joins Confederation of 
the Rhine, and takes title of Grand Duke, 
25 Sep. 1806 — Tuscany annexed to French 
Empire, 1808 — occupied by allied troops, 18 14 
— Ferdinand reinstated by Peace of Paris, 30 
May 1 8 14 — confirmed to him by Congress of 
Vienna, 18 15— defensive alliance with Austria 



concluded, 18 15 — [see Lucca] — ft., 1824 — 
Leopold II. (son) succeeds, 17 Jun. 1824 — de- 
posed, and the dynasty abolished by Constituent 
Assembly, 1 6 Aug. 1 860 — Grand-Duchy annexed 
to Sardinia, 22 Mar. i860 — forms part of 
kingdom of Italy, 1861. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. 
b Kington. c Conv.-Lex. 

Tuscus, (Nummius ?) — Consul with Anuli- 
nus, (1048, a. u. c.) 295. 

Tuscus, C Aquilius, — [BC] — Consul with 
T. Sicinius Sabinus, (267, a. u. c.) 487. 

Tuscus, Memmius, — Consul with Bassus, 
(1011, a. u. c.) 258. 

Tusser, Thomas, agriculturist, — ft. in Essex, 
probably 15 15 ? — ft. in London, about 1580. 
Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry, 1557. 

Tutbury Castle, in Staffordshire, — built, 
about 1070-80 ? — surrendered by Thomas, Earl 
of Lancaster, to Edward II., 1320 — rebuilt by 
John of Gaunt, 1350 — prison of Mary Queen 
of Scots, 1568 and 1585— demolished, 1646. 

Tutilo, Benedictine, painter, poet, §c., — ft. 
monk of St Gall, 908,* 896.^ 

a Biog. Univ. h Fiorillo. 

Tweddell, John, — ft. near Hexham, 1769 — 
Fellow of Trim Coll. Cambridge, 1792 — sets 
out on his travels, 1795 — ft. at Athens, 1799. 
Prolusiones Juveniles, 1793 — Remains, 1815. 

Twelve Tables, Laws of the,— [B C]— Com- 
missioners sent to Athens, 454— Decemviri ap- 
pointed, 451 — again, 450 — first published, 449. 

Twenge, (Thwinge,) Sir Robert de, — heads 
the opposition to Papal Provisions in England, 
1 23 1 — takes to Rome remonstrance of English 
nobles, before 1234 — sent by Richard, Earl of 
Cornwall, to Emperor Frederick II., 1240 s1 — 
with Earl Richard arrives in Palestine, Oct. 
1240.* a Kington. 

Twesten, Karl, politician, — ft. at Kiel, 22 
Apr. 1820 — settles at Berlin, 1855 — loses an 
arm in duel with Gen. von Manteuffel, 1861 — 
member of Chamber of Deputies, 1861 — makes 
his speech on administration of justice, 1865 — 
condemned and fined, spring 1868 — retires, 
May 1868— ft., 14 Oct. 1870. 

Twining, Thomas,— ft., 1734— M.A. Cam- 
bridge, 1763 — ft. rector of St Mary's, Colches- 
ter, 6 Aug. 1804. Aristotle's Treatise on 
Poetry translated, &c, 1789. 

Twining, William, physician, — surgeon in 
the army, 181 2 — goes to Ceylon, 1821 — ft. at 
Calcutta, 1835. Clinical Illustrations of the 
more important Diseases of Bengal, &c, 1832-5. 

Twiss, Horace, miscellaneous writer, — ft., 
about 1786 — called to the bar at Inner Temple, 
28 Jun. 181 1 — M.P., 1820 — Under-secretary 
for Colonies, 1828— Vice-chancellor of Duchy 
of Lancaster, 1844 — ft. in London, 4 May 1849. 
Life of Lord Eldon, 1 844. 

Twysden, Sir Roger, antiquary, — ft. in 
Kent, 1597 — ft., 7 Jun. 1672. Anglicance 
Historic Scriptores Decern, 1652 — Historical 
Defence of Church of England, 1675. 

Tycho Brahe. [Brahe.] 

Tychonius, theologian, — {&., about 400 ? 

Tychsen, Olaus Gerhard, Orientalist, — ft. in 
Schleswig, 14 Dec. 1734 — goes to Gottingen 
Univ., 1756 — Prof. Oriental Literature, But- 



13^4 



TYE— TYRWHITT. 



zow, (Rostock,) 1763— Chief Librarian, 1789 
— ft. at Rostock, 30 Dec. 18 15. Butzowsche 
Nebenstunden, 1766-C). 

Tye, Christopher, musical composer, — Mus. 
D. Cambridge, 1545 — Mus. D. Oxford, 1548 
— tf. organist to the Chapel RoyaL about 1590. 

Tyler, John, President op the United 
States, — b. in Virginia, 29 Mar. 1790 — called 
to the bar, 1809 — member of Legislature of 
Virginia, Dec. 181 1 — member of Congress, 
1 8 16— Governor of Virginia, 1825 — Senator, 
^27— V. p r es. U. S., 1 840— succeeds Pres. 
Harrison, 4 Apr. 1841 — retires, 4 Mar. 1845 
— member of Congress of Confederate States, 
1861— rj. at Richmond, 17 Jan. 1862. 

Tvler, Wat. [Wat, the Tiler.'] 

Tyndale, {Tindale,) William, translator of 
the Bible— h. at Xiblev, Gloucestershire, about 
1485 ? a — studies at Oxford and Cambridge, 
before 15 19— summoned before Chancellor of 
Diocese of Worcester, 1522 a — removes to 
London, 1523 — quits England, goes to_ Ham- 
burg, Jan. 1524 — interrupted in printing his 
first Xew Testament at Cologne, by Cochlseus, 

15 2 5 a_ a t Worms, 1525-7— his interview with 
Coverdale at Hamburg, 1529 — his controversy 
with Sir T. More, 15 30-1 — corresponds with 
John Fryth, 1532 — arrested and imprisoned at 
Vilvoord, near Brussels, 1535 — burnt at Vil- 
voord, 6 Oct. 1536.* English Translation of 
New Testament, (at Wittenberg,) 1526— bought 
up and burnt at Antwerp, London, and Oxford, 

1526 and 1530 — English Translation of the 
Fentateuch, (at Hamburg,) 1530—7^0^,1573. 

a Anderson. 

Tynedale, — annexed to Northumberland, by 
Act 11 Hen. VII. c. 9, 1497. 

Tynemouth, in Northumberland, — monastery 
destroyed by Danes, about 670, and again, 876 
— refounded by Robert de Mowbray, 1090 — 
fortified, about 1095— besieged and taken by 
storm for William II., 1095 — rebuilt, about 
1 1 10 — surrendered to Henry VIII., 12 Jan. 
1539. Castle, taken by Scots, 1644 — revolt of 
the garrison, stormed by Sir A. Hazelrig, 1648. 

Tynemouth, Earl of. [Berwick, Duke of.] 

Type, {Edict,) — of Emperor Constans II. 
prohibiting continuance of Monothelite con- 
troversy, published, 648 — condemned by Coun- 
cil of Rome, 649. 

Type-composing Machine, — invented by 
White, about 1825 — improved, patented, 1850. 

Type-founding, —practised by Schoeffer, as 
early as 1452 — improved by Caslon, about 
1720 — by Baskerville, about 1750. 

Typhus and Typhoid Fevers, — distinct 
character of, shown by Gerhard, 1837 — by 
Stewart, 1840 — by Bartlett, 1847 — by Jenner, 
1848-50. 

Tyrannion, grammarian, — [B C] — carried to 
Rome, by Lucullus, 72. 

Tyras, — [B C] — colony from Miletus, about 

75°- 

Tyrconnel, Richard Talbot, Earl or, — 
takes the lead in defaming Anne Hyde, 1660 
— arrested as conspirator and banished, 1677 — 
Earl of Tyrconnel, 1685 — Commander-in-chief 
in Inland, 1686 — Lord-deputy, Jan. 1687 — 
negotiates with William III., 1689 — receives 



James II. at Cork, and accompanies him to 
Dublin, Mar. 1689 — present at battle of the 
Boyne, 1690 — goes to France, Sep. 1690 — 
returns with French forces, spring 1691 — ts., 
14 Jul. 1 69 1. 

Tyre, (Sur,) — [BC] — built, about 2750 a 
[2267 b ] — Neo-Tyrus, insular city, built, after 
1257 ? c — [Hiram I. King, 1057 ?] — Abibal, 
about 1050 — Hiram, about 1050-20 ?— com- 
mercial treaties with David and Solomon : 
Baleazar, about 1012 [992 d ] — Ethbaal I., 
about 920 — King of Sidon also : Pygmalion, 
about 900 — Palaetyrus yields to Slialmaneser, 
about 721 — Ethbaal II., about 590— a repub- 
lic, with suffetes, 582 — insular city besieged by 
Nebuchadnezzar, 592 — taken, 579 — destroyed, 
572 — insular city besieged and taken by Alex- 
ander the Great, mids. to Jul. 332 — taken by 
Antigonus, 314-313 — liberty given to, by Syrian 
kings, 126 — [AD] — seat of Bishopric, before 
200 — conquered by Arabs, 633-8 — taken by 
Crusaders, 27 Jun. n 24 — made an Archbishop- 
ric, 1 1 27, 1125° — taken by Mohammedans and 
totally dismantled, 1 29 1 — visited by Mandeville, 
between 1327-50 — by Sandys, 1610-11 — by 
Maundrell, 1697— by Pococke, 1737-40— by 
Hasselquist, 1751 — by Volney, 1786, &c. 
Councils of, against Athanasius, 335 ; to con- 
firm Council of Constantinople, 518. a Herod. 1 
b Hales. c Josephus. d Du Fresnoy. 

e Smith's Diet. Bible. 
Tyrnau, in Hungary, — University founded, 
1635 — transferred to Pesth, 1784. 

Tyrol, The, [Rheetia] — becomes subject to 
Dukes of Austria, 1 359 a — conquered by French 
and ceded to Bavaria by Peace of Presburg, 
1805 — revolts under Hofer, 1809 — southern 
part annexed to kingdom of Italy, 1810 — re- 
stored to Austria, 18 14 — demand of separate 
ministry and parliament, rejected by Emperor, 
Oct. 1 87 I. a Conv.-Lex. 

Tyrone, Con O'Neil, Earl of. [O'Neil.] 

Tyrone, Hugh O'Neil, Earl of, — obtains 
title of Earl, 1587 — marries sister of Sir H. 
Bagnal, about 1588 — forms alliance with Red 
Hugh, (O'Donell,) about 1590 ? — assumes title 
of The O'Neil, 1597^ 1593 b — offers Ireland 
to king of Spain, 1597 — unsuccessfully op- 
posed by Sir John Norris, 1597 — proclaimed a 
traitor, 1597 — defeats and kills Marshal Bag- 
nal at Blackwater, 14 Aug. 1598 b — concludes 
truce with Essex, 8 Sep. 1599 b — retreats from 
Minister before Mountjoy, 1600 — defeated with 
Spaniards in attack on English at Kinsale, 
1 601 — surrenders to Mountjoy and is pardoned, 
1601 — accompanies Mountjoy to England, 1603 
— goes to Brussels, 1607 — ft. at Rome, 1616. 
a Moore. b Lingard. 

Tyrrell, James, historian, — ft. in London, 
1642 — enters Queen's Coll. Oxford, 1657 — 
M.A., Sep. 1663 — rj., 17 18. Bibliotheca Po- 
litica, 1692-5 — General History of England, 
1700-4. 

Tyrtaeos, lyric poet, — [BC] — 0., 683— at 
Sparta, about (01. 30) 660-657.3 a MUller. 

Tyrwhitt, Thomas, philologist, §c.,— h. in 
London, 29 Mar. 1730 — M.A.Oxford, and 
Fellow of Merton Coll., 1756 — Under-secretary 
of State in War Department, 1756 — Clerk to 



TYSON— TJHL AND, 



1385 



House of Commons, 1762-8 — tf. in London, 15 
Aug. 1786. Edits Chaucer'' s Canterbury Tales, 
1773 — Dissert atio de Babrio, 1776. 

Tyson, Edward, anatomist, — b. in Somer- 
setshire, 1649 — B.A. Oxford, 1670 — M.D. 
Cambridge, 1680 — tf. Physician to Bethlehem 
and Bridewell Hospitals, 1 Aug. 1708. Orang- 
outang, 1699. 

Tyssens, August, painter, — b. at Antwerp, 
i662, a about 1659 b — Director of the Academy, 
1691 — tf., 1722. a Nagler. h Biog. Univ. 

Tyssens, Nicholas, painter,—^, at Antwerp, 
1660— tf. in London, 1719.* a Nagler. 

Tyssens, Pieter, painter, — ft. at Antwerp, 
1625 — Director of the Academy, 1661 — tf- 
there, 1692^ 1682. b a Engl. Cyc. b Nagler. 

Tytler, Alexander Fraser, Lord Wood - 
houselee, litterateur, §c, — ft. at Edinburgh, 
15 Oct. 1747 — called to the bar, 1770 — 
F.B. S.E., 1783— Prof. History and Roman 
Antiquities, 1786 — Judge-advocate of Scotland, 
1790 — Judge of Court of Session, 1802 — Lord 
of Justiciary, 18 11 — tf. at Edinburgh, 4 Jan. 



1813. Elements of General History, 1782 — ■ 
Memoirs of Lord Karnes, 1807. 

Tytler, James, miscellaneous writer, — fc. at 
Brechin, 1747 — joins society of Friends of the 
People, 1792 — outlawed, by High Court of 
Justiciary, 7 Jan. 1793 — tf. in America, close 
of 1803. 

Tytler, Patrick Fraser, historian, — fc. at 
Edinburgh, 30 Aug. 1791 — admitted Advocate, 
3 Jul. 1 813 — tf. at Great Malvern, 24 Dec. 
1849. -Lif e °f J^nes Crichton, 18 19 — Life of 
John Wicklyff, 1826 — History of Scotland, 
1828-43— Lives of Scottish Worthies, 1 831-3 — 
Life of Sir W. Raleigh, 1833 — England under 
the Reigns of Edward VL. and Mary, 1839. 

Tytler, William, litterateur, — b. at Edin- 
burgh, 12 Oct. 1711 — Writer to the Signet, 
1744 — tf. at Edinburgh, 12 Sep. 1792. His- 
torical and Critical Jnquiry into the evidence 
against Mary Queen of Scots, 1759 — Foetical 
Remains of James L., 1783. 

Tzetzes, Joannes, poet, grammarian, — fl., 
about 1158 — (tf., after 1176?) 



u. 



Ubaldini, Ottaviano,— Bp of Bologna, 1240 
— suspected of treachery at siege of Faenza, 
j 240- 1 — created Cardinal, 1244 — attends 
Council of Lyons, 1245 — legate in Lombardy, 
1247 — relieves Colorno, Oct. 1247 — by order 
of Innocent IV. excommunicates sons and 
grandsons of Frederick II. and all who send 
envoys to his Court, 1 248 —conquers Bomagna, 
summer 1248 — occupies Parma, about Oct. — 
commands at Bologna, 1249— conquers Mo- 
dena, Dec. 1249 — driven from Piacenza, 1250. 

Ubaldini, Petruccio, historian, — b. at Flor- 
ence, about 1524 — comes to London, about 
1547 — visits Venice, 1553 — tf. in London, 
about 1600. Vita di Carlo Magno, 1581 — 
Descrizione di Scozia, 1588. 

TIbba, Danish Chief, — invades E. Anglia, 
870 — with Ingwair defeats and kills King Ed- 
mund, 20 Nov. 870. 

Ubiquists, TIbiquitarians, sect of, — origin- 
ated by Brentius, about 1560 — the Formula 
Concordice agreed to by leaders at Berg, about 

Uccello, Paolo, (Faolo di Dono,) painter, — 
fo. at Florence, 1396-7 — tf. there, 1479. 

Tidal, Nicholas, dramatist, — fi. in Hamp- 
shire, 1506 — M.A. Oxford, 1534 — Head-master 
of Westminster School, 1555 — tf. Canon of 
Windsor, 1564. Ralph Royster Doyster, pro- 
bably written, 1540 — printed, 1565 — dis- 
covered, about 1840. 

TIden, Lucas van, painter, — b. at Antwerp, 
1595 — admitted to Corporation of Painters, 
1626 — tf., about 1673^ about 1662. b 

a Nout. Biog. Gen. b Conv.-Lex. 

TIdine, in Friula,— -subject to Venice, 1445 
— ravaged by plague, 15 15 — again, 1656 — 



revolts from Austria, 23 Mar. 1848 — bom- 
barded, submits, 23 Apr. 1848. Council of, 
held by Ottoboni, Patriarch of Aquileia, to con- 
firm statute of Council of Aquileia, 9 Feb. 
1310. 

TIdine, Giovanni da, painter, — b. at TJdine, 
24 Oct. 1487,* 1489 b — pupil of Giorgione at 
Venice, before 151 1 — goes to Borne, about 
151 1 — tf. at Borne, 1564,* 1562,° 1561^ 

a Biog. Catalogue. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

c Biog. Univ. 

TIffa, — (1.) Saxon Chieptian, — lands on 
east coast of Britain, 526. (2.) Founds king- 
dom of E. Anglia, 571. 

TIggione. [Oggione, Marco da.] 

Ughelli, Ferdinando, historian, — b. at 
Florence, 1595 — tf. at Borne, 19 May 1670. 
Ltalia Sacra, 1643-62. 

TIgolino. [Gregory IX., Pope.] 

TIgolino, Count. [Gherardesca.] 

TIgoni, Matteo, {TJgonius,) Bp op Fama- 
gosta, — assists at Council of the Lateran, 15 17 
— Synodia TJgonia, 1532 — approved by bull of 
Paul III., 1543. 

Ugrian Languages,— investigated by Bu- 
denz, 1857-69. 

Tlhland, Johann Ludwig, poet, — fi. at 
Tubingen, 26 Apr. 1787 — LL.D., 1810 — Ad- 
vocate at Stuttgard, 1812 — member of Diet of 
Wiirtemberg, 18 19 — Prof, extraord. German 
Language and Literature, Tubingen, 1830-33 
— deputy to National Assembly at Frankfort, 
1848 — tf. at Tubingen, 1 3 Nov. 1 862. Gedichte, 
1 8 15 — TJeber den My thus der nordische Sa- 
genlehre vom Thor, 1836 — TJeber Walther von 
der Vogelweide, 1822 — Schriften zur Geschichte 
der Dichtung und Sage, 1865. 



3 86 



TJHTRED— UMEITSUE. 



Uhtred, Earl of Northumbria,— repulses 
the Scots and saves Durham, 1006 — Earl of 
Northumbria, 1006 — submits to Sweyn, 1013 
— joins Edmund against Cnut, early in 1016 
— submits to Cnut and is slain, 1016. 

Ukert, Friedrich August, historical writer, 
— b. at Eutin, 1780 — studies at Halle, 1800 — 
tf., 18 May 1 85 1. Geographic der Griechen 
und Romer, 1816-46 — Gemdlde von Griechen- 
land, 181 1 — Ueber Ddmonen, Heroen und 
Genien, 1850 — joint editor with Heeren, of 
Geschichte der Eur op. Staaten, from 1828. 

Ukraine, The, — occupied by Goths, before 
250 — ceded to Mahomet IV. by king of Poland, 
by Treaty of Bondchaz, 18 Oct. 1672 a — greater 
part of, secured to Poland by treaty of 27 Oct. 
1682 a — part ceded to Eussia, about 1686 — 
remainder falls to Eussia, 1792. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Uleaborg, in Finland, — founded, 1605 — 
[Finland] — obtains privileges of a port, 17 15 
— nearly destroyed by fire, 25 May 1822 — 
partly burnt by English fleet, 1 Jun. 1854. 

TJlf,— with Eylaf, defeats Cnut on the Helgo, 
1025. 

Ulf, Bp of Dorchester, — succeeds Eadnoth, 
1049 a — escapes from London, with Eobert, 15 
Sep. 1052. a Freeman. 

Ulfilas, (Ulphilas,)—b., about 318— Bp of 
the Goths, about 348 — assists at Synod at 
Constantinople, 360 — ft. there, 388. [Codex 
Argenteus.] 

Ulfkytel, Earl of E. Anglia, — with the 
Witan, makes peace with Danes, 1004 — defeats 
the Danes at Thetford, 1004 — defeated by 
Danes at Eingmere, 18 May ioio a — killed at 
Assandun, 1016. a A.S. Chron. 

TJlloa, Antonio di, traveller, §c, — b. at Se- 
ville, 12 Jan. 17 16— enters the navy, 1733 — 
accompanies scientific expedition to S. America, 
1735-46 — correspondent of Academy of Sciences, 
Paris, 1748 — again goes to America, 1755 — 
Governor of Louisiana, 1764-7 — Lieutenant- 
general in the navy, 1779 — ft. near Cadiz, 3 
Jul. 1795. Relacion historica del viage a la 
America meridional, 1748 — Noticias Ameri- 
canas, 1772 — Noticias Seer etas di America, 
1826. 

TJlloa, San Juan de, in Mexico, — surrenders 
to Spanish, 14 Dec. 1861. 

Ulm, in Wurtemberg, {Alcimonium, Villa 
Regia,) — receives charter from Charles the 
Great, 883 — free Imperial town, soon after 1 134 
— Duke Conrad IV. of Swabia defeats Land- 
grave of Thuringia at, 1245 — occupied a short 
time by Eberhard of Wurtemberg, 1372 — 
joins League of Schmalkald, 153 1 — submits to 
Charles V., 1546 — unsuccessfully besieged by 
Margrave of Baden, 1552 — fortifications 
strengthened, 1564 — again, 1606— taken by 
Maximilian, Elector of Bavaria, 25 Sep. 1702 
— recovered by Imperialists, 1704 — given up 
to France, 1799 — fortifications demolished by 
French, 1800 — given to Bavaria, 1803 — capi- 
tulates to Napoleon I., Gen. Mack and Austrian 
garrison made prisoners, 17 Oct. 1805 — given 
to Wurtemberg by Treaty of Paris, 18 May 
1 8 10— fortress of the Bund, 1842. Cathedral, 
commenced, 1377— completed, 1494. Peace 



of, between Evangelical Union and Catholic 
League, by which Frederick V., Elector Pala- 
tine, loses Bohemia, signed, 3 Jul. 1620. 
Armistice, separate, between France, Sweden, 
and Bavaria, concluded, 16 Mar. 1647. 

Ulphilas. [Ulfilas.] 

Ulpian Library, at Rome, — founded by 
Trajan, 107-115. 

Ulpianus, Domitius, jurist, — {(., from 211 
— disgraced by Elagabulus, 2 17 — in favour with 
Alexander Severus, 222— killed by soldiers, 228. 

Ulrica Eleanora, Queen of Sweden, — b., 
1656 — marries Charles XI. of Sweden, 16 
May 1680 — ft., 5 Aug. 1693. 

Ulrica Eleanora, Queen of Sweden,— h , 
1688 — marries Prince Frederick of Hesse 
Cassel, 17 15 — elected to succeed her brother 
Charles XII., 31 Jan. 17 19 — crowned at 
Upsala, 28 Mar. 17 19 — associates her consort in 
the government, 4 Apr. 1720 — ft., 5 Dec. 1741. 

Ulrich VI., Duke of Wurtemberg, — b., 
8 Feb. 1487 — succeeds Eberhard VI. , 1498 — 
declared of age by Emperor Maximilian, 
assumes the government, 1503 — distinguishes 
himself in war between Maximilian and Elector 
Palatine, 1504-5 — kills Johann von Hutten, 
15 14 — concludes Convention with his States, 8 
Jul. 15 16 — besieges and takes Eeutlingen, and 
annexes it, 151 9 — attacked by Suabian League, 
and his Duchy conquered, 1520 — embraces 
Lutheranism, between 1520-30 — defeats his 
rival, Ferdinand, near Lauffen on the Neckar, 1 3 
May 1534, and reconquers his States: signs 
Convention of Cadau, 19 Jun. 1534 — joins 
League of Schmalkald, 1534 — establishes 
Lutheranism, 1535 — takes part in War of the 
League, 1546 — again loses his Duchy to Im- 
perialists, 1547 — signs Treaty of Heilbronn, 8 
Jan. 1548—0"., 6 Nov. 1550. 

Ulster, province of Ireland, — the Scots 
driven from, 1538 — rebels under Shane O'Neil, 
1565 — reduced by the English, 1567 — part 
vested in the Crown, 1569 — colonization of, 
attempted by Essex, 1573 — plantation of, un- 
dertaken by James L, 1608 — confirmed by 
parliament, 16 15. [Tenant Right, Irish So- 
ciety, Ireland.] 

Ulster King of Arms, — for Ireland, appoint- 
ed, 2 Feb. 1552. 

Ultramarine, pigment, — artificial, made by 
Gmelin, beginning 1828 a — by Guimet, i828. a 
a Watts. 

Ulugh Begh, (Mirza Mohammed Targai,) 
Sultan of Samarcand, astronomer, — b., (796, 
a. h.) 1394 — Eegent for his father, about 1409 
— compiles his Star Tables, (841,) 1437 — suc- 
ceeds his father, (851,) 1447— put to death by 
his son, 1449. His works edited by Greaves, 
1650-2 — the Star Tables by Hyde, 1665. 

Umballa, in Hindustan, — Durbar held at, 
by Lord Mayo, for reception of Shere Ali, 
sovereign of Afghanistan, 27 Mar. 1869. 

Umiliati, Order of, — founded at Florence, 
about 1030 — encouraged and endowed by Go- 
vernment, 1239. 

Umritsur, in Hindustan, — attack of Kooka 
fanatics on butchers at, 14 Jun. 1871 — another, 
at Eaikot, 15 Jul. — the murderers hanged, part 
at Eaikot, 5 Aug., part at Umritsur, 15 Sep. 



UNCIAL CHARACTER— UNIVERSITY TESTS. 



1387 



Uncial Character, in MSS., — first found 
in MS. Acts of Aquileia, 381. ^ 

Unction, Extreme, — comes into general use, 
about 850 :i — mentioned as a sacrament by 
Hugh of St Victor, before 1141 — decreed to 
be a sacrament by Eugenius IV. at Council of 
Florence, 1439 — established as a sacrament 
by Council of Trent, 1551. a Hagenback. 

Undine, asteroid, —discovered by Tietjen at 
Berlin, and by Peters in America, 7 Jul. 1867. 

Unger, Franz, botanist, §c. } — b. in Styria, 
about 1 800 — M.D.Vienna, 1 827 — Prof. Botany, 
and Director of Botanic Garden, Gratz, 1836 
— member of Imperial Academy of Sciences, 
! 847 — Prof. Botany, Vienna, 1 850 — visits 
Northern Europe, 1852— tf., 13 Feb. 1870. 
Grundzilge zur Botanik, (with Endlicher,) 1843 
— Botan. Brief e, 1852 — Anatomie und Physio- 
logie der Pfianzen, 1855 — Grundlinien der 
Anatomie und Physiologie der Pjianzen, 1866 — 
Genera et species plantarum fossilium, 1850 — 
Iconographia plantarum fossilium, 1852 — Syl- 
loge plantarum fossilium', i860 — Die JJrwelt 
in ihren verschiedenen Bildungsperioden, 1851. 

Uniformity, Act of, in English History, — 
order of public worship regulated by Act 2 and 
3 Edw. VI. c. 1, 1549 — again, by Act 14 Car. 
II. c. 4, 19 May 1662 — comes into operation 
on St Bartholomew's Day, 24 Aug. 1662. 

i Unigenitus,' Papal Bull. [See Jansenists.] 

Union. [See Calmar, Ireland, Scotland, 
United States, Utrecht.] 

Union College, at Schenectady, New York, 
—incorporated, 25 Feb. 1795— partly reorgan- 
ized, 1855. 

Union Assessment Committees, in England, 
— appointment of, by Guardians authorized, 
and their duties regulated, by Act 25 and 26 
Vic. c. 103, 7 Aug. 1862 — amended by 27 and 
28 Vic. c. 39, 14 Jul. 1864. 

Union Chargeability,— for relief of poor, 
established and regulated by Act 28 and 29 
Vic. c. 79, 29 Jun. 1865. 

Union Jack, — introduced by Royal proclam- 
ation, 1606— declared national flag of Great 
Britain by proclamation of 28 Jul. 1707. 

Union Relief Aid, — temporary, obtaining of, 
authorized by Act 25 and 26 Vic. c. 110, 7 
Aug. 1862 — provisions continued by 26 Vic. c. 
4, 27 Mar. 1863. 

Unions, Poor Law, in England, — formation 
and management of, provided for by Act 4 and 
5 ?m IV. c. 76, 14 Aug. 1834. [Poor Law.] 

Unitarians, [Socinians] — excluded from 
Committee for Revision of Authorized Version 
of the Bible, by resolution of Upper House of 
Convocation, 15 Feb. 1871 — the resolution 
virtually rescinded, 17 Feb. 

United Evangelical Church, in Germany, 
— formed by union of Lutheran and Reformed 
Churches, 18 17 — the Agenda introduced by the 
king of Prussia, 1822 — decree for its general 
adoption followed by secession and establish- 
ment of separate Lutheran Church, 1 845. 

United Irishmen, Society of, — -founded by 
Wolfe Tone, 1793. [Irish Rebellion, 1798.] 

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ire- 
land, — [see Great Britain] — constituted by 
Act of Union 39 and 40 Geo. III. c. 67, 2 Jul. 



1800 — Regency of George, Prince of Wales, 
begins, 5 Feb. 1811 — George IV. succeeds his 
father, George III., 29 Jan. 1820 — William 
IV. succeeds his brother, 26 Jun. 1 830 — Victoria 
succeeds her uncle, 20 Jun. 1837. 

United Presbyterian Church, of Scotland, — 
constituted by union of United Secession 
Church and Relief Church, 1847. 

United Provinces. [Netherlands, Revolt 
of the, &c] 

United Service Gazette, London Weekly 
Journal, — commenced, 9 Feb. 1832. 

United Service Institution, Royal, — estab- 
lished in London, 1831 — incorporated by Royal 
Charter, i860. 

United States, of JST. America, — declare 
their independence, 4 Jul. 1776 — [see American 
War, names of separate States, Washington, 
George, Mexico, Confederate States, Slavery, 
and United States, Presidents of] — constitution 
adopted, 17 Sep. 1787 — first Congress meets, 4 
Mar. 1789 — ten Constitutional Amendments 
made, 15 Dec. 179 1 — 11th, 8 Jan. 1798— 12fch, 
25 vSep. 1804— 13th, 31 Jan. 1865— 14th, 1868 
—15th, 26 Feb. 1869. 

United States, Presidents of, — George 
Washington, elected, 1789 — John Adams, 
1797— Thomas Jefferson, 1801 — James Madi- 
son, 1809 — James Monroe, 18 17 — John 
Quincy Adams, 1825 — Andrew Jackson, 
1829 — Martin Van Buren, 1837— William 
H. Harrison, 1841 — John Tyler, 1841 — 
James K. Polk, 1845— Zachary Taylor, 1849 
— Millard Fillmore, 1 850 — Franklin Pierce, 
l8 53 — James Buchanan, 1857 — Abraham 
Lincoln, 1861 — Andrew Johnson, 1865 — 
Ulysses S. Grant, 1869. 

Universal Suffrage,— adopted in France, by 
decree of provisional government, 5 Mar. 1 848 
— maintained by constitution established by 
National Assembly, 12 Nov. 1848. 

Universalists, — begin to form a distinct sect 
in America, about 1770. 

Universities. [See separate names.] 

Universities' Mission to S. Africa, — Eng- 
lish, originated, 1859. [Mackenzie, Bp.] 

University Boat Race, on the Thames, — in- 
stituted, 1844. 

University College, London, — founded as 
University of London, 1826 — opened, 1 Oct. 
1828 — incorporated as Univ. Coll. by Royal 
Charter, 28 Nov. 1836. 

University College, Oxford, — [founded by 
Alfred the Great, 872 ?] — founded or re- 
founded by William of Dm-ham, 1249. 

University Elections,— use of voting papers 
at, provided for by Act 24 and 25 Vic. c. 53, 1 
Aug. 1 86 1 — amended by 31 and 32 Vic. c. 65, 
31 Jul. 1868. 

University of France, — founded and charged 
with direction of education by Napoleon I., 10 
May 1806 — further regulated by decrees of 17 
Mar. 1808 and 15 Nov. 181 1 — confirmed by 
Louis XVIIL, 22 Jun. 18 14 — former system 
reintroduced, 17 Feb. 18 15 — reestablished by 
Napoleon, 30 Mar. 18 15 — Supreme Council of 
Public Instruction established by decree of Na- 
poleon III., 9 Mar. 1852. 

University Tests, in England, — abolished 



i 3 SS 



UNKIAR SKELESSI— URBAN VIII. 



by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 26, 16 Jun. 1871. 
Unkiar Skelessi,— secret Treaty of, between 
Russia and the Porte, for perpetual alliance, 
and providing for closing the Dardanelles, con- 
cluded at Constantinople, 8 Jul. 1833 — pro- 
duction of copy moved for in House of Com- 
mons, by Lord Dudley Stuart, 19 Feb. 1836 — 
annulled by Treaty of London, 13 Jul. 1841. 

1 Unknown Tongues.' [See Irving', Ed- 
ward. ] 

Unna, in Westphalia, — belongs to Abp of 
Cologne, 1032— fortified, 1250 — bombarded by 
Turenne, 1673. 

Unterwalden, Canton of Switzerland, — two 
districts of Obwald and Nidwald mentioned as 
early as 1 150 — as one Canton, under present 
name, member of Swiss Confederation, i3 x 5- 
Unwin, Mary,— b. at Ely, 1724— her friend- 
ship with Cowper begins at Olney, 1765 — left 
a widow, 2 Jul. 1767 — ft. at E. Dereham, Nor- 
folk, 17 Dec. 1796. 

Upsala, in Sweden, — seat of Bishopric, about 
1020 — erected into Archbishopric, 1164 — 
castle built by Gustavus Vasa, 1548 — burnt, 
1702 — again, 1809. University of , founded by 
Sten Sture, 1478 — reorganized and endowed by 
Gustavus Adolphns, 1624. Cathedral, built, 
1258-1435. Society of Sciences, instituted, 1719 
— takes name of Royal Society, about 1730. 

Ural Mountains, {Montes Hyperborei,) — 
gold discovered in, 1743 — explored by Hum- 
boldt, 1829 — first diamond found, 1829. 

Urania, asteroid, — discovered by Hind, 22 
Jul. 1854. 

Uranienborg, — Observatory, built by Tycho 
Brahe, about 1580 — demolished, 1597. 

Uranium, metal, — discovered by Klaproth, 
1789 — isolated by Peligot, 1841 — obtained in 
compact form, 1856. 

Uranus, {Georgium Sid us,) — discovered by 
Herschel, and supposed a comet, 13 Mar. 17 81 
— determined to be a planet, by Aug. 1781 — 
elements of its orbit determined by Laplace, 
Jan. 1 7 8 3 — two satellites discovered by Herschel, 
Jan. and Feb. 1787 — four more, Dec. 1797 — 
perturbations of, lead to discovery of Neptune, 
1846— two more satellites observed by Lassell, 
Oct. and Nov. 1851. 

Urban I., Bp of Rome, — succeeds Calixtus, 
223 — tf., 25 May 230. 

Urban II., Pope, (Otto, Bp of Ostia,) — 
called to Rome by Gregory vTL, 1078 — made 
Cardinal, and Bp of Ostia, 1078— elected to 
succeed Victor III. by Council of Terracina, 
12 Mar. 1088 — procures expulsion of Guibert, 
1089 — expelled, 1091 — crowns Conrad at 
Milan, 1093 — recovers possession of Rome, 
Dec. 1093 — his interview with Peter the Her- 
mit, 1094 — proclaims crusade at Council of 
Piacenza, Mar. 1095 — visits France, Apr. 
1095 — acknowledged by England, 1095 — holds 
Councils of Clermont, Nov. 1095 — Nismes and 
Tours, 1096 — unsuccessfully mediates between 
Capua and Richard, Count of Aversa, 1098 — 
lias interview with Roger, Count of Sicily, at 
Salernum, 1098 — holds Council of Bari, 1098 
— holds Council of Rome, about Easter 1099 
at Rome, 29 Jul. 1099. 
Urban III., Pope, (Uberto Crivelli,) — suc- 



ceeds Lucius II., 25 Nov. 1 185 — refuses to 
crown Prince Henry : tf. at Ferrara, 1 9 Oct. 1 1 87 . 
Urban IV., Pope, [Jacques Paulaleon,) — 
Patriarch of Jerusalem and legate of Alexander 
IV., 1255 — lands at Acre, 3 Jun. 1256 — goes 
to Rome, 1261 — elected to succeed Alexander 
IV., 29 Aug. 1261 — appoints French Car- 
dinals, 1 26 1 — incites Charles of Anjou to in- 
vade Sicily, 1263 — reproclaims crusade against 
Manfred, 1263— supports Henry III. against 
barons, 1263 — driven from Orvieto by insur- 
gents, Sep. 1264 — tf. at Perugia, 2 Oct. 1264. 
Urban V., Pope, {Guillaume de Grimoard,) 
— b. at Grisac, in Gevaudan, 1302^ 1309 b — 
Abbot of St Germain d'Auxerre, 1353 — of St 
Victor of Marseilles, 1358 — Nuncio at Court of 
Naples, by Innocent VI., 1362 — elected to suc- 
ceed him, 27 Sep., b 28 Oct. c 1362 — proclaimed 
at Avignon, 31 Oct. — crowned, 6 Nov. — excom- 
municates Bernabo Visconti, 1362 — absolves 
him, 1364 — quits Avignon, 13 Apr. 1367 — 
reestablishes his Court at Rome, Oct. 1367 — 
receives Joanna, queen of Naples, and Peter, 
king of Cyprus, 13.68 — receives John Palseo- 
logus into Catholic communion, 1369 — sends 
missionaries to Tartary, Mar. 1370 — again 
quits Rome, 17 Apr. 1370— reaches Avignon, 
24 Sep. — tf. there, 19 Dec. 1370. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. 
b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Milman. 

Urban VI., Pope, (Bartolomeo Prignani,) — 
b. at Naples, 1318 — Abp of Bari, 1370 — suc- 
ceeds Gregory XL, 9 Apr. 1378 a — crowned, 18 
Apr. — declared to be a usurper and excommuni- ' 
cated by French cardinals at Anagni, 9 Aug. 
— his rival, Robert of Geneva, elected, 20 Sep. 
— [Clement VII.] — creates 26 cardinals; pro- 
claims crusade against Clement VII. and 
Queen Joanna of Naples, 1379 b — deposes her: 
crowns Charles of Durazzo King of Naples, 
1381 — goes to Naples, 1383 — proclaims cru- 
sade against France and partisans of Clement, 
1383 a — quarrels with Charles of Naples, May 
1384° — at Nocera, seizes and imprisons six 
cardinals on charge of conspiracy, Jan. 1385 — 
besieged in Nocera, by Charles of Naples, ex- 
communicates him, 1385 — escapes to Genoa, 
Sep. 1385 — puts the cardinals to death there, 
1385. — spends Christmas at Lucca, 1385 — fixes 
his Court at Perugia, 1387 — supports Ladislaus 
as King of Naples, 1388 — proclaims a Jubilee, 
1388 — reenters Rome, Nov. 1388 — tf. there, 
I5, a 18 c Oct. 1389. a Art de Verifier les Dates. 
b Engl. Cyc. c Milman. 

Urban VII., Pope, [Giovanni Battista Cas- 
tagna,) — ft. at Rome, 15 21 — Abp of Rossano, 
about 1553 — Cardinal, Dec. 1583— succeeds 
Sixtus V., 15 Sep. 1590— tf. at Monte-Cavallo, 
27 Sep. 1590. 

Urban VIII., Pope, [Maffei Barberini,) — b. 
at Florence, 26 Mar. 1568— D.D. Pisa, 1588 
— protonotary of Papal Court, by Gregory 
XIV., 1590 — Nuncio in France, 1604 — created 
Cardinal, 11 Sep. 1606 — Bp of Spoleto, 1608 — 
succeeds Gregory XV., 6 Aug. 1623 — contributes 
to settlement of dispute respecting the Valteline, 
1625-6 — recovers Duchy of Urbino, 1626 — 
suppresses order of female Jesuits, 1630 — pro- 
motes Treaty of Cherasco, 1631 — declares war 



URBAtfUS— URUGUAY. 



1389 



on Parma, i64i, a i639 b — condemns Jansenism, 
1642 — makes peace, and engages to restore 
Ducky of Castro, 1643 — ft. at Rome, 29 Jul. 
1644. Rime, 164.0^-Poemata, 1642. 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 
Urbanus, — Consul with Maximus, (987, 

A. U. C.) 234. 

Urbino, in Italy, {TJrbinum Sortense,) — 
takenbyBelisarius,538~seatofBishopric,before 
826 — bead of a County beld by the Montefeltri, 
before 1295 — erected into a Duchy for Frede- 
rick de Malatesta, by Pope Sixtus IV., 1474 
— Gtuidubaldi (son) succeeds, 1482 — conquer- 
ed by Csesar Borgia, 1502 — recovered, 1503— 
confirmed to him by Julius II., 1504 — on his 
death given to Francesco Maria della Ro- 
vere, Apr. 1508 — distinguishes himself in 
war of Julius II. against Venice, 1509 — mur- 
ders Cardinal Riario, 15 n— deprived by the 
Pope, and in five months reinstated, 15 11 — 
again deprived by Leo X. and the Duchy given 
to Lorenzo de' Medici, 5 May 1516=— on his 
death, 4 May 15 19, administered by legate: 
reconquered by Francesco Maria, 1522, who 
commands troops of League of Cognac, 1526 — 
takes Cremona, 23 Aug. 1526 — acquires Duchy 
of Cameiino, 1535 — Guidubaldi II. (son) 
succeeds, 21 Oct. 1538 — deprived of Camerino 
by Pope Paul III., 1539— Francesco Maria 
II., (son,) 29 Sep. 1574— resigns the Duchy to 
Urban VIII., 1626 — taken possession of by 
the Pope, 1 63 1 — becomes part of kingdom of 
Italy, i860. 

Tire, Andrew, chemist, — b. at Glasgow, 
1778 — M.D., 1801 — Andersonian Prof. Chem- 
istry, 1806 — assists in founding Observatory, 
1809 — F.R.S., 1822 — settles in London, 1830 
— Tf. there, 2 Jan. 1857. Dictionary of Chem- 
istry ', 1 82 1 — Cotton Manufactures of Great 
Britain, 1831 — Dictionary of Arts and Manu- 
factures, 1839. 

Urea, — obtained in separate form by Rou- 
elle, 1773 — by Fourcroy and Voquelin, 1779 — 
artificial formation of, effected by Wohler, 
i828. a a Watts. 

Urfe, Honore d\ satirist, — b. at Marseilles, 
n Feb. 1567 — rj. at Villefranche, 1625. Z' 
Astree, 161 o- 12-18. 

Urgel, in Spain, — seat of a Bishopric, as 
early as 531 — seized by Abdel-Rahman, about 
822 — taken by Marshal Berwick, 11 Oct. 17 19 
— taken by Royalists, seat of the Junta, 1823. 
Councils of respecting Felix, Bp of Urgel, 799 
— to confirm deposition of two bishops, 887. 

Uri, Canton of Switzerland, — joins alliance 
of Schwyz and Zurich against Duke of Austria, 
1 29 1 — constitution revised, 9 Mar. 1850. 
[Swiss Confederation.] 

Uric Acid,— discovered by Scheele, 1776 — 
investigated by Liebig and Wohler, 1838 — by 
Baeyer, 1863-5. 

Uriconium, Roman city, — discovery of re- 
mains of, at Wroxeter, 1859. 

Urquhart, (Urchard,) Sir Thomas, — officer 
of Charles II. at battle of Worcester, is taken 
prisoner, 1651. Trigonometry, 1645 — The 
Jewel, 1651 — Translation of Rabelais, 1653. 

Urquijo, Mariano Luiz de, statesman, — b. 
in Old Castile, 8 Sep. 1768 — in England, 1795- 



7 — Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Aug. 
1798 — negotiates treaty with Morocco, Mar. 
1799 — negotiates Treaty of Aranjuez, Sep. 1800 
— disgraced, Dec. 1800 — imprisoned at Pampe- 
luna, Mar. 1801 to Oct. 1802 — again im- 
prisoned, 1804 — liberated by Ferdinand VII., 
1808 — • Minister of State, 1808 — settles at 
Paris, 1 8 14 — tf. at Paris, 3 May 18 17. 

Urquiza, Don Justo Jose, Governor of 
Entre-Rios, general, — b. in Entre-Rios, 1800 
— Governor of the Province, 1842 — invades 
Uruguay : defeats Gen. Ribera, at Indianuerta, 
1845 — declares against Dictator Rosas, 1850 — 
in alliance with Brazil and Uruguay, compels 
Gen. Oribe to capitulate, 8 Oct. 1851 — his 
army called the ; army of independence : ' passes 
the Parana, 8 Jan. 1852 — defeats Rosas at 
Santos-Lugares, 3 Feb. 1852— takes possession 
of Buenos Ayres, 4 Feb. — General-in-chief and 
Minister of Foreign Affairs of Argentine Con- 
federation, and soon after Provisional Govern- 
or, 1852 — besieges Buenos Ayres, winter 1S52- 
3 — blockades it, 1853 — Director of other States 
of the Union for 6 years, 20 Nov. 1853 — ■ 
General-in-chief of the Confederation, 1861 — ■ 
defeated by Gen. Mitre, 17 Sep. 1861 — makes 
peace and remains Governor of Entre-Rios, 
1862 — unsuccessful candidate for Presidency, 
1868 — assassinated, 12 Apr. 1870. 

Urraca, Queen oe Castile, — marries 
Raymund, Count of Galicia, 1090 a — left a 
widow, noo, b uo8 a — marries Alfonso I. of 
Aragon, no6, b about no9 a — succeeds her 
father, Alfonso VI. of Castile, 1109 — im- 
prisoned by her husband, and rescued by Count 
of Lara, 1 1 10 — repudiated by Alfonso, 1 1 1 1 — 
her troops defeated, she retires into Galicia, 
1 in — seizes Burgos and holds assembly there, 
1 1 13 — her marriage annulled by pope, n 14 — 
makes war on her son, 11 16 — carries on war 
with her sister Theresa, countess of Portugal, 
1 1 21 — rj. at Leon, 8 or 10 Mar. 11 26. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. 

Ursinus, Fulvius, classical scholar, — b. at 
Rome, 1529 — rj. there, 1600. 

Ursinus, Zacharias, theologian, — b. at 
Breslau, 18 Jul. 1534 — accompanies Melanch- 
thon to Worms, 1557 — Prof. Theology, Hei- 
delberg, 156 1 — D.D., draws up the Heidelberg . 
Catechism, 1562 — Prof. Theology, Neustadt, : 
1578 — rj. there, 6 Mar. 1583. Works, 

1587. 

Ursula, St, legend of — assumes its present 
form, before 1120. 

Ursulines, Order of, — instituted at Brescia, 
by Angela Merici, 1537 — approved by Paul 
III., 1544 — introduced in France, 161 1 — in 
Canada, 1630 — at Vienna, 1660. 

Ursus, — Consul with Polemius, (1091, 
a. u. c.) 338. 

Uruguay, (Banda Oriental,) in S. America, 
— taken possession of by Brazil, 1815,* 1821 b 
— dispute respecting it, between Brazil and 
Buenos Ayres, which leads to war, 1825 — 
by intervention of England, treaty concluded : 
part ceded to Brazil, part erected into inde- 
pendent Republic, 1828 — intervention of Eng- 
land and France in affairs of, 1845-8-9 — ■ 
[Montevideo] — war with Brazil, 1849-51 — 



1390 



UEUGUAYANA— VACCINATION. 



forms alliance with Brazil and Argentine Re- 
public, spring 1865. a Engl. Cyc. b Macculloch. 

Uruguayana, — occupied by Paraguayans, 
21 Jul. 1865 — surrendered to allies, Oct. 1865. 

Useful Knowledge, Society for Diffusion 
of, — founded in London, Jan. 1827. 

Uses, in English law, — transfer of, into 
possession, provided for by Act 27 Hen. VIII. 
c. 10, (Statute of Uses,) 1535-6 — declaration 
of, required to be in writing, by Act 29 Car. 
II. c. 3, (Statute of Frauds^) 1676. Charitable 
and Superstitious, regulated by Acts 15 Eic. 
II. c. 5, 1391, 23 Hen. VIII. c. 10, 1531-2, 
and 1 Edw. VI. c. 14, 1547 — law altered by 
Act 2 and 3 fm IV. c. 115, 16 Aug. 1832. 

Ushant, (Ouessant,) island off coast of France, 
■ — Sir Edward Hawke defeats Admiral Conflans 
off, 20 Nov. 1759 — indecisive action between 
Admiral Keppel and Count d' Orvilliers, 27 
Jul. 1778. 

Ussher, James, ( TTsserius,) Abp of Armagh, 
chronologist, — &. at Dublin, 4 Jan. 1580 — 
studies at Trin. Coll., 1593 — M.A., 1600 — 
ordained priest, 1601 — Prof. Divinity, Trin. 
Coll., 1607-20 — D.D., 1612— marries, 1613 — 
Bp of Meath, 1620 — member of Irish Privy 
Council, 1623 — Abp of Armagh and Primate 
of Ireland, Jan. 1624 — settles in England, 
1641 — loses his wife, 1654 — U. at Beigate, 21 
Mar. 1656. Annates Veteris et JSfovi Testa- 
menti, 1650-54 — Emmanuel, 1638 — Britanni- 
carum Ecclesiarum Antiquitates, 1639 — Dis- 
sertatio de Macedonum et Asianorum anno solari, 
1648. 

Ustariz, Geronimo, economist. Theorie et 
Fratique du Commerce et de la Marine, 1724. 

Usury Laws, at Home, — [BC] — interest 
fixt by the Twelve Tables, 450 — rate of the 
Twelve Tables restored by Duilius and Mcenius, 
366 — rate of interest reduced, 356 — Genucian 
laws prohibit usury, 341 — amended by Sem- 
pronian law, 194-3 — 12 per cent, legal rate, 
temp. Sulla, a 88-78. [Interest.] a Mebuhr. 

Utah, U S., — occupied by Mormons, 1847 
— as part of Upper California transferred by 
Mexico to United States, 1848 — erected into a 
Territory, 1850. 

Utopia, — the term introduced by Sir T. 
More, 1515. 

Utraquists, in Church history, — designation 
of Hussites, from about 1415. 



Utrecht, in Holland, (Trajectus, Ultra- 
Trajectus,) — seat of a Bishopric, for Wilbrord, 
696 — rebuilt by Clotaire, 718 — walled by Bp 
Balderic, 934 — subject to Charles V., 1529 — 
gives name to one of the United Provinces, 
1579 — States- General transferred to the Hague, 
1593 — submits to Louis XIV., Jun. 1672 — 
evacuated by French, Oct. 1673 — interview of 
William III. of England and Peter the Great 
at, 1697 — conferences for peace between France 
and England open, 29 Jan. 17 12 — close, 11 
Apr. 17 1 3. University . of , founded, 1636. 
Union of declaration of independence of Seven 
United Provinces, signed, 29 Jan. 1579. Treaty 
of, between France and Great Britain, Savoy, 
Portugal, Prussia, and States of Holland, 
signed, 11 Apr. 17 13 — signed by Spain, 13 
Jul. 17 13. 

Uvarov, Sergei Semenovich, statesman, lit- 
terateur, — b. in Bussia, 1785 — Curator of 
Univ. of St Petersburg, 1811-21 — Pres. Aca- 
demy of Sciences, 18 18 — Minister of Public 
Instruction, 1832-48 — Count, 1846— tf., 1855. 
Essai d'une Academic Asiatique, 18 10 — Essai 
sur les mysteres d'Eleusis, 18 12 — Uber das 
Vorhomerische Zeitalter, 1821. 

Uwins, David, physician, — 6. in London, 
1780 — physician to lunatic asylum, Peckham, 
1828— tf., Sep. 1837. 

Uwins, Thomas, painter, — ft. in London, 
1782 — member of Water Colour Society, about 
18 10— retires, 18 18 — visits Italy, 1824-31 — 
E.A., 1838 — Keeper of National Gallery, 
1847 — tf. at Staines, 25 Aug. 1857. 

Uxbridge, in Middlesex, — unsuccessful ne- 
gotiations between commissioners of Charles I. 
and the Parliament, commence, 30 Jan. 1645 
— broken off, 22 Feb. 

Uxbridge, Earl of. [Anglesey, Marquis 
of.] 

Uzbeks, Tatar tribe, [Turkestan, Samar- 
cand, Bokhara] — found their dominion in Tur- 
kestan, under Sheibani Khan, 1499-1503 — 
Sheibani Khan invades Kharism, takes Herat, 
and ends the line of Tamerlane : he takes Can- 
dahar, 1506 — is defeated and killed by Shah 
Ismael of Persia, 15 10 — Samarcand recovered 
from Baber, 1512 — attack Balkh, 1525 — 
Abdallah Khan seizes Badakhshan, about 1585 ? 
about 1597.* a Oxf. Tab. 

Uzeda, Duke of. [Lerma.] 



v. 



Vacarius, — teaches Eoman Law at Oxford, 
1 149. 

Vaccination, — conceived as preventive of 
small-pox, by Jenner, about 1780 — his de- 
cisive experiment of, 1796 — introduced into 
France by Nicolas Bablot, before 1802. In 
England, extension of, provided for by Act 3 
and 4 Vic. c. 29, 23 Jul. 1840— made compul- 



sory, by Act 16 and 17 Vic. c. 100, 20 Aug. 
1853 — law respecting, amended by Act 24 and 
25 Vic. c. 59, 1 Aug. 1861 — law consolidated 
and amended by Act 30 and 31 Vic. c. 84, 12 
Aug. 1867 — Select Committee on operation of 
Acts appointed, 1867 — Eeport published, 25 
May 1 87 1 — Act of 1867 amended by 34 and 
35 Vic. c. 98, 21 Aug. 187 1. In Scotland, 



VADDER— VALENCE. 



139* 



made compulsory by Act 26 and 27 Vic. c. 
108, 28 Jul. 1863. In Ireland, made com- 
pulsory by Act 26 and 27 Vic. c. 52, 13 Jul. 
1863 — amended by 31 and 32 Vic. c. 87, 31 
Jul. 1868. 

Vadder, Ludwig de, painter, — ft. at Brus- 
sels, about 1560 a — Is. there, 1623^ a Nagler. 

Vaga, Perino del, [Buonaccorsi,) painter, — 
fc. at Florence, 28 Jun. 1500 — loses bis 
property at sack of Rome, and settles at Genoa, 
1527 — h. at Rome, 19 Oct. 1547. 

Vagabonds, Vagrants, — in England, dis- 
couraged by Statute of Labourers, 23 Edw. 
III. c. 1, 1349— punishable by Acts 12 Ric. II. 
c. 3, 1389, and 11 Hen. VII. c. 2, 1495— rule 
of settlement of, laid down by 19 Hen. VII. c. 
12, 1503-4 — [see Slavery, in England, and 
Poor Laws] — further provisions and regula- 
tions respecting, by Acts 39 Eliz. c. 4, 1597, 
and 1 Jac. I. c. 25, 1603 — last two Acts re- 
pealed by 12 Ann. st. 2, c. 23, 17 13 — laws 
relating to, altered by Act 17 Geo. II. c. 5, 
1744 — amended by 32 Geo. III. c. 45, 1792 — 
again altered, by Act 3 Geo. IV. c. 40, 24 Jun. 
1822 — laws entirely remodelled by Act 5 Geo. 

IV c. 83, 21 Jun. 1824 — amended by Act 1 
and 2 Vic. c. 38, 27 Jul. 1838. In Ireland, 
laAv respecting, amended by Act 28 Vic. c. 33, 
2 Jun. 1865. 

Vahl, Martin, botanist, — 6. at Bergen, in 
Norway, 10 Oct. 1749 — studies under Lin- 
naeus at Upsala, 1769-75 — sent on scientific 
mission to Holland, France, Italy, England, 
&c, 1782-5 — Prof. Natural History, Copen- 
hagen, 1789 — again visits Holland and Paris, 
1 7 99- 1 800 — Prof. Botany, 1801 — tf. at Co- 
penhagen, 24 Dec. 1804. Symbolce Botanicce, 
1790-4 — Fnumeratio Plantarum, 1804-7 — 
appointed continuator of Flora Danica, 1785. 

Vaillant, Francois le, traveller, — ft. in Dutch 
Guiana, 1753 — goes to Paris, 1777 — goes to 
the Cape of Good Hope, 1781-84 — rj. in France, 
22 Nov. 1,824. Voyage dans Vinterieur de 

V Afrique, 1790 — Second Voyage, 1796 — His- 
toire naturel des oiseaux d' Afrique, 17 96-1 812 
— Histoire naturel des parroquets, 1 801-5. 

Vaillant, Jean Foy, numismatist, — ft. at 
Beauvais, 24 May 1632 — member of Academy 
of Inscriptions, 1702 — tf. at Paris, 23 Oct. 
1706. Numismata Imperatorum Romanorum, 
&c, 1674 — Seleucidarum imperium, 168 1 — Nu- 
mismata cerea imperator. augustor, et cces. in 
coloniis, &c, 1688. 

Vaillant, Sebastien, botanist, — ft. at Vigny, 
near Pontoise, 26 May 1669 — Prof. Botany, 
Jardin du Roi, 1708 — member of Academy of 
Sciences, 17 16 — tr. at Paris, 26 May 1722. 
Botanicon Parisiense, 1727. 

Vaillant, Wallerant, painter, engraver, — ft. 
at Lille, 1623 — assists Prince Rupert in mez- 
zotinto engraving, at Brussels, 1656 — If. at 
Amsterdam, 1677. 

Vaisette, Dominique Joseph, historian, — ft., 
1685 — enters Order of Benedictines of St Maur, 
17 1 1 — rj. at Paris, 10 Apr. 1756. Histoire 
generate du languedoc, 1730-45 — Geographie 
historique, &c, 1755. 

Vaison, in France, — Councils of, on dis- 



cipline, held, 13 Nov. 442 and 5 Nov. 529. 

Val-es-Dunes, near Caen, — William, Duke 
of Normandy, defeats revolted nobles at, 1047. 

Valais, Canton of Switzerland, — annexed to 
the Empire, 1032 — Lower, given to Counts 
of Savoy, 1035 — Lower, conquered by Upper, 
1475 — allied with the Swiss, 1529 — with 
Catholic Cantons, 1533 — becomes Canton of 
Helvetic Republic, 1798 — made a separate 
Republic by Napoleon I., 1802 — incorporated 
with French Empire, 18 10 — restored to inde- 
pendence, and made Canton of Swiss Confeder- 
ation, 1814 — constitution revised, 1830. 

Valckenaer, Jan, jurist, diplomatist, — ft. 
at Leyden, 1759 — Prof. Law, Utrecht, 1787 — 
Prof. Public Law, Leyden, 1795 — ambassador 
to Spain, 1796 — Minister Plenipotentiary, at 
Madrid, 1799-1801 — if. at Haarlem, 25 Jan. 
1821. 

Valckenaer, Ludwig Kaspar, philologist, — 
ft. at Leeuwarden, 17 15 — Prof. Greek, Franeker, 
1 741 — Prof. Greek and Archaeology, Leyden, 
i755, a 1766 b — rj. there, 14 Mar. 1785. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Valdenses. [Waldenses. ] 

Valdes, ( Vtddesso,) Juan de, Reformer, — 
ft. at Cuenqa, about 1495 — Camarero to Adrian 
VI., 1522 — if. at Naples, about Dec. 1540. 
Beneficio di Christo, 1542 — Hundred and Ten 
Considerations, 1550 — Dialogue on Spanish 
language, 1737. 

Valdez. [Melendez-Valdez.] 

Valdivia, in Chili, — founded by Spaniards, 
155 1 — captured for the Chilians by Lord Coch- 
rane, (Dundonald,) 2 Feb. 1820. 

Valdivia, Don Pedro de, Spanish conqueror 
of Chili, — ft., about 15 10 a — present at battle 
of Pavia, 1527 — accompanies Pizarro to Peru, 
1532 b — takes part in conquest of Venezuela, 
1535 — contributes to defeat of Almagro, 6 Apr. 
1538 b — undertakes conquest of Chili, Jan. 
1540 a — Governor of Chili, 1541 — founds Sant- 
iago, 12 Feb. i54i a — founds Coquimbo, (Se- 
rena,) 1544 — recalled to Peru, 1547, and joins 
the Pres. La Gasca : Captain-general of all 
Chili, 1548 — attacks Indians and continues con- 
quest of the country, 1550 — defeated and put 
to death by Araucanians, end of 1559. 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. 

Valencay, in France, — [see Ferdinand VII. 
of Spain]— gives title of Duke to Talleyrand, 
1829. Treaty of, between Napoleon I. and 
Ferdinand VII. for restoration of Ferdinand, 
signed, 8 Dec. 1813. 

Valence, {Valeiitia,) in France, — seat of a 
Bishopric, before 380 — Constantine takes re- 
fuge at, and is besieged by Sarus, 408 — seat of 
government of Alani, 430 — taken by Ataul- 
phus, 574 — taken by Saracens, 730 — retaken 
and sacked by Charles Martel, soon after : 
pillaged by Northmen, 860 — forms part of 
kingdom of Aries, 890 — capital of the Valen- 
tinois, about 950 — seized by the Protestants, 
1566. Councils of, held, 12 Jul. 374; against 
Semi -Pelagians, Jul. or Aug. 530; to confirm 
donations made to churches by Gontran and his 
family, 23 May. about 585 ; held by Emperor 
Lothaire, for trial of Bp of Valence, and to con- 



J9* 



VALENCE— VALEBIANUS. 



demn doctrines of Quiersi and Johannes Scotus, 
8 Jan. 855 ; for election and consecration of 
Louis as King of Aries, 890; 30 Sep. n 00; 
respecting absolution of Count of Toulouse, 
Jim. 1209; to provide for preservation of the 
faith, of peace, and of ecclesiastical liberty, and 
to renew excommunication of Frederick II., 5 
Dec. 124S. 
Valence. [Pembroke, Earls of] 
Valencia, province of Spain, — conquered by 
Moors, under Abdul Aziz, 713, and annexed to 
Kingdom of Cordova : independent under Ab- 
dallah, 788 s — conquered by the Cid, 1094-5 b 
— recovered from his widow Ximena, by Moors, 
25 Oct. noi, h and forms part of Caliphate of 
Cordova : conquered by James I. of Aragon, 

1228 or 1239— expulsion of Moriscoes from, by 
Philip III., 1609 — takes active part against 
Bourbon dynasty in Succession AVar, 1701-13 — 
deprived of its ancient constitution by Philip 
V., 1707-16. a Conv.-Lex. b Ford. 

Valencia, city of Spain, (Valentia Edeta- 
norwn,) — [BC] — founded by Junius Brutus, 
140 — destroyed by Pompey, about 75— rebuilt 
by Sertorius, and made Boman colony, 74-72 — 
[AD] — taken and nearly destroyed by Ataul- 
phus, 413 — besieged for 20 months and taken 
by the Cid, (487-8, a. h.) 1094-5 — taken by 
James I. of Aragon, 28 Sep. i228, a 29 Sep. 

1 229 b — [Valencia, province] — walled by Pedro 
IV., 1356 — seat of Archbishopric, 1492 — taken 
by Earl of Peterborough, 1705 — retaken by 
Marshal Berwick, 1707 — massacre of French 
residents by the mob, 5 Jun. 1808 c — threaten- 
ed by Gen. Moncey, Jun. 1808 — taken by 
Marshal Suchet, 10 Jan. 18 12 — evacuated by 
him, 5 Jul. 1 8 1 3 c — revolutionary Junta estab- 
lished at, 1835 — threatened by Cabrera, 1838 
— Carlist conspiracy detected, 1852 — defeat of 
Carlists at, 18 Aug. 1869 — republican insur- 
rection, n Oct. 1869 — bombarded and stormed, 
16 Oct. Cathedral, commenced, 1262 — finish- 
ed, 1482 — the belfry [El Miguelete) erected by 
Juan Franck, 1381-1418. University of, found- 
ed, 144 1. Silk Hall, built, 1482. 

a Some authorities. b Others. c Ford. 

Valenciennes, in France, (Valentiancs,) — 
assembly held by Clovis at, 693 — another by 
Charles the Great, 771 — unsuccessfully besieged 
by Northmen, 881 — taken by Baldwin, Count 
of Flanders, 1003 — retaken by Emperor Henry 
V., 1007 — refuses to admit Spanish garrison, 
1566 a — besieged by Spaniards, Nov., a 17 Dec. b 
1566 — surrenders, 24 JVIar. 1567 a — surprised 
by partisans of Louis of Nassau, 24 May, c Mar. b 
1572 — unsuccessfully besieged by French, 1656 
— taken by Louis XIV., 17 Mar. 1677 — con- 
firmed to France by Peace of Nimeguen, 1678 
— bombardment of, by allies, commences, 14 
Jun. 1793— capitulates, 28 Jul. — surrenders to 
Gen. Scherer, 27 Aug. 1794 — occupied by 
allies, 1 8 15— evacuated, Nov. 181 8. 

a Davies. b Motley. c Crowe. 

Valens, Boman Emperor of the East, (364- 
373-)— 6., about 328— made Emperor of theEast 
by his brother Yalentinian I., 28 Mar. 364 — 
goes to Asia Minor, spring 365 — revolt of Pro- 
copius, before 365-6 — diminishes taxation, 367 



— baptized by Eudoxus, 367 — first campaign 
against Goths, 367 — second, 368 — third, de- 
feats Athanaric, makes treaty of peace, 369 — 
war with Sapor of Persia ; at Antioch, 1 3 Apr. 
372 — defeats Sapor, 373 — negotiates for peace, 
375 — at Antioch, 377 — Goths admitted into 
Thrace, &c, ravage the country, and defeat 
Bomans, 377 — returns to Constantinople, 30 
May 378 — defeated and killed by Goths near 
Hadrianople, 9 Aug. 378. 

Valens, one of the ' Thirty Tyrants] — put to 
death, 261. 

Valens, C. Manlius, — Consul with C. Antis- 
tius Vetus, (849, a. v. c.) 96. 

Valens, Fabius, — salutes Vitellius Emperor, 
2 Jan. 69 — defeats Otho at Bedriacum, spring 
69 — put to death at Urbinum, Sep. 69. 

Valentin, Moise, painter, — b. at Couiom- 
miers, 1600 — ft. at Borne, 1632. 

Valentine, Pope, — succeeds Eugenius II., 
probably Aug. 827 — ft., 827. 

Valentine, Gnostic, — goes to Borne, about 
140 — living there, 150. 

Valentine de Botjlongne, painter, — fc. at 
Coulommiers, Jan. 159 1 — ft. at Borne, 7 Aug. 
1634. 

Valentinianus I. Flavins, Boman Em- 
peror, (364-375,) — fi., 321 — deprived of mili- 
tary rank by Constantius, 357 — serves under 
Julian at Antioch, 362 — in Gaul, 363 — Cap- 
tain of Scutarii, by Jovian, 363 — Emperor, on 
death of Jovian, 26 Feb. 364 — associates 
his brother Valens with him, 28 Mar. — reaches 
Milan, Nov. 364 to Jan. 365 — in Gaul, Oct. 
365 — at Paris, 366 — at Bheims, Jun. 367 — at 
Amiens, Gratian declared Augustus, 24 Aug. 
367 — divorces Valeria Severa and marries 
Justina, 367 — defeats Alamanni, 368 — at 
Treves, 368-70-2 — fortifies the Bhine, 369 — 
at Milan, winter 373 — at Treves, May to Jun. 
374 to Apr. 375 — fortifies Danube, attacks 
of the Quadi, 374 — removes to Danube, Apr. 
375 — tf. suddenly, 17 Nov. 375. 

Valentinianus II., Boman Emperor, (375- 
392,) — proclaimed by the army, and receives 
Italy and Illyricum with Africa, from Gratian, 
23 Nov. 375 — with his mother, takes refuge 
in Thessalonica, from Maximus, Aug. 387 — 
restored to Empire of the West, by Theodo- 
sius, 388 — assassinated, 15 May 392. 

Valentinianus III., Boman Emperor, 
(425-455,) — fj., about 418 — Caesar, by Theodo- 
sius, 424, under guardianship of Placidia : 
Augustus, by Theodosius, 23 Oct. 425 — makes 
peace with Genseric, Feb. 435 — marries Eu- 
docia, 21 Oct. 437 — peace with Vandals, 442 
— Placidia ft., 27 Nov. 450 — sends Pope Leo 
to Attila for peace, 452 — kills Aetius and his 
friends, 454 — assassinated by Petronius Max- 
imus, 455. 

Valentinianus, Flavius, — Consul with Vic- 
tor, (1122, a. v. c.) 369. 

Valeria, Galeria,— married to Galerius, 292 
— banished to Syria, by Maximin, 311 — seeks 
protection of Licinius, 314 — beheaded, 315 ? 

Valerian Laws, at Rome, — [B C] — passed, 
508. 

Valerianus, P. Licinius, Boman Emperor, 



VALERIANIC— VALPERGA DI CALUSO. 



J 393 



(253-260,) — despatched by the Gordians to 
llome, 238 — proclaimed on death of Gallus 
and JEmilianus, 254 — associates his son Gal- 
lienus, 254 — taken prisoner by Sapor, 260 ? 

Valerianus, P. Licinius, — Consul with Lu- 
cillus, (1018, a. u. c.) 265. 

Valerius, — (1.) Consul with Aetius, (1185, 
a. u. c.) 432. (2.) Consul with Fl. Anicius 
Justinianus, (1274,) 521. 

Valerius, M., — [B C] — Consul with P. Pos- 
tumius Tubertus, (249, a. u. c.) 505. 

Valerius Volusus Maximus, M..' — [BC] — 
Dictator, (260, A. u. c.) 494. 

Valesius. [Valois, H. de.] 

Valesus, L. Valerius Messalla, — Consul 
with Cn. Corn. Cinna, (758, a. u. c.) 5. 

Valetta, in Malta, — founded by Grand 
Master Jean de la Valette, 1565. [Malta.] 

Valette, Jean Parisot de la, — ft., 1494 — 
Grand Master of Knights of Malta, 1557 — 
successfully defends Malta against Sultan So- 
lyman, 1565 — tj., 1568. 

Valieri, Bernuccio, Doge of Venice, — 
succeeds Francesco Cornaro, 15 Jun. 1656 — 
tf., 30 Mar. 1658. 

Valieri, Silvestro, Doge of Venice, — 
Captain-general of fleets of the Republic ; suc- 
ceeds Francesco Morosini, Jan. 1694 — fc., 5 
Jul. 1700. 

Valiero, Agostino, theologian, — 6. at Venice, 
1531 — teacher of Philosophy, 1558 — Bp of Ve- 
rona, 1565 — Cardinal, by Gregory XIII., Dec. 
1583 — Bp of Palestrina, 1605 — ft. at Rome, 
24 May 1606. De Acolytarum disciplina, 157 1 
— Rhetorica Ecclesiastica, 1574 — Episcopus, 
1575 — De Recta Fhilosophandi Ratione, 1577. 

Valla, Lorenzo, (Laurentius Valla,) — classic- 
al scholar, — ft. at Rome, 1406, a i4o7, b 1412 c 
— ordained priest, 143 1 — teaches Rhetoric at 
Naples, 1435 b — follows Alfonso V., king of 
Aragon, in his wars, &c, 1435-42 a — Secre- 
tary to Pope Nicholas V., 1447 — if. at Naples,* 
at Rome, b 1457,* 1465.° JElegantice Sermonis 
Latince, 147 1 — De Libero Arbitrio, 1482 — 
Latin translations of JEsop, about 1488 — of 
Homeri Ilias, 1502 — of Herodotus, 1526. 
a Biog. Univ. b Drakenbovch. c Others. 

Valladolid, in Spain, (Fincia ?) — conquered 
by Moors, 712 — reconquered by Ordono II., 
930 a — residence of kings of Castile, from 
about 1400 — Court removed to Madrid by 
Philip II., 1560* — partly burnt, i56i--seat of 
a Bishopric, by Pope Clement VIIL, 1595 a — 
city, by Philip II., 1596 a — sacked by French 
under Gen. Dupont, 26 Dec. 1808 — Welling- 
ton drives the French from, 7 Sep. i8i2 b — 
occupied by Wellington, 4'Jun. i8i3. b Cathe- 
dral, commenced by Philip II., 1585 a — fall of 
the tower, 31 May 1841^ University of, 
founded by Alfonso XL, 1346. Council of, 
(apud Vallem Oleti,) on discipline, held, 2 Aug. 
1322. a Ford. b Alison. 

Vallance, {Valiancy,) Charles, antiquary, — 
ft., 1721 — Tf., 1812. 

Valle, Pietro della, (II Pellegrino,) travel- 
ler, — ft. at Rome, 2 Apr. 1586— commences his 
travels, 16 14 — received by Shah Abbas, Jan. 
16 1 7 — leaves Ispahan, Oct. 1621 — at siege of 



Ormuz, 1622 — returns to Rome, and isCamarero 
to Urban VIIL, 1626—11. at Rome, 20 Apr. 
1652. Viaggii descritti in letter e familiar i, 
1650-3. 

Valli, Eusebio, physician, — ft. at Pistoia, 
1762 — is. in the Havannah, Sep. 18 16. 

Valliere, Louise Francoise, Duchess de la, 
— ft. in Touraine, 1644 — as Maid of Honour 
to Henrietta, Duchess of Orleans, appears at 
Court of Louis XIV., 1661 — created Duch- 
ess, 1664 — takes the veil in Convent of the 
Carmelites, 3 Jun. 1675 — tf. at Paris, 6 Jun. 
1710. 

Vallisneri, ( Valisnieri,) Antonio, naturalist, 
— ft. in the Modenese, 3 May 1661 — M. D. 
Reggio, 1684 — marries, 1692 — Prof. Practical 
Medicine, Padua, 1700 — F.R.S. London, about 
1708 ? — First Prof. Theory of Medicine, 17 11 — 
Cavaliere, 1728 — Xf. at Padua, Jan. 1730. 
Opere, 1733. 

Vallombrosa, Order of, — founded by St 
Giovanni Gualberto, 103 1 a — approved by Pope 
Alexander III., 107 1 — by Urban II., 1090. 
a Dufresnoy. 

Valmont de Bomare, Jacques Christophe, 
naturalist, — ft. at Rouen, 1731 — travels, 1751- 
6 — lectures on Natural History, Paris, 1756-88 
—again, 1795-1806— tr. at Paris, 24 Aug. 1807. 
Dictionnaire raisonne, universel, d histoire 
naturelle, 1765 — Supplement, 1768. 

Valmy, in France, — Kellermann defeats 
Duke of Brunswick at, 20 Sep. 1792. 

Valmy, Duke of. [Kellermann.] 

Valognes, ( Valonia,) in France, — pillaged and 
burnt by Edward III., 1340 — given up to king 
of Navarre, 1350— recovered by French, 1386 
— taken by English, 141 8 — unsuccessfully be- 
sieged by Protestants, 1562 and 1574 — besieged 
and taken by Royalists, 1649 — the fortifica- 
tions demolished. 

Valois, Adrien de, historian, — ft. at Paris, 
14 Jan. 1607 — with his brother, Historiographer 
to the king, 1660 — U. at Paris, z. Jul. 1692. 
Gesta Francorum, 1646-58 — Notitia Gallia- 
rum, 1676. 

Valois, Henri de, (Henricus Valesius,) 
classical scholar, — ft. at Paris, 10 Sep. 1603 — 
studies law at Bourges, 1622 — Advocate, 1623 
— Historiographer to the king, 1660 — blind, 
about 1662 — marries, 1664 — Is. at Paris, 7 
May 1676. Edition of Ammianus Marcellinus, 
1636 — of Greek Fcclesiastical Historians, 1659- 
73. 

Valois, House of. [See France, Kings of] 

Valois, Le, in France, — County of, erected, 
about 890 — united with County of Vermandois, 
1080 — united to the Crown by Philip Augus- 
tus, Jul. 1 2 14 — given by Philip III. to his 
son Charles, 1285— passes to Louis, Duke of 
Orleans, 1392 — reunited to Crown on accession 
of Louis XII., 1498. 

Valparaiso, in Chili, — destroyed by earth- 



blockaded by Admiral Pareja, 25 Sep. 1865 — 
bombarded by Spanish fleet, 31 Mar. 1866. 

Valperga di Caluso, Tomaso, mathemati- 
cian, astronomer, — ft. at Turin, 1737 — enters 
Order of Oratorians at Naples, 176 1 — Director 



■39+ 



VALPY— VANDER MEER. 



of Observatory of Turin, about 1800 ? — Pres. 
Academy of Turin, 18 14 — tf. at Turin, 1 Apr. 
1815. 

Valpy, Abraham John, printer, publisher, — 
b., about 1787 — commences business in London, 
about 1808-10 — originates Classical Journal, 
18 10 — M.A. Oxford, 18 ri — tf. in London, 19 
Nov. 1854. Editions of Stephens's Thesaurus, 
commenced, 18 16 — of Delphin and Variorum 
Classics, 1819-30— of Septuagint, 1816 — of 
Iliad, 18 19 — of Shakespeare, 1833 — Pamph- 
leteer, 1813-28 — Museum, 1822-5 — Family 
Class ica I Library, 1830-6. 

Valpy, Richard, grammarian, — b. in Jersey, 
7 Dec. 1754 — B.A. Oxford, about 1776 — head- 
master of Reading Grammar School, 178 1- 
1830 — tf. in London, 28 Mar. 1836. Latin 
Grammar, 1782 — Greek Grammar, 1805. 

Valsalva, Antonio Maria, anatomist,— b. 
at Imola, 17 Jan. 1666 — M.D. Bologna, 1687 
— Prof. Anatomy. 1697 — tf. at Bologna, 2 Feb. 
1723. De aure humana, 1704 — Dissertationes 
anatomicce, 1740. 

Valteline, The, in Italy, ( Yal Tellina, Velt- 
lin,) — falls to Duke of Milan, 1336 — occupied 
by Louis XII., 15 12— ceded to the Grisons, 
J 5 r 3 — confirmed to them by Francis I., 1516 — 
massacre of Protestants and Grisons, 19 Jul. 
1620 — occupied by Spaniards, 1620 — evacuated 
by Treaty of Madrid, 1 621 — seized by Spaniards, 
1622 — league of France, Venice, and Savoy for 
recovery of, formed, 7 Feb. 1623 — recovered 
by Marquis de Cceuvres, Nov. 1624, and re- 
stored to the Grisons : confirmed to them by 
Treaty of Moncon, 5 Mar. 1626 — occupied by 
Imperialists, 1629 — by French, 31 Oct. 1635 — 
recovered by Grisons, Mar. 1637 — annexed to 
Cisalpine Republic, 8 Oct. 1797 — joins Helvetic 
Confederation, 1798— invaded by Austrians, 
Mar. 1799 — forms part of kingdom of Italy, 
1804 — part of Lombardo -Venetian kingdom, 
1 8 14 — part of kingdom of Italy, i860. 

Vampirism, — superstition respecting, espe- 
cially prevalent in Hungary, 1730-5. 

Van Achen. [Achen.] 

Vanadium, metal, — discovered by Del Rio, 
i8oi a — discovered and named by Sefstrom, 
l830. b a Some authorities. b Others. 

Van Amburgh, Isaac A., lion-tamer, — b. in 
New York State, about 1 8 15 — first performance, 
at New York, 1833 — visits Europe, 1838-45 — 
tf. at Philadelphia, 29 Nov. 1865. 

Vanbrugh, Sir John, architect, dramatist, — 
b. in England, 1666 — Clarencieux king at 
arms, 1703— Knt, 1714 — surveyor of buildings 
at Greenwich Hospital, 17 16 — tf. in London, 
26 Mar. 1726. Castle Howard, 1702 — Blen- 
heim, 17 15 — Provoked Wife, 1698 — Confeder- 
acy, 1705 — Provoked Husband, 1726. 

Van Buren, Martin, President op the 
United States, — b. in New York State, 5 Dec. 
1782 — called to the bar, 1803 — State Senator, 
18 12 — Attorney-general, 18 15- 19 — Regent of 
Univ. of New York, 18 15 — reorganizes Demo- 
cratic party, 181 8 — U. S. Senator, 1821 — Go- 
vernor of State of New York, 1828 — Secretary 
of State, 12 Mar. 1829 to 7 Apr. 1831— U. S. 
Minister to England, 18 31 — Secretary of 



Treasury, 1832 — Vice-Pres. U. S., 1833 — 
Pres., from 4 Mar. 1 837 — visits Europe, 1 853-5 
— tf., 24 Jul. 1862. Inquiry into origin of 
Political Parties in the United States, 1867. 

Vancouver, George, maritime discoverer, — 
b., about 1750/ 1 1758 b — accompanies Captain 
Cook on his second and third voyages, 1772-80 
— conducts expedition of discovery to north- 
west coast of N. America, 1 Apr. 1791 to Sep. 
1795 — tf. at Petersham, May 1798. Voyage of 
discovery to the North Pacific Ocean, &c, 1798. 
a Biog, Univ. b Amer. Cyc. 

Vancouver's Island, in AT. Pacific Ocean, — 
coast explored by Vancouver, Apr. 1792 — 
assigned to Great Britain by treaty with United 
States, 1846 — leased to Hudson's Bay Com- 
pany, 1846^ 1849 b — united with British Co- 
lumbia, by Act 29 and 30 Vic. c. 67, 6 Aug. 
1866. a Engl. Cyc. b Macculloch. 

Vandals, The, — with the Goths begin to 
make irruptions into Roman Empire, about 
250 a — conquered by Lombards, 379 b — with 
Alani and Suevi pass the Rhine and enter 
Gaul, 31 May 406 b — evacuate Gaul and enter 
Spain, 28 Sep. or 13 Oct. 409 b — in Baetica, 
almost destroyed by Goths under Wallia, 418 
— under Gunderic carry on war with Suevi, 
419 — driven out of Gallsecia into Baetica by 
Asterius, 420 b — under Bonifacius defeat Cas- 
tinus, 422 — Genseric succeeds, 429 — invited 
by Bonifacius, pass into Africa, May 429 — 
sack Rome, 455 — ravage shores of Mediter- 
ranean, 461-467* — war declared against, by 
Emperor Leo, 468 b — Hunneric, (son,) 477 — 
Gundamund, (nephew,) 484 — Thrasimund, 
(brother,) 496 — Hilderic, (cousin,) 523 — 
Gelimer, (cousin,) 530 — conquered by Belisa- 
rius, Sep. to Dec. 533. a Gibbon. b Clinton. 

Vandarnme, Dominique Joseph, Count of 
Hunebourg, Peer of France, general, — b. at 
Cassel, (France,) 5 Nov. 177 1 — General of 
Brigade, 1793 — distinguishes himself in cam- 
paigns of 1794-5-6-7 — General of Division, 
Feb. 1799 — takes part in campaign on the 
Rhine, 1 800 — Grand Officer of Legion of 
Honour, 1803 — Grand Eagle, at Austerlitz, 
Dec. 1805 — serves in Prussia, 1806-7 — de- 
feated and captured by Prussians, 181 3 — Peer 
of France, by Napoleon, 18 15 — tf. at Cassel, 
15 Jul. 1830. 

Vandenhoff, John, actor, — b. at Salisbury, 
1790 — appears on the stage at Liverpool, May 
1 8 14 — at Covent Garden Theatre, Dec. 1820 
— visits America, 1837 — retires, 29 Oct. 1858 
— tf. in London, 4 Oct. 1861. 

Van der Does. [Dousa.] 

Van der Goes, (Hugo d'Aversa,) painter, — 
distinguished, 1467 — employed by municipality 
of Ghent, 1468 and 1473 — &• near Brussels, 
probably 1479. 

Vander Heist, Bartholomew, painter, — b. 
at Haarlem, 1613 — tf. at Amsterdam, 1670. 
Officers of the trainband of Amsterdam, 1648. 

Vander Hey den, Jan, painter, — b. at Gor- 
cum, 1637 — tf. at Amsterdam, 17 12. 

Vander Meer, Jan, painter, — b. at Rotter- 
dam, 1627 — Dean of the painters, Amsterdam, 
1664 — Counsellor to Prince of Orange, 1674. 



VANDER MEER— VANLOO. 



'395 



Vander Meer, Jan, the Younger, painter, — 
b., 1656 — tf., 1706. 

Vander Meire, Gerard, painter, — b. pro- 
bably at Ghent, not before 1410 — member of 
guild of painters, 1452 — living, 1474. 

Vandermeulen, Anton Frans, painter, — b. 
at Brussels, 1634 — member of Academy of 
Painting, Paris, 1673 — tf. at Paris, 15 Oct. 
1690. 

Vander Neer, Aart, (Arthur,) painter, — 
b. at Amsterdam, ? about 161 3 or 1619 — living, 
1691.* a VanSpaan. 

Vander Neer, Eglon Hendrik, painter, — 
b. at Amsterdam, 1643 s — goes to Paris, 1663 
— tf. at Diisseldorf, 1683^ 1703.* 

a Nagler. b Engl. Cyc. 

Vandervelde, (Vandevelde,) Adrian, painter, 
— b. at Amsterdam, 1639 — tf., 1672. 

Vandervelde, Willem, the Elder, painter, 
— b. at Leyden, 1610 — painter of sea-fights to 
Charles II., 1675 — tf. in London, 1693. 

Vandervelde, Willem, the Younger, painter, 
— b. at Amsterdam, 1633 — in service of 
Charles II. of England, 1675 — tf. in London, 
1707. 

Vander Werff, Adrian, painter, — b. near 
Rotterdam, 1659 — pupil of Vander Neer, 1672-6 
— enters service of Elector Palatine, 1697 — 
tf. at Rotterdam, 1722. Ecce Homo, Munich, 
1698 — Abraham with Sarah and Hag ar, 1699 
— Magdalen in the Wilderness, 1707. 

Vander Weyden, Eogier, (Pogier van der 
Bri/gge,) painter, — b., between 1390-1400* — 
painter to city of Brussels, 1436-49 — visits 
Rome, 1450 — tf. at Brussels, probably 16 Jun. 
I464. a a Nagler. 

Vander Weyden, Eogier, the Younger, 
painter, — ft. at Brussels, about 1480,* 1450 b — 
Master of the Guild of St Luke, 1528 b — ft. at 
Antwerp, 1529 ab — living, 1535? 

a Bk>g. Univ. b "Wornum. 

Van Diemen, Anton, — commander of Dutch 
India fleet, 163 1 — Director-general of Dutch 
East Indies, 1632 — Governor-general, 1 Jan. 
1636 — sends Tasman on voyage of discovery, 
1642 — tf., 1645. 

Vandyck, Sir Antony, painter, — b. at Ant- 
werp, 22 Mar. 1599 — pupil of Hendrik van 
Balen, 1609 — pupil of Rubens, about 1616-20? 
— Master of Guild of Painters, Antwerp, 16 18 
— visits England, 1621 — visits Italy, 1623-8 — 
visits England again, about 1 630-1 — again, and 
made Knt by Charles I., 1632— painter to the 
king, 1633 — tf. in London, 9 Dec. 1641. 

Vane, Sir Henry, statesman, — b., 1589 — 
Xnt, by James I., 161 1 — M.P. Carlisle, 1614 
— ambassador to Denmark and Sweden, Sep. 
1 63 1 to Nov. 1632 — receives Charles I. at 
Raby Castle, May 1633 — again, 1639 — prin- 
cipal Secretary of State, 1640 — tf. at Raby 
Castle, close of 1654. 

Vane, Sir Eenry, the Younger, statesman, — 
b., about 16 12 — enters Magdalen Coll. Oxford, 
about 1624— lands in New England, before 3 
Mar. 1635 — Governor of Massachusetts, 1636 
— returns to England, autumn 1637 — M.P. 
Kingston-upon-Hull, and Joint-treasurer of 



the Navy, Apr. 1640 — Xnt, 1640 — takes part in 
impeachment of Strafford, 1640 — sole Treasurer 
of the Navy, 1642 — Joint-commissioner to 
Scotland, Jul. to Oct. 1643 — signs Solemn 
League and Covenant, 25 Sep. 1643 — oneof the 
Commissioners for Treaty of "Oxbridge, 1645 — 
member of the Council of State, 26 Feb. 1649 
— head of the Admiralty, 1 2 Mar. — Pres. 
Council of State, 1652 — protests against ex- 
pulsion of the Commons, 20 Apr. 1653 — retires 
to Raby Castle, Apr. — appears before the 
Council, 21 Aug. — sent prisoner to Isle of 
Wight, 9 Sep. — released, 31 Dec. 1656 — again 
M.P., 1659 — committed to the Tower, Jul. 
1660 — sent to Scilly Isles, 1660 — removed to 
the Tower, spring 1662 — his trial, 2-6 Jun. 
1662 — beheaded in London, 14 Jun. 1662. 
The Retired Man's Meditations, 1653. 

Van Effen. [Effen.] 

Van Erpen. [Erpenius.] 

Vanetti, (Vannetti,) Clementino, Latin 
scholar, — b. at Roveredo, 14 Nov. 1754 — tf. 
there, 13 Mar. 1795. Liber Memorialis de 
Cagliostro, 1789 — Observations on Horace, 1792. 

Van Eyck. [Eyck.] 

Vangerow, Karl Adolf von, jurist, — b. in 
Hesse, 5 Jun. 1808 — LL.D. Marburg, 23 Jan. 
1830 — Prof. Extraord. Laws, 1833 — Ord. Prof., 
1837 — Prof, at Heidelberg, 1840 — Joint-editor 
of Archiv fur civilistische Praxis, 1841 — Privy 
Councillor, 1849 — tf., Oct. 1870. Lehrbuch 
der Pandecten, 1837 seqq. 

Van Goyen. [Goyen.] 

Van Helmont, Segres Jacob, painter, — b. 
at Antwerp, 4 Leyden, b 1683 — tf. at Brussels, 
1736,* 21 Aug. i726. b 

a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 

Van Helmont. [Helmont.] 

Van Hoeck, Jan, painter, — b. at Antwerp, 
1600 — tf. there, 1650. 

Van Huchtenburg. [Huchtenburg.] 

Van Huysum. [Huysum.] 

Vanini, Lucilio, philosopher, — b. in Otranto, 
1585, a i58i b — visits England, and is im- 
prisoned in London, 16 14 — goes to Toulouse, 
16 17 — arrested, Nov. 161 8 — burnt at Toulouse 
as an atheist, 19 Feb. 16 19. Amphitheatrum 
ceternce providentice, &c, 16 15 — Be admirandis 
Natural, Pegince, Dewque mortaliwn Arcanis, 
1616. a Engl. Cyc. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Vanloo, Charles Amedee Philippe, painter, 
— b. at Turin, 17 18— member of Paris Aca- 
demy of Painting, 1747 — Prof., 1770 — living, 
1790. 

Vanloo, Charles Andre, {Carle,) painter, — 
b. at Nice, 1705 — goes to Paris, 17 19 — wins 
first prize, 1724 — goes to Rome, 1727 — settles 
at Paris, 1734— member of Academy, 30 Jul. 
1735 — Chevalier of St Michael, 1751 — prin- 
cipal painter to the king, 1762 — tf. at Paris, 
15 Jul. 1765. 

Vanloo, Jacques, painter, — b. at l'Ecluse, 
16 14 — citizen of Amsterdam, 1652 — settles at 
Paris, about 1660 — member of Academy of 
Painting, Paris, 6 Jan. 1663 — tf. there, 26 
Nov. 1670. 

Vanloo, Jean Baptiste, painter,— b. at Aix, 
1684 — goes to Paris, 17 19 — member of the 
88 * 



1396 



VANLOO— VARIUS EUFUS. 



Academy, 23 Feb. 17 31— Assistant Prof., J733, a 
1735 h — visits England, 1738 — ft. at Aix, 19 
Dec. i745, a Apr. 1746. b 

• a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Engl. Cyc. 

Vanloo, Louis Michel, painter, — fc. at Tou- 
lon, 1707 — obtains first prize at Paris, 1725 — 
goes to Rome, 1727 — received at the Academy, 
1733 — Assistant Prof., 1735— goes to Madrid, 
1736 — Director of Academy of St Ferdinand, 
1 75 1 — returns to Paris, 1752 — tf. there, 20 
Mar. 177 1. 

Van Mander, Carel, painter, historian, — fc. 
near Courtray, 1548 — goes to Rome, 1574-77 
— at Haarlem, 158 3- 1603 — tr. at Amsterdam, 
11 May 1606. Set Schilder Boek, 1604. 

Van Mildert, William, Bp of Durham,— 
fc. in London, 1765 — M.A. Oxford, 1790 — 
takes holy orders, 1788 — Boyle Lecturer, 1802- 
5 — Regius Prof. Divinity, Oxford, and D.D., 
1 8 13 — Bampton Lecturer, 18 14 — Bp of Llan- 
daff, Mar. 1819— Dean of St Paul's, 1820 — 
Bp of Durham, Mar. 1826 — rj., 21 Feb. 1836. 
Life of Water land, 1823. 

Van Mons, Jean Baptiste, chemist, — fc. at 
Brussels, 11 Nov. 1765 — correspondent of 
French Institute, Mar. 1796 — M.D. Paris, 
1807 — member of Royal Academy of Brussels, 
1 8 16 — Prof. Chemistry, Louvain, 18 17 — if. 
there, 6 Sep. 1842. Essai stir les principes de 
la chimie antiphlogistique, 1785 — Journal de 
chimie et de physique, 1800-2 — joint editor of 
the Annates generates des sciences physiques, 
1819. 

Vannes, in France, — sacked by Northmen, 
847 and 865 — Robert of Artois besieged in, by 
French, 1342 — Edward III. forms entrenched 
camp at, 1342 — surrenders to Du Guesclin, 
1373 —surrenders to La Tremouille, 1478 — 
seat of parliament of Bretagne, 1675-89 — 
Brune defeats Royalists at, 1800. 

Vanni, Francesco, Cavaliere, painter, — fc. at 
Siena, about 1565— goes to Rome, 158 1 — rj. at 
Siena, 25 Oct. 1609. 

Vanni, Giovanni Battista, painter, — fc. at 
Pisa or Florence, 1599 — &• a ^ Florence, 1660. 

Vannucchi. [Sarto, Andrea del.] 

Vannucci. [Perugino.] 

Van Oost, Jacob, painter, — fc. at Bruges, 
1600 — Dean of the Painters, 1633 — rj., 1671/- 
1691. 15 a Nagler. b Engl. Cyc. 

Van Oost, Jacob, the Younger, painter, — fc. 
at Bruges, 1637 — settles at Lille, 167 3-17 13 — 
tf. at Bruges, 17 13. 

Van Os, Jan, painter, — fc. in Holland, 1744 
— rj. at the Hague, 1808. 

Van 03, Pieter Gerard, painter, — fc. at the 
Hague, 1776 — ft. there, 1839. 

Vanossa. [Alexander VI., Pope.] 

Van Praet, Joseph Basile Bernard, biblio- 
grapher, — fc.. at Bruges, 29 Jul. 1754 — em- 
ployed in the Royal Library, Paris, 1784 — one 
of the keepers of printed books, 1795 — member 
of Legion of Honour, 18 14 — of Academy of 
Inscriptions, 1830 — of Commission on the Li- 
braries of Paris, Aug. 1831 — "&. at Paris, 5 
Feb. 1837. Catalogue des livres imprime's sur 
velin de la bibliotheque du roi, &c, 1822-28. 

Vansittart, Nicholas. [Bexley, Lord.] 



Vansomer, Paul, painter, — fc. at Antwerp, 
about 1576 — comes to England, about 1606 — 
o". in London, Jan. 1621. 

Van Swanevelt. [Swanevelt.] 

Van Swieten. [Swieten.] 

Van Thulden. [Thulden.] 

Vanuden, Lucas, painter, — fc. at Antwerp, 
1595 — rj. there, 1660 ? after 1662 ? 

Van Utrecht, Adrian, painter, — fc. at Ant- 
werp, 1599 — &. there, 1651. 

Van Veen, Otho, {Ottovenius,) painter, — fc. 
at Leyden, 1550^ 1556b — ft. at Brussels, 
i6 34 ,c 1629. a 

a Houbraken. b De Piles. c Biog. Univ. 

Vanvitelli, Luigi, architect, — fc. at Naples, 
1700 — architect of St Peter's, Rome, 1726 — 
rj. at Caserta, 1 Mar. 1773. Palace of Caserta, 
commenced, 1752. 

Varanes. [Bahrain and Persia.] 

Varanes, — Consul with Joannes, (1209, 
a. u. c.) 456. 

Varanes, Fl.,— Consul with Tertullus,(1163, 

A. V. C.) 410. 

Varangians, Varagians, ( Wardger, Warm- 
ger,) — their piratical expeditions begin as early 
as 5 16 — appear in Ireland, about 795 — invade 
Flanders, about 813 — invade France, about 
840— Italy, 852 — under Rurik, found Russian 
monarchy, 862. 

Varchi, Benedetto, historian, — fc. at Flor- 
ence, 1502 — takes part in expulsion of the 
Medici, 1527 ^- U. at Monte-Varchi, 1565. 
EErcolano, 1570 — Storia Fiorentina, 1721. 

Varela, Peace of, — between Sweden and 
Russia, concluded, 3 Aug. 1790. 

Varenius, Bernhardus, geographer, — fc. at 
Amsterdam, about 1620 — if., about 1680. 
Descrip>tio Regni Japonice, 1649 — Geographia 
generalis, 1650. 

Varennes, in France. [See Louis XVI.] 

Vargas, Juan de, — Pres. Council of Trou- 
bles, at Brussels, 1567 — seizes son of the 
Prince of Orange at Univ. of Louvain, 1568 — 
quits the Netherlands with Alva, 1573. 

Vargas, Luis de, painter, — fc.'at Seville, 
1502 — goes to Rome, 1527 ? — ft. at Seville, 
1568,* i59C b a Nagler. b Palomino. 

Variable Stars, — observations of, commence 
with discovery of variable light of Omicron 
Ceti by Holwarda, 1638-9. 

Variation of the Compass. [Compass.] 

Variations, Calculus of, — perfected by La- 
grange, 1760-73 — fully applied by him, (Me- 
canique Analytique,) 1788. 

Varignon, Pierre, mathematician, — fc. at 
Caen, 1654 — goes to Paris, 1686 — admitted to 
Academy of Sciences, 1688 — Prof. Mathema- 
tics at the College Mazarin, 1688 — at the Col- 
lege de France, 1704 — tr. at Paris, 22 Dec. 1722. 
Projet d'une nouvelle Me'canique, 1687 — JSTou- 
velles conjectures sur la Pesanteur, 1690 — Ele- 
ments de mathematiques, 1732. 

Varillas, Antoine, historian, — fc. at Gueret, 
1624 — if. at Paris, 9 Jun. 1696. Histoire de 
France, 1683 — Histoire des revolutions arrivees 
dans V Europe en matiere de religion, 1686-89 
— Varillasiana, 1734. 

Varius Eufus, L., poet, — [BC] — fl., about 



VARLEY— VATICAN LIBRARY. 



1397 



39-19 — accompanies Msecenas with Virgil and 
Horace to Brundisium, 38. 

Varley, John, painter, — fj. in London, 1777 
— begins to exhibit at Royal Academy, 1798 — 
member of Society of Painters in Water Co- 
lours, 1805 — tf. at Chelsea, 17 Nov. 1842. 

Varna, in Turkey, (Odessos,) — Amurath II. 
defeats Hungarians under Ladislaus IV. at, 10 
Nov. 1444 — taken by Cossacks of the Dnieper, 
161 o — unsuccessfully attacked by Russians, 
1783 — again besieged by Russians, Jul. 1828 — 
taken by Count Woronzoff, 11 Oct. 1828 — 
given up to Turkey by Treaty of Adrianople, 
1829 — partly burnt, 1844 — head of pashalic, 
1846— fortifications strengthened, 1853 — allied 
forces arrive at, May 1854 — partly burnt, 10 
Aug. 1854 — allied forces embark at, for the 
Crimea, Sep. 1854. 

Varnhagen von Ense, Karl August, mis- 
cellaneous writer, — ft. at Diisseldorf, 21 Feb. 
1785 — enters Austrian army, and is wounded 
at battle of Wagram, 1809 — serves in Russian 
army, 181 3-14 — enters diplomatic service of 
Prussia, 1814 — marries Rahel Levin, 1814 — 
accompanies Prince Hardenberg to Congress of 
Vienna, 18 14 — ambassador to Baden, 18 15 — 
envoy extraord. to Cassel, 1829 — tf. at Berlin, 
10 Oct. 1858. Biographische Benkmale, 1824- 
30 — Leben des Generals Seydlitz, 1835 — Leben 
des Feldmarschalls Keith, 1844 — Leben des 
Filrstens Bliicher von Wahlstadt, 1845 — Benk- 
wurdigkeiten und vcrmischte Schriften, 1843-6 
— Rahel, 1834 — Galerie von Bildnissen aus 
RaheVs JJmgang, 1836 — Tagebucher, 1861-2 
seqq. 

Varnhagen von Ense, Rahel, {Levin,) — ft. 
at Berlin, Jun. 177 1 — meets Varnhagen von 
Ense, 1808 — marries him, 18 14 — tf. at Berlin, 
7 Mar. 1833 — her remains interred at Berlin, 
Sep. 1867. 

Varotari, Alessandro, painter, — ft. at 
Padua, 1590— goes to Venice, 1614 — tf., 1650. 

Varro, C. Terentius, — [B C] — praetor, 218 — 
Consul with L. iEmilius Paullus, (538, a. tj. c.) 
216 — defeated at Cannae : ambassador to Philip 
of Macedonia, 203 — ambassador to Vermina 
in Africa, 200. 

Varro, {Reatinus,) M. Terentius, agricul- 
tural writer, grammarian, — [BC] — ft., 116 — 
serves against pirates, 67— legatus to Poinpey 
in Spain, 49 — at Pharsalia, 48 — Keeper of first 
public library at Rome, 45 a — proscribed by 
Antony, 43 — tf., 28. Be Re Rustica, 37 , b 
a Merivale. b Clinton. 

Varro, (Atacinus,) P. Terentius, poet, — 
[BC] — ft., 82 — begins to study Greek, 47. 

Varro, Visellius, — Consul with Corn. Ce- 
thegus, (777, a. u. c.) 24. 

Varronianus, — Consul with his father, Jo- 
vian, (1117, a. u. c.) 364. 

Varthema, Ludovico di, traveller, — travels 
in the East, 1502-8. Voyages, 15 10. 

Varus, Alfenus, jurist, — [BC]— fl., about 

43? 

Varus, C. Cassius, — [BC] — Consul with M. 
Terentius Varro Lucullus, (681, a. u. c.) 73. 

Varus, C. Licinius, — [B C] — Consul with P. 
Corn. Lentulus, (518, a. tj. c.) 236. 



Varus, C. Vibius Juventius, — Consul with 
C. Julius Servianus, (887, a. u. c.) 134. 

Varus, P. Alfenus, — Consul with M. Vini- 
cius, (755, a. u. c.) 2. 

Varus, P. Quintilius, — [BC] — Consul with 
Tib. Claudius Nero, (741, a. v. c.) 13 — suc- 
ceeds Sentius Saturninus as Governor of Syria, 
after 6 — [AD] — Governor of Germany, about 
7 — destroyed with his legions by Confederate 
Germans, 9. 

Vasa. [Gustavus Vasa.] 

Vasa, Order of, in Sweden, — instituted by 
Gustavus III., 1776. 

Vasari, Giorgio, painter, biographer, — ft. at 
Arezzo, 15 12— visits Florence, 1524 — loses his 
father, 1528 — becomes goldsmith, 1529 — . 
settles at Florence, 1553 — tf. there, 27 Jun. 
1574. Vite de' piu Eccellenti Pittori, Scultori, 
e Architetti, 1550 

Vasco di Grama. [Gama.] 

Vassar College, for Women, in New York 
State, — founded by Matthew Vassar, 1861. 

Vassy, in France, — Massacre of Huguenots 
at, by Duke of Guise, 1 May 1562. 

Vatable, ( Vateble,) Francois, Hebraist, — tf. 
Abbot of Bellozane, 1547. 

Vataces, ( Fatatzes,) John Ducas, Emperor 
of NiCiEA, — ft., about 1173 — at siege and 
capture of Constantinople, 1204 — succeeds 
Theodore Lascaris, 1222 — defeats the Emperor 
Robert at Poemanium, 1224 — defeats John, 
1233 — unsuccessfully besieges Constantinople, 
1235 — forms alliance with Frederick II., 1237 
— loses his wife, 1241 — acquires Macedonia 
from John Comnenus, 1242 — forms alliance 
with Gayeth-ed-din of Iconium, 1243 — marries 
Anna, daughter of Frederick II., 1244 — con- 
quers south-west of Bulgaria, 1 246 — makes 
peace with Michael, 1253— tf. at Smyrna, 30 
Oct. 1255. 

Vatia Isauricus, P. Servilius, — [B C] — 
takes up arms against Saturninus, 100 — Consul 
with Ap. Claudius Pulcher, 79 — Proconsul in 
Cilicia, 78-74 — reduces Cilicia to province, 
returns to Rome and triumphs : Censor with 
M. Valer. Messalla Niger, $5 — tf., 44. 

Vatican, Palace of the, Rome, — rebuilt by 
Innocent III., 1198-1216 — enlarged by 
Nicholas III., 1277-81— becomes fixed resid- 
ence of popes, from about 1378 — restoration 
of, commenced by Nicholas V., 1447 — com- 
pleted by Alexander VL, 1492- 1503. Sistine 
Chapel, built by Sixtus IV., 1474 — Belvedere, 
by Innocent VI1L, 1484-92 — Museum founded 
and Loggie built by Julius II., 1503-13. 

Vatican, Council of the, — convoked by bull 
of Pius IX., 29 Jun. 1868 — meets, 8 Dec. 
1869 — proclaims infallibility of the pope, 18 
Jul. 1870 — suspended by bull of Pius IX., 20 
Oct. 1870. 

Vatican Codex, Greek Manuscript of Old 
and New Testament, — written, probably before 
350— Old Testament published by Card. Caraf- 
fa, 1586 — printed under direction of Cardinal 
Mai, and published, 1858-9 — by Tischendorf, 
1867 — facsimile, by Vercellone, 1868. 

Vatican Library, — founded by Nicholas V., 
about 1450 — dispersed under Calixtus III., 



139* 



VATINIUS— VAUX. 



1455-8 — reestablished by Sixtus IV., 1471-84 
— building erected by Sixtus V., 1588 — aug- 
mented by collection of Fulvius Ursinus, 1600 
— by Palatine Library, 162 1 (partly given up 
to Prussia, 1815) — by collection of Dukes of 
Urbino, 1658 — by the Bibliotheca Alexandrina, 
1690 — the Ottobuoni library, 1746 — collection 
of Cicognara, 1834 — collection of Card. Mai, 

1855. 

Vatinius, P., — [BC] — quasstor, 63 — legatus 
to Cosconius in Spain, 62 — trib. pleb., 59 — 
legatus in Gaul to Caesar, 58 ?— witness against 
Milo and Sestius, 56 — praetor, 55— accused by 
Licinius, and defended by Cicero, of bribery, 
54 — acquitted : legatus to Caesar, in Gaul, 53 — 
defends Brundusium against Laelius, 48 — Con- 
sul suff., Dec. 47 — opposes M. Octavius suc- 
cessfully in Illyria, 46-44-43 — surrenders 
Dyrrhachium and the army to Brutus, 43 — 
triumphs, 31 Dec. 43. 

Vattel, Emmerich, publicist, diplomatist, — 
b. in Neufchatel, 17 14 — visits Berlin, 1741 — 
attached to the Court of Dresden, 1744-45 — 
Polish ambassador at Berne, 1746-58 — marries, 
1764 — tf. at Neufchatel, 28 Dec. 1767. Droit 
des gens, 1758 — Questions de droit naturel, &c, 
1762. 

Vauban, Sebastien le Prestre de, Marshal 
of France, military engineer, — b. in Bur- 
gundy, 15 May 1633 — enters Spanish army, 
1650 — serves at siege of St Menehould, 1652 
and 1653 — taken prisoner by French, enters 
French army, 1653 — engineer of the king, 3 
May 1655 — directs sieges of Landrecies, Conde, 
St Guislain, and Valenciennes, 1655-6 — 
wounded at sieges of Valenciennes, 1656 — and 
Montmedi, 1657 — takes part in sieges of 
Gravelines, Ypres, and Oudenarde, 1658 — 
marries, 1660 — wounded at siege of Douai, 
1667 — takes Lille, 1667 — Governor of Lille, 
1668 — cooperates at siege of Dole, 1668 — 
invents system of parallels at siege of Maes- 
tricht, 1673 — Brigadier of armies of the king, 
1674 — takes Valenciennes, 1676 — Director- 
general of fortifications, 1677 — takes Courtray 
and Luxembourg, 1683 — Lieutenant-general, 
1688 — conducts sieges of Phalsbourg, Mann- 
heim, and Frankenthal, 1688 — takes Mons, 
1 69 1 — takes Namur, 1692 — Charleroi, 1693 — 
Marshal of France, 1703 — serves at siege of 
Old Brisach, 1703 — tf. at Paris, 30 Mar. 1707. 
(Euvres, 1796. 

Vaucanson, Jacques de, mechanician, — b. 
at Grenoble, 24 Feb. 1709 — Inspector of silk 
manufactories, 1741 — member of Academy of 
Sciences, 1746 — tf. at Paris, 21 Nov. 1782. 

Vaucelles, in France, — truce for five years 
between Emperor Charles V. and Henry II. 
of France, signed at, 5 Feb. 1556. 

Vaucher, Jean Pierre Etienne, botanist, — b. 
at Geneva, 1763 — tf. at Geneva, 5 Jan. 1841. 
Histoire des Conferves (Veau douce, 1803 — 
Hisloire physiologique des plantes d' Europe, 
1841. 
Vaucluse. [See Petrarch.] 
Vaud, {Pays de Va ud,)— belongs to Savoy, 
from 1273— overrun and partly conquered by 
Bernese, 1476 — wholly conquered by them, 



1536 — erected into Canton of Switzerland by 
Napoleon, 1798 — by Act of Mediation, 1803 — ■ 
reconstituted Canton by Federal Pact, 18 15 — 
new constitution adopted, Jun. 1830. 

Vaudois. [Waldenses.] 

Vaugelas, Claude Favre de, grammarian, — ■ 
b. in Bresse, about 1585 ? — admitted to French 
Academy, 1635 — appointed by Richelieu to 
superintend Dictionary of the Academy, soon 
after: tf. at Paris, 1650. Eemarques sur la 
langue francais, 1647 — translation of Quintus 
Curtius, 1653. 

Vaughan, Henry, poet, {the Silurist,) — b. 
in Wales, 1621 — tf. there, 23 Apr. 1693. 
Poems, 164.6 — Olor Iscanus, 1650 — Silex Scin- 
tillans, 1650-5. 

Vaughan, Robert, theologian, historian, $<?., 
— b., about 1794 — Prof. History, London 
Univ., about 1830 — Pres. and Prof. Theology, 
Lancashire Independent College, 1 843 — -origin- 
ates and edits British Quarterly Review, 1844 
— resigns his professorship, 1857 — tf. at Tor- 
quay, 15 Jun. 1868. Life of Wycliffe, 1828 — 
Memorials of Stuart Dynasty, 1831 — Pro- 
tectorate of Cromwell, 1838 — History of Eng- 
land under Souse of Stuart, 1840 — Congre- 
gationalism, 1842 — Modern Pulpit, 1842 — 
Age of Great Cities, 1843 — Essays, 1849 — ■ 
John de Wycliffe, 1853. 

Vaughan, Robert Alfred, poet, §c., — b. at 
Worcester, 18 Mar. 1823— B. A. London, 1842 
— studies at Lancashire Independent College, 
1843-6 — at Univ. of Halle, 1846 — visits Italy, 

1 847 — assistant minister with Jay at Bath, 

1848 to Mar. 1850 — marries, 1848 — pastor at 
Birmingham, 1850-5 — tf. in London, 26 Oct. 
1857. Hours with the Mystics, 1856 — Essays 
and Remains, 1858. 

Vauquelin, Jean, Sieur de la Fresnaye, 
poet, — b. near Falaise, 1535 — tf. at Caen, 1607. 
(Euvres, 1605. 

Vauquelin, Louis Nicolas, chemist,— -b. in 
Normandy, 16 May 1763— member of Academy 
of Sciences, 1795 — Prof, at Coll. de France, 
1801 — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 1804 — 
Prof. Chemistry applied to the Arts, Jardin des 
Plantes, Apr. 1804 — member of Chamber of 
Deputies, 1827 — tf. in Normandy, 14 Nov. 
1829. 

Vauquelin, Nicolas, Sieur des Yveteaux, 
— b. near Falaise, 1567 — preceptor to Cesar de 
Vendome, 1606 — preceptor to the Dauphin, 
1609 — tf., 9 Mar. 1649. Institution du Prince, 
1604 — (Euvres, 1854. 

Vaux, Noel de Jourda, Count de, Mar- 
shal or France, — b. at Vaux, (Puy,) 1705— 
enters the army, 1724 — distinguishes himself 
at defence of Prague, 1743 — serves at battle of 
Fontenoy, 1 745 — distinguishes himself at sieges 
of Tournay, Dendermonde, and Oudenarde, 
1745 — at siege of Brussels, 1746 — battle of 
Rauocux, 1746 — wounded at Berg-op-Zoom, 
1747 — Lieutenant-general, 1759 — Commander 
of Gottingen, defends it against Prince Fer- 
dinand of Prussia, 1760 — Commander of St 
Louis, 1764 — conquers Corsica, 1769 — Marshal 
of France, 14 Jun. 1783 — ft. at Grenoble, 14 
Sep. 1788. 



VAUXHALL BRIDGE— VENDEAN WAR. 



399 



Vauxhall Bridge, London, — commenced, 9 
May 181 1 — opened, 4 Jun. 18 16. 

Vecchietta, II, {Lorenzo di Fietro,) painter, 
sculptor, architect, — b. in the Sienese, 141 2 — 
"H., 1482. Tabernacle, Cathedral of Siena, 
1465-72. 

Veccus, [Beccus,) Joannes, Patriarch of 
Constantinople, — appointed, 1274 — resigns, 
1283 — ft., 1298. 

Veeellio, Tiaiano. [Titian.] 

Veen, Van. [Van Veen.] 

Vega, Garcilaso de la. [Garcilaso.] 

Vega Carpio, Felix Lope de, poet, — b. at 
Madrid, 25 Nov. 1562 — serves against Portu- 
guese at battle of Terceira, 1477 — marries, 
about 1585 — embarks in Invincible Armada, 
1588 — marries again, 1597 — enters Franciscan 
Order, 1609— Kntof Malta, Th. D., and Trea- 
surer of Apostolic Chamber, by Urban VIII., 
1627 — tf., 26 Aug. 1635. Obras, 1609-47. 

Vegetius, Fl. Renatus, military writer, — 
£{., about 375. 

Vehlau, { Wehlau,) — Treaty of, between 
Frederick "William, Elector of Brandenburg, 
and John II., king of Poland, recognizing in- 
dependence of Prussia, 19 Sep. 1657. 

Vehmgerichte, Fehmgeriehte, (Vehm, Veh- 
mic Courts,) — originate in Westphalia, before 
1200 — recognized by Pact of Westphalia, 137 1 
— general in Germany, 1400- 1500 — suppressed 
by Emperor Albert II., 1438 — association 
formed to resist, 146 1 — decline after introduc- 
tion of new code by Maximilian I., 1495 — last 
public sitting, near Celle, 1568 — secret sittings 
in Westphalia, 181 1 — suppressed there by 
order of Jerome Buonaparte, 181 1. 

Veit, Philipp, painter, — b. at Berlin, 13 Feb. 
1793 — goes to Rome, 1815 — Director of Stadel 
Institute at Frankfort, 1826 — resigns, 1843 — 
&. at Rome, Feb. 1 854. 

Velazquez, Diego, Governor op Cuba, — 
b. in Spain, about 1460-70 — accompanies 
Columbus on his second voyage, Sep. 1493 — 
settles at St Domingo : commands expedition 
to Cuba, 15 10 — o\, 1523. 

Velazquez, Don Diego Rodriguez de Silva 
y, painter, — b. at Seville, 6 Jun. 1599— visits 
Madrid, 1622-9 — goes to Italy, 1629-31 and 
1648-51 — receives Cross of Santiago, 1656 — ft. 
at Madrid, 7 Aug. 1660. 

Velez Malaga, in Spain, — taken from Moors 
by Ferdinand of Castile, 1487. 

Vella, Giuseppe, literary impostor, — b. at 
Malta, 1751 — priest, before 1782 — confesses 
his frauds and is sentenced to 15 years im- 
prisonment, 1796 — o\, 1814. Codex Diploma- 
ticus Sicilia, 1791 — Libro del Consiglio di 
Fgitto, 1793. 

Velleia, (Veleia,) in N. Italy, — excavations 
and discovery of, 1760-5. 

Velletri, in Italy, — Don Carlos defeats Im- 
perialists near, 1734 — Garibaldi defeats Nea- 
politans, 19 Mar. 1849. Cathedral, rebuilt, 
1660. Campanile of Santa Maria, built, 
1353. 

Vellore, in Hindustan, — taken .by Moham- 
medans of Golcondaand Bijapur, 1646 — taken 
by Sevajee, 1677— relieved by Sir E. Coote, 



1782 — revolt of native troops and massacre of 
Europeans, 10 Jul. 1806. 

Velly, Paul Francois, historian, — b. near 
Rheims, 1709 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1726 — 
withdraws, 1740 — tf. at Paris, 4 Sep. 1759. 
Histoire generate de France, commenced, 1755. 
[Villaret] 

Velocipede,— used by Blanchard and Masu- 
rier at Paris, Jul. 1779. 

Velpeau, Alfred Armand Louis Marie, sur- 
geon, — b. at Breche, 18 May 1795 — M.D. 
Tours, 1823 — member of Academy of Medicine, 
1832 — Prof. Clinical Surgery, 1835 — member 
of Institute, 1842 — Commander of Legion of 
Honour, 1 1 Aug. 1 859— tf. at Paris, 24 Aug. 
1867. A.natomie chirurgicale, 1836 — Nou- 
veaux elements de la medecine operatoire, 1832 
— Fmbryologie ou ovologie hicmaine, 1833 — 
Traite des maladies du sein, &c, 1853. 

Venables, — joint- commander with Penn, of 
expedition to West Indies, 1655 — [Penn, Sir 
William] — returns to England and is commit- 
ted to the Tower, Sep. 1655, but soon liberated. 

Venaissin, County of, in France, — falls to 
Count of Toulouse, 1225 — ceded by Raymond 
VII. to Holy See, 1229 — given to Raymond by 
Frederick II., 1235 a — resigned by Gregory 
IX. : claimed by Gregory X. and ceded to 
him by Philip the Rash, Apr. i274 b — occu- 
pied by French, 1662, 1668, and 1768-74 c — 
reunited to France, by decree of National 
Assembly, 14 Sep. i79i. b 

a Kington. b Engl. Cyc. c Conv.-Lex. 

Venantius, — (1.) Consul with Theodericus, 
(1237, a. u. c.) 484. (2.) Consul with Anas- 
tasius, (1260,) 507. (3. ?) Consul with Celer, 
(1261,) 508. 

Vendean War, in France, — Royalist insur- 
rection breaks out, early in' Mar. 1793 — cap- 
ture of Chollet by Royalists, 15 Mar. — [Cathe- 
lineau, Jacques, Larochejaquelein, Henri de] 
— capture of Thouars, 4 May — the Royalists 
storm Chataignerie, 5 May — are defeated at 
Fontenay, 16 May — take Fontenay, 25 May — 
take Saumur, 10 Jun. — Cathelineau appointed 
Commander-in-chief, Jun. — unsuccessful attack 
on Nantes, 29 Jun. — the province invaded by 
AVestermann, Jun. — d'Elbee generalissimo, 
Jul. — defeat of Santerre at Coron, 17 Jul. — 
defeat of Royalists at Lucon, 13 Aug. — inva- 
sion of the Bocage by Santerre, Aug. to Sep. — 
defeat of Republicans at Chantonnay, 5 Sep. — 
at Coron, 15 Sep. — at Torfou, 19 Sep. — at 
Montaign, 20 Sep. — defeat of Royalists, D' 
Elbee and Bonchamp mortally wounded at 
Chollet, 17 Oct. — passage of the Loire, 18 Oct. 
— Larochejaquelein Commander-in-chief, Oct. 
— battle of Chateau- Gontier, rout of Republi- 
cans, 25 Oct. — repulse of Royalists at Gran- 
ville, 14 Nov. — defeat of Republicans at Pon- 
torson and Dol, 19 Nov. — again at Autrain, 20 
Nov. — repulse of Royalists at Angers, 30 Nov. 
— defeated at Mans, 10 Dec. — routed at Save- 
nay, 22 Dec. — infernal columns of Thurreau 
sent into the province, early in 1794 — noyades 
of Nantes, under Carrier, early in 1794 — sub- 
mission of Vendeans signed, 19 Feb. 1795. 
[Chouans, Quiberon Expedition.] 



1400 



VEXDEE— VENICE. 



Vendee, La. [See Vendean War.] 

Vendome, {Yendocinum,) in France, — head 
of a County, before 900 — parliament of Paris 
meets at, 1227 — passes to House of La Marche, 
1373 a — again seat of parliament of Paris, 1458 
— erected into a Duchy, by Francis I., 1514 — 
taken by Huguenots, 1562 — again, 1580 — 
High Court of Justice held at, for trial of 
Babceuf, 1795 — Gen. Manteuffel defeats French 
near, the town evacuated by French, 14 Dec. 
1870. Abbey, founded, about 1034. a Bouillet. 

Vendome, Cesar, Duke of, — h. in Picardy, 
Jun. 1594 — Duke of Vendome, 1598 — con- 
spires agaiust Richelieu and is imprisoned, 
1626-9 — again accused, escapes to England, 
1641 — Governor of Burgundy, 1650 — If. at 
Paris, Oct. 1665. 

Vendome, Louis, Duke op, and Duke of 
Mercosur, — {)., 1612 — first serves in the army, 
1630 — distinguishes himself at attack on the 
French lines, 2 Aug. 1640 — raises cavalry 
regiment of Mercceur, and is Viceroy and Com- 
mander-in-chief of French foi-ces in Catalonia, 
1649-51 — Joint-commander of army of Lorn- 
bardy, 1656 — Chevalier, 1 661— Cardinal, 1667 
— a", at Aix, in Provence, 1669. 

Vendome, Louis Joseph, Duke of, and 
Duke of Penthikvre, — ft., 1654 — serves in 
Holland, 1672 — Marechal de Camp, 1678 — 
Governor of Provence, 168 1 — Lieutenant-ge- 
neral, Chevalier, 1688 — distinguishes himself 
at sieges of Mons and Namur, 169 1-2 — Com- 
mander-in-chief in Catalonia, 1695 — takes 
Barcelona, Aug. 1697 — encounters Prince 
Eugene, at Cassano, 1706 — commands in Hol- 
land, 1708 — defeated by Marlborough at 
Oudenarde, 1709 — restores Philip V. of Spain 
to his throne, Dec. 17 10 — defeats Stahremberg 
at Villa Viciosa, 17 10 — rj. at Tignaroz, n 
Jun. 17 12. 

Vendramini, Giovanni, engraver, — ft. near 
Bassano, about 1765,* 1769 b — comes to Eng- 
land and studies under Bartolozzi, 17 88- 1802 
— marries, 1802 — visits Russia, 1805-7 — "&• i n 
Ijondon, 8 Feb. 1839. John the Baptist, after 
Raphael, 1795 — Storming of Seringapatam, 
after Ker Porter, 1802 — Raising of Lazarus, 
after Sebastiano, 1828 — Yision of St Catherine, 
after Paul Veronese, 1829. 

a Nagler. b Biog. Univ. and Gent. Mag. 

Vendramino, Andrea, Doge of Venice, — 
b., 1400 — succeeds Pietro Mocenigo, 5 Mar. 
1476 — rj., 6 May 1478. 

Vends. [Wends.] 

Veneti, — [B CJ — become subject to Rome, 
about 220. [Venice.] 

Venetian Republic. [Venice.] 

Veneziano, Agostino, engraver, — rj. at 
Venice, about 1490— tf. at Rome, about 1540. 
Skeletons, after Bandinelli, 15 18. 

Veneziano, Antonio, painter, — fo. at Venice, 
about 1309 — rj. at Florence, probably 1384 s1 
— living at Pisa, 1388. 15 

a Nagler. b Biog. Catalogue. 

Veneziano, Domenieo, j^w^r, — b. at Venice, 
about 1406^ 1420^ 1410° — rj. at Florence, 
May 146 1. a Engl. Cyc. 

b Biog. Univ. c Biog. Catalogue. 



Venezuela, in S. America, — reached by 
Columbus, 1498 — by Ojeda and Vespucci, 1499 
— Spanish settlement in, 1520 — Dutch settle- 
ment in Curasao, 1634 — monopoly of trade 
granted to Guipuzcoa Company, 1700 — mo- 
nopoly abolished, 1778 — revolts, 1811 — sub- 
mits to Spain, 18 12 — again revolts, 18 13 — 
under Bolivar, carries on war with Spain, 
1816-23 — forms part of Republic of Columbia, 
1 82 1 — forms separate Republic, 1831 — consti- 
tution revised, 1843 — new constitution (Con- 
servative) proclaimed, 29 Jan. 1859 — revolu- 
tion, the Pres. deposed, Aug. 1859 — defeat of 
Liberals, 17 Feb. 1860 — Congress opened, Apr. 
i860, and Tovar proclaimed Pres. : fresh dis- 
turbances, Aug. i860 — Paez Pres. and Dicta- 
tor, Aug. 1861 — resigns, 15 Jun. 1863 — Fal- 
con Provisional Pres., 17 Jun. — Congress 
assembled, 10 Dec. — new constitution, 1864 — ■ 
Congress at Caraccas, Falcon again appointed, 
1865 — insurrections, 1866-7 — capture of Ca- 
raccas, and flight of Pres. Falcon, 22-4 Jul. 
1868 — Provisional Government instituted, Jul. 
— insurrection, sum. 1870 — Blanco Pres., Jul. 
1870 — rebels defeated, San Fernando taken by 
the Pres., Jan. 1872. 

Venice, Doges of, — Paolo Anafesto, 
(Paoluccio,) first Doge for life, elected, 697 — ■ 
Marco {Mai-cello) Tegagliano, 717 — Orso, 
726. 

Maestri Di Militi : Domenieo Leone, 737 — - 
Felice Cornicola, 738 — Diodato, 739— Giu- 
liano {Gioviano) 740 — Giovanni Fabriciaco, 
741. 

Dogate reestablished: Diodato, 742 — Galla, 
755 — Domenieo Monegario, 756 — Maurizio 
Galbajo, 764 — Giovanni Galbajo, 787 — 
Obelerio, 804 — Angelo Particiaco, 811 — 
Giustiniano Particiaco, 827 — Giovanni 
Particiaco, 829 — Pietro Tradonico, 837 — 
Orso Particiaco I., 864 — Giovanni Particiaco 
II., 881 — Pietro Candiano I., 887— Giovanni 
Particiaco restored, 887 — Pietro Tribune, 888 
— Orso Particiaco II., 912 — Pietro Candiano 
II., 932 — Pietro Badoero, 939 — Pietro Can- 
diano III., 942— Pietro Candiano IV., 959 — 
Pietro Orseolo I., 976 — Vitale Candiano, 978 
— Tribuno Memmo, 979 — Pietro Orseolo II., 
991 — Ottone Orseolo, 1009 — Pietro Barbo- 
lano, 1026 — Domenieo Orseolo, 1032 — Do- 
menieo Flabanico, 1032 — Domenieo Con- 
tareno I., 1043 — Domenieo Silvio, 107 1 — 
Vitale Faledro, (Falieri,) 1084 — Vitale 
Michele I., 1096 — Ordelafo Faledro, {Falieri,) 
1 102 — Domenieo Michele, n 17 — Pietro 
Polano, 1 1 30 — Domenieo Morosino, 1148— 
Vitale Michele II., 1156 — Sebastiano Ziano, 
1 1 7 3 — Orio Mastropetro, 1 179 — Henrico Dan- 
dolo, 1 192 — Pietro Ziani, 1205 — Jacopo 
Tiepolo, 1229 — Marino Morosino, 1249 — 
Ranieri Zeno, 1252 — Lorenzo Tiepolo, 1268 
— Jacopo Contareno, 1275 — Giovanni Dan- 
dolo, 1279 — Pietro Gradenigo, 1289 — Marino 
Giorgi, 131 1 — Giovanni Soranzo, 131 2 — 
Francesco Dandolo, 1328 — Bartolomeo Gra- 
denigo, 1339 — Andrea Dandolo, 1343 — 
Marino Faliero, 1354 — Giovanni Gradenigo, 
x 355 — Giovanni Delfino, 1356 — Lorenzo 



VENICE. 



1401 



Celso, 1 36 1 — Marco Cornaro, 1365 — Andrea 
Contareno, 1367 — Michele Morosini, 1382 — 
Antonio Vernieri, 1382 — Michele Steno, 1400 
— Tommaso Mocenigo, 1414— Francesco Fos- 
caro, 1423 — Pasquale Malipiero, 1457 — 
Cristoforo Moro, 1462 — Niccolo Trono, 147 1 
— Niccolo Marcello, 1473 — Pietro Mocenigo, 
1474— Andrea Vendramino, 1476 — Giovanni 
Mocenigo, 1478 — Marco Barbarigo, 1485— 

— Agostino Barbarigo, i486 — Leonardo 
Loredano, 1501 — Antonio Grimani, 152 1 — 
Andrea Gritti, 1523 — Pietro Lando, 1539 — 
Francesco Donato, 1545 — Marco Antonio 
Trevisano, 1553 — Francesco Venieri, 1554 — 
Lorenzo Priuli, 1556— Girolamo Priuli, 1559 
— Pietro Loredano, 1567 — Luigi Mocenigo 
I., 1570 — Sebastiano Venieri, 1577 — Niccolo 
da Ponte, 1578— Pasquale Cicogna, 1585 — 
Marino Grimani, 1595 — Leonardo Donato, 
1606 — Marcantonio Memmo, 161 2 — Giovanni 
Bembo, 16 15— Niccolo Donato, 16 18— An- 
tonio Priuli, 16 1 8 — Francesco Contarino, 
1623 — Giovanni Cornaro, 1625 — Niccolo Con- 
tarino, 1630 — Francesco Erizzo, 1631 — Fran- 
cesco Molino, 1646 — Carlo Contarino, 1655 
— Francesco Cornaro, 1656 — Bertoccio (Ber- 
nucci) Valiero, 1656 — Giovanni Pesaro, 1658 

— Domenico Contarino II., 1659 — Niccolo 
Sagredo, 1675 — Luigi Contarino, 1676 — 
Marcantonio Giustiniani, 1684 — Francesco 
Morosino, 1688 — Silvestro Valieri, 1694 — 
Luigi Mocenigo II., 1700 — Giovanni Cornaro 
II., 1709 — Sebastiano Mocenigo, 1722 — 
Carlo Ruzzini, 1723 — Luigi Pisani, 1735 — 
Pietro Grimani, 1741 — Francesco Loredano, 
1752 — Marco Foscarini, 1762 — Alvisio Mo- 
cenigo, 1763 — Paolo Reinieri, 1768 — Luigi 
Manin, 1789. [Venice.] 

Venice, ( Venetice,) — founded by fugitives 
from Aquileia, Padua, &c, about 452 a — go- 
verned by tribunes, from about 457 a — described 
by Cassiodorius, about 523 — forms province 
of Exarchate of Ravenna, 553 — the Dogate 
established, 697 — [Venice, Doges of] — seat of 
a Bishopric, before 780 b — conquest of, by 
Pepin, king of Italy, 810 c — treaty between 
Emperors Charles the Great and Nicephorus 
I. for restoration of, concluded, Oct. 810 c — 
restored to independence, 812 c — civil wars, 
837-64 a — sends fleet to aid Emperor The- 
ophilus against Saracens, who defeat and cap- 
ture it, 840 — visited by Emperor Louis and 
Angelberga, 856 — attacked by Hungarians, 
906 ^insurrection against the Doge, his palace 
and part of the town burnt, 976 — maritime 
towns of Dalmatia do homage to the Doge, 
997 a — visited by Emperor Otto III., 998 — 
fleet sent to aid Greeks against Normans, de- 
feated by Robert Guiscard, 1084— cession of 
Dalmatia and Croatia to, by Emperor of the 
East, 1085 a — equips fleet for the crusade, 
1099 — burnt, 1 106 — sends fleet to aid Baldwin 
I., 11 1 1 — carries on war with Hungary, 1115- 
17 — visited by Emperor Henry V., Mar. 11 16 
— Venetians banished from Constantinople, 
1 1 22 — fleet sent to aid Christians of Palestine, 
defeat of Turkish fleet, capture of Rhodes, 
reduction of Tyre, 11 23 — acquires third part 



of Tyre, 1 1 24— joins Lombard League, 1164 
— carries on war with Emperor Manuel, 1171- 
74— gives protection to Pope Alexander III., 
Mar. 1 1 77— reconciliation of Pope and Em- 
peror at, 24, c 25 d Jul. 1 177 — victory over 
Ghibellines under Otto,? n 77 — marriage of 
Doge with the Adriatic first celebrated, 1177 
— takes part in fourth crusade, 1202 — acquires 
fourth part of Greek Empire, 1204 — acquires 
Candia, 1204 — concludes treaty with Frederick 
II., Sep. 1220 d — visited by him, Mar. 1232 — 
makes war on him, 1237— concludes league 
with Pope Gregory IX. and Genoa against 
Frederick, 1238— joins in attack on Ferrara, 
1240 — defends Faenza against Frederick, 
1 240- 1— sends deputies to Council of Lyons, 
1245 — war with Genoa, 1258 — treaty of alli- 
ance with Michael VIII., 1265^ modified by 
new treaty, 1268 e — war with Bologna, 1271-2 
— league of Orvieto with Pope Martin IV. 
and Xing of Naples, against Greek Empire, 3 
Jul, i28i e — laid under interdict by Martin 
IV. for refusing to declare against Pedro of 
Aragon, 1283— interdict raised by Honorius 
IV., 1284 — Inquisition established in, 1289 — 
truce with Genoa, 1290 — war with Genoa re- 
newed, 1293— the Libro d'Oro formed, and 
aristocratic government established, 1297 c — 
peace concluded by mediation of Matteo Vis- 
conti, 1299 — attempt of Bocconio to reestab- 
lish popular government frustrated, 1307 — • 
takes possession of Ferrara and is laid under 
interdict by Clement V., 1308 — crusade pro- 
claimed against, and Ferrara lost, 1308— un- 
successful conspiracy of Baiamonte Tiepolo, 
Jun. 1310* — Council of Ten originates in ap- 
pointment of Commission of Inquiry into the 
conspiracy, 13 10 — obtains absolution from 
Clement V., Jan. 1323 — Council of Ten de- 
clared permanent, 1335 — cai'ries on war with 
Mastino della Scala, Lord of Verona, 1336 — 
concludes peace with him, 24 Jan. 1339 — 
forms league with king of Cyprus, and Rhodi- 
ans against Turks, 1343 — concludes treaty of 
commerce with Hassan Nazer, Sultan of Egypt, 
1347 — earthquake, inundation, and plague, 
1348 — war with Genoa begins, 1350 — defeated 
by Doria, 13 Feb. 1352 — defeats Genoese, 29 
Aug. 1353 — fleet destroyed by Doria, in Gulf 
of Sapienza, 4 Nov. 1354° — peace concluded 
by mediation of the Visconti, 1 Jun. 1355 — 
hostilities with Hungary renewed, 1356 — cedes 
Istria and Dalmatia to Louis of Hungary, 18 
Feb. 1358 — war with Carrara, Lord of Padua, 
1372 — concludes treaty with him, n Sep. 
1 373 — war with Duke of Austria, 1376— truce 
signed, 1377 — peace, 1378— -league against, 
formed by Genoa, the King of Hungary, Lord of 
Padua, and Patriarch of Aquileia, for restora- 
tion of Tenedos to Genoa, 1378 — defeat of 
Genoese fleet before Antrum, Jul. 1378 — Ve- 
netian fleet destroyed by Doria, off Pola, May 
1379 — the dispute settled by arbitration of 
Amadeus, Count of Savoy, 8 Aug. 1381 — an- 
nexation of Corfu, 1387 e — forms alliance with 
the Visconti, the Marquis of Ferrara, and Lord 
of Mantua, against Francis Carrara, 19 May 
1388— acquires Trevisa from the Visconti, 1388 



: 4 o: 



•VENICE. 



— acquires Yicenza. 1404 — Padua, 21 Oct. 1405 
— Lepanto, 1407 — Patras and Zara, 1408 — her 
ships admitted to all English ports, 1409 — war 
with Hungary respectiug Zara, 1411-13 — con- 
quest of Friuli, 1417-20 — league with Florence 
against Duke of Milan, 1425 — [Carmagnola] 
— peace made by mediation of Pope Martin V., 
18 Apr. 1428 — the war renewed, 1431 — peace 
again concluded, 26 Apr. 1433 — war breaks 
out again, 1438 — acquisition of Ravenna, 1441 
— peace with Duke of Milan signed, 20 Nov. 
1 44 1 — seizes Lodi, Piacenza, and other towns 
in the Milanese, but loses them again to Sforza, 
1447-8 — seat of Patriarchate transferred to, 
from Grado, by bull of Nicholas V., 8 Oct. 
145 1— in alliance with king of Aragon, Mar- 
quis of Montferrat, and Duke of Savoy, de- 
clares war on Duke of Milan, 19 Apr. 1452 — 
peace concluded at Lodi by mediation of 
Nicholas V., 9 Apr. 1454 — enters into secret 
treaty of alliance with Mahomet II., 18 Apr. 
1454 — obtains freedom of trade with Egypt, 
146 1 — makes war on Mahomet II. in Greece, 
1463— joins league of Italian States against 
Turks, about 147 1 — takes possession of Cyprus, 
1475 — peace with Mahomet II., 26 Jan. 1479 
— -joins league against Ferdinand of Naples, 
1479 — »i ves U P Cephalonia to Bajazet IL, 
1484— interdict laid on, by Sixtus IV., 1482 — 
raised by Innocent VIII., Jan. 1485 — acquires 
Cyprus, 1489 e — joins league against Charles 
VIII. of France, 31 Mar. 1495 — forms alliance 
with Louis XII., early in 1499 — at war with 
Bajazet II. , 1499-1501 — acquires Faenza and 
Eimini, 1503 — partition of its territories ar- 
ranged between Julius II. , Emperor Maximil- 
ian, and Louis XII., by Treaty of Blois, 1504 
— League of Cambray formed against, 1508 — 
battle of Agnadello, 1509 — concludes Holy 
League with Pope Julius II., 15 10 — battle of 
Ravenna, 15 12 — the League dissolved, 15 12 
— concludes league with Louis XII., Mar. 
1 5 I 3 — battle of Vicenza, 151 3 — renews league 
with Francis I., 15 15 — war of League of Cam- 
bray terminated by Treaty of Brussels, 15 Aug. 
15 1 6 — ratified, 4 Dec. — alliance with Emperor 
Charles V. against Francis I., 28 Jun. 1523 — 
alliance with pope Clement VII. and Francis 
I. against Charles V. signed at Cognac, 22 
May 1526 — recovers Bavenna, 1527 — makes 
peace with the pope and gives up Bavenna, 
Dec. 1528— joins league against Solyman II. , 
1538— makes peace with him, 20 Oct. 1540 — 
prohibits reception of the bull In coena Domini, 
1568— loss of Cyprus, 1 Aug. 157 i e — takes 
part in victory of Lepanto, 7 Oct. 157 1 — makes 
peace with Selim II. , Mar. 1573 — receives 
Henry III. of France, 19-27 Jul. 1574— great 
fire at, 1574 — ravaged by plague, 1576-7 — 
quarrel with Pope Paul V. begins, 1605 — dis- 
regards his monitorial sentence, and is laid 
under inderdict, Apr. to May 1606— expels the 
Jesuits, 1606 — prepai-es for war: the quarrel 
settled by mediation of French envoy, Cardinal 
de Joyeuse, and interdict raised, 21 Apr. 1607 
—at war with the Uscocchi, 16 12-15 — a ^ war 
with Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, 161 5 — 
concludes peace with him, at Paris, by media- 



tion of Louis XIII., 6 Sep. 1617 — conspiracy 
of Bedmar discovered, 161 8 — invasion of 
Candia by Turks, 1645 — on demand of Alex- 
ander VII., recalls the Jesuits, 1657 — loses 
Candia, 1669 — forms alliance Avith Emperor and 
Poland against Turks, 1684 — conquest of the 
Morea, 1685-90 — and of part of Balniatia, 
1687-90 — Peace of Carlowitz, 1699 — war 
with, renewed by Turks, 17 14 — league with 
Emperor Charles VI. concluded, 25 May 17 16 
— Peace of Passarowitz, cession of Morea to 
Turks, 17 1 8 — made a free port, 1736 — 
remains neutral in war between Emperor and 
the Turks, 1737 — concludes league with the 
pope, king of the Two Sicilies, and Genoa, 
against corsairs of Algiers and Tunis, 1749— 
quarrels with Holy See respecting Patriarch- 
ate of Aquileia, 1750 — the dispute settled, 
1 75 1 — refuses recognition of French Bepublic, 
1796 — continental states of, assigned to Austria 
by preliminaries of Leoben, 9 Apr. 1797 — de- 
mocratic insurrection in provinces breaks out, 
1 7 Apr. — Treaty of Leoben signed, 1 8 Apr. 
1797 — Napoleon declares war on, 3 May — ab- 
dication of the Senate, 12 May — occupied by 
French, same day : Treaty of Campo Formio, 
17 Oct. — forms part of Kingdom of Italy by 
Peace of Presburg, Dec. 1805 — annexed to 
Kingdom of Italy by decree of 4 Mar. 1806 — 
restored to Austria, 18 14 — declared free port, 
1830 — joins insurrection against Austria, 
19 Mar. 1848 — blockaded by Austrians, Jul. 
1 848 — union of, with Piedmont, proclaimed 
by Elective Assembly 7 , 3 Jul. — surrenders to 
Austrians, 22 Aug. 1849 — ceases to be free 
port, 1849 — again made free port, 1851 — 
forms part of Italian Confederation, by Treaty 
of Villafranca, 11 Jul. 1859 — declared in 
state of siege, 22 Jun. 1866 — cession of Ve- 
netia by Emperor of Austria to Napoleon III., 
4 Jul. — city given up to municipal authorities, 
19 Oct. — votes (by plebiscite) for annexation 
to Kingdom of Italy, 22-29 Oct. — decree for 
annexation signed, 4 Nov. — Victor Emmanuel 
received at, 7 Nov. Cathedral of St Mark, 
commenced, 977 f — consecrated, between 1084- 
96 f — partly burnt, no6, f and repaired. Cam- 
panile, begun, 902 — finished, 15 10. Palace 
of the Doges, first, erected, 813 f — enlarged, 
ii73-i20o f — second, built, i30i-i309 f — 
new works commenced, i34i f — completed, 
1423 f — third, commenced 1424 f — completed, 
1462 f — burnt, 1574/ and repaired. Place of 
St Marie, completed, 1592. Rialto, built by 
Antonio da Ponte, 1588/ Library of St Mark, 
commenced by Sansavino, 1535 s — continued 
by Scamozzi, 1584^ Arsenal, commenced, 
1304. Academy of Fine Arts, founded by 
Count Cicognara, 1807. Bank, founded, 1171 
— dissolved, 1797. Fentee Theatre, built, 1791 
— rebuilt, 1836. Councils of, on discipline, 
held, 1040 ; held by Pope Alexander III., 
assisted by Emperor Frederick I., for ex- 
communication of all who should interrupt 
peace between them, 14 Aug. 1177. 

a Sismondi. b Zedler, Univ.-Lex. 

c Art de "Verifier les Dates. d Kington. 

e Finlay. f Raskin. S Fergusson. 



VENI ERI— VERCELLI. 



140- 



Venieri, Francesco, Doge of Venice, — 
succeeds Marc -Antonio Trevisani, 11 Jun. 
1554— tr-, 2 Jun. 1556. 

Venieri, Sebastiano, Doge of Venice, — 
commands Venetian fleet at Lepanto, 157 1 — 
succeeds Luigi Mocenigo, 11 Jun. 1577 — re- 
ceives Golden Eosefrom Gregory XIII. : tf., 3 
Mar. 1578. 

Venius, Otto. [Van Veen.] 

Venloo, in Holland, — fortified and raised to 
rank of a city by Reynold, Duke of Guelder- 
land, 1343 — conquered by Charles the Bold, 
1473 — D y Maximilian I., 148 1 — besieged by 
Charles V., obtains Accord of Venloo, 1543 — 
taken by .Dutch, 1568 — by Prince Henry of 
Orange, 1632 — taken by Marlborough, 23 Sep. 
1702 — remains to Austria by Peace of Baden, 
1 7 14 — assigned to Netherlands by Barrier 
Treaty, 17 15— conquered by French, 26 Oct. 
1744 — annexed to France, 1801 — restored to 
Netherlands by Peace of Paris, 18 14 — occupied 
by Belgians, 10 Nov. 1830 — evacuated, 21 Jun. 
1839. 

Venn, Henry, theologian, — ft. at Barnes, in 
Surrey, 1725 — M.A. Cambridge, 1749 — Fel- 
low of Queen's Coll., 1749-57 — marries, 1757 
— tf. at Clapham, 1796. Complete Duty of 
Man, 1764. 

Venner, Thomas, Fifth- Monarchist, — heads 
a riot in London, 6 Jan. 1661. 

Venno, L. Plautius,— [BC] — (1.) Consul 
■with L. Papirius Crassus, (424, a. tj. c.) 330. 
(2.) Consul with M. Foslius Flaccinator,(436,) 
318. 

Venosa, (Venusia,) in Italy, — [B C] — Roman 
colony, 292 — [AD] — taken by Saracens, 851 
— recovered by Emperor Louis II., 866 — taken 
and destroyed by Roger, king of Sicily, 1133 
— taken by French, 1528 — suffers from earth- 
quake, 1 85 1 . Abbey, consecrated, 1 05 8 . Jewish 
Catacombs discovered, Sep. 1853. 

Venox, C. Plautius,— [B Cj— Censor with 
Ap. Claudius Csesar: brings back the tibicines 
to Rome, 312. 

Ventidius Bassus, P.,— [BC]— carried in 
triumphal procession of Pompeius Strabo, 89 
— accompanies Caesar into Gaul, 58 ? — preetor, 
43 — Consul suffeetus, with C. Cassius, 43 — 
legatus to Antony in Gallia Transalpina, 42 — 
sent to oppose Labienus in Asia, 39 — defeats 
Parthians at Cyrrhestica, 38 — triumphs, Nov. 

38. 

Ventura, Gioachino, (Father Ventura,) 
theologian, — ft. at Palermo, 8 Dec. 1792 — 
General of Order of Theatins, 28 Feb. 1830 — 
—sides with popular party at Rome, 1847 — 
Minister Plenipotentiary of Sicilian Govern- 
ment at Rome, 1848 — declines presidency of 
Constituent Assembly, Nov. 1848 — quits 
Rome, May 1849 — settles at Paris, 185 1 — tf. 
at Versailles, 2 Aug. 1861. De Jure Fccle- 
siastico, 1826 — Be Methodo philosophandi, 
1828 — Beauty of the Faith, 1839 — Mensonges 
Biplomatiques, 1848. 

Ventura de Paradis, Jean Michel, Oriental- 
ist, diplomatist, — ft. at Marseilles, 1742 — sent 
to study at Constantinople, 1757 — employed 
as interpreter at Seyde, 1764 — sent to Cairo, 



1770 — remains with Ali Bey and Mohammed 
Abu Dahab till 1776 — again sent to Egypt 
with Baron de Tott, spring 1777 — marries 
daughter of Digeon, 1778 — interpreter at 
Tunis, 1779-84 — appointed secretary-inter- 
preter to Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Paris, 
1784 — sent to Algiers, settles differences be- 
tween Algiers and French Government, 1788- 
90 — accompanies ambassador to Constantino- 
ple, 1793 — returns to France, 1797 — Prof. 
Turkish, at School of Oriental Languages, 17 97 
— as first interpreter, accompanies Bonaparte 
to Egypt and Syria, 1798-9 — tf. on return 
journey, May 1799. 

Venus, planet, — phases of, discovered by 
Galileo, 161 1 — rotation investigated by D. 
Cassini, 1669 — by Bianchini, 1726 — by J. 
Cassini, 1732 — by DeVico, 1840-2 — transit of, 
first observed in England by Horrox and Crab- 
tree, 4 Dec. 1639 — importance of, for deter- 
mining parallax of the sun pointed out by 
Gregory, 1663 — careful observation of, 3 Jun. 
1769. 

Venus de Medici, statue, — discovered near 
Tivoli, and removed to Florence, about 1680. 

Venus of Milo, statue, — discovered in island 
of Milo, 1820 — deposited in the Louvre, 1834. 

Venusti, Marcello, (il Mantuano,) painter, 
— ft. at Mantua, 15 15 — tf. at Florence, 1576,* 
before i585. b 

a Biog. TJniw b Biog. Catalogue. 

Venustus, — Consul with Vettius Sabinus, 
(993, a. u. c.) 240. 

Ver sacriim, — [B C] — vowed by Rome, after 
battle of Lake Trasimenus, 217 — again, at end 
of 2nd Punic War, 202. 

Vera, in Spain, — redoubts of, carried by 
Capt. Colborne, 7 Oct. 181 3. 

Vera Cruz, in Mexico, — founded by Span- 
iards, about 1590 — incorporated as a city, by 
Philip III., 1615 — surrenders to patriots, 1825 
— fortress of San Juan de Ulloa taken by Ad- 
miral Baudin, 27 Nov. 1838 — entered by Santa 
Anna, 4 Dec. — evacuated by French, 5 Dec. — 
occupied by Santa Anna, 16 Aug. 1846 — 
invested by Gen. Scott, 22 Mar. 1847 — bom- 
barded, 22-26 Mar. — capitulates, and is occu- 
pied by Americans, 28-29 Mar. — taken by 
French, 8 Dec. 1861 — fortress occupied by 
Spaniards, 17 Dec. — Maximilian lands at, 
29 May 1864 — capitulates to Juarists, 27 Jun. 
1867. 

Verannius, Q,., — Consul with Cn. Pompeius 
Longinus Gallus, (802, a. it. c.) 49. 

Veratrine, Veratria, vegetable alkaloid, — 
discovered by Meissner, 181 8 — obtained in 
separate form by Pelletier and Caventon, 18 19. 

Verberie, in France, — Councils of, held by 
King Pepin, respecting marriages, 753 ; Aug. 
853; 25 Oct. 863; against Hincmar, who 
appeals to the pope, 24 Apr. 869. 

Vercelli, ( Vercellce,) in Italy, — [B C] — 
Marius and Catulus defeat the Cimbri near, 30 
Jul. 1 01 — [AD] — seat of a Bishopric, about 340 
— joins second Lombard League, 1226 — with 
Milan, hostile to Frederick II. , 1237 — submits 
and is pardoned, 1238 — aids Frederick at 
Faenza, 1240— revolts and admits Montelongo, 



1404 



VERCINGETORIX-VERMONT. 



1243 — aids Parma, 1247 — head-quarters of 
Frederick, Oct. to Dec. 1 248 — given up to Ama- 
deus, Count of Savoy, 1427 — treaty of alliance 
between Charles VIII. of France and Ludovico 
Sforza concluded at, 10 Oct. 1495 — taken by 
Spaniards, 1638— given up to Savoy by Peace 
of the Pyrenees, 1659 — taken by Duke of Ven- 
dome, and fortifications destroyed, 1704 — 
retaken by allies, 1706 — taken by French, 
1800 — restored to king of Sardinia, 18 14. 
University of, founded, 1228. Church, built 
by Cardinal Gualo Bicchieri, 12 19. Council of, 
held by Leo IX. against Johannes Scotus and 
Berenger, 1 Sep. 1050. 

Vercingetorix, — [BC]— excites the Arverni 
to revolt, 52 — persuades Gauls to destroy their 
towns, spares Avaricum, 52*— repulses Csesar at 
Gergovia ; defeated, occupies Alesia ; sur- 
renders to Caesar, led in triumph at Borne, and 
imprisoned, 52 — put to death, 46. 

Verden, in Hanover, — Bishopric, by Charles 
the Great, about 7 80 ? — erected into a Duchy 
and given to Sweden by Peace of Westphalia, 
1648 — seized by Hanover, 1709 — ceded to 
Hanover, 17 15 and 17 19. 

Verdun, (Verodunum,) in France, — seat of 
Bishopric, about 350 ? — head of a County, by 
Otto I., about 950 — given to Bishop of Verdun 
by Count Frederick, about 998 — seized and 
pillaged, and cathedral burnt by Geoffrey, 
Duke of Lorraine, and Baldwin, Count of 
Flanders, 1047 — taken by Henry II. of France, 
1552 — ceded to France by Peace of West- 
phalia, 1648 — Bishopric of, seized by Chamber 
of Metz, 1680 — surrenders to Prussians, under 
Brunswick, 2 Sep. 1792 — English prisoners 
detained at, 1803 — invested by Germans, 7 
Sep. 1870 — bombarded, 13-15 Oct. — capi- 
tulates, 8 Nov. Treaty of for division of 
dominions of Louis le Debonnaire between his 
sons, Lothaire, Louis, and Charles, signed, 
Aug. 843 — confirmed by Diet of Thionville. 
Vere, Sir Francis, general, — ft., 1554 — serves 
under Earl of Leicester in Holland, 1585 — 
distinguishes himself at defence of Berg-op- 
Zoom, 1588 — Knt, 1588 — relieves Berg, 1589 
— contributes to capture of Zutphen, 159 1 — 
assists at siege of Deventer, 1590 — contributes 
to defeat of Prince of Parma, near Nimeguen, 
159 1 — distinguishes himself in expedition to 
Cadiz, Jim. to Aug. 1596 — distinguishes him- 
self at battle of Turnhout, 24 Jan. 1597 — 
Governor of the Brill, 1597 — contributes to 
defeat of Spaniards near Nieuport, 5 Jul. 1600 
— defends Ostend against Archduke Albert, 
Jun. 1 60 1 to 7 Mar. 1602 — tf. in England, 28 
Aug. 1608. Commentaries, 1657. 

Vere, Sir Horace, {Horatio,) Baron of 
Tilbury, — ft. in Essex, 1565 — accompanies 
his brother to Holland, 1585 — and to Cadiz, 
1596 — assists in defence of Ostend, 1601-2 — 
Governor of the Brill, 1608-16 — aids Prince of 
Orange against Arminians of Utrecht, 16 18 — 
commands auxiliaries sent to Elector Palatine, 
1620 — surrenders Mannheim to Tilly, Jan. 
1623 — Baron Vere of Tilbury, 25 Jul. 1625 — 
Master of the Ordnance for life, Mar. 1629 — 
tf. in London, 2 May 1635. 



Vere, Robert de. [Oxford, Earl or.] 

Verelius, Olaus, {Olaf Werl,) antiquary, — 
ft. in Sweden, 12 Feb. 161 8 — Prof. Eloquence, 
ITpsala, 1652 — Prof. Swedish Antiquities, 1662 
— antiquary to the king, 1666 — Chief Librarian, 
1679 — tf. at Upsala, 1 Jan. 1682. 

Verelst. Egid, engraver, — ft. in Bavaria, 
1742 — Prof, at Academy of Mannheim, 1765 
— tf. at Munich, 18 18. 

Verelst, Simon, painter, — ft. at Antwerp, 
1664 — tf., about i7io, a i72i. b 

a Pilkington. b Balkema. 

Vergennes, Charles Gravier, Count of, 
diplomatist, — ft. at Dijon, 28 Dec. 17 17 — ac- 
companies Chavigny to Lisbon, 1740 — ambas- 
sador to Elector of Treves, 1750 — to the Porte, 
1755 — to Sweden, 177 1 — Minister for Foreign 
Affairs, Jul. 1774 — signs treaty of alliance 
with United States, 6 Feb. 1778 — Pres. Coun- 
cil of Finance, 1783— negotiates treaty of Com- 
merce with England, 1785-6 — with Eussia, 
Jan. 1787 — tf. at Versailles, 13 Feb. 1787. 

Vergilius, {Virgilius,) Polydorus, historian, 
— ft. at Urbino, about 1470 — sent to England 
to collect Peter-pence, 1503— Archdeacon of 
Wells, Prebendary of Lincoln, 1507 — Pre- 
bendary of St Paul's, 15 1 3 — quits England, 
1550 — tf. at Urbino, (?) 1555. Adagia, 1498 
— De rerum inventoribus, 1499 — Historia 
Anglica, 1534. 

Vergniaud, Pierre Victurnien, Girondist 
leader, — ft. at Limoges, 31 May 1759 — deputy 
to Legislative Assembly, 1791 — guillotined at 
Paris, 31 Oct. 1793. 

Verheyden, Prans Pieter, painter, sculptor, 
— ft. at the Hague, 1657 — tf. there, 23 Sep. 
1711. 

Verheyen, Philippus, anatomist, — ft. in 
Brabant, 1648 — Prof. Anatomy, Louvain, 
1689 — Prof. Surgery, 1693 — tf. at Louvain, 
28 Jan. 1 7 10. Corporis humani anatomia, 
1693. 

Verina, iElia, — left widow of Emperor 
Leo L, Feb. 474 — supports Basiliscus, 475 — 
imprisoned by Zeno ; supports revolt in favour 
of Leontius, 484 — sent back to castle of Papy- 
rius, near Tarsus, 484. 

Vermandois, The, in France, (Pagus Vero- 
manduorum,) — erected into a County, about 
85o(r) — united with County of Valois, under 
Herbert IV., 1077. 

Vermeyn, Jan Cornelisz, painter, — ft. at 
Brussels, 1559. 

Vermigli, Pietro Martire, theologian, — ft. 
at Florence, 1500 — enters Augustine Order at 
Fiesoli, 15 16 — avows himself a Protestant at 
Lucca, and escapes to Switzerland, 1542 — 
lecturer on Holy Scripture, Oxford Univ., 
1547-53 — Prof. Divinity, Strasburg, 1553 — 
Prof. Divinity, Zurich, 1556 — attends Confer- 
ence of Poissy, 156 1 — tf. at Zurich, 1562. 
Locorum communium theologic. tomi III., 1580- 
83 — Fpistolcc, 1670. 

Vermont, U. S., — reached and explored by 
Champlain, Dupont, &c, 1609— English set- 
tlement in, 1724 — French settlement in, 1731 
— ceded to Great Britain, 1763 — claimed by 
I New York, 28 Dec. 1763 — counter-proclama- 



VERMONT— VERONA. 



1405 



tion by Got. "Wentworth, 13 Mar. 1764 — 
assigned to New York by George III., 1764 — 
declares itself independent, Jan. 1777 — ad- 
mitted to the Union, 4 Mar. 1791 — constitution 
adopted, 1793. 

Vermont, Hyacinthe Collin de, painter, — 
b. at Paris or Versailles, 1693,* about 1695^ 
1692° — received at the Academy, i727, a 26 
Nov. 1726 b — tf., 16 Feb. 1761. 13 

a Nagler. b Jal. c Mariette. 

Vermuyden, Sir Cornelius, engineer, — comes 
to England, 1621 — reclaims Hatfield. Chase, 
1626-28 — Knt, by Charles I., Jan. 1629 — 
commences drainage of the Bedford Level, 
1630 — second attempt, 1634 — completes it, 
1649-53— living, l6 5 6 - 

Vern, in France, — Councils of, on discipline, 
held, 755 and 844. 

Vernet, Antoine Charles Horace, {Carle 
Fernet,) painter, — b. at Bordeaux, 14 Aug. 
1758— obtains grand prize of the Academy, 
and goes to Rome, 1782 — admitted to Aca^ 
demy, 1787,* 1789 b — tf. at Paris, 27 Sep., a 28 
Nov. b 1836. a Engl. Cyc. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Vernet, Claude Joseph, painter, — 6. at 
Avignon, 14 Aug. 17 14 — goes to Italy, 1732^ 
1734^ — member of Academy of St Luke, 
1743 — returns to Paris, 1752 — member of 
Academy of Painting, 29 Aug. 1753— member 
of the Council of the Academy, 1760 — ft. at 
Paris, 3 Dec. 1789. Castle of Sant' Angelo, Rome, 
National Gallery, 1750 — Seaports of France, 
z 753"^3- a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Vernet, Jean Emile Horace, painter, — b. 
at Paris, 30 Jun. 1789 — marries. Louise Pujol, 
Apr. 181 1 — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 
1 8 14 — his works excluded from the Salon, 
1822 — Officer of Legion of Honour, 1825 — 
member of Institute, 1826 — Director of Aca- 
demy of Fine Arts at Rome, 1828-34 — French 
representative at Papal Court, 183b — visits the 
East, 1839-40 — visits St Petersburg, 1842 — 
Commander of Legion of Honour, 1842 — visits 
Spain and Algeria, 1845 — loses his wife, 1845 
— member of Academy of Fine Arts, 1846 — 
follows the army to Varna, 1853 — receives 
great medal of Honour at Universal Exposi- 
tion, 1855 — marries again, 1858 — tf. at Paris, 
18 Jan. 1863. Prise du Camp Retranche de 
Glatz, 1 8 10 — Massacre of the Mamelukes, 18 19 
■ — Mazeppa., 1825 — historical Galleries of Mu- 
seum of Versailles, 1834-39 — Battle of Isly, 
1845 — Taking of Rome by Oudinot, 1849 — Bat- 
tle of the Alma, 1854. 

Verneuil, in France, — the French and Scots 
defeated by Duke of Bedford, 16 Aug. 1424. 

Verneuil, Catherine Henriette de Balzac 
d'Entraigues, Makquise de, — b. at Orleans, 
1579 — mistress of Henry IV., about 1599 — 
Marquise of Verneuil, 1600 — forms a conspiracy 
with her father and brother to assassinate the 
king, which is discovered, early in Dec. 1604 
— condemned to perpetual imprisonment, 1 
Feb. 1605 — pardoned, 2 Feb. 1605 — ft. at 
Paris, 9 Feb. 1633. 

Vernier, The, mathematical instrument. 
{See Vernier, Pierre.] 

Vernier, Pierre, mathematician, — b. at Or- 



nans, about 1580 — ft. Master-general of Mints 
of Burgundy, at Ornans, 14 Sep. 1637. La 
construction, I'usage, et les proprie'te's du quad- 
rant nouveau de mathe'matiques, 1631. 

Vernon, Edward, admiral, — b. at Westmin- 
ster, 12 Nov. 1684 — enters the navy, 1702 — 
M.P. Penryn, 1727 — Vice-admiral, 1739 — 
takes Porto Bello, 22 Nov. 1739 — unsuccess- 
fully attempts Carthagena, 1741- — Admiral, 
1745 — cashiered, 1746 — tf. at Nacton, in Suf- 
folk, 29 Oct. 1757. 

Vernon, George John, Lord, Bantophilist, 
— b. 22 Jun. 1803 — tf. at Sudbury Hall, Der- 
byshire, 31 May 1866. Reprint of first four 
editions of Dante, {Bivina Commedia,) edited 
by Panizzi, at his expense, 1858. 

Vernon, Robert, — b., 1774 — gives his Col- 
lection of Pictures to the National Gallery, 22 
Dec. 1847 — o\, 22 May 1849. 

Vernon Gallery, of Pictures. [See Vernon, 
Robert.] 

Veron, Louis Desire, publicist, §c, — b. at 
Paris, 1798 — M.D., 1823 — becomes a journal- 
ist, 1828 — Director of the Opera, 183 1-6 — 
Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 1838 — sole 
proprietor of the Constitutional, 1844 — mem- 
ber of the Corps Legislatif, 1852 — Officer of 
Legion of Honour, Dec. 1852 — resigns direc- 
tion of Constitutionnel, Jan. 1862 — tj., 27 Sep. 
1867. Memoires d'un Bourgeois de Paris, 1854; 

Verona, in Italy, — Philip, Roman Emperor, 
defeated and slain by Decius at, 249 — walled 
by Gallienus, 265 — seized by Julianus, 284 — 
Constantine defeats Ruxicius near, 312 — sur- 
renders to Constantine, 312 — Stilicho defeats 
Alaric near, 403 — Theoderic defeats Odoacer, 
27 Sep. 489 — revolt of Vidinus suppressed by 
Narses, 563 — conquered by Alboin, 568 — by 
Charles the Great, 7 74 — Berenger, king of Italy, 
defeats his rival, Louis, king of Provence, at, 
905 — Rudolph, king of Transjurane Burgundy, 
defeats Berenger near, 29 Jul. 923 — March of, 
ceded to Emperor Otto I. by Berenger II., 
about 950 ?— joins first Lombard League, 1 164, 
and second, 1226 — stops the advance of Xing 
Henry, 1226 — submits to Eccelino, 1227 — at- 
tacked by Lombards, 1231 — visited by Frederick 
II., 16 Aug. 1236 — again, May 1238 — Frede- 
rick holds a Council at, 13 Jun. 1239 — Diet at, 
Jun. 1245 — Mastino della Scala elected Po- 
desta, about 1259 — conquered by Giovanni 
Galeazzo Visconte, 1387 — seized by Francesco 
da Carrara, 1404 — besieged by Venetians, 1405 
— surrenders, 22 Jun. 1405 — after battle of 
Agnadello submits to Maximilian I., 1509 — 
ceded to Francis I. of France by Treaty of 
Brussels, 15 Aug. 15 16 — given up to Venice, 
19 Jan. 15 1 7 — head-quarters of Massena, Jun. 
1796 — occupied by Napoleon, Aug. 1796 — ■ 
threatened by Alvinzi, 18 Nov. 1796 — massa- 
cre of French at, bombarded, 17 Apr. 1797 — 
ceded to Austria by Treaty of Campo Eormio, 
18 Oct. 1797 — surrenders to Austrians, 14 Feb. 
1 8 14 — Gen. Kray defeats Gen. Scherer, 26 
Mar. 1799 — blockaded by French, Jan. 1801 
— surrenders, 16 Jan. — Charles Albert repulses 
Austrians, 6 May 1848 — entered by Italian 
troops, 16 Oct. 1866. Amphitheatre, erected, 



1406 



VERONESE— VESLING. 



between 81-117 ? — partly destroyed by earth- 
quake, 1 184— placed in charge of special officer, 
1545 — tax imposed for its repair, 1579. Cathe- 
dral, reconsecrated by Urban III., 1187. 
Ponte del Castel Vecchio, built, 1354. Council 
of, held by Pope Lucius III. in presence of Em- 
peror Frederick I. against the Cathari, Vau- 
dois, and other heretics, against Arnoldists and 
Eamans in revolt, and respecting patrimony of 
Countess Matilda, opens, 1 Aug. 1 1 84 — sits at 
least till 4 Nov. Congress of European sove- 
reigns meets, 25 Aug. 1822 — closes, 15 Dec. 

Veronese, Alessandro. [Turchi.] 

Veronese, Paolo. [Cagliari.] 

Veronica, portrait of Christ, — mentioned, 

"43- 

Verres, C, — [BC] — ft., 112 — quaestor, 82 — 
betrays Carbo to Sulla : with Dolabella in 
Cilicia, 80-79 — proqueestor, 78 — praetor, 74 — 
proprgetor in Sicily, 73-71 — accused by Cicero, 
goes to Marseilles, 70 — proscribed by Antony, 

43- 

Verrio, Antonio, painter, — ft. at Lecce, 
about 1639 — invited to England by Charles 
II., 1676 — tf. at Hampton Court, 1707. 

Verrocchio, Andrea del, painter, sculptor, 
$c, — ft. at Florence, 1432 — tf. at Venice, 1488. 
Monument of the Medici, Florence, 1472 — 
David, Gallery of the TJffizj, 1476 — Equestrian 
Statue of Bartolomeo Colleoni, Venice, begun, 
1479 — Incredulity of St Thomas, Church of 
Or San Michele, Florence, 1466-86. 

Verrucosus, Asinius Pollio, — Consul with 
Fl. Silva Nonius Bassus, (834, a. u. c.) 81. 

Verrue, in Italy, — possession of fortress of, 
demanded by Louis XIV., spring 1690 — be- 
sieged by Duke of Vendome, 1704 — surrenders 
to him, 10 Mar. 1705— recovered by Victor 
Amadeus II., Sep. 1706. 

Versailles, in France, — Louis XIII. builds 
hunting-seat at, 1624 — meeting of States-Gen- 
eral at, 5 May 1789 — palace attacked by mob, 
and the Royal Family carried to Paris, 5-6 Oct. 
1789 — devastated, after 1792 — capitulates to 
Germans, and becomes head-quarters of Crown 
Prince of Prussia, 18 Sep. 1870 — head-quarters 
of King of Prussia, 5 Oct. — proclamation of 
the Xing as German Emperor at, 18 Jan. 1871 
— evacuated by Germans, 12 Mar. 1871 — Na- 
tional Assembly meets at, 20 Mar. Palace, 
commenced by Louis XIV., 1664 — residence of 
the Court, 1681. Chapel, commenced, 1699 — 
finished, 17 10. Theatre, built, 1753-70— re- 
paired by Louis Philippe and reopened, 1837. 
Historical Museum, founded by Louis Philippe, 
1837. Congress of, between France and States- 
General of Holland, opens, 8 Dec. 1784. Trea- 
ties of, between Elector of Bavaria and Louis 
XIV., concluded, 9 Mar. 1701 — between Louis 
XIV. and Charles XII. of Sweden, 5 Apr. 
I 1 I 5 — between Louis XV. and Frederick II., 
5 Jun. 1744 — of alliance between France and 
Austria, 1 May 1756 — another, 30 Dec. 1758 
— first made public, 1795 — between France 
and Americans, 16 Jul. 1782 — of peace be- 
tween Great Britain and United States, 3 Sep. 
1783 — of peace between France and Germany, 
close of Franco -German War, signed, 26 Feb. 



187 1 — ratified by National Assembly at Bor- 
deaux, Mar. 

Verschuring, Hendrik, painter, — ft. at 
Gorcum, 1627 — drowned, 1690. 

Verstegan, Richard, antiquary, — ft. in 
London, about 1550 — tf., probably about 1635. 
Theatrum crudelitatum hcereticorum nostri 
temporis, 1587 — Restitution of decayed intelli- 
gence concerning the most noble and renowned 
English Nation, 1605. 

Vertot d'Aubceuf, Rene Aubert, Abbe de, 
historian, — ft. in Normandy, 25 Nov. 1655 — 
Associate of Academy of Inscriptions, 1701 — 
Pensionary, 1705 — tf. at Paris, 15 Jun. 1735. 
Histoire des revolutions de Suede, 1696 — His- 
toire des revolutions de la republique Romaine, 
17 19 — Histoire des Chevaliers Hospitalliers, 
1726. 

Vertue, George, engraver, — ft. in London, 
1684 — begins engraving on his own account, 
1709 — member of Academy of Painting, 17 11 
— engraver to Society of Antiquaries, 17 17 — 
tf. in London, 24 Jul. 1756. Portraits of Poets, 
1730 — Anecdotes of Painting in England, 
(edited by Walpole,) 1762. 

Verulam, in England, — Council of, for found- 
ing Abbey of St Alban's, held, Aug. 793. 

Verulam, Baron. [Bacon, Francis.] 

Verus, Annius, — Consul with L. Augur, 
(874, a. u. c. ) i2i. 

Verus, L. Aurelius, {I. Ceionius Commodus,) 
Roman Emperor, (161-9,) — ft., 130 — adopted 
by M. Antoninus, 138 — Consul with Sextius 
Lateranus, (904, a. u. c.) 154 — Emperor with 
M. Aurelius, 161— undertakes conduct of Par- 
thian War, 162 — at Antioch, 163 — atEphesus, 
marries Lucilla, 164 — triumphs, 166 — accom- 
panies M. Aurelius to Aquileia, to German 
War, 167 — at Sirmium, winter 167-8 — tf., 
mid. winter 169. 

Verus, L. iElius, (Ceionius Commodus,) — 
adopted by Hadrian, 135 s — Consul with Sex. 
Vetulenus Civica Pompeianus, (889, a. tj. c.) 
1 36 — made Csesar, 136 s — Consul with P. 
Ccelius Balbinus Vibullius Pius, (890,) 137 — 
tf., 1 Jan. 138. a a Clinton. 

Verus, L. Ceionius Commodus, — Consul with 
L. Tutius Cerealis, (859, a. tj. c.) 106. 

Verus, T. Annius Aurelius, a {P. Martius, h ) 
— Consul with Commodus, (932, a. tj. c.) 179. 
a Clinton. b Zumpt. 

Vervins, — founded, before 1240 — taken by 
Armagnacs, 141 2 — by English, 141 9 — burnt 
by Imperialists, 1473 — burnt by Spaniards, 
1557 — taken by Duke of Montpensier, 1590 — 
again taken by Spaniards, 1630 and 1636 — by 
Marquis de Castillane, 1651 — by Frondeurs, 
1652. Peace of, between Henry IV. of France 
and Philip II. of Spain, signed, 2 May 1598. 

Vesalius, Andreas, anatomist, — ft. at Brus- 
sels, 15 14 — Prof. Anatomy, Pavia, 1540 — 
Prof. Anatomy, Pisa, 1543 — First Physician to 
Charles V., 1544 — to Philip II., 1556 — goes 
to Jerusalem, 1564 — tf. in Zante, 15 Oct. 1564. 
Be corporis humani fabrica, 1542 — ■ Opera, 

1725- 

Vesling, Johann, botanist, anatomist,— -b. 
at Minden, 1598 — Prof. Anatomy and Botany, 



VESOUL-VIBTTLANUS. 



1407 



Padua, 1632 — tf. at Padua, 30 Aug. 1649. 
Syntagma Anatomicum, 164.1—De Fullitione 
JEgyptiorum, 1664. 

Vesoul, in France, — occupied by Germans, 
18 Oct. 1870 — Gen. "Werder defeats Gen. 
Bourbaki and tbe Garibaldians near, 8 Jan. 
1 87 1 — evacuated by Germans, 12 Jan. 

Vespasianus, T. Flavius Sabinus, Eoman 
Emperor, (70-79,)— ft., 17 Nov. 9— legatus 
legionis in Britain, reduces Vectis, 43-47 — 
Consul suff., Nov. to Dec. 51 — proconsul in 
Africa, before 66 — sent to conduct Jewish 
"War, end of 66 — proclaimed Emperor, 1 Jul. 
69 — interview with Apollonius Tyaneus, Oct. 
69 — arrives at Rome, 70— triumphs with Titus, 
about Jewish "War, 7 1 — banishes the philoso- 
phers from Eome, between 71-75 — tf., 24 Jan. 

"Vespucci, Amerigo, maritime discoverer, — 
ft. at Florence, 9 Mar. 1451 — accompauies 
Ojeda on his first voyage, 10 May 1497 — returns 
to Spain, 15 Oct. 1498 — accompanies Ojeda on 
second voyage, 20 May 1499 — in service of 
Portugal, visits E. coast of S. America, 10 May 
1501 to 7 Dec. 1502 — goes to Brazil again, 10 
May 1503 — returns to service of Spain, 1506 — 
sets out again, 1507 — appointed royal chief 
pilot, 22 Mar. 1508 — a", at Seville, 22 Feb. 15 12. 

Vesta, asteroid, — discovered by Olbers, at 
Bremen, 29 Mar. 1807. 

Vestries, Parish, in England, — regulated by 
Acts 58 Geo. III. c. 69, 3 Jun. 18 18 ; 59 Geo. 
III. c. 12, 31 Mar. 1819, c. 85, 7 Jul., and c. 
134, 12 Jul. 18 19 — new provisions respecting, 
by Acts 1 and 2 ¥m IV. c. 60, (Sir John Hob- 
house's Act,) 20 Oct. 1 83 1 ; 1 Vic. c. 45, 12 
Jul. 1837 ; 13 and 14 Vic. c. 57,5 Au g- l8 5° 5 
and 14 and 15 Vic. c. 97, 7 Aug. 1851. 

Vestris, Madame, (Mrs Mathews,) actress, 
— 6., 1797 — marries Armand Vestris, 18 13 — 
appears at King's Theatre, Haymarket, about 
18 1 3 — left a widow, 1825 — lessee of Olympic 
Theatre, 1829 — marries Charles Mathews, 
1838 — lessee of Covent Garden Theatre, 1839 
— opens Lyceum, 1847 — retires, Jul. 1854 — 
rj. near London, 8 Aug. 1856. 

Vestris, Franchise Rose Gourgand, M me , 
actress, — ft. at Marseilles, 1743 — appears at the 
Comedie Franchise, 19 Dec. 1768— tr. at Paris, 
6 Oct. 1804. 

Vestry Cess, in Ireland, — abolished by Act 
27 Vic. c. 17, 13 May 1864. 

Vesuvius, volcano,— [BC] — crater occupied 
by Spartacus, 70 — [AD] — first eruption re- 
corded, 24 Aug. 79— [Pompeii, Herculaneum] 
— subsequent eruptions in 203, 472,512, 685, 
993, 1036 (with lava-stream), 1049, 1138 or 
1 139, 1306, 1500, 1631, 1660, and very fre- 
quent from that time. 

Veterinary College, — first established at 
Lyons, 1761 — in London, 1791. 

Veterinary Surgeons, Royal College of, 
in England, — incorporated by Charter, 1 844. 

Veto, royal, — last exercised in Great Britain 
by Queen Anne, 1707. 

Veto, Liberum, in Poland, — introduced, 
1652. 

Veto Act, in Scotland, — in opposition to lay 



patronage, passed by General Assembly of 
Church of Scotland, as interim Act, 1834— 
made permanent, 1835 — declared invalid by 
Court of Session, 8 Mar. 1838 — and by House 
of Lords, 3 May 1839. [Free Church of Scot- 
land. ] 

Vetranio, — commands in Illyria and Pan- 
nonia, 350 — assumes Empire, beginning Mar. 
350 — abdicates, 25 Dec. 350 — retires to Prusa : 
*., 356-7- 

Vettori, Pietro, (Victorias,) philologist, 
critic, — ft. at Florence, 1499 — P™^ Greek and 
Latin Literature, 1538 — if. at Florence, Dec. 
1585. Commentaries on Aristotle, 1548-84 — 
Variarum lectionum lib. 38, 1582. 

Vetus, — Consul with Gallicanus, (903, 
a. u. c.) 150. 

Vetus, JElianus, — Consul with L. iElius 
Lamia, (869, a. tr. c.) 116. 

Vetus, C. Antistius, — [B C] — quoestor to 
Caesar, 61 — trib. pleb., 57 — besieges Burrus in 
Apameia, 45 — war with Salani, 34 — Consul 
su ff<, 30— accompanies Augustus to Spain, 25 
— reduces Cantabri and Astures. 

Vetus, C. Antistius, — [BC]— (1.) Consul 
with D. Lgelius Balbus, (748, a. u. 0.) 6. (2.) 
— [AD] — Consul with C. Asinius Pollio, (776,) 
23. (3.) Consul with M. Suillius Nervilianus, 
(803,) 50. (4.) Consul with C. Manlius Va- 
lens, (849,) 96. 

Vexin, The, in Trance, — hereditary County, 
878 — reunited to the Crown, 1082. 

Vezelai, (Viceliacum,,) in France,— meeting 
of Philip Augustus and Bichard Cceur de Lion 
at, 1 190 — taken by Huguenots, 1569 — unsuc- 
cessfully besieged by Charles IX., 157 1. Coun- 
cil of, at which Louis VII. takes the cross, 
held, 31 Mar. 1146. 

Viani, Donienico, painter, — ft. at Bologna, 
1668 — tf. at Pistoia, 17 11. 

Viani, Giovanni, painter, — ft. at Bologna, 
i53 6 — tr., 1700. 

Viator, — sole Consul, (1248, a. u. c.) 495. 

Viborg. [Wyborg.] 

Vibration of Musical Chords, — investigated 
by Brook Taylor, 17 15 — the problem solved by 
Lagrange, 1759 — the Sirene, for measurement 
of, invented by Cagniard de la Tour, 18 19 — 
the Fhonautograph, invented by Abbe Moigno, 
1859. 

Vibulanus, Kaeso Fabius, — [B C] — quaestor 
parricidii, 485 — Consul with L. -ZEmilius Ma- 
mercinus, (270, A. u. c.) 484 — Consul with Sp. 
Furius Medallinus Fusus, (273,) 481 — war 
with Veientines : serves against Veientines 
under his brother Marcus, 480 — Consul with 
T. Verginius Tricostus Butilus, (275,) 479 — ■ 
conducts the Fabii to Cremera, 479 — destroyed 
with his gens by Veientines, (15 Hal. Sext.,) 
18 Jun., (Id. Feb., 3 ) 477. a Ovid. 

Vibulanus, M. Fabius, — [BC]— (1.) Consul 
with L. Valerius Publicola, (271, a. u. c.) 483 
— Consul with Cn. Manlius Vuiso Cincinnatus, 
(274,) 480. (2.) Consul with Postumus iEbu- 
tius Elva Cornicenus, (312,) 442. 

Vibulanus, Numerius Fabius, — [B C] — 
Consul with T. Quinctius Capitolinus, (333, 
a. u. c.) 421. 



1408 



VIBULANUS— VICTOR AMADEUS I. 



Vibulanus, Q. Fabius,— [BC]— (1.) Consul 
with Ser. Corn. Moluginensis Cossus, (269, 
a. u. c.) 485 — war against Yolsci and iEqni : 
Consul with C. Julius lulus, (272,) 482— killed 
in battle against Etruscans, 480. (2.) Consul 
with T. JEmilius Mamereinus, (287,) 467 — 
Consul with. T. Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus, 
(289,) 465 — war with iEqui : prsefectus urbis, 
462 — Consul with L. Corn. Moluginensis Cos- 
sus, (295,) 459 — defeats and triumphs over 
Yolsci ; protects Borae, 458 — decemvir, 450 — 
exiled with Decemvirs, 449. (3.) Consul 
with C. Sempronius Atratinus, (331,) 423. 

Vicar, in canon laic, — endowment of, pro- 
vided for by Act 15 Ric. II. c. 6, 1391 — quali- 
fications of, defined and endowment further 
provided for, by Act 4 Hen. IY. c. 12, 1402. 
Vice-Chancellor. [Chancellor, Vice.] 
Vicente, Gil. [Gil Vicente.] 
Vicenza, {Vicentia, Vicetia,) in Italy, — 
[B C]— founded, before 136— [AD]— sacked by 
Alaric, 401 — by Attila, 452 — submits to Lom- 
bards, 568-570 — joins Lombard League, 1167 
— takes part in siege of Verona, 1236 — stormed 
and sacked by Frederick II., 1 Nov. 1236 — 
revisited by him, 1239 — seized by Giovanni 
Galeazzo Yisconti, 1387-8 — besieged by Fran- 
cesco Carrara, 1404 — sold to Venetians by 
Catherine, Duchess of Milan, and occupied by 
them, Apr. 1404 — taken by Emperor, and re- 
covered by Venetians, 1509 — Venetians de- 
feated by allies near, 7 Oct. 15 13 — restored to 
Venice, 15 16— occupied by Gen. Victor, 1797 
— revolts against Austrians, spring 1 848 — 
occupied by Papal troops, May — bombarded 
by Austrians, 23 May and 9 Jun. — capitulates, 
ioJun. 1848. Cathedral, built, 1467. Olym- 
pic Theatre, designed by Palladio, commenced, 
23 May 1580 

Vicenza, Duke of. [Caulaincourt.] 
Vichy, in France, — its hot springs cele- 
brated as early as 50 — their repute revived, 
1784. 

Vicksburg, V. S., — fortified by Confeder- 
ates, 1 860- 1 — attack of Federal fleet on, begins, 
23 Jun. 1862 — renewed and repulsed, 29 Dec. 
— surrenders to Gen. Grant, 4 Jul. 1863. 

Vico, Giovanni Battista, philosopher, — b. 
at Naples, 1668 — Prof. Rhetoric at the Univ., 
1697 — Historiographer Royal, 1735 — tf. at 
Naples, 20 Jan. 1744. Principi di una Scienza 
Nuova, 1725 — Works, 181 8. 

Vicq-D'Azyr, Felix, physician, anatomist, — 
b. at Yalognes, 1748 — begins lecturing at 
Paris, 1773 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 
1774 — perpetual secretary of Society of Medi- 
cine, 1776 — admitted to French Academy, 1788 
— Physician to the Queen, 1789 — tf. at Paris, 
20 Jun. 1794. Traite d'anatomie et de phy- 
siologic, 1786. 

Vicramaditya, Era of, — [BC] — commences, 
57- 

Victor I,, Bp of Rome, — succeeds Eleu- 
tberus, i93, a 18 Jul. 185 b — threatens (or ex- 
communicates) bishops of Asia, 196° — fr., 
202, a 28 Jul. 197^ 

a Eusebius and Art de Verifier les Dates. 
b Biog. Univ. c Milman. 



Victor II., Pope, (Gebhard,)—Bip of Eich- 
stadt, 1042 — succeeds Leo IX., Mar., a 13 Apr. b 
1055 — holds Council of Florence, 1055 — visits 
the Emperor at Goslar, Sep. 1056 — present at 
his death, 5 Oct. — holds Council of Rome, Apr. 
1057 — tf. at Florence, 28, a 21 b Jul. 1057. 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. 

Victor III., Pope, (Desiderius,) — b., about 
1027 — Abbot of Monte Cassino, 1057 — legate 
to Constantinople, 1058 — Cardinal, 1059 — 
elected to succeed Gregory VII., 24 May 1086 
— retires to Monte Cassino, 28 May 1086— con- 
secrated, 9 May 1087 — has conference with 
Countess Matilda in the Vatican, Jun. — enters 
Rome with her, 1 1 Jun. — driven away by ad- 
herents of Guibert, 28 Jul.— holds Council at 
Beneventum, Aug. — tf. at Monte Cassino, 16 
Sep. 1087. 

Victor IV., Anti-pope, (Octavian,) — elect- 
ed in opposition to Alexander III., 4 Oct. 1 159 
—recognized by Emperor Frederick I. at Pa- 
via, Feb. 1160 — tf. at Lucca, 22 Apr. 1164. 

Victor, Claude Perrin, Duke of Belluno, 
Marshal of France, — b. at La Marche, 
(Yosges,) 7 Dec. 1764 — enters the army, 10 
Oct., a 16 Dec. b 178 1 — distinguishes himself at 
siege of Toulon, Nov. 1793 — distinguishes 
himself in campaigns of Italy, 1796 and 1797 
— General of Division, 10 Mar. 1797 — com- 
mands in Piedmont, 1798 — repulsed by Aus- 
trians at Verona, Mar. 1799 — distinguishes 
himself at the Trebbia, 17-19 Jun. 1799 — 
at Fossano, 4 Dec. 1799 — contributes to vic- 
tory of Marengo, 14 Jun. 1800 — Grand Officer 
of Legion of Honour, 14 Jun. 1804 — ambas- 
sador to Denmark, 1805-6 — wounded at Jena, 
14 Oct. 1806 — created Marshal, after battle of 
Friedland, 13 Jul. 1807 — Governor of Berlin, 
1807 — Duke of Belluno, Jul. 1808 — serves in 
Spain, 1808— defeated by Wellington at Tala- 
vera, 28 Jul. 1809 — invests Cadiz, Feb. 1810 
— repulses attack of allied Spanish and Eng- 
lish, 5 Mar. 1 81 1 — takes part in expedition of 
Russia, 1 81 2 — distinguishes himself at the 
Beresina, 28 Nov. 18 12 — contributes to victory 
of Dresden, 26 Aug. 18 13 — distinguishes him- 
self at Leipsic, Oct. 181 3 — distinguishes him- 
self in campaign of Jan. to Feb. 18 14 — de- 
prived of his command, Feb. 18 14 — Peer of 
France, by Louis XVIII., 17 Aug. 18 15 — 
Minister of "War, 14 Dec. 1821 to 19 Oct. 1823 
— tf. at Paris, i, a 3 b Mar. 1841. 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. D Engl. Cyc. 

Victor, Sex. Aurelius, historian, — Governor 
of part of Pannonia under Julian, 362 — Consul 
with Yalentinian, ? 373. 

Victor Amadeus I., Duke of Savoy,— b. 
at Turin, 8 Mar. 1587— at Court of Philip III. 
of Spain, 1611-14 — takes part with his father, 
Charles Emmanuel, in war with France, 16 14 — 
marries Christine of France, 10 Feb. 1619 — 
succeeds his father, Jul. 1630 — concludes 
Treaty of Ratisbon, 13 Oct. 1630 — of Che- 
rasco, 6 Apr. 163 1 — makes peace with Genoese, 
27 Nov. 163 1 — restores university of Turin, 
1632 — joins France in war with Spain, and is 
appointed Commander-in-chief of French ar- 
mies in Italy, Jul. 1635 — defeats Spaniards at 



VICTOR AMADEUS II.— VIDAL. 



[409 



Tornavento, 22 Jun. 1636 — again at Monbal- 
done, 8 Sep. 1637 — ft. at Yercelli, 7 Oct. 1637. 

Victor Amadeus II., Duke op Savoy, 
afterwards King of Sardinia, — 6., 14 May 
1666 — succeeds his father, Charles Emmanuel 
II., under regency of his mother, 12 Jun. 1675 
— marries Anne Marie d' Orleans, 10 Apr. 1684 
— at instigation of Louis XIV., renews war 
against the Vaudois, 1686 — French invasion of 
his dominions, spring 1690 — joins League of 
Augsburg 1 , 1690 — refuses to surrender fortresses 
of Turin and Verrue to Louis XIV : concludes 
alliance with Spain, 3 Jun. 1690 — with Em- 
peror, 4 Jun. — defeated by Gen. Catinat at 
Staffarde, 1 8 Aug. — concludes alliance with 
England and the United Provinces, 20 Oct. — 
reestablishes the Vaudois, 1 690-1 — invades 
Dauphiny, 1692 — falls ill, 1692 — defeated by 
Catinat, at Marsagiia, (Orbazzano,) 4, a 14 b 
Oct. 1693 — takes part in siege and capture of 
Casal, Jun. 1695 — makes pilgrimage to Loreto, 
1696 — concludes peace with France, 29 Aug. 
1696 — marries his eldest daughter to Louis, 
Duke of Burgundy, 7 Dec. 1697 — recognizes 
Philip, Duke of Anjou, as King of Spain, and 
gives him his second daughter in marriage, 
1 701 — generalissimo of French and Spanish 
armies, 17 01 — with Villeroi, is defeated by 
Prince Eugene, at Chiari, 1 Sep. 1701 — 
his troops disarmed by Duke of Vendome, 29 
Sep. 1702° — arrests all Frenchmen in his 
dominions, Oct. — declares against Spain, 1703 
— concludes treaty with Emperor, 25 Oct., a 8 
Nov. b 1703— loses Savoy to the French, 1704 
— loses almost all Piedmont, 1704-5 — with 
Prince Eugene defeats Duke of Orleans and 
Marshal Marsin, before Turin, 7 Sep. 1706 — 
French troops withdrawn, by capitulation of 
Milan, 13 Mar. 1707 — unsuccessfully attacks 
Toulon, 26 Jul. — takes Susa, 1707 — takes la 
Perouse, Exiles, and Fenestrelles, 1708 — re- 
ceives grant of Montferrat from Emperor 
Joseph, 1708 — recovers his dominions by 
Treaty of Utrecht, 17 13 — assumes title of King 
of Sicily, 22 Sep. 17 13, and gives title of 
Duke of Savoy to his son : crowned King of 
Sicily at Palermo, 24 Dec. 17 13 — loses bis 
eldest son, 22 Jun. 17 15 — negotiates with 
Philip V. of Spain, for conquest of the Mi- 
lanese, wint. 17 1 7- 1 8 — loses Sicily, by Spanish 
capture of Palermo, 30 Jun. 171 8 — accedes to 
Quadruple Alliance, 18 Aug., a i81Srov. d 1718, 
17 Feb. 1720 b — accepts island of Sardinia 
with title of King, Aug. 1720 — loses his 
queen, 26 Aug. 1728 — privately marries Count- 
ess Dowager of St Sebastian, Aug. 1730° — 
abdicates in favour of his son Charles Em- 
manuel, 2 Sep. 1730— assumes title of Count 
of Tende, and retires to Moncalieri, 4 Sep.— 
attempts to reassume the crown, 173 1 — im- 
prisoned by bis son, at Moncalieri, end of Sep. 
1731 — tr. there, 31 Oct. 1732. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. TTniv. 

c Nouv. Biog. Gen. d Engl. Cyc. 

Victor Amadeus III., King of Sardinia, 
— fo. at Turin, 26 Jun. 1726 — serves his first 
campaign, 1745 — marries Marie Antoinette, 
Infanta of Spain, 31 Mar. 1751 — succeeds his 



father, Charles Emmanuel III., 20 Jan., a Feb. b 
1773 — visits Savoy, 1775 — loses Savoy and 
Nice to the French, autumn 1792 — loses 
Oneglia, 1794 — tf. at Moncalieri, 16 Oct. 1796. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. 

Victor Emmanuel I., King of Sardinia, — 
6. at Turin, 24 Jul. 1759 — receives title of 
Duke of Aosta: Captain- General, 1780— mar- 
ries Maria Theresa of Austria, 21 Apr. 1789 
— commands against the French, 1792-8 — 
succeeds to the crown on abdication of his 
brother Charles Emmanuel IV., 4 Jun. 1802 — 
remains at Cagliari under British protection, 
1806-14 — recovers Nice and part of Savoy, by 
Treaty of Paris, 18 14 — returns to Turin, 20 
May 1 8 14 — recovers rest of Savoy, by second 
Treaty of Paris, 18 15 — acquires Genoa, by 
Treaty of Vienna, 1815 — revolution breaks out, 
9, a 21 b Mar. 1821 — abdicates, 13, a 23 b Mar. 
— tf. at Moncalieri, 10 Jan. 1824. 

a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Engl. Cyc. 

Victoria, {Port Philip,) in Australia, — 
settled, and forms part of New South Wales, 
1835-9 — made a separate colony, 1851 — con- 
stitution established by colonial legislature, 
1854— confirmed by Act 18 and 19 Vic. c. 55, 
16 Jul. 1855 — magnetic survey of, executed, 
1858-64. 

Victoria. [Hong-Kong.] 

Victoria, asteroid, — discovered by Hind, 13 
Sep. 1850. 

Victoria Bridge, over the St Lawrence, 
Canada, — commenced, 20 Jul. 1854 — com- 
pleted, 17 Dec. 1859 — inaugurated by Prince 
of Wales, 25 Aug. 1 860. 

Victoria Cross, Order of Merit, Great Britain, 
— instituted by Queen Victoria, 5 Feb. 1856. 

Victoria Institute, or Philosophical So- 
ciety of Great Britain, — established, 1866. 

Victoria Park, London, — construction of, 
authorized and regulated by Act 4 and 5 Vic. 
c. 27, 21 Jun. 1 84 1 — opened, about 1845. 

Victoria Regia, in Botany, — seen by Hanke ? 
about 1 801 — by D'Orbigny, 1827 — first de- 
scribed by Poppig, 1832. 

Victorinus, — Consul with Probus, (1035, 

A. U. C.) 282. 

Victorinus, Aufidius,— sent against Catti, 
162 — Consul with Commodus, (936, a. u. c.) 
183. 

Victorinus, C. Aufidius, — Consul with Seve- 
rus, (953, a. u. c.) 200. 

Victorinus, C. Marius, rhetorician, theolo- 
gian, — closes his school at Rome, after edict of 
Julian, 361 ? 

Victorinus, M. Piawonius, one of Thirty 
Tyrants, — colleague with Postumus, 265 — sole 
Emperor in Gaul, 267 — assassinated, with his 
son, 268. 

Victorinus, Pictaviensis, Bp, rhetorician, 
— fl., about 270-90 — martyr, 303 ? 

Victorius. [Vettori, Pietro.] 

Vida, Marco Grirolamo, poet, — fc. at Cre- 
mona, about 1490 ? 1480 ? — Bp of Alba, 1532 
— accompanies legates to Council of Trent, 
1545 — tf. there, 27 Sep. 1566. Christiad, 
1535 — Poetica, 1527. 

Vidal, Pierre, of Toulouse, troubadour, — 



1410 



VIDOCQ-VIENNE. 



accompanies Richard I. on the crusade, 1190 — 
tf. in Aragon, about 1290,* 1229^ 

a Biog. Univ. b Sismondi. 

Vidocq, Francois Jules, {Eugene Francois,) 
detective, — fc. at Arras, 1775 — head of the 
brigade de Surete, 1812 — dismissed, 1825 — tf. 
in Belgium, 13 May 1857. Memoir es, 1829. 

Vien, Joseph Marie, painter, — b. at Mont- 
pellier, 18 Jun. 1716 — goes to Paris, 1741 — 
obtains grand prize of the Academy, 1743 — 
studies at Rome, 1744-50 — admitted to French 
Academy, 30 Mar. 1754 — Director of French 
Academy at Rome, 1775-81 — first painter to 
the king, 17 May 1789 — member of Institute, 
1795 — Senator, Dec. 1799 — Commander of 
Legion of Honour, 1802 — Count, 1808 — )j. at 
Paris, 27 Mar. 1809. 

Vienna, capital of Austria, ( Vindobona,) — 
taken and plundered by Attila, about 450 — con- 
quered by Charles the Great, 791 — capital of 
Margraviate of Austria, about 1142 — walled, 
1 158 — head-quarters of Emperor Frederick II., 
Jan. to Apr. 1237 — free Imperial city, 1237 — 
besieged and taken by Duke of Austria, 1240 
— again becomes free city, 1246 — besieged and 
taken from Ottokar of Bohemia by Rudolph of 
Hapsburg, 1276 — persecution of Jews at, 1406 
and 1420 — besieged by Matthias Corvinus, re- 
lieved by George Podiebrad, 1477 — seat of a 
Bishopric, about 1480 — taken by Matthias Cor- 
vinus, 1 Jun. 1485 — restored to Austria, 1492 
— besieged by Solyman, 26 Sep. 1529— siege 
raised, 14 Oct. — earthquake at, 1560 — attacked 
and entered by Bohemian insurgents, 16 19 — 
threatened by Gen. Torstenson, 1625 — by Gen. 
Banner, 1640 — ravaged by plague, 1678 — be- 
sieged by Turks under Kara Mustapha, 14 or 
16 Jul. 1683 — siege raised by Sobieski, 12 Sep. 
— ravaged by plague, 17 18— raised to Arch- 
bishopric, 1722 — threatened by Napoleon, 1797 
■ — occupied by him, 13 Nov. 1805 — evacuated, 
12 Jan. 1806 — bombarded by Napoleon, 10 
May 1809 — capitulates, 12 May— insurrection 
at, 6 Oct. 1848 — bombarded by Prince Wind- 
ischgratz, and taken, 1 Nov. — visited by Em- 
peror Nicholas, 8 May 1852 — old walls demol- 
ished, about i860 — representation of tourna- 
ment at, 18 Mar. 1863— visited by Sultan 
Abdul Aziz, 27-31 Jul. 1867— International 
Telegraphic Conference meets at, 1868 — regu- 
lation of course of the Danube commenced, 16 
May 1870. Cathedral of St Stephen, com- 
menced by Duke Henry II., 1144 — completed, 
1433. St Rupert 's Church, founded, 740. 
Church of Maria Stiegen, 882 ? — rebuilt, about 
I 39° — restored and given to Redemptorists, 
1820. University of, founded by Duke Ru- 
dolph IV., with consent of Pope Urban IV., 
1 365. Imperial Library, founded by Emperor 
Frederick III., 1440 — building erected, 1722. 
Academy of Sciences, founded, 1846. National 
Bank, established, about 1760 — reconstituted, 
18 15. Prater, opened by Joseph II., 1766. 
"Polytechnic Institute, founded by Emperor 
Francis I., 1816. Josephinum, by Joseph II., 
1784. Arsenal, built, 1849-55. Museum for 
Art and Industry, completed, 1872. Council of, 
held by Guy, Cardinal-legate, 10 May 1267. 



Congress of, of European Powers, meets, Nov. 
1 8 14 — closes, 9 Jun. 1815. Conferences of, 
between Russia, Austria, England, and France, 
open, 6 Jan. 1853 — close, 21 Apr. Treaties of, 
alliance between the Emperor, Poland, and 
Denmark against Sweden, concluded, 27 May 
1657 — Grand Alliance, signed, 12 May 1689 
— between Emperor and King of Spain, con- 
firming to each his portion of Spanish domin- 
ions, signed, 30 Apr. 1725— alliance between 
Emperor, Great Britain, and Holland, for 
guarantee of Pragmatic Sanction, 16 Mar. 
17 3 1 — accession of Spain to, 22 Jul. — prelim- 
inaries of peace between France and the Em- 
peror, 3 Oct. 1735 — Spain accedes, 15 Apr. 
1736 — definitive peace between the same, 
signed, 18 Nov. 1738 — of subsidies, between 
Austria and Great Britain, signed, 20 Jun. 
1800 — of peace between France and Austria, 
cession of the Tyrol, Dalmatia, &c, to France, 
14 Oct. 1809 — between Great Britain, Austria, 
Russia, and Prussia, confirming Treaty of Chau- 
mont, and effecting union of Holland and Bel- 
gium, signed, 23 Mar. 1 8 15 — between King of 
the Netherlands and Great Britain, Austria, 
Russia, and Prussia, agreeing to enlargement 
of Dutch territories and vesting sovereignty of 
the Netherlands in House of Orange, 31 May 
1 8 15 — between Denmark and Prussia, cession 
of Swedish Pomerania and Riigen to Prussia 
in exchange for Lauenburg, 4 Jun. 18 15 — Con- 
vention for securing Duchies of Parma, &c, to 
Empress Maria Louisa and her son, 14 Sep. 
1815 — protocol, between Great Britain, France, 
Austria, and Prussia, for maintenance of in-' 
tegrity of Ottoman Empire, signed, 3 Dec. 
1853 — of alliance between Great Britain, 
France, and Austria, 2 Dec. 1854 — between 
Denmark, Prussia, and Austria, for cession of 
Duchies of Schleswig-Holstein to allies, 30 
Nov. 1864 — of peace between Prussia and 
Austria, 11 Oct. 1866. Concordat, between 
Pope Nicholas V. and Emperor Frederick III. 
retracting resolutions of Council of Basel about 
Papal abuses, concluded, 1447 — ratified by 
Diet, 1448. 

Vienne, {Vienna,) in France, — seat of a 
Bishopric, before 100 — Archbishopric, about 
640 — besieged by Louis III., Carloman, and 
Charles (the Great), 880 — surrendered by Her- 
mengarda, Sep. 882 — seized by Humbert II., 
dauphin of Viennois, 1339 — united to the 
Crown at his death, 1355. Councils of, respect- 
ing monastic privileges, held, Apr. 870 — against 
usurpers of Church property, murders, and other 
outrages against clerks, held by order of Pope 
Formosus, before legates Pascal and John, 892 
— respecting simony and incontinence of clerks, 
held by Stephen, legate, 31 Jan. 1060 — 
against lay investitures and to excommunicate 
King Henry, held by Guy, Abp of Vienne, 16 
Sep. 1 1 12 — held by Pope Gelnsius, Dec. 11 18 
— continuation of Council of Dijon, to publish 
interdict on kingdom of France, Jan. 1200 — 
fifteenth General, held by Clement V., first 
session opens, 16 Oct. 131 1, suppression of 
Order of Templars published : second session, 
before Philip the Fair, 3 Apr. 1312, to vindi- 



VIENNE— VILLA VICIOSA. 



141 1 



cate memory of Pope Boniface VIII., to decide 
nature of Son of God, to condemn the Beghards, 
revoke the bull Clericis Laicos ; third session, 
6 May 1312, to order levy of tenth for cru- 
sade. 

Vienne, Jean de, Admiral of France, — 
fc., about 1322— surrenders Calais to Edward 
III., 1348 — Governor of Honfleur, 1370 — as 
Admiral of France, directs expeditions against 
England, 1377 — distinguishes himself at battle 
of Rosbecque, 1382 — unsuccessful attempt on 
England, 1385 — assists at siege of Carthagena, 
1388 — tf. at battle of Nicopolis, 26 Sep. 1396. 

Vierzon, in France, — taken by the Black 
Prince, Aug. 1356 — occupied by Germans, Dec. 
1870. 

Vieta, Francis, [Franqoise Viete, Viet, or 
Viette,) mathematician, — b. at Fontenai-le- 
Comte, 1540 — tf. at Paris, 1603. Canon ma- 
thematicus, 1579. 

Viger, Francois, (Vigerius,) Greek scholar, 
— 0". at Rouen, 1647. De Idiotismis prceci- 
puis Grcecce Linguce, 1632 — Latin translation 
of Eusebitcs's '■Evangelical Preparation,' 1628. 

Vigilantius, — Presbyter of Barcelona, op- 
poses relic- worship, 404-406. 

Vigilius, Bp of Rome, — is elected, while 
at Constantinople, through intrigues of Theo- 
dora, on deposition of Silverius, Nov. 537 — - 
generally acknowledged legitimate, from death 
of Silverius, Jun. 538 — approves anathema of 
Mennas against Monophysites, 17 Sep. 540 a 
— goes to Sicily, 545 — to Constantinople, 547 
' — [see Three Chapters] — takes refuge at Chal- 
cedon, 552 — banished to island of Proconnesus, 
553 — recalled and permitted to return to Pome, 
Jun. 554 — ft. on his way, at Syracuse, 10 Jan. 
555. a Milman, Mansi. 

Vigilius, Bp op Trent, — martyr, 405 ? 

Vigilius, Bp of Thapsus, Byzacina, — 
driven from his see by Hunneric, 484 — goes 
to Constantinople. 

Vignola, [Giacomo Barozzio,) architect, — ft. 
at Vignola, Modena, 1507 — accompanies Pri- 
maticcio to Paris, 1541 — architect to Pope 
Julius III., 1550 — architect of St Peter's, 
1564 — tf. at Eome, 7 Jul. 1573. Palace of 
Caprarola, between 1555-73 — Begole de' cinque 
ordini d'architettura, 1563. 

Vignolles, Alphonse de, (des,) chronologist, 
— b. in Languedoc, 29 Oct. 1649 — member of 
Royal Society of Berlin, 1701 — settles there, 
1703 — U. there, 24 Jul. 1744. Chronologie de 
Vhistoire sainte, &c, 1738. 

Vigny, Alfred Victor, Count de, poet, 
novelist, — b. at Loches, (Indre et Loire,) 27 
Mar. 1799 — serves in the army, 1815-27 — 
marries, 1825 — member of French Academy, 
8 May 1845 — tf. at Paris, 17 Sep. 1863. 
Poemes, 1822 — Eloa, 1824 — Poemes antiques 
et modernes, 1826 — Cinq-mars, 1826 — Mare- 
chale d'Ancre, 1831 — Stello, 1832 — Chatterton, 
1835 — Pes Bestine'es, 1864. 

Vigo, in Spain, — attacked by Drake, 1585 
«nd 1589 — Sir G. Eooke destroys fleet of 
Spanish galleons at, 12 Oct. 1702 — taken by 
IiOrd Cobham, 17 19. 

Vigo, Giovanni da, surgeon, — First Surgeon 



to Pope Julius II., 1503. Practica in Arte 
Chirurgica, 15 14. 

Vikingr. [Danes, Northmen.] 

Villafranca, in Italy, — Treaty of, between 
Emperors Francis Joseph and Napoleon III., 
for creation of Italian Confederation and ces- 
sion of Lombardy to Sardinia, signed, 1 1 Jul. 
1859. [Zurich, Treaty of] 

Villafranca, in Roussillon, — taken by 
Spaniards, spring 1793. 

Villafranca, in Nice, — harbour constructed 
by Charles II. of Naples, 1295 — surrenders to 
the French, Oct. 1792. 

Villafranca, in Galicia, — taken by Romafia, 
17 Mar. 1809. 

Villamena, Francesco, engraver, — b. at 
Assisi, about 1588 — tf. at Rome, 1648. 

Villani, Giovanni, historian, — visits Rome, 
1300— Prior, at Florence, 13 16 — negotiates 
peace with Lucca and Pisa, 1317 — with Lucca 
again, 1328— fc. at Florence, 1348. Istorie 
fiorentine, 1537-54. 

Villaret, Claude, historian, — b. at Paris, 
about 1715 — tr., Feb. 1766 — charged with 
continuation of Velly's Histoire de France, 
1759- 

Villaret, Fulk de, Grand Master op 
Knights of St John, — elected, 1308 — com- 
mences attack on Rhodes, 1308 — takes the 
city by storm, 13 Aug. 13 10 — abdicates, 1325 
— o\, 1329. 

Villaret de Joyeuse, Louis Thomas, admiral, 
— b. at Auch, 1750 — serves under Suffren in 
India, 1781 — Vice-admiral, 1793 — defeated by 
Admiral Howe, 1 Jun 1794 — takes command 
of expedition to St Domingo, 1801 — Captain- 
general of Martinique and St Lucia, 1802 — 
surrenders Martinique to the British, 1809 — 
tf., 1812. 

Villars, Claude Louis Hector, — Duke of, 
Marshal of France, — b. at Moulins, 8 May 
1653 — distinguishes himself at battle of Senef, 
1674 — ambassador to Vienna, Dec. 1686 — 
Marechal de Camp, 1690 — Lieutenant-general, 
1693 — again ambassador to Vienna, Aug. 1698 
— Commander-in-chief of army sent to aid Elect- 
or of Bavaria, 1702 — Marshal, 20 Oct. 1702 — 
defeats Imperialists at Hochstedt, 21 Sep. 1703 
— subdues the Camisards, 1704— Duke, 21 Jan. 
1705 — entrenches himself at Fronsberg, (Camp 
of Sirck,) spring 1705 — defeated by Marl- 
borough at Samilies, 1706 — again defeated 
and wounded at Malplaquet, 1709— defeats 
allies at Denain, 24 Jul. 17 12— successful cam- 
paign against Prince Eugene, Jul. to Oct. 1712 
— signs Peace of Utrecht, 1 7 1 3 — admitted to 
French Academy, 23 Jun. 17 14 — attends Louis 
XIV. on his death-bed, 17 15 — member of 
Council of Regency, 17 15— commands in Italy 
as Marshal-general of France, 1733-4 — 0". at 
Turin, 17 Jun. 1734. 

Villars, Dominique, botanist,— -b. in Dau- 
phiny, 14 Nov. 1745 — Chief Physician to 
Hospital of Grenoble, 1782 — Prof. Botany 
and Medicine, Strasburg, 1805 — o". there, 27 
Jun. 18 14. Histoire naturelle des plantes du 
Bauphine, 1786. 

Villaviciosa, in Spain, — the Portuguese 

8n * 



1412 



VILLAVICIOSA— YILLIEES DE L'lSLE-ADAM. 



defeat Spaniards at, 17 Jim. 1665 — Philip V. 
of Spain and Duke of Vendome defeat Gen. 
Stakremberg, 10 Dec. 17 10. 

Villaviciosa, Jose de, Inquisitor, — ft. at 
Siguenza, 1589 — reporter to Council of In- 
quisition, 1622 — Inquisitor of Murcia, 1628 — 
Inquisitor and Canon of Cuenca, 1644 — ft- 
there, 28 Oct. 1658. Mosquea, 1615. 

Villegas, Estevan Manuel de,- poet, — ft. at 
Nagera, in Old Castile, about 1595 — tf., 3 Sep. 
1669. Amatorias, 161 8. 

Villehardouin, Geoffroy de, historian, — ft. 
near Arcis-sur-Aube, about 11 67 — Marshal of 
Champagne, 11 99 — ambassador to Venice to 
promote the crusade, 1201 — present at the 
taking of Constantinople, 1204 — Marshal of 
Eomania, by Emperor Baldwin, 1204 — tf. in 
Thessaly, about 121 3. Histoire de la prise de 
Constantinople par les Fran cats et les Venitiens, 

1573- 

Villehardouin, William de, and others. 
[See Achaia, Principality.'] 

Villejuif, near Paris, — Gen. Vinoy defeated 
by Germans at, 19 Sep. 1870. 

Villele, Jean Baptiste Seraphin Joseph, 
Count de, statesman, — ft. at Toulouse, 14 
Aug. 1773 — member of Chamber of Deputies, 
Sep. 1 815 — Minister "without portfolio, 21 
Dec. 1820 — resigns, 25 Jul. 1821 — First 
Minister, 15 Dec. 1821 — Count, 17 Aug. 1822 
— Pres. Council, 7 Sep. — dissolves the Chamber, 
5 Nov. 1827— dismissed, raised to the peerage, 
Jan. 1828 — retires to Toulouse, after Jul. 1830 
— tf. there, 13 Mar. 1854. 

Villemain, Abel Francois, Peek of France, 
statesman, historian, — ft. at Paris, 9 Jun. 
1790 — Prof. Rhetoric, Lycee Chaiiemagne, 
1 8 10 — Assistant Prof. Modern History, Univ. 
of Paris, May 18 14 — Prof. Eloquence, 18 16 — 
Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 1820 — received 
at French Academy, 25 Apr. 1821 — member 
of Chamber of Deputies, Jul. 1830 — Peer of 
France, 11 Oct. 1832 — perpetual secretary of 
French Academy, n Dec. 1834 — Minister of 
Public Instruction, 12 May 1839 — Grand 
Officer of Legion of Honour, 1843 — retires, 
1845 — tf. at Paris, Apr. 1867. Eloge de Mon- 
taigne, 18 12 — Histoire de Cromwell, 18 19 — 
Cours de Litterature Francaise, 1830-38 — 
Ftudes de Litterature ancienne et e'trangere, 
1864 — Etudes d 'histoire moderne, 1846. 

Villeneuve, Christophe de, — ft. at Mar- 
seilles, 30 Jim. 1541 — in service of the Go- 
vernor of Provence, obtains from Charles IX. 
countermand of order for the massacre of Pro- 
testants, (St Bartholomew's Day) 1572 — tf. 
at Bargemont, 26 Jul. 16 15. 

Villeneuve, Elion (He'lion) de,— ft. in Pro- 
vence, about 1270 — Grand Master of Rhodes, 
1 3 19 — arrives there, 1326,* 1336 b — takes 
Smyrna, 1344 — tf., Jun. 1346. 

a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Villeneuve, Guillaume de, — follows Charles 
VIII. to Naples, 1494. Afemoires sur la eon- 
quete de Naples, 1497. 

Villeneuve, Louis de, {Itiche d'honneur,) 
First Marquis of France, — ft., about 145 1 
— commands naval armament for conquest of 



Naples, 1494 — ambassador to Eome, 1498 and 
1500 — made Marquis, 1505 — distinguishes 
himself at battle of Agnadello, 14 May 1509 — 
Chamberlain to Francis I., 1515 — tf. in Pro- 
vence, Jul. 15 16. 

Villeneuve, Pierre Charles Jean Baptiste 
Silvestre de, admiral, — ft. in Provence, 31 
Dec. 1763 — enters the navy, 1778 — Bear- 
admiral, 1796 — serves at battle of Aboukir, 
1798 — encounters English fleet under Sir 
Robert Calder off Cape Finisterre, 22 Jul. 
1805 — taken prisoner at Trafalgar, 21 Oct, 
1805 — released, Apr. 1806— kills himself at 
Rennes, 22 Apr. 1806. 

Villeneuve, Eomee de, Constable and 
Grand Seneschal of Provence,— ft., about 
1 1 70 — ambassador from Berenger, Count of 
Provence, to Rome, 1242 — Regent of Pro- 
vence, 1245 — tf., probably about 1250. 

Villeroi, Charles de Neufville, Marquis 
de, — Provost of Paris, 12 Jun. 1592 — Governor 
of the Lyonnese, 1593 — negotiates at Rome 
the marriage of Henry IV. and Mary of 
Medici, 1600 — tf. at Lyon, 18 Jan. 1642. 

Villeroi, Francois de Neufville, Duke of, 
Marshal of France, — ft., 1643,* 1644 b — 
takes part in campaign of Flanders, 1667— at 
capture of Dole, 1668 — distinguishes himself at 
siege of Besancon and battle of Senef, 1674 — 
Lieutenant-general, Feb. 1677 — serves at battle 
of Neerwinden, 1693 — Marshal, 1695,* 27 Mar. 
1693 b — takes command of French army in 
Flanders, Apr. 1695 — defeated by Prince 
Eugene at Chiari, 1701 — taken prisoner at 
Cremona, 1 Feb. 1702 — defeated by Marl- 
borough at Kamilies, 1706 — tf. at Paris, 18 
Jul. 1730. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Villeroi, Nicolas de Neufville, Seigneur 
de, statesman, — ft., 1542 — Secretary of State, 
Nov. 1567 — deprived, Sep. 1588 — reinstated, 
1594 — member of Council of Union by May- 
enne, Feb. 1589— reinstated in his office of Secre- 
tary, Sep. 1594 — tf. at Rouen, 22 Nov. 16 17. 
Memoires d'Ftat, 1622. 

Villeroi, Nicolas de Neufville, Marquis 
and Duke of, Marshal of France, — ft., 14 
Oct. 1598^ 1597 b — serves under Lesdiguieres 
at sieges of St Jean d'Angely and Montauban, 
1621 — distinguishes himself at battle of Carig- 
nan, 1630 — serves under Conde at siege of 
Dole, 1636 — Lieutenant-general, 1643 — Go- 
vernor of Louis (XIV.), Marshal, 20 Oct. 1646 
— head of Council of Finance, Sep. 1 66 1 — Duke, 
Peer of France, Sep. 1663 — tf. at Paris, 28 Nov. 
1685. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. . 

Villers, Charles Francois Dominique, lit- 
terateur, — ft. in Lorraine, 4 Nov. 1767 — Prof. 
French Literature, Gottingen, 181 1 — tf. there, 
26 Feb. 1 8 15. Fssaisur V esprit et V influence de 
la reformation de Luther, 1804 — Philosophic de 
Kant, 1 80 1. 

Villersexel, in France, — Gen. Werder defeats 
French at, and takes the town, 9 Jan. 187 1. 

Villeta, — Paraguayans defeated by Brazil- 
ians at, 11 Dec. 1868. 

Villiers, George. [Buckingham, Duke of.] 

Villiers de l'lsle-Adam, Jean de, Mar- 
shal of France, — ft., about 1384 — taken 



VILLIER3 DE L' ISLE- AD AM— VINET. 



141 3 



prisoner at siege of Honfleur, 1415 — takes 
Paris for the Burgundians, 29 May 141 8 — 
Marshal, 12 Juii. 141 8 — imprisoned in the 
Bastille by Henry V. of England, Jun. 142 1 — 
liberated, 1422 — Lieutenant of Duke of Bur- 
gundy at Paris, 1429 — Chevalier of the Golden 
Fleece, 1429 — Governor of Paris, 1430 — takes 
St Denis, 1430 — reenters service of France, 
Sep. 1435 — surprised by Talbot at Pontoise, 
1436 — killed in revolt at Bruges, 22 May 1437. 

Yilliers de l'lsle-Adani, Philippe de, 
Grand Master of St John of Jerusalem, 
— h. at Beauvais, 1464 — Joint-commander of 
expedition against Sultan of Egypt. 15 10 — 
ambassador of the Order to France, 15 13 — 
Grand Master, 22 Jan. 1521 — undertakes 
defence of Rhodes against Turks, Jun. 1522 — 
surrenders it to Soliman, 20 Dec. 1522 — nego- 
tiates cession of Malta to his Order, by treaty 
of 12 Mar. 1530 — rj. at Malta, 21 Aug. 1534. 

Villoison, Jean Baptiste Gaspard D'Ansse 
de, Greek scholar, — b. at Corbeil, 5 Mar. 1750 
— admitted to Academy of Inscriptions, 1772 
— rj. Prof. Greek, Coll. de France, 26 Apr. 
1805. Apollonii Lexicon gr. Hindis et Odys- 
sece, 1773 — Scholia Veneta, 1788. 

Villon, Francois, poet, — fc. at Paris, 143 1 
— tf., between 1480-9. (Euvres, 1489. 

Vimeira, in Portugal, — Wellesley defeats 
Marshal Junot at, 21 Aug. 1808. 

Yimori, near Montargis, in France, — the 
Duke of Guise defeats Swiss and German 
forces of Henry of Navarre, 27 Oct. 1587. 

Vince, Samuel, mathematician, — M.A. Cam- 
bridge, 1775, and Fellow of Sidney Sussex 
Coll. : F.B.S., 1786— Plumian Prof. Astrono- 
my, &c, Cambridge, 1796 — fr., Dec. 1821. 
Complete System of Astronomy, 1797-1808 — 
Elements of Conic Sections, 178 1 — Principles of 
Fluxions, 1795 — Confutation of Atheism, 1807. 

Vincennes, in France, — Royal residence, as 
early as 1 270. Castle, built by Philip of Valois, 
1339 — residence of Henry V. of England, 1420 
— of Henry VI., 143 1 — taken from the Eng- 
lish by Jacques de Chavannes, 1432 — retaken 
by English, 1434 — made a State prison by 
Louis XL, between 1462-83 — threatened by 
allies, and saved by Gen. Daumenil, 1815 — 
occupied by Communist insurgents, 22 Mar. 
1871 — surrenders to Versailles troops, 28 May 
1 87 1. Sainte-Chapelle, commenced by Charles 
V., 1379- 

Vincent, St, Cape, and Island. [St Vin- 
cent.] 

Vincent, Earl St. [Jervis, John.] 

Vincent de Beauvais, ( Vincentius Bellovacen- 
sis,) Dominican, — tf., about 1264. Speculum 
Majus, printed, 1473. 

Vincent of Lerins, ( Vincentius Lirinensis,) 
theologian, — writes his Cammonitorium Pele- 
grini, 434 — rj., about 450. 

Vincent de Paul, St, philanthropist, — fj. in 
South of France, 24 Apr. 1577 — Cordelier, 
Dec. 1596 — ordained priest, 1600 — goes to 
Paris, 1609 — tutor to sons of Philippe de Gondi, 
1613 — commences his missions, 1616 — estab- 
lishes a confrerie de charite at Chatillon, 1617 
— Almoner-general of the galleys of France, 8 



Feb. 1 619 — founds Congregation of the Mis- 
sions, 162^ — the Sisters of Charity, 1634 — tf. 
at St Lazare, 27 Sep. 1660 — canonized by 
Clement XII., 1737. 

Vincent, Francois Andre, painter, — n. at 
Paris, Dec. 1747 — obtains Grand Prize and 
goes to Rome, 1768 — received at the Academy, 
27 May 1782 — Prof., Mar. 1792 — member of 
Institute, 1796 — tf. at Paris, 3 Aug. 18 16. 

Vincent, William, philologist, — ft. in Lon- 
don, 2 Nov. 1739— enters Trin. Coll. Cam- 
bridge, 1757— M.A., 1764— D.D., 1776— head 
master of Westminster School, 1788 — Dean of 
Westminster, 1802 — tf. there, 21 Dec. 18 15. 
Origination of the Greek Verb, 1794 — Voyage 
of Nearchus, 1797—Periplus of the Erythrcean 
Sea, 1800-5. 

Vincentius, — Consul with Fravitus, (1154, 
a. u. c.) 401. 

Vincentius Lerinensis. [Vincent of Le- 
rins.] 

Vinci, Leonardo da, painter, sculptor, archi- 
tect, §c, — ft. at Vinci, Yal d'Arno, 1452 — 
pupil of Verrocchio, before 1472 ? — enters 
service of Lodovico II Moro, about 1482 — 
directs foundation of Academy of Arts, Milan, 
about 1485 — accompanies Lodovico to interview 
with Charles VIII. at Pavia, 1494 — studies 
anatomy under Marc-Antonio della Torre, at 
Padua, about 1494 ? — at Venice, Mar. 1500 — 
chief engineer to Borgia, Duke of Valentino, 1502 
— returns to Florence, 1503 ? — painter to Louis 
XII. of France, 1507 — visits Rome, Sep. 15 14 
— accompanies Francis I. to France, 1517 — ft. 
at Cloux, near Amboise, 2 May 15 19. Model 
of Statue of Francisco Sforza, destroyed by 
French, 1499 — East Stepper, Milan, about 
1497 — Mona Lisa, the Louvre, 1500-5 — Battle 
of Anghiara, 1503 — Trattato della Pittura, 
1651. 

Vincomalus, — Consul Avith Opilio, (1206, 
a. tj. c.) 453. 

Vindex, Julius, — revolts, about Mar. 68 — 
kills himself, 68. 

Vindicianus, physician, — Physician to Em- 
peror Valentinian, after 364 — proconsul in 
Africa, 376. 

Vine, — planting of, prohibited by Domitian, 
93 a — introduced in France, before 300. b 
a Clinton. b Gibbon. 

Vinea, Peter de. [Peter de Vinea.] 
Vinegar Hill, near Wexford, — Gen. Lake 
defeats rebels at, 21 Jim. 1798. 
Vineis, Peter de. [Peter de Vinea.] 
Viner, Charles, jurist, — ft. at Alclershott, 
Hampshire, 1680 — founds Vinerian Professor- 
ship of Common Law, Oxford, by his will, 20 
Dec. 1755 — tf. at Aldershott, Hants, 5 Jun. 
1756. Abridgment of Laiv and Equity, 1741- 

Vinet, Alexandre Rodolphe, theologian, — fc. 
at Lausanne, 17 Jun. 1797 — Prof. French 
Literature, Basel, 18 17 — Prof. Practical The- 
ology, Lausanne, 1837 — secedes from the 
Church and resigns his Professorship, end of 
1840 — tr. at Clarens, 10 May 1847. Histoire 
de la Litterature Franqaise au XVLII. e siecle, 
1851 — Etudes sur la Litterature Francaise du 



1414 



VINET— VISCONTI. 



XIX. e Steele, 1 849 — Essai sur la manifestation 
des convictions religieuses, 1842 — Biscours sur 
quclques sujets religieux, 1835 and 1841. 

Vinet, Elie, classical scholar, — ft., 1509 — 
Prof, at Coll. of Guienne, Bordeaux, 1541 — 
accompanies Gouvea to Portugal, 1547 — returns 
to Bordeaux, 1548 — Principal of Coll. of 
Guienne, 1558-83 — tf. at Bordeaux, 14 May 
1587. Antiquites de Bordeaux, 1565 — editions 
of Sidonius Apollinaris, 1552 — of Bolyhistor 
of Solinus, 1554 — of Bomponius Mela, 1572 — 
of Ausonius, 1575 — Latin version of Broclus, 
1557 — French version of Eginhard's Vita Caroli 
Magni, 1546. 

Vinicius, M., — Consul with L. Cassius 
Longinus, (783, a. u. c.) 30 — Consul with T. 
Statilius Taurus Corvinus, (798,) 45. 

Vinicius, P., — Consul with P. Alphinius 
Varus, (755, a. u. c.) 2. 

Vinius, T., — serves under Calvisius Sabinus, 
between 37-41 — Consul with Galba, (822, 
a. v. c.) 69 — killed by Otho's soldiers, 69. 

Vinnius, (Arnold Vinnen,) jurist, — ft. in 
Holland, 1588 — Prof. Law, Leyden, 1633 — tf. 
at Leyden, 1 Sep. 1657. (1668 ?) Institutio- 
num imperialitim commentarius, 1665. 

Vintners' Company, of Bondon, — incorpor- 
ated by Henry VI., 1437. 

Violin, — in use in France, before 8oo. a 
a Le Beuf. 

Vionville, battle of. [Mars-la-Tour.] 

Viotti, Giovanni Battista, violinist, — ft. in 
Piedmont, 1755 — goes to Paris, 1782 — leader 
of orchestra at Italian Opera, London, 1794- 
98 — Pres. Royal Academy of Music, Paris, 
1819-22 — rj. at Brighton, 3 Mar. 1824. 

Vipsanins, L., — Consul with A. Vitellius, 
(801, a. u. c.) 48. 

Virgilius Maro, P., poet, epic and bucolic, 
— [BC] — ft., 15 Oct. 70 — takes the toga virilis, 
55 — ejected from his farm by soldiers of Octa- 
vius, 42 — restored, ? 40 — at Athens, 20 — tf., 22 
Sep. 19. Bucolica, 41-37 — Georgica, 37-31 — 
JEneid, 27-20. 

Virgin Islands, in the West Bndies, — dis- 
covered by Columbus, 1494. [Tortola, and St 
Thomas.] 

Virginia, U. S., — coast explored by Sebas- 
tian Cabot, 1498 — settlement attempted by 
Raleigh, 1585-90 — patent for colonization of, 
granted to London Company by James I., 1606 
— first colony planted, (James-Town,) 13 May 
1607 — new charter granted, 1609 — colony re- 
stored, by Lord Delaware, Jun. 16 10 — third 
charter, 161 2 — first colonial assembly meets, 
Jun. 1 6 19 — constitution established, Jul. 1621 
— war with Indians, 1622 — the Company dis- 
solved, 1624 — joins the Union, 1774 — State 
constitution established, 5 Jul. 1776 — ratifies 
United States constitution, 25 Jun. 1788 — 
[American War] — new constitution adopted, 
1851 — secedes from the Union, 25 Apr. 1861 — 
Western, separately organized under provisional 
government, n Jun. 1861 — constitution adopt- 
ed, 26 Nov. 1 861 — admitted to Union as separ- 
ate State, 31 Dec. 1862 — State government 
inaugurated, 20 Jun. 1863 — the State read- 
mitted to the Union, 1870. 



Virginia, University of, U. S., — at Char- 
lottesville, chartered, 25 Jan. 18 19 — opened, 
25 Mar. 1825. 

Virginia, asteroid, — discovered by Ferguson, 
4 Oct. 1857. 

Virginia, — [B C] — attempt of App. Claudius, 
killed by her father, downfall of decemvirs, 449. 

Virginius, Opiter, — [B C] — Consul with L. 
JEmilius Mamercinus, ? (281, a. u. c.) 473. 

Virginius Rufus. [Rufus.] 

Viriathus, — [B C] — escapes the massacre of 
Lusitanians by Galba, 150 — serves against 
Vetilius, 147 — made Commander, defeats and 
kills Vetilius : defeats Plautius, 146 — defeats 
Claudius Unimanus, 145 — campaign against 
Fabius iEmilianus, 145 — defeated by Fabius, 
144 — defeated by and defeats Pompeius, 143 — 
defeated by Servilianus, 142 — defeats Servili- 
anus, 141 — captures his army, and makes 
peace : assassinated by Caepio, 140. 

Viscellinus, Sp. Cassius,— [B C] — Consul 
with Opiter Virginius Tricostus, (252, a. u. c.) 
502 — war with Sabines and triumphs : magister 
equitum, to Dictator T. Larcius Flavus, 501 — 
Consul with Post. Cominius Auruncus, (261,) 
493 — league with Latini : Consul with Procu- 
lus Virginius Tricostus Rutilus, (268,) 486 — 
league with Hernicans : proposes his agrarian 
law, and carries it, 486 — accused of aiming at 
regal power, and put to death, 485. 

Vischer, Peter, sculptor, §c, — ft. at Niirn- 
berg, about 1455 — visits Italy, about 1503 and 
1505 a — If. at Niirnberg, 7 Jan. 1529. a Tomb 
of Abp Ernst, Magdeburg, 1497 — Tomb of St 
Sebald, Niimberg, 1506-19. a Nagler. 

Viseonti, Astor, {Elector,) — on the murder 
of Giovanni Maria, is proclaimed Duke of 
Milan, 16 May 141 2 — driven away by Filippo 
Maria, retires to Monza, 16 May — besieged 
there, and killed, about Sep. 1412. 

Viseonti, Azzo, Lord op Milan, — ft., 1302 
— seizes San Donnino, 1325 — takes part with 
Castruccio in defeat of Florentines at Alto- 
panio, 23 Sep. 1325 a — contributes to defeat of 
Bolognese at Monteveglio, 15 Nov. 3 — makes 
war on Brescia, 1326 — arrested with his father 
by Louis of Bavaria, and imprisoned at Monza, 
20 Jul. 1327 — liberated, 25 Mar. 1328 — suc- 
ceeds his father, Aug. 1328 — Vicar of the Em- 
pire at Milan, Jan. 1329 — refuses to admit the 
Emperor to Milan, Apr. a — puts to death his 
uncle Marco, Jul., a 8 Sep. b — reconciled with 
the Church, 1329 — accepts Lordship of Pa- 
via, Vercelli, and No vara, i33i b — Lord of 
Parma, Mar. 1332 b — Lord of Reggio, Apr. b — 
joins League of Castelbaldo against John of 
Bohemia, 8 Aug. 1832 b — takes Bergamo, 27 
Sep. a — submission of Pavia and Pizzighittone, 
Nov. a — marries Catherine of Savoy, 1333 — 
submission of Vercelli, 7 Mar. 1334 a — of Cre- 
mona, 15 Jul. a — takes Piacenza, after 8 months' 
siege, 15 Dec. 1336 — master of almost all 
Lombardy, before end of 1337— attacked by 
Lodrisio Viseonti, 1338 — saved by victory of 
his uncle Luchino at Parabiago, 20 Feb. 1339 
— o"., 14 or 16 May, b Aug. a 1339. 

a Biog. Univ. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Viseonti, Bernafto, — marries Beatrice della 



VISCONTI. 



H*5 



Scala, 1350— jointly with his brothers Matteo 
II. and Galeazzo II., succeeds his uncle Gio- 
vanni, 1354 — on death of Matteo shares his 
estates, Sep. 1355 — loses Genoa, 1356 — his 
troops ravage the Modenese and Bolognese 
territory, 1357 — defeated at passage of the 
Oglio, autumn 1357 — captures Borgoforte, 
Aug. — defeated again at Montechiaro, 20 Mar. 
J 35 8 — [Visconti, Galeazzo II.] — attempts 
to recover Bologna from Aleggio, 1359-60 — 
crusade preached against him, 1361 a — excom- 
municated by Urban V., 1363 b — defeated by 
Feltrin de Gonzaga, 1 364 — concludes peace, 3 
Mar. 1364 — renews the war, 1366 — joins in 
general treaty of peace, Feb. 1369 — attacks 
Modena, 1370 — buys Reggio of Feltrin de 
Gonzaga, 1371 — new league formed against 
him, 1372 — defeats confederates in the Mo- 
denese, 2 Jun. 1372 — his troops defeated on 
the Panaro by Sir John Hawkwood, early in 
1373 — again at Chiesi, 2 May— joins league 
against the pope, 1375— invades the Veronese, 
18 Apr. 1378 — seized and imprisoned with his 
sons by his nephew Giovanni Galeazzi, 6 May 
1385 — Xf. at castle of Trezzo, 18 Dec. 1385. 

a Biog. Univ. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Visconti, Ennio Quirino, archceologist, — ft. 
at Borne, 1 Nov. 1751 — Keeper of the Capito- 
line Museum, Jan. 1785 — one of the adminis- 
trators of the Museum of the Louvre, Prof. 
Archaeology, Dec. 1799 — member of Institute, 
1803 — of Academy of Inscriptions, Aug. 1804 
— visits London, 18 15 — Tj. at Paris, 7 Feb. 
1818. Museo Pio-CZementino, 1782-98 — Icono- 
graphie grecque, 1808 — Iconographie romaine, 
1817. 

Visconti, Filippo Maria, Duke or Milan, 
— ft., 1 39 1 — assumes title of Duke on death of 
his brother, 141 2 — marries Beatrice Tenda, 
widow of Facino Cane, May 141 3— defeats his 
rival Astor and enters Milan, Jun. — besieges 
and takes Monza, 1413 — recovers Piacenza, 
Mar. 1414 — loses it again, Oct. 1415 — puts his 
wife to death, 14 18 — his General Carmagnola 
recovers Bergamo, 1419 — Cremona, 1420 — 
Parma, Brescia, and Genoa, 142 1 — deprives 
Carmagnola of his honours and possessions, 
1425 b — takes Francisco Sforza into his serv- 
ice, 1425 — marries Mary of Savoy, 1427 — 
forms alliance with the pope and king of 
Naples against Sforza, 1445 — makes peace with 
him, 1447— a"., 13 Aug. 1447. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. 

Visconti, Gabriello Maria, — on death of 
his father, Giovanni Galeazzo, is Lord of Crema 
and Pisa, 1402 — places himself under pro- 
tection of Boucicaut, 1404 — negotiates sale of 
Pisa to Florentines and is expelled, Jul. 1408 — 
put to death by Boucicaut, at Genoa, Sep. 1408. 

Visconti, Galeazzo I., Lord of Milan, — 
ft., 21 Jan. 1277 — marries Beatrice of Este, 24 
Jun. 1300 — subdues Piacenza for his fatber, 
1 31 3 — repulses Guelfs at, 13 14 — drives Philip 
of Valois out of Lombardy, 1320 — defeats 
Guelfs before Crema, 132 1 — takes Cremona, 
17 Jan. 1322 — succeeds his father, Jun. — 
driven from Milan, 8 Nov. — recalled, reenters 
the city, 9 Dec. — defends Milan against Papal 



army, Jun. to Jul. 1323 — takes Monza, 10 
Dec. 1323 — receives Emperor Louis of Bavaria, 
16 May 1327 — arrested with his brothers by 
Louis, and sent to Monza, 20 Jul. — liberated, 
at instance of Castruccio Castracani, 25 Mar. 
1328 — U. at Brescia, Aug. 1328. 

Visconti, Galeazzo II., — marries Blanche 
of Savoy, 1350 — joint-successor, with his 
brothers Matteo II. and Bernabo, of his uncle 
Giovanni, 1354 — on death of Matteo, shares 
his estates with Bernabo, Sep. 1355 — with 
Bernabo, besieges Pavia, 1356 — concludes 
peace with the Gonzagas, 8 Jun. 1358— takes 
Pavia, 1359 — concludes peace with the Em- 
peror, tbe Pope, Queen of Naples, the Gon- 
zagas, &c, Feb. 1369 — unsuccessfully besieges 
Asti, 1372 — defeated and taken prisoner by 
Sir John Hawkwood at Chiesi, 8 May 1373 — 
ft., 4 Aug. 1378. 

Visconti, Giovanni, Abp and Lord of Mi- 
lan, — created Cardinal by Antipope Nicholas 
V., 1329 — Bp of Novara, by John XXII., 
1330 — expels the Tornielli, and assumes Lord- 
ship of Novara, 1333 — administrator of see of 
Milan, 1334 — Abp of Milan, 6 Aug. 1342 a — 
succeeds his brother Luchino, Jan. 1349 — 
assumes civil government of the Milanese, Apr. 
— buys Bologna of the Pepoli, 23 Oct. 1350* 
— excommunicated by Clement VI., 1350 — un- 
successfully invades Tuscany, 1351 — makes 
peace with the pope, end of 1352 — makes 
peace with Florentines, 1353 — receives sub- 
mission of Genoa, 1353 — tf. 5 Oct. 1354. 

a Biog, Univ. 

Visconti, Giovanni Galeazzo, 1st Duke of 
Milan, — ft., 1347 — marries Isabella of France, 
1360 — loses his wife, 11 Sep. 1372— succeeds 
his father in part of the Milanese, 1378 — 
marries his cousin Catberine, 2 Oct., a 15 Nov. b 
1380 — Vicar-general of the Empire in Lom- 
bardy, by "Wenceslaus, 1382 — seizes and im- 
prisons his uncle Bernabo, 1385 — with Fran- 
cisco Carrara makes war on Verona and Vicenza, 
1387 — seizes them, 1388 — forms league with 
the Gonzagas, Marquis of Este, and Venice, 
against Carrara, and deprives him of Padua, 19 
May 1388 — marries his daughter Valentina to 
Louis, Duke of Orleans, 1389 — concludes truce 
and gives up Padua to Carrara, 1392 — procures 
title of Duke of Milan, by diploma of Wencen- 
laus, 1 May 1395 — obtains sovereignty of towns 
of Lombardy, by diploma of 13 Oct. 1396 — 
declares war on Gonzaga, Lord of Mantua, 1397 
— defeats Mantuans at Borgoforte, 23 Jul. a — 
his troops twice defeated, 28 Aug. b — concludes 
a truce, 11 May 1398 — buys Lordship of Pisa, 
Feb. 1399 — proclaimed Lord of Siena, Aug. 
1399 — summoned by Emperor Bobert to re- 
store Duchy of Milan to the Empire, 140 1 — ■ 
unsuccessfully attacked by Emperor, Sep. 140 1 
— his general repulses Imperialists near lake of 
Garda, 17,° 21 Oct. d — defeats Bolognese and 
Florentines, 24, a 26 b Jun. 1402 — recognized 
Lord of Bologna, 10 Jul. — tf. at Marignano, 3,* 
4 b Sep. 1402. 

a Biog. Univ. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

c Schoepflin. d Muratorf 

Visconti, Giovanni Maria, Duke of Milan, 



1416 



VISCONTI— VISSCHER. 



— fi., 7 Sep. i388, a 1389 b — succeeds his father, 
Giovanni Galeazzo, 1402 — loses great part of 
his dominions, 1403-4 — imprisons his mother, 
Catherine, 1404 — appoints Carlo Malatesta 
Governor of Milan, 1409 — assassinated, 16 May 
141 2. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. 
Visconti, Lodvisio, general, — heads rebel- 
lion of Milanese against his cousin Galeazzo, 
Nov. 1322 — promotes his recall, Dec. — takes 
part in government established by Louis of 
Bavaria, 1327 — raises an army, and makes war 
on his cousin Azzo, 1339 — defeated and made 
prisoner by Luchino, at' Parabiago, 20 Feb. 
1339 — liberated by Abp Giovanni, 24 Jan. 
1 349 — commands Milanese troops and defeats 
Grand Company, on the Ticino, 12 Nov. 1356. 
Visconti, Luchino, Lord op Milan, — fi., 
about 1287 — wounded at battle of Montecatini, 
again, at Trezzo, 25 Feb. 1323 — defeats Lod- 
visio Visconti at Parabiago, and is again 
wounded, 20 Feb. 1339 — succeeds his nephew 
Azzo, Aug. 1339 — frustrates conspiracy of 
Posterla, 1340 — puts him to death, 1342 — 
makes his peace with Benedict XIL, 1341 — 
— acquires Parma, of Obizzo d'Este, Nov. 
1346 — acquires Asti, Bobbio, Tortona, and 
Alexandria, 1346-7 — takes Alba and other 
towns from Joanna of Naples, 1348 — com- 
mences siege of Genoa, 134.8 — tf., 24 Jan. 1349. 
Visconti, Marco, general, — takes part in 
siege of Genoa, 1 318- 19 — assists in repulse of 
Philip of Valois, 1320 — defeats Raymond of 
Cardona at Bassignana, 6 Jul. 1322 a — defeats 
Guelfs of Milan at Trezzo, 25 Feb. 1323 — pro- 
cures arrest of Galeazzo by Louis of Bavaria, 
1327 — becomes hostage for his liberation, 1328 
— seizes Jjucca, 15 Apr. 1329 — returns to Milan, 
Jul. — assassinated by his nephew Azzo, at 
Milan, Jul., a 8 Sep. b 1329. 

a Biog. Univ. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Visconti, Matteo, the Great, Lord of Mi- 
lan, — ft., 1250 — follows his uncle Ottone into 
exile, 1263 — Vicar Temporal of Ottone, 1282 — 
obtains Lordship of Vercelli, 1290 — of Como, 
1292 — recognized by Adolphus of Nassau as 
Vicar Imperial in Lombardy, 1294 — succeeds 
Ottone, 9 Aug. 1295 — loses several towns to the 
Torriani, 1295- 1300 — forms alliance with 
Azzo d'Este, 1300 — league formed against, 
1 301 — surrenders to Alberto Scotto, Lord of 
Piacenza, at Lodi, 13 Jun. 1302— banished by 
Milanese, 1302 — visits Emperor Henry VII. 
at Asti, Nov. 13 10 — with him, enters Milan, 
23 Dec. — again banished, Feb. 13 11 — recalled, 
7 Apr. — confirmed in office of Vicar of the 
Empire, 13 n — recovers Piacenza, 10 Sep. 
1 313— recovers Pa via, 6 Oct. 13 15 — renounces 
title of Imperial Vicar and is proclaimed Lord- 
general of Milan, 13 17 — excommunicated by 
John XXII., 1 3 18 — cited before him as 
heretic, refuses to appear, and is deprived of 
his dignities, 1321 — abdicates, 1322 — tf. at 
monastery of Crescenzago, 22 Jun. 1322. 

Visconti, Matteo II., — with his brothers 
Bernabo and Galeazzo II., succeeds his uncle 
Giovanni in Lordship of Milan, 1354 — loses 
Bologna, which revolts under Oleggio, 17 Apr. 
1355— *->26 Sep. 1355. 
Visconti, Ottone, Lord of Milan, — ft., 



1208— Abp of Milan, by Clement IV., 1263 — 
refused admission by Martin della Torre, seizes 
Arona and is expelled by Martin, Apr. 1263 — 
with Godfrey, Count of Langusco, raises an 
army, and is repulsed before Anghiera, 1276 — 
captures Napoleon della Torre and his relations, 
at Desio, 21 Jan. 1277 — takes possession of 
his see, and accepts perpetual Lordship of 
Milan, 1277 — obtains aid of William VIL, 
Marquis of Montferrat, 1278 — expels troops of 
the Marquis from Milan, 27 Dec. 1282 — ■ 
makes peace with the Torriani, 1286 — Ij., 9 
Aug ; 1295. 

Viscount, title in English peerage, — first 
conferred on John, Lord Beaumont, by Henry 
VI., 1440. 

Viseu, (Visontium,) in Portugal, — unsuc- 
cessfully attacked by Alfonso V. of Leon, 1027 
— taken by Ferdinand I. of Castile, 1044. 

Visible Speech, ( Universal Alphabet,) — 
invented by Alex. Melville Bell, 1864. 

Visigoths, [Goths] — obtain permission of 
Valens to settle in Moesia, 376 a — under Fri- 
tigern, invade Thrace, 377 — defeat and kill 
Valens near Hadrianople, 9 Aug. 378 — choose 
Alaric King, 382 — his brother-in-law Ataul- 
phus succeeds, close of 410 — establish them- 
selves in Gaul, 412 — pass into Spain and estab- 
lish a kingdom there, 414 — Wallia succeeds, 
Oct. 415 — on invitation of Constantius, return 
to Gaul, and receive province of Aquitania 
Secunda, 418 — Theodores, 418 — at war with 
Romans in Gaul, 430-439— defeat and capture 
Littorius, 439 — Theudis elected King, in 
Spain, 531 or 532 b — lose part of their domin- 
ions in Gaul to the Franks, 533 — Theudis assas- 
sinated at Barcelona, about 548 — Theudisele 
succeeds, 548 — assassinated at Seville, 549 or 
550 — Agila reigns at Merida, 550— defeated, 
put to death, and succeeded by Atharagild, 
554, who makes Toledo his capital : rj. there, 
567 — Liuva reigns at Narbonne, 567 — asso- 
ciates with him his brother Leovigild, and 
cedes Spain to him, about 568 — if. at Nar- 
bonne, 572 — Leovigild alone, 572 — Recared, 
(son,) 586 — Liuva II., (son,) 601 — put to 
death and succeeded by Vitteric, 603 — assas- 
sinated, 610 — Gundemar, 610 — Sisebtjt, Feb. 
612— Recared II., (son,) 620 — Suintella, 
621 — expels the Greeks, and becomes sovereign 
of all Spain, 623 — associates with him his son 
Ricimer, 625 — deposed, 631 — ft. at Toledo, 635 
— Sisenand, end of 631 — confirmed in the 
sovereignty by fourth Council of Toledo, 633 — 
Chintila, Apr. 636 — his election confirmed by 
fifth Council of Toledo, 636 — Tulca, (son,) 
640 — deposed by Chindasvinde, 642 — resigns 
government to his son Recesvinde, Jan. 649 
— if., 1 Oct. 652 or 653 — Recesvinde alone, 
6 53 — Wamba elected, 1 Sep. 672 — Ervige 
elected, 16 Oct. 680 — Egiza, Nov. 687 — 
Witiza, 701 — Eoderic, 710 or 711 — the king- 
dom overthrown by Moors, 71 1-7 12. 

a Clinton. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Visscher, Clas Janszoon de, engraver, — 
ft. at Amsterdam, about 1550? — if., about 
1660. 

Visscher, Cornelius, engraver, — ft., 1629 — 
if., 1658. 



VISSCHER— VIZIER. 



1417 



Visscher, Jan de, painter, engraver, — ft. 
at Amsterdam, about 1636 — living, 1692. 

Vitalianus, Pope, — succeeds Eugenius L, 
30 Jul. 657 — receives Emperor Constans at 
Rome, 5 Jul. 663 — has controversy with Mark, 
Abp of Ravenna, excommunicates him, and is 
excommunicated by him, 666 — consecrates 
Theodore of Tarsus as Abp of Canterbury, 668 
— If. at Rome, 27 or 29 Jan. 672. 

Vitalianus, general, — appointed by Anas- 
tasius to joint-command in Persian "War, 503 — 
assembles an army and threatens Constanti- 
nople, 514 — after 8 days withdraws into 
Mcesia, and revolts against Anastasius, 514 — 
concludes treaty with him, and is named 
Master-general of army in Thrace, 515 — makes 
treaty with Justinus, and is appointed Master- 
general of the army, 5 1 8 — created Consul by Jus- 
tinus, 520 — assassinated at Constantinople, 520. 
Vite, Timoteo della, (de' Viti,) (Timoteo da 
Urbino,) painter, — h. at Urbino, i469, a at 
Ferrara, 1467 b — assists Raphael at Rome, 
about 15 19 (?) — "Q. at Urbino, 10 Oct. 1523.° 
a Vasari. b Grossi. c Passavant. 

Vitellius, Aulus, Roman Emperor, — fc., 
24 Sep. 15 ? — Consul with L. Vipsanius, Jan. 
to Jun. (801, a. u. c.) 48 — commands legions 
in Lower Germany for Galba, 68 — made Em- 
peror, 3 Jan. 69 — reaches Rome, Jul. 69 — 
killed by the soldiers, 19 Dec. 69. 

Vitellius, L., — prosecutes Cn. Piso, 20 — 
Consul with Paullus Fabius Persicus, (787, 
a. u. c.) 34 — Governor of Syria, 37 — expedition 
against Parthians : Consul with Claudius, (796,) 
43 — left in charge of Rome, 43 — again Consul 
with Claudius, (800, )47 — Censorwith Claudius, 
48. 

Vitellius, L., — Consul suff, with L. Vip- 
sanius, (801, a. tr. c.) Jun. 48 — compelled to 
march with Otho against his brother, 69 — 
commands in Rome, and is put to death, 69. 

Viterbo, in Italy, — submits to the pope, 
and is raised to rank of a city by Celestine III. , 
1 194 — carries on war with Rome, 1231 — troops 
of Gregory IX., under Peter de Rupibus, de- 
feat Romans near, 1234 — head-quarters of 
Frederick II., middle of Feb. to 15 Mar. 1240 
— revolts against him, 21 Aug. 1243 — makes 
treaty of alliance with the pope, 1243 — be- 
sieged by Frederick, 9 Oct. — the siege raised, 
early in Dec. — ravaged by Frederick, 1245 — 
submits to him, 1247 — again revolts at in- 
stigation of St Rosa, 1249 — submits to Ladis- 
laus, king of Naples, 141 3 — entered by Italian 
troops, 12 Sep. 1870. Town Hall, commenced, 
1264. Treaty of, between Pope Leo X, and 
Francis I. of France, renunciation of Parma 
and Piacenza by Leo, signed, 13 Oct. 15 15. 

Vitiges, (Witiges,) King op the Ostro- 
goths, in Italy, — charged by Theodatus to 
conduct war with Belisarius, 536 — elected 
King, Aug. 536 — has Theodatus put to death 
at Ravenna, Aug. — besieges Belisarius in Rome, 
Mar. 537 — raises the siege, Mar. 538 — un- 
successfully besieges Rimini, 538 — prepares 
for defence of Ravenna, 539 — besieged in Ra- 
venna by Belisarius, about Oct. 539 — surren- 
ders, Dec. — sent with his queen to Constanti- 
nople, winter 539-540— Xf. there, 542 or 543. 



Vitrified Forts, in Scotland, — first ex- 
amined and described by Williams, 1773-7 — 
investigated by Hibbert, 1828. 

Vitringa, Carnpegius, theologian, Oriental- 
ist, — 6. at Leeuvvarden, 16 May 1659 — Prof. 
Oriental Literature, Franeker, 1681 — Prof. 
Theology, 1682— Prof. Sacred History, 1693 
— if. there, 21 Mar. 1722. Archisynagogus, 
1685 — Commentarius in librum proplietiarum 
Isaice, 1714-20 — Geographia sacra, 1722. 

Vitruvius Pollio, M., — [B C] — writer on 
architecture, — serves as military engineer under 
Csesar in African War, 46— writes his book, 
between 20-11. 

Vitry, (le Brule,) in France, — sacked and 
burnt by Louis VII., 1 143— burnt by English 
and Burgundians, 1422 — again, by Charles V., 
1544 — capitulates to Germans, 25 Aug. 1870. 

Vittoria, in Spain, — improved and named 
by Sancho of Navarre, who defeats Moors near, 
about 1 1 80— victory of the Black Prince over 
Henry of Trastamere near, 1367 — sacked by 
Verdier, 5 Jun. 1808— occupied by French, 
1808 — Wellington defeats Joseph Bonaparte 
and Marshal Jourdan at, 21 Jim. 1813. 

Vitulus, Q. Mamilius,— [B C]— Consul with 
Q. Fabius Maximus Gurges, (489, a. u. c.) 
265 — Consul with L. Postumius Megellus, 
(492,) 262. 

Vivares, Francois, engraver, — i>. in France, 
1709 — tf. in London, 1782. 

Vivarini, Antonio, (Antonio da Murano,) 
painter, — fl., 1444-51. 

Vivarini, Bartolomeo, painter, — fl. at 
Venice, 1464-98. 

Vivarini, Luigi, painter, — fl., 1490. 

Vives, John Louis, classical scholar, §c, — 
fi. at Valencia, in Spain, Mar. 1492 — Fellow 
of Corpus Christ! Coll. Oxford, 15 17 — tutor 
to Princess Mary of England, 1523 — dismissed 
and imprisoned, 1528 — settles at Bruges, 1529 

— ft. there, 6 May 1540. Opera, 1555 — De 
Civitate Dei, Commentarii, 1512. 

Vivian, Richard Hussey, Lord, general, — 
6., 28 Jul. 1775 — enters the army, Jul. 1793 — 
covers retreat of Moore at Coruna, Jan. 1 809 

— Colonel, Feb. 1812— serves in Peninsular 
campaigns, 18 13- 14— wounded at Toulouse, 8 
Apr. 1 8 14 — Major-general, Jun. 18 14 — present 
at "Waterloo, 1815— M.P. Truro, 1820— Bart., 
19 Jan. 1828 — Lieutenant-general, 22 Jul. 
1830 — Master-general of the Ordnance, May 
1835 — Colonel, 1837 — created Lord Vivian, 
n Aug. 1841 — tf. in Germany, Oct. 1842. 

Viviani, Vincenzio, mathematician, — fo. at 
Florence, 5 Apr. 1622 — pupil of Galileo, 1639 
— pupil of Torricelli, 1642-45 — Chief Engineer 
to Grand Duke Ferdinand, 1666 — F.R.S. 
London, 1696 — Foreign Associate, Academy of 
Sciences, Paris, 1699 — ft. at Florence, 22 Sep. 
1703. 

Vivianus, — Consul with Fl. Basilius, (1216, 
a. u. c.) 463. 

Vizier, (Vizir,) — title first given to chief 
minister of the Caliph, about 750 — Grand, 
(of Ottoman Empire,) title introduced by 
Amurath I., (788, a. h.) 1386 — office and court 
of, abolished by Mahmoud II., 30 Mar. 1838 — 
dignity restored by Abdul Medjid, 1839-40. 



i4i 8 



VLADIMIR— VOLUSIANUS. 



Vladimir. [Wladimir.] 

Vladislas. [Ladislaus.] 

Voconian Law, at Rome, — [B C] — passed, 
169. 

Voet, Daniel, natural philosopher, — b. at 
Heusden, 1629 — if. at Utrecht, 1660. 

Voet, Ghisbert, theologian, — b. at Heusden, 
J 5 8 9> a I 593 b — assists at Synod of Dort, 1619 
— Prof. Theology and Oriental Languages at 
Ttrecht, 1634 — rj. at Hensden, 1 Nov. 1676.* 
Disputationes Theologicce, 1648-69 — Politica 
Ecclesiastica, 1663-76. 

a Xouy. Biog. Gen. b Biog. des Pays Bas. 

Voet, Jan, jurist, — b. at Utrecht, 1647 — rj. 
at Leyden, 17 14. Commentarius in Pandectas, 
1698. 

Voet, Jan Eusebius, poet, physician, — }J. at 
the Hague, 1778. Poems, 1768. 

Voet, Paul, jurist, — b. at Heusden, 1619 — 
U. at Utrecht, 1 Aug. 1667. 

Vogel, Edward, traveller, — b. at Leipsic, 7 
Mar. 1829 — sent by British Government to 
Africa to assist Dr Barth, Feb. 1853 — mur- 
dered in Central Africa, 1856. 

Vogel, Theodor, botanist, — accompanies ex- 
pedition to the Niger, Jul. 1841 — tf. at Fer- 
nando Po, about Jan. 1842. 

Vogelweide. [Walther von der Vogel- 
weide.] 

Voiture, Vincent, — b. at Amiens, 1598 — 
travels in Spain and Barbary, 1633 — admitted 
to French Academy, 1635 — envoy of Louis 
XIII. to Florence, 1638 — rj. at St Germain, 26 
May 1648. CEuvres, 1649. 

Volcanoes, Origin of, — chemical theory 
proposed by Lemery, 1700 — by Davy, 1808 — 
by Daubeny, 1827. 

Volcanus, T. Quinctius Crispinus, — [BC] 
— Consul with Nero Claudius Drusus, (745, 
a. u. c.) 9. 

Voldumianus, — Consul with Quietus, (1025, 
a. u. c.) 272. 

Volhynia, — conquered by Lithuanians and 
Poles, 1320 — ravaged by Tatars, 16 18 — annex- 
ed to Poland, 1659 — annexed to Russia, 1798. 

Volkoff, Theodore, dramatist, — b. at Kos- 
troma, 1729 — Director and first actor of Rus- 
sian theatre, 1756 — organizes National Theatre 
at Moscow, 1759 — rj., 1763. 

Volney, Constantin Francois Chasseboeuf, 
Count de, Peer of France' traveller, — b. at 
Craon, Anjou, 3 Feb. 1757 — o oes to Paris, 
1774 — travels in the East, 1783-6 — deputy to 
States-General, May 1789 — imprisoned, 1793 
to Jul. 1794— Prof. History, Normal School, 
1794 — goes to America, 1795 — returns, 1798 — 
Commander of Legion of Honour, 1804 — Count, 
1808 — If. at Paris, 25 Apr. 1820. Voyage en 
Syrie et en Egypte, 1787 — Ituines, 1791. 

Volpato, Giovanni, engraver, — b. at Bas- 
sano, 1738,* 1733 b — tf. at Rome, 1803,* 21 
Aug. i8o2. b a Engl. Cyc. 

b Biog. Univ. and Xouv. Biog. Gen. 

Volpi, Gianantonio, poet, §c, — b. at Como, 
15 14— Bp of Como, 1559— U., 1588. Poems, 
1725- 

Volpi, Gianantonio, classical scholar, — b. at 
Padua, 1686 — establishes printing office, 1717 



— Prof. Philosophy, Padua, 1727 — Prof. Latin 
Eloquence, 1736— tf., 25 Oct. 1766. Catulli, 
Tibulli, et Propertii Carmina, 17 10. 

Volpi, Giuseppe, historian, — b. near Bari, 
1680 — goes to Rome, 1696 — enters the Church 
and settles at Capaccio, 1704 — rj. there, 1756. 
Istoria de' Visconti, 1737-48. 

Volta, Alessandro, natural philosopher, — b. 
at Como, 1745 — Prof. Natural Philosophy, 
Pavia, 17 74- 1 804 — visits England, 1782— 
F.R.S. London, 1791 — receives Copley Medal 
for discoveries in electricity, 1794 — Foreign 
Associate of French Institute, 1801 — tj. at 
Como, 5 Mar. 1826. Invents Electrophorus, 
1775 — Hydrogen Lamp, 1777 — his Electrical 
Battery, {Voltaic pile,) 1800. 

Volta-Electric Induction, — discovered by 
Faraday, 1831. 

Voltaic Pile. [See Volta.] 

Voltaire, Francois Marie Arouet de, poet, 
philosopher, historian, — b. at Paris, 21 Nov. 
1694 a — imprisoned in the Bastille, 17 May 
1717 — liberated, 12 Oct. 1718 — visits Rousseau 
at Brussels, 1722 — again imprisoned, 18 Apr. 
1726— visits England, Aug. 1726 to spring 1729 
— meets Mme du Chatelet, 1733 — retires with 
her to Cirey, 1734 — begins correspondence 
with Frederick, Prince Royal of Prussia, 1736 
— meets Frederick at Cleves, n-15 Sep. 1740 
— admitted to the Academy, 9 May 1746 — goes 
to Potsdam, Jul. 1750 — his arrest at Frank- 
fort, by officer of Frederick II., 1 Jun. 1753 — 
liberated, 6 Jul. — settles at Femey, about 
1760 — visits Paris, 10 Feb. 1778 — ft. there, 30 
May 1778. (Edipe, 17 18 — Henriade, 1724 
— Histoire de Charles XIL, 1730 — Lettres 
philosophiques, 17 31, condemned to be burnt, 
10 Jun. 1734 — La Pucelle, 1755 (1762) — Essai 
sur les Moeurs et V esprit des nations, 1756 — 
Dictionnaire philosophique, 1764. a Jal. 

Volterra, Daniele di. [Ricciarelli.] 

Voltri, in N. Ltaly, — occupied by allies, 26 
Jun. 1795 — the French routed by Imperialists, 
21 Apr. 1800. 

Volumetric Analysis, in Chemistry, — 
method introduced by Guy Lussac, 1823. 

Volunteers, in Great Britain, — raised, Mar. 
1794 — again, spring 1803 — regulated by Act 
44 Geo. III. c. 54, 5 Jun. 1803— reviews of, 
in Hyde Park, by George III., 26 and 28 Oct. 
1 803 — laws relating to, consolidated and 
amended by Act 26 and 27 Vie. c. 65, 21 Jul. 
1863 — again amended by 32 and 33 Vic. c. 81, 
9 Aug. 1869. Pi fie, organized, 1859 — P ur_ 
chase of grounds for practice facilitated by Act 
23 and 24 Tic. c. 140, 28 Aug. i860— amended 
by 25 and 26 Vic. c. 41, 17 Jul. 1862. Irish, 
support address of parliament in favour of free 
trade, 12 Oct. 1779 — convention of, meets at 
Dublin, 10 Nov. 1783. 

Volusenus. [Wilson, Florence.] 

Volusianus, — Consul -with. Dexicrates, (1256, 
a. u. c.) 503. 

Volusianus, C Ceionius Rufius, — Consul 
with Annianus, (1067, a. u. c.) 314. 

Volusianus, C Vibius, Roman Emperor, — 
made Caesar, by his father, Gallus, 25 1 — Augus- 
tus, 252 — killed, with him, at Interamna, 253-4. 



VOLUSIANUS— VULGATE. 



1419 



Volusianus, L. Petronius Taurus, — Consul 
with Gallienus, (1014, a. u. c.) 261. 

Voncq, in France, — burnt by Prussians, 23 
Sep. 1792 — again, 29 Aug. 1870. 

Vondel, Joost van den, poet, — b. at Cologne, 
17 Nov. 1587 — marries, 16 10 — prosecuted and 
fined for his Palamedes, 1625 — embraces Ro- 
manism, about 1640 — tf. at Amsterdam, 5 Feb. 
1679. Palamecles, 1625 — Gijsbrecht von Am- 
stel, 1625 — Lucifer, 1654. 

Vopiscus, Flavius, historian, — fl., about 
291-2. 

Vopiscus, P. Manilius, — Consul with P. 
Ninnius Hasta, (867, a. u. c.) 114. 

Vorosmarty, Mihaly, poet, miscellaneous 
writer, — b. in Hungary, 1800 — secretary of 
Hungarian Academy, Pesth, soon after 1830 — 
tf. there, 9 Nov. 1856. Works, 1847. 

Vorst, Conrad von den, (Vorstius,) theolo- 
gian, — b. at Cologne, 19 Jul. 1569 — studies at 
Dusseldorf, 1583-6 — D.D. Heidelberg, 1594 — 
Prof. Theology, Steinfurt, 1596— Prof. The- 
ology, Leyden, 1610 — suspended, 161 1 — de- 
posed and banished, 1619 — tf. at Tonningen, 22 
Sep. 1622. Tractatus Theologicus de Deo, 1610, 
burnt in England, by order of James I., 161 1. 

Vortigern, (Gwortiyem,) — sovereign of the 
Britons, probably 424. [See Saxons.] 

Vos, Cornelisz de, painter, — b. at Hulst, 
about 1585 — Master of Corporation of St 
Luke, 1608 — Dean, 16 19 — tf. at Antwerp, 9 
May 1 65 1. 

Vos, Marten de, painter, — b- at Antwerp, 
1520? 1524? 1531 ? 1534? — tf. there, 1603 
or i6o4. a a Nagler. 

Vos, Simon de, painter, — b. at Antwerp, 
1603 — tf. there, 1661. 

Voss, Johann Heinrich, poet, philologist, 
translator, — b. in Mecklenburg, 20 Feb. 175 1 
— goes to study at Gottingen, 1772 — Rector of 
Coll. of Otterndorf, 1778 — removes to Eutin, 
in Holstein, 1782 — visits Jena, 1802 — Prof, 
at Univ. of Heidelberg, 1805 — tf. there, 20, a 29, b 
30 c Mar. 1826. Translation of Odyssey, 17 81 
of Iliad, 1793— edition and translation of the 
Georgics, 1789 — of the Eclogues, 1797 — trans- 
lation of JEneid, 1799 — Gedichte, 1802 — Luise, 
1795 — Antisymbolik, 1823 — Mythologische 
Brief e, 17 94— Kritische Blatter, 1829. 

a Conv.-Lex. b Biog. Univ. c Engl. Cyc. 

Vossem, Peace of, — between Louis XIV. 
and Frederick William, Elector of Branden- 
burg, signed, 16 Jun. 1673. 

Vossius, Gerard, (Gerardus Johannis Vos- 
sius,) theologian, §c, — b. near Heidelberg, 
1577 — studies at Leyden Univ., 1595-9 — D.D., 
13 Mar. 1598 — Rector of Theological Coll., 
1 6 14 — deprived, 1 6 19 — Prof. Eloquence and 
History, Leyden, 1622 — Prebendary of Canter- 
bury, 1629 — LL.D. Oxford, 1629 — Prof. His- 
tory, Amsterdam, 1633 — tf. there, 17 Mar. 
1649. Sistoria Pelagiana, 161 8, condemned 
by Synod of Dort, 16x9 — De historicis Latinis, 
1627 — De historicis Grcecis, 1624 — Aristar- 
chus, 1635 — De theologia gentili et physiologia 
Christiana, 1641 — Etymologicon Ungues latince, 
1662 — Epistolce, 1690. 

Vossius, Isaac, philologist, §c, — b. at Ley- 



den, 1 61 8 — Librarian and Greek teacher to 
Queen Christina of Sweden, 1648-58 — comes 
to England, LL.D. Oxford, 1670 — receives 
pension from Louis XIV., 1663 — Canon of 
Windsor, 1673 — tf. there, Feb. 1688. DeLucis 
JSfatura et Proprietate, 1662. 

Voting Papers. [University Elections.] 

Vouet, Simon, painter, — b. at Paris, 1583,* 
9 Jan. 1590 b — goes to Rome, 161 3— painter 
to Louis XIII. , 1627 — tf. at Paris, 1641,* 
1649^ Marriage of St Catherine, 1625. 
a Felibien. b Jal. 

Vougle, in Prance, — Clovis defeats Alaric 
at, 507. 

Vowell, Mr, — plots against Cromwell, and 
is hanged, 10 Jul. 1654. 

Voyer, Marc Pierre de, Count of Ar- 
genson, — b. at Paris, 16 Aug. 1696 — Coun- 
sellor of State, 1724 — honorary member of 
Academy of Sciences, 1726 — director of the 
book-trade, 1737 — Pres. Great Council, 1738 
— Minister of War, 1743 — present at Fonte- 
noy, 1745— exiled, Feb. 1757 — tf. at Paris, 22 
Aug. 1764. 

Voyer, Rene Louis de, statesman, — b., 18 
Oct. 1694 — Master of Requests, 17 18 — Coun- 
sellor of State, 1720 — Pres. Council of Finance, 
1720 — Grand Cross, Chancellor of St Louis, 
1 72 1 — admitted to Academy of Inscriptions, 
1733 — Minister of Foreign Affairs, Nov. 1744 
to Jan. 1747 — tf. at Paris, 1757. Considera- 
tions sur le gouvernement de la France, 1764 — 
Essais, 1785. 

Voyer d'Argenson, Marc Rene de, states- 
man, — b. at Venice, 4 Nov. 1652 — Lieutenant- 
general of Police, Paris, 1697-17 18— member 
of Academy of Sciences, 17 16 — Pres. Council 
of Finance, Keeper of the Seals, Jan. 17 18 — ■ 
admitted to French Academy, 17 18 — Chancel- 
lor of St Louis, 17 19 — tf- at Paris, 8 May 17 21. 

Vries, Hans Fredeman de, painter, — b. at 
Leeuwarden, 1527 — living at Amsterdam, 1570. 

Vries, Martin Gerritz von, maritime dis- 
coverer, — commands expedition of discovery to 
north of Japan, 1643. 

Vrolik, Willem, comparative anatomist, — b. 
at Amsterdam, 1801 — M.D. Utrecht, 1823 — 
Prof. Extraord. Anatomy, Groningen, 1829 — 
Prof. Anatomy, Physiology, and Zoology, Am- 
sterdam Athenaeum, 1831 — tf., 22 Dec. 1863. 

Vroom, Hendrik Cornelisz, painter, — b. at 
Haarlem, 1566. 

Vulgate, Old Latin Version of the Bible, — 
revised by Jerome, about 383-404 — New Latin 
Version, executed by Jerome, about 390-405 — 
sanctioned by Pope Gregory L, 604 — revised 
by Alcuin, by order of Charles the Great, about 
802 — revised by Lanfranc, before 1100 — ren- 
dered into English by Wickliffe, 1324-84 — 
first printed book, (Mazarin Vulgate,) about 
1455 ? — revised by Cardinal Ximenes, 1502-17 
— by Stephens, 1528 and 1540 — sanctioned by 
decree of Council jf Trent, 8 Apr. 1546 — Six- 
tine edition, published and declared exclusively 
authentic by Sixtus V., before Aug. 1590 — 
commission for revision of, appointed by Gre- 
gory XIV., 159 1. Clementine, authorized by 
Clement VIII., 1592. 



VULSIXIANS— WAHHABEES. 



Vulsinians, — [B C] — conquered by Eome, 
265. 

Vulso, A. Manlius — [BC] — (1.) Consul 
with L. Furius Medulliims Fusus, (280, a. u. c.) 
474 — forty years' truce with Veii. (2.) Consul 
with M. Junius Brutus, (576,) 178. 

Vulso, Cn. Manlius, — [BC] — curule aedile, 
197 — praetor in Sicily, 195 — Consul with M. 
Fulvius Nobilior, (0Q0, a. u. c.) 189 — sent to 



Asia to arrange affairs with Antiochus, 189 — 
defeats Gallograeci : proconsul in Asia, 188 — 
triumphs, 187. 

Vulso, L. Manlius, — [BC] — Consul vfith.'M. 
Atilius Begulus, (498, a. u. c.) 256 — invasion 
of Africa : triumphs, 256 — Consul with C. 
Atilius Begulus, (504,) 250. 

Vyasa, compiler of Vedas, — [B C] — fl., about 
1400 ? 



w. 



"Waal, Cornelisz and Lucas de. [Wael.] 

Wace, (Waice, Gace, Gasse, §c.,) (Maitre 
Waco,) poet, — b. in Jersey, between 1090- 
noo, a about uoo, b about ii20 c — Canon of 
Bayeux, 1161-71 — tf. in England, before 11 84. 
Roman de Brut, (Brut cV Angleterre,) completed, 
ii55 b — printed, 1836-8 — Roman de Rou, first 
part, 1 1 60? — first printed, 1827. a Craik. 
b Morley. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Wachter, Johann Georg, philologist, — b. at 
Memmingen, 1673 — tf. Librarian and Director 
of Museum of Antiquities, Leipsic, 1757. 
Glossarium Germanicum, 1736-7. 

Wackernagel, Karl Heinrich Wilhelm, — 
b. at Berlin, 1806 — studies at the Univ., 1824- 
27 — Prof. German Language and Literature, 
Basel, 1835 — visits France, Spain, and Italy, 
1849 — tf., at Basel, 21 Dec. 1869. Deutsche 
Lesebuch, 1835-6 — Geschichte der Deutschen 
Literatur, 1848 — Altfranz. Lieder und Leiche, 
1846. 

Wadding, {Wading,) Luke, Franciscan, — 
b. at Waterford, 16 Oct. 1588 — enters the 
Order, at Lisbon, 1605 — chaplain to Spanish 
embassy at Rome, 16 18 — founds Coll. of St 
Isidore at Borne, 1625 — tf. there, 18 ]S"ov. 
1657. Edits Concordance of Marias de Calasio, 
162 1 — Annates Ordinis Minorum, 1647-54. 

"Wade, George, general, — h., 1673 — enters 
the army, 1690 — Major-general, 1709 — M.P. 
Hindon, 17 15 — M.P. Bath, 1722-48 — con- 
structs military roads in the Highlands, 1725- 
26 — pursues the Young Pretender, 1745 — 
superseded in command in Scotland, 1746 — tf., 
1748. 

Wadham College, Oxford, — founded under 
will of Nicholas Wadham, 1610-13. 

Wael, (Waal,) Cornelisz die, painter, — b. at 
Antwerp, 1594 — living at Borne, 1662 ? 

Wael, Jan Baptist de, painter, engraver, — 
b., about 1620? — paints, 1658. 

Wael, Lucas de, painter, — b. at Antwerp, 
1591— tf., 1676. 

■ Wagenaar, Jan, historian, — b. at Amster- 
dam, 1709 — tf,, 1773. Vaderlandsche His- 
toric, 1749-60 — Present State of United Pro- 
vinces, 1739. 

Wager, Sir Charles, admiral, — b., 1666 — 
captures Spanish galleons near Porto Belio, 



and is made Knt and Bear-admiral, 1708 — 
Vice-admiral, M.P., 17 13 — blockades Bussian 
ports, 1726 — First Lord of the Admiralty, 
17 3 1 — tf. at Chelsea, 4 Jun. 1743. 

Wager of Battle, in civil suits, — usage re- 
cognized in laws of Luitprand, about 720 — in 
use in England, before n 00 — declared legal, 
as late as 1818 — abolished by Act 59 Geo. III. 
c. 46, 22 Jun. 18 1 9. 

Wager of Law, (Compurgation,) in England, 
—abolished by Act 3 and 4 Wm IV. c. 42, s. 
3, 14 Aug. 1833. 

Wages, of labourers, in England, — regulated 
by Acts 25 Edw. III. cc. 1-6, 1350; 13 Bic. 

II. st. 1, c 8, 1389-90; 11 Hen. VII. c. 22, 
1495 ; 5 Eliz. c. 4, 1562 ; 1 Jac. I. c. 6, 1603 
— laws regulating, repealed by Act 53 Geo. 

III. c. 40, 15 Apr. 1813. 

Waghorn, Thomas,— b. at Chatham, 1800 
— enters the navy, 18 12 — Lieutenant, 1817 — 
projects overland route to India, 1827 — tf. in 
London, 7 Jan. 1850. 

Wagner, Fort, Charleston, V. S., — unsuc- 
cessfully attacked by Federals, 18 Jul. 1863 — 
bombarded, 17 Aug. — taken, 7 Sep. 

Wagram, in Austria, — Napoleon I. defeats 
Archduke Charles, 6 Jul. 1809. 

Wahhab, ( Wahab,) Mohammed Ebn Abdel, 
founder of Wahhabees, — b. in Arabia, (1116, 
a. h.) 1696 a — begins to propagate his doc- 
trines, about 1745 — takes up his residence at 
Dereeyah, 1746— tf., (29 Shawal 1206,) 14 Jun. 
i79i, a 1787, b before 1765. <= [Wahhabees.] 

a Mengin. b Some authorities. c Paigrave. 

Wahhabees, (Wahabees,) The, Mohammedan 
Sect, — [Wahhab] — under Mohammed Ibn 
Sa'tjd, commence conquest of Nedjid, (1159, 
a. 11.) 1745 a — his son Abdul Az'iz succeeds, 
about Mar. 1765 a — Sa'ud appointed his suc- 
cessor, 1787 — war with Solyman, Pacha of 
Baghdad, 1799 — capture and pillage of Ker- 
belah by Sa'ud, 2 Apr. 1801 — take Mecca, 
1803 — Abdul Aziz assassinated, Sa'ud suc- 
ceeds, (18 Bedgeb 1218,) 14 Oct. 1803 a — 
ravage Bassorah, 1804 — take Medina, 1804 — 
British force sent against pirates in Persian 
Gulf, 1808 — Mehemet Ali charged with sub- 
jugation of, 1809 — hostilities commence, 181 1 
— [Ibrahim Pasha] — Abdallah (son) sue- 



WAHLENBERG— WALCHEREN. 



142 r 



ceeds, 18 14 — subjugation of, completed, Ab- 
dallah captured and beheaded at Constanti- 
nople, 1 8 1 8 — hostilities with Egypt cease, 
1849 — visited by Palgrave, 1863 — by Pelly, 
1865. In Hindustan, — begin preaching and 
arming, 1S24 — settlement of, at Sitana, 1830 
— conspiracy against British government dis- 
covered, 1868 — trial and conviction of Ameer 
Khan and others, at Patna, Jun. and Jul. 1871. 
a Mengin. 

Wahlenberg, George, botanist, — b. in 
Sweden, 1780 — Superintendent of Museum of 
Science, Upsala, 1814 — tf. Prof. Botany and 
Medicine, at Upsala, Feb. 1851. Mora Lap- 
ponica, 1 8 1 2 — Flora Carpethorum, 1 8 14 — 
Flora Upsaliensis, 1820 — Flora Suecica, 1831-3. 

Wahlstatt, in Prussian Silesia, — built in 
commemoration of battle between Henry II., 
Duke of Silesia, and the Mongols, fought, 9 Apr. 
1241. 

Wailly, Charles de, architect, — b. at Paris, 
9 Nov. 1729 — studies at Rome, 1752-5 — mem- 
ber of Academy of Architecture, 1767 — of 
Academy of Painting, 177 1 — of Institute, 1795 
tf. at Paris, 2 Nov. 1798. Ode'on, Far is , 1779. 

Wailly, Etienne Augustin de, litterateur, 
— b. at Paris, 1770— joint-editor of Mercure de 
France, 1802-10— tf. at Paris, 15 May 1821. 
Edition of J. B. Fousseaus Works, 1 805 — 
Translation of Odes of Horace, 18 17-18 — 
Nouveau Ficiionnaire des rimes, 18 12. 

Wailly, Noel Francois de, grammarian, — 
b. at Amiens, 1724 — member of Institute, 1796 
— tf. at Paris, 7 Apr. 1801. Frincipes ge'ne- 
raux et particuliers de la Langue Frangaise, 
1754 — edits Goujet's Ficiionnaire Fortatif de 
la Langue Frangaise, 1774 — -with his sou, 
Noitvean Vocabulaire Francais, 1801. 

Waitz, Theodor, anthropologist, — b. at 
Gotha, 17 Mar. 1821 — studies at Leipsic and 
Jena, 1838-42— travels in France and Italy, 
1842-3 — Prof. Extraord. at Marburg, 1848 — tf. 
at Marburg, 21 May 1864. Grundlegung der 
Fsychologie, 1846 — edition of Aristotle's Or- 
ganon, 1844-6 — Lehrbuch der Fsychologie, 1849 
— Allgemeine Fddagogik, 1852 — Anthropologic 
der Nat urv biker, 1860-7. 

Waitzen, ( Vucz,) in Hungary, — seat of a 
Bishopric, 1074 — the Turks defeated near, 1597 
— again, by Duke Charles of Lorraine, who 
takes the city, 27 Jun. 1684 — taken by Hun- 
garian patriots, 10 Apr. 1849 — combats be- 
tween Gorgei and Russians, 15-17 Jun. 1849. 
Cathedral, built, 1777. 

Wake, William, Abp of Canterbury,— b. 
at Blandford, 1657 — enters Christ-church, Ox- 
ford, 1672 — B.A., 1676 — M.A., 1679 — marries, 
Oct. 1688 — D.D. and Canon of Christ church, 
1689— Dean of Exeter, 1701 — Bp of Lincoln, 
1705 — Abp of Canterbury, Jan. 17 16 — dis- 
cusses with Dupin project for union of English 
and Gallican Churches, 17 18 — loses his wife, 
1731 — tf. at Lambeth, 24 Jan. 1737. English 
Version of Epistles of the Apostolic Fathers, 
1693 — Fefence of Fower of Christian Frinces 
over Ecclesiastical Synods, 1697 — State of the 
Church and Clergy of England, 1703. 

Wakefield, in Yorkshire,— Queen Margaret 



defeats Richard, Duke of York, near, 31 Dec. 
1460— united to Duchy of Lancaster, 1554— 
Industrial and Fine Arts' Exhibition at, opened, 
30 Aug. 1865. 

Wakefield, Edward Gibbon, colonial re- 
former, — b., about 1786— imprisoned in New- 
gate, 1826-9— founds ^ ew Zealand Association 
1837— conducts colony to New Zealand, 1839 
— private secretary to Earl of Durham, in 
Canada, May to Dec. 1839— tf. at Wellington, 
New Zealand, 16 May 1862. Letters from 
Sydney, 1829— England and America, 1833 — . 
View of the Art of Colonization, 1833. 
t Wakefield, Gilbert, theologian, — b. at Not- 
tingham, 22 Feb. 1756 — enters Jesus Coll. 
Cambridge, 1772— B. A. and Fellow of his Coll., 
1776 — marries, 1779 — classical Master of War- 
rington Academy, 1779-83— classical Prof, at 
Hackney Academy, 1790— resigns, 1791 — im- 
prisoned for libel, 1799-1801 — tf. in London, 9 
Sep. 1 80 1. Translation of New Testament, 
1791 — Silva Critica, 1789-95 — edition of 
Lucretius, 1796. 

Wakefield, Priscilla, miscellaneous writer, 
— b., about 1750 — establishes Frugality Bank 
at Tottenham, 1804 — tf. at Ipswich, 1832. 

Wakley, Thomas, Editor of the 'Lancet,' — 
b. at Manbury, in Devonshire, 1795 — comes to 
London, 18 15 — retires from practice, 1823 — 
successfully defends himself in action for libel, 
1828 — M.P. Finsbury, 1835-52 — coroner for 
Middlesex, 1839 — goes to Madeira, 1861 — tf. 
there, 16 May 1862 — founds and edits the 
Lancet, 1823. 

Wala, Abbot of Corbey, — b., about 765 ? 
— takes oath of obedience to Louis the Pious, 
814 — becomes a monk, 816 — on suspicion of 
favouring Bernhard, king of Italy, is imprisoned, 
817 — recalled to Court of Louis, and becomes 
his chief adviser, 822 — accompanies him to 
Rome, 823 — Abbot of Corbey, 826 — supports 
rebellion of sons of Louis, 830 — assists at Diet 
of Campiegne, 830— tf., 836. 

Walch, Christian Wilhelm Franz, theolo- 
gian, historian, — b. at Jena, 1726 — Prof. Ex- 
traord. Philosophy, Jena, 1750 — removes to 
Gottingen, 1754 — Prof. Divinity, Gottingen, 
1757 — tf., 1784. Grundsatze der Kirchen- 
geschichte des neuen Testaments, 1772-74 — 
NeuesteFeligions-geschichte, 177 1-83— Entwurf 
einer vollstandigen Historie der Ketzereien, 
&c, 1762-85. 

Walch, Johann Georg, theologian, — b. at 
Meiningen, 1693 — D.D. and Prof. Divinity, 
Jena, 1724 — tf., 1775. Fhilosophisches Lexicon, 
1 726 — edition of Luther 'sSdmmtliche Schriflen, 
1740-50 — Historische und Theologische Ein- 
leitung in die vomehmsten Feligions-Streitig- 
keiten, 1724-36. 

Walchere de Lorraine, Bp of Durham, — 
consecrated, 1071 — oppresses Northumbrians 
and excites insurrection, slain with his ad- 
herents at Gateshead, 14 May 1080 — his death 
savagely avenged by Odo of Bayeux, 1080. 

Walcheren, island, — British expedition to 
Holland urged by Austria, 1808 — preparations 
made, Jun. 1809 — expedition under John Lord 
Chatham and Sir Richard Strachan, sails, 28 



1422 



WALCKENAER— WALDEMAR III. 



Jul. — one division lands in, 30 Jul. — another in 
Cadsand: occupation of Middelburg, 30 Jul. 
— occupation of Bahtz by Sir John Hope, 2 
Aug. — surrender of Flushing, 1 6 Aug. — head- 
quarters advanced to Bahtz,. 26 Aug. — all the 
troops withdrawn into Walckeren, beginning 
of Sep. — ravaged by fever, Sep. — evacuated, 
before 25 Dec. — parliamentary inquiry into 
conduct of the expedition, 21-30 Mar. 18 10. 

Walckenaer, Charles Athanase, Baron, 
miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Paris, 25 Dec. 
1771 — studies at Oxford, about 1789 — ad- 
mitted to French Academy, 6 Oct. 1813 — 
Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 19 Jul. 18 14 
— Baron, 1823 — perpetual secretary of Aca- 
demy of Inscriptions, 1840 — tf. at Paris, 28 
Apr. 1852. Histoire generate des Voyages, 
1826-31 — Geographic ancienne historique et 
comparee des Gaules, 1839 — Histoire de la vie 
et des poesies d' Horace, 1840 — Memoires sur 
2£me de Se'vigne, 1842-52 — edition of Fon- 
taine, 1820 — edition oi La Br icy ere, 1845. 

Walcourt, in Holland, — Marshal d'Hu- 
mieres defeated by Prince of Waldeck, 27 Aug. 
1689. 

Waldeck, in Germany, — gives name to a 
County, before 1050 — Counts of, acquire pri- 
vileges of Counts of the Empire, by sentence 
of Aulic Council, 1549. 

Eisenberg, line of, raised to dignity of 
Princes of the Empire, 1682 — [Waldeck, 
George F., Prince of] — line extinct, 1692. 
Wilclungen, line of, raised to same dignity, by 
Charles VI. , 6 Jan. 17 12. Pyrmont, forms 
separate County, 1494 — reunited to Waldeck, 
163 1 — Prince Frederick joins Confederation 
of the Rhine, 1807 — Principality becomes 
member of Germanic Confederation, 18 15 — 
joins the Zollverein, 1841 — obtains constitu- 
tional charter, 17 Aug. 1852. 

"Waldeck, Christian Augustus, Prince of, 
general, — ft., 6 Dec. 1744 — commands under 
Laudon against Turks, 1788-9 — wounded at 
siege of Thionville, 1792 — conducts passage 
of the Rhine at Selz, 13 Sep. 1793— tr. at 
Lisbon, 1798. 

"Waldeck, George Frederick, Prince of, 
field-marshal, — ft., 1620 — enters service of 
States-General, 16653 — Field-marshal, Prince 
of the Empire, 1682 a — distinguishes himself 
at siege of Vienna, 1683 — Marshal-general of 
armies of Holland, Grand Master of Order of 
St John in Ponierania, 1686 a — defeats Mar- 
shal d'Humieres at Walcourt, 27 Aug. 1689 — 
defeated by Marshal de Luxembourg, at Fleurus, 
1690 — tf. at Arolseu, 9,* 19 b Nov. 1692. 
a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Xouv. Biog. Gen. 
Waldegrave, James, 1st Earl, — ft., 1684 
— succeeds bis father as Baron, 1689 — 
conforms to Church of England, and takes his 
seat in House of Lords, Feb. 1722 — ambas- 
sador to Paris, Sep. 1725 — ambassador to 
Vienna, May 1727-30 — created Earl, 13 Sep. 
1729 — ambassador to Paris, 1730-40 — a", in 
:. 1 1 Apr. 174L 
Waldegrave, James, 2nd Earl, statesman, 
— b., 4 Mar. 17 15 — succeeds his father, 1741 
— LL.D., Oxford, 1749 — Warden of the Stan- 



naries, Apr. 1751 — Governor to the Prince of 
Wales, Dec. 1752 — First Lord of the Treasury, 
Jun. 1757 — resigns in a few days: K.G., 30 
Aug. 1757 — tl., 28 Apr. 1763. Memoirs from 
1754-8, 1821. 

Waldemar I. the Great, King of Den- 
mark, — ft., 15 Jan. ii3i a — his title to crown 
of Denmark set aside for Erick III., 11 37 — 
again, for Sweyn III., 1147 — marries Sophia, 
1 1 54 — claims tbe crown, 1156 — by Treaty of 
Roeskilde obtains Jutland, 1157 — defeats and 
kills Sweyn III. and succeeds him, 23 Oct., b 22 
Sep. c 1 157 — suppresses Wend pirates, 1160 — 
attends Diet of Empire at Metz, and acknow- 
ledges himself vassal of Frederick L, 1162 — ■ 
subjugates isle of Riigen, 1 164-8 b — takes Stet- 
tin, 1 1 7 1 d — takes, pillages, and burns Julin, 
ii75, b 1170° — suppresses revolt of Scanians, 
about 1 179 ? — assists Frederick I. in conquest 
of Liibeck, 1 1 8 1 — ij. at Wordingsborg, 1 2 
May n82, b n8i. a 

a Biog. Univ. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

c Engl. Cyc. d Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Waldemar II. the Victorious, King of 
Denmark, — ft., ii7o a — Knt, n 88 — created 
Duke of Schleswig by his brother Cnut VI., 
ii92 b — conquers Holstein, 1200 — succeeds 
his brotber, 12 Nov. 1202 — crowned at Lun- 
den, 25 Dec. — recognized King of the Wends 
and Lord of Nordalbingia, at Liibeck : obtains 
renunciation of Holstein from Count Adolphus 
III. and liberates him, 1203 — places Erling 
on throne of Norway and makes the kingdom 
tributary, 1203 — marries Margaret of Bohe- 
mia, 1205 — defeats forces of Waldemar, Bp of 
Schleswig, and secures Archbishopric of Bre- 
men to Burchard, 1206 — makes war on Counts 
of Schwerin, 1208 — subjugates Eastern Pome- 
rania, and recovers Dantzic, 12 10 — loses his 
Queen, 121 2 — marries Berengaria of Portugal, 
1 2 14 — obtains from Frederick II. cession of 
conquered provinces in N. Germany, by Treaty 
of Metz, 1214° — declares for Frederick against 
Otto of Brunswick, 12 14 — recognized as King 
of the Wends by Frederick, about 12 14 — de- 
feats troops of the league formed against him 
and recovers Hamburg, about 12 16-17 — in- 
vades Esthonia and builds castle of Revel, 
I2i7, b i2i8 a — has his eldest son crowned, 
121 8 — loses his queen, 122 1 — seized and im- 
prisoned by Henry, Count of Schwerin, 6 May 
1223 — liberated on paying a ransom and re- 
nouncing his German provinces, 17, 15 25 a Nov. 
i225, ab 1224 c — again invades Holstein, i226, b 
1227 a — defeated by allies of Count of Schwerin, 
at Bornhoveden, and loses an eye, 22 Jul. 
1227 — loses Liibeck, 1227 — concludes peace, 
and renounces Holstein, Mecklenburg, and 
Ponierania, 1229 a — loses his eldest son, 1231 
— fails in attempt on Liibeck, 1234 — recovers 
Revel and part of Livonia, 1238— has col- 
lection of Cimbric laws published, 1240— tf., 
28 Mar. 1 241. a Biog. Univ. 

b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Kington. 

Waldemar III., King- of Denmark,— ft., 

about 1325^ 1 3 1 5 b — sent to Imperial Court, 

1337 — after interregnum of six years succeeds 

his father, Christopher II., 1340— makes peace 



WALDEMAK— WALES. 



1423 



with Counts of Holstein and Duke of Schles- 
wig, 1 340 — marries Hedwig, sister of the Duke, 
1340 — has interview with Magnus, king of 
Sweden, at Yarherg, and confirms Scania to 
him, 1343 — marches into Esthonia, Apr. 1345 
— goes to Palestine, 1 345 —returns, beginning 
of winter 1 346 — excommunicated by Pope 
Clement VI., 1346 — absolved, 1347 — sells. 
Duchy of Esthonia to Teutonic Knights, 1347 
— aids Margrave of Brandenburg against Im- 
perialists besieging Berlin, 1350 — makes war 
on Counts of Holstein and acquires islands of 
Femeren and Langeland, 1356 — obtains cession 
of Scania from Magnus of Sweden, and con- 
quers it, 1359 — aids Magnus in suppressing 
revolt in Gothland, and pillages Wisby, 1360 
— league formed against him, carries on war 
with it, 1360-2 — assists at marriage of Em- 
peror Charles IV. at Cracow, 1363 — visits 
Pope Urban V. at Avignon, 1363 — restores 
King Magnus, 1363 — returns to Denmark, 
summer 1364 — war with Hanse Towns re- 
newed, 1368 — withdraws from Denmark, 1368- 
72 — loses his queen, 1374 — ft. near Elsinore, 
24 Feb., a Oct. e 1375. 

a Art de Verifier les Dates. 
b Nout. Biog. Gen. c Biog. Univ. 

Waldemar, King of Sweden, — fo., 1242 s1 
— succeeds his uncle Erick XL, 125 1 — regency 
of his father, Count Birger, 1251-66 — marries 
Sophia of Denmark, 1263 — assumes the go- 
vernment, Oct. 1266 — makes pilgrimage to 
Holy Land and leaves his brother Magnus 
Begent, 1272 — returns and makes war on Mag- 
nus, 1276 — abdicates in favour of Magnus, 
1279 — plots to recover the throne and is im- 
prisoned, 1288 — tr. at Nikoping, i292, b 1302.* 
a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Walden, Roger, Abp of Canterbury, — 
appointed by Pope Boniface, on banishment 
of Arundel, 1397 — displaced as a usurper by 
Henry IV., 1399 — tried, condemned, and set 
at liberty, Feb. 1400 — Bp of London, by Papal 
proviso, 10 Dec. 1404 — ft., Jan. 1406. 

Walden, (Waldensis,) Thomas, (Thomas 
Netter,) Provincial of Carmelite Order in 
England, — b. in Essex, about 1380 — ordained 
subdeacon, 1395 — sent by Henry V. to Council 
of Pisa, 1409 — Provincial, 1414 — assists at 
Council of Constance, 1415 — sent to Lithuania, 
negotiates peace between Poland and Teutonic 
Knights, 141 9 — as confessor to Henry V., at- 
tends him on his death-bed, 1422 — accom- 
panies Henry VI. to France, and tf. at Bouen, 
1430. Doctrinale Antiquum Fidei Ecclesice 
Catholicce, and De Sacramentis, published at 
Venice, 1757. 

Waldenses, (Vaudois, Poor Men of Lyon,) 
(Vallesi,) — mentioned as separatists from Bo- 
man communion, as early as 11 00 — publish a 
confession of faith, n 20 — their opinions con- 
demned by Council of the Lateran, 1 179— ban- 
ished from Aragon by Alfonso II., 1 194— name 
occurs, about 1200 — tenets of, condemned by 
Beinerus, about 1230 — condemned by bull of 
Pope John XXII., 1332— persecuted, 1400 — 
obtain edicts of toleration and privilege from 
Dukes of Savoy, 1448 and 1452 — extirpation 



of, enjoined by bull of Innocent VIII. , 1487 — 
persecution of, by Francis I. of France, 1541- 
44 — prohibited exercise of their worship, bv 
Duke Emmanuel Philibert, 1560 — attacked 
by his troops aided by French, 1560— obtain 
peace and an amnesty, by edict of Jun. 1561 — 
their immunities confirmed and regulated by 
rescripts of Charles Emmanuel, 1601, 1602, 
1603, and 1620 — embassy sent by Charles I. of 
England to intercede for them, 1627 — again, 
1629— -persecuted in Saluzzo by Victor Ama- 
deus I., between 1630-6 — persecution of, by 
Charles Emmanuel II., begins, Jan. 1655 — at- 
tacked and massacred by his troops, under 
Marquis of Pianezza, Apr. to Nov. — interven- 
tion on their behalf of Protestant Cantons of 
Switzerland, of Cromwell, and States of Hol- 
land, 1656 — by mediation of Louis XIV. con- 
clude convention with the Duke, at Pinerola, 
Aug. 1656 — again persecuted, 1663-4 — Duke 
Victor Amadeus ordered by Louis XIV. to 
extirpate them, 1685 — required to abjure their 
tenets on pain of expulsion, by edict of Jan. 
1686 — attacked and subdued by Ducal and 
French troops, 1686 — under Arnaud, attempt 
recovery of their homes, 1689 — [Arnaud, Hen- 
ri] — grievances of, partly redressed by edict of 
King Victor Amadeus III., Jun. 1794 — placed 
on equality with Catholics by Napoleon, 1803? 
— again subject to disabilities, 18 14 — freed 
from disabilities by patent of Victor Emmanuel, 
17 Feb. 1848 — spread through Sardinia and 
Italy, 1848-58. 

Waldis, Burkard, fabulist, — fc. in Hesse, 
about 1500 — tf. at Abterode, 1554. Fabeln, 
1548 — Metrical Psalter, 1553. 

Waldo, (Valdo,) Peter, — begins preaching 
at Lyons, about 1170. [Waldenses.] 

Wales, — invaded by Ostorius Scapula who 
defeats the Silures, 50— [Caractacus]— invaded 
by Suetonius Paullinus, 61 — [Mona] — by Agri- 
cola, 78— invasion of Ethelfrith of Northum- 
bria, and massacre of monks at Bangor, 605 or 
6o7, a 6i3 b — invaded by West Saxons, 610— 
defeat of Welsh by Cynegils and Cuichelm, at 
Beandune, 614 — Cadwallawn in alliance with 
Penda defeats and kills Edwin of Northumbria, 
12 or 14 Oct. 633 — Cadwallawn defeated and 
slain by Oswald of Northumbria, 635 — Ina 
defeats the Welsh, 710 — three victories of the 
Welsh over Saxons, 722 — invaded by Ethel- 
bald of Mercia and Cuthred of Wessex, 743 — 
invaded by Cuthred, 753 — ravaged by Offa of 
Mercia, about 776 — the Marches annexed to 
Mercia, and Offa's Dyke built, summer 779 — 
battle of Bhuddlan Marsh, 795 or 796 — ravaged 
by Egbert, 8 1 3 — kingdom of Powys conquered 
by Saxons, 822 b — conquest of N. Wales by 
Egbert, 828 a — Egbert defeats allied Welsh and 
Northmen, at Hengestdown, 835 — Bhodri 
Mawr becomes King of Gwynedd, 844 — inva- 
sion of Danes mentioned, 850 and 853 — inva- 
sion of Ethered of Mercia, 880 — Alfred 
acknowledged as supreme lord of, about 880 — 
invaded by Danes, 890 — again, 894 a or 895^ 
900 or 902, 906 — Ethelfleda defeats Welsh at 
Brecenan-mere, 916 a — ravaged by fleet from 
Brittany, 9i8, a 913 b — submits to Edward the 



1424 



WALES— WALKER. 



Elder, 922 — tributary to Atbelstan, 926 ? 933 ? 
938 ? — death of Hywel Dda, 948 or 950 — 
divided on his death : invasion of ' Pagans,' 
961 — descent of Maccus on Anglesey, 971 — 
his conquest of Anglesey, 972 — triumph of 
Xing Edgar at Chester, 973 — ravaged by 
Northmen, 981— compelled to pay tribute to 
Northmen of Ireland, 988 — ravaged by North- 
men, 989 — by Saxons, 993 — by Northmen, 997, 
1000, 1039 — Gruffydd ab Llewelyn be- 
comes King of Gwynedd, 1039 — makes himself 
master of all Wales, 1044 — acknowledges 
fealty to English, 1 046 — with Irish pirates 
ravages Gloucestershire, Jul. 1049 — ravages 
Herefordshire, 1052 — with Elfgar again in- 
vades Herefordshire, defeats Earl Ralph and 
burns Hereford, 1055 — defeats and kills Leof- 
gar, 17 Jun. 1056 — swears fealty to Edward 
the Confessor, 1056 — reinstates Elfgar in his 
earldom, 1058 — invasion of Harold, 25 Dec. 
1063 — conquest of the country by Harold and 
Tostig, 1064 — Gruffydd killed by his subjects, 
Aug. 1064 — castles built by Norman chiefs, 
1069-70 — -William I. leads an army into, 108 1 
— conquest of S. Wales by Normans completed 
by defeat and death of Rhys ab Tudor, 1090 
■ — insurrections in, and castles destroyed, 1094 
— fruitless campaign of William II. in, Jun. 
to Aug. 1097 — rebellion of Robert de Belesme 
suppressed, 1102 — settlement of Flemings in, 



1105,° no8 b — Henry I. leads army into, and 
has castles built, n 14 — subdued by Henry I., 
1 121 — revolt breaks out, 113^ — submission of 
Owain Gwynedd to Henry II., 1157 — submis- 
sion of all Welsh princes, 1158 — fruitless ex- 
pedition of Henry II. into, 1162 or 1163 — 
another, 1 1 65 — death of Owain Gwynedd, 
1 i69, d 1 17 1 b — crusade preached in, by Baldwin, 
Abp of Canterbury, 11 88 — Llewelyn ab Ior- 
werth Prince of Gwynedd, 1 1 94 — submits to 
King John, 1211 — interdict raised, 1214 — al- 
liance of the princes with English barons, 12 15 
— interdict renewed by Gualo, 28 Oct. 12 16 — 
first expedition of Henry III. into, Aug. 1228 
— civil war between David and Gruffydd on 
death of Llewelyn, 1240 — another expedition 
of Henry III., 1241 — ravaged by Henry, Jul. 
to Oct. 1245 — levy of Scutage of Gannock, 1245 
— convention between Henry and Owain and 
Llewelyn signed at Woodstock, 30 Apr. 1247 
— revolt of Llewelyn ab Gruffydd, Nov. 1256 
— laws of England introduced in part of the 
Principality, 1252 — truce for a year concluded 
at Mad Parliament at Oxford, 17 Jun. 1258 — 
treaty of peace between Llewelyn and Henry 
III. signed at Shrewsbury and Montgomery, 
25 and 29 Sep. 1267 — first expedition of Ed- 
ward I., 1276 — defeat and death of Llewelyn 
ab Gruffydd, 1282 — surrender and execution of 
Lavydd, 1283 — government of, provided for 
by Statutes of Rhuddlan, 12 Edw. I., 7 Mar. 
1283 — insurrection under Rhys ap Meredydd 
suppressed by the Justiciary, Tiptoft, 1287-8 — 
insurrection under Madog and Morgan, 1294 — 
Earl of Lincoln defeated near Denbigh, n 
Nov. — insurrection suppressed, 1295 — others, 
under Llewelyn ap Rhys, suppressed, 13 16 — 
and under Sir Gruffydd Llwyd, 1322 — rebel- 



lion of Owain Glyndwrdu, 1400— [Glendower, 
Owen]— incorporated with England by Act 27 
Hen. VIII. c. 26, 1536 — divided into twelve 
counties, and President and Council appointed 
for, by Act 34 and 35 Hen. VIII. c. 2, 1543— 
Royalist rising in, May 1648— suppressed by 
Cromwell, Jul. — court of the Lords Marchers 
suppressed by Act 1 Wm and Mar. s. 1, c. 27, 
1688 — better administration of justice in, pro- 
vided for by Act 1 Wm IV. c. 70, 23 Jul. 
1830. a A.S. Chron. b Ann. Camb. 

c Annals of England. d Most authorities. 

Wales, Prince of, — title given by Edward I. 
to his son, Edward of Caernarvon, between 20 
Nov. 1300 and 4 Apr. 1301. 

Wales, William, mathematician, — fj., about 
1734 — sent to Hudson's Bay to observe transit 
of Venus, 1769 — accompanies Captain Cook on 
his second voyage, 1772 — and on his third, 
1776-80 — F.R.S., 1776 — ft. Secretary to Board 
of Longitude, 179S. 

Walewski, Alexandre Florian Joseph, 
Colonna, Count, statesman, (son of Napoleon 
I.,) — fc. in Poland, 4 May 18 10 — fights at 
Grochow, 1830— joint-envoy to London, 1830 
— enters French army, 1833 — naturalized in 
France, 3 Dec. 1833 — envoy to Mehemet Ali, 
1840 — Minister Plenipotentiary to Florence, 
1849 — ambassador to London, 1854 — Minister 
of Foreign Affairs, Apr. 1855 — Senator, 26 
Apr. 1856 — Grand Cross of Legion of Honour, 
1856 — Minister of State, Jan. i860 — Pres. 
Corps Legislatif, 30 Aug. 1865 — ft. at Stras- 
burg, 27 Sep. 1868. 

Walhalla, The, in Bavaria, — founded by 
King Ludwig I., 18 Oct. 1830 — completed, 
after designs by Klenze, 18 Oct. 1842. 
Wali, Hindoo poet, — {{., about 1650. 
Walid I., 11th Caliph, — succeeds his father, 
Abdelmalek, (86, a. h.) 705 — [for conquests of 
his generals, see Katibah, Moslem, Musa, 
Tarik]— ft., (96,) 715. 

Walid II., 16th Caliph, — succeeds his 
uncle Hashem, (125, a. h.) 743 — murdered by 
his cousin Yezid, (126,) 744. 

Walker, Clement, historian, — fj. at Cliffe, 
Dorsetshire, about 1595 — M.P. Wells, 1640 — 
ft. in the Tower, Oct. 1651. History of Inde- 
pendency, 1648-51. 

Walker, Sir Edward, historian, — Secretary- 
at-War to Charles I., 1639 — Clerk extraord. to 
Privy Council, Jun. 1644 — M.A. Oxford, 1 
Nov. 1644 — Knt, Feb. 1645 — attends Charles 
II. to Scotland, 1651 — ft. at Whitehall, 19 
Feb. 1677. Historical Discourses, 1705. 

Walker, George, — defends Londonderry 
against James II., Apr. to 30 Jul. 1689 — killed 
at battle of the Boyne, 1 Jul. 1690. True 
Account of the Siege of Londonderry, 1689. 

Walker, John, — Attempt towards recovering 
an Account of the numbers and sufferings of the 
clergy, &c, in the Grand Rebellion, 17 14. 

Walker, John, lexicographer, — fc. at Colney 
Hatch, Middlesex, 18 Mar, 1732 — ft. in Lon- 
don, 1 Aug. 1807. Rhyming Dictionary, 1775 
— Critical Pronouncing Dictionary, 1791. 

Walker, Obadiah, — fj. in Yorkshire, pro- 
bably 1616— M.A. Oxford, Apr. 1638 — ejected 



WALKER— WALLER. 



1425 



from his Fellowship of Univ. Coll., 1648 — 
Master of Univ. Coll., 1676 — declares himself 
a Papist, 1685 — committed to the Tower, Nov. 
1688 — tf. in London, 21 Jan. 1692,* 1699. 11 
* Engl. Cyc. b Chalmers. 

Walker, Kobert, painter, — tf., about 1659. 

Walker, William Sidney, poet, miscellaneous 
writer, — ft. at Pembroke, 4 Dec. 1795 — enters 
Trin. Coll. Cambridge, Oct. 18 14 — B.A., Jan. 
1819— Fellow of Trin. Coll., about 1821— 
settles in London, 1830 — tf. there, (after 3 
Oct.) 1846. Poetical Remains, 1852 — Shake- 
speare Versification, 1854 — Critical Examin- 
ation of Text of Shakespeare, i860. 

Walker, William, adventurer, {'filibuster,') 
— ft. at Nashville, U. S., 1824 — organizes ex- 
pedition in San Francisco, for conquest of 
Sonora, Jul. 1853 — lands in Lower California, 
declares himself Pres., and proclaims annex- 
ation of Sonora, Oct. — sets out for Sonora, 
Mar. 1854 — surrenders to U. S. officials at 
San Diego, and is tried and acquitted, 15 May 
1854 — lands in Nicaragua, 11 Jun. 1855 — 
wins battle of Eivas, 29 Jun. — takes possession 
of Granada, 15 Oct.— concludes treaty with 
Gen. Corral, 25 Oct.— appointed Generalissimo 
of the Republic : has Corral tried by Court 
Martial and shot, 8 Nov. — defeated by Costa 
Ricans at Guanacaste, 20 Mar. 1856 — defeats 
them at Rivas, 1 1 Apr. — elected Pres. Nicara- 
gua, 25 Jun. — surrenders to U. S. forces, 1 
May 1857 — renews his attempts, Nov. to Dec. 
1857, Oct. 1858, and Jun. i860— condemned 
by Court Martial, and shot at Truxillo, 12 Sep. 
i860. 

Wall, Joseph, Governor of Goree, — dis- 
tinguishes himself at reduction of the Havan- 
nah, 1762 — Governor of Goree, 1780 — has 
Sergeant Armstrong flogged, 10 Jul. 1782 — 
returns to England, 1782 — arrested, but 
escapes, 1784 — surrenders, Oct. 1801 — tried in 
London, and found guilty of murder, 20 Jan. 
1802 — hung, 28 Jan. 

Wall, William, theologian, — ft., 1646 — 
vicar of Shoreham, Kent, about 1676 — D.D. 
Oxford, 1720 — tf. at Shoreham, 1728. His- 
tory of Infant Baptism, 1707 — Defence of the 
History, 17 19. 

Wallace, (TFalleys,) {Sir) William, — leader 
of insurgents against English government, May 
1297 — defeats English at Stirling Bridge, 
(Cambuskenneth,) 10 Sep. 1297 — ravages 
north of England, Oct. to Nov. 1297 — defeated 
by Edward I. near Falkirk, 22 Jul. i298 — 
declared an outlaw, 1 304 — captured near Glas- 
gow, 1305 — hung in London, 24 Aug. 1305. 

Wallace, Thomas, Baron Wallace, states- 
man, — ft. in Cumberland, 1769 — M.A. Oxford, 
1790 — M.P., 1790 — D.C.L. Oxford, 1793 — 
Lord of the Admiralty, 1797 — Commissioner 
for Affairs of India, 1800-6 — Privy Councillor, 
May 1 801 — returns to office, 1807 — resigns, 
1816 — V. P. Committee of Privy Council for 
Trade, 1 818— Master of the Mint, Oct. 1823— 
raised to the peerage, 2 Feb. 1828 — tf., 23 
Feb. 1844. 

Wallace, William, mathematician, — ft. at 
Dysart, in Scotland, 23 Sep. 1768 — Mathe- 



matical Master, Royal Military Coll., 1803 — 
Prof. Mathematics, Edinburgh Univ., 1819-38 
— tf. at Edinburgh, 28 Apr. 1843. 

Wallace, W. Vincent, musical composer, — 
— ft. at Waterford, 1 Jun. 18 14 — comes to 
England, 1845 — tf. in France, 12 Oct. 1865. 
Maritana, 1846 — Lurline, 1854 — Amber Witch, 
1861 — Desert Flower, 1863. 

Wallachia, [Dacia, Moldavia] — Independ- 
ent State, under Waiwodes, from about 1240? 
— reduced by King Sigismund of Hungary, 
1387 — under Mircea I. submits to Sultan 
Bayazid, i39i, a 1393 b — under Vlad II. a 
(V. b ) submits to Mahomet II., 1460 *— con- 
quered by Turks, 1526 — [Mohacz] — reign of 
Michael IV. the Brave, 1592-1601 — the hos- 
podars appointed by the Porte, from 16 10 — 
overrun by John Sobieski, 1686 — Russian 
occupation, 1770-4 — Austro-Russian, 1788-91 
— occupied by Russians, 1807-12— again tribu- 
tary to Sultan, 1 81 2 — right of electing its 
princes restored, 1822 — occupied by Russians, 
1828— evacuated by Treaty of Adrianople, 1 829 
— insurrection, 23 Jun. 1848— suppressed by 
Russians and Turks, and the country occupied, 
1848 — invaded by Russians, 1853. [Crimean 
War, Danubian Principalities, Koumania.] 
a Conv.-Lex. b Encyc. Mod. 

Wallenstein, {Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius, 
Count of Walclstein, §c.,) general, — ft. in Bo- 
hemia, l$ Sep. 1583 — distinguishes himself at 
siege of Gran, and is made Captain, 1606 — 
Count of the Empire, 1617 — Quartermaster- 
general of Imperial army in Bohemia, 1619 — 
defeats Bethlen Gabor, 1621 and 1623 — Prince 
of Friedland, 1623 — Generalissimo and Field- 
marshal, 25 Jul. 1625 — raises an army for the 
Emperor, and defeats Count Mansfeld at Des- 
sau, 25 Apr. 1626 — Duke, 1627— commands 
against Danes, 1627 — unsuccessfully besieges 
Stralsund, 1628 — negotiates Peace of Liibeck, 
1629 — Duke of Mecklenburg, Jun. 1629 — dis- 
missed from his command, 1630 — resumes it, 
and entrenches himself near Niirnberg, about 
Jun. 1632 — repulses Gustavus Adolphus, 24 
Aug. 1632 — defeated by him at Liitzen, 6, a 
i6, b 26 c Nov. 1632 — obtains from his officers 
declaration of fidelity at Pilsen, 12 Jan. 1634 
— deprived and declared a rebel, 24 Jan. 1634 
— killed, by order of the Emperor, at Egra 
Castle, 25 Feb. 1634. Briefe, 1828. 
* Menzel and Coxe. b Art de Verifier les Dates. 
c Biog. Univ. 

Waller, Edmund, poet, — ft. at Coleshill, 
Herts, 3 Mar. 1605— M.P., 1625, 1627-8— 
marries, 1630 — again M.P., 1640 — his 'plot' 
discovered, 31 May 1643— imprisoned, 1643-4 
— retires to France, 1644 — returns, about 1653 ? 
— M.P., 1 66 1 — tf. at Beaconsfield, 21 Oct. 
1687. Poems, 1664-90. 

Waller, Sir William, general,— -ft. in Kent, 
1597 — M.P. Andover, 1640 — General in the 
Parliamentary army, 1642 — defeated by Royal- 
ists at Lansdown, near Bath, 5 Jul. 1643 — 
again at Devizes, 13 Jul. — with Essex, marches 
against Oxford, Apr. 1644 — defeated by Charles 
I. at Cropredy Bridge, 29 Jun. 1644 — with 
Manchester, marches against Oxford, and takes 
90 



1426 



WALLIA— WALWORTH. 



part in battle of Newbury, 27 Oct. 1644 — re- 
moved from command by Self-denying Or- 
dinance, Apr. 1645 — impeached and im- 
prisoned, 1648 — member of Council of State, 
Feb. 1660 — tf. at Osterley Park, Middlesex, 
19 Sep. 1668. 

Wallia, King of the Visigoths, — chosen 
to succeed Singeric, 415 — marches across Spain, 
415 — makes peace with Honorius and gives 
up Plaoidia, 416 — as ally of Romans, reduces 
barbarians in Spain, 416-418 — settles in Gaul, 
and receives province of Aquitania Secunda, 
4i8, a 419 b — lj., 4i8, a 419. b 

a Clinton. b Gibbon. 

Wallich, Nathaniel, botanist,— b. at Copen- 
hagen, 28 Jan. 1786 — goes to India, 1807 — 
Superintendent of Botanic Garden, Calcutta, 
1815-47 — V. P. Linnean Society, 1849 — ft. in 
London, 28 Apr. 1854. Planted Asiaticce Pa- 
riores, 1829-33. 

Wallingford, in Berkshire, — destroyed by 
Danes, 1006 — Castle built, by Robert d'Oyley, 
1067 — Maud takes refuge at, Dec. 1142 — 
treaty between Stephen and Henry, son of 
Maud, concluded at, 7 Nov. 1153 — held by 
Royalists, 1642 — surrenders to Fairfax, 1646 
— demolition of Castle ordered by Council, 18 
Nov. 1652. 

Wallingford, John, chronicler, monk of 
St Alban's, — a"., 14 Aug. 1258. 

Wallis, John, mathematician, — b. at Ash- 
ford, Kent, 23 Nov. 161 6 — enters Emmanuel 
Coll. Cambridge, 1632 — takes holy orders, 
1640 — Savilian Prof. Geometry, Oxford, 1649 
— D.D., 1654 — has controversy with Hobbes, 
1655-63 — Keeper of Archives, Oxford Univ., 
1658 — F.R.S., 1662— fc. in London, 28 Oct. 
1703. Mathesis Universalis, 1657 — Treatise on 
Logic, 1687 — Works, 1693-99. 

Wallis, Joshua, painter, — b., about 1790— 
ft. in London, 16 Feb. 1862. 

Wallis, Samuel, maritime discoverer, — Lieu- 
tenant R.N., 1755 — discovers Tahiti, 17 Jun. 
1767 — returns to England, 1769 — Commis- 
sioner extraord. of the navy, 1780 — ft., 1795. 
Account of his Voyages, 1773. 

Walnut-tree, — cultivated in Europe, since 
1562. 

Walpole, Horace, and Sir Robert. [Or- 
ford, Earls of.] 

Walsingham, Little, in Norfolk, — Abbey 
founded, about 1061 — visited by Henry III., 
24 Mar. 1242 — by Edward I., 8 Jan. 1281 — 
again, 1297 — by Edward II., 6 Oct. 13 15 — by 
John, Duke of Bretagne, 1361 — by Duke of 
Anjou, 1361 — by David Bruce, 1364 — by 
Henry VIII. , Jan. 15 11 — by Queen Catherine 
of Aragon, 15 13 — Image of our Lady burnt at 
Chelsea, 1538. 

Walsingham, {JFalsyngham,) Sir Francis, 
statesman, diplomatist, — b. at Chiselhurst, 
Kent, 1536 — ambassador to France, 1561, and 
Aug. 1570 to Apr. 1573 — principal Secretary 
of State and Privy Councillor, May 1573 — Knc, 
1573 — ambassador to the Netherlands, 1578 — 
to France, 1581 — to Scotland, 1583 — discovers 
Babington's Piot, 1586 — Commissioner at the 
trial of Mary Queen of Scots, Oct. 1586— ft. 



at Barn-Elms, near London, 6 Apr. 1590. 
Complete Ambassador, 1655. 

Walsingham, Thomas of, chronicler, — Be- 
nedictine of St Alban's, about 1440. Historia 
brevis and Ypodigma Neustrice, 1574. 

Walter, the Penny less, — joint-leader of the 
Crusade, with Peter the Hermit, 1096. 

Walter, Hubert, Abp op Canterbury. 
[Hubert.] 

Walter, Johann Gottlieb, anatomist, — b. at 
Konigsberg, 1 7 34,* 1 7 39 b — Prof . Anatomy, Ber- 
lin, 1774 — sells his Museum to the king, 1804 — 
tf., 4 Jan. 1 81 8. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Walter, John, founder of the 'Times,' — b., 
1739 — originates London Daily Universal Re- 
gister, 18 Jan. 1785 — names it The Times, 1 
Jan. 1788 — Tj. at Teddington, Middlesex, 16 
Nov. 1 8 12. 

Walter, John, proprietor of the 'Times,' — 
b. in London, 1784 — joint-proprietor and sole 
manager of The Times, 1803 — M.P.Berkshire, 
1832 — Tj. in London, 28 Jul. 1847. 

Walter Press, The, {Perfecting Press,) — in- 
vented by Macdonald, and constructed for the 
Times by Macdonald and Calverley, 1863-6. 
[Stereotype.] 

Waltham Abbey, in Essex, — religious house 
founded at, about 1020-30 — enlarged and 
church rebuilt by Harold, 1062 — erected into 
an abbey by Henry IL, 1177 — abbey dissolved, 
1539 — Powder Mills established at, by govern- 
ment, 1787. 

Waltheof, — joins Danish invaders and 
holds York against William I., Aug. 1069 — 
obtains his favour and marries his niece Judith, 
1070 — joins conspiracy of Norman leaders 
against William L, early in 1075,* 1074 b — 
betrayed to the king, by Judith, spring 1075,* 
1074 b — beheaded at Winchester, 30 Apr. 
1076,* 31 May 1075. b 

a Lingard. b Lappenberg. 

Walther, Bernard, astronomer, — b. at 
Nurnberg, 1430 — assists Regiomontanus, be- 
fore 1475 — invited by Sixtus IV., settles at 
Rome, 1475 — tf., 1504. 

Walther von der Vogelweide, Minnesinger, 
— b. in Germany, probably between 1165-70 — 
takes part in poetic contest at Wartburg, 1206 
— tf., probably early in 1228. /SVw^s, 11 87-1227. 

Walton, Brian, Bp of Chester, Orientalist, 
— b. at Cleveland, Yorkshire, 1600 — enters 
Magdalen Coll. Cambridge, Jul. 161 6 — B.A., 
1619 — M.A., 1623 — removes to London, 1626 
— D.D., Prebendary of St Paul's, chaplain to 
the king, 1639 — his livings sequestered, close 
of 1642 ? — incorporated D.D. Oxford, 12 Aug. 
1645 — chaplain to Charles II. , 1660 — conse- 
crated Bp of Chester, 2 Dec. 1660 — takes part 
in Savoy Conference, 1661 — ft. in London, 29 
Nov. 1 66 1. Biblia Polyglotta, 1657. 

Walton, Izaak, the Angler, — b. at Stafford, 
9 Aug. 1593 — living in London, 1624 — mar- 
ries, 1626 — loses his wife, 1640 — marries again, 
^47 — loses his second wife, 1662 — tf. at AVin- 
chester, 15 Dec. 1683. Complete Angler, 1653 
— Lives of Hooker, Herbert, &c, 1670. 

Walworth, William, Mayor op Loxdox, 
— attends Richard II. at conference with rebels 



WAMBA— WAREHOUSING SYSTEM. 



1427 



in Smithfield, and kills Wat the Tyler, 15 Jun. 
1381. 

Wamba, King of the Visigoths in Spain, 
— elected to succeed Rechesuinthus, Sep. 672 
— consecrated by Abp of Toledo, 19 Sep. — 
suppresses revolt of Duke Paul, 673 — unsuc- 
cessful attempt to poison him, retires to a 
monastery, 680 — tf., before 4 Nov. 683. 

Wandewash, in Hindustan, — unsuccessfully 
attacked by British, Sep. 1759 — taken by 
Col. Coote, 9 Nov. 1759 — defeat of Lally by 
Coote near, Jan. 1760. 

Wanley, Humphry, bibliographer, — 6. at 
Coventry, 1672 — ft. Librarian to Earl of Ox- 
ford, 1726. 

Wantage, in Berkshire, — millennial com- 
memoration of birth of Alfred the Great at, 25 
Oct. 1849. 

War Office, in England, — established, 1666. 

' Warbeck, Perkin,' Pretender, — arrives in 
Ireland and assumes title of Richard Duke or 
York, 1492 — acknowledged as her nephew by 
Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy, 1493 — makes 
attempt on coast of Kent, Jul. 1495 — fails in 
Ireland, 1496 — recognized by James IV. of 
Scotland, and with him invades England, Oct. 
1496 — again, and besieges Norham Castle, 
1497 — lands in Ireland, 30 Jul. 1497 — lands 
in Cornwall and takes title of Richard IV., 7 
Sep. 1497 — escapes to Beaulieu Abbey ; gives 
himself up, and is committed to the Tower, 
Oct. 1497 — escapes, 9 Jun. 1498 — is retaken 
and hung, 23 Nov. 1499. 

Warburg, in Westphalia, — Duke Ferdinand 
of Brunswick defeats Gen. May, 31 Jul. 1760. 

Warburton, Eliot Bartholomew George, 
traveller, litterateur, — b. in Ireland, 1810 — 
visits the East, 1843 — tf. at sea, (burning of 
the Amazon,) 4 Jan. 1 852. The Crescent and the 
Cross, 1 845 — Prince Rupert and the Cavaliers, 
1849 — Reginald Hastings, 1850 — Darien, 1852. 

Warburton, William, Bp of Gloucester, 
— b. at Newark, 24 Dec. 1698 — takes holy 
orders, 1726 — goes to London, end of 1726 — 
preacher to Society of Lincoln's Inn, 1746 — 
Prebendary of Gloucester, 1753 — chaplain to 
the king, 1754 — Prebendary of Durham, 1755 
— Dean of Bristol, 1757 — Bp of Gloucester, 22 
Dec. 1759 — tf. at Gloucester, 7 Jun. 1779. 
Critical Inquiry into causes of Prodigies and 
Miracles, 1727 — Alliance between Church and 
State, 1736 — P/ivine Legation of Moses, 1738- 
41 — edition of Shakespeare, 1747 — Julian, 
1750 — edition of Pope's Works, 1751. 

Ward, Sir Henry George, statesman, §c, — 
Minister Plenipotentiary to Mexico, 1825-7 — 
M.P. St Alban's, 1832— M.P. Sheffield, 1837— 
Secretary to Admiralty, 1 846 — Lord High 
Commissioner of Ionian Islands, 1 849 — Go- 
vernor of Ceylon, 1855 — Governor of Madras, 
sum. i860 — if. at Madras, 2 Aug. i860. 

Ward, James, painter, engraver, — b. in 
London, Oct. 1770— painter and engraver to 
Prince of "Wales, Jan. 1794 — A.R.A., 1807 — 
R.A., 1 81 1 — tf., 17 Nov. 1859. Alderney Bull, 
Cow, and Calf, National Gallery, 1820-22. 

Ward, John,— b. in London, 1679 — Prof. 
Rhetoric, Gresham Coll., 1720-58 — F.R.S., 



1723— F.S.A., 1736 — trustee of British Mu- 
seum, 1753 — tf. in London, 31 Oct. 1758. 
Lives of Gresham Professors, 1740 — edition of 
Maximus Tyrius, 1740. 

Ward, Robert Plumer, statesman, littera- 
teur,— h., 19 Mar. 1765— called to the bar, at 
Inner Temple, 1790— M.P. Cockermouth, 1802 
— Under-secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 
1805— retires, 1806— Lord of the Admiralty, 
1807 — Clerk of the Ordnance, 181 1-23 — tf. at 
Okeover Hall, 13 Aug. 1846. History of the 
Law of Nations in Europe, 1795 — Tremaine, 
1825— Be Yere, 1827. 

Ward, Seth, Bp of Salisbury, astronomer, 
— b. at Buntingford, in Hertfordshire, 1617 — 
enters Sidney Sussex Coll. Cambridge, 1632 — 
M.A. and Fellow of his Coll., 1640— ejected 
from his Fellowship, 1643 — Savilian Prof. 
Astronomy, Oxford, 1649 — incorporated M.A. 
Oxford, Oct. 1649 — D.D., 1654 — Principal of 
Jesus Coll., 1657 — Pres. Trin. Coll., 1659 — 
resigns, 1660— F.R.S., 1661— Dean of Exeter, 
1 66 1 — Bp of Exeter, 1662 — Bp of Salisbury, 
1667 — Chancellor of the Garter, 167 1 — founds 
Coll. for clergymen's widows at Salisbury, 1682 
— tf. at Knightsbridge, 6 Jan. 1689. Prcelectio 
de Cometis, 1653 — Astronomia Geometrica, 
1656. 

Ward's Cases, for plants,— invented, about 
1829-30. 

Wardlaw, Ralph, theologian, — b. at Dal- 
keith, 22 Dec. 1779 — goes to Glasgow Univ., 
1791 — minister of Scotch Independents at 
Glasgow, 1803 — Prof. Systematic Theology, 
18 1 1— D.D. Yale Coll., 1818— tf. at Glasgow, 
17 Dec. 1853. Christian Ethics, 1833 — Na- 
tional Church Establishments considered, 1839 
— Congregational Independency, 1 848 — System- 
atic Theology, 1854. 

Wards, — as division of cities and boroughs 
established by Municipal Corporation Act, 
and 6 Win IV. c. 76, 9 Sep. 1835. 

Wards, Court of, in England, — established 
by Act 32 Hen. VIII. c. 46, 1540— inter- 
mitted, from 24 Feb. 1645 — abolished by Act 
12 Car. II. c. 24, 1660. 

Ware, in Hertfordshire, — tournament held 
at, 1241. 

Ware, Sir James, antiquary, — b. at Dub- 
lin, 26 Nov. 1594 — enters Trin. Coll., 16 10 — 
Knt, 1629 — Auditor-general of Ireland, 1632 — 
member of Irish Privy Council, 1633— banished, 
goes to France, 1649 — returns, 1651 — tf. at 
Dublin, 1 Dec. 1666. Be Prcesulibus Hiber- 
nice commentarius, 1665 — Be Hibernia et An- 
tiquitatibus ejus disquisitiones, 1654-8 — Rerum 
Hibernicarum Annales, 1662. 

Wareham, in Borsetshire, — ■ besieged by 
Danes, 876 — again attacked by them, 998 and 
1015 — ravaged during civil war, 1138-46 — 
burnt, 25 Jul. 1762. 

Warehousing System, — in Great Britain, 
commenced, 17 14 — established and extended 
by Act 43 Geo. III. c. 132, 11 Aug. 1803— 
power of extending, given to Lords of the 
Treasury by Acts 45 Geo. III. c. 87, 10 Jul. 
1805, and 46 Geo. III. c. 137, 22 Jul. 1806 — 
laws repealed and consolidated by Act 4 Geo. 
90 * 



[428 



WARELA— WARSAW. 



IV. c. 24, 12 May 1823— repealed on con- 
solidation of Customs laws, 1825 — extension 
of, to inland towns, recommended by Com- 
mittee of House of Commons, 1840— simplified 
by Consolidation Act, 16 and 17 Vic. c. 107, 
20 Aug. 1853 — further regulations by Act 23 
and 24 Vic. c. 36, 15 May i860. In France, 
established, 1 664 — discontinued, 1668 — re- 
established, 1805 — extended to principal in- 
land towns, 1832. 

Warela. [Varela.] 

Wargentin, Peter William, astronomer, — 
fc. at Stockholm, 22 Sep. 1717 — M.A. Upsala, 
1743 — member of Paris Academy of Sciences, 
1743 — perpetual secretary of the Academy, 
1749—Knt of the Polar Star, 1759— F.R.S. 
London, 1764 — ft. at Stockholm, 13 Dec. 1783. 

Warham, William, Abp of Canterbury, 
Lord Chancellor, — ft. in Hampshire, about 
1450 a — Fellow of New Coll. Oxford, 1475 — 
LL.D., 1488 — joint-envoy to Duke of Bur- 
gundy, respecting Perkin Warbeck, 1493 — 
Master of the Rolls, Feb. 1494^ to 1 Feb. 1502 
— joint-envoy to Maximilian, 150 1 and 1502 
— Keeper of the Great Seal, 11 Aug. 1502 — 
Lord Chancellor, 1 Jan. 1503 — Bp of London, 
1503 — enthroned Abp of Canterbury, 9 Mar. 
1504 — Chancellor of Oxford Univ., soon after : 
officiates at marriage of Henry VIII. and 
Catherine of Aragon, Jun. 1509— resigns Great 
Seal, 22 Dec. 1515 s — tr. near Canterbury, 22,* 
23 b Aug. 1532. a Hook. b Stubbs. 

Waring, Edward, mathematician, — ft. near 
Shrewsbury, 1736,* 1734 b — B.A. Cambridge, 
1757— Lucasian Prof. Mathematics, 17 6o, a 1759 b 
— M.A., 1760— F.R.S., 1763— M.D., 1767— 
marries, 1776 — "&. at Cambridge, 15 Aug. 1798. 
Miscellanea Analytica, 1762 — Meditationes Al- 
gebraicce, 1770 — Froprietates algebraicarum 
curvanmi, 1772 — Meditationes Analytics, 

I773- 6 - 

a Engl. Cyc. b Rees' Cyc. 

Warneford, Samuel Wilson, philanthropist, 
— ft. in "Wiltshire, 1758 — rector of Bourton- 
on-the-Hill, 18 10 — honorary Canon of Glou- 
cester, 1844 — tf. at Bourton, 11 Jan. 1855. 

Warnefrid, Paul. [Paul the Deacon.] 

Warner, John, Bp of Rochester, — ft. at 
Westminster, about 1585 — B.A. Oxford, 1602 
— M.A., 1605 — Prebendary of Canterbury, 
1625 — attends Charles I. in Scotland, 1633 — 
Dean of Lichfield, 1633 — Bp of Rochester, 
1637 — deprived, 1641 — reinstated, 1660 — &., 
11 Oct. 1666. Founds Bromley College, Kent, 
1666. 

Warner, William, poet, — ft. in Oxfordshire, 
about 1558 ? — ft., 9 Mar. 1609. Albion's Eng- 
land, 1 586— Syrinx, 1697. 

Warrants. [General Warrants.] 

Warren, Charles Turner, engraver, — ft., 
about 1763 — ft. in London, 1823. 

Warren, Sir John Borlase, Bart., admiral, 
— ft. at Stapleford, Notts, 1754 — M.P. Marlow, 
1774 — Bart., 1775 — M.A. Cambridge, 1776 — 
K.B., 1794 — takes part in expedition of 
QuiberonBay, 1795 — captures French squadron 
off Irish coast, 11 Oct. 1798— Privy Councillor, 
ambassador extraord. to St Petersburg, 1802 



— Admiral, 18 10 — o\ at Greenwich, 27 Feb. 
1822. 

Warren, Sir Peter, admiral, — ft., 1703 — 
takes Louisbourg, 15 Jun. 1745 — Rear-ad- 
miral, 1745 — with Anson, defeats French 
squadron, and captures several vessels off Cape 
Finisterre, 1747 — Vice-admiral, 1747 — M.P. 
Westminster, 1747 — ft., 29 Jul. 1752. 

Warrenne, John, Earl of, — fights on the 
king's side at Lewes, 1264 — wounds the king's 
Justiciary in Westminster Hall, 1268 — "be- 
sieged in Reigate Castle by Prince Edward, 
surrenders, 1268 — guardian of Scotland, by 
Edward I., 1296 — defeated by Wallace near 
Stirling, 10 Sep. 1297 — tf., 27 Sep. 1304. 

Warrington, in Lancashire, — held for 
Charles I. by Earl of Derby, early in 1643 — 
surrenders to Col. Ashton, 28 May 1643 — 
again taken by Parliamentarians, Jun. 1643 — 
Gen. Bailey surrenders to Cromwell at, 1648 — 
passage of the bridge by Charles II. disputed 
by Lambert, 16 Aug. 1651 — the bridge cut 
down to check progress of Prince Charles Ed- 
ward, Nov.? 1745. Academy, founded, 1757 
— dissolved, 1783. 

Warrington, Henry Booth, Earl of, {Lord 
Delamere,) — ft . , 1 65 1 — supports Exclusion 
Bill, 1678-9 — accused of taking part in insur- 
rection of Monmouth, and committed to the 
Tower, by James II., 1685 — tried for high 
treason and acquitted, Jan. 1686 — rises for 
Prince of Orange in Cheshire, 1688 — Privy 
Councillor and Chancellor of the Exchequer, 
1689 — retires, and is created Earl, 17 Apr. 
1690 — tf., 2 Jan. 1694. 

Warrior, The, first British ironclad vessel, 
— launched, 29 Dec. i860 — official trial of, 21 
Oct. 1861. 

Warsaw, capital of Foland, — mentioned, 
1224 — walled, as early as 1339 — residence of 
Dukes of Masovia, to 1526 — Royal residence, 
by Sigismund II., about 1550 — made seat of 
government by Sigismund III., 1609 — sur- 
renders to Charles X. of., Sweden, Aug. 
1655 — recovered by Poles, 1656 — Charles 
X. and Frederick William, Elector of Bran- 
denburg, defeat John Casimir at, 28-30 Jul. 
1656 — surrenders to Charles XII., 1703 — sur- 
prised by King Frederick Augustus, but soon 
abandoned, 1704 — occupied by Russians, 1764- 
73 — again, 1793 — the garrison expelled, 17- 
18 Apr. 1794 — besieged by Prussians, success- 
fully defended by Kosciusko, 9 Jul. to 6 Sep. 
1794 — taken and sacked by Suwarof, 5 Nov. 
1794 — [Praga]— assigned to Prussia, 1795 — 
evacuated by Russians, and occupied by French, 
28 Nov. 1806 — Napoleon I. received at, 18 
Dec. 1806 — head of a Grand Duchy, by Treaty 
of Tilsit, Jul. 1807 — capitulates to Austrians, 
21 Apr. 1809 — recovered by Poles, 30 May 
1809— reached by Napoleon, 10 Dec. 1812 — ■ 
evacuated by Austrians, and occupied by Rus- 
sians, 8 Feb. 1 81 3— capital of kingdom of 
Poland, 20 Jun. 18 15— visited by Emperor 
Alexander, 13 Mar. to 30 Apr. 181 8 — insur- 
rection breaks out at, 29 Nov. 1830 — defeat of 
Russians before, 31 Mar. 1831 — stormed by 
Russians, 6-7 Sep. 1831 — capitulates, 8 Sep. 



WARTBURG— WASHINGTON, 



1429 



1 83 1 — visited by Emperor Nicholas, 27 Oct. 
1835 — meeting of Emperors Nicholas and 
Francis Joseph at, 22 May 1849 — another, 25 
Oct. 1850 — meeting of Emperor Nicholas and 
King of Prussia, 18-27 May 1851 — meeting of 
Emperors of Austria and Russia and King of 
Prussia, 2 Oct. 1853 — meeting of Agricultural 
Society of Poland at, 21 Feb. 1861 — disturb- 
ances, 25 Feb., suppressed by military : 
funeral procession of victims dispersed by 
military, 27 Feb. — riots caused by dissolution of 
Agricultural Society, 6 Apr. — suppressed, mas- 
sacre of Poles, 8 Apr. — conscription for Rus- 
sian army at, 14 Jan. 1863 — visited by Em- 
peror Alexander II., 1 Jul. 1870. Cathedral, 
founded, about 1250. Palace, {Royal,) built 
by Sigismund III., before 1632 — library and 
paintings carried off to St Petersburg, after 
1 83 1. Citadel, built, 1832-5. University of, 
founded, 1816 — abolished, 1834 — library and 
collections carried off to St Petersburg : re- 
established, 1862, but again suppressed soon 
after. Israelitish Theatre, established, 1868. 
Treaties of, alliance between Austria and 
Poland, against Turks, concluded, 31 Mar. 
1683 — between Russia and Poland, for relief 
of Dissidents, 24 Feb. 1768. Conference of, 
on the German question, held, Oct. 1850. 

Wartburg, in Saxe- Weimar, — founded, 
about 1070-80 ? — residence of Landgraves of 
Thuringia, till 1247 — of Dukes of Saxony, 
1 2 64- 1 406 — Luther's confinement in, 4 May 
152 1 to 6 Mar. 1522. 

Wartburg Festival, — in commemoration of 
the Reformation, held, 18 Oct. 18 17. 

Wartburg War, contest of Minnesingers, — 
at the Wartburg, about 1206. 

Wartenburg, in Prussia, — Gen. Torek de- 
feats French at, 3 Oct. 18 13. 

Warton, Joseph, litterateur, — b. at Duns- 
ford, 1722 — enters Oriel Coll. Oxford, 1740 — 
takes holy orders, 1744 — M.A. Oxford, 1759 
— head-master of Winchester School, 1766-93 

— Prebendary of Winchester, 1788 — ft. in 
London, 23 Feb. 1800. Edition and trans- 
lations of Virgil, 1753 — Essay on Writings 
and Genius of Pope, 1756-82 — edition of Pope's 
Works, 1797. 

Warton, Thomas, poet, historian, — fi. at 
Basingstoke, 1728 — enters Trin. Coll. Oxford, 
1743— M. A., 1750 — Fellow of his Coll., 1751 

— takes holy orders, 1755 — Prof. Poetry, 
1757-67 — B.D., 1761 — F.S.A., 1771 — Camden 
Prof. History, 1785^ 1788 b — poet laureate, 
1788 — if. at Oxford, 21 May 1790. History 
of English Poetry, 1774-81 — Poems, 1777 — 
Observations on Spenser s Faery Queen, 1754 — 
Life of Sir T. Pope, 1772. 

Warwick, capital of Warwickshire, — Ethel- 
fleda builds a fort at, 914 — captured by go- 
vernor of Kenilworth, 1264 — visited by Queen 
Elizabeth, 1572 — partly burnt, 1694— gar- 
risoned for Parliament, unsuccessfully attempted 
by Lord Northampton, 1642. Castle, founded 
by Ethelfieda, 915 — subsequently extended: 
destroyed by forces of Simon de Montfort, 1264 
— rebuilt by Thomas Beauchamp, Earl of War- 
wick, about 1350-70 — Guy's Tower, 1394. 



Beauchamp Chapel, 1464 — partly burnt, 3 Dec. 
1871. 

Warwick, Ambrose Dudley, Earl of, — 
created Baron L'Isle, Dec. 1561 — Earl of 
Warwick, 1562 — conducts expedition in aid of 
Huguenots, and takes possession of Havre, 
Sep. 1562 — wounded at siege of Havre, 1563 — 
if., 21 Feb. 1589 — peerage extinct. 

Warwick, Edward Plantagenet, Earl of, 
—imprisoned in the Tower, by Henry VII., 
1485 — accused of conspiring with ' Perkin 
Warbeck,' 1499 — beheaded in the Tower, 28 
Nov. 1499. 

Warwick, Henry Beauchamp, Earl axd 
Duke of, — succeeds to the Earldom, 1439 — 
Duke, 5 Apr. 1444— quarrels with Duke of 
Buckingham, for precedence, 1444— crowned 
King of Isle of Wight by Henry VI., 1445 — 
if., n Jun. 1445. 

Warwick, John Dudley, Earl of. [North- 
umberland, Duke of.] 

Warwick, Richard de Beauchamp, Earl 
of, — succeeds to the title, 1401 — chief of the 
Embassy to Council of Constance, 1414 — 
created Earl of Aunierle, 14 17 — ambassador to 
Duke of Burgundy, 141 8 — attends Henry Y. 
on his death-bed, 1422 — Regent of France, 
1425-8 — Governor to Henry YL, 1428 — again 
Regent of France, 1437 — if. at Rouen, 30 Apr. 

1439- 

Warwick, Richard NeviUe, Earl of, ' the 
Kingmaker,' — b., about 1428 — marries Anne, 
daughter of Earl of Warwick, about 1449 — 
created Earl of Warwick, 1449 — defeats Lan- 
castrians at St Alban's, 22 May 1455 — Governor 
of Calais, May 1455 — attacks Liibeck fleet and 
captures several vessels, 1458 — takes part in 
Yorkist rising, 1459 — defeats Lancastrians and 
captures the king at Northampton, 10 Jul. 
1460 — defeated by Queen Margaret, near St 
Alban's, 17 Feb. 146 1 — enters London, and 
proclaims Edward IV., 4 Mar. 146 1 — defeats 
Lancastrians at Towton, 29 Mar. 146 1 — takes 
Bamborough Castle, 1462-3 and 1464 — con- 
ducts Henry to the Tower, Jun. 1465 — takes 
Edward prisoner at Olney, Jul. 1468 — refused 
entrance to Calais, spring 1470 — makes com- 
pact with Margaret at Amboise, 15 Jul. 1470 
— marries his daughter Anne to Prince Ed- 
ward, Jul. or Aug. — lands at Dartmouth, and 
proclaims Henry YL, 13 Sep. 1470 — enters 
London and conducts Henry to St Paul's, 6 
Oct. 1470 — restored to his offices, Oct. 1470 — 
defeated and slain by Edward at Barnet, 14 
Apr. 147 1. 

Warwick, Robert Rich, Earl of, — succeeds 
his father, 16 18 — Lieutenant of the fleet under 
Earl of Northumberland, 1642 — bears sword 
of state before Protector, 26 Jun. 1657 — ft., 
1658. 

Warwick, Thomas de Beauchamp, Earl 
of, — created, 1369 — one of the appellants 
against favourites of Richard II., Feb. 1388 — 
attainted and imprisoned, 1397 — restored by 
Henry IV., 1399— if, H 01 - 

Washington, capital of United States, — 
founded, 1790 — seat of government, 1800 — 
taken by British, Aug. 18 14 — visited by Prince 



'43° 



WASHINGTON— WATSON. 



of Wales, i860 — threatened by Confederates, 
1861, Sep. 1862, and 15 Jun. 1863. Capitol, 
first stone laid by Washington, 18 Sep. 1793 — 
completed, 1825 — extension of, provided for 
by Act of Congress, 30 Sep. 1850 — 'extension 
commenced, 4 Jul. 1851 — completed, 1863. 
Treaty of, providing for settlement of Alaba- 
ma Claims and other differences between Great 
Britain and United States, signed, 8 May 1871 
— ratified by Senate of IT. S., 24 May. 

Washington, George, Founder and First 
President of The United States, — 6. in 
Westmoreland, Virginia, 22 Feb. 1732 — Adju- 
tant-general to one of the military divisions 
of Virginia, 1752 — second in command against 
the French, Mar. 1754 — distinguishes him- 
self at the battle of Monongahela, 1755 — 
resigns his commission, end of 1758 — marries, 
17 Jan. 1759 — delegate to first Congress, 
1774 — Commander-in-chief of continental 
army, 5 Jun. 1775 — [American War] — re- 
organizes the army, 1775 — recovers Boston, 
17 Mar. 1776 — defeated at Germantown, 4 
Oct. 1777 — crosses the Delaware, Jun. 1778 — 
suppresses a mutiny in the army, 178 1 — re- 
ceives capitulation of Lord Cornwallis at York 
Town, 19 Oct. 178 1 — resigns his commission, 
23 Dec. 1783 — elected Pres., Feb. 1789 — 
inaugurated, 30 Apr. — reelected, 1793 — pub- 
lishes his farewell address, 15 Sep. 1796 — ft. 
at Mount Vernon, 14 Dec. 1799. 

Wat the Tyler, — kills collector of the poll- 
tax, at Dartford, early in Jun. 1381 — takes 
the lead in insurrection, and encamps at Black- 
heath, 12 Jun. — enters London, 13 Jun. — 
seizes the Tower, 14 Jun. — meets Bichard II. 
in Smithfieki and is killed by Sir W. Wal- 
worth, Mayor of London, 15 Jun. 

Watch, Pocket, — invented at Niirnberg,? 
about 1477 — used for astronomical observations 
by George Purbach at Vienna, 1500 a — intro- 
duced into England, probably before 1540^ 
[Chronometer.] a Wood. 

Watchet, in Somersetshire, — attacked by 
Danes, 918, 988, and about 998. 

Watelet, Claude Henri, litterateur, — b. at 
Paris 1 7 1 8 — admitted to French Academy, 
176 1 — Tj. at Paris, 12 Jan. 1786. Art de 
Peindre, 1760 — Bictionnaire de peinture, de 
gravure, et de sculpture, 1792. 

Water, composition of, — discovered by Ca- 
vendish, 178 1 — his memoir published, 1784 — 
discovered by Lavoisier, Jun. 1783 — discovery 
claimed for Watt, by Arago, 1834 — controversy 
respecting, commences, 1838. 

Water-Clock. [Clepsydra.] 

Water-Colours, Society of Painters in, in 
England, — established, 1805. New Society 
{Institute) of Painters in, established, 1832. 

Water-Cure. [Hydropathy.] 

Waterford, in Ireland, — founded by North- 
men, about 850— stormed by Strongbow, 1170 
— burnt, 1252 — again, 1280 — visited by Rich- 
ard II., Oct. 1394 and 1399 — gives title of 
Earl to John Talbot, 1477 — resists attempt of 
1 Perkin Warbeck,' 1497 — its chartei's annulled 
by James I., 16 17 — receives new charter from 
Charles I., 1626 — unsuccessfully besieged by 



Cromwell, Oct. 1649 — besieged by Ireton, 
Jun. 1650 — surrenders, 10 Aug. — James II. 
embarks at, Jul. 1690 — surrenders to Gen. 
Kirke, 25 Jul. 1690 — visited by William III., 
26 Jul. 

Water-Glass, — invented by Fuchs, 1823. 

Water Supply, Metropolitan, — regulated by 
Act 15 and 16 Vic. c. 84, 1 Jul. 1852 — further 
provisions respecting, by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 
113, 21 Aug. 1871. 

Waterland, Daniel, theologian, — ft. in Lin- 
colnshire, 14 Feb. 1683 — Fellow of Magdalen 
Coll. Cambridge, Feb. 1704 — M.A., 1706 — 
D.D., 17 17 — Chancellor of York, 1723 — Canon 
of Windsor, 1727 — tf. in London, 23 Dec. 
1740. Vindication of Christ's Divinity, 17 19 
— Second Vindication, 1723 — Critical History 
of Athanasian Creed, 1723. 

Waterloo, in Belgium, — Wellington and 
Bliicher defeat Napoleon I. at, 18 Jun. 1815. 

Waterloo, Antoni, painter, — ft. at Amster- 
dam or Utrecht, about 161 8 — tf. near Utrecht, 
1662. 

Waterloo Bridge, London,— commenced by 
Rennie, 18 n — opened, 18 Jun. 181 7. 

Watermill, — [B C] — first mentioned, in 
palace of Mithridates of Pontus, 120-63. 

Waterproofing of cloth, — Hancock's process 
patented, 28 Apr. 1820 — Macintosh's, 1823. 

Waterton, Charles, naturalist, — ft., 1782 — 
tr. at Walton Hall, near Wakefield, 26 May 
1865. Wanderings in S. America, 1825 — 
Essays on Natural History, 1838-44-57. 

Watson, Charles, vice-admiral, — ft. at 
Westminster, 17 14 — Captain, 1738 — Rear- 
admiral, 1748 — commands squadron cooperat- 
ing with Clive in India, 1754 — captures Chan- 
dernagore, 24 Mar. 1757 — a", in India, 16 Aug. 

1757- 

Watson, Musgrave Lewthwaite, sculptor, 
— ft. in Cumberland, 1804 — comes to London, 
1824 — studies at Rome, 1826-8 — IS. in London, 
28 Oct. 1847. Sarpedon, before 1846 — Monu- 
ment to Lords Eldon and Stowell, Univ. Coll. 
Oxford, 1845 — Statue of Flaxman, 1847. 

Watson, Richard, Bp of Llandaff, — ft. 
near Kendal, Aug. 1737 — enters Trin. Coll. 
Cambridge, 3 Nov. 1754 — B.A., 1759 — Fellow 
of his Coll., Oct. 1760— M.A., 1762— Prof. 
Chemistry, Nov. 1764 — F.R.S., 1769 — Regius 
Prof. Divinity, 1771 — marries, Dec. 1773 — Bp 
of Llandaff, Jul. 1782 — tf. in Westmoreland, 4 
Jul. 1 8 16. Chemical Essays, 17 81-6 — Apology 
for Christianity, 1776. 

Watson, Robert, historian, — ft. at St An- 
drew's, about 1730 — Principal of Univ. of St 
Andrew's, Nov. 1777 — a", there, 31 Mar. 1781. 
History of Philip II. , 1777—0} Philip III., 
1783. 

Watson, Thomas, theologian — rector of St 
Stephen's, Walbrook, 1646 — ejected, 1662 — Is. 
in Essex, about 1690? Body of Practical 
Bivinity, 1692. 

Watson, Sir William, botanist, electrician, 
— ft. in London, 1715— F.R.S., 1741 — begins 
experiments in electricity, 1744 — receives 
Copley Medal of Royal Society, 1745 — M.D. 
Halle and Wittenberg, about 1757 — Physician 



WATT— WEBSTER. 



f 43i 



to Foundling Hospital, 1762— F.R.C.P., 1784 
— Knt, 1786 — if., 10 May 1787. Experiments 
and Observations on Electricity, 1745. 

Watt, Gregory, — b., 1777 — becomes ac- 
quainted with (Sir) Humphrey Davy, at Pen- 
zance, 1797 — if., 16 Oct. 1804. Observations 
on Basalt, (Philosophical Trans.,) 1804. 

Watt, James, engineer, mechanician, — b. at 
Greenock, 19 Jan. 1736 — comes to London, 
Jun. 1755 — settles at Glasgow, 1756 — begins 
experiments on steam as motive power, about 
1758 — obtains patent for steam-engine, Jan. 
1769 — becomes partner of Boulton at Soho 
Works, 1774 — term of patent extended by Act 
15 Geo. IK. c. 61, 1775— F.R.S.E., 1784— 
F.R. S. London, 1785 — corresponding member 
of Batavian Society, 1787 — retires from busi- 
ness, 1800 — LL.D. Glasgow, 1806 — correspond- 
ent of French Institute, 1808 — Foreign Asso- 
ciate of Academy of Sciences, 18 14 — if. at 
Heathfield, in Staffordshire, 25 Aug. 18 19. 

Watt, Robert, bibliographer, — b. in Ayr- 
shire, May 1774 — studies at Glasgow College, 
1793-7 — M.D. Aberdeen, before 18 10 — Pres. 
Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons, Glasgow, 
about 1 8 15 — ij. at Glasgow, 12 Mar. 1819. 
Bibliotheca Britannica, 1824. 

Watteau, Jean Antoine, painter, — b. at 
Valenciennes, 10 Oct. 1684 — goes to Paris, 
1702 — received at the Academy, 28 Aug. 17 17 
— visits England, i7i8, a 1720 b — if. at Nogent, 
near Paris, 18 Jul. 1721. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Wattignies, in France, — Gen. Jourdan de- 
feats Prince of Coburg at, 15-16 Oct. 1793. 

Watts, Alaric Alexander, poet,— b. in Lon- 
don, 1799 — editor of Literary Souvenir, 1825- 
35 — originates United Service Gazette, 1833- — 
receives a pension, 1853 — if. at Kensington, 5 
Apr. 1864. Lyrics of the Heart, 1851. 

Watts, Isaac, theologian, poet, miscellaneous 
writer, — ft. at Southampton, 17 Jul. 1674 — 
begins to preach in London, 1698 — pastor of 
congregation in Mark Lane, 1701 — goes to 
live with Sir Thomas Abney, at Theobalds, 
17 12 —if. there, 25 Nov. 1748. JLorce Ly rices, 
1706 — Hymns, 1707 — Psalms of David, 17 19 
— Logick, 1725 — Divine Songs, 1726. 

Watts, Thomas, philologist, — b. in London, 
1804 — obtains appointment in British Museum, 
1838 — Superintendent of Reading Room, 1857 
— Keeper of Printed Books' Department, Aug. 
1867 — if. in London, 9 Sep. 1869. 

Wauchope, ( Vaucop,) Robert, Titular Abp 
op Armagh, — introduces Jesuits into Ireland, 
1541 — appointed Abp by Paul III., 1543 — 
attends Council of Trent, between Dec. 1545 
and Jun. 1547 — if. at Paris, 10 Nov. 155 1. 

Wavre, in Belgium, — the French, under 
Grouchy, defeat Prussians under Thielman, 18- 
19 Jun. 1 8 15. 

Waxen Tablets, (tabulce ceratee,) — two, 
dated [AD] 169, discovered in Transylvania, 
1840 — described by Massman, 1841. 
Way. [Highways.] 

Wayland, Francis, theologian, §c.,— b. in 
New York, ir Mar. 1796 — Pres. Brown Uni- 
versity, R. I., 1827 — retires, 1855 — if., 30 Sep. 



1 8 65 . Life of Judson, 1 85 ^—Lntellectual Bhi- 
losophy, 18 54— Christianity and Slavery, 1845. 
Wayne, Anthony, general, — b. in Pennsyl- 
vania, 1 Jan. 1745 — raises regiment of volun- 
teers, 1775— joins Gen. Sullivan in Canada, 
spring 1776— Commander at Ticonderoga, 
1 776-7 — Brigadier-general, joins Washington 
in N. Jersey, May 1777— at battle of Brandy- 
wine, 1 1 Sep.— defeated by British, at Paoli, 
20 Sep.— at battle of Germantown, 4 Oct.— 
distinguishes himself at battle of Monmouth, 
28 Jun. 1778— captures Stony Point, 15 Jul. 
1779— suppresses mutiny at Morristown, Jan. 
1780— distinguishes himself at Green Spring, 
6 Jul.— takes part in capture of Yorktown, 
Oct. 17 8 1 — commands in Georgia, 1782 — 
Major-general, Commander-in-chief against 
Indians, Apr. 1792— defeats the Miamis, Aug. 
1794 — if., 14 Dec. 1796. 

Waynflete, ( Wainjleet,) William of, Bp op 
Winchester, Lord Chancellor, — head 
master of Winchester School, 1429 — first mas- 
ter of Eton College, 1442— Provost, Dec. 1443 
— Bp of Winchester, 1447 — founds Magdalen 
Coll. Oxford, 1448 — Lord Chancellor, 1456— 
resigns, 1460— if., 11 Aug. i486. 

Weaver, (Weever,) John, antiquary, — b. in 
Lancashire, 1576 — if., about 1632. Ancient 
funeral monuments of Great Britain and Lre- 
land, 1 63 1. 

Weaver, Thomas, geologist, — studies at 
Freiberg, 1790— F.R.S. London, 1826 — if. in 
London, 2 Jul. 1855. 

Webb, Philip Carteret, antiquary, — b., 
1700— F.S.A., 1751— M.P., 1754 — Joint- 
solicitor of Treasury, 1756 — conducts prose- 
cution of Wilkes, 1763 — if. in Surrey, 22 Jun. 
1770. 

Webbe, Samuel, musical composer, — b., 
1740 — if., 1 817. 

Weber, Henry William, archeeologist, mis- 
cellaneous writer, — b. at St Petersburg, 1783 
— if. at York, 1818. Metrical Romances of 
l^th, 14:th, and 15th centuries, 18 10. 

Weber, Karl Maria Friedrich Ernest, 
Baron von, musical composer, — b. at Eutin, in 
Holstein, 18 Dec. 1786 — pupil of Michael 
Haydn at Salzburg, 1798 — visits Vienna and 
becomes acquainted with Joseph Haydn, 1803 
— Director of Opera at Prague, 18 13-16 — 
settles at Dresden, 1817 — visits Berlin, 1822 — 
if. in London, 5 Jun. 1826. Breciosa, 1821 — 
Der Freischutz, 1822 — Bury ant he, 1823 — 
Oberon, 1826. 

Webster, Daniel, statesman, — b. at Salis- 
bury, in New Hampshire, U. S., 18 Jan. 1782 
— begins to practise as a lawyer, 1805 — mem- 
ber of Congress, May 18 13 — Senator, 1827 — 
visits England and France, 1839 — Secretary of 
State for Foreign Affairs, 1841 to May 1843 
— negotiates Oregon Boundary Treaty, 1 842 — 
again Secretary of State, Jul. 1850 — if. at 
Marshfield, 24 Oct. 1852. Works, 1851. 

Webster, John, dramatist, — The White 
Devil, 1612 — Duchess of Malfi, 1623 — Appius 
and Virginia, 1654. 

Webster, Noah, lexicographer, — b. in Con- 
necticut, U. S., 16 Oct. 1758 — enters Yale 



1432 



"WEBSTER— WELLESLEY. 



Coll., 1774 — graduates, 1778 — LL.D. Yale 
Coll., 1823 — tf. at .Newhaven, 28 May 1843. 
Dictionary of the English Language, 1828. 

Webster, Thomas, geologist, — b. in the 
Orkneys, about 1773 — Curator of Museum of 
Geological Society of London, 1826 — Prof. 
Geology, Univ. Coll. London, 1840 — tf. in 
London, 26 Dec. 1844. Encyclopcedia of Do- 
mestic Economy, 1 844. 

Wedderburne, Alexander. [Rosslyn, Earl 
or.] 

"Wedgwood, Josiah, ornamental potter, — b. 
at Burslem, Staffordshire, 12 Jul. 1730 — be- 
gins business there, 1759 — marries, 1764 — 
founds and removes to Etruria, near Newcastle- 
under-Lyme, 177 1 — F.R.S., 16 Jan. 1783 — 
F.S.A., 4 May 1786 — tf. at Etruria, 3 Jan. 
1795. Copy of Portland Vase, 17 90-1. 

Wedgwood, Thomas, — b., May 1771 — in- 
vents photography, and takes the first helio- 
types, at Etruria, 1791-3 — the method pub- 
lished, Jun. 1802 — tf., 10 Jul. 1805. 

Wedgwood Memorial Institute, Burslem, 
— founded, 26 Oct. 1863. 

Weekly Dispatch, London Journal, — com- 
menced, 1801. 

Weekly News, {Butter' 1 s,) first English news- 
paper, — commenced, 1622. 

Weeninx, [Weenix,) Jan Baptista, painter, 
— b. at Amsterdam, 1621 — tJ. near Utrecht, 
about 1660. 

Weeninx, Jan, the Younger, painter, — b. 
at Amsterdam, 1644 — tf. there, 20 Sep. 17 19. 

Weever, John. [Weaver.] 

Wehlau. [Vehlau.j 

Wehnert, E. H., painter, — b., 1814 — -tf. at 
Kentish Town, 15 Sep. 1868. 

Weidler, Johann Friedrich, astronomer, — 
b. in Thuringia, 1691 — Prof. Mathematics, 
Wittenberg, 1721 — tf. there, 1755. Kistoria 
Astronomies, 1741 — Bibliographia Astrono- 
mica, 1755. 

Weights and Measures, — in England, uni- 
formity of, required by Act 9 Hen. III. c. 25, 
1224-5 — English, to be adopted in Scotland, 
by Act of Union, 5 and 6 Ann. c. 8, 1706. 
In Great Britain, uniformity of, ascertained 
and established by Act 5 Geo. IV. c. 74, 17 
Jun. 1824 — law amended by Act 4 and 5 Wm 
IV. c. 49, 13 Aug. 1834 — repealed and new 
provisions made by 5 and 6 Wm IV. c. 63, 9 
Sep. 1835— amended by 22 and 23 Vic. c. 56, 
13 Aug. 1859. Examiners of appointment of, 
provided for and regulated by Acts 35 Geo. 
III. c. 102, 22 Jun. 1795; 37 Geo. III. c. 
143, 20 Jul. 1797 ; 55 Geo. III. c. 43, 2 May 
1 8 15. In Ireland, regulated by Act 23 and 
24 Vic. c. 119, 28 Aug. i860 — amended by 25 
and 26 Vic. c. 76, 7 Aug. 1862. [Metric 
System, Standards.] 

Weimar. [Saxe-Weimar, Grand Duchy 
of.] 

Weimar, capital of Grand Duchy, — belongs 
to Counts of Orlamunde, before 1000 — passes 
to Landgraves of Thuringia, 1376 — to Meissen, 
1440 — falls to Ernestine line, 1554. 

Weinbrenner, Friedrich, architect, — b. at 
Carlsruhe, 9 Nov. 1766 — goes to Home, 1792-7 



— Bau-Inspector, Carlsruhe, 1797 — tf. there, 
1 Mar. 1826. Architektonisches Lehrbuch, 
1810-25. 

Weinsberg, in Wurtemberg, — free Im- 
perial city, to 1402 — Conrad III. defeats Welf 
near, besieges and takes the city, 1140 — mas- 
sacre of nobles by peasants, 1524 — stormed and 
destroyed, 1525. 

Weishaupt, Adam, founder of the Illumi- 
nati, — b. at Ingolstadt, 5 Feb. 1748— Prof. 
Extraord. Law, 1772 — Prof. Law of Nature 
and Canon Law, 1775 — founds Order of the 
Illuminati, 1776 — expelled from his chair, 
1785— tf. at Gotha, 18 Nov., a 11 Dec. b 1822. 
Apologie der Illuminaten, 1786 — Verbessertes 
System der Illuminaten, 1787 — JJeber Staatsan- 
gaben, 1820. a Conv.-Lex. b Biog. Univ. 

Weisse, Christian Felix, poet, — b. in 
Saxony, 1726 — studies at Leipsic, 1745 — tf. 
near Leipsic, 16 Dec. 1804. Trausrspiele, 
1776-80 — Lustspiele, 1783 — Eomische Opern, 
1777 — Kleine lyrische Gedichte, 1772 — Kinder - 
Freund, 1775 — edits the Bibliothek der sc/wwn 
Wissenschaften und freien Kiinste, 1760-5. 

Weisse, Maximilian von, astronomer, — b. in 
Austria, 1798 — LL.D. Vienna, 1822 — assistant 
in the Observatory, 1823 — Prof. Astronomy 
and Director of the Observatory, Cracow, 1825 
to May 1861— tf., 10 Oct. 1863. 

Weissenburg, {Kronweissenburg,) in Alsace, 
— free Imperial city, 1247 — lines of constructed 
for protection of Bhenish frontier, 1705 — 
stormed by allies, 13 Oct. 1793 — reconquered 
by Pichegru, 26 Dec. 1793 — stormed by Crown 
Prince of Prussia, Gen. Douay defeated and 
killed, 4 Aug. 1870. 

Weissenburg, in Transylvania, — Stephen 
Bathori defeats Turks at, 1479. 

Weld, Thomas, Cardinal, — b. at Lulworth 
Castle, Dorsetshire, (in London ?) 22 Jan. 1773 
— marries, 1796 — loses his wife, 1815 — takes 
priest's orders at Paris, 1 3 Apr. 1 821 — Cardinal, 
by Pius VIII. , 15 Mar. 1829 — receives Eoyal 
Family of France at Lulworth Castle, after J ul. 
1830— tf. at Borne, 10 Apr. 1837. 

Weldon, John, musical composer, — organist 
of the Chapel-royal, Windsor, 1708 — second 
composer, 17 15 — tf., 1736. Anthems, 1730. 

Weliki-Luki, treaty of, — alliance between 
Spain and Russia, signed, 8 (20) Jul. 1812. 

Wellesley, Arthur. [Wellington, Duke 
or.] 

Wellesley, Henry. [Cowley, Lord.] 

Wellesley, Richard Colley, Viscount and 
Marquis Wellesley, and Earl of Morning- 
ton, Governor-general of India, — b. at 
Dublin, 20 Jun. 1760 — succeeds his father, 
178 1— Knt of St Patrick, 1783— M. P. Beer- 
alston, 1785 — Lord of the Treasury, 1786 — 
Privy Councillor, 1793 — Baron Wellesley, Oct. 
1797 — Governor-General of India, Oct. 1797 — 
arrives at Calcutta, May 1798 — commences 
conquest of Mysore, Feb. 1799— created Mar- 
quis, Dec. 1799— quits India, Aug. 1805 — 
ambassador extraord. to Spain, 1809 — Secre- 
tary of State for Foreign Affairs, Dec. 1809 to 
Jan. 1812 — K.G., 1810 — Lord-lieutenant of 
Ireland, Dec. 1821 to Mar. 1828— Lord- 



"WELLINGTON— WELSH. 



*433 



steward of the Household, 1831 — Lord-lieu- 
tenant again, Sep. 1833-4 — Lord-chamberlain, 
Apr. 1835— resigns, 1835 — tf. in London, 26 
Sep. 1842. Despatches, Minutes, and Corre- 
spondence, 1836 and 1838. 

Wellington, New Zealand, — founded by N. 
Zealand Company, 1840 — gives name to a 
province, 1852 — first meeting of parliament at, 
23 Jul. 1865. 

Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of, 
field-marshal, statesman, — ft. at Dangan Castle 
or Dublin, ? probably Mar. or Apr. 1769 — ■ 
enters the army, 7 Mar. 1787 — member of 
Irish parliament, 1790 — serves in Flanders, 
1794-5 — Colonel, May 1796 — arrives at Cal- 
cutta, Feb. 1797 — takes part in expedition to 
Mysore, 1799 — Governor of Seringapatam, 
Jul. 1799 — routs army of Dhoondia Waugh, 
10 Sep. 1800 — Major-general, Apr. 1802. 



: 803 : commands in expedition against Mah 
rattas, and restores the Peishwa, Apr. to May 
— Commander-in-chief, takes Ahmednuggur, 
8-12 Aug. — enters Aurungabad, 29 Aug. — 
defeats Scindia at Assaye, 23 Sep. — again at 
Argaum, 29 Nov. — signs treaty of peace with 
Scindia, 30 Dec. 

1804: K.C.B. 

1805 : arrives in England, Sep. — takes part 
in expedition to Hanover, Nov. 

1806: marries Lady Catherine Pakenham, 
10 Apr. — M.P. Eye. 

1807 : Secretary for Ireland, Apr. — takes 
part in expedition to Copenhagen, Aug. — 
takes Kioge, 29 Aug. 

1808: Lieutenant-general, 25 Apr. — takes 
command of forces sent to the Peninsula, Jun. 
• — lands at Mondego Bay, 1 Aug. — defeats De 
Laborde at Roliqa, 17 Aug. — superseded in 
chief command by Sir Harry Burrard, 20 Aug. 
— defeats Junot at Vimeira, 21 Aug. — Con- 
vention of Cintra, 31 Aug. 

1809 : Commander-in-chief of British forces 
in the Peninsula; arrives at Lisbon, 22 Apr. — 
passage of the Douro, Oporto occupied, 12 
May — Marshal-general of Portuguese army, 
May : obtains victory over Marshal Victor at 
Talavera, 27-28 Jul. — crosses the Tagus at 
Arzobispo, 4 Aug. — Baron of Douro, Viscount 
Wellington, 4 Sep. 

1810: defeats French at Busaco, 27 Sep. 
— takes up his position in the lines of Torres 
Vedras, 10 Oct. 

1 8 1 1 : defeats Massena at Fuentes de Onoro, 
3 and 5 May— resumes siege of Badajoz, 19 
May to 10 Jun. 

1 8 1 2 : invests Ciudad Rodrigo, 8 Jan. — 
takes it by storm, 19 Jan. — Duke of Ciudad 
Rodrigo, J an. — Earl of Wellington, 28 Feb. — 
invests Badajoz, 16 Mar. — takes it by storm, 6 
Apr. — occupies Salamanca, 17 Jun. — defeats 
Marmont at Salamanca, 22 Jul. — enters Ma- 
drid, 12 Aug. — Marquis of Wellington, 3 Oct. 
— siege of Burgos, 19 Sep. to 21 Oct. 

1813: K.G., 4 Mar. — obtains victory of 
Vittoria, 21 Jun. — Field-marshal of England, 
3 Jul. — Duke of Vittoria, 181 3 — 'battles of 
the Pyrenees,' 27-31 Jul. — storms San Se- 
bastian, 31 Aug. — head-quarters at St Jean 
de Luz, 10 Nov. 



1 8 14: defeats Soult at Orthez, 27 Feb., and 
at Toulouse, 10 Apr. — Marquis of Douro, 
Duke of Wellington, 1 1 May — arrives at Lon- 
don, 23 Jun. — takes his seat in House of 
Lords, 28 Jun. — ambassador to France, Jul. 

1 8 15: attends Congress of Vienna, Jan. — 
takes command of army in Flanders, middle of 
Apr. — repulses Ney at Quatre Bras, 16 Jun. — 
with Bliicher, defeats Napoleon at Waterloo, 1 8 
Jun.— Commander-in-chief of army of occupa- 
tion in France, 18 15 to Nov. 181 8— Field-mar- 
shal of Austria, Russia, and Prussia, Oct. 181 8 
— Master-general of the Ordnance, 1 Jan. 1819 
— attends Congress of Verona, 1822 — envoy 
to St Petersburg, 1826 — Constable of the 
Tower, 1826 — Commander-in-chief, Jan. 1827 
— Prime Minister, 8 Jan. 1828 to 15 Nov. 
1830 — Governor of Dover Castle, Lord Warden 
of the Cinque Ports, Jan. 1829 — opposes 
Reform Bill and is hooted in the city, Jun. 
1832 — Chancellor of Oxford Univ., 29 Jan. 
1834 — Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 
Dec. 1834 to 8 Apr. 1835 — visited by Queen 
Victoria at Walmer Castle, 1 842 — Commander- 
in-chief, Dec. 1842— Pres. Council, 1845 to 
Jul. 1846 — tf. at Walmer Castle, 14 Sep. 1852 
— buried in St Paul's, 9 Nov. 1852. Despatches, 
1852 — Supplementary Despatches, 1860-66 — 
third Series, 1867, &c. 

Wellington College, Sandhurst, — first stone 
laid by Queen Victoria, 2 Jun. 1856 — opened 
by the Queen, Jan. 1859. 

Wellington Monument, — erection of, in St 
Paul's, authorized by Government, 1856 — com- 
mission to execute, accepted by Stevens, Nov. 
1858. 

Wellingtonia Grigantea, — discovered by 
Dowd, in California, 1850. 

Wells, in Somersetshire, — seat of Bishopric 
by Edward the Elder, about 905 — [Bath and 
Wells.] Cathedral, church founded by Ina, 
704 — rebuilt, by Bp Robert, 1135-66 — en- 
larged by Bp Jocelyn, 1205-39— completed by 
Thomas Henry, treasurer, about 1465. Bishop's 
Palace, founded, 1088-1122. 

Wells, Charles William, physician, — b. at 
Charleston, U. S., May 1757 — graduates M.D. 
at Edinburgh, Dec. 1780 — settles in London, 
1785 — F. R. S., 1793 — Physician to St 
Thomas's Hospital, 1800 — F.R.S.E., 18 14 — 
receives Rumford Medal, 1816 — tf. in London, 
18 Sep., a 28 Aug. b 1 817. Essay on Dew, 
1 8 14. a Rees' Cye. b Amer. Cyc. 

Wells, Sir Robert,— heads insurrection of 
Lancastrians in Lincolnshire, Mar. 1470. 

Welsh, David, theologian, — ft. in Dumfries- 
shire, 1793 — licensed as a preacher, May 
1 8 16 — settles at Glasgow, 1827 — D.D., 1831 — 
Prof. Church History, Edinburgh, 1831 — 
visits Germany, 1834 — Moderator of General 
Assembly, 1842 — joins in secession from 
Church of Scotland, 1843 — P r °f- Ecclesiastical 
History, in College of the Free Church, 1843 
— tf., 24 Apr. 1845. Life of Dr Thomas 
Brown, 1825 — Elements of Church History, 
1 844 — founds and edits North British Review, 
1843. 

Welsh, John, theologian, — h., 'about 1568 — 
M.A. Edinburgh,. 1588 — parish minister of 



1434 



WELSH VERSION OF THE BIBLE— WERTH. 



Selkirk, 1589 — removes to Kirkcudbright, 1594 
■ — to Ayr, 1600 — tried for high treason and 
banished, Jan. 1606 — "ft. in London, Mar. 1622. 

Welsh Version of the Bible, — ordered by 
Act 5 Eliz. c. 28, 1563 — New Testament, pub- 
lished, 1567 — Old Testament, 1588 — revised 
by Parry, 1620. 

Welsted, Leonard, poet, — b., 1689 — tf., 
1749. 

Wem, Baron. [Jeffreys, G.] 

Wenceslaus, kings of Bohemia. [Bohemia.] 

Wenceslaus, — Emperor op the Romans 
and King of Bohemia,— ft., 1359,* 26 Feb. 
1 36 1 b — crowned King of Bohemia, 1363 — 
elected King of the Romans, 10 Jun. 1376 — 
marries, 1 37 7 — succeeds his father, Charles, (I. 
of Bohemia, IV. Emperor,) Nov. 1378 — loses 
his wife, 1388— marries Sophia of Bavaria, 
1389 — imprisoned by his subjects for his ex- 
cesses, 7 May 1393 b (4 Oct. 1394 b ) — escapes 
and resumes the government, Sep. b (Feb. 
i395 b ) — creates John Galeazzo Visconti Duke 
of Milan, 1395 — gives up to him towns of 
Lombardy, 1396 — deposed by Electors of the 
Empire, 24 Aug. 1400 — again imprisoned by 
his Bohemian subjects, and his brother Sigis- 
mund declared Regent, 1402 — ft. at Prague, 
16 Aug. 141 9. a Biog. Univ. 

b Art de Verifier les Dates. 

Wendover, Roger of. [Roger.] 

Wends, branch of Slaves, — occupy north 
and east Germany, before 600 — in Pannonia, 
subdued by Avars, 581 — tributary to Franks, 
744 — their fortress, Brannibor, {Brandenburg,) 
taken by Henry the Fowler, 928 a — recover 
Brannibor, 1023 a — finally subdued by Albert 
the Bear, 1150-70^ a Carlyle. 

Wenlock, John, Lord, — Chamberlain to 
Queen Margaret, 1450 — fights on Lancastrian 
side and is wounded at first battle of St 
Alban's, May 1455 — K.G-., about 1457 — fights 
on Yorkist side at Towton, Mar. 146 1 — 
Baron, 1466 — joins in attempt to restore Henry 
VI., 147 1 — slain by Somerset after battle of 
Tewkesbury, 4 May 147 1. 

Wensleydale, James Park, Baron, Baron 
of the Exchequer, — fc. near Liverpool, 22 
Mar. 1782 — enters Trin. Coll. Cambridge, 
Oct. 1799— B.A., 1803— Fellow of Trin. Coll., 
1804 — called to the bar at Inner Temple, 18 13 
— marries, 18 17 — Justice of King's Bench, 
1828 — Baron of the Exchequer and Privy 
Councillor, 1834 — retires, and is created Peer 
for life, 16 Jan. 1856 — the subject referred to 
Committee of Privileges of House of Lords, 7 
Feb. — illegality of the patent reported and 
affirmed, 25 Feb. — created Baron Wensleydale, 
1 856 — tr. at Ampthill Park, Bedfordshire, 25 
Feb. 1868. 

Wentworth, C. W. [Rockingham, Mar- 
quis op.] 

Wentworth, Peter, — makes a bold defence 
of privileges of parliament and is sent to the 
Tower, 1576 — proposes queries respecting 
same privileges, and is again committed, 1588. 

Wentworth, Thomas. [Strafford, Earl of.] 

Wentworth, Sir Thomas, 1st Lord Went- 
worth, — distinguishes himself in expedition 1 



to France and is knighted by Henry VIIL, 
1523 — created a Peer, Dec. 1529 — attends the 
king to France, Oct. 1532 — Lord Chamberlain 
and Privy Councillor, 1547 — takes part in sup- 
pressing Kett's insurrection, 1549 — )j., 3 Mar. 

Wentworth, Thomas, 2nd Lord,— serves at 

battle of Musselburgh, 10 Sep. 1547 — Knt, 28 
Sep.— succeeds his father, 1551 — Privy Coun- 
cillor and Governor of Calais, by Queen Mary, 
1553 — capitulates to Duke of Guise, 6 Jan. 
1558 — tried for high treason and acquitted, 22 
Apr. 1559 — assists at trial of Duke of Norfolk, 
Jan. 1572 — at trial of Mary Queen of Scots, 
1587— a"., 14 Jan. 1591. 

Wentworth, Thomas, 4th Lord, — succeeds 
to the title, 1594— K.B., 1614 — Earl of Cleve- 
land, by Charles L, 1626 — takes part in ex- 
pedition to France, 1627 — takes part in defeat 
of Waller at Cropredy Bridge, 29 Jun. 1644 — 
taken prisoner at second battle of Newbury, 
27 Oct. 1644 — released, 3 Sep. 1646 — accom- 
panies the king to Scotland, 1650 — fights at 
battle of Worcester, 3 Sep. 1651 — captured 
and sent to the Tower, end of Sep. — accom- 
panies Charles II. in his entry to London, 
1660— tr., 26 Mar. 1667. 

Wergeland, Henrik Arnold, poet, $•<?., — fc. 
at Christiansand, 17 Jun. 1808 — Keeper of 
Univ. Library, 1836 — of Archives, 1840 — ft., 
12 Aug. 1845. Works, 1 85 1 -6. 

Werner, Abraham Gottlob, mineralogist, — 
b. in Upper Lusatia, 25 Sep. 1750 — Assistant 
Prof. Mineralogy, Freiberg, 1775 — goes to 
Paris, 1802 — fo. at Dresden, 30 Jun. 181 7. 
Theory of the Formation of Veins, 1791. 

Werner, Friedrich Ludwig Zacharias, 
dramatist, — ft. at KiJnigsberg, 18 Nov. 1768 
— embraces Romanism, 181 1 — tj. at Vienna, 
18 Jan. 1823. Works, 1817-18. 

Werner, Paul von, general, — h. at Raab, 11 
Dec. 1707 — enters Imperial army, 1725 — 
taken prisoner by Spaniards at battle of 
Bitonto, 1734 — distinguishes himself at Moll- 
witz, 1 74 1 — at Czaslau, 1742 — at Raucoux, 
1746 — at Lawfeldt, 1747 — passes to service of 
Prussia, and is named Lieutenant-colonel, 1750 
— distinguishes himself in campaigns of Seven 
Years' War, 1756-63 — contributes to victory 
of Leuthen, Dec. 1757 — Major-general, by 
Frederick II., Sep. 1758 — compels Gen. de 
Ville to raise siege of Neisse, 1758 — drives him 
out of Silesia, 1759 — compels Russians to raise 
siege of Colberg, 18 Sep. 1760 s — defends Bel- 
gard, Jan. 1761* — Lieutenant-general and 
Canon of Minden, 176 1 — drives Swedes out 
of Brandenburg and Pomerania, 1761 — sur- 
prised and taken prisoner by Russians, 12 Sep. 
1761 a — liberated by Peter III., end of 1762 — 
defeats Marshal Daun at Schweidnitz, 1763 — 
takes part in war of Bavarian Succession, 1778 
— tf. in Silesia, 25 Jan. 1785. * Carlyle. 

Werth, Johann, Baron von, general, — 6. 
in Brabant, 1594 — serves under Spinola at 
siege of Juliers, 1621 — enters service of 
Bavaria, 1631 — as General, contributes to Im- 
perialist victory at Nordlingen, 1634 — attempts 
to seize Heidelberg, and is repulsed by Bern- 



WEKTINGEN— WESTALL. 



1435 



hard von Weimar, 1634 — recovers Spire from 
Swedes, 1635 — threatens Liege and ravages 
Picardy, 1636 — threatens Paris, 1636— takes 
Ehrenbreitstein and Hanau from Swedes, 1637 
— thrice defeated by Bernbard, 1637 — con- 
tributes to raising siege of Rhinfeld, Feb. 1638 
— surprised and captured by Bernhard, 3 Mar. 
1638 — imprisoned at Vincennes, 1638 — ex- 
changed, 1642 — defeated by Guebriant, 26 Sep. 
1642 — defeats Eantzau at Tuttlingen, 24 Nov. 
1643 — decides victory over Turenne at Marien- 
thal, 5 May 1645— ft. in Bohemia, 6 Sep. 1652. 

Wertingen, — Napoleon I. defeats Austrians 
at, 8 Oct. 1805. 

Wesel, in Prussia, — founded, 11 25 — passes 
to Cleves, 1220 — its privileges confirmed by 
Count Dietrich V., 1241 — adopts the Beform- 
ation, 1540 — Synod of reformed Dutch 
Churches held at, 1568 — occupied by Span- 
iards, 1614-29 — seized by French, 1672 — 
again, 1760 — given up to Napoleon L, becomes 
part of Ducby of Berg, 1805 — transferred to 
France, Jan. 1806 — blockaded by Prussians, 
Nov. 1 813 — given up to Prussia, by Peace of 
Paris, May 18 14. 

Wesley, Charles, theologian, poet, — h. at 
Epworth, Lincolnshire, 1708 — enters Christ- 
church, Oxford, 1726 — accompanies his brotber 
to N. America, 1735 — marries, 1749 — settles 
in London, 1768 — ft. in London, 29 Mar. 1788. 

Wesley, John, founder of Methodism, — b. 
at Epworth, 17 (28) Jun. 1703 — scholar at the 
Cbarterhouse, Jan. 17 14-19 — enters Christ- 
church, Oxford, Jun. 1720 — ordained deacon, 
1725 — Fellow of Lincoln Coll., 17 Mar. 1726 — 
M.A., 14 Feb. 1727 — ordained p'riest, 22 Sep. 
1728 — joins association of students {Methodists) 
at Oxford, close of 1728 — goes to Georgia, (N. 
America,) 1735 — returns, 1737 — visits Herrn- 
hut, Aug. 1738 — begins field-preaching at 
Bristol, 2 Apr. 1739 — excluded from Moravian 
pulpits, Jul. 1740 — separates from Whitefield, 
Mar. 1 741 — preacbes before Oxford Univ., 25 
Jul. 1 74 1 — reconciliation with Whitefield, Apr. 
1742 — takes part in first Conference, 25-30 Jun. 
1744 — visits Ireland, 1749, 1750, &c. — marries, 
175 1 — visits Scotland, 175 1 and 1757— deserted 
by his wife, Jan. 1758 — death of his wife, 8 Oct. 
1781 — ft. in London, 2 Mar. 1791. Hymns, 
1753 — establishes Arminian Magazine, 1780. 

Wesley, Samuel, theologian, — b. in Dorset- 
shire, about 1662 — rector of Epworth, Lincoln- 
shire, about 1696 — ft., Apr. 1735. History of 
Old and New Testaments in Verse, 1704. 

Wesley, Samuel, — b. at Epworth, about 
1690 — master of Tiverton Grammar School, 
1732 — ft. at Tiverton, 1739. Poems, 1736. 

Wesley, Samuel, musical composer, — fj. at 
Bristol, 24 Feb. 1766 — organist of Chapel 
Boyal, 1784 — ft. in London, 11 Oct. 1837. 

Wessel, Jan, (Wesselus,) theologian, — b. at 
Groningen, 141 9 or 1420 — visits Paris, about 
i45?.-(4)-73 — visits Borne, 1470-1 — Prof. 
Theology, Heidelberg, about 1477-9 — & a ^ 
Groningen, 4 Oct. 1489. Farrago rerum theo- 
logicarutn, 1522. 

Wesseling, Peter, philologist, — b. in West- 
phalia, 1692 — Prof. Eloquence and History, 



Franeker, 1723 — Prof. Greek, &c, Utrecht, 
1735 — Prof. Philosophy of Law, 1746 — Bector 
of the Univ., 1736 — Librarian, 1749—11. at 
Utrecht, 9 Nov. 1764. Edition of Piodorus 
Siculus, 1745-6— of Herodotus, 1763 — of Ve- 
terum Pomanorum Itineraries, 1735. 

Wessenberg, Ignaz Heinrich Karl, Bakon 
von, theologian, $c, — b. at Dresden, 2 Nov. 
1774 — Vicar-general of diocese of Constance, 
1802 — nominated coadjutor by Abp Dalberg, 
1 8 14, but rejected by the pope: elected ad- 
ministrator of the diocese, 1817 — and rejected 
by the pope, 15 Mar. 1817 — retires, 1827 — ft. 
at Constance, 9 Aug. i860. Gedichte, 1834-44 
— Elementarbildung des Volkes, 18 14 — Christ- 
liche Pilder, 1826-8 — Gott und die Welt, 1857. 

Wessex, ( West Saxons,) Kingdom of, — 
founded by Cerdic and Cynric, 519 — Cynric 
succeeds on Cerdic's death, 534 — Ceawlin, 560 
— Ceolric (Ceol) defeats his nephew Ceaw- 
lin at Wodnesbeorg, and succeeds him, 591 — 
Ceolwulf, 597 — Cynegils, 611— and later 
with his son Cwichelm : Cenwalch, 643 — 
Sexburga, his widow, succeeds, 672— Escwin, 
674 — great battle with Wulfhere of Mercia, 
675 — Centwine, son of Cynegils, 676 — fights 
with success against Britons, 682 — Cead walla, 
685 — with his brother Mul, ravages Kent, 
686-7 — goes to Borne, 688 — baptized, 13 Apr. 
— ft., 20 Apr. 688 — Ina, 688 — war with 
Mercia, 715 — Ethelheard, 726,* 728 b — 
Cuthred, 739 or 741 — Sig-ebert, 754 — de- 
prived of his kingdom (except Hampshire) 
and succeeded by Cynewulf, 755 — Brithric, 
(Peorhtric,) 784 — marries Offa's daughter 
Eadburga, 787 — first landing of Northmen in 
England, 787 — poisoned by Eadburga, 800 — 
— Egbert, 800 — Bretwalda, 827 — King of the 
English, 828. a Lappenberg. b A.S. Chron. 

West, Benjamin, painter, President of 
the Boyal Academy, — b. at Springfield, in 
Pennsylvania, 10 Oct. 1738 — visits Borne, 1760 
— arrives in England, 20 Aug. 1763 — marries, 
2 Sep. 1765 — introduced to George III., 1767 
— B.A., 1768 — historical painter to the king, 
1772 — Pres. B.A., 1792-1802 — reappointed, 
about 1803 — loses his wife, 6 Dec. 18 17 — ft. in 
London, 11 Mar. 1820. Pegulus, 1769 — Peath 
of General Wolfe, 1 7 7 1 — Christ Healing the Sick, 
about 1802 — Peath on the Pale Horse, 18 17. 

West, Gilbert, poet, miscellaneous writer, — 
&., 1706 — LL.D. Oxford, 1748 — ft., 26 Mar. 
1756. Observations on the Resurrection of 
Christ, 1747 — translations from Pindar, 1749. 

West African Settlements, British, — or- 
ganized, Feb. 1866 — [Gambia, Gold Coast, 
Lagos, and Sierra Leone] — jurisdiction of 
courts of, extended by Act 34 Vic. c. 8, 31 
Mar. 1 87 1. 

West Indies. {See Cuba, Jamaica, and 
other names of Islands.} 

West Point, in N. York State, — fortifi- 
cations commenced, 1777-8. Military Aca- 
demy, organized, Mar. 1802. 

Westall, Richard, painter, — b. at Hert- 
ford, 1765 — B.A., 1794 — ft., 4 Dec. 1836. 

Westall. William, painter, — b. at Hertford, 
12 Oct. 1781 — accompanies Flinders's expe- 



1436 



WESTERAS— WETHERELL. 



dition, 1 80 1 — A.R.A., 18 13 — U-, 22 Jan. 1850. 
Westeras, in Sweden, — Castle taken by 
Dalecarlians, 1434 — by Christian II., 1520. 
[See Gustavus Vasa.] 

Westermann, Francois Joseph, general, — 
ft. in Alsace, 1764,3- 5 Sep. 1751 b — takes part 
in insurrection at Paris, 10 Aug. 1792 — serves 
in La Vendee, summer 1793 — with Kleber, 
routs Vendeans at Lavenay, 22 Dec. 1793 — 
executed at Paris, 5 Apr. 1794. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Western Australia. [Australia.] 
Western Isles. [Hebrides.] 
Westmacott, Sir Richard, sculptor, — ft. in 
London, 1775 — goes to Rome and studies 
under Canova, 1793 — A.R.A., 1805 — R.A., 
1816— Prof. Sculpture, R.A., 1827— Knt, 1837 
— tf. in London, 1 Sep. 1856. 

Westmeath, in Ireland, — Select Committee 
on State of, appointed, 2 Mar., Report publish- 
ed, 17 Apr. 187 1 — prevention of outrages by 
Ribbon Society in, provided for by Act 34 and 
35 Vic. c. 25, 16 Jun. 1871. 

Westminster, — Bishopric of, erected by 
letters-patent, 17 Dec. 1540 — dissolved, and 
diocese restored to London, 29 Jan. 1550 — 
Thirleby compelled to renounce, 29 Mar. 1550 
— JR. C. archbishopric of, created for Cardinal 
Wiseman, by Pope Pius IX., 30 Sep. 1850. 

Westminster Abbey, — commenced by Ed- 
ward the Confessor, 1049 — consecrated, 28 
Dec. 1065 — Lady Chapel, founded, 16 May 
1220 a — rebuilding of, commenced by Henry 
III., 1245 — Chapter-house begun, 1250 — meet- 
ing of parliament in Chapter-house, 26 Mar. 
1256 a — works begun by Henry III. completed, 
1269 b — Jerusalem Chamber built by Abbot 
Litlyngton, 1376-86 — the Nave extended by 
Wbittington, 1413-163 — Henry VII. 's Chapel 
commenced, 24 Jan. 1503 — completed, pro- 
bably by Oct. i5i2 b — last sitting of Commons 
in Chapter-house, 28 Jan. 1547 a — Chapter- 
house used as Record Office, 1547 a — Library 
founded, 1574, 11 about 1620 b — sanctuary rights 
suppressed, 1602 a — fire in the cloisters, 1694, 
and 1731* — western Towers finished, 1739 a 
— repairs carried on, 1808-22 — last installation 
of Knights of the Rath in, i8i2 a — restoration 
of Chapter-house commenced, 1866 — completed 
and opened, 21 Jul. 187 1 — Altar-screen, (Rere- 
dos,) restored, 1867. a Stanley. b Scott. 

Westminster Assembly of Divines. [As- 
sembly of Divines.] 

Westminster Bridge, — commenced, 29 Jan. 
1739 — opened, 18 Nov. 1750 — new, commenced, 
1853 — opened, 24 May 1862. 

Westminster Hall, — built by William 
Rufus, 1097-9 — courts of law established in, 
1224 — rebuilt by Richard II., 1397-9. 
' Westminster Review,' — founded, 1824. 
Westminster School,— founded by Queen 
Elizabeth, 1560. 

Westmoreland, Charles Neville, Earl of, 
— corresponds with Mary Queen of Scots, 1563 
— with Earl of Northumberland, heads insur- 
rection in her favour, middle of Nov. 1569 — 
abandons the enterprise and escapes to the 
Netherlands, 1569. 



Westmoreland, John Fane, 10th Earl of, 
— ft., 1 Jan. 1759 — succeeds his father, 26 Apr. 
1774 — Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, Jan. 1790 
— resigns, 1795 — Lord Privy Seal, 1 798-1 806 
— again, 1807 — rj. at Rrighton, 15 Dec. 1841. 

Westmoreland, John Fane, 11th Earl of, 
Baron Burghersh, general, diplomatist, — ft., 
3 Feb. 1784 — enters the army, Dec. 1803 — 
at passage of the Dardanelles, by Admiral 
Duckworth, 1806 — at storming of Rosetta, 
1807 — joins army in the Peninsula, 1808 — at 
Vimeira, Aug. 1808 — aide-de-camp to Wel- 
lington, 1809 — at Talavera, Jul. 1809 — 
Military Commissioner to head-quarters of 
allies, Sep. 181 3 — serves in campaign of 18 14 
— Minister Plenipotentiary at Florence, Aug. 
1 8 14 — serves in campaign against Naples, 1815 
— Privy Councillor, Mar. 1822 — Minister 
Plenipotentiary at Berlin, 1841 — at Vienna, 
1 85 1 — General, 1854 — special Plenipotentiary 
at Congress of Vienna, Feb. 1 855 — retires, Nov. 
1855 — tf. at Apthorpe House, 16 Oct. 1859. 

Westmoreland, Ralph Neville, Earl of, 
— promotes proceedings against Duke of Glou- 
cester, and is created Earl by Richard II., 
1397 — joins Henry of Lancaster, Jul. 1399 — 
Earl Marshal and Governor of the Tower, by 
Henry IV., 1399 — by treachery captures Mow- 
bray, Earl of Nottingham, and Scrope, Abp of 
York, May 1405 — rj., 21 Oct. 1425. 

Weston, Sir Francis, — committed to the 
Tower as alleged paramour of Queen Anne 
(Boleyn) by Henry VIII., May 1536 — exe- 
cuted, 17 May. 

Weston, Stephen, Orientalist, — ft. at Exeter, 
1747 — takes holy orders, about 1777 — F.R.S., 
1792 — F.S.A., 1794 — tf. in London, 8 Jan. 
1830. Specimen of Conformity of European Lan- 
guages with Oriental, 1802 — Letters from Paris, 
1792-3 — Specimen of Chinese Dictionary, 1812. 

Weston, William, theologian, — U. at Camp- 
den, Gloucestershire, 1760. Enquiry into rejec- 
tion of Christian Miracles by the Heathen, 1746 
— Dissertations on Wonders of Antiquity, 1748. 

Westphalia, Duchy of, — held by Abps of 
Cologne, from 1179 — secularized and given to 
Hesse-Darmstadt, 1802 — given up with other 
territories to Prussia, and forms a province, 
1815. 

Westphalia, Kingdom of, — erected by Na- 
poleon I. for his brother Jerome, 15 Nov. 1807 
— dissolution of, after battle of Leipsic, Oct. 
1813. 

Westphalia, Peace of, {Treaty of Munster,) 

— close of Thirty Years' War, establishing 
equality of rights of Catholic and Protestant, 
recognizing balance of power, and independence 
of Swiss Confederation and United Provinces, 
concluded between the Emperor, France, and 
Sweden, and signed, 24 Oct. 1648. [Munster, 
Congress of] 

Wetherell, Sir Charles, — ft., 1770 — enters 
TTniv. Coll. Oxford, 1786— B.A., 1790— called 
to the bar at Inner Temple, 4 Jul. 1794 — 
M.P. Shaftesbury, 18 18— M.P. Oxford, 1820— 
Solicitor-general and Knt, Jan. 1824 — Attorney- 
general, 1826 to Apr. 1827— again, Jan. 1828 

— retires, May 1829— assaulted by mob at 



WETSTEIN— WHEATON. 



H37 



Bristol, Michaelmas 1831 — D.C.L. Oxford, 
1834 — tf. at Preston Hall, Kent, 17 Aug. 1846. 

Wetstein, Johann Jacob, theologian, — b. at 
Basel, 1693— pastor there, 1716-30 — visits 
England, 17 16, 1720, and 1746 — Prof. Philo- 
sophy, Amsterdam, 1733 — Prof. Church His- 
tory, 1744 — tf. at Amsterdam, 24 Mar. 1754. 
Prolegomena to Greek Testament, 1730 — Greek 
New Testament, 175 1-2. 

Wetzlar, in Prussia, — free Imperial city, 
before 1 1 90 — Imperial Chamber transferred to, 
1693 — Archduke Charles defeats Jourdan, 15 
Jun. 1796 — assigned to Prussia, by Congress of 
Vienna, 18 15. 

Wexford, in Ireland, — surrenders to Fitz- 
gerald and Fitzstephen, Jun. n 69 — repulses 
O'Brien, 1327 — seized by Sir John Butler, and 
recovered by Earl of Ormond, 1462 — parlia- 
ment held at, by Ormond, 1463 — captured by 
rebels, autumn 1641 — stormed by Cromwell, 9 
Oct. 1649 — garrisoned for William III., 1690 
— head-quarters of rebels, 1798 — evacuated, 21 
Jun. 1798. 

Weyden, Roger Vander. [Vander Wey- 
den.] 

Weymouth, in Dorsetshire, — Melcombe Re- 
gis united with, 157 1 — garrisoned for Charles 
1., 1642 — evacuated by Royalists. 1644 — un- 
successfully besieged by them, 1644 — comes 
into repute as watering-place, about 1763 — 
visited by Duke of Gloucester, 1780 — by George 
III., 1789. [Portland Breakwater.] 

Weyse, Christoph Ernst Friedrich, musical 
composer, — b. at Altona, 1774 — organist at 
Copenhagen, 1792 — tf. at Copenhagen, 4 Oct. 
1842. 

Whale Fishery, — carried on by Norwegians, 
before 900 — in Bay of Biscay, between 1100- 
1400 — tithe imposed on whale-tongues, at Bay- 
onne, 1261 — commenced by English, near 
Spitzbergen, 1598 — monopoly secured to Mus- 
covy Company, 16 14 — light between Dutch 
and English ships, 161 8 — Spitzbergen fishery 
open to all nations, 1642 — Greenland Company 
established, 1693. American, commenced by 
colonists of New England, 1690 — encouraged 
by bounty, 1732. British, regulated by Acts 
26 Geo. 111. c. 41, 1786 ; 29 Geo. III. cc. 52, 
53, 1789, continued by 41 Geo. III. c. 97, 2 
Jul. 1 801 — bounty withdrawn, 1824. Southern, 
regulated by Acts 35 Geo. III. c. 92, 22 Jun. 
1795, and 42 Geo. III. c. 18, 24 Feb. 1802. 

Whaling Fleet, American, — abandoned in 
Polar Sea, icebound, 14 Sep. 187 1. 

Wharncliffe, James Archibald Stuart- 
Wortley Mackenzie, Baron, statesman, — b., 
6 Oct. 1776 — enters the army, 1791 — M.P. 
Bossiney, 1797-1818 — leaves the army, 1801 — 
M.P. Yorkshire, 1818 — created Baron Wharn- 
cliffe, 12 Jul. 1826— Lord Privy Seal, 15 Dec. 
1834 to Apr. 1835 — Pres. Council, 1841 — tf. 
in London, 19 Dec. 1845. Edition of Letters 
of Lady M. Wortley -Montagu, 1837. 

Wharton, Henry, theologian, — b. in Norfolk, 
9 Nov. 1664 — enters Caius Coll. Cambridge, 
17 Feb. 1680 — B.A., 1684 — assistant to Dr 
Cave, 1686— M.A., 1687 — Chaplain to Abp 
Sancroft, Sep. 1688 — ordained priest, Nov. 



1688 — tf. at Newton, Cambridgeshire, 5 Mar. 
1695. Anglia Sacra, 169 1-5 — History of the 
Troubles and Trials of Abp Laud, 1695. 

Wharton, Philip, Lord,— b., about 1613 — 
Charles I. refuses him a commission, 1642 — 
one of Cromwell's peei'S, 1657 — tf., 1696. 

Wharton, Philip Wharton, Duke of,— b., 
Dec. 1698 — succeeds his father as Marquis, 
1 7 15 — created Duke, 28 Jan. 17 18 — goes 
abroad and enters service of the Pretender, 
1726 — serves at siege of Gibraltar, 1727 — at- 
tainted, 1728 — tf. at Tarragona, 31 May 1731. 
Poetical Works, 1727 ? 

Wharton, Thomas, physician, anatomist, — 
b. in Yorkshire, 1610— M.D. Oxford, 8 May 
1647 — F.B.C.P., 1650 — tf. in London, Oct. 
1673. Adenographia, 1656. 

Wharton, Thomas Wharton, Marquis of, 
— ft., about 1640 — joins in condemnation of 
long prorogation of parliament and is sent to 
the Tower, 17 Feb. 1677 — joins Prince of 
Orange, 1688 — Comptroller of the Household, 
Privy Councillor, Feb. 1689 — succeeds his 
father as Lord Wharton, 1696 — Chief Justice 
in Eyre, 1697 — fights a duel with Viscount 
Cheyney, 1699 — D.C.L. Cambridge, 1705 — 
Commissioner for Union with Scotland, 1706 
— Viscount Winchenden and Earl of Wharton, 
23 Dec. 1706 — Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 
close of 1708 to Oct. 17 10 — Lord Privy Seal, 
Sep. 1 7 14 — Marquis of Wharton and Malmes- 
bury, 15 Feb. i7i5 a — tf. in London, 12 Apr. 
17 15. a Nicolas. 

Whateley, Eichard, Abp of Dublin,— ft. 
in London, 1 Feb. 1787 — enters Oriel Coll. 
Oxford, 1805— B. A., 1808— Fellow of Oriel 
Coll., 18 1 1 — M.A., 1 812 — tutor, 1 8 15— mar- 
ries, 1 82 1 — rector of Halesworth, 1822 — 
Bampton Lecturer, 1822 — D.D., Principal of 
Alban Hall, Oxford, 1825 — Prof. Political 
Economy, 1830 — Abp of Dublin, 1831 — tf. at 
Dublin, 8 Oct. 1863. Historic Doubts relative 
to Napoleon Buonaparte, 1821 — Essays on some 
of the Peculiarities of the Christian Religion, 
1825 — Elements of Logic, 1826 — Elements of 
Rhetoric, 1 8 28 — Essays on some of the Difficult- 
ies in the Writings of St Paul, &c, 1828 — 
Errors of Romanism, 1 830 — Kingdom of Christ 
delineated, 1841 — English Synonyms, 1851 — 
edition of Bacon's Essays, 1856. 

Wheatley, Charles, theologian, — b. in Lon- 
don, 1686 — enters St John's Coll. Oxford, 
1706 — M.A., 17 1 3 — tf., 13 May 1742. Ra- 
tional Illustration of Book of Common Prayer, 
1720. 

Wheatley, Francis, painter, — b. in London, 
1747— R.A., 1791 — tf., 28 Jun. 1801. 

Wheaton, Henry, jurist, diplomatist, — b. in 
Rhode Island, U. S., 27 Nov. 1785— graduates 
at R. I. Coll., 1802 — Judge of Marine Court, 
New York, 18 15 — reporter of decisions of Su- 
preme Court, 1816-27 — LL.D. Brown Univ., 
1 8 19 — Charge d' Affaires to Copenbagen, 
1827 — to Berlin, 1835 — Minister Plenipoten- 
tiary to Berlin, 1837-46 — corresponding mem- 
ber of French Institute, 1843— LL.D. Harvard 
Coll., 1845 — Prof. International Law, Har- 
vard Univ., 1848 — tf. at Dorchester, Mass., 11 



1438 



WHEEL— WHITE. 



Mar. 1848. History of Northmen, 1831 — 
Elements of International Law, 1836 — History 
of Law of Nations, 1845. 

Wheel, Breaking on the, — as mode of 
punishment, in use in Germany, before 1400 ? 
— introduced in France, by Francis I., 1534 
(1538 ?)— abolished in France, 1789 — inflicted 
in Prussia, 1841. 

Wheeler, Sir Hugh Massey, general, — 
holds Cawnpore against Nana Sahib and 
Sepoys, 5-20 Jun. 1857 — wounded in a sortie, 
20 Jun. — tf., 21 Jun. 

Wheel-lock {Rose-lock) for muskets, — in- 
vented, about 1530-40. 

Wheler, ( Wheeler,) Sir George, traveller, — 
b. at Breda, 1650 — tf- at Houghton-le-Spring, 
1724. Travels in Dalmatia, Greece, and the 
Levant, 1682. 

Whethamstede, John de, chronicler, — tf. 
Abbot of St Alban's, 1464. 

Whewell, William, philosopher, historian, 
§c.,— b. at Lancaster, 24 May 1794 — B.A. 
Cambridge, 1816— F.R.S., 1820— Prof. Miner- 
alogy, 1828-32 — Prof. Moral Philosophy, 1838- 
55 — Master of Trin. Coll., 1841 — Pres. Brit. 
Assoc, 1841 — loses his wife, 1854 — Vice- 
chancellor of Cambridge Univ., 1855 — loses 
his second wife, Apr. 1865 — tf. at Cambridge, 
5 Mar. 1866. Astronomy and General Physics, 
1833 — History of Inductive Sciences, 1837 — 
Philosophy of Inductive Sciences, 1840 — Lec- 
tures on Systematic Morality, 1846 — Plurality 
of Worlds, 1853 — edition and translation of 
Grotius, de Jure Belli et Pads, 1854 — Platonic 
Dialogues, 1859. 

Whichcote, Benjamin, theologian, — b. in 
Shropshire, n Mar. 16 10 — enters Emmanuel 
Coll. Cambridge, 1626 — B.A., 1629 — M.A. 
and Fellow of his Coll., 1633 — takes holy 
orders, 1636 — Provost of King's Coll., 1644 — 
D.D., 1649 — tf. at Cambridge, May 1683. 
Sermons, 1698- 17 07 — Moral and Religious 
Aphorisms, 1703. 

Whigs, — designation applied to Scottish 
Covenanters, as early as 1 648 a — comes into 
use as political party name in England, about 
1679. a Burnet. 

Whirling Machine,— invented by Robins, 
about 1785 ? 

Whist, game at cards, — mentioned by Tay- 
lor the water-poet, 162 1 — short, devised, about 

1785. 

Whiston, William, translator of Joseph us, 
— b. in Leicestershire, 9 Dec. 1667 — Fellow of 
Clare Hall, Cambridge, Jun. 1690 — ordained 
priest, 1693 — Lucasian Prof. Matbematics, 
1703 — expelled for his Arian opinions, Oct. 
17 10 — deprived of Professorship, 17 u — pro- 
secuted for heresy, 1713 — pardoned by Act of 
Grace, 17 15 — tf. in London, 22 Aug. 1752. 
Theory of the Earth, 1696 — Primitive Chris- 
tianity, 1711 — translation of Josephus, 1737 — 
Autobiography, 1749. 

Whitaker, John, historian, — b. at Man- 
chester, about 1735 — M.A. Oxford, 1759 — 
B.D., 1767 — rector of Euan Langhorne, in 
Cornwall, 1778 — q\ there, 30 Oct. 1808. His- 



tory of Manchester, 1771-5 — Course of Han- 
nibal over the Alps, 1794. 

Whitaker, Thomas Dunham, antiquary, — 
b. at Rainbam, Norfolk, 8 Jun. 1759 — enters 
Cambridge Univ., 1775 — LL.D., 1801 — vicar 
of Whalley, 1809— of Blackburn, 1818— tf. at 
Blackburn, 18 Dec. 1821. History of the 
Parish of Whalley, 1801 — edition of Piers 
Ploughman, 18 10. 

Whitbread, Samuel, politician, — b. in 
London, 1758 — marries Lady Elizabeth Grey, 
1789 — M.P., 1790 — conducts impeachment of 
Lord Melville, 1805-6 — kills himself, 6 Jul. 
1815. 

Whitby, in Yorkshire, (Strconeshealh,) — 
abbey founded by Oswy of Northumbria, 658 
— Synod held at, 664 — destroyed by Danes, 
about 867— abbey rebuilt, after 1066 — alum 
works near, commenced, 1595. 

Whitby, Daniel, theologian,— b. in North- 
amptonshire, 1638 — enters Trin. Coll. Oxford, 
1653— M.A. , 1660— Fellow of Trin. Coll., 
1664 — Prebendary of Salisbury, 1668 — D.D., 
1672 — tf. there, 24 Mar. 1726. Protestant 
Reconciler, 1683, burnt by order of Oxford 
Univ. — Paraphrase and Commentary on the 
New Testament, 1703. 

White, Gilbert, naturalist, — b. at Selborne, 
in Hampshire, 18 Jul. 1720 — enters Oriel 
Coll. Oxford, 1739 — B -A-> J 743 — Fellow of 
Oriel Coll., 1744— M. A., 1746 — Senior Proc- 
tor, 1752 — tf. at Selborne, 26 Jun. 1793. Na- 
tural History of Selborne, 1789. 

White, Henry Kirke, poet, — b. at Notting- 
ham, 21 Mar. 1785 — enters St John's Coll. 
Cambridge, Oct. 1804 — tf. at Cambridge, 19 
Oct. 1806. Remains, 1807. 

White, James, historical and miscellaneous 
writer, — b. near Edinburgh, about 1804 
— tf. at Bonchurcb, 28 Mar. 1862. Land- 
marks of History of England, 1855 — of Greece, 
1857 — Eighteen Christian Centuries, 1858 — 
History of France, 1859 — History of Eng- 
land, i860. 

White, Jeremiah, theologian, Chaplain to 
Cromwell, — b., 1630 — tf., 1707. Persuasion to 
Moderation, 1708 — Restoration of all things, 
1712. 

White, Joseph, Orientalist, — b. at Stroud, 
in Gloucestershire, 1746 — M.A. Oxford, 1773 
— Fellow of Wadham Coll., 1774 — Laudian 
Prof. Arabic, 1775 — Bampton Lecturer, 1784 
— Prebendary of Gloucester, about 1785 — 
D.D., 1787 — tf. Canon of Christ-church, 22 
May 1 8 14. Sacrorum Evangeliorum versio 
syriaca philoxeniana, 1778 — View of Chris- 
tianity and Mahometanism, 1783 — Piatessar- 
on, 1800 — JEgyptiaca,i%o\ — Nov.. Test. Greece, 
1808. 

White, Joseph Blanco, theologian, — b. at 
Seville, 11 Jul. 1775 — ordained priest, 1799— 
settles in England, 18 10 — receives a pension, 
1 8 14 — lives with Abp Whately at Dublin, Jun. 
1832 to Jan. 1835.— tf. at Liverpool, 20 May 
1 841. Letters from Spain, 1822 — Life, writ- 
ten by himself, &c, 1845. 

White, Robert, engraver, — b. in London, 
1645 — tf. there, 1704. 



WHITE— WHITTINGIIAM. 



1439 



White, Kobert Meadows, philologist, anti- 
quary, — b., about 1798 — B.A. Magdalen Coll. 
Oxford, 1 8 1 9 —ordained priest, 1822 — Raw- 
linson Prof. Anglo-Saxon, 1834 — visits Den- 
mark, 1837 — Yice-Pres. Magdalen Coll., 1838 
— ft. at Slimbridge, in Gloucestershire, 31 Jan. 
1865. Edition of the Ormulum, 1852. 

White, Thomas, theologian, founder of Sion 
College, — b. at Bristol, about 1550 — enters 
Oxford Univ., about 1566 — D.J)., 1584— Pre- 
bendary of St Paul's, 1588— Canon of Christ- 
church, 1591 to 1 Mar. 1624 (or 1623). [Sion 
College, London.] 

White, Thomas, (Anglus, Albius, $c.,) 
philosopher, theologian, — b., about 1582 — rj. in 
London, 6 Jul. 1676. Institutiones Peripate- 
tics, 1646 — Institutiones Theologiece, 1652 — 
Be Medio Animarum Statu, 1659, censured 
by House of Commons, 17 Oct. 1666 — Sonitus 
Buccinm, 1659. 

White, Sir Thomas, — b. at Beading, 1492 
— Lord Mayor of London, 1553 — Knt, 1554 — 
rj., 1556. [St John's College, Oxford.] 

White Boys, in Ireland, — Society of, formed, 
about 1760 — Lord Drogheda charged with 
suppression of, 1762 — outrages of, renewed, 
1822. 

White Eagle, Order of the, in Poland, — 
instituted by Vladislas V., 1325 — revised by 
Frederick Augustus I., 1705. 

White Friars. [Carmelites.] 

White Penitents. [Bianchi and Neri.] 

White Plains, near New York, — Howe de- 
feats Americans at, 28 Oct. 1776. 

White Sea, — reached by Chancellor, 1553. 

Whitefield, ( Whitfield,) George, founder of 
Calvinistic Methodists, — fj. at Gloucester, 16 
Dec. 17 14 — enters Pembroke Coll. Oxford, 
1732 — joins the Methodists, about end of 1734 

— ordained deacon, 20 Jun. 1736 — accom- 
panies the Wesleys to N. America, Dec. 1737 
— returns, Dec. 1738 — ordained priest, 14 Jan. 
1739 — begins out-of-door preaching, near 
Bristol, Feb. 1739 — threatened with excom- 
munication, Feb. 1739 — again visits America, 
Aug. 1739 to Mar. 1741 — marries, 1741 — 
his breach with Wesley, 1741 — third visit to 
America, Aug. 1744 to Jul. 1748 — chaplain to 
Countess of Huntingdon, 1748 — fourth visit to 
America, 175 1-2 — becomes a slave-owner, 175 1 

— fifth visit, 1754 — builds Tottenham Court 
Chapel, 1756— sixth visit to America, 1763-5 

— loses his wife, 1768 — seventh visit to Ame- 
rica, 1769 — rj. near Boston, U. S., 30 Sep. 1770. 
Sermons, &c, 177 1 — Journals, 1756. 

Whitehall, London, — built by Hubert de 
Burgh, about 1220-40 — belongs to Abp of 
York, 1248 — seized by Henry VIII., 1529. 
Banqueting House, burnt, 12 Jan. 1619 — re- 
built by Inigo Jones, 1 Jun. 16 19 to 31 Mar. 
1622 — partly burnt, 1691 — again, 1698 — 
alterations made, by Smirke, 1829-37. 

Whitehaven, in Cumberland, — attacked by 
Paul Jones, 23 Apr. 1778. 

Whitehead, Paul, poet,— fj. in London, 17 10 
— o". there, 1774. Works, 1777. 

Whitehead, William, poet, — b. at Cam- 
bridge, I715 — enters the Univ., 1735 — poet- 



laureate, 1757— tr., 14 Apr. 1788,* 1785. b 
Poems, 1754. a EngL Cyc- trees' Cyc. 

Whitehurst, John, — b. in Cheshire, 17 13 
— stamper of the money weights, settles in 
London, 1775 — F.R.S., 1779— rj. in London, 
Feb. 1788. Inquiry into Original State and 
Formation of the Earth, 1778 — Works, 1792. 

Whitelocke, Bulstrode, diplomatist, — b. in 
London, 2 Aug. 1605 — enters St John's Coll. 
Oxford, Mar. 1620 — assists in impeachment 
of Buckingham, 1626 — M.P., Nov. 1640 — 
takes part in impeachment of Strafford, 1 640-1 
— a Commissioner to treat with Charles I. at 
Oxford, 1 641 -2 — Governor of Windsor Castle, 
1644 — a Commissioner for Treaty of Uxbridge, 
1645— a Commissioner of the Great Seal, Mar. 
1647-8 — ambassador to Sweden, Sep. 1653— 
member of Council of State, May 1659 — re- 
signs Great Seal, Dec. 1659 — &. at Chilton, 
Wiltshire, 28 Jan. 1676. Memorials of Eng- 
lish Affairs, 1682 — Journal of the Swedish 
Embassy, 1772. 

Whitelocke, John, general,— h., about 1759 
— enters the army, 1777 — Colonel and Briga- 
dier-general, 1795 — Lieutenant-general, before 
1807 — fails in attack on Buenos Ayres, 5 Jul. 
1807 — tried by court-martial and dismissed 
the service, 28 Jan. to 18 Mar. 1808. 

Whitfield, George. [Whitefield.] 

Whitgift, John, Abp op Canterbury, — 
b. at Great Grimsby, in Lincolnshire, 1530 — 
enters Queen's Coll. Cambridge, about 1548 — 
Fellow of Peterhouse, 1555 — M.A., 1557— or- 
dained priest, 1560 — Margaret Prof. Divinity, 
1563 — Master of Pembroke Hall, 1567 — of 
Trinity Coll., 1567 — D.D., Regius Prof. Di- 
vinity, 1567 — Prebendary of Ely, 1568 — Vice- 
chancellor of the Univ., 157 1 — Bp of Worces- 
ter, 1577 — Vice-Pres. Marches of Wales, 1577 
— Abp of Canterbury, 1583— obtains decree 
of Star Chamber against liberty of printing, 
Jun. 1585 — Privy Councillor, 1586 — takes part 
in Conference at Hampton Court, Jan. 1604 
— Xf. at Lambeth, 29 Feb. 1604. 

Whiting, Richard, Abbot of Glastonbury, 
— Commissioners sent to investigate charges 
against him, 22 Sep. 1539 — tried and con- 
victed of felony at Wells, 14 Nov. — executed 
as a traitor at Glastonbury, 15 Nov. 1539. 

Whitlock, Elizabeth, {Kemble,) actress, — 
b. at Warrington, 2 Apr.' 1761 — appears at 
Drury Lane Theatre, 2 Feb. 1783 — marries 
Mr Whitlock, 21 Jun. 1785 — accompanies him 
to America, 1793 — left a widow, 1799 — ^-» 2 7 
Feb. 1836. 

Whitney, Eli, mechanical inventor, — b. in 
Massachusetts, U. S., 1765 — graduates at Yale 
Coll., 1792 — invents cotton gin, 1792-3 — 
effects improvement in manufacture of fire- 
arms, 1798-1808— tf. at New Haven, Conn., 8 
Jan. 1825. 

Whittingham, Sir Samuel Ford, general, 
— Lieutenant in the army, 25 Feb. 1803— as 
deputy assistant quartermaster-general, serves 
in Peninsular War, 1 809— wounded at Tala- 
vera, Jul. 1809 — Major, Mar. 1810 — present 
at Barossa, 181 1 — raises corps of Spanish 
troops, and takes command of them as Major- 



144° 



WHITTINGTON— WIER. 



general, 1812 — aide-de-camp to Prince Regent, 
1 8 14 — Knt, C.B., 3 May 18 15 — receives Grand 
Cross of St Ferdinand, 18 15 — Governor of 
Dominica, 1819 — Quartermaster-general of 
king's troops in India, 1822 — at siege of 
Bkurtpoor, 1825-6— K.C.B., 26 Dec. 1826— 
Commander of Windward and Leeward Is- 
lands, 1835-9— Commander-in-chief at Madras, 
arrives there, 1 Aug. 1840 — ft. at Madras, 19 
Jan. 1841. 

Whittington, Sir Richard,— Lord Mayor 
of London, 1397, 1406, and 1419 — tf., 1423. 

Whittington, Robert, — ft. at Lichfield, 
ahout 1480 — poet laureate, 15 13 — living, 1530. 
Epigrammata, 15 19. 

Whitworth, Charles, Lord, diplomatist, — 
b. in Staffordshire, about 1670 — appointed 
Resident at Diet of Ratisbon, 1702 — envoy to 
Russia, 1704 and 17 10 — Plenipotentiary to 
Diets of Augsburg and Ratisbon, 17 14 — to 
King of Prussia, 17 16 and 17 19 — at Congress 
of Cambray, 1722 — Baron Whitworth, 1721 — 
lj. in London, 1725. Account of Russia, 1758. 

Whitworth, Charles, Earl, diplomatist, — 
ft. at Leybourne, Kent, i744, a 1754 b — am- 
bassador to Poland, 1786 — Plenipotentiary to 
Russia, 1788-1800 — K.B., 1793 — created 
Baron Whitworth, 21 Mar. 1800 — ambassador 
to Copenhagen, summer 1 800 — negotiates 
treaty with Denmark,_i8oi — Privy Councillor, 
ambassador to France, close of 1802 — his insult- 
ing reception by Napoleon at the Tuileries, 13 
Mar. 1803 — quits Paris, 12 May — created 
Viscount Whitworth, 14 Jun. 1813 — Viceroy of 
Ireland, Aug. 1 813-17 — G.C.B., Jan. 1815 — 
Earl Whitworth, 25 Nov. 18 15 — $. at Knowle, 
13 May 1825. a Georgian Era. b Ann. Biog. 

Whitworth Gun, rifled, — constructed, about 
1857 — competitive trials of, with Armstrong 
Gun, at Shoeburyness and Portsmouth, sum- 
mer 1864. 

Whitworth Scholarships, in Mechanical 
Science, — founded by Joseph Whitworth, 1868. 

Whyte, Robert, musical composer, — tf., be- 
fore 158 1. 

Whytt, Robert, physician, — ft. at Edin- 



burgh, 



•M.D. Rheims and St Andr< 



.., 17 14 — ivl.u. jtuieims ana &t Anarew s, 
1736— F.R.C.P.E., 1738— Prof, at Edinburgh 
Univ., 1746 — F.R.S., 1752 — First Physician 
to the King in Scotland, 1761 — Pres. R.C.P.E., 
1764 — tJ. at Edinburgh, 15 Apr. 1766. Essay 
on Vital and other Involuntary Motions of 
Animals, 1751 — Physiological Essays, 1755 — 
Nervous Disorders, 1764. 

Wibald, {Wibaldus,) — ft., about 1097 — 
Abbot of Stablo, 16 Nov. 11 30 — accompanies 
Emperor Lothaire to Italy, n 36 — Abbot of 
Monte Cassino, 11 36 — returns to Germany, 
11 37 — visits Rome, 1146 — Abbot of Corbie, 
Jan. 1 147 — appointed preceptor to King of the 
Romans, May 1147 — returns to Stablo, 1148 
— ambassador to Constantinople, 1157 — tf. in 
Paphlagonia, 19 Aug. 1158 — his remains 
brought to Stablo, 1159. 

Wickham, William, diplomatist, — ft. in 
Yorkshire, 1761 — Commissioner of Bankruptcy, 
1789 — employed by Lord Granville in foreign 
correspondence, 1793, &c. — Minister Pleni- 



potentiary to Swiss Cantons, 1794 — Under- 
secretary of State, Home Department, 1798 — 
Minister Plenipotentiary to united Austrian 
and Russian armies, 1799-1801 — Secretary of 
State for Ireland, 1802-4 — Privy Councillor, 
13 Jan. 1802 — Lord of the Treasury, Feb. 
1806 to Mar. 1807— M.P. Callington, 1806— . 
retires, receives a pension, 1807 — D.C.L. Ox- 
ford, 3 Jul. 1 8 10 — rj. at Brighton, 22 Oct. 
1840. Correspondence, 1870. 
Wickliffe. [Wycliffe.] 
Wicklow, in Ireland, — burnt by Irish, 13 10 
— fortified by the Fitzwilliams, 1375 — occu- 
pied by the Byrnes, after 1500 — surrendered 
to English government, 1543 — besieged by 
0' Toole, and siege raised by Coote, 1641. 

Wicquefort, Abraham de, diplomatist, mis- 
cellaneous writer, — ft. at Amsterdam, 1598 — 
appointed resident at French Court, by Elector 
of Brandenburg, 1626 — sent to the Bastille, by 
Mazarin, 1658 — expelled from France, 1659 — 
visits England, 1659 — Historiographer to 
States of Holland, 1659 — resident at the Hague 
for Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg-Zell, about 
1 66 1 ? — imprisoned, Nov. 1675 — escapes, 11 
Feb. 1679 — tf. near Zell, 23 Feb. 1682. Me- 
moires touchant les Ambassadeurs, 1676-9 — 
V Ambassadeur et ses Fonctions, 1681 — His- 
toire des Provinces TJnies, 1719-43. 

Widdin, in Turkey, — attacked by Turks, 
1443 — again, 1595 — taken by Prince Louis of 
Baden, 1689 — retaken by Mustapha Kiuprili, 
29 Sep. 1690 — unsuccessfully besieged by Aus- 
trians, 1737 — revolt of Passwan Oglou at, 
1797 — taken by Russians, 1809 — fortifications 
strengthened, 1853-4. 

Widows, in England, — rights of, regulated 
by Act 9 Hen. III. c. 7, 1224-5 — share of, in 
intestate's estate, fixed by Statute of Dis- 
tributions, 22 and 23 Car. II. c. 10, 1670. 
[Dower. ] 

Wiebeking, Karl Friedrich, civil engineer, 
§c, — ft. in Pomerania, 1762 — Chief Engineer 
and Inspector of roads and canals, Bavaria, 
1805-18 — rj. at Munich, 28 May 1842. Was- 
serbaukunst, 1798-1805 — Burgerliche Bau- 
kunde, 1821^6 — Architecture Civile, 1822-30. 

Wieland, Christoph Martin, poet, miscel- 
laneous writer, — ft. at Oberholzheim, near 
Biberach, 5 Sep. 1733 — goes to Univ. of Tu- 
bingen, 1750 — visits Bodmer at Zurich, 1752 — 
settles at Biberach, 1758 — marries, 1765— Prof. 
Philosophy, Erfurt, 1769 — goes to Weimar, 
1772 — loses his wife, 1801 — foreign member 
of French Institute, 1803 — presented to Napo- 
leon I. at Erfurt and admitted to Legion of 
Honour, 1808 — "ft. at Weimar, 20 Jan. 1813. 
Translation of Shakespeare, 1762-6 — Agathon, 
1766 — founds the Deutschcr Mercur, 1775 — 
Die Abdcriten, 1773 — Oberon, 1780. 

Wielickska, in Poland, — Salt-mines of, 
worked as early as 1250 — pledged to Austria, 
1657 — ceded to Austria, 1773 — assigned to 
Emperor of Austria and Duke of Warsaw, by 
Peace of Vienna, 1809 — reassigned to Emperor 
alone, by Congress of Vienna, 1815 — destroyed 
by inundation, 1868. 

Wier, {Weier, Weyer,) Johann, (Wierus,) 



WIERTZ— WILKINS. 



1441 



physician, — b. at Grave, in N. Brabant, 15 15 
— M.D. Paris, 1534 — First Physician to "Wil- 
liam IV., Duke of Juliers and Cleves, 1550^ 
1556 b — U. at Tecklenburg, 1588. De Prcesti- 
giis Dcemonum, 1564 — Liber Apologeticus, 1577 
— De Lamiis, 1577 — Medicce Observationes, 
1567. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Wiertz, Antoine, painter, — b. at Dinant, 
1806 — Knt of Order of Leopold, 1840 — tf., 18 
Jun. 1865. 

"Wiffen, Benjamin Barron, — rj., about 1795 
— tf. at Woburn, 18 Mar. 1867. Life and 
Writings of J. de Valde's, 1865. 

Wiffen, Jeremiah Holme, poet, miscellaneous 
writer, — b. near Woburn, in Bedfordshire, 
1792 — tf. at Woburn Abbey, 2 May 1836. 
Translation of Tasso's Jerusalem delivered, 
1830 — Historical Memoirs of the House of 
Russell, 1833. 

Wigan, in Lancashire, — Col. Lilburne de- 
feats Earl of Derby at, 25 Aug. 1651. 

Wight, Isle of, {Vectis,)— conquered by 
Vespasian for Claudius, 43 — by Cerdic, 530 — 
by Wulfhere of Mercia, 661 — by Ceadwalla of 
Wessex, 686 — ravaged by Danes, 897, 1001, 
and 1009 — visited by Cnut, 1022 — plundered 
by Earl Godwine, 1052 — given by William I. 
to William Fitzosborne, who takes title of 
Lord of, between 1066-70 — action with the 
French off, 19 Jul. 1545 a — overrun by French, 
19-21 Jul. 1545 a — Henry de Beauchamp, Earl 
of Warwick, crowned King of, by Henry VI., 
1445 — imprisonment of Charles I. in, 1647-8. 
[Carisbrook, Newport, Osborne House.] 
a Froude. 

Wightwick, Richard. [See Pembroke Col- 
lege, Oxford.] 

Wilberforce, Robert Isaac, theologian, — ft. 
near London, 19 Dec. 1802 — archdeacon of E. 
Biding of Yorkshire, 1840 — enters Church of 
Borne, Oct. 1854 — tf. at Albano, 3 Feb. 1857. 
Doctrine of the Incarnation, 1 848 — Doctrine of 
Holy Baptism, 1849 — Doctrine of the Euchar- 
ist, 1853 — Principles of Religious Authority, 
1854. 

Wilberforce, William, philanthropist, — b. at 
Hull, 24 Aug. 1759 — goes to Cambridge Univ., 
Oct. 1776— M.P. Hull, 1780— M.P. Yorkshire, 
1784-18 12 — devotes himself to abolition of the 
Slave Trade, 1787 — declared French citizen 
by Legislative Assembly, 26 Aug. 1792 — M.P. 
Bramber, 1812-25 — tf. in London, 29 Jul. 
1833. Practical View of prevailing Religious 
System, 1797. 

Wilbrord {Willibrod,) St, 'Apostle of the 
Frisians,' — b. in England, about 657 — preaches 
in Friesland, 690 — visits Rome, 692 and 695 — 
Bp of Utrecht, 695 — tf. near Treves, 738. 

Wilbye, John, musical composer, — teaches 
music in London, 1598. Madrigals, 1598 and 
1609. 

Wild Beasts, — [B C] — exhibition of, in circus 
or amphitheatre, at Rome, the first mentioned, 
by L. Metellns, 251 — combat of, by M. Ful- 
vius, 186 — at Ludi Circenses, by P. Corn. 
Scipio Nasica, and P. Lentulus, 168 — combat 
of elephants, by Claud. Pulcher, 99 — lion fight, 
by Sulla, 94 — panthers, hippopotamus, and 



crocodiles, by Scaurus, 58 — giraffes, by Julius 
Csesar, 45. 
Wilde, Sir Thomas. [Truro, Lord.] 

Wildens, Johan, painter, — ft. at Antwerp, 
1584? 1600? — tf. there, 1644. 

Wilderspin, Samuel, Originator of Infant 
Schools,— b. about 1792 — tf., 10 Mar. 1866. 

Wilford, Francis, Orientalist, — b. in Han- 
over, about 1760 — goes to India, 178 1 — tf. at 
Benares, 4 Sep. 1822. 

Wilfrid, St, Abp of York, — b. in England, 
634 — accompanies Benedict Biscop to Rome, 
654 — ordained priest, 664 — supports Roman 
views at Synod of Whitby, 664 — appointed Abp 
of York, 664 — consecrated at Compiegne ; gets 
possession of his see, 667 — deposed and his 
diocese divided, 677 — appeals to the pope and 
obtains decree in his favour : reinstated, 687 — 
again driven away, 691— again goes to Rome 
and obtains another decree, 705 — Bp of Hex- 
ham, 705 — tf. at Oundle, 12 Oct. 709. 

Wilhelmina, religious fanatic, — tf. at Milan, 
1281. 

Wilhelmshaven, — naval harbour of N. 
German Confederation, opened by King of 
Prussia, 17 Jun. 1869. 

Wilkes, John, politician, — b. in London, 17 
Oct. 1727 — M.P. Aylesbury, 1757 — commences 
publication of North Briton, Jun. 1762 — 
committed to the Tower, for No. 45, under 
general warrant, Apr. 1763 — discharged, by 
Chief Justice Pratt, under Habeas Corpus Act, 
6 May — outlawed, goes to France, 1763 — ex- 
pelled the House of Commons, 19 Jan. 1764 — 
M.P. Middlesex, Mar. 1768 — rearrested, spring 
1768 — his imprisonment occasions riot in St 
George's Fields, 10 May 1768 — outlawry re- 
versed, 1768 — expelled the House again, and 
declared incapable of reelection, 17 Feb. 1769 
— reelected for Middlesex, second and third 
time, 1769 — released from prison, Apr. 1770 — 
Lord Mayor of London, 1774— M.P. Middle- 
sex, Oct. 1774 and 1784 — Chamberlain of City 
of London, 1779 — £ e * s resolutions of the 
House on the Elections expunged, May 1782 — 
tf. in London, 27 Dec. 1797. Letters to his 
Daughter, 1804 — Correspondence, 1805. 

Wilkie, Sir David, painter,— b. in Fifeshire, 
18 Nov. 1785 — comes to London, May 1805 — 
A.R.A., 1809 — R.A., 1811— visits Paris, 1814 
— visits Italy and Spain, 1825-28 — painter in 
ordinary to the king, Jan. 1830 — Knt, 1836 — 
goes to the East, 1840 — tf. off Gibraltar, 1 Jun. 
1 841. Village Politicians, 1806 — Blind Fid- 
dler, 1806 — Village Festival, 18 n — Chelsea 
Pensioners, 1822. 

Wilkie, William, poet, — b. in Scotland, 
172 1 — Prof. Natural Philosophy, St Andrew's, 
1759 — D.D., 1766 — tf., 10 Oct. 1772. Fpigon- 
iad, 1753. 

Wilkins, Sir Charles, Orientalist, — ft. in 
Somersetshire, 1749 — goes to India, 1770 — as- 
sists in founding Literary Society of Calcutta, 
1784 — returns to England, 1785 — Librarian to 
E. I. Company, 1801 — Knt, 1823 — tf. in Lon- 
don, 13 May 1836. Translation of the Bhaga- 
vad-Gita, 1785 — of the Hitopadesa, 1787 — 
Sanscrit Grammar, 1808. 

9i 



1442 



WILKINS— WILLIAM I. 



Wilkins, David, historical scholar, — fc., 
1685 — Keeper of Lambeth Library, 17 15 — D.D. 
Cambridge, 17 17 — marries, 1725— tf., 6 Sep. 
1745. Leges Anglo- Saxonica, 1721 — Seldeni 
Opera, 1726 — Concilia Magna Britannia, 1736. 
Wilkins, John, Bp of Chester, — ft. in 
Northamptonshire, 16 14 — enters New Inn Hall, 
Oxford, 1627— M. A., 1634— Warden of Wad- 
ham Coll., Apr. 1648— D.D. , Dec. 1649— mar- 
ries, 1656 — Master of Trim Coll., early in 1659 
— ejected, 1660 — member of Council of the 
Royal Society, 1663 — Bp of Chester, Nov. 
1668 — tf. in London, 19 Nov. 1672. Discovery 
of a New World, 1638 — Mercury, 1641 — Essay 
toward a real character, 1668. 

Wilkins, William, architect, — ft. at Nor- 
wich, 31 Ang. 1778 — enters Cams and Gon- 
ville Coll. Cambridge, 1796 — B.A., 1800 — 
Fellow of his Coll., before 1805— R.A., 1834," 
1824 15 — Prof. Architecture, R.A., 1837 — tf. at 
Cambridge, 31 Aug. 1839. University College, 
London, commenced, 1827 — National Gallery, 
1832-38. Antiquities of Magna Grcecia, 1807 
— translation of Vitruvius, 18 12 — Prolusiones 
Architectonics, 1837. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Gent. Mag. 

Will and Testament, in English law, — de- 
vise of freehold, authorized and regulated by 
Statute of Wills, 32 Hen. VIII. c. 7, 1540, 
and 34 and 35 Hen. VIII. c. 5, 1543— further 
regulations respecting, made by Act 12 Car. II. 
c. 21, s. 8, 1660 — provisions respecting dispo- 
sition of copyholds, by Act 55 Geo. III. c. 192, 
11 Jul. 1 815 — laws respecting, consolidated 
and amended by Act 1 Vic. c. 26, 3 Jul. 1837 
— amended by 15 and 16 Vic. c. 24, 17 Jun. 
1852 — again, by 24 and 25 Vic. c. 114, 6 Aug. 
1861. Of seamen, regulated by Act 11 Geo. IV. 
and 1 Wm. IV. c. 20, 29 May 1830 — royal, 
regulated by 39 and 40 Geo. III. c. 88, s. 10, 
1799. 

Willaerts, (Willarts,) Adam, painter^ — fi. at 
Antwerp, 1577 — tf. at Utrecht, 1640^ i626. b 
a Biog. Univ. b Nagler. 

Willaerts, ( Willarts,) Abraham, painter, — 
fe. at Utrecht, 1613— living there, i66o. a 
a Nagler. 
Willan, Robert, physician, — n. in York- 
shire, 12 Nov. 1757 — M.D. Edinburgh, 1780 
— settles in London, 1782 — receives Fothergill 
Medal of Medical Society, 1789 — F.S.A., 1791 
— F.R.S., 1809 — tf. at Madeira, 7 Apr. 1812. 
Description and Treatment of Cutaneous Dis- 
eases, 1 798- 1 808. 

Willaumez, JeanBaptistePhilibert, Count, 
admiral, — 6. at Belle-Isle, 7 Aug. 1763 — 
enters the navy, 1777 — takes part in expedi- 
tion in search of Laperouse, 1790 — receives 
Cross of St Louis, 1790 — distinguishes himself 
in combat with English at Port Louis, 22 Oct. 
1794 — in sea-fight in Straits of Malacca, 8 
Sep. 1796 — Rear-admiral, 1804 — Commander 
of Legion of Honour, 18 Aug. 18 14 — Vice- 
admiral, 18 Aug. 1 8 19 — Peer of France, 3 Oct. 
1837 — hereditary Count, 7 Apr. 1843— tf. at 
Suresnes, 19 May 1845. Dictionnaire de Ma- 
rine, 1820. 

Willdenow, Carl Ludwig, botanist, — fc. at 



Berlin, 1765 — M.D., 1789 — admitted to Aca 
demy of Sciences, 1794 — Prof. Natural His- 
tory, Coll. Medicine, 1798 — Prof. Botany, 
Univ., 1801 — visits Paris, 1811 — tf. at Berlin, 
10 Jul. 1812. Fhytographia, 1794-5 — edition 
of the Species Blantarum of Linnaeus, 1797- 
1810 — Grundriss der Krduter-Kunde, 1798. 

Wille, Johann Georg, engraver, — ft. in 
Hesse, 5 Nov. 17 15 — goes to Paris, 1736 — ad- 
mitted to Academy of Fine Arts, 176 1 — tf. at 
Paris, 8 Aug. i8o6, a i8o7, b 5 Apr. i8o8. c 
a Conv.-Lex. b Biog. Univ. 

c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 
Willems, Jan Frans, — fc. near Antwerp, 1 1 
Mar. 1793 — Keeper of Archives at Ghent, 
1835 — Kilt of Leopold, 1838 — tf. at Ghent, 24 
Jun. 1846. Verhandeling over de Keder- 
duytsc/ie Tael-en Letterkunde, &c, 1819-24 — 
founds and edits the Belgisch Museum, 1837. 
The 25th anniversary of his death celebrated at 
Ghent, 1871. 

Wilier, George, bookseller, of Augsburg, — 
publishes first Catalogue of new books for 
Frankfort book-fair, 1554. 

William, {of Holland,) Emperor of the 
Romans, (1247-56,) — ft., about 1227 — succeeds 
his father, Florence IV., as Count of Holland, 
about 1 234 — through influence of Pope Innocent 
IV., chosen King of the Romans, in opposition 
to Frederick II., 3 Oct., a 4 0ct., b 29 Sep. c 1247 
— is refused entrance to Aix-la-Chapelle, and 
forms the siege, early in 1248 d — takes the 
town, about Oct. — crowned there by Abp of Co- 
logne, 1 Nov. 1248 — returns to Holland, 1250 
— concludes peace with Margaret, Countess of 
Flanders, 19 May 1250 — besieged in Mentz 
by Conrad, 1250 — defeats his rival Conrad 
near Oppenheim, Mar. 1251 — meets Innocent 
IV. at Lyons, spring 1251 — marries Elizabeth 
of Brunswick, 25 Jan. 1252 — receives submis- 
sion of Margrave of Brandenburg and Duke of 
Saxony, 25 Mar. 1252 — holds a Diet at Frank- 
fort, Jun. — confiscates part of Countess Mar- 
garet's estates, 11 Jul. 1252 — defeats Flemish 
army and captures the sons of Margaret near 
West Kappel, 4 Jul. 1253 — repulses Charles 
of Anjou, 1254 — on death of Conrad, becomes 
legitimate Emperor, May — has conference with 
St Louis at Ghent and rejects his proposals for 
peace, 1 Nov. 1254 — passes into Germany, 
1255 — invades Friesland, Jan. 1256 — slain by 
Frisians, 28 Jan. 1256. 

a Albert de Stade. b Muratori. 

c Other authorities. d Kington. 

William I., the Conquer or, [Conquistor,) King 
or England, (1066-87,) — h. at Falaise, Dec. 
1027 — succeeds his father, Robert, (le Diable,) 
as Duke of Normandy, 1035 — aided by Henry 
I. of France, defeats rebel nobles at Val-es- 
Dunes, near Caen, 1047 — takes Alencon, 1048 
— visits Edward the Confessor, 1051 — besieges 
Chateau of Arques and defeats his rival 
William, Count of Arques, 1053 — battle of 
Mortemer, 1054 — occupies Maine, 1054 — makes 
peace with Henry I. of France, 1056 — marries 
his cousin Matilda of Flanders, 1056^ 1054 b 
— defeats Henry and the French at the Gue 
Berenger, 1058 — assists at consecration of Philip 



WILLIAM. 



^443 



I., 1059 — holds Court at Lillebonne, 1060 — 
gets possession of person of Harold, and extorts 
from him cession of his claim to crown of 
England, io6i, c 1065 f — takes Mantes, 1064 — 
on death of Edward, claims the crown, Jan. 
1066, and prepares for invasion of England: 
holds assembly at Lillebonne, 1066 — obtains 
sanction of Pope Alexander II. for his ex- 
pedition, 1066 — embarks at St Yalery, 22,° 
26, d 27 e Sep. — arrives at Pevensey, 28 Sep. — 
defeats and kills Harold at Senlac, (Hastings,) 
14 Oct. — receives submission of Edgar Atheling 
and his adherents, at Berkhampstead ; crowned 
at Westminster, by Aldred, Abp of York, 25 
Dec. — visits Normandy, leaving Bp Odo and 
"William Fitzosborne regents, Mar. to Dec. 1067 
— founds Battle Abbey, 1067 — besieges Exeter 
and suppresses insurrection, 1068 — marches 
against insurgents in the North, spring 1068 — 
defeats them, takes York, and builds two cas- 
tles at York, 1068 — suppresses another in- 
surrection, headed by sons of Sweyn, Sep. 
1069 — devastates the North, winter 1069-70 — 
orders pillage of churches and monasteries, 
1070 — confirms laws of the Confessor, 1070 — 
crowned again at Winchester, by Papal legates, 
4 Apr. 1070 s — attacks Hereward's camp of 
refuge in Isle of Ely and defeats him, 107 1-2 — 
his conquest censured by prelates of Normandy 
and legates of the pope, 1072 h — invades Scot- 
land, and receives homage of Malcolm, 1072 — 
devastates and subdues Maine, 1073 — goes to 
Normandy, 1074 — returns and frustrates con- 
spiracy of Normans and English against him, 
1075 — unsuccessfully invades Brittany, and 
besieges Dol, 1075 — his son Eobert rebels, 
1078 — wounded by Eobert at siege of Gerberoi, 
Dec. 1078 — pardons him: sends him against 
the Scots, 1079 — marches into Wales, 1080-1 
— arrests Bp Odo, 1082 — loses his queen, 1083 
— collects an army of mercenaries to repel 
threatened invasion of Cnut, 1085 — again fails 
in attack on Brittany, 1085= — orders survey 
of England, Christmas 1085 — [Domesday 
Book] — holds his Court at Salisbury, summer 
1086 — goes to Normandy, 1086 — makes war 
on Philip of France, summer 1087 — burns 
Mantes, 10 Aug. 1087 — rj. at Bouen, 8 or 9 
Sep. 1087. [New Forest, Tower of London.] 

a Some authorities. b Others. 

c Art de Verifier les Dates. 

d Annals of England. e Thierry. f Lingard. 

S Lappenberg. h Palgrare. 

William II., (Rufus,) King of England, 
(1087-1100,) — fc. in Normandy, about 1060? 
— wounded at Gerberoi, 1084 — on death of his 
father, William L, comes to England, and gets 
possession of royal treasure at Winchester, 
Sep. 1087 — received as King at Council of 
prelates and barons, crowned by Abp of Lan- 
franc, 26 Sep. — suppresses insurrection of 
Norman prelates and nobles, 1088 — besieges 
Bochester and Durham, 1088 — invades Nor- 
mandy, and carries on war with his brother 
Eobert, 1090 — makes peace with him, 1091 — 
with Eobert, makes war on Henry, besieges 
him in Mount St Michael, and banishes him, 
1 09 1 — marches against Malcolm of Scotland, 



and receives his homage, 109 1 — has fruitless 
conference with Malcolm and Edgar Atheling 
at Gloucester, 1092 — falls ill there, Lent 1093 
— invades Normandy and carries on war with 
Eobert, 1094— suppresses revolt of Mowbray, 
Earl of Northumberland, 1095 — marches 
against the Welsh, autumn 1095 — visits Nor- 
mandy, to take possession of Duchy mortgaged 
to him by Eobert, 1096 — again marches into 
Wales, summer io97_returns, Aug. — goes to 
Normandy, 1097 — invades France and con- 
quers Maine, 1099 — killed in the New Forest, 
2 Aug. 1 100. [Westminster Hall.] 

William III., (of Orange,) King of Eng- 
land, (1688-1702,)— fj. at the Hague, 4 Nov. 
1650 — his exclusion from Stadtholderate of 
United Provinces demanded by Cromwell and 
agreed to by the States, 1654 — appointed 
Stadtholder, 1672 — takes command against 
French invaders, 1672 — recovers Naerden, Sep. 
1673 — takes Bonn, 4-12 Nov. — his Princi- 
pality confiscated by Louis XIV. and given to 
Count of Auvergne, 1673 — defeated by Prince 
of Conde at Senef, n Aug. 1674 — invests 
Oudenarde, Aug. — raises the siege, 21 Aug. 
— invests Maestricht, 8 Jul. 1676 — raises the 
siege, 27 Aug. — defeated by French at Cassel, 
11 Apr. 1677 — raises siege of Charleroi, 14 
Aug. 1677 — marries Princess Mary, daughter 
of Duke of York, 4 Nov. 1677 — Peace of 
Nimeguen, 10 Aug. 1678 — defeated by Lux- 
embourg, 14 Aug. — offers aid to James II. for 
suppression of rebellion of Monmouth, 1685 — 
effects formation of League of Augsburg, Jul. 
1686 — condemns Declaration of Indulgence, 
1687 — invited by leading English politicians 
to intervene for restoration of national rights 
and liberties, 30 Jun. 1688— prepares for in- 
vasion, sum. 1688 — embarks at Helvoetsluys, 
19 Oct. — driven back by storms, sails again, 1 
Nov. — lands at Torbay, 5 Nov. — enters Ex- 
eter, 8 Nov. — makes arrangement with com- 
missioners of James II. at Hungerford, 8-9 
Dec. — arrives at St James's, 18 Dec. — sum- 
mons a Convention, 28 Dec. 

1689 : summons meeting of Estates of Scot- 
land, 7 Jan. — proclaimed Joint-sovereign with 
Mary, 13 Feb. — crowned, 11 Apr. — proclaimed 
with Mary, by Estates of Scotland, 1 1 Apr. — 
accepts crown of Scotland from commissioners, 
1 1 May. [Settlement, Act of.] 

1690 : sets out for Ireland, 4 Jun. — lands at 
Carrickfergus, 14 Jim. — defeats James II. at 
the Boyne, 1 Jul. — enters Dublin, 6 Jul. — 
takes Waterford, 25 Jul.— invests Limerick, 
8 Aug. — raises the siege, 30 Aug. — embarks 
for England, 6 Sep. 

1 69 1 : embarks for Holland, 18 Jan. — at- 
tends Congress at the Hague, 26 Jan. — returns 
to England, 13 Apr.— again goes to Holland, 
May — returns, 19 Oct. 

1692 : orders Massacre of Glencoa, Jan. — 
dismisses Marlborough, 10 Jan. — embarks for 
Holland, 5 Mar. — plot for his assassination, 
early in the year — attempts to raise siege of 
Namur and is defeated by Luxembourg at. 
Steenkirk, 3 Aug.— returns, 18 Oct. 

1693 : refuses assent to bill for triennial 

91 * 



i 4 44 



WILLIAM. 



parliaments, 14 Mar.— embarks for Holland, 
3 r Mar. — defeated by Luxembourg at Landen, 
19 Jul. — returns, 29 Oct.— refuses assent to 
Place Bill, winter. 

1694: goes to Holland, 6 May — returns, 9 
Nov. — loses his queen, 28 Dec, and becomes 
sole sovereign. 

1695 : plot formed against him, May — goes 
to Holland, 12 May — invests Namur, 2 Jul. — 
takes the town, 4 Aug. — the citadel, 1 Sep. — 
returns to England, 10 Oct. — visits Oxford, 
10 Nov. 

1696: discovers and frustrates another plot 
to kill him, {Assassination Plot,) 15 Feb. — 
association for his defence formed, 27 Feb. — 
goes to Holland, 7 May — returns, 8 Oct. — 
again goes to Holland, 24 Apr. 1697 — ratifies 
Peace of Ryswick, Nov. — enters London, 16 
Nov. — goes to Holland, 20 Jul. 1698 — 
negotiates secretly with Louis XIV. for 
partition of Spanish monarchy : signs Par- 
tition Treaty, 4 Sep. 1698— returns to Eng- 
land, 5-6 Dec. 1698 — is compelled to dismiss 
his Dutch guards, Mar. 1699 — goes to Hol- 
land, 3 1 May— returns, 1 8 Oct. — goes to Hol- 
land, Jul. 1700 — returns, Oct. — goes to Hol- 
land, 31 Jun. 1 701 — returns, Nov. — by fall 
from his horse, breaks his collar-bone, 21 Feb. 
1702 — tf. at Kensington, 8 Mar. 1702 — buried 
at Westminster, 12 Apr. 

William {Henry) IV., King op England, 
(1830-7,) — fj. at Buckingham House, 21 Aug. 
1765 — enters the navy, 15 Jun. 1779 — se * s oirfc 
for continental travel, 31 Jul. 1783 — returns to 
England, spring 1785 — Captain R.N., 10 Apr. 
1786 — created Duke of Clarence and St An- 
drew's and Earl of Munster, May 1789 — 
Rear-admiral, 1790 — his connection with Mrs 
Jordan begins, 1791 — Vice-admiral, 1795 — . 
Admiral, 1799 — Admiral of the fleet, 1801 — 
marries Princess Adelaide Louisa of Saxe- 
Meiningen at Kew, n Jul. 181 8 — becomes 
heir-presumptive to the throne, 1827 — Lord 
High Admiral, Apr. 1827 — resigns, Sep. 1828 
— succeeds G-eorge IV., 26 Jun. 1830 — crowned 
with his queen, 8 Sep. 1831 — tf. at Windsor, 
20 Jun. 1837. 

William I. the Lion, King of Scotland, 
(1165-1214,)— succeeds Malcolm IV., 9 Dec. 
1 165 — accompanies Henry II. in expedition to 
Brittany,- 11 68 — supports rebellion of sons of 
Henry, 117 3 — taken prisoner by Banulph de 
Glanville at Alnwick, 12 Jul. 1174 — im- 
prisoned at Falaise : released on doing homage 
for kingdom of Scotland to Henry and his son, 
8 Dec. — founds abbey of Arbroath, 1178 — 
excused from homage by Richard I. for sum 
of money, 1189 — excommunicated by Pope 
Alexander III. and the kingdom laid under in- 
terdict, 1 1 81 — absolved by Lucius III., 1 182? — 
assists at coronation of Richard I. at Winches- 
ter, Apr. 1 1 94 — does homage to King John at 
Lincoln, 22 Nov. 1200 — again does homage, 
Aug. 1209 — U. at Stirling, 4 Dec. 12 14. 

William I. the Bad, King of Sicily, (1154- 
66,) — declared Duke of Naples and Prince of 
Capua, 1 1 44 — marries Margaret of Navarre, 
1150 — crowned at Palermo as joint-sovereign 



with his father, Roger II., about Apr. 1151 
— succeeds him, (Feb.?) 1154 — his title denied 
by Pope Adrian IV. : excommunicated, loses 
great part of his kingdom, 1155 — defeats the 
rebels and recovers Apulia, 1156 — makes peace 
with the. pope at Benevento, Jun. 1156 — ob- 
tains investiture and does homage : seized by 
conspirators, and his son proclaimed King, 
ii59, a n6i b — released soon after: ft., 7 May 
1 166. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. 
William II. the Good, King of Sicily, 
(1166-89,) — b., 1 154 — succeeds his father, 
William L, under Regency of his mother, 
Margaret, May 11 66 — crowned, Jul. 1166 — 
supports Pope Alexander III. : refuses to make 
separate peace with Frederick L, 117 3 — 
marries Joanna of England, Feb. 1177 — re- 
ceives Alexis, nephew of Emperor Manuel, and 
sends expedition against Greeks, 11 85 — ft., 16 
Nov. 1 1 89. 

William Frederick I., King of the 
Netherlands, (1815-40,) — b. at the Hague, 
24 Aug. 1772 — receives title of hereditary 
Prince of United Provinces : marries Frederica 
Louisa of Prussia, 1 Oct, 1791 — takes part in 
campaign against French invaders, 1793 — re- 
pulsed by French near Menin, 13 Sep. 1793 — 
takes Landrecies, soon after : resigns command, 
16 Jan. 1795— escapes with his father, the 
Stadtholder, William V., to England, 18 Jan. 
1795 — goes to Berlin, 1799 — receives grant of 
indemnity in Germany assigned to his father, 
Aug. 1802 — made prisoner of war, and de- 
prived of his estates, by Napoleon L, Oct. 1806 
— fights at Wagram, 1809 — recovers his here- 
ditary estates in Germany, before end of 1813 
— received at the Hague, 30 Nov. 181 3 — arms 
the people : swears to new constitution, 29 
Mar. 1 8 14 — union of Belgium and Liege with 
United Provinces, to form one kingdom, decreed 
by Congress of Vienna, 18 14 — proclaimed King 
of the Netherlands, and Duke of Luxemburg, 
16 Mar. 1 8 15 — gives up his possessions in 
Germany to Prussia, May 18 15— joins Holy 
Alliance, 21 Jun. 18 16 — marries his son, 
Prince Frederick, to Princess Louisa of Prussia, 
21 May 1825 — insurrection at Brussels, 25 
Aug. 1830 — [Belgium] — protests against 
separation of Belgium, 12 Jul. 183 1 — signs 
articles agreed to by Conference of London, 4 
Feb. 1839 — renounces proposed marriage with 
Countess Henrietta d'Oultremont, 25 Mar. 1840 
— abdicates in favour of his son William II., 
7 Oct. 1840 — retires to Berlin: marries Count- 
ess d'Oultremont, 17 Feb. 1841— rj. at Berlin, 
7 Nov. 1843. 

William II., King of the Netherlands 
and Grand Duke of Luxemburg, (1840-49,) 
— b., 6 Dec. 1792 — Lieutenant-colonel in 
Spanish army, 181 1 — aide-de-camp to Well- 
ington, distinguishes himself at sieges of 
Ciudad Ro&rigo, 18 10, and Badajoz, 181 1 — 
at battle of Salamanca, 18 12— aide-de-camp 
to George III., about 1813 — commands Dutch 
army at Quatre Bras, and is wounded at 
Waterloo, 18 15 — marries Anna Paulowna 
of Russia, 21 Feb. 18 16 — recognizes independ- 
ence of Belgium, and withdraws to England, 



WILLIAM— WILLIAMS. 



1445 



1830 — takes part in war with Belgium, 1831 
— succeeds on abdication of his father, 7 Oct. 
1840 — sanctions constitutional charter, 14 Oct. 
1848 — tf., 17 Mar. 1849. 

William I., King of Wurtemberg, (1816- 
64,) — b., 27 Sep. 1781 — marries Charlotte of 
Bavaria, 8 Jun. 1808 — the marriage declared 
null, Jul. 1 8 14 — marries Catherine, Duchess of 
Oldenburg, 24 Jan. 18 16 — succeeds his father, 
w o Oct. 18 16 — grants constitutional charter, 25 
Sep. 18 19 — loses his queen, 18 19 — marries a 
third time, 15 Apr. 1820 — refuses to recognize 
King of Prussia as Emperor of Germany, 1 850 
— tf. at Eosenstein, 25 Jun. 1864. 

William III., Count of Holland and (I.) 
of Hainault, — succeeds his father, John II., 
1304 — marries Jane, daughter of Charles, 
Count of Valois, at Paris, spring 1305— makes 
truce of four years with Eobert, Count of 
Flanders, Jul. 1306 — makes peace with John, 
Duke of Brabant, 10 Apr. 1307 — receives Isa- 
bella, Queen of Edward II. of England, at 
Valenciennes, negotiates marriage of his daugh- 
ter Philippa to Prince Edward, and furnishes 
auxiliary force for invasion of England, 1326 
: — fights on side of France at battle of Cassel, 
1328 — reestablishes his authority in Friesland, 
1330 — mediates between Duke of Brabant and 
King of France, 1332 — quarrels with Philip of 
Valois, 1334 — forms alliance with Edward III. 
against France, 1335 — tf. at Valenciennes, 7 
Jun. 1337. 

William. [For other sovereigns of this 
name see Aquitaine, Bavaria, Flanders, Hol- 
land, Montferrat, Normandy.] 
/ William of Malmesbury. [Malmesbury.] 

William of Nassau, the Silent, Prince 
of Orange, — b. at Dillenburg, 16 Apr. 
1533 — succeeds his cousin Bene as Prince 
of Orange, 1544 — marries Anne of Egmont, 
155 1 — sent to Court of Charles V., 1548 
— commands Imperial army on French frontier, 
1555 — loses his wife, 1558 — resident at Court 
of France as hostage for Peace of Cateau-Cam- 
bresis, 1559 — marries Anna of Saxony, 1561 
— joins in remonstrance against Granvella's 
proceedings, 1563 — at Antwerp, suppresses in- 
surrection of Calvinists, 1567 — retires to his 
Nassau estates, 1567 — proscribed, and his pro- 
perty confiscated, Jan. 1568 — takes the lead in 
resistance of Dutch Protestants against Philip 
II., summer 1568 — takes the field, Sep. — joins 
Huguenots under Coligny, spring 1569 — 
Stadtholder of Holland and. Zealand, 1572 — 
captures Boermond, Jul. 1572 — inundates the 
country by cutting the dykes to save Leyden, 
summer 1574 — invested with fuller authority 
by States of Holland, Oct. 1574 — divorces his 
wife and marries Charlotte of Bourbon, Jun. 
1575 — meeting of States- General at Ghent, 
Oct. 1576 — unsuccessful attempts of Don John 
to win him over, Feb. 1577 — projects Union of 
Utrecht, 1578 — a price set on his head by Philip 
II., Mar. 1580 — assassinated by Balthasar 
Gerard, at Delft, 10 Jul. 1584. 

William of Newbury, chronicler, — b. at 
Bridlington, 1 1 36 ? — living, 1 220. 
Anglicarum lib. V., 1597. 



William of Wykeham. [Wykeham.] 

William of Ypres, — claims County of Flan- 
ders on death of Baldwin VII., n 19— defeated 
by Charles I., 11 19-20? — renews his claim on 
death of Charles, and seizes several towns, 1127 
— besieged in Ypres by William Cliton and 
Louis le Gros, and taken prisoner, 26 Apr. — re- 
leased by Cliton, Mar. 1 128 — renews his attempt 
and is supported by Stephen of England and 
other allies, 11 40 — defeated and driven from 
Flanders by the Count Thierry of Alsace, 
passes into England, 1 140 — serves Stephen in 
the civil war, besieges Maud at Winchester, 
summer 1141 — takes prisoner Bobert of Glou- 
cester, Sep., and procures release of Stephen, 
Nov. 1 141 — returns to Flanders, after accession 
of Henry II., 1155 — tf., 1164. 

Williams, Daniel, theologian, — b. at Wrex- 
ham, about 1644 — Nonconformist minister, 
1663 — D.D. Edinburgh and Glasgow, 1709 — - 
tf. in London, 26 Jan. 17 16. By his will 
founds the Library in Bedcross Street, opened, 
1729. 

Williams, Edward, {Mo Morganwg,) poet, 
— b. in Wales, about 1747 — tf. there, 1826. 

Williams, Helen Maria, miscellaneous writer, 
— b., 1762 — settles at Paris, 1790 — tf. at Paris, 
Dec. 1827. Letters from France, 1790-2 — 
translation of Humboldt's Personal Narrative, 
1 8 14-2 1 — Narrative of Fvents in France, 
1815. 

Williams, Isaac, poet, theologian, — b., 1802 
— B.A. Oxford, 1826 — M.A., 1831 — ordained 
priest, 1 831— Fellow of Trin. Coll., 1832 — 
B.D., 1839 — unsuccessful candidate for Chair 
of Poetry, Oxford, 1842 — tf. at Stinchcombe 
in Gloucestershire, 1 May 1865. Cathedral, 
1838 — Thoughts in Fast Years, 1838 — Bap- 
tistry, 1842 — Christian Scholar, 1849 — Chris- 
tian Seasons, 1854 — Study of the Gospels,i%^.i- 

Williams, John, Abp of York, — b. at 
Aberconway, 25 Mar. 1582 — enters St John's 
Coll. Cambridge, Nov. 1599 — B.A. and Fellow 
of his Coll., 1603 — M.A., 1605 — ordained 
priest, 1609 — chaplain to the king, 16 16 — 
D.D., 16 17 — Dean of Westminster, 12 Jul. 
1620 — Lord Keeper, 10 Jul. 1621 to 25 Oct. 
1626 — consecrated Bp of Lincoln, 11 Nov. 
1 62 1 — takes part in negotiations for Spanish 
marriage, 1622-3 — imprisoned by Star Cham- 
ber, 1636 — released by Long Parliament, 1640 
— Abp of York, 4 Dec. 1641 — tf. in Carnarvon- 
shire, 25 Mar. 1650. 

Williams, John, missionary,—^, at Totten- 
ham, 29 Jun. 1796 — embarks for Polynesia, 
Nov. 18 16 — discovers Island of Barotonga, 
1823 — visits England, 1834-38 — murdered at 
Erromanga, New Hebrides, 20 Nov. 1839. 
Missionary Enterprises in the South Sea 
Islands, 1837. 

Williams, John, (Ab Ithel,) archceologist,— 
b. in Denbighshire, 7 Apr.1811 — B.A. Oxford, 
1834 — M.A., 1838 — tf., 27 Aug. 1862. Eccle- 
siastical Antiquities of the Kymry, 1 844 — edits 
Annates Cambrice, 1 850 — edits Brut y Tywysog- 
ion, 1850 — Barddas, 1862. 

Williams, Roger, founder of State of Fhodt 



1446 



WILLIAMS— WILLSHIKE. 



Island, JJ. S„— h. in Wales, 1606— scholar of 
Sutton's Hospital, (Charter-house,) 25 Jul. 
1621 — enters Jesus Coll. Oxford, 30 Apr. 1624 
— arrives in New England, 5 Feb. 163 1 — 
pastor at Salem, 1633 — ordered to return to 
England, autumn 1635 — founds colony in 
Khode Island, Jun. 1636— visits England and 
obtains a charter, 1643-4 — again visits Eng- 
land, 1 65 1 -4 — Pres. of the colony, 1654-7— 
has controversy with Quakers, 1672 — ft. at 
Providence, Apr. 1683. 

Williams, Rowland, theologian, — b. in 
Wales, 1 817 — enters King's Coll. Cambridge, 
1835— B. A. and Fellow of his Coll., 1840— 
Classical Tutor, 1842-50 — Vice-Principal and 
Prof. Hebrew, Lampeter Coll., 1850-62 — 
D.D., 1857 — resigns his Fellowship, 1859 — 
Yicar of Broad-Chalke, Wilts, 1859— prose- 
cuted for heresy, 1861 — settles at Broad-chalke, 
1862— acquitted, Feb. 1864 — ft., 18 Jan. 1870. 
national Godliness, 1855 — Christianity and 
Hinduism compared, 1856 — Review of Bunsen, 
(Essays and Pteviews,) i860 — Prophets of Israel 
and Judah, 1866 — Broad-Chalke Sermon- 
Essays, 1867 — Owen Glendower, 1870. 

Williams, Samuel, engraver, — fj. at Col- 
chester, 23 Feb. 1788 — rj., 19 Sep. 1853. 

Williams College, Williamstown, Mass., 
U. S.,— founded by Col. E. Williams, 1755— 
incorporated as free school, 1785 — as college, 

1793- 

Williamsburg, Virginia, IT. S., — founded, 
1632 — battle between Gen. M'Clellan and Con- 
federates at, 5 May 1862 — evacuated by Con- 
federates, 6 May. William and Mary College, 
founded, 1692. 

Williamson, Hugh, physician, — I), in Penn- 
sylvania, 1735 — graduates at Univ. of Penn- 
sylvania, 1757— member of Congress, 1784-7 
— again, 1790-2 — rj. at New York, 22 May 
1819. History of N. Carolina, 181 2. 

Williamson, Sir Joseph, statesman, — 0. in 
Cumberland, about 1630 — B.A. Oxford, 1653 
— M.A., 1657 — Knt, Clerk of the Council, 
1667 — principal Secretary of State, 27 Jun. 
1674 — committed to the Tower, and released 
same day, 18 Nov. 1678— resigns office, 9 Feb. 
1679 — Joint-commissioner for negotiating first 
Partition Treaty, 1698 — U., 17 01. 

Willibrord. [Wilbrord.] 

Willis, Browne, antiquary, — rj. at Bland- 
ford, 14 Sep. 1682 — goes to Christ-Church, 
Oxford, 1699 — M.P. Buckingham, 1705 — 
marries, 1707 — F.S.A., 17 18 — M.A., 1723 — 
presents his coins to Oxford Univ., 1741 — 
LL.D., 10 Apr. 1749 — tf. at Whaddon Hall, 5 
Feb. 1760. Survey of the Cathedrals of Eng- 
land, 1727-33 — Notitia Parliamentaria, 17 15- 

3°- 

Willis, Francis, physician, — 6., about 1717 
— M.A. Oxford, 1740— M.D. Oxford, 1759— 
attends George III., 1789 — tf. in Lincolnshire, 
5 Dec. 1807. 

Willis, Nathaniel Parker, litterateur, — h. 
in Maine, U.S., 1807 — graduates at Yale 
Coll., 1827 — establishes American Monthly 
Magazine, 1828 — visits Europe, about 1832 — 
in England, 1835-7 — again, 1839-40 and 1844- 



46 — rj. at Idlewild, on the Hudson, 20 Jan. 
1 867 . Works, 1 846 — People I have met, 1 850 
— Hurry graphs, 1851. 

Willis, Thomas, anatomist, — n. at Great 
Bedwin, Wilts, 27 Jan. 1621 — enters Christ- 
Church, Oxford, 1636 — M.A., 1642 — Sedleian 
Prof. Natural Philosophy, M.D., 1660 — 
F.R.S., 1662 — settles in London, physician to 
the king, 1666 — rj. there, 11 Nov. 1675. Ce- 
rebri Anatome, 1664 — Pathologice Cerebri et 
Nervosi Generis Specimina, 1667 — Be Anima 
Brutorum, 1672. 

Willmore, James Tibbits, engraver, — I). in 
London, 15 Sep. 1800— A.B. A., 1843 — tf., 12 
Mar. 1863. Turner' s Rivers of France, 1835. 

Willmott, Robert Aris, miscellaneous writer, 
h. in Wiltshire, 1809 — enters Trin. Coll. Cam- 
bridge, 1832 — B.A., 1841 — takes holy orders, 
1842 — settles at Bear Wood, Hampshire, 1846 
— ii. at Nettlebed, Oxfordshire, 27 May 1863. 
lives of English Sacred Poets, 1832 — Biogra- 
phy of Jeremy Taylor, 1847 — Summer-time in 
the Country, 1849 — Pleasures of literature, 
1861. 

Willoughby, Sir Hugh, maritime discoverer, 
— embarks for Arctic Regions, May 1553 — 
living, Jan. 1554. 

Willoughby, Robert, Lord, — succeeds his 
father, 141 3 — attends Henry V. at siege of 
Harfleur and battle of Agincourt, 1415 — 
again serves in France, 141 6 — distinguishes 
himself at siege of Caen, 141 7 — at siege of 
Rouen, 141 8 — takes part in siege of Ivry, 
1423' — at battle of Verneuil, 1424 — with Sir 
John Fastolfe, defeats the French and saves 
Alenqon, 1425 — takes part in siege of Mans, 
1425 — accompanies Cardinal Beaufort to Bo- 
hemia, 1428 — takes part with Earl of Arundel 
in suppressing insurrection in Normandy, 1434 
— assists at capture of St Denis and Pontoise, 
1435 — charged with defence of Paris, 1435 — 
surrenders to the French, 13 Apr. 1436 — 
defeats French near Amiens, 1441. 

Willoughby, William, Lord Willoughby 
of Par ham, — created by patent of Edward VI., 
16 Feb. 1547 — Lieutenant of Calais, 1550 — 
dismissed, 1553 — takes part in suppressing in- 
surrection in the north, 1569 — ft., 1574. 

Wills, William John, Australian explorer, 
— h. at Totnes, in Devonshire, 1834 — goes to 
Australia, Oct. 1852 — obtains appointment in 
Magnetic Observatory, Melbourne, Nov. 1858 
— sets out with Burke to explore interior, 20 
Aug. i860 — found dead, Jul. 1861. 

Willshire, Sir Thomas, Bart., general, — 
rj. at Halifax, in Nova Scotia, 24 Aug. 1789 — 
Lieutenant in the army, 1795 — serves under 
Gen. Whitelock in attack on Buenos Ayres, 
Jul. 1807 — in Peninsular War, 1808-9 — in 
Walcheren Expedition, 1 809 — wounded at 
Salamanca, 1812 — distinguishes himself at 
assault of San Sebastian, 1812 — serves in 
Cape Colony, 181 8 — defends Grahamstown and 
captures the Chief Makanna, 18 19 — goes to 
India, 1822 — Lieutenant-colonel, 1827 — C.B., 
1 8 38 — distinguishes himself at siege of Ghuznee, 
1839 — K-C.B., 1839 — takes fortress of Kheiat, 
Nov. 1839, and is created Bart.: Commander 



WILLUGHBY— WILSON. 



1447 



of Chatham, 1842-7 — Major-general, 1847 — 
G.C.B., 1861 — if. near Windsor, 31 May 1862. 

Willughby, Francis, naturalist, — b. in 
Lincolnshire, 1635 — M.A. Cambridge, 1659 — 
travels with Eay, 1663-4 — tf., 3 Jul. 1672. 
Ornithologia, 1676 — Mistoria Piscium, 1686. 

Wilmington, in N. Carolina, U. S., — Fort 
Fisher unsuccessfully bombarded by Federals, 
Dec. 1864 — again bombarded, 13-15 Jan. 1865 
— evacuated by Confederates, 21 Feb. — taken 
possession of by Federals, 22 Feb. 

Wilmington, Spencer Compton, Eakl of, 
Prime Minister op England, — Speaker of 
House of Commons, Mar. 1714 — resigns, 1727 
— created Baron Wilmington, 8 Jan. 1728 — 
Lord President of the Council, May 1730 — 
Earl, 14 May 1730 — First Lord of the Trea- 
sury, 17 Feb. 1742 — tf., 26 Jul. 1743 — titles 
extinct. 

Wilmot, John. [Rochester, Earl of.] 

Wilmot, Sir John Eardley, Chief Justice 
of the Common Pleas, — b. at Derby, 16 Aug. 
1709 — called to the bar at Inner Temple, Jun. 
1732 — Judge of King's Bench, and Knt, 11 
Feb. 1755 — Joint-commissioner of Great Seal, 
19 Nov. 1756 to 30 Jun. 1757 — Chief Justice 
of Common Pleas, 21 Aug. 1766 — resigns, 24 
Jan. 177 1 — tf., 5 Feb. 1792. 

Wilna, in Russia, — founded, 1322 ? 1305 ? 
— capital of Lithuania, 1323 — seat of a Bishop- 
ric, 1387 — Diet held at, by Sigismund Au- 
gustus, 1563 — another, 1569 — ravaged by Rus- 
sians, 1506, 1610, and 1655 — burnt, 1737, 1748, 
and 1749— taken and annexed to Russia, 1794 
— entered by French, 1812 — battle of, Poles 
defeated by Russians, 16 Jun. 1831. Cathe- 
dral, built, 1386. University of, founded as 
College of Jesuits, 1578 — restored, 1803 a — by 
Stanislaus Poniatowski, 17 81 b — suppressed by 
ukase of Emperor Nicholas, 1 May 1832, and 
the Library carried off to St Petersburg. 
Treaty of, between Grand Master of Knights 
of Livonia, and Sigismund Augustus of Poland, 
for cession of Livonia, concluded, 28 Nov. 
156 1 — confirmed by Diet of Lithuania, 1566. 
a Conv.-Lex. b Diet. Geog. 

Wilson, Alexander, naturalist, — fj. at 
Paisley, 6 Jul. 1766 — goes to N. America, 
1794 — tf. at Philadelphia, 23 Aug. 1813. 
American Ornithology, 1808-14. 

Wilson, Benjamin, painter, — Master-painter 
to Board of Ordnance, 1773 — tf. in London, 6 
Jun. 1788. 

Wilson, Florence, (Volusenus,) — b. in Scot- 
land, about 1500 — tf. at Yienne, in Dauphiny, 
1546 or 1547. De Animi Tranquillitate, 

J 543- 

Wilson, George, chemist, — b. at Edinburgh, 
21 Feb. 18 18 — studies at Univ. Coll. London, 
1838 — M.D., settles at Edinburgh, 1839 — 
begins to lecture on Chemistry, 1 840 — Director 
of Scottish Industrial Museum, and Prof. 
Technology, Edinburgh Univ., 1855 — tr. at 
Edinburgh, 22 Nov. 1859. Chemistry, 1850 
— Colour -Blindness, 1855 — Five Gateways of 
Knowledge, 1857 — Life and Works of Caven- 
dish, 1 85 1. 

Wilson, George, Chairman of Anti-Corn- 



Law League, — b. at Hathersage, in Derby- 
shire, 24 Apr. 1808 — marries, 1838— member 
of Council of the League, 28 Jan. 1839 — 
elected Chairman, 13 Apr. 1839 — receives 
testimonial of £10,000 on dissolution of the 
League, 1846 — Pres. National Reform Union, 
1 86 1 — tf. in railway train, near Liverpool, 29 
Dec. 1870. 

Wilson, Horace Hayman, Orientalist, — b. in 
London, about 1786 — goes to India, 1808 — 
secretary of Asiatic Society of Bengal, 18 12 — 
Boden Prof. Sanskrit, Oxford, 1833 — Librarian 
at the India House, and Director of Royal 
Asiatic Society, about 1834 — F.R.S., 1834 — 
tf. in London, 8 May i860. Dictionary, Sans- 
krit and English, 1819-40 — translation of the 
Vishnu Parana, 1840 — Sanskrit Grammar, 
1 841 — History of British India, (1805-35,) 
1 846 — edition of Mill's History of British 
India, 1858 — translation of the Rig Veda, 
1850-66. 

Wilson, James, economist, — b. in Scotland, 
3 Jun. 1805 — M.P. Westbury, 1847 — secretary 
to Board of Control, 1 848 — Financial secretary 
for India, Dec. 1852 — Y.P. Board of Trade, 
1859 — goes to India as Finance Minister, 
Oct. 1859 — tf. at Calcutta, 11 Aug. i860. 
Establishes and edits the Economist, 1843 — 
Influences of the Corn Laws, 1839 — Fluctu- 
ations of Currency, &c, 1840 — Capital, Cur- 
rency, and Banking, 1 846. 

Wilson, John, {Christopher North,) poet, 
novelist, $c., — b. at Paisley, 19 May 1785 — 
enters Magdalen Coll. Oxford, 1 803— M. A., 1 8 1 o 
— settles at Edinburgh, 18 15 — editor of Black- 
wood's Magazine, 18 17 — Prof. Moral Philo- 
sophy, 1820-51 — tf. at Edinburgh, 3 Apr. 
1854. Isle of Palms, 1812 — City of the 
Plague, 18 16 — Lights and Shadows of Scottish 
Life, 1822 — Trials of Margaret Lyndsay, 
1823 — Nodes Ambrosiance, (in Blackwood's 
Magazine,) 1822-36. 

Wilson, Richard, painter, — b. in Wales, 
1713^ 1 Aug. i7i4 b — visits Italy, 1749 — 
settles in London, 1755 — R.A., 1768 — 
Librarian, 1776— retires, 1780— tf. at Llan- 
verris, Denbighshire, 1782. Niobe, 1760 — 
Villa of Meccenas, 1765. 

a Engl. Cyc. b Redgrave. 

Wilson, Sir Robert Thomas, general, — b. in 
London, 1777 — enters the army, 1794 — serves 
in Holland, 1799 — in Egypt, 1800— serves in 
Peninsular War, 1808 — assists escape of Count 
Lavalette, 18 15 — dismissed from the army, 
1 82 1 — M.P., 18 1 8-31 — General, 1 841— Go- 
vernor of Gibraltar, 1842 — tf. in London, 9 
May 1849. Historical Account of British Ex- 
pedition to Egypt, 1802 — Military and Political 
Power of Russia, 18 17 — Journals of Russian 
Campaign against Napoleon, 1861. 

Wilson, Thomas, statesman, — escapes from 
the Inquisition, 1555 — private secretary to 
Queen Elizabeth, 1558 — envoy to the Nether- 
lands, 1576 — Secretary of State, 1577 — tr. 
Dean of Durham, 158 1. Rule of Reason, 155 1 
— Art of Rhetoric, 1553. 

Wilson, William Rae, traveller, — b. at 
Paisley, 7 Jun. 1772 — tf-, 2 Jun. 1849. Travels 



i +4 8 



WILTON— WINCKELMANN. 



in Egypt and the Holy Land, 1823 — Travels 
in Russia, 1828. 

Wilton, in Wiltshire, — Egbert defeats 
Beornwulf near, 823 — Alfred defeated by Danes 
at, 871 — seat of a Bishopric, 909 — pillaged and 
burnt by Sweyn, 1003 — see reunited with Sher- 
borne, about 1045 or later : declines, after 1244. 
Alley, founded by Wulstan, 773. 

Wilton, Joseph, sculptor, — b. in London, 
1722 — assists in founding Eoyal Academy, 
1768— 1?., 1803. 

Wiltshire, James Butler, Earl of, — 
created, 8 Jul. 1449 — succeeds as fifth Earl of 
Ormond, 1452 — Lord Treasurer, 1455 — again, 
1458 — taken prisoner by Edward IV. at Tow- 
ton, and beheaded, 146 1. 

Wiltshire, Sir Thomas Boleyn, Eakl of, 
— created Viscount Eochford, 18 Jun. 1525 s — 
ambassador to France, 1527 — Earl of Ormond 
and of Wiltshire, 1529 — ambassador to the 
Emperor, Mar. 1530 b — present at marriage of 
his daughter Anne to Henry VIII., 1533 — ft., 
1538. a Lingard. b Froude. 

Wimbledon, Surrey, — Review at, before the 
Sultan Abdul Aziz, and Prince of Wales, 20 
Jul. 1867. 

Wimbledon, Edward Cecil, Viscount, — 
Baron Cecil of Putney, 9 Nov. 1625 — created 
Viscount Wimbledon, 25 Jul. 1626 — commands 
expedition for capture of Spanish treasure 
ships, autumn 1625 — ft. at Wimbledon, 16 
Nov. 1638. 

Wimpfen, on the Rhine, — obtains privileges 
from Henry VII., 1228 — Tilly defeats Mar- 
grave of Baden-Durlach at, 1622 — taken by 
French, 1645 and 1688 — given to Baden, 1802 
— passes by exchange to Hesse Darmstadt, 
1803. 

Winchelsea, in Sussex, — has a mint, 959 a 
— William I. lands at, 7 Dec. 1067 — one of 
the Cinque Ports, before May 1200 — King 
John assembles his army at, 27 Apr. to 1 May 
12 1 3 — nearly destroyed by inundation of the 
sea, 1 Oct. 1250 b — visited by Henry VI., 8-10 
May 1264 — taken by assault by Prince Edward, 
autumn 1266 — visited by Edward I., 1277 — 
new town built on present site, 1280-5 — °^> 
destroyed by the sea, 4 Feb. 1287 b — several 
visits of Edward I., 1295 and 1297 — pillaged 
by French, 1337 — Edward III. defeats Span- 
ish fleet off, 29 Aug. i35o b — pillaged and 
burnt by French, 15 Mar., c 21 Sep. d 1359 — 
again, Mar. 1360 — threatened by French, de- 
fended by the Abbot, 29 Jun. 1377 — burnt by 
French, [Spaniards? 6 ] 15 Mar. 1380— last 
attack by French, 1448 or 1449 — Camber Cas- 
tle built by Henry VIIL, about 1538-9 — visited 
by Queen Elizabeth, 1573 — Castle dismantled 
by order of Parliament, 1642. a Ruding. 

b Cooper. c Thomas of "Walsingham. 

d Knight. e Leland. 

Winchelsea, Earl of. [Nottingham, 
Daniel Finch, Earl of.] 

Winchester, capital of Hampshire, (Gwent, 
Yenta Belgarmn, Wintanceaster, Wintonia,) — 
conquered by Cer&ic, 519 — old monastery 
founded by Cenwealh, 642-3 a — capital of king- 
dom of Wessex, not later than 648 — seat of a 



Bishopric, 662 b — burnt, 764 — coronation of 
Egbert as Bretwalda at, 827 — Witenagemot 
held, 855 — taken by Danes, 860 a — new monas- 
tery of St Grimbald, founded by Alfred, 898 — 
six mints established at, by Athelstan, about 
925 — mutiny at, 28 May 934 — Witenagemot, 
993 — taken by Sweyn, 1013 — great assembly 
held by Cnut, between 1016-20 — partly 
burnt, it 02 — trial of the Mint-masters at, 
ii25 e — Henry of Blois holds council at, 29 
Aug. 1 1 39 c — scene of conflicts between parti- 
sans of Stephen and Empress Maud, 1141 — 
burnt, 2 Aug. 1141 d — treaty between Stephen 
and Maud concluded at, 7 Nov. 1153° — recon- 
ciliation of King John with Abp Langton and 
the prelates, 1213 — taken by the Dauphin, 
Louis, Jun. 12 1 6 — sacked by Simon de Mont- 
fort, Jul. 1265 d — parliament held at, Sep. 
1265 — 'staple' of the kingdom, 1333-63 — 
Henry V. receives French ambassadors at, 
1415 — Henry VIIL receives Charles V. at, 
1522 — marriage of Queen Mary with Philip II. 
celebrated at, 1554 — Sir William Waller de- 
feats Boyalists on Cheriton Down near, 29 
Mar. 1644— invested by Cromwell, 28 Sep. 
1645 — taken, 6 Oct. — ravaged by plague, about 
1666-7 — visited by Queen Anne, 1707. Cathe- 
dral, built by Cenwalch, 643-648 — rebuilt, 
completed and dedicated by Bp Ethelwold, 963- 
984 — rebuilt and enlarged by Bp Walkelyn, 
1079-93 — enlarged by Bp Godfrey de Lacy, 
1 1 89- 1 204— nave reconstructed byBps Eding- 
don, Wykeham, Beaufort, and Waynflete, 
1 346-1486. Castle, built by William I., 1068 
— demolished by Cromwell, 1645 — palace com- 
menced on site of, by Charles II., 3 Mar. 1683 
— left unfinished, 1685. Wolvesey Castle, 
built by Bp Henry of Blois, n 38 — demolished 
by Cromwell, 1646. St Mary's College, found- 
ed by William of Wykeham, 1387 — opened, 28 
Mar. 1393 — new School-room built, 1687. Hos- 
pital of St Cross, founded by Bp Henry, 1 1 36 
— increased by Card. Beaufort, 1404-47. Dio- 
cesan Training School, founded, 5 Apr. 1861. 
New Town Hall, first stone laid, 22 Dec. 187 1. 
Statute of, passed, 13 Edw. L, 1285. 

a A. S. Chron. b Stubbs. c Annals of England. 
d Lingard. e Ruding. 

Winchester, in Virginia, V. S., — occupied 
by Gen. Banks, 12 Mar. 1862 — Gen. Jackson 
repulsed by Gen. Shields, 23 Mar. 1862 — 
Federals under Gen. Banks defeated by Con- 
federates, 25 May 1862 — Gen. Sheridan defeats 
Gen. Early near, 19 Sep. 1864. 

Winchester, William Paulet, {Poulet,) 
Marquis of, — ft., about 1475 — Treasurer of 
the Household to Henry VIII., 1536 — created 
Baron St John, Nov. 1537 — Treasurer to Ed- 
ward VI., 1549 — Earl of Wiltshire, 1550 — 
created Marquis, Oct. 1551 — Lord High Trea- 
surer, 1551 — presides at trial of Somerset, Dec. 
155 1 — retains his office under Mary and Eliza- 
beth : entertains Queen Elizabeth at Basing 
House, 1560 — tf., 10 Mar. 1572. 

Winchester Measure, — made the standard 
of the kingdom by Edgar, 959-975. 

Winckelmann, Johann Joachim, antiquary, 
writer on Art, — b. at Stendal, in Prussia, 9 



WINCKELRLED— WINSLOW. 



1449 



Dec. 17 17 — studies at Halle, 1738-9 — embraces 
Romanism, 1755 — goes to Rome, end of 1755 
— Librarian to Cardinal Albani, about 1759 — 
visits Vienna, 1768 — assassinated at Trieste, 8 
Jun. 1768. Geschichte der Kunst des Alter- 
thums, 1764 — Monumenti antichi inediti, 1766. 

Winckelried, Arnold von, Swiss patriot, — 
decides victory over Imperialists at Sempach, 
and tf. there, 9 Jul. 1386. 

Windebank, Sir Francis, — Secretary of 
State to Charles I., Jun. 1632— accused by 
Long Parliament of favouring Romanists, 
escapes to France, Dec. 1640. 

Windebank, Thomas, colonel, — surrenders 
Bletchington to Cromwell, 24 Apr. 1645 — 
shot, 1645. 

Windham, Sir Charles Aske, general, — fj. 
in Norfolk, 1810 — enters the army, 30 Dec. 
1826 — Captain, 1833— serves in Canada, 1837- 
39 — Lieutenant-colonel, Dec. 1 846 — Colonel, 20 
Jun. 1 854 — Assistant-quarter-master-general 
in Crimean War, 1 854 — distinguishes himself 
at Inkermann, 5 Nov. 1854— C.B., Jul. 1855 
— leads attack on the Redan, 8 Sep. 1855 — 
Major-general, and C.B., Sep. 1855 — Chief of 
the Staff of Eastern army, Nov. 1855 — Com- 
mander of Legion of Honour, 1856 — M.P. 
East Norfolk, Mar. 1857 — takes part in Se- 
poy War, 1857 — Lieutenant-general, 5 Feb. 
1863 — K.C.B., 1865 — if. in London, 7 Feb. 
1870. 

Windham, Joseph, antiquary, — ft. at Twick- 
enham, 1739 — ft. in Norfolk, 21 Sep. 1810. 

Windham, William, statesman, — 6. in Lon- 
don, 3 May 1750 — enters Univ. Coll. Oxford, 
Sep. 1767— M.P. Norwich, 1784 — Secretary- 
at-war, 1794 to Feb. 1801 — again, early in 
1806 to Mar. 1807 — o\, 3 Jun. 18 10. Diary, 
1866. 

Windischgratz, Alfred, Prince, field-mar- 
shal, — ft. at Brussels, n May 1787 — succeeds 
his father, 1802 — enters Austrian army, 1804 
— takes part in campaigns against the French, 
1805, 1809, and 1813-14 — Knt of Golden 
Fleece, 1830 — Lieutenant-general, 1833 — 
Governor of Prague, 1848— his wife shot by 
insurgents, 12 Jun. 1848 — bombards Prague, 
and suppresses insurrection, 15-19 Jun. — Field- 
marshal, Oct. — Commander-in-chief of forces 
out of Italy, 16 Oct. — marches on Vienna 
and proclaims state of siege ; commences at- 
tack on Vienna, 28 Oct.— takes the city, 1 
Nov. — serves against Hungarians, 1849 — if. 
at Vienna, 24 Mar. 1862. 

Windmills,— in use in Normandy, as early 
as no5. a a Ducange and Gibbon. 

Window-Tax, in England, — imposed by Act 
6 and 7 Wm III. c 18, 1695— raised by many 
later Acts: reduced by Act 4 Geo. IV. c. 11, 
19 Mar. 1823— repealed, and house-tax sub- 
stituted for, by Act 14 and 15 Vic. c. 36, 24 
Jul. 1851. 

Windows, of glass, — in use at Pompeii, be- 
fore 63. 

Windsor Castle, in Berkshire, — founded by 
William I., 1066-87— rebuilt by Henry I., 
1100-35 — Henry I. holds his Court at, Whit- 
suntide 1 1 10 — Henry II. receives William 



the Lion, 1170 — treaty between Henry II. and 
Roderic O'Connor, 1175 — unsuccessfully at- 
tacked by the Dauphin Louis, 12 16 — enlarged 
by Henry III., 1223-43 — garrisoned with 
foreign troops by Prince Edward, 1263 — sur- 
rendered to barons, 1263 — tournament in the 
Park, 1278 — reconstruction commenced by 
Edward III., 1350-69 — works dn-ected by 
William of Wykeham, appointed surveyor, 
1356 — further additions by Henry VII., 
1485- 1509 — treaty between Henry VIII. and 
Charles V. ratified at, 1522— terraces formed 
by Queen Elizabeth, about 1576 — garrisoned 
for the Parliament, 20 Oct. 1642 — unsuccess- 
fully attacked by Prince Rupert, aut. 1642 — 
modernized by Charles II., about 1670-85 — 
James II. receives Nuncio at, 3 Jul. 1687 — 
favourite residence of George III., 1760 — im- 
provements by George IV. commenced, from 
designs by Wyatt, [Wyattville] 1824 — com- 
pleted, Dec. 1828. St George's Chapel, built 
by Edward III., 1327-77 — new building com- 
menced by Edward IV., 1461-83— completed 
by Henry VIII., about 1537 — East window, 
new, 1863. Mausoleum of the Prince Consort, 
at Frogmore, first stone laid by the Queen, 15 
Mar. 1862. 
Windward Islands. [Antilles.] 
Wine Trade, in England, — import duties 
regulated by Act 7 Hen. VII. c. (7 or) 8, 1491 
— dealers required to take out licence by Act 
12 Car. II. c. 25, 1660 — import duty on Por- 
tugal wines reduced, 1693 — again, 1697 — the 
Methuen Treaty concluded, 1703 — duty on 
French wines reduced, 18 19 — duties on all 
foreign wines equalized, by Act 1 and 2 Wm 
IV. c. 30, 5 Oct. 1 831 — parliamentary com- 
mittee on Wine duties appointed, 1852 — 
duties on French Wines regulated by Com- 
mercial Treaty with France, i860. Wine 
licences, grant of, to Refreshment Houses and 
Shopkeepers, authorized and regulated by Act 
23 and 24 Vic. c. 27, 14 Jun. 1 860. In Ireland^ 
by Act 23 and 24 Vic. c. 107, 28 Aug. i860. 

Wing, Vincent, astronomer, — Astronomia 
Britannica, 1669 — Harmonicon Cosleste, 1651 
— Ephemerides, 1659-71. 

Wingate, Edmund, mathematician, — ft. in 
Yorkshire, 1593 — enters Queen's Coll. Oxford, 
16 10 — it. in London, Dec. 1656. Arithmetic 
1630. 

Winnowing Machine,— introduced in Eng- 
land, 17 10. 

Winslow, Jacques Benigne, anatomist, — ft. 
in Denmark, Apr. 1669— goes to Paris, 1698 
— abjures Protestantism, 1699 — M.D., 1705 — 
admitted ( eleve ) to Academy of Sciences, 
1707 — Prof. Anatomy and Surgery, Jardin du 
Roi, 1743 — if. at Paris, 3 Apr. 1760. Exposi- 
tion Anatomique de la structure du Corps Hu- 
main, 1732. 

Winslow, Miron, Orientalist, — ft. in Ver- 
mont, U. S., 11 Dec. 1789 — graduates at An- 
dover Theological Seminary, 181 8 — missionary 
to Ceylon, 18 19 — removes to Madras, 1836 — 
D.D. Harvard, 1858— LL.D. Middlebury 
Coll., 1864 — tf. at Cape of Good Hope, 22 
Oct. 1864. Tamil-English Lexicon, 1862. 



145° 



WINSOR-WISHART. 



Winsor, Frederick Albert,— makes experi- 
ments in application of gas to lighting pur- 
poses, in London, 1803-10 — goes to Paris, 
1815— tr., 1830. 

Winstanley, Henry, — builds first Eddystone 
lighthouse, 1696-1700 — drowned on destruc- 
tion of the lighthouse, 26 Nov. 1703. 

Winston, Charles, — fi. in Kent, 18 14— 
called to the bar at Inner Temple, 1845 — 
tr. in London, 3 Oct. 1864. Inquiry into the 
difference of style in ancient Glass-painting, 
1847 — Memoirs illustrative of Art of Faint- 
ing on Glass, 1865. 

Wint, Peter de, painter, — fc. at Stone, in 
Staffordshire, 1784 — begins to exhibit at Royal 
Academy and at Water-colour Society, 18 10 
— tf. in London, 30 Jun. 1849. 

Winter, Jan Willem van, admiral, — b. at 
the Texel, 1750 — enters the navy, 1762 — Ge- 
neral of Brigade in French army, 1793 — re- 
turns to Holland, 1795 — as Vice-admiral, 
commands the Texel fleet, 1796 — defeated and 
taken prisoner by Admiral Duncan, n Oct. 
1797 — Plenipotentiary to France, 1798-1802 — 
tf. at Paris, 2 Jun. 1812. 

Winter, Peter von, musical composer, — b. at 
Mannheim,i755 — tr. at Munich, 1825. Calypso, 
II Batto di Proserpina, Zaira, between 1803-5. 
Winthrop, John, — 0. in Suffolk, Jan. 1587- 
8 — Governor of Massachusetts, 1629-34 — 
Deputy-governor, 1634-7— Governor, 1637-49 
— again, 1642 — Deputy, 1643-5 — Governor, 
1646-49 — tf-, 26 Mar. 1649. Journal, 1790- 
1819. 

Winthrop, John, — b. in Suffolk, 1606 — 
Governor of Connecticut, 1657-76 — founds 
New London, 1661 — ft. at Boston, 5 Apr. 
1676. 

Winthrop, Theodore, novelist, — ft. at New 
Haven, U. S., 1828 — graduates at Yale Coll., 
1848 — called to the bar, 1855 — killed in com- 
bat at Great Bethel, 10 Jun. 1861. Works, 
1861. 
Winton, Eaul of. [Eglinton.] 
Winwidfield, battle of [See Penda.] 
Winwood, Sir Ealph, diplomatist, — fc. in 
Northamptonshire, about 1564 — M.A. Oxford, 
Jun. 1587 — secretary to Sir H. Neville, am- 
bassador to France, 1599 — envoy to Holland, 
1603 — Knt, 28 Jun. 1607 — joint-ambassador 
to Holland, Aug. 1607 — Secretary of State, 20 
Mar. 1614— tr. in London, 27 Oct. 1617. Me- 
morials of Affairs of State, 1725. 

Wire-drawing, Wire,— practised at Niirn- 
berg and Augsburg, as early as 1351-60. In 
England, patents for, granted, 1565 — importa- 
tion of foreign, prohibited by proclamation of 
Charles I., 1630 — copper and brass, manufac- 
ture of, commenced, about 1649 — first mill 
erected, at Sheen, 1662 — improved method, 
published by Wollaston, 1 8 1 3 — improved draw- 
plates patented by Brockedon, 18 19. 
Wirtemberg. [Wiirtemberg.] 
Wisbeach, {Wisbech,) in Cambridgeshire, — 
Castle built at, by William I., 1086 — visited 
by King John, 12 16 — destroyed by inundation, 
1236 (1260 ?)— rebuilt, 'before 1246 — visited by 
Edward IV., 1469 — rebuilt by Bp Morton, 



1478-83 — garrisoned for the Parliament, 1642- 
49 — demolished, 1793. 

Wisby, capital of Gothland, — important 
trading-place, before 1100 — Hanse Town, 1241 
— fortified, 1289 — pillaged by Waldemar III. 
of Denmark, 1361 — pledged to Teutonic 
Knights by Albert, King of Sweden, 1397 — 
besieged by Queen Margaret, 1398 — restored 
to her for a ransom, by award of Emperor 
Wenceslaus, 1408 — given up by Denmark to 
Sweden by treaty of peace, 23 Aug. 1645 — 
occupied a short time by Russians, 1807. 

Wisconsin, one of the United States, — visited 
and explored by French, about i66o, a 1639 b 
— ceded to Great Britain, 1763 — taken posses- 
sion of by Americans, 1796 — erected into a 
Territory, 1836 — admitted to the Union, 29 
May 1848 — State constitution confirmed by 
Convention, Apr. 1848 — devastated by prairie 
fires, Oct. 187 1. 

a Engl. Cye. b Amer. Encyc. 

Wise, Francis, antiquary, — b. at Oxford, 
1695— M.A. Oxford, 17 17— Fellow of Trim 
Coll., 1719 — F.S.A., before 1758 — Radcliffe 
Librarian, 1748 — tf. at Ellesfield, 6 Oct. 1767. 
Catalogue of Coins in Bodleian library, 1750 
— Enquiries concerning first Inhabitants, §c, of 
Europe, 1758 — History and Chronology of 
Fabulous Ages considered, 1764. 

Wise, Michael, musical composer, — chorister 
of Chapel Royal, 1660 — organist of Salisbury 
Cathedral, 1668 — gentleman of the Chapel 
Royal, 1675 — almoner of St Paul's, 1686 — tr., 
1687. 

Wiseman, Nicholas, Cardinal, R. C. Abp 
of Westminster, — b. at Seville, 2 Aug. 1802 
— studies at St Cuthbert's College, Durham, 
1 810- 1 8 — member of English College at Rome, 
1818 — D.D., takes holy orders, 1824 — Prof. 
Oriental Languages, Univ. of Rome, 1824 — 
Rector of English Coll. Rome, 1828 — returns to 
England, 1835 — with O'Connell, establishes 
Dublin Beview, 1836 — coadjutor to Vicar 
Apostolic of Midland District, and Pres. 
Oscott College, 1840 — Vicar Apostolic of Lon- 
don District, 1849 — £ oes to Some, 1850 — 
created Cardinal and appointed Abp of West- 
minster by Pius IX., 1850 — [Ecclesiastical 
Titles] — visits Rome, i860 — tr. in London, 
15 Feb. 1865. FLorce Syriacce, 1828 — Con- 
nection between Science and Bevealed Beligion, 
1 836 — Fabiola, 1 855 — Essays, 1 85 3 — Four 
last Fopes, 1858 — Sermons, &c, 1859. 

Wishart, George, ' the Martyr,' — begins 
preaching doctrines of Luther, about 1535 — 
at Bristol, 1538 — at Cambridge, 1543 — returns 
to Scotland, 1543 or 1544 — conspires against 
Cardinal Beaton, 1544 — tried for heresy, 1 
Mar., and burnt at St Andrew's, 28 Mar. 
1546. 

Wishart, George, historian, — b. in Scot- 
land, 1609 — refuses to take the covenant and 
is deprived of his living, 1639 — captured by 
Scots at Newcastle, Oct. 1644 — chaplain to 
Queen of Bohemia, 1650— returns to England 
with her, 1660 — Bp of Edinburgh, 1 Jun. 1662 
— tf-, 167 1. Fe rebus sub imperio Jacobi Mon- 
tisrosarum Marchionis Commentarius, 1647. 



WISLOCH— WOHLGEMUTH. 



145 1 



Wisloch, in Baden, — Tilly defeats Mans- 
feld at, 29 Apr. 1622 — Gen. Stzarray defeats 
the French, 3 Dec. 1799. 

Wismar, in Mecklenburg,- — enlarged, 1238— 
annexed to Duchy of Schwerin, 1261 — ohtains 
Liibeck rights, 1266 — taken by Imperialists, 
1627 — taken by Swedes, 1632 — ceded to 
Sweden by Peace of Westphalia, 1648 — seat 
of Supreme Court of Justice, 1653 — taken by 
Danes, 1671 — restored to Sweden, 1679 — 
fortifications demolished under treaty between 
Sweden and Russia, and the bay practically 
neutralized, 17 16 — again taken by Danes, 
1716 — restored by Peace of Stockholm, 1720 — 
sovereign rights of Sweden ceded to Duke of 
Mecklenburg, by Treaty of Malmoe, 1803. 
Treaty of, between France and Sweden, con- 
cluded, 20 Mar. 1636. 

Witchcraft, Witches,— belief in, becomes 
prevalent in Europe, before 800 — accusation of, 
brought against Knights Templars, 1307-9 — 
Inquisitors for suppression of, in the Empire, 
appointed by bull of Innocent VIII., 1484 — 
Commissioners against, appointed by Alexander 
VI., 1494— by Leo X., 152 1 — and by Adrian 
VI., 1522 — persecutions for, condemned by 
Wierus, 1564 — by Reginald Scot, 1584— by 
Harsnet, 1599 — by Thomasius, 1700 — by Hut- 
chinson, 1720. In England, practice of, against 
lives of other persons, declared felony by Act 33 
Hen. VIII. c. 8, 1541 — felony without benefit 
of clergy by Acts 5 Eliz. c. 16, 1563, and 1 
Jac. I. c. 12, 1604 — last execution for, pro- 
bably 1682 — punishment of death for, abolished 
by Act 9 Geo. II. c. 5, 1736. In Scotland, 
first made punishable, 1563 — last execution 
for, 1722. In France, executions for, pro- 
hibited by edict of Louis XIV., about 1670. 
In Austria, laws against, repealed, 1766. In 
Germany, execution for, at Wurzburg, 1749. 
In Switzerland, victim burnt at Glarus, 1783. 
In Posen, execution for, 1793. 

Wither, (Wyther,) George, poet, satirist, 
— ft. in Hampshire, 11 Jun. 1588 — enters 
Magdalen Coll. Oxford, 1604— comes to Lon- 
don, 1608 — imprisoned, 161 3 — visits the 
Netherlands, 1632 — raises a troop of horse for 
the Parliament, 1642 — imprisoned, 1660 — 
released, 1663 — ft. in London, 2 May 1667. 
Abuses Stript and TVhipt, 161 3 — Satire to the 
King, 1 6 14 — Hymns and Songs for the Church, 
1623 — Scholars' Purgatory, 1624 — Metrical 
Version of Psalms, 1633 — Emblems, 1634 — 
Halleluiah, 1641. 

Withering, William, botanist, — ft. at Wel- 
lington, in Shropshire, 1741 — M.D. Edinburgh, 
1-766 — tf. near Birmingham, Nov. 1799. 
Botanical Arrangement of all the Vegetables 
naturally growing in Great Britain, 1776. 

Witherington, William Frederick, iiainter, 
— ft. in London, 1786 — exhibits at British In- 
stitution, 18 1 1 — A.R.A., 1830 — R.A., 1840 — 
ft., ir Apr. 1865. 

Witiges. [Vitiges.] 

Witikind, (JVitteking, Wittichind,) Saxon 
Chieftain, — distinguishes himself in wars with 
Charles the Great, 772-786 — destroys army of 
Franks, 782 — negotiates with Charles and 



receives baptism, 785 — [Duke of Saxony,? 
786] — killed in battle, 807 (?). Monument 
erected to him by Charles IV. at Engers, 1377 
— another, by Westphalian Society, at Minden, 
1812. 

Witiza. [See Visigoths.] 

Witt, Cornelius de, statesman, — ft. at Dort, 

23 Jun. 1623 — burgomaster, 1650 — distin- 
guishes himself at battles of Schweningen, 8 
Oct. 1652, and Solebay, 7 Jun. 1672 — arrested, 

24 Jul. 1672 — condemned to exile, 19 Aug. — 
murdered, at the Hague, 20 Aug. 1672. 

Witt, John de, statesman, — ft. at Dort, 
1625,* 25 Sep. 1632 b — Pensionary of Dort, 
1650 — Joint- commander of Dutch fleet with 
De Ruyter, 1652-4— Grand Pensionary of Hol- 
land, 1653-72 — negotiates peace with England, 
1654 — negotiates commercial treaty with 
France, 1662 — negotiates Triple Alliance, 
1668 — murdered with his brother, at the 
Hague, 20 Aug. i672. b 

a Conv.-Lex. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Wittenberg, in Saxony, — residence of 
Electors, about 1 2 12-1422 a — taken by Charles 
V., 1547 — bombarded by Imperialists, 10-14 
Oct. 1760 — occupied by French, 20 Oct. 1806 b 
— unsuccessful attempt of Schill on, Apr. 1 809 b 
— blockaded by Kleist, 26 Mar. to 20 Apr. 
1813 a — unsuccessfully besieged by allies, 28 
Dec. i8i3 b — stormed by allies, 15 Jan. i8i4 b 
— circle of, ceded to Prussia, 18 15. University 
of, founded by Elector Frederick III., 1502 — 
incorporated with Halle, 1817,° 1815^ Monu- 
ment to lather, by Schadow, erected, 1822. 

a Conv.-Lex. b Alison. c Engl. Cyc. 

Wittgenstein, (Sayn- Wittgenstein,) Ludwig 
Adolph, Count of, — ft., 6 Jan. 1769— enters 
Prussian army, and serves against France, 1793 
— distinguishes himself in Russian army, 1807 
— at Friedland, 1807 — commands against Na- 
poleon I., 1812 — Commander-in-chief of Rus- 
sian and Prussian forces, 181 3 — defeated by 
Napoleon at Liitzen and Bautzen, 181 3 — takes, 
part in battle of Leipsic, Oct. 1813, and in 
campaign of 18 14 — Field-marshal, Jun. 1826 
— Commander-in-chief against Turks, 1828 — 
created Prince, by King of Prussia, 1834 — tj. 
at Lemberg, n Jun. 1843. 

Wittstock, in Prussia, — Gen. Banner de- 
feats Imperialists under Elector of Saxony, 4 
Oct. 1636. 

Woburn Abbey, Bedfordshire, — founded for 
Cistercian monks by Hugh de Bolebec, 1 145 — 
suppressed, and given to John, Earl of Bedford, 

1549- 

Wodnesbeorh, — battle of, between Ina and 
Ceolred, 714 or 715^ a A.S. Chron. 

Wodrow, Robert, historian, — ft. at Glasgow, 
1679 — minister of Eastwood, Perthshire, 1703 
— tf., 21 Mar. 1734. History of Sufferings of 
the Church of Scotland, 172 1-2. 

Wodrow Society, — instituted, 1841. 

Woffington, Margaret, actress, — ft. at Dub- 
lin, 17 1 8 — appears at Covent Garden Theatre, 
1740 — retires from the stage, 1759 — tf. at Ted- 
dington, 28 Mar. 1760. 

Wohlgemuth, Michael, painter, engraver, — 
ft. at Niirnberg, 1434 — Master of Albert 



45- 



WOIDE— WOLVERHAMPTON. 



JDiirer, about 1487-90— tf. at Niirnberg, 1519. 

Woide, Charles Godfrey, Orientalist, — h. in 
Holland or Poland, 1725 — comes to England, 
1770 — Assistant-librarian at British Museum, 
1782— D.C.L. Oxford, 1786— F.R.S., 1788— 
tf. in London, 7 May 1790. Edits La Croze's 
Coptic Lexicon, 1775 — edits Nov. Test. Grcecum 
a Codice M.S. Alexandrino, 1786. 

Wolcott, John, {Peter Pindar,) humourist, 
satirist, — b. in Devonshire, 1738 — M.D. Aber- 
deen, goes to Jamaica, 1767 — settles in Lon- 
don, 1780 — ft. there, 14 Jan. 1819. Works, 
1816. 

Wolf, Ferdinand Joseph, historian of litera- 
ture, — h. at Vienna, 8 Dec. 1796 — assistant in 
Imperial Library, 18 19 — rj. at Vienna, 18 Feb. 
1 866. JJeber altfranz. Pomanzen und PEofpoesie, 
1834 — Studien zicr Geschichte der Spanischen 
und Portugiesischen Literatur, 1859 — Bresil 
Litteraire, 1863. 

Wolf, Friedrich August, philologist, — h. 
near Nordhausen, 15 Feb. 1759 — goes to Got- 
tingen Univ., 1777 — Prof. Philosophy, Halle, 
1783-1806 — removes to Berlin, 1807 — assists 
in founding the Univ., 1808 — rj. at Marseilles, 
8 Aug. 1824. Prolegomena ad JLomerum, 1795 
— Brief e anPZeyne, 1797— Vermischte Schriften, 
1802 — edition of Homer, 1817 — joint-editor 
of the Museum der Alterthumswissenschaft, 
1807-10 — edits the Literarische AnaleJcten, 
1817-20. 

Wolf, Jerom, (PTieronymus,) classical scholar, 
— fc. at Dettingen, 13 Aug. 15 16 — Librarian 
to the Fuggers, at Augsburg, 155 1 — Prof. 
Greek, Augsburg, and Librarian to the city, 
1557 — 0. at Augsburg, 8 Oct. 1580. Editions 
of Demosthenes, 1549 — Lsocrates, 1549 — Lexicon 
of Suidas, 1564 — Ppictetus, 1560. 

Wolf, Johann Christoph, theologian, — fc. at 
Wernigerode, 2 1 Feb. 1683 — M.A. Wittenberg, 
1704 — visits Holland and England, 1708 — 
member of Royal Society of Berlin, and Prof. 
Oriental Languages, Hamburg, 17 12 — rj. at 
Hamburg, 25 Jul. 1739. Bibliotheca PLebraica, 
I 7 I 5'33 — Origenis Philosophumena, 1706 — 
Libanii Ppistolce, 1738 — Curce philologies et 
criticce in Nov. Test., 1725-35. 

Wolfe, Charles, miscellaneous writer, — b. at 
Dublin, 14 Dec. 1791 — rj. at Cork, 21 Feb. 
1823. Burial of Sir John Moore, 18 17 — 
Remains, 1825. 

Wolfe, James, general, — rj. at Westerham, 
Kent, 2 Jan. 1726 — enters the army, and is 
present at battles of Dettingen, 1743 — Fonte- 
noy, 1745— Falkirk and Culloden, 1746 — 
at siege of Maestricht, 1748 — returns to Eng- 
land, 1749 — commands in the Highlands, 
1749-54 — Quarter-master-general in expedition 
against Rochefort, 1757 — Brigadier-general in 
expedition to Cape Breton, 1758 — Major- 
general, takes command of expedition against 
Quebec, Jun. 1759— defeats tae French there 
and is killed, 13 Sep. 1759. 

Wolff, Christian von, philosopher, mathe- 
matician, — ft. at Breslau, 24 Jan. 1679 — Prof. 
Mathematics, Halle, 1707— F.R.S. London, 
1710 — expelled from Prussia, 1723 — Prof. 
Mathematics and Philosophy, Marburg, 1723 
—member of Academy of Sciences, Paris, 1733 



— returns to Halle, and is made Privy Coun- 
cillor, Vice-chancellor, and Prof. Internation- 
al Law, 1741 — Chancellor, 1743 — Baron, 
1745 — rjf. there, 9 Apr. 1754. Elementa Ma- 
theseos Universes, 17 13- 15 — Vollstdndiges ma- 
them. Lexikon, 17 16 — Philosophia Rationalis, 
172 8 — Philosophia Prima, 1730 — Theologia 
Naturalis, 1736-7. 

Wolfram von Eschenbach, Minnesinger, — 
takes part in the poetic War of the Wartburg, 
1207 — rj., between 1215-1225. Parzival, 
about 1205 — (printed, 1477.) 

Wollaston, William, moralist, — h. in Staf- 
fordshire, 26 Mar. 1659 — enters Sidney Sussex 
Coll. Cambridge, 18 Jun. 1674 — settles in 
London, 1689 — if. there, 29 Oct. 1724. Reli- 
gion of Nature delineated, 1724. 

Wollaston, William Hyde, natural philoso- 
pher, — b., 6 Aug. 1766 — M.D. Cambridge, 
and F.R.S. , 1793 — Secretary R.S., 30 Nov. 
1 806 — receives Royal Medal, for his method of 
making platinum malleable, 30 Nov. 1828 — tf., 
22 Dec. 1828. [See Palladium, Rhodium, 
Platinum, Spectrum Analysis.] 

Wollstonecraft, Mary. [Godwin, Mary.] 

Wolsey, Thomas, Caedinal, Abp of York, 
Chancelloe of England, &c, — b. at Ips- 
wich, Mar. 147 1— B.A. Oxford, i486 — takes holy 
orders, 1500 — chaplain to the king, and envoy 
to Emperor Maximilian, between 1504-8 — 
Dean of Lincoln, 8 Feb. 1508,* [1510 ?] 1509 b 
— Almoner to Henry VIII., 8 Nov. 1509 — 
Privy Councillor, 1509 — Canon of Windsor, 
Feb. 15 1 1 — Registrar of Order of the Garter, 
15 1 1 — Prebendary of York, 15 12 — Dean of 
York, Feb. 15 13 — goes to France with Henry 
VIII., Jun. 15 1 3 — Bp of Tournay, after Jun. 
15 13 — Bp of Lincoln, by the pope, 6 Feb. 
1 5 14— receives temporalities, 4 Mar. — Abp of 
York, Jul. 15 14 — Cardinal, 7 Sep. b 15 15 — 
Lord Chancellor, 22 Dec. 15 15 — pension as- 
signed him by king of Spain, 15 17 — legate a 
latere, 17 Jun. 15 18 — attends Henry VIII. to 
Field of Cloth of Gold, Jun. 1520 — visits 
Charles V. at Bruges, summer 152 1 — seeks 
unsuccessfully the chair of St Peter, 152 1 — 
orders all copies of Luther's works to be de- 
livered up, 14 May 15 2 1 c — at Congress of 
Calais, Jul. 152 1 — meets Charles V. at Bruges, 
Aug. 152 1 — receives Charles V. at Dover and 
conducts him to Greenwich, 26 May 1522 — 
constituted arbiter of differences between Henry 
VIII. and Charles V. by Treaty of Windsor, 
1522 — again aims at the Papal throne, 1523 — 
obtains legatine power for life, 9 Jun. 1524 — 
— authorized to visit monasteries, 21 Aug. — to 
suppress monasteries, Sep. — presents Hampton 
Court to the king, 1525 — ambassador to France, 
concludes three treaties, 1527 — Bp of Winches- 
ter, 1529 — with Campegio opens Court for 
divorce of Queen Catherine, 31 May 1529 — in- 
dicted under statute of prcemunire, 9 Oct. 1529 
— ordered to retire to Esher, 17 Oct. 1529 — 
receives general pardon, 12 Feb. 1530 — retires 
to York, Feb. — arrested for high treason, 4 
Nov. — tf. at Leicester Abbey, 28, d 29, e 30 f 
Nov. 1530. a Le Neve. b Foss. c Lingard. 
d Burnet. e Ficldes. f Rapin. 

Wolverhampton, in Staffordshire, — monas- 



WOMEN— WOOL. 



'453 



tery founded at, by Wulfrana, sister of King 
Edgar, 996 — made parliamentary borough, 
1832 — visited by Queen Victoria, 30 Nov. 1866 
— Church Congress meets at, 1 Oct. 1867. 

Women, — [B C] — in Roman law, restrictions 
on dress of, imposed by Lex Oppia, 2 1 3 — ex- 
cluded from inheritances by testament, by Lex 
Voconia, 169 — [AD] — agitation for Women's 
.Eights, in England, originated, 1851 — petition 
of, for right to vote, presented to House of 
Commons, 7 Jun. 1866 — Cambridge Examina- 
tions for promoting higher education of, com- 
menced, 1869 — Municipal franchise conferred 
on, by Act 32 and 33 Vic. c. 55, 2 Aug. 1869 
— in Utah, electoral suffrage conferred on, 12 
Feb. 1870. v 

Wood, {A Wood,) Anthony, antiquary, 
biographer, — ft. at Oxford, 17 Dec. 1632 — goes 
to the Univ., May 1647— M. A., Dec. 1655 — 
5j., 29 Nov. 1695. Historia et Antiquitates 
Vniversitatis Oxoniensis, 1674 — Athence Ox- 
onienses, 1691. 

Wood, John, architect, — begins his Bath 
improvements, 1726 — Tf., 23 May 1754. 

Wood, John, geographical explorer, — makes 
survey of the Indus, about 1835 — discovers the 
Sirikul source of the Oxus, 1838 — receives gold 
medal of Royal Geogr. Soc, 1839 — tf„ 1871. 

Wood, Nicholas, engineer, — b., about 1795 
—commences his experiments on railroads, be- 
fore 1824 — assists in founding North of Eng- 
land Institute of Mining Engineers, Sep. 1852 
— tf. at Hetton Hall, Durham, 19 Dec. 1865. 
Practical Treatise on Railroads, &c, 1825. 

Wood, Robert, archceologist, — ft. in Ireland, 
17 16 — visits Asia Minor and Syria, 1750-3 — 
Under-secretary of State, 1759 — &• a * Putney, 
9 Sep. 1771. Ruins of Palmyra, 1753 — Rains 
of Balbek, 1757 — Essay on the Genius of Ho- 
mer, 1775. 

Wooddeson, Richard, jurist— h. at Kings- 
ton, in Surrey, 15 May 1745 — enters Mag- 
dalen Coll. Oxford, 1759 — M.A., 1765 — Fellow 
of his College, 177 1 — Vinerian Prof. Juris- 
prudence, Oxford, 1777 — tf. in London, 29 
Oct. 1822. Elements of Jurisprudence, 1789 — 
Systematic Vieiv of Laws of England, 1792-3. 

Woodfall, H. S., printer, publisher,— ft. in 
London, 1739 — editor and printer of Public 
Advertiser, 1760-93 — prosecuted for publica- 
tion (1769) of letters of Junius, 1770 — his 
trial, 13 Jun. 1770 — Master of Stationers' 
Company, 1797 — ij. at Chelsea, 12 Dec. 1805. 

Woodfall, William, printer, parliamentary 
reporter, — ft., about 1745 — editor of Morn- 
ing Chronicle, after 1772 till 1789— ft. in 
London, 1 Aug. 1803. 

Woodhouse, Robert, mathematician, — ft. at 
Norwich, 28 Apr. 1773 — enters Cambridge 
Univ., about 1791 — Lucasian Prof. Mathe- 
matics, 1820 — Plumian Prof. Astronomy, &c, 
1822 — tf. in London, 23 Dec. 1827. Principles 
of Analytical Calculation, 1803 — Elements of 
Trigonometry, 1809 — Treatise on Astronomy, 
1812. 

Woodhouselee, Lord. [Tytler.] 

Woods and Forests, {demesne lands of the 
Crown,) in England, — power of the Crown to 
alienate, restricted by 1 Ann. st. 1, c. 7, 1702 — 



Commissioners to inquire into state of, ap- 
pointed by Act 26 Geo. III. c. 87, 1786 — 
amended by 30 Geo. III. c. 50, 1790— office 
of Surveyor-General of, created by Act 46 
Geo. III. c. 142, 22 Jul. 1806— amended by 
50 Geo. III. c. 65, 9 Jun. 18 10— further regu- 
lated by Acts 56 Geo. III. c. 16, 11 Apr. 
1 8 16, 1 and 2 Geo. IV. c. 52, 15 Jun. 1821, 
and 7 and 8 Geo. IV. c. 68, 1827— Board of 
Commissioners of, instituted, and their powers 
defined, by Act 10 Geo. IV. c. 50, 19 Jun. 
1829— office of Surveyor- General and other 
offices incorporated with Commission, by Act 
2 Wm IV. c. 1, 20 Feb. 1832— laws amended 
by Acts 2 and 3 Wm IV. c. 112, 15 Aug. 1832, 
and 3 and 4 Wm IV. c. 69, 28 Aug. 1833 — 
direction of Public Works and Buildings in- 
trusted to separate Board by Act 14 and 15 
Vic. c. 42, 1 Aug. 1 85 1 — further regulations 
by Act 29 and 30 Vic. c. 62, 6 Aug. 1866. 

Woodstock, in Oxfordshire, — Malcolm IV. 
of Scotland renews homage to Henry II. at, 1 
Jul. 1 1 63 — parliament held at, by Edward I., 
1275 — manor of, given to Duke of Marl- 
borough by Act 3 and 4 Ann. c. 4, 1703. 

Woodville, Anthony. [Rivers, Earl.] 

Woodville, Elizabeth. [Elizabeth, Queen 
of Edward LV.'] 

Woodville, Sir Richard. [Rivers, Lord.] 

Woodward, Bernard Bolingbroke, Libra- 
rian to Queen Victoria, — fj. at Norwich, 2 
May 1 816 — studies at Highbury Coll., 1839- 
40 — B.A. London Univ., 1841 — marries, 1843 
— Congregational minister, Harleston, 1843 — 
settles in London, 1849 — loses his wife, Apr. 
1850 — marries again, Aug. 1851 — F.S.A., 
1857 — Librarian in Ordinary to the Queen at 
Windsor, and Keeper of Prints and Drawings, 
6 Jul. i860 — tf. in London, 12 Oct. 1869. 
Edits Barclay's Dictionary, 1848= — History of 
Wales, 1853 — History of America, completed, 
1856 — History of Hampshire, (in part,) 1862 
— founds and edits Fine Arts Quarterly Review, 
1863-5 — Specimens of the Drawings of Ten 
Masters, 1869 — (with Cates) Encyclopcedia of 
Chronology and History, 1872. 

Woodward, John, geologist, — ft. in Derby- 
shire, 1 May 1665 — Prof. Physic, Gresham 
Coll., 1692— F.R.S., 1693— M.D. Cambridge, 
1696 — founds Professorship of Geology, Cam- 
bridge, by his will : tf. in London, 25 Apr. 
1722. Natural History of the Earth, 1695 — 
Naturalis Historia Telluris, 1724 — Attempt 
towards a Natural History of the Fossils of 
England, 1728-9. 

Woodward, Samuel Peckworth, geologist, — 
fj. at Norwich, 17 Sep. 1821 — curator of Geo- 
logical Society, London, 1840 — Prof. Botany 
and Geology, Royal Agricultural College, 1 845 
— first-class Assistant in Department of Geo- 
logy and Mineralogy, British Museum, 1 849 — 
Examiner in Geology to Univ. of London, 
1860-65 — member of Council of Geological 
Society, 1859-65 — tf. at Heme Bay, 11 Jul. 
1865. Manual of Recent and Fossil Shells, 
1851-56 — Reports of Proceedings in Geological 
Section of British Association, 1841-56 — Geo- 
logical Map of England, (for JT.K.S.,) 1846. 

Wool, Wool Trade, in England,— duty on 



: 454 



WOOLLEN MANUFACTURE— "WORCESTER COLLEGE. 



exportation of, imposed by Edward I., in- 
creased, 1296 — exportation of, made felony by 
Act 11 Edw. III. c. 1, 1336-7. Staples for, 
appointed and regulated by Stat. 27 Edw. III. 
cc. 1-28, 1353 — packing, regulated by Acts 
8 Hen. VI. c. 22, 1429, 23 Hen. VIII. c. 17, 
1531-2, made perpetual by 13 Eliz. c. 25, 
1570 — importation prohibited by Act 12 Car. 
II. c. 32, 1660 — again prohibited, and im- 
portation of Irish permitted, by Act 7 and 8 
Wm III. c. 28, 1696 — import duty on foreign, 
imposed, 1802 — largely increased, 18 19 — im- 
port and export duties reduced and equalized 
by Act 5 Geo. IV. c. 47, 3 Jun. 1824— Com- 
mittee of Inquiry on, appointed by House of 
Lords, 1828. 

Woollen Manufacture,— carried on in the 
Netherlands by special fraternity, before 1000 ? 
— established in Spain, before 1 300. In Eng- 
land, introduced by Flemings, about 1070-80 
— encouraged and extended by immigration of 
Flemish weavers, under Edward III., 1331. 
[Spinning-wheel, #<?.] 

Woollett, William, engraver, — rj. at Maid- 
stone, 27 Aug. 1735 — if. in London, 23 May 

1785- 

Woolman, John, the Quaker, — h. in New 
Jersey, 1720 — makes his first preaching tour in 
Virginia, 1746— marries, 1749— visits Eng- 
land, 1772 — rj. at York, 1773. Considerations 
on the keeping of Negroes, 1753-62 — Journal of 
his Life and Travels, 1776. 

Woolrych, Humphry William, Serjeant-at- 
law,— b., about 1795 — rj., 2 Jul. 187 1. Lives 
of eminent Serjeants-at-laiv, 1869. 

Woolston, Thomas, theologian, — ft. at North- 
ampton, 1669 — enters Sidney Sussex Coll. 
Cambridge, 1685 — fined and imprisoned for 
his Discourses on Miracles, Nov. 1729 — rj. in 
London, 27 Jan. 1733. Old, Apology for Truth 
of the Christian Religion revived, 1705 — Dis- 
courses on the Miracles, and Defences, 1727-8- 

9-3°- 

Woolwich, inXent, — Royal Dockyard, estab- 
lished by Henry VIII., about 15 10- 15 — fac- 
tory for steam-ships for the navy, built, 1839 
■ — closed, 1 Oct. 1869. Arsenal, established, 
about 1720. Military Academy, founded, 
17 19 — fully organized, 1741 — new building 
erected, by Wyatt, 1805. Artillery Barracks, 
erected, 17 83- 18 10. 

'Woolwich Infant,' Zb-ton rifled gun, — 
constructed, 1870. 

Woorali Poison, (Curari,) — experiments of 
De La Condamine, 1745 — Brocklesby, 1747 — 
Herissant, 175 1-2 — investigated by Roulin 
and Boussingault, 1828 — by Weir, Mitchell, 
and Hammond, 1863. 

Wootton, John, painter,— ft. in England, 
about 1720 — rj., 1765. 

Worcester, capital of Worcestershire, — seat 
of a Bishopric, about 680 — destroyed by Danes, 
about 894 — pillaged and burnt by Hardicanute, 
1 04 1 — troops assembled at, by Walter de Lacy, 
to suppress revolt against William I., 1074 — 
unsuccessfully besieged by Bernard Neumarck, 
1088 — visited by King John, 1207 — revolts, 
and is plundered by Earl of Chester, 1216 — 



Henry III. holds council at, and receives 
homage of Llewelyn, n Mar. 12 18 — tour- 
nament held at, 1225 — taken from De Mont- 
fort by Prince Edward, before 7 Jun. 1265 
— parliament held at, by Edward I., Nov. 
1294 — threatened by Welsh and their 
French allies, who are defeated by Henry IV., 
1406 — occupied for Charles I. by Prince 
Rupert, 1642 — taken by Essex, Sep. 1642 — en- 
tered by Charles II., 22 Aug. 1651 — Cromwell 
appears before, 28 Aug. — Cromwell defeats 
Charles II., 3 Sep. Cathedral, built by Bp 
Oswald, 983 — burnt, 1041 — rebuilt by Bp 
Wulfstan, 1084-9 — burnt, n 13 and 1202 — 
repaired and reconsecrated, Jan. 1218 — central 
tower built, 1374 — altered and enlarged, 1830 
— restoration of, commenced, 1859. Porcelain 
Works, established, 1751. 

Worcester, Charles Somerset Earl of, — 
Lord Chamberlain to Henry VIII. , 1509 — 
created Earl, 1 Feb. 1514 — rj., 1526. 

, Worcester, Edward Somerset, Earl and 
Marquis of, (Lord Herbert, Earl of Gla- 
morgan ?) inventor of the Steam-engine, — fj., 
about 1 60 1 — enters service of Charles I., 1641 
— sent on secret mission from the king to Irish 
Catholics, 1644-5 — [Earl of Glamorgan, by 
Charles I. r 1 Apr. 1644] — imprisoned on charge 
of treason and disowned by Charles, Dec. 1645 
— liberated, goes abroad, Jan. 1646 — marries, 
about 1648 — returns to England and is impri- 
soned in the Tower, 1652-5 — tf., Apr. 1667. 
Century of Inventions, 1663. [Steam-Engine.] 

Worcester, John, Earl of. [Tiptoft] 

Worcester, Joseph Emerson, lexicographer, 
§c, — h. in United States, 24 Aug. 1784 — gra- 
duates at Yale Coll., 1 8 1 1 — visits Europe, 1830- 
31 — fo. at Cambridge, Mass., 27 Oct. 1865. Edi- 
tion of Johnson's Dictionary, 1827 — Universal 
and Critical Dictionary of English Language, 
1 846 — Dictionary of English Language, 1 860 — 
edits American Almanac, 1831-43. 

Worcester, Thomas Percy, Earl of, — 
serves with the Black Prince in Gascony, 1370 
— Seneschal of Limousin, captured by French, 
1372 — released, 1373 — Joint-admiral of 
Northern Seas, 1379 — takes part with 
Earl of Buckingham in expedition to assist 
Duke of Bretagne, 1380 — assists in suppress- 
ing insurrection in Essex, 1381 — accompanies 
Buckingham to siege of Nantes,i38i — Captain 
of Brest Castle, 1382 — K.G., about 1383 — em- 
ployed in negotiations with France and Scot- 
land, 1383 — Admiral of the fleet sent to Spain 
under John of Gaunt, 1386 — joint-ambassador 
to France, negotiates a truce, 139 1-2 — created, 
by patent, Earl of Worcester, 29 Sep. 1397 — 
Captain of Calais, Jan. 1398 — serves under 
Richard II. in Ireland, 1399 — Deputy High 
Steward, by Henry IV., Oct. 1399 — pacifies 
Guienne, 1 399-1400 — negotiates renewal of 
truce with France, May 1400 — conducts Queen 
Isabella to England, 1400— Lieutenant of the 
King in Wales, 1402 — deserts and joins the 
rebels, 1403— taken prisoner at Shrewsbury, 
by Henry IV., 23 Jul. 1403 — beheaded, 25 Jul. 

Worcester College, Oxford, — founded by 
Sir Thomas Cookes, 17 14. 



WORDE— WOTTON. 



H55 



Worde, Wynkyn de, printer, — assists Cax- 
ton at Westminster, before 149 1 — carries on 
the business after Caxton's death, 149 1 — ft., 
probably end of 1534. Polycronicon, 1495 — 
Pastime of Pleasure, 15 17. 

Wordsworth, Christopher, theologian,—^. 
in Cumberland, 9 Jun. 1774.— enters Trin. 
Coll. Cambridge, 1792 — Fellow of his College, 
1 Oct. 1798— M.A., 1799— D.D., 1810 — 
Master of Trin. Coll., 26 Jul. 1820-41 — ft. at 
Buxted, Sussex, 2 Feb. 1846. Ecclesiastical 
Biography, 1809 — Christian Institutes, 1837. 

Wordsworth, William, poet, — fc. at Cocker- 
mouth, Cumberland, 7 Apr. 1770 — enters St 
John's Coll. Cambridge, Oct. 1787 — B.A., Jan. 
179 1 — visits France and Switzerland, 179 1-2 
— meets Coleridge, Jun. 1797 — visits Germany, 
winter 1798-9 — resides at Grasmere, 1799-1808 
— marries his cousin, Mary Hutchinson, 1802 
— settles at Rydal Mount, 1813 — distributor 
of stamps for Westmoreland, about 18 14 — 
D.C.L. Oxford, 1839 — receives a pension, 1842 
— poet-laureate, 1843— death °^ hi s daughter 
Dora, 1847 — U. at Bydal, 23 Apr. 1850. 
JE vening Walk, 1793 — Lyrical Ballads, 1798 — ■ 
Ode, 1803-6 — Excursion, 18 14 — White Doe of 
Rylstone, 18 15 — Peter Bell, 18 19 — The Pre- 
lude, 1850. 

Workhouses, {Poor Houses,) in England, — 
erection of, authorized by Act 43 EHz. c. 2, 
j 60 1 — [Poor Law] — laws relating to, amended, 
and the system extended by Gilbert's Act, 22 
Geo. III. c. 83, 1782 — right of visiting, con- 
ferred on Justices of the Peace and clergymen 
by Act 30 Geo. III. c. 49, 1790. [Union, 
Poor Law.] 

Working Men's Club and Institute Union, 
— established in London, 14 Jun. 1862. 

Working Men's College, London, — estab- 
lished by Maurice, opened, 30 Oct. 1854. 

Workmen. [Masters and Workmen.] 

Works, Board of, in England,— constituted 
and regulated by Act 14 and 15 Vic. c. 42, 1 
Aug. 1 85 1 — incorporated and empowered to 
buy and sell lands, by Act 15 and 16 Vic. c. 
28, 30 Jun. 1852. 

Workshops, [Factories.] 

Worlidge, Thomas, painter, etcher, — ft. at 
Peterborough, 1700 — ft. at Hammersmith, 
1766. Collection of Designs from antique 
Gems, 1768. 

Worm, Olaus, antiquary, §c, — fc. in Jut- 
land, 13 May 1588— M.D. Basel, visits Eng- 
land, 161 1 — Prof. Literse Humaniores, Copen- 
hagen, 161 3 — Prof. Greek, 16 15 — Prof. 
Medicine, 1624 — Ij. at Copenhagen, 31 Aug. 
1654. Monumenta Danica, 1643 — Specimen 
Lexici Runici, 1650 — Historia Norwegice Ver- 
nacula, 1623. 

Wormleighton, Lord. [Sunderland, Henry 
Spencer, Earl of.] 

Worms, in Hesse-Darmstadt, {Borbetomagus, 
Augusta Vangionum, Wormatia,) — pillaged by 
Attila, about 450 — rebuilt by Franks, about475, a 
496 b — head of a County, 618 b — Bishopric, 
about 770 ? — residence of Charles the Great, 
about 800, &c. — free Imperial city, by Henry 
V., between 1106-25° — Concordat between 



Henry V. and Calixtus II. concluded, n 22 — 
visited by Frederick II., Jul. 12 14— his edict 
against, published at Udine, 1232 — his mar- 
riage with Isabella of England celebrated at, 
15 Jul. 1235 — supports Frederick, 1243 — 
civil wars at, 1249-50 — besieged by Franz von 
Sickingen, 15 15 — taken by Swedes, 1632 — by 
Imperialists, 1635 — capitulates to French, 
1644 — burnt by order of Louis XIV., 1689 — 
head-quarters of George II. of England, Sep. 
1743 — taken by Gen. Custine, Sep. 1792 — 
evacuated, Jul . "1 793 — again taken by French, 
Jan. 1794 — given up to France by Peace of 
Luneville, 1802 — restored, 1814. Cathedral, 
commenced, before 800 — completed, 11 10. 
Monument to Luther, unveiled before king of 
Prussia and other princes, 25 Jun. 1868. Coun- 
cils of, held, 829 ; for union of Churches of 
Hamburg and Bremen, Lent 858 ; before Louis, 
king of Germany, 16 May 868 ; by Fulk, Abp 
of Rheims, as legate, 890 ; by Emperor Henry 
III. for election of Pope Leo IX., Dec. 1048 ; 
by Emperor Henry IV. who deposes Gregory 
VII., 23 Jan. 1076 ; for settlement of dispute 
respecting investitures and reconciliation of 
Empire and Church, 8 Sep. 11 22; held by 
Cardinal Peter, legate of Honorius II., respect- 
ing election of Godfrey, Abp of Treves, Apr. 
1 127 ; by Cardinals Bernard and Gregory, 
for deposition of Henry, Abp of Mentz, 1153. 
Diets of, held, 1495 ; 18 Apr. 152 1 [Luther] ; 
1547, and 1578. Treaty of, between Great 
Britain, Hungary, and Sardinia, signed, 17 
Sep. 1743. Protestant Conference, held at, 1 
Jun. 1869. a Engl. Cye.. 

b Meyer, Conr.-Lex. c Conv.-Lex. 

Woronzow, Michael Ilarionovich, Count, 
statesman, diplomatist, — h. at St Petersburg, 
12 Jul. 1714,* 1710 15 — promotes succession of 
Empress Elizabeth, 1741 — Vice-chancellor of 
the Empire, Count, 1744 — negotiates alliance 
between Russia and Sweden, 1745 — Chancellor, 
1758— tr., Feb. 1767. 

a Engl. Cye. b Biog. Univ. 

Woronzow, Michael Semenovich, Prince, 
statesman, general, — ft. at Moscow, 1782 — 
enters the army, 1 801— wounded at the Boro- 
dino, 1 8 12 — distinguishes himself at battle of 
Leipsic, 181 3 — Governor of New Russia and 
Bessarabia, 1823 — of Caucasian Provinces, 
1844 — tf. at Odessa, 18 Nov. 1856. 

Worth, on the Rhine, — the Crown Prince of 
Prussia defeats Marshal MacMahon at, 6 Aug. 
1870. 

Worsley, Philip Stanhope, poet, translator, 
— Scholar of Corpus Christi Coll. Oxford, 
!g^ 4 — fc. at Freshwater, Isle of Wight, 8 May 
1866. Poems and Translations, 1863 — trans- 
lation of Odyssey, 1863 — translation of Iliad, 
1865. 

Worsley, Sir Richard, Bart., — b. in the 
Isle of Wight, 175 1 — tf. Governor of the 
Island, 1805. History of the Isle of Wight, 
1781 — Musceum Worsleianum, 17 94- 1803. 

Wothlytype, process in Photography, — in- 
vented by Wothly, and patented in England, 
Sep. 1864. 
Wotton, Sir Henry, statesman, miscellaneous 



r 45 6 



WOTTON— WRIGHT. 



writer, — 6. at Bocton Hall, Kent, 9 Apr. 1568 
— enters Oxford Univ., 1584 — M.A., 1588 — 
travels on the Continent, about 1589-98 ? — 
again goes abroad, 1601 — Knt, 1603 — am- 
bassador to Venice, 1604 — and again, 16 16 — 
Provost of Eton, 1625— tr. there, Dec. 1639. 
State of Christendom, 1657 — Reliquice Wot- 
toniaim, 1651. 

Wotton, William, miscellaneous writer, — b. 
in Suffolk, 1666— B. A. Cambridge, 1679 — 
M.A., 1683— D.D., 1707— tr., 1726. Reflec- 
tions on Ancient and Modern Learning, 1694 — 
History of Rome, 1701 — Leges TVallice, 1730. 

Wouverman, Jan, painter,— b., 1624— tJ., 
1666. 

Wouverman, Philip, painter, — ft. at Haar- 
lem, 1620 — tf. there, 1668. 

Wouverman, Pieter, painter, — b. at Haar- 
lem, 1625. 

Wrangel, Karl Gustav, naval and military 
commander, — b. in Sweden, 13 Dec. 161 3 — 
officer in service of Gustavus Adolphus, 1629 — 
contributes to victory of Lutzen, Nov. 1632 — 
distinguishes himself under Banier and Tors- 
tenson in The Thirty Years' War, 1633-45 — 
defeats Danish fleet, 13 Oct. 1644 — Com- 
mander-in-chief, 1645 — Field-marshal, 1646 — 
invades Bohemia, and takes Egra, 1647 — dis- 
tinguishes himself at Sinimershausen, 1648 — 
Count, 1648 — commands fleet in war with 
Poland, 1655 — blockades Dantzic, 1655 — takes 
part in battle of Warsaw, 18-20 Jul. 1656 — 
takes Fredriksudde, 1657 — Admiral of the 
kingdom, 1657 — defeats Admiral Opdam in the 
Sound, 9 Oct. 1658 — Marshal of the kingdom, 
and Pres. College of War, 1660— commands 
in Pomerania, 1674 — ts. in Riigen, Jul. 1676. 

Wraxall, Sir Nathaniel William, Bart., 
historian, — b. at Bristol, 8 Apr. 1751 — in 
service of E. India Company, 1769-72 — M.P., 
1780 — Bart., 1 81 3 — fined and imprisoned for 
libel on Count Woronzow, 18 15 — tr. at Dover, 

7 Nov. 1 83 1. History of France, 1795 — 
Memoirs of his own Time, 18 15 — Fosthumous 
Memoirs, 1836. 

Wray, Daniel, antiquary, — b. in London, 
1701 — B.A. Cambridge, 1722 — M.A., 1728 — 
F.R.S., Mar. 1729— F.S.A., Jan. 1741— fc. in 
London, 29 Dec. 1783. 

Wray, Robert Bateman, engraver of gems, 
— b. at Broadchalk, Wilts, 16 Mar. 17 15 — "is. 
at Salisbury, 1770. 

Wrecks, in English law, — plunder of, pro- 
hibited by Acts 12 Ann. st. 2, c. 18, 1713; 4 
Geo. I. c. 12, 17 17 ; 26 Geo. II. c. 19, 1753— 
plunder of, made capital offence by Act 7 and 

8 Geo. IV. c. 29, s. 18, 21 Jun. 1827— law re- 
lating to, consolidated by Acts 9 and 10 Vic. c. 
99, 28 Aug. 1846, and 17 and 18 Vic. c. 104, 
10 Aug. 1854— modified by 25 and 26 Vic. c. 
63, s. 49, 29 Jul. 1862. 

Wrede, Karl Philip, Prince, field-marshal, 
— b. at Heidelberg, 29 Apr. 1767 — Major- 
general in army of Bavaria, distinguishes him- 
self at Hohenlinden, Dec. 1800 — Lieutenant- 
general, 1804— distinguishes himself at battle 
of Memmingen, Oct. 1805 — member of Legion 
of Honour, 1806 — takes Innspruck, 1809 — 



wounded at Wagram, Jul. 1809 — Field-mar- 
shal and Count, 1809 — as General of Cavalry, 
takes part in Russian campaign, 18 12 — Com- 
mander-in-chief of Bavarian army, takes Vfurz- 
burg and occupies Frankfort, 181 3 — defeated 
by Napoleon I. at Hanau, 30-31 Oct. 18 13 — 
distinguishes himself in campaign of 18 14 — 
Field-marshal, 7 Mar. 18 14 — Prince, 9 Jun. — 
Generalissimo, 1 Oct. 1822 — Is. at Ellingen, 12 
Dec. 1838. 

Wren, Sir Christopher, architect, — b. at 
East Knoyle, in Wiltshire, 20 Oct. 1632 — 
enters Wadham Coll. Oxford, 1646— Fellow 
of All Souls' Coll., 1653 — Prof. Astronomy, 
Gresham Coll., 1657 — Savilian Prof. Astrono- 
my, Oxford, 1660*73 — LL.D., 1660— com- 
missioned to survey St Paul's, and prepare 
plans for its restoration, 1663 — F.R.S., 1663 
— visits Paris, 1665 — Surveyor-general, 1667 
—Knt, 1674 — Pres. R.S., 1680 — M.P. 
Plympton, 1685 — deprived of Surveyorship, 
17 14 — ft. at Hampton Court, 25 Feb. 1723. 
Royal Exchange, London, 1667 — Temple Bar, 
1670 — Monument, London, 167 1-7 — St FauVs 
Cathedral, 1675-17 10 — Chelsea Hospital, 1682 
90 — Hampton Court, 1690 — Greenwich Hos- 
pital, 1696. 

Wren, Matthew, Bp of Ely, — b. in Lon- 
don, Dec. 1585 — enters Pembroke Hall, Cam- 
bridge, Jun. 1 601 — B.A. Fellow of his Coll., 
1605 — M.A., 1608 — takes holy orders, Feb. 
16 10 — chaplain to Prince Charles, 1621 — at- 
tends him to Spain, 1623 — Master of Peter- 
house, 1625 — Dean of Windsor and Wolver- 
hampton, Jul. 1628 — Vice-chancellor of Cam- 
bridge Univ., 1628 — Judge in the Star Cham- 
ber, Apr. 1629 — attends Charles I. to Scotland, 
1633 — D.D., 1633 — Bp of Hereford, 1634 — 
Bp of Norwich, Dec. 1635 — Bp of Ely, May 
1638 — impeached by Commons, 5 Jul. 1641 — 
imprisoned, in the Tower, 1641 — released, Mar. 
1659 — Is. in London, 24 Apr. 1667. 

Wright, Edward, mathematician, — goes to 
sea, 1589 — fc. in London, 16 15. Errors in 
Navigation detected and corrected, 1599. 

Wright, Ichabod Charles, translator, — fc., 
1795 — B.A. Christ-Church, Oxford, 1817 — 
M.A., 1820 — tf. at Nottingham, Oct. 1871. 
Dante translated into English Verse, (3rd ed.) 
1854 — Iliad translated into blank Verse, 1859 
— Evils of the Currency, 1847. 

Wright, Joseph, painter, — b. at Derby, 
1734— pupil of Hudson, 1751 — A.R.A., 1782 
— exhibits selection of his pictures in London, 
1785 — ts. at Derby, 29 Aug. 1797. Forge, 
about 1765 — Air-Fump, National Gallery, 
1765. 

Wright, Sir Nathan, Lord-keeper, — b., 
1653 — called to the bar at Inner Temple, Nov. 
1677 — assists at trial of Seven Bishops, 1688 
— King's Sergeant and Knight, Jan. 1697 — ap- 
pointed Lord-keeper of Great Seal, 21 May 
1700— deprived, 11 Oct. 1705 — Is. in Warwick- 
shire, 4 Aug. 172 1. 

Wright, Sir Robert, Lord Chief Justice 
of Englakd, — B.A. Cambridge, 1658 a — M.A., 
166 1 — Knt, 1679 — Baron of the Exchequer, 
30 Oct. 1684 a — takes part with Jeffreys in the 



WROTTESLEY— WURTEMBERG. 



H57 



Bloody Assize, 1685 — member of Court of 
High Commission, Jul. 1686 — Chief Justice of 
Common Pleas, 16 Apr. 1687 a — Chief Justice 
of the King's Bench, 21 Apr. 1687 a — takes 
part in visitation of Magdalen College, 1687 — 
presides at trial of the Seven Bishops, Jun. 
1688 — arrested and imprisoned, 15 Jan. 1689 a 
— tf. in Newgate, Feb. 1689. a Foss. 

Wrottesley, John, 2nd Lokd "Wrottesley, 
astronomer, §c, — b. at "Wrottesley Hall, 5 Aug. 
1798 — B.A. Oxford, 18 19 — assists in founding 
the Royal Astron. Soc, 1820 — M.A., 1823 — 
called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, 1823 — re- 
ceives the gold medal of the Astron. Soc. for 
his Catalogue of Right Ascensions, 1839 — suc- 
ceeds to the title, 1841 — Pres. R.S., 30 Nov. 
1854 — resigns, 1857 — tr. at Wrottesley, 27 Oct. 
1867. Thoughts on Government and Legisla- 
tion, i860 — Catalogue of Right Ascensions, 
1838 — Supp lemen t, 1852-4. 

Wroxeter. [TJriconium.] 

Wulfhere. [Mercia, Kingdom of.] 

Wulfred, Abp of Canterbury, — first Arch- 
deacon of Canterbury, before 803— consecrated 
Abp, Aug. 805 — visits Rome, 805 — second visit,? 
812-815 a — convenes Synod at Cealchythe, 8i6 a 
— tf., 24 Mar. 832. a a Hook. 

Wulstan, Bp of Worcester, — b. in War- 
wickshire, about 1007 — Bp of Worcester, 1062 
— tf. there, 19 Jan. 1095. 

Wurmser, Dagobert Sigismund, Count of, 
general, — b. in Alsace, 22 Sep. 1724— serves 
in French army, 1745-7 — enters Austrian 
service, 1750 — distinguishes himself in Seven 
Years' War, 1756-63 — Lieutenant-general, 
1778 — defeats Prussians at Kubelschwerdt, 
1778 — Commander of Maria Theresa, 1779 — 
Governor of Galicia, 1787 — serves against 
French, 1793 — takes part in forcing the lines 
of Weissenburg, 13 Oct. 1793 — takes command 
on the Rhine, 1794 — defeats French on the 
Neckar, 29 Oct. 1794 — enters Mannheim, Nov. 
1794 — Grand Cross of Maria Theresa, 1 Jan. 
1796 — defeated by Napoleon at Lonato, 3 Aug. 
1796 — at Castiglione, 5 Aug., and at the 
Brenta, 8 Aug. — surrenders to Napoleon at 
Mantua, 2 Feb. 1797— tf. at Vienna, Jun. 
1797. 

Wurtemberg, Wirtemberg, m Germany, — 
forms part of Duchy of Suabia, after 496 — 
Ulrich I., Count of, about 1245 — Ulrich II. 
and Eberhard I. (sons) succeed, 1265 — be- 
comes independent County, about 1268 — Ul- 
rich III., (son of Eberhard,) 1325— Eber- 
hard II. and Ulrich IV., (sons,) 1344 — 
carry on Avar with free towns of Suabia, 1372- 
90 — Eberhard III., (grandson of Eberhard 
II.,) 1392 — competitor for Imperial crown, 
1400 — assists at Council of Constance, 1414 
— Eberhard IV., (son,) 141 7 — Ludwig I. 
and Ulrich V., (sons,) 141 9 — make a parti- 
tion, 1443 — Ulrich with Ludwig II., (son of 
Ludwig I.,) 1450 — Eberhard V., (I. as 
Duke,) (son of Ludwig I.,) b., 1445 — succeeds 
his brother, 1457 — goes to Palestine, 1468 — 
founds University of Tubingen, 1477 — con- 
cludes with his cousin Eberhard the Younger 
Treaty of Minzingen, establishing indivisibility 



of the country and right of primogeniture, 
1482 — joins Suabian League, 1488 — his 
County erected into a Duchy by Emperor 
Maximilian, at Diet of Worms, 21 Jul. 1495 
— tf. at Tubingen, 25 Feb. 1496 — Eberhard 
VI., (II.,) (the Younger,) b., 1447— is com- 
pelled to abdicate, by Treaty of Horb, 1498 
— tf., 1504 — Ulrich VI., (nephew,) 1498 — 
the Duchy conquered by Suabian League and 
sold to Charles V., 1520 — given by him to 
his brother Ferdinand, 1530 — reconquered by 
Ulrich, 1534— Christopher the Pacific, (son,) 
b., 15 15 — in service of Francis I., 1536-43 
— the Duchy made a rear-fief of House of 
Austria, by Treaty of Cadau, signed, 19 Jun. 
1534 — embraces Lutheranism, about 1543 — 
marries Anne of Brandenburg-Anspach, 1544 
— succeeds his father, 1550 — sends ambassa- 
dors to Council of Trent, 1552 — publishes 
a code of laws, 1555 — promotes Peace of 
Augsburg, 1556 — assists at Assemblies of 
Protestant princes at Frankfort, 1557, and 
at Naumburg, 1561 — tf., 28 Dec. 1568 — 
Ludwig III., (son,) b., 1553 — succeeds, 
1568 — unsuccessfully negotiates with patriarch 
of Constantinople for union of Greek and Lu- 
theran Churches ; tf. at Stuttgard, 3 Aug. 1593 
— Frederick, (cousin,) b., 1557 — succeeds 
his father as Count of Montbeliard, 1558 — 
succeeds in Wurtemberg, 1593 — obtains libera- 
tion of the Duchy from feudal dependence on 
Austria, by treaty with Emperor Rudolph, 24 
Jun. 1599 — tf., 29 Jan. 1608 — John Fred- 
erick, (son,) b., 1582 — succeeds, 1608 — tf., 
18 Jul. 1628 — Eberhard III., (or VII.,) 
(son,) b., 1614 — succeeds, 1628 — -joins League 
of Leipsic, 1631 — the Duchy conquered by 
Imperialists, and recovered by Gustavus Adol- 
phus, 163 1 — assumes the government, 1632 — 
the Duchy again conquered by Imperialists, 
1634 — escapes to Strasburg, 1634 — partly re- 
instated by Treaty of Prague, 1638 — fully, by 
Peace a/Westphalia, 1648— tf., 12 Jul. 1674 — 
William Ludwig, (son,) b., 1647— succeeds, 
1674 — tf., 23 Jun. 1677 — Eberhard Lud- 
wig, (son,) b., 1676— succeeds under regency 
of his uncle, 1677 — assumes the government, 
1693 — commander of Imperial army, 171 1- 12 
— tf., 31 Oct. 1733 — Charles Alexander, 
b., 1684 — in Imperial army distinguishes him- 
self at battles of Cassano, 1705, and Turin, 
1706 — enters Catholic Church, 17 12 — defends 
Landau against Marshal Villars, 17 13 — dis- 
tinguishes himself in Turkish War, 17 16-18 — 
succeeds to the Duchy, 1733 — tf., 12 Mar. 
1737 — Charles Eugene, (son,) b., 1728 — 
succeeds under regency of his mother, 1737 — 
declared of age by Emperor Charles VII., by 
rescript of 7 Jan. 1744— tf., 24 Oct. 1793 — 
Ludwig Eugene, (brother,) b., 1731 — Mare- 
chal de Camp in French service, 1749 — Cheva- 
lier of Orders of the King, 1756 — Lieutenant- 
general of armies of the king, 1756 — dis- 
tinguishes himself in Seven Years' War, 1756- 
63 — succeeds to the Duchy, 1793 — joins coali- 
tion against France, and loses Montbeliard, 
1794 — tf., 20 May 1795— Frederick Eugene, 
(brother,) b-, 1732 — serves as Lieutenant- 
92 



1458 



WURTEMBERG— WYOMING. 



general in Prussian army, 1756-63 — succeeds, 
1795 — fo., 23 Dec. 1797 — Frederick I. (or II.) 
(son) succeeds, 1797 — Duchy erected into 
Electorate, 1803— raised to a Kingdom by Na- 
poleon I., 1806 — member of German Con- 
federation, 1 Sep. 1 8 15 — William I. (son) 
succeeds, 30 Oct. 18 16 — constitutional charter 
granted, 13 Jul. 18 19 — political agitation, 
without result, 1848 — Charles, (son,) b., 6 
Mar. 1823 — marries Grand Duchess Olga of 
Russia, 13 Jul. 1846 — succeeds, 25 Jun. 1864 
— concludes secret treaty with Prussia, placing 
military forces of his kingdom at disposal of 
Prussia, 13 Aug. 1866 — joins N". German Con- 
federation, 25 Nov. 1870. 

Wiirtemberg, Mary, Duchess of. [Mary 
of Orleans.] 

Wurzburg, in Bavaria, — seat of a Bishopric, 
741, 742, or 746 — besieged by Welf, Duke of 
Bavaria, 1086 — Welf defeats Emperor Henry 
IV. at, 11 Aug. 1086 — retaken by Henry IV., 
soon after : head of a Duchy, 11 20 — confirmed 
as such by Frederick I., 1168 — taken by 
French, Aug. 1796 — Archduke Charles defeats 
Gen. Jourdan, 3 Sep. 1796— restored to Aus- 
trians, Sep. 1796 — secularized and given to 
Grand Duke of Tuscany, by Napoleon I., 1803 
— given up to Bavaria, 1815. Cathedral, re- 
built, after 1042. Marienkirche, built, 1377- 
1479. Palace, built, 1720-44. University, 
founded, 1403 — restored, 1582. 

Wyatt, James, architect, — b. in Stafford- 
shire, about i746, a 1743 b — goes to Rome, 
1760 — Surveyor-general, 1796 — Pres. R.A., 
1802 — rj. near Marlborough, 5 Sep. 1813. 
Fonthill Abbey, about 1802 — Military Acade- 
my, Woolwich, 1805. a Engl. Cyc. b Chalmers. 

Wyatt, Matthew Cotes, sculptor, — &., 1777 
— rj. at Paddington, 10 Jan. 1862. 

Wyatt, Richard I., sculptor, — b. in London, 
3 May 1795 — goes to Rome, 1821 — visits Eng- 
land, 1 841 — tf. at Rome, 29 May 1850. 

Wyatt, Sir Thomas, the Elder, poet, diplo- 
matist, — b. in Kent, 1503 — enters Cambridge 
Univ., 15 15 — M.A., 1520 — assists at coronation 
of Anne Boleyn, Jul. 1533 — Knt, 18 Mar. 
1536 — ambassador to Spain, Apr. 1537-9 — to 
the Emperor, at Blois, Dec. 1539 — fr. at Sher- 
borne, 11 Oct. 1542. Poems, 1557. 

Wyatt, Sir Thomas, the Younger, — fj., 
about 1520 — succeeds his father, 1542 — takes 
part in siege of Landrecies, 1544 — commands 
English forces at Boulogne, 1545 — forms con- 
federacy to oppose marriage of Queen Mary 
with Philip II., Nov. 1553 — occupies Roches- 
ter Castle, 26 Jam 1554 — is joined by troops 
sentagainst him under Dukeof Norfolk, 29 Jan. 
— marches on London, and enters Southwark, 
3 Feb. — retires to Kingston, 6 Feb. — enters 
London, y Feb. — surrenders to Sir M. Berke- 
ley and is committed to the Tower, 7 Feb. — 
tried and convicted, 15 Mar. — executed, 11 
Apr. 1554. 

Wyatt' s Rebellion. [See Wyatt, Sir 
Thomas, the Younger.] 

Wyatville, (Wyat,) Sir Jeffry, architect,— 
b. at Burton-upon-Trent, 3 Aug. 1766 — em- 
ployed in works at Windsor Castle, 1824-8— 



his name altered to Wyatville, 1824 — Knt, by 
George IV., Dec. 1828— fc. at Windsor, 18 Feb. 
1840. 

Wycherly, William, dramatist, — b. in 
Shropshire, 1640 — marries Countess of Drog- 
heda, about 1680 — Ij. in London, 1 Jan. 17 15. 
Plain Dealer, 1677 — Works, 17 12 — Posthum- 
ous Works, 1728. 

WyclifFe, {Wickliffe, Wiclif) John de — &., 
about 1324 — goes to Oxford Univ., 1340 — 
Warden of Baliol Hall, 1360 or 1361— D.D. 
Prof. Divinity, 1366 — Joint-commissioner from 
Edward III. to Gregory XL, at Bruges, Jul. 
1374— rector of Lutterworth, 1374 — appears 
at St Paul's on charge of heresy, 19 Feb. 1377 
—proceedings against him enjoined by the 
Pope, May 1377 — again cited, early in 1378, 
and is dismissed : sends out his poor priests, 
about 1378 — falls ill at Oxford, early in 1379 
— summoned before Convocation, Nov. 1382 — 
tf. at Lutterworth, 31 Dec. 1384— his remains 
dug up, burnt, and thrown into the Swift, (Avon,) 
by order of Council of Constance, 14 15. Trans- 
lation of the Bible, 1380 — first printed 1850. 

Wydeville. [Woodville.] 

Wykeham, William of, Bp or Winchester 
and Lord Chancellor of England, — b. at 
Wykeham, in Hampshire, 1324 — Surveyor of 
the king's works at Windsor, 30 Oct. 1356 — 
Prebendary of Lichfield, 1359 — attends the 
king at Calais, Oct. 1360 — priest, Jun. 1362 — 
Keeper of the Privy Seal, 2 Apr., a 11 May h 
1364 — Secretary of State, 1366 — Bp of Win- 
chester, Oct. 1366 — consecrated, 10 Oct. 1367 
— Lord Chancellor, Sep. ? 1367 to 24 Mar. 1371 
— founds his College at Winchester, 1373 — 
founds New Coll. Oxford, 1373 — deprived of 
temporalities of his see, Nov. 1376 — restored 
to his offices and dignities by Richard II., 1379 
— Chancellor again, 4 May 1389 — resigns the 
Seals, 27 Sep. 1391 — rebuilds Winchester 
Cathedral, 1 395-1405 — rj. at South Wal- 
tham, 24 Sep. 1404. a Foss. b Engl. Cyc. 

Wynants, Johan, painter, — b. at Haarlem, 
about 1600 — living, 1677. 

Wyndham, Sir William, Bakt., statesman, 
— b. in Somersetshire, 1687 — M.P. Somerset- 
shire, 1710-40 — Secretary at War, 18 Jun. 
171 1 — Chancellor of the Exchequer, Aug. 17 13 
— Privy Councillor, Nov. 17 13 — dismissed 
from office, Oct. 17 14 — charged with support- 
ing rebellion of Earl of Mar and committed to 
the Tower, 1715 — rj. at Wells, 17 Jul. 1740. 

Wynkyn de Worde. [Worde.] 

Wynn, Charles Watkins Williams, — b., 
about 1770— M.P. Old Sarum, about 1796 — 
M.P. Montgomeryshire, 1797 — called to the 
bar at Lincoln's Inn, 1798 — Pres. Board of 
Control, Jan. 1822-8 — Secretary at War, 
Nov. 1830 to Apr. 1 83 1 — Chancellor of Duchy 
of Lancaster, Dec. 1834 to Apr. 1835 — If. .in 
London, 2 Sep. 1850. 

Wyntoun, Andrew, annalist, — £(., about 
1400. Chronicle of Scotland, {Orygnale Crony- 
kil,) printed, 1795. 

Wyoming 1 , in Pennsylvania, — settlement de- 
stroyed by British and Indians, under Col. 
John Butler, Jun. to Jul. 1778. 



WYON— XYLANDER. 



H59 



Wyon, James, engraver of medals, — ft., 
about 1804— tf., 15 Jun. 1868. 

"Wyon, William, engraver of medals, — ft. at 
Birmingham, 1795 — comes to London, 18 16 — 
second engraver at the Mint, 1816 — A.R.A., 
1832— R.A., 1838— tr. at Brighton, 29 Oct. 
1851. 

Wyther, George. [Wither.] 



Wyttenbach, Daniel, philologist, — ft. at 
Berne, 1746 — Prof. Greek and Philosophy, 
Amsterdam, 1 771— Prof. Philosophy, Athe- 
naeum of Leyden, 1779 — Prof. Eloquence, 
Leyden, 1799-1816 — marries, 1817 — "0. at 
Oegsgeest, 17 Jan. 1820. Edits the Opera 
Moralia of Plutarch, 17 95 -1800— the Biblio- 
theca Critica, 1779-1808 — Opuscula, 1821. 



Xanthippos, — [B C] — impeaches Miltiades, 
490 — succeeds Themistocles in command of 
fleet, 479 — defeats Persians at Mycale, Sep. 
479 — besieges and takes Sestos, autumn 479 to 
spring 478. 

Xanthippos, the Lacedaemonian, — [BC] — 
appointed General-in-chief of Carthaginian 
forces, defeats and captures Regulus, 255. 

Xanthus, of Lydia, historian, — [BC] — fl., 
about 463. 

Xanthus, in Lycia, — remains discovered and 
explored by Fellowes, 1838. 

Xativa, (San Felipe,) in Spain, — taken from 
the Almoravides by Abu Abdelmalek Merwan, 
(540, a. h.) 1 145 — capitulates to James I. of 
Aragon, (644,) 1246 — besieged and taken by 
French, 1706 — restored and named San Felipe 
by Philip V., 1706. 

Xavier, Francis, St, Jesuit missionary,— ft. 
in Navarre, 7 Apr. 1506 — first meets Loyola, 
at Paris, about 1525 ? — joins him at Rome, 
1538 — arrives at Goa, 6 May 1542 —goes to 
Malacca, 1545 — to Japan, Aug. 1549 — leaves 
Japan, Nov. 155 1 — tf. near Macao, China, 2 
Dec. 1552 — his remains taken to Malacca, Mar. 
1553 — removed to Goa, Mar. 1554 — beatified 
by Paul V., 1619 — canonized by Gregory XV., 
1622 — entitled Patron and Protector of the 
East Indies, by Benedict XIV., 1747. 

Xenaenetos, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 
94, 4,) 401. 

Xenarchos, monographer, — [B C] — fl., 399- 
387. 

Xenarchos, comic poet, — [BC] — tf., after 

335- 

Xenocles, tragic poet, — [B C] — gams first 
prize with (Edipus, Lycaon, JBacchce, and Atha- 
mas, (01. 91,) 415 — "&•, after 405. 

Xenocrates, Academic philosopher, — [B C] — 
ft., (01. 96, 1,) 396 — succeeds Speusippos, 339 
— ambassador to Antipater in Lamian War, 
before 322— ft., (01. 116,' 3,) 314. 

Xenophanes, of Colophon, Eleatic philo- 
sopher, poet, — [BC]— ft., 619 a — fl., between 
(01. 60-70) 540-500 b — living in Sicily, 477.° 

a Apollod. b Smith's Diet. c Timseus. 

Xenophon, historian, fyc, — [BC] — ft., about 
444 ? — at battle of Delion, saved by Socrates, 
424 — joins in expedition of Cyrus, 401 — con- 



ducts retreat of the Ten Thousand, 401-399 — 
banished from Athens, Avithdraws to Scillos, 
394, a about 399 b — accompanies Agesilaos in 
Asia, 396 — and at Coroneia, 394 — if., (01. 105, 
1,) 359. c FLellanica, extend to death of 
Epaminondas, 362. a Clinton. 

b Smith's Diet. c Stesiclides. 

Xenophon, comic poet, — [BC] — ft, about 
375? 

Xeres, in Spain, — Tarik defeats Eoderic, 
downfall of Gothic kingdom, 19-26 Jul. 711. 

Xerxes, King of Persia, — [BC] — (485- 
465,) — succeeds his father, Darius, 485 — sub- 
dues Egypt, 484 — at Sardis, on the way to 
Greece, autumn 481 — sets out, spring 480 — 
[Persian Wars] — returns, autumn 480 — mur- 
dered by Artabanus and Spamitris, 465. 

Ximenez de Cisneros, Francisco, Cak- 
dinal, Abp of Toledo, Regent of Spain, — 
ft. in Castile, 1437 — enters Franciscan Order, 
1482— Confessor to Queen Isabella, 1492 — 
Provincial of his Order in Castile, 1494 — Abp 
of Toledo, and High-chancellor of Castile, 
1495 — founds University of Alcala, 1498 — 
accompanies Court to Granada, 1499 — Regent 
of Spain, 1506 — Cardinal, by Julius II., 1507 
— Inquisitor-general of Castile, 1507 — con- 
quers Oran, 1508 — again Regent on the death 
of Ferdinand, Jan. 15 16 — dismissed by Charles 
L, Sep. 15 17 — tf. at Toledo, 8 Nov. 15 17. 
Complutensian Polyglot, printed at his expense, 
1502-17. 

Xiphilinus, Joannes, historian, — abridges 
Dion Cassius, about 1075. 

Xylander, Gulielmus, ( Wilhelm Holtzmann,) 
philologist, translator, — ft. at Augsburg, 26 
Dec. 1532 — M.A. Basel, 1556 — Prof. Greek, 
Heideloerg, 1558 — "ft. there, 10 Feb. 1576. 
Latin translations of Meditations of Marcus 
Aurelius, 1558 — Plutarch's Works, 1561-70 — 
Strabo, 157 1 — Diophantus, 1575. 

Xylander, Joseph Karl August, Ritter 
-yon, military writer, philologist,— ft. at Munich, 
1794 — enters Bavarian army, 1806 — Colonel, 
1848 — Major-general, 1849 — fr. at Frankfort, 
2 Nov. 1854. Lehrbuch der Ta/ctik, 1820-3 — 
Sprache der Albanesen, 1834 — Sprach-ge- 
schlecht der Titanen, 1837. 



1460 



yalden—yorce:. 



Y. 



Yalden, (Youlding,) Thomas, poet, — b. at 
Exeter, 1671,* at Oxford, 2 Jan. 1669 b — 
enters Magdalen Coll. Oxford, 1690 — M.A., 
1694 — Fellow of Magdalen Coll., 1700 — D.D., 
1707 — preacher to Bridewell Hospital, 17 13 — 
tf., 16 Jul. 1736. a Some authorities. b Wood. 

Yale College, XT. S., — founded, 1700 — 
chartered, 17 01 — removed to New Haven, 
Conn., 17 16. 

Yandaboo, in Birmah, — occupied by British, 
14 Feb. 1826. Treaty of, between Great Britain 
and Birmese Empire, signed, 24 Feb. 1826. 

Yang Chow, in China, — Protestant Mission 
House attacked by mob, 22 Aug. 1868. 

Yang-tse-kiang, river, — partly surveyed by 
Ward, 1858 — navigation open to foreigners, 
Apr. 1 86 1 — partly explored by American 
missionaries, 1861 — explored by Swinhoe, 
spring 1869. 

Yannina. [Janina.] 

Yarkand, in Turkestan, — visited by Marco 
Polo, about 1273 — by Shaw, Dec. 1868 to Jan. 
1869 — by Hayward, Avinter of 1868-9 — by 
Forsyth, Shaw, &c, Aug. and Sep. 1870. 

Yarmouth, Great, in Norfolk, — Boyal de- 
mesne, 1086— fortifications commenced, 1285 
— attacked by rebels under Kett, 1549 — fort- 
ress built at, 1588 — demolished, 1621 — de- 
clares for the Parliament, 1642 — William III. 
lands at, 18 Oct. 1692 — borough disfranchised 
for .corrupt practices at elections, 1848. Nelson 
Column, erected, 1817. 

Yarrell, William, naturalist, — b. at West- 
minster, Jun. 1784 — F.L.S., 1824 — rj. at Yar- 
mouth, 1 Sep. 1856. History of British 
Fishes, 1836— History of British Birds, 1843. 

Yassy. [Jassy.] 

Yates, Anna Maria, tragedian, — b., about 
1728 — appears at Drury Lane Theatre, 1754 — 
marries Richard Yates, soon after : Joint- 
manager of Opera, 1773-82 — U., May 1787. 

Yates, Frederick Henry, actor, — b., about 
1797 — appears at Covent Garden Theatre, 18 18 
— a"., 21 Jun. 1842. 

Yates, William, theologian, Orientalist, — 
b. at Loughborough, 1792 — Baptist missionary 
to India, settles at Serampore, 1815— tJ. at sea 
on his way to England, 3 Jul. 1845. 

Year, [see Calendar] — length of, deter- 
mined more accurately by Albategnius, 880. In 
England, commencement of legal, fixed to 1 
Jan. 1752. 

Yeast Plant, — discovered by Cagniard de la 
Tour, 1836 — by Schwann, independently, 1837. 

Yeates, Thomas, Orientalist, — ft. in London, 
1768 — assistant in British Museum, 1823 — 
tf., 7 Oct. 1839. Hebrew Grammar, 181 2 — 
Syriac Grammar, 18 19. 

Yeddo. 'Jeddo.J 

Yellow Biver, Hoangho, China, — [BC] — 



changes its course, about 602 — [AD] — again, 
1854 — explored bv Elias and Hollingworth, 
1868. 

Yellowstone Valley, XT. 8., — explored by 
Prof. Hay den, summer 1871. 

Yemen, El Yemen, Arabia Felix, [Ho- 
meritse] — invaded by Sapor II., about 326 — 
occupied by ^Ethiopians, (Abyssinians,) about 
529 — governed by Abraha, 549 — his son 
Yeksum succeeds, 572 — Masruk, (brother,) 
589— conquei'ed by Persians, under Chosroes 
II., 601 — by Mohammed, 624-632 — becomes 
subject to Saladin, about 1175-80 — conquered 
by Ottomans, under Selim II., 1569-70 — over- 
run and plundered by Wahabees, 1 801-3 — • 
expedition sent under Redif Pasha to suppress 
revolt in Assyr territory, early in 1871. 

Yenikali, on Sea of Azof — taken and gar- 
risoned by allies, 24 May 1855. [Crimean 
War.] 

Yeomen of the Guard, {Beefeaters,) in Eng- 
land, — instituted by Henry VIII., 1485. 

Yeomanry Cavalry, Volunteer, — embodied 
in Great Britain, 1797 — partly disbanded, 
after 18 14. 

Yermuk, {Hieromax,) river in Syria, — 
Khaled and Abu Obeidah defeat Greeks under 
Heraclius, Nov. 636. 

Yezdegerd I. and II. [Persia.] 

Yezdegerd III., King of Persia, — b., 617 
— succeeds, 632 — his general, Eustam, defeated 
and killed at Cadesia, 634 or 636 — escapes to 
Media, 637 — takes refuge in China; returns, 
and is betrayed and killed by Turks, 651. 

Yezdegerd, Era of, — begins, 16 Jun. 632. 

Yezid I., 7th Caliph, — b., 641 — succeeds 
his father, Moawiyah, (60, a. h.) 680— the 
succession disputed by Hosein, who is defeated 
and killed at Kerbelah,' (10 Moharram 61,) 
10 Oct. 680 — another rival, Abdallah, recog- 
nized at Mecca and Medina : sends Moslem to 
besiege those towns, 682-3 — *ij., (4 or 14 Rabia 
I. 64,) 31 Oct. or 10 Nov. 683. 

Yokohama, in Japan, — burnt by British, 26 
Nov. 1866. 

Yolande, (Violante), [See Frederick II., 
Emperor, Peter of Courtenay, Robert of 
Anjou, and Amadeus IX.] 

Yorck ( York ) von Wartenburg, Hans 
David Ludwig, Count, field-marshal, — b. at 
Konigsberg, 26 Sep. 1759 — enters Prussian 
army, 1772 — serves in Dutch army, 1782-4 — 
reenters Prussian, 1784 — wounded and cap- 
tured at storming of Wahren, 1806 — takes 
part in Russian campaign, 1812 — concludes 
treaty of neutrality with Russia, and withdraws 
Prussian contingent from French army, Dec. 
1 81 2 — defeats Murat at Dannekow, 5 Apr. 
18 1 3 — contributes to victory of the Katzbach, 
26 Aug. 1 8 13 — defeats Bertrand at Warten- 



YORK. 



146 1 



burg, 3 Oct. 1813 — distinguishes himself at 
leipsic, 16 Oct. 1813 — accompanies allied 
sovereigns to London, 18 14 — Field-marshal, 
1 82 1 — ft. in Silesia, 4 Oct. 1830. 

York, capital of Yorkshire, (Eboracum,) — 
Roman station, by Agricola, about 79 — head- 
quarters of sixth legion, from about 120-418 — 
visited by Emperor Septimius Severus, who 
dies there, 211 — residence of Emperor Constan- 
tius, 305-6— Constantine proclaimed Emperor 
at, 306 — capital of kingdom of Northumbria, 
547 — seat of Bishop of Northumbrians, 625 — 
captured by Northmen, who defeat Northum- 
brians near, 867 — again occupied by North- 
men, 869 — submits to Ethelfleda, 918 — Edgar 
holds witenagemote at, 966 — submits to 
Harold Hardrada and Tostig, Sep. 1066 — re- 
duced by Harold II., 24 Sep. 1066 — receives 
Edgar Atheling as King, 1068 — entered by 
William I., who builds two castles at, 1068 — 
taken and burnt by allied Danes and rebels, 
under Edgar Atheling, 1069 — burnt, n 37 — 
threatened by David of Scotland, Aug. 11 38 — 
"William the Lion does homage at, 10 Aug. 
1 1 75 — massacre of Jews, Mar. 11 90 — unsuc- 
cessfully besieged by barons of the North, 
1 2 1 6 — Henry III. celebrates Christmas at, 
with Alexander II. of Scotland, 1230 — meeting 
of Henry III. and Alexander VII. of Scotland ; 
assembly of Scottish and French nobles held, 
and marriage of Margaret of England with 
Alexander III., Christmas 1251 — Edward I. 
holds parliament, 1298 — army assembled for 
invasion of Scotland, 1299 — courts of King's 
Bench and Exchequer held at, 1299- 1306 — 
Edward II. holds a parliament, Mar. 13 10 — 
threatened and suburbs burnt by Scots under 
Earl of Murray, 13 19 — marriage of Edward 
III. with Philippa of Hainault celebrated, 12 
Jan. 1327 — threatened by David Bruce, 1347 
— visited by Richard II., 1389 — Courts of 
Common Pleas and Exchequer removed to, 
1392, but soon return to Westminster : 
visited by Henry IV., 1408— ^taken by Lan- 
castrians, 1460 — visited by Edward IV., 1478 
— visited by Richard III. and his queen, who 
are crowned a second time, 8 Sep. 1483 — 
seized by insurgents, 1536 — [Pilgrimage of 
Grace] — seat of Lord President of the .North, 
1540 — visited by Henry VIII., 1541 — con- 
ferences of Commissioners respecting Mary 
Queen of Scots at, 1568 — visited by James I., 
1603 and 1617 — by Charles I., May 1633 — 
again, Apr. 1639 — pacification between Charles 
I. and the Scots concluded, 18 Jun. 1639 — 
Charles I. holds assembly of peers, 24 Sep. 
1640 — head-quarters of Charles I., Mar. to 
22 Aug. 1642 — gentry of, summoned as his 
body-guard, May 1 642 — visited by Queen 
Henrietta Maria, between Feb. and Jul. 1643 — 
invested by Fairfax and the Scots, Apr. 1644 — 
siege raised by Prince Rupert, 30 Jun. — sur- 
renders to Fairfax, Jul. 1644 — occupied by 
Lord Fairfax and Monk, Jan. 1660 — deprived 
of its charter by James II., 1688 — visited by 
Prince and Princess of Wales, 10 Aug. 1866 — 
review of Volunteers, 1 1 Aug. — Church Con- 
cress meets, 9 Oct. Minster, first, of wood, 
built by Edwin of Northumbria, 627 a — of 



stone, commenced by Edwin, before 633 — 
completed by Oswald, about 642 — repaired by 
Wilfrid, 669 — burnt, 23 Apr. 741 — rebuilt 
by Albert, 767-780 — pillaged and burnt by 
Normans, 1069 — rebuilt by Abp Thomas, 
1070-1100 — reconstructed and enlarged by 
Abp Roger, 1 154-81 a — present nave begun by 
Abp Le Romeyn, 1291 s — nave completed, 
I 345 a — Lady Chapel and Presbytery built, 
I 3^ I_ 73 a — choir rebuilt, 1373-1400 11 — central 
and western towers built, about 1405-70 a — 
reconsecrated, 3 Jul. 14723— partly burnt, by 
a maniac, 2 Feb. 1829— restored by public 
subscription, 1829-40 — again partly burnt, 30 
May 1840 — restored by Smirke, 1841. St 
Mary's Abbey, founded by Siward, Earl of 
Northumbria, about 1040-50 — completed by 
William Rufus, 1088— refounded for Bene- 
dictines, 1270 — dissolved, 1540 — buildings 
damaged during the siege, 1644 — taken down, 
1732 — site granted to Yorkshire Philoso- 
phical Society, 1827. Castle, built by Williain 
I., 1068. Guildhall, built, 1446. Mansion 
House, 1725. Assembly Rooms, 1736. Theatre, 
1 7 65 . Institute of Popular Science and Litera- 
ture, founded, 1827 — building erected, about 
1 846. Yorkshire Philosophical Society, estab- 
lished, 1822 — Museum erected by Wilkins, 
1827-30. a Willis. 

York, in Canada. [Toronto.] 
York. Cardinal. [Stuart, H. B.] 
York, Edmund Plantagenet, Duke op, — b. 
at Langley, 1341 — created Earl of Cambridge 
by his father, (Edward III.,) 1362 — marries a 
daughter of Peter the Cruel ; created Duke of 
York by his nephew, (Richard II.,) 6 Aug. 

!3 8 5— *•> H02. 

York, Edward Plantagenet, Duke op, — 
created Earl of Rutland, by Richard II., 1390 
— Duke of Albemarle, Sep. 1397 — is compelled 
to resume his former title, 1399 — takes part in 
plot against Henry IV. and betrays it, Jan. 
1400 — succeeds his father as Duke of York, 
1402 — killed at Agincourt, 1415. 

York, Edward Plantagenet, Duke of. 
[Edward IV. of England.'] 

York, Frederick, Duke of, — fr., 16 Aug. 
1763 — elected Prince-bishop of Osnaburg, Feb. 
1764 — Colonel in British army, 1780 — goes to 
Berlin, 1780 — created Duke of York and Al- 
bany, 29 Nov. 1784 — returns to England and 
takes his seat in House of Lords, 1787 — fights 
a duel with Colonel Lennox, 1789 — marries 
Frederika, Crown Princess of Prussia, 29 Dec. 
1 79 1 — Commander-in-chief in Flanders, Mar. 
1793 — assists at Council of War at Antwerp, 8 
Apr. — assists at siege and capture of Valen- 
ciennes, May to 28 Jul. — defeated by French 
at Dunkirk, 8 Sep.— joined by Earl of Moira, 
8 Jul. 1794— again defeated at Bois-le-Duc, 
retreats beyond the Meuse, Sep. 1794 — Field- 
marshal, Feb. 1795 — returns to England, Apr. 
1795 — Commander-in-chief, 5 Apr. 1798 — 
again takes command in Holland, 13 Sep. 1799 
— twice defeated by French at Brune and 
Alkmaar, 19 Sep. and 6 Oct. — charges brought 
against him by Colonel Wardle, respecting his 
connection with Mrs Clarke, 27 Jan. 1809 — 
resigns command, Mar. — acquitted, 20 Mar. 



1462 



YORK— YPRES. 



— reinstated by Prince Regent, 15 May 181 1 
— heir-presumptive to the throne, Nov. 18 17 
— charged with care of the king's person, 181 8 
— tf., 5 Jan. 1827. 

York, James, Duke of. [James II. of 
England.'] 

York, Richard, Duke of,— b., probably 
about 1410 — on death of his father, 1415, 
placed under guardianship of Joan, Countess 
of Westmoreland : relieved from attainder, 
succeeds to the title, 1425 — Constable of Eng- 
land, 1430 — Regent of France, 1435 — threatens 
Paris, 1436 — superseded by Warwick, 1437 — 
Lieutenant and Captain in Normandy, 1439 — 
recalled, 1446— Lieutenant of Ireland, 5 Jul. 
1449 — suppresses a rebellion, 1449 — begins to 
assert his claim to the crown, about 1450 — 
resigns and returns to England, 145 1 — takes 
up arms and is imprisoned a short time, 1452 
— named Protector of the Realm, Feb. 1454 — 
deprived, 5 Feb. 1455 — submits his disputes 
with Somerset to arbitration, 4 Mar. 1455 — 
takes up arms, defeats and kills Somerset at St 
Alban's, 23 May — again named Protector, 19 
Nov.— again deprived, 25 Feb. 1456 — recon- 
ciled with Queen Margaret, 25 Mar. 1458 — 
joined by Earls of Salisbury and Warwick, 
Oct. 1459 — attainted by parliament at Covent- 
ry, 20 Nov. 1459 — ma ^ es formal claim of the 
crown, 16 Oct. 1460 — his attainder declared 
illegal, 1460 — defeated and killed by Queen 
Margaret at Wakefield, 31 Dec. 1460. 

Yorke, Charles, — b., Jan., a 3oDec. b 1723 — 
enters Cambridge Univ., 13 Jun. 1739 — called 
to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, 1 Feb. 1747 — 
M.P. Reigate, 1747-68 — Solicitor-general, 
Nov. 1756 — Attorney-general, Jan. 1762 — re- 
signs, Nov. 1763 — again appointed, 1765 — 
M.P. Cambridge Univ., 1768 — accepts Great 
Seal, 17 Jan. 1770— kills himself, (?) 20 Jan. 
1770. Joint-author of Athenian Letters, 1741. 
a Fors. b Engl. Cyc. 

Yorke, Philip. [Hardwicke, Earl of.] 
Yorkshire, county of England, — Lancastrian 
insurrection in, Jul. 1469 — insurrections in, 
against subsidy for war with France, 1488 — 
against suppression of monasteries, 1536 — 
[Pilgrimage of Grace]— others, 1537 and 
1548. 

Yorktown, in Virginia, IT. S., — occupied 
by Lord Cornwallis, 1 Aug. 178 1 — besieged by 
American and French forces, 28 Sep. — capitu- 
lates to Washington, 19 Oct. — besieged by 
M c Lellan, 5 Apr. 1862 — evacuated by Confed- 
erates, 4 May. 

Young, Sir Aretas William, — b., about 
1778 — enters the army, 1795 — serves in Ire- 
land, 1798— in Egypt, 1801 — as Major, serves 
in Peninsular War, 1808-13 — as Lieutenant- 
colonel, in West Indies, 1 8 1 3 — protector of 
slaves in Demerara, Jan. 1826 — Lieutenant- 
governor of Prince Edward's Island, Jul. 1831 
— Knt, 9 Jul. 1834 — tf., 1 Dec. 1835. 

Young, Arthur, writer on Agriculture, §c, 
— b. at Bradfield, in Suffolk, 7 Sep. 1741 — 
travels in Ireland, 1775-6— visits France, 1787 
and 1788 — Secretary to Board of Agriculture, 
1789 — tf. at Bradfield, 12 Apr. 1820. Farm- 



er's Calendar, 1770 — Political Arithmetic, 
1774 — Annals of Agriculture, commenced, 
1784 — Travels in France, 1792. 

Young, Charles Mayne, tragedian, — b. in 
London, 1777 — ^■ rs ^ appears on the stage at 
Liverpool, 1798 — marries Julia Ann Grimani, 
Mar. 1805 — loses his wife, Jul. 1806 — appears 
at Haymarket Theatre, 22 Jun. 1807 — at 
Drury Lane, with Edmund Kean, 1822 — re- 
tires, 1832 — tf. at Brighton, 28 Jun. 1856. 

Young, Edward, poet, — b. at Upham, 
Hampshire, i684, a i68i b — enters Oxford 
Univ., 13 Oct. 1703— Fellow of All Souls', 
1708 — D.C.L., 10 Jun. 1719 — takes holy 
orders and is made chaplain to the king, 1727 
— marries Lady Elizabeth Lee, 17 31 — loses 
his wife, 1741 — Clerk of the Closet to Princess 
Dowager of Wales, 4 Jan. 1761 — tf., 12 Apr. 
1765. Last Bay, 17 13 — Revenge, 17 21 — 
Satires, {Love of Fame,) 1725-8 — Night 
Thoughts, 17 42-6. a Engl. Cyc. b Chalmers. 

Young, Matthew, mathematician, — b. in 
Ireland, 1750 — enters Trinity Coll. Dublin, 
1766— Prof. Natural Philosophy, 1786— Bp of 
Clonfert, 1798 — tf. at Whitworth, Lancashire, 
28 Nov. 1800. Essay on Phenomena of Sounds 
and Musical Strings, 1784 — Principles of Na- 
tural Philosophy, 1 800. 

Young, Robert, — pilloried and imprisoned 
for forgery of signature of Abp Sancroft, 1684 
— swears to (fictitious) plot against James 
II., 1685 — again imprisoned for forgery, 1689 
— forges evidence of association for restoration 
of James II., and gets Marlborough and Bp 
Sprat arrested, 1692 — hung at Tyburn, for 
coining, Apr. 1700. 

Young, Thomas, natural philosopher, — b. 
at Milverton, in Somersetshire, 13 Jun. 1773 
— F.R.S., 1794 — M.D. Gottingen, 1795 — en- 
ters Emmanuel Coll. Cambridge, about Mar. 
1797 — settles in London, 1800 — Prof. Natural 
Philosophy,Royal Institution, 1 802-3 — Foreign 
Secretary to Royal Society, 1802 — M.D. Cam- 
bridge, 1807 — Secretary to Commission on 
Weights and Measures, 18 16 — by his dis- 
covery that sounds are represented by certain 
hieroglyphics, leads the way to their inter- 
pretation, 1 8 14 — Secretary to Board of Longi- 
tude, 181 8 — Foreign Associate of Academy of 
Sciences, Paris, Aug. 1827 — tf. in London, 10 
May 1829. Lectures on Natural Philosophy 
and Mechanical Arts, 1 807 — Account of Dis- 
coveries in FEieroglyphical Literature, 1820 — 
Miscellaneous Works, 1855. 

Ypres, in Belgium — founded by Baldwin 
III., Count of Flanders, about 960 — taken by 
Louis VI. of France, 1128 — taken by Philip 
Augustus, 1213 — by Philip the Fair, 1297 — 
revolts against Count Louis de Nevers, 1325 — 
taken by the White Capes, 1379 — recaptured 
by the Count, 1380— taken by Charles VI. of 
France, 1382 — unsuccessfully besieged by 
rebels of Ghent and the English, 1383 — en- 
larged and fortified by Philip the Bold, 1388 
— Bishopric, by Paul IV., 1559 — seized by in- 
surgents, 1577 — taken by Conde, 1648 — by 
Archduke Leopold, 1649 — by Turenne, 1658 
— by Louis XIV., 1678— ceded to France by 



YPSILANTI-ZACHARIAS. 



H 6 3 



Treaty of Nimeguen, 1679 — fortified by Louis 
XIV., 1688— ceded to Holland by Peace of 
Utrecht, 17 13 — taken by Louis XV., 1744 — 
occupied by French, 1793-4. Cathedral, built, 
1 254.1 Cloth Hall, commenced, i20o, a 1230 b 
— completed, 1304,* 1342 b — enlarged, 1730. 
a Ferguson. b Chambers's Encyc. 

Ypsilanti, Prince Alexander, — b. at Con- 
stantinople, 1783,* 1792 b — enters Russian 
army, about 1805 — loses his right hand at 
battle of Dresden, Aug. 18 13— aide-de-camp 
to the Emperor, before 1820 — joins the He- 
taireia, 1820 — takes the lead in Greek Revolu- 
tion, 1 82 1 — arrested and imprisoned at Mon- 
gatz, 1821 — tf. at Vienna, 31 Jan. 1828. 
a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Conv.-Lex. 

Ypsilanti, Demetrius, — b., 1793 — serves in 
Russian army, 18 14 — distinguishes himself at 
siege of Tripolitza, Oct. 1820 — fails in attempt 
on Eubcea, 1821 — defends Argos, 1822 — 
President of Argos, and Prince of Peloponnesus, 
1822 — resigns, 1823 — resists Ibrahim at Na- 
poli, 1825 — Commander-in-chief of Greek 
forces, 1827 — retires, Jan. 1830 — tf. at Napoli, 
16 Aug. 1832. 

Yriarte, Bernardo, — b., about 1734 — Patron 
of Royal Academy of St Ferdinand, 1792 — 
Councillor of State, 1808 — tf. at Bordeaux, 11 
Jul. 1 8 14. 

Yriarte, Domingo, diplomatist, — b., 1746 — 
as Spanish Plenipotentiary, signs Treaty of Ba- 
sel, 22 Jul. 1795 — tf- at Girona, 22 Nov. 1795. 

Yriarte, Juan de, — b. in Teneriffe, 15 Dec. 
1702 — studies in France, 1714-24 — Royal 
Librarian, Madrid, Jan. 1732 — official trans- 
lator to the Secretary of State, Feb. 1740 — 
member of Royal Academy, 1743 — tf. at Madrid, 
23 Aug. 1771. 



Yriarte, Tomaso, poet, — b., about 1750— tf. 
at Madrid, about 1790. La Musica, 1779 — 
Fabulas Liter arias, 1782. 

Yttrium, metal—oxide of, discovered by 
Gadolin, 1794 — obtained in separate state by 
Wohler, 1828. 

Yucatan, — discovered by Diaz de Solis and 
Pinzon, 1508 a — discovered by Cordova, 151 7 b 
—conquered by Cortez, 15 19 — revolts and be- 
comes independent, 1821 — joins Mexican Con- 
federation, 1824 — again independent, 1840 — 
rejoins Confederation, 1843 — independent, 
1846-52. 

a Some authorities. b Others. 

Yussef (Jussef) ben Abdel-Rahman Al- 
Fehri, Emir of Spain for Caliphs op the 
East, — elected on death of Thuaba, (129, a. h.) 
746 — revolt of Amer ben Amrou against him, 
(137-8,) 754 — makes war on him, recovers Sa- 
ragossa, Jun. 755 — on landing of Abdel-Rah- 
man ben Moawiyah in Spain, puts Amer and 
his son to death, (138,) Aug. 755 — carries on 
war with his rival, 755-6 — submits to him, 
autumn 756 — revolts, (142,) early in 759 — 
defeated and killed near Loxa, 759. 

Yussef ben Taxfyn, (Tashfyn,) Prince op 
the Almoravides, — b. at Velad Sahara, 
(397-8, a. h.) 1006 — succeeds Abubekr as 
Prince of Mauritania, (463-4,) 1070 — passes 
into Spain to assist Moors against Alfonso VI. 
of Castile, (479,) 1086 — defeats Alfonso at 
Zalaca, Oct. 1086 — returns to Africa, again 
called to Spain, 1088 — retires, 1089 — again 
passes into Spain, and conquers most of the 
Moorish kingdoms, (483-496,) 1090- 11 02 — gets 
his son Aly recognized as successor, 1103 — tf. 
at Morocco, (499,) 1105. 



Zab, The, river of Assyria, — the Caliph, 
Merwan II., defeated by the Abbasides under 
Abdallah, (131, a. h.) 749. 

Zabaglia, Nicolo, architect, — b. at Rome, 
1674 — tf. architect of St Peter's, 27 Jan. 

i75°- 

Zabarella, Francesco, Cardinal, — b. at 
Padua, 1339 — Abp of Florence, 14 10 — Car- 
dinal, 141 1 — assists at Council of Constance, 
1414— U., 26 Sep. a 1417. a Biog. Univ. 

Zach, Franz Xavier, Baron von, astrono- 
mer, — b. at Pesth, a Presburg, b c 14 Jun. 1754 
— Director of Observatory of Seeberg, 1786 — 
foreign member of Royal Society of London, 
1804 — of Royal Astronomical Society, 1822 — 
tf. at Paris, 26 Aug., a 2 Sep. b c 1832. Star 
Catalogues, 1804-12 — originates Monatliche 
Correspondenz, 1800. 
a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Zachariae, Just Friedrich Wilhelm, poet, 
translator, — b. at Frankenhausen, in Thuringia, 



1 May 1726 — Prof. Poetry, Carolinum of 
Brunswick, 1761 — tf. there, 30 Jan. 1777. 
Der Renommist, 1744 — translation of Para- 
dise Lost, 1760 — Fabeln und Erzdhlungen, 
177.1. 

Zachariae von Lingenthal, Karl Salomo, 
jurist, — b. at Meissen, 14 Sep. 1769 — studies? 
at Leipsic, 1787-92 — Prof. Jurisprudence, 
Wittenberg, 1802 — Prof. Jurisprudence, Hei- 
delberg, 1807 — tf. there, 27 Mar. 1843. Hand- 
buch des Franzosischen Civilrechts, (4th edition,) 
1837 — Vierzig Biicher vom Staate, 1820-32 — ■ 
Lucius Cornelius Sulla, 1834. 

Zacharias, Pope, — succeeds Gregory III., 
30 Nov. 741 — negotiates peace of 20 years with 
Liutprand, at Terni, 742 a — visits Liutprand 
at Pavia, and negotiates peace for Ravenna, 
743 — receives Carloman at Rome, 747 — visits 
Rachis at Perugia, and again negotiates peace, 
749 — receives embassy from Pepin the Short, 
and sanctions his assumption of sovereign power 



H 6 4 



ZACHTLEVEN— ZANOTTI. 



and deposition of Childeric, 751 — tf-, 12 Mar. 
752. a Milman. 

Zachtleven, (Saftleven,) Cornelius, painter, 
— ft. at Rotterdam, i6oo, a i6i2 b — living,i682. b 
a Engl. Cyc. b Nagler. 

Zachtleven, {Saftleven,) Hermann, painter, 
— 6. at Rotterdam, 1609 — tf. at Utrecht, 1685.* 
a D'Argenville. 

Zafra, in Spain, (Segeda,) — taken from 
Moors by Ferdinand III., 1240. 

Zagoskin, Mikhail Nikolaevich, dramatist, 
novelist, — b. in Russia, 1789 — settles at Mos- 
cow, as Director of Theatre, 1820 — tf. at Mos- 
cow, 1852. George Miloslavsky, 1829. 

Zahrtmann, Christian Christopher, ad- 
miral, chartographer, — b. in Denmark, 1793 — 
enters the navy, 1805 — tf. Director of Hydro- 
graphic Office, Copenhagen, 15 Apr. 1853. 
Chart of the North Sea, 1843 — DansJce Lods, 

1853- 

Zalaca, in Spain, — Alfonso YI. of Castile, 
defeated by Jussef ben Taxfyn, (479, a. h.) 
Oct. 1086. 

Zaleucus, of Locri Epizephyrii, — [B C] — 
gives laws, (01. 30, 1,) 660. [1356 Euseb. 
year. ] 

Zaluski, Andrew Chrysostom, Grand Chan- 
cellor of Poland, — b., 1655^ 1650 b — 
Canon of Cracow, envoy to Portugal, Spain, 
and France, 1674 — Grand Secretary of the 
Crown, 1678 — made a Bp, 1683 — Bp of Plock, 
1691 — pacifies Lithuania, 1694 — Bp of War - 
mia and. Grand Chancellor, 1699 — tf. at Butt- 
stadt, i, a n b May 17 11. 

a Biog, Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Zaluski, Joseph Andrew, founder of the 
Zaluski Library, — b. in Poland, i7oi, a 1702 b 
— opens his library to the public, at Warsaw, 
1748 — exiled, 1767-73 — tf., Jan. 1774. 
a Engl. Cyc. h Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Zaluski Library, Warsaw, — founded by 
Joseph Andrew Zaluski, 1748 — pillaged, 1767- 
73 — seized by Russians and carried off to St 
Petersburg, 1795. 

Zama, in Numidia, — [B C] — Scipio defeats 
Hannibal at, 202, and terminates Second Punic 
War. 

Zambesi, river of E. Africa, — explored by 
Livingstone, 1851-56 and 1858-64. Victoria 
Falls on the, discovered by Livingstone, 1855 
— photographed by Baines, 1862. 

Zamora, in Spain, — taken from the Moors 
by Alfonso the Catholic, 748 — unsuccessfully 
besieged by Almondhir, 881-2 — battle of, de- 
feat of Moslems, 901 — besieged by Abdurrah- 
man, Jul. 939 — relieved by Ramiro II., who 
defeats Moors : retaken by Moors, under Al- 
mansur, 985 — annexed to Castile by Ferdinand 
the Great, 1093 — the Cortes held at, 1297 and 
1302— sacked by French, 1808 — occupied by 
Marmont, Jul. 181 2 — evacuated by French, 
1812. 

Zamoyski, Andrew, statesman, — b. in 
Poland, 17 1 6 — enters Saxon army, 1740 — 
Major-general, 1754 — returns to Poland, 1754 
— emancipates his serfs, 1760 — Keeper of the 
Seals, 1764 — resigns, 1767 — prepares a code, 
1776-8 — ts. at Zaniosc, 10 Feb. 1792. 



Zamoyski, John, general, — b., 1626^ 1630 b 
— distinguishes himself against the Cossacks, 
1 65 1 — contends against the Czar in the 
Ukraine, 1659 — assists at Diet, 1660 — tf. at 
Warsaw, 2 Apr. 1665. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Zamoyski, John Sarius, Grand Chan- 
cellor of Poland, — b. in Culm, 1 Apr. 1541 
— joint-ambassador to Paris, to offer crown to 
Duke of Anjou, 1573 — marries niece of Stephen 
Bathori, and is appointed Grand Chancellor, 
1576 — hetman of the army, recovers several 
provinces from Russians, 1580-82 — promotes 
election of Sigismund III., 1587 — defeats 
Archduke Maximilian, 1588 — distinguishes 
himself in wars with Turks, Tartars, and 
Swedes, 1590-7 — attends the Diet, 1605 — tf. 
at Zamosc, 3 Jun., a Jul. b 1605. 

a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Zampieri, Domenico. [Domenichino.] 

Zanchi, Basilio, Latin poet, — b. at Ber- 
gamo, 1501 — becomes a monk, 1524 — im- 
prisoned, 1558 — tf., 1558. Be horto Sophice, 
1540 — Poemata, 1550. 

Zanchi, Girolamo, theologian, — b. at Al- 
zano, 1516— abjures Romanism, before 1550 — 
teaches Philosophy and Divinity at Strasburg, 
J 553-63 — Prof. Divinity, Heidelberg, 1569 — 
removes to Neustadt, 1578 — returns to Heidel- 
berg, 1585 — tf. there, 19 Nov. 1590. 

Zancle, — [BC] — founds Himera, 648 — 
Scythes tyrant, division at, 497 — conquered by 
Samians and Ionian fugitives, (01. 70, 4,) 
497 a — subdued by Anaxilaos of Rhegium, and 
named Messana, (01. 71, 4,) 493. a a Mailer. 

Zanetti, Antonio Maria, engraver, — b. at 
Venice, 1680 — tf> there, 1766. Antiche statue 
greche e romane, &c, 1740 — Raccolta di varie 
stampe a chiaroscuro tratte, &c, 1749. 

Zanetti, Bernardino, historian, — b. at Cas- 
tel-Franco, 1690 — tf., 1762. Del regno de 
Longobardi in Ltalia, 1753. 

Zanetti, Guido, numismatist, — b. at Bas- 
sano, 1 741 — tf. Keeper of Museum of Antiqui- 
ties, Ferrara, 1791. Nuova raccolta delle mo- 
nete e zecche d' 'Ltalia, 1775-89. 

Zanguebar, (Zanzibar,) E. Africa, — subject 
to Himyarite, king of Saba, 80-5 — settlement 
of Omani tribes in, about 705 — dependency of 
Oman, 705-1856 — Portuguese settlements in, 
between 1500- 17 00 — separate principality un- 
der Majed, 1856 — explored by Burton, 1856— 
visited by Baron von der Decken, Feb. to Aug. 
1865. 

Zanolini, Antonio, Orientalist, — b. at 
Padua, 1693 — LL.D., 17 13 — Prof. Syriac and 
Hebrew, 17 14 — retires, 1759 — tf., 19 Feb. 
1762. Lexicon hebraicum, 1732 — Lexicon 
syriacam, 1747. 

Zanotti, Francisco Maria, poet, mathema- 
tician, — fc. at Bologna, 1692 — Librarian of the 
Institute, 1720 — visits Rome, 1750 — tf- at Bo- 
logna, 25 Dec. 1777. Poesie, 1734 — Bella forza 
attrativa delle idee, 17 47 — Bella forza de' corpi, 
1752 — Eilosojia morale, 1754 — Bell' Arte 
poetica, 1768. 

Zanotti, Giampetro Cavazzoni, painter, 
poet, — b. at Paris, 1674 — tf. at Bologna, 28 



ZANTE— ZEN OX. 



1465 



Sep. 1765. Edits Malvasia's Pitture di Bo- 
logna, 1732 — Poesie, 1741-5 — Storia dell' Aca- 
demics Clementina, 1739. 

Zante. [Zacynthus, Ionian Islands.] 

Zanzibar. [Zanguebar,] 

Zapolya, John I., King of Hungary, — ft., 
1487 — demands Princess Anne in marriage, 
1505 — again defeats revolted peasantry and 
captures their leaders near Temeswar, 15 14 — 
harasses retreat of the Turks, 1526 — proclaim- 
ed King of Hungary, 10 Nov. 1526 — crowned, 
1 1 Nov. — unsuccessfully treats with his rival 
Ferdinand of Austria at Olmutz, 1527 — de- 
feated, takes refuge in Poland, 1528 — obtains 
assistance of Solyman, 1529 — concludes a 
truce, 1533 — makes peace with Ferdinand, 
1536— tf. at Miihlenbach, 21 Jul. 1540. 

Zapolya, John Sigismund, — b., 10 Jul. 
1540 — recognized as King of Hungary, by 
Solyman, 1-540 — Transylvania granted to him, 
1 54 1 — renounces title of King by treaty with 
Emperor Maximilian, 1570 — tJ., 12 Mar. 157 1. 

Zara, (Jadera,) capital of JDalmatia, — places 
itself under protection of Venice, about 1000 — 
taken by Croatians, n 17 — conquered by Lud- 
wig the Great of Hungary, 1200 — reconquered 
by Venetians aided by crusaders, 1202 — bought 
by Venetians of King Ladislaus, 1409 — cap- 
tured by Bajazet II., 1490, but soon lost : 
unsuccessfully besieged by Turks, 1572 and 
1577 — passes to Austria, 1791. 

Zaragoza. [Saragossa.] 

Zarlino, Gioseffo, musical composer, writer on 
music, — b. in Venetia, 15 19 a — Chapel-master 
of the Eepublic, about 1565-90 — tf. at Venice, 
1590. a Istituzione harmoniche, 1558 — Dimos- 
trazione harmoniche, 157 1. a Biog. Univ. 

Zealand. [Netherlands.] 

Zealand, New. [New Zealand.] 

Zechariah, Jewish prophet, — [B C] — called, 
520. a a Ussher. 

Zedler, Johann Heinrich, bookseller, pub- 
lisher, — b- at Breslau, 1706 — tf. at Leipsic, 
about 1760. Universal Lexikon, 1731-50. 

Zedlitz, Joseph Christian, Baron von, — b. 
in Silesia, 28 Feb. 1790 — tf. at Vienna, 15 
Mar. 1862. Lyrische Gedichte, 1832 — Lra- 
matische Werke, 1830-6 — Altnordische Bildcr, 
1850 — Translation of Childe Harold, 1836. 

Zeeman, Remigius, painter, — b. at Amster- 
dam, 16 1 2. 

Zegers, (Segers,) Hercules, painter, — b., 
about 1625 ? 1629 ? 

Zeirides, (Zeirites, Zegries,) — independent 
dynasty in Mauretania, about 920— expelled 
by Almoravides, about (450, a. h.) 1058. 

Zeleia, — [B C] — Csesar defeats Pharnaces 
IV., (Non. Sext.) 47. 

Zelotti, Battista, painter, — b. at Verona, 
1532 — tf., about 1592. 

Zemindars, heads of districts and collectors 
of revenue, in Hindustan, — recognized as pro- 
prietors of the soil, by settlement made under 
.Lord Cornwallis, 1791-3. 

Zendavesta, Sacred Books of the Parsees, — 
collected by_ Ardshir and his successors, about 
220 — investigations and translation (French) 
of Anquetildu Perron, 1755-77— investigations 



of Bask, 1826 — text and translation of Bur- 
nouf, 1829-43 — text published by Westergaard, 
1852-5— Spiegel's edition, 1852-60 — Haug's 
investigations published, 1862. 

Zendrini, Bernardo, hydraulician, — b. at 
Saviore, near Brescia, 1679 — M.D. Padua, 
1701 — Superintendent of waters, rivers, &c.,of 
Venice,i72o — tf., i8May 1747. Leggi e fenome- 
ni, regulazicni ed usi delle acque correuti, 1741. 

Zenghi, Emad-eddin, Emir of Mosul and 
Aleppo, founder of Aiabek dynasty, — b., about 
1084 — Governor of Bassora, by Sultan Mah- 
mud, 1 1 23 — Iutendant of Baghdad, 11 25 — 
Emir of Mosul, (521, a. h.) 1127 — takes Nisi- 
bis, &c, defeats Jocelin, Count of Edessa, and 
assists him against Bohemond, Prince of Antioch, 
1 1 27 — Aleppo submits to bim, (MobaiTem 
522,) Jan. 11 28 — defeats Bohemond and takes 
Atareb, (524,) 11 30 — sent against Baghdad by 
Sanjar, 1132 — besieged in Mosul by Mostar- 
shed, defeats him, 11 32 — defeats King of Jeru- 
salem and Count of Tripoli, 11 36 — besieges 
and takes Barin, 11 36 — unsuccessfully besieges 
Damascus, (534,) 1140 — makes war on Kur- 
distan, 1 142 — storms Edessa, (Guimadhi II. 
539,) Dec. 1 144 — assassinated, (5 Babia 1. 540,) 
25 Sep. 1 145. 

Zenghis. [Gengis-Khan.] 

Zenith Sector, — used by Hooke, 1669 — 
Graham's, made for Bradley, 1727 — Eamsden's, 
made, 1 801-2, burnt in Tower of London, Oct. 
1 841. 

Zeno, — Consul with Postumianus, (1201, 
a. u. c.) 448. 

Zeno, Apostolo, poet,— b. at Venice, 11 
Dec. 1668 — establishes Academy of the Ani- 
mosi, 1696 — court poet to Charles VI., Vienna, 
1718-29 — tf. at Venice, Nov. 1750. Begins 
his Giomale del Letter -ati, 17 10— Dramatic 
Works, 1744. 

Zeno, Carlo, Grand Admiral of Venice, 

— b., about 1334 — negotiates with John 
Palseologus cession of Tenedos to Venice, 1376 

— commands fleet against Genoese, 1379 — 
breaks Genoese blockade, and relieves Venice, 
1380 — Grand Admiral, Aug. 1380 — defeats 
Boucicault, 7 Oct. 1403 — tf. at Venice, 8 Mar. 
1418. 

Zeno, Caterino, — ambassador to Persia, 1472. 
Del commentari del viaggio in Persia di Cate- 
rino Zeno, §c, 1558. 

Zeno, Niccolo and Antonio, travellers, — 
their voyages made, probably between 1389- 
1405. 

Zeno, Ranieri, Doge of Venice, — succeeds 
Marino Morosini, 1252— tf., about Jun. 1268. 

Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra, — assumes 
the crown, about 266 — defeated and taken by 
Aurelian, 273 — led in triumph at Borne, 274. 

Zenobius, (Zenodotus,) collector of proverbs, 
— fl., about 125. 

Zenodorus, statuary, chaser, §c, — fl., about 
68. 

Zenodotus, of Ephesus, grammarian, — [BC] 
— fl., 27i, a about 28o. b 

a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. 

Zenon, of Plea, philosopher, — [B C] — ft., 
about (01. 70) 500, about 488 a — fl., 464,* 



1466 



ZENON— ZIPPORIS. 



468,° 455-434 d — visits Parmenides at Athens, 
about (01*80) 460, about 448.* 
a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. c Suidas. d Euseb. 

Zenon, of Cittium, Stoic philosopher, — [B C] 
— &•» [367-366,* 363-362 b ] between 357-352 c 
— studies under Polemo, after (01. 116, 2) 315 
— £(., 299, 279— &., 269-268.* [264-263^ 259. d J 

a Euseb. b Hieron. e Clinton. d Laertius. 

Zenon, (Trascalisseus,) Emperor of the 
East, (474-491,) — marries daughter of Leo I., 
468 — raised to the consulship with Flavius 
Marcianus, 469 — contrives death of Aspar, 471 
— on death of Leo L, gets himself proclaimed, 
Feb. 474 — by death of his son Leo II. left sole 
Emperor, Nov. 474 — expelled by Verina and 
Basiliscus, 475 — goes to Isauria : makes peace 
with Genseric, 475 — defeated by generals of 
Basiliscus, Jul. 476 — gains Illus and recovers 
the throne, Aug. 477 — Gothic invasion under 
Theoderic, and peace, 478 — revolt of Marcian 
suppressed, 479 — Gothic war again, 481— pub- 
lishes the Senoticon, 482 — purchases peace of 
Theoderic, 483 — revolt of Leontius, 484 — 
Theoderic at Constantinople again, diverted 
against Italy, 487 — tf., 9 Apr. 491. 

Zenophilus, — Consul with Dalmatius, (1086, 
a. u. c.) 333. 

Zenta, in Hungary, — Prince Eugene of 
Savoy defeats Turks, 11 Sep. 1697. 

Zephaniah, Jewish prophet, — [B C] — pro- 
phesies, between 642-611, probably before 625,* 
629. b *Bib. Cyc. and Smith's Diet. Bib. 

b Ussber. 

Zephyrinus, Bp of Some, — succeeds Victor, 
202 — If., 23 Dec. 218. 

Zetland. [Shetland.] 

Zeus Olympius, Temple of, at Athens, — 
[BC] — commenced, 175-165 — finished by 
Hadrian, about [AD] 125. 

Zeuxis, painter, — [B C]— £(., about (01. 89- 
96) 424-400. 

Zhukovsky, Vassili Andreevich, poet, — ft. 
in Russia, 1783 — volunteer in war with France, 
1812 — It. at Baden, 12 Apr. 1852. Transla- 
tion of Gray's Elegy, 1802 — Works, 1835-7-49. 

Ziani, Pietro, Doge of Venice, — succeeds 
Henry Dandolo, 5 Aug. 1205 — Sj., 1229. 

Ziani, Sebastiano, Doge of Venice, — suc- 
ceeds Vitale Micheli, 1173 — sends fleet to be- 
siege Ancona, 11 74 — receives Pope Alexander 
III. at Venice, 24 Mar. 1177 — receives Em- 
peror Frederick I., 24 Jul. 1177 — mediates 
peace between them, 1 Aug. — tj., 13 Apr. 1179. 

Ziethen, Hans Joachim von, general, — ft. 
near liuppin, 18 May 1699 — enters the army, 
17 14 — Captain, 1735 — distinguishes himself at 
battles of Mollwitz, 1741, and Czaslau, 1742 
— Major-general, 1744 — at siege of Prague, 
1744— covers retreat from Bohemia, 1744— 
wounded at Hennersdorf, 23 Nov. 1745 — at 
Pirna, Oct. 1756 — Lieutenant-general, 1756 — 
contributes to victory of Prague, 6 May 1757 — 
distinguishes himself at Leuthen, 5 Dec. 1757 
—at Liegnitz, 15 Aug. 1760 — at Torgau, 3 
Nov. 1760 — takes part in war of Bavarian 
Succession, 1778— rj. at Berlin, 27 Jan. 1786. 

Zimisces, John I., Emperor of the East, 
— ft. in Armenia, 925 a — as General of Nice- 



phorus Phocas, distinguishes himself against 
Saracens in Cilicia, 963 — conquers great part 
of Cilicia and invades Syria, 964 — disgraced, 
967 — conspires with Theophano, and assas- 
sinates Nicephorus, 11 Dec. 969 — proclaimed 
Emperor, 1 1 Dec. — associates with himself 
Basilius and Constantine : a", at Constantinople, 



10 Jan. 



97< 



a Nouy. Biog. Gen. 



Zimmermann, Eberhard August Wilhelm 
von, naturalist, geographer, — ft. at "Weltzen, 
1743 — Prof. Natural Philosophy, Carolinirm of 
Brunswick, 1766 — visits England, 1788 — rj., 
4 Jim. 1 8 15. Political Survey of Europe, 1788 
— Geographisches Taschenbuch, 1802-13. 

Zimmermann, Johann Georg von, phy- 
sician, moralist, — ft. at Brugg, in Berne, 8 Dec. 
1728 — goes to Gottingen, 1747 — M.D., 175 1 
— Physician to King of Hanover, 1768 — visits 
Berlin, 1770 — attends Frederick II. at Pots- 
dam, 1786 — U. at Hanover, 7 Oct. 1795. Vom 
Kationalstolze, 1758 — Von der Erfahrung in 
der Arzneikunst, 1763 — Veber die Einsamlceit, 

1784-5. 

Zinc, metal, — described by Paracelsus, before 
1 541 — obtained in separate form by HenkeL 
about 1720. 

Zincethyl, Zincethide, — discovered by 
Frankland, 1849. 

Zincke, Christian Friedrich, painter in 
enamel, — ft. at Dresden, about 168 1 — comes to 
England, 1706 — rj. there, Mar. 1767. 

Zingarelli, Nicolo Antonio, musical com- 
poser, — ft. at Naples, 1752 — organist of the 
Vatican, 1804 — Director of the Conservatory, 
Naples, 1820,* i8n, b i8i6 c — ft. at Naples, 5 
May 1837. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 
c Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Zingaro, Lo. [Solario.] 

Zingg, Adrian, engraver,— b. at St Gall, 
1734 — goes to Paris, 1759 — Prof. Engraving, 
Academy of Dresden, 1766— rj. there, 18 16. 

Zingis-Khan. [Gengis-Khan.j 

Zinzendorf, Nicholas Ludwig, Count von, 
founder of Hermhut, — ti. at Dresden, May 
1700 — goes to "Wittenberg Univ., 1716 — 
visits Holland and France, 17 20-1 — marries, 
1 721 — founds Moravian settlement at Herrn- 
hut, 1722 — sends missionaries to Greenland, 
1 73 1 — goes to Copenhagen and is made Knt 
of the Dannebrog, 1731 — minister of Lutheran 
Church, 1734 — banished from Saxony, 1736 — 
ordained Bp at Berlin, May 1737 — visits Lon- 
don, 1737 and 1749 — visits N. America, 1742 
— ti. at Herrnhut, 9 May 1760. 

Zinzendorf, Philipp Ludwig, Count von, 
statesman, diplomatist, — ft., 26 Dec. 167 1 — 
aulic councillor, 1694 — ambassador extraord. 
to France, 1697-17 05 — Imperial Commissioner 
to Liege, 1705 — ambassador to the Nether- 
lands, Jam 1707 — attends conferences of 
Utrecht, 17 12-13 — &•> 8 Feb. 1742. 

Zipporis, (Sepphoris, Eioccesarea,) — [B C] 
— captured by Herod the Great, 39 s — taken 
by Varus and burnt, 4 a — fortified by Herod 
Antipas, 4 a — [AD] — given to Herod Agrippa 
II. by Nero, 55 — destroyed in suppression of 
Jewish rebellion by the Caesar Gallus, 339 b — 
crusaders assemble at, sum. 1187 13 — Saladin 



ZIRCONIA— ZSCHOKKE. 



1467 



encamps at, Jul. II 87. b a Lewin. b Robinson. 

Zirconia, earth, — discovered by Klaproth, 
1789. 

Zirconium, metal, — discovered by Berzelius, 
1824. 

Ziska, (ZizJca,) Johann, Hussite leader, — ft. 
in Bohemia, about 1360 or 1380 — distinguishes 
himself at battle of Tannenberg, 15 Jul. 1410 
— fights in English army at Agincourt, 1415 — 
heads a riot at Prague, and becomes Com- 
mander-in-chief of the Hussites, 30 Jul. 141 9 
— takes Prague, 20 May 1420 — defeats Em- 
peror Sigismund, before Prague, Jul. — takes 
Prague Castle, 142 1 — routs Imperialists, 18 
Jan. 1422 — defeats Saxons at Aussig on the 
Elbe, 1422 — tl. at Czaslau, 12 Oct. 1424 — his 
tomb visited by Emperor Ferdinand I., 1554. 

Zizim, (Djem,) Ottoman Prince, — ft., 1459 
— Governor of Caramania, 1475— disputes the 
succession, and makes war on his brother, 
Bajazet II., 148 1 — fails in second attempt, 
1482 — takes refuge with Grand Master of 
Rhodes : treaty made between Bajazet and 
Grand Master for his perpetual imprisonment, 
1482 — sent by Charles VIII. of France to 
Rome, and received by Pope Innocent VIII., 
1487 — again kept prisoner by treaty between 
Sultan and Pope : given up to Charles VIII., 
Jan. 1495 — tf. at Naples, 25 Feb. 1495. 

Znaym, in Moravia, — destroyed by Prince 
Vladislas of Bohemia, 1 145 — refounded, about 
1222 — Marmont repulses Archduke Charles at, 
10 Jul. 1809. Armistice of, between French 
and Austrians, concluded, 11 Jul. 1809. 

Zobah, — [B C] — an independent kingdom, 
governing on both sides of the Euphrates, be- 
fore 1090 — subjugated in a war raised against 
David, about 1050-40 ? 

Zodiac, — [B C] — signs of, alleged invention 
of Cleostratus of Tenedos, about 500. 

Zodiacal Light, — (seen and described by 
Nicephoras, ?4io) — seen by Tycho Brahe, 
about 1600 — treated of by, Descartes, about 
1630 — observed by Childrey, 1659 — observed 
and described by Dominique Cassini, Mar. 1683- 
94 — noticed by Mairan, 17 31 — by Humboldt, 
Mar. 1803 — investigated by Jones, 1853-5. 

Zoe, Carbonopsina, Empress of the East, 

— marries Leo VI., 906 a — left a widow and 

banished, 911 — returns to Constantinople, 914 

— again banished by Romanus Lecapenus, 919. 

a Finlay. 

Zoe, (daughter of Constantine VIII.,) Em- 
press of the East, — marries Romanus Ar- 
gyrus, 9 Nov. 1028 — becomes Empress, 12 
Nov. — murders her husband, marries Michael 
the Paphlagonian, and with him succeeds to 
the throne, 11 Apr. 1034 —left a widow, 
favours accession of Micbael Calafates, Dec. 
1 041 — banished, 1042 — Joint-empress with 
her sister Theodora, 21 Apr. 1042 — marries 
Constantine Monomachus, who is crowned Em- 
peror, 11 Jun. 1042 — tf., 1050 or 1054. 

Zoega, Georg, archceologist, — ft. in Jutland, 
20 Dec. 1755 — studies at Gottingen, 1773-6 — 
settles at Rome, Jan. 1783 — tf. there, 10 Feb. 
1809. Be Usu et Origine Obeliscorum, 1800 
— Bassirilievi antichi di lioma, 1808 — Cata- 



logus Codicum Copticorum Manu Scriptorum 
qui in Museo Borgiano Velitris adservantur, 
1810. 

Zoffany, Johann, painter, — ft. probably at 
Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1735 — R.A. England, 
1768 — goes to India, about 1782 — returns, 
1796 — tf. at Kew, 1 8 10. Life School of Royal 
Academy, 1774. 

Zoilus, grammarian, — [B C] — {L, about 356- 
336. 

Zollikofer, Georg Joachim, theologian, — ft. 
at St Gall, 5 Aug. 1730 — pastor at Leipsic, 
1758-88— if. there, 25 Jan. 1788. • 

Zollverein, German Customs Union, — pro- 
jected, by Prussia, 1818 — founded, 1819 — 
Hesse-Darmstadt joins, 14 Feb. 1828 — acces- 
sion of Anhalt-Dessau, 1828— Saxe-Meiningen 
and Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, 1829— Waldeck and 
Hesse-Cassel, 1831 — Bavaria, Wiirtemberg, 
Saxony, Saxe-Weimar, Saxe-Altenburg, and 
two Schwarzburgs, 1833 — Hesse-Homburg, 
Baden, and Nassau, 1835 — Frankfort, 1836— 
Lippe-Detmold and Brunswick, 1841 — Luxem- 
burg, 1847 — Hanover, Oldenburg, and Schaum- 
burg-Lippe, 1851 — modification of tariff pro- 
posed by Prussia, 1 859 — treaty of commerce 
with Great Britain, signed at Berlin, 30 May 
1865 — treaty of commerce with Italy, signed, 
31 Dec. 1865 — Mecklenburg- Schwerin, M.- 
Strelitz, and Liibeck join, 11 Aug. 1868. 

Zonaras, Joannes, Byzantine historian, — fl., 
about 1 1 00- 1 125. 

Zoological Society, London, — founded, 1826. 
Gardens, Regent's Park, opened, 1826. 

Zoological Society, Royal, of Lreland, — 
instituted, 1830. 

Zoppo, Marco, painter, — fl. at Bologna, 
1468-98. 

Zorndorf, — Count Fermor defeats Frederick 
II. at, 25 and 26 Aug. 1758. 

Zosimus, Bp of Rome, — succeeds Innocent 
I., 18 Mar. 417 — appoints Patroclus, Bp of 
Aries, Vicar of Holy See, 417 — confirms con- 
demnation of Pelagius and Ccelestius, Apr. 
418 — tf., 26 Dec. 418. 

Zosimus, historian, — writes his history of 
Roman Emperors, probably between 425-450. 

Zouaves, in French army, — formation of 
corps, authorized by decree of Louis Philippe, 
21 Mar. 1 831 — reorganized, 1837 — augmented, 
1852 and 1855. 

Zouch, Richard, jurist, — ft. in "Wiltshire, 
about 1590 — Fellow of New Coll. Oxford, 1609 
— LL.D., 1619 — Regius Prof. Law, Oxford, 
1620 — Principal of St Alban's Hall, 1625 — 
Judge of Admiralty Court, about 1625 — sub- 
mits to parliamentary visitors, 1648 — rein- 
stated as Judge, 1660 — tf. in London, 1 Mar. 
1661. 

Zouch, Thomas, miscellaneous writer, — 6. in 
Yorkshire, 1737 — enters Trin. Coll. Cambridge, 
1757 — Fellow, 1763 — Prebendary of Durham, 
1805 — D.D., 1805— tf., 17 Dec. 1 8 15. Me- 
moir of Sir Philip Sidney, 1808. 

Zoust, (Soest,) Gerard, painter, — ft. in 
Westphalia, 1637 — goes to England, about 
1656— tf., 1681. 

Zschokke, Johann Heinrich Daniel, mis- 



1 4 



ZUCCAEELLI— ZWOLLE. 



cdlaneous ivritcr, — b. at Magdeburg, 22 Mar. 
1770 — wanders, 1788-90 — enters Univ. of 
Frankfort-on-the-Oder, spring 1790 — Ph.D. 
and M.A., 1792 — private teacker at Frankfort, 
1792-5— goes to Switzerland, Sep. 1795 — set- 
tles at Eeickenau, Dec. 1796 — banished, Aug. 
1798 — settles at Aarau, 1798 — Government 
Commissioner in Unterwald, &c, 1798 — in 
Italian Switzerland, 1800 — settles at Biberstein, 
1802 — marries, about 1803 — tf. at Biberstein, 
27 Jun. 1848. Geschichte des Baierischen 
Volks, 1 8 1 3- 1 8 — Bilder aus der Schweiz, 1 8 24-5 
— Des Schiveizerlandes Geschichte, 1822 — 
Stunden der Andacht, (26tk edition,) 1847 — 
Selbstschau, (3rd edition,) 1844. 

Zuccarelli, (Zuccherelli,) Francesco, painter, 
— b. near Florence, 1702 — visits England, 
1752 — B.A., 1768 — tf. at Florence, 1788. 

Zuccaro, (Zucchero,) Federigo, painter, — h. 
at St Angelo in Vado, 1542^ 1543^ 1550,° 
1536° — in England, 1567-80 d — employed in 
tkeEscurial, Jan. 1586 to end of 1588 b — called 
to Spain, about 1588 d — founds and is Pres. of 
Academy of St Luke, Eome, 1595 — tf. at An- 
cona, 1609. Idea de' Pittori, Scultori, e Ar- 
chitetti, i6o3, b 1607. ad 

a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

c Some authorities. d Nagler. 

Zuccaro, {Zucchero,) Taddeo, painter,— b. at 
St Angelo in Yado, 1529 — goes to Eome, 1543 
— tf. at Eome, 1565,* 2 Sep. 1566. b 

a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. 

Zug, canton of Switzerland, — joins Swiss 
Confederation, 1352 — joins the Sonderbund, 
1844 — democratic constitution, Jan. 1848. 

Zuider Zee. [Zuyder Zee.] 

Ziillichau, in Prussia, — tke Prussians under 
Gen. AVedel defeated by Eussians at, 23 Jul. 

1759- 

Zumalacarregui, Don Tomaso, military 
commander, — fj. near Villareal, 1789 — guerilla 
officer in tke army, 1808 — joins Quesada, 1822 
— General-in-ckief of Carlist army, Oct. 1833 
— wounded at siege of Bilbao, 15 Jun. 1835 — 
tJ., 25 Jun. 

Zumpt, Carl Gottlob, philologist, — b. at 
Berlin, 1792 — Prof, at tke Joackimstkal Gym- 
nasium, 1 82 1 — Prof . History, Military Sckool, 
1 826 — Prof. Eoman Literature, Univ. of Berlin, 
1828 — visits Italy and Greece, 1835 — tf. at 
Karlsbad, 25 Jun. 1849. Lateinische Gram- 
matik, 181 8 — Annates veterum regnorum, 
1819. 

Zuniga. [Ercilla y Zuniga.] 

Zurbaran, Francisco, painter, — ft. in Spain, 
Nov. 1598 — tf. at Seville or Madrid, 1662. 

Zurich, Canton of Switzerland, — joins Swiss 



Confederation, 1351 — carries on war with otker 
cantons, 1436-44— allied witk Austria, 1439 — 
reenters Confederation, 1450 — adopts new demo- 
cratic constitution, 18 Apr. 1869. 

Zurich, capital of the Canton, (Turicum,) — 
receives Arnold of Brescia, about 1141 — be- 
comes property of Frederick II., 121 8— free Im- 
perial city, 1 2 19 — expels her clergy and all 
friars except Franciscans, 1248 — besieged by 
Albert, Duke of Austria, 1351 — Swiss defeat 
Austrians near, 1443 — adopts Eeformed faith, 
about 1523 — Archduke Charles defeats French, 
4-5 Jun. 1799 — Massena defeats Eussians and 
Austrians, 25 Sep. 1799. University of, 
founded, 1832. Technical University, estab- 
lished, 1855. Treaty of, for ratification of 
Treaty of Villafranca, signed, n Nov. 1859. 

Zurita, (Surita,) Geronymo, historian, — b. 
at Saragossa, 4 Dec. 15 12 — ambassador to 
Germany, 1543-9 — coronista of Spain, 1549 — 
tf. at Saragossa, 3 Nov. 1581. Annates de la 
Corona de Aragon, 1562-79 — Indices rerum ab 
Aragonice regibus gestarum, 1578. 

Zutphen, in the Netherlands, — head of a 
County, before 1000 — taken and pillaged by 
Spaniards, 1572— again, 158.3 — unsuccessfully 
attacked by Earl of Leicester, Sep. 1586 — re- 
taken by Prince Maurice of Nassau, 159 1 — 
taken by Frenck and tke fortifications demol- 
isked, 1672 — occupied by Frenck, 1795-1813. 

Zuyder Zee, The, in Holland, — formed by 
inundations of tke sea, 1219-82 — crossed by 
Frenck cavalry on tke ice, Jan. 1795. 

Zweibriicken. [Deux-Ponts.] 

Zwingli, Ulrich, Protestant Reformer, — b. 
in Switzerland, 1 Jan. 1484 — studies at Vienna, 
1499-1501 — at Basel, 1503-6 — ordained priest, 
and pastor of Glarus, 1506 — visits Erasmus at 
Basel, 15 14 — fights among Swiss auxiliaries at 
Marignano, 15 15 — preacher to the monastery 
of Einsiedlen, 15 16 — preaches against Friar 
Sansom and indulgences, 15 18 — preacher at 
Cathedral of Zurich, Dec. 15 18 — prohibited 
preaching by Diet, 1522 — marries, 1522 — at- 
tends Conferences of Zurich, Jan. and Oct. 
1523 — organizes and reforms the public schools, 
1526 — attends Conference of Berne, 1528 — 
meets Luther at Marburg, Sep. 1529 — killed 
at battle of Cappel, 11 Oct. 1531. Works, 
1581. 

Zwolle, in the Netherlands, — fortified, 1223 
—taken by Spaniards, recovered by the Dutch, 
1580 — capitulates to Bp of Munster, 1672 — 
fortifications destroyed, 1674, but soon re- 
stored: taken by French, 31 Jan. 1795 — oc- 
cupied by Eussians, Nov. 18 13 — damaged by 
inundation, 1825. 



APPENDIX 



Aali Pasha, (Mehemet Fmin,) Grand Viz- 
ier op Ottoman Empire, — ft. at Constanti- 
nople, (1230, a.h.) 1 8 15 — second secretary to 
embassy at Vienna, 1834-6 — Grand Interpreter 
to the Divan, Nov. 1837 — Charge d' Affaires, in 
London, 1838-9 — Under-secretary of State for 
Foreign Affairs, 1840 — ambassador to Eng- 
land, 1 841-4 — Minister ad interim for Foreign 
Affairs, 1844 — Chancellor of Imperial Divan, 
Dec. 1845 — Minister for Foreign Affairs, 1846- 
52 — raised to the rank of Mushir, takes title of 
Pasha, Jan. 1848 — Grand Vizier, 6 Aug. 1852 
— resigns, 1 Oct. 1852 — Governor of Broussa, 
May 1854 — Pres. Council of the Tanzimat, and 
Minister of Foreign Affairs, Oct. 1854 — again 
Grand Vizier, 2 Jul. 1 855 — First Plenipotentiary 
of the Porte at Conferences of Paris, Feb. to 
Mar. 1856 — resigns Grand Vizierate, 1 Nov. 
1856 — Grand Vizier a third time, 11 Jan. 1858 
— again resigns, Oct. 1859 — Pres. Council of 
the Tanzimat, Dec. 1859 — Grand Vizier the 
fourth time, 7 Jun. 1861— resigns, and is ap- 
pointed Minister of Foreign Affairs, 2 Nov. 
1 86 1— Pres. Conference of Paris on affairs of 
Roumania, May 1864 — Grand Vizier the fifth 
time, 11 Feb. 1867 — Regent of the Empire 
during absence of the Sultan, Jul. to Aug. 1867 
— tr., 7 Sep. 187 1. 

Abbeville, in France, — occupied by Ger- 
mans, 6 Feb. 187 1. 

Ablis, in France,— burnt by Germans, 8 Oct. 
1870. 

Abydos, Tablet of, — acquired by British 
Museum, 1837. 

Academy, The, London weekly Journal, — 
commenced, 9 Oct. 1869. 

Admiralty, Board of, in Great Britain, — 
reorganized by Order in Council of 14 Jan. 
1869. 

.ffischylus, — text of the Medicean (Lau- 
rentian) MS. edited by Merkel, 187 1. 

Afanasief, Aleksandr Nicolaevich, critic, 
antiquary, — {)., 1826 — rj., 1871. Collection of 
Russian Popular Tales, 1863 — Treatise on 
Poetical Views of Old Slavonians about Nature, 
1869. 

Agricultural Labourers' Improvement So- 
ciety, — formed in Herefordshire and Shrop- 
shire, Mar. 187 1. 

Agricultural Labourers' Union, — formed in 
"Warwickshire, Mar. 1872. 

Agricultural Society, of France, — founded, 
about 1867. 



Alabama Claims, — Joint High Commission to 
consider these and other outstanding differences 
between Great Britain and United States, ap- 
pointed early in Feb. 1 87 1 — meets at Washing- 
ton, 27 Feb. — first regular sitting, n Mar. — 
Treaty ^/Washington, 8 May — Ans^lo- Ameri- 
can Commission for claims meets at Washington, 
25 Sep. — Arbitration Commission meets at Ge- 
neva, (formal sitting,) 1 8 Dec. — British and Ame- 
rican Cases presented at Geneva, 20 Dec. — note 
of British Government respecting admission of 
American claim to indirect damages, 3 Feb. 
1872 — received at Washington, 22 Feb. — 
American reply sent, 1 Mar. — received, 14 Mar. 
— second British note, about 20 Mar. — British 
and American Counter-Cases presented at Ge- 
neva, 15 Apr. — American reply to second Brit- 
ish note sent, 23 Apr. 

Alaska, {Russian America,) — territory given 
to Russo-American Fur Company by Paul 
VIII., Jul. 1799 — their charter renewed, 1839 
— purchased by United States, by treaty con- 
cluded at Washington, 30 Mar. 1867 — ratified 
by Senate, 28 May — possession transferred, Oct. 
1867 — laws of United States extended to, by 
Act of Congress, 27 Jul. 1868. 

Albans, St, Abbey, — remains of the shrine 
discovered, Feb. and Mar. 1872. 

Albert Hall of Arts and Sciences, Royal, at 
S. Kensington, — first stone laid by the Queen, 
20 May 1867 — opened by the Queen, 29 Mar. 
1871. 

Albert Memorial, in Hyde Park, — com- 
menced, 1863. 

Alderney, Channel Island, — fortified naval 
station commenced, 1852— abandoned, 1871. 

Alencon, in France, — defeat of French by 
Germans at, 15 Jan. 1871 — occupied by Ger- 
mans under Grand Duke of Mecklenburg, 17 Jan. 

Algeria, — revolt in, under Sidi Mokrani, 
breaks out, Mar. 1871 — suppressed, and state of 
siege raised, 24 Jun. — insurrection renewed, 
early in Aug. 

Aligny, (Felix Claude Theodore Car- 
UELLE,) painter, etcher, — fj.inLaNievre, 24 Jan. 
1798 — goes to Paris, 1808 — first exhibits at the 
Salon, 1822 — Director of School of Fine Arts, 
Lyons, 1861 — ft. at Lyons, 25 Feb. 187 1. 
Massacre of the Druids, 1831 — Prometheus, 
1837 — Roman Campagna, 1839 — Defeat of 
Daguesclin, 1840 — Etchings, 1846 — Solitude, 
1850 — Acropolis of Athens, 1852 — Scyronian 
Rocks, 1 86 1. 



[ + 70 



ALLEN-ATTBEB,. 



[appendix. 



Allen, "William, miscellaneous writer, — b. at 
Pittsfield, Mass. U. S., 2 Jan. 1784 — graduates 
at Harvard Coll., 1802 — Kegent, 1804-10 — 
pastor of Congregational Church, Pittsfield, 
1 8 10— marries, 18 13 — Pres. Dartmouth Univ., 
1817 — Pres. Bowdoin Coll., 1820-39 — settles 
at Northampton, Mass., 1839 — tf. there, 2 Jan. 
1868. American Biographical Dictionary, 1809. 

' Allgemeine Zeitung,' German newspaper, 
— commenced by Cotta, 1798. 

Alsace, — incorporation of, with Lorraine, in 
German Empire, provided for by Act of German 
Parliament, passed, 3 Jun. 1871 — Commercial 
Convention, respecting Alsace and Lorraine, 
between France and Germany, adopted by 
National Assembly at Versailles, 17 Sep. 1871 
— Three Conventions respecting Customs' Sys- 
tems in A. and L., and evacuation of France by 
Germans, signed at Berlin, 13 Oct. 1871. 

Amiens, — Gen. Manteuffel defeats Gen. 
Faidherbe near, (Pont-Noyelles,) 22-3 Dec. 
1870 — evacuated by Germans, 22 Jul. 1871. 

Ammonia, — as substitute for steam for street 
cars, tried at New Orleans, 1871. 

Andersson, Charles John, traveller, — fj. in 
Sweden, about 1812 — visits England, 1849 — 
explores S.W. Africa, 1850-4 — again, i8?8 and 



861 ? — tf. in Africa, Jan. ii 



856^ Lake 



JSfgami, 1855 — Okawango River, 1859 ? 
a American Ann. Cyc. b New American Encyc. 

An-Nadim, Ibn Abi Yakub, Arabic scholar, 
— compiles his Index of Arabic Literature, {al- 
Fihrist,) (377, A. h.) 987-8. 

Annuity Tax, Edinburgh, — abolished by Act 
23 and 24 Vic. c. 50, 23 Jul. i860, amended 
by Act 33 and 34 Vic. c. 87, 9 Aug. 1870. 

Anthon, Charles, classical scholar, — b. at 
New York, 1797 — graduates at Columbia Coll., 
1 8 15 — admitted to the bar of Supreme Court, 
1 8 1 9 — Adj unct Prof. Languages, Columbia 
Coll., 1820 — Prof. languages, 1835 — tj- at New 
York, 29 Jul. 1867. Edition of Lempriere's 
Classical Dictionary, 1822 — Odes of Horace, 
1830 — Works of Virgil, 1843-7 — Greek Gram- 
mar, 1840 — Classical Dictionary, 1841 — 
Juvenal and Persius, 1858 — Manual of Roman 
Antiquities, 1851 — System of Greek Prosody 
and Metre, 1 840 — System of Latin Prosody and 
Metre, 1844 — Latin Grammar, 1845-6. 

Antigua, — ravaged by cyclone, 21 Aug. 1 87 1. 

' Anti- Jacobin,' political satire, — commenced 
by Canning and others, Nov. 1797 — last number 
issued, 9 Jul. 1798. 

Antioch, — partly destroyed by earthquake, 3 
Apr. 1872. 

Anti-State-Church Association, British, — 
originated by Miall, 1844. 

Antwerp, — disturbances at, occasioned by 
1 receptions' of Comte de Chambord, 22-3 Feb. 
1872. 

Aphraates, (Farhdd,) Bp, Persian Sage, 
— writes his Homilies, 337, 344, and 345 — 
oldest known original work in Syriac : attends 
Councils of Seleuceia and Ctesiphnn, 345. 
J In,, lilies, edited and translated by Wright, 
1869. * ° ' 

Applegath, Augustus, mechanical inventor, 
— b. at Stepney, 17 Jun. 1788— constructs im- 



proved printing-machines for Morning Herald, 
1822 — patents his vertical machine, Dec. 1846 
— two of his vertical machines exhibited at 
Crystal Palace, 1851 — rj. at Dartford, 9 Feb. 
1871. 

Aquarium,— devised by Mrs Thynne, 1846 
— made generally known by Warington and 
Gosse, 1849, & c - — fast public, in Kegent's Park, 
opened, May 1853 — in Gardens of Acclimatiza- 
tion Society, Paris, i860. Marine, at Crystal 
Palace, Sydenham, 187 1. 

Architect, The, London weekly Journal, — 
commenced, 2 Jan. 1869. 

Argentine Confederation, — reorganization 
of army undertaken, 1871. 

Army, British, — better regulation of, pro- 
vided for by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 86, 17 Aug. 
187 1. [Purchase.] 

Army Grades, in France, — conferring of, 
regulated by decrees of government of Tours, 
13 and 14 Oct. and 3 Nov. 1870 — Committee 
on, appointed by National Assembly, 8 Aug. 
1 87 1 — report published, 22 Apr. 1872. 

Asgrimson, Ey stein, Icelandic poet, (Lily a,) 
— %., i3 6 i- 

Ashantees, — invade districts of West Coast, 
and great numbers killed, spring 1871. 

Ashpitel, Arthur, architect, antiquary, — ft. 
in London, Dec. 1807 — begins practice as 
architect, about 1842 — F.R.I.B.A., 1851 — 
visits Italy, 1854-8 — Vice-Pres. R.I.B.A., 
1862 — ft. at "Westminster, 18 Jan. 1869. Selec- 
tions from Palladia, 1850 — History of Ancient 
Baths, &c, 1 853 — contributes to the Dictionary 
of Architectural Publication Society, 1855-68 
— Ancient Rome, 1858 — Modem Rome, 1859 — 
contributes to Fine Arts Quarterly Review, 
1865 — edits Treatise on Architecture, (from 
Encyc. Brit.,) 1867. 

Assurance, Life. [Insurance.] 

Athanasian Creed, — probably drawn up by 
Paulinus, Patriarch of Aquileia, and approved 
by Alcuin, 800 a — authoritatively imposed by 
Charles the Great, and so named in his Capi- 
tulary, 802 a — authorship of, reinvestigated by 
Ffoulkes, 1871 — English form of, investigated 
by Swainson, 1871. a Ffoulkes. 

Atherstone, Edwin, poet, novelist, — fj. at 
Nottingham, 17 Apr. 1788 — tr. at Bath, 29 
Jan. 1872. Last Days of Herculaneum, 1821 
— Midsummer Day's Dream, 1824 — Fall of 
Nineveh, 1828-30-47 — Sea Kings of England, 
1830 — Handwriting on the Wall, 1858 — Israel 
in Egypt, 1861. 

Atlas, London weekly Journal, — commenced, 
23 May 1826. 

Atlas, The Great, in Morocco, — scaled by 
Hooker and others, 16 May 1871. 

Attorneys and Solicitors, in England, — law 
relating to remuneration of, amended by Act 
33 and 34 Vic. c. 28, 14 Jul. 1870. 

Auber, Daniel Francois Esprit, musical 
composer, — b. at Caen, 19,* 29 bc Jan. 1784,* b 
1782° — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, May 
1825 — works in conjunction with Scribe, from 
Feb. 1828 — member of Institute, Apr. 1829 — 
Officer of Legion of Honour, 1835 — Director 
I of the Conservatoire, Feb. 1842-71 — Grand 



APPENDIX.] 



AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN EMPIRE— BECK. 



1471 



Officer of Legion of Honour, 8 Aug. 1861 — "ft. 
at Paris, 13 May 187 1. His first Opera, Sejour 
Militaire, 18 13 — Muette de Portici {Masani- 
ello,) 1828 — Era Diavolo, 1830 — Domino Noir, 
1837 — Diamants'de la couronne, 1841 — Hardee, 
1847 — Premier jour de bonheur, produced, 15 
Feb. 1868. a Engl. Cyc. 

b Athenaeum. c Vapereau. 

Austro -Hungarian Empire, — amnesty for 
political offences, decreed by Emperor, 8 Feb. 
1 87 1 — resignation of Count Beust, as Foreign 
Minister, 8 Nov. 1871 — appointment of Count 
Andrassy to succeed him, 14 Nov. 

Azof, Sea of. [Caspian Sea.] 

Babbage, Charles, mathematician, — ft., 26 
Dec. 1791— B.A. Cambridge, 1814— F.R.S., 
1 8 16 — projects his Calculating Machine, {Dif- 
ference Engine,) 1822 — government grants for 
its construction sanctioned, 1823 — takes part 
in founding Royal Astronomical Society, 1820 
— and British Association, 1831 — Lucasian 
Prof. Mathematics, Cambridge, 1828-39 — 
founds Statistical Society, 1834 — government 
grant for his machine withdrawn, about 1 842 — 
Iff. inLondon, 18 Oct. 187 1. Table of Logarithms, 
1827 — Reflections on the decline of Science in 
England, 1830 — Economy of Manufactures and 
Machinery, 1832 — Ninth Bridgewater Treatise, 
1837 — Exposition of 1851, 1851 — Passages 
from the Life of a Philosopher, 1864. 

Baber, Henry Hervey, — ft., 22 Aug. 1775 — 
sub-librarian of the Bodleian, about 1796 — 
B.A. Oxford, 1799 — M.A., 1805— Vice-Princi- 
pal of St Mary's Hall, 1805 — Assistant Libra- 
rian, British Museum, 1807 — marries, 1809 — 
F.R.S., May 1816— Keeper of the Printed 
Books, British Museum, 1812-37 — one of the 
founders of Royal Society of Literature, 1823 
— rector of Stretham, 1827 — tf. there, 28 Mar. 
1869. Edition of Wicklijfe's New Testament, 
with Memoirs, &c, 18 10 — edits Alexandrian 
Codex of Old Testament, 1816-28. 

Baby-farming, in England, — investigated 
by parliamentary Committee, 1871. 

Bach, Johann Sebastian, — his Passions- 
Musik {St Matthew) produced at Leipsic, Good 
Friday 1729 — no more heard till re-produced 
by Mendelssohn, at Berlin, 1 829 — first perform- 
ed in England, under direction of Bennett, 1 858 
— again, as part of church service at West- 
minster Abbey, by Barnby, 6 Apr. 1871. The 
Passions-Musik, {St John,) produced, 1831 — 
first in London, by Barnby, 22 Mar. 1872. 

Bach Society, — founded at Leipsic, 1850. 

Bache, Alexander Dallas, Superintendent 
of American Coast Survey,— ft. at Philadelphia, 
19 Jul. 1806 — graduates at West Point, 1825 
— Prof. Mathematics, Univ. of Pennsylvania, 
1827-32 — Superintendent of Coast Survey, 
1843-67 — assists in founding American Acade- 
my of Sciences, Washington, 1861 — ft. at 
Newport, Rhode Island, 17 Feb. 1867. 

Baden-Baden, — visited by Queen Victoria, 
Mar. and Apr. 1872. 

Baird, William, naturalist, — ft. in Berwick- 
shire, 1803 — surgeon, in service of E. I. Com- 
pany, 1823 — assistant in Zoological Depart- 



ment of British Museum, Sep. 1841 — ft. in 
London, 27 Jan. 1872. Cyclopedia of Natural 
Sciences, 1838 — On British Entomostracous 
Crustacea, (Ray Society,) 1851. 

Balance of Power, in Europe, — authori- 
tatively sanctioned by Peace of Westphalia, 
1648— recognized as fundamental principle by 
Peace of Utrecht, 17 13. 

Ballot, in England, — used in election of Go- 
vernor of Virginia Company, 22 May 1622 — 
use of, by Corporations and Companies, pro- 
hibited by Order in Council, (of Charles I.,) 
Sep. 1637 — discussed in the Long Parliament, 
10 Oct. 1646 — again (for filling up vacancies 
in Council of State) recommended by Commit- 
tee, rejected by the House, Feb. 1650. 

Bamford, Samuel, political and miscellaneous 
writer, — ft. at Middleton, in Lancashire, Feb. 
1788 — takes part in Reform meeting at Peter- 
loo, 16 Aug. 1 8 19 — arrested on charge of high 
treason, Aug. 18 19 — tried, with Hunt, Healey, 
&c, at York, 16-26 Mar. 1820 — appears in 
Court of King's Bench, 27 Apr. — imprisoned 
at Lincoln, 1 820-1 — ft. at Harpurhey, near 
Manchester, 13 Apr. 1872 — has public funeral 
at Middleton, 20 Apr. Passages in theLife of 
a Radical, 184 1-2 — Somely Rhymes, &c, 1843 
— Early Days, 1849. 

Bank Holidays, in England, — provided for 
and regulated by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 17, 25 
May 1 87 1. 

Bankrupts,— disqualified for seats in House 
of Lords, by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 50, 13 Jul. 
1871. 

Bar Bahlul, Nestorian physician, author of a 
Lexicon, — fl. at Baghdad, about 960. 

Barentz, (Barentsen,) Willem, maritime 
explorer, — discovers Spitzbergen, and winters 
on Nova Zembla, 1596-7. Noordsche Schip- 
Vaert, 1644. His winter-quarters and various 
relics found in Nova Zembla by Capt. Carslen, 
between Sep. and Nov. 187 1 — the relics placed 
in Museum of Amsterdam, 1872. 

Bar Hebrseus, author of Syriac Grammar, 
—ft., 1286. 

Basevi, James Palladio, mathematician, 
engineer, Deputy -Superintendent of Trigono- 
metrical Survey of India, — leaves Addiscombe, 
Dec. 1 85 1 — goes to India, 1852 — obtains ap- 
pointment on Trigonometrical Survey, 1 856 — 
conducts pendulum observations on force of 
gravity on Indian arc, 1864-71 — ft. at his 
station at More, 17 Jul. 1871. 

Beatson, William Ferguson, general— -ft., 
about 1805 — enters Bengal army, 1820 — 
wounded while serving with British Legion in 
Spain, 1835-6— Lieut.-Col., 14 Nov. 1835 — 
receives cross of San Fernando, 1836 — in Scinde 
campaign takes forts of Kachwahagar, 1 844 — 
takes Jagheer and fort of Rymow from Rohil- 
las, Jul. 1848 — takes Dharoor, Feb. 1851 — 
organizes the Bashi-Bazouks, in Crimean War, 
sum. 1854 — distinguishes himself at Balaclava 
and Inkermann, 1855— serves in Sepoy War, 
1857-8— Major-general, 8 Jan. 1865 — ft. at 
New Swindon, 4 Feb. 1872. 

Beck, Karl, classical scholar,— -ft. at Heidel- 
berg, 19 Aug. 1798 — enters the Church, 1822 



1472 



BEETHOVEN— BRIEL. 



[appendix. 



— Ph.D. and M.A. Tubingen, 1823 — goes to 
America, 1824 — Prof. Latin Language and 
Literature, Cambridge, Mass., 1832-50 — 
member of American Oriental Society, 1843 
— of American Academy of Sciences, 1845 — 
LL.D. Harvard Univ., 1865 — ft. at Cambridge, 
19 Mar. 1866. Manuscripts of the l Satyricon ' 
qfPctron ius Arbiter described and collated, 1863. 

Beethoven, Ludwig, — Centenary of his 
birth (1770) celebrated at Bonn, 20-23 ^- u o- 
1871. 

Bekker, Immanuel, philologist, — h. at 
Berlin, 1785' — goes to Univ. of Halle, 1803 — 
Prof. Philology, Berlin, 1807 — visits Paris, 
1810-12 — member of Berlin Academy of 
Sciences, 18 15 — again visits Paris, 18 15 — in 
Italy, 1 8 17-19 — visits England, 1820 — ft. at 
Berlin, 7 Jun. 1871. Anecdota Grceca. 1814-21 
— editions of Plato, 1816-23 — Attic Orators, 
1822 — Scholia of Iliad, 1825 — Aristotle, 1831- 
6 — Tacitus, 1831. 

Belgium, — Treaty of Commerce with France, 
of May 1861, denounced by French govern- 
ment, 28 Mar. 1872. [Brussels.] 

Bell, Robert, litterateur, — ft. at Cork, 10 
Jan. 1800 — settles in London as editor of Atlas 
newspaper, 1828 — joint founder of Monthly 
Magazine, 1839 — ft. in London, 12 Apr. 1867. 
History of Russia, (Lardner's Cabinet Library,) 
1836-8 — continuation of Mackintosh's History 
of England, about 1836-48 — Life of Canning, 
1845 — Memorials of Civil War, 1849 — Way- 
side Pictures, 1849 — Ladder of Gold, 1850 — 
Edition of English Poets, 1854-67. 

Bellier de la Chavignerie, Emile, writer on 
Art, — fj. at Chartres, 1821 — serves in ambu- 
lance at siege of Paris, Sep. 1870 — ft., 6 Feb. 
1 87 1. Pecherches historiques, biographiques, et 
litte'raires sur le peintre Lantara, 1852 — Bio- 
graphie et Catalogue de Vceuvre du graveur 
Miger, 1855 — Lettres inedits du peintre Giro- 
dot- Trioson, &c, 1863 — Manuel bibliographique 
du photographie francaise, &c, 1863. 

Benedek, Ludwig von, field-marshal, — ft. at 
Oedenburg, in Hungary, 1804 — enters the 
army, 1822 — Lieut. -Col., 1843 — contributes to 
suppression of insurrection in Galicia, 1846 — 
Col., 1846 — serves in Italy, 1847 — distinguishes 
himself in campaign of 1848— Knt of Maria 
Theresia, 1 848 — contributes to capture of Mor- 
tara and victory of Novara, 1849 — Major- 
general, 3 Apr. 1 849 — takes part in cam- 
paign of Hungary, 1849 — Field-marshal-lieut., 
1853 — takes part in Italian "War, 1859 — 
[Magenta, Solferino]— Governor-general of 
Hungary, i860 — Commander-in-chief of army 
of the North, 5 May 1866 — defeated by Prus- 
sians at Sadowa, 3 Jul. 1866 — ft., Nov. 1871. 

Benefices, Ecclesiastical, in England, — 
resignation of, by clergymen incapacitated by 
illness, provided for, by Act 34 and 35 Vie. c. 
44, 13 Jul. 1 87 1 — sequestration of, law relating 
to, amended by Act 34 and 35 Tie. c. 45, 13 Jul. 
1871. 

Bentley, Richard, publisher, — fj., about 
1794 — in conjunction with C. Dickens, estab- 
lishes Bi ntley's Miscellany, 1837 — ft. at Barns- 
gate, 10 Sep. 1871. 



Berbrugger, Louis Adrien, archceologist, 
philologist, — fj. at Paris, n May 1801 — ac- 
companies Marshal Clausel to Algeria, 1835 — 
Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 1838 — cor- 
respondent of Academy of Inscriptions, 1839 — 
ft. at Algiers, 2 Jul. (May?) 1869. Algerie 
historique, pittoresque, et monumentale, 1842-5 
— La Grande Kabylie sous les Pomains, 1 850 
— Epoques militaires de la grande Kabylie, 

1857. 

Berlin, — triumphal entry of army after 
Franco-German War, 16 Jun. 1871. 

Bertin, Edouard Francois, painter, Editor 
of ' Journal des Debats,' — b. at Paris, 1797 — 
Inspector of Fine Arts, by Louis Philippe, 
after 1830 — editor of Journal des Debats, 1854- 
71 — ft. at Paris, Sep. 1871. 

Bible Monopoly. [Monopoly.] 

Bible Society, Italian, — first meeting of 
the, held at Pome, 4 Mar. 1872. 

Black Sea, — Russian fleet appears in, Mar. 
1872. 

Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, — es- 
tablished, 1 8 17. 

Blind, The, — embossed printing for, invented 
by Braille, 1834. 

Blind Men's Cafe, {Concert,) {Cafe des 
Aveugles,) at Paris, — established, 1769 — closed, 
Feb. 1872. 

Boat-lowering Apparatus, — Clifford's, in- 
vented, 1856. 

Bock, Corneille Pierre, archceologist, — ft. at 
Aix-la-Chapelle, 1804 — Prof. Extraord. at 
Marburg Unrv., 1821 — afterwards Ordinary 
Prof.: resigns his chair, 1834 — ft. honorary 
Prof. Philosophy, Freiburg, 18 Oct. 1870. 

Bohemia, — demands separate ministry and 
parliament, the demand rejected by Emperor 
Francis Joseph, 30 Oct. 187 1 — refuses to send 
representatives to the Reichsrath, and the Diet 
is closed, 8 Nov. — Imperial proclamation en- 
joining elections to the Reichstag, 15 Nov. 

Bokhara, — suzerainty of, offered to the 
Sultan, by embassy sent to Constantinople, and 
declined, Mar. 1872. 

Bond, George Phillips, astronomer,— -ft. at 
Dorchester, Mass. TJ. S., 1826 — graduates at 
Harvard Coll., 1845 — Prof. Astronomy and 
Director of Observatory, Harvard, Feb. 1859 — 
receives gold medal of R.S.A. London, for his 
work on Donati's Comet, Jan. 1865 — ft. at 
Cambridge, Mass., 17 Feb. 1865. Account of 
Donati's Comet of 1858, 1858. 

Brahmo Somaj, Society of Hindoo religious 
reformers, — originated by Rajah Rammohun 
Roy, 1830. [Marriages.] 

Branding, — of deserters, &c, in British 
army, abolished by Mutiny Act, 34 and 35 
Tic. c. 9, 24 Apr. 1871. 

Brazil, — army reorganized, 1865 — visit of 
Emperor and Empress to England, 29 Jun. to 
12 Aug. 1 87 1, and afterwards to the Continent, 
till 13 Mar. 1872 — Emancipation bill passed by 
Senate, 3 Oct. 1871. 

Bremen, — privileged to remain a free port, 
1868 — the privilege confirmed by Constitution 
of German Empire, 16 Apr. 1871. 

Briel, in Holland, — Tercentenary of its re- 



APPENDIX.] 



BRIGHTON— CASPIAN SEA. 



H73 



covery from Spaniards and of Dutch independ- 
ence celebrated in Holland, 1 Apr. 1872. 

Brighton, — Aquarium, opened by Prince 
Arthur, 30 Mar. 1872. 

British Almanac, and Companion to the 
Almanac, — commenced by C. Knight, 1828. 

British Medical Journal, London, weekly, — 
commenced, under title of Association Medi- 
cal Journal, Jan. 1853 — continued under pre- 
sent title, from Jan. 1857. 

Brokers, of city of London, — placed under 
supervision of the Court of Mayor and Alder- 
man, by Act 6 Ann. c. 16, 1707 — further 
restrictions imposed by later Acts : relieved 
from such supervision by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 
60, 9 Aug. 1870. 

Brofferio, Angelo, politician, poet, §c, — ft. at 
Castelnuovo, (Asti,) 6 Dec. 1802 — imprisoned 
as a conspirator, 1830 — liberated by Charles 
Albert, 1 842 — deputy to Sardinian parliament, 
1 848 — head of democratic opposition, from 
Feb. 1849 — 0'. at Florence, 26 May 1866. 
Canzone Piemonteso, 1 839 — History of Piedmont, 
(from 1814,) 1849-52 — Nuove Canzoni, 1855 — 
joint editor of L miei tempi, 1858-61. 

Bronze, phosphorized, — first experiment with 
guns made of, conducted at Liege, 1870. 

Brown Institution, London, — hospital for 
quadrupeds and birds useful to man, founded by 
bequest of John Brown of Dublin, about 1862 
— opened, 2 Dec. 1871. 

Brussels, — political disturbances at, 22-3 
Nov. 1 87 1— followed by fall of the Belgian 
ministry, 1 Dec. 

Buenos Ayres, — the city ravaged by yellow 
fever, Jan. to May 187 1 — massacre of foreigners, 
in Tandil district, by band of Gauchos under 
El Bingo, (the Wizard,) 1 Jan. 1872. 

Builder, The, London weekly Journal, — com- 
menced, 1842. 

Bulgarian Church,— election of an Exarch 
for the, permitted by decree of Sultan Abdul 
Aziz, 24 Feb. 1872. 

Bunhill Fields, London, — remains from 
charnel-house of St Paul's deposited there, 1549 
— enclosed as a burial-place, 1665 — closed, 
1832 — reopened, 14 Oct. 1869. 

Burgoyne, Sir John Fox, field-marshal, — 
h., 1782— enters Royal Engineers, 29 Aug. 
1798 — serves in expedition to Egypt under Sir 
R. Abercromby, 1800 — blockades La Yaletta, 
1800 — Captain, 1 Mar. 1805 — serves at capture 
of Alexandria and siege of Rosetta, 1806 — 
with Sir John Moore in the Peninsula, 1808-9 
— takes part in sieges and battles under Wel- 
lington, Apr. 1809-14 — [Peninsular War] — 
distinguishes himself at assault of Ciudad Ro- 
drigo, 1 8 1 2 — Major, 6 Feb. 1 8 1 2 — in assault of 
Badajoz, Apr. 1812 — Lieutenant-colonel, 27 
Apr. 1 8 12 — wounded at siege of Burgos, 18 12 
— his horse shot under him at Vittoria, 18 13 — 
wounded in assault of San Sebastian, 18 13 — 
distinguishes himself in attack on New Orleans, 
1814-5 — with army of occupation at Paris, Jul. 
1815-18 — marries, 1821 — accompanies army to 
Portugal, 1827 — Colonel, 22 Jul. 1830 — Chair- 
man of Board of Public Works in Ireland, 
1830-43 or 44 — K.C.B., 1837 — Major-general, 



28 Jun. 1838 — Inspector-general of Fortifica- 
tions in England, 1 845 — organizes Commission 
for Relief of Distress in Ireland, 1847 — head of 
Metropolitan Commission of Sewers, 1849 — 
Lieutenant-general, u Nov. 1851 — K.G.C., 
1852 — sent to Constantinople to report on 
defence of Turkish Empire, Jan. 1854 — Lord 
General on Staff of Eastern army, 1854— dis- 
tinguishes himself in Crimean War : conducts 
siege of Sevastopol, 1854 to Feb. 1855— D.C.L. 
Oxford, 1854— Knt of the Medjidie, 1855— 
General, 5 Sep. 1855— Grand Cross of Le- 
gion of Honour, about 1855 ?— Bart., 1856— 
Constable of the Tower, 8 Apr. 1865— Field- 
marshal, 1 Jan. 1868— tr. in London, 7 Oct. 1871. 
Buxton, Charles, political and miscellaneous 
writer,— i., 1823— B.A. Cambridge, 1845— 
M.P. Newport, 1857— &. in Scotland, 10 Aug. 
1 87 1 . Memoirs of Sir T. Foivell Buxton, 1 848 
— Survey of System of National Education in 
Ireland, 1853 — Ideas of the Day on Policy, 
1866. 

Calcutta, — visited by King of Siam, n Jan. 
1872— his reception in Grand Durbar by Lord 
Mayo, 13 Jan.— embarkation at, 26 Feb. 

California, — discovery of existing glaciers 
in Sierra Nevada, by King, Sep. 1870. 

Camaroons Mountains, in E. Africa, — ex- 
plored by Burton, 1 86 1— summit first reached, 
Dec. 1861. 

Cambridge University, — Local Examin- 
ations commenced, 1858. 

Campbell, John M c Leod, theologian, — h\, 
about 1 80 1 — studies at Glasgow Univ., 1812- 
15 — minister of Row in Dumbartonshire, Sep. 
1825 — accused of heresy before the Presbytery, 
Mar. 1830 — first appears before the Presbytery, 
21 Sep. 1830 — condemned, 29 Mar. 1831 — 
again, by Synod of Glasgow and Ayr, 13-14 
Apr. 1 83 1— D.D. Glasgow, 1862 — tf. at Ros- 
neath, Dumbartonshire, 27 Feb. 1872. Christ 
the Bread of Life, 1851 — Nature of the Atone- 
ment, 1856 — Thoughts on Revelation, 1862. 

Cape Colony, — annexation of Diamond fields, 
(West-Griqualand,) to, proclaimed, 17 Nov. 
1871. 

Cape Town, — see founded by Letters Patent, 
Sep. 1847— Dr Gray appointed Bishop, 8 Dec. 
1853. [Natal.] 

Cape Verde, — [B Cj — mentioned in Hanno's 
expedition, 570 a — discovered by Diogo Gomez, 
1460 b — colonized by Portuguese, 1461-2. 
a Bougaiiwille and Vivien de St Martin. 
b Major. 

Caraccas, in Venezuela, — attacked by insur- 
gents, Pres. Falcon defeated and put to flight, 
22-24 Jul. 1868. 

Carbarol, hydrocarbon compound, — discover- 
ed by Grache and Glazer, 187 1. 

Carbolic Acid. [Phenol.] 

Carissimi, Giovanni Giacomo, — publication 
of his Oratorios commenced bv Chrysander, 
1872. 

Cashmir, — survey of, commenced by Captain 
Montgomerie, 1855 — completed, 1867 — temples 
in, examined by Lieut. Cole, 1868. - 

Caspian Sea, — connection of, with Sea of 
93 



'474 



CASWALL— CHORLEY. 



[appendix. 



Azof, by canal, preliminary surveys of Manytch 
Valley, by Von Baer, 1855 — by Kostenkoff, 
i860 — trigonometrical survey by Blum, 1853 
and 1864. 

Caswall, Henry, miscellaneous writer, — ft. 
in Hampshire, 18 10 — graduates B.A. at Ken- 
yon Coll. U. S., 1830— M. A., 1834— ordained 
priest by Bishop of Indiana, 1837 — returns 
from America, 1 842 — vicar of Figheldean, 
Wilts, 1848— honorary M.A. Oxford, 1854— 
D.D. Hartford Coll. U. S., 1854 — If., Jan. 
1 87 1. America and the American Church, 
1839 — City of the Mormons, 1842-3 — Scotland 
and the Scottish Church, 1853 — Western 
World revisited, 1854. 

Cathedral Beform, in England, — Conference 
of Bishops, Deans, and Canons respecting, held 
at Lambeth, 1 Mar. 1872. 

Caussin de Percival, Amand Pierre, Orien- 
talist, — fj. at Paris, 13 Jan. 1795 — sent to 
Constantinople, 18 14 — travels in Turkey in 
Asia, 1817-21 — Prof. Arabic, at School of 
living Oriental Languages, Dec. 1821 — Prof. 
Arabic Language and Literature, Coll. de 
France, 1833— Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 
29 Apr. 1839 — member of Academy of Inscrip- 
tions, 1849 — rj., Mar. 1872. Grammaire arabe 
vulgaire, 1824 — JEssais sur V histoire des Arabes 
avant I Islamisme, &c, 1847 — edition of Boc- 
thor's Dictionnaire francais-arabe, 1848. 

Cautley, Sir Proby Thomas, projector of 
Ganges Canal, paleontologist, §c, — fj. at Boy- 
don, Essex, 1802 — enters Bengal Artillery, 
Apr. 1 8 19 — serves in Oude, 18 20-1 — and at 
siege of Bhurtpore, 1825-6 — projects Ganges 
Canal, and commences it, 1848— on its comple- 
tion returns to England, 1854 — K.C.B., (civil 
division,) 1854 — member of Indian Council, 
1858 — Chairman of Indian Public Works' Com- 
mittee, 1859 — rj. at Sydenham, 25 Jan. 1871. 

Cazembe, Country of the, in S. Central 
Africa, — Portuguese missions to, 1798 and 
1 83 1— visited by Livingstone, 1867. 

Cell Life, — theory of, enunciated by Turpin 
and Schwann, 1838-9. 

Cellulose, {Cellulitis) Animal, — discovered 
by Schmidt, 1845 — its identity with vegetable, 
determined by Schafer, 187 1-2. 

Cenis, Mont, — railway tunnel opened, 17 
Sep. 1 87 1. 

Cervantes, Miguel da,— his place of burial 
shown to be the Convent Chapel of Trinita- 
rians, Madrid, by Marquis de Molins, 1870. 

Chambord, Comte de, (Henri Charles 
Ferdinand Marie Dieudonne d'Artois, 
Dec de Bordeaux,)— ft. at Paris, 29 Sep. 
1820 — the Chateau of Chambord given to him 
by national subscription, 1 May 1821 — the 
claim to the throne of France renounced by the 
Dauphin, Louis Antoine, in his favour, 2 Aug. 
1830 — leaves France with the royal family, 16 
Aug. — travels in Europe, 1 840-1 — injured by 
a fall at Kirchberg, 28 Jul. 1841 — visits Lon- 
don, Nov. 1843— gives quasi-royal receptions 
there, 1843-4 — marries Archduchess of Este, 
16 Nov. 1846 — settles at Frohsdorf, near 
^ iciina, about 1847. — Congress of his adherents 
at Wiesbaden, Aug. 1850— protests against the 



Second Empire, 25 Oct. 1 85 2— publishes a 
manifesto in favour of temporal power of the 
Pope, Jul. 1 86 1— visits the East, 1862-3— set- 
tles at Lucerne, 1863 — on cession of Venetia by 
Austria, sells his palace at Venice, 1866 — his 
manifesto of adherence to the ' white flag,' 5 
Jul. 1 87 1 — receptions at Antwerp, 22-3 Feb. 
1872. 

Champigny, near Paris, — sortie from Paris, 
positions taken from Germans, 30 Nov. 1870 
— retaken by them, 2 Dec. 

Chapels. [Dissenters' Chapels.] 

' Charivari,-' Paris Journal, — founded by 
Desnoyers, 1 Dec. 1832. 

i Charivari,' — the rural custom in France, 
prohibited on pain of excommunication, by 
Council of Trent, 1563. 

Chatham, in Kent,— new works in dockyard 
commenced, 1861 — repairing basin completed, 
Jun. 187 1 — engineering operations at, 24 Oct. 
187 1. Memorial Arch, (Royal Engineers,) 
erected, 1861. 

Chaucer Society, — established in London, 
1867 — Six-text print of Canterbury Tales 
commenced by Furnivall, 1868. 

Chesney, Francis Rawdon, explorer of the 
Euphrates, — fj. in Ireland, 1789 — enters Royal 
Artillery, 9 May 1804 — Lieutenant, 20 Sep. 
1805 — Captain, 20 Jun. 18 15 — marries, 1821 
— sent to Turkey to assist in directing defence 
of the Balkan passes against Russians, 1828, 
but arrives too late : sent to Egypt, examines 
desert routes, &c, 1830 — predicts the Suez 
Canal, in his report of 2 Oct. 1830 — travels in 
Syria, descends the Euphrates on a raft, 1830- 
1 — returns to England, 1832 — Commander of 
expedition to examine route to India by the 
Euphrates, sails, 10 Feb. 1835 — descends 
Euphrates from Bir to the Persian Gulf, 16 
Mar. to 19 Jun. 1836 — explores the Tigris, 
1836-7 — Major, 2 Dec. 1836 — Lieutenant- 
Colonel, 27 Apr. 1846 — Colonel, 11 Nov. 1851 
— tf. in Ireland, 30 Jan. 1872. Expedition for 
Survey of Euphrates and Tigris, &c, 1850 — 
Observations on Past and Present State of Fire- 
arms, &c, 1852 — Pusso- Turkish Campaigns of 
1828 and 1829, 1854 — Narrative of Euphrates 
Expedition, 1868. 

Chester, — Cathedral, restoration of, com- 
menced, 1868 — completion of tower and nave 
roof celebrated, 25-31 Jan. 1872. 

Chicago, XI. S., — burnt, 28-9 Jan. 1868 — 
again, 8-10 Oct. 1871. 

Chili and Peru, — armistice with Spain con- 
cluded, 187 1 — peace, Feb. 1872. 

China, — scientific explorations of central, by 
Baron von Richthofen, 1868-70 — great earth- 
quake in central, 11 Apr. 1871 — restrictions on 
action of missionaries proposed in despatch to 
foreign ministers, Apr. 1871 — [Tientsin] — 
treaty of friendship and commerce concluded 
with Japan, Mar. 1872. 

Chorley, Henry Fothergill, musical critic, 
miscellaneous writer, — ft. in Lancashire, 15 Dec. 
1808 — comes to London, 1833 — musical critic 
of the Athenccum, 1833 to Aug. 1868 — tf. in 
London, 15 Feb. 1872. Memorials of Mrs 
Hemans, 1836 — Authors of England, 1838 — 



APPENDIX.] 



CHURCH ASSOCIATION— DELHI. 



1475 



Music and Manners in France and Germany, 
{Modem German Criticism,) 1841 — Modem 
German Music, 1854 — Thirty Years of Musical 
Recollections, 1862 — edits Letters of Mary R. 
Mitford, 1872. 

Church. Association, in England, — founded, 
1865. 

Cleasby, Richard, Icelandic scholar, — pro- 
jects his Icelandic Dictionary, before 1840 — 
settles at Copenhagen, 1840 — a", there, aut. 
1 847 . Icelandic-English Dictionary, completed 
by Vigfusson, 1869-71, &c. 

Coal, in Great Britain, — Royal Commission 
of Inquiry on, appointed, 22 Jun. 1866 — Re- 
port published, 27 Jul. 1 87 1. 

Colorado, river, in N. America, — the Great 
Canon explored by Diaz, 1540 — by United 
States expedition under Lieut. Ives, 1857-8 — 
by Calhoun, 1867 — by Powell, sum. 1869 — 
described by Bell, 1870. 

Columbia Market, London, — establishment 
of, authorized and regulation provided for, by 
(Private) Act of Parliament, 1866 — built by 
Baroness Burdett-Coutts, (from designs by 
Darbishire ;) commenced, 1866 — opened, 28 
Apr. 1869 — given by her to corporation of Lon- 
don, Sep. 187 1. 

Congress, United States, — constituted and its 
powers defined by Constitutional Act, s. 1, 1787 
— apportionment of representatives altered by 
laws of 23 May 1850, 4 Mar. 1862, 3 Mar. 1863, 
and Jan. 1872. 

Contagious Diseases Acts, — Report of Royal 
Commission on, published, Jul. 1871. 

Convention Act, Ireland, — prohibiting elec- 
tion or appointment of unlawful assemblies, 
passed by Irish Parliament, 33 Geo. III. c. 
29, 1793. 

Conventual and Monastic Institutions, in 
England, — Select Committee on, appointed, 
1870 — reappointed, Feb. 1871 — first Report 
published, 23 Jun. 1871. 

Convocation, Church of England, — 'Letters 
of Business ' granted to, by the Queen, Feb. 
1872 — meets, 7 Feb. — first synodical act, re- 
solutions respecting liberty of clergy to shorten 
services of the Church adopted, 5 Mar. 

Cooke, Henry, theologian, — b. in Co. Lon- 
donderry, 11 May 1788 — enters Glasgow Coll., 
Nov. 1802 — licensed to preach, 1808 — marries, 
18 14? — enters Trin. Coll. Dublin, aut. 1817 — 
minister of Killyleagh, 1 8 1 8 — Moderator of 
Synod of Ulster, 1824 — removes to Belfast, 
1829— D. D. Jefferson Coll. U. S., Oct. 1829— 
opposes National System of Education in Ire- 
land, 1837, &c. — opposes O'Connell, 1840. — 
Moderator of General Assembly, 1841 — takes 
part in Disruption of Church of Scotland, 1842 
— Prof. Sacred Rhetoric and Pres. of Assembly's 
College, Belfast, Sep. 1847 — Dean of Residence 
for Presbyterian Church, Queen's Coll., 1849 
— & at Belfast, 13 Dec. 1867. 

Coolie (Chinese) Emigration, — begins to 
attract attention, 1853 —regulation of, in British 
vessels, provided for by Act 18 and 19 Vic. c. 
104, 14 Aug. 1855 — freedom of, stipulated by 
Treaty of Tientsin, Oct. i860 — newly regulated 
by Convention between British and Chinese 



governments, 5 Mar. 1866 — negotiations re- 
specting it renewed, 1868-71 — restrictions of, 
from Hong Kong, imposed, 1869. 

Cooper's Hill College, of Civil Engineers, — 
for India, opened, 5 Aug. 1871. 

Copan, in Central America, — ruins of, men- 
tioned by Francisco de P'uentes, 1700 — investi- 
gated for United States' Government by Galindo, 
1836 — surveyed by Stephens, 1839. 

Copyright Association, — formed in London, 
19 Mar. 1872. 

Corea, — American expedition to, May 187 1 
— defeat of Coreans on the Sable by Admiral 
Rogers, 1 Jun.— forts stormed, 11 Jun. 

Cornell University, Ithaca, New YorJc, — 
incorporated, 1865 — opened, 1868. 

Cotton, — cultivation of, in Upper India, on 
Egyptian system, commenced, 1870. 

Cotton Supply Association,— established at 
Manchester, 1857. 

Councils General, in France, — dissolved by 
Gambetta, Dec. 1870 — reelected, 8 Oct. 187 1 
— empowered to act independently in case of 
coup d'etat and illegal dissolution of National 
Assembly, 15 Feb. 1872. 

Court Journal, London weekly paper, — 
established, 1829. 

Crime, in Great Britain, — more effectual 
prevention of, provided for by Act 34 and 35 
Vic. c. 112, 21 Aug. 1 87 1. 

Crosse, Andrew, electrician, — b. in Somer- 
setshire, 17 Jun. 1784 — enters Brasenose Coll. 
Oxford, 1802 — leaves the Univ., Jim. 1805 — 
effects production of crystals of carbonate of 
lime, by electrical action, 1807 — explains his 
discoveries before British Association at Bristol, 
1836 — production of Acari, 1837 — ft., 6 Jul. 

Dardanelles, The, — passage of, newly 
regulated by Imperial decree, Nov. 187 1. 

Darmstadt, — Protestant Congress meets at, 
early in Oct. 1871 — Court Theatre burnt, 24 
Oct. 1 87 1. 

Davies, Mrs C M.,— ft., 1863. History of 
Holland, 1841-4 — Life and Times of F. Quint. 
Ondaatje, 1871. 

Dawison, Bogumil, tragedian, — b. at "War- 
saw, 15 May 1 8 18 — makes his first appearance 
at Polish Theatre, Warsaw, 1837— at Court 
Theatre, Vienna, Oct. 1849 — at Dresden, Jul. 
1852 to 1864— 1j., 1872. 

Day, George Edward, physician, — b. at 
Tenby, 18 15 — B.A. Pembroke Coll. Cambridge, 
1837 — M.A., 1840 — settles in London, 1843— 
M.R.C.P., 1844 — F.R.C.P., 1848 — Chandos 
Prof. Medicine, Univ. of St Andrew's, 1849-63 
— F.R.S., 1850 — joint-founder of Cavendish 
Society, 1846 — and of Pathological Society, 
1847 — If., Feb. 1872. On Diseases of Advanced 
Life, 1849 — Chemistry in its relations to Phy- 
siology and Medicine, i860 — translations of 
VogeVs Pathological Anatomy, 1847 — Leh- 
mann's Physiological Chemistry, 1848 — Roli- 
tanskys Manual of Fathological Anatomy, 
1854, &c. 

Delhi, — Camp of Exercise formed at, 20 Dec. 
1 87 1 — visited by the Viceroy, Lord Mayo, 8-12 
93 * 



r 47 6 



DENISON-ELLENBOROTTGH. 



[APPENDIX. 



Jan. 1872 — by King of Siam, 24 Jan. — breaks 
up, 1 Feb. 

Denison, Edward, philanthropist, — 0. at 
Salisbury, 1840 — travels, 1862-66 — called to 
the bar at Lincoln's Inn, 1867 — as Agent of 
Society for Eelief of Distress, resides at Mile- 
End, 1867-8 — M.P. Newark, Nov. 1868 — 
visits Jersey, 1869 — tf. at Melbourne, in Aus- 
tralia, 26 Jan. 1870. Letters and other 
Writings, 1872. 

Denison, Sir William Thomas, Governor 
of Madras, — ft., 1804 — enters the army, Mar. 
1826 — Captain, Royal Engineers, 1841 — Knt, 
and Lieut. -governor of Van Diemen's Land, 
Jun. 1846 — Lieut. -Col., 13 Dec. 1854 — Go- 
vernor-general of N. S. Wales, 1854-60 — Col., 
13 Dec. 1857— Governor of Madras, Nov. i860 
to Mar. 1866 — Acting Viceroy of India, Nov. 
1863 to Jan. 1864 — Major-general, 7 Nov. 
1868— tf. at East Sheen, 19 Jan. 1871. 

Denmark, — reorganization of army provided 
for, by Act of the Rigsdag, 6 Jul. 1867 — visit 
of King and Queen to Rome, Mar. 1872. 

Diamonds, — found in xanthophyllite, by 
Jeremejeio, 1871 — isolated by Helmerson, 
187 1. [Cape Colony.] 

Dilapidations, Ecclesiastical, in England, 
— law relating to, amended by Act 34 and 35 
Vic. c. 43, 13 Jul. 187 1. 

Dissenters' Chapels, in the United King- 
dom, — suits relating to, and to other property 
held for religious purposes by Dissenters, re- 
gulated by Act 7 and 8 Vic. c. 45, 19 Jul. 
1844. 

Dogs, in Great Britain, — further protection 
against, provided by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 56, 
24 Jul. 1 87 1. 

Donkin, William Fishburn, astronomer, — 
ft., about 1810— M.A. Univ. Coll. Oxford, 
1836 — Savilian Prof. Astronomy, 1842— Xf. at 
Oxford, 15 Nov. 1869. 

Dredging, Deep Sea, — expeditions directed 
by Dr Carpenter and Sir W. Thomson, 1868- 
9-70 — American expedition, by Agassiz, sets 
out, Dec. 187 1. 

Duban, Jacques Felix, architect, archaeo- 
logist, — ft. at Paris, 14 Oct. 1797 — obtains the 
grand prize, 1823 — Chevalier of Legion of 
Honour, 1836 — studies in Italy, 1824-9 — 
architect of the Louvre, 1848-54 — Officer of 
Legion of Honour, 1851 — member of Institute, 
1854 — Inspector-general of Civil Buildings, 
1854 — Commander of Legion of Honour, 1868 
— tf. at Paris, Sep. 1871. Continues Palais des 
Beaux-Arts, from 1834 — restorations of Cha- 
teau de Blois, 1845. 

Dublin, — Fenian riots at, 6 Aug. and 3 Sep. 
1 87 1 . Exhibition Palace, erected, 1 865. Water- 
works, completed, May 1868. 

Dublin Gazette, {official,) — commenced, 
about 17 1 1. 

Dublin Review, quarterly, — commenced by 
O'Connell and Wiseman, 1836. 

Dumas, Alexandre, novelist, — buried at 
Villers-Cotteret, 16 Apr. 1872. 

Durand, Sir Henry Marion, Lieutenant- 
Governor of the Punjab, — ft., 1812 — 
enters the army, (Bengal Engineers,) 12 Jun. 



1828 — serves in Afghan War, and distinguishes 
himself at storming of Ghuznee, 23 Jul. 1839 
— in England, appointed aide-de-camp to Lord 
Ellenborough, 1 842 — accompanies him to India, 
Feb. 1842 — private secretary to Lord Ellen- 
borough, 1 842 — Captain, 1 2 Jun. 1 843 — 
marries, 1843 — serves in Gwalior campaign, 
Dec. 1843 — a ^ battles of Chilianwallah, 13 
Jan. 1849 — and Gujerat, 21 Feb. — Brevet- 
major, 7 Jun. — political agent at Court of 
Scindia, 1849 — Resident at Nagpore, 1853 — 
visits England, 1853-6 — Lieut.-Col., 28 Nov. 
1 854— agent to Governor-general at Court of 
Holkar, Indore, 1857 — escapes from mutineers, 
1 Jul. 1857 — takes part in attack on Dhar, 22 
Oct. 1857 — m operations at Neemuch and 
Mundisore, Nov. 1857 — loses his wife, 1857 — 
C.B., 1858— Col., 20 Jul. 1858— member of 
Council for India, 1858-61 — marries again, 
about 1859-60 — military member of Council of 
the Governor-general, 1865 — Majoi'-general, 1 
Mar. 1867 — Lieut. -governor of the Punjab, 
1870 — sets out on tour in the Punjab, end of 
1870 — accidentally killed, at Tonk, 1 Jan. 
1871. 

Durham, — visited by Emperor and Empress 
of Brazil, 4 Aug. 1871. Cathedral, restored, 
1858-63, &c. 

Diisseldorf, — Academy burnt, Mar. 1872. 

Dynamite, compound of Nitro-glycerine, — 
introduced by Nobel, 1864. 

Dyslite. [Eulyte and Dyslite.] 

Dzoungaria, {Changaria,) Dzoungars, Mon- 
golian tribe, — war with the Chinese, the 
country conquered, 1756-9 — fugitives return, 
1770 — rebellion of Mongols, who throw off go- 
vernment of Chinese, and become independent, 
1864 — conquered and annexed by Russia, sum. 
1871. 

Ecclesiastical Titles, in England, — Act pro- 
hibiting assumption of, repealed by 34 and 35 
Vic. c. 53, 24 Jul. 187 1. 

Economist, The, London weekly Journal, — 
commenced, 2 Sep. 1843. 

Edinburgh, — meeting of British Association 
at, 2 Aug. 1 87 1. 

Edinburgh Gazette, {official,) — established 
by Act of Parliament, 1690. 

Education League, National, — in England, 
established at Birmingham, Oct. 1869. In 
Ireland, established, early in 187 1. Scottish, 
founded, Feb. 1872. 

Education Union, National, in England, — 
established, aut. 1869. 

Egypt, — Constitution, with representative 
legislature, established by Ismael Pasha, Nov. 
1866. 

Electric Light. [Lighthouses.] 

Ellenborough, Edward Law, 1st Earl of, 
Governor-general of India, — ft., 8 Sfp. 
1790 — M.A. St John's Coll. Cambridge, 1809 
— marries, 1813 — M.P. StMichael's, 1814-18 — 
succeeds his father as 2nd Baron, Dec. 181 8 — ■ 
Lord Privy Seal, Jan. 1828 — Fres. Board of 
Control, Aug. 1828 to Nov. 1830 — again, Nov. 
1834 to Apr. 1835 — third time, Sep. 1841— 
Governor-general of India, Oct. 1841 — arrives 



I 



APPENDIX.] 



ELLIOT— FRANCE. 



1477 



at Calcutta, 28 Feb. 1842— [Afghan War]— 
his proclamation from Simla, for withdrawal 
of British army, 1 Oct. 1842 — proclamation 
about gates of Soranauth, Nov. 1842 — annexes 
Sinde, Jun. 1 843 — conquers Gwalior, Dec. 
1843 — recalled by E. I. Company, sum. 
1 844 — receives thanks of both Houses of Par- 
liament, sum. 1844 — created Earl of Ellen- 
borough and Viscount Southam, Oct. 1844 — 
First Lord of the Admiralty, close of 1845 to 
Jun. 1 846 — Pres. Board of Control, Feb. to Jun. 
1858 — in secret despatch censures Lord Can- 
ning's policy in India, spring 1858 — tf. at 
Southam Delabere, in Gloucestershire, 22 Dec. 
1871. 

Elliot, Hugh, Governok of Madras, di- 
plomatist, — ft., Apr. 1752 — studies in Military 
School, Paris, 1765-6 — at Edinburgh Univ., 
1766 — enters Christ Church Coll. Oxford, 1768 
— goes to Vienna, "Warsaw, and Constantinople, 
1772 — Plenipotentiary to Court of Bavaria, 
Apr. 1774 — to Berlin, Apr. 1777 — marries, 
1779 — ambassador to Copenhagen, 1782-90 — 
divorces his wife, 1783 — ambassador to Saxony, 
1 7 92- 1 802 — marries again, between 1792-6 ? — 
ambassador to Naples, May 1 803-6 — Governor 
of the Leeward Islands, 1809 — Governor of 
Madras, 1814-20 — visits Napoleon I. at St 
Helena, 1820 — tj. in London, 2 Dec. 1830. 

Encyclopedic French, — projected and 
edited by Diderot, 1751-65. 

Ephesus,— investigations of Guhl, published, 
1843 — explorations of Falkener, 1845— pub- 
lished, 1862 — explorations of Wood, begin, 
1863 — site of temple of Artemis (Diana) dis- 
covered by Wood, early in 1871 — marbles 
from, received at British Museum, Apr. 1872. 

Erfurt, — monastery partly burnt, Luther's 
cell, with his Bible, &c, destroyed, Mar. 1872. 

Eulyte and Dyslite, — obtained by Baup, 
1 85 1 — investigated by Bassett, 187 1-2. 

Factories and Workshops, in England, — 
laws relating to, amended by Acts 34 and 35 
Vic. c. 19, (Jews,) 25 May, and c. 104, 21 Aug. 
1871. 

Fairs, in England, — law relating to, amend- 
ed by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 12, 25 May 1871. 

Fane, Julian, — ft. at Florence, 2 Oct. 1827 
— attached to his father's mission at Berlin, 
1844 — enters Trin. Coll. Cambridge, 1847 — 
leaves Cambridge, 1850 — attached to British 
embassy at Vienna, 1851 — first paid attache, 
1853 — attached to special mission of Lord 
Clarendon, at Paris, 1856 — Secretary of Em- 
bassy at St Petersburg, 1856— at Vienna, 1858, 
and at Paris, 1865 — returns to England, mar- 
ries Lady Adine Cowper, 1866 — loses his wife, 
1868— If. in London, 18 Apr. 1870. Poems, 
1852. 

Fanti, Manfredo, general, — ft. at Carpi, in 
Modena, 24 Feb. i8o6, a about i8io b — enters 
Military Academy of Modena, 1828 — serves 
against Austrians, 1831 — fights at Bimini, 25 
Mar., and is captured at Ancona, soon after : 
liberated, 1832 — serves in French army, 1832- 
5 — enters Spanish army and distinguishes him- 
self against Carlists, 1835, &c. — Major-general 



of insurgent army in Lombardy, 1848 — saves 
the life of King Charles Albert, at Milan, Aug. 
1848 — Major-general in Sardinian army, 1848 
— serves in campaign of 1849— in Crimean 
War, 1855— takes part in reorganization of 
the army, 1855-9— deputy to Sardinian parlia- 
ment, about 1 856 — as General of Division, 
takes part in war against Austria, 1859 — con- 
tributes to victory of Magenta, 4 Jun. 1859 — 
takes part in battle of Solferino, 24 Jun. — 
Commander of united forces of central Italy, 
resigns command in Sardinian army, Oct. 1859 
—Minister of Marine and of the Army, 21 
Jan. i860— Senator, Feb. — resigns, and' with 
Gen. Cialdini prepares expedition to the Ro- 
magna, Sep. i860 — takes Perugia, 14 Sep. — 
captures army of Gen. Lamoriciere at Castel- 
Fidardo, 18 Sep. — retires from office, Jun. 
1861 — "a. at Florence, 5 Apr. 1865. 

a Conv.-Lex. b Vapereau. 

Fenians, — Head Constable Talbot shot at 
Dublin, 11 Jul. 187 1 — amnesty meeting at 
Dublin, conflict with police, 3 Sep. 187 1 — raid 
into Manitoba, suppressed by United States 
troops, and Gen. O'Neill arrested, 12 Oct. 
1871. 

Field, Edwin Wilkins, Law Reformer, — fc. 
at Learn, near Warwick, 12 Oct. 1804 — ad- 
mitted to practise as attorney and solicitor, 
Michas. 1826 — marries, 1830— loses his wife; 
marries again, 1833 — begins his services as 
law reformer, 1 840 — recommends concentration 
of Courts of Justice, 1841-2 — takes leading 
part in promoting Dissenters' Chapel Bill, 1842- 
4 — takes part in establishing Flaxman Gallery 
at Univ. Coll. London, 1847-52 — promotes 
establishment of University Hall, London, 1848- 
9 — one of the founders of the Metropolitan 
and Provincial Law Association, 1848 — pro- 
motes Artists' Copyright Bill, 1857-62 — mem- 
ber of Royal Commission on constitution of 
Accountant-general's Department of Court of 
Chancery, Feb. 1861 to Feb. 1864 — Secretary 
to Commission to approve a plan for new Law 
Courts, 1865 — stakes part in establishing Slade 
School of Art, Univ. Coll., 1868-7 1— drowned in 
the Thames, 30 Jul. 187 1. Observations on De- 
fects in the Offices, §c. , of Equity Courts, 1 840 — 
Chancery Reform, 1841 — Recent and Future 
Law Reforms, 1843 — Observations on Limited 
Liability Partnerships, &c, 1854 — Economical 
Considerations on the Advocacy of the Bar, &c, 
1856 — Law Reform. What should a Minister 
of Justice do ? 1857. 

Fiji (Vigi) Islands, Pacific Ocean, — dis- 
covered by Tasman, 1643— visited by Cook, 
1777 — by Captain Bligh of the Bounty, 1789 
and 1792 — Wesleyan mission established in, 
1835 — cession of sovereignty to Queen Victoria 
proposed by King Thakombau, 1859 — Govern- 
ment Commissioners sent to inquire, (Seemann . 
and Smythe,) 1861 — attack on British consul 
on his visiting the Piri, (slave ship,) 6 Dec. 
1871. 

Fine Arts' Quarterly Review, — originated 
and edited by B. B. Woodward, 1863-5. 

France, — 1871 : evacuation of three De- 
partments by German troops, 23 Jul. — National 



1478 



ERASER'S MAGAZINE— GRATRY. 



[appendix. 



Assembly votes itself Constituent, 30 Aug., and 
M. Thiers made President of the French Re- 
public, 31 Aug. — indemnity to invaded De- 
partments provided by bill passed by National 
Assembly, 1 1 Sep. — evacuation of Department 
of the Seine by Germans, 20 Sep. — evacuation 
of territory and payment of indemnity provided 
for and regulated by three conventions signed 
at Berlin, 12 Oct., ratified at Paris, 20 Oct., 
and approved by the Reichstag, 27 Oct. — state 
of siege proclaimed in Departments occupied by 
Germans, 5 Dec. 

1872 ; formation of Chamber of Reserve 
for government in case of coup d'etat, resolved 
on by National Assembly, 6-7 Feb. [Councils 
General.] 

Fraser's Magazine, London, — commenced, 
1830. 

Frere, John Hookham, humourist, trans- 
lator of Aristophanes, — b. in London, 21 May 
1769 — B.A. Caius Coll. Cambridge, 1792 — 
M.A., 1795 — enters the Foreign Office, 1795 — 
M.P. West Looe, Nov. 1796-1802— Under- 
secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1799 — 
envoy extraord. to Portugal, Oct. 1800 — to 
Spain, 6 Sep. 1802 to Aug. 180.4 — Privy Coun- 
cillor, 1804— Minister Plenipotentiary to Spain, 
4 Oct. 1808 — recalled, Aug. 1809 — retires 
from public life ; marries Dowager Countess 
of Erroll, 12 Sep. 18 16 — settles in Malta, Apr. 
1821 — loses his wife, Jan. 1831 — tf. in Malta, 
7 Jan. 1846. Contributes to Anti-Jacobin, 
1797-8 — King Arthur and his Round Table, 
(under pseudonym of ' Whistlecraft,') 1817 — 
Translations from Aristophanes, 1840 — Theog- 
nis Pestitutus, 1842. 

Fulda, — Conference of German bishops at, 
under presidency of Abp of Cologne, 10- 11 
Apr. 1872. 

Gaming Tables, Public, in France, — sup- 
pressed, from 1 Jan. 1838. 

Gar, Tommaso, historical scholar, — b. at 
Trent, 1808 — studies at Vienna, 1835 — Libra- 
rian to Univ. of Florence, 1847 — representative 
of Republic of Venice at Paris, 1848— at Flor- 
ence, 1848 — deprived of his librarianship and 
banished to Trent, 1 849 — Town Librarian 
there and Keeper of the Museum, 1849 ? — 
Director of National Seminary at Porta Nuova, 
Milan, 1861 — Librarian of Univ. of Naples, 
1863 — Director of General Archives of Venice, 
1867 — Pros, of the Academy, 1868 — tf. at 
Venice, Aug. 187 1. Joint-editor of Archivio 
Storieo Italiano, 1842, &c. — Biblioteca Trentina, 
i860 — Letture di Bibliologia, 1868. 

Gasser, Hans, sculptor, — b. in Carinthia, 
1817 — settles at Vienna, 1851 — tf- at Pesth, 
24 Apr. 1868. Statue of Wieland, Weimar, 

'857- 

Gastein, — Conference of Emperors of Ger- 
many and Austria at, mid. Aug. 1871. 

German Empire, [North German Confeder- 
ation] — King AVilham of Prussia proclaimed 
German Emperor, at Versailles, 18 Jan. 187 1 — 
meeting of first Reichsrath, at Berlin, 21 Mar. 
— Constitution proclaimed, 16 Apr. — Public 
Thanksgiving for success in Franco-German 



War, celebrated, 18 Jun. — establishment of 
Imperial War Fund enacted by Reichstag, 6 
Nov. — introduction of new (Imperial) coinage 
provided for, by law passed 1 8 Nov. 

Glasgow Herald, daily newspaper, — com- 
menced as weekly paper, 1782. 

Glinka, Michael, musical composer, — b. near 
Smolensko, 1804 — tf. at Berlin, 15 Feb. 1857. 
Life- for the Czar, 1836. 

Godwin, Benjamin, theologian, — b. at Bath, 
10 Oct. 1 7 85— marries, 1806 — pastor of a Bap- 
tist congregation, 1808 — Classical and Mathe- 
matical Tutor at Horton (now Rawdon) 
College, 1822-34 — takes active part in Anti- 
Slavery movement, 1826-35 — assists in found- 
ing Bradford Observer, 1833 — settles as pastor 
at Oxford, 1838— D.D. Univ. of Columbia, 
1842 — retires, 1846 — loses his wife, 1863 — , 
Pres. at meeting of Baptist Union, 10 Oct. 
1865 — tf. at Rawdon, 20 Feb. 187 1. Lectures 
on Colonial Slavery, 1830 — Lectures on the 
Atheistic Controversy, 1834 — Examination of 
JDr Pusey's Sermon on the Eucharist, 1843. 

Gold Coast, — Dutch possessions on the, 
ceded to Great Britain, by treaty ratified 7 
Jul. 187 1. 

Goldstiicker, Theodor, Sanskrit scholar, — 
b. at Konigsberg, 1821 — conies to England, 
1850 — commences a Sanskrit Encyclopaedia, 
founded on Wilson's Sanscrit Dictionary r , 1850 
— Prof. Sanskrit, Univ. Coll. London, 1852 — • 
superintends preparation of photolithographic 
edition of the Mahubhushya, 1870-2 — Pres. 
Philological Society, 187 1 — a", in London, 6 
Mar. 1872. German translation of the Pra- 
bodha-Chandrodaya, 1842 — Sanskrit English 
Dictionary, (6 parts,) 1856-63 — contributes to 
English Cyclopcedia, 1856-61- — contributes to 
Chambers's Encyclopedia, (articles on Hindu 
Philosophy and Mythology,) between 1859-68 
— Panini, and his place in Sanskrit Literature, 
with facsimile edition of the Mdnava-kalpasu- 
tra, 1861— Essay on the ' Mahdbhurata,' 1868 
— On the Deficiencies in the present adminis- 
tration of Hindu Law, 1871. 

Govone, Giuseppe, general, — b., about 1826 
— Lieut, in the Staff Corps of Sardinian army, 
1 845 — distinguishes himself at siege of Genoa, 
1849 — Captain, 1853 — sent to report on mili- 
tary operations on the Danube, 1853 — wound- 
ed at Balaclava, Oct. 1 854 — serves with dis- 
tinction at the Tchernaya, and before Sebas- 
topol, 1855 — takes part in campaign against 
Austria, 1859 — Lieutenant-general, about 
1863 ? — employed in negotiating alliance of 
Italy with Prussia, 1 866 — distinguishes himself 
at Custozza, 24 Jun. 1866 — member of Cham- 
ber of Deputies, about 1868 — Minister of War, 
1869 — becomes insane, 1871 — tf. at Alba, in 
Piedmont, 26 Jan. 1872. 

Grammar Schools, in England, — further 
regulations respecting, by Act 23 Vic. c. 11, 
31 Mar. i860. 

Gratry, Auguste Joseph Alphonse, {Pero 
Gratry,) theologian, — b. at Lille, 30 Mar. 1805 
— enters the Ecole Poly technique, 1825 — Di- 
rector of College Stanislas, 1841 — member of 
Legion of Honour, 1845 — Almoner to Ecole 



APPENDIX.] 



GRILLPARZER— LLTTSTRATED LONDON" NEWS. 



H79 



Normale Superieure, 1846-52 — with. Abbe Pe- 
tetot, reorganizes Oratorians of the Immaculate 
Conception, 1852, &c. — Prof. Evangelical 
Morality, the Sorbonne, 1863 — received at 
French Academy, Mar. 1867 — censured by 
Superior of Oratorians for his adherence to 
liberal principles, 1869— tf. at Montreux, in 
Switzerland, 5 Feb. 1872. De la connaissance 
de Dieu, 1855 — Bogique, 1856 — De la connais- 
sance de Vume, 1857 — Philosophie du Credo, 
1 86 1 — Les Sources, 1 861-2 — Jesus-Christ, 
1864 — La Morale et la hi de Vhistoire, 1868. 

Grillparzer, Franz, poet, — fc. at Vienna, 15 
Jan. 1 79 1 — enters the public service, 181 3— 
visits Italy, 18 19 — travels in Germany, 1826 
— Director of Archives to Court Chamber, 
1833-56 — visits Constantinople and Greece, 
!843 — travels in Germany, 1847 — Imperial 
Councillor for life, 1861 — tf. at Vienna, 21 
Jan. 1872. Ahnfrau, 18 16 — Sappho, 18 19 — 
Das goldene Vlies, 1822 — Ebnig Ottokars Gliick 
mid Ende, 1825 — Des Ifeeres und der Liebe 
Wellen, 1840 — Der Traum, ein Leben, 1840 — 
Der Spielmann, 1840 — Radetzky, 1848. 

Guard, National, of France, — dissolution of, 
provided for, by law passed by National As- 
sembly, Aug. 1 87 1. 

Guardian, The, London weekly paper, — 
established, 21 Jun. 1846. 

Gun Cotton, — Punshon's, for small arms, 
invented, 1870— improved, 1872. 

Halleck, Henry Wager, general, — fc. in 
New York State, 18 19 — graduates at West 
Point, 1839 — First Lieut., 1845 — Captain, 
2847 — Chief of the Staff to Commander Shu- 
brick, 1847-8 — aids in framing constitution of 
California, 1849 — Captain of Engineers, 1853 
— quits the army and commences practice of 
law, 1854 — resigns his practice and is appoint- 
ed Major-general, Aug. 1861 — besieges and 
occupies Corinth, May 1862 — takes possession 
of Chattanooga, about 15 Jun. — Commander- 
in-chief, 11 Jul. — Secretary of State for War, 
8 Sep. — retires, Mar. 1864 — tf. at Louisville, 
Kentucky, 9 Jan. 1872. Elements of Military 
Art and Science, 1846 — Lnternational Law, 
1861. 

Hamburg, — privileged to remain a free port, 
1868 — the privilege confirmed by Constitution 
of German Empire, 16 Apr. 187 1. 

Hampstead Heath, near London, — owner- 
ship of, transferred to Metropolitan Board of 
Works, by Act of Parliament passed 29 Jun. 
1 87 1 — conveyance of Manorial rights executed, 
and possession taken, Dec. 1871. 

Hardwick, Philip, architect, — b. in London, 
15 Jun. 1792 — student R.A., 1808 — architect 
to Bethlehem and Bridewell Hospitals, 1816- 
36 — visits France and Italy, 1818-19— begins 
to practise, 18 19 — architect to St Katherine's 
Dock Company, 1825 — to St Bartholomew's 
Hospital, 1827-56— to Goldsmiths' Company, 
1829 — F.R.S., 1828 — Joint-founder of 
R...B.A., 1835 — A.R. A., Nov. 1839 — R. A., 
Feb. 1 84.1 — Treasurer, R.A., 1850-61 — receives 
Queen's gold medal ofR.I.B.A., 1854— Hono- 
rary Retired Academician, 1 868 — tf. at Wimble- 



don, 28 Dec. 1 870. Hall of the Goldsmiths' Com- 
pany, finished, 1835 — Portico, Euston Station, 
1838 — with his son, New Hall and Library 
Lincoln's Lnn, 1842-5. 

Harness, William, theologian, miscellaneous 
writer, — b. in Hampshire, 14 Mar. 1790 — 
B.A. Christ's Coll. Cambridge, 1813 — takes 
holy orders, about 1814 — Boyle Lecturer, 1822 
— Minister of Regent Square Chapel, St Pan- 
eras, 1825-45— Vicar of All Saints, Knights- 
bridge, 1848— tf. Prebendary of St Paul's, at 
Battle, 11 Nov. 1869. Boyle Lectures, 1822 
— Edition of Shakespeare, 1825 — Memoir of 
Mary R. Mitford, 1870. 

Havannah, in Cuba, — disturbances at, 8 
medical students tried by Court Martial, at in- 
stigation of ' Cuban Volunteers,' and shot, 34 
imprisoned, 26-27 Nov. 1871. 

Hayter, Sir George, painter, ^ — fi. in London, 
1792 — Miniature Painter to Princess Charlotte, 
1 8 15 — studies at Rome, 18 16-19 — member of 
Academy of St Luke, 18 19 — visits Italy and 
France, 1826-31 — Historical Painter to Queen 
Victoria, 1837 — Principal Painter in Ordinary 
to the Queen, 1841 — Knt, 1842 — tf. in London, 
18 Jan. 1871. 

Herapath, William, chemist, toxicologist, — 
fj. at Bristol, 1796 — assists in founding Medical 
School, Bristol, and is appointed Prof. Chem- 
istry, 1828 — his first investigation of case of 
poisoning, 1835 — one of the founders of 
Chemical Society of London, and Fellow, 
1 841— tf. at Bristol, 13 Feb. 1868. 

Herapath, William Bird, physician, chemist, 
#'c, — b., 1820 — M.B. London Univ., 1844 — 
M.D., 1 85 1— tf. at Bristol, 12 Oct. 1868. 

Hinds, Samuel, Bp op Norwich, — 6. in 
Barbadoes, 1793 — B.A. Queen's Coll. Oxford, 
1 8 15 — Chaplain to Abp Whately, 1843 — ta 
Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, 1 846 — Dean of 
Carlisle, 1848 — Bp of Norwich, 1849 — resigns 
the see, .1857 — tf. in London, 7 Feb. 1872. 
Rise and Early Progress of Christianity, 1828 
— Nature and Extent of Lnspiration, 1831 — 
Poems, 1834. 

Holl, William, engraver, — b\, about 1807 — 
tf. in London, 30 Jan. 187 1. 

Hong-Kong, — licensed gaming-houses closed, 
20 Jan. 1872. 

Hudson, George, the i Railway Xing,'—b. 
at York, about 1800 — becomes Chairman of 
York and N. Midland Railway Co., 1837 — 
M.P. Sunderland, 1845-59 — erection of a 
statue to him proposed, 1849 — n * 3 frauds in 
railway management discovered, 1849 — &• m 
London, 14 Dec. 1871. 

Hunt, James, anthropologist, — fc. at Swan- 
age, in Dorsetshire, 1833 — member of Ethno- 
logical Society, London, 1854 — of Royal 
Society of Literature, 1854 — Ph.D. Giessen, 
1855 — founds Anthropological Society, 1862-3 
— Pres., 1863 — M.D. honoris causa, Giessen, 
1867 — tf. at Hastings, 29 Aug. 1869. Philo- 
sophy of Voice and Speech, 1859 — Stammering 
and Stuttering, 1861. 

Illustrated London News, weekly,— com- 
menced by Ingram, 14 May 1842. 



14S0 



INDIA— KIRKE. 



[appendix. 



India, British, [Mayo, Lord] — Lord 
Noethbrook. appointed Viceroy, Feb. 1872. 

India Stocks, — payment of dividends on, 
facilitated by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 29, 29 Jun. 
1871. 

Indian Navy, — constituted by conversion of 
Bombay Marine, 1832 — abolished, 1862. 

Indus, The, — surveys of, by "Wood, 1835, &c. 
— by. Carless, about 1838 — by Selby, 1846. 

Industrial and Provident Societies, in 
England, — law relating to, amended and ex- 
plained by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 80, 16 Aug. 
1871. 

Infallibility of the Pope. [Vatican, Coun- 
cil of the.'] 

Insurance Companies, Life, — Act of 1870 
relating to, amended by 34 and 35 Vic. c. 58, 
24 Jul. 1 87 1. 

International, The, {International Working 
Men's Association,) — originated in London, 
28 Sep. 1864 — first meeting held there, 5 Oct. 
1 864 — Congress appointed to be held at Brus- 
sels, 1865, but prevented by passing of Alien 
Act: Conference in London, Sep. 1865 — Con- 
gress at Geneva, Sep. 1866, rules and regula- 
tions settled : introduced in Spain, 1869 — Con- 
gress at Saragossa, 7 Apr. — Congress at Geneva, 
Jul. 1869 — organized in Spain, Congress held 
at Barcelona, Jun. 1870 — takes part in Com- 
munal insurrection at Paris, Mar. to May 
1 87 1 — formation of societies affiliated to, in 
France, prohibited by decree of National As- 
sembly, 8 Aug. 1 87 1 — Secret Conference of 
delegates, in London, 17-26 Sep. 1871 — com- 
mon action of European states against, pro- 
posed by Spanish government, 9 Feb. 1872 — 
declined by British government, 8 Mar. — pro- 
scribed in France, by law passed by National 
Assembly, 14 Mar. 1872. 

International Exhibitions, at£. Kensington, 
— first of annual, opens, 1 May 1871. 

Ireland, Church of, — Committee for revision 
of formularies appointed, aut. 187 1 — Minutes 
laid before General Synod, Apr. 1872 — conse- 
cration of first bishop elected since disestablish- 
ment, at St Patrick's Cathedral, 14 Apr. 1872. 
Iron and Steel Institute, London, — estab- 
lished, 1869. 

Italy, Kingdom of, — reorganization of 
army provided for by Act of Parliament, 21 
Jan. 1871. 

Japan,— civil war between the Mikado and 
the Tycoon, Apr. and May 1868 — public re- 
ception of Duke of Edinburgh by the Mikado, 
22 Sep. 1869 — revolution in, suppression of 
Hans and Daimios, (feudal territorial princes,) 
by the Mikado, Sep. 1871 — important social 
and educational reforms commenced, 187 1-2 — 
treaty of friendship and commerce with China, 
concluded, Mar. 1872 — assassination of the 
Mikado attempted at Jeddo, 26 Mar. 1872. 

Japanese Embassy, — to America and Eu- 
rope, arrives at Washington, 1 Mar. 1872. 

Jelf, Richard William, Principal of King's 
College, London, — fc., about 1798 — B.A. 
Oxford, 1820 — Fellow of Oriel Coll., M.A., 



1823 —ordained priest, 1824 — Public Ex- 
aminer, 1825 — private tutor to Prince George 
of Cumberland, 1826-39 — Canon of Christ 
Church, 1831 — D.D., 1839 — Bampton Lec- 
turer, 1844 — Principal of King's College, 
London, 1844-68 — rj. at Oxford, 19 Sep. 1871. 
Sermons preached abroad, 1835 — Means of 
Grace, (Bampton Lectures,) 1844 — edition of 
Bp Jewel's Works, 1848 — Grounds for laying 
before the Council of King's College certain 
Statements in Theological Essays of the Rev. 
E. B. Maurice, 1853 — Evidence of Unsoundness 
in * Essays and Reviews' 1861. 

Jesuits, The, — establish themselves in 
Guatemala, 1842 — expelled, aut. 1871 — settle- 
ment and teaching of, in Switzerland, prohibited 
by National Council, Dec. 187 1 — the prohibi- 
tion confirmed by Council of the States, Feb. 
1872. 

' John Bull,' London weekly paper, — com- 
menced, 17 Dec. 1820. 

Journal des Bebats, Faris, — founded by 
Bertin, 21 Jan. 1800 — is compelled to take title 
of Journal de I'Empire, 1805 to 31 Mar. 1814 
— confiscated by Napoleon I., 18 and 24 Feb. 
1 81 1 — restored to Bertin, 18 14 — again named 
Journal de I'Empire, 21 Mar. to 7 Jul. 1815. 

Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, 
—dispatch of business by, further provided for, 
by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 91, 21 Aug. 1871. 

Julien, Bernard Romain, lithographic artist, 
— f>. at Bayonne, 1802 — tt. there, 3 Dec. 187 1. 
His first Etude a deux crayons, 1840. 

Juries, — in England, Act of 1870 altered, (s. 
22 repealed,) by 34 and 35 Vic. c. 2, 30 Mar. 
1 87 1. In Ireland, laws relating to, amended 
and consolidated by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 65, 
14 Aug. 1 87 1. 

Kashgar, in E. Turkistan, — visited by 
Marco Polo, about 1273 — by Adolph Schlagint- 
weit, who is murdered there, Aug. 1857 — by 
Hayward, wint. 1868-9 — ^y Shaw, who is 
received in state by the Atalik Ghazee, Feb. to 
Mar. 1869. 

1 Kaspar Hauser,' — the story asserted to be 
a fraudulent invention, by Dr Meyer, 1872. 

Khokand, in Central Asia, — visited by 
Vambery, spring 1863 — scientific exploration 
of, and of neighbouring countries, by Fedt- 
chenko, 1871. 

Kiel, in Holstein, — establishment of Naval 
Academy at, authorized by Imperial Decree, 5 
Mar. 1872. 

Kirke, Sir Bavid, Conqueror of Canada, 
— commands expedition against French set- 
tlements in Canada, and captures De Eoque- 
mont and his fleet in the St Lawrence, 1627 — 
burnt in effigy at Paris, soon after : in a second 
expedition takes Quebec and is master of the 
country, 1629 — obtains grant of Newfoundland, 
and settles there as Governor, 1638— offers aid 
to Prince Rupert, about 1650 — cited before the 
Council, 1 65 1, and is deprived of the ordnance 
and forts in the island : ft., 1655-6 — bis family 
deprived of their estates in Newfoundland, by 
Charles II., after May 1660. 



appendix.] 'KNOW-NOTHING' PARTY— LORDS-LIEUTENANT. 



148) 



' Know-Nothing ' Party, in United States, 
— publish their platform of principles, 15 Jun. 

1855. 

Kookas, {Kukas,) Reformed Sikhs, — the 
sect originated by Baluk Singh, about 1847 — 
increase in numbers under Ram Singh, from 
i860 — [Umritsur] — outbreak of, in the Pun- 
jab, suppressed, many seized and blown from 
guns, without trial, 16-17 ^ an ' I %1 2 — R am 
Singh captured and taken to Calcutta, 1 1 Mar. 
1872, and deported to Rangoon. 

4 Kriegs- Spiel,' {War-Game,) — devised by 
Reitzovitz, of Berlin, about 1815-20 — intro- 
duced in England, early in 1872. 

Krupp Gun, of Cast Steel, — exhibited at 
Great Exhibition, London, 1851 — of 50-tons 
weight, at Paris Exhibition, 1867. 

Kuen-Luen Mountains, in Central Asia, — 
crossed by the brothers Schlagintweit, Aug. 
1856. 

i Ku-Klux-Klan,' — disturbances caused by, 
in S. Carolina, martial law proclaimed, Oct. 
1871. 

Laing, Alexander, poet,— h. at Brechin, 14 
May 1787 — tf. there, 14 Oct. 1857. Archie 
Allan, 1827 — Wayside Flowers, 1846. 

Lamb, Lady Caroline, {Ponsonby,) novelist, 
— h., about 1 786 — marries Hon. William Lamb, 
(afterwards Viscount Melbourne,) 3 Jun. 1805 
— separates from her husband, about 1825 — 
ft. in London, 26 Jan. 1828. Glenarvon, 
1 8 16 — A new Canto, 18 19 — Graham Hamil- 
ton, 1822. 

Lancet, The, London Medical Journal, — 
commenced by Wakley, 3 Oct. 1823. 

Law Officers of the Crown, in England, — 
remuneration of, newly regulated by Treasury 
Minute, 14 Dec. 1871. 

Law Reporting, Council of, in England, — 
established, Nov. 1864. 

Lectionary, {Table of Lessons,) New, in 
Church of England, — authorized and regulated 
by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 37, 13 Jul. 1871. 

Lee, Robert, theologian, — 6. at Tweedmouth, 
in Durham, 11 Nov. 1804 — studies at Univ. of 
St Andrew's, 1824-32 — licensed to preach, early 
in 1832 — Minister of Campsie, 1836 — removes 
to Edinburgh, (Old Grey Friars' Church,) Nov. 
1843 — D.D. St Andrew's, 1844 — appointed 
Prof. Biblical Criticism and Antiquities, 
Edinburgh Univ., 30 Jan. 1847 — member of 
General Assembly, 1852 — his first attempts at 
reform of Church services made, 1857 — cited 
before the Presbytery, Feb. 1859 — acquitted 
on appeal heard before General Assembly, 24 
May 1859 — travels on the Continent, sum. 
1859 — loses his only son, Sep. 1862 — Vice- 
Pres. Church Service Society, spring 1865 — 
celebrates a marriage in church, 6 Dec. 
1865 — condemned by Presbytery, 14 Mar. 
1 867 — by the Synod, 7 May 1 867 — publishes his 
Letter to Members of Gen. Assembly, 18 May — 
falls ill, 21 May — ft. at Torquay, 14 Mar. 
1868. The Family and its Duties, 1863 — Re- 
form of the Church, 1864 — Clerical Profession, 
1866. 



Leeward Islands, — federation and govern- 
ment of, provided for by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 
107, 21 Aug. 1871. 

Legion of Honour, — newly regulated by 
decree of Gambetta, 22 Oct. 1870. 

Leighton, Robert, poet, — b. at Dundee, 20 
Feb. 1822 — settles at Liverpool, 1859 — ft. at 
Liverpool, 10 May 1869. Poems, 1866. 

Leighton, William, poet,— b. at Dundee, 
3 Feb. 1 841 — removed to Liverpool, 1847 — ft. 
at Liverpool, 22 Apr. 1869. Poems, 1870. 

Liberation Society. [Anti-State-Church 
Association.] 

Liberia, Republic of, — Pres. Roye deposed 
for high treason, Oct. 1871 — his trial con- 
cluded, early in Feb. 1872 — escapes from prison, 
11 Feb. — drowned soon after. 

Licenses, Public House, — granting of new, 
suspended for one year by Act 34 and 35 Vic. 
c. 88, 17 Aug. 1 87 1. 

Lighthouses, — applicability of electric light 
to, investigated by Faraday, 1856-65 — first 
trial of the light, at South Foreland, 8 Dec. 
1858 — the light adopted at Dungeness, Oct. 
1861. 

Lindsay, Sir Alexander, general, — fj., about 
1785 — enters the army, 14 Aug. 1804 — serves 
at siege of Gohud, 1806— Captain, 26 Mar. 
181 3— serves in Nepaul War, 1 8 1 5 - 1 6 — severely 
wounded at Hurryhurpore, 1 Mar. 18 16 — 
serves at siege and capture of Hattrass, 1817 
— in Pindaree War, 1817-18 — Lieut.-col., 1 
May 1824 — serves in Burmese War, 1825-6 — 
Col., 2 Jul. 1835 — Major-general, 28 Jun. 
1838 — Lieut. -general, 11 Nov. 1851 — General, 
n Sep. 1859 — &• a ^ P er th> 2 ° J an > 1872. 

Liverpool, — Zoological Society, founded, 
1870. Society of Painters in Water-Colours, 
established, Feb. 1872. 

Livingstone Expedition, — for Central 
Africa, in search of Dr Livingstone, sails from 
the Thames, 9 Feb. 1872. 

Local Government Board, in England, — 
constituted and regulated, and powers and du- 
ties of Poor Law Board transferred to, by Act 
34 and 35 Vic. c. 70, 1 Aug. 1871. 

Lonsdale, William Lowther, 2nd Earl 
of, Viscount and Baron Lowther, — b. at 
Uffington, near Stafford, 21 Jul. 1787— M. A. 
Trin. Coll. Cambridge, 1808— M. P. Cocker- 
mouth, 1808 — M.P. Westmoreland, 1813 — 
Lord of the Treasury, 1813-26 — First Com- 
missioner of Woods and Forests, 1828-30 — 
Vice-Pres. Board of Trade, 1834-5 — Post- 
master-General, 1841 — Baron Lowther, 1841 
— succeeds to the earldom, 19 Mar. 1844 — ■ 
Lord. Pres. of the Council, 1852 — resigns 
Lord-lieutenancy of Cumberland and West- 
moreland, Nov. 1868— tf. in London, 4 Mar. 
1872. 

Looshais, The, in N. E. Lndia, — British 
expedition against, hostilities commenced by 
Gen. Bourchier, 1 Dec. 187 1 — return of troops 
commenced, 5 Mar. 1872. 

Lords-Lieutenant of Counties in England, 
— jurisdiction of, in relation to militia, yeo- 



I4S2 



LORRAINE— MAZZINI. 



[appendix. 



manry, and volunteers, abolished by Army 
Regulation Act, 1871. 

Lorraine, — Conventions respecting, [see 
Alsace.] 

lisiana, V. S., — charges of fraud and 
corruption against the State government in- 
vestigated by Congressional Committee at New 
Orleans, Feb. 1872. 

Lynch, Thomas T.,— Tunes to Hymns in the 
Rivulet, 1872. 

Madagascar, — explored by Sonnerat and 
Commerson, 1768-71. 

Manchester, — Nonconformist Conference 
meets at, 24-5 Jan. 1872 — reception of Mr 
Disraeli by Conservative "Working Men's Asso- 
ciation, 3 Apr. 1872. 

Manchuria, — explored by "Williamson, 1869 
— by Russian scientific expedition under Pal- 
ladius, the Archimandrite, 1871. 

Manitoba, British North America, (part of 
Rupert's Laad,) — organized as province of Do- 
minion of Canada under this name, by Act of 
Parliament of Canada, passed 12 May 1870. 

Manning, Charlotte, (Speir,) — tf., r Apr. 
1 87 1. Ancient and Mediceval India, 18 56. 

Mark Lane Express, London weekly Agri- 
cultural Journal, — established, Dec. 1S32. 

Marriages, Native, in British India, — new- 
ly regulated by Act passed 19 Mar. 1872. 

Marriott, Wharton Booth, theologian, §c, 
— ft., about 1823 — enters Trin. Coll. Oxford, 
1 842 — B.A., 1 846 — ordained priest, 1850 — 
Assistant Master of Eton Coll., 1850— M. A., 
1S56 — Select Preacher, Oxford Univ., 1868 — tj. 
;it Eton Coll., Dec. 1871. Vestiarium Chris- 
ti anion, 1867. 

Massie, James "William, theological and 
miscellaneous writer, — ft., about 1799 — tf. at 
Kingstown, Ireland, 8 May 1869. Continental 
India, 1840 — The Evangelical Alliance, 1847 
— Revivals in Ireland, 1859-60 — America, 
1864. 

Matthiessen, Augustus, Trof. Chemistry, 
St Bartholomew's Hospital, — ft., 1830 — re- 
ports on submarine cables to Government Com- 
mittee, i860 — receives Royal Medal of R. S. 
for researches on electrical and other properties 
of metals, &c, 1869 — member of Council of 
R. S., 1869 — investigates papaverine, 1870 — 
kills himself, in London, 6 Oct. 1870. 

Maurice, John Frederick Denison, theologian, 
philosopher, — ft. at Normanston, near Lowes- 
toft, Suffolk, 29 Aug. 1805 — enters Trin. 
Coll. Cambridge, 9 May 1823 — removes to 
Trin. Hall, Jun. 1826 — takes a degree in the 
Law School, (1st class,) 1827 — settles in Lon- 
don, and applies himself to literature, 1828 — 
P. A. Exeter Coll. Oxford, 183 1 — M.A., 
ordained priest, 1835 — Chaplain to Guy's 
Hospital, 1836-46 — Prof. Modern History and 
English Literature, King's Coll. London, 1840 
— Chaplain and Reader at Lincoln's Inn, 1846- 
60 — Prof. Ecclesiastical History, King's Coll., 
1846 — deprived of his chair, 1853 — [Jelf, R. 
W.] — founder and Principal of Working Men's 
College, London, 1854 — Perpetual Curate of St 
Peter's, Vere Street, London, 1 860 — Prof. Moral 



Philosophy, Cambridge, Oct. 1866 — honorary 
M.A., 28 Mar. 1867 — ft. in London, 1 Apr. 1872. 
Eustace Conway, 1834 — Kingdom of Christ, 
1838— Religions of the World, 1847—6^ the 
Lord's Prayer, 1848 — History of Moral and 
Metaphysical Philosophy, 1850-62 — Patriarchs 
and Lawgivers of the Old Testament, 1851 — 
Prophets and Kings of the Old Testament, 1853 

— Theological Essays, 1853 — The Word 
' Eternal ' and the Punishment of the Wicked, 
1853 — Doctrine of Sacrifice, 1854 — Lectures on 
the Ecclesiastical History of 1st and 2nd Cen- 
turies, 1854 — The Conscience, 1868 — Social 
Morality, 1869. 

Mayo, Richard Southwell Bonrke,EARL of, 
(Lord Naas,) Governor-general of India, 
— ft. at Dublin, 21 Feb. 1822— B.A. Trin. 
Coll., 1844 — M.P. Kildare, 1847 — marries, Oct. 
1 848 —takes title of Lord Naas, 1849 — M.A., 
1 85 1 — Chief Secretary for Ireland, Mar. to 
Dec. 1852 — LL.D., "1852 — M.P. Coleraine, 
1852-7 — M.P. Cockermouth, 1857-68 — again 
Chief Secretary for Ireland, 1858-9 — third 
time, 1866-8 — succeeds his father, Aug. 1867 

— appointed Viceroy of India, Nov. 186S — 
arrives at Calcutta, 12 Jan. 1S69 — meets 
Shere Ali, Ameer of Afghanistan, at Umballa, 
27 Mar. 1869 — visits Camp of Exercise at 
Delhi, 8-1 1 Jan. 1872 — receives King of Siam 
at Calcutta, 13 Jan. — sails from Calcutta, for 
British Burmah, 24 Jan. — reaches Rangoon, 
29 Jan. — assassinated by Shere Ali, a convict, 
at Port Blair, Andaman Isles, 8 Feb. — his re- 
mains brought to Ireland, 24 Apr.— State fune- 
ral at Dublin, 25 Apr. 

Mazzini, Giuseppe, — ft. at Genoa, 28 Jun. 
1805 or 1806 — joins Society of Carbonari, 1830, 
and is arrested and exiled : goes to Mar- 
seilles, 1 83 1 — writes his letter to Charles 
Albert, king of Sardinia, and is sentenced to 
perpetual banishment, 183 1 — originates Asso- 
ciation {Giovine Italia,) for Unity of Italy, 
Jan. 1832 — banished from Marseilles, 1832 

— appears in Switzerland, 1833 —organizes 
conspiracy for insurrection, and sends troops 
into Piedmont, May 1833 — organizes an- 
other expedition against Piedmont, which 
fails, Feb. 1834 — expelled from Switzer- 
land, settles in London, 1837— forms revolu- 
tionary Committee, 1839 — his letters opened 
at the Post Office by order of Home Secretary, 
1844 — writes to Pope Pius IX., Sep. 1847 — 
goes to Paris, Feb. 1848 — returns to Italy, 
Mar. 1848 — joins volunteers under Garibaldi, 
Aug. 1848 — arrives at Rome, Feb. 1849 — mem- 
ber of Republican Assembly, and elected one of 
the Triumvirate, 9 Feb. — conducts defence of 
Rome against the French under Gen. Oudinot, 
May to 3 Jul. — goes to Switzerland, 1850 — 
raises a loan, 1 850 — instigates insurrections at 
Mantua, 1852 — at Milan, Feb. 1853 — an d at 
Genoa, Jul. 1857 — expelled from Switzerland, 
Apr. 1864 — sentence of death against him 
rescinded by Italian government, Sep. 1866 — 
Grand Master of Italian Freemasons, Jul. 1868 
— arrested at Palermo and imprisoned at Gaeta, 
Aug. 1870 — liberated, 15 Oct. 1870 — goes to 
Geneva, Jan. 1872 — Xr. at Pisa, 10 Mar. 1872. 



APPENDIX.] 



MERCHANT SHIPPING— PARIS. 



'4*3 



Establishes the Apostolato Popolare, 1 840 — the 
Educatore, 1 843 — Italy, Austria, and the Pope, 
1847 — Royalty and Republicanism in Italy, 
1850 — Duties of Man, 1858 — Miscellaneous 
Writings, 1864-70. 

Merchant Shipping 1 , of Great Britain, — 
Acts relating to, amended by Act 34 and 35 
Vic. c. 110, 25 Aug. 1 87 1. 

Mercury, — vaporization of, investigated by 
Faraday, 1821 — again, by Merget, 1871. 

Metz, — capitulation of, to Germans (1870) 
investigated by Government Committee at 
Versailles, Mar. to Apr. 1872. 

Military Manoeuvres, in Great Britain, — 
facilitated by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 97, 21 Aug. 
1871. 

Moa, gigantic wingless bird of New Zealand, 
— last seen alive, 1650 — described by Owen, 
from part of thigh-bone brought to England, 
1839 — small specimen caught alive, 1850. 

Moab, — exploration of, under direction of 
British Association, 187 1-2. 

Montecchi, Mattia, politician, — takes part 
in patriotic movement in the Romagna, and is 
sentenced to imprisonment for life, 1844 — 
shares in amnesty granted by Pius IX., 1846 — 
deputy to Roman Assembly, 1 848 — First 
Minister of Commerce : one of the Triumvirs 
of Rome, 1848-9— takes refuge in England, 
1849-59 — returns to Italy, and is cbief of the 
staff of Gen. Farini, 1859 — deputy to Italian 
Parliament, i860 — becomes director of glass 
and mosaic works at Murano, 1867-8 — ft., Mar. 
1871. 

Moon, — photograph of, obtained by Draper, 
at New York, 1 840 — by Bond, at Cambridge, 
1850. 

Mormons, — trials of Brigbam 1 oung and 
others suspended, declared unconstitutional' by 
Supreme Court of United States, 15 Apr. 
1872. 

Morse, Samuel Finley Breese, telegraphic 
inventor, — ft. at Charlestown, Mass. U. S., i2, a 
27 13 Apr. 1791 — graduates at Yale Coll., 18 10 — 
student at Royal Academy, London, 18 11- 13 
— exhibits his ' Dying Hercules,' 18 13 — again 
in England, 1829-32 — invents his Recording- 
electric telegraph, 1832-7 — the system per- 
fected, 1840 — brought into operation, Jim. 
1844 — visits England, 1856, and conducts ex- 
periment on practicability of Atlantic tele- 
graph, 2 Oct. 1856 — ft., 2 Apr. 1872. 

a New American Cyc. b Athenaeum. 

Moseley, Henry, mathematician,— fa., about 
1802— B.A. St John's Coll. Cambridge, 1826 
— ordained priest, 1828 — Prof. Natural Philo- 
sophy and Astronomy, King's Coll. London, 
1831-44 — M.A., 1835 — Inspector of Schools, 
1844 — Canon of Bristol Cathedral, 1853 — 
Chaplain in Ordinary to the Queen, 1855 — ft. 
at Olveston, Gloucestershire, 20 Jan. 1872. 
lectures on Astronomy, 1836 — Mechanical 
Principles of Engineering and Architecture, 
1842. 

Mullah, {Port Canning*) near Calcutta, — 
made a free port, 1863 — the establishments 
withdrawn, Oct. 1871. 

Museums, Public, in England, — gifts of 



land for, facilitated by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 
13, 25 May 1871. 

Naas, Loud. [Mayo, Eakl of.] 

Naval and Military Gazette, London week- 
ly Journal, — commenced, 9 Feb. 1833. 

Navigation Law, in France, — new, passed 
by National Assembly, 30 Jan. 1872. 

New York Herald, — commenced, 1835. 

New York Times, — founded and edited by 
Raymond, 1850. 

NewYovk Tribune, — established by Greeley, 
10 Apr. 1841. 

Nonconformist, The, London weekly Jour- 
nal, — established by Miall, 14 Apr. 1841. 

Nonconformist Conference. [Manchester.] 

North American Seview, — established at 
Boston, 18 15. 

Notes and Queries, London weekly Journal, 
— commenced, 3 Nov. 1849. 

Nottingham, — Permanent Exhibition of 
Fine and Industrial Arts in connection with 
S. Kensington established, 1872. 

Nova Zembla, (Xovu Zcmlaia,) — reached by 
Barentz, who winters there, 1596-7 — visited 
by Rosenthal expedition, Aug. 1869— circum- 
navigated by Johannesen, 1869 and 1870 — 
the Kara Sea found navigable, Jul. and Aug. 
1870 — seas explored by expedition under Payer 
and "Weyprecht, Jul. to Sep. 1871 — circum- 
navigated by Captain Carslen, Sep. to Nov. 
1871. 

Observer, London weekly Journal, — com- 
menced, 1792. 

Old Catholics, — name comes into use as de- 
signation of opponents of dogma of Infallibility 
headed by Dr Dollinger, sum. 1871 — Congress 
of, opens at Munich, 22 Sep. 1871 — recogni- 
tion of, as distinct body, refused by Austro- 
Hungarian government, Mar. 1872. 

Ondaatje, Pieter Ph. Juraan Quint, — ft. at 
Utrecht, 1760 — ft. at Batavia, 30 Apr. 18 18. 
Bijdr. tot de Geschied. der omiventeling in 1787, 
1791-2. 

Oran, in Chili, — destroyed by earthquake, 
Dec. 1 87 1. 

Oriental Society, Italian, Florence, — 
founded, 1871. 

Orleans Princes, The, — take their seats in 
National Assembly, Versailles, 19 Dec. 1871 — 
restitution of their property recommended by 
Committee of National Assembly, 1 Mar. 1872. 

Palestine, — survey of, by Captain Stewart, 
R.E., for Palestine Exploration Fund, com- 
menced, Dec. 1 87 1. 

Parchment Paper, (Papyrin.) — formation 
of, discovered by Poumarede and Figuier, 1847 
— patented in England by Gaine, 1857. 

Paris, Communal Insurrection^ 1 87 1 , ) — trials 
of prisoners before Courts Martial at Versailles, 
begin, 7 Aug. 187 1 — Commission of Pardons 
meets at Versailles, 16 Nov. — trial of mur- 
derers of the 27 hostages (in Rue Haxo, 27 
May 1 871) begins, 12 Mar. 1872— ends, 21 
Mar. — Report of Government Commission on 
the Insurrection, published, Mar. 1872. 



1484 



PAEIS— POST OFFICE. 



[appendix. 



Paris, — disturbances at Medical School, 
against Prof. Dolbeau, 21-2 Mar. 1872 — the 
School closed : reopens, 15 Apr. — first recep- 
tion by M. Thiers, at the Elysee, 9 Apr. 
1872. 

Parks, Public, in England, — gifts of land 
for, facilitated by Act 34 and 35 Yic. c. 13, 25 
May 1 87 1. 

Parthenion, in the Crimea, — Cathedral, 
built, between 1400- 1500 — ruins discovered by 
Stronkoff, Dec. 187 1. 

Patent Laws, in Great Britain, — Select 
Committee on, appointed, 16 Mar. 1871 — Re- 
port published, 20 Jul. 187 1. 

Patterson, Robert, zoologist, — ft., 1802 — tf. 
at Belfast, 14 Feb. 1872. On the Insects men- 
tioned in Shakespeare' 's Flags, 1842 — Natural 
Historg as a branch of General Education, 
1847 — Introduction to Zoology, 1846-8 — First 
Steps to Zoologg, 1849. 

Patteson, John Coleridge, Bp op Melane- 
sia, — ft., 1827 — B.A. Balliol Coll. Oxford, 
1848 — ordained priest, 1854— consecrated Bp 
of Melanesia, S. Pacific, 1861 — massacred by 
a native, on Santa Cruz, Queen Charlotte's 
Island, Oct. 1871. 

Paul's, St, Cathedral, — state visit of Geprge 
III. to, thanksgiving for his recovery from 
illness, 23 Apr. 1789 — state visit of Queen 
Victoria and the Prince of Wales, thanksgiving 
for recovery of the Prince, 27 Feb. 1872. 

Paupers, in England, — discharge of, from 
workhouses and casual wards regulated by Act 
34 and 35 Yic. c. 108, 21 Aug. 1871. 

Pedlars, — Act of 1870 relating to, repealed, 
and granting of certificates regulated by Act 
34 and 35 Vic. c. 96, 21 Aug. 1871. 

Pelvoux, Mont, Alps, — ascent of, by 
Durand and others, 1828 — by Pinseux, 1848 — 
attempted by Bonney, Hawksbaw, &c, Aug. 
i860 — scaled by Whymper and others, 3 Aug. 
1861. 

Persigny, Jean Gilbert Victor, (Fialin,) 
Duke of, statesman, — ft. at St Germain 
Lespinasse, 11 Jan. 1808 — enters the army, 
1825 — dismissed the service, 1830 — assumes 
title of Viscount of Persigny, about 1832 — 
introduced to Prince Louis Bonaparte, 1834 — 
instigates and prepares the attempt at Stras- 
burg, is arrested and escapes, 1836 — takes 
part in attempt at Boulogne, Jul. 1840 — 
sentenced to 20 years' confinement : aide-de- 
camp to Prince President Louis Napoleon, Dec. 
1848 — member of Legion of Honour, 1849 — 
deputy to Legislative Assembly, 1849 — takes 
part in the coup d' e'tat, Dec. 1851 — Minister 
of the Interior, 22 Jan. 1852 — marries daugh- 
ter of Prince of the Moskowa, 27 May 1852 
— senator, 31 Dec. 1852 — resigns office, Apr. 
1854 — ambassador to London, May 1855 to 
Jan. 1858 — Grand Cross of Legion of Honour, 
16 Jun. 1857 — again ambassador to London, 18 
May 1859 to Nov. i860 — again Minister of 
Interior, end of Nov. i860 — publishes a 
circular on the freedom of the press, 8 Dec. 
— resigns office, 23 Jun. 1863 — created Duke, 
by Napoleon III., 13 Sep. 1863 — U. at Nice, 
12 Jan. 1872. 



Peshawur, in Hindustan, — threatened by 
Sayyid Ahmad, and saved by Sikh army under 
Sher Singh and Gen. Ventura, 1829 s — taken 
by Sayyid Ahmad, close of 1830 a — recovered 
by Eunjeet Singh, 1831.* a Hunter. 

Petit, Jean Louis, {John leivis Fettit,) art- 
ist, antiquarg, — ft. at Ashton-under-Lyme, 31 
May 1801— B.A. Trin. Coll. Cambridge, 1823 
— M.A., 1826 — marries, 1828 — takes part in 
founding British Archaeological Institute, 1 844 
— travels in the East, 1864-5 — U. at Lich- 
field, 1 Dec. 1868. Architectural Studies in 
France, 1854 — Femarhs on Church Architect- 
ure, 1 841 — contributes to Archaeological Jour-, 
nal, 1845-61. 

Petroleum, — safe keeping of, newly pro- 
vided for, by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 105, 21 
Aug. 187 1. 

Philadelphia, TT. S., — celebration of cen- 
tenary of American Independence by Inter- 
national Exposition at, (4 Jul. 1876,) provided 
for by Act of Congress, passed 3 Mar. 187 1. 

Philippine Islands, — insurrection of native 
artillerymen in Manilla suppressed by Spanish 
troops, and rebels killed, 20 Jan. 1872. 

Phillipps, Sir Thomas, Bart., bibliophile, — 
ft. at Manchester, Jul. 1792 — M.A. Univ. Coll. 
Oxford, 1820 — Bart., 1821 — If. at Cheltenham, 
6 Feb. 1872. 

Pictet, Francois Jules, nattiralist, Prof. 
Zoology and Anatomy, Geneva, — ft. at Geneva, 
about 1800 — ft., Mar. 1872. FEistoire naturelle 
des insectes nevropteres, 1841-3 — Traite ele- 
mentaire de Faleontologie, 1 844-6 — Description 
des mollusque fossiles dans les environs de 
Geneve, 1849-51 — Foissons fossiles du lib anon, 
1 850 — Melanges paleontologiques, 1863. 

Pictet, Marc Auguste, natural philoso- 
pher, $c, — ft. at Geneva, 23 Jul. 1752 — 
Prof. Philosophy at the Academy, 1786- 
1825 — joint-envoy to Paris, 1798 — mem- 
ber of the Tribunate, 1802 — one of the 
Inspectors - General of Imperial University, 
i8o7, a 1809 b -i4 — ft. at Geneva, i8, a 19 b Apr. 
1825. Projects the Bibliotheque Britannique, 
(afterwards B. Universale,) 1796 — Voyage de 
trois mois en Angleterre, &c, 1803. 

a Conv.-Lex. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Ponson du Terrail, Pierre Alexis, Viscount 
de, novelist, — ft. at Montmaur near Grenoble, 8 
Jul. 1829 — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 
1866 — ft. at Bordeaux, 3 1 Jan. 1871. Focam- 
bole, 1864-6. 

Poole, Edward Stanley, Orientalist,' — ft., 
about 1831 — Ij. at Tooting near London, 12 
Mar. 1867. 

Poole, John, dramatist, $c., — ft., about 1786 
— tf., Feb. 1 872. FLamlet Travestie, 1 8 1 1 — Faul 
Pry, 1825 — Comic Sketch-book, 1835 — Little 
Fedlington, 1839 — Christmas Festivities, 1845. 

Poor Law Board, in England, — abolished, 
and its functions vested in Local Government 
Board, 187 1. 

Portugal, — insurrection atLisbon, headed by 
Marshal Saldanha, who is made chief minister, 
19 May 1870. 

Post Office, General, London, — first stone of 
new buildings laid, 16 Dec. 1870. 



APPENDIX.] 



PRIM— SCHOOLS. 



1485 



Prim, Juan, Marquis de los Castillejos, 
Count we~R-ev8S,&c, field-marshal, President 
op the Council of Regency, (of Spain,) — 
n. at Reuss in Catalonia, 6 Dec. 18 14 — enters 
the army, 1833 — as commander of a free 
corps, serves against Carlists, 1833, &c. — 
Captain, 1836 — Colonel, 1837 — deputy to the 
Cortes, 1843 — Brigadier-general, Count de 
Reuss, 1843 — takes part in conspiracy against 
Narvaez, and is convicted of participation in his 
murder, Oct. 1844 — his sentence revoked, 1845 
— appointed Governor of Porto Rico, about 
1846 ? — assists in suppressing negro insurrec- 
tion at Santa Cruz : recalled, 1 848 — takes part 
in conspiracy against Bravo Murillo, and is 
banished, Apr. 1853 — Spanish Military Com- 
missioner to camp of allies, in Crimean War, 
aut. 1853 — Lieutenant-general, 31 Jan. 1856 
— marries, at Paris, 1856 — member of the 
Senate, 1858 — distinguishes himself in war 
with Morocco, 1859-60 — decides the victory of 
Castillejos, 1 Jan. i860 — takes part in battles 
of Tetuan, 4 Feb. — and Gualdas, 23 Mar. — 
created Marquis de los Castillejos, andGrande'e 
of Spain, i860 — commands Spanish contingent 
in Mexican Expedition, close of 1861 — retires 
with the English, Apr. 1862 — banished to 
Oviedo, Aug. 1864 — recalled to Madrid, Jun. 
1865 — head of military insurrection, 3 Jan. 
1866 — comes to London, Feb. 1867— returns to 
Spain and takes leading part in insurrection at 
Cadiz, 19 Sep. 1868 — enters Madrid, and is 
appointed Minister of War in Provisional 
Government, 7 Oct. — [Spanish Revolution] — 
head of the ministry under Regent Serrano, 1 8 
Jun. 1869 — supports proposal to offer the 
crown to Duke of Genoa, 28 Sep. 1869 — head 
of new ministry, 8 Jan. 1870 — offers the crown 
to Leopold of Hohenzollern, Jul. — [Franco- 
German War] — formally proposes Prince Ama- 
.deo, son of Victor Emmanuel, as King of Spain, 
4 Nov. 1870 — shot by assassin at Madrid, 28 
Dec. 1870 — ft., 30 Dec. 

Primogeniture, in Russia, — introduced in 
families of the nobility by ukase of Peter L, 
13 Mar. 1713 — the decree rescinded, by Peter 
II., 17 Mar. 1728. 

Protein, in chemistry, — the term introduced 
by Mulder, 1844. 

Protoplasm, in Physiology, — the term in- 
vented by Von Mohl, 1 846. 

Puddling Machine, — Dank's rotary, intro- 
duced in England, Feb. 1872. 

Punch, London Journal, — commenced, 17 
Jul. 1 841. 

Ram. [Rupert, The.] 

Rangoon, in Burmah, — visited by Governor- 
general of India, (Lord Mayo,) Jan. 1872. 

Revue des deux Mondes, Parts literary 
Journal, — established, 1830. 

Rocky Mountains, in JV. America, — survey 
of, and discovery of passes from Canada to 
British Columbia, by Palliser and others, 1857- 
60 — explored by Milton and Cheadle, 1862. 

Rome, — celebration of 25th anniversary of 
pontificate of Pius IX. at, 16 Jun. 1871 — de- 
monstration in honour of Mazzini, 17 Mar. 



1872 — visited by Prince and Princess of Wales, 
and by King and Queen of Denmark, Mar. 
and Apr. 1872 — Working Men's congress at, 
opens, 17 Apr. 1872. 

Rotterdam, — celebration of Tercentenary 
of Dutch Independence at, 1 Apr. 1872. 
[Briel.] 

Rupert, The, — first ironclad ram, launched 
at Chatham, 12 Mar. 1872. 

Russia, — treaty with China, obtaining com- 
mercial privileges and large territory, concluded, 
14 Nov. i860 — religious liberty and exemption 
from taxes and military service secured to im- 
migrants, by decree, Feb. 1862 — reorganiza- 
tion of army in 1872, provided for by law 
Jan. 1 87 1. 



Sacred Harmonic Society, London, — found- 
ed, 1832. 

Saint Gotthard, Pass of, — construction of in- 
ternational railway over, provided for by Act 
of Italian parliament, 17 Jun. 187 1. 

San Juan Water Boundary, between United 
States and British America, — settlement of the 
dispute respecting, attempted, 1827 — settled by 
Treaty o/Washington, 15 Jun. 1846 — official 
map of the region constructed by Fremont and 
Preuss, 1847-8 — construction of the treaty 
subsequently disputed : joint Commission for 
settlement of, appointed, 1856 — island of San 
Juan occupied by U. S. troops under Captain 
Pickett, Jul. 1859 — British troops landed, 20 
Mar. 1.860 — the Commission closed, 20 May 
1862 — abrogation of the treaty proposed by 
American Commissioners at Washington, 15 
Mar. 187 1, and refused by British Commis- 
sioners, 20 Mar. — submitted to arbitration by 
Treaty of Washington, 8 May 1871. 

Sanscrit Text Society, London, — originated 
by Goldstucker, 1866. 

Schamaki, (Schemacha,) in the Caucasus, — 
Old, (Stara-Schemacha,) — besieged by troops 
of Gengis Khan, 1222 — alliance with Russia, 
about 1550 — English silk factories established 
at, 1 56 1 — mercantile embassy to, from Hol- 
stein, 1636 — taken and sacked by Nadir Shah, 
1734 — the inhabitants settled at Achsu : capi- 
tal of a province, 1741 — on destruction of 
Achsu (Novaia Schemacha) by Feth-Ali, Khan 
of Kuba, 1 76 1, the old town reoccupied : taken 
and destroyed by Aga Mohammed Khan, 1795 
— new town, founded by Russians, 1824 — capi- 
tal of a ' Government,' Dec. 1846 — nearly de- 
stroyed by earthquake, 12 Jun. 1859 — seat of 
government transferred to Baku, 1859 — de- 
stroyed by earthquake, 27 Jan. 1872. 

Schebest, Agnese, singer, — fc. at Vienna, 15 
Feb. 1 813 — married to Dr Friedrich Strauss, 
1840 — afterwards separated from him: ft., 
Jan. 187 1. Aus dem Leben einer Kunstlerin, 
1856 — Rede unci Geberde, 1862. 

Schendel, Petrus van, painter, — ft., at Ter- 
heyden, 21 Apr. 1806—0". at Brussels, 29 Dec. 
1870. 

Schools, in England, — gifts of land for ele- 
mentary, facilitated by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 
13, 25 May 187 1. Ln Prussia, inspection of, 
by State officials only, provided for by Act of 



i + S6 



SCIENTIFIC INSTRUCTION— THOMAS. 



[appendix. 



Parliament, passed, 8 Mar. 1872. In Saxony 
and Sweden, similar provision made, Mar. 
1872. 

Scientific Instruction and Advancement of 
Science, in Great Britain, — Royal Commission 
on, appointed, May 1870 — first Report, Apr. 
1871 — second, Apr. 1872. 

Scotsman, The, Edinburgh Journal, — estab- 
lished as a weekly, 25 Jan. 1817 — daily, from 
29 Jim. 1S55. 

Sehastopol, in the Crimea, — restoration of, 
projected by Russian government, Mar. 1872. 

Seditious Speaking, in British India, — 
made penal by law passed close of 1870. 

Serpent Worship, — Mound in Glen Feechan, 
Argylesbire, discovered and explored by Phene, 
aut. 1871. 

Shakespeare Collection, — Halliwell's, pre- 
sented to Edinburgh University, Feb. 1872. 

Shakespeare Society, — established in Lon- 
don, 184c. 

Shakespeare Society, German, — founded 
bv Ulrici, Bodenstedt, Delins, and others, 23 
Apr. 1864 — begin publication of their Jahr- 
buch, 1865. 

Shere Ali, murderer of lord Mayo, — fj., 
about 1847 — orderly of Commissioner at Pesh- 
awur, 1857 — serves under Colonel Taylor, at 
Umbeyla Pass, 1863 — murders a kinsman in 
a blood-feud, Mar. 1867 — convicted and sent 
to Andaman Islands, 1869 — assassinates Lord 
Mayo at Port Blair, 8 Feb. 1872. 

Short, Thomas Vowler, Bp of St Asaph, 
— b. at Dawlish, Devonshire, 16 Sep. 1790 — 
B.A. Christ Church, Oxford, 1 8 12 — Public 
Examiner, 1820-4 — rector of St George's, 
Bloomsbury, about 1834 — Deputy Clerk of the 
Closet to the Queen, 1837 — Bp of Sodor and 
Man, 1 841 — Bp of St Asaph, 1846— resigns 
the see, 1870 — tf. at Gresford, N. Wales, 13 
Apr. 1872. Parochialia, 1842 — Sketch of His- 
tory of the Church of England, 1854. 

Siebe, Augustus, mechanician, inventor, — b. 
in Saxony, 1788 — serves as lieut. at battle of 
Leipsic, "1813 — comes to England, 1814 — in- 
vents his open diving dress, 1820, &c. — tries 
his close diving helmet dress in examining 
wreck of Royal George, 1 848 — tf. in London, 
15 Apr. 1872. 

Sittana, in Hindustan, — reoccupied by 
Wahabees, (from Mulka,) Jul. 1863 — invasion 
of British territory from, 7 Sep. 1863 — expedi- 
tion against, under Sir Neville Chamberlain, 
Oct. 1863. 1 Umbeyla Pass.] 

Slade Collections, of Glass, Ivory, En- 
gravings, &c, — bequeathed to British Museum, 
by Felix Slade, who tf. at Lambeth, 29 Mar. 
1868. 

Slade Professorships of Fine Arts, — at 
Oxford and Cambridge Universities, and at 
Univ. Coll. London, founded and endowed by 
Felix Slade, 1868. 

Smart, Benjamin Humphrey, lexicographer, 
grammarian, §c., — b., about 1787 — teacher of 
Elocution in London, from 18 15 — tf., 21 Feb. 
1872. Beginnings of a Neiv School of Meta- 
physics : Outlines of Sematology, 183 1-7 -9 — 
Manual of Logic, 1849 — Thought and Lan- 



guage, 1855 — Introduction to Grammar, 1858 
— edition of Walker's Pronouncing Dictionary, 
1846. 

Smith, William Henry, miscellaneous writer, 
— b., about 1809 — called to the bar at Middle 
Temple, 23 Nov. 1838 — tf. at Brighton, Apr. 
1872. Discourse on Ethics, 1839 — Remarks 
on Laic Reform, 1840 — Poems and Dramas, 
1846 — Thorndale, 1857 — Gravenhurst, 1862. 

Spain, — Carlist insurrection breaks out, Apr. 
1872. 

Spalding, Martin John, Abp of Balti- 
more, Primate of R. C. Church in Uxited 
States, — b. in Kentucky, 23 May 18 10 — ■ 
goes to Rome, and enters Urban Coll. of the 
Propaganda, 1830 — D.D., ordained priest, 
1834 — returns to Kentucky, Dec. 1834 — coad- 
jutor Bp to Bp of Louisville, 1848— afterwards 
Bp of Louisville : Abp of Baltimore, and 
Primate, 1863 — installed by Papal Brief, 12 
May 1864 — Pres. second plenary Council, Bal- 
timore, 1866 — takes part in assembly of pre- 
lates at Rome, Jim. 1867 — supports dogma of 
Infallibility at Council of the Vatican, 1869-70 
— tf. at Baltimore, 8 Feb. 1872. Sketches of 
Early Catholic Missions in Kentucky, 1846 — 
Life and Times of Bp Elaget, 1852 — Miscel- 
lanea, 1855— History of Protestant Reforma- 
tion, i860. 

Story, Robert, theologian, — h. at Yefholm 
near Kelso, 3 Mar. 1790 — studies at Edin- 
burgh Univ., Nov. 1805 to Jul. 18 11 — licensed 
to preach, Jul. 18 15 — assistant to Dr Druni- 
mond at Rosneath, Dec. 18 15 — ordained, 26 
Mar. 1 818 — sole minister of Rosneath, 18 19 — ■ 
visits England and attends ' Prophetical Con- 
ference ' at Albury, Nov. 1827 — marries, 1828 
— opposes prosecution of Campbell of Row, 
1830 — opposes pretensions of Mary Campbell 
to ' gift of tongues,' 1830, &c. — ' secession' of 
half his congregation, 1843 — tf. at Rosneath, 
22 Nov. 1859. Memoir of Isabella Campbell, 
1829. 

Strasburg, — new University founded, 1872 
— opened, 1 May. 

Superannuations, in Civil Service of Great 
Britain, — annual deduction in respect of, from 
salaries of officers, directed by Treasury Minute, 
4 Aug. 1829 — law relating to, amended, and 
annual deductions from salaries continued and 
extended by Act 4 Wm IV. c. 24, 25 Jul. 1834 
— the deductions discontinued by Act 20 and 
21 Tie. c. 37, 17 Aug. 1857. 

Sweden, — death of tbe Queen, Louisa, 30 
Mar. 1 87 1 — exemption from military service by 
payment abolisbed, Apr. 1872. 

Swiss Confederation, — the Constitution 
revised by National Council and Council of the 
States, between 12 Nov. 1871 and 5 Mar. 1872. 

Taormino, in Sicily, — lines of, formed by 
insurgents, taken bv Royal forces, 2 Apr. 1849. 

Thomas, John Wesley, poet, translator of 
Dante, — b. at Exeter, 4 Aug. 1798 — enters the 
Wesleyan ministry, 1822 — appointed to Dum- 
fries, Aug. 1871 — tf. there, 7 Feb. 1872. 
Translation of Dante's Divina Commedia, In- 
ferno, 1859 — Purgatorio, 1862 — Paradiso,i2>66. 



APPENDIX.] 



THREATS AND MOLESTATIONS— ZANZIBAR. 



1487 



Threats and Molestations, in England,— 
criminal law relating to, amended by Act 34 
and 35 Yic. c. 32, 29 Jun. 1871. 

Tichborne Baronetcy,— dispute respecting 
title to, begins, 1866— trial, on action of eject- 
ment, (Tichborne v. Lushington,) begins in 
Court of Common Pleas, n May 1871 — ends 
with nonsuit of claimant, (103rd day,) 6 Mar. 
18.72 — the claimant arrested for perjury and 
sent to Newgate. 

Tonic Sol-fa Association, — formed in 
London, spring 1853. 

Tonic Sol-fa Method, in Music,— introduced 
by Miss Glover, (Tetrachordal System,) at 
Norwich, about 181 2 — her system modified and 
brought into general use by Curwen, 1843-50 
—College established at Plaistow, 1 Jan. 1869 
— obtains official recognition by Committee of 
Council on Education, Aug. 1869. 

Trees of Liberty, — the last of those planted 
in Paris (1848) rooted up, Feb. 1872. 

Turkish Empire,— reorganization of army 
commenced, 187.1. 

TJmbeyla Pass, frontier of the Punjab, — 
entered by British expedition against Waha- 
bees of Sittana, 19 Oct. 1863 — Umbeyla village 
taken and burnt, 16 Dec— advance from, to 
Mulka, Mulka destroyed, 17-23 Dec. — repassed 
by British, 23-25 Dec. 

Universities, of Oxford and Cambridge, — 
Royal Commission of Inquiry into amount and 
distribution of endowments appointed, early in 
Jan. 1872. 

Vesuvius, Mount,— great eruption begins, 
24 Apr. 1872 — ceases by 2 May. 

Wagner Society, — established in London, 
Feb. 1872. 

"Walker- Arnott, George A., botanist, — b. at 
Edinburgh, 6 Feb. 1799 — enters the ITniv., 
1 8 1 3 — M.A., 1 8 1 8 — Advocate, 1 82 1 — travels in 
France, 1822 and 1825 — LL.D. Aberdeen, 1837 
— Prof. Botanv, Glasgow Univ., 1845— if. at 
Glasgow, 17 Jun. 1868. With Wight, Pro- 
drom us Flora India Oriental's, about 1840 — 
with Hooker, Botany of Capt. Becchey's voyage, 
1831-41 — with Hooker, British Flora, 1850. 

Washington, Treaty of, — between Great 
Britain and United States for settlement - of 
Oregon Boundary dispute, signed, 15 Jun. 1846. 

Weights and Measures, in British India, 
— adoption of uniform system provided for, by 
Act of Governor-general in Council, Oct. 
1871. 



Welcker, Friedrich Gottlieb, archceologisl, 
— b. at Griinberg, in Hesse, 4 Nov. 1784 — visits 
Italy, 1 806-8 — Prof. Archaeology and Philology, 
Giessen, 1809 — removes to Gottingen, 18 16 — 
Prof, at Bonn, 18 19 — Chief Librarian to the 
Univ., 1 8 19 — visits Italy, Greece, and Asia 
Minor, 1841, &c— visits Rome, 1852 — Foreign 
Associate of French Institute, 1858 — celebrates 
jubilee of his professorship, 16 Oct. 1859 — if., 
1 869. Translations of the Clouds and Frogs of 
Aristophanes, 1810-n — Zoega's Leben, 1819 — 
Zeitschrift fur alte Kunst, 1817-18 — Mschy- 
lische Trilogie, 1824-6 — Die griech. Tragodien 
mit RiicJcsicht auf den episohen Cyhlus, 1839 — ' 
Epische Cyklus, 1835-49 — Griech. Gbtterlehre, 
1857-62 — Alte Denhndler, 1849-64. 

Weld, Charles Robert, miscellaneous writer, 
— b. at Windsor, 1818 — called to the bar, 1844 
— Assistant Secretary to Royal Society, 1 845 — 
resigns, 1861 — district Superintendent of Inter- 
national Exhibition, 1862 — Assistant British 
Commissioner at Paris Exhibition, 1 867 — if. at 
Bath, 15 Jan. 1869. History of the Royal 
Society, 1847 — Vacation Tours, 1848-67. 

Westmacott, Richard, sculptor,— b.in Lon- 
don, 1799 — studies in Italy, 1820-6 — F.R.S., 
1837 — A.R.A., 1838— R.A., 1849 — Prof. 
Sculpture, R.A., Jul. 1857 — if. in London, 19 
Apr. 1872. Bluebell, 1836— Butterfly, 1838 — 
Faolo and Francesca, 1838— Pediment of Royal 
Exchange, London, 1842-4 — Ashburton 2Ionu- 
ment, 1 842 — Go and Sin no more, 1 850 — 
Handbook of Sculpture, 1864. 

Westminster Abbey, — Chapter -house open- 
eel to the public, 29 Apr. 1872. 

Westminster Confession, — customary sub- 
scription to, in United Presbyterian Church, 
abolished by Glasgow Presbytery, Dec. 1871. 

Williams, Sarah, (Sadie,) poetess,— b. in 
London, 12 Nov. 1837 — if. there, Easter 1868. 
Rainbows in Springtide, 1 866 — Twilight Hours, 
1868. 

Women, — admissible to French Academy, 
1665-1789. College for, opened at Hitchin, 
1869. 

Yarkand, — reached by Adolph Schlagint- 
weit, 1857 — by Capt. Montgomerie's agent, 
Mahomed i Hamid, wint. 1863-4. 

Yellowstone Valley, A 7 ". America, — the re- 
gion withdrawn from occupancy and set apart 
as National Park, by Act of Congress, spring 
1872. 

Zanzibar, — Cyclone at, shipping and part of 
town destroyed, 15 Apr. 1872. 



THE END. 



JOHN CH1LDS AND SON, PEINTEBS. 



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